LIBRARY OF THK University of California. BOUGHT WITH FUND GIVEN BY SCOTTISH SOCIETIES OF CALIFORNIA. Class |V1 IS Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/dictionaryoflowlOOmackrich A DICTIONARY LOWLAND SCOTCH. ^be Blbovv Series, A New Series of Books of Reference for Library or Private Use. Edited by G. May and Charles G. Leland. SOBRIQUETS AND NICKNAMES. A Dictionary. By Alfred R. Frey. With an Index arranged by true names. Large post 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d. ; half bound, QS. " The first work that has been devoted to the explanation and deri- vation of the numberless witty and sometimes abusive appellations . . . it deserves the heartiest praise." — Glasgow Herald. " Invaluable as a storehouse of out-of-the-way memorabilia in history, politics, poetry, music, war, dress, satire, fashion — in fact, as a most carefully indexed de omnibus rebus et quibusdam aliis, this dictionary is unique." — Morning Advertiser. LOWLAND SCOTCH. A Dictionary. By Charles Mackay, LL.D. With a Chapter on the Poetry, Humour, and Literary History of the Scot- tish Language, and an Appendix of Scottish Proverbs. ARGOT AND SLANG. A New French and English Dictionary of the Cant Words, Quaint Expressions, Slang Terms, and Flash Phrases used in the High and Low Life of Old and New Paris. By A. Barr^re, Officier de I'Instruction Publique, Pro- fessor R.M. Academy, Woolwich. The work treats of the cant of thieves ; the jargon of Parisian roughs ; the military, naval, parliamentary, academical, legal, and freemasons' slang ; of that of the workshop, the studio, the stage, the boulevards, the demi-monde. [.Preparing. AMERICANISMS. A Dictionary of Modern Words and Phrases colloquially used in the United States. By Charles G. Leland. [Preparing. Others to follow. With the Pubhshers* ^ . Cottipliments. A DICTIONARY OF LOWLAND SCOTCH WITH AN INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER ON THE POETRY, HUMOUR, AND LITERARY HISTORY OF THE SCOTTISH LANGUAGE AND AN APPENDIX OF SCOTTISH PROVERBS BY CHARLES MACKAY, LL.D. AUTHOR OF "lost BEAUTIES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE," "the GAELIC ETYMOLOGY OF THE LANGUAGES OF WESTERN EUROPE," A GLOSSARY OF THE OBSCURE WORDS AND PHRASES IN SHAKSPEARE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES," ETC. ETC. ^ OF THF UNIVERSITY OF LONDON: WHITTAKER AND CO. PATERNOSTER SQUARE, E.G. BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND Ca EDINBURGH AND LONDON PREFACE The original intention of the Editor of this work was to make it a guide to the better comprehension by English readers of the immortal works of Robert Burns and Walter Scott, and of the beautiful Scottish poetry to be found in the ancient and modern ballads and songs of the "North Countrie," — and not only to the English but to all other admirers of Scottish literature, where it differs from that of England, and to present to them in accessible and convenient form such words as are more poetical and humorous in the Scottish language than in the English, or are altogether wanting in the latter. The design gradually extended itself as the compiler proceeded with his task, until it came to include large numbers of words derived from the Gaelic or Keltic, with which Dr. Jamieson, the author of the best and most copious Scottish Dictionary hitherto published, was very imperfectly or scarcely at all acquainted. "Broad Scotch," says Dr. Adolphus Wagner, the erudite and sympathetic editor of the Poems of Robert Burns, pub- lished in Leipzig, in 1835, "is literally broadened, — i.e., a language or dialect very worn off, and blotted, whose original stamp often is unknowable, because the idea is not always to be guessed at." This strange mistake is not confined to the Grermans, but prevails to a large extent among English- men, who are of opinion that Scotch is a provincial dialect of 1 -010° vi Preface, the English, — like that of Lancashire or Yorkshire, — and not entitled to be called a language. The truth is, that English and Lowland Scotch were originally the same, but that the literary and social influences of London as the real metropolis of both countries, especially after the transfer of the royal family of Stuart from Edinburgh to London, at the commence- ment of the seventeenth century, favoured the infusion of a Latin element into current English, which the Scotch were slow to adopt. In the year 1870, the author contributed two papers to Blackwood^ s Magazine on " The Poetry and Humour of the Scottish Language." Those papers are here reprinted with such copious additions as have extended the work to more than treble its original dimensions. The whole has under- gone careful revision and emendation, and will, it is hoped, be found to contain not only characteristic specimens of the peculiar humour, but of the abounding poetical genius of the ancient and modem authors who have adorned the literature of Scotland from the days of Barbour, Douglas, and Mont- gomery to those of Allan Ramsay, Robert Bums, and Walter Scott, and down to our own times. November 1887. INTEODUCTION THE SCOTTISH LANGUAGE AND ITS LITERARY HISTORY. The Lowland Scottish language is not a mere dialect, as many- English people believe ; but a true language, differing some- times from modern English in pronunciation, and more fre- quently in the possession of many beautiful words, which have ceased to be English, and in the use of inflexions unknown to literary and spoken English since the days of the author of Piers Ploughman and Chaucer. In fact, Scotch is for the most part old English. The English and Scotch languages are both mainly derived from various branches of the Teu- tonic; and five hundred years ago, may be correctly described as having been Anglo-Teutonic and Scoto -Teutonic. Time has replaced the Anglo-Teutonic by the modern English, but has spared the Scoto-Teutonic, which still remains a living speech. Though the children of one mother, the two have lived apart, received different educations, developed themselves under dis- similar circumstances, and received accretions from indepen- dent and unrelated sources. The English, as far as it remains an Anglo-Teutonic tongue, is derived from the Dutch or Flemish, with a large intermixture of Latin and French. The Scotch is indebted more immediately to the Dutch and Flemish spoken in Holland and Belgium, both for its fundamental and most characteristic words, and for its inflexion and grammar. viii Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. The English bristles with consonants. The Scotch is as spangled with vowels as a meadow with daisies in the month of May. English, though perhaps the most muscular and copious language in the world, is harsh and sibilant; while the Scotch, with its beautiful terminational diminutives, is almost as soft as the Italian. English songs, like those of Moore and Campbell,^ however excellent they may be as poetical compositions, are, for these reasons, not so available for musical purposes as the songs of Scotland. An English- man, if he sings of a "pretty little girl," uses words deficient in euphony, and suggests comedy rather than sentiment ; but when a Scotsman sings of a "bonnie wee lassie," he employs words that are much softer than their English equivalents, express a tenderer and more romantic idea, and are infinitely better adapted to the art of the composer and the larynx of the singer. And the phrase is but a sample of many thou- sands of words that make the Scottish language more musical than its English sister. The word Teutonic is in these pages used advisedly instead of " Saxon " or Anglo-Saxon. The word " Saxon " is never applied in Germany to the German or High Dutch, or to any of the languages that sprang out of it, known as Low Dutch. Even in the little kingdom of Saxony itself, the language spoken by the people is always called Deutsch (or German), and never Saxon. The compound word Anglo-Saxon is purely an invention of English writers at a comparatively late period, and is neither justified by Philology nor History. ^ Neither of these was an Englishman. And it is curious to note that no Englishman since the time of Charles II. has ever rendered himself very famous as a song-writer, with the sole exceptions of Charles Dibdin and Barry Cornwall, whose songs are by no means of the highest merit ; while Scotsmen and Irishmen who have written excellent songs, both in their own language and in English, are to be counted by the score — or the hundred. Introduction. ix Philology, even in the advanced period in which we now live, is, at the best, but a blind and groping science. It has made but little real progress since the invention of printing, having been anticipated mainly by shallow scioKsts, who based etymology upon fanciful guesses and vague resemblances. A by no means unfair specimen of the class accounted for the vulgar word '* sparrow-grass," a corruption of asparagus; by " sparrow " and '^ grass," on the assumption that the herb was a species of grass to which sparrows were particularly partial. Many of the etymologies which English literature owes to Dr. Samuel Johnson, his predecessors and successors, in the lexi- cographic industry, are frequently as ludicrously ill-founded. The name of the Southern portion of Great Britain has been derived from a supposed German tribe, who with the Jutes and Saxons invaded the island after the departure of the Romans. It happens, however, that there is no real founda- tion for the confident statement that the name of " Angles " was ever borne by or known to any German tribes. The invaders of the east coast of Britain, both North and South, came from the opposite coast of the continent, principally from Denmark, Holland, and Belgium, and brought their laws and language along with them. The true origin of the word " Angles " is the Keltic or Gaelic an, the definite article, and gaidheil (in which the dh are not pronounced), which signifies the "Gael" or the Celts; whence An-gael, and not Angle. The erroneous interpretation, still too firmly fixed in the minds of both the learned and the unlearned to be easily eradicated, was strengthened by a punning compliment paid by Pope Gregory the Great to a party of British youth of both sexes who were carried into slavery in Rome, and which is recorded in Hume's " History of England." " Struck with the beauty of their fair complexion and blooming counte- nances," says the historian, " Gregory asked to what country they belonged, and being told they were Angles^ he replied Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. that they ought more properly to be denominated Angels, as it would be a pity that the Prince of Darkness should enjoy so fair a prey, and that so beautiful a frontispiece should cover a mind so destitute of internal graces and righteousness." The epithet " Anglo-Saxon," now so frequently applied to the natives of South Britain, is of recent origin, and was not known in the golden age of English literature, when Shakspeare and Spenser flourished, nor until the second half of the eighteenth century. Great Britain was known to the Romans as Anglia centuries before the Saxons, or that section of them erroneously supposed to have been called Angles, established themselves in any part of the country. It was not until the Hanoverian family of the Georges had given three sovereigns to the country that courtly writers began to talk of the Anglo-Saxon origin of the people, and that the epithet finally became synonymous with "Enghsh." It is true that in the time of the Romans a small portion of the eastern coast of Anglia, immediately opposite Belgium and Holland, was called *' the Saxon shore." The name was given to it from the fact that successive swarms of Flemish, Dutch, and Danish pirates had succeeded in forming settlements on the littoral, though they had never been able to penetrate into the interior of the country. The Gael, or Celts, called these pirates Sassenach, as the Southern English are called to this day by the Gaelic and Keltic-speaking people of Wales, Ireland, and Scotland. The word did not originally signify a German or native of Saxony, but a robber. The Scottish people, though they do not hate the English as too many of the Irish unfortunately do, remark with pride that Scotland is a nation of itself, that it can boast of an antiquity as venerable and of a history as illustrious as that of its larger realm — the throne of which one of its native kings ascended by hereditary right in the seventeenth century, and in suc- cession to Queen Elizabeth — and they object to being called Introduction. xi Englishmen. By the Act of Union between the two nations, the names of England and Scotland were legislatively abolished, Scotland being called North Britain, and England South Britain, while the army, navy, and government were severally denomi- nated those of Great Britain, and not the army, navy, and government of either England or Scotland. But popular usage in South Britain and at the seat of government has proved itself stronger than the Act of Par- liament, and many of the Scotch themselves, yielding to the literary and colloquial fashion set by the South, find them- selves speaking, sometimes in praise, sometimes in blame, of the English Government. It cannot, however, be affirmed that the objection taken by the northern nation to the southern usurpation of the epithet English is in any way unreasonable, founded as it is upon the commonly received if not universal opinion that the English receive their name from the German " Angles." The Southern English believe this fable, and not aware of the fact that they are not half so much German as they think themselves, make light of the Scottish objection, and call it sentimental, and unworthy of practical considera- tion. But if Angles are in reality " Angael " or the Gael, the Scottish and Northern British people are quite as much Angael or English as those of the south, and the English Government is rightfully the designation of government of the whole kingdom. This fact should remove the natural jealousy of the Scotch, and cut away from the conceit of the South British the very slender and rotten foundation on which it is based. But until the Southern English admit the fact that a colony of Germans did not give name to England, but that the whole country of Britain, otherwise Angha, as the Romans called it, derives its name from the Keltic Angael^ the North British are quite right in objecting and in refusing to recognise in their Southern fellow-countrymen the sole and exclusive title to the honourable designation. xii Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. The principal components of the Scottish tongue, as dis- tinguished from modern and literary English, are derived not from German or High Dutch, but from the Low Dutch, comprising many words once possessed by the English, but which have become obsolete in the latter ; secondly, words and inflexions derived from the Dutch or Flemish, and Danish ; thirdly, words derived from the French, or from the Latin through a French medium ; and fourthly, words derived from the Gaelic or Keltic language of the Highlands, and of Ireland. As regards the first source, it is interesting to note that in the Glossary appended to Mr. Thomas Wright's edition of those ancient and excellent alliterative poems, the '* Vision " and " Creed " of Piers Ploughman, there occur about two thousand obsolete English or Anglo-Teutonic words, many of which are still retained in the Scottish Lowlands ; and that in the Glossary to Tyrrwhitt's edition of Chaucer there occur upwards of six thousand words which need explanation to modern English readers, but fully one half of which need no explanation whatever to a Scotsman. Even Shakspeare is becoming obsolete, and uses upwards of two thousand four hundred words which Mr. Howard Staunton, in many respects his most judicious editor, thinks it necessary to collect in a glossary for the better elucidation of the text. Many of these words are perfectly familiar to a Scottish ear, and require no interpreter. It appears from these facts that the Scotch is a far more conservative language than modern English, and that although it does not object to receive new words, it clings reverently and affectionately to the old. The consequence of this mingled tenacity and elasticity is, that it possesses a vocabulary which includes for a Scotsman's use every word of the English language, and several thousand words which the English have suffered to drop into desuetude. In addition to this conservancy of the very bone and sinew of the language, the Scoto-Teutonic has an advantage over the Introduction. xiii modem English, in having reserved to itself the power, while retaining all the old words of the language, to eliminate from every word all harsh or unnecessary consonants. Thus it has ?oe, for love ; fa\ for fall : wa\ for wall ; awfu\ for awful ; S7)ia\ for small ; and many hundreds of similar abbreviations which detract nothing from the force of the idea or the clear- ness of the meaning, while they soften the roughness of the expression. No such power resides in the English or the French, though it once resided in both, and very little of it in the German language, though it remains in all those European tongues which trace their origin to the Low Dutch. The Scottish poet or versifier may write /a' or "fall " as it pleases him, but his English compeer must write "fall" without abbreviation. Another source of the superior euphony of the Scoto-Teutonic is the single diminutive in ie, and the double diminutive in hie, formed from och or ock, or possibly from the Teutonic chen, as in mddchen, a little maid, which may be applied to any noun in the language, as loifef wifie, wifoch, wifikie, wife, little wife, very little wife ; hairn, hairnie, hairniMe, child, little child, very little child; Urd, hirdie, hirdikie ; and lass, lassie, lassock, lassikie, &c.^ A very few English nouns remain susceptible of one of these two diminu- tives, though in a less musical form, as lamb, lambkin ; goose, gosling, &c. The superior beauty of the Scottish forms of the diminutive is obvious. Take the following lines from Hector MacNeil's song, " My Boy Tammie : " — ** I held her to my beating heart, My young, my smiling lammie." 1 The following specimen of the similar diminutives common in the Dutch and Flemish language are extracted from the Grammaire Flamande of Philippe La Grue, Amsterdam, 1745 : — Manneken, little man ; wyfTcen, little wife ; vrouwtje, little woman ; Meysgie, little girl (Scottice, Missie) ; Mantje, little man ; huysje, little house ; paerdje, little horse ; 8cheq>je, little boat (Scottice, boatie) ; vogdtje, little bird, or birdie. xiv Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Were the English word lambkin substituted for lammie in this passage the affectionate and tender would be superseded by the prosaic. While these abbreviations and diminutives increase not only the melody but the naivete and archness of the spoken language, the retention of the old and strong inflexions of verbs, that are wrongfully called irregular, contributes very much to its force and harmony, giving it at the same time a superiority over the modern English, which has consented to allow many useful preterites and past- participles to perish altogether. In literary and conversational English there is no distinctive preterite for the verbs to heat, to het^ to hid, to forhid, to cast, to hit, to hurt, to put, and to set ; while only three of them, to heat, to hid, and to forhid, retain the past- participles beaten, hidden, and forbidden. The Scottish lan- guage, on the contrary, has retained all the ancient forms of these verbs ; and can say, " I cast, I coost, and I have casten a stone," or *' I put, I pat, or I have putten on my coat," " I hurt, I hurted, or I have hurten myself," and *' I let, I loot, or I have letten, or looten, fa' my tears," &c. Chaucer made an effort to introduce many French words into the courtly and literary English of his time, but with very slight success. No such systematic effort was made by any Scottish writer, yet, nevertheless, in consequence of the friendly intercourse long subsisting between France and Scot- land — an intercourse that was alike political, commercial, and social — a considerable number of words of French origin crept into the Scottish vernacular, and there established themselves with a tenacity that is not likely to be relaxed as long as the language continues to be spoken.- Some of these are among the most racy and characteristic of the differences between the English and the Scotch. It will be sufficient if we cite the following : — To fash one's self, to be troubled with or about anything — from se fdcher, to be angered ; douce, gentle, good- Introduction. xv tempered, courteous — from doux, soft; dour, grim, obdurate, slow to forgive or relent — from dur, hard ; hien, comfortable, well to do in worldly affairs — from hien, well j ashet, a dish — from assiette, a plate; a creel, a fish-basket — from creille, a basket ; a gigot of mutton — from gigot, a leg ; awmrie, a linen press, or plate-cupboard — from armoire, a movable cupboard or press ; honnie, beautiful and good — from ban, good ; airles and a*VZe-penny, money paid in advance to seal a bargain — from arrhes, a deposit on account; hrulzie, a fight or dispute — from s'emhrouiller, to quarrel; callant, a lad — from galant, a lover ; braw, fine — from brave, honest and courageous ; dool, sorrow — from deuil ; grozet, a gooseberry (which, be it said in parenthesis, is a popular corruption from ^orse- berry) — from groseille ; taujpie, a thoughtless, foolish girl, who does not look before her to see what she is doing — from taupe, a mole ; and haggis, the Scottish national dish (*' Fair fa' its honest, sonsie face ! ") — from hachis, a hash ; pawn, peacock — from paon ; caddie, a young man acting as a porter or messenger — from cadet, the younger born, &c. The Teutonic words derived immediately from the Dutch and Flemish, and following the rules of pronunciation of those languages, are exceedingly numerous. Among these are wanlwpe — from icanhoop, despair; wancliancie, ivanlust, loan- restful, and many others, where the English adopt the German un instead of wan. Ben, the inner, as distinguished from but, the outer, room of a cottage, is from binne, within, as but is from beuten, without. Stane, a stone, comes from steen ; smack, to taste^from smack ; goud, gold — from gaud; loupen, to leap — from loopen ; fell, cruel, violent, fierce — from fel ; kist, a chest — from kist ; mutch, a woman's cap — from muts ; ghaist, a ghost — from geest ; kame, a comb — from kam ; rock- lay (rocklaigh), a short coat — from rok, a petticoat or jupon ; het, hot — from heet; geek, to mock or make a fool of — from gek, a fool ; tear, knowledge — from leer, doctrine or learning ; xvi Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. bane or hain^ a bone — from been ; paddocJc, a toad — from pad ; caff^ chaff — from kaf, straw ; yooky, itchy — from yuh^ an itch ; clyte^ to fall heavily or suddenly to the ground — from Uuyt^ the sward, and Tduyter^ to fall on the sward ; Uythe, lively, good-humoured, from hlyde, contented. The Scottish words derived from the Gaelic are apparent in the names of places and in the colloquial phraseology of everyday life. Among these, hen^ glen, hum, loch, strath, corrie, and cairn will recur to the memory of any one who has lived or travelled in Scotland, or is conversant with Scottish lite- rature. Gillie, a boy or servant; grieve, a land-steward or agent, are not only ancient Scottish words, but have lately become English. Loof, the open palm, is derived from the Gaelic lamh (pronounced laff or lav), the hand; cuddle, to embrace — from cadail, sleep; whisky — from uisge, water; cla/^han, a village — from clach, a stone, and clachan, the stones ; croon, to hum a tune — from cruin, to lament or moan ; bailie, a city or borough magistrate — from haile, a town ; may serve as specimens of the many words which, in the natural inter- course between the Highlanders and the Lowlanders, have been derived from the ancient Gaelic by the more modem Scoto -Teutonic. Four centuries ago, the English or Anglo-Teutonic, when Chaucer, Gower, and Lydgate were still intelligible, had a much greater resemblance to the Scoto-Teutonic than it has at the present day. William Dunbar, one of the earliest, as he was one of the best of the Scottish poets, and supposed to have been born in 1465, in the reign of James III. in Scotland, and of Edward IV. in England, wrote, among other poems, the "Thrissel and the Rose." This composition was alike good Scotch and good English, and equally intelligible to the people of both countries. It was designed to commemorate the marriage of James IV. with Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII. of England — that small cause of many Introduction. xvii great events, of which the issues have extended to our time, and which gave the Stuarts their title to the British throne. Dunbar wrote in the Scotch of the literati rather than in that of the common people, as did King James I. at an earlier period, when, a captive in Windsor Castle, he indited his beautiful poem, "The King's Quair," to celebrate the grace and loveliness of the Lady Beaufort, whom he afterwards married. The " Thrissel and the Rose " is only archaic in its orthography, and contains no words that a commonly well- educated Scottish ploughman cannot at this day understand, though it might puzzle some of the clever University men who write for the London press to interpret it without the aid of a glossary. Were the spelling of the following passages modernised, it would be found that there is nothing in any subsequent poetry, from Dunbar's day to our own, with which it need fear a comparison : — ** Quhen Merche wes with variand windis, past, And Apryll hadd^, with her silver shouris Tane leif at nature, with ane orient blast. And lusty May, that mudder is of flouris, Had maid the birdis to begyn their houris Among the tender odouris reid and quhyt, Quhois harmony to heir it was delyt. In bed at morrowe, sleiping as I lay, Methocht Aurora, with her crystal een. In at the window lukit by the day. And halsit me with visage paile and grene, On quhois hand a lark sang fro the splene : ' Awauk luvaris ! out of your slummering ! See how the lusty morrow dois upspring 1 ' " King James V. did not, like Dunbar, confine his poetic ejfforts to the speech of the learned, but is supposed to have written in the vernacular of the peasantry and townspeople his well-known poem of " Peblis to the Play." This composi- tion scarcely contains a word that Burns, three hundred years h xviii Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. later, would have hesitated to employ. In like manner King James V., in his more recent poem of " Christ's Kirk on the Green," written nearly three hundred and twenty years ago,^ made use of the language of the peasantry to describe the assembly of the lasses and their wooers that came to the "dancing and the deray," with their gloves of the ^^ raffele richt" (right doeskin), their "shoon of the straitis" (coarse cloth), and their *' Eirtles of the lineum [Lincoln] licht, Weel pressed wi' mony plaitis." His description of " Gillie " is equal to anything in Allan Kamsay or Burns, and quite as intelligible to the Scottisli peasantry of the present day : — *' Of all thir maidens mild as mcid Was nane say gymp as Gillie ; As ony rose her rude was reid, Hir lire was like the lily. Bot zallow, zallow was hir heid, And Kche of luif sae sillie, Though a' hir kin suld hae bein deid, Sche wuld hae bot sweit Willie." Captain Alexander Montgomery, who was attached to the service of the Regent Murray in 1577, and who enjoyed a pension from King James VI., wrote many poems in which the beauty, the strength, and the archness of the Scottish language were very abundantly displayed. " Tlie Cherry and the Slae " is particularly rich in words, that Ramsay, Scott, and Burns have since rendered classical, and is besides a poem as excellent in thought and fancy as it is copious and musical 1 * • This is doubtful," says the late Lord Neaves, in a letter to the editor of this volume. ** These obscure questions are fully discussed by Dr. Irving in his History of Scottish Poetry. I should say the probability was that 'Peblis to the Play' and 'Christ's Kirk' are by the same authors or of the same age, and neither of them by James V." Introduction. xix in diction. Take the description of the music of the birds on a May morning as a specimen : — " The cushat croods, the corbie cries, The coukoo couks, the prattling pies To keck hir they begin. The jargon o' the jangling jays, The craiking craws and keckling kayes, They deaved me with their din. The painted pawn with Argus e'en Can on his mayock call ; The turtle wails on withered trees. And Echo answers all. Repeting, with greting, How fair Narcissus fell, By lying and spying His schadow in the well." The contemporaneous, perhaps the more recent, poetry of what may be called the ballad period, when the beautiful legendary and romantic lyrics of Scotland were sung in hall and bower, and spread from mouth to mouth among the peasantry, in the days when printing was rather for the hundred than for the million, as well as the comparatively modem effusions of Ramsay and Burns, and the later pro- ductions of the multitudinous poets and prose writers who have adorned the literature of Scotland within the present cen- tury, afford very convincing proofs, not only of the poetic riches, but of the abundant wit and humour of the Scottish people, to which the Scottish language lends itself far more effectually than the English. Long anterior to the age when the noble art of printing was invented for the delight and instruction of mankind, the poetry of the bards of the ^'JSTorth Countrie" was familiar not only to the people of the North Countrie itself, but to those of the Teutonic south — a far less poetic race than their Keltic brethren ; and northern ballads were re- cited or sung in hall and bower among the upper classes, and XX Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. in the popular gatherings of the multitude at fairs and festi- vals. These ballads, which often received an English colouring in travelling southwards, were highly esteemed for at least three centuries before the days of Shakspeare. The great poet was himself familiar with them, as is shown by more than one quotation from them in his immortal works. Since the time when James YI. attracted so many of his poor countrymen to England, to push their fortunes at the expense of Englishmen, who would have been glad of their places, to the day when Lord Bute's administration under George III. made all Scotsmen unpopular for his sake, and when Dr. Samuel Johnson, who was of Scottish extraction himself [the son of a Scot, established as a bookseller in Leicester], and pretended to dislike Scotsmen — the better perhaps to disguise the fact of his lineage, and turn away suspicion — up to the time of Charles Lamb and the late Rev. Sydney Smith, it has been more or less the fashion in England to indulge in jokes at the expense of the Scottish people, and to portray them not only as overhard, shrewd, and " canny " in money matters, but as utterly insensible to " wit." Sydney Smith, who was a wit himself, and very probably imbibed his jocosity from the con- versation of Edinburgh society, in the days when in that city he cultivated literature, as he himself records, upon a little oatmeal, is guilty of the well-known assertion that " it takes a surgical operation to drive a joke into a Scotsman's head." It would be useless to enter into any discussion on the differ- ences between " wit " and " humour," which are many, or even to attempt to define the divergency between **wit" and what the Scotch call " wut ; " but, in contradiction to the reverend joker, it is necessary to assert that the " wut " of the Scotch is quite equal to the *' wit " of the English, and that Scottish humour is superior to any humour that was ever evolved out of the inner consciousness or intellect of the English peasantry inhabiting the counties south of Yorkshire. There is one Introduction. xxi thing, however, which perhaps Sydney Smith intended when he wrote, without thinking very deeply, if at all, about what he said ; the Scotch as a rule do not like, and do not imderstand banter, or what in the current slang of the day is called "chaff." In "chaff" and "banter" there is but little wit, and that little is of the poorest, and contains no humour whatever. " Chaff " is simply vulgar impertinence ; and the Scotch being a plain and serious people, though poetical, are slow to understand and unable to appreciate it. But with wit, or "wut," and humour, that are deserving of the name, they are abundantly familiar; and their very seriousness enables them to enjoy them the more. The wittiest of men are often the most serious, if not the saddest and most melancholy (witness Thomas Hood, Douglas Jerrold, and Artemus Ward), and if the shortest possible refutation of Sydney Smith's assertion were required, it might be found in the works of Burns, Scott, and Christopher North. Were there no wit and humour to be found in Scotand ex- cept in the writings of these three illustrious Scotsmen, there would be enough and to spare to make an end of this stale "chaff;" and to show by comparison that, wit and humorist as Sydney Smith may have been, he was not equal as a wit to Robert Burns, Sir Walter Scott, or Professor Wilson. In what English poem of equal length is there to be found so much genuine wit and humour mingled with such sublimity and such true pathos and knowledge of life and character as in "Tam o' Shanter"? What English novel, by the very best of English writers, exceeds for wit and humour any one of the great Scottish romances and tales of Sir Walter Scott, the least of which would be sufficient to build up and sustain a high literary reputation ? And what collection of English jests is equal to the " Laird of Logan," or Dean Ramsay's " Reminiscences of Scottish Life and Character " ? Joe Miller's " Jest Book," and all the countless xxii Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. stories that have been fathered upon Joe Miller — one of the most melancholy of men — are but dreary reading, depending as they mostly do for their point upon mere puns and plays upon words, and to a great extent being utterly deficient in humour. It seems to require some infusion of Keltic blood in a nation to make the people either witty or appreciative of wit ; for the dullest of all European peoples are without ex- ception those in whom the Keltic least prevails. There is little or no wit or sense of wit in the peasantry of the South of England, though there may be some degree of coarse humour. Whereas the Scottish and the Irish peasantry are brimful both of wit and humour. If any one would wish to have a compendium of wisdom, wit, humour, and abundant knowledge, kindly as well as unkindly, of human nature, let him look to Allan Ramsay's "Collection of Scots Proverbs," where he will find a more perfect treasury of "pawkie," "cannie," " cantie," shrewd, homely, and familiar philosophy than English literature affords. And the humour and wit are not only in the ideas, but in the phraseology, which is untranslateable. Scottish poetry and pathos find their equivalents in English and Teutonic, but the quaint Scottish words refuse to go into any other idiom. " A man's a man for a' that " — strong, characteristic, and nervous in the Scottish Doric, fades away into attenuation and hanaliU when the attempt is made to render the noble phrase into French or German, Italian or Spanish. Even in English the words lose their flavour, and become weak by the substitution of "all that," for the more emphatic "a' that." Translate into literary English the couplet in " Duncan Gray," in which the rejected lover of Maggie Grat his e'en baith bleer't and blin — ' Spak o' lowpin ower a lin — and the superior power of expressing the humorous which belongs to the Scottish language will at once become ap- Introduction. xxiii parent. In the same way, when Luath, the poor man's dog, explains to his aristocratic friend what a hard time the poor have of it, a literal translation of the passage into col- loquial English would utterly deprive it of its tenderness and humour : — A cotter howkin in a sheugh, Wi' dirty stanes higgin a dyke, Baring a quarry and sic like ; Himsel' an' wife he thus sustains A smytrie o' icee duddie loeans, And nocht but his hand darg to keep Them right and tight in thack and rape. The *' smytrie o' wee duddie weans " is simply inimitable, and sets a fair English translation and even a paraphrase at defiance. Time was within living memory when the Scotch of the upper classes prided themselves on their native "Doric;" when judges on the bench delivered their judgments in the broadest Scotch, and would have thought themselves guilty of puerile and unworthy affectation if they had preferred English words or English accents to the language of their boyhood ; when advocates pleaded in the same forcible tongue ; when ministers of religion found their best way to the hearts and to the understanding of their congregations in the use of the language most familiar to themselves, as well as to those whom they addressed ; and when ladies of the highest rank — celebrated alike for their wit and their beauty — sang their tenderest, archest, and most affecting songs, and made their bravest thrusts and parries in the sparkling ^ encounters of conversation, in the familiar speech of their own country. All this, however, is fast disappearing, and not only the wealthy and titled, who live much in London, begin to grow ashamed of speaking the language of their ancestors, though the sound of the well-beloved accents from the mouths of others is not unwelcome or unmusical to their ears, but even the middle- xxiv Dictionary of Lowland Scotch, class Scotch are learning to follow their example. The mem- bers of the legal and medical profession are afraid of the accusation of vulgarity that might be launched against them if they spoke publicly in the picturesque language of their fathers and grandfathers; and the clergy are unlearning in the pulpit the brave old speech that was good enough for John Knox [who was the greatest Angliciser of his day, and was accused by Winyet of that fault], and many thousands of pious preachers who, since his time, have worthily kept alive the faith of the Scottish people by appeals to their consciences in the language of their hearts. In ceasing to employ the *' unadorned eloquence " of the sturdy vernacular, and using instead of it the language of books and of the Southern English, it is to be feared that too ' many of these literary preachers have lost their former hold upon the mind of the people, and that they have sensibly weakened the powers of persuasion and conviction which they possessed when their words were in sympathetic unison with the current of thought and feeling that flowed through the broad Scottish intellect of the peasantry. And where fashion leads, snobbism will certainly follow, so that it happens even in Scotland that young Scotsmen of the Dundreary class will sometimes boast of their inability to understand the poetry of Burns and the romances of Scott on account of the difficulties presented by the language ! — as if their crass ignorance were a thing to be proud of ! But the old language, though of later years it has become unfashionable in its native land, survives not alone on the tongue but in the heart of the " common " people (and where is there such a common [or uncommon] people as the peasantry of Scotland ?), and has established for itself a place in the affections of those ardent Scotsmen who travel to the New World and to the remotest part of the Old, with the auri sacra fames, to lead them on to fortune, but who never permit that particular species of hunger — which is by no means peculiar to Introduction. xxv Scotsmen — to deaden their hearts to their native land, or to render them indifferent to their native speech, the merest word of which, when uttered unexpectedly under a foreign sky, stirs up all the latent patriotism in their minds, and opens their hearts, and if need be their purses, to the utterer. It has also by a kind of poetical justice established for itself a hold and a footing even in the modern English which affects to ignore it ; and, thanks more especially to Bums and Scott, and, in a minor degree, to Professor Wilson, and to the ad- miration which their genius has excited in England, America, and Australia, has engrafted many of its loveliest shoots upon the modern tree of actually spoken English. Every year the number of words that are taken like seeds or grafts from the Scottish conservatory, and transplanted into the fruitful Eng- lish garden, is on the increase, as will be seen from the following anthology of specimens, which might have been made ten times as abundant if it had been possible to squeeze into one goblet a whole tun of hippocrene. Many of these words are recognised English, permissible both in literature and conversation ; many others are in progress and process of adoption and assimilation ; and many more that are not English, and may never become so, are fully worthy of a place in the Dictionary of a language that has room for every word, let it come whence it will, that expresses a new meaning or a more delicate shade of an old meaning, than any existing forms of expression admit. Eerie^ and gloaming^ and cannie, and cantie, and cozie, and lift, and liltf and caller, and gruesome, and thud, and weird, are all of an ancient and noble pedigree, and were the most of them as English in the fifteenth century as they are fast becoming in the nineteenth. If any Scotsman at home or abroad should, in going over the list in this epitome, fail to discover some favourite word that was dear to him in childhood, and that stirs up the recollections of his native land, and of the days when xxvi Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. he "paidled in the burn," or stood by the trysting-tree " to meet his bonnie lassie when the kye cam' hame," — one word that recalls old times, old friends, and bygone joys and sorrows, — let him reflect that in culling a posie from the garden, the posie must of necessity be smaller than the garden itself, and that the most copious of selectors must omit much that he would have been glad to add to his garland if the space at his disposal had permitted. He must also remember that all the growths of the garden are not rare flowers, but that weeds, though worthy of respect in their way, are not always of appropriate introduction into wreaths and garlands ; and that the design of this Dictionary was not to include all Scotticisms, but only those venerable by their antiquity, quaint in their humour, touching in their simplicity, or admirable in their poetic meaning. The principal writers who have adorned the literature of Scotland during the last three centuries, in addition to the nameless and unknown minstrels to whom we owe so many of the rugged but beautiful ballads of the North Countrie, may be fairly said to have commenced with Dunbar, Barbour, Henryson, and Montgomery, and to have ended with Professor John Wilson, author of the inimitable "Noctes Ambrosianse" in Blackioood's Magazine. The list is long, and includes in the seventeenth and early years of the eighteenth centuries the names of William Crawford, author of many songs in the purest vernacular of the peasantry; of Hector MacNeil, whose exquisite ballad of the " Braes of Yarrow " would be alone sufficient to place him high in the muster roll of Scottish poets ; and of Allan Ramsay, author of the " Grentle Shepherd," a pastoral poem of which the simple beauty was universally acknowledged at a time when pastoral poems were more to the taste of the age than they have been for the last century, and who collected into four volumes, under the title of the " Tea-Table Miscellany," all the favourite songs Introduction. xxvii of the artificial period in which he flourished. Robert Burns had the highest reverence for the songs of Allan Ramsay, and considered it almost as bad as sacrilege to lay a reforming hand upon the compositions of his venerated predecessor, though Ramsay the wig-maker and barber was a star of very inferior magnitude and brilliancy compared with the solar effulgence that radiated from the genius of Burns the ploughman. Between the period of Ramsay and that of Burns, which included about sixty years of very indifferent poetical mani- festations, at least in Scotland, the lyric genius of the country continued as irrepressible, and songs of secondary merit flowed from the lips or pens of literate and illiterate people in a profuse stream. Even the unhappy events of 17 15 and 1745, when the adherents of the dethroned and exiled Stuarts made their gallant and heroic attempts to re-establish themselves in the land of their birth and of their love — the land which they believed the Stuarts had a divine right to govern — the voice of song continued to be heard. True and tender-hearted people make love even in times of national peril and calamity, and the Scottish people sang or made love songs as usual in the homely and earnest dialect of the nation ; while more earnest spirits gave vent to their political animosities and aspirations in the satirical rhymes and trenchant ballads that are still, under the name of " The Jacobite Minstrelsy of Scotland," known to all the literary students of history, as affording a greater insight into the social spirit of the people than the more staid and solid records of the mere annalist or philosophical historiographer are able to convey. Of the popular Scottish songs of the still more prolific age that com menced with the publication of the poems of Robert Burns, I have spoken in " The Book of Scottish Song," in words that I cannot do better than repeat in this place. " Scotland is rich in the literature of song. The genius of the people is eminently lyrical. Although rigid in religion, xxviii Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. and often gloomy in fanaticism, they have a finer and more copious music, are fonder of old romance and tradition, dance and song, and have altogether a more poetical aptitude and appreciation than their English brethren. For one poet sprung from the ranks of the English peasantry, Scotland can boast of ten, if not of a hundred. Ploughmen, shepherds, gar- deners, weavers, tinklers, tailors, and even strolling beggars, have enriched the anthology of Scotland with thousands of songs and ballads of no mean merit. The whole land is as musical with the voice of song as it is with torrents and water- falls. Every mountain glen, every strath and loch, every river and stream, every grove and grassy knowe, every castle, and almost every cottage, has its own particular song, ballad, or legend ; for which the country is not so much indebted to scholars and men of learned leisure and intellectual refinement, as to the shrewd but hearty and passionate common people." Of the Jacobite ballads, from which many quotations appear in the following pages, 1 said at the same time : — " In the Jacobite songs more especially, the humour was far more conspicuous than the pathos. In the heat of the conflict, and when the struggle was as yet unended, and its results uncer- tain, ridicule and depreciation of the enemy were weapons more effective to stir the passions of the combatants than appeals to mere sentiment, even if the sentiment were as elevated as patriotism, or as tender as love and friendship. It was only when the Jacobite cause had become utterly hopeless, and when its illustrious adherents had laid down their lives for it on the bloody moor of Culloden, or on the cruel block of Tower Hill, or were pining in foreign lands in penury and exile, that the popular bards were so far inspired as to be able to strike the keynote of true poetry. " As the age was, so were they. In their verse, as in a mirror, were reflected the events and feelings of the time. When the time was hopeful, they were hopeful. When the Introduction. xxix time was ribald, insolent, jaunty, and reckless, they responded to its touch like the harp-string to the harper. From 1688 to 1 746 was the day of the common rhymers of the street or the ale-house, or the lone farmhouse among the hills — the day when the men of strong feelings, rude humour, and coarse wit could " say their say " in language intelligible alike to the clansman and the chief, the ploughman and the gentle- man. And they were disputants who could hit as hard in the battles of the tongue as they could, if need were, in the battle of swords ; and who could wield the musket and claymore in physical as effectually as the sledge-hammer of invective in moral warfare. Satire with them was not " a polished razor keen," but a cudgel or a battering-ram ; not a thing that merely drew blood, but that broke the skull and smashed the bones. But after the fatal fight of Culloden the voice of the coarse humorist, if not altogether silenced, was softened or subdued. There had been a time to sing and to dance, but it had passed, and the day of lamentation had succeeded it. The rhymers had flourished in the one epoch, — it was now the turn of the poets. " Sorrow for the vanquished and indignation against the victors superseded all the lighter emotions which had hitherto found their expression in songs, ballads, and epigrams ; and the echoes of national music that came from Scotland came from saddened hearts, and from desolate and all but depopu- lated glens. The voice of the mourner of these days was as pathetic and often as vehement as the inspired strains of Isaiah and Jeremiah, and partook of the phraseology as well as sentiment of the sacred writings. In the hour of their prosperity the Stewarts had been but common men ; but when adversity befell them, they were elevated to the rank of heroes and demi-gods. Popular sympathy crowned them with graces and virtues which, as throned kings, they had never known ; and loyalty, wavering in the sunshine of XXX Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. fortune, became firm as the rocks in the tempests of calamity." Among the accomplished ladies who between the '45 and the advent of Burns adorned the poetical literature, the names of Lady Anne Lindsay, Mrs. Grant of Carron, Lady Grizzel Baillie, Mrs. Cockbum, Mrs. Crawford, and Miss Blamire stand conspicuous for the tender, joyous, arch, and melan- choly ballads which they wrote to the beautiful old melodies of their country, and which still retain their place amid all the changes of the musical taste and fashion in our time. Of the contemporaries of Robert Bums, whose reputations seem pale in the light of his genius, but who are still worthy of honourable mention for their contributions to the literature of their country, may be cited the names of the Rev. John Skinner, author of the renowned ballad of " Tullochgorum," "The Ewie wi' the Crooked Horn," and other songs still popular ; William Julius Mickle, the author of " There's nae Luck aboot the Hoose," one of the most simply beautiful songs that were ever inspired by the domestic affections ; Robert Ferguson, to whom Burns in a burst of poetic enthu- siasm generously erected a mortuary memorial in a grave- yard at Edinburgh ; Lapraik, Semple, and Logan, and in a succeeding generation Dr. John Leyden ; James Hogg, better known as the Ettrick Shepherd ; the Baroness Nairn, authoress of " The Land o' the Leal " and ** Caller Herrin' ; " and Robert Tannahill, the luckless Paisley weaver, who wrote " Jessie the Flower o' Dunblane ; " William Ross, the author of " Eleonore ; " and John Beattie, the luckless author of the admirable poem of "John o' Amha','' that contains passages of wit, humour, and descriptive power only exceeded by the inimitable " Tam o' Shanter " of Burns ; William Motherwell, Donald Carrick, Alexander Rogers, James Ballantine, and a very numerous multitude of bards — all more or less esteemed in Scotland — of which it would serve no good purpose to Introduction. xxxi recapitulate the names, even if it were possible to do so. Favourable specimens of their writings may be seen by all who care to look for them in such collections as *' Whistle-Binkie," " Scottish Minstrelsy " (six volumes), and the very numerous collections issued from the Edinburgh press from the beginning till the middle of the present century. But the greatest of all literary preservers of the Scottish lan- guage was undoubtedly the illustrious author of the " Waverley Novels." He was aided in the congenial task of perpetuating that language by such lesser lights of literature as Allan Cunningham, John Gait, and Christopher North; but Sir Walter Scott towered far above them all, and carried the name and fame of Scotland, as well as the quaint graces and tender archaisms of the language, to the remotest parts of the civilised world. The generations that have arisen since the old Abbey of Dryburgh received the mortal remains of that greatest of the Scottish writers, second to none of British birth, except Shak- speare, have lost sight in some degree of the works of the great Sir Walter. But though partially eclipsed in popularity, they are firmly established among the classics of the nineteenth century, not only in his own country, but in France and Ger- many. In their original garb — untranslateable to foreign nations in all their native vigour and delicate shades of mean- ing — they will consecrate to many a future generation that shall have ceased to speak Scottish, the remembrance of a noble old language. Yet it may be said with truth " that even in its ashes will live the wonted fires ;" for modern English in the latter half of the nineteenth century has not disdained to borrow from the ancient Scotch many of the strong simple words that the fashionable English writers of the eighteenth century suffered to fall into desuetude. As there has been pre-Baphaelitism in painting, there have been and will continue to be pre-Addisonianism and even pre-Shakspearianism in xxxii Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. the richly composite language spoken and written in these islands, and in the vast American and Australian continents that are rapidly producing a literature of their own. The English language of the future will in all probability comprise many words not now used or understood on the south of the Tweed, but that are quite familiar to the north of it, as well as in the United States and Australia. Such useful and poetical words as thud, gloamin\ eerie^ dree, weird, and the others already cited, and which have been adopted from the ancient Scotch by the best English writers, are a clear gain to the language, and are not likely to be abandoned. Whatever oblivion may attend the works of the great bulk of Scottish writers, Robert Burns and Walter Scott will cer- tainly live in the affection of posterity ; and if some of their words have already become obsolete, their wit and humour, their earnestness and their eloquence, and the whole spirit of their teachings, will survive. To aid English readers in the comprehension of these immortal books, and to remind Scottish readers of what they owe to the literary lights of their country, is one of the main objects of the present compilation. The author, if he can be called the author, or merely the artificer of this book, hopes that it will not only answer this particular pur- pose, but serve more generally to impress upon the minds of the people of this age how rich is the language of their ancestors, and what stores of literary wealth lie comparatively unknown and unregarded in the vernacular of what are irreverently called the ** common people." It is the " common people " who create and shape the language, and the ''uncommon people," known as authors, whose duty it is to help to perpetuate it in books for the pleasure and instruction of posterity. November 1887. DICTIONARY OF LOWLAND SCOTCH. Ae, the indefinite article a, or one, and far more emphatic in poetical composition than ane or one, as in Burns' s beautiful song "^e fond kiss and then we sever." Some of the many half -English editors of the Scottish poet have altered ae into " one," which to a Scottish ear is the reverse of an improve- ment. Ae does not merely signify ""one, but only one, and is definite and particular, not indefinite and general, in its meaning. Aboon, above. Aiblins, perhaps, possibly ; from able, conjoined with lin or lins, inclining to, as in the " westlin wind" — wind inclining to the west ; hence aiblins means inclin- ing to be possible. There's mony waur been o' the race, And aiblins ane been better. —Burns: The Dream. To George III. Aidle, ditchwater ; derivation un- known, but possibly from the Gaelic adhall, dull, heavy, stag- nant. Then lug out your ladle, Deal brimstone like aidle, And roar every note of the damned. —Burns : Orthodox, Orthodox. Ail at. What ails ye at? is a peculiarly Scottish synonym for What is your objection to her, him, or it ? An old servant who took a charge of everything that went on in the family, hav- ing observed that his master had taken wine with every lady at the table except one who wore a green dress, jogged his memory with the question, " What ails ye at her in the green gown?" — Dean Ramsay. Air, early, from the Gaelic ear, the east, where the sun rises. ** An air winter makes a sair winter ; " which maybe Englished, "An early winter makes a surly winter." Airt, a point of the compass ; also to direct or show the way. This excellent word ought to be adopted into English. It comes from the Gaelic ard, aird, a height. "Of a' the airts from which the wind can blaw," is better than "of all the quar- A Aizle — Athol Brose. ters from which the wind can blow." O' a' the airts the wind can blaw, I dearly lo'e the west, For there the bonnie lassie lives, The lassie I lo'e best. — Burns. But yon green graff (grave), now huskie green, Wad airi me to my treasure. — Burns. Aizle, a live coal that flies out of the fire. It is a superstition in England to call the live coals violently ejected from the fire by the gas generated in them by the names of "purses" or " coflBns," according to the fan- ciful resemblance which they bear to these articles, and which are supposed to be prophetic of money, or of a death in the family. Some such superstition seems to lie at the root of the Scottish word aide. She noticed that an aizle brunt Her braw new worset apron. — Burns : Halloween. Jamieson says the word was used metaphorically by the poet Douglas to describe the appear- ance of a country that has been desolated by fire and sword. In the Gaelic, aisleine signifies a death-shroud. The derivation, which has been suggested from hazel or hazel-nut, from the shape of the coal when ejected, seems untenable. The Gaelic aiscal, meaning joy, merri- ment, has also been suggested, as having been given by children to the flying embers shot out from the fire ; but the derivation from aisleine seems preferable. Anent, concerning, relating to. This word has only recently been admitted into the English dic- tionaries published in England. In Worcester's and Webster's Dictionaries, published in the United States, it is inserted as a Scotticism. Mr. Stormonth, in his Etymological Dictionary ( 1 87 1 ), derives it from the Anglo- Saxon ongean and the Swedish on gent, opposite ; but the ety- mology seems doubtful. The anxiety anent them was too intense to admit of the poor people remaining quietly at home. — The Dream Numbers, by T. A, Trollope. Arl- penny, a deposit paid to seal a bargain ; earnest-money ; French arrkes. From the Gaehc cartas or iarlas, earnest-money, a pledge to complete a bar- gain. Here, tak' this gowd, and never want Enough to gar ye drink and rant, And this is but an arl-penny To what I afterwards design ye. —Allan Ramsay. Asse, the fireplace; the hearth; the place where the ashes or cinders fall. Asse-hole or ash- pit is supposed by some philo- logists to be derivable from the Gaelic aisir, a receptacle ; ais, the back part of anything, or backwards. Do ye no see Rob, Jock, and Hab, As they are girded gallantlie, While I am hurklin i' the asse ? I'll hae a new cloak about me. — A ncient Ballad : Tak yourA-uld Cloak about ye. Athol brose, whisky with honey, taken as a morning drop; a Auld Lang Syne — Bab. powerful and indigestive mix- ture, that no one but a Highlander out in the open air and in active exercise during the whole day can safely indulge in. Why it is named from the district of Athol in preference to any other part of the Highlands is neither known nor perhaps discover- able. An' aye since he wore tartan trews He dearly lo'ed the Athole brose, And wae was he, you may suppose, To play farewell to whisky. —Neil Gow. Auld lang syne. This phrase, so peculiarly tender and beauti- ful, and so wholly Scotch, has no exact synonym in any lan- guage, and is untranslatable ex- cept by a weak periphrasis. The most recent English dictionaries have adopted it, and the expres- sion is now almost as common in England as in Scotland. Allan Kamsay included in "The Tea- Table Miscellany" a song en- titled " Old Long Syne," a very poor production. It remained for Robert Bums to make " Auld lang syne " immortal, and fix it for ever in the language of Great Britain, America, and the Anti- podes. Lang sin syne is a kin- dred, and almost as beautiful a phrase, which has not yet been adopted into English. A wee, a short time ; contraction of a ^^ wee while," or a little while. Bide-a-wee, wait a little. Upon a summer afternoon, A wee before the sun gaed doun. — The Lass d Gowrie. Awmrie, a chest, a cabinet, a secretaire ; from the French armoire. Close the awmrie, steek the kist, Or else some gear will soon be missed. — Sir Walter Scott : Donald Caird. Ayont, beyond or on the other side. A Northumbrian as well as a Scottish word. In the Eng- lish Border " ayont the Tweed " is Scotland, and on the Scottish side of the Border it is Eng- land. B Bab. Any personal adornment worn by young lovers, either a bunch of flowers on the bosom, or a tassel or bow of ribbons. Lug-hah, an ear-ring ; wooer-babs, a knot of ribbons tied at the knee by the young peasant lads when they went courting. The word also signifies a cockade or other badge in the.hat or bonnet. Bauble is possibly of similar or the same origin. The word is derived from the Gaelic babag or baban, a tassel, a fringe, a knot, a cluster ; and babach, in- nocent pleasure, applied to the bob as a symbol. A cockit hat with a bob o blue ribbons at it. —Sir Walter Scott : Old Mortality Bairn-time — Bane-dry. Baim-time, a whole family of chil- dren, or all the children that a woman bears. This peculiarly Scottish word is a corruption of a bairn-teem ; from the Gaelic taom, the English teem, to bear, to produce, to pour out. Your Majesty, most excellent ! While nobles strive to please ye, Will ye accept a compliment A simple Bardie gi'es ye ? Thae bonny baim-tiftte Heaven has lent. Still higher may they heeze ye ! — Burns : A Dream, Addressed to George J II. The following lines, from ' * The Auld Farmer's New Year's Salu- tation to his Auld Mare, Maggie, " show that Bums understood the word in its correct sense, though he adopted the erroneous spell- ing of time instead of teem : — My pleugh is now thy bairn-time a', Four gallant brutes as e'er did draw, Forbye sax mae I sellt awa', That thou has nurst ; They drew me thretteen pounds an' twa, The very warst. Balow I An old lullaby in the Highlands, sung by nurses to young children, as in the pathe- tic ballad entitled " Lady Anne Bothwell's Lament : " — Balow ! my babe, lie still and sleep. It grieves me sair to see thee weep ! Bums has ^^ Hee, haloo!" to the tune of " The Highland Balow : " — Hee, ba/oo, my sweet wee Donald, Picture of the great Clanronald. The phrase is derived from the Gaelic bd, the equivalent of bye in the common English phrase " Bye ! bye ! " an adjuration to sleep — *' Go to bye-bye ; " and laogh, darling, whence, by the abbreviation of laogh into loo, bd-lao or balow — " Sleep, dar- ling." Jamieson has adopted a ludicrous derivation from the French — " bas Id le loup," which he mis-translates " Be still ; the wolf is coming." Bandster, one who makes a band or binds sheaves after the reap- ers in the harvest-field. In hairst at the shearing, nae youths now are jeering. The bandsters are lyart and wrinkled and grey ; At fair or at preaching, nae wooing or fleeching. The flowers o' the forest are a' weed away. — Elliot : The Flowers of the Forest. In this pathetic lament for "the flowers" of Ettrick Forest — the young men slain at the doleful battle of Flodden — the maidens mourn in artless lan- guage for the loss of their lovers, and grieve, as in this touching stanza, that their fellow-labour- ers in the harvest -field are old men, wrinkled and grey, with their sparse locks, instead of the lusty youths who have died fighting for their country. The air of this melancholy but very beautiful song is pure Gaelic. Bane-dry, dry as a bone ; bane- idle, thoroughly idle ; not only idle in the flesh, but in the bone and marrow. Bang — Baudrons. Ban^, to beat, to subdue ; hangie or hangsome, quarrelsome, irri- table, apt to take offence ; hang- beggar, a constable or a con- stable's staff, and bangree, a scolding, irritable, and conten- tious woman. The etymology of these words is uncertain. The last seems to be derivable from the Gaelic ban, a woman ; banag, a busy little woman ; ban cheaird, a female tramp or gipsy. Bannock, an oatmeal cake, ori- ginally compounded with milk instead of water. Hale breaks, saxpence, and a bannock. — Burns : To James Tait, Glenconner. Bannocks o' bear-nieal, bannocks o' barley. —Jacobite Song. From the Gaelic bainne, milk. Bap, a small wheaten cake or roll, sold in Scotland for breakfast when porridge is not used. The grandfather of a late Prime Minister of Great Britain kept a small shop in Leith Walk, Edinburgh, where he sold "baps," flour, oatmeal, peas, &c., and where he was popu- larly known to the boys of the neighbourhood as " Sma' Baps," because his baps were reputed to be smaller than those of his brother tradesmen. Barken, to clot, to harden on the surface, as some viscous and semi-liquid mixtures do on ex- posure to the air. The word is derived from the bark or out- ward covering of trees. Barm, yeast ; old English ; not yet obsolete in the rural districts. Barmkin, a corruption of barbican, a watch-tower on a castle or for- tress. The derivation of barbi- can (the name of a street in old London, still retained) is from the Gaelic bar, a pinnacle or high place ; and beachan, a place of watching or observa- tion. From beachan is derived beacon, a watch-fire, a signal light. And broad and bloody rose the sun. And on the bamnkin shone. And he called a page who was witty and sage To go to the bartnkin high. — Border Minstrelsy : Lord Soulis. Bauch, insipid, tasteless, without flavour, as in the alliterative pro- verb : — Beauty but bounty's but bauch. — Allan Ramsay. (Beauty without goodness is without flavour.) The etymology of this pecu- liarly Scottish word is uncertain, unless it be allied to the English baulk, to hinder, to impede, to frustrate ; or from the Gaelic bac, which has the same mean- ing. Baudrons, a pet name for a cat, for which no etymology has yet been found. The word remains as unaccountable as *' Tybert," used by Shakspeare for the same animal. Auld baudrons by the ingle sits, Wi' her loof her face a washin'. — Burns : Sic a Wife as Willie had. Bauk — Beastte. Bauk, the cross-beam in the roof of a cottage ; hauMe-bird, a name given to the bat, that haunts the roof. Bauk is from the English baulk, of which the primary meaning was from the Gaelic bac, to hinder, to frustrate, and was applied to the cross-beam of the roof because it prevented the roof from giving way, and to other wooden partitions ne- cessary for division. It also came to signify to disappoint, because disappointment was the prevention or hindering of the fulfilment and realisation of hope. When lyart leaves bestrew the yird, Or, waverin' like the baukie-bird, Bedim cauld Boreas' blast, An' hailstanes drive wi' bitter skyte. — Burns : The Jolly Beggars. Bawbie, a halfpenny — metaphori- cally used for a fortune by Sir Alexander Boswell, the son of the more famous James Boswell, the biographer of Dr. Johnson. It occurs in the song of "Jen- nie's Bawbie:" — Quoth he, " My goddess, nymph, and queen. Your beauty dazzles baith my e'en," But deil a beauty had he seen But Jennie's bawbee. Sir Alexander took the hint of his song from a much older one: — A' that e'er my Jeanie had, My Jeanie had, my Jeanie had, A' that e'er my Jeanie had Was ae bawbie. There's your plack, and my plack, And your plack, and my plack, And Jeanie's bawbie. Bawsont or bawsins, marked with white on the face, as in cattle ; of uncertain ety- mology, but possibly connected with banh, the forehead. The stirk stands i' the tether, And our braw bawsint yade Will carry ye hame your com ; What wrad ye be at, ye jade ? — Wood and Married and a\ Bawtie, a watch-dog ; apparently from the Gaelic beachd, watch, observe, and tigh (pronounced tee), a house. A favourite name in Scotland for a faithful dog. The English word Towser, which is equally common, is also from the Celtic tuisle, to struggle or contend with. Bourd na' in Bawiie, lest he bite (i.e., do not play tricks or jest with the watch- dog, lest he bite you). Bazil, a sot, a fool ; of unknown etymology, but possibly con- nected with the Gaelic peasa- nach, an impertinent person. He scorned to sock mang weirdless fellows, Wi' menseless bazils in an alehouse. —George Beattie : John o' Amha. Beak or beek — common in Ayr- shire and Mearns — to sit by a fire and exposed to the full heat of it. A lion. To recreate his limbs and take his rest, Beakand his breast and bellie at the sun. Under a tree lay in the fair forest. —Robert Henryson in The Evergreen : The Lion and the Mouse. Beastie, an affectionate diminutive of beast, applied to any small and favourite animal. Beck — Bicker, Wee, sleekit, cowerin', timorous beastie, Oh, what a panic's in thy breastie ! Thou needna start awa sae hastie, Wi' bickerin' brattle. — Burns : To a Mouse. Beck, to curtsey. " It's aye gude to be ceevil," as the auld wife said when she beckit to the deevil. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Bed-fast, confined to bed or bed- ridden. In English, /as« as a suffix is scarcely used except in steadfast, i.e., fast fixed to the stead place or purpose. For these eight or ten months I have been ailing, sometimes bed-fast and some- times not. — Burns : Letter to Cunning- ham, An earth -fast or yird-fast stane is a large stone firmly fixed in the earth. Faith-fast, truth- fast, and hope- fast are beau- tiful phrases, unused by English writers. If faithful and truth- ful, faithless and truthless, are permissible, why not faith-fast, truth-fast, and hope-fast ? Beet, to feed or add fuel to a fire or flame; from the Gaelic beatha, life, food, and beathaich, to feed, to nourish. May Kennedy's far-honoured name Lang beet his hymeneal flame. — Burns : To Gavin Hamilton. It warms me, it charms me. To mention but her name ; It heats me, it beets me. And sets me a' aflame. — Burns : Epistle to Davie. I wonderin' gaze on her stately steps. And beet my hopeless flame. — Allan Cunningham : Bonny Lady Ann. Beltain, the fire of Bel or Baal, kindled by the Druids annually on the first morning of May direct from the rays of the sun. Ben Ledi, in Perthshire — the hill of God, as the name signi- fies in Gaelic — was the most sacred of all the hills, on the summit of which this imposing ceremony was performed. The name of Bel or Baal is derived from the Gaelic beatha or bea {th silent), life, and uile, all ; whence Bel, Beul, or Baal, the life of all, and tain, a corrup- tion of teine, the fire. The cere- mony was also performed in Ire- land in pre-Christian times on the 2 1st of June. The word " Beltane " is of frequent occur- rence in the ballad poetry of Scotland, and in conjunction with '* Yule " or Christmas is by no means obsolete ; as in the phrase, " The love that is hot at Beltane may grow cauld ere Yule." Belyve, by-and-bye, immediately. This word occurs in Chaucer and in many old English ro- mances. Hie we belyve And look whether Ogie be alive. — Romance of Sir Otuel. Belyve the elder bairns come droppin' in. ^— Burns : Cotters Saturday Night. Bicker, a drinking-cup, a beaker, a turn ; also a quarrel. Fill high the foaming bicker ! Body and soul are mine, quoth he, I'll have them both for liquor. —The Gin Fiend and his Three Houses. Bide — Billies, Setting my staff wi' a' my skill To keep me sicker ; Though leeward whiles, against my will, I took a bicker. — Burns : Death and Doctor Hornbook. Bicker means rapid motion, and, in a secondary and very common sense, quar- relling, fighting, a battle. Sir Walter Scott refers to the bickers or battles between the boys of Edinburgh High School and the Gutterbluids of the streets. In " Hal- lowe'en" Burns applies bickering to the motion of running water : — Whiles glistened to the nightly rays, Wi' bickerin, dancin' dazzle. — R. Drennan. Bide, to stop, to delay, to wait, to dwell or abide. Bield, a shelter. Of uncertain etymology, perhaps from huild. Better a wee bush than nae bield. Every man bends to the bush he gets bield frae. —Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Beneath the random bield of clod or stane. — Burns : To a Mountain Daisy. Bien, comfortable, agreeable, snug, pleasant ; from the French hien, well. Lord Neaves was of opinion that this derivation was doubt- ful, but suggested no other. If the French etymology be inad- missible, the Gaelic can supply hinn, which means harmonious, pleasant, in good order ; which is perhaps the true root of the word. While frosty winds blaw in the drift Ben to the chimla lug, I grudge a wee the great folk's gift That live sae bien and snug. — Burns : Epistle to Davie. Biens the but and ben. — James Ballantine : The Fathers Knee. Bier or beir, a lament, a moan. As I went forth to take the air Intil an evening clear, I spied a lady in a wood Making a heavy bier; Making a heavy bier, I wot. While the tears dropped frae her e'en, And aye she sighed and said Alas ! For Jock o' Hazelgreen. — Old Ballad, on which Sir Wal- ter Scott modelled his "Jock o' Hazeldean." Jamieson says that heir (not hier) is allied to the Icelandic hyre, a tempest, and to old English hri, hyre, hine, force ; but it is of more probable origin in the Gaelic huir, to lament, to whine ; whence probably the prevalence of the custom among the Celtic nations of moaning over the dead body, and chant- ing the doleful coronach or death- wail, came afterwards to be applied to the hier, or table, board, or plank, on which the corpse was extended, or the coffin in which it was placed. Bigly, beautiful ; origin unknown. Will ye come to my bigfy bower, An' drink the wine wi' me ? — Buchan's Ancient Scottish Ballads. Billies, fellows, comrades, young men ; a term of familiarity and affection. When chapman billies leave the street, And drouthy neebors neebors meet. —Burns : Tarn d Shanter. Rise up ! rise up now, billie dear, Rise up ! I speak these words to see Whether thou'st gotten thy deadly wound. Or if God and good leaching may suc- cour \.\i&^.— Border Minstrelsy. " This word," says Jamieson, Bink — Bismeres. **is probably allied to German hillig, the Belgian billiks, equals, as denoting those that are on a footing as to age, rank, relation, affection, or employment." This is an error. In German, hillig means moderate in price, fair, just, equitable, reasonable. The Lowland Scotch billie is the same as the English fellow ; and both are derived from the Gaelic ba-laoch, a shepherd, a cowherd, a husbandman; from ha, cows, plural of bo, a cow, and laoch, a lad, a young man. Bink or bunker, a bench ; called in America a bunk. I set him in beside the iink, And gied him bread and ale to drink. — Herd's Collection : The Brisk Young Lad. A winnock (window) bunker in the east, Where sat Auld Nick in shape o' beast. —Burns : Tarn d Shanter. Bird or burd, a term of endear- ment, applied to a young woman or child. And by my word, the bonnie bird In danger shall not tarry, And though the storm is raging wild, I'll row ye o'er the ferry. —Thomas Campbell. Birdalane or burdalane. A term of sorrowful endearment, ap- plied to an only child, especially to a girl, to signify that she is without household comrades or companions. And Newton Gordon, birdalane. And Dalgetie both stout and keen, —Scott's Minstrelsy. Birkie, a young and conceited person ; from the Gaelic biorach, a two-year-old heifer ; hioraiehe, a colt ; applied in derision to a very young man who is lively but not over-wise. Ye see yon birkie ca'd a lord, Wha struts and stares and a' that. —Burns : A Mans a Man. " And besides, ye donnard carle ! " continued Sharpitlaw, " the minister did say that he thought he knew something of the features of the birkie that spoke to him in the Park."— Scott : Heart of Midlothian. " Weel, Janet, ye ken when I preach you're almost always fast asleep before I've well given out my text ; but when any of these young men from St. Andrews preach for me, I see you never sleep a wink. Now that's what I call no using me as you should do." "Hoot, sir," was the reply, "is that a'? I'll soon tell you the reason o' that. When you preach, we a' ken the Word o' God is safe in your hands; but when thae young birkies tak it in hand, ma certie ! but it tak's us a' to look after them." — Dean Ramsay. Birl, to pour out liquor ; probably from the same root as the Eng- lish purl, as in the phrase *' a purling stream," probably de- rived from the ancient but now obsolete Gaelic bior, a well ; bioral, pertaining to a well or like a well. There were three lords hirling at the wine On the dowie dens o' Yarrow. — Motherwell's Ancient Minstrelsy. Oh, she has birled these merry young men With the ale, but and the wine. — Border Minstrelsy : Fause Foodrage. Birs, the thick hair or bristles on the back of swine. The souter gave the sow a kiss. Humph ! quo' she, it's a' for my birs ! — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Bismeres or bismar, the keeper of a brothel, a bawd; from the 16 Bit and Brat — Black-Mail. Gaelic haois, lust, lewdness, and mathair (pronounced ma-air), mo- ther ; also a prostitute. Jamie - son derives the word from the Anglo-Saxon, and quotes Kudd — " Bismer, contumelia, aut bis- merian, illudere, dehonnorare polluere." The Gaelic deriva- tion is more satisfactory than that from the hybrid language called Anglo-Saxon, which is but inchoate and primitive old English based upon corrupted Celtic, with superadded Dutch and Flemish. Bit and brat. To earn " bit and brat " is to earn food and rai- ment ; from the Gaelic biadh, food, and brat, a rag, a gar- ment, or clothing. Bittock, a small bit or piece. When a wayfarer on the road asks of a chance passer-by at what distance is the place to which he is bound, the probable reply is, that it is two, three, or any other number of miles " and a bittock," signify- ing that the respondent will not pledge himself to the exactitude of his reply, adding, with the proverbial cautiousness popu- larly ascribed in England to his countrymen, that there may be a bittock added to his com- putation ; though the quali- fying bittock has often been found to exceed the primary estimate. Black -mail. The word mail is derived from the Gaelic mdl. rent, tax, or tribute ; and malay a bag, a sack, a purse, a budget to contain the tribute. Why the particular exaction called black -mail, levied by many Highland chieftains in former times to ensure the protection of the herds of cattle passing through their territories to southern markets, received the epithet of black has never been clearly explained. The word has been supposed by some to designate the moral turpitude and blackness of character of those who exacted such a tax, and by others it has been con- jectured that black-mail derived its name froni the black cattle of the Highlands, for whose protection against thieves and caterans the tribute was levied ; while yet another set of etymo- logists have set forth the opinion that plack-mail, not 6/acA;-mail, was the proper word, derived from the small Scottish coin — the plaque or plack — in which the tribute was supposed to be collected. But as mail is un- doubtedly from the Gaelic, and as black-mail was a purely High- land extortion, and so called at a time when few resident Highland chiefs and none of their people spoke English, it is possible that black is not to be taken in the English sense, but that it had, like its associated word, mail, a Gaelic origin. In that language, blathaich — pro- nounced (the <A, silent) bld-aich — signifies to protect, to cherish. Thus black-mail meant the tri- Black'MaiL II bute or tax of protection. If hlach, the colour, were really in- tended, the Highlanders would have used their own word and called the tribute mdl-dubh . The Gaelic blathaich has the secon- dary meaning of to heat. In the same sense, the Flemish has hlaken, to warm, to animate, to burn. In connection with the idea of warming, the Scot- tish language has several words which can scarcely be explained by hlach in the English sense. The first is black-burning, which Jamieson says is " used in re- ference to shame when it is so great as to produce deep blush- ing, or to crimson the counte- nance." This phrase is equiva- lent to the English, a burning shame, when the cheeks burn or glow, not with black, but with red. The second is black- fishing, which Jamieson defines as fishing for salmon by night by means of torches. He ex- plains the epithet black in this instance by suggesting that "the fish" are black or foul when they come up the streams to deposit their spawn, an ex- planation which is wholly in- admissible. The third and fourth phrases are black-foot and black-sole, which both mean "a confidant in love affairs, or one who goes between a lover and his mistress endeavouring to bring the cold or coy fair one to compliance." In these in- stances, black is certainly more related to the idea of warming, inciting, animating, than to that of blackness. Black- foot and black-sole in reality mean hot- foot and hot-sole, as in the corresponding phrase, hot-haste, applied to the constant running to-and-fro of the go-between. Black-icinter, which signifies, according to Jamieson, "the last cart-load of grain brought home from the harvest-field," is as difficult as either of the phrases previously-cited to associate with the idea of black- ness, either moral or physical ; but rather with that of comfort, warmth — or provision for the winter months. The winter itself may be metaphorically black, but not by any exten- sion of meaning or of fancy can the epithet black, in colour, be associated with a cart-load of grain. There are two other equivalent phrases in Scottish use in which black is an epithet, namely, black victual, meaning pulse, beans and peas, and black crop, which has the same sig- nification. Jamieson says these crops are so called because they are always green, and extends the meaning to turnips, i pota- toes, &c., for the same reason ! But black cannot be accepted as equivalent to green. Of all the derivations ever suggested for black - mail, the word on which this disquisition concerning black started, the most unfortunate is that of Jamieson, who traces it to " the German blakmal, and to the Flemish blaken, to rob." It is sufficient for the refutation of 12 Black Saxpence — Black Watch. Jamieson to state that there is no such word as hlakmal in the German language, and. that llaken, as ab'eady observed, does not signify to rob, but to burn. In conclusion, it may be stated that the English black has long been a puzzle to the compilers of dictionaries. There is no trace of it to be found in the sense of colour in any of the Teutonic languages. Black in German is schwarz ; in Dutch, Flemish, and Swedish, swai-t ; in Danish, svaerte ; and in old Eng- lish, sivarth and swarthy. Worcester's Dictionary de- lives black fvombleak. Mr. Wedg- wood, who is one of the latest authorities, says **the original meaning of black seems to have been exactly the reverse of the present sense, viz., shining white. It is, in fact," he adds, " radically identical with the French blanc, from which it differs only in the absence of the nasal." Perhaps it may be possible, ex fumo dare lucem, to kindle a light out of all this smoke. May not the real root of the Eng- lish black (as a colour) be the Gaelic bldaick, or the Flemish blaken, to burn ? That which is burned is blackened. A black man, or negro, is one whose skin has been tanned or burned by the sun ; and sun-burnt in this case means blackened. It may be said of this explanation, whether cor- rect or not, that it is at all events entitled to as much con- sideration as those from bleak and blanc, and that it is^ far more probable than either. Black saxpence, supposed in Scottish superstition to be a magical sixpence given by the Devil in payment for the soul of the person who accepted it. The virtue of this "black" six- pence consisted in its having always a bright sixpence along- side of it ; that as soon as it was taken away and spent, it was replaced by another, and so on to the " crack of doom." Jamie- son supposed that the infernal sixpence was so named from its colour ; but possibly, and more probably, it was thus designated from the Gaelic blathaich, pro- tection, as being a protection against absolute poverty as long as the unholy compact existed. See Black-mail and Black- Watch for this sense of the word black. Black-Watch, a name given to the Highland regiment, the brave and very distinguished Forty- Second, which has fought, bled, and conquered in many a hard- won field in every part of the world, where its services were required to vindicate the right and uphold the honour of Great* Britain. It is generally sup- posed that the name was given to them on account of the dark colour of the tartan which they wear ; but the tartan is not black, but very dark green, like the tartans of many High- land clans, in which green is Blae — Blethers. 13 the predominant hue, varied by black, bhie, red, or yellow stripes in some of them. It is possible, however, that hlack in this instance, as in hlack- mail, &c. (which see), signifies protection, and that the popular name of the illustrious regiment in question signifies the ^^pro- tecting watch." Blae, of a livid blue colour, sickly blue. Blaeberries, bilberries. The morning dlae and wan. — Douglas : Translation of the yEneid. How dow you this blae eastlin' wind, That's like to blaw a body blind ? — Burns. Be in dread, O sirs ! Some of you will stand with blae countenances before the tribunal of God. — Bruce : The SouTs Confirmation. Blash, a gust of wind. Amidst a glint o' sunshine comes a blash o' cauld sleet. — Noctes Ainbrosiance. Blate, shy, modest, bashful; of unknown derivation. Bleid in Gaelic is the reverse of Hate in Lowland Scotch, and means impertinent, troublesome, for- ward, presuming. Says Lord Frank Ker, Ye are na' blate To bring us the news o' yer ain defeat. —Jacobite Ballad : Johnnie Cope. A blate cat makes a proud mouse. —Allan Ramsay. Blaud, to lay anything flat with violence, as the wind or a storm of rain does the corn. Curst common sense, that imp o' hell, This day M'Kinlay takes the flail, And he's the boy will bland her. — Burns : The Ordination. Ochon ! ochon ! cries Haughton, That ever I was born To see the Buckie burn rin bluid. And blauding a' the corn. — A berdeenshire Ballad. Blavers. The blue cornflower. Blavers that grow amid white land. — Buchan's Ancient Ballads : The Gardener Lad. Blaw-i'-my-lug, a flatterer, a cajoler, a wheedler ; one who hlows fair words into the ear of a ready listener for a selfish or sinister purpose. Bledoch, skim-milk ; from the Gaelic Ueodhach or hleoghann, to milk. She kirned the kirn and scummed it clean, Left the gudeman but bledoch bare. — Allan Ramsay's Evergreen : The Wife of A uchtermuchty. Blether, to talk nonsense, to be full of wind like a bladder, Bletherskite, nonsense. Blethers, nonsense, impertinence. Blaidry, foolish talk, from the Gaelic blaidaireachd, and Ueidir, impertinence. Bletherum-skate or Uetherum-sMte, sometimes cor- rupted into hladderskate, are derivatives of this word, *" Ye blethrin loon ' and * ye sJcyte,' " says Cromek, the editor of the " Remains of Nithsdale and Galloway Song, " are terms of familiar reproach still in use, and are applied to those satiric H Blinter — Blunk. rogues who have the art of mingling falsehood with truth with admirable art." Stringing blethers up in rhyme For fools to sing. — Burns : The Vision. Fame Gathers but wind to blether up a name. —Beaumont and Fletcher. Some are busy bletherin Right loud that day. — Burns : The Holy Fair. Right scornfully she answered him, Jog on your gate, you bladderskate — My name is Maggie Lauder. — Semple : Maggie Lauder. " She's better to-night," said one nurse to another. "Night's come, but it's not gone," replied her helpmate, in the full hearing of the patient, " and it's the small hours'll try her," "The small hours'll not try me as much as you do with your blethering tongues," remarked the patient with perfect sang-froid. — A Visit to the London Hospitals, March 23, 1870. I knew Bums's " Blethering Bitch," who in his later years lived in Tarbolton, and earned a scanty living by breaking stones on the road. In taking a walk round the hill mentioned in " Death and Dr. Horn- book," I came upon Jamie Humphrey (such was his name) busy at work, and after talking with him a short time, I ventured to ask him, " Is it true, Jamie, that you are Bums's blethering bitch ? " "Aye, deed am I, and mony a guid gill I hae gotten by it ! " This was a broad hint ; but I did not take it. — R. Drennan. Blinter, to flicker like a flame about to expire for want of nourishment. Blirt, a sudden burst of grief or anger, also to weep, sob, and lament simultaneously. A ' ' blirt of greeting " signifies an out- burst of tears. The English hlurt is akin to the Scottish hlirt, though not exactly synonymous, and is principally used to signify a sudden and unpremeditated disclosure of what ought to have been kept secret, as in the phrase ** He blurted out the truth," or "He blurted out an oath." The root both of hlirt and hlurt is the Gaelic hlaor, to cry out or roar, and hlaoHe, cried out or roared. Blob, a large round drop of water or other liquid. A similar word, hleh, now obsolete, was once used in England to signify an air-bubble, and, in its form of hlebster, is the root of blister. We look on this troubled stream of the generations of men to as little purpose almost as idle boys do on dancing blebs or bubbles on the water. — Sir Thomas More : Consolations of the Soul. Her e'en the clearest blob o dew out- shining. — Allan Ramsay. The bonnie red rose, Wet wi' the blobs o' dew. — Allan Cunningham. Blouter, to bluster or talk idly; Gaelic bladair, to talk idly. Cacklin' about! Coleridge or blouterin about Byron. — Nodes Ambrosiance. Blunk, to mismanage or spoil any- thing by clumsy, inexpert, or stupid handling ; also a dull, stolid, and foolishly inert person, Jamieson thinks it is derived from the Icelandic Wwjirfa, sleepy- headed. It is more probably from the Gaelic blonach or blonag, fat, greasy ; whence fat-headed and stupid. Bluntie — Bonnieness. IS Bluntie. In the Dictionary of the Scottish Language by an anony- mous author (Edinburgh, 1818), bluntie is described as a stupid fellow. Jamieson has ''blunt, stupid, bare, naked," and " blun- tie, a sniveller," which he derives from the Teutonic blutten, homo stolidus. They mool me sair, and haud me doun, And gar me look like bluntie. Tarn ; But three short years will soon wheel roun', And then comes ane-and-twenty, Tam. — Burns. The etymology of the English word blunt is uncertain, but as it signifies the opposite of sharp, the Scottish bluntie may be ac- cepted as a designation of one who is not sharp or clever. No English dictionary suggests any etymology that can reasonably be accepted, the nearest being flump, round, or rounded with- out a point. ** Blunt" the slang word for money, is supposed by some to be derived from the name of Sir John Blunt, a rich director of the South Sea Com- pany in the year 1 720. Bob, to make a curtsey, to bend, to bow down. Sweet was the smell of flowers, blue, white, and red. The noise of birds was maist melodious, The bobbing boughs bloom'd broad abune my head. — R. Henryson : The Lion and the Mouse. When she cam' ben she bobbit. —Chambers's Scottish Songs. Weel done, quo' he ; play up, quo' she ; Weel bobb'd, quo' Rob the Ranter, It's worth my while to play indeed When I hae sic a dancer. ^ — Maggie Lauder. When she came ben she bobbit.—BvKus. Out came the auld maidens a' bobbin^ dis- creetly. —James Ballantine : The Auld Beggar Man. When she came ben she bobbit fu' low, And what was his errand he soon let her know. Surprised was the laird when the lady said Na! As wi' a laigh curtsie she turned her aw a. — The Laird o' Cockpen. Bodle, a small Scottish coin, of less value than a bawbee, the sixth part of an English penny. Black Madge, she is prudent, has sense in her noddle, Is douce and respectit ; I care na' a bodle. — Joanna Baillie. Bonailie, a parting drink, a stir- rup-cup ; a deoch an dorus, of- fered to and partaken with a departing guest, with wishes for a good and pleasant journey ; a bon voyage. The word, some- times written bonalais or bonally, is a corrupt spelling of the French bonne allee, or bon aller. Bonnie, beautiful, good-natured, and cheerful — the three quali- ties in combination — as applied to a woman ; applied to natural objects, it simply signifies beau- tiful, as in *' Ye banks and braes o' bonnie Doon." This is an old English word, used by Shake- speare and Ben Jonson, and still current in the Northern English counties, as well as in Scotland. Bonnieness, a word that conveys the sense of both prettiness i6 Bonspiel — Brander. and goodness, that are some- times, but ought never, to dwell apart. Bonnieness gaed to the water to wash, And prettiness gaed to the barn to thrash ; Gae tell my maister to pay me my fee, For bonnieness winna let prettiness be, — Chambers's Scottish Songs. Bonspiel, sport or play. I hae been at mony a bonspiel, but I ne'er saw such a congregation on the ice before. — Nodes Ambrosiance. Boodie, a ghost, a sprite, a hob- goblin ; by some derived from hode, a message, the German hote, a messenger, and by others, with more probabihty, from the Gaelic bodach, a spectre — a word which is also applied irrever- ently to an ill-favoured and churlish old man. Borrow, to ransom, and not, as in Enghsh, to effect a loan. And in cam' her brother dear, A waeful man was he. I'd gie a' the lands I hae, Bonnie Jean, to borrow thee. Oh, borrow me, brother, borrow me. Or borrowed I'll never be, For I gar'd kill my ain dear lord, An' life's nae pleasure to me. — The Laird o Warristoun. Bourack or bourock, a name given by children to the little mounds of sand or earth that they raise on the sea-shore or in their playgrounds in imitation of castles or houses ; — a diminu- tive, apparently, of the word hower, a lady's chamber. The word is sometimes used for a shepherd's hut or shieling. In some parts of Scotland it signi- fies a heap or mound of any kind, and also metaphorically a heap or crowd of people. We'll ne'er big bourocks i' the sand together {Old Proverb), i.e., we'll never be familiar or closely allied in sentiment or purpose. Bourd, a jest, a joke ; also to jest, to play tricks with. In old English, hord. From the Gaelic hurt, mockery. The wizard could no longer bear her bord. But, bursting forth in laughter, to her said. — Spenser : Faerie Queene. I'll tell the bourd, but nae the body. A sooth bourd is nae bourd. They that bourd wi' cats may count upon scarts. —Allan Ramsay's Scots Properbs. Bouse, to drink deeply, to revel ; whence the colloquial English word " boozy." Then let him bouse and deep carouse Wi' bumpers flowing o'er, Till he forgets his loves and debts. And minds his griefs no more. — Burns. And though bold Robin Hood Would with his Maid Marian Sup and botise from horn and can. —Keats. Brae, the brow or side of a hill ; from the Gaehc bruaich, a hill side, a steep. We twa hae run about the braes, And pu'd the gowans fine, But mony a weary foot we've trod Sin auld lang syne. — Burns. Brander, a gridiron, also a toast- ing-fork; from the Teutonic brennen, to burn; gebrannt, burned. Brander — Bree, 17 Brander, a gridiron, i.e., a burner, on which to submit food to the direct action of the fire without the intervention of water ; from the Teutonic brennen, to burn, and gelvannt, burnt. Brander-bannock, a cake heated on a gridiron ; a common mode of preparing oaten cakes in Scot- land. Brankie, gaudy, showy. BranJcit, vain, conceited, proud of one's fine clothes. BrankirC a great show of finery. Where hae ye been sae braw, lad ? Where hae ye been sae brankie, O ? Where hae ye been sae braw, lad ? Cam' ye by Killicrankie, O ? — Johnson's Musical Mtiseum. Branne, the calf of the leg; whence the English Iravmy, muscular. Your stocking shall be like the cabbage leaf, That is baith braid and lang, Narrow, narrow at the cute (the instep or ankle). And braid, braid at the branne. — Ballad of the Gardener, from Kinlock's Collection. Brash, a sickness, a rash, an eruption. The lady's gane to her chamber, A moanful woman was she. As gin she had taken a sudden brash, An' were about to dee. — The Gay Gosshawk. Brash, a sudden gust of wind, also a tuzzle or fight ; brashy or braushie, stormy. Brat, a rag or clothes ; from the Oaelic brat, a covering, a mantle, a rag ; also bratach, a flag, a ban- ner ; whence perhaps the con- temptuous English term of brat, for a beggar's child, in allusion to the rags in which it is clad. We've aye had bit and brat, John, Great blessings here below ; And that helped to keep peace at home, John Anderson my jo. — From the old version of ' ' John A nder- son my Jo," abridged, amended, and purijied by Robert Burns. Bratchet, a contemptuous or angry term for a troublesome or mis- chievous child ; a diminutive of brat, a child, so called from the Gaelic brat, a rag ; synonymous with another Scottish phrase for a poor man's child, as used by Burns, " a smytrie o' wee duddie (ragged) weans." Brattle, clatter, or any noise made by the rapid collision of hard substances; possibly from be- rattle, the augmentative of the English word rattle. List'ning the doors an' windows rattle, I thought me on the ourie cattle, Or silly sheep, that tide the brattle O' winter war. —Burns: A Winter Night. Breathin'. ''I'll do't in a &rm<A- iw'," instanter, in the time which it would take to draw a breath. This phrase is far superior to the vulgar English " in a jiffy," or to the still more intolerable slang "the twink- ling of a bedpost." Bree, the juice, the essence, the spirit. Barley-Sree, the juice of the barley, i.e., whisky or ale. B i8 Breeks — Brownie. Brew is to extract the spirit or essence of barley, malt, hops, &c. Both hree and hrew are directly derived from the Gaelic hrigh, spirit, juice, &c. The Italians have hrio, spirit, energy, life, animation. From this source is derived the English slang word a ''brick," applied to a fine, high-spirited, good fellow. Various absurd attempts have been made to trace the expression to a Greek source in a spurious anecdote bor- rowed from Aristotle, who speaks of a tetragonos aner or *' four-cornered man," supposed in the slang of the Universities to signify a hrick. Breeks, the nether garments of a man, trousers, trews, breeches. The vulgar English word breeches is derived from the breech, the part of the body which they cover. The Scottish word has a more dignified origin in the Gaelic breaghad, attire, dress, or- nament, and breaghaid, adorn, embellish, "from which Celtic word," says Ainsworth in his Latin Dictionary, "the Romans derived bracca and braccatus, wearing trews, like the Gauls." Thir breeks o' mine, my only pair, I wad hae gien them aff my hurdies For ae blink o' the bonnie burdies. — Burns : Tarn d Shanter. Brent or brant, high, steep ; also smooth. Her fair brent brow, Smooth as the unwrinkled deep. — Allan Ramsay. John Anderson my jo, John, When we were first acquaint, Your locks were like the raven, Your bonnie brow was brent. — Burns : John Anderson my Jo. In "John Anderson my Jo," the auld wife means that her husband's brow was smooth. I believe that brent in this pas- sage is the past-participle of bum. Shin- ing is one of the effects of burning. I think the word is always used to mean smooth, unwrinkled — as in the Scottish phrase brent new, the English] bran new, shining with all the gloss of newness. — R. Drennan. Brim, fierce, disastrous, fatal, furious; from the Gaelic brea- mas, mischief, mischance. The brim battle of the Harlaw. — Allan Ramsay : Tke Evergreen. Bring home, to be delivered of a chHd. Now when nine months were past and gone, The lady she brought home a son. — Buchan's Ballads : Lord Dingwall. Brook, to spot, or soil, or blacken with soot ; brooTdt, having a dirty face ; and brooJcie, a nick- name either for a sweep or a blacksmith. Bruckit is tanned by the sun or freckled. The root is the Gaelic brucach, spotted, freckled, speckled, par- ticularly in the face. Broostle, to perspire profusely; also to be in a great hurry, bustle, or confusion. From the Teutonic braus, bustle, noise, or tumult ; brausen, to ferment, to rush, to roar, to snort with anger or impatience. Brownie, a household sprite in the ancient and not yet extinct Brown Study — Bubbly-jock. 19 superstition of Scotland, who, if conciliated, performed domestic duties, and made himself use- ful and agreeable, similar in his character to Puck or Robin Good-fellow in England. From the Gaelic bronn, a gift, a fa- vour. Brown study. This phrase, to signify deep, sad, or melan- choly meditation, was originally Scotch, but has long become familiar in English. It has puzzled all the philologists, who persist in deriving almost every English word and phrase from the Teutonic, the Greek, or the Latin, to the exclusion of the Celtic, from which even these three languages are largely de- rived. But they have made no guesses superior to that which would trace it to a brow study, be- cause those who fall into brown studies often knit their brows in deep thought ! The real source of the word is the Gaelic bron, sorrow, grief, sadness, melan- choly, mourning ; bronag, a sor- rowful woman ; bron bhrat, a mourning cloth, a cerement or mortcloth ; bronaeh, sorrowful, and bronadh, lamentation. This explanation ought to satisfy even the Keltophobists, and teach them to "rest and be thankful " in their study of this particular colloquialism. Bruik, to enjoy, to possess; from the Teutonic brauchen, to make use of. Was braucht es ? What is the use of it ? Weel bruik ye o' yon broun, broun bride, Between ye and the wa', And sae will I o' my winding-sheet. That suits me best of a'. — Jamieson's Collection : Ballad of Lammikin. Brulzie or bnilyie, a disturb- ance, a commotion, a quarrel. This word seems to be the root of the English brawl, broil, embroil, and embroilment, and the French embrouiller ; all de- rivable from the Gaelic bruUl, to crush, to beat, to fight, to thrash. Bannocks o' bear-meal, bannocks o' barley ! Wha' in a brulzie will first cry a parley? Never the lads wi' the bannocks o' barley ; Here's to the Highlandman's bannocks o" barley ! — ^Johnson's Musical Museum, Bnimble, to make a rumbling noise. The English rumble and the Lowland Scotch brumble are synonymous, and both appear to be derived from the Teutonic brummen, to rush audibly like a rapid stream ; to gurgle, to growl. Bryttle, to cut up venison. And Johnnie has bryttled th^ deer sae weel, And has feasted his gude blude-hounds. — Border Minstrelsy : Johnnie oj Braidislie. Bubbly-jock, a turkey-cock. Some of the idiot's friends coming to visit him at a farmhouse where he resided, reminded him how comfortable he was, and how grateful he ought to be for the care taken of him. He admitted the fact, but he had his sorrows and troubles like wiser men. He stood in awe of the great turkey-cock of the farm, which used to run and gobble at him. "Aye ! aye ! " he 20 Buckie — But, said, unburthening his heart, " I'm very weel aff, nae doubt ; but eh ! man, I'm sair hadden doun by the Bztbbly-jock!" Dean Ramsay. Buckie, a whelk or periwinkle. An' there'll be partans [crabs] an' btcckies. — The Blithesome Bridal. Buckle-to, to marry ; derived from the idea of fastening or joining together. The word occurs in a vulgar English song to a very beautiful Scottish air, which was written in imitation of the Scottish manner by Tom D'Urfey in the reign of Charles II. It has been long popular under the title of "Within a Mile of Edinburgh Town." Buckle-beggar signified what was once called a hedge-priest, who pretended to perform the cere- mony of marriage. To "buckle with a person" was to be en- gaged in argument with another. *' Buff nor stye," a common collo- quialism. To say of any one that " he would neither buff nor stye," means that he would neither do one thing or another, that he did not know his own mind, or that he was so obstinately wedded to his own purpose that nothing could make him deviate from it. It is probably a cor- ruption of "he would neither le of nor stay." Jamieson, however, derives buff from the Teutonic bof, a cheer made by mariners ; and thinks that stye may refer to the act of mounting the shrouds, from the Swedish stiga, to ascend ! He has thus had recourse to two languages to help him out of a difficulty, when one, and that his own, would have been sufficient. He would neither buff nor stye for father or mother, friend or foe. — Galt: ^The Entail. Buirdly, strong and stalwart, hearty, well-built. Buirdly chiels [fellows] Are bred in sic a way as this is. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. Burnewin, a contraction of "Bum-the wind," the popular and familiar name for a black- smith. Busk, to adorn, to dress ; from the Gaelic busgadh, a head-dress, an adornment for the person ; busgainnick, to dress, to adorn, to prepare. A bonnie bride is soon buskit. — Allan Ramsay's Scoti Proverbs. Busk ye, busk ye, my bonnie bride. Busk ye, b-uskye, my winsome marrow. — Hamilton of Bangor. But. This word in Scotland long preserved the meaning it once had in England of "without," and was derived etymologicaUy from "be out," of which it is an abbreviation. It remains in the heraldic motto of the Clan Chattan, " Touch not the cat but the glove ! " It does duty in the humorous Jacobite song, in ridicule of George I., the Elector of Hanover : — But and Ben — Cadgie. 21 Wha the deil hae we gotten for a king, But a wee, wee German lairdie ; And when we gaed to bring him hame. He was delvin' in his yairdie, Sheughin kail and layin' leeks, But the hose, and but the breeks, And up his beggar duds he cleeks, The wee, wee German lairdie. But and ben, the out and in, the front and back rooms of a cotter's hut. Toddlin but and toddlin ben, I'm nae sooner slockened, than drouthy again. — Sir'Alexander Boswell : A Matrimonial Duet. Had siller been made in the kist to lock by, It wadna been round, but square as a dye. Whereas by its shape ilka body may see It aye was designed it should circulate free. Then we'll toddle but, and we'll toddle ben. An' aye when we get it, we'll part wi't again. — Ibid. Byspel, an accidental piece of good fortune ; a wonderful stroke of luck or dexterity. An epithet applied, generally in a half-hearted spirit of laudation, to any person of rare good qualities or successful rise in the world; as in the phrase " He's just a 6yspeZ," The word is from the Teutonic beispiel, an example ; literally a by-play. In this sense it is sometimes held to signify an illegitimate or a love-child, a "by-blow," a bastard. Byssim, a monster, also a worthless and shameless woman. Supposed to be from the Ice- landic bysn, a monster, a pro- digy. The German bose, wicked, and the Gaelic baois, lust, libi- dinousness, and also madness, have been suggested . as the root of this word. A third derivation is worthy of study, that from baoth {bao), wicked, and smuain, thoughts, whence bao - smuain, quasi bissim or byssom, a wicked thought, or a person with wicked thoughts. The word Bezonian, which has puzzled Shakespearian commen- tators to explain, may be allied. C Ca', to drive, or drive in, to smite ; also to contend or fight ; from the Gaelic cath, pronounced ca\ to smite, to fight. I'll cause a man put up the fire, Anither ca in the stake. And on the head o' yon high hill I'll burn you for his sake. Buchan's Ballads : Young Prince James. Every naig was cad a shoe on. The smith and thee got roaring fu' on. — Burns : Tarn o' Shanter. Ca' cannie ! an exhortation to be- ware, to take heed or care as to what you are doing or saying ; ca\ to drive, and cannie, cau- tious or cautiously. Cadgie — sometimes written caigie — cheerful, sportive, wanton, friendly ; possibly from the old Gaelic cad, a friend, whence, according to some philologists, 22 Cair — Cannie. cadie, a lad (used in the sense of kindness and familiarity) ; but, according to others, from the French cadet, a younger born. A cock-laird fu' cadgie Wi' Jeanie did meet ; He haused her, he kissed her, And ca'd her his sweet. — Chambers's Scottish Songs. Yon ill-tongued tinkler, Charlie Fox, May taunt you wi' his jeers and shocks ; But gie't him het, my hearty cocks, E'en cowe the cadie I And send him to his dicing-box And sportin' lady. — Burns : Author s Earnest Cry and Prayer. Cair, to strain through. " This word," says Jamieson, "is used in Clydesdale, and signifies to extract the thickest part of broth or hotch-potch while dining or supping." It is pro- bably from the Gaehc cir, a comb ; whence also the Enghsh word to curry a horse, and curry- comb, the comb used for the purpose. Caird, a tinker. Close the awmrie, steek the kist, Or else some gear will soon be miss'd ', Tell the news in brugh and glen, Donald Cairds come again. — Sir Walter Scott. From the Gaelic cear (i, a smith, a Wright, a workman ; with the prefix teine, fire, is derived the English tin-caird or tinker, a fire- smith. Johnson, ignorant of Celtic, traced tinker from tink, because tinkers struck a kettle and produced a tinkling noise to announce their arrival. Caller, fresh, cool. There is no exact Enghsh synonym for this word. " Caller herrm," " Caller haddie," and "Caller ow" are familiar cries to Edinburgh people, and to all strangers who visit that beautiful city. Sae sweet his voice, sae smooth his tongue, His breath's like caller air ; His very foot has music in't When he comes up the stair. — MiCKLE : There's nac Luck about tJie House. Upon a simmer Sunday morn. When Nature's face is fair, I walked forth to view the com And snuff the caller air. — Burns : The Holy Fair. Camsteerie, crooked, confused, unmanageable ; from the Gaelic cam, crooked, and stiuir, to steer or lead. The phalanx broken into pieces like camsteerie clouds. — Noctes Ambrosiams. Cannie, knowing, but gentle ; not to be easily deceived, yet not sly or cunning. A very expressive word, often used by Enghshmen to describe the Scotch, as in the phrase, "a canny Scotsman," one who knows what he is about. The word also means dexterous, clever at a bargain, and also for- tunate. It is possibly derived from the Gaelic ceannaich, to buy ; and is common in the North of England as well as in Scotland. Bonny lass, canny lass, wilt thou be mine? — The Cumberland Courtship. He mounted his mare and he rode can- nilie. — The Laird o' Cockpen. Cantie — Carle, 23 Hae naething to do wi' him; he's no canny. They have need of a canny cook who have but one egg for dinner. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Cantie, joyons, merry, talkative from excess of good spirits; from the Gaelic cainnt, speech, or can, to sing. Contented wi' little and cantie wi' mair. — Burns. Some cannie wee bodie may be my lot, An' I'll be cantie in thinking o't. — Brockett's North Country Glossary: Newcastle Song. The cantie auld folks. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. The clachan yill had made me cantie. —Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. Cantrip, a charm, a spell, a trick, a mischievous trick. The word is a corruption of the Gaelic word ceann, head, chief, prin- cipal, and drip, a trick. Coffins stood roun' like open presses, That showed the dead in their last dresses ; And by some devilish cantrip slight, Each in its cauld hand held a light. — Burns : Tarn d Shanter. Burns, in the " Address to the Deil," has another example of this word, in which the humour is great and the indecency greater. — Lord Neaves. Caperaoity, peevish, crabbed, apt to take offence, of singular and uncertain humour. " Me forward ! " answered Mrs. Patt ; " the capemoity, old, girning ale-wife may wait long enough ere I forward it ! " — Scott : St. Ronans Well. Gaelic, cabair, a gabbler, a tattler ; naitheas, mischief. Cappernoytit, slightly de- ranged. D'ye hear what auld Dominie Napier says about the mirk Monday? He says it's an eclipse — the sun and the moon fecht- ing for the upper hand ! But, Lord ! he's a poor capemoytit creature. — Laird of Logan. Carfuffle, agitation of mind, per- plexity ; from the Gaelic cearn^ a twist or wrong turn, and haoh, haobach, and baobhail, an alarm, a fright, a perplexity ; and with the aspirate, the b pronounced as/, bhaobaU, fuffle. Troth, my lord may be turned fule out- right an' he puts himsell into a carfuffle for ony thing ye could bring him, Edie. — Scott : The Antiquary. Carkin', grinding, oppressively wearying, vexatious. The root of this word is the Gaelic garg, rough, from whence also gargle, the rough noise pro- duced by a liquor to foment the throat, but not to be swallowed. The lisping infant prattlin' on his knee Does a' his weary carkin cares beguile, An' makes him quite forget his labour and his toil. — Burns : Cotter's Saturday Night. Carle, a man, a fellow ; from the Teutonic Icerl. This word, which was used by Chaucer, has been corrupted into the English churls which means a rude fellow. In Scotland it still preserves its original and pleasanter signifi- cation. The miller was a stout carle for the nones ; Full big he was of braune, and eke of bones. — Chaucer. The pawky auld carle cam' ower the lea, Wi' mony guid e'ens and guid days to me, Saying, Kind sirs, for your courtesy. Will you lodge a silly poor man ? — Ritson's Caledonian Songs. 24 Carle-wtfe — Carp. Oh ! wha's that at my chamber door ? Fair widow, are ye waukin' ? Auld carle, your suit give o'er, Your love lies a' in talkin'. — ^Allan Ramsay. When lairds break, carles get land. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Up starts a carle, and gains good, And thence comes a' our gentle blood. — Idem. My daddie is a cankered carle. He'll no twine wi' his gear ; But let them say or let them dae. It's a' ane to me ; For he's low doun, he's in the broom, That's waiting for me. — James Carnegie, 1765. Carle, a man, or fellow, is also used adjectively for male, manly, strong, vigorous : as in carlc- hem'p, the largest seed-bearing stalk of hemp ; carle-dodder, the largest stalk of dodder-grass ; carle-heather or carlin-heather, the largest species of heather or erica ; carle-tangle, the largest species of tangle or sea-weed ; carle-wife, a man who does women's work ; carle-cai, a tom- cat, a male cat, &c. Ye have a stalk o* carle-hemp in you. —Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. The carle-stalk of hemp in man — Resolve. — Burns. Carle-wife, a husband who med- dles too much with the house- hold duties and privileges of the wife ; a much better word than its English equivalent — a "molly-coddle." Carline or carlin, an old woman. Cats and carlines love to sleep i' the sun. — Allan Ramsay. That auld capricious carlin Nature. —Burns: To James Smith. The Rev. Mr. Monro of Westray, preach- ing on the flight of Lot from Sodom, said : "The honest man and his family were ordered out of the town, and charged not to look back ; but the auld carlin. Lot's wife, looked owre her shouther, for which she was smote into a lump of sawt." And he added, with great unction : " Oh, ye people of Westray, if ye had had her, mony a day since ye wad hae putten her in the parritch-pat ! " — Dean Ramsay. Carp, by some commentators con- sidered to signify to sing, by others to rehearse, from the oft- recurring phrase in old ballads recording the performances of bards and minstrels — " he harpit and he carpU." And ay he harpit, and ay he carpit. Till a' the nobles ga'ed o'er the floor ; But and the music was sae sweet. The groom forgot the stable door. — Scott's Border Minstrelsy : The Lochmaben Harper. To this passage Mr. Robert Chambers, in his ** Collection of Scottish Ballads," appended the note: — "In the 'Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border ' carpit is ex- plained as meaning sung, but I suggest, with great deference, that it appears, from the use made of it in Barbour's ' Bruce,' that it refers to the narrative which the ancient minstrels ac- companied on their instruments." But Mr. Chambers has left the doubt exactly where he found it, for the old minstrels sometimes sang and sometimes merely re- cited or declaimed their stories. The etymology and meaning are both as doubtful as ever. The English to carp, to cavil or find fault, is probably connected. Carry — Chandlers. 25 Carry, the driving clouds. Mirk and rainy is the night, No a starn (star) in a' the carry. — Tannahill. The word is derived from the Gaelic caraich, to move, to stir ; caraidhy movement. Castock, sometimes written cus- tock, a cabbage-stalk. There's cauld kail in Aberdeen, An' castocks in Stra'bogie. — Duke of Gordon. Every day's no Yule-day ; — cast the cat a castock. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Pro- verbs. In their hearts they're as callous as cus- tocks. — Noctes Ambrosiance. Cateran. A Highland cateran was a term formerly applied in the Lowlands to a Highland marau- der or cattle-stealer, and gene- rally to the Highlanders, who were all supposed to be lawless depredators on the wealth of the Lowlands. The word is probably from the Gaelic cath, a battle, a fight ; cathach, a fighter or warrior; and ran, to shout, to roar ; whence, by emphatic de- nunciation, a roaring, a violent warrior or depredator. My love he was as brave a man As ever Scotland bred, Descended from a Highland clan, A cateran to his trade. — Gilderoy. Cauld bark. To live in ''the cauld bark," is to be dead and buried. Bark, in this meta- phorical euphemism, is evidently not traceable to hark, a boat or ship, or to the hark of an animal; but is possibly from hark, skin (which see), or from herg or }mrg or burrow, a hill or hillock, or slight mound raised over a grave. Cauld coal. * * He has a cauld coal to blaw," i.e., he is engaged in a hopeless undertaking; there is no spark of fire in it which can be blown into a flame. Cauldrife, cold-hearted, cool in love or friendship, indifferent - minded. Gae, get you gone, you cauldrife wooer, Ye sour-looking cauldrife wooer. I straightway showed him to the door, Sayin', Come nae mair to me, oh ! —Herd's Collection: The Brisk Young Lad. Cavee. According to Jamieson, this is an Aberdeenshire word, signifying a state of commotion or perturbation of mind. He suggests its derivation from the French ca& vif, a matter that gives or requires activity (of mind). Is it not rather the Gaelic cabhag {ca-vag), hurry, haste, dispatch, trouble, diffi- culty ? whence cahhagach, hasty, impetuous, hurried. Cave is used in the "Noctes Ambro- sianae" as synonymous with toss. " Gallopin' on a grey horse that caves the foam from its fiery nostrils." Chandlers, candlesticks ; the Eng- lish chandeliers. Hae ye ony pots or pans. Or ony broken chandlers ; I am a tinker to my trade, An' newly come frae Flanders. 26 Channer — Clachan. As scant of siller as of grace, Disbanded, I'd a bad run ; Gae tell the lady o' the place I've come to clout the cauldron. — The Tinker, or Clout the Cauldron. Channer, to contend, to com- plain, to grumble, to chide, to remonstrate ; from the G-aelic canran, a contentious murmur- ing, chiding ; canranach, queru- lous murmuring, contentions ; and canranacha, petulance, ill- humour. The cock doth craw, the day doth daw, The channeriti worm doth chide. — Border Minstrelsy : The Clerk's Twa Sons o' Ourenford. How the worm could channer or chide in the grave is incom- prehensible, unless one of the meanings of the word is to fret or cause to fret with vexa- tion. This interpretation has led to the supposition that "fret," in the sense of its for- mer signification of " gnaw " or " eat," from the German fressen, Flemish /re^m, as in the Scripture phrase ** The moth fretteth the garment," is synony- mous with channer. This, how- ever, is not the case, as the Gaelic etymology suffices to prove. But neither channcring nor fretting supplies an intelli- gible or satisfactory explana- tion of the ballad-writer's mean- ing. Chap, to knock ; chaup, a blow. I dreamed I was deed, and carried far, far, far up, till I came to Heaven's yett — when I chappit, and chappit, and chappit, till at last an angel keekit out and said, " Wha are ye?"— Dean Ramsay. The chiel was stout, the chiel was stark, And wadna bide to chap nor ca', And Girzie, faint wi' holy wark, Had na the power to say him na ! — Holy Girzie. The Burnewin comes on like death at every chaup. — Burns : Scotch Drink. Chark, to make a grinding or grunting noise, also to com- plain petulantly and obstinately. A form of cark, with the sub- stitution of ch for c or ^% as in church for kirk, &c. Cheep, to chirp or chirrup like a bird. Ye're nae chicken for a your cheepin. — Proverb. Chiel, a fellow, a youth ; the same as the ancient English childe, as used by Byron in *' Childe Harold." From the Gaelic gULe, a youth. The brawny, bainie ploughman chiel. — Burns : Scotch Drink. A chiefs amang ye takin' notes. — Burns. Clachan, a village; from the Gaelic clach, a stone, and clachan, the stones or houses. The clachan yill (ale) had made me cantie. — Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. Ye ken Jock Hornbook o' the clachan. — Idem. The clachan of Aberfoyle. — Sir Walter Scott : Rob Roy, Many English and American tourists in Scotland, and other readers of the works of Sir Walter Scott, imagine that the "clachan of Aberfoyle" means the m\R of Aberfoyle. Clart — Clepie. 27 They derive the word from the English clack, the noise of the miU-wheel, and knowing no- thing of dachan, the village, are disappointed when they find neither windmill nor watermill on the classic spot. Clart, to defile, to make dirty. Clarty, dirty; from the Gaelic clabar or clubhar, filth, mud, mire. Searching auld wives' barrels ; Ochon the day ! That clarty barm [dirty yeast] should stain my laurels ! ' But — what'll ye say ? Those movin' things ca'd wives and weans Wad move the very hearts o' stanes. — Burns : On being Appointed to the Excise. Clatch, to daub, to do any kind of work carelessly, awkwardly, recklessly, orignorantly ; claught, snatched. Claur or glaur, mud, dirt, mire; "a gowpen o' glaur" a handful of mud ; "a humplock of glaur, ' ' a heap of mud. The wee laddie, greetin', said his brither Jock had coost a gowpen o' glaur at him and knockit him on the neb. — James Ballantine. Claut, to snatch, to lay hold of eagerly ; something that has been got together by greed ; a large heap. Ken ye what Meg o' the Mill has gotten ? She's gotten a coof wi' a claut o' siller, And broken the heart o' the barley miller. —Burns : Meg o' the Mill. Claut is undoubtedly from the English word claw, which had the sense in olden time of to scratch, to gather together, and is in that sense still in use in some parts of England. Claut, in Scotch, is most fre- quently used as a noun, and is the name given to a hoe used to gather mud, &c., together ; to claut the roads, to gather the mud. I don't think the world itself con- tains the idea of getting together a large heap by greed. I don't recognise the other meanings, " to snatch," " to lay hold of eagerly." I would use a different word to express these meanings, — to glaum, io play glaum, would fit them exactly. — R. Drennan. Clavers, idle stories, silly calum- nies. Hail Poesie ! thou nymph reserved ; In chase o' thee what crowds hae swerv'd Frae common sense, or sunk unnerv'd 'Mong heaps o' clavers. —Burns : On Pastoral Poets. Claw, to flatter ; from the Gaelic civil, praise, and not, as igno- rantly supposed, from the Eng- lish claw, to scratch with the nails, in allusion to the itch. Claiu me and I'll claw you. — Scottish Proverbs. I laugh when I am merry, and claw no man in his humour. — Shakespeare : Much Ado about Nothing. Claymore, the Highland broad- sword; from the Gaelic ciaid- heamh, or glaive, a sword, and mor, great. Wha on the moor a gallant clan From boastin' foes their banners bore. Who showed himself a better man Or fiercer waved the broad claymore ? — Sir Alexander Boswell. Clepie, deceitful ; from the Gaelic clihe, deceit. 28 Clishmaclaver — Clunk. Clishmaclaver, idle talk, foolish gossip, incessant gabble. What further clish-ma-claver might been said. — Burns : The Brigs o' Ayr. From the Gaelic dis {dish), nimble, rapid, and dab {dabh), an open mouth ; dabach, gar- rulous ; dahaire, a babbler, a loud disagreeable talker ; dabar, the clapper of a milL Clocking-hen, a hen engaged in the act of incubation ; from dock or ducJc, the cry or cackle of the hen when hatching. The word is sometimes used jocu- larly or contemptuously for an elderly woman or nurse. Clocksie, lively, sprightly, viva- cious, talkative; possibly from dack, talk; and that, again, from the Gaelic dach or dock, a bell ; applied derisively to the tongue of a garrulous person, likened to the clapper of a bell. The clocksie auM laird o' the Warlock Glen, Wha stood without, half cowed, half cheerie. Raised up the latch and cam' crousely ben, — Joanna Baillie, Cloot, a cloven foot ; Clootie, one who is hoofed or cloven-footed, i.e., the devil. O thou, whatever title suit thee, Auld Hornie, Satan, Nick, or Clootie. — Burns : Address to the Deil. Cloot (pronounced clute, long French «) is not a hoof, but the half of a hoof. We speak of a horse's hoof, and of a cow's cloots, and apply this latter word only to the feet of those animals that divide the hoof. — R. Drennan. Clour, a lump on the flesh caused by a heavy blow. That cane o* yours would gie a clour on a man's head eneuch to produce a phre- nological faculty. — Professor Wilson : Noctes A inbrosiancE. Clour is a heavy blow— the lump is only the result of a clour. — R. Drennan. Clout, a rag ; cloutie, a little rag, baby-clouts, baby-clothes. Clcmt also signifies a patch, or to patch, to mend, as in the old song of "Clout the Cauldron" (mend the kettle). Wha my baby-clouts will buj' ? —Old Song. A countryman in a remote part of Aber- deenshire got a newly coined sovereign in the days when such a thing was seldom seen, and went about showing it to his friends and neighbours for the charge of a penny each sight. Evil days unfortunately overtook him, and he was obliged to part with his beloved coin. A neighbour one day called upon him and asked for a sight of his sovereign. "Ah! man," said he, " it's gane ; but I'll let ye see the cloutie it was rowed (wrapped) in for a bawbee I " — Dean Ramsay. ClufF, to strike with the fist, to slap ; "a duff i' the lug," a box on the ear. The word is akin to the English fisticuff and to Clunk, the gurgling, confused sound of liquor in a bottle or cask when it is poured out ; equivalent to the Enghsh glug in the song of " Gluggity Glug." It is derived by Jamieson from the Danish glunk and the Swe- dish klunka, which have the same meaning. Clyte — Cock, 29 Sir VioHno, with an air That showed a man o' spunk, Wished unison between the pair, And made the bottle clunk. —Burns: The Jolly Beggars. An old English song has "and let the cannikin clink, '^ which is obviously from the same root, though clunk is more expressive of a duU sound than clink is. Clyte, a fall ; to stop in the midst of a set speech for want of words or ideas, and sit down sud- denly. "I couldna find words to continue my speech," said a Glasgow bailie, " and sae I clyted" I fairly clyted On the cauld earth. — Allan Ramsay. Clyte, a heavy, sudden kind of fall. I have generally heard the word as a verb used in connection with the word played — " It played clyte at my heels," " He got as far as the road, and then played clyte." — R. Drennan. Clytie-lass, a servant girl whose duty is to carry out of the house all filth or ordure, and to deposit it on the midden or elsewhere. The first word is ap- parently from the Gaelic cuil- aite, the back place or latrine, from cuU or cvZ, back, and aite, a place, whence by abbreviation clyte and clytie. Cock. This syllable, which enters into the composition of many words and phrases both in Lowland Scotch and modern English, has generally been associated with its supposed derivation from cock, the name given to the male of birds, and especially to the fami- liar gallinaceous barn-door fowl that " crows in the morn- ing." Its true derivation, how- ever, is from the Gaelic coc, which means to elevate, to erect, to stand up, to throw high, to lift, as in such phrases as a ^^ cocked-hat," a ^^ cockade," •' cock up your beaver," " cock- sure" (manifestly or presumedly sure, or pretending to be so), " cock-a-hoop," and many others. It is more common in Lowland Scotch than in English. To cock, signifies to mount one boy on the back of another for punishment on the posteriors ; to cock-shy, to throw a stone or other missile high in the air; cock-a-penny or cock-a-pentie, to live beyond one's income for pride or ostentation, or the dis- inclination to appear as poor as one is in reality by expending more pennies than one has honestly got ; cockie-vain, con- ceited, arrogant, stuck up ; cockie-ridie, a game among chil- dren, when one rides on the shoulders of another ; a cock- horse, a wooden horse, on which children mount for amusement ; cock-laird, a small landed pro- prietor, who affects the dignity and gives himself the airs of a great one ; cock-headed or cockle- headed, vain, conceited, whimsi- cal, stuck up ; cockemonie (which see) ; cock-raw, manifestly or plainly raw, underdone ; cock- up nose, a tumed-up nose, " tip- 30 Cockernonte — Cod-crune. tilted," as Lord Tennyson more elegantly describes it, and cock- eye, a squint-eye, that cocks up or awry when it should look straight. None of these words have any connection with the male bird of the Gallinacese, but all are traceable etymologically to the Gaelic root of coc. Philolo- gists, if so disposed, may trace to this same source the vulgar and indecent English and Scot- tish words which may be found in Juvenal and Horace as Mentuia. Cockernonie, a gathering up of the hair of women, after a fashion similar to that of the modern " chignon," and some- times called a " cock-up." Mr. Kirkton, of Edinburgh, preach- ing against " cock-ups "—of which chignons were the re- presentatives a quarter of a century ago — said: "I have been all this year preaching against the vanity of women, yet I see my own daughter in the kirk even now with as high a * cock-up ' as any one of you aU." Jamieson was of the opinion, that cocA;erno7iie signified a snood, or the gathering of the hair in a band or fillet, and derived the word from the Teutonic Tcoker, a cape, and nonne, a nun, i.e., such a sheath for fixing the hair as nuns were accustomed to use ! The word was a con- temptuous one for, false hair — a contrivance to make a little hair appear to be a good deal— and seems to have been compounded of the Gaelic coc, to stand erect, and neoni, nothing. I saw my Meg come linkin' ower the lea, I saw my Meg, but Meggie saw na me, Her cockernonie snooded up fu' sleek. — Allan Ramsay. But I doubt the daughter's a silly thing : an unco cockemony she had busked on her head at the kirk last Sunday. — Scott : Old Mortality. My gude name ! If ony body touched my gude name I wad neither fash council nor commissary. I would be down upon them like a sea-falcon amang a wheen wild geese, and the best o' them that dared to say onything o' Meg Dods but what was honest and civil, I wad soon see if her cockernonie was made o' her ain hair or other folks' !— Scott : St. Ronans' Well. Cod, from the Gaelic, cod, a cushion, a pillow, a bag, a re- ceptacle ; peas-cod, the shell in which the peas are formed and retained. The word is retained in English in an indelicate sense for the scrotum. I hae guid fire for winter weather, A cod o' cafF (chaff) wud fill a cradle, A halter an' a guid hay tether, A deuk about the dub to paidle. — The Wooin' o' Jenny and Jock. Cod-crune or cod-crooning, a curtain lecture ; from the Gaelic cod, a pillow, and croon, to mur- mur, to lament, to moan. Jamie- son derives the word from the Teutonic Tcreunen, and says it is sometimes called a "bowster (bolster) lecture." No such word, however, as kreunen or krunen is to be found in the German dictionaries. Codroch — Collte-shangie. 31 Codroch, miserable, ugly, detest- able. These are the meanings assigned to the word by Allan Ramsay, though Jamieson, who cites it as used in Fifeshire and the Lothians, explains it as a rustic, or one who is dirty and slovenly. A codroch coffe, he is sure sich, And lives like ony wareit wretch. —Pedder Coffe : The Evergreen. The final syllable seems to be the Gaelic droch, bad, evil, wicked, mischievous. Go is doubtless the Gaelic cotrih (pro- nounced c6), a prefix equivalent to the Latin co and con. Jamie- son derives it from the Irish Gaelic cudar, the rabble, a word that does not appear in O'Reilly's excellent Irish Dic- tionary, though cudarman and cudarmanta appear in it as synonymous with ** vulgar and rustic." Coffe, a fellow; in vulgar Eng- lish, a chap. From the German kaufen, to buy ; and Jcaufmann, a merchant, a tradesman. Coft, bought, purchased. Cooft, to buy, from kaufen, has become obsolete ; but cooper, a buyer or seller, survives in horse-cooper or horse-dealer. Then he has cqft for that ladye A fine silk riding-gown ; Likewise he co/t for that ladye A steed, and set her on. — Buchan's Ancient Ballads: Jock o' Hazelgreen {old version). Cog and cogie, a bowl or cup, also a basin. From the Gaelic cimch, a cup, used either for broth, ale, or stronger drink. I canna want my cogie, sir, I canna want my cogie ; I winna want my three-girred cog For a' the wives in Bogie. — Duke of Gordon. It's good to have our cog out when it rains kail ! — Allan Ramsay's Scots Pro- verbs. Coggle, to shake, to waggle ; from the Gaelic gog or cog, to shake ; gogail, wavering, unsteady. Whence probably the French coquette, a flirt, or one who wavers or is unsteady in the bestowal of her favours to male admirers. It coggled thrice, but at the last It rested on his shoulders fast. — George Beattie : John o Arnha. Collie-shangie, a loud dispute, a quarrel, an uproar, a noise of angry tongues. How the collie-shangie works Betwixt the Russians and the Turks. — Burns : To a Gentleman who Sent hint a Newspaper. " It has been supposed," says Jamieson, " that from collie, a shepherd's dog, and shangie, a chain, comes the word collie- shangie, a quarrel between two dogs fastened with the same chain." Under the word " col- lie," he explains it to mean a quarrel, as well as a dog of that species ; as if he believed that the gentle and sagacious shep- herd's dog was more quarrel- some than the rest of the canine species. In Gaelic, coUeid 32 Conundrum — Corbie. means noise, confusion, uproar ; and coileideach, noisy, confused, angry ; which is no doubt the etymology of collie in the com- pound word collie-shangie. The meaning of shangie is diflScult to trace, unless it be from the Gaelic seang (pronounced shang), slender, lean, hungry. Conundrum, a kind of riddle sug- gestive of resemblances where no resemblances exist ; a wordy puzzle. The word is of com- paratively recent introduction into English, and has been sup- posed by some etymologists to be derivable from the German Jcennen, to know. Stormonth was content to trace it to the Anglo-Saxon cunnan; but on its being pointed out to him by the present writer, in a private note, after the issue of the first edition of his Dictionary, that the derivation was so far un- satisfactory that it did not ac- count for the final syllable, and that it was an ancient Scottish word, of which the components were the Gaelic conn, sense or meaning, and antrom, heavy or difficult, he abandoned the Anglo - Saxon derivation, and expressed his resolve to adopt the Gaelic etymology if his Dic- tionary ever reached a second edition. He died, unfortunately, before preparing a second edi- tion for the press. Coof, cuif, gowk, a fool, a sim- pleton, a cuckoo. Ye see yon birkie ca'd a lord, Wha struts an' stares an' a' that ; Though hundreds worship at his word, He's but a cut/for a' that. — Burns : A Man's a Man. Coof and gowTc, though appar- ently unlike each other in sound, are probably corruptions of the same Gaelic words, cudbhag {cuafag) and cuach, a cuckoo : — Ye breed of the gowk (cuckoo), ye hae but ae note in your voice, and ye're aye singing it. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Pro- verbs. In England, a "fool" and a "goose" are synonymous; but in Scotland the cuckoo is the bird that symbolises stupidity. Cuif, fool, and blockhead, are not exact synonyms, — rather a useless fellow, a sort of male tawpie. A man may be a cuij, and yet the reverse of a fool or blockhead. — R. Drennan. Coo-me-doo, a term of endear- ment for a turtle-dove, wood pigeon, or cushat. O coo-me-doo, my love sae true. If ye'll come doun to me, Ye'se hae a cage o' guid red gowd Instead o' simple tree. — Buchan's Ballads: The Earl o' Mars Daughter. Corbie, the hooded-crow ; also the raven ; from the French corheau. Corbies will no pick out corbies' e'en {Old Proverb). [Signifying that two of a trade ought not to divulge the tricks of the trade ; also applied among thieves to a confederate who informs against them, or peaches. \ The adder lies i' the corbies nest. Beneath the corbies wing ; And the blast that rives the corbies nest Will soon bring hame the king. ^ —Jacobite Song, 1745. Cosh — Craig. 33 Cosh, quiet, snug. {See Cozie.) And sang fu' sweet the notes o' love, Till a' was cosh within. — Border Minstrelsy : The Gay Gosshawk. Cosie, cozie, comfortable, snug, warm. While some are cozie in the neuk. And forming assignations To meet some day. — Burns : The Holy Fair. Jamieson says that cosie, snug, warm, comfortable, seems to be of the same derivation as cosh, a comfortable situation, and com- fortable as implying a defence from the cold. It is evidently from the Gaelic coiseag, a little, snug, or warm corner, a deriva- tion from cos and cois, a hollow, a recess, a corner. Couthie, well - known, familiar, handsome, and agreeable — in contradistinction to the English word uncouth. Some kindle, couthie, side by side, And burn together trimly. — Burns : Halloween. My ain couthie dame, O my ain couthie dame ; Wi' my bonny bits o' bairns, Aftd my ain couthie dame. — Ingleside Lilts. Covrp, to tumble over ; akin to the French cowp, a blow ; whence to suffer a blow in falling. I drew my scythe in sic a fury, I near had cowpit in my hurry. — Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. word is traceable in the English crabbed, ill-tempered. He that crabbs without cause should mease (apologise) without mends (making amends). — Scottish Proverb. Crack, talk, gossip, conversation, confidential discourse, a story ; from the Gaelic crac, to talk ; cracaire, a talker, a gossip, and cracaireachd, idle talk or chat. To ''crack a thing up" in Eng- lish is to talk it into repute by praise. A crach article is a thing highly praised. Jamieson derives the word from the Ger- man hralcen, to make a noise, though there is no such word in that language. But raise your arm, and tell your crack Before them a'. — Burns : Earnest Cry and Prayer. They're a' in famous tune For cracks that day. —Burns : The Holy Fair. The cantie auld folk crackin crouse. The young anes rantin' through the house ; My heart has been sae fain to see them, That I for joy hae barkit wi' them. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. A lady on hiring a servant girl in the country, told her, as a great indulgence, that she should have the liberty of attend- ing the kirk every Sunday, but that she would be expected to return home im- mediately after the conclusion of the ser- vice. The lady, however, rather unex- pectedly found a positive objection raised against this apparently reasonable arrange- ment. "Then I canna engage wi' ye, mem, for indeed I wadna gie the crack i' the kirkyard for a' the sermon." — Dean Ramsay. Crabb, to find fault, to be angry, to complain for slight cause, or without real necessity. This Craig, the neck. Ane got a twist o' the craig, Ane got a punch o' the wame C 34 Crambo- Clink — Croon. Symy Hair got lamed o' a leg, And syne ran wabblin' hame. — Border Minstrelsy : The Death of Featherstonehaugh. Crambo-clink or crambo-jingle, a contemptuous name for dog- gerel verse, and bad or medi- ocre attempts at poetry, which Douglas Jerrold, with wit as well as wisdom — and they are closely allied — described as "verse and ?wrse." A' ye wha live by crambo-clink, A' ye wha write and never think, Come mourn wi' me. — Burns : On a Scotch Bard. Amaist as soon as I could spell, I to the crambo-jingle fell, Tho' rude and rough ; But crooning to a body's sel' Does weel enough. — Burns : Epistle to Lapraik. Crambo seems to be derived from the Gaelic crom, crooked, or perhaps from " cramp " or "cramped." "Clink" and "jingle," assonance, conson- ance, or rhyme, are from the English. Creel or creil, a fish-basket ; from the French creiUe, with the same meaning. The boatie rows, the boatie rows, The boatie rows fu' weel, And muckle luck attend the boat, The merlin, and the creel. — Old Song. Creepie, a low stool ; from the Gaelic cruh, to bend low. I sit on my creepie arid spin at my wheel, An' think on the laddie that lo'es me sae weel. — Logie d Buchan. Creeshie, greasy. Kamesters (wool-combers) are aye cree- shie {Old Proverb), i.e., people are ever tainted with their trade, as in the phrase, " Millers are aye mealy." Crone, an old woman, a witch. Worcester, in his Dictionary, derives this word from the Scottish "croon" "the hollow muttering sound with which old witches uttered their incanta- tions." {See Croon.) Crony, a comrade, a dear friend, a boon companion ; derived in a favourable sense from crone. This Scottish word seems to have been introduced to English notice by James I. It was used by Swift and other writers of his period, and was admitted into Johnson's Dictionary, who described it as a " cant word." To oblige your crony Swift, Bring our dame a New Year's gift. — Swift. My name is Fun, your crony dear, The nearest friend ye ha'e. —Burns: The Holy Fair. And at his elbow Souter Johnny, His ancient, trusty, drouthy crony. —Burns : Tarn d Shanter. Croodle, to coo like a dove: "a wee croodlin' doo," a term of endearment to an infant. Far ben thy dark green plantin' shade The cushat (wood-pigeon) croodles amor- ousHe. — Tannahill. There's ae thing keeps my heart light, Whate'er the world may do ; A bonnie, bonnie, bonnie, bonnie. Wee croodlin doo. — Old Song. Croon, to hum over a tune, to prelude on an instrument. The Crouse — Crummie. 35 word seems derivable from the Gaelic cronan, a dull, murmur- ing sound, a mournful and mo- notonous tune. The sisters grey before the day Did croon within their cloister. — Allan Ramsay. Whiles holding fast his guid blue bonnet, Whiles croonin o'er some auld Scots sonnet. — Burns : Tarn o' Shunter. Where auld ruined castles grey Nod to the moon, To fright the nightly wanderer's way Wi' eldritch croon. — Burns : Address to the Deil. Plaintive tunes. Such as corpse-watching beldam croons. — Sttidies/rom the Antique. Crouse, merry, lively, brisk, bold, from the Gaelic craos, greedy, sensual, gluttonous, eager for any pleasure of the senses. A cock's aye crouse on his ain midden. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. The cantie auld folk crackin' crouse, The young anes rantin' through the house. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. crowdie is thick and firm, and in that quality its great merit con- sists, as distinguished from its watery competitor, the nourish- ment of the sick-room, and not to be compared to the strong wholesome "parritch," which Burns designated "the chief of Scotland's food." Oh, that I had never been married, I'd never had nae care ; Now I've gotten wife and bairns. An' they cry crowdie evermair ! Once crowdie, twice crowdie. Three times crowdie in a day ! — Burns. Then I gaed hame at crowdie-time. And soon I made me ready. —Burns : The Holy Fair, i My sister Kate came up the gate Wi' crowdie unto me, man ; She swore she saw the rebels run Frae Perth unto Dundee, man. — The Battle of Sheriffmuir. Crowdie, properly, is oatmeal mixed with cold water ; but it is also used for food in general, as in the expression, "I'll be hame about crowdie-t\xa.t." — R. Drennan. Crowdie, oatmeal boiled to a thick consistency ; crowdie-time, breakfast-time or meal-time. Jamieson goes to the Icelandic for the origin of the word crowdie, once the favourite and general food of the Scottish people, in the days before the less nutri- tious potato was introduced into the country. But the name of crowdie is not so likely to be derived from the Icelandic graut-ur, gruel made of groats, as from the Gaelic cruaidh, thick, firm, of hard consistency. Gruel is thin, but porridge or Crummie, a familiar name for a favourite cow ; from the crooked horn. Gaelic crom, crooked. In the ancient ballad of **Tak' your auld cloak about ye," quoted by Shakespeare in *' Othello," the word appears as Crumboch Bell, my wife, who loves no strife, She said unto me quietlie. Rise up and save cow Crumbock's life. And put thine auld cloak about thee. The word appears as Crum- mock in Burns's "Epistle to Major Logan." - „ 36 Crunt — Cupar. Hale be your heart, hale be your fiddle, Lang may your elbuck jouk and diddle, To cheer you through the weary widdle O' this wide warl', Until you on a crummock driddle, A grey-hair'd carl. Crunt, a smart blow with a cudgel or fist on the crown of the head. And mony a fellow got his licks Wi' hearty crunt. —Burns : To Willie Simpson. This word seems to come either from the English crown, the head (hence a blow on the head), or from the Gaelic crun, which has the same meaning. The crown of the head, the very top of the head, is a common phrase ; the croon of the cause- way — the top ridge of the road, or the middle of the road — is a well-known Scotticism. In slang English, a crunt is called a wqp- jper, or one for his "nob." Cuddie, a donkey; supposed by some to be derived from the Gaelic cutach, bob-tailed, or from ceutach, grace, elegance, beauty, upplied to the animal by its owner either in affection or derision. One^day my grandfather saw Andrew Leslie's donkey up to the knees in a field of clover. " Hallo, Andrew ! " said he, " I thought your cztdJie wad eat nothing but thistles and nettles." " Ay," said he, " but he misbehaved himself, and I put him in there just to punish him." — Dean Ramsay. Cuddle. This word, which in the English vernacular means to em- brace, to fondle, to press to the bosom, simply signifies in Scot- tish parlance to sleep, and is derived from the Gaelic cadaiL An auld beddin' o' claes Was left me by my mither ; They're jet black o'er wi' flaes ; Ye may cuddle in them thegither. The bride she gaed to her bed, The bridegroom he came till her, The fiddler crept in at the foot, An' they a' cuddled together. —Maggies Tocher: The Tea- Table Miscellany. Where shall I cuddle the night ? — Galt : Mansie Wauch. Cuif or coof, a fool, a blockhead. {See Coop, anJLe.) Cupar. He that will to Cupar, maun to Cupar. This proverb, applied to an obstinate man who will have his own way, has puzzled many commentators. Dean Ramsay asks, "Why Cupar? and whether is it the Cupar of Angus or the Cupar of Fife ? " It has been suggested that the origin of "Cupar," in the sense employed in the proverb, is the Gaelic comhar {covar), a mark, a sign, a proof, and that the phrase is equivalent to "he who will be a marked man (by his folly or per- versity) must be a marked man." It has also been suggested that " Cupar " is from comharra {covarra), shelter or protection of the sanctuary, to which a man resorted when hard pressed by justice for a crime which he had committed. Cum — Cutty-mun. 37 Cum, a grain of corn ; whence kernel, the fruit in the nut ; curny-gutty. Mind to splice high with Latin — a cum or two of Greek would not be amiss : and if ye can bring in anything about the judg- ment of Solomon in the original Hebrew, and season with a merry jest or so, the dish will be the more palatable. — Scott : For- tunes of Nigel. Allied words to cum are "kern" and "churn," a hand- mill for grinding corn, and " churn," a mill for stirring the milk so as to make butter. Cushat, a turtle-dove, a wood- pigeon. O'er lofty aiks the cushats wail, And echo coos the dolefu' tale. — Burns : Bess and her Spinning Wheel. Custock or castock, the edible stalk of cabbage ; a kail-runt. There's cauld kail in Aberdeen, An' custocks in Stra'bogie, An' ilka lad maun hae his lass. An' I maun hae my cogie. — Herd's Collection : The Three- Girred Cog. Cutty or cuttie, short ; from the Gaelic cutach, that has been cut, abridged, or shortened ; whence cwW2/-pipe, a short pipe. I'm no sae scant o' clean pipes as to blaw wi' a burnt cutty. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Till first ae caper, then anither, Tam tint his reason a' thegither, And roared out " Weel done, cutty sark ! " And in an instant a' was dark. — Burns : Tam o Shanter. Her cutty sark, o' Paisley ham, That when a lassie she had worn, In longitude though sorely scanty, It was her best, and she was vaunty. —Ibid. Cuttie-stool, a three-legged stool; a short stool, such as Jennie Geddes is reported to have thrown from the pulpit stairs at the head of the heretical minister. A circumstance connected with Scottish church discipline has undergone a great change in my time — I mean the public censure from the pulpit of persons con- victed of a breach of the seventh command- ment. . . . This was performed by the guilty person standing up before the whole congregation on a raised platform called the cutty-stool. — Dean Ramsay. The culprits did not always take the ad- monition patiently. It is recorded of one of them in Ayrshire, that when accused of adultery by the minister, he interrupted and corrected his reverend monitor by denying the imputation, and calling out, "Na! na! minister; it was simple /ornie (fornication), and no adultery ava." — Ibid. Cutty-mun and tree-ladle. These words, according to Jamieson, were the names of old tunes once popular in Scotland. No trace of them, however, has hitherto been discovered, and the interpretation given to them by Jamieson remains a mere supposition on his part. Cutty- mun, he says, means a spoon with a short handle. Cutty no doubt signifies short or small, as in cutty-stool and in {Mtty- pipe ; but Jamieson should have been aware that in no known lan- guage does mun signify a spoon. Investigation would have shown him that the same language from which cutty is derived sup- 38 Daff- — Dambrod. plied the true etymology of mwn, from mainne, delay, and that cutty-mun signified short delay. In like manner tree-ladle has no reference to a wooden spoon or ladle, as he supposed, but is derived from the Gaelic triall, departure on a journey, and luathaich, speed ; luathailteach, swift, speedy. Thus the old tune mentioned by Jamieson resolves itself into a Low- land rendering of the Gaelic, and signified "a short shrift and speedy exit." This would be an appropriate phrase ap- plied to the hanging of a High- land criminal by a feudal chief, or to i the more formal but equally eflScacious justice as administered in the Lowlands, and is, there can be little or no doubt, the real meaning of the name of the old song on which Jamieson relied for his inter- pretation. Daff, to make merry, to be sportive ; daffin', merriment. Wi' daffin weary grown, Upon a knowe they sat them down. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. Dr. Adam, Rector of the High School of Edinburgh, rendered the Horatian ex- pression " desipere in loco " by the Scottish phrase " weel-timed daffin " — a translation which no one but a Scot could properly appreciate. — Dean Ramsay. I>aff has long ceased to be cur- rent English, though it was used by Shakespeare in the sense of to befool. In the scene between Leonato and Claudio in " Much Ado About Nothing," when Claudio refuses to fight with an old man, Leonato rephes : Canst thou so ^a^ me— thou who killed my child ? The Shakespearean commen- tators all agree that this word - should be doff me, or put me off. They interpret in the same way the line in King Lear : — The madcap Prince of Wales, that daff'd the world aside ! It would appear, however, that in both instances, daff was used in the sense which it retains in Scotch, that of fool or befool. Daft, crazy, wild, mad. Or maybe in a frolic daft To Hague or Calais take a waft. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. Daidle, to trifle, to dawdle. Daidlin in the mock-turtle ! I hate a' things mock. — Nodes Ainbrosiance. Daiker or daker, to saunter, to stroll lazily or idly, or without defined purpose or object. Dambrod, draught - board or chess-board ; from the Flemish dambord ; the first syllable from Dapperpye — Dautie. 39 the French dame^ or jcu aux dames, draughts. Mrs. Chisholm entered the shop of a linen-draper, and asked to be shown some table-cloths of a dambrod pattern. The shopman was taken aback at such appar- ently strong language as " damned broad," used by a respectable lady. The lady, on her part, was surprised at the stupidity of the London shopman, who did not understand so common a phrase. — Dean Ramsay. Dapperpye, brilliant with many- colours ; from dapper, neat and smart, the German tapfer, brave, English, bravery in attire, and pied, variegated. Oh, he has pu'd off his dapperpye coat. The silver buttons glanced bonny. — Border Minstrelsy : Annan Water. Darg or daurk, a job of work ; from the Gaelic dearg, a plough. You will spoil the darg if you stop the plough to kill a mouse. — Northumbrian Proverb. He never did a good darg that gaed grumbling about it. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Monie a sair daurk we hae wrought. — Burns : To his Auld Mare Maggie. Darger, a day-labourer, one who works by the piece or job ; also a ploughman. The croonin kye the byre drew nigh. The darger left his thrift. — Border Minstrelsy : The Water Kelpie. ^ Daud, to pelt ; also a large piece. I'm busy too, an' skelpin' at it. But bitter daudin showers ha'e wat it. —Burns: To J. Lapraik. He'll clap a shangan on her tail, An' set the bairns to dai4d her Wi' dirt this day. —Burns : The Ordination. A daud o' bannock Wad mak' him blithe as a body could. —Allan Ramsay. Daud and hlaud or hlad are synonymous in the sense of a large piece of anything, and also of pelting or driving, as applied to rain or wind. I got a great blad o' Virgil by heart. — Jamieson. Dauner or daunder, to saunter, to stroll leisurely, without a purpose. Some idle and mischievous youths waited for the minister on a dark night, and one of them, dressed as a ghost, came up to him in hopes of putting him in a fright. The minister's cool reply upset the plan. "Weel, Maister Ghaist, is this a general rising, or are ye jist taking a dauner frae your grave by yoursel' ? " — Dean Ramsay's Reminiscences. Daunton, to subdue, to tame, to daunt, to dominate, to break in (applied to horses) ; from the Gaelic dan, bold, daring, and danaich, to exert boldness, to dare, to challenge, to defy. To daunton me, and me sae young, Wi' his fause heart an' flatterin' tongue, That is the thing ye ne'er shall see, For an auld man shall never daunton me. — Old Song, altered by Burns. Daut, to fondle, to caress. Dautie, a darling, one who is fon- dled and affectionately treated ; allied to the English doat, doat upon, and dotage. 40 Daw — Deas. Whae'er shall say I wanted Jean, When I did kiss and daut her. — Burns : Had I the ivyte. My dautie and my doo (dove). — Allan Ramsay. To some it may appear that daivtie may have had its origin from the Gaelic dalt, a foster-child. — Jamieson. Yestreen ye were your daddie's doo, But an your mither's dautie. — Bvchan's Ancient Bal/ads : The Trooper and Fair Maid. Daw, a slut, akin to the colloquial English dowdy, an ill -dressed woman or sloven. See-saw, Margery Daw, Sold her bed and lay in the straw. — Nursery Rhyme. Dawds and blawds is a phrase that denotes the greatest abun- dance. — Jamieson. Dawk, a drizzling rain ; dawky, moist, rainy, not exactly a down- pour of steady rain, but of inter- mittent drizzle. Day-daw, abbreviation of day- dawn, or dawn of day. Dead is often used in the sense of very, extremely, or entirely, as in the English word dead-heat. It occurs in Scottish parlance as dead-loun, very calm and still; dcad-cauld, extremely cold ; dead- ripe, very ripe, or ripe to rotten- ness ; dead-sweir, extremely lazy or tired out. Dear me ! Oh dear me ! Deary me ! These colloquial exclama- tions are peculiar to the Eng- lish and Scottish languages, and are indicative either of surprise, pain, or pity. If the word " dear " be accepted as correct, and not a corruption of some other word with a different meaning, the explanation, if literally translated into any other language, would be non- sensical ; in French, for in- stance, it would be clier moi ! and in German, A ch theuer mich ! The original word, as used by our British ancestors, and misunderstood by the Danes, Flemings, and Dutch, who suc- ceeded them in part posses- sion of the country, appears to have been the Gaelic Dia {dee-a), God. Oh Dia ! or Oh dear ! and Oh dear me ! would signify, God ! Oh God I or Oh my God ! synonymous with the French Mon Dieu ! or Oh mon Dieu ! and the German Mein Gott ! or Ach mein Gott ! Deas, a stone seat in the porch, or at the porch of a church, probably so named from its usual position at the right hand side ; from the Gaelic deas, the right side, on the right hand. An' when she came to Marie's kirk. An' sat down in the deas. The licht that came frae fair Annie Enlichten't a' the place. Vkkcy' s Reliques : Sweet William and Fair A nnie. The etymology of the Eng- lish and French word dais has given rise to much diference of opinion. Stormonth's English Dictionary defines dais as "a canopy over a throne, after- wards the whole seat," and sug- Deave — Deray. 4t gests a derivation from the " old French dais, a. table, from Latin discus, a quoit — the raised floor at the upper end of a dining- room ; a raised seat, often cano- pied." Brachet's Etymological Dictionary, in which the com- piler follows Littr^, says that *' dais in old French always meant a dinner-table, but espe- cially a state table with a canopy ; that gradually the sense of table has been lost, and that of canopy prevails ; whereas in England the sense of canopy is lost, while that of the platform on which the table stands has taken its place." May not all these apparent discrepancies between canopy, platform, table, seat, and disk or discus, be explained by the Gaelic deas, as the real origin of dais ? The right-hand side of the host was the place of honour, reserved for the most distin- guished guest ; and the canopy was raised, as a matter of course, at the upper end of the ban- queting hall, where kings and great nobles held their festivals. The suggestion will be taken by philologists quantum vaZeat. It is certainly as well deserving of consideration as the deriva- tion from discus is, which has hitherto found favour with phi- lologists who are ignorant of the Gaelic. Deave, to deafen. Last May a braw wooer came down the lang glen, An' sair wi' his love he did deave me ; I said there was naethin' I hated like men, The deil gae wi'm to believe me. —Burns. A drunken wife I hae at hame, Her noisome din aye deaves me ; The ale-wife, the ale-wife, The ale-wife she grieves me ; The ale-wife an' her barrelie They ruin me an' deave me. — Buchan's Scots Songs and Ballads. Deil's-buckie or Deevil's-buckie, an angry epithet applied to any mischievous lad or small boy. Jamieson says huckie signifies a spiral shell of any kind, and adds that a refractory urchin is not only designated by irate persons as a deiVs buckie, but as a thrawn or twisted buckle. It may be questioned, however, whether huckie is not derived from the Gaelic buachaille, a cowherd, and not from a shell, as far more likely to be in use among a pastoral and agricul- tural peasantry than a shell, that is not in any way sugges- tive of either a good boy or a bad one, Deray, disorder, disarray. The word is also applied to any amusement of a boisterous char- acter. Sic dancin' and deray. —Christ's Kirk on the Green. The word is used by the old poets Barbour and Douglas, but seldom or never by those of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies, and is all but obsolete. 42 Dern — Dilly Castle. Dem, dismal, gloomy. Auld Dourie never saw a blink, The lodging was so dark and dem. — Border Minstrelsy : Chirstie's Will. Deuch, a drink, a draught ; a cor- ruption of the Gaelic deoch, which has the same meaning. Jamie- son has deuch-an-dorach and deuch-an-doris, both corruptions of the Gaelic deoch-an-dorus, a drink at the door, the parting cup, the stirrup-cup. The ale- house sign, once common in Eng- land as well as in Scotland, "The Dog and Duck," appears to have had no relation to aqua- tic sports, but to have been a corruption of the Gaelic deoch an diugh, a drink to-day. In the same manner, " Mad Dog" — once set up as a sign at a place called Odell, as recorded in Hotten's " History of Sign- boards" — is merely the GaeUc of math deoch or maith deoch, good drink. In the London slang of the present day, duke is a word used among footmen and grooms for gin. Deuk. A vulgar old song, which Burns altered and sent to "Johnson's Museum," without much improvement on the coarse original, commences with the lines : — The bairns gat out wi' an unco shout. The deuk's dang o'er my daddie, oh I The fient may care, quo' the ferlie auld wife, He was but a paidlin' body, oh ! The glossaries that accompany the editions of Burns issued by Allan Cunningham, Alexander Smith, and others, all agree in stating that deuTc signifies the aquatic fowl the duck. But " the ducTc has come over, or beaten over, or flown over my father," does not make sense of the passage, or convey any mean- ing whatever. It is probable — though no editor of Burns has hitherto hinted it — that the word deuk should be deuch, from the Gaelic deoch, drink, a deep potation, which appears in Jamieson without other allusion to its Gaelic origin than the weU-known phrase the deoch- an-dorus, the stirrup-cup or drink at the door. {See Deuch, ante.) Seen in this light, the line "the deuch' 8 dang o'er my daddie" would signify "the drink or drunkenness has beaten or come over my daddie," and there can be little doubt that this is the true reading. Dew-piece, a slight refreshment, a piece of bread, a scone, or oat- cake, given out to farm-servants in the early morning before pro- ceeding to out-of-door work. Dight, to wipe, or wipe off. Dight your mou' ere I kiss you. —Old Song. Just as I dight frae the table the wine drops in ma sleeve. — Nodes AmbrosiamB. Dilly castle. This, according to Jamieson, is a name given by boys to a mound of sand which they erect on the-sea shore, and stand upon until the advancing Ding — Dirdunt, 43 tide surrounds it and washes it away. He thinks the name comes from the Teutonic " digle or digel, secretus, or from the Swedish doelja or dylga, oc- cultare suus, a hiding-place." The etymology was not so far to seek or so difficult to find as Dr. Jamieson supposed, but is of purely home origin in the Gaelic dile (in two syllables), a flood, an inundation, an over- flow of water. Ding, to beat, or beat out ; from the Gaelic dinn, to trample, to tread down. If ye've the deil in ye, ding him out wi' his brither. Ae deil dings anither. It's a sair dung (beaten) bairn that manna greet. — Allan Ramsay, Scots Proverbs. Ding only survives in English in the phrase ding, dong, bell ; and is the slang of working people out on the strike for an advance of wages, who call a comrade who has left the con- federacy, and yielded to the terms of the employer, a dung, i.e., one who is beaten in the conflict. The following ludicrous ex- ample of the use of dung as the past tense of ding, to beat, is given by Dean Ramsay in an anecdote of two bethrels or beadles, who were severally boasting of the fervour of their two ministers in preaching : — "I think," said one, "our minister did weel. Ay ! he gart the stour fly out o' the cushion." To which the other replied with a calm feeling of superiority, " Stour out o' the cushion ! Hoot ! our minister, sin' he cam' till us, has dung the guts out o' twa Bibles ! " Dink, from the Gaelic diong, worthy, highly esteemed, proud, is suggested by Jamieson to mean neat, prim, saucy. The word occurs in the song, "My lady's gown there's gairsupon't," in which a lover draws a contrast between the great lady of his neighbourhood and the humble lass that he is in love with, to the disadvantage of the former. To "dink up" is to dress gor- geously or ostentatiously. Gair, in the title of the song, signifies an ornamental fold in the dress. My lady's dink, my lady's dressed. The flower and fancy o' the West ; But the lassie that a man lo'es best, That's the lass to make him blest. Dinsome, noisy, full of din. Till block an' studdie (stithy or anvil) ring and reel Wi' dinsome clamour. * — Burns : Scotch Drink. Dirdum, noise, uproar; supposed to be a corruption of the Gaelic torman, noise, uproar, confu- sion. Humph ! it's juist because — ^juist that the dirdum's a' about yon man's pock- manty.— Scott : Rob Roy. Sic a dirdum about naething. — Laird of Logan. What wi' the dirdum and confusion, and the lowpin here and there of the skeigh brute of a horse. — Scott: For* tunes of Nigel. 44 Dirl — Donsie. Dirl, a quivering blow on a hard substance. I threw a noble throw at ane. become much more common in English than " never-do-well." It jist played dirl upon the bane, But did nae mair. ' — Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. Divot, a piece of turf ready cut and dried for burning. The dell sat gimin' in the neuk, Rivin' sticks to roast the Duke, { And aye they kept it hot below, Bonnie laddie ! Highland laddie ! Wi' peats and divots frae Glencoe, Bonnie laddie ! Highland laddie ! — Jacobite Ballad. Doited, confused, bewildered, stupid; hopelessly perplexed; of a darkened or hazy intellect. I'hou clears the head o' doited lear. Thou cheers the heart o' droopin' care, Thou even brightens dark despair Wi' gloomy smile. — BuKNS : Scotch Drink. Ye auld, blind, doited bodie, And blinder may ye be — 'Tis but a bonnie milking cow My minnie gied to me. — Our Gudeman cam' Hame at E'en. This word seems to be deriv- able from the Gaelic doite^ dark- coloured, obscure. Doited evidently has some connection with the modern English word dotage, which again comes from dote, which an- ciently had, in addition to its modern meaning, that of to grow' dull, senseless, or stupid. — R. Drennan, Do-nae-guid and Ne'er-do-weel. These words are synonymous, and signify what the French call a vaurien, one who is good for nothing. Neer-do-weel has lately Donnart, stupefied. Just dung don- "Has he learning' nart wi' learnin'." —Scott : St. Ronaris Well. Jamieson traces this word to the German donner, thunder ; but it comes most likely from the Gaelic donas, ill-fortune, or donadh, mischief, hurt, evil — corrupted by the Lowland Scotch by the insertion of the letter r. The EngUsh word dunce appears to be from the same source, and signifies an unhappy person, who is too stupid to learn. Donnot or donot, a ne'er-do-weel, usually applied to an idle or worthless girl or woman ; a cor- ruption of do-nought, or do- nothing. Janet, thou donot, I'll lay my best bonnet Thou gets a new gudeman afore it be night. — Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. Donsie, unlucky ; from the Gaelic donas, misfortune ; the reverse of sonas, sonsie or lucky. Their donsie tricks, their black mistakes, Their failings and mischances. — Burns : Address to the Ufico Guid. Jamieson admits that the word may be derived from the Gaelic donas, and says that it means not only unlucky, but pettish, peevish, ill-natured, dull, dreary. But all these epi- thets resolve themselves more or less intimately into the idea of unluckiness. Doo — Dous. 45 Doo, a dove, a pigeon ; <^o-tart or tert, a pigeon-pie. *' My bonnie doo " is a familiar and tender salutation to a lover. Doo-cot, a dove-cot. Oh, lay me doun, my doo, my doo, Oh, lay me doun, my ain kind dearie ; For dinna ye mind upo' the time We met in the wood at the well sae wearie. — Buchan's Ancient Ballads. Dook or douk, to dive under water. Colloquial English, to duck or dive. Gae douk, gae douk, the king he cried, Gae douk for gold and fee. Oh, wha will douk for Hunter's sake. — Herd's Collection ; Young Hunter. Dool or dule, pain, grief, doleful- ness ; from the Gaelic dolas, the French deuil, mourning. Of a' the numerous human dools, Thou bear'st the gree. — Burns : Address to the Toothache. I'hough dark and swift the waters pour, Yet here I wait in dool and sorrow ; For bitter fate must I endure. Unless I pass the stream ere morrow. — Legends of the Isles. Oh, dule on the order Sent our lads to the Border — The English for once by guile won the day. — The Flowers of the Forest. Dorty, haughty, stubborn, austere, supercilious ; from dour, hard (q.v.) Let dorty dames say na ! As lang as e'er they please, Seem caulder than the snaw While inwardly they bleeze. —Allan Ramsay : Polwarth on the Green. Then though a minister grov/ldorty, Ye '11 snap your fingers Before his face. —Burns : Earnest Cry and Prayer. Douce, of a gentle or courteous disposition ; from the French d(yax, sweet. Ye dainty deacons and ye douce conveners. —Burns : The Brigs of Ayr. Ye Irish lords, ye knights and squires, ; Who represent our brughs and shires, An' doucely manage our aflFairs In Parliament. —Burns: The Author s Earnest Cry and Prayer. Doun - draught. A pull -down, draw-down, or drag-down. Twa men upon ae dog's a sair doun- draught. — Nodes A mbrosiancB. Dour, hard, bitter, disagreeable, close-fisted, severe, stern ; from the French and Latin, dur and dwrus. When biting Boreas, fell and dour. Sharp shivers through the leafless bower. —Burns: A Winter Night. I've been harsh-tempered and dour enough, I know ; and it's only fitting as they should be hard and dour to me where I'm going.— A. Trollope : Vicar of Bull- hampton. Dous or Doos, i.e., doves. To ''shoot amang the dous'^ is a metaphorical phrase for making an assertion at random or with- out knowledge. It is sometimes applied to any wilfully false assertion. The true meaning is merely that of an indiscriminate shot, in the hope of hitting or killing something — as in the 46 Dow — Down. barbarous practice, miscalled sport, which was the fashion under royal patronage at Hur- lingham, of firing into a cloud of pigeons with the chance or the certainty of killing some of them. Dow, to be able, of which the synonym in the infinitive mood to can, from the Teutonic Tcannen, has long been obsolete. The misuse and perversion of this word in English in the cus- tomary greeting "How do you do?" is a remarkable instance of the corruption of the popular speech by the illiterate multi- tude, and its adoption after long currency by the literate, until it acquires an apparent authen- ticity and a real vitality which no correction however authori- tative can rectify. *' How do you do?'' originally meant, and still means, how do you douo? i.e., how is your strength or ability? how do you thrive or prosper or get on? as in the German phrase Wie geMs? or Wie hcfinden sie sieh ? the Italian Come state ? or Come sta ? in the French Comment vous portez vous ? or Comment vous va-t-iZ ? or the Gaelic Cia mar tha sibh an diugh, pronounced ca-mar-a shee an dew, equivalent to the English How are you ? The an- cient word doughty, strong, is a derivative of dow, able. Dow is provincial in England, but common in Lowland Scotch. Facts are chiels that winna ding, And downa be disputed.— Burns. And now he goes daundrin' about the dykes, An' a' he dow do is to hund the tykes. —Lady Grizzel Baillie. Dowd, stale, flat ; from the Gaelic daoidh, weak, feeble, worth- less. Cast na out the dowd water till ye get the fresh. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Pro- verbs. Dowf, doof, doofing, doofart. All these words are appUed to a stupid, inactive, dull person, and appear to be the originals of the modern English slang a duffer, which has a similar meaning. Her <&«j^ excuses pat me mad. —Burns : Epistle to Lapraik. They're dowfzcnd. dowie at the best, Dowfaxi^ dowie, dow/axvd dowie, Wi' a' their variorum ; They canna please a Highland taste Compared wi' Tullochgorum. — Rev. John Skinner. Dowie, gloomy, melancholy, for- lorn, low-spirited ; from the Gaelic duibhe, blackness. It's no the loss o' warl's gear That could sae bitter draw the tear, Or mak' our bardie, dowie, wear The mourning weed. — Burns : Poor Mailie's Elegy. Come listen, cronies, ane and a'. While on my dowie reed I blaw. And mourn the sad untimely fa' O' our auld town. — James Ballantine. Down. The Scottish language contains many more compounds of down than the English, such as down-drag and down-draw, that which drags or draws a Downa-do — Draidgie. 47 man down in his fortunes, an incumbrance ; down-throw, of which the English synonym is overthrow ; down-way, a decUvity or downward path ; down-put or doiim-putting, a rebuff ; doion- eoming, abandonment of the sick-room on convalescence ; doion-looJc, a dejected look or expression of countenance ; all of which are really English, although not admitted into the dictionaries. Downa-do, impotency, powerless- ness, inability. I've seen the day ye buttered my brose, And cuddled me late and early, O ! But downa-do s come o'er me now. And oh I feel it sairly, O ! — Burns : The Deuk's Dang o'er my Daddie. Dowp, the posterior, sometimes written dolp. This word applies not only to the human frame, but to the bottom or end of anything, and is used in such phrases as the " dowp of a candle," "the dowp of an ^%%," as well as in the threats of an angry mother to a young child, " I'll skelp your dowp'' *' Where's your grannie, my wee man 1 " was a question asked of a child. The child replied, ** Oh, she's ben the house, burn- ing her dowp,'' i.e., her candle* end. Deil a wig has a provost o' Fairport worn sin auld Provost Jervie's time, and he had a quean o' a servant lass that dressed it hersel' wi' the dowp d a candle and a dredging-box.— Scott : The Anti- quary. Dowp-skelper. A humorous word appUed to a schoolmaster ; from skelp, to smite with the palm of the hand. A similar idea enters into the composition of the Eng- lish phrase " a bum-brusher," with the difference that Irusher refers to the rod, and not to the palm of the hand. Burns applies the epithet to the Emperor Joseph of Austria, with what allusion it is now difficult to trace : — To ken what French mischief was brewin' Or what the drumlie Dutch were doin' — That vile dowp-skelper Emperor Joseph, If Venus yet had got his nose off. — Burns : To a Gentleman who had Pro- mised to send him a Newspaper. This word is not to be mis- taken for dw6-skelper — from duh, a pool, a pond, a puddle — and applied to one who rushes on his way recklessly, through thick and thin, heedless of dirt or obstruction. Draibles or drabbles, drops of liquor or crumbs of food allowed to fall from the hand upon the clothes in the act of drinking or eating ; akin to the English drihlets, signifying small quanti- ties of anything. Draidgie. A funeral entertain- ment ; from the French dragic, a comfit, a sweetmeat. This word does not appear in Jamieson, but is to be found in a small and excellent handbook of the Scottish vernacular, published in Edinburgh, 1818. 48 Dram — Dreigh. Dram. This ancient Scottish word for a small glass or "nip"of whisky or any other alcoholic liquor has long been adopted into English, but has no synonym of any allied sound in any other European language. The French call it a ''petit verre," and the Germans a •* schnapps," while the Ameri- cans have recently taken to call- ing it a " smie, " or " a/i eye-opener. " Philologists have been contented to derive it from the Greek drachma, though, if this be the fact, it is curious that the word has not found its way into the vernacular of any other people than those of the British Isles. But though the classic etymo- logy be too firmly rooted in popular estimation to be readily abandoned, it may be interest- ing to note that in Lowland Scotch dram originally signified melancholy, heaviness of mind, from the Gaelic truime, heavi- ness, and that the dram was re- sorted to in order to raise the spirits and drive out melancholy — an idea which seems to have suggested the current American slang of a ''smiled *" A story is told in Scotland of an old farmer too much addicted to his "dram" and his toddy, who was strictly forbidden by his medical attendant to indulge in more than an ounce of whisky per diem, if he hoped to escape a serious illness. The old man was puzzled at the word "ounce," and asked his son,*who had studied at the University of St. Andrews and was quali- fying for the Scottish ministry, what the doctor meant by an ounce. " An ounce," said his son, "why, every one knows that an ounce is sixteen drams (drachms)." " Ah ! weel," said his sire, " if I may tak' saxteen drams i' the day, it's a' richt, an' I'll dae weel eneuch. The doctor, nae doot, kens his business. I've already had twa the day, and I've still fourteen to the fore ! " Tradition does not record the ulti- mate fate of the old farmer. Dreder, terror, apprehension, dread of impending evil ; some- times written dredour. What aileth you, my daughter Janet, You look so pale and wan ? There is a dreder in your heart, Or else you love a man. — Buchan's Ancient Ballads: Lord Thomas and the Kings Daughter. Dree, to endure, to suffer ; pro- bably from the Teutonic triiben, to trouble, to sadden, and thence to endure trouble or suffering ; or from tragen, to bear, to carry, to draw. Sae that no danger do thee deir What dule in dem thou dree (What soon thou mayst suffer in secret). —Robyn and Makyn ; The Evergreen. Oh wae, wae by his wanton sides, Sae brawlie he could flatter. Till for his sake I'm slighted sair, And dree the kintra clatter. — Burns ; Here's his Health in Water. In the dialects of the North of England, to dree is used in the sense of to draw or journey towards a place. In the summer-time, when leaves grow green, And birds sing on the tree, Robin Hood went to Nottingham As fast as he could dree. — Robin Hood and the Jolly Tinker. Dreigh, difficult, hard to travel, tedious, prolix, dry. Hech, sirs ! but the sermon was sair dreigh ! — Galt. Dreich at the thought and dour at the delivery. — Nodes Ambrosiance. Driddle — Drumlie. 49 Driddle. This is a word of several meanings, all more or less signi- ficant of anything done by small quantities at a time, such as to urinate often, to move with slow steps, to spill a liquid by un- steady handling of the vessel which contains it. It appears to be traceable to the Gaelic drudh or druidh, to ooze, to drip, to penetrate, and drudhag, a small drop. Droddum, a jocular name for the breech, the posteriors, but more popularly known as the hurdies or dowp (which see). My sooth ! right bauld ye set your nose out, As plump and grey as ony grozet ; Oh, for some rank mercurial rozet, Or fell red smeddum, I'd gie ye sic a hearty dose o't, Wad dress your droddum. —Burns : To a Louse, on seeing one on a Lady's Bonnet at Church. The word seems to be of kin to drod, thick, squat, fleshy. The derivation is uncertain. Droich, a dwarf ; from the Gaelic troid or troich, with the same meaning. Only look at the pictures (of the aristo- cracy) in their auld castles. What beauti- ful and brave faces ! Though now and then, to be sure, a dowdy or a droich, — Noctes Atnbrosiance. Drook, to wet; drookit, wet through, thoroughly saturated with moisture ; from the Gaelic druchd, dew, moisture, a tear, a drop; drudhag {dru-ag), a drop of water; and drughadh, pene- trating, oozing through. The resemblance to the Greek SaKpv, a tear, is noteworthy. There were twa doos sat in a dookit, The rain cam' doun and they were drookit. — Nursery Song. The last Hallowe'en I was waukin' My drookit sark sleeve, as ye ken, His likeness cam ben the house stalkin'. And the vera grey breeks o' Tam Glen. —Burns: Tam Glen. ' My friends, you come to the kirk every Sabbath, and I lave you a' ower wi' the Gospel till ye're fairly drookit wi't. — Ex- tract from, a sermon by a minister in Arran : Rogers's Illustrations of Scot- tish Life. Drouth, thirst ; drouthie, thirsty ; from dry, dryeth. Tell him o' mine and Scotland's drouth. — Burns : Cry and Prayer. Folks talk o' my drink, but never talk o' my drouth. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Pro- verbs. When drouthie neebors neebors meet. — Burns : Tam o' Shanter. Drumlie, turbid or muddy (ap- plied to water), confused, not clear ; applied metaphorically to thoughts or expression. This word would be a great ac- quisition to the English lan- guage if it could be adopted, and lends a peculiar charm to many choice passages of Scottish poetry. All its English synon- yms are greatly inferior to it, both in logical and poetical ex- pression. It is derived from the Gaelic trom or truim, heavy (and applied to water), turbid. The word appears at one time to have been good English. Draw me some water out of this spring. Madam, it is all foul, drumly, black, muddy ! — French and English Grammar, 1623. 50 Drummock — DunL Haste, boatman, haste I put off your boat, Put off your boat for golden monie ; I'll cross the drumlit stream to-night, Or never mair I'll see my Annie. —Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. When blue diseases fill the drumlie air. —Allan Ramsav. Drink drumly German water To make himself look fair and fatter. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. They had na sailed a league, a league, A league but barely three, When dismal grew his countenance, And drumlie grew his e'e. — Laidlaw : The Demon Lover. There's good fishing in drumlie waters. Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. I heard once a lady in Edinburgh ob- jecting to a preacher that she did not understand him. Another lady, his great admirer, insinuated that probably he was too deep for her to follow. But her ready answer was, " Na, na !— he's no just deep, ut he's drumly."— Dkkh Ramsay. Drummock, cold porridge.— iNToc^M AmbrosiancB. Drunt, draunt, to drawl, to whine, to jrrumble; a fit of ill-humour, pcttishness. Both of these words are from the Gaelic dranndan, grumbling, growling, mourning, complaining ; dranndanach, pee- vish, morose, though errone- ously derived by Jamieson from the Flemish drinten, tumescere. May nae doot took the drunt, To be compared to Willie. — Burns : Hallowe'en. Nae weel-tocher'd aunts to wait on their drunts. And wish them in hell for it a*, man. —Burns : The Tarbolton Lasses. But lest he think I am uncivil, To plague you with this draunting drivel. —Burns. Dub, a small pool of dirty water. The Qoosc-dubs is the name of a street in Glasgow. Deuk-dub, a duck-pond. O'er dub and dyke She'll run the fields all through. — Leader Haughs and Yarrow. There lay a deuk-dub afore the door. And there fell he, I trow. —Herd's Collection : The Brisk Young Lad. Dud, a rag ; duddies, little rags. Then he took out his little knife, Let a' his duddies fa*. An' he was the brawest gentleman That stood amang them a'. — We'll Gang no* Mair a Rovin. A smytrie o' wee duddie weans. — Burns. The duddie wee laddie may grow a braw man.— David Hutcheson. Dunnie-wassal, a Highland gen- tleman. There are wild dunnie ' wastats three thousand times three Will cry oich for the bonnets o' Bonnie Dundee.— Sir Walter Scott. This word, generally mis- printed in the Lowlands, and by Sir Walter Scott in his ex- cellent ballad of "Bonnie Dun- dee," is from the Gaelic duinc, a man, and uasal, gentle, noble, of good birth. Dunsh, to sit down hastily and heavily. His dowp dunshin do^tm.—Noctes Am- brosiana. Dunt, a blow, a knock ; from dint, to deal a heavy blow that leaves a mark on a hard substance. Dush — Eerie. 51 I am naebody's lord, I am slave to naebody ; I hae a gude broad sword, I'll talc' dunts frae naebody. —Burns : Naebody. Dush or dish, to push with tho head or horns like animals, to butt, to ram ; also to give a hard blow, to destroy or discomfit. Ye needna doubt I held my whisht, The infant aith, half-formed, was crusht ; I glower'd as eerie's I'd been dusht In some wild glen; Then sweet, like modest worth, she blusht, And steppit ben. •—Burns: The Vision. The English slang duh, to de- feat or conquer, seems to be of similar origin ; as when the late Lord Derby made use of the expression ''Dish the Whigs," he meant to discomfit, circum- vent them, or defeat them as a party. The root seems to be the Gaelic dith {di), to press, to squeeze, and disne, a die or press. Duxy, ugly, mischievous ; from the Gaelic duaich and duaich- nidhf ugly. You duxy lubber, brace your lyre ; Still higher yet 1 you fiend, play higher. Sic themes were never made to suit Your dozen o' lugs, ye duxy brute. — Georgb Bkattik : John o' Amha\ Dwam, a swoon, a fainting fit. Fast congealin' into a sort oi divam and stupefaction. — Nodes A mbrosiante. Dyke-louper, an immoral unmar- ried woman, or mother of an illegitimate child. Tho dyhc in this phrase means the marriage tie, obligation, or sacramental wall that prohibits the illicit intercourse of the sexes ; and louper, one who treats the wall and its impediment as non- existent, or who despises it by louping, jumping, or leaping over it. Dyvor, a bankrupt ; from the Gaelic dith (di), to destroy, to break ; and fear, a man — a broken man or bankrupt. Jamie- son derives the word from tho French devoir, duty, or to servo. .Smash them, crash them a' to spails. And rot the dyvors in the jails. —Burns : Address 0/ Beelzebub. E Eastie - wastie, a person who docs not know his own mind, who veers round in his purpose from one side to the other, i.e., from eait to vaut. Eee-bree, an eyebrow. There's no a bird in a' this forest Will do as muckle for me As dip its wing in the warm water An' straik it on my ee-bree. — Johnnie o' Braidislee {when dying alone in the forest). Eerie, gloomy, wearisome, full of fear. In mirkiest glen at midnight hour I'd rove and ne'er be eerie, O I If thro* that glen I gacd to tlicc, My ain kind dearie, O.— Burns. 52 Eith — Erne. It was an eerie walk through the still chestnut woods at that still hour of the night. — The Dream Numbers, by T. A. Trollope. Aft yont the dyke she's heard you bummin' Wi' eerie drone. — Burns : Address to the Deil. Eerie is a most difficult word to explain. I don't know any English word that comes near it in meaning. The feeling induced by eerieness is that sort of superstitious fear that creeps over one in darkness, — that sort of awe we feel in the presence of the unseen and unknown. Anything un- usual or incongruous might produce the feeling. "The cry of howlets mak's me eerie," says Tannahill. The following anecdote illustrates the feeling when a thing unusual or incongruous is presented : — An Ayrshire farmer, who had visited Ireland, among other uncos he had seen, related that he went to the Episcopal church there, and this being the first time he had ever heard the English service, he was startled by seeing a falla' come in with a long white sark on, down to his heels. " Lord, sir, the sicht o' him made me feel quite eerie." — R. Drennan. Eith, easy ; etymology uncertain, but neither Gaelic, Flemish, nor German, It's eith defending a castle that's no besieged. It's eith learning the cat the way to the kirn. Eith learned, soon forgotten. It's eith working when the will's at hame. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Eke, to add to, an addition ; *'eiA;to a testament," a codicil to a will. This English word has acquired a convivial mean- ing in Scotland among toddy- drinkers. When a guest is about to depart, after having had a fair allowance of whisky, the host presses him to *' tak an eke"— i.e., another glass, to eke out the quantity. " I hate intemperance," said a northern magistrate, who was reproached by an ultra-temperance advocate for the iniquity of his trade as a distiller, "but I like to see a cannie, respectable, honest man tak' his sax tumblers and an eke in the bosom o' his family. But I canna thole intemperance I " Eldritch, fearful, terrible. Jamie- son has this word elrische, and thinks it is related to elves or evil spirits, and that it is derived from two Anglo-Saxon words signifying elf and rich, or rich in elves or fairies ! The true derivation is from the Gaelic oiUt, terror, dread, horror, which, combined with droch, bad, wicked, formed the word as Bums and other Scottish writers use it. On the eldritch hill there grows a thorn. —Percy's Reliques : Sir Carline. The witches follow Wi' mony an eldritch screech and hollow. —Burns : Tam o' Shunter. I've heard my reverend grannie say. In lonely glens ye like to stray, Or where auld ruined castles gray Nod to the moon. To fright the nightly wanderer's way Wi' eldritch croon. — Burns : Address to the Deil. Erne, an uncle ; from the Teutonic okeim. The pummel o' a guid auld saddle, And Rob my erne bocht me a sack, Twa lovely lips to lick a ladle. Gin Jenny and I agree, quo' Jock. — The Wooin o' Jenny and Jock. Ettle — Eytyn, 53 Ettle, to try, to attempt, to en- deavour. For Nannie, far before the rest, Hard upon noble Maggie prest, And flew at Tam wi' furious ettle. But little wist she Maggie's metal. — Burns : Tam o' Skanter. I ettled wi' kindness to soften her pride. — James Bai.lantine : The Way to Woo. They that ettle to get to the top of the ladder will at least get up some rounds. — They that mint at a gown of gold will always get a sleeve of it. — Scott : The Monastery. Ettle. — The correct synonyms are to intend, to expect, to aim at. Intention is the essential element in the meaning of this word. — R. Drennan. Everly, continually, always, for ever. To be set doun to a wheelie (spinning wheel), An' at it for ever to ca', An' syne to hae't reel by a chielie (fellow) That everly cryed to draw. — Wood an' Married an a. Ewe-bucht, a sheepf old ; buchtin', or buchtin'-time, the evening time or gloaming, when the cattle are driven into the fold. When o'er the hill the eastern star Tells bughtin -tim.e is near, my jo. And owsen frae the furrow'd field. Return sae dowf and wearie, O. —Burns : My Ain Kind Dearie, O. Oh, the broom, the bonnie, bonnie broom. The broom o' the Cowden knowes ! And aye sae sweet as the lassie sang, In the ewe-bucht, milking her ewes. — The Broom d the Cowden Knowes. The word 'bught seems to be an abbreviation of the Gaelic huaigheal, a cow-stall, and huai- chaUle, a cowherd, a shepherd ; huaiie, a fold ; btmilte, folded, or driven into the fold. Jamieson goes to Germany for the root of the word and does not find it. Eydent, diligent, earnest, zealous ; from the Gaelic eud, zeal. My fair child. Persuade the kirkmen eydently to pray. — Henrvsone : The Lion and the Mouse : The Evergreen. Their master's and their mistress'scommand The youngsters a' were warned to obey. An' mind their labours wi' an eydent hand. — Burns '.Cotters Saturday Night. Eyrie, an eagle's nest ; from the Gaelic eirich, to rise, and eirigh, a rising. The eagle and the stork On cliffs and cedar tops their eyries build. —Milton. 'Tis the fire shower of ruin all dreadfully driven From his eyrie that beacons the darkness of heaven. —Campbell : LochieTs Warning. Ejrtyn, Etyn, Etaine, Aiten, Red- Aiten. This word, with its dif- ferent but not unsimilar spell- ings, appears to be a corruption of the Norse Jotun, a giant. It was formerly used in England as well as in Scotland. Eynde Etyn, or the gentle giant, is the title of a Scottish ballad in Kin- loch's Collection. They say the King of Portugal cannot sit at his meat, but the giants and etyns will come and snatch it from him. — Beau- mont and Fletcher : Burning Pestle . 54 Fa! — FairifH . Fa', the Scottish abbrevation of fall. The word is used by Burns in the immortal song of "A man's a man for a' that," in a sense which has given rise to much doubt as to its meaning : — A king can mak' a belted knight, A marquis, duke, and a' that ; , But an honest man's aboon his might, Gude faith, he mauna^a' that. The context would seem to im- ply that /a' means to try, to at- tempt. No author except Bums uses the word in this sense ; and none of the varieties of words in which fall or the act of faLl- ing, either physically or meta- phorically, is the primary mean- ing, meets the necessities of Burns's stanza. Halliwell has fay as an archaic English word, with five different meanings, of which the fourth is to succeed, to act, to work. The /a' of Burns may possibly be a variety of the English word, current in Ayrshire in his time. It finds no place in Jamieson. Burns did not originate the idea, so well expressed, and to which he has given such wide currency. It is to be found in an anecdote recorded of King James VI. and his faithful old nurse, who came uninvited from Edinburgh to pay him a visit. It is told that the King was de- lighted to see her, and asked her kindly what he could do for her. After some hesitation, she replied that she desired no- thing for herself, only that she wanted his Majesty to make her son a gentleman. * ' Ah, Jeanie, Jeanie ! " said the King, ** I can mak' him a duke, if ye like ; but I canna mak' him a gentleman unless he mak's himsel' ane I " Faird, a journey, a course. Jamieson thinks it signifies a hasty and noted effort, and quotes a Mid-Lothian phrase, " Let them alane ; it's but a faird, it'll no last lang ; they'll no win (arrive) far afore us." The word is evidently from the same source as fare, to travel, as in waj-farer ; the Teutonic fahren, to go, to travel; and fdhre, a ferry, a passage over the water, and gefdhrlich, dan- gerous ; as originally applied to travelling in primitive and un- settled times. Fairdy, clever, tight, handy ; fair to do. With ane ev'n keel before the wind, She is rightyairdy with a sail. TAe Fleming Bark— belonging to Edinburgh. — Allan Ramsay : The Evergreen. Fair in' signifies either reward or punishment ; one's deserts. Fair fa' ! may good or fair things befall you! is equiva- lent to a benison or benediction. Fank — Feck. 55 Jamieson derives the word from fair or market, and thinks it means a present bought at a fair. But this is guess-work, and does not meet the sense of the passage in "Tarn o' Shanter." Possibly it has some connection with the Teutonic gefakr, danger, also a doom or punishment ; supposed, in its favourable term, to be derived from a present purchased at a fair to be bestowed as a gift on one who was not at it. Fair fa your honest, sonsie face, Great chieftain o' the puddin' race. — Burns : To a Haggis. Ah, Tarn \ ah, Tam ! thou'lt get thy fairin ; In hell they'll roast thee like a herrin'. — Burns : Tam o Shanter. Fank, a coil, a tangle, a noose ; possibly from fang, to take hold of. To fank a horse in a field, to catch him with a rope noose or lasso ; fanhit, entangled ; a fanh o' tows, a coil of ropes. It may also be the root of the English /wn/fc, i,e., to be in a coil of perplexity or dread. The com- mon derivation of funk, from the German funk, a sparkle of light, is not tenable. The Gae- lic fainnich signifies to curl, from fainne, a ring. Farle, a small oaten or wheaten cake, the fourth part of a ban- nock; from farthel, or fourth part ; the Flemish viertel and Qerman fiertel. An' there'll be gude lapper-milk kebbucks, An' sowens, z.x\ farles, an' baps. — The Blithesome Bridal. Fash, to bother, to worry, to distress one's self; from the French sefdcher, to be angry. Fashions, troublesome. Speak out, and n&v&r /ash your thumb, i — Burns : Earnest Cry and Prayer. The Rev. John Brown of Whitburn was riding out one day on an old pony, when he was accosted by a rude youth. " I say, Mr. Brown, what gars your horse's tail wag that way ? " " Oh ! " replied Brown, "just what gars your tongue wag; it's fashed -wx a weakness."— Dean Ramsay. Fazard, dastard, coward. They are mair fashions nor of feck ; Yon fazards durst not, for their neck, Climb up the crag with us. — Montgomery : The Cherry and the Slae. The root of this word would appear to be the Gaelic /as, vacant, hollow, good-for-no- thing, with the addition of ard, as in dastarc?, coward, wizard, a suffix which signifies eminent, or in a high degree. Thus, fa- zard or fasard means worthless in the extreme. Feck, power, activity, vigour. Feck seems to be derivable from the Gaelic fiach, worth, value. Feckfvl, full of power. Feckless, without power or vigour of body or mind. Worcester, in his dic- tionary, derives this word from effectless. Many &feckful chield this day was slain. — Blind Haury's Wallace. 56 Fell — Feu. The lazy luxury which feckless loons indulge in. — Scott. Feckless folk are aye fain o' ane anither. —Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs, j Poor devil ! see him o'er his trash, PiS, feckless as a withered rash. — Burns : To a Haggis. That feckless fouter ! — Nodes Am- brosiatue. Fell, to km. The sister of a lady, who had died of a surfeit from eating too bountifully of straw- berries and cream, was consoled with by a friend, who said to her, " I had hoped your sister would have lived many years." " Leeve ! " she replied, " how could she leeve, when she just felled hersel' at Craigo wi' strawberries an' cream?" — Dean Ramsay. Fend, to ward off — probably a contraction from defend. Fend also means to prosper or do weU, to provide, to live comfortably — possibly from the idea of ward- ing off want or poverty. Can she mak' nae better fend for them than that ?— Scott : The Monastery. But gie them guid coo-milk their fill. Till they be fit to fend themsel'. —Burns : Dying Words of Poor Mailie. Here stands a shed to fend the showers, And screen our countra gentry. — Burns : The Holy Fair. How is \iefendin\ John Tod, John Tod ? He is scouring the land wi' a song in his hand. — Chambers's Scots Songs : John Tod. Fendy, clever at contrivances in diflSculty, good at making a shift. " Alice," he said, " was both canny and fendy." — Scott : Waverley. Ferlie, a wonder, to wonder, won- derful. Who barkened ever slike 2i ferlie thing. — Chaucer : The Reeves Tale. On Malvern hills Me befel aferly. —Piers Ploughman. Never breathe out of kin and make your {riends ferly at you. The longer we live the moreferlies we see. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. And tell what new taxation's comin'. And ferlie at the folk in Lunnon. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. Ferlie and wonner. In this phrase wonner is a corruption of the English wonder ; a con- temptuous and ludicrous term to designate a person or thing that is strangely, wondrously ugly, ill - favoured, or mean ; almost synonymous with the modern English slang a guy or a cure. Burns uses both words in the same poem : — Ha ! where ye gaun, ye crdiwWn' ferlie I Ye ugly, creepin', blastit wonner, Detested, shunned by saint and sinner ? — To a Certain Insect, on seeing one on a Lady's Bonnet at Church. Ferrikie. Jamieson cites this as an Upper Clydesdale word for " strong, robust." He derives it from the German ferig, which he translates expeditus, alacer ; but there is no such word as ferig in the German language. It is more probably from the Gaelic fear, a man, fearachas, manhood, and fearail, manly, virile, strong, lusty. The Welsh hasher, solid, strong. Feu, to let land for building ; a possession held on payment of a certain rent to the feudal proprietor, heritor, or owner of the soil. Where the English Fey — Fient. 57 advertise " land to let for build- ing purposes," the Scotch more tersely say "land to/ew." There is, or was lately, a space of un- occupied ground on the " Corran" at Oban, contiguous to DunoUy Castle, in the midst of which on a pole was a board inscribed "This land to feu" An English bishop on his holiday tour having observed the announcement, and wondering what it meant, turned to his wife and asked her if she knew. She did not, and the bishop thereupon hazarded the conjecture that it meant to "fire," from the French ^». " Very likely," replied the lady, " to burn the grass." Before the bishop left Oban his ignorance on the subject was dispelled by a guest at the table-d' hdte of the hotel to whom he applied for information. " Curious language, the Scotch ! " was his lordship's rejoinder. — C. M. Fey, fated, bewitched, unlucky, doomed ; one whose fate is foreknown or prophesied ; from the Gaelic faidhf a prophet, the Latin vates. Let the fate fall upon ih&feyest. Take care of the man that God has marked, for he's no^^^. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. We'll turn again, said good Lord John, But no, said Rothiemay, My steed's trepanned, my bridle's broke, I fear this day I'm/ey. — Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. They hacked and hashed, while broad- swords clashed. And through they dashed, and hewed, and smashed. Till fey men died awa, man. — The Battle of Sheriffmuir. Fidgin'-fain, extremely anxious; from jldge, the English fidget, to be restless or anxious, and /aw, willing or desirous. It pat m& fdgin fain to hear it. —Burns : Epistle to Lapraik. Fiel. The glossaries to Burns explain this word to mean " smooth and comfortable," apparently from the context : — Oh, leeze me on my spinnin'-wheel, And leeze me on my rock and reel, Frae tap to tae that deeds me bien, And haps m^.fiel and warm at e'en ! — Bess and her Spinning- Wheel. Jamieson, who has fe\i and fiel, defines the words to mean " soft and smooth like velvet, silky to the touch, and also clean, neat, comfortable." The word must not be confounded with/eiZ, fe\Jl, fele, which signify much, many, and very, and are clearly derivable from the Teutonic viel, which has the same meaning ; as viel gelt, much money. Jamieson derives the word used by Burns from the Icelandic /eZ^rfr, habitis idorem ; but this is exceedingly doubtful. The Gaelic has fial, generous, liberal, bountiful, good, hos- pitable ; and possibly it is in this sense that Bess applies the word to the spinnin'-wheel that provides her with raiment. Fient, none, not a particle of; equivalent to " the devil a bit," from fiend, the devil ; fient-hait, not an iota, the devil a bit. But though he was o' high degree, The^^«^ o' pride — nae pride had he. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. The queerest shape that e'er I saw, Yor fient a wame it had ava ! — Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. Fient-haet o't wad hae pierced the heart O' a kail runt. — Burns : Idem. 58 Fiere — Flaw. Fiere, a friend, a comrade. This word is supposed by some to be a misprint for frere, a brother. And here's a hand, my trnsiy Jiere, And gie's a hand o' thine. — Burns: Auld Langsyne- This word may either be a synonym for the Latin vir and the Gaelic fear, a man, or may be derived from fior, true, or a true man. The Scottish poet Douglas has fior for sound and healthy. It is sometimes spelt feer. First-foot, the first person who is met by lad or lass in the morning. Early morning she drest up And all her maides fair, The ploughman chiel was her _first-/oot As she went to take the air. — Buchan's Ancient Ballads. Flaff, a momentary display. Ga' I ever for a flaff in the Park forget my ain cosie bield. — Nodes Ambrosiance. Flamfoo. According to Jamieson this word signifies a gaudily- dressed woman, or any gaudy ornament of female dress. He derives it from an alleged old English word meaning " moon- shine in the water ! " It seems, however, to come from the Gaelic fiann, corrupted into fiam, red, the showy colour so much ad- mired by people of uneducated taste ; conjoined with the Scot- tish fu' for full. The English word flaunting, and the phrase flaunts, fiery red ribbons, are from the same root. Flannen, the Scottish as well as the English vernacular Hannen for flannel, seems to be preferable to flannel as the correct pronun- ciation of the word. Both are correct if the etymology be cor- rect, which traces the word to the Gaelic flann, red, and olann, wool. In the early ages of civilisation, when wool was first woven for garments to clothe mankind, the favourite colours were red and yellow. In Hak- luyt's Voyages it is said — "By chance they met a canoe of Domi- nicans, to the people whereof he gave a waistcoat of yeUow flan- nel." Probably red was the first dye used, whence/ann-oZanw, red wool. At an after time, when gaudy colours were not so much in request, the wool was bleach- ed, whence blanket or blanquette, whitened. I wadna be surprised to spy You on an auld wife's flannen toy (cap), Or aiblins some bit duddie boy, On's wylie-coat ; But Miss's fine Lunardi, fy ! How daur ye do't ? — Burns : To a Louse, on seeing' one on a Ladys Bonnet at Church. Flaucht or flaught, a flash of lightning, a sudden blaze in the sky ; from the Flemish flakkeren 2ind. flihherin, to flicker, to shine out quickly or instantaneously. The thundeir crack'd, andflauchts did rift Frae the black vizard o' the lift. — Allan Ramsay : The Vision. Fierce as ony flre-flaught fell. — Christ's Kirk on the Green. Flaw, a burst of bad weather, from the Gaelic fliuch, a rain- storm. Like an auld scart (cormorant) before a flaw. — The A ntiquary. Fleech — Flit, 59 Fleech or fleich, to pet, to wheedle, to cajole ; also, to en- treat or supplicate with fair words. A fieeching day is a day that promises to be fine, but that possibly may not turn out so. Possibly from the French jlechir, to give way, to ask humbly, instead of demanding loudly. Duncan _fieeched and Duncan prayed — Ha ! ha ! the wooin' o't. — Burns. Expect na, sir, in this narration, Kfleechin, flatterin' dedication. — Burns : Epistle to Gavin Hamilton. Hoot ! toot ! man — keep a calm sough. Better to Jleech a fool than fight wi' him. — Scott : The Monastery. Fleer, a gibe, a taunt — etymology doubtful. The Flemish has fieerSy a box on the ear. Oh, dinna ye mind o' this v&ryjieer, When we were a' riggit out to gang to Sherramuir, Wi' stanes in our aprons ? — Chambers's Scottish Ballads : The Threatened Invasion. Fley, to scare, to frighten. Ety- mology unknown, but possibly from /ee, to run away for fear, whence jity, to cause to run away for fear, to frighten. A wee thing Jleys cowards. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. It spak' right howe, My name is Death, But be rvafleyd. — Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. Flichter, to flutter, to fly feebly ; a great number of small objects flying in the air, as *' a flichter of birds ; " a multitude of small objects flying, floating, or flut- tering in the air, as a flichter or flight of birds ; a flichter of motes in the sunbeams ; a flichter of heavy or large snow- flakes. To flichter is to flutter, to quiver with joyous excite- ment, and also to startle or alarm. The word is evidently akin to the English flight and the Teutonic /mcA^ The bird maun flichter that has but ae wing.— Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. The expectant wee things, toddlin', sprachle through, To meet their dad, wi' flichterin noise and glee. —Burns : Cotters Saturday Night. Flinders, fragments, splinters. He put his fingers to the lock, I wat he handled them sickerlie ; And doors of deal and bands of steel He gart them all m flinders flee. —Bvckkh's Ancient Ballads : The Three Brothers. Flinging-tree, a flail, the pole of a carriage, a bar of wood in any agricultural implement. The thresher's -w^zxy flingin -tree The lee-lang day had tired me, And when the day had closed his e'e Far i' the west, Ben i' the spence, right pensivelie, I gaed to rest. —Burns : The Vision. Flit, to remove from one residence to another ; aflittin', a removal. As doun the burnside she gaed slow in the flittin, Fare ye weel, Lucy, was ilka bird's sang ; She gaed by the stable where Jamie was stannin', Richt sair was his kind heart the flittin to see. — Lucy's Plittin', by William Laidlaw {the steward, amanuensis, and trusted friend of Sir Walter Scott). 6o Elite — Fogte. Flite or fljrte, to reproach, to blame, to animadvert, to find fault with. Theyyfj'/^ me wi' Jamie because he is poor ; But summer is comin', cauld winter's awa, An' he'll come back an' see me in spite o' them a' — George Halket : Logie o' Bttchan. Hed ! gude-wife I ye 're 2.Jlytiti body ; Ye hae the will, but ye want the wit. — Sir Alexander Boswell : A Matri- monial Duel. Floan, to flirt. Jamieson says that ''■floan means to show attachment, or court regard in an indiscreet way," and derives the word from the Icelandic jion, stolidus. Is it not rather from the old English jione, arrows (Halliwell and Wright), whence metaphorically to dart glances from the eye, and con- sequently to flirt or cast amor- ous looks ? The Kymric Celtic has ffloyn, a splinter, a thin wand, an arrow. And for yon giglet hussies i' the glen. That night and day zx& Jloaning at the men.— Ross's Helenore. Flunkey, a servant in livery ; metaphorically applied to a per- son who abjectly flatters the great. The word was unknown to literature until the time of Burns. Thackeray and Carlyle in our own day have made it classical English, although the most recent lexicographers have not admitted it or its derivative, jiunkeyism, to the honours of the dictionary. Our laird gets in his racked rents. He rises when he likes himsel', His flunkeys answer to his bell. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. The word is supposed to be derived from the Gaelic flann, red, and cas, a leg or foot — red- legs, applied to the red or crim- son plush breeches of footmen. The word red-shanks was ap- plied to the kilted Highlanders by the English, and hence the Highland retort of flunkey to the English. I think this derivation wrong ; vlonk in Danish signifies proud, haughty. — Lord Neaves. Fodgel, sometimes written and pronounced /o(iyeW plump, short, corpulent, and good-tempered. A man in Scottish parlance may be stout and plump without being fodyd, as fodgel implies good nature, urbanity, and cheerfulness, as well as plumpness. If in your bounds ye chance to light Upon a fine, izx fodgel wight, Of stature short, but genius bright, That's he, mark weel. — Burns : On the Peregrinations of Captain Grose Collecting A ntiquities throughout the Kingdom. Fog, moss; from the Gaelic hog or hhog, moist, soft. " And so, John," said the minister, " I understand ye have gone over to the In- dependents ? " " Deed, sir," said John, "that's true." "Oh, John," rejoined the minister, "I'm sure ye ken that a rowin' stone gathers nz&fog." "Aye," said John, " that's true, too ; but can ye tell me what gude the fog does to the stone ? " — Dean Ramsay. Fogie, a dull, slow man, unable or unwilling to reconcile him- Fog-moss — Fou, 6i self to the ideas and manners of the new generation. The derivation of this word, which Thackeray did much to popu- larise in England, is uncertain, though it seems most probable that it comes from "foggy," for a foggy, misty, hazy intellect, unable to see the things that are obvious to clearer minds ; or it may be from the Gaelic fogaire, an exile, a banished man. In the United States the word is generally applied to an ultra- Conservative in politics. Ay, though we be 0\A/ogies three, We're not so dulled as not to dine ; And not.so old As to be cold To wit, to beauty, and to wine. — A II the Year Round. Fog-moss, f oggage, tall grass used for fodder. The etymology is uncertain. The English fodder is from the Gaelic fodar; but this scarcely affords a clue to fog or f oggage. Though possibly f oggage may be a corruption of the old and not yet obsolete fodderage. Thy wee bit housie too in ruin ! Its silly wa's the winds are strewin', An' naething left to big a new ane, O' foggage gr&&n, An' bleak December's winds ensuin', Baith snell and keen. — Burns : To a Mouse. Forbears, ancestors. Forbye, besides, in addition to, over and above. Forbye sax mae I sell't awa. —Burns ; Auld Farmer. Forbye some new uncommon weapons. — Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. Foreanent, directly opposite. Foremost. In English this word signifies first as regards place. In Scottish parlance it also signifies first as regards time. They made a paction 'twixt them twa, They made it firm and sure, That whoe'er should speak ih.& foremost word Should get up an' bar the door. — The Barrin'jo' oor Door. Forfoughten, sometimes written and pronounced/or/ow^^eri,worn out with struggling or fatigue. And \}ao\x^forfoughten sair eneugh, Yet unco proud to leave. — Burns. I am but like 2ifor/oughen hound, Has been fighting in a syke (ditch). — Border Minstrelsy : Hobbie Noble. Forgather, to meet. Twa dogs Forgathered ance upon a time. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. Forjeskit, wearied out, jaded, ex- hausted ; derivation uncertain, but probably from the Flemish or Dutch patois. The fi^nd, forjeskit, tried to escape Thro' frequent changing o' his shape. — Beattie : John o A mha\ Fou, drunk, is generally supposed to be a corruption otfvll {i.e., of liquor) ; but if such were the fact the word ought to be contracted into fu\ as wae/t^', sorrow/w', which cannot be written waefou or soTTOwfou. Fou, in French, signifies insane, a word that might be applied to an intoxi- 62 Fouter — Fusionless. cated person ; but if the Scot- tish phrase be not derived from the French, it ought to be writ- ten fu\ and not fou. Possibly the root of the word is the Gaelic fuath (pronounced fud), which signifies hatred, abhor- rence, aversion, whence it may have been applied to a person in a hateful and abhorrent state of drunkenness. This, however, is a mere suggestion. Jamieson has fowsom, filthy, impure, ob- scene. We are na'ybu, we're na' that/bu, We've just a wee drap in our e'e. — Burns : Willie Brewed a Peck o' Maut. Fouter, an expression of extreme contempt for a hateful person. The French foutre has the same, and even a worse meaning. Both the Lowland Scotch and the French are from the Gaelic and Qelticfuathy hatred. Fouth or rowth, abundance. Fouth is from full, on the same principle as the English words tilth from till, spilth from spiU, youth from youngeth, growth from grow, drouth from dryeth. Rowth has the same signification, and is from row or roll, to flow on like a stream. He has afowth o auld knick-nackets. Rusty aim and jinglin' jackets, —Burns : To Captain Grose. They that hae rowth o' butter may lay it thick on their scones. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Fremit, frammit, strange, un- related, unfamiliar ; from the Teutonic fremd, foreign. Ye ha'e lien a' wrang, lassie, In an unco bed, Wi' a. fremit man. — Burns. And mony a friend that kissed his caup Is now a/rantmit wight, But it's ne'er sae wi' Whisky Jean. — Burns : The Five Carlins. Frist, to delay, to give credit; from the Teutonic fristen, to spare, to respite. The thing that's fristed is nae forgi'en. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Prozierbs. Fnish, brittle. Oh, woe betide \!a& frusk saugh wand (willow wand). And woe betide the bush o' briar, It brak into my true love's hand. — Border Minstrelsy : Annan Water. Fulzie, surfeited with gluttony and over-eating ; full of meat and food. Enough to sicken afulzie man. — Noctes Ambrosiatue. Furth, out of doors, to go forth, to go out. The mucTde furth, is the full, free open air. Furthy, forward, frank, free, affable, open in behaviour. Furth-setter, one who sets forth or puts forth ; a publisher, an author. Sir Penny is of a noble spreit, Kfurthy man, and a far seeand ; There is no matter ends compleit Till he set to his seil and hand. — A Panegyrick on Sir Penny : The Evergreen. Fusionless, pithless, silly, sap- less, senseless ; corrupted from "foison," the old English word for plenty ; the opposite of "geason," scarce. Fy / — Fytte. 63 For seven lang years I ha'e lain by his side, And he's but 3i/tisionless bodie, O 1 — Burns : The Deuks Dang oer my Daddy. The mouths of fasting multitudes are crammed -wi Jizzenless bran, instead of the sweet word in season. — Scott : Old Mor- tality. Fusionless.—ln Bailey's Dictionary the ■word /oison means "the natural juice or moisture of the grass or other herbs, the heart and strength of it : " used in Suf- folk. — R. D REN NAN. Fy I or fye ! This exclamation is not to be confounded with the English fye! or fye! or the Teutonic 'pfui! which are used as mild reproofs of any act of shame or impropriety. Fy ! let us a' to the bridal. For there will be lilting there ; For Jock's to be married to Jeanie, The lass wi' the gowden hair. —Old Song. In this old song, all the in- cidents and allusions are ex- pressive of joy and hilarity. Jamieson suggests that/y means " make haste ! " " Fye-gae-to" he says, "means much ado, a great hurry ; and fye haste, a very great bustle, a hurry." He gives no derivation. As the Teutonic cannot supply one, it is possible that the root is the Gaelic faich, look 1 behold ! lo ! in which sense ''Fye! let us a' to the bridal," might be trans- lated "Look ye! let us all go to the bridal." Fyke, to be ludicrously and fussily busy about trifles, to be rest- less without adequate reason, akin to fidget, which is possibly from the same root. The word is also used as a noun. Fiddle- fyTce and fiddle-ma-Jike are inten- sifications of the meaning, and imply contempt for the petty trifling of the person who fykes. Some drowsy bummle, Wha can do nought hutjyke and fumble. — Burns : On a Scotch Bard. Gin he 'bout Norrie lesser _;5''^^ had made. — Ross's Helenore. Weening that ane sae braw and gentle-like For nae guid ends was makin' sic 2. fyke. — Ross's Helenore. Fjrtte, the subdivision of a long poem, now called a canto. Percy, in a note in his "Ancient Ke- liques," considers the word to signify no more than a division, a part to "fit" on to another. As the bards of the Druids, who sung in their religious festivals, and who delivered their precepts to the people in short verses of couplets or triads — better for committal to memory than long prose homilies would have been — were called^ad^s or prophets, it is possible that that word, and not the English jf?«, as Dr. Percy says, was the origin of fytte as applied to the subdivision of a sacred song. 64 Gabbock — Gale. G Gabbock, a hunk, a large piece or slice. And there'll be Fouth o' gude gabbocks o skate. — The Blithesome Bridal. Gaberlunzie, a wallet or bag car- ried by beggars for collecting in kind the gifts of the chari- table ; whence gaherlunzie-man, a beggar. Oh, blithe be the auld gaberlunzie-man, Wi' his wallet o' wit he fills the Ian' ; He's a warm Scotch heart an' a braid Scotch tongue, An' kens a' the auld sangs that ever were sung ! — James Ballantine. To love her for aye he gied her his aith, Quo' she, To leave thee I will be laith, My winsome gaberlunzie-man. — The Gaberlunzie-Man (a ballad attributed to King James V. ) Much research and ingenuity have been exercised to find the etymological origin of this pecu- liarly Scottish word. Jamieson says that gaberlunzie or gaber- hinyie means a beggar's bag or wallet, and implies that the word has been transferred from the bag to the bearer of it. Gae-through-land, a wanderer, a vagrant, a pilgrim, an exile, a gangrel. Oh, God forbid, said fair Annie, That e'er the like fa' in my hand ; Should I forsake my ain gude lord. And follow you, a. gae-through- land. — Buchan's Ancient Scottish Ballads, 1828. Gair, the English gore, an inser- tion in a skirt, robe, or other article of dress ; also a strip of a different colour inserted as a plait or ornament, sometimes signifying a coloured belt from which the sword or other weapon was suspended ; gaired or gairy, streaked with many colours ; pie- bald, as a gairy cow or horse. Young Johnston had a nut-brown sword Hung low down by his gair. And he ritted it through the young colonel, That word he never spak' mair. — Herd's Collection: Young Johnston. Gale, to sing, whence nightingale, the bird that sings by night. The word is usually derived from the Teutonic, in which language, however, it only exists in the single word nachtigaU. Jamieson refers it to the Swedish gdU (gale), a sharp, penetrating, or piercing sound. Probably, however, it is akin to the Gaelic guil, to lament, and guileag, that which sings or warbles ; and a gale of wind is referable to the Kymric or Welsh galar, mourn- ing, lamentation ; gaho, (galu), to call, to invoke ; and galaries, mournful, sad, so called because of the whistling, piping sound of a storm. In May the gowk (cuckoo) begins to gale, In May deer draw to down and dale. In May men mell with feminie. And ladies meet their lovers leal. When Phebus is in Gemini. —Allan Ramsay : The Evergreen Gallie-hooifi — Garraivery. 65 Gallic - hooin', making a loud noise, blustering, talking vio- lently without sense or reason. GuUie-hooUe, a loud, blustering, talkative, and conceited fool. These two words seem to be derivable from the Gaelic gal or guil, to cry out, and uille, all ; whence gal-uille, all outcry or bluster, or nothing but out- cry and noise. Gilhooly, a well- known Irish patronymic, is pos- sibly of the same Gaelic origin, applied to a noisy orator. Gang, gae, gaed, gate. These words, that are scarcely retained even in colloquial English, do constant duty in the Lowland Scotch ; they are all derived from the Flemish. Gang and gae are the English go ; gaed is the English went, and gate is the road or way by which one goes. " Gang your ain gate" means go your own road, or have your own way. The English gate, signifying a doorway, a barred or defended entrance, is a relic of the older and more extended meaning of the Scotch. I gaed a waefu' gate yestreen, \gate I fear I'll dearly rue. — Burns. Gangrel, vagrant, vagabond wan- dering ; from gang, to go. Ae night at e'en, a merry core Of randie gangrel bodies At Posie Nansie's held the splore. —Burns: The Jolly Beggars. This word is sometimes em- ployed to designate a young child who is first beginning to walk. Gardies, defensive weapons ; from the Gaelic gairdein, an arm or armour, and the French garde; as in the phrase prenez-garde, take care, or defend yourself. He wields his gardies, Or at the worst his aiken r««^(oaken staff). —George Beattie : John o Amha. Garraivery. This curious word signifies, according to Jamieson, "folly and revelling of a frolic- some kind." He thinks it is evidently corrupted from gil- ravery and gilravage, which are words of a similar meaning. Gilravage he defines as "to hold a merry meeting with noise and riot." He attempts no etymo- logy. It seems, however, that garraivery is akin to the French charivari, or the loud, discordant uproar of what in England is called " marrow bones and cleavers," when a gang of rough people show their displeasure by serenading an unpopular per- son — such, for instance, as a very old man who has married a very young wife— by beating bones against butchers' axes and cleavers, or by rattling pokers and shovels against iron pots and pans under his windows, so as to create a painful and dis- cordant noise. The word and the custom are both of Celtic origin, and are derived from the Gaelic garbh, rough, and bairich or bhairich, any obstreperous and disagreeable noise ; also the lowing, roaring, or routing of cattle. The initial gr or c of the Gaelic is usually softened into E 66 Gash. — Gaunt. the English and French ch, as the Tc in Mrk becomes ch in the English church, and as the Latin cams and the Italian caro become cher in French. Gash, sagacious, talkative. Jamie- son defines the word, as a verb, "to talk much in a confident way, to talk freely and fluently ; " and as an adjective, "shrewd, sagacious." It seems derivable from the Gaelic gais (pronounced gash), a torrent, an overflow ; the English gush, i.e., an over- flow or torrent of words, and hence by extension of meaning applied to one who has much to say on every subject ; eloquent, or, in an inferior sense, loqua- cious. He was a gash and faithful tyke. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. Here farmers ^a^A in ridin' graith. —Burns: The Holy Fair. In comes a gaucie gash good-wife. And sits down by the tire. — Idem. Gaucie, jolly, brisk, lively. tils gaucie tail in upward curl. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. In comes a gaucie gash good-wife, And sits down by the tire. —Burns : The Holy Fair. Gaucie, big, of large dimensions ; jolly, perhaps. It has almost the same meaning as gash, with the additional idea of size ; very like the English use of the word "jolly" — a jolly lot — a jolly pudding, &c. The Scotch use gaucie in precisely the same way. — R. D. Gaud, a bar, the shaft of a plough ; gaudsman, a plough-boy. The English groad signifies a bar or rod, and to goad is to incite or drive with a stick or prong. The word is derived from the Gaelic gat, a prong, a bar of wood or iron, and gath, a sting. Young Jockie was the blithest lad In a' our town or here awa' ; Fu' blithe he whistled at th^ gaud, Fu' lightly danced he in the ha'. — Burns: Young Jockie. I've three mischievous boys, Rum deils for rantin' and for noise — A gaudsman ane, a thrasher t'other. — Burns : The Inventory. They'll turn me in your arms, Janet, A red-hot gaud o' aim. — Ballad of the Young Tatnlanc. Gauf or gawf, a loud, discordant laugh ; the English slang guffaw. According to Jamieson, it was used by John Knox. Gavrp, a kindred word, signifies a large mouth wide opened ; whence, possibly, the origin of the Flem- ish gapen, and the English gape, which, according to the late John Kemble, the tragedian, ought to be pronounced with the broad o, as in ah. Gauffin, a giggling, light-headed person, seems to be a word of the same parentage. Gawpie is a silly person who laughs without rea- son. Tehee, quo' she, and gied ZLgaiuf. — Allan Ramsay : A Brash of Wooing : The Evergreen. Gauner, to bark, to scold vocifer- ously. Gaunt, to yawn. Gaunt-at-the-door, an indolent, useless person, who sits at the door and yawns ; an idler, one without mental re- sources. Gaupie — Cell. 67 This mony a day I've groaned onAgaunted To ken what French mischief was brewing. — Burns. Auld gude-man, ye're a drunken carle, And a' the day y&gape and gaunt. —Sir Alexander Boswell. Gaupie, a silly fellow, from gawp, to yawn or gape ; one who yawns, from weariness, indif- ference, or stupidity, when he is expected to pay intelligent attention to what is said of him. A word of similar import, founded upon the same idea of listless and foolish yawning, is found in the English phrase to go mooning about, a word that has no reference to the moon, but that is derived from the Gaelic meunan, a yawn ; meuna- nach, yawning ; and dean-meu- nan, to yawn or make a yawn. Gawk, to romp, applied to girls who are too fond of the society of men, and who either play roughly themselves or suffer men to play roughly in their company. The word is pro- bably a variety of gecJc, to sport or mock [see that word). Gawkie, a clumsy or inexpert person, from the French gauche, the left hand, and gaucherie, clumsiness. The word is collo- quial in England as well as in Scotland. Gear, money, wealth, property, appurtenance ; from the Teu- tonic gehorig, belonging to, ap- pertaining to. He'll poind (seize) their gear. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. And gather gear by every wile That's justified by honour. — Burns : Epistle to a Young Friend. Geek, to bear one's self haughtily, to toss the head in glee or scorn, to mock ; possibly from the Flemish geh, a vain fool. Adieu, my liege ! may freedom geek Beneath your high protection. ■ — Burns : The Dream. To George III. Gee. To take the gee, is an old colloquialism, signifying to take umbrage or offence, to give way to a sudden start of petulance and ill-humour. Jamieson de- rives it from the Icelandic geig, offence, in default of tracing it to another origin. But the derivation is doubtful. On Tuesday, to the bridal feast, Came fiddlers flocking free ; But hey I play up the rinaway bride, For she has ta'en the gee. Woman's love a wilfu' thing, An' fancy flies fu' free ; Then hey ! play up the rinaway bride For she has ta'en the gee. — Herd's Collection. " My wife has ta'en the gee" is the title of an old and once extremely popular song. Gell, brisk, keen, sharp, active; from the Gaelic geaU, ardour, desire, love; geallmhor, greatly desirous ; and geaUmhorachd, high desire and aspiration. Gell, intense, as applied to the weather ; a gell frost is a keen frost. "There's a gey gell in the market to-day," i.e., a pretty quick sale ; "in great gell," in great spirits and activity; "on the gell," a phrase applied to one who is bent on making merry.— Jamieson. 6S Gerss — Gielanger. Gerss. " This term," says Jamie- son, " is well known in the councils of boroughs. When a member becomes refractory, the ruling party vote him out at the next election. This they call gerssing him, or turning him out to gerss. The phrase," he adds, " is evidently borrowed from the custom of turning out a horse to graze when there is no immediate use for his ser- vice." Perhaps, however, the etymology is not quite so evi- dent as Jamieson supposed. The Gaelic geur or gearr sig- nifies to cut, to cut off, to shear ; gearraich or geurraich, to shorten, and geariadh, a cutting ; gearran, a gelding ; gearrta, cut. To cut or shorten, rather than to graze or turn out to graze, appears, pace Jamieson, to be the real root of the word. Jamieson has the same word differently spelled as girse, to turn out of office ; girse-folk, cotters at will, liable to be ejected at short notice, to which the Gaelic etymology of geurr and its derivatives applies with more force than that which he suggests from grass. Gey, a humorous synonym for very. This word in Jamieson's Dictionary is rendered "toler- able, considerable, worthy of notice." "A gey wheen," he says, means "a great number." It is doubtful whether the de- rivation be from the English gay or the Gaelic gu. In vulgar Eng- lish, when " jolly" is sometimes used for "gay," "a jolly lot" would be equivalent to the Scot- tish " a, gey -wheen.'^ In Gaelic gu is an adverbial prefix, as in gu leoir, plentiful or plentifully, whence the phrase, "whisky galore,'' plenty of whisky; gu fior, with truth or truly. A miller laughing at him (the fool of the parish) for his witlessness, the fool i said, "There are some things I ken and some things I dinna ken." On being asked what he knew, he said, " I ken a miller has aye a gey fat sow ! " " And what do ye no ken?" said the miller. "I dinna ken at wha's expense she's fed." — Dean Ram- say's Reminiscences. The word is sometimes fol- lowed by an\ as in the phrase ''gey an toom," very empty; ''gey an fou," very drunk. The word gaylies, meaning tolerably well in health, is probably from the same source as gey, as in the common salutation in Glasgow and Edinburgh, "How's a' wi' ye the day?" "Oh, gailies, gailies I " The editor of Nodes Ambrosiance, Edinburgh, 1866, erroneously explains gey an to mean rather. Your factors, grieves, trustees, and bailies, I canna say but they do gailies. — Burns : Address of Beelzebub. Mr. Clark, of Dalreach, whose head was vastly disproportioned to his body, met Mr. Dunlop one day. " Weel, Mr. Clark, that's a great head of yours." " Indeed, it is, Mr. Dunlop ; it could contain yours inside of it." "Just sae," replied Mr. Dunlop, " I was e'en thinking it •ws&geyan toom (very empty)." — Dean Ramsay. Gielanger, one who is slow to pay his debts ; etymology unknown. It has been thought that this Gillravage — Glaik. 69 word is an abbreviation of the request to give longer or gie langer time to pay a debt, but this is doubtful. The Flemish and Dutch gijzelen signifies to arrest for debt, gijzding, arrest for debt, and gizzel kammer, a debtor's prison; and this is most pro- bably the origin of gielanger. The greedy man and the gielanger are well met.— Allan Ramsay's Scots Pro- verbs. Gillravage, to plunder, also to live riotously, uproariously, and violently ; from the Gaelic gille, a young man, and rabair, liti- gious, troublesome ; 7*a6acA, quar- relsome. Ye had better stick to your auld trade o' blackmail and gillravaging. Better steal nowte than nations. — Scott : Rob Roy. Gilpie or gilpey, a saucy young girl. I was a gilpey then, I'm sure I wasna past fifteen. — Burns : Halloween. I mind when I was z. gilpie o a lassock, seeing the Duke — him that lost his head in London. — Scott : Old Mortality. Gin {g hard, as in give) signifies if' Oh, gin my love were yon red rose That grows upon the castle wa ; And I myself a drap o' dew, Into her bonnie breast to fa*. — Herd's Collection, 1776. Gin a body meet a body Comin' through the rye. —Old Song (^rearranged by Burns). Home Tooke, in his letter to Dunning, Lord Ashburton, on the English particles, conjunc- tions, and prepositions, derives if from given; ^'' if you are there," i.e., given the fact that you are there. The more poeti- cal Scottish word gin is strongly corroborative of Home Tooke's inference. Girdle, a gridiron or brander, a circular iron plate used for roasting oat-cakes over the fire. Wi' quaffing and daffing, They ranted and they sang, Wi' jumping and thumping The very girdle rang. — Burns : The Jolly Beggars. The carline brocht her kebbuck ben, Wi' girdle-cakes weel toasted broon. — Tea- Table Miscellany : A ndro and his Cutty Gun. On reading the passage in the Bible to a child where the words occur, " He took Paul's girdle" the child said with much confidence, " I ken what he took that for." On being asked to explain, she replied at once, "To bake his bannocks on ! " — Dean Ramsay. Girnagain, from gim or grin; a derisive epithet applied to a person who was always on the grin, with or without reason. An' there'll be gimagain Gibbie An' his glaikit wife, Jeannie Bell. — The Blithesome Bridal. \ Girnel, a meal-chest ; from cwn, kern, and kernel. Amaist as roomy as a minister's girnel. — Nodes A tnbrosiana. Glack, a ravine, a cleft in the ground. Deep i' the glack and round the well, Their mystic rites I canna tell. —John o Amha. Glaik, glaikit, giddy-headed, thoughtless, dazed, silly, foolish, giddy, volatile. From the Gaelic 70 Glamour, gleog, a silly look ; gleogach, silly, stupid; gleogair, a stupid fel- low; gleosgach, a vain, silly woman. That frequent pass douce Wisdom's door For glaikit Folly's portals. — Burns : Address to the Unco Guid. Wi' \i\s glaikit wife, Jeannie Bell. — The Blithesome Bridal. Glamour, enchantment, witch- craft, fascination; once sup- posed to be from the Gaelic glac, to seize, to lay hold of, to fascinate; and mor, great; whence great fascination, or magic not to be resisted. Lord Neaves thought the word was a corruption of grammar, in which magic was once supposed to reside. This word, once pecu- liar to the Scotch, has with- in the present century been adopted by English writers both of prose and verse, and has be- come familiar in the conversa- tion of educated people. It signifies the kind of halo, fascination, and magical charm that a person or thing receives from the imagination ; the high and fanciful reputation which the French language expresses by 'prestige, a word which has also striven to naturalise itself in Enghsh. Its etymology has scarcely been attempted by Eng- lish philologists, some few of whom, however, have disco- vered, as they think, a kindred origin for it in clamor, from the Latin clamxire, to cry out, or make a great noise. It is pos- sible that this idea lies in reality at the root of the poetical word glamour, in its signification of a glorified repute ; repute itself being the outward manifesta- tion of the popular belief in the excellence of the person or thing spoken of, and which would not be known unless for the spoken opinion or voice of the multitude, which gives and extends fame and glory. In the Gaelic and British lan- guages, fuaim signifies noise, sound, recalling the classical embodying of Fame as an angel blowing a trumpet, making a loud sound ; and glair signifies praise loudly expressed, and therefore glory. In like manner, glamour may resolve itself into the two Gaelic words, glaodk, pronounced glao, a shout, and mor, great, whence glao-mor or glamour, a great or loud cry or shout, attesting the applause and approbation of those who raise it. Stormonth, the latest etymologist who has attempted to explain the word, adopts the etymology that found fa- vour with Jamieson, and de- rives it from glimmer or glitter, " a false lustre, a charm on the eyes, making them see things different from what they are." This etymology is plausible, and will possibly be accepted by all to whom the Gaelic derivation has not been offered for con- sideration ; but the Gaelic, sup- ported as it is by the primitive but highly philosophic ideas that gave rise to the simple but now grandiose words of "fame" and "glory," merits Glamp — Gleg, n the attention and study of all students who love to trace words to their origin, and en- deavour by their means to sound the depths of human intelli- gence in the infancy of society and of language. And one short spell therein he read, It had much oi glamour might, Could make a lady seem a knight. The cobweb on a dungeon wall Seem tapestry in a lordly hall. — Scott : The Lay of the Last Minstrel. As soon as they saw her weel-faur'd face, They cast their glamour o'er her. — Johnnie Faa, the Gipsie Laddie. Ye gipsy gang that deal in glamour. And you, deep read in Hell's black gram- mar, Warlocks and witches. — Burns : On Captain Grose. This Scottish word has been admitted into some recent Eng- lish dictionaries. Mr. Wedg- wood seems to think it is akin to gliTtimer. The fascination of the eye is exemplified in Cole- ridge's Ancient Mariner : — Lie holds him with his glittering eye. The wedding-guest stood still. And listens like a three-year child — The mariner hath his will. Gaelic glam, to devour greedily ; glavfiair, a glutton. Clans frae wuds in tartan duds, 'Whz. glaumed at kingdoms three, man. —Burns : The Battle of Sherifftnuir. Gled or glaid, a kite, a hawk, a vulture ; etymology uncertain. And aye as ye gang furth and in, Keep well the gaislings frae the gled. He ca'd the gaislings forth to feed, There was but sevensone o' them a', And by them cam' the greedy gled, And lickit up five— left him but twa. — The Wife of Auchtemtuchty. The name of Gladstone is derived from gled-stane, the hawk or vulture stone, and synonymous with the German Geir-stein, the title of one of the novels of Sir Walter Scott. deed or gleid, a burning coal, a temporary blaze, a sparkle, a splinter that starts from the fire. And cheerily blinks the ingle gleed Of honest Lucky.— Burns. Mend up the fire to me, brother. Mend up the gleed to me ; For I see him coming hard and fast Will mend it up for thee. — Ballad of Lady Maisry. Glamp, to clutch at, to seize greedily or violently ; from the Gaelic ^rZam, to seize voraciously. Some glower'd wi' open jaws. Syne glampit on the vacant air. George Beattie ; John d Amhd . Glampin round, he kent nae whither. —Ibid. Glaum, to grasp at, to clutch, to endeavour to seize, without strength to hold; from the Gleg, sharp, acute, quick-witted ; gleg - tongued, voluble ; gleg- lugg'd, sharp of hearing; gleg- ee'd, sharp-sighted. Sae for my part I'm willing to submit To what your glegger wisdom shall think fit. — Ross's Helenore. Unskaithed by Death's gleg gullie. — Burns : Tarn. Samsons Livin. He'll shape you aff fu' gleg The cut of Adam's philibeg. —Burns : Captain Grose. 72 Glent — Glunch, Jamieson derives gleg from the Icelandic and Swedish, un- aware of the Gaelic etymology from glac, to seize, to snatch, to lay hold of quickly. Glent, glint, a moment, a glance, a twinkling; also to glance, to shine forth, to peep out. From the same root as the English glance, the Teutonic gldnzen, and Flemish glinster. And in a. glent, my child, ye'll find it sae. — Ross's Helenore. Yet cheerfully thou glinted forth Amid the storm. — Burns : To a Mountain Daisy. The risin' sun owre Galston muir Wi' glowing light was glintin. — Burns : Halloween. Gley, to squint ; aglee or agley, crooked, aslant, in the wrong direction ; probably from the Gaelic gli, the left hand, awk- ward. There's a time to gley and a time to look even. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Gleyed Sandy he came here yestreen, And speired when I saw Pate. — James Carnegie, 1765. The best -laid schemes of mice and men Gang aft aglee. — Burns : To a Mouse. Glib-g^abbet, having "the gift of the gab," speaking glibly with voluble ease ; apparently derived from the Gaelic glib or gliob, slippery, and gah, a mouth. And that glib-gabbet Highland baron, The Laird o' Graham. — Burns : Cry and Prayer. Gliff, a moment, a short slumber, a nap. I '11 win out a gliff the night for a' that, to dance in the moonlight. — Scott : The Heart of Midlothian. " Laid down on her bed for a gliff" said her grandmother. — Scott: The An- tiquary. Gloaming, the twilight ; from the English gloom or darkness. This word has been adopted by the best English writers. When ance life's day draws near its gloaming. — Burns : To James Smith. 'Twixt the gloaming and the mirk, When the kye come hame. —Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd. Glower, to look stupidly or in- tently, to glare, to stare. Ye glowered at the moon and fell in the midden. — Allan '^MAStci'% Scots Pro- verbs. I am a bard of no regard, Wi' gentle folks and a' that ; But Homer-like, ih^glowrin byke (swarm) Frae town to town I draw that. —Burns : The Jolly Beggars. He on\y glowered at her, taking no notice whatever of her hints. — A. Trollope : Vicar of Bullhampton. Glunch, an angry frown, a sulky or forbidding expression of counte- nance. ' ' To glunch and gloom," to look angry, discontented, sulky, and gloomy. Glunschoch, one who has a frowning or morose countenance ; from the Gaelic glonn, a qualm, a feeling of nausea ; glonnach, one who has a disagreeable or stupid ex- pression on his face : — A glunch O' sour disdain. — Burns : Scotch Drink. Does ony great man glunch and gloom ? — Burns : Cry and Prayer. Gotneril — Gowpen. 73 Gluftch and gloom.— Glunch, giving audible expression to discontent in a series of interjectional humphs; gloom, a frown- ing, silent expression of displeasure. — R. Drennan. Gomeril, a fool, a loud -talking fool; from the Gaelic geum, to bellow. The English and Cock- ney slang " Give us none of your gum" i.e., of your impudence or loud bellowing, is from the root of geum. He's naught but 3.gotneril, never tired of talking. — Nodes AmbrosiancB. Gowan, a daisy ; goioany, sprin- kled with go wans or daisies. Chaucer was partial to the word daisy, which he derived from ** day's eye ; " though it is more probably to be traced to the Gaelic deise, pretty, a pretty flower. The word gowan, to a Scottish ear, is far more beauti- ful. Where the blue-bell and gowan lurk lowly unseen. — Burns. The night was fair, the moon was up, The wind blew low among the go-wans. — Legends of the Isles. Her eyes shown bright amid her tears, Her lips were fresh asgowans growing. — Idem. In gowany glens the burnie strays. —Burns. I'd not be buried in the Atlantic wave, But in brown earth with gowans on my grave, Fresh gowans gathered on Lochaber's braes. — All the Year Round. Gowdspink, the goldfinch. Nancy's to the greenwood gane. To hear the gowdspink chattering ; And Willie he has followed her, To win her love by flattering. — Scornful Nancy. Gowff or goufif, to pull violently. She broke the bicker, spilt the drink. And tightly gouj^d his haffets (long hair). —Herd's Collection : The Three- Girred Cog. Gowk, the cuckoo ; also a fool, or a person who has but one idea and is always repeating it ; from the Gaelic cuach, with the same meaning. Ye breed o' the gowk, ye hae never a song but ane. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Conceited gowk, puffed up wi' windy pride. — Burns : The Brigs of Ayr. Gowl, to weep loudly, to whine and blubber ; from the Gaelic gul, with the same meaning. The French has gueule, a mouth that is very wide open. Gowl also signifies large and empty, as **a gowl or gowlsome house," and " a gowl (a hollow) between the hills ; " possibly allied in idea to the French gueule. Ne'er may Misfortune's gowling bark Howl through the dwelling o' the clerk. — Burns : To Gavin Hamilton. Gowl means to bawl, to howl, but has the additional idea of threatening or terrify- ing. To gowl at a person is to speak in a loud threatening tone — "He gied me a gowl," " What mak's y&gowl that way at the weans ? " I have an idea that this is one of the words that have crept into the Scotch through the French.— R. Dren- nan. Gowpen, two handfuls ; from the Flemish gaps, which has the same meaning. Those who carried meal seldom failed to add a gowpen to the alms-bag of the deformed cripple. — Scott : The Black Dwarf. 74 Grade — Gree. Gowpen means placing the two palms together, and the hollow formed thereby is a gowpen. The miller would have had but a scanty " mouter " if his gowpen had been only a handful. An ord inary beggar would get a nievefu' o' meal, but a weel kent ane and a favourite would get 2l gowpen. Hence, you never heard the crucial test of an Englishman's knowledge of Scotch when he was asked ' ' What's a gowpen d glaur ? " and his acquaintance with the tongue fail- ing him, he was enlightened by the ex- planation that it was " twa neivefu' o' clairts." — R. Drennan. Grade, well-behaved, graceful, of pleasant manners and behaviour. "A wife's ae dochter is never grade." ^Proverb. Signifying that an only daughter is likely to be spoiled by over- indulgence, and therefore not likely to be as agreeable in man- ners as if she had sisters to compete with her for favour. Gradden, the coarse meal that is ground in the quern by hand. Grind the gradden, grind it ; We'll a' get crowdie when it's done, An' bannocks steeve to bind it. Whisky gars the bark of life . Drive merrily and rarely, But gradden is the ballast gars It steady gang and fairly. — R. Jamieson : The Queen Lily. Graith, tools, requisites, imple- ments, appurtenances of a busi- ness or work, harness ; graiihinrj- dolhes, accoutrements. Then he in wrath put up his graith — " The deevil's in the hizzie." — Jacob and Rachel : attributed to Burns, 1825. And ploughmen gather wi' their graith. — Burns : Scotch Drink. Ye'll bid her shoe her steed before An' a gowd graithing was behind. — Buchan's Ancient Ballads. Gramarye, magic ; French gri- moire, a magic-book. Attempts have been made to derive this word from grammar. It is more likely, considering the gloomy ideas attached to the French grimoire (the immediate root of the word), that it comes origi- nally from the Gaelic gruaim, gloom, melancholy, wrath, in- tense sadness or indignation ; and gruamach, sullen, surly, morose, gloomy, grim, frowning. Whate'er he did o{ gramarye. Was always done maliciously. —Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel. The wild yell and visage strange, And the dark woods oi gramarye, — Idem. Grandgore, sometimes written glengore and glandgore, the venereal disease. Jamieson sug- gests its origin from the French grand, great, and gorre; but does not explain the meaning of gorre, which does not appear in French dictionaries. The word appears to be rightly grandgore, and not glen or gland gore, and to be derived from the Gaelic grain, horrid, disgusting, and gaorr, filth, Gree, to bear the gree, to excel, to be acknowledged to excel. The origin of this phrase is un- certain, though supposed to be connected with degree, i.e., a degree of excellence and supe- riority. Greetie — Grien. 75- Then let us pray that come it may, As come it will for a' that, That sense and worth, o'er a' the earth. Shall bear the gree and a' that. — Burns. I wad hae nane o' them, though they wad fancy me, For my bonnie mason laddie he bears awa' the gree. —Chambers's Scottish Songs : The Mason Laddie. Greetie, the affectionate diminu- tive of greet, to weep or cry ; not to be rendered into English except by a weak paraphrase and dilution of the touching Scottish phrase, such as a small, faint, or little cry or lament. The same remark applies to the diminutive of jeet in the sub- joined verse. We'll hap an' row, we'll hap an' row. We'll hap an' row the^^^^zV o't ; It is a wee bit wearie thing, I downa bide the greetie o't. — William Creech, Lord Proriost of Edinburgh, and publisher of the Poems of Robert Bums. Gregorian, a popular name for a wig in the seventeenth century, introduced into England by the Scottish followers of James VI. when he succeeded to the Eng- lish throne. Blount, in his " Glossographia," says : " Wigs were so called from one Gre- gorie, a barber in the Strand, who was a famous perruque- maker." He cannot be a cuckold that wears a gregorian, for a periwig will never fit such a head. — Nares. Yet, though one Gregorie, a wig-maker, may have lived and flourished in London in the early part of the seventeenth century, it does not follow that the word gregorian was derived from his name, any more than that of the designation of a tailor by trade had its origin in the patronymic of taylor. At all events, it is worthy of note that in Gaelic gruaig signifies a wig; gruagach, hairy; gruagag, a little wig, or a bunch of hair ; and gruagair, a wig-maker and hairdresser. Grien or grene, to covet, to long for, to desire ardently and un- reasonably ; grening, longing, akin to the English yearn, "a yearning desire," German gem, Flemish gearne, willingly, de- sirous of. From this comes pro- bably "grreen sickness," a malady that afflicts growing girls when they long for unwholesome and unnatural food, and would eat chalk, charcoal, unripe fruit, and any kind of trash. The medical name of this malady is chlorosis, a Greek translation of "green sickness," arising from the fact that English physicians under- stood the popular word green, the colour, but not grien or grene, to covet, which is the main symptom of the dis- Teuch Johnnie, staunch Geordie an' Walie, That griens for the fishes an' loaves. — Burns : The Election. They came there justice for to gett, They'll never grene to come again. —Border Minstrelsy : The Raid of the Redswire. 76 Grip — Grue. Grip, tenacity, moral or physical ; to hold fast. Will Shore couldna conceive how it was that when he was drunk his feet wadna baud the grip. — Laird of Logan. But where you feel your \\ono\xv grip, Let that be aye your border. — Burns : Epistle to a Young Friend. I like the Scotch ; they have more gHp than any people I know. — Sam Slick. Grog^, a mixture of spirits and water; usually applied to hot gin and water, as distinguished from rum-punch and whisky- toddy. The word is now com- mon in England, and is sup- posed by careless philologists, who follow blindly where their predecessors lead them, to have been first used by the sailors in a ship of war commanded by Captain, afterwards Admiral Vernon, commonly called *' Old Grog," from the grogram jacket or coat which he usually wore. But (jrog was known and named long before the days of Admiral Vernon, and was in common use in Scotland, as well as in England, as croc, afterwards corrupted into grog. The word croc in Gaelic signifies a horn, used in districts and in houses where glass was too expensive for purchase. A horn or croc of liquor was synonymous with a glass of liquor, and to offer a guest a croc or grog of spirit of any kind was the same as to invite him to take a social glass ; and in time croc came to signify the liquor in the horn, as well as the horn itself. To invite a man to take a friendly glass is not to invite him to take the glass itself, but the drink that is in it. Hence the word grog, which has no more connection with the grogram suit of Admiral Vernon than it has with ** the man in the moon." The French have the phrase "eric et croc''' in the slang vernacular. Groof, the belly, so called from its rumbling when deprived of food ; from the Gaelic gromhan {grovan), to growl. Rowin' yoursel' on the floor on your groof, wi' your hair on end and your e'en on fire. — Noctes Ambrosiance. Gnie or grew, a greyhound. I dreamed a weary dream yestre'en, I wish it may come to gude ; I dreamed that ye slew my best grew- hound, And gied me his lapper'd blude. — Ballad of Sir Roland. What has come ower ye, Muirland Tam ? Your leg's now grown like a wheelbarrow tram ; Ye'd the strength o' a stot, the weight o' a cow. Now, Tammy, my man, ye have grown like a gre^v. — Hew Ainslie : Tam d the Balloch. A grew is a female greyhound in the South of England, according to Mr. Halliwell Phillips, while in the eastern counties the word is a grewin, and in Shropshire groun. In old French grous signifies any kind of hunting- dog — a greyhound among the rest. The modern French do not Gruesome — Gruntle. 77 call the animal a ** chien gris" but a limier, which means a dog which leaps or springs, from the Celtic leum, to leap, or a levrier, because it courses the lUvre or hare. In "Anglo-Saxon," which is merely Teutonic with a large substratum of Gaelic, it appears that this word is grig- hound. The pure Teutonic calls it a windd spiel, a grotesque term, for which it is difficult to account. The Dutch and Flemish call it a speurhond, or tracking-hound. The Italians call the animal a veltro. It is evident from aU these examples that the dog was not named from grey, which is not its in- variable colour. Grey is not adopted as its designation by any other nation than the English. Philology is thus justified in seek- ing elsewhere for the root oigrue, which the Teutonic nations do not afford. The old grammarian Minshew thought he had found it in grcecus, and that the hound was so called because the Greeks hunted with it ; but this deriva- tion is manifestly inadmissible, as is that from grip, the hound which grips or snatches. Pos- sibly the Scottish hound came from the Highlands and not from the Lowlands, or may be derived from gaoth, wind or breath, and gaothar (pronounced gao-ar), long-winded, strong- winded, provided with wind for rapid motion. Gaothar is ren- dered in the Gaelic dictionaries as a lurcher, half foxhound and half greyhound, and anciently as greyhound only. As gaor is easy of corruption, first into grao, and afterwards into grew or grue, it is extremely probable that this is the true derivation of a word that has long been the despair of all lexicographers who were not so confident as Minshew and Dr. Johnson. Gruesome, highly ill-favoured, disagreeable, horrible, cruel. Grue, to shudder, to be horrified. From the Teutonic grau, horror ; grausam, horrible, cruel; and grausamkeit, cruelty. This word has been recently used by some of the best English writers, though not yet admitted to the honours of the dictionaries. Ae day as Death, that gruesome carle. Was driving to the ither warl (world). — Burns : Verses to J. Rankine. And now, let us change the discourse. These stories make one's very \)\ooA grew. — Scott : Fortunes of Nigel. " They're the Hieland hills," said the Bailie; "ye '11 see and hear eneuch about them before ye see Glasgow Green again. I downa look at them, I never see them, but they gar me grew. " — Scott : Rod Roy. Grugous or allagru^ous, grim, ghastly, disagreeable, morose, ill-natured; from the GaeUc grug, morose, ill-conditioned and surly, and uiJle, all. Whilk added horror to his mien, A grugous sight he was, I ween, — George Beattie : John o Amha. An allagrugous, gruesome spectre, A' gored and bored like Trojan Hector. —Ibid. Gruntle, a word of contempt for a snub nose or snout ; erro- 78 Grunzie — Gumlie. neously rendered by "counten- ance " in some of the glos- saries to Burns ; gruntle-thrawn, crooked in the nose. May gouts torment him, inch by inch, Wha twists his gruntle wi' a glunch O' sour disdain, Out owre a glass o' whisky -punch Wi' honest men. — Burns : Scotch Drink. Akin to the Gaelic graineif, ugly, loathsome ; graineUachd, ugliness. Grunzie, a ludicrous name for the nose or mouth ; possibly applied originally to the snout of a hog, in reference to the grunting of the animal. {See Geuntle.) But Willie's wife is nae sae trig, She dights her grunzie wi' a hushon {i.e., she wipes her nose with a cushion). — Burns : Sic a Wife as Willie had. Grushie, of rapid growth, thickly sown. The dearest comfort o' their lives, Their grushie weans and faithful wives. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. Gryce, a young pig. A yeld (barren) sow was ne'er good to gryces. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Pro- verbs. My bairn has tocher o' her ain, Although her friends do nane her len', A stirk, a staig, an acre sawn, A goose, a gryce, a clocking-hen. —The Wooing o' Jenny and Jock. Gryme, to sprinkle; gryming, a sprinkling. The English word grimy signifies foul with dirt. The Scottish gryme has a wider meaning, and is applied both to pure and impure substances when out of place. The sun wasna up, but the moon was down. It was the griming of new fa'n snaw. — Border Minstrelsy : Jamie Telfer. Guller, an indistinct noise in the throat. {See Gowl.) Between a grunt, a groan, and a guller — Noctes A mbrosiame. Gullie or gully (sometimes written goolie), a large pocket-knife ; gullie-gaw, a broil in which knives are likely to be drawn and used. GuUie-wUlie, accord- ing to Jamieson, is a noisy, blustering fool — possibly from his threatening the knife, but not using it. I rede ye weel, tak' care o' skaith — See, there's a gullie. — Burns. The carles of Kilmarnock had spits and had spears, And lang-hafted gullies to kill Cavaliers. —Sir Walter Scott : Bonnie Dundee. Stickin' gangs nae by strength, but by right guidin' o' the gully.— K\.\.KH Ram- say's Scots Proverbs. " To guide the gullie," is a proverbial phrase, signifying to have the management of an affair. The derivation is un- certain, but is perhaps from the Gaelic guaillich, to go hand in hand, to accompany; applied to the weapon from its ready conveniency to the hand in case of need. Gumlie, muddy, turbid, synony- mous with drumZie {q.v.). Ety- mology obscure. O ye wha leave the springs o' Calvin, For gumlie dubs [pools] o' your ain delvin'. —Burns : To Gavin Hamilton. Gump — Gurr, 79 Gump, a stupid old woman, of the kind so well portrayed in the Mrs. Gamp of Dickens, and which possibly may have sug- gested the name to the brilliant novelist, who married a Scots- woman, the grand-daughter of George Thompson,the celebrated . correspondent of Robert Burns. Gumphie, a fool ; gommeril, a foolish or stupid person ; gomf or gomph, an idiot. The root is possibly the Gaelic geum, to low or bellow like a cow or a bull, and which finds its equi- valent in the English slang, " Give us none of your gum.^' Gump not only signifies an old woman not over-wise, but a fat and chubby infant, so that the Gaelic etymology for geum, if correct, can only be accepted in the case of the child, on the supposition that the child is a noisy one, and bellows or lows in expression of its wants or its ill-temper. To take the gumps is to indulge in a fit of ill-temper. Jamieson defines gamer il or gomrell as a stupid fellow, so called, he intimates, from the French goimpre, " one who minds nothing but his belly." The word, however, is not to be found in the " Dic- tionnaire Etymologique " of Noel and Carpentier (1857), nor in the comprehensive dictionary of *' argot," or French slang, by the erudite and industrious Professor Barr^re, published in 1887, nor in that of M. Brachet, published by the Clarendon Press in 1882, or in the volumi- nous work of M. Littrd, the last recognised exponent of the French language. Professor Barr^re, however, has goinfre — slang of thieves — from a pie- eater, * ' an allusion to his open- ing his mouth like a glutton," which may possibly be the word which Jamieson adopts as goimfre. But neither goinfre nor goimfre throws any light upon gump or the closely-related words that spring out of it, unless it be in support of the Gaelic derivation from geum, to low or bellow, and consequently to open the mouth widely. Gumption, wit, sense, knowledge. This word is akin to the Gaelic cuimse (cumshe), moderation, ad- aptation, and cuimsiehte, well- aimed, that hits the mark. Nor a' the quacks with all their gumption Will ever mend her. — Burns : Letter to John Goudie. Gurl, to growl ; gurly, boister- ous, stormy, savage, growly ; from the German and Flemish grollen, the English growl, to express displeasure or anger by murmurs, and low, inarticulate sounds. The lift grew dark and the wind blew sair, And gurly grew the sea. — Sir Patrick Spens. Waesome wailed the snow-white sprites, Upon the gurly sea. — Laidlaw : The Demon Lover. There's a strong gurly blast blawing snell frae the south. — James Ballan- TINE : The Spunk Splitters. Gurr, to snarl, to growl like an angry dog ; gurrie, a loud and angry disputation, and 8o Gurthie — Gyte, also the growling, yelping, and barking of dogs in a fight. Allied in meaning and deriva- tion, though spelled with % in- stead of u, are girnie, peevish; girnigoe and gimigoe-gibhie, a snarling and ill-natured person ; and girnin' gyte, a fractious child. Gurthie, corpulent, obese, large round the waist or girth. Applied especially to what burdens the stomach. Roquefort renders it pesant, ponderous, burdensome. — Jamieson. Gutcher, a grandfather. This un- gainly word seems to be a cor- ruption of gude-sire, gnde-sir, gudsir, or good sir, a title of reverence for a grandfather. God bless auld lang syne, when our gutchers ate their trenchers. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. This was a reproach directed against over-dainty people who objected to their food. Gae 'wa wi' your plaidie, auld Donald, gae 'wa; I fear na the cauld blast, the drift, nor the sna', Gae 'wa wi' your plaidie — I'll no sit be- side ye ; Ye might be my gutcher 1 auld Donald, gae 'wa ! — Hector Macneil : Cotne under jny Plaidie. The derivation from good-sire is rendered the more probable by the common use of the word good in Scotland to express de- grees of relationship, as good- mother, a mother-in-law ; good- brother, a brother-in-law ; good- sister, a sister-in-law ; good-son, a son-in-law, &c., as also in the familiarly affectionate phrases of good-wite for wife, and good- man for husband. The French use beau or belle in a similar sense, as fteaw-pere, a father-in- law ; belle-Glle, a daughter-in- law ; belle-mhTe, a mother-in- law. Possibly the English words ^rorf-father and ^'od-mother, ap- plied to the sponsors at the baptism of a child, were ori- ginally good, and not god. Gyre-carline. This is in some parts of Scotland the name given to a woman suspected of witch- craft, and is from gyre, the Teutonic geier, a vulture, and carline, an old woman. The harpies in Grecian mythology are represented as having the beaks and claws of vultures, and are fabled to devour the bodies of warriors left unburied on the battle-field. The name of " Harpy," given in the ancient mythology to these supposed malevolent creatures, has been conclusively shown to be de- rived from the Gaelic, and to be traceable to ar, a battle- field, and pighe (pronounced pee), a bird, whence ar pighe, a harpy, the bird of the battlefield, the great carrion hawk or vulture. I wad like ill to see a secret house haunted wi' ghaists and gyre-carlines. — Scott : The Monastery. Gyte, deranged, mad; from the Flemish guit, mischievous, roguish ; guitenstuJc, a piece of mischief. Surprised at once out of decorum, philo- sophy, and phlegm, he skimmed his cocked- hat in the air. " Lord sake," said Edie, " he's gaun ^/^."— ScoTT : The Anti- quary. Hadden — Haggis. 8l Hadden and dung:, a phrase that signifies *' held down and beaten," i.e., held in bondage and ill-used ; from hadden, pre- terite of hold, and dung, the preterite of ding, to beat or strike. (5'ceDiNG.) Haddin, furniture, plenishment, household stujff. Oh, Sandie has owsen an' siller an' kye, A house an' a haddin, an' a' things forbye ; But I'd rather ha'e Jamie wi 's bonnet in hand. Than I wad ha'e Sandie wi' houses an' land. — Logie o' Buchan. Haet, a whit, an iota ; deH a haet, the devil a bit. But gentlemen, an' ladies warst, Wi' evendoun want o' wark are curst ; They loiter, lounging, lank and lazy, Hhou^ de'il haet ails them, yet uneasy. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. In Bartlett's "Dictionary of Americanisms" the word occurs as hate. I don't care a hate — I didn't eat a hate. HafTets or haffits, the long hair of men, also applied to the long hair of women when old, but never when they are young. Jamieson says that haffits means the cheeks, but as used by Burns in " The Cotter's Saturday Night " it clearly signi- fies the front hair on the vene- rable cotter—" His lyart haffits wearin' thin an' bare." His lyart (grey) haffits are evidently not meant for grey cheeks, and cheeks, though they may grow thin, do not necessarily grow hare. The etymology of haffits as long hair is unknown; but supposing it to be cheeks, Jamie- son derives it from the Anglo- Saxon healf heafod, half head, a semi-cranium. His lyart haffits wearin' thin an' bare. —Burns : Cotters Saturday Night. Lyart signifies grey, from the Gaelic liath, grey, and liathach, grey-headed. Hafflins, almost or nearly one- half, formed from half and tins, pertaining to or approaching to- wards half, as in aiblins (which see). While Jeanie hajfflins is afraid to speak, Weel pleased the mother hears he's nae wild worthless rake. —Burns : Cotters Saturday Night. When it's cardit, row'd and spun, Then the work is hafflins done. —Tea-Table Miscellany : Tarry Woo. Haggis, the national dish -par excellence of Scotland, which shares with cock-a-leekie and hotch-potch the particular fa- vour of Scotsmen all over the world. Sir Walter Scott de- scribes it in the introduction to "Johnnie Armstrong," in the "Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border," as "an olio composed of the liver, head, &c., of a sheep, minced down with oat- 82 Haimert — Hain. meal, onions, and spices, and boiled in the stomach of the animal by way of bag." In Tim Bobbin's Glossary hag and haggus are defined as meaning the helly. Fair fa' your honest, sonsie face, Great chieftain o' the puddin' race ; Aboon them a' you tak' your place, Painch, tripe, or thairm ; Weel are ye worthy o' a grace As lang's my arm. — Burns : To a Haggis. Even a haggis, God bless her ! could charge down the hill. — Scott : Rob Roy. An illustrious American, travelling in Scotland, was entertained at a public dinner, when towards the end of the repast a very large haggis was brought in on a gigantic dish, carried by four waiters, to the tune of "See the Conquering Hero Comes," played by the band. He was very much amused at the incident, and having heard much of the national dish, but never having tasted it, was easily induced to partake of it. He did not appear to ike its flavour very much, and being asked his opinion of it, replied that "the haggis must have been invented to give Scotsmen an excuse for a dram of whisky after it, to take the taste out of the mouth," adding, " But if I were a Scotsman, I should make it a patriotic duty to love it, with or with- out the dram — but especially with it ! " — C. M. The word, formerly spelled haggass, is usually derived from the French hachis, a hash of viands cut into small pieces, from hacher, to mince, the Eng- lish hack, to cut. The dish is quite unknown to the French, though the etymology is pos- sibly correct. The allusion of Burns to the "sonsie face" of the pudding which he praised so highly, renders it possible that he knew the Gaelic words aogas, a face, and aogasach, seemly, comely, sonsie. Any- how, the coincidence is curious. Haimert, homely, homerlike, or tending homewards, of which latter word it is a variety or corruption. Quoth John, They're late ; but, by jingo, Ye'se get the rest in haimert lingo. — George Beattie : John o' AmhcC. Haiti, to preserve, to economise, so as to prevent waste and ex- travagance ; to protect with a hedge or fence ; to spare for future use. Uain seems to be derived from the German ha- gen, to enclose with a hedge or fence; the Danish hegne, with the same meaning ; and the Dutch and Flemish heenen; omheenen, to fence around, and onheining, an enclosure. From the practical idea of enclosing anything to protect it came the metaphorical use of this word in Scotland, in the sense of preservation of a thing by means of care, economy, and frugality. The weel-hained kebbock (cheese). — Burns : Cotters Saturday Night. Wha waste your v/ee\-hained gear on damned new brigs and harbours. — Burns : The Brigs of Ayr. Kail hains bread. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. We've won to crazy years thegither, We'll toyte about wi' ane anither ; Wi* tentie care 111 flit thy tether To some haind rig. — Burns; The Auld Farmer. Hain, to preserve, does not seem to me J Haiver — Hams. 83 to be a correct synonym ; the word rather means to use economically. " Her weel- hain'd kebbuck " does not mean that the cheese had been preserved from danger, from mites, or the cheese-fly and maggots, but that it had not been used wastefuUy ; haining clothes, means a second goodish suit to save your best one. The English expression "eke it out" comes very near the meaning of hain. In Fifeshire the word used instead of hain is tape — tape it, make it last a good while, don't gobble up a nice thing all at once ; in fact, hain it.— R. Drennan. Haiver, to talk in a desultory manner, foolishly, or idly, to drivel. Wi' clavers and haivers Wearin' the day awa'. —Burns. flaiver or haver seems to be a corruption of the Gaelic dbair, to talk, to say. Hale-scart, without scratch or damage ; from scart, to scratch, and hale, well or intact. Hale-scart frae the wars without skaith- ing, Gaed bannin' the French awa' hame. — Andrew Scott : Sytnon and Janet. Hallan-shaker, a sturdy, impor- tunate beggar. Jamieson de- rives the word from haUan, a partition in a cottage between the "but" and the "ben;" and shaker, one who shakes the hallan by the noise he makes. If he had sought in the Gaelic, he might have found a better derivation in alia, allan, allanta, wild, ferocious, savage ; and seachran (the Irish shaughraun), a vagrant, a wanderer, a beggar. Right scornfully she answered him, Begone, you hallan-shaker I Jog on your gate, you bladderskate. My name is Maggie Lauder. — Francis Semple. Hantle, a good deal, a quantity ; from the Flemish hand, a hand, and tel, to count or number ; a quantity that may be reckoned by the handful. A Scottish clergyman related as his ex- perience after killing his first pig, that " nae doot there was a hantle o' miscel- laneous eating about a swine." — Dean Ramsay. Some hae a hantle o" fauts ; ye are only a ne'er-do-weel.— Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Are we better now than before? In a few things better; in a hantle waur. — Nodes Ambrosiame. Hap, to cover, to wrap up. I digged a grave and laid him in. And happ'd him wi' the sod sae green. — Lament of the Border Widow. Hap and rowe, hap and rowe the feetie o't, It is a wee bit ourie thing, I downa bide the greetie o't. — Chambers's Scottish Songs. Happer, thin, lank, shrunken ; haip-per-Yv^^^^, having thin lips ; Aajjper-hipped, having small or shrunken hips. An' there'll be ^a://^r-hipped Nannie, An' fairy-faced Flora by name ; Muck Maudie, and fat-luggit Girzie, The lass wi' the gowden wame. — The Blithesome Bridal. Harns, brains ; from the German him or gehirn, the brain ; hirn- schale, the brain-pan; Dutch and Flemish, her sens. A wheen midden-cocks pike ilk others' hams out (a lot of dunghill cocks pick each others' brains out).— Scott : Rob Roy. H Hatter — Havins. Lastly, Bailie, because if I saw a sign o' your betraying me, I would plaster that wa' wi' your harns, ere the hand o' man could rescue ye. — Scott : Rob Roy. Hatter (sometimes written hotter) signifies, according to Jamieson, to bubble, to boil up and also a crowd in motion or in confusion. The English slang expression " Mad as a hatter " does not apply — though commonly sup- posed to do so — to a hat-maker, any more than it does to a tailor or a shoemaker. It seems to have been borrowed by the Low- land Scotch from the Gaelic at, to swell like boiling water, and ataircachd, the swelling and foaming of waters as in a cataract, and, by extension of the image, to the tumul- tuous action of a noisy crowd. In Tim Bobbin's Lancashire Glossary hotter signifies to vex, and hottering, mad, very mad, very vexed. Haugh, low ground or meadows by the river-side ; from the Gaelic ac, ach, and auch ; the Teutonic aue, a meadow. Holm and hagg have the same mean- ing. The word acre is from the same etymological root. By Leader haughs and Yarrow. Let husky wheat the haughs adorn, And aits set up their awnie horn. — Burns : Scotch Drink. Haur, an easterly wind ; and hoar, frost produced by an easterly wind. The sleet and the ^«r— misty, easterly kaur. — Nodes Ambrosiana, . Hause-bane, the neck -bone ; from the Flemish and German hah, the neck. Ye shall sit on his white hatise-bane. And I'll pike out his bonny blue een ; Wi' ae lock o' his yellow hair We'll theek our nest when it grows bare. — The Tiva Corbies. To hauze or haU signifies to embrace, i.e., to put the arms round the neck. Haveril, a half-witted person, a silly talker ; from haiver, to talk nonsense ; the Gaelic abair, to talk. Poor haveril Will fell afF the drift. And wandered through the bow-kail, And pu'd, for want o' better shift, A runt was like a sow-tail. — Burns : Halloween. Havers, oats; haver-meal, oat- meal ; from the French avoine. Oh, where did ye get that haver-meal bannock ? Oh, silly auld body, dinna ye see ? I got it frae a sodger laddie Betwixt St. Johnstoun and Bonnie Dundee. — Herd's Collection : altered and amended by Burns. Havins, good manners and beha- viour, courteous and kindly de- meanour, personal accomplish- ments which one has; thence havings or acquirements. Awa, ye selfish warldly race, Wha think that havifis, sense, and grace. E'en love and friendship, should give place To catch-the-plack (the money) ; I dinna like to see your face Or hear you crack (talk). —Burns : Epistle to Lapraikt Hawkie — Heckle. 85 Hawkie, a pet name for a favourite cow or one who is a good milker. Dawtit twal-pint Hawkie s gaen As yell's the bull. — Burns : Address to the De'il. I'd rather sell my petticoat, Though it were made o' silk, Than sell my bonnie broun Hawkie., That gies the sup o' milk. —Chambers's Scottish Songs. ** Brown hawkie," says Jamie- son, "is a cant name for a barrel of ale" — i.e., the milk of drunkards' and topers. The word is traceable to the Gaelic adhach (pronounced awk or hawk), lucky, fortunate. Heartsome, cordial, hearty; full of heartiness. Farewell to Lochaber, fareweel to my Jean, Where heartsome wi' her I ha'e mony a day been. — Lochaber no More. Hech, an exclamation of surprise, of joy, or of pain; softened from the Gaelic oich. On the shore of Loch Ness, near the waterfall of Ahriadian, where the road is steep and difficult, the rock near the summit of the ascent has received from the shepherds and drovers the name of " Craig Oich," from their stopping to draw breath and exclaiming, ''Oich! oich!" (in the Lowland Scottish, hech). The English heigho is a kindred exclamation, and is possibly of the same etymology. Ilech-howe signifies heigh-ho 1 "In the auld hech-howe," i.e., as in the old heigho condition, a mode of com- plaining that one is in the cus- tomary state of ill-health. Hecht, to offer, to promise. This verb seems to have no present tense, no future, and no de- clensions or infiexions, and to be only used in the past, as : — Willie's rare, Willie's fair, And Willie's wondrous bonny, ] And Willie hecht to marry me, Gin e'er he married ony. — Tea-Table Miscellany. The miller he hecht her a heart leal and loving, The laird did address her wi' matter mair moving. — Burns : Meg d the Mill. He hecht me baith rings and mony braw things. And were na my heart light I wad die. — Lady Grizzel Baillie. 1 The word is of doubtful ety- mology : perhaps from the Teu- tonic echt, sincere, true, genuine — which a promise ought to be. Heckle, a sort of rough comb used by hemp and flax dressers. Metaphorically the word signi- fies to worry a person by cross - questioning or impertinence. To heckle a parliamentary can- didate at election time is a favourite amusement of voters, who think themselves much wiser than any candidate can possibly be ; and of insolent barristers in a court of law, who cross-examine a hostile witness with undue severity — an operation which is some- times called "badgering." There was a well - known butcher in Tiverton who always made it a point to hecMe the late Lord 86 Heership — Her nain sel\ Palmerston when he stood as candidate for that borough. Lord Palmerston bore the in- fliction with great good-humour, and always vanquished the im- pudent butcher in the wordy warfare. Adown my beard the slavers trickle, I throw the wee stools o'er the mickle, As round the fire the giglets keckle To see me loup ; While raving mad I wish a heckle Were in their doup ! — Burns : Address to the Toothache. He was a hedge unto his friends, A heckle to his foes, lads, And every one that did him wrang, He took him by the nose, lads. — Chambers's Scottish Ballads: Rob Roy. This was the son of the fam- ous Rob Roy, and was called Robin Og. Chambers translates Robin Og, " Robin the Little." Og, in Gaelic, signifies not little, but young. Heership, plunder ; from \eTry or harry, to rob, to pillage. But wi' some hope he travels on while he The way the heership had been driven could see. — Ross's Helenore. Heft, the haft or handle of a knife. The heft of a sword is called the hilt. To give a thing " heft and blade," is to give it wholly and without re- striction, " stock, lock, and barrel." A knife, a father's thrpat had mangled, ■ Whom his ain son o' life bereft — The grey hairs yet stuck to the heft; Wi' mair o' horrible and awfu'. Which e'en to name would be unlawfu'. — Burns : Tarn d Shanter. Hein-shinn'd, having large ankles. Ain or an, the augmentative prefix in Gaelic to nouns and adjectives, signifying size, or excess, is probably the root of hein in this word. She's bough-houghed and hein-shinn'd. — Burns. Her nain sel', " his own self," and "■ my own self." This phrase is supposed by the Lowland Scotch to be the usual mode of ex- pression employed by the High- landers, on account of the pau- city of pronouns in the Gaelic language. Oh, fie for shame, ye're three for ane, Her nain sefs won the day, man. — Battle of Killiecrankie. Mr. Robert Chambers, in a note on this passage, says: "T/te Highlanders have only one 'pro- noun, and as it happens to re- semble the English word her, it has caused the Lowlanders to have a general impression that they mistake the masculine for the feminine gender." Mr. Chambers, knowing nothing of Gaelic, was utterly wrong in this matter of the pronouns. The Gaelic has the same num- ber of personal pronouns as the English, namely — mi, I ; do, thou ; e, he ; i, she ; sinn^ we ; sihh, you or yours ; iad, they or theirs. They have also the pos- sessive pronouns— wo, mine; ar, ours ; hhur and ur, yours ; and all the rest of the series. It was doubtless the ur or the ar of the Gaelic which, by its re- Herryment — Hinnie. 87 semblance to ^er, suggested to Mr. Chambers the error into which he fell. Herryment, plague, devastation, ruin ; from Jierry or harry, to plunder and lay waste. The herryment and ruin of the country. — Burns : The Brigs of Ayr. Heuchs and haughs, bands, legs, or thigh. Heuchs is probably a corruption of hooks, as applied to the hands, or, as Shakespeare calls them, " pickers and stealers." Haughs is the Scottish form of the English hocks, the hind part of the knee. The kelpie grinned an eldrich laugh, And rubbed his hetichs upon his haughs. — George Beattie : John d Arnha. Hiddil, a hiding-place, the hole or refuge of a shy or wild animal The otter yap his prey let drap, And to his hiddil flew. — Water Kelpie : Border Minstrelsy. Hinnie or honey, a term of en- dearment among the Scottish Highlanders, and more particu- larly among the Irish. Oh, open the door, my hinnie, my heart, Oh, open the door, my ain true love. — Chambers's Scottish Songs : Legend 0/ the Padda. Honey, in the sense of hinnie, occurs in the nursery-rhymes of England : — There was a lady loved a swine ; " Honey I my dear," quoth she, " My darling pig, wilt thou be mine ? " *' Hoogh, hoogh 1 " grunted he. The word hinnie is supposed to be a corruption of honey, though honey in the English may be a corruption of hinnie. They both express the idea of fondness ; and those who be- lieve honey to be the correct term explain it by assuming that the beloved object is as " sweet as honey." But if this be really the fundamental idea, the Gaelic- speaking population of Ireland and the Highlands might be sup- posed to have used the native word mil, rather than the Teu- tonic honey or honig, which does not exist in their language. However this may be, it is at all events suggestive that the Gaelic ion signifies fitting ; and the compound ion-amhuil means like, equal, well-matched; and ion-mhuin, dear, beloved, kind, loving. The Irish Gaelic has ionadh (pronounced hinna), ad- miration, or an object of ad- miration ; whence ionadh-rhuigte^ adorable. The Scotch and old English marroiv is a term of endearment to a lover, and sig- nifies mate, one of a pair, as in the ballad : — Busk ye, busk ye ! my bonnie bride, Busk ye, busk ye ! my winsome marrow. — Hamilton of Bangour. In Scotland hinnie and joe (Jamieson) signify a lass and her lover who are very fond of each other. This phrase is equi- valent to the English "Darby and Joan," and describes a greatly-attached wedded pair. The opinions of philologists will doubtless differ between the Teutonic and the possible Gaelic 88 Hirple — Hodden- Grey. derivation of honey or hinnie ; but the fact that the Teutonic nations do not draw the similar expression of fondness, as ap- plied to a woman, from honey, is worthy of consideration in attempting to decide the doubt- ful point. Hirple, to limp, to run with a limping motion. The hares were hi-rplin doun the furs. —Burns: The Holy Fair. And when wi' age we're worn doun, An' hirpliti at the door. — The Boatie Rmvs. I'm a pair silly auld man, An' hirplin at the door. — Gin Kirk wad Let vie he. Hirsel, a flock, a multitude ; de- rived by Jamieson from the Teutonic heer, an army ; but more probably from the Gaelic earras, wealth (in flocks and herds), and earrasail, wealthy. Hirsel, among shepherds, means to arrange or dispose the sheep in separate flocks, and hirseling, the separating into flocks or herds ; sometimes written and pronounced hissel. Ac scabbed sheep will smit the hale hirsel. — AhLAti Ramsay's Scois Pro- verbs. "Jock, man," said he, " ye're just tell- ing a hirsel d e'endown [downright] lies." — Hogg : Brownie of Bodsbeck. The herds and hissels were alarmed. — Burns : Epistle to W. Simpson. Hirsel or hersel. The primary idea of this word is to remove the body, when in a sitting position, to another or conti- guous seat without absolutely rising. Jamieson suggests the derivation from the coarse word applied to the posteriors in all the Teutonic languages, includ- ing English. He is probably correct ; though, as a verb, aerselen, which he cites, is not to be found in the Swedish, Danish, Dutch, Flemish, or German dictionaries. An English gentleman once boasted to the Duchess of Gordon of his familiarity with the Scottish language. " Hirsel yont, my braw birkie," said she. To her great amusement, as well as triumph, he could not understand one word except "my." — Dean Ramsay. Hizzie, a lass, a huzzy ; a term of jocular endearment. Supposed to be a corruption of housewife. Buirdly chiels and clever hizzies Are bred in sic a way as this is. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. Hoast, a cough, or to cough. Jamie Fraser, a poor half-witted person, who was accustomed to make inconvenient or unseemly noises in the kirk, was one day cautioned not to make fidgety move- ments during divine service, under the penalty of being turned out. The poor creature sat quite still and silent, till in a very important part of the sermon he felt an irresistible inclination to cough. Un- able to restrain himself, he rose in his seat, and shouted out, " Minister, may not a pair body like me gie a hoast?" — Dean Ramsay. Hodden-grey. In the glossary to the first edition of Allan Kamsay's "Tea -Table Miscel- lany," 1724, ''hodden" is de- scribed as a coarse cloth. Hod- den appears to be a corruption of the Gaelic adhan, warm : so Hogmanay — Hoodock. 89 that hodden-grej would signify warm grey. It was usually home - made by the Scottish peasantry of the Lowlands, and formed the material of their working-day clothes. What though on homely fare we dine. Wear hodden-grey, and a' that ; Gi'e fools their silks an' knaves their wine, A man's a man for a' that. — Burns. If a man did his best to murder me, I should not rest comfortably until I knew that he was safe in a well-ventilated cell, with the hodden-grey garment of the gaol upon him. — Trial of Prince Pierre Bona- parte, Daily Telegraph, March 26, 1870. Hogmanay or Hogmenay. This is a peculiarly Scottish name for a festival by no means pe- culiar to Scotland — that of New Year's Day, or the last hours of the old year and the first of the new. On these occasions, before the world grew as prosaic as it is with regard to old customs and observances, the young men, and sometimes the old, paid visits of congratulation to the girls and women of their acquaintance, with words of goodwill or affection, and very commonly bore with them gifts of more or less value according to their means. It was a time of good-fellowship, conviviality, and kindly offices. Many at- tempts have been made to trace the word. Some have held it to be from the Greek hagia (ayta), holy, and ix.'f\v€, a month. But as the festival lasted for a few hours only, the etymology is unsatisfactory. Others have thought to find its source in the French gui, the mistletoe, and TJiener, to lead — au gui mener, to lead to the mistletoe ; and others, again, to the Gaelic oige, youth ; and madhuin, the morn- ing, because the celebration took place in the earliest hours of the daylight. It cannot be admitted that any one of these derivations is wholly satisfac- tory. Nobody has ever thought of looking to the Flemish — which has supplied so many words to the vocabulary of the Lowland Scotch— for a solu- tion of the difiiculty. In that language we find hoog, high or great ; min, love, affec- tion, and dag, a day — hoog-min- dag, the high or great day of affection. The transition from hoog-min-dag to hog-man-ay, with the corruption of dag into ay, is easily accomplished. This etymology is offered with diffi- dence, not with dogmatic asser- tion, and solely with this plea on its behalf — that it meets the meaning better perhaps than any other, or, if not better, at least as well as the Greek, French, or Gaelic. Holme, holm, sometimes written houm, a meadow. Doun in a glen he spied nine armed men, On the dowie holms o' Yarrow. — Border Minstrelsy : The Dowie Dens d Yarrow. Hoodock, the hooded owl. The harpy, hoodock, purse-proud race Wha count a' poortith as disgrace. They've tuneless hearts. —Burns : Epistle to Major Logan. 90 Hool — Hoolie. The glossaries to Burns ex- plain this word as meaning "miserly," which is a mere con- jecture from the context, to fit it into " purse-proud; " whereas it is but a continuation of the ornithological idea of harpy, a vulture. The origin is the French due, an owl, of which in that language there are three varieties — grand diic, or great owl ; petit due, or little owl ; and haut due, large, great owl. Possibly, however, the first syllable in Aoorfock is the Eng- lish hood. The idea in Burns is that of a greedy bird or harpy. Jamieson has '' hoodit craw " for carrion crow ; and hoody, the hooded crow. HooI, the husk of grain, the in- tegument, the case or covering. Ilk kind o' corn has its ain hool; I think the world is a' gane wrang When ilka wife her man wad rule. — Tak' your A uld Cloak about ye. Poor Leezie's heart maist lap the hool, Near laverock height she loupit. — Burns : Halloween. In Dutch, tivlU, cover, in- tegument, veil ; Swedish, holja, cover, envelope, case, or hull; whence also the English liolster, the case of a pistol ; and uphol- ster, to make cases or coverings for furniture, and upholsterer, one who upholsters. The unneces- sary and corrupt prefix of up to this word has led philologists to derive it erroneously from uphold. The English hoils, applied to the beard and husks of barley, and hull, a husk or shell of peas and beans, seems to be from the same source as the Scottish hool, and in like manner the hull or outer case of a ship. Sad was the chase that they ha'e gi'en to me, My heart's near out o* hoolhy getting free. —Ross's Helenore. Hoolie or hooly. This word is commonly used in conjunction with " fairly," as in the phrase ''hooly and fairly." Jamieson renders it " slowly and cau- tiously." It is derived from the Gaelic uigheil, ui-eil, heed- ful, cautious. The glossaries to Burns render it " stop 1 " There is an old Scottish song — " Oh, that my wife would drink hooly and fairly." In the glossary to Mr. Alexander Smith's edi- tion of Bums, where "stop" would not convey the meaning, the explanation that the word means " stop " is a mere guess from the context, which proves that the editor did not really understand th^ word. Still the mair I'm that way bent, Something cries " Hoolie I " I rede you, honest man, tak' tent. You'll show your folly. — Burns : Epistle to James Smith. Sin' every pastime is a pleasure, I counsel you to sport with measure ; And, namely now, May, June, and July, Delight not long in Lorea's leisure, But weit your lipps and labour hooly. —On May : Alex. Scott in the Evergreen, Oh, hooly, hooly, rose she up To the place where he was lyin', Hootie — Horn-mad. 91 And when she drew the curtain bye — " Young man, I think ye're dyin'." — Ballad of Barbara Allan. Hooly and fair gangs far in a day. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. In the North of England hooly means tenderly, gently. — Halliwell. Hootie, a ludicrous but expres- sive word, applied to a man like Pococurante in Voltaire's romance, who impresses the ingenuous Candide with an idea of the immensity of his wisdom, because nothing could please him. The word is de- rivable from lioot ! or liooU ! an interjection expressive of con- tempt, or of more or less angry dissent. Hoot! toot I is an in- tensification of the same idea. The English have pshaw / pish / and tut ! The word in the form of ut ! ut ! is very common among Highlanders. Horn. Drinking vessels, before glass was much used for the purpose, were made of horn, and are still to be found both among the poor and the rich. " To take a horn " ultimately came to signify to take a drink — just as the modern phrase, ** Take a glass," does not mean to take the glass itself, but the liquor contained in it. {See Grog, ante.) By the gods of the ancients ! Glenriddel replies, Before I surrender so glorious a prize, I'll conjure the ghost of the great Rorie More, And bumper his horn with him twenty times o'er. — Burns : The Whistle. Horn-dry, according to Jamieson, means " dry as a horn ; eager for drink ; an expression fre- quently used by reapers when exhausted by the labours of the harvest." But the obvious ety- mology — viewed in the light of the other words that have been cited — is not dry as a horn, but dry for want of a hoi^ of liquor. (For further reference to horn as signifying a drink, see Grog, ante.) To take a croc, or grog (the same as to take a horn or a glass), meant simply to take a drink. The French have eric and croc for a glass of spirits, as in the chorus of the old song : — Cric, croc ! a ta sante ! Horn-mad is defined in the Dic- tionary of Lowland Scotch (1 81 8) as signifying quite mad; though the compiler did not seem to be aware that the mad- ness was that which came from • intoxication or the too frequent emptying of the horn. Horn- daft is of similar meaning and origin, though expressive of a minor degree of intoxication. Jamieson renders it *' outrage- ous," and imagines it may be an allusion to an animal that pushes with its horns. Horn- idle is defined by Jamieson to mean " having nothing to do, completely unemployed." He derives the first syllable from the Saxon, and the second from the Gaelic. Horn is certainly Teutonic or Flemish, but idle is as certainly not Gaelic. The allu- sion in this case is obviously to 92 Hornie — Houghmagandie. the sloth or drowsiness that in lethargic persons often results from intoxication. Hornie is a word used in Ayr- shire, according to Jamieson, to signify amorous, lecherous, libidinous. Still, with the notion in his head that horn is to be taken literally, and not metaphorically, he suggests that a hornie person is one who is apt to reduce an- other to the state of cuckoldom, or a cornutus ; and to confer upon him the imaginary horns that are supposed to grace the forehead of those ill-used and unfortunate persons. It is evi- dent, however, that hornie meant nothing more than intoxicated to such an extent as to excite the intoxicated person to take improper liberties with women. Burns employs the word as one of the names popularly and jocularly bestowed upon the devil. Host, to cough with effort or diffi- culty. The colloquial phrase, *' It didna cost him a hoast to do it," signifies that the thing was done easily and without effort. From the German husten, the Flemish hosten, to cough. {See Hoast, ante. ) Joyless Eild (old age), Wi' wrinkled face, Comes hosiin', hirplin' ow'r the field Wi' creepin' pace. — Burns ; Epistle to James Smith. Houghmagandie, child-bearing ; wrongly supposed to mean the illicit intercourse of the sexes. This word has not been found in any author before Burns, and is considered by some to have been coined by that poet. But this is not likely. It is usually translated by " fornication." No etymology of the word has hitherto been suggested. Never- theless, its component parts seem to exist in the Flemish. In that language hoog signifies high or great, and maag, the stomach or belly ; maagen, bellies ; and je, a diminutive particle commonly added to Flemish and Dutch words, and equivalent to the Scottish ie in bairnie, wijie, laddie, lassie, &c. These words would form hoog-maagan-je — a very near approach to the hough- magandie of Burns. If this be the derivation, it would make better sense of the passage in which it occurs than that usually attributed to it. The context shows that it is not fornication which is meant — for that has already been com- mitted — but the possible result of the sin which may appear *' some other day," in the en- larged circumference of the female sinner. There's some are fu' o' love divine, And some are fu' o' brandy ; And mony a job that day begun May end in houghmagandie Some other day. —Burns : The Holy Fair. Ayrshire and Dumfriesshire retained for a longer time than the eastern counties of Scot- land the words and phrases of the Gaelic language, though often greatly corrupted ; and in Howdie. 93 ■ the poems and songs of Bums words from the Gaelic are of frequent occurrence. It is not likely that Bums ever took it upon himself to invent a word ; and if he did, it is even more than unlikely that it should find acceptance. Whatever it may mean, houghmagandie does not mean fornication, for the whole spirit and contents of the ''Holy Fair" show that fornication is what he stigma- tises as the practice of the gatherings which he satirises ; and that which he calls hough- magandie is, or is likely to be, the future result of the too promiscuous intercourse of the sexes, against which he jocosely declaims. The Gaelic og and macan, a little son, may possibly afford a clue to the word ; but this is a suggestion merely. I don't remember to have met with this word anywhere except in the "Holy Fair." It may have been a word in use in Burns's day, or it may have been a coinage of Bums, that would readily convey to the minds of his readers what he meant. It may have conveyed the idea of a " dyke- louper " appearing before the Session, the "snoovin* awa afore the Session" for a fault, the doing penance for "jobbing." Gangdays were the three days In Rogation week, on which priest and parishioners were accustomed to walk in procession about the parish ; a remnant of the custom is still to be seen in London in the peram- bulations of boys about the bounds of the parish. Gandie would not be a very violent alteration oi gandeye, the more especially that the spelling of Scotch words partook a good deal of the phonetic, and gangday was very probably pronounced gandie. Now, we know as a fact that, in the lapse of time, many of the ceremonies of the Church became corrupted from their origi- nal intention, and processions became in time a sort of penance for faults, and in this way it is just possible that gandie came itself to mean a penance, and hough- magandie conveyed the idea of doing penance for some wrong action that the hough or leg had something to do with. — R. Drennan. Howdie or howdie-wife, a mid- wife, an accoucheuse. This word is preferable to the Eng- lish and the foreign term borrowed from the French. Howdie-fee, the payment given to a midwife. When skirlin' weanies see the light. Thou makes the gossips clatter bright, How funkin' cuifs their dearies slight — Wae worth the name ! Nae howdie gets a social night Or plack frae them. — Burns : Scotch Drink. No satisfactory clue to the etymology of this word has been made known. In Gaelic the midwife is called the "knee- woman," heart gloinne ; in French, the sage femme, or wise woman ; in Teutonic, the weh mutter ; in Spanish, partera, and in Italian, comare, the latter word signify- ing the French comm^re — the old English and Scotch cummer — or gossip. Possibly the true origin of the Scottish word is to be found in houd or haud, to hold, to sustain ; and the mid- wife was the holder, helper, sus- tainer, and comforter of the woman who suffered the pains of labour ; the sage femme of the French, who was wise and skilful enough to perform her delicate function. 94 Howff — Hunkers, HowfF, a favourite public-house, where friends and acquaint- ances were accustomed to re- sort ; from the Gaelic wawi A (■wa/), a cave. " Caves of harmony," as they were called, were formerly known in Paris, and one long existed in London under the name of the Coalhole. They were small places of convivial resort, which, in London, have grown into music-halls. Jamie- son traces liovaff to the Teutonic hof, a court-yard, and gast-hof, an inn or yard. It is possible that he is right, though it is equally possible that the German hof is but a form of the Gaelic uamh. This will be delivered to you* by a Mrs. Hyslop, landlady of the Globe Tavern here, which for many years has been my h(nvff, and where our friend Clarke and I have had many a merry squeeze.— Burns : Letter to George Thompson. Burns's ^^TTt^at Dumfries. — Chambers. Where was't that Robertson and you were used to howff thegither ? — Scott : Heart of Midlothian. Howk, formerly spelled hoik, to dig, to grub up, to root up, to form a hole in the ground. Whiles mice and moudieworts (moles) they howkit. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. And in kirkyards renew their leagues Owre howkit dead. — Burns : Address to the De'il. He has howkit a grave that was lang and was deep, And he has iDuried his sister wi' her baby at her feet. — Motherwell : The Broom Blooms Bonnie. Howk the tow out o' your lug an' hear till a sang. — Nodes Ambrosiance. How-towdies, barndoor fowls ; origin of the word unknown, though it has been suggested that it may be a corruption of the Gaelic eun-doide, a fowl to the hand, or a fowl ready to the hand if wanted. Hunting the fox prevents him from growing ower fat on how-towdies. — Noctes A tnbrosiancB. Hungers, stockings or hose with- out feet. But a' her skill lies in her buskin. And oh, if her braws were awa. She soon would wear out o' the fashion, And knit up her huggers wi' straw. — Woo'd and Married and a. Hummel-corn, mean, shabby, of small account ; a term applied to the lighter grain which falls from the rest when it is win- nowed. A lady returning from church ex- pressed her low opinion of the sermon she had heard by calling it a hummel-corn discourse. — Dean Ramsay. The derivation is unknown, though humble-corn has been suggested. Hummel-doddie, dowdy, ill-fit- ting, in bad taste. Whatna hummel-doddie o' a mutch [cap] hae ye gotten? — Dean Ramsay's Reminiscences. Humple, to walk lamely and painfully, to hobble. Then humpled he out in a hurry, While Janet his courage bewails. — Chambers's Scottish Songs. Hunkers, the loins ; to hunker dovm, to squat on the ground. Hurdles — Hynde. 95 The word seems to be allied to the English hunk^ a lump ; whence to squat down on the earth in a lumpish fashion. Wi' ghastly ee, poor Tweedle Dee Upon his hunkers bended, And prayed for grace wi' cuthless face To see the quarrel ended. —Burns : The Jolly Beggars. Hurdies, the hips, the 'podcx of the Komans, the 'pyge of the Greeks. From the Gaelic aird, a rounded muscle or swelling ; plural airde, also airdhe, a wave, or of a wavy form. His tail Hung o'er his hurdies wi' a swirl. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. Ye godly brethren o' the sacred gown, Wha meekly gie your hurdies to the smiters.— Burns : The Brigs of Ayr. Thir breeks o' mine, my only pair, That ance were plush, o' guid blue hair, I wad ha'e gi'en them aflf my hurdies^ \ For ae blink o' the bonnie burdies ! —Burns : Tarn O' Shunter. Pendable ? ye may say that ; his craig wad ken the weight of his hurdies if they could get baud o' Rob. — Scott : Rob Roy. The old French poet, Fran9ois Villon, when condemned to be hung, wrote a stanza in which the above idea of Sir Walter Scott occurs in language about as forcible and not a whit more elegant : — Je suis Frangais (dont ce me poise), N6 de Paris, empres Ponthoise, Or d'une corde d'une toise Sgaura mon col que mon cul poise. Burns also uses the word in the sense of *' rounded or swell- ing," without reference to any portion of the human frame, as in the following : — The groaning trencher there ye fill ; Your hurdies like a distant hill. — To a Haggis. Hurkle, to yield obedience or deference. Grant, an' Mackenzie, an' Murray, An' Cameron will hurkle to nane. Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd. Hurl, to wheel; hurl -harrow, wheel-barrow ; a corruption of whirl, to turn round ; hurlcy- hacJcet, a contemptuous name for an ill-hung carriage or other vehicle. It's kittle for the cheeks when the hurl- barrow gangs o'er the brig o* the nose. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. " I never thought to have entered ane o' these hurley-hackets," she said, as she seated herself, " and sic a thing as it is — scarce room for twa folk." — Scott : St. Ronan's JVell. Hynde, gentle, courteous. An illi- terate member of Parliament in the unruly session of 1887 ob- jected to the use of this word as applied to an agricultural labourer, believing that it signi- fied a deer or other quadruped, and never having suspected that it was a term of courtesy. The member himself, called honour- able by the courtesy of Parlia- ment, was ignorant of the fact that courtesy was extended even to farm-labourers by all gentle- men and men of good heart and good manners. §6 Hyte — Ingine. Then she is to yon hynde squire's yetts, And tirled at the pin, And wha sae busy as the hynde squire To let the lady in. — Bvchan's Ancigat Bal/ads : Hynd Horn. Hyte, joyous; excited unduly or overmuch. Ochone for poor Castalian drinkers ! The witchin', cursed, delicious blinkers Ha'e put me hyte. — Burns : Epistle to Major Logan. This word is derived from the Gaelic aite, joy, gladness, fun, and appears to be related to the English hoity-toity. ler-oe, agreat grandchild; errone- ously spelled jeroy in the new editions of Jamieson, and cited as a " Shetland word." May health and peace with mutual rays I Shine on the evening o' his days, Till his wee curlie John's ieroe, When ebbing life nae mair shall flow, The last sad mournful rites bestow. — Burns : A Dedication to Gavin Hamilton. The word is from the Gaelic oghe, a grandchild, and iar, after; whence an after grand- child, or great grandchild. Igo and ago, iram, coram, dago. The chorus of ancient Gaelic boat-songs, or Ramh-rans, intro- duced by Burns in his song, •' Ken ye aught o' Captain Grose?" The words resolve themselves into the Gaelic aighe, aghach, iorram, corruig- heartih dachaidh, which signify " Joyous and brave is the song of the boat that is rowing homewards." Ilka, each, as " ilka ane," each one ; Uk, that same. Uk is used for the designation of a person whose patronymic is the same as the name of his estate — such as Mackintosh of Mackintosh — i.e., Mackintosh of that Ilk. This Scottish word has crept into English, though with a strange perversion of its mean- ing, as in the following : — We know, however, that many bar- barians of their ilk, and even of later times, knowingly destroyed many a gold and silver vessel that fell into their hands. — vS"^. James s Gazette. Matilda lived in St. John's Villas, Twickenham ; Mr. Passmore in King Street of the same ilk. — Daily Telegraph. Ingine, genius, "the fire of genius" or "poetic fire," are common expressions. Burns, in an "Epistle to John Lapraik," whose poetry he greatly ad- mired, and thought equal to that of Alexander Pope or James Beattie, made inquiries concerning him, and was told that he was " an odd kind o' chiel about Muirkirk." Ingle, 97 An' sae about him there I spier't, Then a' that ken'd him round declar't He had ingine. That nane excelled it — few cam near't, It was sae fine. It would seem on first con- sideration that this peculiarly Scottish word was of the same Latin derivation as genius, in- genious, ingenuity, and the archaic English word cited in Halliwell, "ingene," which is translated " genius or wit." It is open to inquiry, however, whether the idea of fire does not underlie the word, and whether it is not in the form in which Burns employs it, traceable to the Gaelic am, an intransitive prefix or particle signifying great, very, or in- tense ; and teine^ fire. The late Samuel Rogers, author of the *' Pleasures of Memory," in a controversy with me on the character of Lord Byron, spoke very unfavourably of his poetical genius, which I praised and defended to the best of my ability. Mr. Rogers, how- ever, always returned to the attack with re- newed vigour. Driven at last to extremity, I thought to clench all argument by saying — "At least you will admit, Mr. Rogers, that there was Jire in Byron's poetry?" " Yes," he answered, '^^ hell-fire I" — C M. Ingle, the fire; ingle- side, the fireside, the hearth ; ingle-neuk, the chimney corner ; ingle-hred, home-bred, or bred at the domestic hearth ; inglin, fuel. Better a wee zn^^le to warm you, than a muckle fire to burn you.— Allan Ram- say's Scots Proverbs. His wee bit ingle blinkin' bonnille. — Burns. It's an auld story now, and everybody tells it, as we were doing, in thtir ain way by the ingle-side.— Scott : Guy Man- nering. The derivation of ingle, in the Scottish sense of the word, is either from the Gaelic aingeal, the Kymric engyl, heat, fire, or from ion, fit, becoming, com- fortable ; and cuil, a corner. That of the English ingle, mean- ing a favourite, a friend, or lover, is not easy to discover. The word occurs in a passage from an Elizabethan play, with a detestable title, quoted by Nares : — Call me your love, your ingle, your cousin, or so ; but sister at no hand. Also in Massinger's " City Madam" : — His quondam patrons, his dear ingils now. Ingle, from one signifying a lover in the legitimate use of that word, was corrupted into an epithet for the male lover of a male, in the most odious sense. In " Donne's Elegies," it is used as signifying amorous endearment of a child to its father : — Thy little brother, which like fairy spirits, Oft skipped into our chamber those sweet nights And kissed and ingled on thy father's knee. No satisfactory etymology for the English word has ever been suggested, and that from the Spanish yngle, the groin, which finds favour with Nares and other philologists, is manifestly inadmissible. It is possible, however, that the English ingle was originally the same as the Scottish, and that its first G 98 Inttll — / Wish Ye were in Heckie-burnie. meaning as "love" was derived from the idea still current, that calls a beloved object a flame. Hotten's Slang Dictionary has *'flame, a sweetheart." Ingle was sometimes written enghle, which latter word, according to Mr. Halliwell, signifies, as used by Ben Jonson, a gull — also, to coax or to wheedle. Intill, into ; till, to. What's in- tiWt .? What's in it ? An English traveller, staying at a great hotel in Edinburgh, was much pleased with the excellence of the hotch-potch at dinner, and asked the head-waiter how it was made, and of what it was made? The waiter replied that there were peas intiirt, and beans intilCt, and onions intill't. " But what's intiU't ? " asked the Englishman. " I'm just tellin' you that there's beans intilTt, and peas intiirt, and neeps intiirt, and carrots intilft " " Yes ! yes ! I know — beans, peas, onions, turnips, and carrots," said the Englishman ; " but what's intiirt ? Is it salt, pepper, or what? Please tell me what's intill't ? " "Eh, man!" replied the impatient waiter, "ye maun be unco' slow o' com- prehension. I was tellin' ye owre and owre again that there are beans intiirt, and peas intiltt " "And tult! What the devil is tult, or intiirt, or whatever the name is? Can you not give a plain answer to a plain question? Does tult mean barley, or mutton, or mustard, or some nameless in- gredient that is a trade secret, or that you are afraid to mention ? " " Oh, man ! " said the waiter, with a groan, " if I had your head in my keeping, I'd gie it sic a thumpin' as wad put some smeddum intiltt." Tradition records that the Englishman has never yet ascertained what intiltt means, but wanders through Scotland vainly seeking enlightenment. — Knife and Fork, edited by B^anchard Jerrold. I wish ye were in Heckie-burnie. "This," says Jamieson, "is a strange form of imprecation. The only account given of this place is that it is three miles beyond lieU. In Aberdeen, if one says, ' go to the devil ! ' the other often replies, ' go you to Heckie-hiimie ! ^' No etymo- logy is given. Possibly it originated in the pulpit, when some Gaelic preacher had taken the story of Dives and Lazarus for his text ; and the rich Dives, amid his torments in hell, asked in vain for a drop of water to cool his parched tongue. The intolerable thirst was his greatest punishment ; and in Gaelic Aicheadh is refusal, and buirne, water from the burn or stream, whence the phrase would signify the refusal or denial of water. This is oilered as a suggestion only, to account for an expression that has been hitherto given up as in- explicable. Jamph — Jimp. ^ or THE X UNIVERSITY j 99 A\ f Jamph, to trudge, to plod, to make way laboriously, to grow weary with toil; also, to en- deavour to take liberties with an unwilling or angry woman ; to pursue her under difficulty and obstruction. " Oh bonnie lass ! " says he, " ye'U gie's a kiss, And I shall set you right on, hit or miss." "A hit or miss, I want na help of you, — Kiss ye sklate stanes, they winna wat your mou." And off she goes ; — the fellow loot a rin, As gin he ween'd with speed to tak her in ; But as luck was, a knibbloch took his tae. And o'er fa's he, and tumbles down the brae ; His neebor leugh, and said it was well wair'd — " Let never j'am^kers yet be better sair'd." — Ross's Helenore. The etymology of jamph — whether it means to plod or flirt, or both — is obscure. It is possibly, but not certainly, from the Gaelic deanamh {de pro- nounced as je), doing, acting, performing. Jamieson thinks that, in the sense of flirting, it may come from the Teutonic schimpfen, to mock ; and in the sense of plod or trudge, from schampfen, to slip aside. Jauner, idle talk ; to wander list- lessly about without any par- ticular object. Oh, baud your tongue now, Luckie Laing, Oh, baud your tongue and jauner. — Burns : The Lass of Ecclefechan. We'se had a good jauner this forenoon. — Jamieson. In the sense of wandering idly, this word seems to be but a variety or corruption of dauner. Jawp, to bespatter with mud or water. To ''jatop the water" is a metaphor for spending time in any negotiation or transac- tion without coming to a definite conclusion, " I'U no jau-p water wi' ye" — "I'll not enter into further discussions or wrangles with you." "To jatop waters with one," to play fast and loose, to strive to be off a bargain once made. Then down ye'll hurl, deil nor ye never rise, And dash the gumly j'awps up to the skies. — Burns : TAe Brigs of Ayr. Jawthers, quasi synonymous with the English slang " to jaw," to dispute or argue abu- sively, as in the phrase " let me have none of your yaw." Jaw- thers, idle wranglings, and also any frivolous discourse. Jee, to move. This word survives in English as a command to a horse, in the phrase jee-up and jee-ico. I am sick an' very love sick, Ae foot I cannay^^. — Buchan's Ancient Ballads. Jimp, slender in the waist. She is as jimp i the middle sae fou* As is a willow wand. — The Laird d Warriston. 100 Jink — Jock. Jink, to play, to sport, to dodge in and out, from whence the phrase "high- jinks," sometimes . used in England to describe the . merriment and sport of servants in the kitchen when their mas- ters and mistresses are out ; a quick or sudden movement ; also to escape, to trick, " to gie the jink" to give the slip, to elude. And now, auld Cloots, I ken ye're thinkin' A certain bardie, rantin', drinkin', Some luckless hour will send him linkin' To your black pit ; But faith hell turn a comex Jinkin , And cheat ye yet ! — Burns : Address to the Deil. \ Lang may your elbucky/«/t and diddle. — Burns : Second Epistle to Davie. Oh, thou, my muse ! guid auld Scotch drink. Whether through wimplin' worms thou jink. Or, richly brown, ream o'er the brink In glorious faem. —Burns : Scotch Drink. Jamieson derives the word from the Swedish dwink-a, and the German schwinken, to move quickly, but no such word ap- pears in the German diction- aries, and the etymology is otherwise unsatisfactory. The Gaelic dian (pronounced jian) and dianach signifies brisk, nimble, which is probably the root of jink as used by Burns. Jirble, jirgle. Both of these words signify to spill any liquid by making it move from side to side in the vessel that contains it ; to empty any liquid from one vessel to another ; also, the small quantity left in a glass or tea -cup. The waur for themselves and for the country baith, St. Ronan's ; it's the junket- ing and Xhejirbling in tea and sic trumpery that brings our nobles to ninepence, and mony a het ha' house to a hired lodging in the Abbey.— Scott : St. Ronan's Well. Jock in Scottish, and in English Jack, are used as familiar sub- stitutes for the Christian name John, and are supposed to be de- rived from the French Jacques. This word, however, means James, and not John. The use of the prefixes Jack and Jock in many English and Scottish compounds that have no obvious reference to the Christian names either of James or John, sug- gests that there may possibly be a different origin for the word. Among others that may be cited, are Jack-i&r, Jack- priest, /acA;-of-all-trades, and such implements in common use as hoot-jack, roasting-^'ac/t, yac^-knife, the jacks or hammers of a pianoforte, the jack or clapper of a bell, jcuik-hoois, jack-chaAn, the Union-^acA; or flag, jack-stdiS., jack-tovroi, jack- block, and many others which are duly set forth in the dic- tionaries, without suggestion of any other etymology than that from John. Shakspeare in his sonnets uses the word jack for the hammers of the virginal, and in Richard II. employs it to signify a working-man : — Since t.vt.ry jack became a gentleman. There's many a gentle person made z.jack. Jock. lOI Besides the Scottish term of familiarity or affection for a man, the word Jock occurs in two singular words cited by Jamieson — Jock-te-leer, which he says is a cant term for a pocket almanack, "derived from Jock the liar," from the loose or false predictions with regard to the weather which are contained in such publications ; and Jock-te- leg, a folding or clasp-knife. It is diflacult to connect either the Scottish Jock or the English Jack in these words with the name of John, unless upon the supposition that John and Jack are synonymous with man, and that the terms are transferable to any and every implement that aids or serves the purpose of a man's work. Is it not pos- sible that Jock and Jack are mere varieties of the Gaelic dcagh (the de pronounced as j), which signifies good, excellent, useful, befitting ? or the Kymric iach, whole, useful ? and deach, a movement for a purpose ? This derivation would meet the sense of all the compound words and phrases in which jock and jack enter, other than those in which it indubitably signifies a Christian name. The word jocteleer — an alman- ack, in Jamieson— tried by this test, would signify, good to examine, to learn ; from deayh, good, and leir, perception. In like manner, the English words and phrases, /acA:-tar, /acA;-priest, /oc^-of -all-trades, might signify good, able-bodied sailor, good priest, and good at all trades. Even jockey, a good rider, may be derivable from the same source. Thus, too, in Shakspeare's phrase, Jack may signify, not a John, as a generic name, but deagk {jeack), as applied in the com- mon phrase " my good man," and in French bon homme — epithets which, although in one sense respectful, are only employed by superiors to infe- riors, and infer somewhat of social depreciation. In reference to Jocteleg or Jocktelag, it should be men- tioned that Burns spells the word in the first manner, and Allan Ramsay in the second. Jamieson says that there was once a famous cutler of Liege, in Belgium, named Jacques, and that his cutlery being in repute, any article of his make was called a Jacques de Liege. As no mention of this man or his business has been found any- where except in the pages of Jamieson, it has been suspected that the name was evolved from the imagination of that philo- logist. Whether that be so or not, it is curious that the Gaelic dioghail signifies to avenge, and dioghail taiche (pronounced jog- al taiche), an avenger. In early times it was customary to be- stow names of affection upon swords, such as Excalibur, the sword of King Arthur, Duran- darte, and many others, the swords of renowned knights of romance and chivalry ; and if 102 Joe — -Jowler, upon swords, probably upon daggers and knives ; and no epi- thet in a barbarous age — when every man had to depend upon his own prowess for self-defence or revenge for injuries — could be more appropriate for a strong knife than the " avenger." Joe or Jo, a lover, a friend, a dear companion; derived not from Joseph, as has been asserted, nor from the French ^'oie or English joy, as Jamieson sup- poses, but more probably from the Gaelic deo (the d pronounced as 3), the soul, the vital spark, the life ; Greek ^CyT\. John Anderson my Jo, John. — Burns. Kind sir, for your courtesy, As ye gae by the Bass, then, For the love ye bear to me. Buy me a keeking-glass, then. Keek into the clear draw-well, Janet, Janet, There ye'll see your bonnie sel', My Jo, Janet. — Old Song: retnodelled by "BxiRiiS. J Oram, a boat song ; a rowing song, in which the singers keep time with their voices to the motion of the oars ; from the modern Gaelic iorram. This word is often erroneously used in the phrase "push about the jorum,'" as if jorum signified a bowl of liquor which had to be passed round the table. An in- stance of this mistake occurs in Burns : — And here's to them that, like oursel', Can push about the. Jorujn ; And here's to them that wish us weel — May a' that s guid watch o'er 'em. —Oh May, thy Mom. The ancient and correct Gaelic for a boat song is oran iomraidh or iomramh ; from oran, a song ; torn, many, and ramh, an oar, of which iorram, or the song of many oars, is a corruption. The con- nection between iorram, a boat song, siud jorum, a drinking ves- sel, is probably due to the cir- cumstance that the chorus of the boat song was often sung by the guests at a convivial party, when the bottle or bowl was put in circulation. Jouk, to stoop down ; in the Eng- lish vernacular to duck the head, or duck down; also to evade a question. Jouker, a dissembler, a deceiver. Neath the brae the hurnie Jouks. — Tannahill : Gloomy Winter. Jouk and let the jaw go by {ProzierU) — i.e., evade replying to intemperate or abusive language. Jow, the swing or boom of a large bell. Now Clinkumbell Began to Jow. — Burns : The Holy Fair, And every JoTV the kirk bell gied. Buchan's Ancient Ballads. Jow means to swing, and not the " clang or boom of a large bell." Now Clinkumbell, wi' rattling tone Began to Jow and croon. The bell-rope began to shake, — the bell began to swing (Jow) and (croon) ring out. — R. Drennan. Jowler. This word is used by Burns in the " Address of Beel- zebub to the President of the Highland Society," in which, speaking of gipsies, he says : — Jundie — Kail-runt. 103 An' if the wives an' dirty brats E'en thigger at your doors an' yetts, Get out a horsewhip or s.jowler. An' gar the tattered gipsies pack Wi' a' their bastards on their back. Jamieson does not include the word in his Dictionary, nor do the glossaries to Allan Kamsay or Burns contain it. By the con- text, it would seem to mean a cudgel. In this sense the word has support in the northern counties of England. JoUe, ac- cording to Mr. Halliwell Phillips, . signifies to beat ; and jowler means thick and clumsy — epi- thets which describe a bludgeon and a cudgel. " Did you give him a good drubbing?" "I gave him a good uAy jowling." — Wright's Archaic Dictionary. In the sense of thick and clumsy, ^olle and ^owl are ap- parently the roots of English joUer-head, a thick-headed fel- low. Jowler, as the name of an instrument of punishment, whether a cudgel or not, is pro- bably from the Gaelic diol {jole, d pronounced as j), to punish, to avenge, to requite, to pay ; diolair, an avenger. In collo- quial English the threat, '• I'll pay you out," has a similar meaning. Jundie, to jostle, to struggle, to contend and push in a crowd ; to hog-shouther, or push with the shoulders in order to force a way. If a man's gaun down the brae, ilk ane gi'es him a jundie. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. The warldly race may drudge and drive, Hog-shouther, y««^zV, stretch, and strive. — Burns : To William Simpson. Jute, a term of reproach applied to a weak, worthless, spiritless person, especially to a woman. It is also used in reference to sour or stale liquor, and to weak broth or tea. It seems to be derived from the Gaelic diiiid {diu pronounced as /w), sneak- ing, mean-spirited, silly, weak ; and diu, the worst, the refuse of things. Kail, cabbage, the German Icohl ; a word that survives in English in the first syllable of cauliflower. By an extension of meaning Tcail sometimes signifies dinner, as in the familiar invitation once common, "Come an' tak' your Tcail wi' me," i.e., come and dine with me. Kail -runt, a cabbage stalk ; kail- blade, a cabbage leaf. When I lookit to my dart, It was sae blunt, Fient haet it wad hae pierced the heart O' a kail-runt. —Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. Just in a kail-blade and send it, — Baith the disease and what '11 mend it, At ance he'll i&W'i.— Idem. I04 Kain — Keek. Kain, tribute, tax, tithe ; from the Gaelic cain, tribute ; cain- cach, tributary. Our laird gets in his racked rents, His coal, his kaz'n. — Burns : TAe Twa Dogs. Kain to the King. — Jacobite Song (17 15). Kain-bairns, says a note in Sir Walter Scott's "Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border," were in- fants, according to Scottish superstition, that were seized in their cradles by warlocks and witches, and paid as a kain, or tax, to their master the devlL Jamieson is in error in deriving kain from the Gaelic cean, the head. Kaur-handit, left-handed. In this combination, haur does not signify the left as distinguished from the right, but is from the Gaelic car, signifying a twist or turn. The hand so designated implies that it is twisted or turned into a function that ought to be performed by the other. Kaury-maury is used in the "Vision of Piers Ploughman." Clothed in a kaury-maury I couthe it nought descryve. In the glossary to Mr. Thomas - Wright's edition of this ancient poem, he suggests that kaury- maury only means care and trouble ; a conjecture that is supported by the Gaelic car, and mearachd, an error, a mis- take, a wrong, an injustice. Kebar, a rafter, a beam in the roof of a house ; from the Gaelic cubar, a pole, the trunk of a tree. "Putting" or throwing the cabar is a gymnastic feat still popular at Highland games in Scotland. He ended, and the kebars shook Above the chorus roar. — Burns: The Jolly Beggars. Kebbuck, a cheese ; kebbuck heel, a remnant or hunk of cheese. From the Gaelic cabag, a cheese. The weel-hained kebbuck. —Burns : Cotters Saturday Night. In comes a gaucie, gash, gude wife, An' sits down by the fire ; Syne draws her kebbuck and her knife — The lasses they are shyer. —Burns : The Holy Fair. Keck or keckle, to draw back from a bargain, to change one's mind, to flinch ; from the Gaelic caochail, to change. "I have keck'd"—! decline adhering to the offer.— Jamieson. Keckle is also a form of the English cackle, and has no affinity or synonymity with keck. Keek, to peep, to pry, to look cautiously about ; possibly from the Gaelic cldh, pronounced kidh or kee, to see ; a cidhis, a mask to cover the face all but the eyes, a vizor. The robin came to the wren's nest And keekit in. — Nursery Rhyme. Stars dinna keek in. And see me wi' Mary.— Burns. When the tod [fox] is in the wood, he cares na how many folk keek at his tail.— Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Keeking-glass — Keltie. 105 A clergyman in the West of Scotland once concluded a prayer as follows : — " O Lord ! Thou art like a mouse in a drystane dyke, aye keekiti out at us frae holes and crannies, but we canna see Thee." — Rogers' Illustrations of Scottish Life. Keeking-glass, a looking-glass, a mirror. She. Kind sir, for your courtesy. As ye gang by the Bass, then» For the love ye bear to me, Buy me a keeking-glass, then. He. Keek into the draw-well, Janet, Janet ! There ye'll see your bonnie sel', My jo, Janet. — Burns. Keel or keill, a small vessel or skiff, a lighter, and not merely the Tceel of any ship or boat as in English. It is synonymous with coracle, or the Gaelic cur- ach, and is probably derived from the Gaelic caol, narrow, from its length as distinguished from its breadth. Oh, merry may the keel row, The keel row, the keel row ; Oh, merry may the keel row. The ship that my love's in. — Northern Ballad. Keelivine, a crayon pencil. Ori- gin unknown. Kell, a woman's cap ; from the Gaelic ceil, a covering. Then up and gat her seven sisters, And served to her a kell, And every steek that they put in Sewed to a silver bell. — Border Minstrelsy : The Gay Goss-hawk. Kelpie, a water-sprite. Etymo- logy unknown; that suggested by Jamieson from caZ/ is not probable. What is it ails my good bay mare ? What is it makes her start and shiver ? She sees a kelpie in the stream. Or fears the rushing of the river. — Legends of the Isles. The kelpie gallop'd o'er the green. He seemed a knight of noble mien ; And old and young stood up to see. And wondered who this knight could be. — Idem. The side was steep, the bottom deep, Frae bank to bank the water pouring ; And the bonnie lass did quake for fear. She heard the -woX&r-kelpie roaring. — Ballad of Annan Water. Keltie, a large glass or bumper, to drain which was imposed as a punishment upon those who were suspected of not drinking fairly. *' Cleared Iceltie aff," ac- cording to Jamieson, was a phrase that signified that the glass was quite empty. The word seems to be derived from kelter, to tilt up, to tip up, to turn upside down, and to have been applied to the glasses used in the hard-drinking days of our great-grandfathers, that were made without stems, and rounded at the bottom like the Dutch dolls that roll from side to side, from inability to stand upright. With a glass of this kind in his hand, the toper had to empty it before he could re- place it on the table. Jamieson was probably ignorant of this etymology, though he refers to the German kelter, which signi- fies a wine-press. Keltem, in the same language, is to tread the grapes. But these words do not apply to either the Scottish keltie or kelter. io6 Kemmin — Kidney. Kemmin, a champion, a corrup- tion of ^emp (g-.v.)' He works like a kemmin. He fechts like a kemmin. — Jamieson. The Kymric has ceimmyn, a striver in games ; the Flemish kampen; and German Tcdmpfen, to fight, to struggle, to contend. Kemp, a warrior, a hero, a cham- pion ; also to fight, to strive, to contend for the superiority or the mastery. Kemper is one who kcmps or contends ; used in the harvest field to signify a reaper who excels his comrades in the quantity and quality of his work. Kempion, or Kemp Owain, is the name of the champion in two old Scottish ballads who "borrows," or ransoms, a fair lady from the spells cast upon her by demoniacal agency, by which she was turned into the shape of a wild beast. Kempion, or Kemp Owain, kisses her thrice, notwithstanding her hideousness and loathsomeness, and so re- stores her to her original beauty. Kempion is printed in Scott's " Border Minstrelsy," and Kemp Owain in Motherwell's "Min- strelsy, Ancient and Modern." Kennawhat, a nondescript, a "je ne sais quoi," or know-not -what. Kenspeckle, noticeable, conspi- cuous, noteworthy. Kep, to catch, to receive ; from the Gaelic ceap, to intercept, to stop, to receive. Ilka blade o' grass ke^s its ain drap o' dew. —James Ballantine. Ilk cowslip cup shall ke/ a tear. — Burns. Ker haund or ker-handed, left- handed, awkward; from the Gaelic, cer, a twist ; and cearr, wrong, awkward. See Kaur- HANDIT, ante. It maun be his left foot foremost, unless he was ker-haund. — Nodes Atnbrosiatice. Ket, a fleece ; tawted ket, a matted or ropy fleece. From the Gaelic ceath, a sheep or sheep-skin. She was nae get o' moorland tips, Wi' tawted ket an' hairy hips. — Burns. Kevil, a lot ; to cast kevils, to draw lots. Let every man be content with his ain kevil. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. And they coost kevils them amang Wha should to the greenwood gang. — CosPATRiCK : Border Minstrelsy. Kidney. " Of the same kidney,'' of a like sort. The Slang Dic- tionary has, " Two of a kidney, or two of a sort — as like as two pears, or two kidneys in a bunch." Sir Kichard Ayscough says that Shakspeare's phrase, which he put into the mouth of Falstaff, means "a man whose kidneys are as fat as mine — i.e., a man as fat as I am." A little know- ledge of the original language of the British people would show the true root of the word to be the Gaelic ceudna — pronounced keudna, sort, or of the same sort ; ceudnachd, identity, similarity. Think of that ! a man of my kidney, that am as subject to heat as butter. — Merry Wives of Windsor. Kill-cow — Kinnen, 107 Your poets, spendthrifts, and other fools of that /t/^«<y.— Burns : Letter to Mr. Robert A itislie. Kill-cow, an expressive collo- quialism which signifies a diffi- culty that maybe surmounted by resolution and energy. Jamie- son translates it "a matter of consequence, a serious affair ; as in the phrase, *Ye needna mind ; I'm sure it's nae sic great kill-cow ; ' " and adds, " in refer- ence, most probably, to a blow- that is sufficient to knock down or kill a cow ! " Jamieson forgot the reference in his own Dic- tionary to cow, in which the word signifies a ghost, spectre, or goblin. The phrase might be rendered, "a ghost that might be laid without much difficulty." Killicoup, a somersault, head- over-heels. That gang tried to keep violent lease- hold o' your ain fields, an' your ain ha', till ye gied them a killicoup. — Hogg's Brownie of Bodsbeck. Kilt, a garment worn by High- landers, descending from the waist to the middle of the knee ; to lift the petticoats up to the knee, or wear them no lower than the knee ; to raise the clothes in fording a stream. "High kilted" is a metaphor applied to conversation or writing that savours of immo- desty. From the Gaelic ceil, to cover ; cdlte, covered. Her tartan petticoat she'll kilt. —Burns : Cry and Prayer. She's kilted her coats o' green satin, She's kilted them up to the knee, And she's off wi' Lord Ronald M' Donald, His bride and his darling to be. — Old Song: Lizzie Lindsay. Kimmer, a female friend, gossip, or companion ; from the French commere ; synonymous with the English gammer. My kimmer and I gaed to the fair Wi' twal punds Scots on sarkin' to wear ; But we drank the gude braw hawkie dry, And sarkless cam hame, my kimmer and I. — Cromek's Remains. Kink, a knot, an entanglement, an involution ; the same in Flemish ; whence kink-host, or kink-cough, the hooping-cough, or generally a violent fit of coughing, in which the paroxysm seems to twist knots into each other. The word kink is some- times applied to a fit of irre- pressible laughter. Kink-cough has been corrupted in English into king-cough. Mr. Robert Chambers, on a note on kink, which occurs in the "Ballad of the Laird o' Logic," explains it as meaning to wring the fingers till the joints crack, which he says is a very striking though a simple delineation of grief. And sae she tore her yellow hair, Kinking her fingers ane by ane, And cursed the day that she was born. Kinnen, rabbits ; corruption of the English coney. Make kinnen and caper ready, then. And venison in greit plentie, We'll welcome here our royal King. — Ballad 0/ Johnnie Armstrong. io8 Kinsh — Kipper. Kinsh. According to Jamieson, this word signifies kindred. The man may eithly tine a stot that canna count h.\s kinsh. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. " The man may easily lose a young ox that cannot count his kinsh." The meaning of Jcinsh in this passage is not clear. It has been suggested that it is a misprint for either Icine or kindred. Perhaps, how- ever, the true meaning is to be sought in the Gaelic cin- neas {kinneash), which means growth or natural increase. This interpretation renders the proverb intelligible — a man may afford to lose one stot who can- not count the increase of his flocks and herds. Kintra cooser, one who runs about the country ; a term sometimes applied to an entire horse, which is taken from place to place for the service of mares. If that daft buckie, Geordie Wales, Was threshin' still at hizzie's tails. Or if he was grown oughtlins douser. And no a perfect kintra cooser. — Burns : To one who had sent him a newspaper. The word cooser appears in Shakspeare as cosier or cozier, and has puzzled all the com- mentators to explain it. Cosier'' s catches were songs sung by work- ing men over their libations in roadside ale-houses. Johnson thought that cosier must mean a tailor, from coudre, to sew ; and cousue, that which is sewed ; while others equally erudite were of opinion that costers were cobblers or tinkers. The cosiers who sang catches might have belonged to all or any of these trades ; but the word, now ob- solete in English, and almost obsolete in Scotch, is the Gaelic cosaire, a pedestrian, a way- farer, a tramp. Up to the time of Dr. Johnson's visit to the Hebrides, Highland gentlemen of wealth or importance used to keep servants or gillies to run before them, who were known as cosiers — misprinted by Bos well as coshirs. Jamieson, unaware of the simple origin of the word, as applied to a horse made to perambulate the country, states that cooser is a stallion, and derives it from the French coursier, a courser. But courser itself is from the same root, from course, a journey. The coarse allusion of Burns to the Prince of Wales expressed a hope that he had ceased to run about the country after women. Kipper, to split, dry, and cure fish by salting them. Kippered herrings, haddocks, and salmon are largely prepared and con- sumed in Scotland, and to a much smaller extent in the large cities of England. The mode of kippering is scarcely known to the south of the Tweed, and where known, is not so success- fully practised, or with such delicate and satisfactory results, as in Scotland. The derivation of the word is uncertain. Kirk — Kittle. 109 Kirk, is the original form of the word, which has been Anglicised into church. It is derived from the idea of, and is identical with, circle or kirkle, the form in which, in the primitive ages of the world, and still later, in the Druidical era, all places of worship — whether of the supreme God or of the Sun, supposed to be His visible re- presentative — were always con- structed. The great stone circle, or kirkle, of Stonehenge was one of the earliest kirks, or churches, erected in these is- lands. The traces of many- smaller stone circles are still to be found in Scotland. The word is derived feom the Gaelic coir, a circle ; whence also court, and the French cour. Kimie, a forward boy who gives himself prematurely and offen- sively the airs and habits of a man. Shakspeare speaks of "kerns and gallowglasses," kern being a contraction of the Gaelicc eathairneach [kearneach], an armed peasant serving in the army, also a boor or sturdy fellow. Jamieson derives kimie from the Kymric coryn or cor, a dwarf or pigmy ; but as the Lowland Scottish people were more conversant with their neighbours of the Highlands than with the distant Welsh, it is probable that the Gaelic and not the Kymric derivation of the word is the correct one. Kist, a chest, a trunk, a box ; from the French caisse. Steele the awmrie, shut the h'st, Or else some gear will soon be mist. — Sir Walter Scott : Donald Caird. A man who had had four wives, and who meditated a fifth time entering the mar- riage state, was conversing with a friend on the subject, who was rather disposed to barter upon his past matrimonial experi- ence, as having made a good deal of money by his wives. " Na ! na ! " said he, " they came to me wi' auld kzsis, an' I sent them hame (to the grave) wi' new anes." — Dean Ramsay. Kith, known to or acquainted with ; from kythe, to show, and the old English couth, to know or see ; a word that survives in concouth, with a somewhat diffe- rent meaning, as strange, odd, or unfamiliar. Kith is generally in modern English used in com- bination with kin, as kith and kin, whence the word is errone- ously supposed to mean relation- ship in blood and ancestry, and to be synonymous with kin and kinship. Whether thousands of our own h'ik shall be sacrificed to an obsolete shibboleth and the bloodthirsty operations of an artificial competition. — Letter on Large Weights, by Arnold White — Times, November 2,0, 1887. Kittle, difficult, ticklish, danger- ous. From the Dutch and Flemish kittelen, to tickle. It's kittle shooting at corbies and clergy. It's kittle for the cheeks when the hurl- barrow gangs o'er the brig o' the nose. Cats and maidens are kittle ware. It's kittle to waken sleeping dogs. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. As for your priesthood I shall say but little. Corbies and clergy are a shot right kittle. —Burns : The Brigs of Ayr, no Kivan — Kneef. Kivan, kivin. These words signify a covey, a bevy, a troop, a company, a flock, a crowd, or an assemblage. They are evi- dently from the Gaelic coimh {coiv), equivalent to the prefix CO or con, and feadhain {d silent), a troop or band of people, or of living animals of any description. Klem or clem. In Lancashire and other parts of England, clem signifies to become stupefied or worn out with hunger, to starve. In Scotland, klem some- times means perverse, obstinate, insensible to reason and to argu- ment ; and, according to Jamie- son, "means low, paltry, un- trustworthy, unprincipled ; and, as used by the boys of the High School of Edinburgh, curious, singular, odd, queer." He de- rives it from the Icelandic Jcleima, macula, a blot or stain — i.e., having a character that lies under a stain. But the Ice- landic does not convey either the Scottish or the English meaning of the word, which is in reality the Flemish Tdeum, lethargic, stupefied either from cold, hunger, or by defect of original vitality and force of mind or body. The Flemish verkleumte is translated in the French dictionaries as engourdi, benumbed, stupefied, stiffened. By a metaphorical extension of meaning, all these physical senses of the word apply to mental conditions, and thus account for all the varieties of the Scottish meaning. The English clem may be possibly traced to the German Memmen, to pinch, to squeeze; from klemme, a narrow place, a strait, a diflSculty, whence clemmed, pinched with hunger. Knack, to taunt, to make a sharp answer; the same apparently as the English " nag," as applied to the nagging of a disagreeable woman. Knacky, or knacksy, quick at repartee. Knappin-hammer. A ham- mer with a long handle used for breaking stones on the road, or in houses of detention for vagrants or criminals. From the English knap or nap, a smart blow on the head, as in the colloquial threat to an un- ruly boy, "you'll nap it." What's a' your jargon o' the schools— Your Latin names for books or stools ; If honest Nature made you fools, What sairs your grammars ? Ye'd better ta'en up spades or shools Or knappin hammers. —Burns : Epistle to Lapraik. Kneef, active, alert; " o-wei: kneef" or over active suggests, accord- ing to Jamieson, the charge of illicit intercourse. The deriva- tion is probably from the Gaelic gniomh (gniof), a doer, to do, or a deed. The word is sometimes pronounced griomh, whence grieve, a factor, bailiff, or agent. Jenny sat jouking like a mouse, But Jock was kneef ^is ony cock, Says he to her, Haud up your brows, And fa' to your meet. — The Wooing o Jenny and Jock. Knowe — Kute. Ill Knowe, a hillock, a knoll. Ca' the yowes [ewes] to the knowes. — Allan Ramsay. Upon a knowe they sat them down, And there began a long digression, ' About the lords of the creation. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. Knowe-head, the hill top. Yon sunny knowe-head clad wi' bonnie wild flowers. — James Ballantine. Knurl, a dwarf ; Tcnurlin, a dwarf- ling, or very little dwarf. The miller was strappin', the miller was ruddy — A heart like a lord, and a hue like a lady, The laird was a widdiefu' fleerit knurl — She's left the good fellow, and taken the churl. — Burns : Meg d the Mill. Wee Pope, the knurlin, rives Horatian fame. — Burns : On Pastoral Poetry. These words are apparently derived from the English gnarl, twisted, knotted, as in the phrase, "the gnarled oak," and the Teutonic hioiren, a knot, a wart, a protuberance. They were probably first applied in derision to hunch -backed people , not so much for their littleness as for their deformity. Burns, when speaking of Pope as a knurlin, seems to have had in memory the ill-natured com- parison of that poet to a note of interrogation, because "he was a little crooked thing that asked questions." Through an English miscon- ception of the meaning of "a knurl " (pronounced exactly like * ' an earl " ), arose the vulgar slang of the London streets used to insult a hunchback. "My Lord" is a nickname given with mock humility to a hunchback.— Hot- ten's Slang Dictionary . Koff or coflf, to buy; from the Teutonic kaufen, Flemish koopen, to buy ; whence by corruption horse-kooper, a dealer in horses. Kindness comes wi' will ; it canna be ko_^t. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Kute, coot, or queete, the ankle. Cutes or kutes, according to Wright and Halliwell, is a Northern word for the feet. " To let one cool his cutes at the door (or in the lobby)," is a proverbial expression for letting a man wait unduly long in ex- pectation of an interview. Cootie or kutie is a fowl whose legs are feathered. Cootikins, spatter- dashes or gaiters that go over the shoe and cover the ankle. Your stockings shall be Narrow, narrow at the kutes, And braid, braid at the braune [the brawn or calf]. — Chambers' Scottish Ballads. The firsten step that she steppit in [the water], She steppit to the kute. The neisten step that she wade in, , She waded to the knee ; Said she, " I wad wade further in, Gin my true love I could see." — Willie and May Margaret. It is difficult to trace the origin of this peculiarly Scottish word. The French call the ankle the '' cheville du pied." Bescherelle defines chevUle as " part of the two bones of the leg which rise in a boss or hump on each side of the foot." The 112 Kyle — Kythe. Germans call the ankle the " knuckle of the foot." Jamie - son derives cute from the Teu- tonic kyte, "sura;" but the Latin sura means the calf of the leg and not the ankle ; and kyte is not to be found in any German or Teutonic dictionary. Kyte, in the Scottish vernacular, has nothing to do with kute, and signifies a part of the body far removed from the ankle, viz., the belly. Possibly the Swedish kut, a round boss or rising, as suggested in the extract from Bescherelle, may be the root of cute. The Gaelic affords no assistance to the discovery of the etymology. The word does not appear in the glossaries to Ramsay or Burns. Kyle, a narrow strait of water between islands, or between an island and the mainland, as the Kyles of Bute, and Kyle Akin, be- tween Skye and the continent of Scotland. The word is de- rived from the Gaelic caol, a narrow passage, a strait, whence Calais, the French town on the straits of Dover. Kyte, the belly. Kytie, corpulent, big-bellied. The Gaelic cuid, victuals, food, has been sug- gested as the origin of the word, on the principle that to *' have a long purse," signifies to have money, or much money, so that to have a kyte is to have food to put into it. But this etymology is not satisfactory, nor is that given by Jamieson from the Icelandic. Then horn for horn, they stretch and strive — Deil tak' the hindmost— on they drive, Till a' their well-filled kytes belyve Are stretched like drums. —Burns : To a Haggis. But while the wifie flate and gloom'd, The tither cake wi' butter thoomb'd. She forced us still to eat, Till our wee kites were straughtit fou, When wi' our hearties at our mou', We felt maist like to greet. —James Ballantine : TJte Pentland Hills. Kythe, to show or appear ; and kythesome, of pleasant and prepos- sessing appearance. Jamieson has the phrase ' ' blythsome and kythsome," used in Perthshire, and signifying, as he thinks, " happy in consequence of hav- ing abundance of property in cows." If he had remembered his own correct definition of kythe, "show, to be manifest," he would not in this instance have connected it with cows or kye, but would have tran- slated the phrase, "blytheand pleasant of appearance." ITyiAe is your ain colours, that folk may ken ye.— Allan Ramsay. Laigh — Landlord. "3 Laigh, low, or low-down, short. The higher the hill, the laigher the grass. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Dance aye laigh and late at e'en. — Burns : My Jo, Janet. Laired, overthrown, cast to the ground. From the Gaelic lar, the ground; the English lair, as applied to the retreat of a wild animal ; or possibly from lure, to entice or inveigle. Laired by spunkies i' the mire. — George Beattie : John o Amha\ Lammas, the first day of August ; supposed to be derived from the Anglo-Saxon Klaf, a loaf, but more probably from lamh, the Lamb of God. All the ancient festivals appropriated to par- ticular days had an ecclesias- tical origin — such as Mary-mass (now called Lady Day), from the Virgin Mary ; Michaelmas, Hal- lowmas, Candlemas, Christmas, &c. Landart, rural, in the country; from landward. There was a jolly beggar, And a begging he was boun', And he took up his quarters Into a landart town. — Song : Well Gang nae mair a Roving. Then come away, and dinna stay, What gars ye look sae landart ? I'd have ye run, and not delay, To join my father's standard. — CocKBURN : Chambers's Scottish Songs. Landlash, a great fall of rain, accompanied by a high wind. Jamieson is of opinion that this word is suggested by the idea that such a storm lashes the land. It is more probably from the Gaelic Ian, full ; and laiste, ixnj ; whence lanlaiste (pro- nounced lanLashte, and abbrevi- ated into lardash), the storm in full fury. A lash of water sig- nifies a great, heavy, or furious fall of rain- Landlord and landlady. These words, commonly pronounced lanlord and lanlady, do not solely imply the proprietor- ship of land, as their constant application to the owners of public - houses, and to house- owners generally, as well as to women who merely let lodgings, are sufficient to show. The Scottish laird, without the pre- fix land, conveys the idea of proprietorship. Landlord and landlady, in one of the senses in which the words are continually used, both in English and Scot- tish parlance, are traceable not to land in the Teutonic sense of the word, but to Ian, the Gaelic for full, or an enclosure, and all that it contains or is full of. Thus the keeper of a public, or the owner of a private house, is lord or master of the Ian or enclosure which he occu- pies or possesses. H 114 Land-louper — Law. Land-Iouper, a vagabond, a wan- derer from place to place with- out settled habitation ; some- times called a forloupin or forlopin, as in Allan Kamsay's "Evergreen." Lane, alone, lone, or lonely ; this word, which in the English lone or lonely is an adjective, is a noun in the Scottish lane. "I was all alone," or *' we were all alone," are in Scottish, "I was a' my lane," and "we were a' our lane." " I canna lie my lane," is, " Icannot sleep alone." I waited lang beside the wood, Sae wae and weary a' my lane, Och hey ! Johnnie lad, Ye'reno so kind's ye should hae been. — Tannahill. " But oh, my master dear," he cried, " In a green wood, ye're gude your lane." —Ballad of Gil Morrice. I wander my lane like a night-troubled ghaist. — Burns. Lanrien (sometimes written land- rien). Jamieson defines this word as meaning " in a straight course ; a direct, as opposed to a circuitous course," and quotes a phrase used in Selkirkshire — "He cam rinnin' landrien,'" or straight forward. It seems to be a corruption of the Gaelic Ian, full, <;omplete ; and rian, order, method, arrangement, re- gularity. Laroch or lerroch, the site of a building which has been de- molished, but of which there are remains to prove what it once was. From the Gaelic lar, the ground or earth ; and larach, the ground on which an edifice once stood. Lave, the residue, the remainder, that which is left, or, as the Americans say in commercial fashion, the "balance." We'll get a blessing wi' the lave. And never miss't. — Burns : To a Mouse. First when Maggie was my care. Whistle o'er the lave o't. — Burns. Laverock, the lark. This word, so pleasant to the Scottish ear, and so entirely obsolete in Eng- lish speech and literature, was used by Gower and Chaucer : — She made many a wondrous soun', Sometimes like unto the cock, Sometimes like the laverock. — Gower : Quoted in Halliwell's Archaic Dictionary. Why should I sit and sigh, When the wild woods bloom sae briery, The laverocks sing, the flowerets spring, And a' but me are cheery. — Buchan's Songs of the North of Scotland. Thou laverock that springs frae the dews o' the lawn. — Burns. Lark and the Teutonic lerche are doubtless abbreviations of the primitive word laverock, but whence laverock ? Possibly from the ancient Gaelic lahhra (lavra), and labhraich, eloquent, loud — two epithets that are highly ap- propriate to the skylark. Law. This word is often used in Scotland to signify a hill or rock, especially to one stand- ing alone, as Berwick Law, so Lawin — Lee-lang. "5 familiar by sight to the Mid- Lothian people. It is derived from the Gaelic leach, a stone ; and Zmc7^acA, the bare summit of a hill. It sometimes signi- fies the stony or shingly ground by the side of a river, as in the Broomie-^w in Glasgow. Pos- sibly in this case also the word is of the same derivation as leach, and means not only a high stone, but a flat stone, a flag stone, whence leachaig, to pave or lay with flat stones. Lawin. This eminently Scottish word is from the Gaelic lachan, the expense of an entertain- ment ; the price of the drink consumed at a tavern ; lachag, a very small reckoning, " Ye're lawin-free," i.e., you are not to pay your share of the bill. The root of the word seems to be lagh, law, order, method — the law of the tavern, that the guests should pay before they go. It was formerly written lauch. Aye as the gudewife brought in, Ane scorit upon the wauch [wall], Ane bade pay, anither said " Nay, Bide while we reckon our lauch. " —Peblis to the Play. Then, gudewife, count the lawin. The lawin ! the lawin ! Then, gudewife, count the lawin, And bring a cogie mair. —Burns : Old Chorus. Lawin, the reckoning at an inn. Isn't reckoning a Scotticism? I doubt very much if you would be understood if you asked an English landlord for the reckon- ing, meaning an account of what you have had at his inn. I don't think reckoning is specially associated with ao inn bill iu this country. In Scotland reckoning has almost entirely superseded the word lawin. In Sweden the regular word for a hotel bill is the "reckoning." — R. Drennan. Leal, loyal, true, true-hearted. " The land o' the leal," i.e.. Heaven. A leal heart never lied. — Scots Proverbs. I'm wearin' awa', Jean, Like snaw when it's thaw, Jean, I'm wearin' awa' To the Land o' the Leal. — Lady Nairne. . Robin of Rothesay, bend thy bow, Thy arrows shoot so leal. — Hardykn ute. Lear or leer, learning; from the German lehren. When Sandie, Jock, and Jeanitie, Are up and gotten lear, They'll help to gar the boatie row An' lighten a' our care. — The Boatie Rows. Lea-rig", a ridge in a corn or other field, left fallow between two ridges that are bearing grain. Will ye gang o'er the lea-rig, My ain kind dearie O. — Fergusson. Corn rigs and barley rigs. And corn rigs are bonnie ; I'll ne'er forget that happy night, Among the rigs wi' Annie.— Burns. Leed, a song or incantation, from the German lied, a lay or song. Thrice backward round about she tottered. While to hersel the leed she muttered. —George Beattie : John o' Arfiha\ Lee-lang, as long as it is light, as in the phrase "the lee-lang ii6 Leeshin — Leister. day," which has hitherto been supposed to mean the "life- long day." It is more probably from the Gaelic U, a colour, and especially a bright colour, the colour of daylight, and from the allied word liath {lia), pale grey, as distinguished from dark or black. The thresher's weary flingin' tree The he-lang day had tired me. Burns: The Vision. Leeshin, lazily, in a dilatory manner. From the Gaelic lem, lazy. And cam' leeshin up behind her. —George Beattie : John d Arnha. Leesome, agreeable, pleasant, like the light. {See Lee-lang.) Oh, gear will buy me rigs o' land, And gear will buy me sheep and kye ; But the tender heart o' leesome luve The gowd and siller canna buy. — Burns : The Countrie Lassie. Fair and leesome blew the wind, Ships did sail and boats did row. — Buchan's Ancient Ballads. A fairy ballad in Buchan's collection is entitled ' ' Leesome Brand." Jamieson derives lee- some from the German liehe, love ; perhaps, however, the root of the word is the Gaelic leus, light ; li, colour ; and leusach, bright, shining. Leeze or leeze me on (a reflective verb), to be satisfied with, to be pleased or delighted with. A Gaelic periphrase for " I love." The Highlanders do not say "I love you," but "love is on me for you." Hence the Scottish phrase — "loes (or lees) me " or "love is on me." Leeze me on my spinning-wheel. — Burns. Leeze me on thee, John Barleycorn, Thou king o' grain. — Burns : Scotch Drink. Leeze me on drink, it gies us mair, Than school or college. —Burns : The Holy Fair. Leglin or leglan, a milking-pail. At buchts, in the mornin', nae blithe lads are scomin'. The lasses are lanely, and dowie and wae, Nae daiBn', nae gabbin', but sighin' and sabbin', — Ilk ane lifts her leglin and hies her away. — Elliot : The Flowers of the Forest. Donald Caird can lilt and sing, Blithely dance the Highland fling, Hoop a leglan, clout a pan, Or crack a pow wi' ony man. —Sir Walter Scott : Donald Caird. Jamieson traces leglin to the Teutonic leghel. This word however, has no place in Ger man, Dutch, or Flemish die tionaries. The Gaelic has leig, to milk a cow, which, with lion, a receptacle (also a net), or lion to fill, becomes Uglin in Lowland Scotch. Leister, a three-pronged instru- ment, or trident, for killing fish in the water ; commonly applied to illegal salmon fishing in the rivers of Scotland. I there wi' something did forgather That pat me in an eerie swither, An awfu' scythe out owre ae shouther Clear dangling hang, A three-taed leister on the ither Lay large and lang. —Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. Lemanry — Levin. 117 Donald Caird can wire a maukin (a hare), Leisters kipper, makes a shift To shoot a moor-fowl i' the lift. Water-bailiffs, rangers, keepers, He can wake when they're sleepers ; Not for bountitt or reward. Dare they mell wi' Donald Caird. —Sir Walter Scott. Jamieson traces the word to the Swedish liustra, to strike fish with a trident. But the deriva- tion may be doubted. " To leister" says the Gaelic Etymo- logy of the Languages of Western Europe, " is a mode of taking salmon at night, by attracting them towards the surface by torches held near the water, and then driving a spear, trident, or large fork into them. The word is derived from the light that is employed to lure the fish, rather than from the spear that impales them, and is traceable to the Gaelic leasdair, a light, or a lustre." It seems probable that the word is of home origin, rather than of Swedish. Halli- well and Wright claim it as a common word in the North of England. Burns evidently uses it in the sense of a trident, without any reference to the illegal practice of fishing. Lemanry ; from leman, a concu- bine ; a poetical word for har- lotry. Oh, wed and marry, the knight did say, For your credit and fame. Lay not your love on lemanry. Nor bring a good woman to shame. —BvcHAu's Ana'ent Bal/ads : Hynd Horn. Let on, to let appear ; loot, ap- peared; lutten, the past-parti- ciple of let. "Weel, Margaret," said a minister to an auld wife, who expressed her dissatis- faction with him for leaving the parish, " ye ken I'm the Lord's servant. If He have work for me in Stirling, ye'll admit that it's my duty to perform it." "Hech !" replied Margaret, " I've heard that Stirling has a great muckle stipend, and I'm think- ing if the Lord had gi'en ye a ca' to Auchter- tool [a very poor parish], ye wad ne'er hae lutten on that ye heard Him. " — Rogers : Anecdotes of Scottish Wit aTid Humour. Leure, a ray of light, a gleam ; from the French Iv^eur, a shining light ; and the anterior Gaelic root lur, brightness, splendour, treasure. The Gipsy slang has lowre, money ; and gammy [or crooked] lowre, bad money. The ideas of brightness and beauty go together in most languages. Lurach, in Gaelic, is a term of endearment for a beautiful — that is, a bright — young woman. Levin, the lightning. This word, that has long been obsolete in English literature, is not yet obsolete in the Scottish verna- cular. It was employed with fine effect, centuries ago, by Dunbar, the Scottish, and by Chaucer, the English poet. Attempts have recently been made to revive it, by Sir Walter Scott and others, not altogether ineffectually. Chaucer makes splendid use of it when he denounces one who habitually speaks ill of women : ii8 Lewder — Liddisdale Drow. With wild thunder-bolt and fiery levin May his walked [wicked] neck be broke. —Wife of Bath's Prologue. To him as to the burning levin, Short, resistless course was given. — Scott : Martnion. The clouds grew dark and the wind grew loud, And th^ levin filled her e'e. And waesome wailed the snow-white sprites Upon the gurly sea. — Laidlaw : The Demon Lover. The etymology is obscure, There is no trace of it in the Teutonic or Latin sources of the language. Spencer, in the "Faerie Queene," has — His burning levin-hraxid in hand he took. The etymology is probably to be found in the Gaelic liath (pronounced lia, lee-a) meaning white or grey, and sometimes vivid white, which may perhaps account for the first syllable. Buin, to shoot, to dart ; buinne, or hkuinne {vuin), signifies a rapid motion, which may ac- count for the second — a deriva- tion which is not insisted upon, but which may lead philologists to inquire further. Lewder, lewdering", to flounder through bog and mire, to plod wearily and heavily on. Thus lewdering on Through scrubs and crags wi' mony a heavy groan. — Ross's Helenore. Jamieson derives the word from the Teutonic leuteren, morari, a word which is not to be found in the Teutonic Dic- tionaries. It is probable that the root is the Gaelic laidir, strong, heavy. The English slang, "To give one a good leathering," is to give him a strong or heavy beating. Lib, to castrate, geld, Lihhet, an animal on which that operation has been performed ; a eunuch. This word still remains current in the Northern Counties. In Flemish luhhing signifies cas- tration ; and lubber, he who performs the operation. Burns speaks contemptuously of Italian singers as libbet :— How cut-throat Prussian blades were hinging, How liddet Italy was singing. Lichtly or lightly, to treat with neglect or scorn, or speak lightly of anybody. I leaned my back unto an aik, And thought it was a trusty tree, But first it bowed, and syne it brak, Sae my true love did lichtly me. — Ballad of tJie Marchioness of Douglas. Oh is my helmet a widow's cuid [cap], Or my lance a wand of the willow tree, Or my arm a lady's lily hand That an English Lord should lichtly me. — Kininont Willie. Aye vow and protest that ye care na for me. And whiles ye may lichtly my beauty a wee; But court na anither tho' daffin' ye be, For fear that she wyle your fancy frae me. —Burns : Whistle and I'll come to you, my Lad. Liddisdale drow, Liddisdale dew ; the fine rain that is said not to wet a Scotsman, but that drenches an Englishman to the skin. Jamieson defines drow to Lift — Link. 119 mean a cold mist heavy with rain, also a squall or severe gust ; and derives the word from the Gaelic drog, the motion of the sea, which, however, is not to be found in Gaelic diction- aries. Brow is from the Gaelic druchd, with the elision of the guttural, signifying dew, hence the Liddisdale joke. Lift, the sky ; from the Teutonic luft. When lightnings fire the stormy li/i. — Burns : Epistle to Robert Graham. Is yon the moon, I ken her horn, She's glintin' i' the lift sae heigh. She smiles sae sweet to wile us hame. But by my troth she'll bide a wee. — Burns. Lil for lal, an ancient Scottish synonym for the English tit for tat, that appears in Wynton, who wrote in the sixteenth century. It is supposed by Jamieson to be from the Anglo-Saxon " lael with laele,'" or stripe for stripe, though it may be of Gaelic origin ; from li, light or colour ; and Id, day, and lathail {la-ail) daily ; or li-la, for day, or one light for another. Lilt, to sing cheerfully, or in a lively manner. Also, according to Jamieson, a large pull in drinking frequently repeated. Nae mair liltin' at the ewe-milkin', The flowers of the forest are a' wede awa*. — Lament for the Battle of Flodden. Mak' haste an' turn King David owre. An* //// wi' holy clangour. — Burns : The Ordination. The origin of this word seems to be the Gaelic luailte, speed, haste, rapid motion, and luail- tich, to accelerate, to move merrily and rapidly forward. This derivation would explain the most common acceptation of the word, as applied to sing- ing, as well as the secondary meaning attributed to it by Jamieson. Limmer, a depreciatory epithet for a woman ; from the Gaelic leum, to leap — one who leaps over the bounds of propriety or moderation, or breaks through the bounds of the seventh com- mandment. Linder, a short linen jacket or vest worn next to the skin by both sexes, though Jamieson says only by old women and children. He'll sell his jerkin for a groat. His linder for another o't, And ere he want to pay his shot His sark will pay the t'other o't. — Alexander Ross : The Bridal o't. Link, to trip, to leap, to skip, to jump; linkin', tripping; from the Gaelic leum, to leap, leuni- nach, skipping, jumping, whence leumanach, a frog, a creature that jumps. The glossaries to Burns render this word by " trip." Jamieson says it means to walk smartly, or to do any- thing with cleverness and expe- dition. And coost her duddies to the wark, And linkit at it in her sark. —Burns : Tarn O'Shanter. 120 Lin — Lippen. And now, auld Cloots, I ken ye're thinkin' A certain Bardie's rantin', drinkin', Some luckless hour will send him linkin' To your black pit, But faith ! he'll turn a corner jinkin' [dodging]. And cheat you yet. — Burns : Address to the Deil. Lin or lins. This termination to many Scottish words supplies a shade of meaning not to be expressed in English but by a periphrasis, as westlins, inclining towards the west. Aiblins — perhaps, for able-lins — inclining towards being able, or about to become possible (see Aiblins, ante). BacUins, inclining to- wards a retrograde movement. The westlin winds blaw loud and shrill. — Burns : My Nannie, O. Now frae the east neuk o' Fife the dawn Speel'd westlins up the lift. — Allan Ramsay : Christ's Kirk on the Green. And if awakened tiercelins, aff night flee. — Ross's Helenore. This termination properly is lings, and is a very common termination in several Teutonic dialects, such as the Dutch, and still more, the German, though not com- mon in English. See Grimm's Grammar. — Lord Neaves. Lins corresponds nearly to the English affix ly, though not exactly. In Pitscottie's account of the apparition that appeared to James IV. in St. Catherine's Aisle of the Church at Linlithgow, the word Grofflins occurs. This has been interpreted to mean grufily. " He leaned down grofflins on the desk before him (the king) and said," &c. Grufe or groff is a common Scotch word, meaning the belly, or rather the front of the body, as distinguished from the back ; and Pitscottie's expression means nothing more than that the apparition leaned the fore part of his body, say his breast, upon the back of the desk at which the king was kneeling. — R. Drennan. Linn, a waterfall; Cora Linn, the falls of the Clyde ; properly, the pool at the bottom of a cataract, worn deep by the falling water ; from the Gaelic linne, a pool. Grat his e'en baith bleer't and blin', Spak o' lowpin' o'er a linn. — Burns : Duncan Gray. Ye bumies, wimplin' down your glens, Or foaming Strang frae linn to linn. — Burns : Elegy on Captain Matthew Henderson. Whiles owre a linn the bumie plays. —Burns: Halloween. Lintie, a linnet. Nae Unties lilt on hedge or bush, Poor things, they suffer sairly. Up in the mornin's no for me, Up in the mornin' early ; When a' the hills are covered wi' snaw, I'm sure it's winter fairly. — Old Song, tnodemisedby John Hamilton. Dr. Norman Macleod mentioned a con- versation he had with a Scottish emigrant in Canada, who in general terms spoke favourably of his position in his adopted country. " But oh ! sir," he said, "there are no Unties in the woods, and no braes like Yarrow." The word Untie conveys to my mind more of tenderness and endear- ment towards the little bird than linnet. — Dean Ramsay. Lippen, to incline towards, to be favourable to any one, to rely upon, to trust. Apparently from the Flemish liefde^ and the German lichen, love. Lippen to me, but look to yoursell. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. An ancient lady, when told by the minister that he had a call from his Lord and Master to go to another parish, re- plied, "Deed, sir, the Lord might ha' ca'd and ca'd to you lang eneuch, and ye'd Lippin* fu — Loe-some. 121 ne'er hae lippened till Him if the steepen [stipend] had na been better." — Dean Ramsay. Lippin* fu', full up to the lip or brim of a glass or goblet, brim- ful ; owrelvpfin ylvXS. to overflow. A' the laughin' valleys round Are nursed and fed by me, And I'm aye lippin fu\ — James Ballantine : Song of the Four Elements— the Water. See ye, wha hae aught in your bicker to spare, And gie your poor neighbours your owre- ■lippin share. —James Ballantine : Winter Promptings. Lire, sometimes written lyre, the complexion. Jamieson defines lire as "the part of the skin which is colourless," and " as the flesh or muscles as distin- guished from the bones " — " the lean part of butchers' meat." He derives the word from the Anglo-Saxon lire, the fleshy part of the body. The word is traceable to the Gaelic Hath (pronounced lia), pale grey, and liathaich {lia-aich), to become grey. As ony rose her rude was red, Her fyre was like the lilies. — Christ's Kirk on the Green. Lirk, a crease, a plait, a fold, a hollow in a hill ; from the Gaelic laraich (see lar, ante, p. 114). The hills were high on ilka side, An' the bricht i' the lirk. — Border Minstrelsy — The Broom o' the Covtdenknowes. Lith, a joint, a hinge; and me- taphorically, the point of an argument on which the whole question turns. To lith, to sepa- rate the joints ; from the Gaelic luth, a joint ; luthach, well- jointed, or having large joints. ' * Fye, thief, for shame ! " cries little Sym, " Wilt thou not fecht wi' me ; Thou art mair large of lith and limb Nor I am " — Allan Ramsay's Evergreen : Question- ing and Debate betwixt Adamson and Sym. And to the road again wi' a' her pith. And souple was she ilka limb and lith. — Ross's Helenore. Dr. Johnson and Lord Auchinleck were quarrelling over the character of the great Protector, and the sturdy old English Tory pressed the no less sturdy old Scottish Whig to say what good Cromwell had ever done to his country. His lordship replied, " He gart kings ken that they had a lith in their necks." — Boswell. Ye'll tak a lith o my little fingerbane. — Buchan's Ancient Ballads — The Bonnie Bows 0' London. Littit, coloured ; from the Gaelic liath, grey. Weel dyed and littit through and through. — George Beattie : John 0' Amhd. Loaning^, a meadow, a pasture ; a green lane. I've heard them lilting at the ewe-milking — Lasses a' lilting before dawn of day ; But now they are moaning in ilka green loaning. The flowers o' the forest are a' wede away. — The Flowers the Forest. Joy gaed down the loaning wi' her, Joy gaed down the loaning wi' her, She wadnahae me — but has ta'en another — And a' men's joy but mine ga'ed wi her ! — Chambers's Scottish Songs. Loe-some, or love-some, pleasant and amiable, is sometimes 122 Loof- — Loup- hunting. wrongly written leesome, as in Burns's song of "The Countrie Lassie " : — The tender heart o' leesome luve Gowd and siller canna buy. Loof, the palm of the hand ; from the Gaelic lamh {lav), the hand. Gie's yer loo/, I'll ne'er beguile you. — Scots Proverbs. Wi' arm reposed on her chair back, He sweetly does compose him. Which by degrees slips round her neck, An's ^^upon her bosom, Unkenned that day. —Burns : The Holy Fair. Lofa is used by Ulphilas for the open hand ; slaps lofa, a. slap of the hand. The Gaelic lam, when the m gets aspir- ate, becomes lamA — lav or la/". — Lord N EAVES, Losh, a ludicrous objurgation that does duty as a paltry oath ; generally supposed to be a cor- ruption of "Lordl" LosA me ! hae mercy wi' your natch. Your bodkin's bauld. — Burns : Epistle to a Tailor. Losh me ! that's beautiful. — Noctes A in- brosiaiue. The English corruptions of " Lord ! " becomes O Lor' ! Lawks ! and La' ! The name of the Supreme Being, in like manner, is vulgarised into Go&h, as "By Gosh!" "Gosh guide us ! " is a common expression in Scotland, with the object apparently of avoiding the breach of the Third Command- ment in the letter, though not in the spirit. Loup, to leap; to *'loup the dyke," a proverbial expression, to leap over the dyke (of re- straint), applied to unchaste unmarried women ; land-louper, a vagrant. Spak o' loupiri o'er a linn. — Burns : Duncan Gray. He's loupen on the bonnie black. He steer'd him wi' the spur right sairly ; But ere he won to Gatehope slack I think the steed was wae and weary. — Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border^ Annan Water. I bade him loup, I bade him come, I bade him loup to me, An' I'd catch him in my armis twa. — The Fire o Frendraught. Loup-huntingf. "The odd phrase, 'Hae ye been a lowp- hunting V is a query," says Jamieson, "addressed to one who has been very early abroad, and is an evident allusion to the hunting of the wolf (the French lowp in former days)." The allusion is not so evident as Jamieson imagined. A wolf was not called loup either in the Highlands or in the Lowlands. In the Highlands the animal was either called/aoZ, or {madadh alluidh), a wild dog ; and in the Lowlands by its English, Flemish, and German name, "wolf." It is far more likely that "loup" in the phrase is derived from the Gaelic lobhar, the Irish Gaelic luhhar, a day's work; a hunt more imperative than that after an animal which has not been known in Scotland since 1680, when the last of the race, according to tradition, was killed by Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel. Another tradition. Lout — Luckie. 123 recorded in the third volume of Chambers's "Annals of Scot- land," fixes in 1743 the date of the last wolf slain, and records the name of the slayer as Mac- queen, a noted deer-stalker in the forest of Moray. Luh is an obsolete Gaelic word for a youth of either sex. It is therefore possible that loup-hunting may have had a still more familiar meaning. Lout or loute, to jump, or leap. He has louted him o'er the dizzy crag And gien the monster kisses ane. — Border Minstrelsy. Low, to stand still, to stop, to rest ; lowden, to calm ; applied to the cessation of a stormy wind ; also, to silence, or cause to be silent. Lowan drouth, burning thirst. With the cauld stream she quench'd her lowan drouth. — Ross's Helenore. Lowe, a flame ; lowin\ burning, to burn, to blaze. Ld is the ancient Gaelic word for day, or daylight ; superseded partially by the modern Id, or Idtka, with the same meaning. The syllable Id appears in the compound word lo-inn, joy, gladness, beauty — derived from the idea of light — that which shines, as in the Teutonic sehon or schoen, the old English sheen, beautiful. A vast unbottomed boundless pit, Filled fou o' loivz'n' brunstane. —Burns : The Holy Fair. The sacred lowe o' weel -placed love Luxuriantly indulge it. — Burns : Epistle to a Young Friend. The bonnie, bonnie bairn sits poking in the ase, Glowerin' in the fire wi' his wee round face, Laughin' at the fuffin' lowe — what sees he there ? Ha ! the young dreamer's biggin' castles in the air. —James Ballantine. Lown, quiet, calm, sheltered from the wind. The lown o' the dyke, the sheltered side of the wall. "Unbuckle your belt, Sir Roland," she said, " And sit you safely down." " Oh, your bower is very dark, fair maid, An' the nicht is wondrous lown." — Ballad of Sir Roland. Lown is used in relation to concealment, as when any ill report is to be hushed up. "Keep it lown" i.e., say nothing about it. — Jamieson. Blaw the wind ne'er sae fast. It will loTim at the last. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Prozierhs. Come wi' the young bloom o' morn on thy brow. Come wi' the lown star o' love in thine e'e. — James Ballantine : Wifie, Come Hame. Lounder, to strike heavily right and left. I brak a branch off an ash, and ran in among them lounderin awa' right and left. — Noctes A tnbrosiance. Luckie, a term of familiarity applied to elderly women in the lower and middle ranks of society : — Oh, hand your tongue, now, Luckie Laing, Oh, baud your tongue and jaumer ; 124 Lug. I held the gate till you I met, Syne I began to wander. — Burns : The Lass of Ecclefechan. Hear me, ye hills, and every glen, And echo shrill, that a' may ken The waefu' thud O' reckless death wha came unseen To Luckie Wood. — Burns. Mrs. Helen Carnegie of Montrose died in 1818, at the advanced age of ninety-one. She was a Jacobite, and very aristocratic, but on social terms with many of the burghers of the city. She preserved a very nice distinction in her mode of addressing people according to their rank and station. She was fond of a game of quadrille (whist), and sent out her servant every morning to invite the ladies required to make up the game. " Nelly, ye'U gang to Lady Car- negie's, and mak' my compliments, and ask the honour of her ladyship's company, and that of the Miss Carnegies, to tea this evening. If they canna come, ye'll gang to the Miss Mudies, and ask the pleasure of their company. If they canna come, ye maun gang to Miss Hunter, and ask the favour of her company. If she canna come, ye maun gang to Luckie Spark, and bid her come I " — Dean Ramsay's Reminiscences. It is probable that this word, as a term of respect as well as of familiarity, to a middle-aged or elderly matron, is a corrup- tion of the Gaelic laoch, brave. The French say, " une hrave femme," meaning a good wo- man ; and the Lowland Scotch use the adjective honest in the same sense, as in the anecdote recorded in Dean Ramsay's " Reminiscences " of Lord Her- mand, who, about to pass sen- tence on a woman, began re- . monstratively, " Honest woman, what garred ye steal your neigh- bour's tub ? " Lug, the ear, a handle ; also to pull, to drag or haul. Luggie, a small wooden dish with handles. Luggie, the horned owl, so called from the length of its ears. His hair, his size, his mouth, his lugs, Showed he was nane o' Scotland's dogs. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. Up they got and shook their lugs. Rejoiced they were na men but dogs. — Idem. How would his Highland lug been nobler fired, — His matchless hand with finer touch inspired. — Burns : The Brigs of Ayr. Lug, to pull by the ear, or otherwise to haul a load, is still current in English ; but lug, the ear, is obsolete, except in the Northern Counties, though com- mon in English literature in the Elizabethan era. Two deriva- tions have been suggested for the word in its two divergences. The Gaelic lag, genitive luig, signifies a cavity, whence it is supposed that lug signifies the cavity of the ear. Coles, how- ever, renders lug by the Latin, " auris lobus, auricula infinia," not the interior cavity, but the exterior substance of the ear. The derivation of lug, to pull, to drag a load, seems to be from another source altogether ; from the Gaelic luchd — the English for a load, a burden, or a ship's cargo, and for lugger, a kind of barge used for the transference of the cargo from the hold of a larger vessel. In this case the meaning is transferred from the Lum — Machless, 125 load itself to the action of mov- ing it. Lum, the chimney, the vent by which the smoke escapes from the fireplace. The word is used in the north of England as well as in Scotland. The etymology is uncertain. The Kymric has Uumon, a beacon, a chimney ; the Irish Gaelic has luaimh, swift; and the Scottish Gaelic luath {lua), swift ; and ceum, aspirated into cheum or heum, a way, a passage, whence lua-heum, the swift passage by which the smoke is carried off. The most probable derivation is from the Gaelic laom, a blaze ; whence, by extension of meaning, the place of the blaze or fire. Lunt, the smoke of tobacco, to emit smoke ; from the Flemish lord, a lighted wick. The luntin pipe. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. Lurder, an awkward, lazy, or worthless person ; from the French lourd, heavy ; lourdaud, a heavy and stupid man. Let alane males many a lurder (neglect makes many a one worthless). — Dean Ramsay. Lyart, grey ; from the Gaelic liaih (Ha), which has the same mean- ing. His fyari haffets [locks of thin grey hair]. — Burns : Cotters Saturday Night. Twa had manteels o' doleful black, But ane in lyari hung. — Burns : The Holy Fair. Lume, a tool, a spinning-machine, a loom. Lunch, a piece, a slice, whence the modern English lunch, a slight meal in the middle of the day. Cheese and bread frae women's laps Was dealt about in lunches And dawds that day. —Burns: The Holy Fair. Lyke-wake, the ceremonial of the watching over a dead body. Lyke is from the German leichc, the Dutch and Flemish UjTc, a corpse. She has cut off her yellow locks A little aboon her e'e. And she's awa' to Willie's lyke. As fast as gang could she. — 'Q\:cHX^'s Ballads : Willies Lyke- Wake. M Machless, lazy, sluggish, indolent. Jamieson derives this word from the Teutonic macht, power, strength, might ; whence macht- los, without might or strength ; but the Scottish word is with- out the t, which somewhat de- tracts from the probability of the etymology. The Gaelic has macleisg, a lazy, indolent person, literally a "son of laziness," which is a nearer, approach to 126 Mad as a Hatter — Matgs. machless than machtlos. Machle is defined by Jamieson as signi- fying to busy one's self about nothing, which would seem to be an abbreviation of madeisg. He says that machless is gener- ally used in an unfavourable sense, as in the phrase, " get up, ye machless brute." This sup- ports the Gaelic etymology. Mad as a hatter. This is English as well as Scottish slang, to signify that a person is more or less deranged in his intellect. Why a hatter should be madder than a shoemaker, a tailor, or any other handicraftsman, has never been explained. The phrase most probably arises from a cor- ruption and misconception of the Gaelic word atadh, a swelling, aitearachd, swelling, blustering, foaming like a cataract in motion, or the assembling of a noisy crowd. Jamieson, un- aware of the Gaelic origin, de- fined the Scottish hatter as a numerous and irregular assem- blage of any kind, a hatter of stanes, or a confused heap of stones ; and hattering, as col- lecting in crowds. So that mad as a hatter merely signifies mad as a cataract or a crowd. In the old Langue Romane — the precursor of modern French — hativeau meant un fou, vn etourdi, a madman. Maggie-rab or Maggie-rob, an ancient popular term for a vio- lent, quarrelsome, and disagree- able woman. He's a very guid man, but I trow he's gotten a Maggie-rob d a wife. — ^Jamieson. This strange phrase, though now so apparently inexplicable, must originally have had a meaning, or it would never have acquired the currency of a pro- verb. If the word Maggie for Margaret be accepted as the generic name for a woman, like Jill in the nursery rhyme of "Jack and Jill went up the hill ; " or like Jenny in the old song of "Jock and Jenny;" and Roh or Rah be held to signify a man, the phrase may mean a virago, a woman with the behaviour and masculine manners of the other sex. The rah or roh in the phrase is susceptible of another inter- pretation. The Gaelic rah, or raba^h, means quarrelsome, liti- gious, violent, exasperating — while in the same language roh means dirty and slovenly. Either of these epithets would very aptly describe the kind of woman referred to in the ex- tract from Jamieson. But these are suggestions only for students of language, and are not offered as true deriva- tions for the guidance of the unlearned. Rahagas was the name recently given by a popu- lar French playwright to a very quarrelsome and litigious char- acter. Maigs or mags, a ludicrous term for the hands, from the Gaelic mag or mog, a paw. Haud aff yer maigs, man ! — Jamieson. Mailin — Mare's Nest 127 Mailin*, a farm-yard and farm- buildings ; a farm for which rent is paid — from tna^l, a tax. Gaelic mal, tax, tribute. A weel-stockit mailin , himself o't the laird, And marriage ofF-hand, were his proflFers. — Burns : Last May a Braw Wooer. Quoth she, my grandsire left me gowd, A mailin plenished fairly. —Burns : The Soldiers Return. M airly, rather more. Argyle has raised a hundred men, A hundred men and mairly, And he's awa by the back o' Dunkeld, To plunder the house o' Airly. The lady look't o'er her window sae hie. She lookit lang and sairly, Till she espied the great Argyle Cam' to plunder the house o' Airly. — The House of A irly. Maks na, or it maks na, it does not signify, it does not matter. Away his wretched spirit flew, It maks na where. — Allan Ramsay : The Last Speech of a Wretched Miser. Tho' daft or wise, I'll ne'er demand, Or black or fair, it maks na whether. — Allan Ramsay : Gie me a Lass ivi a Lump d Land. Malison, a curse. The twin word, benison, a blessing, has been admitted into English dic- tionaries, but malison is still excluded ; although it was a correct and recognised English word in the time of Langland, the author of Piers Ploughman, and Chaucer. Thus they serve Sathanas, Marchands of malisons. — Langland : Piers Ploughman. And all-Hallowes, have ye. Sir Chanone, Said this priest, and I her malison. —Chaucer : The Chanones Vemanne's Tale. I've won my mother's malison, Coming this night to thee. — Border Minstrelsy. That is a cuckold's malison, John Anderson, my joe. — John Anderson, old version. Mansweir, to commit perjury. This word is almost peculiar to Scotland, though Halliwell has mainsworn, perjured, long obso- lete, but once used in England. The first syllable can have no relation to man, homo. The Flemish meineed, and the Ger- man meineid, signify perjury, and one who perjures himself is a meineidiger. The Scottish word seems to be derived from the Gaelic mionn, an oath, and suarach, worthless, valueless, mean, of no account — whence mionn suarach, corrupted into man sweir, signifying a valueless or false oath. Jamieson thinks it comes from the Anglo-Saxon man, perverse, mischievous, and swerian, to swear ; a derivation which, as regards the syllable man, he would have scarcely hazarded if he had been aware of the Gaelic mionn, or of the German meineid. Mare's Nest. This originally Scottish phrase is no longer peculiar to Scotland, but has become part of the copious vocabulary of English slang. Hotten's Slang Dictionary de- fines it to mean "a supposed 128 Mark and Burn — Marrow. discovery of marvels, which turn out to be no marvels at all." The compiler accounts for the expression by an anec- dote of " three cockneys, who, out ruralising, determined to find out something about nests. Ultimately, when they came upon a dung-heap, they judged by the signs that it must be a mare's nest, especially as they could see the mare close by." This ridiculous story has hitherto passed muster. The words are a corruption of the Gaelic mear- achd, an error, and nathaist (th silent), a fool, whence a fool's error, i.e., mare's nest. Some Gaelic scholars are of opinion that the word is compounded of mearachd, an error, and sna- saichte, or snasta, reduced into order or system, i.e., systematic error. Mark and burn. To say of a thing that it is lost, mark and hum signifies that it is totally lost, beyond trace and recogni- tion; not that it is marked or burned in the sense of the English words, but in the sense of the Gaelic marc, a horse — from whence march, a boundary traced by the perambulations at stated periods of men on horseback — and burn, a stream of running water, the natural, and often the common boundary, between contiguous estates and territories. March balk signifies the narrow ridge which some- times serves as the boundary between lands of different pro- prietors. Marche dyke, a wall separating one farm or estate from another. When one loses anything and finds it not again, he is said never to see mark nor burn of it. — Jamieson. Marmor, an ancient title of nobility equivalent to an earl ; from the Gaelic maor, an officer, chieftain, and mor, great. Lords of the Isles, and Thanes, and Jarls, Barons and Manners grim. With helm on head and glaive in hand, In rusty armour dim. Responsive to some powerful call. Gathered obedient one and all. — Legends of the Isles. Marrow, one of a pair, a mate, a companion, an equal, a sweet- heart — from the Gaelic mar, like, similar. This word is beautifully applied to a lover or wedded partner, as one whose mind is the exact counterpart of that of the object of his affection. It appears in early English literature, but now sur- vives only in the poetry and daily speech of the Scottish and northern English people. One glove or shoe is marrow to an- other. — Lansdowne MS., quoted in Hal- liwell's Archaic Dictionary. And when we came to Clovenford, Then said my winsome marrow, Whate'er betide, we'll turn aside. And see the braes o' Yarrow. —Wordsworth : Yarrow Unvisited. Thou took our sister to be thy wife, But ne'er thought her thy marrow. — The Dowie Dens d Yarrow. Mons Meg and her marrow three vol- leys let flee. For love of the bonnets of bonnie Dundee.— Sir Walter Scott. Marschal — Maun, 129 Meddle with your marrow (i.e., with your equa\).—ScoUzsk Proverb. Your e'en are no marrows (i.e., you squint).— Allan Ramsay. Marschal, a steward, an upper servant ; from the Gaelic maor, an officer, a superintendent, and sgctlag, a farm-servant, a serf, a hired labourer. Mart or mairt, cow-beef salted for winter provision. So called, says Jamieson, **from Martin- mas, the term at which beeves are usually killed for winter store." Perhaps the future edi- tors of Jamieson will take note that mart in Gaelic signifies a cow ; mart bainne, a milch cow ; and m^rt fheoU, beef ; and that consequently the word has no relation to the Martinmas fes- tival. In a note to '* Noctes Ambrosianse," Professor Ferrier says m^irt is an ox killed at Martinmas. Mart originally sig- nified a market, where kine and horned cattle were sold, as dis- tinguished from market, a horse fair ; from mare, a horse. Mashlum, mixed corn, or rye and oats with the bran. Twa mashlum bannocks (cakes). — Burns : Cry and Prayer. Mask, to infuse ; usually employed in connection with the tea-table. To mask the tea is, in Scottish phrase, to make the tea, by pouring the boiling water upon it. The word is from the Gaelic masg, to mix, to infuse. Jamie- son erroneously derives it from the Swedish mask^ a mash. Maughts, power. They had nae maughts for sic a toilsome task, The barefaced robbers had put off the mask — Among the herds that played a maughty part. —Ross's Helenore. She starts to foot, but has nae maughts to stand. — Idem. Th/^ word is from the Teutonic macfitl power, might, ability. The root seems to be the Gaelic maiih, powerful, able, strong, and maithich or maithaich, to make strong. Maukin, a hare ; from the Gaelic maigheach, and maoidheach, with the same meaning. God help the day when royal heads Are hunted like a maukin. — Burns : Our Thistles flourished Fresh and Fair. Mauks, maggots. I saw the cook carefully wi' the knife scrapin' out the mauks.— Noctes Am- brosiana. Maun, must. This Scottish verb, like its English synonym, has no inflections, no past or future tense, and no infinitive. The pe- culiarity of the Scottish word is that it sometimes signifies rmy, and sometimes must, as in the line of D'Urfey's clumsy imita- tion of a Scottish song, " Within a Mile of Edinburgh Town " — I canna, maunna, winna buckle to (I cannot, may not [or must not], will not, be married). 130 Mavis — Mellder. Perhaps the use of may as rwust, and vice versa, "was intro- duced into the Lowland Scotch by the Gaelic-speaking High- landers. Feud in Gaelic signi- fies may or can, and fheudar domh, " obligation or necessity is to me, or upon me," i.e., I must. Mavis, the singing thrush. This word, once common in English poetry, is now seldom employed. Spenser, in the following pas- sage from his " Epithalamium," seems to have considered the mavis and the thrush to be diffe- rent birds : — The thrush replies ; the mavis descant plays. In Scottish poetry the word is of constant occurrence. In vain to me in glen or shaw The mavis and the lintwhite sing. — Burns. Oh, tell sweet Willie to come doun, And hear the mavis singing ; And see the birds on ilka bush, And green leaves round them hinging. — Buchan's Ancient Ballads, An eccentric divine discours- ing on a class of persons who were obnoxious to him, con- cluded with this singular perora- tion, " Ma freens, it is as impos- sible for a moderate to enter into the kingdom of heaven as for a soo (sow) to sit on the tap o' a thistle, and sing like a. mavis." — Rogers's Illustrations of Scottish Life. Mawmet, an idol. This word is usually derived from Mahomet, but as Mahomet was not an idol, but asserted himself to be the prophet of the true God, it is possible that the philologists of an earlier day accepted the plausible etymology, without caring to inquire further. It is, nevertheless, worthy of con- sideration whether the word does not come from the Gaelic maoim, horror, terror, fright ; and maoimeadh, a state of terror or awe, such as devotees feel before an idol. Mawsie, a large, dirty, slovenly, unshapely woman ; a corruption and abbreviation of the Gaelic maosganach, a lump, a lumpish person. May, a lass, a maid, a young girl. There was a May an' a weel-fared May Lived high up in yon glen. — Border Minstrelsy : Katharine Ganfarie. Meggy Monyfeet, the popular name for the centipede. Mell, to be intimate with, to mingle or associate ; from the French meter, to mix. MeU also signifies a company, and melting an intermeddling. Mellder, the quantity of grain sent at one time to the miller to be ground. Ae market -day thou wast na sober ; That ilka mellder, wi' the miller, Thou sat as lang as thou hadst siller ; That every naig was ca'd a shoe on The smith and thee gat roarin' fou' on. —Burns : Tarn dShanter. Melvie — Merle. i3r Melvie, to soil with meal, as the miller's clothes and hair are soiled from the flying dust of the mill. Erroneously explained in the glossaries to Burns as "to soil with mud" It is probably a corruption of mealy. Mealie was his sark, Mealie was his siller, Mealie was the kiss That I gat frae the miller. — Old Song. To tnelvie his braw claithing. — Burns : The Holy Fair. Mense, mind, good manners, dig- nity, decorum ; menseful, digni- fied ; mensefully, in a proper and respectable manner. From the Latin mens, whence mental. Auld Vandal, ye but show your little mense, Just much about it wi' your scanty sense. — Burns : The Brigs of Ayr. I wat she was a sheep of sense, And could behave herself wi' mense ; I'll say't, she never brak a fence Thro' thievish greed. Our Bardie lanely keeps the spence Since Mailie's dead. —Burns : Poor Mailie's Elegy. To mense a board, is to do the honoui's of the table. She has a' the mense o the family. — Jamieson. Mensk, manly dignity ; menskful, manly, becoming, dignified ; mensJcly, worthily. Jamieson traces the word to the Icelandic menska, humanitas. Merg or mergh, marrow pith; from the Flemish. There was merg in his fingers and fire in his &y&.—Jock o' Amha'. And the mergh o' his shin-bane, Has run down on his spur leather whang. — Border Minstrelsy : Fray ofSuport. Merle, the blackbird. The Scot- tish, which is also the French, name for this delightful songster is far more poetical and distinc- tive than the prosaic " black- bird" of modern English — a name which might with as much propriety be applied to the rook, the crow, the raven, and the jackdaw. The merle is as much noted for his clear, beautiful notes, as for the tribute he levies upon the fruits of the summer and autumn — a tribute which he well deserves to obtain, and amply pays for by his music. The name of merle, in Gaelic meirle, signifies theft ; and meir- leach, a thief. In the same language meirneil, the English merlin, signifies a hawk or other predatory bird. As regards the merle, it must be confessed that he is, in the matter of currants and strawberries, deserving of his name. The depredations of the merie have created several proverbial phrases in the French language, such as — C'est un fin merle, applied to a clever and unscrupulous man ; un beau merle, a specious false pretender. The French call the hen-black- bird a merlette. The word merle was good English in the days of Chaucer, and considerably later. Where the sweet tnerle and warbling mavis be.— Drayton. 132 Merry Scotland — Midden. Merry Scotland. The epithet "merry" was applied to Eng- land as well as to Scotland, and was a common mode of address to a company or multitude of soldiers, hunters, or boon com- panions. Old King Cole was a merry old soul, And a -merry old soul was he, And he called for his pipe, and he called for his bowl, And he called for his fiddlers three. Of all the girls in merry Scotland, There's none to compare to Marjorie. —Old King Cole. Few words have puzzled philologists more completely than mirth and merry. Johnson suggested no etymology ; Skin- ner derived merry from the German mehren, to magnify ; and Junius from the Greek fjLvpi^Tjiv, to anoint, because the Greeks anointed themselves with oil when they made merry in their public games ! The word has no root in any of the Teutonic languages, German, Dutch, Flemish, Danish, or Swedish; and cannot be traced to either French, Latin, Italian, or Spanish. The Gaelic yields mir, sport ; mireach, festive, sportive ; mear, cheerful, joyous. It thus appears on the evidence of etymology that the pleasant epithet for these islands was given by the Celtic inhabitants, and not by the Saxon and other Teutonic invaders, though it was afterwards adopted by them. Messan, or messin, a cur, a lap- dog, a pet dog. But tho' he was o' high degree. The fient o' pride, nae pride had he, But wad hae spent an hour caressin' E'en wi' a tinker gipsy's messan. — Burns : Tke Twa Dogs. The glossaries to Burns, judg- ing from the context, and the gipsy, imagine messin to mean a mongrel, a dog of mixed breeds. Jamieson says it is a small dog, a country cur, so called from Messina, in Sicily, whence this species was brought ; or from the French maison, a house, because such dogs were kept in the house ! The word, however, is the Gaelic measan, a pet dog, a lap-dog; from meas, fancy, kindness, regard. We hounds slew the hare, quoth the blind messan. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Mess John, the old epithet in Scottish ballad poetry for a priest, derived from the celebra- tion of the mass, so that Mess John signified in irreverent phrase, John, who celebrated the mass. The English has the kindred phrase, Jack Priest. The auld folk soon gied their consent. Syne for Mess John they quickly sent, Wha ty'd them to their heart's content, And now she's Lady Gowrie. — The Lass o' Gowrie. Midden or midden hole, the dung- hill or dungpit, a receptacle for the refuse, filth, and manure of a farm, situated in the centre of the farmyard, an arrange- ment not yet wholly super- seded : — Mint — Mint. 133 Ye glowered at the moon, and fell in the tnidden. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. The tither's something dour o' treadin', But better stuff ne'er claw'd a midden. —Burns : Elegy on the Year 1788. The word is still used in the Northern counties of England, and was derived by Ray from mud. The true derivation is from the Gaelic meadhon, the centre, the middle, or midst. Therein lay three and thirty sows, Trundlin' in a midden Of draff. —Peblis to the Play. Mlm, meek, modest, prudish, prim, reticent, affected and shy of speech; applied only to young women, or contemptu- ously to effeminate young men. This word is usually derived from the English mum, which means silent or speechless. The Scottish mim means mealy mouthed, only speaking when spoken to, over-discreet^in con- versation, assertion, or reply : — See ! up he's got the Word o' God, And meek and mim he's view'd it. —Burns : The Holy Fair. Maidens should be mim. till they're married. — Allan Ramsay. Some w/w-mou'd pouther'd priestie, Fu' lifted up wi' Hebrew lore, And hands upon his breastie. —Burns : To Willie Chalmers. Mim, as distinguished from mum, is an evident rendering of the Gaelic min, soft, delicate, smooth, mild, meek ; min hheUl- ach is from min and bevX, a mouth, the same as the Scottish mim-mouthed, used by Burns ; min-hhriathar, a soft word or expression, from min and h-ia- thar, a word. Mim is provincial and colloquial in England. First go the ladies, mim, mim, mim. Next come the gentlemen, prim, prim, prim; Then comes the country clown. Gallop a-trot, trot, trot. — Nursery Rhymes 0/ England. Minikin, very small, applied in derision to a little affected per- son of either sex ; derived pos- sibly from the Gaelic min, small ; or from the Flemish mannikin, a little man. Minnie, a term of endearment for a mother. My daddie looks glum, and my minnie looks sour, They flyte me wi' Jamie because he is poor. — Logie d Buchan. From the Flemish min, love, and the Gaelic min, sweet, soft, pleasant, kind, musical ; also little, used as a term of endear- ment. Mint, to attempt, to try, to essay, to aim at. The resemblance in the idea of the Scottish mint, to attest, to try, to essay, and the Mint, where the precious metals are essayed, or tried as to their purity before they are coined into money, is curious, especially when it is remembered that the Mint was formerly and is still sometimes called the Assay Office. The English word Mint, for the Assay Office, is .134 Mird — Missie, usually traced to the German miinze, the Dutch munte, the Latin moneta, money. The ety- mology of the Scottish mint, to essay, or try, is unknown ; though it is possibly to be found in the Allemanische or German patois meinta, to intend, to mean to do a thing. Mintin's nae makin'.— Allan Ramsay's Scois Proverbs. A man may mint and no' hit the mark. —Allan Ramsay. Mird, to ogle, to leer, to make amorous signs and advances to a woman. Donald was smerkit wi' mirds and jnockery. — James Hogg: Donald Mac- Gillvray. Mird wi' your makes (equals). — Jamie- son. Mirk, dark. Of uncertain ety- mology, but probably derivable from the Gaelic murcach, sad, sorrowful, gloomy. A man's mind is s^mirk mirror. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Oh mirk ! tnirk ! is the midnight hour. And loud the tempest's roar. — Burns : Lord Gregory. 'Twixt the gloaming and the mirk, When the kye come hame. — James Hogg. Mirklins, the gloaming, inclining to be mirk or dark. Mischant, a worthless person; fromthe French mecAaw^, wicked. Mischanter, a euphonistic name for the devil, synonymous with • the English " old mischief," sometimes applied to the same personage. It is probable that miscTiantcr, as applied to the devil, means the mischief -maker, or doer of mischief or wicked- ness. Mishanter, misfortune, which is not of the same etymology as mischanter, is probably a cor- rupt abbreviation of misadven- ture. Gin Rab Roy hae heard o' this lady's mishanter, he wadna be lang o' clearin' the house — Lord Lovat an' a', and letting her gang hame.— Macleay's Memoirs of the Clan MacGregor. Misleard, unmannerly, rude, mis- chievous, ill-conditioned. Lord Lovat's sae misleard a chap that gin he ken't we were kind to her, he wad mak' whangs o' our hides to mend his Highland brogues wi'. — Macleay's Me- ntoirs of the Clan MacGregor. Missie, a fondling term for a very young girl. The English word miss, of which, at first sight, wiWe would seem to be an affec- tionate diminutive, is of very uncertain derivation. It is com- monly supposed to be the first syllable of mistress, the French maitresse (the feminine of maitre). Miss and Missie are peculiar to Scotch and English, and are un- known in any of the Teutonic and Komance languages. The Teutonic languages use the word jungfrau, and fraiilein ; the French use demoiselle, or made- moiselle ; the Italians signorina ; and the Spanish senorita. Per- haps the graceful miss and missie Mister — Moop and MelL 135 in Scotch and English are from the Gaelic maise, beauty, grace, comeliness, or maiseach, pretty, beautiful, elegant. These are more appropriate as the desig- nation of a young unmarried lady than mistress would be, implying, as that word does, a sense of command and mastery. Mister, want, need, great poverty ; misterful, necessitous. Unken'd and misterful in the deserts of Libya. — Gawin Douglas : Translation of the /Rneid. Misterfu folk should nae be mensfu'. (Needy people should not be too parti- cular). — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. The original phrase of misterfu' beggars, or needy beggars, was afterwards corrupted into mas- terful beggars, i.e., arrogant or sturdy beggars, as they are called in an edict of James VI., '* the whole class of maisterfull andydiUbeggaris, sornaris (sor- ners), fulis (fools), and bardis (wandering minstrels or ballad- singers)." It is diflScult to ac- count for mister and misterful, rmless they be derived from the Scottish Gaelic misde, the Irish Gaelic miste, the comparative of olc, bad or evil. Mistear and mistire signify a sly, cunning, and mean person, as well as a needy beggar. The corruption to masterful in the sense of arro- gant is easily accounted for. Mool, to have carnal intercourse ; sometimes corrupted into moio or mowe. An' there'll be Alaster Sibbie That in wi' black Bessie did mool, Wi' snivellin' Lillie an' Tibbie The lass that sits aft on the stool, (the cutty stool, q. v.) — The Blythesome Bridal. Jamieson's Dictionary con- tains neither m/)ol nor mowe, in the sense in which they are used in the too libidinous vernacular ; but has mool, to crumble, and mowe or m/}w, dust or mould. Moolins, refuse, grains of corn, husks, or chaff ; sometimes crumbs of bread ; from the Gaelic muiUean, a husk or par- ticle of chaff or grain ; the waste of the meal at the miller's. The pawky wee sparrow will peck aff your floor, The bauld little Robin hops in at your door; But the heaven-soaring lark 'mang the cauld drift will dee, Afore he'll come cowerin' your moolins to pree. —James Ballantine : Winter Promptings. Mools, from mould — earth, the grave. And Jeanie died. She had not lain i' the mools Three days ere Donald laid aside his tools, And closed his forge, and took his passage home. But long ere forty days had run their round, Donald was back upon Canadian ground — Donald the tender heart, the rough, the brave, With earth and gowans for his true love's grave. — All the Year Round. Moop and mell, to feed together ; meil, to associate with; from 136 Morn — Mowes. the French meler, to mingle. Halliwell's Archaic Dictionary- contains mouch — said to be a Lincolnshire word, signifying to eat greedily. The auld West Bow sae steep and crookit, Where bawbee pies wee callants vtoopit. — James Ballantine. But aye keep mind to inoop and mell Wi' sheep o' credit like thysel. — Burns : Poor Mailie. Guid ale bauds me bare and busy, Gars me inoop wi' the servant hizzie ; Stand i' the stool when I hae done ; Guid ale keeps my heart abune. — Burns : Good Ale Comes. Moop does not mean to keep company with (mell does, meddle with, have to do with), inoop really means to eat, or rather to nibble, and, if I mistake not, is an old English word, — the present form of the word is mump. — R. Drennan. Mom. The Scotch make a dis- tinction between the morn, which means to-morrow, and morn (without the article), which means morning — thus, *' the morn's morn" is to-morrow morning. Mother-naked, stark-naked , utterly naked ; as naked as the new-born babe at the moment of birth. This word, though a compound of two English ones, has never been admitted into modern English dictionaries, and does not even appear in Nares, Halliwell, or Wright. If it were ever English, there re- main no traces of it either in literature or in the common speech of the people. It is still current in the Scottish vernacu- lar, and in poetical composition. They'll shape me in your arms, Janet, A dove, but and a swan, At last they'll shape me in your arms A mother-naked man. Cast your green mantle over me, I'll be myself again. — Ballad of the Young Tamlane, Readers of the "Arabian Nights' Entertainments " will remember the counterpart of the story of Young Tamlane, in that marvellous compilation of Eastern romance. Mouter, fee paid to the miller for grinding corn ; old English, tnul- ture ; French, movdre, to grind. It's good to be merry and wise, Said the miller when he moutered iy>'\ct. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Prot>erbs. The quaker's wife sat down to bake Wi' a' her bairns about her, Ilk ane gat a quarter cake And the miller gat his mouter. — Chambers's Old Song. Mowes, jesting, mockery, grim- aces ; to make mowes, to make faces. Affront your friend in mowes and tine him in earnest. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. It has been supposed that mowes, which in this sense is only used in the plural, is derived from mmC, a Scottish abbreviation of mouth. It would seem so at first blush ; but as the French have *' faire la moue," "grimace faite par mecontentement, en allongeant les levres," and as moue in that language does not signify a mouth, it is probable that the source of mowes is to be sought Muckle — Muslin-kail. 137 in the French and not in the Teutonic. Possibly both the Scottish mowe and the French moue have a common origin in the Celtic and Gaelic muig, a discontented look, an ill-natured frown. In English slang, mug signifies the face; and "ugly itiug'''^ is a common expression for an ugly face. Muckle, mickle, meikle, great, large, big ; muclde-mou' d, big- mouthed, wide-mouthed, clam- orous, vociferous ; Muchle-mou'd Meg, a name given to a cannon of large calibre. This word is akin to the English much, the Spanish mucho, the Greek mega and megala, and the Latin mag- nus — all implying the sense of greatness. The Gaelic has meud, [in which the final d is often pronounced ch], bulk, great size ; and meudaich, to magnify. Every little helps to mak a Tnuckle. — Scots Proverb. Far hae I travelled, And muckle hae I seen. But buttons upon blankets Saw I never nane. — Onr Gudetnan cam Haine at E'en. Mull, a snuff or tobacco-box, as used in the Highlands. The Lowland Scotch sometimes call a snuff-box "a sneeshin mill,'' mill being a corruption of mull ; from the Gaelic mala, a bag, the French malle, a trunk or box. The luntin' pipe and sneeshin mill Are handed round wi' right guidwill. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. Jamieson says, with a non- comprehension of the origin of the word mill and its connection with mull, that the snuff-box was formerly used in the country as a mill for grinding the dried tobacco leaves 1 If so, the box must have contained some ma- chinery for the purpose. But neither Jamieson, nor anybody else, ever saw a contrivance of that kind in a snuff-box. MurguUie, to spoil, to mangle, to lacerate, to deform. Sometimes written margulye. He wadna murgullie the howlet on the moudiewort either. — Macleav's Metnoirs of the Clan MacGregor. Muslin-kail, an epithet applied by Burns to a purely vegetable soup, without animal ingredients of any kind, and compounded of barley, greens, onions, &c. I'll sit down o'er my scanty meal, Be 't water-brose or muslin-kail, Wi' cheerfu' face. As lang's the Muses dinna fail To say the grace. — Epistle to James Smith. It has been supposed that the word muslin was applied to it on account of its thinness. The French call it soupe maigre ; but as muslin was only introduced -to Europe from Mosul in India in 1670, and vegetable broth was known for countless ages before that time in every part of the world, it is possible that muslin is an erroneous phonetic rendering of meslin, or mashlum. Both meslin and mashlum ap- 138 Mutch — Mutchkin . pear in Jamieson, who translates the former as " mixed corn," and the latter as " a mixture of edibles," but gives no etymology for either. Me&s is a word that, with slight variations, appears in almost every language of Europe, and which, in its Eng- lish form, is derived by nearly all philologists from mensa, a table. But that this is an error will appear on a little examination, for mess originally signified, in nearly every instance in which it was used, a dish of vegetables. The old translation of the Bible speaks of a mess of pottage, a purely vegetable compound. Milton speaks of Herbs and other country messes, Which the neat-handed Phillis dresses. The Dutch and Flemish moes signifies a dish of herbs, or herbs reduced to what the French call a pur6e ; the Ameri- cans call oatmeal porridge, or any compound of mashed grain, a mush. The Gaelic 7neas signi- fies fruit or vegetables, and this, combined with the word Ian, full, is doubtless the true root of meslin or masldum, rendered muslin by Burns's printers. It may be observed that mash, to render into a pulp or puree, is exclusively used for vegetables, as mashed potatoes, mashed tur- nips, &c. , and that hash or mince is the word employed by cooks for the reduction of beef, mut- ton, and other flesh of animals into smaller portions or particles. Muslin-kail seems to be peculiar to Burns. Mutch, a woman's cap or bonnet ; from the Flemish muts, the German miitzen, which have the same meaning. Their toys and mutches were sae clean, They glancit in our ladies' e'en. — Allan Ramsay. A' dressed out in aprons clean. And braw white Sunday mutches. — Sir Alexander Boswell : Jenny Dang the Weaver. Mutchkin, a pint ; from the Flemish mudde, a hectolitre, a large quart ; or muid, a quart. An English traveller, who prided himself on his knowledge of the Scotch language, called at an inn in Glasgow for a mutchkin of whisky, under the idea that mutchkin signified a gill, or a small glass. "Mutchkin?" in- quired the waiter, "and a' to yoursel' ? " '* Yes, a mutchkin / " said the Englishman. " I trow ye'll be gey an' fou," said the waiter, "an' ye drink it." "Never you mind," said the English- man, "bring it." And it was brought. Great thereanent was the Englishman's surprise. He drank no more than a gill of it ; but he added meanwhile a new Scottish word to his vocabu- lary. Nae-thing — Neb. 139 N Nae-thing. The English language, or at least the rhymers who write English, have lost many- rhymes by not being able to make nothing do duty for no- thing ; whence they might have claimed it as a rhyme for slow- thing, low-thing, and many others too obvious to be specified. The Scottish language, in preserving nae-thing, has emphasised the etymology of the word. It is impossible to find a rhyme for the English nothing, but for the Scottish nae - thing Burns has found that there are many ; among others, ae-thing, claithing, graiihing, gaything, plaything, &c. Napery, table-linen ; from the French nappe, a tablecloth, or the English napkin, a little cloth. I thought a beetle or bittle had been the thing that the women have when they are washing towels and napery — things for dadding them with. — Dean Ramsay : The Diamond Beetle Case. Nappy. This word was used by a few English writers in the eighteenth century, but was never so common in England as it was in Scotland. It always signified strong drink, parti- cularly ale or beer, and not wine or spirits. Two bottles of as nappy liquor As ever reamed in horn or bicker. —Allan Ramsay. Care, mad to see a man sae happy, ' E'en drowned himsel' among the nappy. Burns : Tarn 0' Shanter. With nappy beer, I to the barn repaired. — Gay's Fables. The word is rendered in French by " capiteux, qui monte h, la tete " — that is to say, heady. It seems derivable from the English slang nob, the head, as in the pugilistic phrase, "One for his W06," "One (blow) for his head;" whence also the familiar nopper, the head. The original word was the German Jcnob, a round lump, or ball, in allusion to the shape ; whence knobby, rounded or lumpy. Nap- pie, in the sense of strong drink that mounts to the head, be- comes, by extension of meaning, strong and vigorous ; " a nappie callant" is a strong, vigorous youth, with a good head on his shoulders. Nappy. — Bailey's definition of this word in his English Dictionary is " Nappy-ale, such as will cause persons to take or knap pleasant and strong ale."— R. Drennan. Neb, the nose. Flemish sneb (with the elision of the s), the nose, the beak ; a point, as the neb or nib of a pen. She holds up the neb to him, And arms her with the boldness of a wife. — Shakspeare : Winters Tale. Turn your neb northwards, and settle for awhile at St. Andrews. —Scott : Fortunes of Nigel, I40 Neep — Nicky Auld Nicky Nickie-Ben. Neep, a turnip ; from the French navel, A late Lord Justice-Clerk of the Court of Session, who was fond of sport, was shooting pheasants in a field of turnips, when the farmer, whose consent had not been asked, and who looked upon the sportsman as an illegal trespasser, rushed out of his house in a towering passion, and called out in a loud voice, "Come oot o' that you, sir! come oot o' that im- mediately." The Lord Justice-Clerk, un- accustomed to this style of address, con- fronted the angry man, and asked him if he knew to whom he was speaking? " I dinna ken, and I dinna care ; ye'se come oot o' that, or I'll mak it the waur for ye." " I'm the Lord Justice-Clerk," said the legal dignitary, thinking to over- awe the irate agriculturist. " I dinna care whose clerk ye are, but ye'se come oot o' my neej>s." How the altercation ended is not on record, though it is believed that his lordship left the field quietly, after enlightening the farmer as to his high status and position, and cooling his wrath by submission to an authority not to be successfully contested, without greater trouble than the contest was worth. — Scot- tish Wit and Humour. Neuk, a corner ; English a nook, a small corner. Both words are derived from the Gaelic uig, a corner, which, with the in- definite article an before it, was corrupted from an ook, or an uig, into a neuTc, or a nook. The Flemish uig and hoek, and the German eck, a corner, are trace- able to the same Celtic root. The deil sits girnin' in the neuk, Rivin' sticks to roast the Deuk. — Jacobite Ballad on the Victory of the Duke of Cumberland at Culloden. Nevermas, the time that never comes. This word, equivalent to the "Greek kalends," is formed after the model of Mar- tinmas, Michaelmas, and Christ- mas. It does not occur in Jamieson. It is found in Arm- strong's Gaelic Dictionary as the translation of lA buain na lin, the "day of the cutting of the flax," which has in the Highlands the meaning of "never," or "at no time," or "at a very uncertain time." Nicher, to neigh, to snort ; French, nennir, sometimes written hen- nir; Flemish, nenniker, or nin- niker. Little may an auld nag do that maunna nicher. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Nick, Auld Nick, Nickie-Ben. All these names are used in Scotland to signify the devil ; the third is peculiar to Scotland, and finds no place in English parlance. But fare-you-weel, auld Nickie-Ben! Oh, wad ye tak a thought an' men', Ye aiblins might, I dinna ken, Still hae a stake ! I'm wae to think upon yon den, Even for your sake ! — Burns : Address to the Deil. Why Nick came to signify Satan in the British Isles has never been satisfactorily ex- plained. Butler in Hudihras supposes that he was so called after Nicholas Macchiavelli. Nick Macchiavel had no such trick. Though he gave name to our Old Nick. But the name was in use many ages before Macchiavelli was born ; and the passage must. Nidder^ Nither — Nieve. 141 therefore, be considered as a joke, rather than as a philolo- gical assertion. It is remark- able, too, that Nick and Old NicJc, whatever be the deriva- tion, is a phrase unknown to any nation of Europe except our own. The derivation from Nicholas is clearly untenable; that from Nikkr, a water- sprite or goblin, in the Scandinavian mythology, is equally so ; for the Old Nick of British super- stition is reputed to have more to do with fire than water, and has no attributes in common with Satan, the prince of the powers of evil. To derive the word from niger, or nigger, black, because the devil is reputed to be black, is but perverted ingenu- ity. All the epithets showered upon the devil by Burns, Oh thou, whatever title suit thee, Auld Satan, Hornie, Nick, or Clootie, are, with the exception of Satan, titles of irreverence, familiarity, and jocosity ; Hornie, from the horns he is supposed to wear on his forehead, and Clootie, from his cloven hoofs, like those of a goat. It is probable that Nick and Old Nick are words of a similarly derisive char- acter, and that nick, which appears in the glossaries to Allan Ramsay and to Burns, as cheat or to cheat, is the true origin, and that Old Nick simply sig- nifies the Old Cheat. It may be mentioned, in connection with the idea of cheat or nick, that old gentleman is a name often given to Satan by people who object to the word devil, and that the same name is descrip- ' tive, according to the Slang Dictionary, of a card almost imperceptibly longer than the other cards of the pack, used by card-sharpers for the purpose of cheating. To be out on the nick is, on the same authority, to be out thieving. The etymo- logy of nick in this sense is doubtful. Dr. Adolphus Wagner, the learned editor of the German edition of Burns, derives it from the Greek Ne/cw, and translates it " to bite or to cheat." In Wright's Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English, nick is ** to deceive, to cheat, to deny'; also, to win at dice unfairly." Nidder, Nither, to lower, to de- press ; niddered, pinched with cold or hunger, with the vital energies depressed; also, stunted or lowered in growth. From the German nieder, low, or down ; the Flemish neder, Eng- lish nether, as in the Biblical phrase, "the upper and the nether millstone." Netherlands, the low countries; the French Pays Bas, Nithered by the norlan' breeze. The sweet wee flower aft dwines and dees. — ^James Ballantine. Nieve, the fist, the closed hand ; nevel, to strike with the fist, a blow with the fist. From the Teutonic knuffen, to beat with the fist, to cuff, to fisticuff. 142 Nieve — Noyt, Though here they scrape, and squeeze, and growl, Their worthless niex>e-fu o' a soul May in some future carcass howl The forest's fright. — Burns : Ejnstle to John Lapraik. Sir Alexander Ramsay of Fasque, show- ing a fine stot to a butcher, said, " I was offered twenty guineas for that beast." " Indeed, Fasque ! " said the butcher, " ye should hae steekit your nieve upon that." — Dean Ramsay. They partit manly with a nevel; God wat gif hair was ruggit Betwixt thame. — Christ's Kirk on the Green. He hasna as muckle sense as a cow could had in her nieve. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Mark the rustic, haggis-fed. The trembling earth resounds his tread, Clap in his walie nieve a blade, He'll mak' it whissle ; And legs and arms and heads will sned Like taps o' thrissle. —Burns : To a Haggis. Niflfer, to barter, to exchange. Probably, according to Jamie- son, from nieve, the fist or closed hand — to exchange an article that is in one hand for that which is in the other. This ety- mology is doubtful, although no better one has been suggested. Ye'll no be niffered but for a waur, and that's no possible. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Ye see your state wi' theirs compared, And shudder at the niffer; But, cast a moment's fair regard. What maks the mighty differ ? —Burns : To the Unco Guid. Nippit, miserly, mean, parsimoni- ous, near ; from ni'p, to pinch. The English 'pinch is often ap- plied in the same sense. Noo or the noo, at the present time, now. On one occasion a neighbour waited on a small laird in Lanarkshire, named Ham- ilton, and requested his signature to an accommodation bill for twenty pounds at three months' date, which led to the fol- lowing characteristic colloquy : — " Na ! na ! " said the laird, " I canna do that." " What for no, laird ? Ye hae done the same thing for others." " Aye, aye, Tammas ! but there's wheels within wheels that ye ken naething about. I canna do't." " It's a sma' thing to refuse me, laird." '' Weel, ye see, Tammas, if I was to pit my name till't, ye wad get the siller frae the bank, and when the time cam round,- ye wadna be ready, an' I wad hae to pay't. An' then me an' you wad quarrel. So we may just as weel quarrel the noo, an' I' 11 keep the siller in my pouch."— Dean Ramsay. Nowte, homed cattle ; corrupted in English into neat. Mischief begins wi' needles and prins. And ends wi' horned nowte. — Allan Ramsay. Or by Madrid he takes the route, To thrum guitars and fecht wi' no^vte. —Burns: The Twa Dogs. Lord Seafield, who was ac- cused by his brother of accept- ing a bribe to vote for the union betwixt England and Scotland, endeavoured to retort upon him by calling him a cattle-dealer. " Ay, weel," replied his brother, •' better sell nmiote than nations." Noyt, noit, or nowt, to injure, to hurt, to beat, to strike ; from the French nuire, to injure. The miller was of manly mak, To meet him was na mowis, Nugget — Olyte. 143 They durst not ten come him to tak, Sae noytit he their powis. —Christ's Kirk on the Green. Nugget, a word scarcely known to the English until the dis- covery of gold in California and Australia, when it was intro- duced by the miners to sig- nify a large piece of the metal as distinguished from grains of gold dust. Many attempts have been made to trace its etymo- logy, only one of which has found a qualified acceptance — that which affirms it to be a corruption of ingot. This is plausible, but not entirely satis- factory. In some parts of Scot- land, the word for a luncheon, or a hasty repast taken at noon, is noggit — sometimes written Tcnockit — ^which means a piece. In other parts of Scotland the word used is piece, as, " Gie the bairn its piece," and the word lunch itself, from the Gaelic lonach, hungry, signifies the piece which is cut off a loaf or a cheese to satisfy the appetite during the interval that elapses . before the regular meal. When hungry thou stoodest, staring like an oaf, I sliced the luncheon from the barley loaf. —Gay. All these examples tend to show that nugget simply means a lump or piece. In Kent, ac- cording to Wright's Archaic Dictionary, a lump of food is called a nuncheon. Nyse, to beat, to pommel, a word in use among the boys of the High School of Edinburgh ; from the Ga,elic naitheas{t silent), a mischief. *'I'll nyse you," " I'll do you a mischief." O Ock, a diminutive particle ap- pended to Scottish words, and implying littleness combined with the idea of tenderness and affection, as in lass, lassoclc, wife, wifoch This termination is sometimes combined with ie, thus making a double diminu- tive, as lassockie, often spelled lassieJcie, and wifockie, toijiekie. Ock is probably derived from the Gaelic og, young. Olyte, diligent, industrious, active. According to Mr. Halliwell, this word appears in the Harleian MS., and is still used in some parts of England. Jamieson spells it olight and olite, and de- rives it from the Swedish offlaet^ "too light, fleet," but no such word is to be found in the Swedish dictionaries, nor in those of the other Teutonic lan- guages. Possibly the true origin of the word is the Gaelic oil, to rear, educate, instruct, and oilte, instructed, oilcan, instruction, good-breeding ; whence an olyte mother, in the proverb quoted 144 Oo aye ! — Outlers. below, may signify a woman in- structed in the due performance of all her household duties, and performing them so zealously as to leave nothing for her daughter to do. Oileanta, more commonly written ealanta, signifies quick, nimble, active. An olyte mother makes a sweer daughter. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Oo aye ! An emphatic assertion of assent. The French out. Orra, all sorts of odds and ends, ' occasional. Where Donald Caird fand orra things. — Scott. She's a weel-educate woman, and if she win to her English as I hae heard her do at orra times, she may come to fickle us a'. — Scott: The Antiquary. Orra, — now and then, unusual, not fre- quently met with, almost always associated with time. — R. Drennan. Orra man. A man employed to do odd jobs on a farm, that are not in the regular routine of the work of the other farm servants. Oughtlins, pertaining to duty, or to that which ought to be done ; a word composed of ought, a debt owing to duty, honour and propriety, and lins (see AiBLiNS, Westlins, &c.), in- clining towards. If that daft buckie, Geordie Wales, Was grown oughtlins douser. — Burns : On Receiving a Newspaper, Ourie or oorie, cold, shivering. This word, peculiar to Scotland, is derived from the Gaelic fuar, cold, which, with the aspirate, becomes fhuar, and is pro- nounced uar. I thought me on the ourie cattle. —Burns : A Winter Night. The English hoar-frost, and the hoary (white, snowy) hair of old age, are traceable to the same etymological root. Jamie- son, however, derives oorie from the Icelandic wr, rain, and the Swedish ur, stormy weather, though the origin of both is to be found in the Gaelic uaire, bad weather or storm. Outthrough, entirely or com- pletely through. They dived in through the one burn bank, Sae did they outthrough the other. — Buchan's Ancient Ballads. Out-cast, a quarrel, to "cast-out," to quarrel. O dool to tell, They've had a bitter black cast-out Atween themsel. —Burns : The Tiva Herds. I didna ken they had casten-out. — Dean Ramsay. Outlers, cattle left out at night in the fields, -for want of byres or folds to shelter them. Amang the brackens on the brae, Between her an' the moon, The Deil or else an outler quey Gat up and gae a croon. Poor Lizzie's heart maist lap the hool — Near lav'rock height she jumpit, But miss'd a foot, and in the pool Out owre the lugs she plumpit. —Burns: Halloween. Outside of the Loof- — Ower-word. 145 Outside of the Loof, the back of the hand. " The outside of my loof to ye," is a phrase that signifies a wish on the part of the person who uses it to reject the friendship or drop the ac- quaintance of the person to whom it is addressed. " If ye 'II no join the Free Kirk," said a ■wealthy widow to her cousin, to whom she had often conveyed the hint that he might expect a handsome legacy at her death (a hint that never ripened into a fact), " ye'll hae the outside o my loof, and never see the inside o't again." — C. M. Outspeckle, a laughing - stock ; and IcenspecTde, to be easily re- cognised by some outer mark of singularity. These words have a common origin, and are derived either from speck, or speckle, a small mark or spot ; or from spectacle, corrupted into speckle ; but most probably from the former. " Wha drives thir kye," gan Willie to say, " To mak' an outspeckle o' me ! " — Border Ballads : Janiie Telfer. Outwittens, unknowingly, with- out the knowledge of. Outwittens of my daddie \i.e., my father not knowing it], — Jamieson. Overlay or owerlay, the burden or chorus of a song ; the refrain. And aye the owerlay o' his sang Was, wae's me for Prince Charlie. — Jacobite Ballad. The French refrain, recently adopted into English, is of Gaelic origin, from ramh or raf, an oar, and rann, a song ; a sea song or boat-song, formerly chanted to the motion of the oars by Celtic boatmen in Brit- tany and the Scottish High- lands. Ower Bogie, a proverbial phrase used in regard to a marriage which has been celebrated by a magistrate, and not by a clergy- man. Synonymous in Aberdeen- shire with the English Gretna Green marriages, performed under similar conditions. The origin is unknown, though it is supposed that some accommo- dating magistrate, at some time or other, resided on the opposite side of the river Bogie from that of the town or village inhabited by the lovers who desired to be joined in the bonds of matrimony without subjecting themselves to the sometimes inconvenient inter- rogations of the kirk. Jamieson erroneously quotes the phrase as ovyre ioggie. I will awa wi' my love, I will awa' wi' her. Though a' my kin' had sorrow and said, I'll ower Bogie wi' her. — Allan R ams ay : Tea Table Miscellany. Owergang, to surpass, to exceed. You're straight and tall and handsome withal. But your pride owergangs your wit. —Ballad of Proud Lady Margaret. Ower-word, a chorus or burden. A phrase often repeated in a song, the French bourdon, the English burthen of a song. K 146 Oxter — Pad. And aye the ower-word of his song Was, wae's me for Prince Charlie. — Glen : A Jacobite Song. The starling flew to the window stane, It whistled and it sang, And aye the ower-ivord o the tune Was "Johnnie tarries lang." — Johnnie of Breadislee. Oxter, the armpit and the space between the shoulder and the bosom ; sometimes it is used in- correctly for the lap ; and to em- brace, to encircle with the arms in fondness. From the Gaelic uchd, the breast or bosom; whence also the Latin uxor, a wife, i.e., the wife of one's bosom ; and uxorious, fondly at- tached to a wife"; uchd mhac, an adopted son, the son of one's bosom. Jamieson derives oxter from the Teutonic oxtel, but no such word is to be found in the German language. The Flemish and Dutch have oksel, a gusset, which Johnson defines as "an angular piece of cloth, inserted in a garment, particularly at the upper end of the sleeve of a shirt, or as a part of the neck." This word has a clear but re- mote connection with the Gaelic uchd. He did like ony mavis sing, And as I in his ojrter sat He ca'd me aye his bosome thing. —Allan Ramsay: Tea Table Miscellany. Here the phrase "sitting in his oxler " is equivalent to sitting folded in his arms, or clasped to his bosom. Pack, familiar, intimate, closely allied. Nae doubt but they were fain o' ither, And xxnco pack and thick thegither, Wi' social nose whiles snufFd and howkit. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. Pack is not only used as an adjective, but is common as a noun in colloquial English, as in the phrase, a jpach of rascals, and a pack of thieves. In this sense it is derivable from the Gaelicjpac orjpacca^troop,a mob. Pad, to travel, to ride. Often in Scotland when a lady is seen on horseback in the rural districts, the children of the villages fol- low her, crying out, *' Lady jjo^i / lady pad .! " Jamieson says that on pad is to travel on foot, that pad, the hoof, is a cant phrase, signifying to walk, and that the ground is paddit when it has been hardened by frequent pass- ing and repassing. He derives the word from the Latin pes, pedis, the foot. It seems, how- ever, to be more immediately derived from path; pad, to go on the path, whether on foot or on horseback; from the German pfad, the Flemish pad, and voet -pad, the foot - path. The English dictionaries erro- neously explain pad in the word Padda — Paik, 147 f<jot-pad, a highway thief. But pad by itself is never used in the sense of steal. Grose's Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue ha,s pad-borrotoers, horse-stealers, as if pad signified a horse. The phrase really means path-hor- roicers, i.e., borrowers on the path or journey. Padda, Paddock, a frog or toad ; paddock stool, a toad-stool, a wild fungus or mushroom. Flemish pad and padde, a frog. Says the mother, " What noise is that at the door, daughter ? " "Hoot," says the lassie, "it's naething but a filthy padda." "Open the door," says the mother, "to the puir padda." Sae the lassie opened the door, and the padda cam loup, loup, loupin' in, and sat doun by the ingle side. — Scottish Songs collected, by Robert Chambers, 1829. Gowks and fools, Frae colleges and boarding schools, May sprout like summer paddock-stools. In glen or shaw. — Burns : Verses written at Selkirk. Old Lady Perth, offended with a French gentleman for some disparaging remark which he had made on Scottish cookery, answered him curtly, " Weel ! weel ! some folk like parritch, and some \C&& paddocks." — Dean Ramsay. Paidle. This eminently Scottish word has no synonym in the English language, nor in any country where everybody, even the poorest, wears shoes or boots, and where, to go bare- footed, would imply the lowest social degradation. But in Scot- land, a land of streams, rivulets, and burns, that wimple down the hills and cross the paths and roads, to go barefooted is a pleasure and luxury, and a con- venience, especially to the chil- dren of both sexes, and even to young men and women verging upon manhood and womanhood. An Englishman may paddle his boat and his canoe, but a Scots- man paidles in the mountain stream. How the young chil- dren of England love to paidle, may occasionally be seen at the sea-side resorts of the southern counties in the summer season, but the Scottish child in the rural districts paidles all the year, and needs no holiday for the purpose. We twa hae paidled in the burn, Frae morning sun till dine, But seas between us braid hae roared, Sin' the days of auld lang syne. — BURNS- The remembrance of paidlirC when stirred by the singing of this immortal song by Scotsmen in America, in India, in Africa, or at the Antipodes, melts every Scottish heart to tenderness, or inspires it to patriotism, as every Scotsman, who has travelled much, very surely knows. Paik, a beating, to beat, to thrash, to fight, to drub, to strike. Jamieson derives this word from the German pauken, to beat ; but there is no such word in that language. Pauke in German, pauk in Flemish, signifies a kettle-drum ; and pauken, to beat the kettle-drum, but not to beat in any other sense. The word is probably from the Gaelic paigh, to pay ; and also, by an 148 Paihie — Pash. extension of meaning, to pay" one's deserts by a beating, as in the proverb in Allan Eamsay — " He's sairest dung that is -paid with his own wand," i.e., he is sorest hit who is beaten with his own cudgel. Paikie, a trull, a prostitute, B,Jille dejoie, a euphemism from the Gaelic peacadh (peaca), a sinner. Faik, a sin ; the French pecker ; and the Italian peccare. In adulterie he was ta'en — Made to be punisht for his paik. — Jamieson. Pang, to fill full, to cram ; pang- fu\ as full as one can hold. Etymology unknown; but pos- sibly related to the French pause, belly; pansu, large-bel- lied ; English paunchy. Leeze me on drink ; it gies us mair Than either school or college, It kindles wit, it waukens lair, It j>angs us fu' o' knowledge. — Burns : The Holy Fair. Parle, a discourse ; from the French parler, to speak ; the Italian ^av'Zare. The Gaelic 6cwrZa signifies language, and more par- ticularly the English language. A tocher's nae word in a true lover's parle. But gie me my love, and a fig for the warl.— Burns : Meg o' tlie Mill. Parritch or porridge. A formerly favourite, if not essential, food of the Scottish people of all classes, composed of oatmeal boiled in water to a thick consistency, and seasoned with salt. This healthful food is generally taken with milk, but is equally palat- able with butter, sugar, beer, or wine. It is sometimes re- tained in middle and upper class families ; but among the very poor has unfortunately been dis- placed by the cheaper and less nutritious potato. The hailsome parritch, chief o' Scotia's food. — Burns : Cotters Saturday Night. Partan, a crab, from the Gaelic ; partanach, abounding in crabs ; partan-handit, epithet applied to one who is hard-fisted and penurious, who grips his money like a crab grips with its claw. An' there'll be partans and buckies, An' singit sheeps' heads and a haggis. —The Blithesome Bridal. Pash, the head, the brow, the forehead. Allan Ramsay, bar- ber and wig-maker, sang of his trade : — I theek [thatch] the out, and line the inside, Of mony a douce and witty /ojA, And baithways gather in the cash. A bare pash signifies a bald head, and mad-^as/t is equiva- lent to the English madcap. Latham's Todd's Johnson has pash, to push or butt like a ram or bull, with the head. Pash was current English in the time of Shakspeare, who uses it in the "Winter's Tale," in a pas- sage which no commentator has been able to explain. Leontes, suspicious of the fidelity of his wife Hermione, asks his child Mamilius — Paughty — Pawky, 149 Art thou my calf? To which Mamilius replies — Yes ! if you will, my Lord. Leontes, still brooding on his imaginary wrong, rejoins moodily — Thou wants a rough /«jA and the shoots that I have to be full like me. It is amusing to note into what errors the English editors of Shakspeare have fallen, in their ignorance of this word. Nares thought that ^as^ was something belonging to a bull — he did not know what — or a calf, and Steevens thought that it was the Spanish paz, a kiss. Mr. Howard Staunton, the editor of Shakspeare, had a glimpse of the meaning, and thought that 'pash meant a ^'tufted head." Jamieson ac- knowledged the word, but at- tempted no etymology. Pash is clearly derivable from the Gaelic 6ai7iais (pronounced 6asA OYjpash), and signifies the forehead. The allusion of the unhappy Leontes to the shoots on his rough pash (wrinkled brow) is to the horns that vulgar phraseology places on the foreheads of deceived and betrayed husbands. Kead by this gloss, the much-mis- understood passage in the "Winter's Tale" becomes clear. Paughty, proud, haughty, repul- sive, but without having the qualities of mind or person to justify the assumption of supe- riority over others. Probably derived from the Flemish pochen, to vaunt, to brag, and pocher, a braggadocio, a fanfaron. An askin', an askin', my father dear. An askin' I beg of thee ; Ask not th&t paughty Scottish lord, For him ye ne'er shall see. — Ballad 0/ the Gay Goss-Hawk. Yon paughty dog That bears the keys of Peter. — Burns : A Dream. Paumie and taws. All Scottish school-boys, past and present, have painful knowledge of the meaning of these two words. Paumie is a stroke over the open hand, with a cane or the taws. The taws is a thong of leather cut into a fringe at the end, and hardened in the fire. It is, and was, the recognised mode of punishment for slight offences or breaches of dis- cipline at school, when the master was unwilling to resort to the severer and more de- grading punishment, inflicted a posteriori, after the fashion of Dr. Busby. Paumie is derived from the palm of the hand, the French peaume, and taws is the plural form of the Gaelic taod, a rope, a scourge. Pawky, of a sly humour, wise, witty, cautious, discreet, and insinuating, — all in one. There is no synonym for this word in English. The etymology is unknown. The pawky auld carle cam owre the lea, Wi' mony good e'ens and good days to me. Dear Smith, the slee'est, /aw^V thief. —Burns: To James Smith. ISO Peat-Reek — Pedder- coffe. Peat-Reek and Mountain Dew. Peat-Reck is the smoke of peat when dried and burned for fuel, the flavour of which used to be highly appreciated in Scottish whiskey, when made by illicit ■ distillers in lonely glens among the mountains, out of the usual reach of the exciseman. From the solitary places of its manu- facture, whiskey received the poetic name of Mountain Dew, or the "Dew ofiE Ben Nevis," which it still retains. Mountain Dew, clear as a Scot's under- standing, Pure as his conscience wherever he goes, Warm as his heart to the friends he has chosen, Strong as his arm when he fights with his foes ! In liquor Uke this should old Scotland be toasted, So fill up again, and the pledge we'll renew ; Unsullied in honour, our blessings upon her— Scotland for ever ! and old Mountain Dew /— Mackay. Pech, to pant, to blow, for want of breath. Derived by Jamieson from the Danish 'pikken, to pal- pitate. My Pegasus I gat astride. And up Parnassus /^c,^/«'. — Burns : To Willie Chalmers. There comes young Monks of high com- plexion. Of mind devout, love and affection ; And in his court their hot flesh dart (tame), Fule father-like with ^ech and pant, They are sa humble of intercession, Their errand all kind women grant, Sic tidings heard I at the session. —Allan Ramsay : The Evergreen— Frae the Session. Pechan, the stomach. Ev'n the ha' folk fill Xh€\r pechan Wi' sauce, ragouts, and such like trashtrie. That's little short o' downright wastrie. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. This word seems to be a cor- ruption of the Gaelic ^oc, a bag, a poke ; and pocan, a little bag f and to be ludicrously applied to the belly or stomach. The English slang peckish, hungry, is probably derived from the same root, and not from the beak, or peck of a bird. Pedder-coffe, a pedlar. In Allan Ramsay's " Evergreen," a poem ascribed to Sir David Ljmdsay is entitled a " Description of Pedder-coffs, their having no regard to honesty in their voca- tion." Both pedder and coffe are of Teutonic derivation ; ped, sometimes written p>ad, from the German pfad ; Flemish pad, a path ; and coffe or koffe, from kail fen, to buy ; whence a pedlar signified a walking merchant who carried his wares along with him. But it should be observed with regard to the Teutonic derivation, that in the Kymric, or ancient language of Wales, more ancient than the German, padd signifies one that keeps a course. Attempts have been made to trace pedlar to ped, a local word in some parts of England for a basket : but this derivation would not ac- count for pedder, a mounted highwayman ; for ioot-pad, a Mghway robber on foot, from Peel — P eerie. iji the slang expression among thieves and beggars to go on the 'pad, i.e., on the tramp. Jamieson derives the Scottish pedder from the barbarous low Latin pedariuSj i.e., nudis ambu- lans pedibus. Sir David Lynd- say in his poem was exceed- ingly indignant, both with the Pedders and the Coffes, who seem to have been in their mode of transacting business with the country people, whom they favoured with their visits on their peregrinations through districts afar from towns, the exact counterparts of the tally- men at the present day. He recommends, in the interest of the people, that wherever the " pedder knaves appear in a burgh or town where there is a magistrate, that their lugs should be cuttit off," as a warn- ing to all cheats and regrators. A similar outcry is sometimes raised against the "tallymen," or travelling linen-drapers and haberdashers, who tempt the wives of working men, and poor people generally, to buy their goods at high prices, and accept small weekly payments on ac- count, until their extortionate bills are liquidated. Peel, a border tower, a small for- tress, of which few specimens are now left standing. A very interesting one, however, still remains in the town of Melrose. Possibly a corruption of bield, a shelter. And black Joan, frae Creighton-/^^/, O' gipsy kith an' kin'. —Burns : T^e Five Carlins. An' when they came to the fair Dodhead Right hastily they clam (climbed) the peel, They loosened the kye out, ane and a', An' ranshackled the house right weel. —Border Minstrelsy : Jamie Telfer. Peep, to utter a faint cry or sound, like an infant or a young bird. Peepie-weepie, a querulous and tearful child ; peep-snia\ a feeble voice, a weak person who has to submit to the domination of one stronger ; synonymous with the English "sing small." "He daurna play peep," he must not utter a word in defence of him- self. In Dutch and Flemish, pirpen signifies to cry like an infant ; and piep-yong is a word for a very young or new-born child. The etymology is that of pipe, or the sound emitted by a flute or pipe, when gently blown upon. Peesweep, a lapwing, or plover ; peesweep -like, a contemiptihle epi- thet applied to a feeble, sharp- featured man or woman, with a shrill but not loud voice, like the cry of a plover. Peerie, pearie or perie, a hum- ming top; sometimes a peg- top ; from the Gaelic beur (6 pronounced as p), to hum, to buzz. Brand, in his well-known work on Popular Antiquities, quotes Jamieson as his autho- rity. He defines it to mean a peg-top, and adds that the 152 Peik- thank — Pensy. name was apparently derived from its close similarity to a pear, and that the Scotch origin- ally called it a French pear or jiearie, because it was first im- ported from France. Peik-thank, is, according to Jamieson, an ungrateful person, one who returns little or no thanks for benefits conferred. PeiJc in this phrase seems to be a corruption and misspelling of the Gaelic beag {b pronounced as p), little. Jamieson derives it from the Italian poco. The EnglishpichthanJc appears to have had a different origin and meaning, and signifies, according to the examples of its use in Nares, a sycophant, a favourite, a flatterer, who strove to pick up, acquire, or gather thanks from the great and powerful Shakspeare has "smiling picJc-thanlcs, and base newsmongers ; " Fairfax, "a flat- terer, a pick-thank, and a liar." Possibly, however, the Scot- tish and English interpretations of the word may be more akin than might appear at first glance. Sycophants, flatterers, and parasites are proverbially ungrateful, unless it be, as La Rochefoucauld so wittily asserts, ** for favours to come." Pendles, ear-rings ; from pen- dants. She's got pendles in her lugs, Cockle-shells wad set her better ; High-heel'd shoon and siller tags, And a' the lads are wooin' at her. Be a lassie e'er sae black, Gin she ware the penny -siller. Set her up on Tintock tap, The wind will blaw a man till her ! — Herd's Collection : Tibbie Fowler. Pennarts. Jamieson says this word means "revenge," and quotes the proverbial saying, " I'se hae pennarts o' him yet ; " suggesting that the derivation may be from pennyioorths. It is more likely to be from the Gaelic 2?ein, punishment; peanas, revenge ; and pein-aixi, high or great revenge. Penny-fee, wages. Penny is com- monly used in Scottish par- lance for money generally, as in penny-siller, a great quantity of money ; penny-maister, the town- treasurer ; penny - wedding, a wedding at which every guest contributed towards the ex- pense of the marriage festival ; penny-frierid, a friend whose only friendship is for his friend's money. The French use denier, and the Itahans danari, in the same sense. Peny is ane hardy knyght, Peny is mekyl of myght, Peny of wrong he raaketh ryght In every country where he go. — Ritson's Ancient Songs and Ballads : A Song in Praise of Sir Peny. My riches a's ray penny-fee, And I maun guide it canny, O. —Burns : My Nannie, O. Pensy, proud, conceited ; above one's station. Probably a cor- ruption of pensive or thought- ful Perlins — Pickle. 153 Helen Walker was held among her equals to be pensy, but the facts brought to prove this accusation seem only to evince a strength of character superior to those around her.— Scott : Heart of Mid- lothian, Perlins or pearlins, fine linen ornamented with lace work or knitted work. Oh where, oh where, is her auld son, Spak out the Lammikin ; He's gane to \)\xy pearlins Gin our lady lye in. These pearlins she shall never wear, Spak out the Lammikin. — Herd's Collection : Lammikin, Pemickitie (sometimes written prig-7iickitie), precise about trifles; finicking, over -dainty, trim, neat, nicely dressed, adorned with trifling articles of finery, or knick - knackets. Etymology doubtful. The English are sae pemickity about what they eat, but no ?^^ pemickity about what they drink. — Nodes Ambrosiance. Peuter or peuther, to canvass, to solicit votes, to thrust one's self forward in election times to ask for support ; from the Gaelic 'put, to thrust, and putair, one who thrusts ; and the Flemish peuteren, to poke one's fingers into other people's business, — rendered in the French and Flemish Dictionary (1868), " pousser les doigts, dans quel- que chose." He has peuthered Queensferry and In- verkeithing, and they say he will begin to peuther Stirling next week. — Jamieson. Philabeg or fillabeg, the kilt as worn by the Highlanders ; lite- rally a little cloth; from the Q2lq\\q, fileadk, a cloth, a woven garment, and heag, little. Oh to see his tartan trews. Bonnet blue, and laigh-heeled shoes, Philabeg aboon his knee — That's the laddie I'll gang wi'. — Geddes : Lewie Gordon. r faith, quo' John, I got sic flegs (frights) Wi' their claymore and philabegs. If I face them again, deil break my legs, So I wish you a good mornin'. —Jacobite Ballad: Hey Johnnie Cope. They put on him z. philabeg. An' up his dowp they rammed a peg, How he did skip, and he did roar, The deils ne'er saw sic fun before. They took him niest to Satan's ha', There to lilt wi' his grandpapa ; Says Cumberland, I'll no gang ben For fear I meet wi' Charlie's men. — Jacobite Ballad : Bonnie Laddie Highland Laddie. Pickle, a small quantity; from the Italian piccolo, small, akin to the Gaelic heag {or peag), little. PicJcle in familiar English, as applied to a small, unruly, and troublesome boy, is of the same origin ; "a wee pickle saut," a very small quantity of salt ; ** a. pickle o' tow," a small quan- tity of flax or hemp for spinning into yarn. Pickle is sometimes used for pilfer, to steal small things. *' To pickle in one's ain pock, or peuk," i.e., to take grain out of one's own bag, is a proverbial expression signifying to depend on one's own resources or exertions. A hen is said to ''pickle up" when she searches for and feeds on grain. The word, in these senses, is not from 154 Pig — Pinkie-small. the same source as pickle, to pre- serve in salt or ^dnegar. She gies the herd 2i pickle nits And twa red-cheekit apples. — Burns : Halloween. Pig, an earthen pitcher or other vessel, a flower-pot. Piggerie, a place for the manufacture of crockery and earthenware . Pig- man and pigwife, hawkers of crockery, or keepers of shops where earthenware is sold ; from the Gaelic pigeadh, an earthen pot or jar ; pigean, a little pot ; pigeadair, a potter or manufac- turer of crockery. The English pig iron, iron in a lump, before its final manufacturing by fire into a superior quality, seems to be derived from its coarse nature, as resembling the masses of clay from which crockery and earthenware are formed by the similar agency of fire. My Paisley pig-gy Contains my drink, but then, oh. No wines did e'er my brains engage To tempt my mind to sin, oh. — Chambers's Scots Songs : The Country I.ass. She that gangs to the well wi' ill-will Either thepig breaks or the water will spill. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Where the pig's broken, let the shards lie. — Idem. An English lady, who had never before been in Scotland, arranged to spend the night at a respectable inn, in a small pro- vincial town in the south. Desiring to make her as comfortable as possible, Grizzy, the chambermaid, on showing her to the bedroom, said — " Would you like to hae a pig in your bed this cauld nicht, mem ? " " A what ? " said the lady. " A pig, mem ; I will put a pig in your bed to keep you warm ! " " Leave the room, young woman ; your mistress shall hear of your insolence." " Nae offence, I hope, mem. It was my mistress bade me ask it, an' I'm sure she meant it oot o' kindness." The lady was puzzled, but feeling satis- fied that no insult was intended, she looked at the girl and then said pleasantly — " Is it common in this country for ladies to have/z^5 in their beds?" " Gentlemen hae them tae, mem, when the weather's cauld. I'll steek the mouth o't an* tie it up in a clout." A right understanding was come to at last, and the lady found the pig with hot water in her bed not so disagreeable as she imagined. — Douglas's Scottish Wit and Humour. A rich Glasgow manufacturer, an illi- terate man who had risen from the ranks, having ordered a steam yacht, sent for a London artist to decorate the panels in the principal cabin. The artist asked what kind of decoration he required ? The reply was, Ony thing simple, just a pig ivi a flower. Great was the surprise of the Glasgow body when the work was com- pleted, to see that the decoration con- sisted of swine, each with a flower in its jaws, which had been painted on every panel. He made no complaint — paid the bill, and declared the effect to be satisfac- tory, though " it was no exactly what he had meant in ordering it." — Traits q/ Scottish Life. Pike, to pick and steal ; pUde, one addicted to pilfering and petty thefts. By these pickers and stealers. — Shakspeare : Hamlet. Pinch and drouth, hunger and thirst. Nae mair -wx pinch and drouth we'll pine As we hae done — a dog's propine — But quaflf our draughts o' rosy wine, Carle ! an' the king come. — Jacobite Song. Pinkie-small, the smallest candle that is made, the weakest kind Pirrie-dog — Pit-dark. 155 of table beer, anything small. The word is also applied to the eye when contracted. There's a wee pinkie hole in the stock- ing. — Jamieson. Possibly this word is from the Latin punctus, a point, or from the Dutch and Flemish 'pink, the little finger, and pink-oogen, to look with half -closed eyes. The Kymric pine signifies a small branch or twig. Pirrie-dog, a dog that follows at his master's heels ; pirrie, to follow and fawn upon one, like a dependant, for what can be gained from or wheedled out of him. Jamieson derives this word from the Teutonic paeren, or paaren, to pair or couple ; and refers to parry, an Aber- ' deenshire word, with a quota- tion, " When ane says parry, a' say parry,'' signifying that when anything is said by a person of consequence, it is echoed by every one else. The true origin both of pirrie and the Aberdonian parry seems to be the Gaelic peire, a polite word for the breech. A dog that fol- lows at the heels is a euphemism for a less mentionable part of the person. Jamieson suggests that the Aberdeenshire parry is de- rived from the French il parait ; but the Gaelic peire better suits the humour of the aphorism. Piss-a-bed, a vulgar name for the dandelion or taraxacum — a beautiful, though despised, wild flower of the fields. The word appears to have originated in Scotland, and thence to have extended to England. It is a corruption of the Gaelic pios, a cup, and buidhe, " yellow — a yellow cup, not, however, to be confounded with buttercup, another wild flower — the com- panion in popular affection of the daisy. The daisy has its poets, — all have striven Its world-wide reputation to prolong ; But here's its yellow neighbour ! — who has given The dandelion a song ? Come, little sunflower, patient in neglect, Will ne'er a one of them assert thy claim. But, passing by, contemptuouslj'^ connect Thee and thy Scottish name ? — Robert Leighton : To a Dandelion. Several years before Robert Leighton strove to vindicate the fair fame of the dandelion, a couplet in its praise appeared in the Illustrated London News, in a poem entitled " Under the Hedge " :— Dandelions with milky ring, Coins of the mintage of the spring. ' Pit-dark, dark as in the bottom of a pit. 'Tis y^t pit-dark, the yard a' black about, And the night fowl begin again to shout. — Ross's Helenore. It is very probable that pit- dark was the original form of the English pitch-dark, as dark as pitch, i.e., as dark as tar, or coal tar. The etymology from pit, a hole, is preferable. 156 Pixie — Plea. Pixie, a fairy. This Scottish word is used in some parts of England, particularly in the south and west. It has been supposed to be a corruption of fuck, or jouckie, little puck, sometimes called Kobin Good- fellow. It is more probably from the Gaelic beag (peg), little, sith (shee), a fairy, anglicised into pixie, a little fairy, a fairy sprite. Puch is the name of one particular goblin and sprite in Shakspeare, and in popular tradition ; but the pixies are multitudinous, and the words puck and pixie are from different sources. The English puck is the word that, in one variety or another, runs through many European languages. The Welsh or Kymric has pivca (pooca), a goblin, a sprite, the Gaelic bocan, and Lowland Scottish bogie, the Russian bug, the Dutch and Flemish spook, the German spuk, &c. Pixie-rings are fairy-rings, sup- posed to be made in the grass by the footsteps, not of one puck, but of many little sprites that gamble by moonlight on the green pixie-stool, a popular name for the fungus, sometimes called toad-stool; pixie-led, be- wildered and led astray by the ignis fatuus, Jack o' Lantern, or WiU o' the Wisp. Plack, an ancient Scottish coin of the value of one-twelfth of an English penny. There's yam plack an' my plack. An' Jenny's bawbee. —Old Song. Nae howdie gets a social night. Or plack frae them. — Burns : Scotch Drink. Stretch a joint to catch 2i plack. Abuse a brother to his back. — Burns : To Gavin Hamilton. The word is probably derived from the ancient Flemish coin, a flaquette, current before the introduction into the Nether- lands of the French money, reckoned by francs and cen- times. Plea, a lawsuit ; the substitution of the aggregate of law for the segregate. The English verb, to plead, has received in Scottish parlance a past tense which does not correctly belong to it, in the phrase, " he jpZerf guilty," in- stead of ''he pleaded guilty," as if plead were a word of Teutonic origin and subject to the Teu- tonic inflexion which governs most of the ancient English verbs, which are derived from the Dutch, German, or Dan- ish, such as "bleed, bled;" "blow, blew;" "run, ran;" " freeze, froze," &c. &c. Verbs derived from the Latin and French cannot be correctly con- jugated in the past tense, ex- cept by the addition of d or ed to the infinitive, as in " coerce, coerced ; " "plead, pleaded." l>ia.eplea is best. (It is best not to go to law at a\\.)—Old Proverb. When neighbours anger at 3. plea, The barley bree Cements the quarrel. — Burns. Pliskie — Fluff. 157 Pliskie, a trick, a prank. From the Gaelic plaosgach, a sudden noise, a flash, a blaze. Her lost militia fired her blood, Deil na they never mae do guid. Played her ihdX pliskie. — Burns : Author's Earnest Cry and Prayer. Ghaist ! ma certie, I sail ghaist them 1 If they had their heads as muckle on their wark as on her daffins, they wadna play svzpliskies /—Scott : St. Ronans Well. Plooky, swollen, blotchy, pimpled. From the Gaelic 'ploc, a tumour, a bunch, a knob, a swelling. The English slang Udke, a swell, is probably from the same root. Plooky, plooky are your cheeks, And plooky is your chin, And plooky are your armis twa My bonnie queen's layne in, — Scott's Minstrels of the Scottish Border: Sir Hugh Le Blonde. Plotcock, the devil ; the dweller in the pit of hell, the fiend, the archenemy. This singular word, or combination of words, appears in Jamieson as "from the Ice- landic Blotgod, a name of the Scandinavian Pluto ; or hlothoh — from blot, to sacrifice ; and hoka, to swallow — i.e., the swal- lower of sacrifices." May not a derivation be found nearer home than in Iceland: in the Gaelic hlot (pronounced xilot), a pit, a cavern ; and cog, to con- spire, to tempt, to cheat 1 Since you can cog, I'll play no more with you. — Shakspeare : Love's Labour's Lost. Lies, coggeries, and impostures. — Nares. The Kymric has coegiaw, or cogio, to cheat, to trick. To cog dice was to load the dice for the the purpose of cheating; and cogger, in old English, signified a swindler, a cheat. This deri- vation would signify the cheat, the tempter who dwells in the cavern or bottomless pit of hell ; and might have been included by Burns in his "Address to the Deil," among the other names which he bestows upon that personage. Plout, plouter, to wade with dif- ficulty through mire or water ; akin to the English plod, as in the line in Gray's Elegy : — The ploughman homewards //(7^5 his weary way. From the Gaelic plodan, a clod of mud or mire, a small pool of water ; plodanachd, the act of paddling in the water or the mud. Flouting through thick and thin. — Grose. Many a -wtsxy plouter she cost him Through gutters and glaur. — Jamieson : Popular Ballads. Had it no been, Mr. North, for your plowterin' in a* the rivers and lochs o' Scotland, like a Newfoundland dog. — Nodes Ambrosiance. Ploy, a plot, scheme, contri- vance. I wish he mayna hae been at the bottom o' t\\t.ploy himsel'. — Scott : Rob Roy. Pluff, a slight emission or short puff of smoke, either from a tobacco-pipe or of gas from a burning coal; possibly of the 158 Pockpud — Point. same derivation as the English •puff, a slight, short or sudden movement of the wind or the breath. Pockpud, an abbreviation of the contemptuous epithet of -pock- pudding applied by the Scottish multitude to the English, in the bygone days when the English were as unpopular in Scotland as the Scotch still are among the more ignorant of the lower classes in England. They gloom, they glower, they look sae big. At ilka stroke they fell a Whig ; They'll fright the fuds o' the Pock^uds, For mony a buttock 's bare coming. — Jacobite Song, 1743. The English pockpuddings ken nae better. — Sir Walter Scott : Waverley. Pock-shaking's, a humorous and vulgar term applied to the last born child of a large family, expressive of the belief that no more are to be expected. Poind, to lay a distraint on a debtor's goods, to make a seiz- ure for non-payment or arrears of rent. The word was once current in English, and survives in a corrupt form, as impound, and pound, an enclosure for stray cattle. The oflQcer whose duty it was to impound was formerly called a pindar, a word that survives in tradition or legend in the '^Pindar of Wakefield," celebrated in con- nection with the deeds, real or fabulous, of Eobin Hood and his merry band of poachers and out- laws. The etymology is from the French poigne, the closed fist, and empoigner, to seizre. Multiple-^omc^in^r is a Scottish law-phrase, expressive of a series of poindings. An' was na I a weary wight, They poind my gear and slew my knight : My servants a' for life did flee, An' left me in extremitie. — Lament of the Border Widow. "A puir poind" signifies a weak, silly person, metaphori- cally applied to one who is not substantial enough to take hold of, intellectually or morally ; one of no account or importance. Point, an old Scottish word for state of body ; almost equivalent to the modem "form," which implies good condition generally of body, mind, and manners. Murray said that he never saw the Queen in better health or in better point. — Robertson : History of Mary Queen of Scots. This is a French idiom, nearly allied to that which is now familiar to English ears, en bon point. " In better point " signifies more plump, or in fuller habit of body. — Jamieson. The word point has so many meanings, all derivable from and traceable to the Latin punctus, such as the point of a weapon ; puncture, the pinch of a sharp weapon ; punctual, true to the point of time, or the time ap- pointed, &c., as to suggest that the etymology of point, in the sense of the French en bon point, and of the old Scotch, as used by Robertson in his reference to Post — Pow. 159 Queen Mary, must be other than punctus. En bon point is euphem- istic for stout, fat, fleshy, in- clining to corpulency — all of which words imply the reverse of pointed. It is possible that the true root is the Gaelic bun {b pronounced as p), foundation, root ; applied to one who is in solid and substantial health or condition of body ; well formed and established, physically and morally. The word is indica- tive of stability rather than of sharpness or pointedness. The now current slang of " form," derived from the language of grooms, jockeys, and racing men, springs from the same idea of healthiness and good condi- tion. The Gaelic bunanta signi- fies firm, well-set, and estab- lished. The colloquial and vulgar word bum is from the same root of bun, and produces fundament; the French fonde- ment, the bottom, the founda- tion. Post, to tramp, to tread. To post the linen was to tread upon it with the bare feet in the wash- ing-tub, a common practice among the women of the work- ing-classes in Scotland. Seen for the first time by English travellers in the far North, the fashion excited not only their surprise, but sometimes their admiration, by the display of the shapely limbs of the bonnie Highland and Lowland lassies engaged in the work, with their petticoats kilted up to the knee, without the faintest suspicion of immodesty. Post is derived from the Gaelic, "to tread;" postadh, treading; postanach, a little child that is just begin- ning to walk or tread. The word is thus of a different origin and meaning from jpos^, an oflSce, a station, a place, which is de- rived from the Latin positum. The post-office and the postal service, words which are com- mon to nearly all the European languages, are more probably traceable to the Gaelic and Celtic source, in the sense of tread and tramp, than to the Latin positum. The postman treads his accustomed rounds to the great convenience of the public in all civilised coun- tries. In scouring woollen clothes or coarse linen when the strength of arm and manual friction are found insufficient, the High- land women put them in a tub with a proper quantity of water, and then with petticoats tucked up commence the opera- tion of posting. When three women are engaged, one commonly tramps in the middle, and the others tramp around her. This process is called postadh. — Arm- strong's Gaelic Dictionary, 1820. Pot, a deep pool, or eddy in a river. The neist step that she waded in, , She waded to the chin ; The deepest pot in Clyde water They gat sweet Willie in. —Ballad of Willie and May Margaret. Pow or powe, the head ; from the old English poll. The impost called the "Poll-tax," that created such great dissatisfac- i6o Powsoudie — Prick-me-dainty. tion in the days of Wat Tyler, was a personal tax on the head or i^oll. There is little wit in \v\?,j>ow That lights the candle at the low [or fire]. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. The miller was of manly make, To meet him was nae mows [joke] ; There durst not ten cum him to take, Sae noytit [thumped] he their pows. — Christ's Kirk on the Green. Fat pouches bode lean pows. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Blessings on your frosty /<?«/, John Anderson, my jo. — Burns. Powsoudie. Sheep's head broth. This word occurs in the humo- rous ballad by Francis Semple, "Fy let us a' to the bridal," which contains an ample list of all the dainty eatables served up at a marriage-feast among the rural population of Scotland in the seventeenth century. And there'll be fadges and bracken. And fouth o' gude gebbocks o' skate, Powsoudie and drammock and crowdie. And caller nowte-feet on a plate. — Watson's Collection, 1706. The word is compounded of ^ow, the head, and soudie, broth. Powt, a young fowl or chicken ; from the French, poule and poulte ; in English, poultry and poulterer. Ye peep (chirp or pipe) like a powt, O Tammy, my man, are ye turned a saunt ? — Hew Ainslee : Tarn d the Balloch. Free, to taste, to sip, " \,opree the mou," to kiss the mouth. A story his long been current that a young English nobleman, visiting at Gordon Castle, had boasted that during his six weeks' shooting in the north he had acquired so much Scotch that it was impossible to puzzle him. The beautiful and cele- brated Duchess of Gordon took up his challenge, and defied him to interpret the sentence, " Come pree my bonnie mou, my canty callant." It was with intense dis- gust that he afterwards learned what a chance he had lost by his ignorance. Ye tell me that my lips are sweet, Sic tales I doubt are a' deceit. At any rate it's hardly meet, To pree their sweets before folk. — Chambers's Scotch Songs : Behave Yoursel before Folk. Preen, a pin; from the Gaelic prine, a pin ; prineachan, a little pin ; prinich, to secure with pins. Prick-me-dainty, prick-ma-leerie. These two apparently ridiculous phrases have the same meaning, that of a finical, conceited, super- fine person, in his manners or dress, one who affects airs of superiority — without the neces- sary qualifications for the part he assumes. Jamieson suggests that prick-me-dainty is from the English prick-me-daintily ! Of prick-ma-leerie, he conjectures nothing. Both phrases seem to be traceable to the Gaelic hreagh, fine, beautiful, braw ; and deanta, complete, finished, perfected ; and leor or leoir, enough, suffi- cient, entirely ; so that prick- me-dainty resolves itself into a Prig — Puirtith, i6r corruption of breagh-me-deanta, I am beautifully perfect ; and prick - ma - leerie into breagh - ma- leor, I am beautiful entirely. A comic and scornful depreciation miderlies both phrases. Prig", to cheapen, to beat down the price; whence the English word prig, a conceited person, who thinks he knows better than other people. The English, ''to prig" in the sense of com- mitting a petty theft, appears to have no connection with the Scottish word. Men who grew wise PriggifC ower hops and raisins. —Burns : The Brigs of Ayr. Ane o' the street-musician crew Is hvL^y priggin wi' him now ; An' twa auld sangs he swears are new, He pawns on Jock ; For an auld hod o' coals half fou, A weel-matched troke. —James Ballantine ; Coal Jock. Jamieson defines to prig as to haggle, and derives it from the Flemish prachgen, to beg ; French briguer, barter,, from bngue, ** rechercher avec ar- deur." Prig. — I don't know how this word in Scotch means to cheapen, and in English to steal ; perhaps there is some connection which a knowledge of the root from which it comes would help us to understand. Prig, as a conceited person, is purely a conventional use of the word. Prig in Scotch has also the meaning of earnestly to entreat. " I prigged wi' him for mair nor an' hour that he shouldna leave me." — R. Dkennan. Prink and preen. Prinlc signifies to adorn, to dress out in finery ; preen or prein, a pin — or to pin ; and preen-head, a pin's head. She has prinked hersell and preen' d hersell By the ae light o' the mune, And she's awa to Castelhaugh To speak wi' young Tamlane. — Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border ; Ballad of the Young Tamlane. Prinkling, a slight pricking; a; tingling sensation, either of pain or pleasure. Her wily glance I'll ne'er forget, The dear, the lovely blinkin' o't. Has pierced me through and through the heart, And plagues me in the prinkling o't. The parson kissed the tinker's wife, An' coudna preach for thinking o't. — Chambers's Scottish Songs: Love's Like a Dizziness. Prog, to goad, to stab, to thrust, to prick, to probe ; metaphori- cally, to taunt, to gibe, to pro- voke by a sarcastic remark; a sting, a lance, an arrow. From the Kymric proc, a thrust ; and pi'ociaw, to thrust or stab. Prapine, a gift, or the power of giving. Also drink-money — equivalent to the German word trink-geld, the French pour boire, and the English tip. To propine also means to pledge another in drinking, or to touch glasses in German fashion. If I were there and in thy propine, Oh, what wad ye do to me. —Border Minstrelsy : Lady Anne. Puirtith, poverty. Oh puirtith cauld, and restless love, Ye wreck my peace atween ye ; Yet puirtith a' I could forgi'e. An' 'twerna for my Jeanie. —Burns. 1 62 Punchy — Quarters. Punchy, thick, short, squat, and broad; applied to the human frame. From the Gaelic hun, foundation ; and bunaich, to establish firmly on a broad foundation. Purlicue, the unnecessary flourish which people sometimes afiix at the end of their signatures ; also, a whim, a caprice ; and, in de- rision, the summing up of a judgment, and the peroration of a sermon or a speech. The French par la queue, by the tail or finish, has been suggested as the derivation. Puslic (more properly huslicJc), a cow-sherd, gathered in the fields when dried by the weather, and stored for winter fuel by the poor. According to Jamie- son, this is a Dumfriesshire and Galloway word, and used in such phrases as ** dry as a pus- lick," and "as light as a pus- lich" It is compounded of the two Gaelic words buac, cow- dung; and leag, a dropping, or to drop or let fall: used in a similar sense to the English " horse-droppings," applied to the horse-dung gathered in the roads. Pyle, a small quantity ; small as a hair, or as a grain. From the Latin pUus, French poil. The cleanest corn that e'er was dight May hae some p^les o' caff in. — Burns : T/ie Unco Guid. Pyot, a magpie ; from the Gaelic pighe, a bird. I tent it z.pyot Sat chatterin' on the house heid. — Andrew Sutar : Sytnon and J-anet. Q Quarters, a place of residence or abode, a domicile, an apartment or lodging. An' it's oh for siccan quarters As I gat yesternight. — King James V.. : W£^ II Gang Nae Mair a-Rovin. Quarters, in this sense, is not derived from quatuor, or from the fourth part, as is generally asserted in the dictionaries, and exemplified by the common phrase, "From which quarter does the wind blow ? " i.e., from whicTi of tbe fmir points of the compass ? The true derivation of quarter, the French quartier, and of the military functionary, the Quarter-master General, is the Gaelic cuairt, a circle. " Paris," says Bescherelle in his French Dictionary, " was for- merly divided into four quar- ters ; it is now divided into forty-eight, which, if quarters were translated into circZe, would not be an incongruous expres- sion, as it is when quarter repre- Quean — Quey. I6J sents a fourth part only." The French use the word arrondisse- ment in the same sense, which supports the Gaelic etymology. The quarter or habitation of a bird is its nest, which is a circle. "The circle of one's acquaint- ance," and " the social circle," are common expressions ; and the points of the compass are aU points in a circle, which, as all navigators know, are con- siderably more than four. Quean, wench, winklot. These are all familiar or disrespectful terms for a woman. I wat she was a cantie guean. And weel could dance the Highland walloch. —Roy's Wife. By that the dancin' was all done. Their leave took less or mair, "When the ivtnklots and the woers turn'd To see it was heart -sair. —Peblis to the Play. Quean, like queen, seems to ori- nate in the Greek yvf, a woman ; Danish quinde, a woman ; quin- delig, feminine ; Gaelic gin, to beget, to generate ; gineal, off- spring. Wench, by the common change of gu into w^ as in war for guerre, is from the same root. Wink-lot, or wench-let, as a little wench or quean, is of the same parentage. Queer cuffin. English and Scot- tish gipsy slang — a justice of the peace. This phrase is of venerable antiquity, and is a relic of the Druidical times when the arch-druid, or chief priest, was called coibhi {coivi), since corrupted into cuffin. The arch-druid was the chief ad- ministrator of justice, and sat in his coi^, or court (whence qu^er), accessible to all sup- pliants ; like Joshua, Jephtha, Eli, and Samuel, judges of Israel. A Druidical proverb, referring to this august per- sonage of the olden time, is still current among the Gaelic- speaking population of the Highlands, that " the stone is not nearer to the ground on which it rests, than is the ear of Coibhi to those who apply to him for justice." Queet, an ankle ; sometimes writ- ten cute (which see). The firstan step that she stept in, She steppit to the gueet ; " Ochone ! alas ! " said that lady, " The water's wondrous deep." — Buchan's Aficient Ballads: The Drowned Lovers. I let him cool his cutes at the door. — Jamieson : Aberdeenshire Proverb. Quey, a young cow ; from the Danish quay, cattle, the Ger- man vieh, the Dutch and Flem- ish vee. Amang the brachans on the brae, Between her and the moon, The Deil, or else some outler quey. Gat up and gae a croon. — Burns : Hallowe'en. The cow was eager to browse the pas- turage on which she had been fed when she was a young and happy guey.—Noctes AmbrosiancB. 1 64 Rad — Rattan, R Rad, to fear, to be afraid, or to guessr I am right rad of treasonry. — Song of the Outlaw Murray. O ance ye danced upo' the knowes. And ance ye lightly sang, But in herrying o' a bee byke I'm rad ye gat a stang. — Burns : Ye hae been a' wrang, Lasiie. Jamieson derives rad from the Danish raed, afraid, which meets the sense of the passage in which it is used by Burns. The sense, however, would be • equally well rendered by a derivation from the Danish, Flemish, and Dutch raad, Ger- man ratherif to guess or conjec- ture. Ram and ran. The Scottish lan- guage contains many expressive and humorous words commenc- ing with the syllables ram and ran, which are synonymous, and imply force, roughness, disorder ; and which appear to be primarily derived from the Gaelic ran, to roar, to bluster. Among others are — randy, viol- ent or quarrelsome ; rampage, a noisy frolic, or an outburst of ill- ■ humour, a word which Charles Dickens revived and rendered popular in the English verna- cular ; ramgunshocJc, rough, rug- ged, coarse ; ramshackle, old. Worn out with rough usage. Our ramgunshock glum gudeman, Is out and owre the water. —Burns : Had I the Wyte. Rangunshock. This seems to be a corruption of the Gaelic ran, to roar; gun, without ; and seach (pronounced shach), alternation, i.e., to roar incessantly, without alternation of quiet. Rant, to be noisily joyous ; rants, merry-makings, riotous but joy- ous gatherings ; ranter, a merry- maker. From the Gaelic. My name is Rob the ranter. — Maggie Lauder. From out the life o' publick haunts. But thee, what were our fairs and rants, Ev'n godly meetings o' the saunts By thee inspired. When gapin' they besiege, the tents Are doubly fired. — Burns : Scotch Drink. Rattan, rottan, a rat. In Flemish the word is written rat or rot. Baudrons, in the following quo- tation, is a famihar name for a cat. Then that curst carmagnole, old Satan, Watches like baudrons by a rattan, Our sinful souls to get a claut on. — Burns : Colonel De Peysten. "Wonderful man, Dr. Candlish," said one clergyman to another. "What ver- satility of talent. He's fit for onything ! " "Aye, aye I that's true; put him doon a hole, he'd make a capital rottan I " — Anecdotes of Scottish Wit and Humour. Rax — Rhah taint. 165 Rax, to reach; raught, reached; a corruption, or perhaps the original of the modern English word. Never rax aboon your reach. The auld guidman raught down the pock. — Burns : Hallowe'en. And ye may rax Corruption's neck, And gi'e her for dissection. — Burns : A Dream. " Rax me a spaul o' that bubbly Jock." Reach me a wing of that turkey. — Dean Ramsav. Ream, to froth like beer, or sparkle like wine, to effervesce, to cream ; from the German rahmen, to froth; rahm, yeast; Flemish room. Fast by an ingle, bleezing finely, Wi' reaming swats that drank divinely. The swats sae reamed in Tammy's noddle, Fair play ! he cared na deils a boddle. — Burns : Tarn 0' Shanter. The nappy reeks wi' mantling ream.. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. That merry night we got the corn in, Oh sweetly then thou reafns the horn in. — Burns : Scotch Drink. Reaming dish, a shallow dish for containing the milk until it is ready for being creamed. Red-wud, stark, raging mad. And now she's like to run red-wud About her whisker. — Burns : Earnest Cry and Prayer. Redy used as an intensitive prefix to a word, is not uncom- mon in English and Scottish literature. Red vengeance is a vengeance that demands blood ; and possibly red-wud may mean a madness that prompts blood. In Gaelic the great deluge is called the DUe Ruadk, or red- flood. Rede, advice, counsel. Rede me noght, quod Reason, No ruth to have Till lords and ladies Loves alle truth And hates alle harlotrie. — Vision of Piers Ploughman. Short rede is good rede. —Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. I rede ye weel— tak care o' skaith— See there's a guUie ! —Burns : Death and Dr. Homiook. Ye gallants wight, I rede ye right. Beware o' bonnie Anne. —Burns. This word was once good Eng- lish, as appears from the ex- tract from " Piers Ploughman," and was used by Chaucer, Gower, and Shakspeare. It is either from the Flemish and Dutch raed, counsel; the German reden, to speak; or the Gaelic radh, raidh, or raite, a saying, an aphorism. Renchel, a tall, lean, lanky per- son; from the Gaelic reang, or reing, thin, lean; and gUlie, a youth, a young man, a feUow. He's naething but a lang renchel. — Jamieson. Rhaim, Rhame. According to Jamieson, these words signify either a commonplace speech, a rhapsody; or **to run over anything in a rapid and un- meaning way," " to repeat by rote, to reiterate." He thinks 1 66 Rickle — Rind. it a corruption of rhyme, "be- . cause proverbs were anciently expressed in a sort of rhyme." Is not the true derivation of the word the Teutonic rahm, the Flemish room, froth ; to ream, to cream, to froth, to eifervesce like soda-water or champagne? " A /ro^/i^ speaker" is a common expression of dis- paragement. Rickle or ruckle, a loose heap; rickler, a term of contempt ap- plied to a bad architect or ■ builder. I'm grown so thin ; I'm naething but a rickle o' banes. — Jamieson. The proud Percy caused hang five of the Laird's henchmen at Alnwick for burn- ing a rickle of houses. Scott : The Monastery. A wild goose out o' season is but a ruckle o' banes. — Nodes Ambrosiance. Rigfging. In English this word is seldom used except in refer- ence to ships, and the arrange- ments of their masts, spars, ropes, &c. In the Scottish lan- guage it is employed to signify the roof, cross-beams, &c., of a house. This is no my ain house^ I ken by the rigging o't ; Since with my love I've changed vows, I dinna like the bigging [building] o't. — Allan Ramsay. There by the ingle-cheek I sat, And heard the restless rations squeak About the riggin. — Burns : The Vision. The word is derived from the Teutonic ruQlc^ the Flemish rug, a ridge, top, or back ; whence the ridge at the top of the house, the roof. The rigging tree is the roof tree. The rigging of a ves- sel is in like manner the roof, or ridge of a ship, as distinguished from the hull. So the colloquial expression to "rig out," to dress, to accoutre, to adorn, to put the finishing touch to one's attire, comes from the same idea of completion, which is involved in the rigging of a ship or of a house. Rigwoodie, old, lean, withered. Withered beldams, auld and droll, Rigwoodie hags. . —Burns : Tarn o' Shunter. Rigwoodie. — " Old, lean, withered." Mr. Robert Chambers says it means " worthy of the gallows." Neither of these meanings is correct. Rigivoodie is the name of the chain or rope which passes across the saddle to support the shafts of a cart or other conveyance — what an Eng- lishman would call the back band. This very likely was anciently made of twisted woodies or saugh or willow wands, now it is generally made of twisted chain and of iron. By a very evident metonomy Burns applied the twisted wrinkled appearance of a rigwoodie to these old wrinkled hags. — R. Drennan. Rind or rhynd, hoar frost ; a cor- ruption of the English rime, or possibly of the Kymric rhym, great cold ; rhyme, to shiver. Jamieson derives the Scottish rhynd and the English rime from the Anglo-Saxon hrim, and the Dutch and Flemish rym; but in these languages rym — more correctly rijm — signifies rhyme, in versification, not rime or Ringle-eyed — Rippet. 167 frost. Jihind is all but obsolete in Lowland Scotch, and has been superseded by cranreuch, sometimes written crandruch, a particularly cold and penetrat- ing mist or fog. The etymology is uncertain, but the word is most probably a corruption and mispronunciation by the Lowland Scotch of the Gaelic grainn, horrible ; whence cran- reuch, from grainn and driugh, penetrate, ooze, drip ; whence also the word drook, to saturate with moisture, and droohit, wet through. Jamieson derives cran- reuch from the Gaelic cranntar- ach, but no such word is to be found in the Gaelic dictionaries of Armstrong, Macleod, and Dewar, MacAlpine, or the High- land Society of Edinburgh. When hailstones drive wi' bitter skyte, And infant frosts begin to bite In hoary cranreuch drest. —Burns : The Jolly Beggars. Trumpets and shalms with a shout Played ere the rink began, And equal judges sat about To see wha tint or wan The field that day. —Allan Ramsay ; The Evergreen. Then Stevan cam steppand in, Nae rink might him arrest. — Christ's Kirk on the Green. Jamieson derives rink from the English ring, a circle ; but it is more probably from the Gaelic rianaich, to arrange, to set in order,, to prepare. Ripp, a handful of unthrashed ears of corn pulled out of the sheaf or stack to give to an ani- mal; from the Gaelic reub, to rend, to pull out. A guid New Year I wish thee, Maggie ; Hae ! there's a ripp to thy auld baggie. —Burns : Auld Farmer to his Auld Mare Maggie. An' tent their duty, e'en and mom, Wi' teats o' hay and ripps o' com. — Burns : Mailie, the Authors Pet Vowe. The French word for hoar-frost or cranreuch is verglas, which is also of Gaelic origin, from fuar, cold, and glas, grey. Ringled-eyed, squinting. He's out-shinned, in-kneed, and ringled- eyed too, Auld Rob Morris is the man I'll ne'er lo'e. —Allan Ramsay : Auld Rob Morris. Rink, a space cleared out and set aside for sport or jousting, and in winter for curling or skating on the ice. Rippet, a slight matrimonial quar- rel. The word seems to be de- rived either from the Gaelic r\a- paladh, mismanagement, bung- ling, misunderstanding, or from reubte, a rent, from reub, to tear, to rend, to pull asunder; the English rip, or rip up. Mr. Mair, a Scotch minister, was rather short tempered, and had a wife named Rebecca, whom, for brevity sake, he called Beckie. He kept a diary, and among other entries this one was very fre- quent. " Beckie and I had a rippet, for which I desire to be humble." A gentle- man who had been on a visit to the mini- ster went to Edinburgh and told the story to a minister and his wife there, when the 1 68 Rispie — Roose. lady replied, " Weel, weel ! he must have been an excellent man that Mr. Mair. My husband and I sometimes have rippets, but deil tak' me if he's ever humble." — Dean Ramsay's Reminiscences. Rippet means a noise or disturbance of any kind, not specifically and only a do- mestic quarrel between husband and wife. I have often been told by my mother, when a boy, to be "quate and no breed sic a rippet." — R. Drennan. Rispie, a bulrush ; the badge of the clan Mackay, worn in the bonnet. Among the greene rispies and the reeds. — Allan Ramsay: The Evergreen — The Golden Terge. Jamieson erroneously defines ru-pie to mean coarse grass, and derives the word from the Eng- lish ras-p^ to scrape, with which, however, it has not the slight- est connection. It seems to be derived from the Gaelic Was, or riasg, a moor, a fen, a marsh, where bulrushes grow ; and thus to signify a marsh flower or bul- rush. Ritt, to thrust with a weapon, to stab. The etymology cannot be traced to the Gaelic, the Ger- man, the Flemish, or any other of the known sources of the Scottish language. Jamieson seems to think it signifies to scratch with a sharp instru- ment. It is possibly a corrup- tion oi right ; "rittcd it through " may mean, drove it right through. Young Johnston had a rust-brown sword Hung low down by his gair [belt], And he ritted'iX. through the young Colonel, That word he never spak mair. —Motherwell's Collection : Ballad of Young Johnson. Roddins, the red berries of the hawthorn, the wild rose, the sweet briar, and the mountain ash, more commonly called rowan, or rodden, in Scotland ; from the Gaelic ruadh, red. Jamieson confines the use of the word to the berries of the mountain ash, but in this he is mistaken, as appears from the following : — I've mair need o' the roddins, Willie, That grow on yonder thorn. He's got a bush o' roddins till her That grew on yonder thorn, Likewise a drink o' Maywell water Out o' his grass-green horn. — Buchan's Ancient Ballads, vol. ii. : The Earl of Douglas and Dame Oliphant. Roop, roup, to call out, especially if the voice be harsh and rough ; roopet or roupit, rendered hoarse by cold or by violent vocifera- tion. This word seems to be from the Flemish roop, to cry out ; the German rufen, to call. Alas ! my roupit Muse is hearse. — Burns : Earnest Cry and Prayer. Here the poet is guilty of a pleonasm, unusual with one so terse in expression, of using in one line the two synonymous words of roupit and hearse (hoarse). But he was sorely in need of a rhyme for the coarse but familiar word in the third line of the poem. Boiip also signifies a sale by auction, from the " crying out " of the person who offers the goods for sale. Roose, rouse, to praise or extol ; and thence, it has been sup- Row, 169 posed, by extension of meaning, to drink a health to the person praised ; also, any drinking-bout or carousal. The etymology of roosCf in the sense of to praise, as used in Scotland, is unknown. Rouse, in the sense of a drinking- bout, has been held by some to be a corruption of carouse, and by others, of the German ex- clamation, heraus ! signifying " empty the cup or glass," drink it I Roose the ford as ye find it. Roose the fair day at e'en. — ^Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. To roose ye up and ca' ye guid, An' sprang o' great an' noble bluid. — Burns : To Gavin Hatnilton. He roos'd my e'en sae bonnie blue, He roos'd my waist sae genty sma'. — Burns : Young Jockey. Some o' them hae roosed their hawks, And other some their houndes, And other some their ladies fair. — Motherwell's Ancient Minstrelsy. In all the above quotations the meaning of roost is clearly to praise or extol. But the English rouse has not that meaning. No jocund health that Denmark drinks to-day, But the great cannon to the clouds shall tell, And the kings rouse, the heavens shall' bruit again. Bespeaking earthly thunder. — Shakspeare : Hamlet. I have took since supper a rouse or two too much. — Beaumont and Fletcher. It is thus clear that the Scot- tish roose and the English rouse are of different origin. The German rausch, and the Dutch and Flemish roes, signify semi- intoxication ; roesig, in these languages, means nearly drunk, or, as the French phrase it, *' entre deux vins," or, as the English slang expresses it, "half seas over." In Swedish, rus signifies drunkenness ; taga rvs, to get drunk; and rusig, ineb- riated. In Danish, runs signifies drunkenness, and ruse, intoxica- ting liquor. Nares rightly sus- pected that the English rouse was of Danish origin. The passage in Hamlet, act i. scene 4— The king doth wake to-night and takes his rouse, signifies the king takes his drink, and all the other instances quoted by Nares are susceptible of the same interpretation. Nares quotes from Harman's " Caveat for Common Cursitors," 1567 : — I thought it my bounden duty to ac- quaint your goodness with the abominable, wicked, and detestable behaviour of all these rcnvsey, ragged rabblement of rake- hells. He defines rowsey in this pas- sage to mean dirty, but, in view of the Danish, Dutch, and Flemish derivations, it ought to be translated drunken. Row, to enwrap, to entwine, to enfold, also to roll or flow on- wards like the wavelets on the river ; from the Gaelic ruith {rui), to flow, to ripple. I/O Rowan — Rowth. Hap and row, hap and row, Hap and row the feetie o't, It is a wee bit eerie thing, I downa bide the greetie o't. — Creech. Then round she rozvd her silken plaid. — Ballad of Fremmet Hall. Where Cart runs rowan to the sea. — Burns. Rowan, the mountain ash ; a tree that grows in great perfection in the Highlands of Scotland, and named from its beautiful red berries, ruadh, the Gaelic for red. This tree, or a twig of it, is supposed, in the supersti- tion of Scotland, to be a charm against witchcraft. Hence, it has been supposed, but with- out sufficient authority, that the phrase, ' ' Aroint thee, witch , ' ' in Shakspeare, is a misprint for "a rowan-tree, witch!" The word occurs in no author pre- vious to Shakspeare. The night was fair, the moon was up, The wind blew low among the gowans. Or fitful rose o'er Athole woods. An' shook the berries frae the rowans. — The IVraith oj" Garry Water. Rowan tree and red thread Mak' the witches tyne [lose] their speed. — Old Scottish Proverb. Rowt, to bellow or low like cattle ; from the Gaelic roiteach, bellow- ing. Nares erroneously renders it " snore." " The rabble rowt," i.e., the roaring rabble, the clamorous multitude. The kye stood routin in the loan. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. Nae mair thou'lt rowie out o'er the dale, Because thy pasture's scanty. — Burns : The Ordination. And the king, when he had righted himself on the saddle, gathered his breath, and cried to do me nae harm ; " for," said he, " he is ane o' our Norland stots, I ken by the rowte o him ; " and they a' laughed and rowted loud eneuch. — Scott: For- tunes of Nigel. Rowth, plenty, abundance ; a word formed from roll and rdl- elh, Scottish row. It is expres- sive of the same idea as in the English phrase, applied to a rich man, " He rolls in wealth." A peculiarly Scottish word which never seems to have been English. It has been suggested that it is derived from the Gaelic ruathar, a sudden rush, onset, or inpouring ; whence meta- phorically, a sudden or violent influx of wealth or abundance. A rowth o auld knick-knackets, Rusty aim caps, and jingling jackets. — Burns : Captain Grose. The ingle-neuk, with routh o' bannocks and bairns ! — Dean Ramsay : A Scottish Toast or Sentiment. A rowth aumrie and a close nieve. — Jamieson. It's ye have wooers mony a ane, An' lassie ye 're but young, ye ken, Then wait a wee, and cannie wale, A routhie butt, a routhie ben. — Burns : Country Lassie. God grant your lordship joy and health. Long days and routh of real wealth. — Allan Ramsay : Epistle to Lord Dalhousie. A boundless hunter and a gunless gunner see aye rowth o' game. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Fortune, if thou wilt give me still Hale breeks, a scon, a whisky gill. And rowth o' rhyme to rave at will. Take a' the rest. —Burns : Scotch Drink. Roxle — Rule the Roast. xn Roxle, to grunt, to speak with a hoarse voice; Gaelic roc^ a hoarse voice ; French rauque, hoarse; English rook, a bird that has a hoarse voice in caw- ing ; Gaelic, rocair, a naan with a hoarse voice; rocail, croak- ing. Mr. Herbert Coleridge, in his dictionary of " The Oldest Words in the English Language, ' ' from the semi- Saxon period of A.D. 1250 to A.D. 1800, derives it from the Dutch rotelen, but the word does not appear in any- Dutch or Flemish dictionary. Royet, wild, dissipated, riotous, unruly. Roit, according to Jamieson, is a term of contempt for a woman, often conjoined with an adjective, denoting bad temper; as, *'an ill-natured roit." The resemblance to the English riot suggests its deriva- tion from that word, but both royet and riot are traceable to the Gaelic raoit, noisy, obstre- perous, or indecent mirth and revelry ; and ruidhtear, a loud reveller; riatach, indecent, im- modest. Jamieson, however, derives it from the French roide, stiff, which he wrongly translates fierce, ungovernable. Royet lads may make sober men. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Ruddy, to roar like thunder, or to rumble like wind in the stomach. Derivation uncertain, but pos- sibly akin to rowte or rowtin, the bellowing of cattle. I in its wame heard Vulcan ruddy. — Beattie : John d Amha. Rude, the complexion ; the ruddy face of a healthy person. From the Flemish rood, red, which has the same meaning ; Gaelic ruatli, red, corrupted by the Lowland Scotch into Roy, as in Rob Roy, Gilderoy, and applied to the hair as well as to the complexion. Of all their maidens myld as meid Was nane sae gymp as Gillie, As ony rose her rude was reid, Her lyre was like the lillie. — Christ's Kirk on the Green. She has put it to her roudes lip, And to her roudes chin, She has put it to her fause, fause mouth, But never a drap gaed in. — Border Minstrelsy : Prince Robert. Sir Walter Scott, in a note to this ballad, glosses roudes by " haggard." Surely this is wrong ? Rug, to pull. Derivation un- certain. Trying to rug them off, tae an' heel. — Noctes A jnbrosiance. Rugg", a great bargain, a thing ridiculously cheap ; to spoil, to plunder, to seize. From the Gaelic rug, the past tense of heir, to take hold of. When borrowers brak, the pawns were rugg. Rings, beads of pearl, or siller jug, I sold them off — ne'er fashed my lug Wi' girns or curses ; The mair they whinged, it gart me hug My swelling purses. — Allan Ramsay : Last Speech of a Wretched Miser. Rule the roast. This originally Scottish phrase has obtained currency in England, and ex- 172 Rummel — Ryg-hane. cited much controversy as to its origin. It has been derived from the function of a chief cook, to be master or mistress in the kitchen, and as such, to " rule the roasting." It has also been derived from the mastery of the cock among the hens, as ruling the place where the fowls roost or sleep. In the Scottish language roost signifies the inner roof of a cottage, composed of spars or beams reaching from one wall to the other; the highest interior part of the building. Hence, to rule the roast, or roost, or to rule the house, to be the master. Rummel, to make a confused sound ; from rumble. Your crackjaw words of half an ell, That rummel like a witch's spell. — George Beattie : John & Amha\ Rump, to break ; rumpit, broken ; or in English slang "to be cleaned out," or exhausted of money by losses at gambling. "Perhaps," says Jamieson, "in allusion to an animal whose tail has been cut off near the rump ! " The etymology did not need the "perhaps" of the non-erudite author, and is to be found in the French rompre, to break, and rompu, broken. Rumple-bane, the lowest bone of the spine. At length he got a carline grey, And she's come hirplin ' hame, man, And she fell o'er the buffet stool, And brak her rumplc-bane, man. —Johnson's Mttsical Museum. Rung", a cudgel, a staff, a bludgeon, the step of a ladder ; any thick strong piece of wood that may be wielded in the hand as a weapon. From the Gaelic rong^ which has the same meaning. The modern Irish call a bludgeon a shillelah; also a Gaelic word for seileach, a willow, and slaith {sla), a wand, Auld Scotland has a raucle tongue. She's just a deevil wi' a rung: — Burns. Runk, to whisper secret slan- ders, also a term of opprobrium applied to an old woman, a gossip, or a scandal-monger. From the Gaelic runach, dark, mysterious, also a confidant ; run, Sb secret, a mystery; and by extension of the original meaning, a scandal repeated under the pretence of a secret and confidential disclosure. Runt; a deprecatory or contemp- tuous name for an old woman ; from the German rind, and the Flemish rund, an ox, or a' cow that calves no longer ; also, the hard stalk of kail or cabbage left in the ground, that has ceased to sprout. Ruther. This word, according to Jamieson, means to storm, to bluster, to roar, also an uproar or commotion. It is probably from the Gaelic rutharach, quar- relsome, contentious, and rutha- rachd, quarrelsomeness. Ryg-bane, or rig-bane, the spine or backbone ; from the Flemish Saikless — Sak. 173 rug, the German rucken, the back, and 6em, a bone. The origmal meaning of rug and rucken is that of extension in length ; from the Gaelic ruig, to extend, to reach, and ruigh, or righe, an arm ; ruighe (the English ridge) is the extension of a mountain, or of a series of hills forming, as it were, the spine or backbone of the land. S Saikless, innocent, guiltless ; from the Teutonic sack, the cause ; whence sacMess, or saiHess, with- out cause. , " Oh, is this water deep," he said, " As it is wondrous dim ; Or is it sic as a saikless rnaid, And a leal true knicht may swim ? " — Ballad of Sir Roland. Leave off your douking on the day, And douk upon the night, And where that saikless knight lies slain, The candles will burn bright. — Border Minstrelsy : Earl Richard. Sain, to bless, to preserve in happiness ; from the German segnen, to bless, and segen, a benediction ; Flemish zegenen — all probably from the Latin sanus. Sain yoursel frae the deil and the laird's bairns. —Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Sairing", enough, that which satis- fies one ; used both in a favour- able and unfavourable sense. "He got his sairin,^' applied to a drubbing or beating; in the ironical sense, he got enough of it, or, as Jamieson phrases it in English, "he got his bellyfull of it." A corruption of serve, or serve the purpose — therefore, a sufficiency. You couldna look your sairin at her face, So meek it was, so sweet, so fu' o' grace. —Ross's Helenore. Sairy or sair, very, or very great ; from the German sehr, as in zehr schon, sehr gut, very fair, very good; sometimes used in English in the form of sore ; as, •' sore distressed," very much distressed. And when they meet wi' sair disasters. Like loss o' health or want o' masters. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. It's a sair dung bairn that mauna greet. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. It's a sair field where a' are slain. — Idem. The state of man does change and vary : Now sound, now sick, now blythe, now sary, Now dansand merry, now like to dee. —Allan Ramsay : The Evergreen. Sak, saik, sake, blame, guilt; whence sacJdess, sackless, saikless, guiltless, innocent ; and also, by extension of meaning, foolish, worthless, as in the correspond- ing English word, "an inno- cent," to signify an imbecile. 174 Sandie — Sanshagh. The root of all these words appears to be either the German jach (see S airless, ante), or the Gaelic sag, weight ; whence also sag, to weigh or press down, and sack, a bag to carry heavy articles. The idea of weight, as appHed to guUt and blameworthiness, is obvious, as in the line quoted by Jamieson, "Mary was sack- less o' breaking her vow," i.e., she was not burthened with the guilt of breaking her vow. A saikless person, or an imbecile, in like manner, is one who is not weighted with intellect. Sag, in EngHsh, is said of a rope not drawn tightly enough, and weighed down in the middle. It also signifies to bend or give way under pressure of weight. The heart I bear Shall never sag- with doubt or shake with fear. — Shakspeare. "It is observable," says Dr. Johnson, "that sack (in the sense of a bag for carrying weight) is to be found in all languages, and is therefore conceived to be antediluvian." The phrase "sair sav^ht," quoted by Jamieson, and defined as signifying " much exhausted, and especially descriptive of bodily debility," is traceable to the same root, and might be rendered, sorely weighed down by weakness or infirmity. There is, however, in spite of these examples, much to be said in favour of the derivation from the German sack. Sandie, Sanders, Sawney, San- nock, abbreviations of the fa- vourite Scottish Christian name of Alexander ; from the last two syllables. The English com- monly abbreviate the first two syllables into Aleck. In the days immediately after the accession of James VI. to the English throne, under the title of James L, to the time of George III. and the Bute Administration, when Scotsmen were exceed- ingly unpopular, and when Dr. Samuel Johnson — the great Scoto-phobist, the son of a Scotch bookseller at Lichfield — thought it prudent to disguise his origin, and overdid his pru- dence by maligning his father's countrymen, it was customary to designate a Scotsman as a Sawney. The vulgar epithet, however, is fast dying out, and is nearly obsolete. An', Lord ! renjember singing Sannock, Wi' hale bracks, saxpence, and a ban- nock. Burns: To James Tait. Sanshagh or sanshach. Jamieson defines this word as meaning wily, crafty, sarcastically clever, saucy, disdainful, and cites — '* * He's a sanshach callant, or chiel,' is a phrase used in Aber- deenshire and the Mearns." He thinks it is derivable from the Gaelic saobh-nosach, angry, pee- vish, irascible ; but it is more probable that it comes from sean, old, and seach {shach), dry or caustic, an old man of a cynical temper. Sant — Sap. O ■ THE UNIVERSITY OF ^7S Sant or saunter. Jamieson defines this word as meaning "to dis- appear, to vanish suddenly out of sight," and quotes it as in use in Ettrick Forest. ** It's santed, but it will, may be, cast up again." In Wright's *' Dic- tionary of Obsolete and Provin- cial English," saunt, a northern word, is said to signify to van- ish ; and saum, to wander lazily about. The word is nearly, if not quite obsolete, and does not appear either in Burns or Allan Kamsay. Sant was formerly current in the same sense as saunter, to roam idly or listlessly about ; to saum, to disappear from, or neglect one's work or duty. Johnson derived saunter from an expression said to have been used in the time of the crusades, in application to the idle vagabonds and im- postors who roamed through the country and begged for money to help them on their way to the Holy Land, or La Sainte Terre. Saunter, as now used in English, is almost synonymous with the Scottish dauner, q.v. But no authori- tative derivation has yet been discovered, either for sant or saunter, unless that given by Mr. Wedgwood, from the German schlendern, can be deemed satis- factory. In Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham's Essay on "Satire," saunter is used in a curiously unusual sense, an investigation of which may possibly throw light on the original meaning of the word. While sauntering Charles betwixt so mean a brace [of mistresses], Meets with dissembling still in either place, Affected humour or a painted face ; In loyal libels we have often told him How one has jilted him, the other sold him. Was ever Prince by two at once misled, Foolish and false, ill-natured and ill-bred ? Sir Walter Scott cites from the same author, in reference to the sauntering of Charles II. : — In his later hours, there was as much laziness as love in all those hours he passed with his mistresses, who, after all, only served to fill up his seraglio, while a be- witching kind of pleasure called sauntering- and talking without restraint, was the true sultana he delighted in. In Gaelic sannt, andsanntaich, signifies to covet, to desire, to lust after; and if this be the true derivation of the word, the passage from the Duke of Buck- ingham would be exceedingly appropriate. To saunter was applied to idle men who fol- lowed women about the streets, with libidinous intent of admi- ration or conversation ; sann- taire, a lustful man. The French have a little comedy entitled " Un monsieur qui suit les femmes," which expresses the idea of saunterer, as applied to Charles 11. Sap, a fool, a simpleton, a ninny. The English has milk-sop, an effeminate fool. Sap and sop are both derived from the Gae- lic saobh, silly, foolish, as well as the English slang, soft, apt to be imposed upon. 176 Sark — Scaff-raff. Sark, the linen, woollen, silken, or cotton garment worn next to the skin by men and women ; a shirt or shift ; the French chemise, the German hemde. Weel'SarJcif, well provided with shirts. The last Hallowe'en I was wauken, My droukit sark-s\ee\Q as ye ken. — Burns : Tarn Glen. They reel'd, they sat, they crossed, they cleekit, Till ilka carlin swat and reekit, And coost her duddies to the wark. And linkit at it in her sark ! Tarn tint his reason a' thegither, And roar'd out, "Weel done ! Cutty sark ! " And in an instant a' was dark. — Burns : Ta»t d Shanter. Being asked what was the diflference be- tween Presbyterian ministers, who wear no surplices, and Episcopalians, who do, an old lady replied, " Well, ye see, the Pres- byterian minister wears his sark under his coat, the Episcopalian wears his sark aboon his coat."— Dean Ramsay. The phrase, " sarh-alane," is used to signify nude, with the exception of the shirt ; and " a sarJcfu' o' sair banes," to express the condition of a person suffer- ing from great fatigue, or from a sound beating. The etymo- logy of the word, which is pecu- liar to Scotland and the North of England, is uncertain. At- tempts have been made to trace it from the Swedish, the Ice- landic, the Anglo-Saxon, and the Greek, but without success. In the "Dictionaire de la Langue Komane, ou du Vieux Langage Frangaise " (Paris, 1768), the Scottish word sarJc is rendered serecote, and serecot, " une camisole, une chemisette." Saugh, a willow ; the French saule, Gaelic seUeag. The glancin' waves o' Clyde Through sauglts and hanging hazels glide. — PiNKERTON : Bothwell Bank. Saulie, a hired mourner, a mute, or undertaker's man. The word seems to have been em- ployed to express the mock or feigned sorrow assumed in the lugubrious faces of these men, and to be derived from the Gae- lic mil, mockery, satire, deri- sion ; samhladhj an apparition, a ghost, has also been suggested as the origin of the word. The derivation of Jamieson from salve reginam is scarcely worthy of consideration. Saur, to flavour ; saurless, insipid, tasteless ; supposed to be a cor- ruption of savour. The French for a red herring is sawe ; and saurir, or saurer, is to flavour with salt. Scaff-raff, rubbish, refuse. If you and I were at the Witherspoon's Latch, wi' ilka ane a gude oak hippie in his hand, we wadna turn back — no, not for half-a-dozen o' your scaff-raff. — Scott : Guy Mannering. Jamieson, unaware of the in- digenous roots of these words, derives them from the Swedish scaef, a rag, anything shaved off; and raja, to snatch away. The true etymology, however, is from the Gaelic sgamh (pro- Scag — Scarnoch. 177 nounced scav), dross, dirt, rub- bish; and rdbh {raff), coarse, idle, useless. Scag, to shrivel in the heat, or by- exposure to the weather, to split, to crack in the heat; a term applied in the fishing villages of Scotland to fish, dried or fresh, that have been kept too long. ** A scaggit haddie " is a haddock spoiled by long expos ure . Jamie - son hesitates between the Ice- landic skacka, inquare ; and the Gaehc sgag, as the derivation of this word. Sgag, in Gaelic, signi- fies to shrivel up, to crack, to split, or to spoil and become putrid by long keeping ; sgagta, lean, emaciated. Seance, skance. To reflect upon a person's character or conduct by charge or insinuation ; to censure, to taunt indirectly ; to glance at a subject cursorily in conversation ; also, a transient look at anjrthing. These words are not used in English, though askance, a recognised English word, appears to be from the same root. The ordinary de- rivation of askance is either from the Italian schianco, athwart, or from the Flemish and Dutch schuin, oblique, to squint. The latter etymology, though it meets the English sense of the word, does not correspond with the variety of meanings in which it is employed in Scotland. Neither does it explain the English scan, to examine, to scrutinise,— stiU less the scan- ning, or scansion of the syllables or feet in a verse. Perhaps the Gaelic sgath, a shadow, a reflection in the water or in a glass, sgathan {sga-an), a mirror, and sgathanaich, to look in a glass, may supply the root of the Scottish, if not the Eng- lish words. Tried by these tests, seance might signify to cast a shadow or a reflection upon one, to take a rapid glance as of one's self in a glass ; and to scan, to examine, to scrutinise, " to hold the mirror up to nature," as Shakspeare has it. In these senses, the word might more easily be derivable from the Gaelic, which does not imply obliquity, than from the Flemish and Dutch, of which obliquity is the leading, if not the sole idea, as in the English squint. Then gently scan your brother man, Still gentler sister woman ; Though they may gang a kennin' wrang, To step aside is human. — Burns : Address to the Unco Guid. To scan a verse, to examine or scrutinise whether it contains the proper number of feet or syllables, or is otherwise correct, may possibly be an offshoot of the same idea; though aU the etymologists insist that it comes from the Italian scandio, to climb. Scarnoch. A scarnoch o' words signifies a multitude of words, such as are unnecessarily used by wordy lawyers and by over garrulous Members of Parlia- ment, who use them, as Solomon 178 Scaii — Schore. said in old times, ** to darken counsel," and as a wise and cynical man of more modern days— the late Prince Talleyrand — said with equal appropriate- ness, " pour deguiser la pensee" (to disguise their thoughts). Scarnoch also signifies a tumul- tuous din, the murmur or shout- ing of a crowd, and scarochin, a great noise. Jamieson derives these words* from the Swedish skara, a crowd, a cohort, but the true root is the Gaelic sgaim, to howl as dogs, wolves, or other animals, and sgarneach, howling, shrieking, roaring, &c. Scart, a scratch ; scart-free, with- out a scratch or injury. Scart is also a name given, in most parts of Scotland, to the rapa- cious sea-bird, the cormorant. Scart, to scratch, is a softer rendering of the harsher English word ; and scart, a cormorant, is a corruption of the Gaelic sgarbh, which has the same meaning. They that bourd wi' cats may count upon scaris.— Allan Ramsay. "To scart the buttons," or draw one's hand down the breast of another, so as to touch the buttons with one's nail, is a mode of challenging to battle among Scot- tish boys. — Jamieson. Like scarts upon the wing by the hope of plunder led. —Legends of the Isles. D'ye think ye'll help them wi' skirlin' that gate, like an auld skart before a flaw o' weather ?— Scott : The Antiquary. Scaur, a steep rock, a cliflf on the shore ; sTcerrie, a rock in the sea. Scarborough, a watering-place in England, signifies the town on the cliff or rock ; STcerrievore^ or the great rock or skerrie, from sgeir and mhor, is the name of the famous lighthouse on the West Coast of Scotland. The skerries are rocks in the sea among the Scilly islands. Both scaur and skerrie are traceable to the Gaelic sgeir, a rock in the sea, and sgor, a steep mountain side ; whence also the English scar in Scarborough. Ye that sail the stormy seas Of the distant Hebrides. By lordly Mull and Ulva's shore Beware the witch of Skerrievore. —Legends of the Isles. Where'er ye come by creek or scaur. Ye bring bright beauty. —James Ballantine. Schacklock. Jamieson imagines this word to mean a pickpocket or burglar, or one who shakes or loosens locks. It is, however, a term of contempt for a lazy ne'er-do-weel, like the similar English word, sTvackahack, and is derivable from the Gaelic seac (shack), useless, withered, dried up, and leug, dull, sluggish, or incorrigibly lazy. Schore, a man of high rank; schore-chiefiain, a supreme chief. Jamieson derives schore from the German schor or schoren, " altus eminens "—a word which is not to be found in any German dictionary, nor in Dutch or Flemish, or any other Teutonic speech. The etymology is un- Schrew — Sclaurie, 179 known or difficult to discover, unless it be presumed that the word was used metaphorically for high, in the sense of an eminence ; from the Gaelic sgor, a steep rock, a cliff. Schrew (sometimes written sckrow), to curse; allied to the English shrew, a scolding and ill-tempered woman, and usually- derived from the German besch- reien, to curse. A screw, in English slang, signifies a mean, niggardly person, who, in Ameri- can parlance, would be called *'a mean cuss," or curse. A miserable old horse is called a screw, not as the Slang Dic- tionary says, "from the serew- liJce manner in which his ribs generally show through the skin," but from the original sense of shrew, to curse — i.e., a horse only fit to swear at — or possibly from the Gaelic sgruitt old, wrinkled, thin, meagre. Schrewit signifies ac- cursed, also poisonous, which is doubtless the origin of the slang English screwed, intoxi- cated. The kindred English word scrub, a mean person, and scrubbed, vile, worthless, shabby, as used by Shakspeare in the phrase, "a little scrubbed boy," is evidently derived from the Gaelic sgrub, to act in a mean manner, and sgrubair, a churl, a niggard, or a despicable per- son. The true derivation of the Scottish schrew remains obscure. In its form of shrew or schrow the word was formerly used in reference to the male sex, in the sense of a disagreeable and quarrelsome person ; as in shrewd, an epithet applied to a man of penetration and sharp common sense. These words, whether schrew or schrow be the correct form, have given rise to many discussions among etymologists, which are not yet ended. Shrew or schrow has been derived not only from the Teutonic schreien, to shriek, to call out lustily, but from the little harmless animal called the shrew mouse, which was fabled to run over the backs of cattle and do them injury by the supposed venom of its bite. Some of these apparently incongruous or contradictory derivations are resolvable by the Gaelic sgi'uth {sru), to run, to flow. A shrew is a scold, a woman whose tongue runs too rapidly, or a man, if he have the same disagreeable characteristic ; shrewd is an epithet applied to one whose ideas run clearly and precisely. The shrew mouse is the running mouse. Sclaurie, to bespatter with mud ; also metaphorically, to abuse, revile, to asperse, make accusa- tion against, on the principle of the English saying, " Throw mud enough; some of it will stick." The lowland Scotch claur, or glaur, signifies mud, q.v. This word is derived from the Gaelic clabar (aspirated clab- har or claur), filth, mire, mud ; " A gowpen o' glaur," or claur, i8o Scogie — Scoot the two hands conjoined, filled with mud. When the initial s was either omitted from or joined to the root-word, is not discoverable. Scogie or scogie-lass, a kitchen drudge, a maid-of-all-work, a "slavey;" one unskilled in all but the commonest and coarsest work. From the Gaelic sgog, a fool, a dolt, one who knows nothing. Scoil, shriek ; akin to the English A n' smellin' John he gaed a scoil, Then plunged and gart the water boil. — yohn d AmhcC. Till echo for ten miles around Did to the horrid scoil resound. —Ibid. Scold or skald. Fingal and the other warriors whose deeds are commemorated by Ossian, drank out of shells (scallop shells), doubtless the first natural ob- jects that in the earliest ages were employed for the purpose. Scold is an obsolete word, signi- fying to drink a health, evi- dently derived from shell, or scallop; the Teutonic scTiale, a shell or a cup ; the Danish sTciall, the French escaiUe or ecaille, the Flemish and Dutch schelp and schaal, the Norse sJcul, the Greek chalys, the Latin calix, a shell or cup. Possibly the tradition that the Scandinavian warriors drank their wine or mead out of the skuUs of their enemies whom they had slain in battle, arose fi'om a modern mis- conception of the meaning oiskul — originally synonymous with the skull or cranium, or shell of the brain. Skid is used by the old Scottish poet, Douglas, for a goblet or large bowl. To scold or scoil, to drink healths, to drink as a toast ; scolder, a drinker of healths ; skul, a salutation of one who is present, or of the respect paid to an absent person, by expressing a wish for his health when one is about to drink it. — Jamieson. Skeolach (sgeolach), the name of one of Fingal's drinking cups, — Macleod and Dewar : Gaelic Dictionary. The custom of drinking out of shells is of great antiquity, and was very common among the ancient Gael. Hence the ex- pression so often met with in the Fingal ian poets, "the hall of shells," "the chief of shells," "the shell and the song." The scallop shell is still used in drinking strong liquors at the tables of those gentlemen who are desirous to preserve the usages of their ancestors. — Armstrong's Gaelic Dic- tionary, 1828. Scon or scone, a barley cake ; from the Gaelic sgonn, a lump or mass. Leeze me on thee, John Barleycorn, Thou King o' grain, On thee auld Scotland chaws her cood, In souple scones, the wale o' food. — Burns : Scotch Drink. Sconfice, discomfit, beaten, led astray, subdued ; from the Gaelic sgon, bad, andj^os, knowledge. I'm unco wae for the puir lady ; I'm feart she'll grow wud gin she be lang in yon hole, for it would sconfice a horse, forbye a bodj\— Macleav's Memoirs of the Clan MacGregor. Scoot, a tramp, a gad-about, a vagrant, a term of opprobrium given to a low woman; from Scottis bed — Screed, i8i the Gaelic sguit, to wander. The English scout, a person em- ployed by an army to recon- noitre, by travelling or wander- ing to and fro, so as to observe the motions of the enemy, is obviously from the same root. Scottis bed. *• This phrase," says Jamieson, "occurs in an Aber- deen Register, but it is not easy to aflSx any determinate mean- ing to it." May it not mean a ship's bed, or a hammock ; from scothach, a small skiff ? Scouk, to sneak, to loiter idly or furtively ; either a corruption of the English sJctdk, or a deri- vation with an allied meaning ; from the Gaelic sguga, a coarse, ill-mannered, ungainly person. They grin, they glower, they scouk, they gape. —/acoitie Relics. Scouth or skouth, elbow-room, space, scope, room for the arm' in wielding a weapon so as to cut off an enemy or an obstruc- tion at a blow ; from the Gaelic sgud, to lop, to cut off ; sgudadh, act of cutting down by a sudden blow. An' he get scouth to wield his tree, I fear you'll both be paid. — Ballad of Robin Hood. By break of day he seeks the dowie glen. That he may scouth to a' his morning len' (lend). — Allan Ramsay : Pastoral on the Death of Matthew Prior. They tak religion in their mouth. They talk o' mercy, grace, and truth— For what ? to gie their malice scouth On some poor wight, An' hunt him down, o'er right and ruth. To ruin straight. —Burns : To the Rev. John M*Math. " Scouth and routh " is a pro- verbial phrase for elbow-room and abundance. That's a good gang for your horse, he'll have scouth and routh. — Jamieson. Scowf, a blustering, low scoun- drel. Dutch and Flemish schoft. Explained in Dutch and French dictionaries as ^^ maroufle, coquin, maraud," i.e., a low scoundrel, a rogue, an impudent blackguard. He's naething but a scouf; Danish scuffer, to gull, to cheat, to shuffle ; a cheat, a false pretender. — Jamieson. Scran or skran, odds and ends or scraps of eatables, broken victuals ; also applied derisively to food or daily bread. Scranning is a phrase used by school- boys when they spend their pocket-money at the pastry-cook's. — Jamieson. Scran-pock, a beggar's wallet to hold scraps of food. The word scran is derived from the Gaelic sgrath (pronounced sgra), to peel, to pare, to take off the rind or skin, and sgrathan {sgra-an), a little peeling or paring. In the sense of food, the word occurs in the Irish objurgation, "Bad scran to ye 1 " Screed, a lengthy discourse or written article. This word is defined in a note to a passage in the " Noctes Ambrosianae" as a '* liberal allowance of any- thing." 1 82 Screik d Day — Scroggam and Ruffam, A man, condemned to death for rape and murder at Inverness, requested that the editor of the Courier might be per- mitted to see him the night before his execution. After some talk, the criminal said, "Oh, Mr. Carruthers, what a screed you'll be printin' in your next paper about me ! "— M. Screik (or scrai^h) o' day, the early dawn, the first flush of the morning light. Jamieson says the radical word is creek ; from the Teutonic krieche, "aurora rutilans." It has been suggested that screich, or shriek, of day, means the shrill cry of the cock at early morn, but it is more probable that the phrase is from the Flemish krieken van den dag, which the French translate Vauhe dujour, Vaurore, the dawn of day. Scrieve, to roll or move or glide easily ; from the Gaelic sgrioh, to scrape, to draw a line or a furrow, to go on an excursion or journey. The wheels o' life gae down -hill scrievin. — Burns : Scotch Drink. Scrimp, bare, scarce ; scrimply, barely, scarcely. Down flowed her robe, a tartan sheen. Till half a leg was scrimply seen. And such a leg ! my bonnie Jean Alone could peer it. — Burns : The Vision. Scrog", a stunted bush, furze ; scroggy, abounding in under- wood, covered with stunted bushes or furze like the Scottish mountains ; from the Gaelic sgrogag, stunted timber or under- wood. The way toward the cite was stony, thorny, and scraggy. — Gesta Romanorum. As I came down by Merriemass, And down among the scroggs. The bonniest chield that e'er I saw Lay sleeping 'mang his dogs. — Johnnie of Bredislee.. Sir Walter Scott, when in his last illness in Italy, was taken to a wild scene on the mountains that border the Lago di Garda. He had long been apathetic, and almost insensible, to sur- rounding objects ; but his fad- ing eyes flashed with unwonted fire at the sight of the furze bushes and scrogs that reminded him of home and Scotland, and he suddenly exclaimed, in the words of the Jacobite ballad — Up the scroggy mountain. And down the scroggy glen. We dare na gang a hunting, For Charlie and his men. Scroggam and ni£fam. These two words occur as a kind of chorus in a song attributed, but on doubtful authority, to Kobert Bums. It is wholly unworthy of his genius, and appears — if he had anything at all to do with it — to have been slightly mended, to make it more pre- sentable in decent company. Burns was almost wholly unac- quainted with Gaelic, though he occasionally borrowed a phrase or a word from that language without quite comprehending its meaning. There was a wife wonn'd in Cockpen, Scroggam ! She brewed guid ale for gentlemen. Sing, Auld Coul lay ye down by me, Scroggam, my dearie, ruffam. Scrub — Scunner. 183 Scroggam is the Gaelic for sgroggam, let me put on my bonnet ; and ruffam is ruhham, or (ruffam) let me rub or scratch. An obscene meaning is con- cealed in the words. Scrub, a terrn of contempt for a mean, niggardly person ; a Scot- tish word that has made good its place in the English verna- cular. Scroppit, sordid, parsi- monious ; from the Gaelic scrub, to hesitate, to delay, especially in giving or paying ; sgrubail, niggardly ; scrubair, a churl, a miser. S c r u n t, a worn - out broom ; scrunty, a Northern word, sig- nifying, according to Halliwell, short, stunted. Jamieson gives a second interpretation — **a person of slender make, a walking skeleton. ' ' Possibly the word is a corruption of the English shrink, shrank. There is no trace of it either in the Teutonic or the Gaelic. S cuddy, stark naked ; from the Gaelic sguad, to strip or lay bare. Strip a country lass o' laigh degree per- fectly scuddy, and set her beside a town belle o' a noble blood, equally naked, and wha can tell the ewe-milker frae the duchess? — Nodes Ambrosiana. Scug or skug, to hide, to take shelter, to run to sanctuary, to overshadow. That's the penance he maun dree To scug his deadly sin. — Border Minstrelsy : Young Benjie. In this quotation, skug seems to mean expiate, rather than hide or take refuge from the consequence of the deadly sin. Jamieson derives this word from the Gothic-Swedish skugga, a shade. It does not, however, appear in modern Swedish dic- tionaries. Skug and scuggery are noted both by Halliwell and Wright as northern English words for secret, hidden, and secrecy. In a note to the ballad of " Young Benjie," in the " Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border," Sir Walter Scott states that scug means to shelter or expiate. Possibly, if the inter- pretation of "shelter" can be accepted as connected, the ety- mology of the word is the Gae- lic sgathach, pronounced sgctch, or skug, a screen. Scunner or sconner, a very ex- pressive word, significant of a loathing or aversion to a thing or person, for which it is some- times diflScult or impossible to account. And yill and whisky gie to cairds Until they scunner. — Burns: To James Smith. From the Gaelic sgonn, bad, also rude, boorish, ill-mannered. It enters also into the compo- site of the English word scoun- drel, and the Italian scondruds, evidently of Celtic and Tuscan origin. Or it may perhaps be derived with equal propriety from sgeun, a fright, and sgeun- aich, to frighten. 1 84 Scutch — Sell. Scutch, to bruise or beat, to beat or dress flax. The error of Shakspeare's printers in spell- ing scutch as scotch, has led to the all but incorrigible mispro- nunciation of the word — "We have scotched the snake, not killed it "—and to the idea that the word has something to do with Scotland, and with the habits of the Scottish people. Squids, pronounced scuitch or scutch, is the Gaelic for to bruise, to beat ; sguidseadh, the act of dressing flax. The word scutch is still used in the northern counties of England. Sea-maw, the sea-gull, or sea- mew ; the beautiful white bird of the ocean. Keep your ain fish-guts to feed your ain sea-maws. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Pro- verbs. The white sea-mew, and not the white dove, was considered by the Druids the bird that Noah let fly from the ark on the subsiding of the Deluge. The name of 'pigeon, sometimes given to the dove, signifies in Gaelic the bird of security ; from jpighe, bird, and dion {di pronounced ji), security, pro- tection. The coincidence is curious. Seile, happiness ; from the Ger- man selig, happy. Sei^e o' your face I is a phrase in Aber- deenshire, expressive of a blessing on the person to whom It is addressed. — Dean Kamsav. Sokand seil is best — the happiness that is earned is best — i.e., earned by the plough ; from sock, the ploughshare, and here used metaphorically for labour of any kind. — Ferguson's Scots Proverbs. Selkouth or selcouth, seldom seen or known ; rendered * ' wondrous ' ' by Sir Walter Scott, in the notes to "Thomas the Khymer." The word is of the same origin as the English uncouth, strange, or un- known ; from Icythe, to show, or appear". By Leader's side A selkouth sight they see, A hart and hind pace side by side As white as snow. ' — Thomas the Rhymer. Sell or selle, a seat, a chair, a stool. Latin sed\le, French sdle, a saddle, the seat of a rider. This was once an English as well as a Scottish word, though obso- lescent in the Elizabethan era. Shakspeare uses it in Macbeth — Vaulting ambition that o'erleaps itself. And falls on the other— which, to render the image per- fect, as Shakspeare meant — and no doubt wrote — ought to be read — Vaulting ambition that o'erleaps its sell, And falls on the other side. The London compositors of Shakspeare's time, ignorant of the word sell, insisted upon mak- ing self of it, and in omitting "side." Ambition, in the guise of a horseman, vaulting to the horse's back, could not fall on the other side of itself ; though it might well fall on the other side Shacklebane — Shangie-mou' d. i8s of the sM or saddle, and light upon the ground, which is the true Shakspearian metaphor. Shacklebane, the wrist; a word apparently first applied to a prisoner who was handcuffed, or manacled. Shadow-half, the northern ex- posure of land. Sir Walter Scott built Abbotsford on the wrong side of the Tweed — in the shadow-half. Land with a southern exposure is called the sunny-half, or the sunnyside. S h a g; h 1 e, sometimes written shaucle, to walk clumsily, to shuffle along, to drag or shackle the feet as if they were pain- fully constrained by the shoes ; to distort from the original shape, to wear out. Had ye sic a shoe on ilka foot, it wad gar ye shaghle. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. And how her new shoon fit her auld shachtt feet. — Burns : Last May a Braiv Wooer. Schachled is metaphorically applied to a young woman who has been deserted by her lover. She is, on this account, com- pared to a pair of shoes that have been thrown aside, as being so put out of shape as to be unfit to be worn any longer. — Jamieson. Jamieson derives this word from the Icelandic skaga, deflectere ; skaggrer, obliquus. If he had looked at the Gaelic, he would have found seac {shale), dried up, worn out, without substance, decayed. Shairnie-faced, a contemptuous epithet applied to a person with a very dirty face; from sham, or shairn, dung, more especially cow-dung, sometimes called in English covf-sherd, a word, in all probability, from the same source. Flae luggit, shairnie-faced. — The Blithesome Bridal. Shalk, a servant, a workman, a farm-servant ; from the Gaelic sgalag, corrupted in America into scalaivag, and used as a term of opprobrium. The word enters into the components of the French marechal, and the English marshal ; from the Gaelic maor, a bailiff, overseer, steward, or superintendent ; and sgalag, a servant or workman, whence marechal, one in charge of work- men or servants. Shang, a vulgar term for a hasty luncheon or "snack," and for what Scottish children call a " piece ; " shangie, thin, meagre, lean. A shang o' bread and cheese, a bite be- tween meals. In Icelandic skan, a crust, a rind. — Jamieson. The root is probalbly the Gaelic seang {sheang), lean, hungry ; thence, by extension of meaning, a piece taken to satisfy hunger. Shangie-mou'd, hare-lipped, or with a cleft mouth ; from shan- gan, a cleft stick, or anything cleft or divided. Shangie-mou'd, haluket Meg. —The Blithesome Bridal. i86 Shank — Shath mont. The word haZuJcet in this de- risory line appears to be a form of haZse, a giddy, thoughtless girl. Shank, the leg. This noun is sometimes used as a verb in Scotland, and signifies to depart, to send away, to dismiss. To shank a person is to send him away ; equivalent in English, to give him the sack ; to shanJc one's self away is to leave without ceremony. The English phrase, to go on shank's or shanks' s mare, i.e., to walk, is rendered in Scottish — to go on shank's naigie, or little nag. Jamieson absurdly suggests that the English, to travel by the marrow-hone stage, i.e., to walk, or go on shank's mare, may be derived from the parish of Marylebone, in Lon- don. The etymology of shank is the Gaelic seang {shank), lean, slender, like the tibia, or bone of the leg. Shannach, or shannagh, a word explained by Jamieson in the phrase, " ' It's ill shannagh in you to do this or that,' i.e., it is ill on your part, or it is ungracious in you to do so." In Gaelic seanacach signifies wily, cunning, sagacious, which is clearly the root of shannagh, so that the phrase cited by Jamieson signifies it is not wise, or it is ill wisdom on your part to do so. Shard (more properly sharg), a contemptuous epithet applied to a little, weazened, under- grown, and, at the same time, petulant and mischievous child. From the GaeUc searg {s pro- nounced as sh), a withered, insignificant person or animal, one shrivelled or dried up with age, sickness, or infirm- ity ; seargta, withered, dried up, blasted. Shargar, sharg, a lean, scraggy, cadaverous person. Shargie, thin, shrivelled, dried up ; from the Gaelic searg, a puny man or beast, one shrivelled with sick- ness or old age ; also, to wither, to fade away, to dwindle or dry up, from want of vitality. Sharrow, sharp, sour or bitter to the taste. Flemish schcrp, French acerbe, Gaelic searbh, bitter ; searbhad, bitterness ; searbhag, a bitter draught. Shathmont, a measure, of which the exact length is uncertain, but which is evidently smalL As I was walking all alane Atween the water and the wa', There I spied a wee, wee man, The wee'est man that e'er I saw. His leg was scarce a shathmont lang. —Ballad of the Wee, Wee Man. This obsolete English, as well as Scottish word, is sometimes written shaftmond, and shaft- man. It appears in "Morte Arthur," and other early Eng- lish poems. The etymology has never been satisfactorily traced. Shacht, which is also written schaft, is Flemish for the handle Shaver — Shaw. 187 of a pike, or hilt of a sword ; and mand is a basket or other piece of wickerwork; whence schacht-mand, a basket-hilt, or the length of a basket hilt of a sword, which may possibly be the origin of the word. The length of a shathmont is stated to be the distance be- tween the outstretched thumb and little finger — a distance which corresponds with the position of the hand, when grasping the sword-hilt. Maund, for basket, is not yet entirely obsolete. Shaver, a droll fellow, a wag, a funster, or one who indulges in attempts at fun ; shavie, a trick. Than him at Agincourt wha shone. Few better were or braver, And yet wi' funny, queer Sir John, He was an unco shaver. — Burns : A Dream. But Cupid shot a shaft That played the dame a shavie. — Burns: The Jolly Beggars. It has been suggested that shaver, in the sense of a wag or funster, is derived from Figaro the barber, as the type of a class who were professionally funny in amusing their cus- tomers, when under their hands for hair-cutting or hair-dressing. The words are possibly corrup- tions of the old English shaver ^ described by Nares as a low, cunning fellow, and used by the writers of the early decades of the seventeenth century. Shaver, in the United States, signifies a bill discounter who takes ex- orbitant interest, and a shave means a swindle or an imposi- tion. Some have derived the word from shave, to cut the beard, itself a word of very uncertain etymology, and not necessarily connected with any idea of dishonesty. The more likely derivation is from the Gaelic saohh (or shaov), dis- semble, prevaricate, take unfair advantage of, also, foolish. Shaw, a small wood, a thicket, a plantation of trees ; from the Teutonic. This word was once common in English literature. It still exists in the patrony- mics of many families, as Shawe, Alder shaw, Einshaw, Hackshaw, Hawkshaw (or Oakshaiv), and others, and is used by the pea- santry in most parts of England and every part of Scotland. Whither ridest thou under this green shawe ? Said this yeman. — Chaucer : The Freres Tale. Gaillard he was as goldfinch in the shaw, Brown as a berry, a proper short fellow. — Idem. : The Coke's Tale. Close hid beneath the greenwood shaw. — Fairfax. In summer when the shaivs be shene. And leaves be fair and long, It is full merry in fair forest, To hear the fowles' song. —Ballad 0/ Robin Hood. To all our haunts I will repair. By greenwood, shaw, and fountain. — Allan Ramsay. The braes ascend like lofty wa's, The foaming stream deep roaring fa's, O'erhung wi' fragrant spreading shaws. The birks of Aberfeldy. —Burns. i8S Shear — Shtll. Gloomy winter's now awa, Saft the westlin breezes blaw ; 'Mang the birks o' Stanley shaw. The mavis sings fu* cheery, oh. — Tannahill. There's nae a bonnie flower that springs By fountain, shaw, or green, There's nae a bonnie bird that sings. But minds me o' my Jean. — Burns : O/a the Airts. Shear. The primary meaning of shear is to cut or clip. In this sense it is used by English agriculturists, for the operation of cutting or clipping the fleece of sheep. In Scotland it is used in the sense of reaping or cut- ting the corn in harvest. On the occasion of the first visit of Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort to the Highlands of Scotland, it was duly stated in the Court Circular that Her Majesty visited the shearers, and took much interest in their labours. In the following week, a newly-started pictorial journal, in opposition to the Illustrated London News, published a wood engraving, in which Her Majesty, the Prince, and several members of the Court in attendance, were represented as looking on at the shee'p - shearing. The Cockney artist, ignorant alike of the seasons of agricultural opera- tions and of the difference be- tween the Scottish and English idioms, and who had no doubt, wished the public to believe that he was present on the occasion on which he employed his pencil, must have been pain- fully convinced, when his fraud was discovered, of the truth of the poetic adage, that •* a little knowledge is a dangerous thing ; " and that shearing and reaping had different meanings in England and Scotland. In hairst, at the shearitig, Nae youths now are jeering. At fairs or at preaching, Nae wooing and fleeching. — The Flowers o' the Forest, Sheuch, a drain, a furrow or trench. I saw the battle sair and teuch. And reekin' red ran mony a sheuch. —Burns : The Battle of Sheriffmuir. Shiel or shielin, a hut, a shed, or small cottage on the moor or mountain for the shelter of cattle or sportsmen ; derived by Jamieson from the Icelandic skalay a cottage ; probably a corruption of shield, or shield- ing, a place where one may be shielded or sheltered from the weather. Wintershielins, winter quarters. No ; I shall ne'er repent, Duncan, And shanna e'er be sorry ; To be wi' thee in Hieland shzel Is worth the lands o' Castlecary. — Ballad of Lizzie Baillie. The craik among the clover hay, The paitrick whirrin' o'er the lea, The swallow jinkin' round my shiel. Amuse me at my spinnin' wheel. —Burns : Bess and her Spinnin IVheeL Shfll. Appears to be a contraction for the sake of euphony of the harsher English'word shrill. The etymology of shrill is doubtful, though some derive it from the Shilpit — Shot. 189 Scottish skirl, which they call an onomatopeia, or imitation of the sound. This also is doubt- ful, more especially if the Teu- tonic schreien, and the Dutch and Flemish schreuicen, to cry out discordantly, are taken into consideration. The westlin' wind blaws loud and skzli, The night's baith mirk and rainy, O. — Burns : My Nannie, O. Shilpit, insipid, tasteless, dull, stale, flat ; applied to liquor and sometimes to persons, meta- phorically to signify that they are spiritless, timid, cowardly, and of no account. A shilpett {shilpit) wretch, a heart stripped of manliness. — Jamieson. The Laird of Balmawhapple pronounced the claret shilpit, and demanded brandy with great vociferation. — Scott : Waver- ley. According to Jamieson, shilpit is used to designate ears of corn that are not well filled. He derives it from the German schelp, signifying a reed, a bulrush, which is possibly the word that he referred to. But neither schelp, which Jamieson renders by the Latin putamen, a paring, a husk, a shell, or schilp, a bulrush, can be considered the root of shilpit, as applied to the insipidity or flatness of a liquor. The origin of shilpit remains un- known, though it may possibly have some remote connection with the Gaelic sile {shile), saliva, or drivel. Shool, a shovel. If honest nature made you fools, What sairs your grammars ? Ye'd better ta'en up spades and shools An' knappin' hammers. —Burns : To Lapraik. Shoon, the old plural of shoe, still used in Scotland, though almost obsolete in England. If ever thou gave hosen or shoon, Every night an awle, Sit thee down and pass them on, And Christ receive thy saule. — Funeral Dirge, in use in England before the Reformation, quoted in Aubrey's Miscellanies. Short, to divert, to amuse, to shorten the time by agreeable conversation; shortsome, divert- ing, as opposed to langsome, or longsome, tedious, wearisome. In English, short is often applied to a hasty or quick temper. In Scottish parlance, shortly or shortlie, signifies tartly, peevishly, ill-naturedly. Shot, shote, a puny or imperfect young animal, especially a pig or lamb. The Americans, who have acquired many words from the Scottish and Irish immi- grants, have shote, a weakly little pig, and apply the word metaphorically to man or woman as an epithet of contempt or derision. It is derived from the Gaelic seot (pronounced sheot, or shote), a stunted animal, a short tail, a tail that has been docked ; and, generally, an incumbrance, impediment, or imperfection ; scotair signifies an idle, lazy, 190 Shouther — Simmer Couts. useless person, a drone ; a vaurien, a good-for-nothing. Seth Slope was what we call down East a poor shote, his principal business being to pick up chips and feed the pigs. — B artlett's Dictionary of A mericanisms. Shouther, the shoulder; "High- landers ! shouther to shouther ! " the motto of some of the High- land regiments in the British service. When the cloud lays its cheek to the flood, And the sea lays its shouther to the shore. — Chambers's Scottish Songs: Hew Ainslie. Shue, to play at see-saw ; shuggie- shue, a swing. Sib, related, of kin by blood or marriage. Hence the English gossip, from god-sib, related by baptismal union. From the German sippe, which has the same meaning ; and sippschaft, relationship. He was sidie to Arthur of Bretagne. — Chaucer. He was no fairy born or std to elves. — Spenser. A boaster and a liar are right si5. A' Stewarts are no szd to the king. It's good to be sii to siller. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. We're no more sib than sieve and riddle. Though both grew in the woods together. — Cheshire Proveri. Siccan, such ; sic like, such like, or such a, as an adjective ; sic like a time, such a time ; sic like a fashion, in such a way or fashion ; generally used in the sense of inopportune, improper, unseemly. What the deil brings the laird here At sic like a time ? — The Laird o Cockpen. Wi' siccan beauties spread around. We feel we tread on holy ground. — James Ballantine : Damick Tower. Sicker, siccar, firm, safe, secure ; sickerly, safely ; sickemess, safety, security ; to sicker, to make cer- tain; lock sickar, lock securely, or safely — the motto of the ancient Scottish family, the Earls of Morton. Mak sickar is another motto of historic origin in Scotland. Toddlin' down on Willie's mill, Setting my staff wi' a' my skill To keep me sicker. — Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. Sick-saired, nauseated by reple- tion, served with food to excess, and to consequent sickness and loathing. Simmer (or summer) couts, the gnats or midges which live for one summer day, bom ere noon and dying ere sunset, and which seem to pass their brief life in whirhng and dancing in the sun- shine. The word, a summercout, is often applied affectionately to a very troublesome and merry young child. Jamieson suggests that couts may be a corruption of colts, in which supposition he is possibly correct, though the comparison of the tiny midge with so large an animal as a young horse is not easy to ex- plain. According to Wright's Dictionary of Provincial English, cote signifies a swarm of bees, Sindle — Skeely. 191 which seems to approach nearer to the idea of the midges. In Gaelic, cuiha signifies frenzy, delirium ; and cuihaich, frantic dancing of the midges or other ephemeral flies, allied in idea to the phrase of Shakspeare — "a midsummer madness." This may be the real origin of the phrase. Sindle, seldom ; from the Teutonic sdten. Kame sindle, kame sair. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Skalragf , of a shabby appearance ; from the Gaelic sgail, to cover, and rag, which is both Gaelic and English. Skalrag is synony- . mous, as Jamieson states, with tatterdemalion, one covered with rags, though he is incorrect in the etymology from skail, to scatter, and the explanation that it signifies one who "gives his rags to the wind." Skedaddle, to disperse suddenly. A long obsolete Scottish word, revived unexpectedly in the army of the Potomac during the great American Civil War at the battle of Bull's Run, in 1862, when the Federal troops were seized with unreasonable panic, or alarm, and fled, when there was no pursuit. The word is said to be still occasionally used in Dumfriesshire, and to be ap- plied to the wasteful overflow, of the milk in the pails, when the milkmaids do not balance them properly, when carrying them from the byre to the farm. It has been generally considered to be an Ameri- can coinage, on account of the incident of the retreat at Bull's Run, which brought it into noto- riety, but was in reality em- ployed either by the Gaelic- speaking Irish or Scottish sol- diers under General MacCleUan's command, and derived from the two Gaelic words sguit, to wan- der, to disperse, and allta, wild, irregular, ungovernable ; or else from sgath {ska), to lop or cut off, and adhl, a hook; though some hold that it is derivable from the Greek aKeda^ca, to dis- perse. It is still doubtful which of these derivations, or either of them, is correct. Skeigh, proud, scornful, disdain- ful, mettlesome, insolent in the pride of youth. When thou and I were young and skeigh. — Burns : Auld Farmer to his Auld Mare, Maggie. Maggie coost her head fu' heigh. Looked asklent and unco skeigh. — Burns : Duncan Gray. From the Gaelic sgeig, to taunt, deride, scorn ; sgeigeach, disdain- ful. Jamieson has sheg, which he says is not clear, though he quotes "a skeg, a scorner, and a scolder " — words which might have helped him to the mean- ing. Skeely, for skilful, but implying much more than the English word ; sagacious, far-seeing. 192 Skeerte — Skelpie-Hmmer. Out and spak Lord John's mother, And a skeely woman was she, " Where met ye, my son, wi' that bonnie boy That looks sae sad on thee ? " -'Ballad of Burd Helen. Where will I get a skeely skipper To sail this ship o' mine ? — Ballad of Sir Patrick Spens. Skeerie, easily scared or fright- ened, timid, shy ; from scare. Skellum and blellum. These words are directed against Tarn o' Shanter by his wife, in Burns' immortal poem : She tauld thee weel thou wast a skellum, A bletherin', blusterin', drunken blellum. They are explained in the glos- saries as signifying the first, " a worthless fellow ; " the second, ** an idle, talkative fellow." STcellum was used by English writers in the seventeenth cen- tury, among others by Taylor, the water-poet, and by Pepys in his diary. It is traceable to the German, Dutch, and Flemish schclm, a rogue, a rascal, a bad fellow; and also to the Gaelic sgiolam, a coarse blackguard ; and sgiolomach, addicted to slander and mischief - making. Blellum is also from the Gaelic, in which hlialum signifies inco- herent, confused in speech ; especially applied to the utter- ances of a drunken man. Skelp, to smack, to administer a blow with the palm of the hand ; to sTcelp the doup (breech), as used to be the common fashion of Scottish mothers. I'm sure sma' pleasure it can gie. E'en to a deil, To skelp and scaud puir dogs like me, And hear us squeal ! — Burns : Address to the Deil. This word, of which the Eng- lish synonym is spank, to strike with the palm of the hand in a quick succession of blows, ap- pears to be derived primarily from the Gaelic sgealhh, to dash into small pieces, fragments, or splinters ; and to have been ap- plied afterwards, by extension of meaning, to the blows that might be sufficient to break any brittle substance. The English spank is to strike with the open hand, and the Scottish spunk, a match, signifies a splinter of wood, in which the same exten- sion of meaning, from the blow to the possible results of the blow, is apparent. Skelp also means to walk or run at a smart pace, and the slang English phrase, "A pair of spanking tits " (a pair of fast-trotting or galloping horses), shows the same connection between the idea of blows and that of rapid motion. And, barefit, skelp Awa' wi' Willie Chalmers. — Burns. Three hizzies, early at the road, Cam skelpin' up the way. —Burns: The Holy Fair. Tarn skelpit on thro' dub and mire, Despising wind and rain and fire. — Burns : Taiti d Shanter. Skelpie-limmer, a violent woman, ready both with her hands and , tongue. Skene-occle — Skink. 193 Ye little skelpie-limmers face, I daur ye try sic sportin'. — Burns : Hallowe'en. Skene-occle, a dagger, dirk ; from the Gaelic scjian, a knife, con- cealed in the achlais, under the arm, or in the sleeve ; achlasan, anything carried under the arm ; from whence the verb achlaisich, to cherish, to fold to the bosom, or encircle with the arm. "Her ain sell," said Callum, "could wait for her a wee bit frae the toun, and kittle her quarters wi' his skene-occle" — " Skene-occle I what's that ? " Callum un- buttoned his coat, raised his left arm, and, with an emphatic nod, pointed to the hilt of a small dirk, snugly deposited under the wing of his jacket. — Scott: Wccverley, Skin, a vituperative term applied to a person whom it is wished to disparage or revile. " Ye're naething but a nasty skin.'' Jamieson suggests that this word is a figurative use of the English shin, as denoting a husk. It is more likely to be a corrup- tion of the Gaelic sgonn, a block- head, a dolt, a rude clown, an uncultivated and boorish person, a dunce ; from whence sgonn bhalaoch, a stupid fellow; sgon signifies vile, worthless, bad ; whence the English scoundrel — from sgon, and droll, or droil, an idle vagabond. Skincheon o* drink, a drop of drink, a dram ; a pouring out of liquor. Skincheon is a mis- print for skinkin\ Skink, to pour out; skinker, a waiter at a tavern who pours out the liquor for the guests, a bar tender. From the Flemish and German schenken, to pour out. This word is old English as well as Scotch, and was used by Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, and their contemporaries. Skink is sometimes contemptuously ap- plied to soup or broth when not of the accustomed flavour or consistency, imparted by vege- table ingredients, such as bar- ley, peas, &c. Sweet Ned, I give thee this pennyworth of sugar, clapt even now into my hand by an under-ski'nker. — Shakspeare: Henry IV. Such wine as Gannymede doth skink to Jove.— Shirley. Ye powers wha mak mankind your care, And dish them out their bill o' fare ; Auld Scotland wants nae skinking ware That jaups i' luggies, But if ye wish her grateful prayer, Gie her a haggis. —Burns : To a Haggis. The wine ! there was hardly half a mutchkin, — and poor fushionless skink it was. — Sir Walter Scott. In many of the editions of Burns which have been printed in England, the compositors, or printers' readers, ignorant of the word skink, have perverted it in the ** Lines to a Haggis," into stink. Auld Scotland wants nae stinking wares. — Complete Works <?/" Robert Burns, edited by A lexander Smith. Lon- don : Macmillan &' Co., 1868. " These editions," says Mr James M'Kie of Kilmarnock in his Bibliography of Robert Burns, "are known to collectors as the stinking editions." N 194 Skipper — Sklent. Skipper, the captain of a ship, but properly any sailor; s^/p-man, a ship man. This word is fast becoming English, and promises to supersede captain as the de- signation of officers in the mer- cantile marine. STcipper is from the Danish skiffer, the German, Dutch, and Flemish schiffer. The king sat in Dunfermline tower, Drinking the blood-red wine ; Oh whaur '11 I get a skeely skipper, To sail this ship o' mine. — Sir Patrick Spens. It is related of the late eminent sculptor, Patric Park, that, on an excursion through the beau- tiful lakes that form the chain of the Caledonian Canal, he was annoyed by the rudeness of the captain of the steamer, and ex- pressed his sense of it in lan- guage more forcible than polite. The captain, annoyed in his turn, inquired sharply — "Do you know, sir, that I'm the captain of the boat?" "Cap- tain be hanged ! " said the irate man of genius, "you're only the skipper, that is to say, you're nothing but the driver of an aquatic omnibus ! " The skip- per retired to hide his wrath, muttering as he went that the sculptor was only a stone mason ! Skirl, to shriek, to cry out, or to make a loud noise on a wind in- strument. Ye have given the sound thump, and he the loud skirl {i.e., you have punished the man, and he shows it by his roaring). —Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. When skirlin weanies see the light. Thou mak's the gossips clatter bright, — Burns : Scotch Drink. A family belonging to the Scottish Bor- der, after spending some time at Florence, had returned home, and, proud of the pro- gress they had made in music, the young ladies were anxious to show oflf their ac- complishments before an old confidential servant of the family, and accordingly sang to her some of the finest songs which they had learned abroad. Instead, however, of paying them a compliment on their per- formance, she showed what she thought of it, by asking with much naivete— ^^ Eh, mem ! Do they ca' skirling like yon, singing in foreign parts?" — Dean Ram- say's Reminiscetices. Skirl-naked, stark naked ; naked as a child that skirls or squalls at the moment of its birth. Skirl is allied to screech, shriek, and shrill, and comes immediately from the Gaelic sgreuch, a shrill cry, and sgreucJiail, shrieking. Sklent, oblique, slanting ; to de- viate, to slant off the right line of truth, to cast obliquely ; to push away, to look away, to squint. Now, if yer ane o' warld's folk. Who rate the wearer by the cloak, And sklent on poverty their joke, Wi' bitter sneer. — Burns : To Mr. John Kennedy. One dreary, windy, winter night, The stars shot doun wi' sklentin light. — Burns : Address to the Deil. The city gent Behind a kist to lie and sklent. Or purse-proud, big with cent, per cent. An' muckle wame. — Burns : Epistle to Lapraik. Ye did present your smootie phiz 'Mang better folk, And sklented on the man of Uz Your spiteful joke. — Burns : Address to the DeiU Skrae — Skulduddery. 195 Skrae, or scrae, a thin, skinny, meagre person, a skeleton ; skrae- skankit, having skinny legs ; Eng- lish scraff, and scraggy; Gaelic sgraidh - teach {dk silent), shri- velled, dried up ; sgraidht, a lean, shrivelled, ugly old woman. But gin she say, He still ye skrae. That's Water Kelpie ! — Jamieson's Border Minstrelsy: Water Kelpie. In the glossary appended by Sir Walter Scott to Jamieson's ballad written in imitation of the antique, skrae is glossed as a skeleton. Skreigh, or screigh, a shrill cry, a shriek, a screech. The skreigh o' duty, which no man should hear and be inobedient.— Scott : Rob Roy. It's time enough to skreigh when ye're strucken. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Pro- verbs. When thou and I were young and skeigh, An' stable meals at fairs were dreigh. How thou would prance and snort, and skreigh, An' tak the road. — Burns: Auld Farmer to his Auld Mare, Maggie. Skulduddery. This grotesque word has been held to signify indulgence in lust, or illicit passion ; but it also signifies obscene language or conversa- tion, or, as it is sometimes called in English, smut. Jamieson suggests the Teutonic shuld, fault or crime, as the origin of the first syllable, and the Gaelic sgaldruth, a fornicator, as the ori- gin of the whole word. Scaldruth, however, has long been obsolete, and seems to have been a com- pound of sgald, to burn or scald ; and druis, lust ; whence the mo- dern Gaelic di'uisear, a fornica- tor. If the Gaelic etymology be accepted, the word would resolve itself into a corruption of sgald- druis, burning lust, or burned by lust. From the Gaelic druis came the old Enghsh druery, for courtship, intercourse of the sexes, gallantry ; and drossel, an unchaste woman. The French, who have inherited many Celtic words from their ancestors, the Gauls, formerly used the word dru for a lover {un ami), and drue for a sweetheart [une amie). BrxL, as an adjective, signified, according to the "Dictionaire de la Langue Romane" (Paris 1768), "un amant vigoureux et propre au plaisir." Druerie, in the sense of courtship and gal- lantry, occurs in the "Roman de la Rose." Another French word, sgaldrine, still more akin to the Scottish skulduddery, is cited in the " Dictionaire Comi- que de Le-Roux," as a "terme d'injure pour une femme de mauvaise vie ; femme publique affligde d'une maladie bru- lante." And there will be Logan Macdonald — Skulduddery and he will be there ! — Burns : The Election. That can find out naething but a wee bit skulduddery for the benefit of the Kirk Treasury.— Scott : Rob Roy^ 196 Skyhald — Slanky. Skybald, apparently the same as the English skeivbald and pie- bald, terms to designate a horse of two colours, marked as cows and oxen more usually are. Both skybald and piebald, as well as the English skewbald, have their origin in the Gaelic. Sky and skew are corruptions of sgiath, a shade, a dark shade ; pie comes from pigke, a pie, or magpie, a bird whose black plumage is marked with a white streak ; bald is derived from the Gaelic ball, a mark or spot ; whence skybald is shade-marked, and piebald is marked like a bird. Jamieson says that, in Scotland, skybald signifies a base, mean fellow, a worthless person, and that it is also ap- plied to a man in rags and tatters. Possibly this metaphori- cal use of the word arises from the fact that the rags of such a person [ are often of various colours. Locke, the celebrated English metaphysician, uses pie- bald in a similar sense, "a pie- bald livery of coarse patches." In Yorkshire, according to Wright's Provincial Dictionary, skeyVd signifies parti-coloured, which is apparently from the same Gaelic root as sky and skew. Skjrre. Jamieson renders this word, pure, mere, utter. The Flemish and German schier sig- nifies nearly, almost ; while the Danish skier means clear, pure, limpid. Thus the Danish, and not the German or Flemish, seems to be the root of this Scottish word. Skjrte or skite, to eject liquid for- cibly, a flux, or diarrhoea. This vulgar word is often, both in a physical and moral sense, ap- plied in contempt to any mean person. A skyte of rain is a sud- den and violent shower ; skyter is a squirt, a syringe; so called from the violent ejection of the liquid. Bletherum skyte — more properly, blether and skyte (see Blether, ante) — is a colloquial phrase very often employed by people who are unaware of the grossness of its original mean- ing, and who are impressed by its aptness as descriptive of the windy trash of conversation and assertion which it but too power- fully designates. The word is derivable either from the Eng- lish scu<i,fast motion, or the Gae- lic sgud, to cut, a cutting wind. When hailstanes drive wi' bitter skyte. —Burns: The Jolly Beggars. Slack, slug, a pass, opening, or gap between two hills ; from the Gaelic sloe, and slochd, a hollow, a cavity, a ravine. Slochd muigh, or the gap of the wild swine, is a wild pass in the Grampians between Perth and Inverness. But ere he won the Gate-hope slack, I think the steed was wae and weary. — Minstrelsy of the Border: Annan Water. Slanky, slimy. Twa slanky stanes seemed his spule banes. —Border Minstrelsy : The Water Kelpie. Slap — Sliver, 197 Slap, a breach, or casual opening in a hedge or fence. At sla^s the billies [fellows] halt a blink [a little while], Till lassies strip their shoon. —Burns : The Holy Fair. Slawpie, slaipie, indolent, slo- venly ; derived by Jamieson from the Icelandic dapr, ho- muncio sordidus. It is rather from the Gaelic sZa^Jac/i, slovenly, slapair and slaopair, a slovenly man, a drawler, an idler; and slapaff, a slut, a lazy, dirty, slovenly woman or girl; and slapaireachd, slovenliness. Sleuth-hound, a blood-hound, a hound trained to follow by the scent the track of man or beast. From the Gaelic slaod, a trace, a trail ; and slot, sliogach, subtle, keen scented. Wi' his sleuth-dog in his watch right sure; Should his dog gie a bark, He'll be out in his sark, And die or win. —Ballad of The Fray 0/ Suport. Slid, smooth ; sUddery, slippery. Ye had sae saft a voice, and a slid tongue. — Allan Ramsay : The Gentle Shepherd. Sliddery, slippery ; from slide. Slidder, unstable, changeable in thought or purpose, not to be depended upon. There's a sliddery stane afore the ha' door. [It is sometimes dangerous to visit great houses.] — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Though I to foreign lands must hie, Pursuin' fortune's sliddery ba'. —Burns: Farewell to his Native Country. Slink, a tall, idle person ; a term of depreciation. The word is usually associated with lang, as, a lang slink. It is sometimes written and pronounced slunk. It is derived apparently from the Teutonic schlang, the JDutch and Flemish slang, a snake. Slinkcn means to grow long, thin, and attenuated ; and Jamieson has the adjective slunk, lank and slender ; and the substantive slink, a starveling. Slint or slinter, a slovenly, untidy, awkward man, corresponding with the English slut as applied to a woman ; from the Gaelic slaod, to draggle or trail lazily along the ground ; slaodag, a slut ; slaodair, a sluggard. Jamieson derives it from the Teutonic slodde, a dirty female ; but the word is not to be found in Ger- man dictionaries, though it pos- sibly exists in the vulgar patois. Sliver, a slice, a small piece. The word was eiliployed in this sense by Chaucer, and is akin to the English slice, and to the Gaelic slios, a side. Stormonth derives it from the Anglo-Saxon slifan, to cleave or split. Shakspeare uses the word three times. Slivered in the moon's eclipse. — Macbeth, act iv. scene 1. An envious sliver broke. —Hamlet, act iv. scene 7. Sliver and disbranch. — Lear, act iv. scene a. 1 98 Slacken — Slounge. Slocken, to slake, to allay thirst, to extinguish. Foul water may slocken fire. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. It slackened not my drouth, but aggra- vated a thousandfold the torrent o' my greed. — Nodes AmbrosiancF. The Rev. John Heugh of Stirling was one day admonishing one of his people on the sin of intemperance : " Man 1 John I you should never drink except when you're dry." " Weel, sir," said John, " that's what I'm aye doin', but I'm never slocken'd." — Dean Ramsay. Slogan, the war-cry of a High- land clan. Our slogan is their lyke-wake dirge. — Sir Walter Scott. When the streets of high Dunedin, Saw lances gleam and falchions redden, And heard the slogan s deadly yell. Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel. Jamieson has this word as slughorn, and derives it from the Irish Gaelic sluagh, an army, and arm, a horn. Jamieson might have found the true ety- mology in the Scottish Gaelic sluagh, the people, the multi- tude, the clan ; and gairm, a cry, a shout, a loud call. The slogan was not made on a horn ; and arm does not signify a horn in Gaelic. Slogan, the war-cry, has been used by English writers as synonymous with pibroch, especially in a play that en- joyed considerable popularity a quarter of a century ago, on the siege and relief of Lucknow dur- ing the Indian Mutiny. When General Havelock approaches with his gallant Highlanders, Jeanie, the heroine of the piece, who hears the music of the pibroch from afar, exclaims, " Oh ! hear ye not the slogan?" But the " pock puddings," as one of Sir Walter Scott's char- acters called the English, knew no better, and always applauded the slogan. S logger, to swallow broth, por- ridge, or spoon meat awkwardly and voraciously; from the Gaelic sluig, to swallow ; slugair, or slogair, a glutton. Synonymous with the local English slorp, Sloom, a deep sleep, whence the English word slumber, a light sleep ; from the Flemish slui- meren, to sleep ; sluimerig, sleepy. Sloomy, lethargic. Slorp, slotter, to eat or drink greedily, and with a guttural and vulgar noise ; from the Flemish and Dutch slorpen, which has the same meaning. There's gentle John, and Jock the slorp, And curly Jock, and burly Jock, And lying Jock himsel'. — Hogg's Jacobite Relics. Slort, a sloven ; slotter, to work in an idle, slovenly, and bungling manner; akin to the English slut, applied in the same manner to a woman. From the Gaelic slaodair, a sluggard ; a lazy, careless person. Slounge, to go idling about, to go sorning (q.v.), or seeking for a Slunk — Smervy. 199 dinner, lounging about and coming into the house of a friend or acquaintance at or near dinner time, as if acciden- tally. Apparently a corruption of the Gaelic slugair, a glutton ; sluganach, a voracious person, and slugan, the gullet. Slunk, sometimes written slung, an Aberdonian word, which ac- cording to Jamieson signifies a tall, cadaverous-looking person of inferior intellect, ** a lang, toom, haiverilly kind o' chiel." He derives it from the Icelandic slani, an imbecile. The word, however, seems akin to the English slink, as its past par- ticiple slunk, and to be derivable from the German schlang, a snake that slinks away, and is hence, by association of ideas, applied metaphorically, in the same way as the English sneak, which has a similar origin. Sma' drink, a weak liquor ; the English say small beer, for weak beer or ale, and the French petit vin, for inferior wine. To "think nae sma' drink o' him- sel'," is a phrase applied to any one who thinks too much of his own dignity or importance. Smaik, a mean, low fellow, a poltroon, a puny fellow, a per- son of small moral or physical account. " Oh, I have heard of that smaik," said the Scotch merchant ; " it's he whom your principal, like an ohstinate auld fule, wad male a merchant o' — wad he, or wad he no ! " — Scott : Jiofi Roy, This false, traitorous smaik. I doubt he is a hawk of the same nest. — Scott : Fortunes of Nigel. From the Teutonic schmach, insult, ignominy ; schmdchtig, slender, lank. Smeddum, spirit, pith, energy. Also dust, powder ; from the Gaelic smodan, small dust. Now and then ye may overhaul an article that's ower lang and ovver stupid, and put some smeddum into it. — Nodes Ambro- siance. Oh, for some rank mercurial rozet, Or pale red smeddum, I'd gie ye sic a hearty dose o't Wad dress your droddum.* — Burns : To a Louse. Smeerless, pithless, marrowless; from the Gaelic smior, marrow. I mark him for a sjneerless dolt. Who'd jink to eschew a thunderbolt. — George Beattie : John d Arnha. Smergh, marrow, vigour, pith ; strength either of body or of mind; smergJders, weak, mar- rowless, pithless, vapid, insipid; from the Gaelic smior, marrow, and smiorach, marrowy, or full of marrow and pith. The Teu- tonic mark, marrow, seems to be of this origin, with the omis- sion of the initial s, though Jamieson traces it to the Teu- tonic mergh, which does not mean marrow, but marl. Smervy, fat and marrowy. They scum'd the cauldron, fed the fuel, They steer'd and preed, the smervy gruel. —George Beattie : John d Arnha'. * Droddum, a ludicrous word for the posterior of a child. 200 Sm iddle — Smook. Smiddle, to work by stealth; derivation uncertain, but pos- sibly related to smith, smithy, and smiddy. Smird, to gibe, to jeer. Jamieson derives this word from the Ice- landic sma' (the Scottish sma' and the English small), and ord, a word, and supposes it to mean small and contemptuous lan- guage. It is more probably from the Gaelic smioradh or smiuradh, smearing, or besmear- ing; used metaphorically for larding with abuse or ill-natured jests. Smit, the noise, clash, or clank of smitten metal ; from the English smite. As she was walking maid alane Down by yon shady wood, She heard a smt'i o bridle reins She wished might be for good. — Border Minstrelsy: Lord William. Smitch or smytch, a term of contempt or anger applied to an impudent boy ; from smtit, dirt, a stain, an impurity. Ger- man schmiitzig, dirty ; Flemish and Dutch smotsen, to soil, to dirty, to defile ; the English smudge. Smirl, a roguish or mischievous trick. Jamieson derives this word from the German schmieren, illudere ; but in the German • dictionaries it is defined as "to . smear." It is more probably from the Gaelic smiorail, strong, active, lively ; and "I'll play him a smirl for that yet," as quoted by Jamieson, simply means, "I'll play him a lively trick for that yet." And in some distant place, Plays the same sviirle. — T. Scott. Smirtle, a slight, or half -sup- pressed laugh or smile. And Norie takes a glack of bread and cheese. And wi' a smirtle unto Lindie goes. — Ross's Helenore. This word is akin to the Eng- lish smirk, but without any de- preciatory meaning. Smolt, an epithet applied to the weather when fair and calm, with a blue sky. Merry maidens, think na lang, The weather is fair and smolt. — Christ's Kirk on the Green. This word is used, according to Messrs. Halliwell and Wright, in Sussex and other parts of England. It is probable that the root is the Teutonic schmalte^ deep blue, applied to the un- clouded sky. O'er Branxholme Tower, ere the morning hour, Where the lift is like lead so blue, The smoke shall roll white on the weary night, And the flame shine dimly through. — Border Minstrelsy : Lord Inglis. Smook, to prowl stealthily about a place, with a view to pilfer small articles ; from the Flemish smuig, furtive, secret. Smookie — Sneck. 20 r Smookie, addicted to petty lar- ceny. The smookie gipsy i' the loan. —Ross's Helenore. Smoor, abbreviation and corrup- tion of smother. What's the matter, quo' WilHe, Though we be scant o' claes, We'll creep the closer thegither, An' we'll smoor a' the fleas. — Wood an' Married an A '. Smjrte, a small particle ; possibly derived from the spark of an anvil when smitten; smytrie, a large collection of little things, or little children' A smytrie o' wee duddie weans. — Burns. Snack, a slight repast, a cut from the loaf, refreshment taken hastily between meals ; to go snacks, to share with another. From the Gaelic snaigh, to cut. SnacTc, and to go snacks, are still used in colloquial English, and are derived by Worcester and t others from snatch, i.e., as much of a thing as can be snatched hastily. An etymology which may apply to snack, a lunch, but scarcely applies so well as the Gaelic snaigh, to the phrase of go snacks, or shares in any thing. Snag, to chide, to taunt, to re- prove, to snarl ; snaggy, sar- castical, apt to take offence. This word, with the elision of the initial s, remains in Eng- lish as nag, the form of scolding . or grumbling, which is pecu- liarly attributed to quarrelsome women. It is one of the numer- ous family of words commenc- ing with m, which, in the Scottish and English languages, generally imply a movement of the lips and nose, expressive of anger, reproof, scorn, and in inferior animals, of an inclina- tion to bite ; such as snarl, snub, sneer, snort, snap, snack, or snatch (as an animal with its jaws), and many others, all of which, inclusive of snore, sniff, snuff, sneeze, snigger, snivel, snout, have a reference to the nose. They appear to be de- rivable primarily from the Gae- lic sron, pronounced strone, the nose. The Teutonic languages have many words commencing with schn, which also relate to the action of the nose, and are possibly of the same Celtic origin. Snag'gerel, a contemptuous term for a puny, deformed child; from snag, a broken bough. Snash, impertinence, rebuff, re- buke. Poor bodies . . . . . . thole (endure) a factor's snash. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. Sneck or snick, the latch, bolt, or fastening of a door. The ety- mology is uncertain, and can- not be traced to any branches of the Teutonic, either High Dutch, Low Dutch, or Danish and Swedish. The English has . snacket and snccket, a fastening. 202 Sneeshin^ — Snool. a hasp; as well as sneck and snick, with the same meaning as the Scotch, but the words are local, not general. And you, ye auld sneck-dravf'ing dog, Ye came to Paradise incog. — Burns : Address to the Deil. Sneeshin', snuif; from sneeze; sneeshin^ -mull, a snuff-box. Snaped haddocks, wilks, dulse an' tangles, An' a mull o' gude sneeshin to prie ; When weary wi' eatin' and drinkin' We'll up an' we'll dance till we die. — The Blithesome Bridal. Snell, keen, bitter, sharp, quick ; from the Flemish sneZZ, and the German schneU, swift. And bleak December's winds ensuing Baith snell and keen. — Burns : 7'<? a Mouse. Sir Madoc was a handy man, and snell In tournament, and eke in fight. —M arte Arthur. Shivering from cold, the season was so snell. —Douglas : Eneid. The winds blew snell. — Allan Ramsay. Snelly the hail smote the skeleton trees. — James Ballantine. Snirtle, to laugh slily, or in a half suppressed manner. He feigned to snirtle in his sleeve,. When thus the laird addressed her. — Burns: The Jolly Beggars. Snood or snude, a ribbon, a band worn by young unmarried women in or around the hair. To tyne one's snude is a phrase applied in Scotland to a young woman who has lost her virginity. It is singular that the ancient Romans had the same figure. — Jamieson. The word and the fashion appears to be peculiar to the Celtic nations. In Gaelic, snuadh signifies beauty and adornment, and thence an ornament, such as the snood of the Scottish maidens. The word appears in Snowdon, the ancient name of Stirling, which signifies the fair or beautiful hill. The Kymric and Welsh has ysnoden, a fillet, a lace, a band, evidently from the same root. The much despised English patronymic Snooks, sometimes alleged to be a cor- ruption of sevenoaks, is probably of Celtic origin, from snuadhach {snu-ach), beautiful. Snool, to flatter abjectly, to cringe, to crawl. This word also means to snub, to chide ill-naturedly and unduly. They snool me sair and haud me down, And gar me look like bluntie, Tam ; But three short years will soon wheel roun', And then comes ane and twenty, Tam. — Burns. Is there a whim-inspired fool, Ow're blate (shy) to seek, ow're proud to snool. —Burns : A Bard's Epitaph. Your snools in love and cowards in war, Frae maidens' love are banished far. — John o' Amha. The etymology of this word is uncertain. It seems to have some relation to the nose and mouth, and expression of the features in an unfavourable sense ; like many words in the English language commencing withsn. (See Snag, an<6.) The most probable derivation is that given by Jamieson from the Snoove — Sodger, 203 Danish snojle, to reprimand un- necessarily, continually, and un- justly — the French rabrouer. Snoove, to glide away easily, like a worm or snake ; to sneak. Probably from the Gaelic sniomh (pronounced sni-ov), to twist, to twine, to wriggle, But just thy step a wee thing hastit, Then snoovt away. — Burns : Auld Farmer to his Auld Mare, Maggie. Snowk, to snuff, to smell, to scent. Wi' social nose they snuffed and snowket. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. Snuit, to go about in a careless, half-stupefied manner; snuitit, having the appearance of sleepy inebriety. He was gaun snuitin down the street ; he came snuitin in. — Jamieson. Jamieson traces the word to the Dutch and Flemish &nuxt, the snout. The Gaelic has snot, to smell, to snuff up the wind, to turn up the nose suspiciously ; and snotach, suspecting, inclined to suspicion. Snurl, to ruffle the surface of the waters with a wind; meta- phorically applied to the temper of man or woman. Northern blasts the ocean snurl. — Allan Ramsay. Sockdologer, a heavy, knock- down blow. This word is usually considered to be an Americanism. But it clearly comes from the "old country," from the Gaelic sogh, easy ; and dolach, destructive ; dolaidk, harm, detriment, injury, de- struction ; thus a sockdolager means a blow that destroys easily. Sodger or sojer, a soldier ; sioad- die or swad, a familiar and vulgar name for a soldier. My humble knapsack a' my wealth, A poor but honest sodger. —Burns. The Scottish word sodger is possibly not a mere corruption or mispronunciation of the Eng- lish soldier, or the French soldat, as it is generally considered to be. The old Teutonic for soldier was Jcriegsman, warman, or man of war ; a word which was not adopted by the early English of German, Danish, and Flemish descent. The English soldiers were called bowmen, spearmen, archers, &c. The commonly accepted derivation of soldier is from solde, pay, — i.e., one who is paid. But in early times, before the establishment of standing armies, people who took up arms in defence of their country were not mercenaries, but patriots and volunteers, or retainers of great territorial chieftains. Sodger, as distin- guished from soldier, dates from a period anterior to the inven- tion of gunpowder and the use of fire-arms, when bows and arrows were the principal wea- pons of warfare over all Eu- rope ; may be derived from the 204 Sokand Set'l — Sook. Gaelic saighead, an arrow ; and saighdear, an arrower, an archer, a bowman ; the same as the Latin saggitarius. Thus the Scottish sodjer appears to be a word of legitimate origin and of respectable antiquity. Soldier, from the French soldat, is com- paratively modern, and does not appear in the * ' Dictionary of the First or Oldest Words in the English Language, from the Semi-Saxon Period from a.d. 1250 to 1300," by Herbert Cole- ridge, published in 1862. It is worthy of mention that Jamie- son's Scottish Dictionary does not contain sodger or sojer, but has sodgerize, to act as a soldier, or go a soldiering ; and the strange term sodgertheed, which he explains to be a low word meaning one that has little or no money, or having " the thigh of a soldier ! " Had Jamieson, before hazarding this sugges- tion, looked to another page of his own dictionary, he would have found the word thig, to beg, and might have explained the phrase in the sense of a dis- banded soldier, begging from door to door, without any parti- cular reference to his thigh. Sokand sell. An old Scottish pro- verb says, " Sokand sell is best." Dean Ramsay, who quotes it, defines it to mean, " The plough and happiness is the best lot." The translation is too loose to be accepted. Soc is, indisput- ably, a ploughshare, in Gaelic, in French, in Flemish (in Latin soccus), and other languages. No trace, however, has hitherto been discovered of its employ- ment as a verb, signifying to plough. It would seem, neverthe- less, from the terminal syllable in sockand, that it was in old time so used in Scotland. Sell is from the Gaelic sealbh, signify- ing good fortune, good luck, happiness, — whence the Teu- tonic selig, happy. Ploughing, in the proverb, may be taken to mean labouring generally ; and then the proverb might be ren- dered, " Labouring happiness, or the happiness that results from labour, is the best." Sonk, a stuffed seat, or a couch of straw ; sonkie, a gross, coarse, unwieldy man, of no more shapely appearance than a sack of straw. The root of these two words seems to be the Gaelic sonnach, anything thick, bulky, or strong ; sonn is a stout man, also a hero ; and sonnach, a fat, ill-shaped person. The Earl of Argyle is bound to ride, And all his habergeons him beside, Each man upon a sonk of strae. — Introduction to Border Minstrelsy. Sonse, happiness, good luck; sonsie, strong, happy, pleasant ; from the Gaelic sona, happy, and sonas, happiness. Sonas agus donas, happiness and unhappi- ness. His honest, sonsie, baws'nt face Aye gat him friends in ilka place. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. Sook, a suck, a drop, a sup or sip, a taste of liquor. 8ooch or sook Sool — Soss. 205 is defined by Jamieson as "a copious, draught. " There sat a bottle in a hole, Ayont the ingle low ; And aye she took the ither sook, To drook the stoury tow. — The Weary Fund 0' Tow. Sool (sometimes written soul), a sufficiency of food, also, a relish taken with insipid food to ren- der it more palatable. ' ' Sod to a potatoe," often applied to a finnan haddie, or a red herring ; sometimes ludicrously used by the Irish as, "potatoes and point," a potato pointed at a red herring hanging from the roof, to whet the imagination with the unattainable flavour of the sool. I have, sweet wench, a piece of cheese as good as tooth may chaw. And bread and wildings souling well. — Warner : Albion s England. Sool, anything eaten with bread, such as butter, cheese, &c. — Wright's Dictionary of Obsolete English. Soul, French saouler, to satisfy with food. Soul, silver, the wages of a re- tainer, originally paid in food. — Idem. The French have soul, full; and sc souler, to get drunk, i.e., full either of meat or of liquor. The Gaelic suit seems to be of kindred derivation, and signifies fat, full, replenished with good things. Sooth. Old English for truth, still preserved in such phrases as, " in sooth," *^ for-sooth," &c. In Scottish, sooth is used as an ad- jective, and signifies " true." A sooth boord is nae boord (i.e., a jest with too much truth in it may be no jest at all). — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Sorn, to go to a person's house, without invitation, and fasten yourself upon him to feast or lodge. The English synonym is "to sponge upon;" a very in- ferior form of expression, par- taking of the character of slang, and not to be compared for force and compactness to the Scottish word. Mr. John Thompson, private secretary to the Marquis of Hastings in India, in his "Etymons of Eng- lish Words," defines sorn to be a corruption of sojourn. The true etymon appears to be the Gaelic saor, free, and saoranach, one who makes free or esta- blishes himself in free quarters. It is related of a noble Scottish lady of the olden time, who lived in a remote part of the Highlands, and was noted for her profuse and cordial hospi- tality, that she was sometimes overburdened with habitual sor- ners. When any one of them out-stayed his welcome, she would take occasion to say to him at the morning meal, with an arch look at the rest of the company — " Mak' a guid break- fast, Mr. Blank, while ye're about it ; I dinna ken whar' ye'll get your dinner." The hint was usually taken, and the sorner departed. Soss, an incongruous, miscel- laneous mixture of eatables. 206 Soudie — Spae. Soss-poke, a ludicrous term for the stomach ; usually derived from sal and salsum, because the ingredients are salted ; but the word is more likely to have originated in soss, tjie old French sause, the Flemish sass, the modern sauce, compounded of several ingredients, all blend- ing to produce a particularly piquant flavour. Soss is used in colloquial and vulgar English in the >Scottish sense of a mixed mess; and sorde, evidently a corruption of soss, is, according to Mr. Wright's Archaic Dic- tionary, a v(rord used in the East of England to signify " any strange mixture." Soudie, broth ; from the old English seethe, to boil. (See PowsouDiE, ante.) Sowens, flummery ; a mixture of oatmeal and sour milk. Sowie, diminutive of sow. An implement of war for demolish- ing walls, which the English call a ram, and the French un helier, or a battering ram; the Scotch call it a sow, from its weight and rotundity. They laid their sowies to the wall Wi' mony a heavy peal ; But he threw ower to them again Baith pitch and tar -barrel. — Scott's Border Minstrelsy : Auld Maitland. Sowth, to try over a tune with a low whistle, to hum a tune to one's self involuntarily. On braes when we please, then, We'll sit and sowth a tune, Syne rhyme till't ; we'll time till't, And sing't when we hae done. —Burns : To Davie, a Brother Poet. Sourocks, wild sorrel ; any sour vegetable. S outer, a shoemaker, a cobbler. This word occurs in early Eng- lish literature, though it is now obsolete. Ploughmen and pastourers, And other common labourers, Souters and shepherds. — Piers Ploughman. The devil males a reeve to preach, Or a souter, a shipman, or a bear. — Chaucer : Canterbury Tales. "Mair whistle than woo," As the souter said when he sheared the soo. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Souters wives are aye ill shod. — Idem. Sowther, or soother, to solder, to make amends for, to cement, to heal. A towmond o' trouble, should that be my fa', Ae night o' good fellowship sowthers it a'. —Burns : Contented wi Little. Spae, to tell fortunes, to predict. Etymology uncertain; derived by Jamieson from the Icelandic, but probably connected with spell, a magic charm or enchant- ment, or with s'pes, hope ; spae- ivife, a fortune-teller ; spae-hooh, magic book, a fortune-teller's book. The black spae-book from his breast he took, Impressed with mony a warlock spell ; Spairge — Spartle. 207 And the book it was wrote by Michael Scott, He held in awe the fiends o' hell. — Lord Soulis ; Border Minstrelsy. S;pae, which in Scottish means to prophesy, has no connection with the English spae, written by Johnson spay, to castrate a female animal for the purpose of producing barrenness. Be dumb, you beggars of the rhyming trade, Geld your loose wits, and let the muse be spay'd. A singular misconception of the true meaning of a spay'd, or one who is spay'd, has led to a current English proverb, that will doubtless drop out of use as soon as its true origin is under- stood. In Taylor's works (1630), quoted by Halliwell, occurs the couplet : — I think it good plaine English without fraude To call a spade a spade, a bawd a bawd. The juxtaposition of hawd and spade in this passage suggests that the true reading should be spayd. In Dr. Donne's satires, anterior to the works of Taylor, there appears the line : — I call a bawd a bawd, a spaed a spaed. Nares in his Glossary asks very naturally, "why the spade (rather than the poker, or hoe, or plough, or pitchfork, or any other implement) was especially chosen to enter into this figura- tive expression is not clear." If he had known the true mean- ing of the word spay'd or spae'd, the obscurity would have been cleared up. Spairge, to sprinkle, to scatter about as liquids. From the French asperger, to sprinkle with water. When in yon cavern grim and sootie. Closed under hatches, Spairges about the brimstane cootie.* — Burns : Address to the Deil. Spank, to move rapidly ; spanker, one who walks with a quick and lively step ; spariky, frisky, lively, sprightly. The phrase "a spanking tit" is still em- ployed by the sporting brother- hood of the lower classes to signify a fast horse. The Eng- lish spank, to beat, to slap, seems to be derivable from the same idea of rapidity of motion which pertains to the Scottish word, and to be suggestive of the quick and oft-repeated mo- tion of the hands in spanking or slapping the posterior. Spanker- ing, nimble, active, alert. The word is derived by Jamieson from the Teutonic spannen, to extend. The German word, however, does not exactly mean extend, but to put the horses to a carriage, as the French dtteler. Spargeon, plaister ; spargeoner, a plaisterer ; from the French asperger, to sprinkle. Spartle, from the Flemish sparteln, to move the limbs quickly or * Cootie signifies a large dish, and also the broth or other liquor contained in it. 208 Spatch'Cock — Spaul. convulsively, to kick about help- lessly or involuntarily. Sprattle, to struggle or sprawl. Listening the doors and windows rattle, I thought me on the ourie cattle, Or silly sheep, wha bide this brattle O' winter war, And through the drift deep-lairing sprattle, Beneath a scaur. — Burns : A Winter Night. No more was made for that lady, For she was lying dead ; But a' was for her bonnie bairn, Lay spartling at her side. . — Buchan's Ancient Ballads. Spatch-cock, a fowl split open, to be broiled in haste, on a sudden demand for dinner from an unexpected guest ; a corrup- tion of o^ispaicA-cock, a cock quickly cooked. The word is \ common in the United States. Spate, a flood or freshet, from the overflow of a river or lake ; also metaphorically an overflow of idle talk. The water was great and mickle o' spate. — Kinmont Willie. Even like a mighty river that runs down in spate to the sea. — W. E. Aytoun : Blackwood's Magazine. He trail'd the foul sheets down the gait, Thought to have washed them on a stane. The burn was risen out of spate. — 'Rxrsoii's Caledonian Muse : The Wife of A uchtermtichty. While crashing ice, borne on the roaring spate, Sweeps dams an' mills an' brigs a' to the gate. — Burns : The Brigs of Ayr. And doun the water wi' speed she ran, While tears in spates fa' fast frae her e'e. —Border Mmstrelsy : Jock d the Side. The Laird of Balnamoon was a truly eccentric character. He joined with his drinking propensities a great zeal for the Episcopal Church. One Sunday, having visitors, he read the services and prayers with great solemnity and earnestness. After dinner, he, with the true Scottish hospitality of the time, set to, to make his guests as drunk as possible. Next day, when they took their departure, one of the visitors asked another what he thought of the laird. "Why, really," he replied, "sic a spate o' praying, and sic a spate o' drinking, I never knew in all the course of my life." — Dean Ramsay's Re- miniscences. Spate, or spaite, is from the Gaelic speid, a mountain torrent suddenly swollen by rain. In the North of England, accord- ing to Messrs. Halliwell and Wright, a spait signifies a more than usually heavy downpour of rain ; and in the county of Dur- ham it signifies a pool formed by the rain. Spaul, sometimes written spald, a shoulder; from the French es- paule, or ipaule, often used to signify a leg or limb. " To spaul," according to Jamieson, "is to push out the limbs like a dying animal." The late Duchess of Gordon sat at dinner next to an Englishman, who was carving, and who made it a boast that he was thoroughly master of the Scottish language. Her Grace turned to him and said, " Rax me a spaul o' that bubbly- jock ! " The unfortunate man was com- pletely nonplussed. — Dean Ramsay. The gander being longer in the spauld. — Noctes AtnbrosiancE. Wi' spur on heel, or splent (armour) on spauld. — Border Minstrelsy : Kinmont Willie. Spean — Spier. 209 The Scotch employ the French word gigot for a leg of mutton ; but they do not say a spaul of mutton for a shoulder. Spean (sometimes spelled spane or spayn), to wean. The English wean is derived from the Ger- man wohnen, or entuohnen ; and the Scottish spean from the Flemish and Low Dutch speen, which has the same meaning. Speaning-brash, an eruption in children, which often occurs at weaning-time. Withered beldams auld and droll, Rigwoodie hags wad spean a foal, Louping and flinging on a crummock, I wonder did na turn thy stomach. — Burns : Tarn o' Shunter. The meaning of spean, as used by Burns, implies that the hags were so very hideous, that, had they been brood mares, a foal would in disgust have refused to imbibe nourishment from them. Speer-windit or spier-windit, out of breath or wind from asking too many questions, tired of asking ; a word most applicable to im- pudent barristers cross-examin- ing a witness; from speer, or spier, to inquire. Spell, an interval. The Scotch and the Americans say : ** a spell of work," " a speU of idle- ness," "a spell of bad weather," ^^ Si spell of good weather," "a s'pell of amusement," &c. The derivation of the word is sup- posed to be from the Dutch and Flemish spel, the German spide, to play. Possibly, though not certainly, the root is the Gaelic speal, to mow, cut down ; and thence a stroke, i.e., a stroke of good or bad weather, &c. The word has recently become cur- rent in English. Spence, a store-room next to a kitchen, where the provisions are kept ; an inner apartment in a small house. The word is supposed to be derived from dispense, to distribute ; whence dispensary, the place where me- dicines are distributed. Wi' tottering step he reached the spence. Where soon the ingle blazed fu' hie ; The auld man thought himself at hame, And the tear stood twinkling in his e'e. —Pickering : Domocht Sea^ or the Auld Minstrel. Our Bardie lanely keeps the spence Sin' Mailie's dead. — Burns : Poor Mailie's Elegy. "Edward," said the sub-Prior, "you will supply the English knight here, in this spence, with suitable food and accom- modation for the night." — Scott : The Monastery. The word is still used in the north of England for a buttery, also for a cupboard, a pantry, and a private room in a farm house. Yet I had leven she and I Were both togydir secretly In some corner in the spence. — Halliwell. Spier, to inquire, to ask after; of unknown etymology. The derivation from the Gaelic speur, clear, whence by extension of 210 Sperthe — Sphite. meaning, an inquiry, to make clear, is scarcely satisfactory. Mony a ane spiers the gate he knows full well. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. I am Spes, quoth he, And spier after a knight, That took me a mandement Upon the mount of Sinai. — Piers Ploughman. I spiered for my cousin fu couthie and sweet. — Burns : Last May a Braw Wooer. When lost, folks never ask the way they want. They spier the gait. ' — Robert Leighton : Scotch Words. A very expressive derivation of spier is back-spier, meaning to cross-examine. — R. Drennan. Her niece was asking a great many questions, and coming over and over the same ground, demanding an explanation how this and that had happened, till at last the old lady lost patience, and burst forth — " I winna be back-spiered, noo, Polly Fullerton." — Dean Ramsay. Sperthe, a spear, a javelin, or, more properly, a battle-axe; a word that might well be rescued from oblivion for the use of rhymers, often hardly pushed for a rhyme to earth, birth, girth, and mirth — all well, or too well worn. His helmet was laced. At his saddle girth was a good steel sperthe, Full ten pound weight and more. — Border Minstrelsy : The Eve of St. John. Spin-drift, sometimes corruptly written and pronounced s'peen- drift^xA spune-drift, snow driven by the wind in whirls or spin- nings in the air, and finally accumulates on the ground when the force of the wind is exhausted. Spirlie, a person with slender legs ; spindle-shanked, slim, thin, often combined with lang ; as, "A lang spirlie," a tall slender per- son. From the Gaelic speir, a shank, a claw ; speireach, having slender limbs. Spleuchan, a Highland purse ; from the Gaelic spliuchan, an outside pouch or receptacle of small matters, and spliuch, any- thing that hangs down. Deil mak' his king's-hood [scrotum] in a spleuchan. —Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. Splore, a riotously merry meeting ; to make a splort, to create a sensation. The Americans have splurge, a word with the same meaning. The derivation is un- known. In Poosie Nancy's held the splore. Wi' quaffing and laughing, They ranted and they sang. —Burns : The Jolly Beggars. The squads o' chiels that lo'ed a splore, On winter evenings never ca' ; Their blythesome moments now are o'er. Since Rabbie gaed an' left them a'. —Richard Gall : On the Death of Bums. Splute, to exaggerate in narrative, to indulge in fiction. Jamieson derives this word from the French exploit, but it is more probably a corruption of the Gaelic spleadh, a romance, a Spoacher — Sproage. 211 boast, a gasconade, a vain- glorious assertion; spleadhaich, hyperbolical. Spoacher, a poacher, one who steals game. The Scottish word seems to have been the origi- nal form, and to have become poacher by the elision of the initial s, a not uncommon result in words from the Celtic, as the Welsh hen, old, is the same as the Gaelic scan; the English nag is the same as snag, to snarl or say provoking things, as is the custom with spiteful women if they wish to quarrel with their husbands. The English ^poacher is usually derived from poke, the French jpoc/ie, a pocket, pouch, or bag, because the poacher, like the sportsman, lags his game. But if the Scot- tish spoacher be the elder word, it will be necessary to account for the lost s. This is supplied in the Gaelic spog, to seize vio- lently, as birds of prey do with their claws and talons, and spogadh, seizure. Jamieson was of opinion that the s was added in the Scottish word ; but this would be a singular instance, contradicted by all previous ex- perience of similar cases. Spoutie, a word of contempt for a too fluent orator, or a garru- lous boaster ; one who, accord- ing to a wealthy Scottish phil- anthropist, is too plentifully endowed with "the pernicious gift of the gab — the curse of all free countries, especially of Great Britain and the United States." To spout is a common English vulgarism that signifies to talk at an inordinate length to a public meeting. The Ame- ricans derisively call it to orate. Sprack, lively, alert, animated; common in Scotland and pro- vinces in the south of England. Spraikle, sprackle, sprauchle, to clamber up a hill with great exertion and difficulty. From the Gaelic spracail, strong, ac- tive. The English words sprawl and sprag seem to be of the same parentage. I, rhymer Robin, alias Bums, October twenty-third ; A ne'er-to-be-forgotten day, Sae far I sprachled up the iDrae, I dinnered wi' a lord. —Burns : The Dinner with Lord Doer. Wad ye hae naebody spraickle up the brae but yoursel, Geordie.— Scott : For- tunes of Nigel. Spring, a lively tune. Sae rantingly, sae wantonly, He played of spring Beneath the gallows tree. — Old Song : Macphersons Farewell. Let him play a spring on his ain fiddle {i.e., let him have his own way; let him ride his own hobby.) — Dean Ramsay. Ye are as lang in tuning your pipes as anither man wad be in playing a spring. — Scottish Proverb. Sproage. This eccentric-looking word signifies, according to Jamieson, to go out courting at night, to wander by the light of the moon or stars. Alexander Ross, in *' Helenore, or the 212 Spulzie — Spurtle. Fortunate Shepherdess, the lines : — has We maun marry now ere lang ; Folk will speak o's, and fash us wi' the kirk. Gin we be seen thegither in the mirk. Neither Burns, Allan Ramsay, nor Scott employs this word, and its origin is wholly un- known, unless the Gaelic sporach, to incite, excite, or instigate, may supply a clue. Spulzie, to despoil, to ravage, to devastate, to lay waste ; from depouUZer, to spoil, or despoil. Spulzie him, spulzie him ! said Craigievar, Spulzie him presentlie, For I wad lay my lugs in pawn, He'd nae gude will at me. —'Buchat^'s Ancient Ballads: The Death of John Seton. Spune-hale, in such restored health as to be able to take one's ordinary food, one's kail or parritch, with a good appetite. Parr itch-hale and meat-hale are synonymous. Spung, a purse that fastens with a clasp ; sporan, the large purse worn by the Highlanders on full- dress occasions. Rut wastefu' was the want of a', Without a yeuk they gar ane claw. When wickedly they bid us draw Our siller spunk's. For this and that to mak them braw And lay their tongues. — Allan Ramsay : Last Speech of a Wretched Miser. Spunk, a match, a spark ; spunkie, fiery, high spirited ; also an "ignis fatuus" or will o' the wisp. The word is derived by Jamieson from the Gaelic spong, rotten wood, or tinder, easily inflammable ; but it is question- able whether the root is not the Teutonic /wn^, a sparkle of light] funkeln, to sparkle; and ausfunkeln, to sparkle out, to shine forth. Ausfunk is easily corrupted into sfunk and spunk. Erskine, a spunkie Norland billie, And mony ithers ; Whom auld Demosthenes and Tully, Might own as brithers. — Burns : Earnest Cry and Prayer. If mair they deave us wi' their din O' patronage intrusion ; We'll light a sfunk, and every skin We'll rin them aff in fusion. Like oil some day. —Burns : The Ordination. And oft from moss-traversing spunkies. Decoy the wight that late and drunk is. —Burns : Address to the Deil. Spurtle or parritch spurtle, a rounded stick or bar of hard wood, used in preference to a spoon or ladle for stirring oat- meal porridge in the process of cooking. Jamieson — who sel- dom dives deeper than the Teu- tonic — derives the word from spryten, the Latin assula. The Gaelic has sparr or sparran, a little wooden bar or bolt ; and the Flemish has sport, with the same meaning; and also that of the rung of a ladder (a bar of wood which a Scottish house- wife, in default of any better spurtle, might conveniently use for the purpose). Good bairns in the olden times when oatmeal porridge was the customary food Staffa — Stank. 213 of the peasantry, were often re- warded by having the spurtle to lick in addition to their share of the breakfast. Our gudeman cam' hame at e'en, And hame cam' he ; And there he saw a braw broad sword, Where nae sword should be. How's this ? gude wife, How's this, quo he, How came this sword here Without the leave o' me 7 A sword ! quo she. Aye, a sword, quo he ; Ye auld blind doited bodie, And blinder may ye be, 'Tis but a parritch spurtle, My minnie gied to me. Far hae I travelled. And muckle hae I seen, But scabbards upon sj>urtles. Saw I never nane ! — Our Gudeman. Staffa, the name of the well- known island of the West that contains the ** cave of Fingal." Colonel Robertson, in " The Gaelic Topography of Scot- land," has omitted to give the etymology of the word. Many people suppose it to be Eng- lish, and akin to Stafford. It is, however, pure Gaelic, and accurately descriptive of the natural formation of the cave, being compounded of stuadk {dh silent), a pillar or pillars, column or columns; and uamh {uav or uaf), a cave, whence stua-uaf or staffa, the cave of pillars or columns. Staig, a young, unbroken stallion. In the North of England, this word stag, or staig, is applied to any young male quadruped, and, in contempt, to a strong, vulgar, romping girl, whose manners are masculine. The word is also applied to the Turkey cock and the gander. From the German steigen, to mount, to raise, to stick up, to stand erect. In the old Norse, steggr signifies male. It's neither your stot nor your staig I shall crave. But gie me your wife, man, for her I must have. — Burns : The Carle o> Kellyburn Braes. Stance, situation, standing-place, or foundation. This word has not yet been admitted into the English dictionaries. No ! sooner may the Saxon lance. Unfix Benledi from his stance. — Scott : Lady of the Lake. We would recommend any Yankee be- liever in England's decay to take his stance in Fleet Street or any of our great thoroughfares, and ask himself whether it would be wise to meddle with any member of that busy and strenuous crowd. — Black- woods Magazine, June 1869. Stank, a pool, a ditch, an en- trenchment filled with water for the defence of a fortress. This word, with the elision of the initial letter, becomes the English tank, a receptacle for water. StanJdt, entrenched. From the French etaing, or estaing; the Gaelic staing, a ditch, a pool ; staingichte, en- trenched. I never drank the Muses stank, Castilia's burn and a' that ; But there it streams, and richtly reams, My Helicon, I ca' that. —Burns: The /oily Beggars, 214 Stanners — Steenies. Clavers and his Highland men Cam down among the raw, man ; Ower bush, owerbank, ower ditch, ower stank. She flang amang them a', man. — Battle of Killiecrankie. Stanners, gravel, small stones on the banks of a stream, shingle on the sea shore. Yestreen the water was in spate, The stanners a' were curled. — Border Minstrelsy : Water Kelpie. Stark, strong ; from the German. The word, however, is English, with a different meaning, as in the phrase, %tark naked, utterly naked. Fill fu' and hand fu' males a stark man. ^Old Proverb. Staumrel, a stupid person; saumer, to stutter, to be inco- herent in speech, to stammer; from the German stumme, dumb ; and stumpf, stupid, the Flemish and Dutch stumper, a fool, a silly and idle person. Nae langer, thrifty citizens, an' douce, Meet owre a pint or in the council house, But staumrel, corky-headed gentry, The herriment and ruin of the country. — Burns : The Brigs of Ayr. The lad was aye a perfect stump. — Jamieson. Staves. "To go to staves " is a proverbial expression used in Scotland to signify to go to ruin, to fall to pieces like a barrel, when the hoops that bind the staves together are removed. Staw, to surfeit, to disgust. Ety- mology uncertain ; not Flemish, as Jamieson supposes, but pro- bably from the Gaelic stad or stadh (pronounced sta), to desist, or cause to desist. Is there that o'er his French ragout, Or olio that wad staw a sow. — Burns : To a Haggis. Curryin's a grand thing, when the edge o' the appetite's a wee turned, and ye're rather beginnin' to be stawed. — Nodes A mbrosiance. Steek, to close, to shut, to fasten with a pin. Sages their solemn e'en may steek. — Burns : Cry and Prayer. Steek the awmrie. — Sir Walter Scott : Donald Caird. Ye're owre bonnie ! ye're owre bonnie I Sae steek that witchin' e'e, It's light flees gleamin' through my brain. — James Ballantine. Your purse was steekit when that was paid for. When the steed's stown steik the stable- door. —Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Steeks, the interstices of any wo- ven or knitted fabric, stitches ; steek, probably from stitch, as kirk from church. He draws a bonnie silken purse, As lang's my tail, where, through the steeks, The yellow-lettered Geordie [guinea] keeks. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. Steenies, guineas, foreign or other gold coins ; derivation unknown, unless the term be a mock de- preciation of the precious metal, from stone, or stein, applied upon the same principle that money is called dross or filthy lucre. Steeve — Steward. 215 What though we canna boast of our guineas, O, We've plenty of Jockies and Jeanies, O, An' these, I'm certain, are More daintier by far Than a pock full of yellow steenies, O. —Rev. John Skinner : The Old Mans Song. Steeve, or steive, firm, erect, stout; from the English ztiff, and the Flemish zti^f. Sit ye steeve in your saddle seat, For he rides sicker who never fa's. —James Ballantine. Sten, to spring to one side, a sud- den motion in the wrong direc- tion ; to turn away, to twist, to bend; stennis, a sprain. From the Gaelic staon, awry, askew ; and staonaich, to bend, to twist, to turn. Jamieson erroneously derives sten from extend. Yestreen at the valentines' dealing, My heart to my mou' gied a sten, For thrice I drew ane without failing, And thrice it was written Tam Glen. — Burns : Tam Glen. Stevin or steven. Before the in- troduction from the Latin vox, and the French voix, of the word voice into the English and Scottish languages, the word stevin was employed. It was used by Chaucer in England, and by Gawin Douglas in Scot- land. From its resemblance to the Teutonic stimme, a voice, and stimmen, voices, the Flemish stem, it is probable that it was a corruption or variation of that word. With dreary heart and sorrowful steven. — Morte Arthur. Betwixt the twelfth hour and eleven, I dreamed an angel cam frae heaven. With pleasant stevin sayand on hie, Tailyiors and soutars, blest be ye ! — Dunbar : Allan Ramsay's Evergreen. • Lang may thy steven fill with glee The glens and mountains of Lochlee. — Beattie : To Mr. Alexander Ross. Quoth Jane, " My steven, sir, is blunted sair, And singing frae me frighted off wi' care ; But gin ye'll tak' it as I now can gie't, Ye're welcome til't— and my sweet blessing wi't." —Ross's Helenore. The rhymes to "heaven" in Scottish and English poetry are few, and stevin would be an agreeable addition to the num- ber if it were possible to re- vive it. Steward, a director, a manager, an administrator. As a patro- nymic, the word is sometimes spelled Stewart and stuart, and has been derived from the Teu- tonic stede-ward, one who occu- pies the place delegated to him by another ; or from the Ice- landic stia, work, and weard, a guard or guardian. It seems, however, to have an indigenous origin in the Gaelic stiuir, to lead, direct, guide, steer, super- intend, manage, &c. ; and ard, high or chief. The ''Steward of Scotland " was in early times the chief officer of the crown, and next in power and dignity to the king. There was a simi- lar functionary in England : — The Duke of Norfolk is the first, And claims to be high Steward. . 2l6 Stey — Stirk, The attributes of the ^^ Steward of Scotland" are set forth by Erskine as quoted in Jamieson ; and the last holder of the office — who became king of Scotland — gave the name of his function to his royal descendants. In its humbler sense, of the steward of a great household, or of a ship, the name is still true to its Gaelic derivation, and signifies the chief director of his parti- cular department. It has been suggested in the " Gaelic Etymology of the Lan- guages of Western Europe," that the true etymon of stew or stu (the first syllable of steward and Stuart) is the Gaelic stuth, pronounced stu, which signifies any strong liquor, as well as food, sustenance, or nourish- ment for the body; and that consequently s^ewarchneans chief butler, or provider of the royal household. There is much to be said in favour of this hypo- thesis, but the derivation from stiur seems preferable. The Irish Gaelic spells steward in the English sense stiohhard. The Scottish Gaelic has it stiuh- liard ; but the words thus writ- ten have no native etymology, and are merely phonetic render- ings of an obsolete Gaelic term, re-borrowed from the modern English. The suggested Teu- tonic etymology of steward from stede-ward, has no foundation in the Teutonic languages. Ste- ward in Germany is Verwalter, administrator or director; and Jfaushofmeister, master of the household. In Flemish, hestieren signifies to administer, to direct ; and hestierder, an administrator, a director, a steward. Stey, steep, perpendicular. In Cumberland and Westmoreland, a mountain of peculiar steepness is called a sty ; and in Berkshire, sty signifies a ladder. Stey and sty are both from the German stiegen, and the Flemish stijgen, to mount, to climb. Set a stout heart to a stejf brae. — Allan Ramsay's Scois Proverbs. The stey est brae thou wouldst hae face't at. — Burns : The Auld Farmer to His A uld Mare, Maggie^ Stickit minister, a term of oblo- quy in Scotland for a candidate for holy orders who has failed to pass the necessary examina- tion, or to give satisfaction to the congregation before whom he preached the probationary sermon. The phrase is akin to the vulgar English — "old siick in the mud." Puir lad ! the first time he tried to preach, he stickit his sermon. — Jamieson. A speech is stickit when the si>eaker hesitates and is unable to proceed. — Idem. Still. This word is sometimes em - ployed in the Scottish vernacular in a sense which it possesses no longer in English, that of taci- turn, or reticent of speech. " A stiil dour man," signifies a taci- turn, reserved, and hard man. Stirk, a bullock; stirJcie, a bull calf. Stob — Stoup, 217 There's aye water where the stirkie drowns (r.*., there's a reason or cause for everything ; or there's never a smoke with- out fire). Stob, to push the foot accidentally against a stone or other impedi- ment in the ground. " I have stobhed my toe," said the late President Lincoln, in explana- tion of his temporary lameness ; from the Gaelic stob, a stake, a thrust, or anything thrust in the ground ;. a stick, a stump, any stalk broken or cut and still projecting from the ground ; whence the English word stubble. Stoit, to stagger. And aye as on the road he sioiiii, His knees on ane anither knockit [knocked together]. -^George Beattie : John d Amhd. Stound, a moment, a very short space of time ; also, a quick sudden momentary pain. From the German stund, an hour. Gang in and seat you on the sunks a' round, And ye'se be sair'd wi' plenty in a stound. — Ross's Helenore. And aye the stound, the deadly wound, Came frae her e'en sae bonnie blue. — Burns : / Gaed a Waefu Gate. Stoup or stoop, a flagon, a pitcher, a jug. Pint-stoup, a bottle or jug containing a pint. This word was used by Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, and other drama- tists of the Elizabethan era ; it has long been obsolete in Eng- land, but survives with undi- minished vitality in Scotland. Come, [Lieutenant ! I have a stoop of wine, and here without are a brace of Cyprian gallants, that would fain have a measure to the health of black Othello.— Othello. Set me the stoup of wine upon that table. —Hamlet. And surely ye'll be yo\xx pint-stoup, As sure as I'll be mine. — Burns : A uld Lang Syne. Waitr-stoups ? quo' he ; Aye, water-stoups, quo' she — Far hae I ridden, And muckle I hae seen ; But silver spurs on ■waX&r-stoups Saw I never nane ! — Herd's Collection : Our Guidman. The etymology of stmji'p or stoo'p has long been contested. Johnson derives it from the Dutch and Flemish sto-p, a cork or stopper of a bottle ; the Ger- man stopsel ; but this can scarcely be the origin of the Scottish word, for a mUk-stoup, a water-s^oM^, a can, a pitcher, a bucket, a pail,. are not corked or stopped. In some Scottish glossaries a stoup is said to be a tin pot, and in others it is de- fined as a jug with a handle ; while in Northumberland, ac- cording to Wright's Provincial Dictionary, a stoop signifies a barrel. In Gaelic, stop means a wooden vessel for carrying water, a measure for liquids, or a flagon ; and stopan signifies a small flagon. Between the Flemish and Gaelic derivations it is diffi- cult to decide ; but the Gaelic, which applies the word to wide and open utensils, seems to be preferable, at least in compre- hensiveness. 2l8 Stour — Strappan. Stour, dust in motion, and meta- phorically trouble, vexation, or disturbance ; stourie, dusty. The word is akin to the English stivy and in its metaphorical sense is synonymous with the Scottish steer, as in the song " What's a the steer, kimmer ? " what's the disturbance, or in the broad vernacular, what's the row ? " To kick up a dust" is a slang expression that has a similar origin. Yestreen I met you on the moor. Ye spak na, but gaed by like stour; Ye geek at me because I'm poor. —Burns : Tibbie, I hae Seen the Day. After service, the betheral of the strange clergyman said to his friend the other betheral, "I think our minister did weel. He aye gars the stour flee out o' the cushion." To which the other replied, with a calm feeling of superiority, " Stour out o' the cushion ! Hoot ! our minister, sin' he cam' wi' us, has dung [knocked or beaten] the guts out o' twa Bibles." — Dean Ramsay. How blithely wad I bide the stoure, A weary slave frae sun to sun, Could I the rich reward secure Of lovely Mary Morrison. — Burns. Burns uses the word in the sense of mould, earth, or soil, as in his "Address to the Daisy : " — Wee, modest, crimson-tippet flower, Thou'st met me in an evil hour. For I man crush amang the stour, Thy slender stem. Stour, in the sense of strife, was a common English word in the time of Chaucer and his predecessors. Stowlins, stownlins, by stealth, stealthily, or stolen moments unobserved, or expecting to be unobserved. Rob stowlins pried her bonnie mou, Fu' cosie in the neuk for't Unseen that night. — Burns : Hallowe'en, Stoyte, stoiter, to stagger, stumble, or walk unsteadily ; from the Flemish stooten, to push against, to stumble or cause to stumble. When staggirand and swaggirand, They stoyter hame to sleep. — Allan Ramsay : The Vision. Blind chance let her snapper and stoyte on the way. —Burns : Contented w£ Little. At length wi' drink and courtin' dizzy, He sioitered up and made a face. — Burns : The Jolly Beggars. To stoitle over, in consequence of in- firmity, without being much hurt. To tyne or lose the stoyte, is a metaphor for being off the proper line of conduct — Jamieson. Strae death, straw death, death in bed, natural death. This strong but appropriate expres- sion comes from the Middle Ages, when lawlessness and violence were chronic. Strappan or strappin', strong, tall, burly, well-grown ; the English strapping, a strapping youth. The miller was strappin, the miller was ruddy. —Burns : Meg o' the Mill. Wi' kindly welcome Jenny brings him ben, A strappin' youth— he taks the mother's eye. —Burns : Cotters Saturday Night. Streik — Study, 219 This word comes from the Gaelic streap, to climb up, i.e., in stature, to grow tall. Stroop, a spout. Stroopie, the spout of a kettle ; also a gutter or watercourse. Streik, to stretch ; from the Dutch and Flemish strekken, German strechen, to extend. This word is used in a variety of ways, un- known to or unf requent in Eng- lish ; as, " Tak' your ain streik" take your own course ; streikin, tall and active ; streik, to go quickly, i.e., to stretch out in walking; tight or tightly drawn, i.e., excessively drawn, stretched out, or extended. Strone or stroan, a ludicrous word for the habitual urination of dogs when out on their rambles. It is introduced by Burns in his description of the rich man's dog, Caesar, the fine Newfound- land, who was the friend and companion of Luath, the poor man's dog : — Though he was of high degree, The fient o' pride, nae pride had he. Nae tauted tyke, though e'er sae duddie. But he wad stan't as glad to see him, And stroan t on stanes and hillocks wi' him. The word seems to have been originally applied to the action of the dog in first smelling the place where another dog has been before for a similar pur- pose, and to be derived from the Gaelic srone (pronounced strone), a nose ; and sronagaich, to trace by the scent as dogs do. Struishle, to struggle pertinaci- ously, and in vain, against con- tinually recurring difficulties ; from the Femish struikelen, to stumble, to fall down. A tradesman employed to execute a very difficult piece of carved work, being asked how he was getting on, answered — " I'm struishling awa' like a writer [lawyer] tryin' to be honest ! "—Laird of Logan. Strunt, alcoholic liquor of any kind ; a fit of ill-humour ; also, an affront, or a sturdy, arrogant walk. Strunt and sturt are birds of ae feather. And aft are seen on the wing thegither. — Scots Proverb. Burns makes the disagreeable insect that he saw on a lady's bonnet at church " strwni rarely over her gauze and lace." The word, in this sense, seems to be a corruption of the English strut. Stront is a low Teutonic word for stereus humanum; but this can scarcely be the root of strunt in any of the senses in which it is used in the Scottish language ; though strunty, an epithet ap- plied to any one in a fit of such ill-humour as to be excessively disagreeable to all around him, may not be without some remote connection with the Teutonic idea. Study or brown study. This ex- pression seems to have first appeared in literature in the 220 Stug^^Sugh. " Case Altered " of Ben Jonson, who was of Scottish parentage, though born in London :— Faiks ! this brown study suits not with your black ; your habit and your thought are of two colours. (See Bkown Study, ante, p. 19.) Stug-. This Scottish word is used in a variety of senses— all allied to the idea of stiffness, erect- ness, rigidity, hardness, prickli- ness, &c., as the English stiff, stick, stock, stuck up, and the corresponding verb derived from the noun ; as stug, to stab or stick with a sharp weapon ; stug, the trunk or fragment of a decayed tree projecting above the ground; stug, a hard, masculine woman ; stug, obstinate; stugger, an ob- stinate person; stug, a thorn; stugs, stubble. From the Dutch and Flemish stug, inflexible, stiff, obstinate ; the German stick, to stab, to pierce ; stichdn, to prick, to sting. Sturt, strife, contention, disturb- ance ; also, to strive, to con- tend ; a word apparently akin to stour in its poetical sense of confusion. It is akin to, and possibly derived from, the Ger- man sturzen, to disturb, to over- throw. And aye the less they hae to siurt them, In like proportion less will hurt them. —Burns : Tke Twa Dogs. I've lived a life oi sturt and strife, I die by treachery, —Macpherson s Farewell. Styme, a particle, an iota, an atom; the least possible quantity; a blink, a gleam, a glimpse. He held, she drew, fu' steeve that day. Might no man see a styme. —Christ's Kirk on tke Green. I've seen me daz't upon a time, I scarce could wink or see a styme. —Burns: Naething like Nappy. The faintest form of an object ; a glimpse or transitory glance, as, "There's no a styme o' licht here."— Jamieson. From styme is formed stymie, one who sees indistinctly ; and stymel, which, according to Jamieson, is a name of reproach given to one who does not per- ceive quickly what another wishes him to see. Jamieson hints, rather than asserts, that stym^ is from the Welsh ystum, form, or figure; but as styme is the absence of form and figure, something faint, indis- tinct, and small, rather than a substantial entity, the etymo- logy is unsatisfactory. The word seems to have some relationship to the Gaelic stim, or st'iom, a slight puff, or wreath of smoke ; and thence to mean anything slight, transitory, and indis- tinct. Sugh, or sough, a sigh, a breath. Greek psyche, the breath of life, the soul. To keep a calm sugh, is to be discreetly silent about anything, not to give it breath ; sugh-siller, erroneously printed sow-siller by Jamieson, means hush-money. Sunkets — Swacken. 221 Sunkets, scraps of food, scrans (q. v.). In Scotland there lived a humble beggar, He had neither house nor hauld nor hame, But he was weel likit by ilka body, And they gied him sunkets to rax his wame ; A nievefu' o' meal, a handfu' o' groats, A daud o' a bannock, or pudding bree, Cauld parritch, or the licking o' plates, Wad mak him as blithe as a body could be. — Tea Table Miscellany. Sunket-time is meal-time. The ety- mology of sunket is uncertain. Herd de- rived it from something. — Jamieson. Whenever an uncertain ety- • mology in English or Lcwland Scotch is avowed, it would be well if the dubious philologists would look into the Gaelic, which they seldom do. In the case of sunket they would have found something better in that language than the English some- thing. ^SanntocA signifies adainty, or something that is desired, coveted, or longed after ; and sanntaichte, that which is desired. This word would be easily con- vertible by the Lowland Scotch into sunket. Halliwell, in his Archaic Dictionary, has sun-cote, a dainty, which he says is a Suffolk word. Sumph, a stupid or soft-headed person. Jamieson derives the word from the German sumpf, and Flemish somp, a bog, a marsh, a morass ; a possible but not a convincing etymology. Halli- well has sump, a heavy weight, whence he adds, a heavy stupid fellow is so called. The soul of life, the heaven below, Is rapture-giving woman ; Ye surly sumphs who hate the name, Be mindfu' o' your mither. — Burns. Sumph, an admirable word. — Noctes ■A mbrosiante. Swack, to deal a heavy blow ; akin to the vulgar English whaclc, to beat severely ; a swashing blow, a heavy blow ; etymology uncertain. The Teutonic schwach^ weak, has an opposite meaning, though there may be some con- nection of idea between a heavy blow and a blow that weakens him on whom it falls. When Percy wi' the Douglas met, I wat he was fu' fain. They swakkit their swords till sair they swat, And the blood ran doun like rain. — Battle of Otterboume. In another stanza of this vi- gorous old ballad, occur the lines : — Then Percy and Montgomery met. That either of other were fain ; They s%vappit swords, and they twa swat. And the blood run doun between. Here swappit seems employed in the same sense as swakkit, and is possibly a variation of swoop, to come down with a heavy blow. Swacken, to grow weak ; from the German schwach, weak. Wi' that her joints began to s^vacken. And she scour'd like ony vtaukin (hare). —George Beattie : John o' Amha\ 222 Swagers — Swarf. Swagers, men married to sisters. Jamieson goes to the Swedish and Icelandic for the derivation of this word, but it is to be found nearer home in the Flem- ish zwager, and the German sekwager, a brother-in-law. Swank, active, agile, supple ; swanhie, an active, clever young fellow, fit for his work, and not above it ; from the Flemish and German. Halliwell says that swanky is a northern English word for a strong, strapping fellow; and swanking for big, large. Thou ance was in the foremost rank, A filly, buirdly, steeve, and swank. — Burns : The A uld Farmer to his Auld Mare, Maggie. At e'en at the gloaming, Nae swankies are roaming, Bout stackin' the lassies at bogle to play. — The Flowers of the Forest. The etymological root of swankie is apparently the Teu- tonic schwank, droll ; used in a sense equivalent to the French drdle, which means a funny fellow, a droll fellow, or a fel- low in a contemptuous and de- preciatory sense. Mr. Thomas Wright, in his Archaic Diction- ary of Local and Provincial English, says that swankie is a northern word for a strapping fellow ; and that swamp signifies lean, unthriving, which suggests that possibly swain-pie is a cor- ruption of swankie, with a slight shade of difference in the phrase ; the meaning for "a strapping fellow," though suggestive of strength, may be also suggestive of tallness and leanness. The Danish has svang, withered, lean ; but it also has svanger, which means large-bellied, and is apphed to a pregnant woman ; the Flemish and Dutch have swanger with the same meaning. Swankies young in braw braid claith, ^ Are springin' owre the gutters. — Burns : The Holy Fair. Swarf, to faint, to swoon, to stupefy, or be stupefied ; also, a fainting fit, a swoon. And monie a huntit poor red coat. For fear amaist did swarf, man ! —Burns : The Battle of Sherriff-Muir. He held up an arrow as he passed, me ; and I swarf d awa wi' fright. — Scott: The Monastery, Ye hae gar'd the puir wretch speak till she swarfs, and now ye stand as if ye never saw a woman in a dwam before. — Scott : St. Ronan's Well. The etymology of swarf is uncertain; the author of "Piers Ploughman " has swowe, to swoon, akin apparently to the Gaelic suain, to fall asleep. By some swarf has been derived from the Teutonic auswerfen, to throw out, or throw off ; and as to fall in a fainting fit is to throw off temporarily the semblance of life, it is probable that the de- rivation is correct. Dwam, in the same sense as used by Sir Walter Scott, was formerly written dualm, and dwalm. These latter words are evidently allied to the old English dwale, one of the popular names of the plant bella donna, or deadly Swatch — Swtff. 223 night-shade ; a word employed by the early poets Gower and Chaucer, and still in use in the Lowlands of Scotland, and the Northern counties of England. Swatch, a specimen, a sample. Etymology uncertain. On this side sits a chosen swatch, Wi' screwed-up, grace-proud faces. —Burns : The Holy Fair. ITiat's just a swatch o' Hornbook's way ; Thus goes he on from day to day, Thus does he poison, kill, and slay, An's weel paid for't. — Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. Swats, new ale or beer. Tarn had got planted unco right Fast by an ingle bleezing finely, Wi' reaming swats that drank divinely. — Burns : Tarn o Shanter. I gie them a skelp as they're creeping alang, Wi' a cog o' guid swats and an auld Scottish sang. — Burns : Contented wi Little. This word seems to be a ludi- crous derivation from the Gaelic iuath, to mix liquids, to rub or press barley; and suaihadh, a mode of threshing barley ; and thence, by extension of mean- ing, the juice of the barley. According to Jamieson, swats, or swaits, signifies new ale only. He derives it from the Anglo- Saxon swate, ale or beer; but the anterior root seems to be the Gaelic siiath. Sweer, diflScult, heavy, slow, wearied ; from the German schwer, heavy, hard, difficult. Sweer to bed, and sweer up in the morn- ing.— Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Sweere - arse and sweer - tree are, according to Jamieson, the names of a sport among Scottish children, in which two of them are seated on the ground, and, holding a stick between them, endeavour each of them to draw the other up from the sitting posture. The heaviest in the posterior wins the game. Sweine, a swoon, a trance ; from the Gaelic suain, sleep. Sometimes she rade, sometimes she gaed As she had done before, O, And aye between she fell in a sweine Lang ere she cam to Yarrow. — The Dowie Dens 0' Yarrow. Swick orswyke, to deceive; also, a trick, a fraud, a deception ; swicky and swickful, deceitful. Apparently from the Danish svige, to deceive, to cheat, to defraud; and svig, fraud, im- posture. "He played them a swick; I had nae swick o't," I had no blameableness in it. — Jamieson. Swiff, the English whiff, a puff of smoke, a breath, a short inter- val, as a smff of sleep amid pain, a passing odour ; swiff, the sound of an object passing rapidly by, as of an arrow or bullet in its flight. Whether the English whiff, or the Scot- tish swiff, were the original form , it is hopeless to inquire. The Scottish word seems to be a variety of the old English smppe, which Halli well's Archaic Dic- tionary defines, to move rapidly; and swipper, nimble, quick. 224 Swine — Syne. Swine. * * The swine's gone through it," is a proverbial expression which signifies that a marriage has been postponed or unduly delayed. Why the swine should have anything to do with a mar- riage is so incomprehensible as to suggest that the word does duty for some other, of which it is a corruption. Such a word exists in the Gaelic suain, a sleep, a deep sleep, a lethargy, whence the English swoon. Suain also signifies to entwine, to wrap round, to envelop, to tie up, to twist a cord or rope round any- thing ; and hence may, in the proverbial saying above cited, signify an impediment. Either of the two meanings of suain would meet the sense of the phrase better than swine. Swipes, a contemptuous term for small and weak beer ; probably first given to it on account of its thinness, and the difficulty, or impossibility, of getting drunk upon it. From the Flemish zuipen, to drink to excess ; the German saufen, to drink as ani- mals do, who, however, wiser in this respect than men, never drink to excess. Sowf, to drink, to quaff, and souffe, a drunkard, are Scottish words from the same root. Die Juden sind narren die fressen kein schwein, Die Turken sind narren die saufen kein wein. [The Jews are fools, they eat no swine ; The Turks are fools, they s%vite no wine.] — Old German Song; attributed to Martin Luther. Swirl, to turn rapidly, to eddy, to curl. His tail Hung o'er his hurdles wi' a swirl. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. The mill wheel spun and swirl d. And the mill stream danced in the morning light, And all its eddies curl'd. — The Lump of Gold. Swither, fear, doubt, perplexity, hesitation, dread. The etymo- logy is doubtful, but is possibly from the German zwischen, be- tween, i.e., between two con- flicting opinions. I there wi' something did foregather, That put me in an eerie swither. — Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. Syde, long or low, largely ap- plied to a gown or dress, Jeanie she gaed up the gate, Wi' a green gown as syde as her smock, Now, sirs, Jeanie has gotten her Jock. —Chambers's Scottish Songs. Syke, a ditch, a northern English word, according to Halliwell, for a gutter; probably a cor- ruption of soak or suck. A sike, according to Jamieson, is g, rill, or a marshy bottom with a small stream in it. Through thick and thin they scoured about. Plashing through dubs and sykes. — Allan Ramsay : Continuation of Christ's Kirk on the Green. Syne, since, time past, a time ago. (See Auld Lang Syne, P-3-) Here's a health to them that were here short syne, And canna be here the day. Johnson's Musical Museum. Tabean Birben — Tait. 225 Tabean birben, a comb ; probably a side-comb for the adornment of a woman's hair. It occurs in the ancient version of the song entitled " Lord Gregory." Jamieson is of opinion that the phrase, a ^^ tabean birben kame" means a comb made at Tabia, in Italy. " Shall we suppose," he adds, "that birben is a corrup- tion of ivour, or ivory-bane (or bone) ? " Shall we not rather suppose, as Tabia was not known as a place of manufacture for combs, that the word is of native Scotch origin, and that, uncouth as it looks, it is re- solvable into the Gaelic taobh, a side ; taobhan, sides ; bior, a pin, a point, a prickle, the tooth of a comb ; and bean, a woman, whence taobhan bior bean (corrupted into tabean birben), the side-comb of a woman ? Tack, a lease, a holding; tacks- man, a leaseholder ; from tack, to hold, to fasten. Nae man has a tack o' his life, — Allan Ramsay's Scois Proverbs. Taigle, to tease, to perplex, to banter; from the Gaelic tea- gamh, doubt, perplexity. Two irreverent young fellows determined to taigle the minister. Coming up to him in the High Street of Dumfries, they ac- costed him with much solemnity, " Maister Dunlop, hae ye heard the ne ws ? " "What news?" "Oh, the deil's dead!" "Is he ? " replied Mr. Dunlop. " Then I maun pray for twa faitherless bairns." — Dean Ramsay's Reminiscences. Taigle, "to tease, perplex, banter." I never heard these meanings ; — teigle is to delay, to hinder— dinna taigle me— I was sair taigled the day. In the quotation from Dean Ramsay, I suspect that taigle is improperly put for tackle, or, as pro- nounced in Scotland, tackle, meaning to seize upon, lay hold on. In a description of a meeting of the U.P, Presbytery of Edinburgh, that had what is called the Dalkeith heresy case before it, it was stated that Dr. Peddie proceeded to tackle Mr. Ferguson upon his heretical views. — R. Drennan. Tairge, or targe, to cross-ques- tion severely and rigidly; of uncertain etymology, though possibly connected with the Gaelic tagair, to plead, to argue, to dispute. And aye on Sundays daily, nightly, I on the questions tairge them tightly ; Till, fack, wee Davock's grown so gleg. Though scarcely larger than my leg, He'll screed you aff Effectual Calling As fast as ony in the dwalling. — Burns : The Inventory. I'll gie him a ^a/^«'.— Jamieson. Tait, joyous, gay; a word used by the old Scottish poet, Douglas, in his translation of the " Eneid." Jamieson derives it "from the Icelandic teilr^ hilares, exultans ; " but its more obvious source is the Gaelic taite, which has the same mean- P 226 Taity — Tangle. ing. The English exclamation of hoity-toity, or hoite cum toite, the name of a favourite dance in the reign of Charles II., is from the same Gaelic root — aite chum taite — in which aite and taite are almost synonymous, and signify joy, merriment, pleasure. Hoyt, in the sense of revelry, was used by the Eliza- bethan writers, Donne, Beau- mont and Fletcher, and others. Hoity-toity, whisking, frisking, — BiCKERSTAFFE : Lffve in a Village. He sings and hoyts and revels among his drunken companions. — Beaumont and Fletcher. The modern English slang tight, applied to a person who is joyously intoxicated, or semi- intoxicated, seems to be of the same Gaelic derivation. Taity, taitey, matted like hair, entangled. Tait (sometimes written tate and iett), a lock of matted hair. At ilka tait o his horse's mane There hung a siller bell, The wind was loud, the steed was proud, And they gied a sindry knell. — Ballad of Young Waters. Her skirt was o' the grass-green silk. Her mantle o' the ermine fine, At ilka tett d the horse^s mane Hung fifty siller bells and nine. — Ballad of True Thomas. The etymology of this word is uncertain, unless it is to be found in the Gaelic taod, a rope, a string ; from the ropy, stringy appearance of hair in this condition. There is an old Scottish song entitled " Taits o' Woo'." Tak' tellin', take telling ; a phrase that implies that a person either requires or is amenable to advice or admonition, or the reverse. He wad na tak tellin, he would not be advised. . . . She's a clever servant in a house, but she taks tellin, i.e., she needs to be reminded of what ought to be done. — Jamieson. Tandle {sometimes written tawnle), a bonfire ; from the Gaelic tein, fire, and deal, friendly. From the root of teine comes teind, or tynd, to kindle ; and tin-erjin (sometimes rendered by the Teu- tonic neid-fire), a fire of emer- gency, produced by friction of two pieces of dried wood. Neid- fire also means a beacon ; pos- sibly a misprint for *' need-fire." Jamieson translates tin-egin, a force fire, but gives no etymo- logy. Egin is from the Gaelic ei'jin or eiginn, force, violence, compulsion. See Beltane, ante. Tangle, long, tall, and feeble, not well jointed ; from the Gaelic tean, long, thin, drawn out, ex- tended ; and giUe, a lad ; also the popular name of the long sea- weed, tangle, often used in con- junction with dulse, for sea- weed generally. Dean Kamsay quotes the saying of an old Scottish lady, who was lifted from the ground after a fall, happily not severe, by a very tall, young lieutenant, who ad- dressed him when she after- Tangleness — Tapetlcss. 227^ wards met him— "Eh, but ye're a lang lad 1 " The English tangle and en- tangle are words of a different meaning, and probably a cor- ruption of the Gaelic seangal, to tie up, to fasten, to enchain, to fetter. The American phrase applied to whisky or other spirit, when indulged in too freely, of tangle-foot and tangle- footed, unable to walk steadily from intoxication, is both hum- orous and appropriate. Tangleness, contradiction, confu- sion, dishonesty, entanglement of truth and falsehood. Donald's the callant, that brooks nae tangleness, Whiggin' and priggin' and a' new Tangle- ness, They maun be gane, he winna be baukit, man, He maun hae justice, or faith he will tak it, man. — James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, Tanterlick, a severe beating. Pro- bably this word is derivable from the Gaelic deann {teann, see Tan- trum), or dian, fierce, hot. This, combined with lick, the English slang to beat (a good lick- ing, a good beating), and the Gaelic leach, a stone, would sig- nify, in the first instance, a ston- ing, one of the earliest methods adopted in the quarrels of boys for the conquest or punishment of an opponent. Tantin', hard pressing, squeez- ing ; rantin'-tantin\ ranting and raving ; or ranting and pressing hard upon or against, from the Gaelic teantann, a pressing, a squeezing. A minister in his Sabbath service, asked by his congregation to pray for fine weather during a long continu- ance of rain that threatened to be injurious to the harvest, put up the following prayer : — " O Lord, we pray thee to send us wind, no a rantin -tantin, tearin' wind, but a soughin' (sighing), winnin' wind." More expressive words than these could not be found in any language.— Dean Ramsay. Tantrum. This word, borrowed by the English from the Scotch,, is generally used in the plural ; and the phrase, **to be in the tantrums," most commonly ap- plied to a woman, signifies that she is in a violent fit of ill- temper. Jamieson explains it as "high airs," and derives it from the French tantrans, nick- nacks. This etymology cannot be accepted — firstly, because there is no such word in the French language ; and secondly, because if there were, the mean- ings are not in the slightest degree related. The "English Slang Dictionary" derives it from a dance called, in Italy, the tarantula, because persons in the tantrums dance and caper about 1 The word is composed of the Gaelic deann, haste, vio- lence, hurry; and trom, heavy, whence violent and heavy, ap- plied to a fit of sudden passion. Tapetless, heedless, foolish ; pro- bably from the Gaelic tapadh, 228 Tap-oure-tail — Tapthrawn. activity, cleverness ; and ta- paidh, quick, active, manly, bold, with the addition of the English less, want of cleverness or activity. The tapetless, ramfeezled hizzie, She's saft at best, and something lazy. — Burns: To John Lapraik. Tap-oure-tail, top-over-tail, or topsy-turvy (erroneously printed in Jamieson tap-owr-tail), has the same meaning as tapml- teerie, and the English head-over- heels. Tappiloorie, top-heavy ; or tappie- tourie, round at the top. From the Flemish, Dutch, and Eng- lish top; and the Flemish and Dutch loer, French lourd, heavy ; tourie, from the Flemish, toere, round about ; the French tour and autour. Tappit-hen, a crested hen, or a hen with a top tuft of feathers ; a phrase applied to a large bottle or jar of wine or spirits. Blythe, blythe, and merry was she, Blythe was she but and ben, Weel she loo'ed a Hawick gill, And leuch to see a tappit-hen. — Tea Table Miscellany : Andrew and his Cuttie Gun. Come, bumpers high, express your joy, The bowl we maun renew it, The tappit-hen gae bring her ben. To welcome Willie Stewart. — Burns. Their hostess appeared with a huge pewter measuring pot, containing at least three English quarts, familiarly termed a tappit-hen. — Scott : Waverley. Blithe, blithe, and merry are we. Pick and wale o' merry men, What care we though the cock may crow. We're masters o' the tappit hen. — Charles Gray : Whistle Binkie. "This term," says Jamieson, " denoted in Aberdeen a large bottle of claret, holding tlyee magnums or Scots pints ; " but as regards the quantity opinion differs. All agree, however, that a tap-pit-hen held consider- ably more than an ordinary bottle. Tapsalteerie, in confusion, up- side down, topsy-turvy. Pos- sibly from the Gaelic toabh, the side ; and saltair, to tread, to trample. Topsy - turvy is ap- parently from the same source, and not from "top-side the t'other way," as some etymolo- gists have suggested. Gie me a cannie hour at e'en. My arms about my dearie, O, And warldly cares and warldly men May a' gang tapsalteerie, O I — Burns. In an excellent translation into German of B urns' s " Green grow the rashes, O 1 " appended as a note in Chambers's "Scottish Songs," the two lines in which tapsalteerie occurs are well ren- dered : — Mag Erdenvolk and Erdenplag, Kopfuber dann, Kopfunter gehen. Tapthrawn, perverse, obstinate, unreasonably argumentative ; from tap, the head or brain, metaphorically the intellect ; and thrawn, twisted wrongly. Tartar — Tavern Sign of the Dog and Duck. 229 Tartar. To catch a Tartar, to be overpowered in argument or in fight, by one whose prowess had been denied or unsuspected; to get the worst of it. Tartar, says the Slang Dictionary, is "a savage fellow, an ugly cus- tomer." To " catch a T'artor," is to discover, somewhat un- pleasantly, that a person is by no means so mild or good tem- pered as was supposed. This saying originated from the story of an Irish soldier in the imperial service, who, in a battle against the Turks, called out to his comrade that he had caught a Tartar. "Bring him along then," said he. " He won't come," said Paddy. "Then come along yourself," replied his comrade. "Bedad!" said he, "but he won't let me ! " A Tartar is also an adept at any feast or game. " He is quite a tartar at cricket or billiards." — Grose's Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. Grose's story was evidently in- vented. Philology had no need to travel into Tartary to explain the source of a peculiarly British phrase, which has no equivalent in any language but English and Scotch : inasmuch as it is of native origin, from the Gaelic tartar, a great noise, clamour, bustle, confusion ; tartarach, bustling, noisy, uproaring, un- manageable. Tartarian is a word used by the dramatists of the Elizabethan era to signify a strong thief, or a noisy blustering villain. Tass, a small heap of earth or cluster of flowers ; from the French tas, a parcel or pack. There lived a lass in Inverness, She was the pride of a' the toun, Blythe as the lark on gowan tass When frae the nest it's newly flown. — Allan Cunningham. Tatshie, according to Jamieson, signifies dressed in a slovenly manner ; and tattrel, a rag. Tatterdemalion, a ragged, miser- able object. A colloquial word introduced into England by the Scotch ; and supposed by Eng- lish philologists to be from the Icelandic tctur, a torn garment. The roots, however, are de- rivable from the Gaelic ; that of tatter is from dud, a rag ; from whence the provincial English dud, meaning a scarecrow. Motion comes from meall and meallan, a lump, a heap of con- fused objects ; from whence the primary meaning of tatterde- malion would seem to be a *' heap of rags," applied con- temptuously to the wearer of them. Mr. James M'Kie, of Kilmarnock, quotes in his Bib- liography of Burns, " The Jolly Beggars, or Tatterdemalions, a cantata by Robert Burns. Edin- burgh, Oliver & Boyd, 1808." Tavern sign of the Dog and Duck. This is usually ex- plained in the English sense of a "Dog" and a " Duck," with a representation on the sign- board of a sportsman shooting wild ducks, followed by a dog ready to spring into the water. It is probable, however, that the sign is of greater antiquity than 230 Tavey's Locker the conquest of England by the Danes and Saxons ; and that it dates from the Celtic period, and was originally Deoch an Diugh, or "Drink to-day," an Invitation to all travellers and passers by to step in and drink ; and that it was not by any means confined to the shooters of ducks, or to the watery dis- tricts in which such sports were possible. The perversions of the word deoch (drink), by the English and Lowland Scotch, are very numerous. One of them in particular deserves to be cited, dog's nose, which is, or used to be, a favourite drink of the populace in London, composed of beerandgin. Charles Dickens, in Pickwick, describes dogs nose as a warm drink ; but the compiler of Hotten's Slang Dic- tionary affirms it to be a cold drink — so called, because it was " as cold as a dog's nose." The true derivation is most probably from the Gaelic deoch and nos, custom ; and nosag, customary, or usual ; and thus signifies the "usual drink." Another com- mon and equally ludicrous per- version of the Gaelic is " Old Tom," which is used by the publicans of London, illustrated by a large tom-cat sitting on a barrel of gin. The origin of the phrase is ol, drink, and taom, to pour out ; whence, to pour out the favourite liquor. Tavey's locker, Davy's locker, Davy Jones's locker. These singular phrases, used princi- pally among sailors, all signify death simply, or death by drown- ing in the sea. Their origin has never been very satisfactorily ex- plained or accounted for; and no one has yet told the world whether Tavey or Davy was a real or a fabulous person, or who Jones was, and what was signified by his locker. The Teu- tonic roots of the English and Scotch languages fail to give the slightest hint or clue to the etymology of the expression, and thus compel inquirers to look to the Celtic for a possible solution of the mystery. In Gaelic is found taimh {taiv or taif), death ; and tamh {tav), the ocean ; ionadh, a place ; and lochd, sleep, or a closing of the eyes. Taimh or tamh may account for the corruption into Tavey or Davy, ionadh for Jones, and lochd for locker. This ex- planation supplies an intelli- gible and appropriate meaning to Davy Jones's locker, the gro- tesque combination of words in Scotch and English which has become proverbial among sea- faring people. According to Wright's "Pro- vincial English Dictionary," David Jones is a name given by sailors to a "sea-devil." But whether the "sea-devil" had or had not a locker we are not informed. Nares, in his Glos- sary, says that one " Davy " was a proficient in sword and buck- ler exercise, celebrated at the close of the sixteenth century. It does not appear, however Tawdy — Teind. 231 that any of these allusions can shed any light on the origin of Davy^s locker. Tawdy, a term of contempt for a child ; tawdy-fee, a fine for illegitimacy; also, a deprecia- tory epithet for the podex. The etymology is unknown, but may be connected with the Gaelic todhar, excrement, and, by ex- tension of meaning, to the senses in which it is applied to the podex, or to a child. Todhar also signifies a field manured by folding cattle upon it. Taudis, in French, signifies a miserable and dirty hole or hovel. In Irish Gaelic, tod or todan signifies a lump, a clod, a round mass, which may also have some re- mote connection with the idea of the podex. Ta-wie, tame, peaceable, friendly, easily led. Gaelic taobhach {tao- vach), friendly, partial, inclined to kindness ; erroneously derived from tow, a rope, or to be led by a rope. Hamely, tawie, quiet, cannie. An' unco sonsie. — Burns : Auld Farmers Address. Tawpie, a foolish person, especi- ally a foolish girl, Gawkies, tawpies, gowks and fools. — Burns : Verses Written at Selkirk. This word is usually derived from the French taupe, a mole — erroneously supposed to be blind; but the Gaelic origin is more probable, from iaip, a lump, a lumpish or clumsy per- son. Dans le royaume des taupes, les borgnes sont xois.— French Proverb. Teen, tene, teyne, provocation, anger, wrath, From the Gaelic teine, fire ; teintidh, fiery, angry. Last day I grat wi' spite and teen, As poet Burns cam' by : That to a bard I should be seen, Wi' half my channel dry. —Burns : Humble Petition of Bruar Water. Teethie, crabbed, ill-natured, snarling ; applied metaphori- cally from the action of a dog which shows its teeth when threatening to bite. The Eng- lish word toothsome, which has no relation in meaning to teethie^ is often used instead of dainty^ from the erroneous idea that dainty is derived from dens, a tooth. The real derivation of dainty is from the Gaelic deanta, complete, perfect, well formed, and finished. When Shakspeare speaks of his ''dainty Ariel," or a man praises the dainty hand or lips of his beloved, he does not mean that the teeth should be employed upon them, but that they are well-formed, com- plete, or beautifully perfect. Teind, a tax, a tribute, a tithe, a tenth ; teind-free, exempt from tithes or taxation. But we that live in Fairy Land No sickness know, nor pain, I quit my body when I will, And take to it again ; And I would never tire, Janet, In Elfin land to dwell : ^32 Tendal knife — Terihus Ye Teri Odin. But aye at every seven years' end, They pay the teind to hell ; And I'm sae fat and fair of flesh, I fear 'twill be mysel. — Border Minstrelsy : The Young Tamlane. Tendal knife. Jamieson cites from an inventory, ** two belts, a tendal knife, a horse comb, and a burning' iron ; " and at a loss to account for the word, asks : ** Shall we suppose that knives celebrated for their tem- per had been formerly made somewhere in the dale, or val- ley of Tyne, in England ? It might, however, be the name of the maker ? " These are, no doubt, ingenious suppositions, but both appear to be wrong if tested by the Gaelic, in which tean signifies long and thin ; and tail, or tailc, strong ; whence tendal knife, a knife with a long, thin, strong blade. Tent, to take heed, to act cautiously and warily, to be attentive. From the French tenter, to try, to attempt. Ten- tie, cautious, wary ; to tak tent, to take care, to beware ; tentless, careless. When the tod preaches tak ient o' the lambs. — Allan Ramsay : Scois Proverbs, But warily tent when ye come to court me, And come na unless the back yett be ajee. Syne up the back stair and let naebody see, And come as ye were na comin' to me. — Burns : Oh Whistle and I'll come to you, my Lad. I rede you, honest man, tak tent. Ye '11 show your folly. —Burns : Epistle tojatnes Smith. The time flew by wi' tentless heed. Till -twixt the late and early, Wi' sma' persuasion she agreed To see me through the barley. — Burns : Corn Rigs and Barley Rigs. See ye take tent to this ! — Ben Jonson : Sad Shepherdess. Teribus ye teri odin, the war cry of the men of Hawick at the battle of Flodden, and still pre- served in the traditions of the town. The full chorus is often sung at festive gatherings, not only in the gallant old border town itself, but in the remotest districts of Canada, the United States, and Australia, wherever Hawick men and natives of the Scottish Border congregate to keep up the remembrance of their native land, and the haunts of their boyhood. Teribus ye teri odin, Sons of heroes slain at Flodden, Imitating Border bowmen, Aye defend your rights and common. Attempts have been frequently made to connect this Border ballad with the names of the Scandinavian and Norse demi- gods, Thor and Odin ; but these heroes were wholly unknown to the original possessors of the Scottish soil, and but very par- tially known to the Danish and Saxon invaders, who came after them. The ballad, of which these mysterious words form the bur- den, is one of patriotic *' defence and defiance" against the in- vaders of the soil. Terihus ye teri odin is an attempt at a phonetic rendering of the Gaelic Teth — Thack and Raip. 233 Tir a buaidh's, tir a dion, which, translated, means ** Land of victory, and Land of defence." Teth, spirit, mettle, humour, tem- per, disposition; usually em- ployed in the sense of high- spirited. The word was Eng- lish in the Elizabethan era, and was pronounced and written tith, from the Gaelic teth, hot. She's good mettle, of a good stirring strain, and goes tt'ik. — Beaumont and Fletcher. Take a widow— a good staunch wench that's ii'tk. — Idem. Ill-tetk'd, ill-humoured. — Jamieson. Teuch, a drink, a draught of liquor. This word has been de- rived by Jamieson and others from the Teutonic tog, and ieur/he, to draw or pull. As no such words are to be found in the Teutonic languages, it is possible that Jamieson meant the German zug, the English tug, to pull or draw ; whence, in vulgar language, a long pull at the bottle or tankard, a deep draught. It seems more prob- able, however, that the Lowland Scotch word is a corruption of the Gaelic deoch, a drink, as in the phrase, " deoch an' doruis," a drink at the door, a stirrup cup. (See Deuk, aw<e, p. 42.) Tevoo. This nearly obsolete word was formerly used by women in contemptuous depreciation of a male flirt, fond of their society, but who was never seri- ous in his attentions to them. It has been supposed to be somehow or other derived from the French, but no word similar to it appears in that language. It is probably from the Gaelic ti, a person, a creature ; and fu, an abbreviation of fuachaidh, a flirt, a jilt, a deceiver. Tew is a word of many meanings in Scotland, but most commonly signifies to work hard. It also signifies to struggle, to strive, to fatigue, to overpower, to make tough. ' ' Sair tews " signifies old or sore difficulties or troubles ; teioing on, toiling on; sair tewd, greatly fatigued, are common expressions. Jamieson derives the word from the French ttier, to kill ; Nares cites instances in which it is used in the sense of tow, to pull along by a rope. Possibly, however, it is but a misspelling of the Scottish teuch (with the omission of the guttral j, the English tough, in which the omitted guttral is re- placed by the sound of /, as tuff). The Gaelic tlugh, thick, stiff, strong, is doubtless an allied word. Thack and raip, from the thatch of a house ; and rope, the bind- ing or fastening which keeps the thatch in its place. Hence, metaphorically, the phrase ap- plied to the conduct of an un- reasonable and disorderly per- son, that he acts "out of a' tJiacJc and raip,'' as if the roof of his house were uncovered, and let in the wind and weather ; 234 Thairms — Them^ They, Those, or, in vulgar slang, as if he had "a slate or a tile loose." Thairms, the strings of a violin, harp, or other instrument for which wire is not used, called in England cat-gut. The word is derived from the German, Dutch, and Flemish darm, gut, intestines ; the German plural ddrme. Oh, had M'Lachlan, tIia{rm-\T\?.^\nr\g sage. Been there to hear this heavenly band en- gage. —Burns : The Brigs of Ayr. Come, screw the pegs wi' tunefu' cheep. And ower the thairms be trying. — Burns : The Ordination. The word, though immediately derived from the Teutonic, may, in the sense of gut or entrails, have some connection with the practice of divination by the ancient Augurs, who studied the intestines of sacrificed birds to foretell future events. But this is a -mere conjecture foun- ded upon the fact, that the Gaelic tairm^ or thairm, signifies divination. Fiomthairm, string made from gut, may probably come the Scottish words thrum, to play on a stringed instrument, and, in a contemptuous sense, thrummer, an inferior fiddler. Possibly the English strum is a corruption and euphemism of thrum. Thane, a very ancient title of no- bility in Scotland, equivalent in rank to an English earl. Mac- beth, according to Shakspeare, was Thane of Cawdor. Jamie- son suggests its derivation from the Anglo-Saxon thegn, a servant ; but as the title was peculiar to the Gael, whoUy unknown to the Saxon, and implied rather mastery and dominion than ser- vitude, a Celtic etymology is most probable ; that etymology is found in tanaistear, a gover- nor, a lord, a prince ; one second in rank to the king or sovereign ; and tanaisteach, governing, act- ing as a thane, or master. The noo, or the no'w, a common Scotticism for just now, imme- diately, presently, by and by. Theak, theek, to thatch a house. Greek 6r)K7} [theke), a small house, a repository ; German dach, a roof ; old English theccan, to cover; Gaelic tigh and teach, a house. Bessie Bell and Mary Gray, They were twa bonnie lasses. They biggit a bower on yon burn brae, And theekit it o'er wi' rashes. —Ballad: Bessie Bell and Mary Gray. Ye'll sit on his white hause bane, And I'll pike out his bonnie blue een ; Wi' ae lock o' his gowden hair We 11 theek our nest when it grows bare. — Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border: The Twa Corbies. The cozy roof theekit wi' moss-covered Strae. — James Ballantine. Them, they, those. These plural pronouns are often used in Scot- land instead of the singular it, especially when applied to oat- meal porridge, brose, hotch- potch, and broth, or soup. The Then-a- days — Thig, 235 idea of plurality seems to be attached to porridge, from the multiplicity of the grains of meal, of which the dish is com- pounded, and to hotch-potch, barley broth, and other soups, for the same reason of their numerous ingredients. Why dinna ye sup ye're parritch, Johnnie ? Johnnie — I dinna like them. — Galt. Once at the annual dinner to his tenants, given by the Duke of Buccleuch, the Duchess pressed a burly old farmer, to whom she wished to show attention, to partake of some pea-soup. " Muckle obleeged to your Grace," said the farmer, " but I downa tak' them. They're owre wundy ! " — The Ettrick Shepherd. Each true-hearted Scotsman, by nature jocose. Can cheerfully dine on a dishfu' o' brose, And the grace be a wish to get plenty of those ; And it's O for the kail brose o' Scotland, And O for the Scottish kail brose. — Alexander Watson : Old Song. Then-a-days, in former time, as opposed to the English and Scottish phrase, now-a-days, in the present time. Thepes, gooseberries, or more properly gorse or thorn berries ; in Dutch and Flemish doom, or thorn-berries. Mr. Halliwell, in his Archaic Dictionary, cites thepes as an Eastern Counties word, used in Sir Thomas Brown's works. It is also cur- rent in the Lowlands of Scot- land. The derivation is un- known. Thetes, traces or harness of a horse drawing a vehicle. To be " out of the traces," is to be out of rule, governance, or control. To be quite out of the thetes, i.e., to be disorderly in one's conduct. ... To be out of thete is a phrase applied to one who is rusted as to any art or science from want of practice. — Jamieson. The word is derived by Jamie- son from the Icelandic thatCr, a cord, a small rope ; but is more probably from the Gaelic taod ; aspirated thoad, a rope. Thief - like, ugly, disagreeable. This Scottish phrase does not signify dishonest-looking, but simply repulsive, or disagree- able ; possibly because the Low- land Scotch who made use of it suffered but too often from the incursions of the Highland cattle-stealers into the pastures and sheep-folds, associated in their minds with all that was most offensive, morally and phy- sically. That's a thief-like mutch ye have on, i.e., that's an ugly cap you have on. — Jamieson. Thief-like occurs in two common pro- verbial phrases — the thiefer-like the better soldier ; the aulder the thiefer-like. Ye're like the horse's bains, the aulder ye grow the thiefer-like.— ] AMiESOii. Thig, to beg or borrow; some- times written thigger. The father buys, the son biggs (builds), The oye (grandson) sells, and his son thigs. —Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. And if the wives and dirty brats, E'en thigger at your doors an' yetts. —Burns : Address of Beelzebub. or T ^^"VeRs|Ty OF 236 Thtnk-lang — Thrang. Think-lang, to grow weary, to be impatient of another's absence ; to think the time long. But think na' lang, lassie, tho' I gang awa', The summer is comin', cauld winter's awa', And I'll come back and see thee in spite o' them a'. — Song : Logic o' Buchan. Thistlecock or thrustlecock, the thrush, more poetically called the mavis, both in Old English and Scottish poetry. The primrose is the fairest flower That springs on muir or dale ; An' the thistlecock is the bonniest bird That sings on the evening gale. — Ballad of Proud Lady Margaret. Thivel, a cudgel, a large shil- lelagh. Etymology unknown. An' for a thivel they did use A sturdy stump o' knotty spruce, — John o' A mho!. Tholeable, tholesome, tolerable, that may be endured ; tlwlance, sufferance, endurance. Thole is doubtless from the same root as the Latin tolerare, and the Gaelic dolas, sufferance, dolour, pain. Thowless. Perhaps a corruption of thewless, weak ; without thews and sinews. Gaelic tiugh, thick, strong ; whence thotcless, with- out strength or thickness. For fortune aye favours the active and bauld, But ruins the wooer that's thozvless and cauld. —Allan Ramsay. Her dowflF excuses pat me mad, Conscience — saj's I, ye thowless jad, I'll write, and that a hearty blaud This very night. —Burns : Epistle to Lapraik. Thraine. According to Jamieson, this word signifies to be con- stantly harping on one subject, and is derived from the Teu- tonic or Swedish traegen, assi- duous. He is of opinion also that rane, to cry the same thing over and over again, is synonymous, and of the same origin. But more probably, in the sense of harping continually on one sub- ject, of complaint, thraine is from the Greek threnos, a lamen- tation. Jiane is probably from the Gaelic ran, to roar. Thram, to thrive, to prosper. Etymology uncertain. Jamieson supposes it to be from the Ice- landic. Well wat your honour, thram for that, quo' she. — Ross's Helenore. Can you expect to thram. That hae been guilty o' so great a wrang ? —Ibid. Thrang-, busy, crowded with work or occupation ; from the Eng- lish throng, to crowd, and the German drang, pressure, drdn- gen, to press, and the Flemish dringen, to press, to squeeze. Upon a bonnie day in June, When wearin' through the afternoon, Twa dogs that were nae thrang at hame, Foregathered ance upon a time. —Burns : The Twa Dogs. Thrapple — Through. 237 The deil sat grim amang the reek, Thrang bundling brimstone matches ! —Jacobite Song : Aiva\ye IVhigs, Atvct. Thrapple, the throat ; akin to the English throttle. As murder at his thrapple shored ; And hell mixed in the brulzie [broil]. — Burns : Epistle to Robert Graham. When we had a Scots Parliament, — deil rax their thrapples that reft us o't. Scott : Rob Roy. Thraw, a twist, a fit of ill- humour ; thrawn, twisted, con- torted. Thrawn-gabbit, with a twisted or contorted gab, or mouth; and, metaphorically, a cantankerous, morose person who is always grumbling. Gab- bit is from the Gaelic gab, a mouth ; . whence the English slang, "the gift of the gab,'' the gift of eloquence, or power of much speaking. Thrawarty perverse, obstinate ; thraw, to contradict ; thraws, throes, twists or contortions of pain ; also, a little while, or a turn of time, a twist. She turns the key wi' cannie thraw. — Burns : Hallowe'en. When I a little thraw had made ray moan. Bewailing mine misfortune and mischance. — The King's Quair. There are twa hens into the crib, Have fed this month and mair; Make haste and thraw their necks about, That Colin weel may fare. — MiCKLE : There's nae Luck About the House. He's easy wi' a' body that's easy wi' him ; but if ye thraw him, ye had better thraw the deevil. — Scott : Rob Roy. Thraw seems akin to the Eng- lish throe, a throb, a twist of pain, and is probably from the Teutonic. Threpe, or threap, to argue, to contend pertinaciously in argu- ment, to assert obstinately in spite of reason ; from the Gaelic drip, or trip, to contend, to fight. It's not for a man with a woman to threep. Unless he first give owre the plea : As we began we'll now leave off— I'll tak my auld cloak about me. — Old Ballad, quoted by Shakspeare. Some herds, weel learned upon the beuk. Wad threap auld folk the thing mistook. —Burns: Epistle to Simpson. Threapins no' provin'. — Allan Ramsay. This is na threapin ware \i.e., this is genuine ware, not to be argued about].— Allan Ramsav. Thrimle, thrimmel, to press, to squeeze ; thrimp, thrump, to press as in a crowd, to push. Ety- mology uncertain, but possibly from the Flemish drempel, an entrance — whence to force an entrance, to press through, to push through. Through. This word, the Gaelic troiinh, the Kymric t7'io, and the Teutonic durch, enters more largely into its structure of Scottish compound terms and phrases, than was ever the case in England. Thus the Scotch have through-gang, perseverance ; through-gaun, and through-gang- ing, persevering, also waste- ful, prodigal, going through 238 Throwther — Tift. one's means ; through-pit, acti- vity, energy, that puts a thing through; through-fare, or through- gang, a thoroughfare; through- ither, confused ; through- stone, a stone as thick as the wall ; through-pittin, or through-hearin', a bare subsistence, enough to get through the world with ; and the verb to through, or thruch, to penetrate, to go through. Sir Walter Scott uses through- gaun in Rob Roy, in the sense of a severe exposure of one's life and conduct, during a rigid cross-examination^ Throwther, higgledy - piggledy, helter - skelter, in confusion ; possibly a corruption of through- ither, or through-each-other. Till— skelp— a shot ! they're aff a' throwther, To save their skin. — Burns : Earnest Cry and Prayer. Thrum, a musical sound, also a thread. Gray thrums, the popular phrase in Scotland for the purring of a cat, the sound of a spinning-wheel, the thread remaining at the end of a web ; apparently derived from the Gaelic troimh, through. Come out wi' your moolins, come out wi' your crumbs, And keep in slee baudrons [the cat] to sing ye gray thrums. — James Ballantine: A Voice from the Woods. Thud, a dull, heavy blow: ety- mology unknown. Lord Neaves considered it a comic word, though it is difficult to see why, especially when such serious use of it was made by Gawin Douglas and Allan Ramsay : — The fearful thuds of the tempestuous tide. — Gawin Douglas : Translation of the Enid. The air grew rough with boisterous thuds. Allan Ramsay : The Vision. Swith on a hardened clay he fell, Right far was heard the thud. — Hardyknute. Tid, tid-bit, tydy. All these words, like the Enghsh tide, are derivable from the idea of time, the German zeit, the Dutch and Flemish tijd. Tid, in the Scottish language, signifies sea- son ; the English tid-bit is a seasonable bit. Bit is from the Gaelic biadh, food, and not from the Enghsh bite, or that which is bitten. The French morceau, the English morsel, is unquestionably derived from mordre, to bite. Tydy, season- able ; " a tydy bride " is a phrase applied to an unmarried girl who is about to become a mother, and in that state is married and taken home to her bridegroom's house, in order that the coming child may be born after wed- lock, and thus become legiti- mised. Tift, English tiff, a slight quar- rel, a fit of ill-humour ; tip, a slang word for money given to a servant as a small gratuity to procure drink or otherwise ; called by the French a pour boire, and by the Germans trink- Tig — Timmer. 239 geld. No English or Scottish etymologist has succeeded in tracing these words to their sources. Jamieson derives tift from the Icelandic tyfla, to chastise ; Johnson declares tiff, a quarrel, to be " a low word, with- out etymology;" Richardson has tiff, a drink, which he thinks a corruption of ti'p^le, an allied word ; Ash defines tiff to be a corruption of the Teutonic te^d, a dug or teat, while the ancient author of "Gazophylacium Angli- canum " surpasses all his prede- cessors and successors in in- genuity by deriving tijisy and ti'p^ple from the Latin tipula, a water-spider, because that in- sect is always drinking ! Mr. Halliwell, without entering on the etymological question, says that in English provincial dia- lects tiff has three meanings — small beer, a draught of any liquor, and to fall headlong from the effects of drink. There are several derivatives in the Scottish language from tift, a quarrel, viz., tij'ty, quarrel- some, apt to take offence ; tift- ing, an angry scolding ; and "to be in a tifter," i.e., in a difficult and disagreeable position where one is likely to be severely repri- manded. Possibly the Scottish tift (a quarrel), the English tiff (a fit of ill -humour), are as closely allied in meaning as they are in sound. Tig, a twitch, a touch, a sharp stroke; also a slight fit of ill- temper ; possibly, in both senses, derived from the Gaelic taoig, anger, and taoigeach, angry, and as such disposed to strike a blow. A game among children. He who in this game gives the stroke, says to the person to whom he has given it, " Ye bear my //]?-."— Jamieson. Tillie-soul. According to Jamie- son, this word signifies " a place to which a gentleman sends the horses and servants of his guests, when he does not choose to en- tertain them at his own ex- pense." He derives it from the French tillet, a ticket ; and solde, pay. There is, however, no such word as tillet, a ticket, in the French language. There is tiller, which means, "detacher avec la main les filaments du chanvre," i.e., to remove with the hand the filaments of hemp. But this operation has certainly nothing to do with the ex- planation given to tillie-soul. The true derivation appears to be from the Gaelic till, to turn away ; and suit, feeding, fatness, good bodily entertainment ; whence tillie-soul or till suit, to turn away for entertainment elsewhere. Timmer, timber; from the Flemish timmer. This word is used not alone as signifying wood, but in the sense of build- ing or constructing out of wood ; and, by extension of meaning, into constructing or fashioning generally; and, by still wider extension, into doing or per- 240 Tine — Tinsel. forming. "To give one a tim- merin' " signifies to beat one with a stick (or piece of timber). Timmer-'bveQks, and iimmer-sark were ludicrous terms for a coffin. Timmerman, in the Flemish, and Zimmerman, in the German, signified a carpenter, an artificer in wood, and also a woodmonger, or woodman. Tinuner up the flail, i.e., to wield the flail ; timmerM^ the floor with a dishclout, i.e., to clean it. . . . To timmer up the lesson, i.e., to be busily employed in learn- it. . . . Oh, as he timmers up the Latin ! i.e., what a deal of Latin he employs. — Jamieson. And who in singing could excel Famed Douglas, Bishop of Dunkel' ; He timmer d up, though it be lang, In gude braid Scots a Virgil's sang. — Ingram's Poems. Tine, to lose; tint, lost. This ancient English word has long been confined to Scottish litera- ture and parlance. What was tint through tree. Tree shall it win. — Piers Ploughman. He never tint a cow that grat for a needle. Where there is nothing the king tines his right. All's not tint that's in danger. Better spoil your joke than tine your friend. Tine heart — all's gone. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Next my heart I'll wear her, For fear my jewel tine. — Burns. Tinkle - sweetie. According to Jamieson, tinkle-sweetie was a name formerly given in Edin- burgh to a bell that was rung at eight o'clock in the even- ing. A previous bell, which was rung at two in the after- noon, was called the " kail bell," i.e., the dinner bell. Tinkle- sweetie was superseded as a phrase by the " aucht hour bell." Jamieson, at a loss for the ety- mology, says "it was thus de- nominated because the sound of it was siveet to the ears of apprentices and shopmen, be- cause they were then at liberty to shut up for the night." The conjecture is no doubt ingeni- ous ; but it maybe asked whether the kail or dinner bell might not have been as justly entitled to be called sweet as the bell that announced the cessation of labour ? The word is apparently a relic of the very old time when the kings and nobles of Scot- land and the merchants of Edin- burgh all spoke or understood Gaelic. In that language diun (d pronounced as t) signified to shut up, to close ; glaodh (pro- nounced glao) signified a cry, a call ; and suaiteachd, labour, work, toil ; whence duinglao {tuinglao, quasi tinkle) and suai- teachd corrupted into sweetie. Thus the phrase would mean a call or summons, to cease from labour, or, in modern parlance, " to shut up shop." Tinsel, loss ; from tine, to lose. My profit is not your tinsel. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Tippenny — Tittie'billie. 241 Tippenny, from twopence ; whence tippenny, at the price of two pence ; twopenny ale. Wt' tippenny we'll fear nae evil, Wi' usquebae we'll face the devil. — Burns : Tarn o Shunter. Mr. Lo^ve Weimaurs, a once noted French author, who tran- slated or paraphrased Burns into French, rendered the first of these lines by "Avec deux sous, nous ne craindrons rien," with twopence we'll fear no- thing, thus leaving the ale out of the question. Tirl, to turn the knob, the pin, or other fastening of a door. The word is of constant occurrence in the ballad poetry of Scot- land. Oh he's gone round and round about And tirled at the pin. — Willie and May Margaret. Tirl, to spin round as in a whirlwind, to unroof with a high wind. Whyles, on the strong-winged tempest flying, Tirling the kirks. — Burns : Address to the Dei I. This word has been supposed to be a corruption of the English twirl, to turn round ; and, by extension of meaning, ''tirling the roof of the kirk," i.e., send- ing the materials whirling or twirling in the storm. To tiii the pin or knob of a door, is doubtless from twirl, in the English sense; but to tirl the roof of a kirk, as in the line of Burns, is more probably from the Gaelic tuirl, and tuirlin, to rush rapidly with a great noise. Tirlie-wirlie, intricate or trifling ornaments. Queer, tirlie-wirlie holes that gang out to the open air, and keep the air as caller as a kail-blade. — Scott : The Antiquary. It was in and through the window broads And a' the tirlie-wirlies o't. The sweetest kiss that e'er I got Was frae my Dainty Davie. — Herd's Collection : Dainty Davie. From the English twirl and whirl, though Jamieson goes to the Swedish in search of the etymology. Tirr, a fractious child ; tirran, one of a perverse and complain- ing humour ; tirrie, querulous, peevish. These words seem all to be derived from the Gaelic tuir, to moan, to lament, to weep ; and tuireadh, moaning, com- plaining, lamentation. Jamie- son, however, derives tirr from the Greek tyrannos, a tyrant, or the Teutonic terghen, to irritate ; though the latter word is not to be found in German or in any of its dialects. Tire lire is often used in French poetry for the song or lament of the nightin- gale. Tittie, a sister. He had a wee tittie that loved na me Because I was true and trim as she — LadyGrizzel Baillie. Tittie-billie, according to Jamie- son, who denounces it as vulgar. Q 242 Tocher — Tod. This phrase signifies an equal, a match, as in the proverbial say- ing which he quotes, *' Tarn's a great thief, but Willie's tittie- billie wi' him ; " and derives it from tittie, a sister ; and billie, a brother. The true meaning of billie is a fellow ; from the Gaelic balaoch, a mate, or close companion ; and tittie, in all pro- bability, is a corruption of taite, joyousness, jolliness. Tittie-bilUe would thus be synonymous with the English phrase, " a jolly good fellow." (See Billies, ante, page 8.) Tocher, a dowry, but principally used as applicable to the for- tunes of persons in the middle and lower ranks of life, who are too poor to give their daughters dowries. A tocher may be either a large or a small one. There is no other Scotch word for a daughter's portion. TocheiiesSj fortuneless. A cow and a calf, An ox and a half, Forty good shillings and three ; Is not that enough tocher For a shoemaker's daughter ? — J. O. Halliwell : Nursery Rhymes of England. The bonnie lass tocherless has mair wooers than chances of a husband. The greatest tochers make not ever the greatest testaments. Marry a beggar and get a louse for your tocher. Maidens' tochers and ministers' stipends are aye less than they are ca'd. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Oh meikle thinks my love o' my beauty, And meikle thinks my love o' my kin, But little thinks my love I ken brawly, My tochers the jewel has charms for him. — Burns. Philologists are at variance as to the origin of tocher, which is purely Scottish, and has no relation to any similar word in the Teutonic or in the Ro- mance languages of Europe. The French has dot, the German braut-schdtz (bridal treasure), and the Dutch and Flemish bruid schat. Dr. Adolphus Wag- ner, editor of a German edition of Burns (Leipzig, 1825), sug- gests " the Icelandic tochar," which he thinks is either cor- rupted from the Latin douarium, or from daughter, the German tochter, or the Greek dvyar-qp. The real root of the word is the Gaelic tacar or tocar, provision or store, a marriage portion ; tocharachd, well or plentifully dowered ; toic, wealth, fortune ; toic ard, high fortune ; and toic- each, rich. Tod, usually considered to signify a bush ; ivy tod, a bush or bunch of ivy. The derivation seems to be from the Dutch and Fle- mish tod, a rag, a fringe ; and the Gaelic dud, a rag ; or taod, a string ; from the string-like and ragged appearance of ivy when it has grown as high as possible on the supporting tree or wall, and has then fallen downwards. Tod also signifies a fox; tod- Laurie is a jocose word for the same animal Ye're like the tod; ye grow grey before you grow guid. Toddy — Toman. 243 The tod ne'er sped better than when he gaed on his ain errand. —Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. The King rose up, wiped his eyes, and calling, " Todlaurie, come out o' your den [Fox, come out of your hole]," he pro- duced from behind the arras the length of Richie Moniplies, still laughing in unre- strained mirth. — Scott : Fortunes of Nigel. Toddy, a mixture of whisky with hot water and sugar. It has been generally supposed that the name was introduced into Scotland by some retired East Indian, from toddy, a juice ex- tracted from various species of palm trees, especially from the cocos nocifera, which, when fer- mented and distilled, was known as arrack. But this is doubtful. In Allan Kamsay's poem of " The Morning Interview," pub- lished in 1 72 1, occurs a de- scription of a sumptuous en- tertainment or tea-party, in which it is said "that all the rich requisites are brought from far ; the table from Japan, the tea from China, the sugar from Amazonia, or the West Indies j but that Scotia does no such costly tribute bring. Only some kettles full of Todian spring." To this passage Allan Ramsay himself appended the note — "The Todian spring, i.e.. Tod's well, which supplies Edinburgh with water." Tod's well and St. Anthony's well, on the side of Arthur's seat, were two of the weUs which very scantily sup- plied the wants of Edinburgh ; and when it is borne in mind that whiskey (see that word) derives its name from water, it is highly probable that Toddy in like manner was a facetious term for the pure element. The late Robert Chambers, when this etymology was first pro- pounded to him by the present writer, rejected the idea, but afterwards adopted it on the strength of Allan Ramsay's poem. Tol-lol, a slang expression, com- mon to Scotland and England, as a reply to an inquiry after one's health. " How are you ? " "Oh, tol-lol!" i.e., pretty well. The word is usually supposed to be a corruption of tolerable, or tolerably well. Perhaps it comes more probably from the Gaelic toUeil, substantial, solid, sound, in good condition. Toman or tommack, a small hill, a hillock, a mound of earth ; from the Gaelic torn, a hiU. This primitive monosyllable is widely spread over all the languages of Western Europe, and enters into the composition of numberless words that imply the sense of swelling above the surface; as in the Latin tumulus, a mound of earth that marks a grave ; the English tomb, the French tombeau, the Keltic and Kymric tom^ a mound, a heap; the Latin tumor, tumefaction, a pimple, a swelling of the flesh ; tumescere, to swell up; the English and French dome, the Italian duomo, 244 Tongue-ferdy — Toot the German, Dutch, 'andFlemish dom, the Latin and Greek doma, the rounded roof or cupola, swelling over a church or ca- thedral, and also the cathedral itself; as "il dwowo" at Milan, and the ' ' Doni kirke " at Cologne. Tom, in the secondary sense, signifies large, from the primary idea of that which is swollen ; a torn cat is a large cat ; torn noddy is a great noddy or simpleton ; torn fool is a great fool ; and Cow- boy, when applied as a reproach to a romping or noisy girl, sig- nifies that she acts more like a great boy than like a girl. Singing a song to the Queen o' the Fairies, among the tomans d the ancient woods. — Nodes Arnbrosiance. Tongue-ferdy, glib of tongue, loquacious, over ready of speech. From the German zung, Flemish and Dutch long, the tongue ; and fertig, ready. Tongue-tack it, tongue-tied, either from natural impediment, or from nervous timidity and inability to speak when there is occasion to declare one's self ; also, undue reticence, when there is a necessity for speaking out. Toora or tume, empty, poured out ; from the Gaelic taom, to pour out, the English teem, to produce, to pour out progeny. Toom - handit, empty - handed ; <oowi-headit, brainless, empty- headed ; a too7n pock, an empty purse. The word is used in Lancashire, according to Tim Bobbin's Glossary. Better a toom house than an ill tenant. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Scotland greetin' owre her thrissle. Her mutchkin stoup as toom's a whistle. — Burns : Earnest Cry and Prayer. Mr. Clark of Dalreoch, whose head was vastly disproportioned to his body, met Mr. Dunlop one day. " Weel, Mr. Clark, that's a great head o' yours." "Indeed, it is, Mr. Dunlop ; I could contain yours inside o' my own." "Just so," echoed Mr. Dunlop, "I was e'en thinking it was gey an toom." — Dean Ramsay. On being called upon to give his vote in the choice of a chaplain to the prison of Dunfermline, David Dewar signified his assent to the election of the candidate recommended by the Board, by saying, " Weel, I've no objection to the man, for I understand that he has preached a kirk toom already ; and if he be as successful in the jail, he'll maybe preach it vacant as weel." — Dean Ramsay. A toom pouch maks a sair heart. But why should it? Surely a heart's worth mair than a pouch, whether it's toom or brimming ower ?— Donald Cargill. " Set on them, lads ! " quo' Willie, then, " Fie, lads ! set on them cruellie, For ere they win to the Ritterford Mony a toojn saddle there sail be." — James Telfer : Border Minstrelsy. Toot, or tout, to noise a thing abroad, to spread a rumour or a scandal ; also, to blow a horn. It was tootit through a' the country. . . . The kintra claiks were tootit far and wide. — Jamieson. But now the Lord's ain trumpet touts. Till a' the hills are rairin'. — Burns : Jhe Holy Fair. An auld tout in a new horn. Every man can tout best on his ain horn. It's ill making a touting horn of a tod's tail. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Tooth ills — Totum. 245 In English slang, a tout is one stationed outside of a shop or place of amusement, to entice people to enter ; metaphorical for blowing the trumpet, i.e., praising the goods, or entertain- ment, to be had within. From the Gaelic dud, a trumpet ; dudair, a trumpeter. The Ger- mans call the bagpipe a ditdd- sacJc, i.e., a trumpet sack. Toothills — or hills where in early- times a horn was blown to give warning of danger — are fre- quently mentioned in old re- cords, and the name still sub- sists. TothiU or Toothia Fields in London was so called from an eminence of the kind in the borough of Southwark. Tory, a word of contemptuous anger for a child, equivalent to hrat. Jamieson cites it as an Ayrshire expression — '* Get out of my sight, ye vile little tory." It is obvious that the word has no political origin, and is possibly from the Gaelic torrach, pregnant, and toradh {dh silent), the fruit or produce of pregnancy, i.e., a child. Tosh, neat, trim, cozy, comfort- able ; toshach, a neat, tidy-look- ing girl ; tossie, warm and snug, — almost synonymous with cozie. Of uncertain etymology. Jamie- son derives it from the Flemish dossen, to dress, to adorn ; but the Gaelic offers dos, a bush, a thicket, a bield, a shelter, which has become slang among Eng- lish tramps and vagrants, to signify a lodging. It is possible that the idea of comfortable shelter, in the sense of the pro- verb, "Better a wee bush than nae bield," lies at the root of tosh and tozie. She works her ain stockings, and spins her ain cleedin', And keeps herself iosh frae the tap to the tae, —James Ballantine : Auld Janet. Tot, a fondling name for a child that is learning to walk ; from whence tottle, and toddle, to walk with slow, feeble, and uncertain step. From the Gaelic tuxJt, to falL (SeeToTDM.) Tottie, warm, snug, comfortable. From the Gaelic teih, warmth ; teodh, to warm ; and teodhaichte, warmed ; whence also totUe, to boil, or the bubbling noise made by boiling liquids. Totum, a term of affection for a child just beginning to walk, and sometimes falling in the process ; from the Gaelic tuit, to fall. From the same root comes the name of the spinning and falling toy, the teetotum; and English tot, a child. Twa-three toddlin' weans they hae, The pride o' a' Strabogie ; Whene'er the totums cry for meat, She curses aye his cogie. —Song : There's Cauld Kail in A berdeen. The Scotch have carried the word totum with them to the United States. It occurs in a 246 ToufUs Bairn — Towdy. ridiculous rhyme concerning the negroes — De Lord He lub de nigger well, He know de nigger by um smell ; And when de nigger totums cry, De Lord He gib 'em possum pie. The English word teetotum, is a child's toy, or kind of top to be twisted round by the fingers and spun on a table. Stor- month's Dictionary defines it, in addition to its ordinary use as a toy, to mean " any small thing in contempt," and sug- gests that the word is probably imitative of its unsteady move- ments when nearly spent. Tee- totum is an amplification of the Gaelic, from its tendency to fall ; tuiteam, let me fall. Toun's Bairn, a name affection- ately applied to the native of a town or city, after he has risen to distinction and established a claim to the respect of the in- habitants. Toustie, quarrelsome, irascible, contentious, twisty. From the Gaelic tuas, and tuasaid, a quar- rel ; tuasaideach, quarrelsome. Mr, Treddles was a wee toustie, when you rubbed him against the hair, but a kind, weel-meaning man, — Scott : Chro- nicles of the Canongate. Touttie, totey, irritable, irascible, of capricious and uncertain tem- per. Derived by Jamieson from the Flemish tog tig, windy, a word which is not to be found in the Dutch or Flemish dictionaries. Tove, to associate kindly as friends or lovers ; to " tove and crack," to hold amorous or friendly discourse. Tovie, com- fortable ; a tovie fire, a snug, cozy, or comfortable fire. From the Gaelic taobh (pronounced taov), a side, a liking, partial- ity, friendship ; taobhach, kindly, friendly. Tovie is an epithet sometimes used to signify that a man is garrulously drunk. Tow, a rope, also the hemp of which ropes are made ; to pull by a rope. Towing-path by a canal, the path by which men or horses tow or pull the vessels through the water. To wallop in a toiv, to dangle from the gal- lows. And ere I wed another jade, I'll wallop in a tow. —Burns : The Weary Fund o Tow. I hae another toiv on my rock [I have other business to attend to], — Scots Pro- verb. Jamieson derives tow from the Swedish tog, the substance of which ropes are made. It is more likely from the Gaelic taod, a rope, a string, a halter. Towdy, a jocular term for the breech, fundament, podex, or doup, especially when abnor- mally large. From this word comes the EngUsh dowdy, ap- plied to an ill-dressed and un- shapely woman, large in the hips. The derivation is possibly from the Gaelic doideach, fleshy, muscular. Towhead — Trattle. 247 Towhead, a head with flaxen or very light - coloured hair. A term used in America, accord- ing to Bartlett's Dictionary of Americanisms, for "a flaxen- headed urchin." Towmond, a twelvemonth. How 'twas a towmond auld, sin' lint was i' the bell. — Burns : Cotters Saturday Night. Surrounded wi' peat an' wi' heather, Where muircocks and plovers were rife, For mony a long towmond together There lived an auld man an' his wife. — Andrew Scott : Symon and Janet. Towzie, rough, hairy, shaggy; whence towzer, the name some- times applied in England to a terrier. His touzie back Weel clad wi' coat o' glossy black. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. A touzie tyke, black, grim, and large. To gie them music was his charge. — Burns : Tajn d Shanter. Toy, a woman's cap. This word is probably from the Gaelic toil, pleasure, applied to the finery with which it is the ^pleasure, and often the toil, of women to adorn or attire themselves, and was originally given to the ordi- nary match or indoor head-dress when bedizened with ribbons. Toyte, to dawdle, to take things easily ; from the Gaelic taite, ease, pleasure. We've won to crazy years thegither, We'll toyte about wi' ane anither, Wi' tentie care I'll flit thy tether To some hain'd rig. Where ye may doucely rax your leather Wi' sma' fatigue. —Burns : Auld Farmer to his Auld Mare, Maggie. Traik, to lounge, to gad about, to follow idly after women ; from the Flemish trekken, to walk, to draw or pull along. There is not a huzzy on this side of thirty that ye can bring within your doors, but there will be chiels, writer lads, 'prentice lads, and what not, come traiking after them for their destruction. — Scott : Heart of Midlothian. Trattle. The resemblance of this word to prattle, from prate, has led Jamieson and others to sup- pose that its meaning is identi- cal. But it is by no means clear that the supposition is well founded, or that trattle, prattle, and rattle are related in mean- ing, notwithstanding the simil- arity of sound. The word seems to be akin to, or to be derived from, the German trotzen, the Flemish trots, to dare, to defy, to be arrogant or presumptuous ; trotzig, violent. Oh better I'll keep my green cleiding Frae gude Earl Richard's bluid, Than thou canst keep thy clattering tongue That trattles in thy head. —Earl Richard : Border Minstrelsy. Against the proud Scots clattering That never will leave their trattling. — Skelton : Against the Scottis, quoted by Sir Walter Scott in Border Minstrelsy. The German and Flemish trot- zen would more fully meet the meaning and spirit of the 248 Treacherous as Garrick — Trolollay. epithet than any derivation from •prattle could pretend to. Treacherous as Garrick, false as Garrick, deep as Garrick. These phrases are current in England as well as in Scotland, and can have no possible con- nection with the name of Gar- rick, or to the renowned actor who bore it in the last century. The true origin is unknown. It is possible, however, that treacherous as Garrick may mean treacherous as a caolreayh (or caoireach), Gaelic for a blazing fire. This suggestion is ofleied f ante de mieux. A High- lander, however, is of opinion that Garrick is a corruption of coruisg, a deep, gloomy, and treacherous loch in the island of Skye. "Who shall decide when doctors disagree ? " T r i £•, neat, clean, attractive ; usually derived from the Eng- lish trick or tricky, which has not the same meaning. Also, a fop, or a person giving too much attention to his personal appearance. It is my humour : you are a pimp and a trig, An Amadis de Gaul, or a Don Quixote. — Ben Jonson : The Alchemist. And you among them a', John, Sae trig from top to toe. — Burns : John Anderson. The word seems to be derived from the Dutch and Flemish trek, to attract. Though Jamie- son derives it from the English trick, or trick out, to dress gaudily or finely, it is possibly either from the Welsh or Kym- ric trig, firm-set, or the Gaelic triathach {th silent, triac), splen- did. Trimmer, trimmie, disrespectful terms applied to a scolding or irascible woman. From the Gaelic dream, or tream, to snarl, to grin angrily ; dreamach, mo- rose, peevish, ill-natured ; drea- mag, or dreimeag, a vixen, a shrew. Trog'gin, wares exchanged with servant girls for the odds and ends of a household by travel- ling pedlars ; trog, old clothes ; trogger, or trocker, a pedlar, one who deals in old clothes. It is doubtful whether these words are from the French troquer, to barter, the English truck, or from the Dutch and Flemish troggden, to beg under pretence of selling trifles that nobody requires. The word appears as troke in HalliweU's Archaic Dic- tionary. Buy braw troggin, Frae the banks o' Dee ; Wha' wants troggin. Let him come to me. —Burns : An Election Song. Trolollay, a term which, accord- ing to Jamieson, occurs in a rhyme sung by young people in Scotland at Hogmanay, the last day of the old year, and the morning of the new. " It has," he says, •' been viewed as a cor- ruption of the French trois rois Tron — Tryste. 249 aUais, three kings are come 1 " In this sentence the word aUais is ungrammatical and incorrect, for trois rois sont venus. But in- dependently of the bad French, the etymology is entirely wrong. The word, or words, are part of a very ancient Druidical chorus, sung two thousand years ago at the dawning of the day, in honour of the sunrise : trd, let Id ! From the Gaelic trdth {tra), early ; and Icl, day, signifying not "the three kings are come," but " Day ! early day ! " equi- valent to the " Hail, early morn ! " of a well-known modern song. Tron. There is a Tron Church in Edinburgh and another in Glasgow ; but the Scottish Glos- saries and Jamieson's " Scottish Dictionary " make no mention of the word. It would appear from a passage in Hone's " E very-day Book " that Tron signified a pub- lic weighing-machine, or scale in a market-place, where pur- chasers of commodities might, without fee, satisfy themselves that the weight of their pur- chase was correct. Hence a " Tron Church" was a church in the market-place near which the public weighing-machine was established. The word is derived from the Gaelic trom, heavy, or a weight. Tronic, a tedious story that has been often repeated, and that causes a sense of weariness in the person condemned to listen to it. From the Gaelic trom or tron, heavy, tedious. The same epithet is applied to a boy who is unable to learn his lessons. Trow or drow, the evil one. From the Gaelic droch, evil, bad, wicked. Sea trowes, evil spirits of the sea; to trow, or drow, to wish evil, to impre- cate. Trullion, a low, base, dirty fellow. The English has trull, the femi- nine of this word, applied to an immoral woman of the lowest class. The origin is the Gaelic truaill, to pollute, to debase ; and truilleach, a base, dirty per- son. Tryste, an appointed place of meeting, a rendezvous ; of the same origin as trust, or confi- dence, from the idea that he who appoints a tryste with an- other trusts that the other will keep or be faithful to it. The word occurs in Chaucer, and in several old English MSS. of his period; but is not used by Spenser, Shakspeare, or later writers. " To bide tryste,'' to be true to time and place of meet- ing. "You walk late, sir," said I. "I bide tryste," was the reply, "and so I think do you, Mr. Osbaldistone ? "— Sir Walter Scott : Rob Roy. The tenderest-hearted maid That ever bided tryste at village stile. —Tennyson. 250 Tuath de Danaan — Tulcan. By the wine-god he swore it, and named the trysting-ddiy. — Lord Macaulav. No maidens with blue eyes Dream of the trysting hour Or bridal's happier time. — Under Green Leaves. When I came to Ardgour I wrote to Lochiel to tryste me where to meet him.— Hogg's Jacobite Relics : Letter frotn Rob Roy to General Gordon. Tuath de Danaan. This name has been given to a colony of northmen who early settled in Ireland, and afterwards passed into Argyllshire. From tuath, north ; tuathach, northern ; and dan, bold, warlike ; and danfher, (dan-er), a warrior, a bold man ; and also a Dane. Tuath de Da- naan is a corruption, in which the second word de ought to have no place of tuathaich and dan or dana. The Very Kev. Canon Bourke, in his work on the Aryan origin of the Gaelic language, says ' ' The Tuath de Danaans were a large, fair- complexioned, and very remark- able race, warlike, energetic, progressive, musical, poetical, skilled in Druidism," &c. Mr. Pym Yeatman, in "The Origin of the Nations of Europe," who quotes these and other passages, is of opinion that the Tuath de Danaans were Scandinavians, a supposition which their Gaelic designation fully corroborates. Of course they brought with them their own language, many of the words of which were in course of time incorporated with the speech of the people with whom they amalgamated. This accounts for the many Danish words both in modern Gaelic and in Lowland Scotch. Tuilyie or toolzie, a broil, a struggle, a quarrel ; tuUiesome, quarrelsome ; tuilzeour, a quar- relsome person, a wrangler. Though Jamieson derives tuilzie from the French fowiVZer— a word which is not to be found in the French dictionaries — to stir or agitate water, it is probably de- rived from the same source as the quasi-synonymous English tussle, and akin to the Gaelic tuisleach, a tumult, a quarrel among several persons ; and tuileas, riot ; whence, also, towzle, to pull about roughly, to dis- hevel or disorder. A toolying {toolzieing) tyke comes limp- ing hame, — Allan Ramsay's Scots Pro- verbs. The toolzie s teugh 'tween Pitt and Fox, And our gude wife's wee birdie cocks. Burns : Elegy on the Year 1788. But though dull prose folk Latin splatter In logic tulzie, I hope we bardies ken some better Than mind sic brulzie. — Burns : To William Simpson. What verse can sing, what prose recite, The butcher deeds of bloody fate Amid this mighty tulzie. —Burns : Epistle to Robert Graham. Tulcan. Mr. Gladstone, during his electioneering raid into Mid- lothian, in November 1879, ex- plained at Dalkeith the meaning of tulcan. My noble friend, Lord Rosebery, speak- ing to me of the law of hypothec, said that the bill of Mr. Vans Agnew on hj-pothec is a Tulcan Bill. A tulcan, l, believe, is Tumbler — Tunag. 251 a figure of a calf stuffed with straw, and it is, you know, an old Scottish custom among farmers to place the tulcan calf under a cow to induce her to give milk. Jamieson writes the word tulchanCy and cites the phrase a tulchane bishop, as the desig- nation of one who received the episcopate on condition of as- signing the temporalities to a secular person. In some parts of Scotland the people say a tourkin calf, instead of a tul- can calf, and it is difficult to say which of the two words is the more correct, or in what direction we must look for the etymology. Tulcan, in the Gaelic, signifies a hollow or empty head, that of the mocked calf stuffed with straw, from toll, hoUow, and cean, a head ; while tourkin would seem to be derived from tU7', to invent, and cean, a head; therefore signifying a head invented for the occasion, to deceive the mother. A tourkin calf, or lamb, is one that wears a skin not its own. A tourkin lamb is one taken from its dam, and given to another ewe that has lost her own. In this case, the shepherd takes the skin of the dead lamb, and puts it on the back of the living one, and thus so deceives the ewe that she allows the stranger to suck. — Jamieson. Tumbler, a drinking-glass of a larger size than is ordinarily used for wine. The derivation may be from tumble, to fall over ; as in the deep drinking days, happily passed away, glasses were round at the base, without stems, and a drinker who held one full in his hand had to drink off the contents, before he could set it down, without spilhng the liquor. "Tak' a tumbler," i.e., take a glass of toddy, is a common invita- tion to convivial intercourse, "Three tumblers and an eke" were once considered a fair allowance for a man after din- ner, or before retiring to rest. A Highland writer once sug- gested that the derivation was from taom, pour out or empty, and leor, enough. This was apt, and may perhaps be the true etymology. Jamieson has tumbler, the French tombHl, a cart ; but this can have no re- lation to the convivial glass. Tum-deif. Jamieson suggests that perhaps this word means swooning, and refers it to the Icelandic tumba, the English tumble, to fall to the ground. It seems, however, to be no other than a mis-spelling of dumb-deaf, or deaf and dumb. Tumph, a blockhead. From the German dumm, stupid, the Dutch and Flemish dom. Tumfie, or tumphie, is diminutive of tumph. Lang Jamie was employed in trifling jobs on market days, especially in holding horses for the farmers. He was asked his charge by a stranger to the town. *' Hoot ! I hae nae charge ; sometimes a tumph offers me twa bawbees, but a gentleman like you always gies me a saxpence ! " — Laird of Logan. Tunagf, a kind of jacket worn by women in the Highlands 252 Turnimspike — Tuttiy tatie. of Scotland and in Ireland, and covering the shoulders, back, and hips ; a tunic. " If not derived from the Latin tunica," says Jamieson, " it may he from, the same root." It is from the same root in a lan- guage much older than the Latin — the Celtic and Gaelic ton, the posterior, the hips. The Greeks called that part of the body TTvyT}, whence, in the learned slang of the English universities, the coat-tails were called "py- gastoles," and by some irreve- rent undergraduates, " bum curtains." The word in Scottish Gaelic is tonag, and in Irish Gaelic tonach. Turnimspike, a name given by the Highlanders to a high road or turnpike road when first made to the north of Inverness. Great consternation is said to have been excited in Koss-shire when a sheriff's officer and a toll- collector first appeared in Tain. "Lord preserve us 1 " said one townsman to his neighbour, " what'U come next ? The law has reached Tain I " Another law came after this, She never saw the like, man, They mak a lang road on the crund (the ground) An' ca' him tumhnsptke, man. But she'll awa to Highland hills Where deil a ane can turn her, And no come near to tumhnspike. Unless it be to burn her. — Jacobite Songs and Ballads. Tutti, tatie, according to Jamie- son, is an interjection equiva- lent to the English psJiaw ! But Hey ! tuttie tatie is the name of an old Scottish martial air, to which Burns adapted his noble song of " Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled." To this spirited melody, according to tradition, the troops of King Robert Bruce marched to the great victory of Bannockburn. The words are derived from the Gaelic, familiar to the soldiers of Bruce, aite dudach taite ! from dudach, to sound the trumpet, and taite, joy, and may be freely trans- lated, " Let the joyous trumpets sound ! " The battle of Ban- nockburn was fought in an age when the bagpipe had not be- come common in Scotland, and when the harp was pre-emi- nently the national instrument in peace as the trumpet was in war. Jamieson, not quite sure of Pshaw as an interpretation, adds that " the words may have been meant as imitative of the sound of the trumpet in giving the charge." It may be remarked that pos- sibly there may be a remote connection between Jamieson's idea of Pshaw and that of the blast of trumpets. Fanfare in French signifies a blast on a trumpet, and a fanfaron is a braggadocio, a vain boaster, a braggart, or one who blows the trumpet of his own praises. For such a one in the full flow of his self-laudation, the im- patient interjection. Pshaw ! would be equally appropriate and well-merited. Tut^mute — Tyke. 253 When you hear the trumpet sound Tutti tatti to the drum, Up your sword, and down your gun, And to the loons again 1 —Jacobite Relics : Wheatley's Reduplicated Words in the English Language. Tut-mute and tuilzie mulzie, de- scribed in Wheatley's Dictionary of Reduplicated Words " as a muttering or grumbling between parties that has not yet assumed the form of a broil." This odd phrase, signifying a fierce quarrel that had but slight beginning, is presented in the proverb— It began in a laigh tute-mute, An' it rose to a wild tuilzie mulzie. — Jamieson. Tut is the Gaelic dud, the sound or toot upon a wind instrument, a horn, a flute, a whistle or a trumpet — and mute is a corrup- tion of maoth, soft, gentle. Tuil- zie is a brawl, a scuffle, a fight, from the Gaelic tuaileas, riot, disorder, conflict, tumult ; tuail- easag, a quarrelsome, foul- mouthed woman ; a scold, and mileadh, battle. The proverb expresses a meaning similar to that in Allan Ramsay — " It be- gan wi' needles and pins, and ended wi' horned nowte." Twasome, threesome, foursome. The numerals two, three, and four, with the addition of the syllable some, are used in a sense of which they are not suscep- tible in English. A twasome walk, or a twasome interview, is often rendered in English by the French phrase tite-d-tSte. Threesome and foursome reels, dances in which three or four persons participate. There's threesome reels z.nd/oursome reels, There's hornpipes and strathpeys, man, But the best dance in a' the toun , Is the Deil's awa' wi' the Exciseman. —Burns. Tway, a pair, a couple, the English twain; two, sometimes written twa. Every knight had a lady bright, And every squire a May ; Her own self chose Lord Livingstone — They were a lovely tway. —Bvchan's Ancient Ballads : Lord Livingstone. Twime and thrime, a couplet and a triplet. These are words that have not yet been admitted into the dictionaries. Twine, to rob, to deprive ; to part with, to relinquish. Ety- mology uncertain ; supposed to be from the English twain, two, thence to separate into two. The fish shall swim the flood nae mair. Nor the corn grow through the day, Ere the fiercest fire that ever was kindled Twine me and Rothiemay. —Ballad of the Fire of Frendraught. My duddie is a cankert carle Will no twine wi' his gear. — James Carnegie. Brandy . . . Twines many a poor, doylt, drucken hash Of half his days. — Burns : Scotch Drink. Tyke, a mongrel, a rough dog ; originally a house dog ; from the Gaelic tigh, or taigh, a house. The word is common 254 Tyke-iyrit — Unco. in Yorkshire, and in all the Northern Counties of Eng- land. Tyke-tjrrit or tired. Tired or wearied, as a dog or tyke after a long chase. Base tyke, call'st thou me host ? — Shakspeare : Henry V, Nae tawted (uncombed) tyke. —Burns : Tfu Twa Dogs. He was a gash and faithful tyke. — Idem. I'm as tired of it as a tyke of lang kail. You have lost your own stomach and found a tyke's, — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. U Ug, ugg, to feel extreme loath- ing or disgust. Ugsome, fright- ful ; ugsomeness, frightfulness, horror. They would ug a body at them. — Jamieson. Ugsome to hear was her wild eldrich shriek. The ugsomeness and silence of the night. —Douglas : Translation of the Enid. Who dang us and flang us into this ugsome mire. —Allan Ramsay : The Vision. This word seems to be akin to the English ugly, which all the philologists who ignore the Gaehc as one of the sources of the English language, derive either from the Danish huggern, to shiver, or from other equally- improbable Teutonic roots. In Gaelic aog (quasi ug), signifies death, a ghost, a skeleton, and aogaii, ghastly, deathlike, ugly. Ultimus eekibus, the very last glass of whisky toddy, or eke, one drop more at a convivial gathering before parting for the night J the last of the ekes. Umbersorrow, hardy, rough, rude, uncultivated. This cor- rupt word, of which Jamieson cites a still corrupter, " a num- ber sorrow" is clearly derived from the Flemish and Teutonic unbesorgt, uncared for, wild, neglected, growing in the strength of nature without hu- man assistance. Jamieson cites its use in the Lothians in the sense of " rugged, of a surly disposition," applied to one whose education has been ne- glected, and who is without good manners. Umquhile or umwhile, at one time, formerly ; used also in the sense of departed or late, in such phrases as, " my late hus- band," " my departed wife," my umquhile husband, my um- quhile wife ; from the Flemish om, past, and wijl, a short time, the same as the English while, a short time past, a short while ago. Unco, strange, unknown, a won- der, a strange thing ; an abbre- Unfurthersome — Uisg. 255 viation of uncouth. Unco guid, extremely good, very good. The unco guid, and the rigidly righteous. — Burns. An unco cockernony. — Galt. Nae safe wading in unco waters. Like a cow in an unco loan. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Each tells the uncos that he sees or hears. — Burns : Cotter's Saturday Night. Unfurthersome, unpropitious; ap- plied to the weather, if too cold, or too rainy, and preventing the due ripening of the crops. Ungainly, awkward, uncouth, in- sufficient, clumsy ; gaivly, plea- sant, fit, proper, pleased ; gane, to serve, to suffice, to fit, to be appropriate ; unganed, inappro- priate. Oainly and ungainly are not exactly synonymous in Scottish parlance with the Eng- lish word. Oainly is nearly obsolete in England ; and un- gainly merely signifies awkward, clumsy. The root of the words in the Scottish sense is the Gae- lic gean, good-humour, fitness, comeliness ; geanail, comely, fit, proper, pleasant, serviceable. In the following quotation gane means to serve or suffice : — But there is neither bread nor kale To gane my men and me. —Battle o/Otterboume, Old Version. Unkensome, not to be known or recognised, not to be traced. A smith ! a smith ! Dickie, he cries, A smith, a smith right speedilie ! To turn back the caukers o' our horses' shoon For its unkensome we wad be. — Border Minstrelsy : Archie 0' Ca'Jield. Unmackly, mis-shapen, deformed. Up then sterts the stranger knight, Said Ladye be not thou afraid, I fight for thee with this grim Soldan Though he's sair unmackly made. —Ballad oj Sir Cauline. Untholeable, intolerable, unen- durable, insufferable ; from thole, to endure. He got untholeably divertin', and folk complained o' pains in their sides wi laughin'. — Nodes Ambrosiance. Updorrock, worn out, bankrupt. According to Jamieson, a Shet- land word, which he derives from " Icelandic opp and throka, also thruTca, urgere, primere." It seems to be rather from the Flemish op di'ogen, dried up, exhausted. Uppil, to clear up ; applied to the weather. When the weather at any time has been wet, and ceases to be so, we say it is uppled. — Jamieson. From the Teutonic aufhellen — auf, up ; hellen, to become clear, to clear up. Upon luck's head, by chance. " I got it on luck's head," I got it by chance. Urisk, according to Jamieson, was a name given in the High- lands of Scotland to a satyr. It was in reality the name given to a Brownie or Puck, the Robin Goodfellow of Englith fairy my- thology ; from the Gaelic uirisy, a goblin. (See Wirey-cow. 256 Vanquish — Wabster. Vanquish, a disease among sheep and lambs, caused by their eating a certain unwholesome grass. Jamieson says the disease is so called because it vanquishes the sheep I He might as well account for the name of Kilmarnock, by stating that one Marnock was killed there. Vanquish is a cor- ruption of the Gaelic uain, pale green, and cuiseach or cuiscag, a species of rank grass with a long stalk that grows on wet soil and is deleterious to cattle, and especially to sheep. Cuiseach is possibly the same as coixch grass, described in Halliwell's Archaic and Provincial Dic- tionary as a kind of coarse grass that grows very quickly, and is sometimes called twitch grass. Vaudy or vaudie, gay, showy ; a corruption of the English gaudy. Our land shall be glad, but the Whigs shall be sorry When the King gets his ain, and heaven gets the glory ; The rogues shall be sad, but the honest man vaudie When the throne is possessed by our ain bonnie laddie. —Jacobite Relics of Scotland. Vauntie, proud, vain, also a brag- gart ; from the French vantcr^ to boast. Her cutty sark In longitude though sorely scanty, It was her best, and she was vauntie. — Burns : Tarn d Shanter. Vir, force, vigour. Sometimes written hir, a vein; from the Latin vis, vires. Possibly the English hurly^ strong, is of kin- dred origin. Swith with vir he whirled her round. — George Beattie : John d Amha. Wi'vengefulz'/r,and Norland twang Ibid. Vlonk, or Wlonk, splendidly dressed, richly attired ; from the "Anglo Saxon" or old Eng- lish vlonke, which has the same meaning. Possibly this may be the origin of the modern word ■flunlcey, in contemptuous allu- sion to the grayish colours of the liveries of male servants in great ostentatious families. (See Flunkey, ante, p. 60). W Wa', abbreviation of wall. " His back is at the toa'," i.e., he is driven into a corner ; his back is at the wall, fighting against opposing enemies or creditors. Wabster, a weaver ; from weave and web. Willie Wastle dwalt on Tweed, The spot they ca'd it Linkum-doddie, Willie was a wabster gude. Burns. An honest wabster to his trade. Whose wife's twa nieves were scarce weel bred. ■-Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. Wad— Waff, 257 Wad, to wager, to bet ; from the Flemish wedden, which has the same meaning. Wads also sig- nify forfeits ; a game at wads, a game at forfeits ; wad-set, a mortgage ; wad, a pledge. The gray was a mare and a right good mare, But when she saw the Annan water, She could not hae ridden a furlong mair, Had a thousand merks been wadded at her. — Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border: Annan Water, Wads are nae arguments. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. My Sunday's coat she has laid it in ivad. And the best blue bonnet e'er was on my head; At kirk or at market I'm covered but barely, Oh that my wife would drink hooly and fairly. — Herd's Collection : The Drucken Wife o' Galloway. Waddie, vigorous, willing, alert, ready to do. What fee will you give me for now and for aye — Was e'er a young laddie sae waddie as I. — Buchan's Ancient Ballads : The Rigwoodie Carlin'. Wae's I woe is ; unlucky, unhappy, in ill plight. Woes the wife that wants the tongue, but wee's the man that gets her. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. And aye the o'erword o' his sang Was — wae's me for Prince Charlie. —Jacobite Song. Waesuck I wae's-heart I wae's- me! Interjections or expres- sions of surprise or sorrow, like alas I Waesuck I for him that gets nae lass, Or lasses that hae naething. —Burns : The Holy Fair. The derivation of wae's-heart and wae's-me, from wae, sorrow, is obvious ; that of waesuck is not so clear. It is probably from the Flemish wee, sorrow or love, and sugt or zucht, a sigh. Jamieson derives it from the Danish usig, woe to us ; vae no- bis, woe to us. The word, how- ever, is not to be found in Dan- ish dictionaries. Waff, wauf, waft. A freak, a whiff, a wave of sound or of wind, a sudden and slight im- pression upon the senses, a tran- sient glance, a glimpse, a passing odour. ''A waff o' cauld" is a slight attack of cold. "I had a waff o' him i' the street ; " I had a glimpse of him. *' There was a 2vaff 0' roses ; " there was a sudden odour of roses. The primitive idea at the root of the word is sudden and of short duration, rising and subsiding like a wave. Waff, worthless, or shabby in appearance and conduct ; idle, dissipated ; waffe, a loafer, an idler, a vagrant, a vagabond ; waff-like, resembling a vaga- bond in manners and appear- ance ; waffinger, a confirmed va- grant and idler. These words are of uncertain etymologj-, though it is probable that they are all from the same root as the English waif, a stray, a vagrant, one who, like the S, 258 Wa^gang — Waith. Italian traviato and traviata, has gone astray from the right and respectable path, and formed on the same principle from way off, or off the way. Another possible root is the Flemish zwtrfen (with the elision of the initial z), to go astray, to vaga- bondise. Wa'gang or awa'-gang, depar- ture ; ganging awa\ going away ; an escape. Winter's ivdgang. — James Ballantine. A wa'gang crop is the last crop gathered before a tenant quits his farm ; also the name given to the canal, through which the water escapes from the mill wheel. — Jamieson. Its dowie in the end o' hairst, At the wa'gang o' the swallow, When the wind grows cauld and the burn grows bauld, And the weeds are hanging yellow ; But oh, it's dowier far to see The wa'gang o' her that the heart gangs wi'. — Hew Ainslie. Waghorn. In the North of Scot- land it is a proverbial phrase to say of a great liar that " he lies like Waghorn," or is " waur than Waghorn, ^^ that "he is as false as Waghorn, and Waghorn was nineteen times falser than the devil." Jamieson records that ** Waghorn is a fabulous personage, who being a greater liar than the devil, was crowned King of Liars." Why the name of Waghorn, any more than that of Wagstaffe, both respectable patronymics, should be selected to adorn or to disfigure the proverb is not easy to explain, except on the supposition that the traditionary " waghorn " is a corruption of a word that has a more rational as well as a more definite meaning. And such it is found to be. In Gaelic uaigh (quasi wag) signifies the grave, the pit, and iutharn {iuarn, quasi horn) signifies hell, whence he lies like Waghorn, would signify he " lies like heU " or like the " pit of hell," consequently worse than the devil, who is supposed to be but one, while the other devils in the pit are supposed to be multitudinous. Waif, a derelict, a wanderling ; one found by accident after having been lost or gone astray. The word in this sense has lately been adopted into Eng- lish literature as a noun ; but in Scotland it is employed both as a noun and an adjective. Wi' her I will get gowd and gear, Wi' thee, I sail get nane ; Ye cam to me as a wa^ woman, I'll leave thee as the same. — Herd's Collection: Fair Annie. This word, sometimes written and pronounced waff, waffle, and waffinger, signifies a wanderer, a strolling vagabond, lost to civilised life and society; waff- like, of vagabond and disreput- able appearance. Waith, to wander, a wandering and straying. The English waif, waifs and strays, things or per- sons that have wandered or gone Wale— Wallop. 259 astray. The etymology is doubt- ful; perhaps from waft, to be blown about by the wind, or carried by the waters. Wale, to choose, to select, a choice ; waly, choice. From the German wahlen, to choose. Scones, the Tvale o* food. —Burns : Scotch Drink. There's auld Rob Morris that wons in yon glen, He's the king o' guid fellows and ivale o' auld men. —Burns. The Laird of Balnamon, after dinner at a friend's house, had cherry brandy put before him in mistake for port. He liked the liquor, and drank freely of it. His servant Harry or "Hairy" was to drive him home in a gig. On crossing the moor, whether from greater exposure to the blast, or from the Laird's tmsteadiness of head, his hat and wig fell to the ground. Harry got off to pick them up and restore them to his master. The Laird was satisfied with the hat, but demurred to the wig. "It's no my wig, Harry lad ; it's no my wig." "Ye'd better tak it, sir," said Harry; "for there's nae wale o wigs on the moor." — Dean Ramsay's Reminis- cences. He wales a portion wi' judicious care, And let us worship God, he says, wi' solemn air. —Burns : Cotters Saturday Night. Wallageous. This obsolete word is used by the ancient Scottish poet, Barbour, in the sense of sportive, wanton, lustful. It is evidently a corruption of the Gaelic uudlach, which has the same meaning ; uallacMs, cheer- fulness, gaiety, frolicksomeness, conceitedness, wantonness ; ual- lachag, a coquette. Wallle, a toy ; a bonnie wallie, a pretty toy ; from rvale, choice ; from the Teutonic wahlen. Walloch, a name applied in the Lowlands to the Highland fling, or other dance, and not to the reel, which is less active and boisterous. The word also means a frisk or kich The word seems to be derived from the Gaelic uallach, joyous, frisky. I wat she was a cantie quean, And weel could dance the Highland walloch. —Roy's Wife of Aldivalloch. Auld Roy look'd as he gaed by, And oh ! he gaed an unco walloch; And after them he soon did hie, And followed through the braes of Balloch. — Buchan's Collection of Old Scottish Ballads. The word is sometimes written waUop, as in the favourite song of " Maggie Lauder " : — Meg up and wallop' d o'er the green. For brawly she could frisk it. Walloch-goul, an abusive epithet applied to a wanton or arrogant blusterer ; from the Gaelic ual- lach, and guil, to cry out. (See Yowl.) Wallop, to dangle, to hang, to sway about with quick motion, to swing. Now let us lay our heads thegither. In love fraternal ; May Envy wallop in a tether, Black fiend, infernal ! —Burns: To Lapraik, 260 Wallow — Wame. Wallo-w, to fade away ; wallowed, faded, withered by cold, blight, or natural decay ; the etymon doubtless of the word wilt, in common use in America, and in some parts of England, of which a ludicrous example is given by the humorist, Artemus Ward : *' I said to her, wilt thou? and she wilted" The derivation is uncertain, though probably from the Teutonic wdken. The last time that I saw her face She ruddy was and red, But now, alas ! and woe is me, She's wallowed like a weed. —Scott's Border Minstrelsy : Ballad of the Gay Goss-Hawk. Waly! waly! an interjection of sorrow ; alas ! or, woe is me ! Derived from wail, to lament, or wail ye ! lament ye ; the Teutonic weh, woe, and wehlich, woful. Oh waly ! waly ! but love is bonnie, A little time while it is new ; But when it's auld it waxes cauld, And fades'awa' like morning dew. — Ballad of the Marchioness of Doitglas. Oh waly! waly I up the bank. And %valy ! waly ! down the brae, And waly ! waly ! yon burn side, Where I and my love wont to gae. • — Lady Anne BothwelFs Lament. Wame, the belly ; also the Eng- lish word womb, which is from the same etymological root. The Scottish derivatives of wame are numerous ; among others, wamie, having much wame, i.e., cor- pulent ; wamieness, corpulency ; wamyt, pregnant ; wame-tow, a belly-band or girth, from wame, the belly, and tow (the Gaelic taod), a rope, a band ; wamefu\ a bellyfull. I never liked water in my shoon ; and my wavies made o' better leather. Wae to the wame that has a wilfu master. — ^Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Food fills the wavie, and keeps us livin'. Though life's a gift no worth receivin', When heavy dragged wi' pine and grievin'. — Burns : Scotch Drink. A wamefu is a wamefu', whether it be of barley-meal or bran. — ScOTT : St. Ronan's Well. Wame has disappeared from English literature, but still sur- vives in the current speech of the northern counties. Womb, in English, was formerly applied to the male sex, in the sense of the Scottish wame, or belly, as appears from Piers Plough- man : — Paul, after his preaching, Paniers he made, And wan with his handes What his wombe needed. (Gained with his hands what his belly needed.) In recent times the word is restricted in its meaning to the female sex, though used metaphorically and poetically in such phrases as the ''wcmh of Time." The earth was formed, but in the womb as yet Of waters, embryon immature. — Paradise Lost. Caves and womby vaultages of France Shall chide your trespass. — Shakspeare : Henry V. Among the three interpreta- tions of the word, as given by Wan — Wanchancie. 2l6l Johnson, the last is " a cavity." The only traces of anything like wame, or womh, that appears in any of the Teutonic languages, or in high or low Dutch, is the Swedish warn, signifying tripe. Though Johnson derives womb from the Anglo-Saxon and from Icelandic, it may be suggested that the more ancient Celtic and Gaelic provides the true root of both wame and womb in uaimh and uamh, a cavity, a cave, a hollow place. The Shakspearean adjective womby finds its syno- nym in the Gaelic uamhach^ abounding in cavities or hollows. Wan, pale green, as applied to the colour of a river in certain states of the water and the atmosphere. Many philologists have been of opinion that wcm, both in English and Scotch, always signifies pale. Jamieson, however, thought dif- ferently, and translated wan as ' ' black, gloomy, dark-coloured, or rather filthy," not reflecting, however, that these epithets, especially the last, were hardly consistent with the spirit or dignity of the tender or tra- gical ballads in which wan oc- curred. The etymology of the English wan has been traced to wane, to decrease in health and strength, as well as in size, whence wan, the pallor of countenance that attends failing health. That of the Scottish wan, as applied to the colour of the streams, was for the first time suggested in "The Gaelic Etymology of the Languages of Western Europe." It is from the Gaelic uaine, a pale blue, inclining to green. This is the usual colour of the beautiful streams of the Highlands, when not rendered ** drumlie " or muddy by the storms that wash down sand and earth from the banks. On they rade, and on they rade, And a' by the light o' the moon, Until they came to the wan water, And then they lighted down. — TAe Douglas 'Iragedy. Deep into the "wan water There stands a muckle stane. — Earl Richard. The ane has ta'en him by the head. The ither by the feet, And thrown him in the wan water That ran baith wide and deep. — Lord William. There's no a bird in a' this forest Will do as muckle for me As dip its wing in the wan water, And straik it ower my e'e bree. — Johfinie o' Bradislee. In English, warn, is never used as an epithet except when ap- plied to the countenance, as in such phrases—*' His face was pale and wan'' and occasionally by poetic license, to the face of the moon, as in the beautiful sonnet of Sir Philip Sidney. With how sad steps, oh moon ! thou climb 'st the sky, How silently, and with how wan a face. Wanchancie, unlucky, mischance- ful. Wae worth the man wha first did shape That vile wanchancie thing— a rape. —Burns : Poor Mailies Elegy, 262 Wandought — Ware. Wandought, weak, deficient in power ; from dow, to be able ; doughty, brave ; and wan, or un, the privative particle. Wan- docht, a weak, silly creature. By this time Lindy is right well shot out 'Twixt nine and ten, I think, or thereabout, Nae bursen-bailch, nae wandought or mis- grown. But plump and swack, and like an apple roun'. — Ross's Helenore. Wanhope, despair. Jamieson in- correctly renders it " delusive hope." This is an old English word which is nearly obsolete, but still survives in Scotland. I sterve in wanhope and distress,— Farewell, my life, my lust and my gladnesse. — Chaucer : The Knight's Tale. Good Hope that helpe shulde . To wanhope turneth. — Piers Ploughman. Some philologists, misled by the prefix wan, have imagined that the word was synonymous with wane, and have interpreted wanhope as the " waning of hope." But wan is the Dutch and Flemish negative prefix, equivalent to the English and German un. Among other beau- tiful Scottish words which follow the Flemish in the use of the negative prefix, are wanearthlie, preternatural or unearthly ; wanfortune, ill-luck ; wangrace, wickedness, ungraciousness ; wanrest, inquietude ; wanworth, useless, valueless ; wanthrift, prodigality, extravagance ; wan- use, abuse; wanwit or wanwith, ignorance. An' may they never learn the gaets (ways) Of ither vile wanrestful pets. — Burns: Poor Mailie. Wanwierd, misfortune, ill-luck, calamity. Nor wit, nor power, put off the hour For his wanwierd decreed. — Border Minstrelsy : The Water Kelpie. Wap, in England written wad, a bundle of straw, a wisp, used in the Scottish sense in the North of England; from the Flemish ^0023, a bundle, a pile of hay or straw. To be in the wap or wad, to lie in the straw. Moll i' the wap and I fell out, I'll tell ye what 'twas a' about,— She had siller and I had nane. That was the gait the steer began. — Gipsy Song. The English version among the gipsies is — Moll i' the wad and I fell out, She had money and I had none, That was the way the row began. Ware, to spend, to guide, to con- trol or guide one's expense dis- creetly. My heart's blood for her I would freely ware, Sae be I could relieve her of her care. — Ross's Helenore. But aiblins, honest Master Heron Had at the time some dainty fair one, To ware his theologic care on. —Burns : To Dr. Blacklock. This word is most probably a corruption of the Teutonic /iiA- ren, the Flemish voerm, to lead or guide. Warkltke — Warlock. 263 Ill-won gear is aye ill wared. —Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. [Ill-acquired money is always ill guided or spent.] The best o' chiels are whyles in want, While cuifs on countless thousands rant, And ken na how to ware't. Burns : Epistle to Davie. Warklike, Warkrife, industrious, fond of work. Warklume, a tool, a working tool. The second syllable of this word remains in the English loom, part of the working apparatus of the weaver. In Scotland lume signifies any kind of tool or implement with which work can be done. Burns uses it in a very ludicrous sense in the "Address to the Deil." Thence mystic knots mak great abuse On young gudemen fond, keen, and crouse, When the best ivarklutne i' the house By cantrip wit. Is instant made na worth a louse Just at the bit. This peculiar superstition prevails among all the Celtic peoples of Europe, and is thought to be the favourite and most malignant diversion of the devil and his instruments, the wizards and witches, to prevent the con- summation of marriage on the bridal night. A full account of the alleged practices of several sorcerers who were burnt at the stake in France in the Middle Ages, for their supposed com- plicity in this crime, appears in the "History of Magic in France," by Jules Garinet, Paris, 1 8 1 8. The name given in France to the *' cantrip " mentioned by Burns was nouer Vaiguillette, or, tie the little knot. One unhappy Vidal de la Porte, accused of being a noueur d'aiguillette by repute and wont, was in the year 1597 sentenced to be hung and burned to ashes for having bewitched in this fashion seve- ral young bridegrooms. The sentence was duly executed, amid the applause of the whole community. Warld's gear, worldly wealth ; a word used for any valuable article of whatever kind, as in the phrases " I have nae warld's gear," I have no property what- ever; "there's nae warld's gear in the glass but cauld water," nothing more costly than cold water. But luarlds gear ne'er fashes me, — My thocht is a' my Nannie, O. — Burns. Warlock, a wizard. The Scottish word, though admitted into the English dictionaries, is not com- mon either in English conversa- tion or literature. She prophesied that late or soon Thou would be found deep drowned in Doon, Or catch'd by warlocks in the mirk, By AUoway's auld haunted kirk. — Burns : Tarn o' Hhanter. In the ancient time of Druid- ism, a wizard, an augur, a pro- phet, or fortune-teller, was called a Druid, a name that is still re- tained in modern Gaelic. The Lowland Scotch warlock is de- 264 Warple — Wath . rived, according to Jamieson, from the Icelandic vardlokr, a magic song or incantation for calling up evil spirits. Mr. Stor- month, in his Etymological Dic- tionary, refers the word to the Anglo-Saxon waer, wary, andZo^ti, a liar. It is more probable, how- ever, that the word had not this uncomplimentary meaning ; and that as %oizard is derived from the German iceise or wise, warlock has its root in a similar idea, and may come from the Gaelic geui\ sharp, acute, cunning ; and luchd, folk. It was not customary in the days when witches and fairies were commonly believed in, to speak disrespectfully of them. The fairies were "the good folk," the wizard was " the wise man," and the witch, in Irish parlance, was the Banshee (Bean-sith), or woman of peace ; and warlock, in like manner, was an epithet implying the sagacity rather than the wickedness of the folk so designated. The change of the syllable geur into war is easily accounted for. The French guerre becomes war in English by the change — not uncommon — of g into w, as in wasp, from the French guespe or guSpe. Another possible derivation is suggested in the "Gaelic Ety- mology of the Languages of Western Europe," from barr, head, top, chief; and loguid, a rascal ; but the first is pre- ferable. 2varp, to twist or turn aside, as in the phrase, " His judgment is warped.^' The root of both the Scottish and English is the Flemish weo'wele, to turn, or turn aside. That yam's sae warplit that I canna get it redd. — Jamieson. Warsle, to wrestle, to contend, also to tumble violently after a struggle to keep the feet. Upon her cloot (hooQ she coost (cast) a hitch And ower she warsled in the ditch. — Burns : Poor Mailie. Wast, west ; often used in the north-east of Scotland for be- yond, further off. Sir Robert Liston, British Ambassador at Constantinople, found two of his country- men who had been especially recommended to him in a barber's shop, waiting to be shaved in turn. One of them came in rather late, and seeing he had scarcely room at the end of the seat, addressed the other — " Neebour, wad ye sit a wee bit ■wast ? " What associations must have been called up in his mind by hearing, in a dis- tant land, such an expression in Scottish tones ! "—Dean Ra.msav. Wat, to know, to wit. Obsolete English wot ; Dutch and Flem- ish weten. Watna, wits not, knows not. Little 7uais the ill-willy wife what a dinner may baud in't. Dame ! deem warily ; ye watna wha wytes yoursel. Mickle water runs by that the miller wats na of. —Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Warple, to entangle, to intertwine Wath, wrongly. From the English the a ford ; a shallow part of river that may be waded Waiter — Wa ught. 265 across. Either from the Flem- ish waad, or the Gaelic aihy a ford, ^cotis-wath is the name given to the upper part of the Solway Firth, where, in cer- tain states of the tide, people from the English side can wade across to Scotland. Watter, water. The word is used in Scotland in the sense of a stream, a brook, a river ; as in the phrase, "the water of Leith," and the Glasgow phrase, " Down the water," signifying down the Clyde. It is recorded of the noted Edinburgh advocate, John Clerk, afterwards Lord Eldin, that, in arguing a case of water privilege in Scotland before Lord Chancellor Eldon, he annoyed his lordship by constantly re- peating the word ivatter with a strong Scottish accent. "Mr. Clerk," inquired his lordship, '* is it the custom in your coun- try to spell water with two t^s ? " "No, my lord," replied Clerk; ** but it's the fashion in my country to spell manners wi' twa w's." Wattie - wagtail. From Walter Wagtail, a name given to the beautiful little bird, the hoche- queue of the French ; the mota- cilla yarreUie of the naturalists. The English have corrupted the word, not knowing its Scottish origin, into ^^ water-waytaiL." Wat- ter, or Wattie, is a fond allitera- tion formed on the same prin- ciple as that of Robin Redbreast. Water-waytail is an appellation given by the English to the pretty little creature, founded on the erroneous notion that it is an aquatic bird, or that it fre- quents the water more than it does the land. It comes with the flies and departs with the flies, which are its only food, and, unlike many other attrac- tive birds, does no harm to fruit, blossoms, seeds, or any kind of vegetation. In some parts of Scotland it is called " WuUiet" or " WiMe-wagtaiV Wauchle, to weary; also, to puzzle, to sway from side to side ; Eng- lish, to waggle; Flemish wag- gtlen, to vacillate, to stagger. The road •wauchlit him sair (made him stagger with fatigue). That question wauchlit him (staggered him. — Jamieson. Waught, a large deep draught of liquor. The etymology is un- certain. In most of the glos- saries to Bums' Poems the word is erroneously joined with "willy," and converted into " willy-waw^/i«," and described as meaning " a hearty draught." The line in " Auld Lang Syne," usually printed — We'll drink a right gude wC^y-waught , should be We'll drink a right gude-willie waught : i.e., we'll drink with right good will a deep or hearty xoaught or draught. Dean Ramsay, whose un- doubted knowledge and appre 266 Wauk — WaulUes. elation of the Scottish lan- guage should have taught him better, has fallen into the mis- take of quoting wiUie - waught as one word in the following lines: — Gude e'en to you a', and tak your nappy, A ^^ willywaught" a gude night cappy. The word is introduced with fine effect in a translation from the Gaelic, by the Ettrick Shep- herd, of the Jacobite Ballad, " The Frasers in the Correi : " — Spier na at me I Gae spier at the maiden that sits by the sea, The red coats were here, and it was na for good, And the ravens are hoarse in ' * the waught- ing" o' blood. And meantime gies a waught o' caller whey. The day's been hot, and we are wondrous dry. —Ross's Helenore. I'm sure 'twill do us meikle guid, a ivaucht o' caller air, A caller douk, a caller breeze, and caller fish and fare. — Whistle Binkie : Doun the Water, Wauk, to render the palm of the hand hard, callous, or homy, by severe toil. I held on high my waukit loof, To swear by a' yon starry roof, That henceforth I wad be rhyme proof. Till my last breath. — Burns : The Vision. Waukrife, watchful, wakeful, un- able to sleep ; the suffix Hfe, as in cauldr^/e, very cold, is used as an intensitive, so that wauk- rife signifies not only unable to sleep, but unable in an intense degree. What time the moon, wi' silent glower, Sets up her horn, Wail through the dreary midnight hour. Till waukrife morn. — Burns : Elegy on Captain Matthew Henderson. 'Tis hopeless love an' dark despair. Cast by the glamour o' thine e'e, That clouds my waukrife dreams wi' care, An' maks the daylight dark to me. —James Ballantinb. Waullies or waulies. Jamieson defines waUies as meaning the intestines. The word is not to be confounded with waly or wcdie, choice, large, ample, as Burns uses it. But mark the rustic haggis-fed, The trembling earth resounds his tread ; Clap in his walie nieve a blade, He'll mak it whistle. — To a Haggis. In " Jacob and Rachel," a song attributed to Burns, published in an anonymous London edition of his songs, dated 1825, the word occurs in the following stanza : — Then Rachel, calm as ony lamb. She claps him on the waulies^ Quo' she, '* ne'er fash a woman's clash." In this song, omitted on ac- count of its grossness from nearly all editions of his works, the word is not susceptible of the meaning attributed to it by Jamieson, nor of that in the poem in praise of "The Haggis." Jamieson has the obsolete word wally, a billow, a wave, which affords a clue to its derivation. Waur — Wean. 267 The name of waulie was given to the hips or posteriors on ac- count of their round and wavy- form, as appears from the synonymous words in Gaelic — tonrif a wave, and ton, the breech. The idea is involved in the words, now seldom used, which are cited by Jamieson, wallie-drag, and wallie-dragglie, signifying a woman who is cor- pulent and heavy behind, and makes but slow progress in walking. The connection with wallies, intestines, as rendered by Jamieson, is exceedingly doubtful. Waur, worse. To waur, or warr, to conquer, to give an enemy the worst of the conflict ; from worst, to put a person in the wrong, or in a worse position. Up and waur them a', Willie. —Jacobite Ballad. An advocate was complaining to his friend, an eminent legal functionary of the last century, that his claims to a judgeship had been overlooked, adding acrimoniously, " And I can tell you, they might have got a waur" to which the only answer was a grave ^^whaur?"—DKA.ii Ramsay. Sax thousand years are near hand fled. Sin I was to the butcherin' bred, And mony a scheme in vain's been laid To stop or scaur me. Till ane Hornbook's ta'en up the trade, An faith he'll waur me. — Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. Want o' wit is wa»r than want o' wealth. In his case, the water will never waur the widdie. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. (i.c., in his case the water will never get the better of the gal- lows ; equivalent to the English saying, "He that's born to be hanged will never be drowned"). Wax, to grow, or increase ; the reverse of wane, to decrease. Wax is almost obsolete ; but wane survives, both in Scotland and England, as in the phrases : * * the waning moon," ' * the waning year," " his waning fortunes." Wax remains as a Biblical word, in the noble translations of the Old Testament by Wickliffe and the learned divines of the reign of James I., which has preserved to this age so many emphatic words of ancient English, which might otherwise have perished. It is derived from the German wachsen ; the Flemish wassen, to grow. The man woo: well nigh wud for ire. — Chaucer. And changing empires wane and wax. Are founded, flourish and decay. — Sir Walter Scott : Translation of Dies I roe. Wazie, jolly, brisk ; probably a variation for gaucie (q.v.), with the common change of g into w, as in wai' for guerre, &c. Right wazie wax'd an' fou' o' fun, They whistled down the setting sun. — Beattie : /ohn o' AmAa'. Wean, a little child ; a weanie, a very little child— from "wee ane," little one. This word has not yet been admitted to the dictionaries, though becoming common in English parlance. 268 WearirC awd! — Weeder-dips. A smytrie o' wee duddie weans (a lot of little ragged children). —Burns : The Twa Dogs. When skirlin' weanies see the light. —Burns : Scotch Drink. Wearin' awa', decaying gra- dually. I'm Tvearin' awa*, Jean, Like snaw when it's thaw, Jean, I'm wearin' awa' To the Land o' the Leal. — Lady Nairne. Hope's star will rise when Life's welkin grows grey, We feel that within us which ne'er can decay, P nd Death brings us Life as the Night brings the Daw' [dawn], Though we're wearin' awa', an' we're wearin awa'. — James Ballantine. Weatherie, stormy or showery weather ; a word formed on the same principle as the Teutonic ungeioitter, very bad weather. Weather gleam, a streak of light on the horizon in cloudy weather. Wee, little, diminutive, very little ; generally supposed to be derived from the first syllable of the German wenig. This word occurs in Shakspeare, and is common in colloquial and fami- liar English, though not in lite- rary composition. It is often used as an intensification of lit- tleness, as "a little wee child," *' a little wee bit." A wee house well filled, A 2uee farm well tilled, A wee wife well willed, Mak' a happy man. A wee mouse can creep under a great haystack. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Weed or weeds, dress, attire, clothing. The only remnant of this word remaining in modem English is the phrase, a " widow's weeds," the funeral attire of a recently bereaved widow. They saw their bodies bare. Anon they pass'd with all their speed. Of beaver to mak themselves a weed. To cleith (clothe) them was their care. — On the Creation and Parody ce Lost, by Sir Richard Maitland, in Allan Ramsay's Evergreen. Weed is in many Etymological Dictionaries said to be derived from weave, the Teutonic weben. Possibly it comes from the Gaelic or eudadh, a dress or garment, also the armour of a knight. The author of the Scottish poem of " Paradyce Lost," which appears in the " Evergreen," was born in 1496, and died in 1586, at the ad- vanced age of 90, and was consequently long anterior to Milton, who afterwards adopted the same title, and rendered it as enduring as the English lan- guage. Weeder-clips, shears for clipping weeds. The rough burr thistle spreading wide Among the bearded bear, I turned the weeder-clips aside And spared the symbol dear. —Burns. The patriotic poet turned the clips aside in order that he might Weeks — Weird, 269 not cut down a thistle, the floral badge of his country. Weeks or weiks of the eye or mouth signify, according to Jamieson, the corners of the mouth or eyes. To hang by the weeks of his mouth, is to keep hold of a thing or purpose to the utmost, to the last gasp ; an exaggerated phrase similar to that in Holy Writ to " escape by the skin of the teeth." Week or weih is a corruption of the Gaelic uig, a corner. The word occurs in Tim Bobbin's York- shire Glossary. Weigh-bauk, the cross beam of a balance. Come like a weigh- bauk, Donald MacGilHvray, Come like a weigh -bauk, Donald MacGilHvray, Balance them fairly, balance them cleverly, Off wi' the counterfeit, Donald Mac- GilHvray. —James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd. Weil or wele, an eddy in the water ; a whirlpool. Weil-head, the centre of an eddy. These words appear to be a corruption of whed or whirl, having a circular motion, and to have no connection with weU, a spring of water. They doukit in at a weil-head. — Border Minstrelsy : Earl Richard. Weill, good fortune, the English weal, as in the phrase, '* Come weal, come woe." He is na worth the weill that canna thole the WM.—Old Proverb. Weir, war ; witrtnan, a soldier, a man of war, a combatant ; wier- like, warlike ; weirif/Uls, quarrels ; wedded weirigills, disputes be- tween husband and wife ; from the French guerre, the Italian guerra, with the change of the gu into w. The primary root seems to be the Flemish weeren, to defend ; the English be ware ! i.e., be ready to defend your- self ; — a noble origin for resist- ance to oppressive and defensive war, that does not apply to of- fensive war — the "bella, horrida bella," of the Latin, and the krieg of the Teutonic, which signify war generally, whether offensive or defensive ; — the first a crime, the second a virtue. Weir or wear, to guard, to watch over, to protect, to gather in with caution, as a shepherd conducts his flock to the fold. Erlinton had a fair daughter ; I wat he wiered her in a great sin. And he has built a high bower, And a' to put that lady in. — Ballad of Erlinton. Motherwell translates ^'wiered her in a great sin," placed her in danger of committing a great sin, which is clearly not the meaning. But the whole ballad is hopelessly corrupt in his ver- sion. Weird or wierd. Most English dictionaries misdefine this word, which has two different signifi- cations : one as a noun, the other as an adjective. In English literature, from Shakspeare's 270 Wetse. time downwards, it exists as an adjective only, and is held to mean unearthly, ghastly, or witch-like. Before Shakspeare's time, and in Scottish poetry and parlance to the present day, the word is a noun, and signifies "fate" or "destiny" — derived from the Teutonic werden, to be- come, or that which shall be. Chaucer, in " Troilus and Cres- sida," has the line— O Fortune ! executrice of wierdes ! and Gower, in a manuscript in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries, says — It were a wondrous ivierde To see a king become a herde. In this sense the word continues to be used in Scotland : A man may woo where he will, but he maun wed where his wierd is. She is a wise wife that kens her ain wierd. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Betide me weel, betide me woe, That ivierd shall never danton me. —Ballad of True Thomas. The wierd her dearest bairn befel By the bonnie mill-dams o' Binnorie. — Scott's Minstrelsy of the Border. Shakspeare seems to have been the first to employ the word as an adjective, and to have given it the meaning of unearthly, though pertaining to the idea of the Fates : — The ivierd sisters, hand in hand, Posters of the sea and land. — Macbeth. Thane of Cawdor ! by which title these •wierd sisters saluted me. — Idem. When we sat by her flickering fire at night she was most ivierd. — Charles Dickens : Great Expectations. No spot more fit than ivierd, lawless Winchelsea, for a plot such as he had conceived. — All the Year Round, April 2, 1870. It opened its great aisles to him, full of whispering stillness, full of ivierd efiects of light. — Blackwoods Magazine, April 1870. Jasper surveyed his companion as though he were getting imbued with a romantic interest in his ivierd life. — Charles Dickens: The Mystery of Edwin Drood. She turned to make her way from the wierd spot as fast as her feeble limbs would let [permit] her.— T. A. Trollope : The Dream Nu7nbers. Wierd is sometimes (but rarely) used as a verb, signifying to doom. I wierd ye to a fiery beast. And relieved sail ye never be. Border Minstrelsy : Kempion. Weise, to direct, to guide, to draw or lead on in the way desired. This word is akin to the English wise, a way or manner, as in the phrase, " Do in that wise,'^ and in the word likewise, in a like manner, and is derived from the French viser and the Dutch and Flemish wijzen or wyzen, to indicate, to show or point the way. Every miller wad weise the water to his ain mill. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Pro- verbs. Weise also signifies to use policy for attaining any object, to turn to art rather than by strength, to draw or let out any- thing cautiously so as to prevent it from breaking, as in making a rope of tow or straw one is said to weise out the tow or straw. — Jamieson. The wean saw something like a white leddy that weised by the gate. — Scott : The Monastery. Went — Whang, 271 Wem, a scar ; wemmit, scarred, wemless, unscarred ; and, meta- phorically, blameless or imma- culate. Probably from the Flemish and English wen, a tumour or swelling on the skin. Wersh, insipid, tasteless; from the Gaelic uiris, poor, worthless, trashy. A kiss and a drink o' water are but a wersh disjune. — Allan Ramsay. Why do ye no sup your parritch ? I dinna like them ; they're unco wersh. Gie me a wee pickle saut 1 — Jamieson; That auld Duke James lost his heart before he lost his head, and the Worcester man was but wersh parritch, neither gude to fry, boil, nor keep cauld. — Scott : Old Mortality. The word was English in the seventeenth century, but is now obsolete, except in some of the Northern Counties, where it survives, according to Brocket's Glossary, in the corrupted form of wdsh. Her pleasures wersh, and her amours tasteless. — Translation of Montaigne, 1613. Helicon's wersh well. — Allan Ramsay. Wet one's whistle. Wkistle is a ludicrous name for the throat, whence to '''wet on^s whistle" signifies to moisten the throat or take a drink. But till we meet and weet our whistle, Tak' this excuse for nae epistle. —Burns: To Hugh Parker. Whalp, to bring forth young dogs or whelps. Burns says of Caesar, the Newfoundland dog in his well-known poem of the " Twa Dogs " that he was — Whalpit some place far abroad, Where sailors gang to fish for cod. The Jacobite ballad-singers and popular poets of the '45 , when Prince Charles Edward made his forlorn but gallant attempt to regain the throne of his ancestors, made frequent de- rogatory and contemptuous al- lusions to the family name of the House of Hanover, which they persisted in calling Whdp instead of Gudph. Now our good king abroad is gone, A German whelp now fills the throne, Whelps that are desired by none, They're brutes compared wi' Charlie. Oh, Charlie, come an' lead the way, No German whelp shall bear the sway ; Though ilka dog maun hae his day, The right belongs to Charlie. —Peter Buchan's Prince Charlie and Flora Macdonald. Whalpit is the past tense of the verb to whelp, or bring forth whelps or young dogs. In Dutch and Flemish, welp signifies the cub of the lion or the bear, but in Scotch and English the word, though formerly applied to the progeny of the wolf and the fox, is now almost exclusively confined to that of the dog. Dr. Wagner, in his Glossary to the German edition of Burns, conjectures that the word is derivable from the Latin vulpes. Whang, a large slice, also a thong of leather, and by ex- tension of meaning, to beat with OF THf "^ X UNIVERSITY I .. r At irc F / 2/2 What Ails Ye at ?—Wheen. a strap or thong, or to beat generally. Wi' sweet-milk cheese i' mony a whang. And farlies baked wi' butter. — Burns : Holy Fair. Ye cut large whangs out of other folk's leather. —Allan Ramsay's Scots Pro- verbs. Whang, in the sense of to beat with a strap, is local in Eng- land, but in the sense of a large slice, or anything large, it is peculiar to Scotland; and in one odd phrase, that of zlang- whanger, to the United States of America. According to Bart- lett's " Dictionary of American- isms " it signifies political vitu- peration largely intermingled with slang words. It appears, however, in Hood's "Ode to Rae Wilson : "— No part I take in party fray With tropes from Billingsgate's slang- whanging Tartars. To which Mr. Bartlett appends the note, " If the word, as is supposed, be of American ori- gin, it has been adopted in the mother country." This day the Kirk kicks up a stour, Nae mair the knaves shall wrang her ; For Heresy is in her power, And gloriously she'll whang her, Wi' pith this day. — Burns : The Ordination. The Glossaries translate whang, by beat, belabour ; but it is probably derived from the Teutonic wanJce, the Flemish ivankelen, to shake, to totter, to stagger, or cause to shake and stagger. What ails ye at ? This question signifies, what is the matter with a thing named ? What dislike have you to it ? as to a child that does not eat its breakfast, ** What ails ye at your parritch ? " Lord Rutherford having, when on a ramble on the Pentlands, complained to a shepherd of the mist, which prevented him from enjoying the scenery, the shepherd, a tall grim figure, turned sharply round upon him. " What ails yc at the mist, sir ? It weets the sod, slockens the yowes, and " — adding with more solemnity — " it is God's wull." — Dean Ramsay. An old servant who took charge of every- thing in the family, having observed that his master thought that he had drank wine with every lady at the table, but had over- looked one, jogged his memory with the question, " WJiat ails ye at her wi' the green gown?"— Dean Ramsay. Whaup, a curlew. The wild land-fowls are plovers, pigeons, curlews, commonly called whaups. — ^S'^^- tistical Account of Scotland, article Orkney. Whaup-nebbit, having a nose like the neb or bill of a curlew. Wheen, a lot, a small quantity. What better could be expected o' a wheen pock-pudding English folk?— Scott : Rob Roy. A young girl (say at St. Andrews) sat upon the cutty stool for breach of the seventh commandment, which applies to adultery as well as to the minor, but still heinous, offence of illicit love, was asked who was the father of her child? " How can I tell," she replied artlessly, "among a wheen o' divinity students?" — Dean Ramsay. But in my bower there is a wake, And at the wake there is a wane ; But I'll come to the green wood ere mom. — Border Minstrelsy : Erlinion. Wheep—Whtd. 273 Wane means a number of people, a luheen folk. — Sir Walter Scott. The derivation, which has been much disputed, seems fairly traceable to the Teutonic weniy, little or few. Wheep, a sharp, shrill cry or whistle. Penny-ioheep, a con- temptuous designation for sour, weak, small beer, sold at a penny per quart or pint, and dear at the money ; so called, it is supposed, from its acidity, causing the per- son who swallows it, thinking it better than it is, to make a kind of whistling sound, expressive of his surprise and disgust. Formed on the same principle as the modern word " penny dreadful," applied to a certain description of cheap and offensive literature. Wheep seems to be akin to whoops a shrill cry, and whaup, the cry of the curlew or plover. Be't whisky gill or penny-zvhee/, Or ony stronger potion. It never fails, on drinking deep, To kittle up our notion. —Burns : The Holy Fair. Wheeple, the cheep or low cry of a bird ; also, metaphorically, the ineffectual attempt of a man to whistle loudly. A Scottish gentleman, who visited Eng- land for the first time, and ardently de- sired to return home to his native hills and moors, was asked by his English host to come out into the garden at night to hear the song of the nightingale, a bird unknown in Scotland. His mind was full of home, and he exclaimed, " Na, na ! I wadna gie the wheedle o a whaup (cur- lew) for a' the nightingales that ever sang."-~Staiisiicai Account 0/ Scotland. Wheericken or queerikens, a ludicrous term applied to chil- dren who are threatened with punishment, signifying the two sides of the breech or podex, the soft place appropriate for ** skelping." Apparently de- rived from the Gaelic ciurr^ to hurt, to cause pain. Whid or whud, an untruth, a falsehood, a lie ; usually applied to a departure from veracity which is the result of sudden invention or caprice, rather than of malicious premeditation. Even ministers they hae been kenn'd, In holy rapture, A rousin' whid at times to vend, An' nail't wi' Scripture. — Burns : Death and Dr. Hornbook. In the first edition of Burns the word whid did not appear, but instead of it — Even ministers they hae been kenn'd, In holy rapture. Great lies and nonsense baith to vend, And nail't wi' Scripture. This was ungrammatical, as Burns himself recognised it to be, and amended the line by the more emphatic form in which it now appears. The word whid seems, in its primary meaning, to be applied to any sudden and rapid move- ment, or to a deviation from the straight line. It is akin to the English scud. According to Jamieson, to yed is to fib, to magnify in narration. This word is probably a variety or hetero- S 274 Wh igmaleeries. graphy of uhid, and has the same meaning. An arrow rvhidderan ! — The Song oftke Outlaw Murray, Paitricks scraichin' loud at e'en, An' mornin' poussie whiddin seen. [Partridges screeching, and the early hare scudding along.] — Burns : To Lapraik. Connected with the idea of rapidity of motion are the words whidder, a gust of wind ; whiddie, a hare ; whiddy, unsteady, shift- ing, unstable ; to whiddie, to move rapidly and lightly; to twidder the thumbs, in English twiddle the thumbs. The deri- vation is uncertain, but is pro- bably from the Teutonic weit, the English wide, in which sense whid, a falsehood, would signify something wide of the truth, and would also apply in the sense of rapid motion through the wide- ness of space. Whid, a lie. Bailey has " whids, many words " — a cant word, he says. Does not Burns speak of amorous whids, meaning, or rather I should say referring to, the quick rapid jumpings about of rabbits ? Whid certainly has in Scotch the meaning of frisking about; and applied to state- ments, it is obvious how whid could come to mean a lie. — R. Drennan. WhigmaJeeries, whims, caprices, crotchets, idle fancies ; also fan- ciful articles of jewellery and personal adornment, toys and trifles of any kind. There'll be, if that day come, I'll wad a boddle, Some fewer whiginaleeries in your noddle. —Burns : The Brigs of Ayr. I met ane very fain, honest, fair-spoken, weel-put-on gentleman, or rather burgher, as I think, that was in the whigmaleerie man's back-shop. — Scott: Fortunes of Nigel, The etymology of this word, which is peculiar to Scotland, is not to be found in any of the current languages of Europe. It is probably from the Gaelic uige, a jewel, a precious stone ; from whence uigheam, adorn- ment, decoration ; uigheach, abounding in precious stones; and uigheamaich, to adorn. These words are the roots of the obsolete English word owche, a jewel, used by Shakspeare, Beaumont and Fletcher ; and which also occurs in the autho- rised version of the Bible : — Your brooches, pearls, and owches. Henry IV., Part II. Pearls, bracelets, rings, or owches. Or what she can desire. —Beaumont and Fletcher. The last two syllables of whig- maleerie are traceable to leor or leoir, sufllcient, plenty. The quotation from the " Fortunes of Nigel" refers to the jewels in George Heriot's shop. The connection of ideas between the fanciful articles in a jeweller's shop and the fancies or con- ceits of a capricious mind is sufficiently obvious. Jamieson notices a game called tvhigmaleeries, * * formerly played at drinking-clubs in Angus, at which the losing player was obliged to drink off a glass. Perhaps," he adds, ** the game Whilte — WhiUie-whallie. 275 was so denominated out of con- tempt for the severe austerity attributed to the Whigs ! " "This etymology," says Dr. Adolphus Wagner, *' is very doubtful and difficult." Con- fused by the word Whig, and unaware of the Gaelic uige, and believing in the drinking bouts alluded to by Jamieson, he en- deavours to account for the final syllable, eerie, by citing from Ben Jonson, " a leer horse," a led horse, as applicable to a drunkard being led in the train of another I The Gaelic deriva- tion makes an end of the ab- surdities both of Jamieson and the erudite foreign critic. Whilie, a little while ; pronounced fylie in Aberdeenshire. A wee whilie, a very little while ; whiles, at times. On the Bishop (Skinner) making his ap- pearance, the honest man (a crofter) in the gladness of his heart stepped briskly for- ward to welcome his pastor, but in his haste stepped upon the rim of the iron riddle, which rebounded with great force against one of his shins. The accident made him suddenly pull up, and instead of completing the reception, he stood vigorously rubbing the injured limb, and, not daring in such a venerable presence to give vent to the customary strong ejacula- tions, kept twisting his face into all sorts of grimaces. As was natural, the Bishop went forward, uttering the usual formulas of condolence and sympathy, the patient meanwhile continuing his rubbings and his silent but expressive contortions. At last his wife, Janet, came to the rescue, and clapping the Bishop coaxingly on the back, said, " Noo, Bishop, just gang ben to the house, and we'll follow when he's had time to curse 2^ fylie; and then, I'se warrant, he'll be weel eneuch."— Dean Ramsay. Whyles she sank, and ivhyles she swam, Binnorie, O Binnorie ! Until she cam to the miller's dam, By the bonnie mill-dam o' Binnorie. —Border Minstrelsy : The Cruel Sister. Whillie-lu, a threnody, a lament, a prolonged strain of melan- choly music ; but, according to Jamieson, "a dull or flat air." He derives the word from the Icelandic hvdla, to sound ; and 111, lassitude. It seems, how- ever, to be a corruption of wcdy! an exclamation of sorrow ; as in the beautiful ballad — O waly ! waly ! up the bank. And waly ! waly ! down the brae ; which, conjoined with the Gae- lic luaidh {dh silent), a beloved object, makes whillie-lu, or waly lu. The final syllable lu enters into the composition of the English lullaby, a cradle-song, from lu-lu ! beloved one, and haigh, sleep, which thus signi- fies " Sleep, beloved one ! " or " Sleep, darling ! " Whillie - wa', to procrastinate ; apparently from while away the time. Whillie-Tvhallie, sometimes ab- breviated into whillie-wha\ This word in all its variations signi- fies any thing or person con- nected with cheaters, cajolers, or false pretenders. Jamieson has whilly or whuUy, to cheat, to gull ; whillie-whallie, to coax, to wheedle ; whillie-wha, one not to be depended upon; whillie- 276 Whilper — Whinger. wa, or whillie-whal, one who deals in ambiguous promises. In a South Sea song which ap- pears in Allan Ramsay's " Tea- Table Miscellany" occur the lines — If ye gang near the South Sea House, The whilly-whas will grip your gear ! The etymology of all these words is uncertain. The Eng- lish wheedle has been suggested, but does not meet the neces- sities, while wheedle itself re- quires explanation. Whillie- whallie, which appears to be the original form of the word, is probably the Gaelic uUleadh, oily, and, metaphorically, spe- cious, as in the English phrase, an oily hypocrite, applied to a man with a smooth or specious tongue, which he uses to cajole and deceive, and halaoch, in the aspirated form, bhalaoch, a fel- low. From thence whillie-whallie, a specious, cajoling, hypocritical person. Burns, in "The Whistle,y speaks of one of the personages of the ballad as — Craigdarroch began with a tongue smooth as oil, Desiring Glenriddel to yield up the spoil. Whilper or whulper, any indivi- dual or thing of unusual size ; akin to the English whopper and whopping, of which it may pos- sibly be a corruption. The late Rev. Rowland Hill, preaching a charity sermon in Wapping, appealed to the congregation to contribute liberally. His text was, "Charity covereth a multi- tude of sins." "I preach," he said, "to great sinners, to mighty sinners, — ay, and to whapping sinners!" — Joe Miller's Jest Book. What a whilper of a trout I hae gotten ! — Jamieson. Whinge, to whine ; from the Teutonic winseln, to whimper. If ony Whiggish luhingin sot To blame poor Matthew dare, man, May dool and sorrow be his lot, For Matthew was a rare man. —Burns : Elegy on Captain Matthew Henderson. Whinger, a knife worn on the person, and serviceable as a sword or dagger in a sudden broil or emergency. Jamieson derives it from the Icelandic hwin, fununculus, and gird^ actio ; and queries whether it may not mean an escape for secret deeds. The Gaelic uinich signifies haste, and geur, sharp, whence uin geur or uinich geur, a sharp weapon for haste. The word is sometimes written whin- yard, and is so used in the Eng- lish poem of "Hudibras," and explained by the commentators as a hanger or hanging sword. It is, of course, open to doubt whether whinger is not the same as hanger, but the Gaelic deriva- tion seems preferable, as expres- sive of a definite idea, while hanger admits of a multiplicity of meanings. And whingers now in friendship bare, The social meal to part and share, Had found a bloody sheath. —Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel. Mony tyne the half-mark whinger for the halfpennie whang. [Many lose the sixpenny knife for sake of the halfpenny slice.]— Ferguson's Scots Proverbs. Whinner — Whisky. 277 Joctdeg was another name for a whinger, which, though susceptible of a Gaelic inter- pretation (see ante), perhaps only signified a hunting-knife or dagger, from the Flemish jacht, the chase or hunt, and dolk, a dagger, pronounced in two syllables, dol-ok, a hunting- knife or dagger, a jacht-dolok or jocteleg. But whether the Gaelic or the Flemish origin of the word be correct, it is clear that Jamieson's derivation from the imaginary cutler, Jacques de Liege, is untenable. Whinner, to dry up, like vegeta- tion in a long-protracted drought. The derivation is uncertain ; probably a corruption of the English winnow. A whinnerin drouth. The word is applied to anything so much dried up, in consequence of extreme drought, as to rustle to the touch. The corn's a whin- nerin. — Jamieson. Whinner, to snort like a horse, to whinney ; French hennir, to neigh. An' goblins whinnered through the air Wi' whorled chaps (distorted faces or jaws). —George Beattie : John 6" Arnha. Whipper-snapper, a contemp- tuous term for a little, presump- tuous person, who gives himself airs of importance and talks too much. Jamieson says it "might be deduced from the Icelandic hwipp, saltus, celer cursus, and snapa, captare escam, as originally denoting one who manifested the greatest alacrity in snatching at a mor- sel ! " The true derivation seems to be from the Flemish wippen, to move about rapidly and rest- lessly, and snapper, to prate, to gabble, to be unnecessarily lo- quacious. Whippert, hasty, irascible, im- patient ; whippert-like, inclining to be ill-tempered without ade- quate provocation. Jamieson thinks the root of whippert is either the Icelandic whopa, light- ness, inconstancy, or the English whip. He does not cite the Flemish wip, to shake in the balance, and loippen, to move lightly and rapidly as the scales do on the slightest excess of weight over the even balance. Thus wippert-like would signify one easily provoked to lose the balance of his temper. He also cites whipper tooties, as siUy scruples about doing anything, and derives it from the French aprcs tout, after all. This derivation is worse than puerile. The first word is evi- dently from the Flemish root ; the second, tooties, is not so easily to be accounted for. Whish, "whist, silence, or to keep silence ; whence the name of the well-known game at cards, formerly called quadrille. Hand your whish {i.e., keep silence, or hold your tongue). — Scott : Rob Roy. Whisky, whusky, a well-known alcoholic drink, of which the 278 Wh isky Tackets — Wh ttter. name is derived from the Gaelic uisge, water. The liquor is sometimes called in the High- lands uisge beatha, the water of life ; in Irish Gaelic written uisque baugh. The French pay the same complement to brandy, when they call it eau de vie. Whisky tackets, pimples pro- duced on the face by the ex- cessive use of whisky or other spirituous liquors ; from tacJcet, a smaU nail. Whistle binkie, a musician, har- per, fiddler, or piper who played at penny weddings or other social gatherings, and trusted for his remuneration to the generosity of the company. A whistle is a somewhat irreve- lant name for a pipe, or for music generally, and binkie is a bench, a bunker, or seat. It has been supposed that these two words were the etymological roots of the phrase, but this derivation is open to doubt. Uasal, the Gaelic for gentle or noble, and binkie, a bunker, a seat, was the seat reserved at the weddings of the peasantry for the chief or landlord, who graced the ceremony by his pre- sence when any of his tenants were married, and the place of honour thus appropriated to him was called the uasal (cor- rupted into whistle) binkie, and the epithet was thence trans- ferred to the hired musician who stepped into it after the laird's departure. The late David Robertson of Glasgow published, in 1847 and 1853, a collection of Scottish songs by then living Scottish poets under this title, of which the contents proved what was previously known, that the genius of Scots- men, even among the humblest classes, is pre-eminently lyrical, and produces many effusions of great poetical beauty. Whistle kirk, a term of con- tempt applied by bigoted Cal- vinists and Puritans, who object to all music in churches except the human voice, to Episco- palian and other Protestant churches who make use of or- gans. That noble instrument is a far greater incentive to de- votional feeling than the un- trained singing, which is often little better than howling or braying of a miscellaneous con- gregation of old and young people who know nothing of music and have never been taught to sing in unison. A whistle -kirk minister is a con- temptuous epithet for an Epis- copalian clergyman. Whitter, to move quickly, to talk quickly, to drink quickly a hearty draught. The etymology is uncertain, but is possibly allied to the English whet, the Dutch and Flemish wetten, the German wetzen, to sharpen. Whitterin down the stair. — Jamieson. Whittle — Whyles. 279 Syne we'll sit down and tak' our whitter To cheer our heart, And faith we'll be acquainted better Before we part. —Burns : Epistle to Lapraik. Whittle, a clasp-knife ; to whittle, to chip or carve a stick. A Sheffield tkunttle bare he in his hose. —Chaucer : The Reeves Tale. Gudeman, quoth he, put up your whittle, I'm no designed to try its mettle. , — Burns : Death and Doctor Hornbook. The word is common in the United States, and was scarcely understood in Eng- land until its introduction into humorous literature by Judge Haliburton of Nova Scotia, in the inimitable "Sam Slick, the Clockmaker." According to a ballad quoted by Mr. Bartlett, in his Dictionary of American- isms, the " Yankie or New Eng- lander will whittle or cut his way through the world by some 'cute device or other, in spite of diflSculties. " Dexterity with the pocket-knife is part of a Nantucket education. I am inclined to think the propensity is national. Ameri- cans must and will whittle." — N. P. Willis. Whommle, to turn over clumsily and suddenly, and with a loud noise ; transposition of whelm. Coming to the lire with the said pan and water therein, and casting the water therefrom, and whommeling the pan upon the fire, with the pronouncing of these fearful words, " Bones to the fire and soul to the devil ! " which accomplished the curt. — Trial 0/ Alison Nisbet for Witch- craft, 1632. Whommle means something different from whelm. Whelm means to cover over, to immerse ; neither does whommle mean to turn over clumsily and suddenly with a loud noise. Not one of these ideas is conveyed by the word itself; it means literally and really nothing more than to turn upside down. — R. Drennan. Whully, to wheedle, to endeavour, to circumvent by fair words and flattery; in modern English slang to carny. Wully-wha-ing, insincere flattery. My life precious ! exclaimed Meg Dods, nane o' your wully-wha-ing, Mr. Bind- loose. Diel ane wad miss the auld giming ale wife, Mr. Bindloose, unless it were here and there a poor body, and may be the auld house tyke that wadna be sae weel guided, puir fallow. — Scott : St. Ronans Well. Whulte, a blow or hurt from a fall ; Gaelic huailte (aspirated hhuailte or vuailte), preterite of buaU, to strike a blow. Whuppie, a term of angry con- tumely applied to a girl or woman, signifying that she deserves whipping. Whurlie-burlie. This Scottish word seems to be the original of the English hurly-burly, and signifies rapid circular motion ; from whorl, a small wheel; whirl, to spin round ; world, the earth that rotates or whirls in space around the sun. Whyles, sometimes, occasionally, now and then. How best o' chiels are whyles in want. While coofs in countless thousands rai!t. — Burns : Epistle to Davie, a Brother Poet. 280 Why lock — Wtddy. Whyles crooning o'er some auld Scotch sonnet. — Tarn o Shanter. I took his body on my back, And -whiles I gaed, and ivhiles I sat. — Lament of the Border Widow. A lady, visiting the poor, in the West Port, Edinburgh, not far from the church established by Dr. Chalmers, asked a poor woman if she ever attended divine service tliere. She replied, " Ou ay I there's a man ca'd Chalmers preaches there, and I ivhiles gang in to hear him, just to encour- age him — puir body ! " — Dean Ramsay. Whylock, or a wee while, a little while. Wi' a blush, as she keepit lookin' roun' an' roun' for a whyleock. — Noctes Antbro- siarue. Widdie, angry contention ; wid- diefu\ cross-grained, ill-tem- pered, half-crazy, cantankerous, angry without cause. The miller was strappin', the miller was ruddy, A heart like a lord, and a hue like a lady ; The laird v/assLwiddie/u , bleerit knurl, — She's left the gude fellow and taken the churl. —Burns : Mego' the Mill. Misled by the meaning of wid- die, the rope, or gallows, Jamie- son says that, properly widdie- fu', or widdie-foio, signifies one who deserves to fill a halter. But as a man may be peevish, morose, irascible, contentious, and unreasonable without de- serving the gallows, the etymo- logy is not satisfactory. The true root seems to be the Flemish woede, the German wuth, the old English wode, the Scottish vmd — all signifying mad, crazy, unreasonable. Widdie, to turn, to wheel, to wriggle ; and metaphorically, to struggle ; akin to the English twiddle, to turn the thumbs round each other in idle move- ment. Widdie is from the Gae- lic cuidhil, a wheel. Hale be your heart, hale be your fiddle, Lang may your elbuck jink and diddle To cheer you through the weary widdie O' worldly cares. — Burns : Epistle to Davie. Widdy (sometimes written woodie and wuddie), the gaUows. The water will nae wrang the widdy, [The English have another ver- sion of this proverb — He who's born to be hanged will never be drowned.] It's nae laughing to gim in a widdy. It's ill speaking o' the widdy in the house o' a man who was hangit. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. The French have a similar pro- verb — "II ne faut pas parler de corde dans la maison d'un pendu." He'll wintle in a widdie yet [he'll wrig- gle in a rope yet, i.e., he'll be hanged]. — Jamieson : Scots Proverb. Her Joe had been a Highland laddie. But weary fa' the waefu' woodie. — Burns: The Jolly Beggars. On Donald Caird the doom was stern, Craig to tether, leg to airn, But Donald Caird wi' muckle study Caught the gift to cheat the wuddie. Rings o' airn an' bolts o' steel Fell like ice frae hand and heel, Watch the sheep in fauld and glen, Donald Caird's come again. —Sir Walter Scott. Wight— Wilt 281 In very primitive times in Scotland the ropes used for hanging those who had offended the chief, or who had rendered themselves amenable to the death penalty, were formed of twisted willow withes — whence vMhy, or widdy, afterwards came to signify a rope, or, by exten- sion of meaning, the gallows. Wight, wicht, wichtly, wichty, wichtness. Wight remains an English word in mock heroic composition, and means a man, a fellow; originally, a strong or brave man, a sturdy fellow. The Dutch and Flemish wicht means a child or a little fellow. Wight, in the epithet "Wallace wight" given in Scottish poetry and tradition to the great national hero, means "brave Wallace," and was a kind of title of nobility bestowed on him for his prowess, and the patriotic use he made of it. A wight man never wanted a weapon. —Allan Ramsay. Wilie-wa*, to cajole, to flatter, possibly from wile away; from wikf to trick, to beguile. Willie. This suffix answers in meaning to the Latin vdens, or volent in the English words be- nevolent and malevolent. The Scotch renders the former word by guid - willie, or well - willie ; from the Flemish goed wiUvj ; and the latter by ill-wiUie, in which ill is substituted for the Flemish quad^ or bad. On the same principle of formation, HI- deedie signifies nefarious, and ill-tricky mischievous, both of which might well become Eng- lish if they found favour with authors of acknowledged autho- rity. Willie-winkie, a term of some- what contemptuous endearment to a diminutive and not over intelligent child. The Jaco- bites of 1688 to 17 1 5 long applied it to William III., when they did not call him the "Dutchman," "the HoganMu- gan," "Willie the Wag," or ' ' Willie Wanbeard." ' ' The Last Will and Testament of WHZie winkle,''^ is the title of a once popular Jacobite song. Wilshoch, wulshoch, changeable of opinion or purpose, a bashful wooer. Jamieson derives the first syllable from the English wiU, and the second from the Anglo - Saxon seoc aeger, sick from the indulgence of one's own will. It seems rather to be from the Gaelic uile, all, totally ; and seog (shog), to swing from side to side — whence, metaphorically, one who is con- tinually at variance with his former opinion, and sways from side to side. Wilt, to shrivel, or begin to decay, as a leaf or flower in the extreme heat or cold — not exactly withered in the English sense of the word, inasmuch as a wilted leaf may revive, but a 282 Wimple — Winsome. withered one cannot. This old Scottish word has been revived in America, where it is in com- mon use. The late Artemus Ward punned upon it, when he said to his lady love, ''Wilt thou ? and she wilted.'" Miss Amy pinned a flower to her breast, and when she died, she held the wilted fragments in her hand. — Judd's Mar- garet. Wilt, though not admitted into the English dictionaries, is in local use in many northern and eastern counties, and is often pronounced wilk, or wilken, which seems to have been the original form ; from the Ger- man, Dutch, and Flemish wel- ken, to decay, to droop. Spenser used welk, in speaking of the sunset, to describe the fading light of the day. When ruddy Phoebus 'gins to welk in west. — Faerie Queene. Wimple, to flow gently like a brook, to meander, to purl. Among the bonnie winding banks, Where Doon rins wimplin clear. — Burns : Halloween. Win, this word in English signi- fies to gain, to make a profit, to acquire ; but in the Scottish language it has many other and more extended meanings, such as to reach, to attain, to arrive, to get at. It enters into the composition of a great number of compound words and phrases, such as — to win above, to sur- mount ; to win about, to circum- vent ; to win awa, to escape, and, poetically, to die, or escape from life ; to win forret, to advance, to get on ; to win owre, to get over, to cajole ; to win past, to overtake, or get by ; to loin free, to get loose ; to win hame, to get home ; to win aff, to get off, or away, to be acquitted on a trial ; to win ben, to be admitted to the house ; to win up, to arise, or get up. Win and tine, a man able to win and tine, is a man of substance and energy, able to win and able to lose without hurting himself, and to whom winnings and losings are alike of little con- sequence. W i n n o c k, a window comer ; abridged from window -nook. Winnock-bunker, a seat, ledge, or bench at the window. A winnock-bunker in the east, Where sat Auld Nick in shape o' beast ; A towsie tyke, black, grim, and large, To gie them music was his charge. —Burns : Tarn oShanter. Winsome. This pleasant Scottish word is gradually making good its claim to a place in recognised English. The etymology is un- decided whether it be from win, to gain, or the Teutonic wonne, joy, pleasure, or delight. I gat your letter, winsome Willie. — Burns. She is a winsome wee thing, She is a bonnie wee thing, This sweet wee wife o' mine. —Burns. Wintle — Withershtns. 283 Wintle, a corruption of windle, to gyrate, to turn round in the wind ; also, to reel, to stagger, to walk unsteadily ; also, to wriggle, to writhe, to struggle. Thieves of every rank and station, From him that wears the star and garter, To him that winiles in a halter. — Burns : To J. Rankine. He'll wintle in a widdie yet. — Jamieson. Winze, an oath, a curse, an im- precation, an evil wish; from the Flemish wensch^ a wish, which, conjoined with the prefix rer, became verwenschen, to curse, to wish evil. He talcs a swirlie auld moss-oak For some black gruesome carline. And loot a winze, and drew a stroke. — Burns : Hallowe'en. Wirry-cow, a bugbear, a goblin, or frightful object, a ghost ; the devil ; also a scarecrow. Draggled sae 'mang muck and stanes, They looked like wirry-cows. — Allan Ramsav. The word was used by Scott, in •* Guy Mannering," and is derived by Jamieson from the English " worry," and ** to cow." Wirry, however, seems to be a corruption of the Gaelic uruisg, which, according to Armstrong's Gaelic Dictionary, signified a '• brownie," or goblin, who was supposed to haunt lonely dells, lakes, and waterfalls, and who could only be seen by those who had the "second sight." Kuddiman thought that the uruisg was called a "brownie " in the Lowlands, on account of the brown colour of the long hair which covered his body when he appeared to human eyes ; but it is more probable that "brownie" was derived from the Gaelic hrdn, sorrow or cala- mity. The attributes ascribed to the uruisg are similar to those of the " lubber fiend " of Milton. The final syllable of wirry-cow was sometimes written and pro- nounced carl, a fellow. Accord- ing to Jamieson, cow, or kow, signified a hobgoblin, and to "play the Jcov^" was to act the part of a goblin, to frighten fools and children. Wisp, to currycomb a horse, or rub it with a ivisp of straw. A short horse is sune wispit {i.e., a little job is soon done). — Old Proverb. Wissel, to exchange. Wissler, a money-changer ; from the Fle- mish wissel, and geld wisselaar, a money-changer ; the German wechsel. To wissel words, is to exchange words ; usually em- ployed in an angry sense, as in the English phrase, to "bandy words with one," the irritation preceding a quarrel, Withershins, backwards, against the course of the sun. To pass the bottle withershins, or the wrong way, at table, is con- sidered a breach of social eti- quette. The word seems to be derived from the Teutonic wider, contrary, and s&nnct the sun ; 284 Witter — Won. or perhaps from wider, and sinn, sense ; whence it would signify, in a " contrary sense." The word wider, corrupted in the Scotch into wither, enters into the composition of many Ger- man words, such as wider-spruch, contradiction ; wider-sinn, non- sense ; wider-stand, resistance. The ancient Druids called a movement contrary to the course of the sun, car-tual. On this subject, apropos of the word withershins, a curious note appears in Armstrong's Gaelic Dictionary. "The Druids," he says, " on certain occasions moved three times round the stone circles, which formed their temples. In performing this ceremony, car-deise, they kept the circle on the right, and consequently moved from east to west. This was called the prosperous course ; but the car-tual, or moving with the circle on the left, was deemed fatal or unprosperous, as being "contrary to the course of the sun." The said Alison past thrice withershins about the bed, muttering out certain charms in unknown words. — Trial of Alison Nisbetfor IVitchcra/t, 1632. To be whipped round a'circle withershins, or car-tual, would thus be considered pecu- liarly degrading, and probably, as the meaning of Gaelic words was perverted by the Saxon -speaking people, was the origin of the phrase, "to be whipped at the cart's tail." — Gaelic Etymology of the Languages of Western Europe. Witter, to struggle, to fight, to strive in enmity ; from the Teu- tonic wider, against, contrary to ; wider-sacher, an antagonist ; wider-sprechen, to contradict ; Flemish weder-partij , an adver- sary, an opposing party. To struggle in whatever way, — often for a subsistence; as, "I'm witterin awa'." A witterin body is one who is struggling with poverty or difficulty. — Jamieson. Wittering, a proof. And that was to be a wittering true. That maiden she had gane. — Border Minstrelsy : The Broom- field Hill. Witterly, knowingly, wittingly ; to do a thing wUterly, to act on good information, or with full knowledge ; to witter, to inform, and also to prognosticate. Wod or \imd, stark mad, raging mad ; old English wode, wuth, and toouth ; Dutch and Flemish woode ; German vmth. Ye haud a stick in the wod man's e'e, i.e., you hold a stick in the mad man's eyes, or you continue to provoke one already enraged. — Jamieson. When neebors anger at a plea, And just as wttd as wtul can be, How easy can the barley bree Cement the quarrel. —Burns : Scotch Drink. The wife was wud, and out o' her wit, She couldna gang, nor could she sit ; But aye she cursed and banned. — The Gaberlunzie Man. Won, to dwell, to reside, to in- habit. Waning, a dwelling-place. From the German wohnen, and wohnung ; Dutch and Flemish wonen, to dwell ; wonen-huis, a dwelling-house, a lodging. Wo finer — Wooster. 285 There's auld Rab Morris that wons in the glen, The king o* guid fellows, and wale o' auld men. — Burns. Wonner, wonder ; applied in con- tempt to any odd, decrepit, or despicable creature. Our whipper-in, wee, blastit wonner. — Burns : The Twa Dogs. Wont to be, a phrase applied to any ancient or obsolete custom or observance, a thing that used to be or was wont to he in olden time. Mony wont to he's, nae doubt, An' customs we ken nought about, — Jamieson : The Piper o' Peebles. Wooer-bab. It was formerly the custom among the young men and lads of the rural population in the Highlands and Lowlands of Scotland to wear bows of rib- bons of flaunting colours in their garters on high days and holi- days, when they expected to meet the lasses, and to dance or flirt with them. The lasses' feet are cleanly neat, Mair braw than when they're fine, Their faces blythe fu' sweetly kythe, Hearts leal an' warm an' kind ; The lads sae trig wi' wooer-bobs Weel knotted on their garten. Some unco blate, and some wi' gabs Gar lasses' hearts gang startin'. — Burns: Hallowe'en. *^Bab" says Dr. Adolphus Wagner, the German editor of Bums, '* seems akin to the Eng- lish 606, something that hangs so as to play loose, and is a tassel or knot of ribbons, or the loose ends of such a knot." The English word boh, in this sense, is a corruption of the Gaelic hah, a fringe ; and hahag, a. little fringe. Perhaps the English phrase, "tag, rag, and hohtail," is from the same source, and hobtail may signify the ragged fringe of a frayed outer gar- ment, hohbing or dangling loose in the wind. Wool or 00'. English ; from the German and Flemish woll ; in Scottish parlance, oo\ A* oo\ all wool ; a' ae oo\ all one wool ; ay, a' ae oo\ yes, all one wool. There is a popular proverb which formerly ran — Much cry and little 00', to which some humorist added — As the Deil said when he shear'd the sow. The addendum was at once adopted by the people, though some strict philologists re- main of the opinion that the first line is complete in itself, and that *' cry " does not signify the noise or uproar of the ani- mal, but is a corruption either of the Gaelic graidh, or graigh igry), a flock, a herd, or cruidk, which has the same meaning, and signifies a large flock that yields but little wool. How- ever this may be, the idea in the lengthened proverb has a grotesque humour about it, which insures its popularity. Wooster, a wooer, a lover, a sweetheart. 286 Wooster-tryste — Wowf, Wooster-tryste, a lonely meeting. At kirk she was the auld folks' love, At dance she was the laddies* e'en, She was the blythest o' the blythe, At ivooster-trystes on Hallowe'en. — Allan Cunningham : Cromek's Remains of Nithsdale and Gal- loway Song. Word. "To get the word of," i.e., to get the character, or the repute, of being so and so. ' ' She gets the word o' being a licht-headed quean," i.e., the character of being a light- headed or frivolous woman. Worl, wurl, wroul, win*. All these words of a common origin express the idea of smallness, or dwarfishness, combined with perversity, disagreeableness, and ill-nature. Jamieson has wurlie, contemptibly small in size ; a vmrlie body, an ill-grown per- son ; wurlin, a child or beast that is unthriven ; wurr, to snarl like a dog ; wirr, a peevish and crabbed dwarf; wurr, to be habitually complaining or snarl- ing ; and a wurlie rung, a knot- ted stick. He suggests that loirr and wurr are corruptions of were-ivolf, the man-wolf of popu- lar superstition — one afflicted with the disease called lycan- thropy, in which the unhappy victim imagines himself to be a wolf, and imitates the bowlings of that animal. The true ety- mology is uncertain. Perhaps all these words are derivable from the Teutonic quer, oblique, athwart, perverse — the origin of the English queer, quirk, and quirky. Jamieson has also wurp, a fretful, peevish person ; and wurpit, afflicted with f retf ulness. These latter seem akin to the Gaelic uipear, a clown, a churl, a bungler; and uipearach, ill- tempered, churlish. Worry, to vex, to torment. In some parts of Scotland it sig- nifies to strangle, to choke, or to be suffocated. Worry carl, a troublesome fellow, or ill- natured churl, who vexes both himself and others. Possibly from the Gaelic uaire, stormy. (See WiRRY-cow, ante.) Wow I an exclamation of surprise or wonder, without etymology, as exclamations usually are. A fine fat fodgel wight, Of stature short, but genius bright, That's he ! mark weel ! And woTv .' he has an unco slight O' cauk and keel ! —Burns : On Captain Gro^t. And ivow ! but my heart dances bound in and licht, And my bosom beats blythesome and cheery. —James Ballantine : The Gloamin Hour. Wowf, partially deranged. The Scottish language is particularly rich in words expressive of the various shades of madness and insanity ; such as wud, raging, or stark staring mad; daft, slightly deranged ; gyte, cranky, subject to abberrations of intel- lect on particular points ; doited, stupidly deranged — all which words are in addition to, and Wrack — WrouL 2S7 not in supercession of the Eng- lish words, mad, idiotic, lunatic, crazy, &c. It is very odd how Allan, who, between ourselves, is a little wow/, seems at times to have more sense than all of us put to- gether. — Scott: Tales of My Landlord. Wrack, to break in pieces, to VJTech. In English the phrase ''m-ack and ruin" is more often used than '■'■ wreck and ruin;" from the same source as wreak, to act, do, or perform a deed of anger ; to wreck spite or ven- geance. It is possibly of the same origin as the Teutonic werken, the English work, em- ployed in the sense of destroy- ing rather than of creating or constructing. Oh, roaring Clyde, ye roar o'er loud, Your stream is wondrous strong ; Make me your wrack as I come back. But spare me as I gang. — Johnson's Musical Museum : Willie and May Margaret. Wraith, an apparition in his own likeness that becomes visible to a person about to die ; a water- spirit. He held him for some fleeting wraith. And not a man of blood or breath. —Sir Walter Scott. By this the storm grew loud apace. The water-wraith was shrieking, And in the scowl of heaven each face Grew dark as they were speaking. —Thomas Campbell. The etymology of this word is uncertain. Some suppose it to be derived from wrath, or a wrathful spirit, summoning to doom. Jamieson is of opinion that it is from the same root as weird, fate or destiny, or the Anglo-Saxon weard or ward, a guardian, a keeper, and thence a fairy, a guardian angel. This derivation is scarcely tenable ; that from breith, doom or judg- ment, aspirated as bhreith, is more probable, as the apparition of the wraith is always supposed to forebode the doom of the person who sees it. Wrang, English wrong. The ety- mology of this word has been much disputed ; but it seems to be from wring, to twist, and wrung, twisted or distorted from the right line. Wrang in Scot- tish parlance sometimes signifies deranged — out of the right line of reason. ** He's a' wrang," i.e., he is demented. Wrang-wise is a wrong manner; the opposite of the English right-wise or righteous. Writer, an attorney. Writer to the Signet, a solicitor licensed to conduct cases in the superior courts. Wroul, an ill-formed or diminu- tive child ; a name originally applied to one who was sup- posed to have been changed in its cradle by malicious fairies ; a changeling. Jamieson refers to wer-wolf, a man supposed to be transformed into a wolf, called by the French a loup-garou, but this is evidently not the true derivation, which is more pro* 288 Wud-scud — Wyteworthy. bably from the Dutch and Fle- mish ruil, to exchange. Wud-scud, a wild scamper, a panic, called by the Americans a stampede ; from vmd, mad, and scud, to run precipitately and in confusion. The word is some- times applied to an over-restive or over-frolicsome boy or girl, whom it is difficult to keep quiet. Wudspur, a Scottish synonym for the English Hotspur, wild, reck- less, one who rides in hot haste ; from the Flemish woete, German wuth, old English wode and spur. It is difficult to decide which of the two words was the original epithet, and whether wood-spur in Scottish parlance was, or was not, anterior in usage to the Hotspur of the great poet. There was a wild gallant among us a', His name was Watty wi' the ntrudspur. — Border Minstrelsy : Ballad of Jamie Telfer. Wyg to wa'. "A thing," says Jamieson, ** is said to gang frae wyg to wa', when it is moved backwards and forwards from the one wall of a house to the other." He suggests that wyg is but another name for wall, and that the phrase signifies really "from wall to wall." It is more probable that wyg is but a misspelling of the Gaelic uig, Wyte, to blame, to reproach The etymology is derived by Jamieson from the Anglo-Saxon witan, to know, and the Gothic wita, to impute. But the root of the word is the Flemish wyten, to blame, to reproach. Ane does the skaith, and Another gets the luyte. — Allan Ramsay's Scois Prarverbs. Many ivyte their wives For their ain thriftless lives. Idem. Alas ! that every man has reason To luyte his countrymen wi' treason. — Burns : Scotch Drink. " Dame ! deem warily ! Ye watna wha ivytes yoursel." — Old Proverb. (A warning to a censorious or tattling woman to beware of scandal, lest she herself should be scan- dalised.) This was an English word in the time of Chaucer, but has long been obsolete except in Scotland. Wyter, one who blames ; an accuser. Wyteworthy, blameable, blame- worthy. Yald — Yankee. 289 Yald, sprightly, active, nimble, alert ; yald-cuted (erroneously- spelled yaul-cuted in Jamieson), nimble-footed ; from yald, nim- ble, and cute, an ankle. Being yald and stout, he wheel'd about, And clove his head in twain. — Hogg's Mountain Bard. Yammer, yaumer, to lament, to complain ; from the Flemish jammer, lamentation ; jamTnern, to complain or lament ; jammer- voll, lamentable. Fareweel to the bodies that yammer and mourn. — Herd's Collection 0/ Scottish Songs, Bide ye Vet. We winna, shauna, yaumerin' yirn Though Fortune's freaks we dree. — Whistle Binkie. In Lancashire and the North of England yammer is used in another sense, that of yearning or desiring ardently. I yammer d to hear now how things turned out. — Tim Bobbin : Lancashire Dialect. And the worm yammers for us in the ground. — Waugh's Lancashire Songs. Yankee, an inhabitant of Massa- chusetts, Rhode Island,Vermont, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Maine, the six New England States of the American Union. The etymology of the Scottish word has not been ascertained. Jank (pronounced yank) in Dutch and Flemish, signifies to cry out lustily, and junger, in German, is a young man, the Enghsh youriker ; but neither of these words can account for yankie, either in the Scottish or Ameri- can sense. Danish and Swedish afford no clue. In provincial English, yanks are a species of leather gaiters worn by agricul- tural labourers, which, accord- ing to Halliwell, were once called ' ' Bow Yankies." But this can- not be accepted as the origin, unless on the supposition that at the time of the emigration of the first colonists to America, the term signified not only leather gaiterSjbut those who wore them. This epithet is often erroneously applied in England to all Ame- ricans, though it is repudiated by the people of the Middle, Southern, and Western States. It is supposed to be a mispro- nunciation of English by the aboriginal Indian tribes, on the first colonisation of the Conti- nent. Much controversy has arisen on the subject, which still remains undecided. No one, however, has hitherto re- marked that the Scottish verna- cular supplies the words yank, yanking, which signify a smart T 290 Yap — Yark, stroke ; yanher, an incessant speaker, and also a great false- hood ; yanking, active, pushing, speculative, enterprising. It is not insisted that this is the cor- rect etymology, but if it be only a coincidence it merits considera- tion. No true New Englander would dissent from it for any other than philological reasons, in which it is certainly vulner- able, though on moral grounds it is all but unassailable. Yap, yappish, sometimes written yaup, hungry, eager, brisk co- vetous. Right yap she yoked to the ready feast. And lay and ate a full half-hour at least. —Ross's Helenore. This word is probably derived from the Gaelic gah or gob, the mouth — whence by extension of meaning, an open mouth, crav- ing to be fiUed. The English word gape, to yawn, or open the mouth wide, is from the same root. The eminent trage- dian, Philip Kemble, always pronouncd ga'pe as ga^ip, not gaipe, and the late W. C. Mac- ready followed his example. Jamieson travels very far north to find the derivation in the Ice- landic gypa, vorax. Although her wame was toom and she grown j/ap. —Ross's Helenore. Though bairns may pu' when yap or drouthy A neep or bean to taste their mouthy. But a' the neeps and a' the beans. The hips, the haws, the slaes, the geens, That e'er were pu'd by hungry weans Could ne'er be missed, By lairds like you, wi' ample means In bank and kist. — James Ballantine : To the Laird of Blackford Hill. Now hell's black table-cloth was spread, The infernal grace was duly said ; Yap stood the hungry fiends a' owre it. Their grim jaws aching to devour it. — Jacobite Songs and Ballads : Cumber- lands Descent into Hell. At that moment yap as ever. — Nodes Ambrosiance, Yare, a word still used by sailors, but obsolete in literature, signi- fying ready, alert, heedful, or in a state of readiness ; used by Shakspeare and the writers of his time. Our ship is tight and yare. — Tempest, act v. scene i. If you have occasion to use me for your own turn, you shall find me yare. — Mea- sure for Measure, act iv. scene 2. Be yare in thy preparations, for thy assailant is quick, .skilful, and deadly. — Shakspeare : Twelfth Night. Nares derives it from the Saxon gearwe, paratus ; but the real root seems to be the Celtic aire, heed, attention, alertness, readi- ness for action or duty ; as in the modem Gaelic phrase, '•Thoir an aire," pay attention, be on the alert ; be yare ! allied to the French gare ! and the English heware ! Yark, to smite suddenly, forcibly, and aimlessly; possibly a cor- ruption of jerk. He .swat a.n' yarkit wi' his hammer, The sparks flew frae the steel like glamour. — Beattie : /ohn o Amha'. Yatter — Yestreen . 291 Yatter (a corruption of the Eng- lish chatter), to talk idly and incessantly ; also, to complain querulously, and without reason. *' She's a weary 2/aWer," i.e., she's a tedious and wearisome gossip. Yatter also signifies a confused mass or heap, and is synonymous with hatter. (See ante, p. 841.) Yaud or "far yaudi" an inter- jection or call by a shepherd to his dog, to direct his attention to sheep that have strayed, and that are far in the distance. Yaud, in this sense, as cited by Jamieson, seems to be a mis- pronunciation or misprint of yont ! or yonder. Yeld, or yell, barren, unfruit- ful. In Galloway, according to Jamieson, yald signifies nig- gardly. The etymology is un- certain, though supposed to be a corruption of geld, to castrate, to render unproductive. A yeld soil, flinty or barren soil. A cow, although with calf, is said to gang yeld when the milk dries up. A yeld nurse is a dry nurse. Applied metaphorically to broth without flesh meat in it (soupe- maigre). — Jamieson. A yeld sow was never good to grices [i.e., a barren sow was never good to little pigs, or, a barren stepmother to the chil- dren of her husband by a previous wife.] — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Thence country wives, in toil and pain, May plunge and plunge the kirn in vain. For oh, your yellow treasure's ta'en . By witching skill. And dawtit, twal-pint Hawkie's gaen As yelfs the bull. —Burns : Address to the Deil. Yerk, a smart blow ; yerker, a very smart and knock down blow ; supposed to be a corruption of jei'k, with which, however, it is not synonymous. There's news, news, gallant news. There's gallant news o' tartan trews, An' red Clanranald's men, Joe ; There has been blinking on the bent, An' flashing on the fell, Joe, The redcoat sparks hae got ih& Jerks, But carle dauma tell, Joe. —Jacobite Relics : Clanranalds Men. Yestreen, last night, or yesterday evening. Yester, both in Eng- lish and Scotch, was used as a prefix to signify time past ; as yester- jeai, yester -m.onth, yester-week ; but in English its use has in modern times been restricted to day and night ; and, by a strange surplusage of words, to yesterday night instead of yester night, and yesterday morning instead of yester morn. In Scotland, its use is more extended, and yestereen or yestreen, yesternoon, yesternight, are employed alike in poetic style and in every- day conversation. The word is from the German gestern {g pro- nounced as y) and the Flemish gistern. I saw the new moon late yestreen, Wi' the auld moon in her arm, And if we gang to sea, master, I fear we'll come to harm. —Sir Patrick Spens : Border Minstrelsy. I gaed a waefu' gate yestreen, A gate I fear I'll sairly rue, I gat my death frae twa sweet e'en, Twa sparklin' e'en o' bonnie blue. —Burns. 292 Yethar — Yorne. The derivation of the Teutonic gestern and gistern is probably from the Gaelic aosda, aged or old ; so that yesterday, in con- tradiction to this day, or the new day, would signify the old day, the day that is past. Latin hesternus. Yethar, a willow-wythe ; also, a blow with a switch ; probably a corruption of wytker, a stroke with a wythe. Yevey, greedy, voracious, clamor- ous for food. Of doubtful ety- mology, though possibly from the Gaelic eibh (ev), to clamour. Yill, ale or beer. A cogie o' jfzll And a pickle oatmeal, An' a dainty wee drappie o' whisky — An' hey for the cogie, An' hey for the ^ill, Gin ye steer a' thegither, they'll do unco weel. —A Cogie o Yill, 1787. Yird-fast or earth-fast, a stone well sunken in the earth, or a tree fast rooted in the ground. The axe he bears it hacks and tears, 'Tis formed of an earth-fast flint ; No armour of knight, though ever so wight, Can bear its deadly dint. — Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border : Leyden —The Count of Keeldar. A yirdfast or insulated stone, enclosed in a bed of earth, is supposed to possess peculiar properties. Its blow is reckoned uncommonly severe.— Sir Walter Scott. Yirr, the growl of a dog, English gxirr. Gurl, growl ; gem, to grin or snarl with ill-nature or anger. Yoak, to look, to look at ; pos- sibly from the German aug, the Flemish oog^ the Latin ocidus, the eye ; the English ogle, to look at. Voak your orlitch [horloge]. Look at your watch [or clock]. — Jamieson. Yon. The use of yon and tlion, in the sense of that, is much more common in Scotland than in England ; as in the phrase, "Do ye ken yon man?" do you know that man. It is also used for yonder ; as, yon hill, for yonder hill. It is sometimes pronounced and written thon ; as in the following anecdote of a wilful child, narrated by Dean When he found every one getting soup and himself omitted, he demanded soup, and said, " If I dinna get it, I'll tell thon." Soup was given him. At last, when it came to wine, his mother stood firm and positively refused. He then became more vociferous than ever about telling thon; and as he was again refused, he again de- clared, " Now, I'll tell tJion," and roared out, "Ma new breeks were made out o' the auld curtains ! " Yorlin, a small bird, more com- monly known in England as the "yeUow hammer." Scottishand English boys have a traditional prejudice against this bird, for some imaginary reason, or no reason at all. It sometimes reads in the old rhyme : — Yellow, y&Wow yorling. You are the devil's darling. Yorne, prepared, made ready ; part participle of yare ready, or to make ready. Youk — Yowff. 293 To Norroway, to Norroway, To Norroway o'er the faern, The king's daughter o' Norroway, 'Tis we maun bring her hame ; Ye'U eat and drink, my merry men a'. An' see ye be weel yome, For blaw it weet, or blaw it sleet, Our gude ship sails the morn. Mr. Robert Chambers, in his Collection of Scots Ballads, 1829, prints thorne instead of yorne, without note or comment, or apparent knowledge of the unmeaning word. Youk or yeuk, to itch ; yowJcy, itchy. From the Teutonic jucken, pronounced yucken. Your neck's youkin for a St. Johnstone ribbon. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Pro- verbs. (A taunt, implying that a man's career and character is such as to merit hanging, and that he is nearly ready for it. St. Johnstone, now Perth, was the assize city. A ribbon signified the rope.) How daddie Burke the plea was cookin', If Warren Hastings' neck y/zs yeukin. — Burns : To a Gentleman -who Pro- mised him a Newspaper. Thy auld darned 6[hovf yeuks with joy. — Burns : To Colonel de Peyster. A parishioner in an Ayrshire village, meeting the minister, who had just returned after long absence on account of ill health, congratulated him on his convalescence, and added, anticipatory of the pleasure he would have in hearing him preach again — " Eh, sir I I'm unco yuckie to hear a blaud o' your gab."— Dean Ramsay. YouUie, a name formerly given to the police in Edinburgh by idle boys or bad characters. " A low term," says Jamieson, "pro- bably formed from the yowling or calling out." Was it not rather formed from the Gaelic uallach, proud, haughty, arro- gant, and given to the poUce derisively by the blackguards of the streets when, as they thought, they were interfered with unnecessarily, or ordered to move on ? Or it may be from yoly, the French joli, pretty or handsome, used contemptuous- ly, as in the phrase, "my fine fellow." Yowe, a ewe, a female sheep, a lamb ; yowie, a eye lamb. Ca' the yowes to the knowes [hills], Ca' them where the heather grows, Ca' them where the burnie rowes. My bonnie dearie. —Burns. An' neist my yowie, silly thing, Gude keep her frae a tether string. — Burns: Poor Mailie. Yowf, to strike hard and sud- denly, as the ball is struck at the favourite Scottish game of golf. The common pronuncia- tion of golf is gowf, and yowf is probably, as Jamieson alleges, a corruption of that word. But had we met wi' Cumberland On Athol's braes or yonder strand. The blood o' a' his savage band Had dyed the German Sea, man. An' cousin Geordie up the gate We wad \i2i.e yowf d ixzie Charlie's seat, And sent him hame to bide in state, In's native Germanie, man. ^Jacobite Minstrelsy : Bauldie Trovers' Lament for Culloden. Yowff, to bark in a suppressed or feeble manner; said of a dog 294 Yowl — Yum. who is not very earnest in his displeasure. Ye puir creature you ! what needs ye yow^when the big dog barks ? — Laird of Logan. Yowl, to howl, or whine as a dog ; sometimes written gowl ; from the Gaelic guil, or gul^ to la- ment. And darkness covered a' the ha'. Where they sat at their meat, The gray ^o%% yowling \&{x. their food, And crept to Henrie's feet. — Border Minstrelsy : King Henry. Yule. Yvle was a Druidical fes- tival in honour of the sun, cele- brated at the winter solstice, in ages long anterior to the Chris- tian era. Yide, about the etymology of which there has been much con- troversy, was probably named in honour of the sun — the source of all heat and life upon this globe ; from uile, all, the whole, whence, by extension of mean- ing, the whole year, ending at what we now call Christmas, and which in early times signi- fied completion, the full turn of the wheel of the year. The Gaelic cuidhil, a wheel, has also been suggested as the true root of the word ; while iid, guidance, knowledge, has found favour with other etymologists, because on that day the assembled Druids, in their groves or in their stone circles, laid down rules for the guidance of the people during the coming year. lul oidche, or the guide of night, was a name applied by Ossian to the Polar star. The French noel, and old English nowdl, names for Christmas or Tide, are from the Gaelic Tiaomh, holy, and Id, a day. Jamieson, in citing the northern appella- tion for Odin as iul-fader, is in error in translating it as the father of Yule, or Christmas, in- stead of "All-Father," or father of all, which was an epithet applied to the sun as the Father of Light and Life. Langer lasts year than yule. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Prwerbs. Duncan Gray cam' here to woo On blythe j/k/i? night when we were fu'. — Burns : Duncan Gray. Yurn, coagulate, churn, curdle. And sjme he set the milk ower het, And sorrow a spark of it wad yume. — The Wife of Auchtermuchty. LOST SCOTTISH AND ENGLISH PRETERITES. A LIVING language is like a living man. It has its tender infancy ; its passionate youth ; its careful maturity ; its gra- dual, though it may be imperceptible, decay ; and, finally, its death. After death comes apotheosis, if it has been worthy of such honour — or burial in the books, which, like the re- mains or memorials of ancient heroes, become the sacred treasures of newer ages. All languages pass through these epochs in their career. Sanscrit, Greek, and Latin are fami- liar examples of the death and sanctity of great and mighty tongues, that were once living powers to sway the passions and guide the reason of men. In their ashes even yet live the wonted fires that scholars love to rekindle. The languages of modem Europe that have sprung directly from the Latin may all be said to have passed their infancy and youth, and to have reached maturity, if not old age. The Celtic or Keltic languages — all sprung from an ancient Oriental root, and which include Gaelic, often called Erse or Irish, Manx, Welsh, and Breton — appear to be in the last stage of vitality, destined to disappear, at no very remote period, into the books, which will preserve their memory. Were it not for Victor Hugo, and some recent borrowings from the English, and the coin- age of Ergot or Slang, it might be said that French had ceased to expand, and had become stereotyped into a form no 296 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. longer to be modified. Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian hold their own ; and that is all that can be said of them. German, and the languages sprung from the same root and stem, con- tain within themselves such immense resources, and are so continually evolving out of their rich internal resources such new compounds, if not such new words, as to free them from that reproach of stagnation which may not unjustly be applied to the other great tongues which we have enumerated. But English — which, taken all in all, may be considered by far the richest, though not the most beautiful or the most son- orous, of all the languages spoken in our day — is yet in its vigorous prime, and, though it may be accused of vulgar cor- ruptions and perversions, cannot be accused of exhibiting any symptoms of decay. It is doubtful whether it has yet reached the full maturity of its growth, or whether the mighty nations now existent in America, or the as mighty nations which are destined yet to arise in Australia and New Zealand, will not, as time rolls on, and new wants are created, new circumstances encountered, and new ideas evolved out of the progress of science and civilisation, add many thousands of new words to our already copious vocabulary. Other languages are dainty in the materials of their increment ; but the English is, like man himself, omnivorous. Nothing comes much amiss to its hungry palate. All the languages of the earth administer to its wants. It borrows, it steals, it assimilates what words it pleases from all the points of the compass, and asks no ques- tions of them, but that they shall express thoughts and describe circumstances more tersely and more accurately than any of the old words besides which they are invited to take their places. The beautiful dialect of its Scottish brother has given it strong and wholesome food, in the shape of many poetical words, which it is not likely to part with. But if the English is thus perpetually growing and gaining, it is at the same time perpetually losing. Were it not for the noble translation of Lost Preterites. 297 the Bible, and for Chaucer, Gower, and the poets of the Eliza- bethan age, it would have lost still more than it has of its early treasures, and would have been Latinised to an extent that would have impaired and emasculated it, by depriving it of that sturdy vernacular which is the richest element in its blood, and best serves to build up its bone and muscle. If few languages now spoken in the world have gained so much as the English from the progress of civilisation, it must be admitted, at the same time, that few have lost so much, and lost it without necessity. It has been said that a good car- penter is known as much by the shape as by the quantity of his chips ; and the chips that the English tongue has thrown off since the days of "Piers Ploughman" to our own, betoken, both by quality and by quantity, what a plethora of wealth it possesses, and what a very cunning carpenter Time has proved in working with such abundant materials. It is one of the current assertions which, once started on high authority, are very rarely questioned, that the writings of Chaucer are a "well of pure English undefiled." Chaucer, though so ancient in our eyes, was a neologist in his own day, and strove rather to increase the wealth of the written English, of which he was so great a master, by the introduction of words from the Norman-French, lit;tle understood by the bulk of the people, though familiar enough to the aristocracy, for whom he mainly wrote, than to fix in his pages for ever the strong simple words of his native Saxon. The stream of Eng- lish in his writings runs pure and cool ; the stream of Norman - French runs pure and bright also ; but the two currents that he introduced into his song never thoroughly intermingled in the language, and at least nine-tenths of the elegant Gallicisms which he employed found no favour with successive writers ; and few of them have remained, except in the earlier poems of Milton. If we really wish to discover the true well of English undefiled, where the stream runs clear and unmixed, we 298 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. must look to the Scottish author of ** The King's Quair " and to the author of "Piers Ploughman," claimed by Buchanan, the tutor of King James the Sixth of Scotland and the first of England, to have been a Scotsman, rather than to Chaucer. "We shall there find a large vocabulary of strong words, such as are plain to all men's comprehension at the present day, in the Bible as well as in the common speech of the peasantry ; and, above all, in that ancient form of the English language which is known as the Scottish dialect, and which, in reality, is the oldest English now spoken. Since the days of " Piers Ploughman," a work invaluable to every English and Scottish philologist, the spoken language of the peasantry has undergone but few changes as regards words, but very many changes as regards terminations and inflections. On the other hand, the language of literature and polite society has undergone changes so vast that unedu- cated people are scarcely able to understand the phraseology that occurs in the masterpieces of our great authors, or the Sunday sermons of their pastors, delivered, as the saying is, " above their heads," in words that are rarely or never em- ployed in their everyday hearing. Among this class survive large numbers of verbs as well as of inflections that ought never to have been allowed to drop out of literature, and which it only needs the efforts of a few great writers and orators to restore to their original favour. Among the losses which the modern English and Scottish languages have undergone are, first, the loss of the plurals in n and in en, and the substitution of the plural in s; secondly, the present particle in and, for which we have substituted the nasal and disagreeable ing ; thirdly, the loss of the French negative ne, as in nill, for * I will not ;' nould, for * I would not ;' n^am, for * I am not ; ' and of which the sole trace now remaining is * willy-nilly ; ' and, fourthly, the substituting of the preterite in d, as in loved and admire<i, for the older and much stronger Lost Preterites. 299 preterite formed by a change in the vowel sound of the infinitive and the present, as in run, ran ; bite, bit ; speak, spoke ; take, took ; and many others that still survive. And not only has the language lost the strong preterite in a great variety of instances where it would have been infinitely better to have retained it, but it has lost many hundred preterites altogether, as well as many whole verbs, which the illiterate sometimes use, but which literature for a hundred and fifty years has either ignored or despised. Of all the nouns that formerly formed their plural in n, as the German or Saxon nouns still for the most part do, very few survive — some in the Bible, some in poetical composition, some in the common conversation of the peasantry, and some, but very few, in polite literature. Among them may be mentioned * oxen,' for oxes; *kine,' for cows; ' shoon,' for shoes ; ' hosen,' for stock- ings j ' een,' for eyes ; * housen,' for houses ; and the words, as common to the vernacular as to literature, 'men,' 'women,' ' brethren,' and ' children.' In America, the word ' sistern ' as a companion to brethren, survives in the conventicle and the meeting 'house. 'Lamben' and 'thumben,' for 'lambs' and 'thumbs,' were comparatively euphemistic words; but thumbs and lambs, and every noun which ends with a con- sonant in the singular, are syllables which set music, and sometimes pronunciation, at defiance. What renders the matter worse is, that the s in the French plural, from which this perversion of the English language was adopted, is not sounded, and that the plural is really marked by the change of the definite article, as le champ, les champs. Thus in bor- rowing an unpronounced consonant from the French, in order to pronounce it the English have adulterated their language with a multitude of sibilations alien to its spirit and original structure. The substitution of s for eth as the terminal of the present person singular of every verb in the language is an aggravation of the evil. If this change had been repudiated 300 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. by our forefathers, a grace much needed would have been retained in the language. Gradually, too, the English language has lost the large num- ber of diminutives which it formerly possessed, and which are still common in the Scottish language and its dialects. The English diminutives in ordinary use in the nursery are many, but are chiefly employed in the pet names of children, as * Willie,' for little William ; * Annie,' for little Ann ; and so forth. The diminutives belonging to literature are few, and if we write * darling,' for little dear ; ' lordling,' for a small lord ; ' mannikin,' for a very small man ; and such words as ' gos- ling,' * duckling,' * kitten,' we have pretty nearly exhausted the list. But formerly almost every monosyllabic noun had its lawful diminutive, as it has to this day in the Scottish dialect, where such words as ' housie,' * wifie,' ' birdie,' ' doggie,' ' bairnie,' * mannie,' * bookie,' * lassie,' * lammie,' and hundreds of others, are constantly employed. Every Scotsman under- stands the phrase *'a bonnie ivee lassiekie,^^ in which there are no less than three diminutives piled one upon the other, to increase the tenderness of an expression which ceased to be English four hundred years ago. Among other losses of the English from which the Scottish language has not suffered to the same extent are the plural in eM of the present tenses of all the verbs. We love?^ and we smile/i would serve many rhymical needs, and administer to many poetic elegancies that the modem forms in English do not supply. "The persons plural," observes Ben Jonson, a Scotsman, in his " English Grammar " — a work by no means so well known as his poetry — " keep the termination of the first person sin- gular. In former times, till about the reign of King Henry VIII., they were wont to be formed by adding en; thus, * loven,' 'sayen,' 'complainen.' But now (whatsoever is the cause) it hath grown quite out of use. Albeit (to tell you my Lost Preterites. 301 opinion) I am persuaded that the lack thereof, well considered, will be found a great blemish to our tongue." But of all the losses which the language has sustained, not alone for poetry, but for oratory, that of many useful verbs, some of which are still existing in Scottish parlance, and of the ancient preterites and past participles of many old verbs of which the infinitives and present tenses still hold their places, is the most to be deplored. This loss began early ; and that the process is still in operation in the present day, is manifest from the fact that many preterites written in the best books and spoken in the best society forty years ago, are dropping out of use before our eyes. We constantly find hid for hade — * he hids me now ; ' ' he hid me yesterday ; ' dare for durst — ' I told him I dare not do it ; ' need for needed — * it was clear to me a year ago that he need not perform his pro- mise ; eat for ate or ett — *' he eat his dinner; ' het for hetted — ' he het me a thousand to one.' The verbs to let, to cast, and to puty seem to have enjoyed no preterite during the last two hundred years in England, though in Scottish literature, both of the past and the present, their preterites are as common as their infinitives and present tenses. Must, in^ English, is equally devoid of the infinitive, the preterite, and the future ; while can has a preterite, but neither infinitive nor future. For what reasons these and similar losses have occurred in English, it might be interesting to inquire, though it might possibly lead us into metaphysical mazes were we to ask why an Englishman who may say * I can ' and * I could,' must not say * I will can,^ but must resort to the periphrase of * I will be able,' to express power in futurity ; or why the sense of present duty and obligation implied in the words * I must, ' cannot be expressed by the same verb if the duty be bygone or future, as * I musted^ or * I will must^ but have to be translated, as it were, into * I was obliged,' or * I will be obliged,' to do such and such a thing hereafter. These, however, are losses, 302 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. whatever may be their occult causes, which can never again be supplied, and which at our time of day it is useless to lament. The loss which most immediately aifects the poetical power of modern English is that of the many preterites and past participles of ancient verbs that are still in use, and of many good verbs in all their tenses which without reason have been left for vernacular use to Scotland, and have not been admitted to the honours of literature, except in the poems of Robert Burns and the novels of Sir Walter Scott. These preterites ought not to be lost — they are not dead but sleeping — and only need the fostering care of two or three writers and speakers of genius and influence to be revived. They formed the bone and pith of the language of our forefathers, and the beauty and strength of the Bible in many of its noblest passages, and particularly commend themselves to us in Shakspeare, and other Scottish writers. Axe, to inquire. This was the original and is the legitimate form of the verb now written and pronounced ask, and it is not only to be heard in colloquial use all over the British Isles, but to be found in our earliest writers, with the inflexions axed and axen. Envy with heavy harte Axed after Thrifte. — Vision of Piers Ploughman. If he axe a fish. — Wickliffe's Translation of the Bible. Axe not why. — Chaucer : The Miller's Tale. For the purposes of lyrical poetry and musical composition, the past participle of this verb, if reintroduced into literature, would be a vast improvement upon the harsh sound asked, which no vocalist can pronounce without a painful gasp. Bake, boke, bulk, beuk, boken, to bake. Both the pre- terite and the past participle of this verb are lost to litera- Lost Preterites. 303 ture, though they survive in the rural dialects of Scotland and the north of England. The language possesses but few trochaic rhymes, and in this respect boken might do good service to many a poet at his wits' end for a rhyme to * broken ' and * token.' They never beuk a good cake, but May bake a bad one. —Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Beat, beaten. *' The preterite of this verb," says Walker, in his *' Pronouncing Dictionary," " is uniformly pronounced by the English like the present tense." " I think," says Dr. Johnson to Home Tooke, in one of the imaginary conversations of Savage Landor, " that I have somewhere seen the preterite bate.'' "I am afraid," replied Tooke, "of reminding you where you probably met with the word. The Irishman in Fielding's * Tom Jones' says * he bate me.' " Johnson replied, **that he would not hesitate to employ the word in grave composition ; " and Tooke acquiesced in the decision, justify- ing it by a statement of the fact, which, however, he did not prove, "that authors much richer both in thought and ex- pression than any now living or recently deceased have done so." Children, who often make preterites of their own, in this respect acting unconsciously upon the analogies of the language, often say bett for did beat. And the children, it would appear, are correct, if the following from " Piers Ploughman " be considered good English : — He laid on me with rage And hitte me under the ear ; He buffeted me so about the mouthe That out my teeth he bette. In Ross's " Helenore " — a perfect storehouse of Scottish words current in Aberdeenshire, Kincardineshire, the Mearns, and the north-east of Scotland — we find, — Baith their hearts bett wi' the common stound, And had nae pain, but pleasure in the wound. 304 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. This preterite might well be revived ; it is sadly wanted, as witness the following passage from Mr. Disraeli's ''Vivian Grey " : " Never was she so animated ; never had she boasted that her pulse heat more melodious music, or her lively blood danced a more healthful measure." If * danced ' (a preterite), why not hett, as " Piers Ploughman " has it ? The following recent example of the present for the past participle beaten, is wholly unjustifiable : — They were stoned, and the horse in their vehicle heat severely. — Temple Bar Magazine, March 1869. Betide, betid, from tide, to happen. The preterite is lost. It occurs both in " Piers Ploughman " and in Chaucer : Thee should never have tidde so fair a grace. — Canterbury Tales. Bid, and its derivative forbid. The ancient preterite and past participle of this verb were hade and hidden, forbade and forbidden. Both of these inflections are threatened with extinction ; — for what offence it is impossible to surmise. Shakspeare says — The very moment that he hade me do it. That our modern writers do not follow the example of Shak- speare, and conform to the rules of good English, may appear from the following examples : — The competition is so sharp and general that the leader of to-day can never be sure that he will not be outbid to-morrow. — Quarterly Review, April 1868. Mr. Charles Dickens has finally hid farewell to Philadelphia. — Times, March 4, 1868. Uncertain even at that epoch (1864) of Austria's fidelity, Prussia bid high for German leadership. — Times, April 9, 1868. He called his servants and bid them procure firearms. — Times, letter from Dublin, March 2, 1868. James the First, besides writing a book against tobacco, forbid its use by severe penalties. — Tobacco, by D. King, M.D. Lost Preterites. 305 Blend, blent, to mingle. The preterite of this verb pro- perly preserved by the poets, but seems to have entirely given way in prose and in ordinary speech to 'blended.' Any reason for the change it is impossible to discover ; for if it be correct to say * blended,' it would be equally correct to say * spended,' * lended,' or ' rended. ' This form of the preterite in the verb * to mend ' has properly been superseded by * mended,' in order to avoid the confusion that would be caused in the use of the verb * to mean,' which has its proper preterite in * meant. ' Byron uses blent with fine effect in his noble lines on *' The Battle of Waterloo : "— Rider and horse, friend, foe, in one red burial hUnt. Blin, to cease, to stop ; hlan, ceased, stopped. And so he did or that they went at win. Till he had turned him he could not hlin. — Chaucee : The Chanones' YemarCs Tale. Her tears did never hlin. — Nares : Romeus and Jvlietta. One while then the page he went, Another while he ranne. Till he'd o'ertaken King Estmere, I wis he never hlanne. — Percy's Reliques : King Estmere. Bren or brend, brent or brand, to bum. This verb is lost, though it might well have been retained in the language. " A brand plucked from the burning," and bran new, or brant new, new as a coin newly issued from the fires of the mint, are almost its sole remnants : — Bring in better wood, And blow it till it hrend. — Piers Ploughman. Brest, brast, to burst. Have thou my truth, till that mine herte hrest. — Chaucer : The Franklein's Tale. U 3o6 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. The mayor smote Cloudeslee with his bill, His buckler he hrast in two. — Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border : Adam Bell, Clym of the (Rough, and William of Cloudeslee. Busk, busked, to adorn, to dress, to make ready ; from the Gaelic husg, to dress ; husgadh, a head-dress, an ornament. Bush ye, my merry men all. And John shall go with me. — Percy's Reliques : Rohin Hood and 'Guy of Gisborne. The king's bowmen busked them blythe. — Adavi Bell, Clym of the Clough, and William of Cloudeslee. The noble baron whet his courage hot, And husked him boldly to the dreadful fight, — Fairfax : Translation of Tasso. Bush ye, bush ye, my bonnie, bonnie bride. Hamilton : Braes o' Yarrow. A bonnie bride is soon busJcit. — Allan Kamsay's Scots Proverbs. Cast, to throw. This verb in English has lost its preterite coast, and its past participle, casten. Both survive in Scotland and the North of England. They coost kevils them amang Wha should to the greenwood gang. — Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. Burns employs the preterite in " The Death and Dying Words of Poor MaiUe " :— As Mailie and her lamb thegither. Were ae day nibbling on the tether. Upon her cloot she coost a hitch. And again in his immortal song of " Duncan Gray " : — Maggie coost her head fu' high. Looked asklent and unco skeigh, Gart poor Duncan stand abeigh. Lost Preterites. 307 In the Scottish dialect * to cast out ' means * to fall out/ * to disagree ; ' and the phrase *' they have casten out " is of constant occurrence. Chirm, charm, churm, to sound like the murmur or sound of a multiplicity of birds. Mr. Halliwell, in his "Archaic Dictionary," defines the word to mean the melancholy under- tone of a bird previous to a storm. Nares, in his Glossary, has charref to make a confused noise, a word current in some parts of England. The word is common in Scotland, though almost obsolete in the South. Small birds with chirming and with cheeping changed their song. — Gawin Douglas's Translation of the jEneid. At last the kindly sky began to clear, The birds to chirm, and daylight to appear, — Ross's Helenore. Milton makes Eve speak of the ^^ charm of earliest birds," a phrase which has been misinterpreted to mean the charming (in the modern sense) song of the birds, while it really means chirm (in the old English and modern Scottish sense), the con- fused and intermingled song of all the morning birds. Clead or clede, clad, to clothe. The preterite and past participle remain in poetical use as well as in dignified prose, while the infinitive and the present and future tenses have been superseded by the much harsher word * clothe.' Clem, clam, clammed, to perish of hunger, to starve. ' To starve' originally meant *to die,' as we still say of a person that he is " starving with cold." The word has lately come to signify " to die for want of food," and has produced a very ugly and incorrect hybrid in the word * starvation,' said to have been first used by Mr. Dundas, the first Lord Melville, who, as Horace Walpole informs us, received afterwards the nickname of '' Starvation Dundas." The word at the time was 308 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. supposed to be an Americanism. It has unfortunately fixed itself into our literature ; but the original and much better word clem and its derivatives still hold their ground in Lanca- shire and the North of England. The word clem does not occur in Shakspeare, but both Ben Jonson and Massinger use it. { Hard is the choice when the valiant must eat their arms or clem. — Ben Jonson : Evei'y Man out of his Humour. I canna eat stones and turfs. What I will he dem me and my fol- lowers ? Ask him, will he clem me 1 — Be.^ Jonson : The Poetaster. My entrails were dammed with a perpetual fast. — Massinger : The Roman Actor. "Let us all clem" said a speaker at a public meeting at Manchester, during the American civil war, " rather than help the cause of slavery." "I would rather clem than go to the workhouse," is still a common and honourable expression in Lancashire. Clepe, clept, yclept, to call, to name. The past participle of this verb remains for the use of bad writers, and sometimes of good writers who compose mock heroics. The compaignie of comfort, Men deped it some tyme. — Pien Ploughman. Peradventure in thilk large book Which that men depe the heaven ywritten was With stars. —Chaucer : The Man of Lawes' Tale. They depe us drunkards. — Shakspeare: Hamlet. As hounds and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs, Shoughs, water-rugs, and demi-wolves are deped All by the name of dogs. —Shakspeare: Macbeth. Mr. Halliwell, in his " Archaic Dictionary," says that the word is still used by boys at play in the eastern counties, who Lost Preterites. 309 clepe or call the sides at a game. Many newspaper writers at the present day, at a loss for a word for * calling' or * naming' an inanimate object, talk of the * christening ' of a church, a street, a battle, or any inanimate object. An example occurs in an editorial article of the Times, on the removing of the grating from the ladies' gallery in the House of Commons — " * the grate question,' as Mr. Lowe christened it." In this and other instances the old word clepe, in default of * call ' or * name,' would be an improvement, if it were possible to revive it. Clip, clap, clippe, to embrace, to fondle. Before the Eng- lish language borrowed from the French the word ' embrace,' from emhrassevy to clasp in the arms, this verb was in constant use. It occurs in " Piers Ploughman," and in Chaucer, and had not fallen out of fashion or favour in the days of Shak- speare : — Clippe we in covenant, and each of us clippe other. — Piers Ploughman. He kisseth her and clippeth her full oft. — Chaucer : The Merchant's Tale. Worse than Tantalus is her annoy. To clip Elysium and yet lack her joy. — Shakspeare : Venus and Adonis. Then embraces his son, and then again he worries his daughter with clipping her. — Shakspeare : Winter's Tale. Oh let me dip ye in arms as round as when I woo'd ! — Shakspeare: Coriolanus. The lusty vine, not jealous of the ivy, Because she clips the elm. —Beaumont and Fletcher. The preterite, once common, survives to this day in the form of an infinitive and of a noun, but in both too offensive to modesty to be further mentioned. Clout, clouted, to mend, to put a patch upon, from the Gaelic clud. The verb survives in Scotland, but has perished 310 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. out of modern English literature, although Shakspeare used it:— I thought he slept, and put My clouted brogues from off my feet, whose rudeness Answered my steps too loud. — Cymheline. Many sentences of one meaning clouted up together. — Roger Ascham. Clout the auld, the new are dear, My joe Janet. — Burns. Conne or can, to be able. Neither the infinitive nor the past participle of this verb seems to have been used since the days of Chaucer, who says, " I shall not conne answer," *.e., I shall not be able to answer ; and in the " Romance of the Rose " has " Thou shalt never conne knowen." Crine, crone, crunken, to shrivel from heat, frost, or sickness. This verb, with all its declensions, has perished, and only survives in its diminutive, to crinkle. In this last form it is rather of the middle ages than of our own. See the ballad of the " Boy and the Mantle " in Percy's '* Reliques." Cut. This verb never appears to have had a preterite, though a past participle ykitt or ykutt is cited in Herbert Coleridge's vocabulary of the " Oldest Words in the English Language." Whence or when the word was introduced into English no lexicographer has ever yet been able to determine. It is neither derived from the Teutonic, the French, the Greek, nor the Latin, and is therefore, by the exhaustive pro- cess, supposed by the most recent compilers of dictionaries to have been borrowed from the Gaelic cut, to make short, and such phrases as cuttie-^i^e, cuttie-ssLrk, and cuttie-stooly all implying shortness and curtailment. A near approach to it occurs in the French couteau, a knife or instrument to cut with ; in the Italian coltello ; and in the English and Scottish coulter J the ploughshare, or knife of the plough. It may be Lost Preterites. 3 1 1 that the original word was kit, whence ykitt, cited by Mr. Coleridge, and that it formed its preterite by cat and cut. Some little support for this idea may be found in the word cat as applied in * ca^-o'-nine-tails,' a weapon that cuts pretty severely ; and in kit-cat, as applied to portraits that are not exactly full-length, but cut to three-quarters length, as those painted for the celebrated *' Kit-Kat Club." DafF, daft, to make a fool of, to play the fool. Daffe in Chaucer signifies a fool; and in the Scottish and North English dialect a daft man signifies either a lunatic, or one who has been befooled. Daffing signifies foolish fun or merri- ment. In the scene between Leonato and Claudio in *' Much Ado about Nothing," when Claudio declines to fight the old man, and says, — Away ! away ! I will not have to do with you. Leonato replies, — Canst thou so daff me ? Thou hast killed my child. Both Mr. Charles Knight and Mr. Howard Staunton, follow- ing in the track of other Shakspearean editors, explain daff in this passage to mean * doff,' or ' put off.' The true meaning is to ' befool,' as the word is used in Chaucer. When, else- where, Shakspeare says of Prince Henry, — Thou madcap Prince of Wales, that daffed the world aside, the meaning of the word is the same. The * madcap ' did not *doff' the world aside, for in this sense the expression would be pleonastic, but daffed or ' fooled ' or jested it aside, as a madcap would. Dare or durst, dared. The tendency of our modem and colloquial English, as well as of our current literature, is to ignore the two preterites and the past participle of this word, and to write and say dare where durst or dared would be more 3 1 2 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. correct. There is also a tendency to omit the s in the third person singular of the present tense. The following are examples of each inaccuracy : — Neither her maidens nor the priest dare speak to her for half an hour \durst speak to her, &c.]. — Hereward the Wake, by the Rev. Charles KiNGSLEY. The Government dare [durst] not consent to the meeting being held. . . . No one can feel anything but contempt for a Government which meanly attempts to gain a cheap reputation for firmness by f ulminations which it dare [dares] not carry out ; and by prohibiting meetings which it dare [dares] not prevent. — London morning paper on the Hyde Park riots. There is no reason why this verb should be deprived of its declensions, and no careful writer ought to fall into the errors just cited. Deem, to judge. This word, which now signifies * to think * rather than *to judge,' and which has lost its old preterite doomy formerly implied the delivery of a doom, sentence, or judgment. Chaucer calls a judge a doomsman ; and in the Isle of IMan the judge is still called the dempster or deemster. The day of Doom is the day of Judgment. Chaucer does not use the old preterite doom, which seems to have perished before his time; but in the "Franklein's Prologue" uses the substantive doom in the sense of an opinion or a private judgment : — As to my doom, there is more that is here Of eloquence that shall be thy peer, If that thou live. Out of the lost preterite the English writers of three centuries ago formed a new verb, to doom, with a regular preterite, doomed — a word which does not merely signify to pass judg- ment upon, but to pass a severe sentence. Delve, delve, dolven, to dig, to make a trench or ditch, to bury in the earth. This verb is still retained in poetical composition, and in the everyday speech of the people in Lost Preterites. 3 1 3 Scotland and some of the northern counties; but the old preterite and past pai-ticiple are lost. They have found a substitute in the regular declension delved. The old preterite seems to have become obsolete at an early period, as appears from the distich of John Ball the priest, the friend and coadjutor of Wat Tyler in the rebellion of 138 1 : — When Adam delved and Eve span, Who was then the gentleman ? Chaucer used the participle, " I would be dolven [buried] deep ; " and in the *' Romance of Merlin," a man who was to be buried alive is described as to "be dolven quick." " Piers Ploughman" has, "They dolven with spades and shovels to drive away hunger." Keats, in more modern times, employs delved : — Oh for a draught of vintage that hath been Cooled a long age in the deep delved earth I If he had said deep dolven instead of deep delved, he would have had high authority, and would have greatly improved the stately march and music of his verse. Dight, dighted, to prepare, to put in order, to deck, to attire, to wipe away. This useful word of many meanings is all but obsolete in English literature, but survives in Scottish. The preterite has long been lost. An offshoot of this word in the form of misdiglit (misprepared) occurs in Jack Miller's song, quoted by Stowe in his account of Wat Tyler's rebellion ; — If might Go before right, And will Before skill, Then is our mill misdight. Spencer and Milton both attempted to revive dighty but with only partial success : — 314 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Soon after them, all dancing in a row, The comely virgins came with garlands dight. — The Faerie Queene. The clouds in thousand liveries dight. — L' Allegro. Storied windows richly dight. — II Penseroso. In Scottish parlance dight does constant service. The lassie dights her mou' before accepting a kiss, and dights her een after she has been weeping. She dights herself in her best attire before going to kirk ; and the wife dights the dinner for her husband. Dight your cheeks and banish care. — Allan Ramsay. Let me rax up to dight that tear, And go with me and be my dear. — Burns : Hie Jdly Beggars. Ding, dang, dong or dung, to strike hard, to beat down. The infinitive and present tense of this verb are still collo- quially current, but the preterite and past participle are obsolete, or only survive in the nursery phrase, *' Ding^ dong J bell." In Scotland the verb and all its inflections survive. Burns, in his often-quoted line, says, " Facts are chiels that winna ding." Sir Alexander Bos well has a song entitled " Jenny dang the Weaver," which expression was translated by an English critic into the very prosaic form of "Jenny vanquished the cotton manufacturer." The past- participle occurs in the familiar proverbs quoted by Allan Ramsay, " It's a sair dung bairn that munna greet," and " He's sairest paid that's dung wi' his ain wand." The modern English preterite dinged is still occasionally heard in conver- sation, though lost to literature, as in such phrases: "Horace? Yes ; he was dinged into me at school ; " and colloquially, " Why do you keep dinging that old story into my ears ? " Lost Preterites. 3 1 5 The word constantly occurs in serious poetry up to the time of Shakspeare and Ben Jonson, and survives, and is likely long to survive, in the nursery rhyme — Ding, dong, bell, Pussy's in the well. The hellish prince, grim Pluto, with his mace, ding down my soul to hell ! — The Battle of Alcazar. Do-well shall dyngen him down, And destroyen his mighte. — Piers Ploughman. She dings you in her hamely goun o' gray. As far's a summer dings a winter day. — Ross's Hdenore. My chains then, and pains then, Infernal be their hire, Who dang us and^awgr us. Into this ugsome mire. — Allan Ramsay : The Vision — The Evergreen. The beautiful poem of "The Vision," written in older Scotch than that of the time of Allan Ramsay, is signed A. R. Scotus, meaning, "Allan Ramsay, a Scot." It expresses in covert allusion, the indignation of the Scots of Allan Ramsay's day, at the Union of Scotland with England, and the means by which it was accomplished. Allan Ramsay's Jacobite friends were all well aware that the poem was from his pen, but the government of the day, though suspecting the fact, and willing to prosecute him, wisely refrained from doing so. Dow, to be able, to thrive ; doughty was able. This verb is utterly lost from English literature, but, like many others of its sturdy class, exists in the speech of the English peasantry, and in the speech as well as the literature of Scotland. By a strange neglect, or a stranger ignorance, the makers of dic- tionaries — from Blount and Philips up to Johnson, Richardson, Worcester, Webster, and Stormonth — have either omitted all mention of it, or erroneously considered it to be sjmonymous 3 1 6 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. with, or an orthographical error for, the similar word * do,' with which it has no connection. "I do as well as I daw?" — i.e., *' I do as well as I can " — is a common phrase in the North : and the super-eminently English but pleonastic inquiry, " How do you do ? " — which means " How do you dow ? " — i.e., thrive, prosper, or get on — has come to be accepted as accurate Eng- lish, though wholly a mistake of the learned. Even Nares, in his Glossary, has no suspicion of this word, though Halliwell, more acute, gives one of its meanings, * to thrive,' * to mend in health ; ' and Mr. Thomas Wright, in his *' Provincial Dictionary," follows in the same track as regards its use in English literature, though he does not seem to be aware of its commonness in the literature of Scotland. William Hamilton, the Scottish poet, writes to his friend Allan Ramsay, — Lang may'st thou live and thrive and dow / And Burns says to Gavin Hamilton, — When I dovma yoke a naig, The Lord be thankit, I can beg ! In his " Epistle to King George III.," in his eulogy of facts, Burns speaks of them as " chiels that winna ding," and adds, "they downa be disputed." Boss, in his *' Helenore," has *' When he dow do nae mair," — a phrase that shows the essential difference between the two words. From this obsolete verb springs the adjective douglity, strong, able — a derivation which up to the present time seems to have escaped the notice of all the English lexicographers. Dread, drad, dradden, to fear greatly. The modem pre- terite and past participle dreaded have entirely superseded the ancient forms. But what I drad, did me, poor wretch, betide. — Robert Greene, 1593. Dwine, dwined, to pine away, to fall of. This verb has been superseded by its diminutive, to dwindle, which has the same meaning. Lost Preterites. 3 1 7 Thus dmneth he till he be dead. — GOWKR. It dwined for eld. — Chaucer. Bacchus hates repining ; Venus loves no dwining. —Allan Ramsay. Fang, fong, fung, to seize, to lay hold of. Most people remember the old law phrase, ^^mfang thief and outfang thief," the one signifying a thief taken within the jurisdiction of a feudal lord, and the other a thief taken without his juris- diction. This is the only remnant of this verb that has come down to our time except the substantive fang, the large tooth of a beast of prey or of a serpent ; the diminutive /angle, to take hold of a new fancy or fashion ; and the common phrase new-fangled. In Scotland it is sometimes said when the well does not readily yield the water after repeated strokes of the pump, that the pump has lost its fang o' the water. I nold fang a farthing (I would not take a farthing). — Vision of Piers Ploughman. He fong his f oeman by the flank, And flang him on the floor. — Buchan's Northern BaUads. Fare, foor, fore, fure, fared, to travel. This verb is not wholly obsolete, though its preterite is lost. It has come to signify to eat and drink as well as to travel, and also that which is eaten or drunk. It is doubtful whether our beautiful word * farewell' means "may you travel well through life," or " may you be well treated by the world." A waj- faring man is still a common expression. * AvUd-farrand,' travelling on the old ways, old-fashioned, is intelligible to the people on the north of the Tweed. The preterite occurs several times in the " Vision of Piers Ploughman." Alexander fell into a fever therewith, so that he fure wondrous ille. —MS. Lincoln, quoted in Halliwell's Archaic Dictionary. 3 1 8 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Her errand led her through the glen to fare. — Ross's Hdenore. As o'er the moor they lightly foor, A burn was clear, a glen was green — Up the banks they eased their shanks. — Burns. Forewent, preterite of to forego, to renounce. Writers and speakers still say, " I forego the pleasure," but use a roundabout form of expression rather than say, " I forewent the pleasure." And why ? Forewent is as legitimate a word as forego, and should not be allowed to become obsolete. — Lost Beauties of the English Language. Forswink, forswunk, to be worn out with overmuch toil. She is my goddess plain. And I her shepherd swain, Albeit forswunk and f orswat I am. — Specker : Shepherd's Calendar. Fret, freet, freten, to devour or eat up ; from the French and Dutch, freteriy the Germsin fressen, to eat. Like as it were a moth fretting a garment. — Psalm xxxix.. Common Prayer. Adam freet of that fruit. And forsook the love of our Lord. — Piers Ploughman. He (the dragon) has fretten of folk more than five hundred. — Morte d' Arthur. Frush, frusht, frushed, to bruise, disturb, rumple, dis- arrange. From the Gaelic frois, a driving gust of rain, and froiseachf to scatter, to shake off, and French froisser, to rub against. This good Shakspearean word is fairly admissible into modem dictionaries, in few of which, however, does it find a place. Stand ! stand, thou Greek I thou art a goodly mark 1 No ! wilt thou not ? I like thy armour well, VYi. frush it and unlock the rivets all ! — Sbakspeare : Troilus and Cressida. Lost Preterites. 319 Hector assailed Achilles and gave him so many strokes that he all to frusht and brake his helm. — Caxton's Destruction of Troy. High cedars SLiefrushed with tempests. — Hinde, 1606. Southey uses the substantive : — Horrible uproar and frusk of rocks that meet in battle. The word well deserves favour and restoration. Gar, gart, gard, to compel, to force, to make, to cause a thing to be done. This verb in all its declensions has become obsolete in English literature, where its place has been but feebly supplied by 'make' and 'made.' "I'll make him do it " is neither so strong nor so elegant as the ancient English and modern Scotch, " I'll gar him do it." Gar us have meat and drink, and make us chere, — Chaucer : The Eeeve's Tale. Gar saddle me my bonnie black, Gar saddle soon, and make her ready. — Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. And like the mavis on the bush. He gart the vallies ring. — Percy's Reliques. Auld Girzie Graham, having twice refused a glass of toddy, when pressed a third time, replied, "Weel! weel ! since ye winna hear o' a refusal, just mak it hot, an' strong, an' sweet, an' gar me tak it ! " — Laird of Logan. Get, got, gotten, to attain, to procure, to come into posses- sion of. The past participle of this verb has lately become obsolete, except in the talk of the uneducated and in Scottish literature. It was common in the last century. We knew we were gotten far enough out of their reach. — Defoe : Robinson Crusoe. 320 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Ken ye what Meg o' the mill has gotten ? She's gotten a lout wi' a lump o' siller, And broken the heart o' the barley miller. — RoBEKT Burns. There is also a marked tendency to the disuse of this inflection in the verb *to forget,' and people too commonly say and write *'I hdiWQ'forgotj^ instead oi forgotten. Glide, glode, glidden, to move away easily and smoothly. The ancient preterite and past participle have become obsolete, and have been superseded by glided, much to the loss of versi- fiers in search of good rhymes. His good stede he all bestrode, And forth upon his way he glode. —Chaucer. He glode forth as an adder doth. — Idem. Through Guy's shield it glode. — Ouy of Warwick. The reason of the substitution of the regular for the irregu- lar preterite may be found in the desire to prevent confusion with the regular preterite of the verb * to glow.' Glint, glent, glinted, to shine, to flash, to appear suddenly. In Sternberg's " Northamptonshire Glossary " the infinitive of this verb as used amongst the peasantry of that part of Eng- land is cited as gline. Glint would be the legitimate preterite if this were correct. In Scottish poetry glint is the infinitive, and glinted the preterite and past participle. In Old English poetry glent is the preterite. The sunbeams are glinting far over the sea. — Newcastle Garland. Lost Preterites. 321 Cauld blew the bitter biting north Upon thy early humble birth, Yet cheerfully thou glinted forth Amid the storm. — Burns : To a Mountain Daisy. There came a hand withouten rest Out of the water, And brandished it. Anon as a gleam away it glent. — Morte d' Arthur. Gnaw, gnew, gnawed, to bite at a hard substance. The old preterite is lost, doubtless on account of its identity in pronunciation with the more familiar word *knew,' the preterite of * know,' a word of different meaning. Till with the grips he was baith black and blue, At last in twa the dowie ropes he gnew. — Ross's Helenore. Ko sustenance got. But only at the cauld hill's berries gnew. — Idem. Go, gaed, gone, to depart. The ancient and legitimate preterite of this verb has been superseded by the preterite (*went') of the verb to *wend,' to turn away. It maintains its ground, however, in Scotland and the northern English counties. Chaucer has * gadling,' for a vagabond, a wanderer who goes much about ; and the language still retains the word to *gad,' to wander or stray about, making short visits. I ga^d a waef u' gate yestreen. — Burns. Grab, grub, grabbed, to dig up, to seize. This verb, in all its inflections, has been wholly relegated to the speech of the vulgar, but, like many other vulgar words, has a highly respectable origin. Grab, in its first sense, means to dig a grave or hole ; and gruh means that which is dug up, such 322 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. as roots for human subsistence, whence its modern and slang signification, 'food.' Graith, graithed, to prepare, make ready. A critic in the Literary Gazette of March 30, i860, called a poet to account for using such an unpermissible word as graith, of which he declared his utter ignorance. He might, however, have found it in Chaucer, in Worcester's Dictionary, and in Robert Bums : — Her son Galathin She graithed in attire fine. — Arihour and Merlin. Unto the Jewes such a hate had he, That he bade graith his chair full hastUie. — Chaucee : The Reeve's Tale. Go warn me Perthshire and Angus baith, And graith my horse. — Song of the Outlaw Murray. Greet, grat, grutten, to weep. This verb, with all its declensions, has lost its place in English literature, though the word greet remains with a different meaning, * to salute. ' Like other strong indigenous words which modem English has unnecessarily discarded, it is retained in Scotland. It seems to have been lost even in Chaucer's time, who uses greet entirely in the modem sense of Ho salute.' "Piers Plough- man " has it in the sense of * to lament ' or * weep.' And then 'gan Gloton to greet, And great dool to make. ** It's a sad time," says an old Scottish proverb, " when hens crow and bearded men greet.'' Another proverb says, "Better bairns should gi'eet than bearded men." Then ilk ain to the other made his wain, And sighed and grat, and grat and sighed again. — Ross's ITelenore. Lost Preterites. 323 Duncan sighed baith out and in, Oral his een baith bleer't and blin*. — Burns : Duncan Gray, The Edinbro' wells are grutten dry. — Burns ; Elegy on the Year 1788. Heat, to make or grow hot ; het, made hot. Let him cool in the skin he het in. — Allan Ramsay : Scots Proverbs. Help, help, holpen, to aid. The preterite and past participle are fast becoming obsolete. They are still retained in the Flemish language. For thou hast holpen me now. — Halliwell: MS. Cantab, And blind men holpen. — Piers Ploughman. Building upon the foundation that went before us, and being holpen by their labours. — ITie translators of the Bible to the reader : temp. James I. Hend, hent, to take, to hold, to seize, to apprehend. Jog on, jog on, the footpath way, And merrily hent the style-a : A merry heart goes all the day, Your sad tires in a mile-a. It is probable that in this well-known passage from the song of Autolycus in the " Winter's Tale," the preterite Iient is a misprint for the infinitive hendy though it must be admitted that Chaucer uses hent both in the present and the past tenses. This is a very unusual defect in an English verb of that early period. All be it that it was not our intente, He should be sauf , but that we sholde him hent. —Chaucer : The Friar's Tale. 324 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Shakspeare uses hent as a substantive, to signify a purpose, an intention to hold by, in Hamlet's exclamation, when he deter- mines not to kill the king at his prayers : — No! Up, sword ! and know thou a more horrid hent ! When lie is drunk, asleep, or in his rage. Hit, het, hitten, to strike, to touch violently with a blow. Both preterite and past participle are obsolete. Hitten sur- vives in the colloquial language of the peasantry. Your honour's hitten the nail upon the head. — Ross's Hdenore. The Americans, in default of the old preterite het^ occasion- ally say hot — as, " He hot me a heavy blow ; he hot out right and left." Hold, held, holden, to have, grasp, or retain in possession. The past participle is obsolete, but might be advantageously revived for the sake of the rhyme which it affords to * golden,' * embolden,' &c. Keek, keeked, to peep, to look in slily. The robin came to the wren's nest, And Iceelced in and Iceeked in. —Nursery Rhymes of England. This Nicholas sat even gape upright. As he had keeked on the new moone. —Chaucer : The Miller's Tale. Stars, dinna keek in And see me wi' Mary. — Burns. Kythe, kouth or couth, to show, appear, know, make known. This word has become wholly obsolete in England, Lost Preterites, 325 but survives in Scotland. The sole remnant of it in English is uncouthf originally meaning something unknown, unheard of, strange, and now meaning rough or ungainly. Milton has — Bound on a voyage uncouth, meaning unknown. The Scotch have the word couthiej familiar, or well known. , And to the people's eres all and some Was couth that a new markissesse He with him brought in such pompe and richenes That never was there seen with manne's eye. — Chauceb : The Clerk's Tale. Take your sport, and kythe your knights. — Sir Ferumhras. • Kythe in your ain colours, that folk may ken you. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. Their faces blythe, they sweetly kythe. — BUBNS. Laugh, lough, leuch. The ancient preterite and past parti- ciple of this verb have been superseded by the modern preterite in ed. Then lough there a lord, And " By this lighte " saide, ** I hold it right and reson." — Piers Ploughman. He cleped it Valerie and Theophrast, And lough always full fast. — Chauceb : The Wife of Bath's Prologue. When she had read Wise William's letter, She smiled and she leuch. — Mothebwell's Collection. " I think not so," she hnlflina said, and leuch. —Ross's Hdenore. 326 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. How graceless Ham leuch at his dad, Which made Canaan a nigger. — Burns : The Ordination. An' ilka ane leuch him to scorn. —Percy's Religues : The Avid Guidman. Leap, lope, lopen, to leap. At what time this verb followed the analogy of weep, creep, and sleep, and formed its preterite in leap or leptj does not very clearly appear. And they laughing lope to her. — Piers Ploughman. Have lopen the better. — Idem. Up he lope and the window broke, And he had thirty foot to fall. — Percy's Reliques : The Murder of the King of Scots. Tom Kindle lope fra the chimley nook. — ^Waugh's Lancashire Songs. Let, loot, letten, looten, to let, to permit. This verb has lost all its inflections in literary and colloquial English, but preserves them in the Scottish dialect. But letten him lede forth whom hym liked. — Piers Ploughman. And aye she loot the tears down fa' For Jock o' Hazeldean. — Sib Walter Scott. Ye've loot the ponie o'er the dyke. — Burns. But dool had not yet letten her feel her want. — Ross's Hdenore. He boore upon him and ne'er loot her ken. — Ross's Helenore. Lost Preterites. 327 Ligge, ligged, to lie down. This ancient word is still in common use in Cumberland and Northumberland, and also in the Border counties of Scotland. So that the Holy Ghost Gloweth but as a glade, Till that lele love Ligge on him. — Pun Ploughman. What hawkes sitten on the perche above I What houndes liggen on the floor adown I —Chaucer : The Knight's Tale. I have ligged for a fortnight in London, weak almost to death, and neglected by every one. — G. P. R. James : Gowrie, or the King's Plot. List or lest, lust, to please. This word has gradually been dropping out of use, but having been preserved in the Bible, is still occasionally heard. The preterite is lost, though the word itself survives as a substantive, and as the infinitive of another verb, to lust^ signifying to desire pleasure vehemently. The wind bloweth where it listeth. The colloquial expression, " to list for a soldier," seems to come from this root, and means, to please to become, or voluntarily to become, a soldier. Chaucer uses Itist in the sense of joy : — Farewell, my Ufe, my lust, and my gladnesse. —The Knight's Tale. Lout, louted, to make an obeisance or a curtsey. And then louted adown. — Piers Ploughman. ** Sir," quoth the dwarf, and louted low. — Pkeoy's Reliques : Sir Cavline. They louted to that ladye. — Percy's Reliques : On Alliterative Metre. 328 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. To which image both young and old Commanded he to lout. — Chaucee : The Monke's Tale. And I am louted by a traitor villain. — Shakspeare : Henry VI., Part i. Melt, molt, molten, to liquefy by means of heat. The preterite is lost, but the past participle is still preserved in poetry and the Bible. Mint, minted, to essay, to try, to aim, to attempt, to prove the genuineness of metals before coinage. Minting's not making (attempting's not doing). — Allan Ramsay's Scots Provei'bs. A minted [attempted] excuse. — The Two Lancashire Lovers : 1660. Nake, naked, to denude of covering. The preterite survives as an adjective j the infinitive is lost. Come, be ready 1 nake your swords. Think of your wrongs 1 — Nares : Jieveitge's Tragedy. Pight, a word that occurs in Chaucer, is defined by Tyrwhitt as meaning, * pitched,* rather than the preterite of *put ': — He pight him on the pomel of his head, That in the place he lay as he were dead. — Chaucer : The Knight's Tale. Stowe, however, at a later period, uses jnght for * did put ' : — He was brought to the Standard in Cheape, where they strake off his head and pight it on a pole, and bare it before them. — Stowe's Annals: Henry VI. Lost Preterites. 329 Prank, prankt or pranked, to adorn, to embellish, to dress fashionably. Some prank their rirffs, and others trimly dight Their gay attire. — Spenser : The Faerie Queene. False tales prankt in reason's garb. — MttTON : Comus. Most goddess-like pranked up. — Shakspeare : Winter's Tale. Put, pat or pight, putten or pitten, to place. The modem verb has lost the preterite and past participle. I there wi' something did f orgether, That pat me in an eerie swither. — Burns : Death and Doctor Hornbook. Ye see how Kob and Jenny's gone sin' they Ha'e pitten o'er their heads the metry day. — Ross's Helenore. He's putten it to a good purpose, has Brighouse. — The Master of Marston: London, 1664. Quake, quoke, to tremble with fear. An ugly pit, as deep as any hell, That to behold therein I quoke for fear. — The King's Quair. The whole land of Italy trembled and quoke. — Douglas : Translation of the JSneicL Quethe or queath, quoth, to say. The infinitive of this verb is lost, but the preterite quoth remains in colloquial use, and in writings that do not aspire to eloquence or dignity, as * quoth he,' ^ quoth I.' Bequeath^ to say in your will what part of your property your heirs or legatees shall possess, is a remnant of this ancient verb. 330 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Eax, raught, to reach, to stretch. He raught to the steere (he reached to the hehn). — Piers Ploughman. He start up and would have him raught. — Merlin : Early English Metrical Romances. The villain is o'er-raught of all my money. — Shakspeare : Comedy of Errors. Their three-mile prayers and half-mile graces, Their raxing conscience. — Burns : Episde to M'Math. Is this a time to talk o' wark, When Colin's at the door ? Rax down my cloak, I'll to the quay, And see him come ashore. — MiCKLE : There's nae Luck ahout the House. Beap, rept, rope, ropen, to cut, or help to cut the harvest. Ropen and laide away the come. ' — Chaucer : Legende of Good Women. After the com is rept. — Nares. Reave, reft, take off, take away, whence the old English and Scottish word reaver or reiver, a thief. This word survives in bereave and bereft, but is fast becoming obsolete. If he reaveth me by night. He robbeth me by maistrye. — Piers PloughTnan. Therefore, though no part of his work to reave him, We now for matters more allied must leave him. — Hetwood's Troia Britannia, 1609. To go robbe that ragman. And reave the fruit from him. — Piers PloughTnan. Means to live by reafoi other men's goods. — Holinshed's Chronicles, Lost Preterites. 331 Reek, roke, to emit smoke or vapour. Tlie present tense of this verb survives in solemn and poetical composition in Eng- land, but both the present and preterite are in common and colloquial use in Scotland. " Auld Reekie " is a popular name for Edinburgh. Rown, rowned, to whisper, to talk privately, to whisper in the ear. This word is wholly lost, but might have been pre- served, if Shakspeare, like modern authors, had been in the habit of correcting his proof-sheets. The word, misprinted rounds occurs several times in Shakspeare, and has puzzled all the commentators. Mr. Staunton, in a note on the passage where Polonius says to the king in " Hamlet " — Let his queen-mother all alone entreat him To show his grief — let her be round with him, says, " Let her be blunt and plain-spoken with him." In another note to the word in *'King John," act ii. scene 2 — Whom zeal and charity brought to the field As God's own soldier, rounded in the ear With that same purpose — charge — he explains the true meaning of rounded (which should be roioned, just as vulgar people sometimes say ' drownded ' for drowned) as * insinuated,' * whispered in the ear.' He quotes from the Spanish tragedy the line where the same orthographical error occurs — Forthwith, revenge, she rounds them in the ear. The word appears correctly in all authors previous to Shak- speare : — They rose up in rape. And rowned together. — Piers Ploughman, 332 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. The steward on his knees sat down With the emperor for to rovm. — Romance of Cceur de Lion. But if it like you that I might rovme in your ear. — Skelton. Sag, sog, to bend or give way under pressure, to faiL The mind I sway by, and the heart, I fear, Shall never sag with doubt or shake with fear. — Shakspeare: Macbeth. That it may not sag from the intention of the founders. —Fuller's Worthies. From the lost preterite sog comes the adjective soggy, often used by the Americans to signify wet boggy soil that yields to the foot. Scathe or skaith, to do an injury or damage. Shakspeare and Milton use the verb : — This trick may chance to scathe you. — Romeo and Jvliet. Scathed the forest oaks. — Milton. The substantive scathe or sTcaith, signifiying hurt, damage, and injury, survives in Scottish speech and literature, and is not wholly obsolete in English poetry, though rarely used by modern writers. Oh 1 if on my bosom lying, I could work him deadly scathe, In one burst of burning passion, I would kiss him unto death 1 — Love in Hate. Seethe, sod, sodden, to boil. The translators of the Bible have preserved this old English word, which was in common Lost Preterites. 333 use before its modern synonym was borrowed with other culi- nary phrases from the Norman French : — And he said unto his servant, Set on the great pot, and seethe pottage for the sons of the prophets. — 2 Kings iv. 38. Go suck the subtle blood o' th' grape Till the high fever seethe your blood to froth. — Shakspeare : Timon of A them. Seethe stanes in butter, the brew will be good. — Allan Ramsay's Scots Proverbs. It is unsavorye Y-sodden or y-baken — Piers Ploughman. Shape, shope, shopen, to make, to create, to put into form. This verb has wholly lost its original meaning in the infini- tive and present, in which form it subsists as a regular verb, with its preterite in d. Its preterite and past participle have long been obsolete, and do not seem to have been used in Eng- lish literature after the time of Chaucer. God shope the world.— Wicklipfe's Bible. . The king and the commune Shopen laws. — Piers Ploughman. To which this sempnour shope him for to wende. — Chauoee : The Frere's Tale. Shear, sheer, shore or shure, shorn, to cut closely off. The ancient preterite is obsolete, and has been superseded in the regular form in ed. The sea-shore — i.e., the strip of land sheared, shore, or shorn by the action of the waves — is the sole relic of this word in modern parlance. Robin shure in hairst [harvest], I shure wi' him. — Burns. 334 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Boston was the Delilah that allured him [Daniel Webster]. Oft he broke withes of gold, till at last she shore off his locks, and his strength went from him. — Theodoee Pabker : Discourse on the Death of Daniel Webster, Shend, shent, shent, to rebuke, to blame, to shame, or bring to shame. What say yon, sir? I am shent for speaking to you. — Shakspeare : Twelfth Night. He that shames let him be shent. — Allan Ramsat, All woe-begone was John o' the Scales, Soe shent he could say never a word. — Percy's Reliques : The Heir of Lynne, Spenser in the " Faerie Queene," and Thomson in the " Castle of Indolence," use this word. According to Dr. Johnson, the last author of note who employed it was Dry den. It sur- vives in Scotland. Shread, shred, to cut off the ends, to lop. The old preterite has long been obsolete, but survives as a noun ; shred, a thing lopped off or cut off, a remnant. The superfluous and waste sprigs of vines being shreaded off. — Withall's Dictionarie : 1608. A shredded of trees. — Nares. Shrew, shrew, shrown. This obsolete word, of which the only current representative is shrewd, a perversion of the original meaning, signifies *to curse,' and finds a singular synonym in America. In England a scolding wife is a shrew ; in America the same disagreeable person is a * cuss.' Shak- speare applies the word shrew to both sexes, just as the Lost Preterites. 335 Americans do the word * cuss.' " Beshrew me ! " the old ejacu- lation, meant " curse me ! " At the present day inferior writers and careless speakers will say, "I have a shrewd suspicion," meaning " a sharp, cunning suspicion." The time at which the word assumed this new meaning in speech or literature is uncertain. Shrive, shrove, shriven, to confess to the priest ; shrift, a confession. This verb, in all its inflections, went out when the Reformation came in, and only survives in poetry and romance, and in the word " Shrove Tuesday." Slake, sloke, sicken, to assuage thirst, to quench a fire. The preterite and past participle are obsolete. Sneap, sneb, snub, to check, chide, rebuke angrily, to be sharp to a person, like a cutting wind. An envious sneaping frost That bites the first-born infants of the spring. — Shakspeare : Love's Labour Lost. Do you sneap me too, my lord ? — Browne's Antipodes. This word only survives in its past participle snub, which has become the infinitive of a verb with the original meaning. Snow, snew, snown, to drop partially congealed rain. The preterite and past participle survive in America, but are con- sidered vulgarisms. Withouten bake meat never was his house, Of fish and flesh, and that so plenteous. It snewe in his house of meat and drink. — Chaucer : Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. First it blew, and then it snew, and then it friz horrid. —Major Downing 's Letters. 33^ Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Ben Jonson, in his "English Grammar," cites the following verbs that make their preterite in ew — viz., blow, grow, throw, crow, know, draw, slay, and snow. The last is the only one of the number that now forms its preterite in ed, though un- educated people both in Great Britain and America some- times form the preterites of grow, blow, and know in ed — as when Topsy, in " Uncle Tom's Cabin," says " she growed." " I knowed it," instead of '' I knew it," is also a common vulgarism. Stand, stood, studden. Weel, I thought there was naething but what your honour could hae studden in the way o' agreeable conversation. — Scott : The Antiquary. Stent, stint, stunt, to desist, to cease, to limit, to confine within a certain bound. This verb is a curious instance of the liberties which Time takes with the old words of a language. The three inflections have each been made to do duty for an infinitive, so that one verb has been virtually converted into three. Chaucer has stent,. the correct and original form : — And of this cry we would they never sterU. —The Knight's Tale. The noun stent, an allotted portion of work, though obsolete in England, is common in America. Little boys in the country, working against time, with stents to do. — Theodore Parker : Discourse on the Death of Daniel Webster. Stint, the ancient preterite, is the modem infinitive, and forms its preterite and past participle regularly in ed. Stint, to stint, or stop, or cease in growth, goes through the same inflections. The late Daniel O'Connell called the Duke of Wellington a *' stunted corporal." Sweat, swat, to perspire. This ancient word survives in colloquial, but has been of late years banished from literary Lost Preterites. 337 English, and from polite society. The curse pronounced upon Adam, " In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat [or earn] thy bread," would have lost much of its native energy if the ancient translators had been as mealy-mouthed as the men of the present day, and rendered sweat by pers^iiration. His fair steed So swat that men might him ring. — Chaucer : The Rhyme of Sir Topaz. His hackenye which that was al pomelee gris, So swatte that it wonder was to see. — The Chanones Yemanne's Tale. Some, lucky, find a flowery spot, For which they never toiled nor swat. — BuENS: Epistle to James Smith. An anecdote is related by Dean Ramsay, of a sturdy old lady who so greatly loved hearty vehemence in preaching, that she delighted in one particular minister, because when he preached he was in such grim earnest with his discourse that " he grat and spat and sivat " over it ! Swell, swale, swoll, swollen. The preterite in swale is almost obsolete; that in swoll has been newly revived, but scarcely holds its own against swelled. An' thought it swale so sore about hir harte. — Chaucee : The Wife of Bathe's Tale. Swink, swank, swonken, to labour over hard. This word appears to have been almost obsolete in Shakspeare's time. Some of his contemporaries use it, and Milton tried to re- vive it. In setting and sowing Swinken full hard. — Piers Ploughman. Y 338 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Great boobies and long That loth were to swink. — Piers Ploughman. For which men swink and sweat incessantly. — Spenser : Faerie Queme. We'll labour and swinke, We'll kiss and we'll drinke. — Beaumont and Fletcher : The Spanish Cureto. For he had swonken all the nighte long. — Chaucer : The Reeve's Tale. Thole, tholed, to suffer, to endure, to tolerate. This word is in common use throughout Scotland and on the English border, but has long been lost to literature. Which died and death tholed About mid-day. — Piers Ploughman. What mischief and malease Christ for man tholed. — Chaucer: Visions. What mickle wo as I with you have tholed. — Chaucer. She shall the death thole. — GowER : Confessio Amantis. He who tholes conquers. —Allan Eamsat's Scots Proverbs. Tenant bodies, scant o' cash, How they maun thole the factor's snash ! — Burns. Threap, to argue, to complain, to lament. 'Tis not for man with a woman to threap. — Percy's Reliques : Tak' thy avid dodk about thee. Some cry upon God, others threap that He hath forgotten them. —Bishop Fisher. Lost Preterites. 339 Some heads well learned upon the book, Would threap auld folks the thing mistook. — Burns. In Grose's " Provincial Glossary " a shopkeeper's phrase is quoted, ''This is not threaping ware" — i.e.y these goods are so superior that they are not to be argued about or cheapened. Thring, throng, thrung, to press, to jostle, to crowd, whence the modern word to throng. A thousand of men, Thrungen together, Cried upwards to Christ. •Piers Ploughman. The Scottish word thrang — i.e., busy with a crowd of cus- tomers — is a remnant of this word, in which, as in many others, the original preterite has been made to do duty for the infinitive and the present tense. Trat, the preterite of treat. — Tim Bobbin. Wax, wox, waxed, woxen, woxed, to grow, to increase. This word, chiefly preserved by its frequent use in the Old and New Testament, lost its original preterite and participle, wox and woxen, before the translation of the Bible in the reign of James I., at which time the word wax, with the regular inflections, was in common use. And when he woxen was more In his mother's absence. — Piers Ploughman. This man wox wellnigh wood [mad] for ire. — Chaucer : The Sompnoure's Tale. Before my breath, like blazen flax, Man and his marvels pass away ; 340 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. And changing empires wane and wax, Are founded, flourish, and decay. — Sir Walter Scott : Translation of the Dies Irce. Wink, wank, to close and open the eyes, to make signals with the eye. Our king on the shepherd wank PrivUy with his eye. — Halliwell : MS. Cantab. Wreak, wreaked, wroke, wroken, to avenge. The infinitive of this verb is still current in connection with the nouns wrath, vengeance, displeasure, spite, and others. So iweake us, God, of all our foes. — Sir Bevis of Hampton. 'Tis not my fault, the boar provoked my tongue. Be wreaked on him. — Shakspeare : Venus and Adonis. And soon in the Gordon's foul heart's blood, He's wroken his faire ladye. — Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. To have wroken himself of such wrongs as were due him by the French king. — Holinshed's Chronicles. The verbs here quoted are mei-ely samples of the literary treasures that lie concealed in the speech of the common people of the northern counties, in the old English authors anterior to Shakspeare, and in the Scottish literature of the present day. What should we say if an English nobleman of ancient and illustrious lineage and great wealth had in the cellars and vaults of his castle hundreds of coffers and oaken chests filled to the lid with coins of the purest gold stamped with the image and superscription of bygone kings, if he would never use nor look at any portion of his wealth ? What, also, should we say of him if, in want of gold for his daily needs, he Lost Preterites. 341 persisted in borrowing it from strangers at usurious interest, rather than touch his antique treasures ? We should say he was unwise, or at the least eccentric, and that it was questionable whether he deserved to possess the great wealth which he had inherited. Every master of the English tongue, whether he be poet, orator, or great prose writer, is in the position of this supposed nobleman, if he will not study the ancient words of the language, and revive to the extent of his ability such among them as he finds to be better adapted to express strong as well as delicate shades of meaning, than the modem words which have usurped their places. To the poets more especially, and, if there be none such left in our day (which we should be very sorry to assert, when certain great names flash upon our memory), to the versifiers who are not likely ever to fail us as long as there are hopes and fancies in the hearts of young men and women, this is a matter of especial concern. The permissible rhymes of the modern English tongue are not copious in number ; and such as exist, if not as well worn as love and dove, breeze and trees, heart and dart, are far too familiar to come upon the ear with any great charm of novelty. The dactylic rhymes are still fewer, as every one who has tried his hand at versification is painfully aware. It is the poet, more than the prose writer, who strengthens as well as beautifies the language which he employs. It is true that language first makes literature; and that literature, when once established among a people, reacts upon language, and fixes its form — decides what words shall and what words shall not be used in the higher forms of prose and poetical com- position. Old English — such as it is found in " Piers Plough- man," Chaucer, Spenser, and the poets and dramatists of the Elizabethan era, and as late as Milton and Dryden — is a passionate rather than an argumentative language ; and poets, who ought to be passionate above all else, otherwise they are but mere versifiers, should go back to those ancient sources, 342 Dictionaty of Lowland Scotch. if they would be strong without ceasing to be correct and elegant. The words that were good enough for Shakspeare and his contemporaries ought to be good enough for the greatest writers of our day. But Shakspeare himself is be- coming obsolete, and needs the aid of a glossary to explain to educated people many excellent words that are quite intel- ligible to a Scottish or English ploughman. Is it the fault of Shakspeare or of modern writers that this should be the case? Doubtless the fault is not in Shakspeare, but in ourselves. — Reprinted and Extended from " Blackwood's Magazine" ALLAN EAMSAY'S COLLECTION OF SCOTTISH PROVERBS. A BEGUN turn is half ended. A blate cat makes a proud mouse. A black hen lays a white egg. A blythe heart makes a blooming look. A bit is oftener better gi'en than eaten. A bonny bride is soon busked, And a short horse is soon whisked. A borrowed len shou'd gae laughing hanie. A bread house never skail'd. A black shoe makes a blythe heart. A cock's aye crouse on his ain middin'. A cramb'd kite makes a crazy carcass. A daft nurse makes a wise wean. A denk maiden, a dirty wife. A dog wiriua yowl if ye strike him wi' a bane. A dog's life ; — muckle ease muckle hunger. A dry summer ne'er made a dear peck. A deuk winna dabble aye in ae hole. A dumb man wins nae law. Ae beggar's wae that anither by the gate gae. Ae bird in hand is worth ten fleeand. Ae good turn deserves anither. Ae good turn may meet anither, if it were at the brigg o' London. Ae half of the warld kenna how the ither half live. Ae hour's cauld will suck out seven years' heat. Ae hour in the morning is worth twa after noon. Ae man may lead a horse to the water, but four and twenty winna gar him drink. Ae man's meat is anither man's poison. Ae scabbed sheep will smit the hale hirdsel. Ae year a nurse, and seven year a daw. 344 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. A fair maiden tocherless will get mae wooers than husbands. A fool and his money are soon parted. A fool's bolt is soon shot. A fool may speer mair questions than a doctor can answer. A fool may give a wise man counsel. A friend in need is a friend indeed. Affront your friend in mows, and tine him in earnest. A friend's dinner's soon dight. Aft ettle, whiles hit. Aft counting keeps friends lang thesfither. Aft times the cautioner pays tiie debt. After meat mustard. After a storm comes the calm. A fu' man and a hungry horse make haste hame. A fu' purse never lacks friends. A gawn foot's aye getting. A gentle horse shou'd be sindle spurr'd. A gi'en horse shou'd na be look'd i' the mouth, A gi'en game was never won. A good beginning makes a good ending. A good goose may ha'e an ill gansel. A good face needs nae band, and an ill ane deserves nane. A good tongue's a safe weapon. A good word is as soon said as an ill. A good tale is no the waur to be twice tauld. A good name is sooner tint than won. A " good fellow" is a costly name. A graining wife and a grunting horse ne'er fail'd their master. A green wound is half hale. A green yule makes a fat kirk-yard. A great rooser was never a good rider. A greedy eye never got a good pennyworth. " A great cry and little woo," quoth the deil when he clippet the sow. A handfu' of trade is worth a gowpen o' gowd. A hasty man's never lasty. A horse hired never tired. A horse with four feet may snapper. A horn spoon hands nae poison. A boundless hunter and a gunless gunner aye see rowth of game. A hungry man smells meat afar. A hungry louse bites sair. Aj(hungry man's aye angry. A kiss and a drink of water is but a wersh disjune. A lass that has mony wooers oft wales the warst. A lang gather'd dam soon rins out. A leaky ship lacks muckle pumping. Ale-sellers shou'd na be tale-tellers. A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 345 A' liars shou'd ha'e good memories. Alike ilka day makes a clout on Sunday. A li(^ht purse makes a heavy heart. •A' o'ers are ill, except o'er the water and o'er the hill. A' fails that fools think. A' the truth shou'd na be tauld. A' the corn's no shorn by kempers. A' the men of the Mearns can do nae mair than they may. A' the winning's in the first buying. A' cracks are not to be trow'd. A' that's said in the kitchen shou'd na be tauld in the ha'. A' cats are gray in the dark. A' the keys hang not at your belt. A's no tint that's in hazard. A's fish that comes in the net. A's not at hand that helps. A' things wytes that no well fares. A's well that ends well. A' things are good untried. A man's mind is a mirk mirror. A man's aye crouse in his ain cause. A man canna bear a' his kin on his back. A man of mony trades may beg his bread on Sunday. A man at five may be a fool at fifteen. A man may see his friend in need, that winna see his pow bleed. A man may woo where he will, but wed where his wierd is. A man may be kind and gi'e little o' his gear. A man of words and not of deeds, is like a garden fu' of weeds. A man is well or wae, as he thinks himself sae. A man has nae mair goods than he gets good of. A misty morning may be a clear day. A mouthfu' of meat may be a townfu' of shame. A muzzled cat was ne'er a good hunter. An auld mason makes a good barrow-man. An auld tout in a new horn. An auld sack craves muckle clouting. An ill shearer never gat a good hook. An illwilly cow shou'd ha'e short horns. An ill cow may ha'e a good calf. An ill plea shou'd be well pleaded. An ill cook shou'd ha'e a good cleaver. An ill lesson is soon lear'd. An ill wife .and a new kindled candle shou'd ha'e their heads hadden down. An ill turn is soon done. An ill servant ne'er proved a good master. An ill life makes an ill end. . ., . , 34^ Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. An ill won penny will pu' down a pound. An inch of a nag is worth a span of an aver. An inch off a miss is as good as a span. An inch of good fortune is worth a fathom of forecast. An olite mother makes a sweer daughter. An ounce of mother- wit is worth a pound of clergy. An unlucky man's cart is eith tumbled. Ane of the court but nane of the council. Ane does the skaith, and anither gets the wyte. Ane never tines by doing good. Ane beats the bush and anither grips the game. Anes paid never craved. Ane may bind a sack before it be fu'. Ane may lo'e the kirk well enough, yet no be aye riding on the rigging o't. Ane may lo'e a haggis that wadna ha'e the bag bladed in his teeth. Ane is not so soon heal'd as hurt. Ane gets sma' thanks for tining his ain, Ane canna wive and thrive baith in ae year. Ane will gar a hundred lie. A new besom sweeps clean. A nod of an honest man is eneuch. April showers bring May flowers. A party pot never play'd even. A poor man gets a poor marriage. A poor man is fain o' little. A pound o' care winna pay an ounce o' debt. A proud heart in a poor breast has meikle dolor to dree. A ragged colt may prove a good gelding. A reeky house and a girning wife, Will make a man a fashous life. A reproof is nae poison. A rowing stane gathers nae fog. As a carle riches he wretches. As broken a ship has come to land. As day brak butter brak. As fain as a fool of a fair day. As fu' o' mischief as an egg's fu' o' meat. As good may baud the stirrup as he that lowps on. As good a fellow as ever toom'd a bicker. As good merchants tine as win. As lang runs the fox as he feet has. As lang lives the merry man as the sad. As lang as the bird sings before Candlemas it greets after it. As lang as. ye serve the tod ye maun bear up his tail. As mony heads as mony wits. As mickle upwith as mickle downwith. A Collection of Scotch Proverbs, 547 As ready as the king has an egg in his pouch. As sail light wrens as cranes. As soon gangs the lamb's skin to the market as the auld sheep's. As sair greets the bairn that's paid at e'en as he that gets his whawks in the morning. As tired as a tyke is of langkale. As the sow fills the draff sours. As the auld cock craws the young cock lears. As the wind blaws seek your bield. As the fool thinks the bell clinks. As the market gangs wares maun sell. As well be hang'd ibr a wedder as for a lamb. As ye lo'e me look in my dish. As ye lead your ain life ye judge your neighbours. As ye make your bed sae ye maun lie down. A saft aver was never a good horse. A safe conscience makes a sound sleep. A scawd head is eith to bleed. A sheaf off a stouk is enough. A short tree stands lang. A sillerless man gangs fast through the market. A silly man will be sleely dealt with. A sinking master makes aft a rising man. A slotlifu' hand makes a slim fortune. A sorrowfu' heart's aye drouthy. A sooth bourd is nae bourd. A spur in the head is worth twa on the heel. At open doors dogs gae ben. A tale-teller is waur than a thief. A tarrowing bairn was never fat. A taking hand will never want. A tale never tines in the telling. A thrawin question should have a thrawart answer. A thread will tye an honest man better than a rape will a knave. A tocherless dame sits lang at hame. A toolying tike comes limping hame. A toom purse makes a tartling merchant. A toom pantry makes a thriftless good wife, A toom hand is nae lure for a hawk. A turn well done is soon done. A twapenny cat may look at a king. A vanter and a liar are right sib. A wad is a fool's argument. A wee bush is better than nae bield. A wee mouse can creep under a great corn stack. A wee house well fill'd, a wee piece land well till'd, a wee wife well wiU'd, will make a happy man. 34^ Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. A wee house has a wide mouth. A wee spark niaks meikle wark. A wee thing puts your beard in a bleeze. A wee thing fleys cowards. A wight man never wanted a weapon. A wife is wise enough that kens her guidman's breeks frae her ain kirtle. A wilfu' man never wanted wae. A wilfu' man shou'd be unco wise. A woman's mind is like wind in a winter night. Auld men are twice bairns. • Auld sparrows are ill to tame.. Auld springs gi'e nae prize. Auld sins breed new shame. Auld wives and bairns make fools of physicians. A yeld sow was never good to grices. A yule feast may be quit at pasch. Bairns are certain care, but nae sure joy. Bare backs mak burnt shins. Bare gentry, braggand beggars. Bastard brood are aye proud. Be a friend to yoursell and others will. Be lang sick that ye may be soon hale. Be it better, be it worse, be ruled by him that has the purse. Be thou well, be thou wae, thou wilt not be aye sae. Be the thing ye wad be ca'd. Bear wealth well, poortith will bear itsell. Before ye chuse a friend eat a peck o' saut wi' him. Begin wi' needles and prins and end wi' horu'd nowt. Beg frae beggars, you'll never be rich. Beggars breed, and gentry feed. Beggars dow bear nae wealth. Beggars shou'd na be choosers, Better a bit in the morning than fast a' day. Better a clout in, than a hole out. Better a dog fawn on you than bark at you. Better a finger aff than aye wapging. Better a fair foe than a fause friend. Belter a good fame than a fine face. Better a laying hen than a lying crown. Better a mouse in the pot than nae flesh. Better a shameless eating than a shamefu' living. Better a tocher in her than wi' her. Better a toom house than an ill tenant. Better a thigging mother than a riding father. Better a wee ingle to warm ye than a mickle fire to burn ye. A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 349 Better auld debts than auld sairs. Better bairns greet than bearded men. Better be blytlie wi' little than sad \vi' mickle. Better be envied than pitied. Better be alane than in ill company. Better be idle than ill employed. Better be out of the world than out of the fashion. Better be sonsy than soon up. Better be the lucky man than the lucky man's son. Better be unkind than cumbersome. Better beg than borrow. Better day the better deed. Better eat gray bread in youth than in eild. Better flatter a fool than fight wi' him. Better find iron than tine siller. Better gi'e Ijie slight than tak' it. Better guide well than work sair. Better baud by a hair than draw with a tether. Better baud with the hound than rin with the hare. Better hain at the braird than at the bottom. Better baud loose than in an ill tethering. Better hap at court than good service. Better kiss a knave than cast out wi' him. Better keep the de'il without the door than ha'e to drive him out of the house. Better keep well than make well. Better lang something than soon naething. Better late thrive than never do weel. Better lear frae your neighbour's skaith than your ain. Better leave to my faes than beg frae my friends. Better live in hope than die in despair. Better marry o'er the middin' than o'er the moor. Better my bairns seek frae me than I beg frae them. Better my friend think me fremit than fashous. Better ne'er begun than ne'er ended. Better rough and sonsy than bare and donsy. Better saught with little aught, than care with mony a cow. Better say here it is than there it was. Better short and sweet than lang and lax. Better sit still than rise up and fa'. Better sit idle than work for nought. Better skaith saved than mends made. Better sma' fish than nae fish. Better spared than ill spent. , Better tlie ill ken'd than the good unken'd. Better the end of a feast than the beginning of a frav. Better thole a grumph than a sumph. 350 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch, Better to hand than draw. Better twa skaiths than ae sorrow. Better nnborn than untaught. Better wade back mid-water than gae forward and drown. Better wait on the cook than the doctor. Better wear shoon than sheets. Between three and thirteen Thraw the wand when it is green. Bid a man to the roast and stick Him with the spit. Birds of a feather flock together. Birth's good, but breeding's better. Black will take no other hue. Blaw the wind ne'er sae fast, It will lown at the last. Blind men should na judge of colours. Blood's thicker than water. Boden gear stinks. Break my head and syne draw on my bow. Broken bread makes hale bairns. Burnt bairns dread the fire. Buy a thief frae the gallows, and he'll help to hang you. By chance a cripple may grip a hare. By guess, as the blind man fell'd the dog. Can do is eithly born about. Caimy chiels carry cloaks when 'tis clear, The fool when 'tis foul has nane to wear. Careless fowk are aye cumbersome. Cast na out the dow'd water till ye get the fresh. Cats and carlins sit in the sun. Cauld cools the love that kindles ower het. Changes are lightsome. Come a' to Jock Fool's house, and ye'se get bread and cheese. Come unca'd sits unserv'd. Come not to council unbidden. Comes to my hand like the bowl o' a pint stowp. Come it air, come it late, in May comes the cow-quake. Come with the wind, and gae with the water. Confess'd faut is half amends. Confess debt and crave days. Count again is no forbidden. Count siller after a' your kin. Count like Jews and gree like brethren. Courtesy is cumbersome to them that ken it no. Counsel is nae command. Crab without a cause and mease without amends. Credit is better than ill won gear. A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 351 Curses make the fox fat. Cut your cloak according to your claith. Baffin and want of wit maks auld wives donnard. Dawted bairns dow bear little. Daylight will peep through a sma' hole. Deal sma' and serve a'. Dear bought and far sought is meet for ladies. Death and marriage make term-day. Death at ae door, and hardship at the other. Death defies the doctor. Deed shaws proof. Ding down the nest, and the rooks will flee awa\ Dirt bodes luck. Do on the hill as ye wad do in the ha'. Do your turn well, and nane will spier what time ye took. Do weel and dread nae shame. Do weel and doubt nae man, do ill and doubt a' men. Do as the lasses do, say no and tak' it. Do not meddle with the de'il and the laird's bairns. Do not talk of a rape to a chiel whase father was hangit. Dogs will redd swine. Dolor pays nae debt. Double drinks are good for drouth. Double charges rive cannons. Drive a cow to the ha', she'll run to the byre. Drink and drouth come not aye together. Drink little that ye may drink lang. Drunken at e'en, and dry in the morning. Eat in measure, and defy the mediciner. Eat your fill, but pouch nane. Eats meat and never fed, Wears claiths and never clad. Eating and drinking want but a beginning. Eith learning the cat to the kirn. Eith learn'd soon forgotten. Eith working when will's at hame. Either prove a man or a mouse. Either win the horse or tine the saddle. E'ening red and a morning gray, Is a token of a good day. E'en as ye win't sae ye may wear't. Enough's as good as a feast. Ever busy ever bare. Every ane kens best where his ain shoe nips him. Every ane lowps the dyke where it is laighest. 352 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Every craw thinks its ain chick whitest. Every dog has his day. Every man wears his belt his ain gate. Every man can guide an ill wife but he that has her. Every man bows to the bush he gets bield I'rae. ]<]very man's blind in his ain cause. Every man to his mind, as the man said when he kiss'd the sow. Every man's tale is good till another's be tauld. Every man's no born with a siller spoon in his mouth. Every man has his ain draff pock. Every miller wad wyse the water to his ain mill. Every shoe fits not every foot. Every thing has an end, and a pudding has twa. Experience teaches fools. Faint heart never won fair lady. Fair heights make fools fain. Fair fa' the wife, and weel may she spin, That counts aye the lawing with a quart to come in. Fair fa' good ale, it gars fowk speak as they think. Fair exchange is nae robbery. Fair maidens wear nae purses. Fair hair may have foul roots. Fair words hurt ne'er a bane, But foul words break mony a ane. Fair and foolish, black and proud, Lang and lazy, little and loud. Fann'd fires and forced love ne'er did weel. Fancy flees before the wind. Far away fowls have fair feathers. Farewell frost, fair weather niest. Far frae court far frae care. Farmers faugh gar lairds laugh. Fast bind fast find. Fat flesh freezes soon. Fat paunches bode lean pows. Fause fowk shou'd hae mony witnesses. Fiddler's dogs and flesh-flies come to feasts unca'd. Fight dog, fight bear, wha wins de'il care. Fine feathers mak' fine birds. Fire and water are good servants, but ill masters. First come first served. Fleas and a girning wife are wakerife bedfellows. Fleshers lo'e nae coUops. Fl eying a bird is no the gate to grip it. Flee never sae fast, your fortune will be at your tail. Flitting of farms makes mailins dear* A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 353 Fools' haste is nae speed. Fools are aye fain of fUttinj^. Fools shou'd na see wark that's haff done. Fools make feasts, and wise fowk eat them ; The wise make jests, and fools repeat them. Fools are fain of naething. For want of steek a shoe may be tint. For fashion's sake, as dogs gang to the market. Fortune favours fools. Fortune helps a,ye the hardy. Force without forecast aften fails. Fore-warn'd, haff arm'd. For faut of wise fowk fools sit on binks. Foul water slockens fire. Friendship canna stand aye on ae side. Friends gree best sindry. Frost and fawshood have baith a dirty way gang. Gae to bed with the lamb, and rise with the lav'rock. Gane is the goose that laid the great egg. Gaunting bodes wanting. Gayly wad be better. Gear is easier j^ain'd than guided. Gentle paddocks have lang taes. Get your rock and spindle, and God will send tow. Get the word 0' soon rising, and you may lie in your bed a' day. Giff gaff makes good friends. Girn when ye bind and laugh when you loose. Gi'e a bairn its will, and a whelp its fill, Nane of them will e'er do well. Gi'e a dog an ill name, and he'll soon be hang'd. Gi'e a carle your finger, and he'll take your hale hand. Gi'e a gawn man a drink, and a quarrelsome chiel a cuff. Gi'e a thing and take a thing, That's the ill man's gowd. ring. Gi'e o'er when the play's good. Gi'e them tow eneuch and they'll hang themsells. Gi'e the de'il his due. God be wi' auld lang syne, when our gutchers ate their trenchers. God help great fowk, the poor can beg. God's help is nearer than the fair e'en. God Ae'er sent the mouth but He sent the meat wi't. God send water to that well that people think will never run dry. God sends us claiths according to our cauld. God sends meat, but the de'il sends cooks. God send you mair wit and me mair siller. God shapes the back for the burthen. z 354 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Good ale needs nae wisp. Good cheer and good cheap ca's mony customers. Good fowk are scarce, take care of ane. Good forecast furthers the wark. Good fishing in drumly waters. Good will shou'd be tane in part payment. Good words cost nathing. Great barkers are nae biters. Great words fley cowards. Great winning makes wark easy. Greedy fowk have lang arms. Gut nae fish till ye get them. Ha' binks are sliddery. Had ye sic a shoe on ilka foot it would gar you shaghle. Haud a hank in your ain hand. Haff acres bear good corn. Hang a thief when he's young, and he'll no steal when he's auld. Hankering and hinging on is a poor trade. Handle the pudding while it is het. Hang hunger and drown drouth. Hap and a halfpenny is gear enough. Happy the wife that's married to a motherless son. Happy for the son when the dad goes to the de'il. Hardships sindle come single. Haste makes waste. Have ye gear, have ye nane, Tine lieart, and a's gane. He begs frae them that borrowed frae him. He brings a staff to break his ain head. He can haud meal in his mouth and blaw. He comes aftner with the rake than the shool. He complains early that complains of his kail. He can iiide his meat and seek mair. He does na aye ride when he saddles his horse. He does na like his wark that says now when it is done. He gangs away in an ill time that never comes again. He gangs lang barefoot that wears dead men's shoon. He gat his kail in a riven dish. He has brought his pock to a braw market. He has mickle prayer but little devotion. He has come to good by misguiding. He has an eye in his neck. He has a bee in his bonnet lug. He has gotten a bite o' his ain bridle. He has the best end o' the string. He has faut of a wife that marries mam's pet A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 355 He has niair wit in his little finger than ye have in a' your bouk. He has coosten his cloak on the ither shoulder. He has feather'd his nest, he may flee when he likes. He has need o' a lang spoon that sups with the de'il. He has cowped the nieikle dish into the little. He has a hole aneath his nose that will ne'er let him be rough. He has wit at will that with an angry heart can sit still. He has licket the butter aff my bread. He has a slid grip that has an eel by the tail. He has a good judgment that does not lippen to his ain. He has a iiearty hand for giving a hungry mealtith. He has a crap for a' corn. He has need to ha'e a clean pow, That ca's his neighbour "nitty know." He hears with his heels, as geese do in harvest. He kens na a B by a bull's foot. He kens his ain groats among other fowk's kail. He kens whilk side his cake is butter'd on. He'll mend when he grows better, like sour ale in summer. He'll no let grass grow at his heels. He'll tell't to nae mair than he meets. He loo's me for little that hates me for nought. He'll wag as the bush wags. He looks like the far end o' a French fiddle. He'll soon be a beggar that canna say nay. He loo'd mutton weel that lick'd where the ewe lay. He'll have enough some day when his mouth's fou o' mods. He may well swim that has his head hadden up. He maun be soon up that cheats the tod. He maun hae leave to speak that canna baud his tongue. He may find faut that canna mend. He may laugh that wins. He never did a good darg that gade grumbling about it. He never lies but when the hollin's green. He needs maun run that the de'il drives. He never tint a cow that grat for a needle. He rides sicker that ne'er fell. He's a fool that forgets himsell. He's better fed than nurtur'd. He's a man of a wise mind, That of a foe can make a friend. He's gane as the dog drave. He's wise that kens whan he's weel, and can baud himself sae. He's lifeless that's faultless. He's a gentle horse that never coost his rider. He's silly that spares for ilka speech. 356 Dictionafy of Lowland Scotch. He's a fool that marries at yule, For when the bairn's to bear the corn's to shear. He's at his wii's end. He's wise tliat's timely war}'. He's as welcome as water in a riven ship. He's like a tiee in a blanket. He's no sae daft as he lets on. He's sairest dung that's paid wi' his ain wand. He's a sairy beggar that canna gae by ae door. He's o'er soon up that's hanged ere noon. He's poor eneuch that's ill loo'd. He's a sairy cook that mayna lick his ain fingers. He's a silly chiel that can neither do nor say. He's a wise bairn that kens his ain faither. He's unkofu' in his ain house that canna pike a bane in his neighbour's. He's a proud horse that winna bear his ain provender. He's well worthy of sorrow that buys it. He's like the singed cat, better than he's likely. He's a worthless goodman that's no missed. He's a good horse that never stumbled, And a better wife that never grumbled. He's a weak beast that downa bear the saddle. He sleeps as dogs do when wives sift meal. He speaks in his drink what he thought in his drouth. He sits fu' close that has riven breeks. He stumbles at a strae and lowps o'er a wonlyne. He that aught the cow gangs nearest her tail. He that blaws best let him bear the horn. He that's born to be hang'd will never be drown'd. He that's born under a tippenny planet will ne'er be worth a groat. He that buys land buys stanes, And he that buys beef buys banes. He that counts a' cost will ne'er put plough in the eard. Hethatcheatsmeanesshamefa'him,if he cheatme twice, shame fa' me. He that clatters to himself talks to a fool. He that canna make sport shou'd mar nane. He that canna do as he wou'd maun do as he may. He that comes unca'd sits unserved. He that counts before the ostler counts twice. He that does his turn in time sits half idle. He that does bidding deserves na dinging. He that deals in dirt has aye foul fingers. He that forecasts a' perils will win nae worship. He that fa's in a gutter, the langer he lies the dirtier he is. He that fishes before the net, Fishes lang or he fish get. He that gets gear before he gets wit, will die ere he thrive. A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 357 He that gets, forgets, but he that wants, thinks on. He that gangs a borrowing, gangs a sorrowing. He that gi'es a' his gear to his bairns. Take up a bittle and ding out his hams. He that gi'es all wad gi'e nathing. He that gets ance his nieves in dirt can hardly get them out. He that has twa hoards will get a third. He that has a good crop may thole some thistles. He that has nae siller in his purse shou'd ha'e silk on his tongue. He that hides can best find. He that has mickle gets aye mair. He that has mickle wad aye ha'e mair. He that has a dog of his ain may gang to the kirk wi' a clean breast. He that has a mickle nose thinks ilka ane speaks o't. He that's ill to himsell will be good to naebody. He that in bawdry wastes his gear, Baith shame and skaith he will endure. He that kens what will be cheap or dear, Needs be a merchant but for ae year. He that keeks through a hole may see what will vex him. He that lives weel lives lang. He that lacks my mare wad buy my mare. He that laughs at his ain joke spills the sport o't. He that laughs alane will make sport in company. He that lives upon hope has a slim diet. He that looks to freets, freets follow him. He that marries or he be wise will die e'er he be rich. He that meddles with tulzies comes in for the redding streak. He that never rade never fell. He that never eats flesh thinks harigalds a feast. He that shaws his purse bribes the thief. He that sleeps with dogs maun rise with fleas. He that slays shall be slain. He that steals can hide. He that strikes my dog wad strike mysell if he durst. He that spends his gear before he gets't will get little good o't. He that seeks motes gets motes. He that speers all opinions comes ill speed. He that speaks what he should not. Will hear what he would rather not. He that spares to speak spares to speed. He that sells ware for words maun live by the wind. He that speaks wi' a drawnt and sells wi' a cant, Is right like a snake in the skin o' a saunt. He that teaches himsell has a fool for his master. He that will cheat in play winna be honest in earnest He that winna when he may, shanna when he wad. 358 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch . He that wad eat the kirnel maun crack the nut. He that will to Cupar maun to Cupar. He that's welcome fares well. He that well bides well betides. He that will na thole, maun flit mony a hole. He was the bee that made the honey. He was scant o' news that tauld his father was hanged. He wears twa faces beneath ae cowl. *. He was mair fleyed than hurt. Help is good in a' play. Hens are aye free of horse corn. Highest in court the nearest the widdy. His wit gat wings and would have flown, But pinching poortith pu'd him down. His auld brass will buy a new pan. His bark is waur than his bite. His egg has aye twa youks. His geese are a' swans. His room's better than his company. His pipe's out. Honesty hands lang the gate. Honesty's the best craft. Hooly and fair gangs far in a day. Horses are good of a' hues. Hunger will break through stane wa's. Hunger's hard upon a heal heart. Hunger is good kitchen. Hunger thou me and I'll harry thee. Hungry dogs are blythe o' bursten puddings. Hungry stewards wear mony shoon. I ANCE gae a dog his handsel, and he was hanged ere night. I bake nae bread by your shins. I canna sell the cow and sup the milk. I have gi'en a stick to break my ain head. I had rather gang by your door than o'er your grave. I ha'e gotten an ill kame for my ain head. I ha'e seen mair than I have eaten. I ken by my cogue wha milks my cow. I ken how the world wags, He's honor'd maist wlio has moniest bags. I ken him as well as I had gane through him with a lighted candle. I'll gi'e ye a bane to pike that will baud your teeth gawn. I'll gar his ain gartens tie up his ain hose. I'll never dirty the bonnet I'm gawn to put on. I'll keep my mind to mysell and tell my tale to the wind. I'll never stoop sae laigh and lift sae little. A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 359 I'll never put the carl aboon the gentleman. I'll never keep a dog and bark mysell. I'll never live poor to die rich. I'll never buy a blind bargain, or a pig in a pock. I'll never brew drink to treat drunkards. I'm o'er auld a cat to draw a strae before. I'm no sae blind as I'm blear-eyed. I'm flyting free with him. I'm no sae scant o' clean pipes as to blaw with a brunt cutty. I'm no every man's dog that whistles on me. I'm neither sma' drink thirsty, nor gray bread hungry. I may come to break an egg in your pouch. I never liked a dry bargain. I spake but ae word, gi'e me but ae strake. I took him aft" the moor for God's sake, and he begins to bite the bairns. I wad be scant o' claith to sole my hose with dockens. I wadna ca' the king my cousin. I wad rather see't than hear tell o't. I wadna be deaved with your keckling for a' your eggs. I winna make fish 0' ane and flesh o' anither. I wish you readier meat than a running hare. I wish you as muckle good o't as dogs get of grass. If ae sheep lowp o'er the dyke a' the lave will follow. If a lie could worry you, ye wad have been choked langsyne. If a man's gawn down the brae ilk ane gi'es him a jundie. If e'er I find his cart tumbling I'se gie't a put. If he be not a souier he's a good shoe-clouter. If I canna kep geese I'll kep gaislins. If I canna do't by might I'll do't by flight. If it can be nae better, it is well it is nae warse. If it winna be a good shoe, let it gang down i' the heel. If it serve me to wear, it may serve you to look to. If marriages be made in heaven, ye have had few friends there. If the de'il be laird ye'U be tenant. If things were to be done twice ilka ane wad be wise. If the de'il find you idle he'll set you to wark. If we hae little gear we hae less care. If ye dinna like what I can gie, Tak what ye brought w'ye. If ye can spend muckle, put the mair to the fire. If ye brew weel ye'll drink the better. If ye wad be a merchant fine. Beware 0' auld horseg, herring, and wine. If ye sell your purse to your wife, gi'e her your breeks to the bargain. If you tell your servant your secret, you make him your master. If ye had as little money as ye ha'e manners, ye wad be the poorest man of your kin. 36d Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. If ye do a wrang make amends. If ye do nae ill dinna ill like. If ye steal no my kale, break na my dyke. If ye wad live for ever, wash the milk frae your liver. If ye wad be haly, healthy, and wealthy, rise soon in the morning. Ill bairns are best heard at hame. Ill comes upon waur's back. Ill counsel will gar a man stick his ain mare. Ill doers are aye ill dreaders. Ill deem'd haff hang'd. Ill getting het water frae 'neath cauld ice. Ill herds make fat foxes. Ill news are aft o'er true. Ill payers are aye good cravers. Ill weeds wax weel. Ill- won gear winna enrich the third heir. Ill-won as ill ware'd. It canna rain, but it pours. It gangs in at the ae lug and out at the ither. It is a bauch brewing that's no good in the newing. It is a bare moor that ye gang through and no get a heather coo. It is a good game that fills the wame. It is a good tongue that says nae ill. It is a hard task to be poor and leal. It is an ill wind that blaws naebody good. It is an ill pack that's no worth the custom. It is an ill cause that the lawyer thinks shame o'. It is a lamb at the up-taking, but an auld sheep ere ye get it aflF. It is a mean mouse that has but ae hole. It is a stinking praise comes out of ane's ain mouth. It is a sin to lie on the de'il. It is a shame to eat the cow and worry on the tail. It is a sair field where a's slain. It is a sooth dream that's seen waking. It is a silly flock where the ewe bears the bell. It is a sairy hen that canna scrape for ae bird. It is a' tint that's done to auld fowk and bairns. It is a' tint that fell by. It is best ganging wi' a horse in ane's hand. It is better to sup wi' a cutty than want a spoon. It is by the head that the cow gie's milk. It is clean about the wren's door where there is nought within. It is dear coft honey that's licked aff a thorn. It is eith crying yool on anither man's stool. It is eith finding a stick to strike a messan. It is fair in ha' when beards wag a'. It is good to dread the warst, the best will be the welcomer. A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 361 It is good to be good in your time, ye kenna how lang it may last. It is good to be merry and wise, Quoth the miller when he mouter'd twice. It is good to have our cogue out when it rains kail. It is good to hae twa strings to your bow. It is hard to gar an auld mare leave flinging. It is hard to sit in Rome and strive wi' the Pope. It is hard for a greedy eye to ha'e a leal heart. It is hard baith to have and want. It is ill to be ca'd a thief and aye found piking. It is ill crooking before cripples. It is an ill kitchen that keeps the bread away. It is ill to bring out o' the flesh what's bred i' the bane. It is ill to lear the cat to the kirn. It is ill taking corn frae geese. It is ill bringing butt what's no ben. It ill sets a haggis to be roasted. It is ill meddling between the bark and the rhind. It is ill making a silk purse o' a sow 's lug, or a touting-horn 0' a tod's tail. It is ill putting a blythe face on a wae heart. It is kittle shooting at corbies and clergy. It is kittle for the cheeks when the hurl-barrow gaes o'er the brig o' the nose. It is kittle to waken sleeping dogs. It is lang or the de'il be found dead at a dyke side. It is lang or ye cry shoo to an e^g. It is muckle gars the tailor laugh, but souters girn aye. It is needless to pour water on a drown'd mouse. It is no the cowl that makes the friar. It is nae sin to take a good price, but in gi'eing ill measure. It is nae mair to see a woman greet than to see a goose gae barefoot. It is nae play when ane laughs and anither greets. It is no the way to grip a bird to fling your bonnet at it. It is not what is she, but what has she ] It is weel ware'd that wasters want. It is weel that our fauts are not written on our face. It is time enough to skreigh when ye're strucken. It is time enough to make my bed when I'm gawn to lie down. It is the best spoke in your wheel. It keeps his nose at the grindstane. It maun be true that a' fowk says. It sets a sow weel to wear a saddle. It was never for naething that the gled whistled. It will be a het day gars you startle. It will set his beard in a bleeze. It will be a feather out of your wing. 362 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Kail hains bread. Kame sindle, kame sair. Kamesters are aye creeshy. Keek in the stowp was ne'er a good fellow. Keep hame, and hanie will keep you. Keep woo and it will be dirt, keep lint and it will be silk. Keep out of his company that cracks of his cheatery. Keep your ain fish guts to feed your ain sea maws. Keep your kill-dry'd taunts to your mouldy-hair'd maidens. Keep your tongue within your teeth. Keep the staff in your ain hand. Keep your breath to cool your crowdie. Keep your mouth close and your een open. Ken yoursell and your neighbours winna misken you. Ken when to spend and when to spare, And ye needna be bissy, and ye'll never be bare. Kindness comes wi' will ; it canna be coft. Kindness will creep where it canna gang. Kindness canna stand aye on ae side. Kings and bears aft worry their keepers. Kissing gaes by favour. Kiss ye me till I be white, and that will be an ill web to bleach. Kythe in your ain colours that fowk may ken you. Lacking breeds laziness, praises breed pith. Laith to bed and laith to ri^e. Lang mint, little dint. Lang look'd for comes at last. Lang or ye cut Falkland wood with a penknife. Lang standing and little offering mak a poor priest. Lang straes are nae motes. Lang tarrying tines thanks. Lang sports turn to earnest. Langest at the fire soonest finds cauld. Langer lasts year than yule. Law's costly, tak a pint and 'gree. Law-makers should na be law-breakers. Laugh at leisure, ye may greet ere night. Leal heart never lied. Leave welcome behind ye. Leave aff as lang as the play's good. Learn young, learn fair. Learn the cat to the kirn and she'll aye be lickin'. Letna the plough stand to slay a mouse. Let alane maks mony a lown. Let a friend gang with a fae. Let byganes be byganes, and fairplay in time to come. A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 363 Let him play a spring on his ain fiddle. Let him cool in the skin he het in. Let him that's cauld blaw up the ingle. Let his ain wand ding him. Let it fa' upon the fey est. Let the horns gang wi' the hide. Let the mom come and the meat wi't. Let the kirk stand in the kirk yard. Let them laugh that win. Let them care that come behind. Lie for him and he'll swear for you. Light suppers mak lang life days. Light winning maks a heavy purse. Lightly come lightly gane. Light burdens break nae banes. Like a Scots man ye take your mark frae an ill liour. Likely lies aft in the mire, when unlikely wins thro'. Lik'd gear is haff bought. Like hens, ye rin aye to the heap. Like the wife, that never cries for the ladle till the pot rins o'er. Like the cat, fain fish wad ye eat, But ye are laith to wet your feet. Like the wife wi' the mony daughters, the best comes hind- most. Lippen to me but look to yoursell. Little can a lang tongue lien. Little kenn'd the less cared for. Little gear the less care. Little wats the ill-willy wife what a dinner may haud in't. Little odds between a feast and a fu' wame. Little said is soon mended, little gear's soon spended. Little wit in the head maks muckle travel to the feet. Little meddling maks fair parting. Little may an auld nag do that mauna nicher. Little dogs hae lang tails. Little mense to the cheeks to bite aff the nose. Live and let live. Live upon love as lav'rocks do on leeks. Look before ye lowp, ye'll ken the better how to light. Lordships change manners. Love and lordships like nae marrows. Love and raw peas break the heart and burst the wame. Love's as warm among cotters as courtiers. Love me, love my dog. Love me lightly, love me lang. Love o'er het soonest cools. Love o'erlooks mony fauts. 364 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Maidens should be mild and meek, Quick to hear and slow to speak. Maidens' bairns are aye well bred. Maidens' tochers and ministers' stipends are aye less than ca'd. Mair by good luck than good guiding. Mair haste the waur speed, Quoth the tailor to the lang threed. Make ae wrang step and down ye gae. Mair hamely than welcome. Mak the best of an ill bargain. Mak your hay when the sun shines. Malice is aye mindfu'. Man propones but God dispones. Marry in haste, repent at leisure. Marry aboon match and get a master. Mealy mou'd maidens stand lang at the mill. Measure twice, cut but anes. Meat feeds, and claith cleads, but manners mak the man. Messengers shou'd neither be headed nor hanged. Mickle fails that fools think. Mickle corn mickle care. Mickle wad aye hae mair. Mickle spoken, part spilt. Mickle power maks many faes. Mickle may fa' between the cup and the lip. Mickle water rins by that the miller wats not of. Mickle pleasure some pain. Mickle about ane, quoth the de'il to the collier. Might o'ercomes right. Mint ere ye strike. Misterfou' fowk mauna be mensfu'. Money is welcome in a dirten clout. Money maks money. Mony hands mak light wark. Mony a ane kisses the bairn for love of the nurice. Mony hounds may soon worry ae hare. Mony heads are better than ane. Mony purses baud friends lang together. Mony fair promises at marriage make few at tocher good paying. Mony lack what they hae in their pack. Mony dogs die ere ye fa' heir. Mony ane's coat saves his doubtlet. Mony ways to kill a dog tho' ye dinna hang him. Mony cooks ne'er made good kail. Mony sma's mak ae mickle. Mony a ane maks an errand to the ha' to bid the lady good-day. Mony irons in the fire part maun cool. A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 365 Mony aue opens their pack and sells nae wares. Mony a ane speers the gate they ken fu' well. Mouths are nae measure. Mows may come to earnest. Moyen does mickle, but money does mair. Murder will out. Must is a king's word. My son's my son aye till he get him a wife, My daughter's my daughter a' the days o' her life. My niest neighbour's skaith is my present peril. Nae butter sticks to his bread. Nae fool to an auld fool. Nae friend to a frieud in need. Nae fleeing without wings. Nae great loss but there's some sma' advantage. Nae langer pipe nae langer dance. Nae man has a tack o' his life. Nae man can thrive unless his wife let him. Nae man can live langer in peace than his neighbour likes. Nae mair haste than good speed. Nae safe wading in unco waters. Nae weather's ill if the wind be still. Nathing freer than a gift. Nathing comes fairer to light than what has been lang hidden. Nathing's baulder than a blind mare. Nathing enters into a closs hand. Nathing sae crouse as a new washen louse. Nathing's ill to be done when will's at hame. Nathing to be done in haste but gripping of fleas. Nathing venture nathing win. Nane ferlies mair than fools. Nane sae weel but he hopes to be better. Nane can mak a bore but ye'll find a pin till't. Nane can play the fool sae weel as a wise man. Narrow gather'd widely spent. Nearest the heart nearest the mouth. Nearer the night the mair beggars. Necessity has nae law. Need makes men of craft. Need will gar an auld wife trot and a naked man rin. Neither sae sinfu' as to sink, nor sae haly as to saunt. New lords have new laws. Never a barrel better herrings. Never break out of kind to gar your friends ferly at you. Never draw your dirk when a dunt will do't. Never fin' faut with my shoon unless ye pay my souter. 366 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Never gae to the de'il wi' a dish-clout about your head. Never let on you, but laugh in your ain sleeve. Never meet never pay. Never marry a widow unless her first man was hang'd. Never put a sword in a wud man's hand. Never put the plough before the owsen. Never quat certainty for hope. Never o'er auld to learn. Never scaud your lips in other fowk's kail. Never seek a wife till ye ken what to do wi' her. Never show your teeth unless ye can bite. Never strive against the stream. Never venture never win. Nineteen nay-says of a maiden are haff a grant. Now's now, and yule's in winter. Nobility without ability is like a pudding without suet. O'er braw a purse to put a plack in. O'er mickle of ae thing is good for naething. O'er mickle hameliness spoils good courtesy. O'er mickle cookery spoils the brochan. O'er mickle loose leather about your chafts. O'er narrow counting culzies nae kindness. O'er rackless may repent. O'er strong meat for your weak stamach. Of a' sorrow a fu' sorrow's best. Of a little take a little, when there's nought take a'. Of bairns' gifts ne'er be fain, Nae sooner they give but they seek them again. Of ill debtors men get aiths. Of twa ills choose the least. Open confession is good for the saul. Our sins and debts are aften mair than we think of. Out of debt out of danger. Out of the peat pot into the gutter. Out of men's blessing into God's sun. Pay him in his ain coin. Penny wise and pound foolish. Pennyless sauls may pine in purgatory. Placks and bawbees grow pounds. Play's good while it is play. Please your kimmer and ye'll easily guide your gossip. Plenty makes dainty. Poor fowk's friends soon misken them. Poor fowk are fain o' little. Poortith parts good company. A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 367 Poortith \vi' patience is less painfu'. Possession is eleven points of the law. Pride and grace dwell never in ae place. \ Pride ne'er leaves its master till he get a fa'. Pride and sweerness tak niickle uphadding. Provision in season makes a bien liouse. Put a coward to his mettle and he'll fight the de'il. Put twa pennies in a purse and they'll creep together. Put the saddle on the right horse. Put your hand nae farther than your sleeve will reach. Put your hand twice to your bonnet for anes to your pouch. Put your finger in the fire and say it was your fortune. Quality without quantity is little thought of. Quick at meat quick at wark. Quick, for you'll never be cleanly. Quick returns mak rich merchants. Reckless youth maks a ruefu' eild. Raise nae mair de'ils than ye're able to lay. Rather spill your joke than tine your friend. Red wood makes good spindles. : Remove an auld tree and it will wither. Remember, man, and keep in mind, A faithfu' friend is hard to find. Rich fowk hae rowth of friends. Right mixture maks good mortar. Right wrangs nae man. Rob Peter to pay Paul. Robin that herds on the height, Can be as blythe as Sir Robert the knight. Rome was not a' bigged in ae day. Roose the ford as ye find it. Roose the fair day at e'en. Royet lads may make sober men. Rue and thyme grow baith in ae garden. Rule youth well, for eild will rule itsell. Sae mony men sae mony minds. Sain yoursell frae the de'il and the laird's bairns. Sair era vers are aye ill payers. Satan reproving sin. Saw wheat in dirt and rye in dust. Say weel's good, but do weel is better. Scant of grace hears lang preachings. Scant of cheeks makes a lang nose. Scorn comes commonly wi' skaith. 368 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Seeing's believing a' the world over. See for love and buy for money. Seek your saw where ye get your ail, And beg your barm where ye buy your ale. Seek mickle and get something, seek little and get nought. Second thoughts are best. Send you to the sea ye'll no get saut water. Serve yoursell till your bairns come to age. Set a beggar on horseback he'll ride to the de'il. Set that down on the back side of your count-book. Set a knave to grip a knave. Shame's past the shade o' your hair. Sharp stomachs mak short graces. Shoal waters make maist din. She that gangs to the well wi' ill will. Either the pig breaks or the water will spill. She looks as if butter wadna melt in her mou'. She'll keep her ain side o' the hoose,'and gang up and down in yours. She hands up her head like a hen drinking water. She that taks gifts, hersell she sells. And she that gi'es them does nought else. She's better than she's bonny. Shod in the cradle and barefoot on the stibble. Short fowk are soon angry, their heart's soon at their mouth. Sic man sic master, sic priest sic offering. Sic as ye gi'e sic will ye get. Sic reek as is therein comes out o' the lum. Silence grips the mouse. Silks and satins put out the kitchen fire. Sindle seen soon forgotten. Slaw at meat slaw at wark. Slander leaves a slur. Smooth waters run deep. Sma' fish is better than nae fish. Soon enough to cry chuck when it is out of the shell. Soon ripe soon rotten, soon het soon cauld. Soon enough if well enough. Some hae hap and some stick in the gap. Sorrow is soon eneuch when it conies. Sorrow and an ill life make soon an auld wife. Sorrow and ill weather come unsent for. Spare when ye're young and spend when ye're auld. Speak the truth and shame the de'il. Spend and God will send, spare and aye be bare. Speak good o' pipers, your faither was a fiddler. Speak o' the de'il and he'll appear. Spilt ale is waur than water. A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 369 Standers-by see mair than the gamesters. Standing dubs gather dirt. Stay nae langer in your friend's house than ye are welcome. Strike as ye feed, and that's but soberly. Strike the iron as lang as it is het. Stuffing hands out storms. Sudden friendship sure repentance. Supp'd out wort was ne'er good ale. Surfeits slay mair than swords. Some ha'e a hantle faiits, ye are only a ne'er-do-weel. Sour plumbs, quoth the tod when he couldna climb the tree. Souters and tailors count hours. Souters shou'dna gae ayont their last. Souters shou'dna be sailors that can neither steer nor row. Spare at the spigot and let out at the bung. Spae well and hae well. Speer at Jock thief if I be a leal man. Speak when you're spoken to and drink when you're drunken to. Stown dints are sweetest. Sturt follows a' extremes. Sturt pays nae debt. Swear by your burnt shins. Sweet at the on-taking, sour in the aflf-putting. Sweer to bed and sweer up in the morning. Spit on a stane, and it will be wet at last. Stay and drink of your ain browst. Sticking gangs na by strength, but by right guiding o' the gullie. Tak it a' and pay the merchant. Tak a spring of your fiddle, and dance when ye have done. Tak the bit and the buffet wi't. Tak a pint and gree, the law's costly. Tak your ain will and then ye'll no die o' the pet. Tak time ere time be tint. Tak your venture as mony good ship has done. Tak your thanks to feed your cat. Tak wit in your anger. Tak care o' the man that God has marked. Tak a hair o' the dog that bit you. Tak part of the pelf when the pack's a dealing. Tak a man by his word and a cow by her horn, Tak me not up before I fa'. Tak nae mair on your back than you're able to bear. Tak your will, you're wise enough. Tak up the next ye find. Tam Tell-truth is nae courtier. Tell nae tales out 0' school. 2 A 370 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Tell not your fae when your foot's sleeping. That's but ae doctor's opinion. That's for the father but no for the son. That's for that and butter's for fish. That's my tale, where's yours ? That's the piece a step-bairn never (^at. That which God will give, the de'ii canna reeve. The auld aver may die waiting for new grass. The auld dog maun die in somebody's aught. The bairn speaks in the field what he hears at the fireside. The bird maun flichter that flees wi' ae wing. The bird that can sing and winna sing shou'd be gart sing. The best is aye best cheap. The better day the better the deed. The book o' maybe's is very braid. The banes o' a great estate are worth the picking. The banes bear the beef hame. The blind man's peck shou'd be well measured. The cow may want her ain tail yet. The cure may be warse than the disease. The cow that's first up gets the first o' the dew. The de'il bides his day. The de'il was sick, the de'il a monk wou'd be, The de'il grew hale, syne de'il a monk was he. The de'il's aye good to his ain. The de'il's bairns hae the de'il's luck. The day has een and the night hears. The de'il's aye busy with his ain. The de'il will take little ere he want a'. The de'il drives aye his hogs to an ill market.. The de'il does na aye show his cloven cloots. The de'il's aye good to beginners. The e'ening red and the morning gray. Is a good sign of a fair day. The farthest way about is aft the nearest gate hame. The foremost hound grips the hare. The foot at the cradle and the hand at the reel, Are signs of a wife that means to do weel. The farther in the deeper. The first dish is best eaten. The grace o' a gray bannock is in the baking o't. The good or ill hap o' a good or ill life, Is the good or ill choice o' a good or ill wife. The gray mare may be the best horse. The greatest burthens are not the maist gainfu'. The gravest fish is an oyster. The gravest bird is an owl ; A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 371 The gravest beast is an ass, And the gravest man is a fool. The greatest clerks are no the wisest men. The happy man canna be berried. The hen's eggs gang to the ha', To bring the goose's egg awa'. The higher up the greater fa'. The higher the hill the laigher the grass. The hurt man writes wi' steel on marble stane. The king's errand may come in the cadger's gate. The lazy man's the beggar's brother. The lucky pennyworth sells soonest. The langest day will have an end. The mother of a' mischief is nae bigger than a midge's wing. The mair cost the mair honour. The mawt is aboon the meal wi' him. The mair noble the mair humble. The mother's breath is aye sweet. The master's eye makes the horse fat. The mair mischief the better sport. The name o' an honest woman's muckle worth. The poor man's aye put to the warst. The reek o' my ain house is better than the fire 0' my neighbour's. The strongest horse lowps the dyke. The still sow eats up a' the draff. The stoNvp that gangs aft to the well comes hame broken at last. The subject's love is the king's life guard. The smith's mare and the souter's wife are aye warst shod. The thing that's done is no to do. The thing that's fristed is not forgi'en. The thing that lies not in your gate, breaks not your shins. The thrift of you was the death of your good-dame. The tod ne'er sped better than when he gaed on his ain errand. The tod's whelps are ill to tame. The tree does na fa' at the first strake. The water will never rob the widdy. The warse luck now the better another time. The weakest gangs to the wa'. The worth 0' a thing is best ken'd by the want o't. There is mony a true tale tauld in a jest. There is nane sae blind as them that winna see. There is naething ill said that's no ill tane. There is nae sport where there is neither auld fowk nor bairns. There was aye some water where the stirk was drown'd. There was never enough where naething was left. There was never a silly Jocky but there was as silly a Jenny. There was never a thrifty wife with a sheet about her head. 372 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. There is skill in gruel making. There is nae fence against a flail. There is a time to gley and a time to look straight. There is a great differ amang market days. There is little wit in his pow that lights the candle at the low. There is an end o' an auld sang. There is a tough sinew in an auld wife's heel. There is aye life in a living man. There is an act in the laird o' Grant's court, that no aboon eleven speak at anes. There are mair ways to the wood than ane. There are mair working days than life days. There is ae day of reckoning and another of payment. There came never ill after good advisement. There is a sliddery stane afore the ha' door. There's a difference between will ye buy ] and will ye sell ? There's as good fish in the sea as ever came out o't. There is a great difference between fenn and farewell. There is a hole in the house. There is life in a throssle as lang as she cheeps. There is little for the rake after the shool. They are well guided that God guides. They are aye good that are far away. They are lightly berried that have b! their ain. ^ They are sad rents that come in with tears. They complain early that complain o' their kail. They have need of a cannie cook that have butae egg to their dinner. They loo me for little that hate me for nought. They never saw great dainties that think a haggis a feast. They shou'd please the goodwife that wou'd win the goodman. They speak of my drinking that never think of my drouth. They that get the word o' soon rising may lie in their bed a' day. They that laugh in the morning may greet ere night. They that give you hinder you to buy. They that live langest fetch wood farthest. They that see your head see not your height. They that hae rowth of butter may lay it thick on their scone. They were scant o' bairns that brought you up. They were never fain that fidged, nor fu' that lick'd dishes. They wist as well that didna speer. They were never first at the wark that bid God speed the wark. They never gae with the speet but they gat with the ladle. Thistles are a salad for an ass. Three is aye sonsy. Three can keep a secret if twa be away. Time o' day to find the nest when the birds are flown. Time tint is ne'er to be found. A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 373 Time and thinking tame the toughest grief. Time and tide will tarry for nae man. Time tries a'. Tine heart and a's gane. Tine book, tine grace. Tine thimble, tine thrift. Touch nae me on the sair heel. Tramp on a snail and she'll shoot out her horns. True blue will never stain. Truth and honesty keep the crown o' the causey. True love kyths in time of need. Try your friend ere you need him. Try before you trust. Twa hungry meals make the third a glutton. Twa blacks make na ae white. Twa things ane shou'd not be angry at, what he can help and what he canna help. Twa fools in a house are a couple ower mony. Twa words maun gang to that bargain. Twa wits are better than ane. That bowt came never out of your bag. The back and the belly bauds every ane busy. The black ox ne'er trod on your taes. The cat wou'd fain fish eat. But she is laith to weet her feet. The de'il's good when he's pleas'd. The father buys, the son biggs, The oye sells, and his son thiggs. The greedy man and the gielainger are well met. The greatest tochers make not the greatest testaments. The kirk's muckle, but ye may say mass in the end o't. The laird may be laird and need his hind's help. The man may eithly tine a stot that canna count his kinsh. The mair the merrier, the fewer the better cheer. The meal cheap and the shoon dear, What souters' wives like weel to hear. The pains o'ergang the profit. The poor man's shilling is but a penny. The scholar may waur the master. The simple man's the beggar's brother. The warst warld that ever was, some maun won. The weeds o'ergrow the corn. The warld is bound to nae man. The unsonsy fish gets the unlucky bait. There is mair knavery amang kirk men than there is honesty amang courtiers. There is a measure in a' things. 374 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch* There is muckle to do when burghers ride. There is mair room without than within. There is nae remedy for fear but cut aff the head. There was never a fair word in flyting. There is steel in the needle point tho' little o't. There are twa enoughs, and he has gotten ane of them. There are mair married than good house hadders. There's a bonny reason wi' a rag about the foot o't. There came never sic a gloff to a daw's heart. There is fey blood in your head. There grows nae grass at the cross. There is little to sew when tailors are true. They are not a' saints that get haly water. They 'gree like butter and mells. They may ken by your beard what has been on your board. They never beuk a good cake but may bake an ill ane. They that see you a' day winna break the house for you at night. They that hain at their dinner will hae the mair to their supper. They that burn you for a witch lose a' their coals. They tliat lie down for love shou'd rise for hunger. They that eat till they sweat and work till they're cauld, Sic servants are fitter to hang than to hald. They that bourd with cats maun count upo' scarts. They are eith hindered that are not very furdersome. Twa dogs were striving about a bane, and the third ran awa' wi't. Twa conveniences sindle times meet, What's good for the plant is ill for the peat. Tarry breeks pay nae fraught. Tell your gleyd good-dame that. That's a tee'd ba'. That's a tale o' twa drinks. The bag to the auld stent, and the belt to the yule hole. The cause is good, and the word fa' on. The death of ae bairn winna skail a house. The dorty dame may fa' in the dirt The e'ening brings a' hame. The flesh is aye sairest that's farthest frae the bane. The gait gi'es a good milking, but dings it down wi' her feet The langer we live the mair ferlies we see. The neist time ye dance tent wha ye take by the hand. The piper wants muckle that wants his nether chafts. The poor man pays for a'. The thacker said to his man, Let us raise this ladder, if we can. The thrift of you and the woo of a dog wou'd make a braw web. The tod never fares better than when he's bann'd. There was never a good town but there was a dub at the end o't A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 375 There was never a cake but it had its maik. There is little mair between the poor and the rich but a piece of an ill year. They have been born as poor as you that have come to a pouchf u' o' green pease ere they died. They that drink langest live langest. Thoughts beguiled the lady. Thoughts are free, tho' I mayna say mickle, I can yerk at the thinking. Till other tinklers ill met ye 'gree. Touch a gawd horse on the back and he'll fling. Tit for tat, as the auld wife said when she f — — -d at the thunder. Trot father, trot mother, how can the foal amble ] Twine tow, your minny was a good spinner. Untimeous spurring spills the steed. Unseen, unrued. Under water dearth, under snaw bread. Up hill spare me, down hill take tent to thee. Up starts a carle and gather'd good. And thence came a' our gentle blood. Use makes perfytuess. Wad ye gar us trow that the moon's made 0' green cheese, or that spade-shafts bear plumbs 1 Wage will get a page. Wae's the wife that wants the tongue, but well's the man that gets her. Want of wit is waur than want of wealth. War makes thieves, and peace hangs them. Wark bears witness of wha well does. Wealth gars wit waver. Weans maun creep ere they gang. Well kens the mouse when the cat's out o' the house. Well's him and wae's him that has a bishop in his kin. Welcome is the best dish in the kitchen. Well worth a' that gars the plough draw. Well is that well does. Were it not for hope heart wad break. We'll never ken the worth of the water till the well gaes dry. We can drink of the burn when we canna bite of the brae. We'll meet ere hills meet. We can live without our kin, but no without our neighbours. We'll bark oursells ere we buy dogs sae dear. We canna baith sup and blaw. We maun live by the living, but no by the dead. We are bound to be honest and no to be rich. We may ken your meaning by your mumping. Wedding and ill wintering tame baith man and beast. 376 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. We are aye to lear as lang as we live. We can poind for debt, but no for unkindness. We may ken your eilk by the runkles o' your horn. Wee things fley cowards. Wha wats wha may keep sheep another day. Wha uses perils, perish shall. What ye win at that, ye may lick afF a het girdle. What better is the house that the daw rises soon. Wha can baud what will away % Wha comes aftener and brings you less 1 Wha daur bell the cat 1 Wha can help misluck ? Wha canna gi'e will little get. What the eye sees na the heart rues na. What's nane o' my profit shall be nane o' my peril. What if the lift fa', then ye may gather lav'rocks. What's gotten o'er the de'il's back will gang away under hifi belly. What raks the feud where the friendship dow not. What winna do by might do by flight. What's my case the day may be yours the morn. What's waur than ill luck ? What may be done at ony time will be done at nae time. What puts that in your head that didna put the sturdy wi't ? What need a rich man be a thief 1 What said Pluck ? the greater knave the greater luck. What may be, may not be. What canna be cured maun be endured. When ae door steeks anither opens. When a' men speaks nae man hears. When drink's in wit's out. When friends meet hearts warm. When Adam delved and Eve span, Where was a' our gentry than % When my head's down my house is theeked. When the tod preaches tak tent o' the lambs. When thieves reckon, leal fowk comes to their gear. When the bags are fou the dron gets up. When the tod wins to the wood he cares not how many keek for his tail. When the cup's fu* carry it even. When poverty comes in at the door friendship flies out of the window. When lairds break carles get land. When a fool finds a horse-shoe, He thinks aye the like to do. When a' fruit fa's, then welcome haws. When I'm dead make me a cawdel. A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 377 AVhen ilka ain gets their ain the thief will get the widdy. When a ewe's drown'd she's dead. When the goodman drinks to the goodwife, a' wad he well. When the goodwife drinks to the goodman, a' is well. When the heart's fou of lust the mouth's fou of leasing. When your neighbour's house is in danger take care 0' your ain. When you are served a' the geese are water'd. When wine sinks words swim. When the barn's fu' you may thresh before the door. When ye're gaun and coming the gate's no toom. When the heart's fu' the tongue will speak. When he dies for age ye may quake for fear. When ye are weel, hand yoursell sae. When the well's fu' it will rin o'er. When the pot's o'er f u', it will boil o'er and bleeze in the ingle. When the steed's stown, steek the stable door. Where the buck's bound, there he maun bleet. Where the deer's slain some of the blood will lie. Where the dyke's laighest it is eithest to lowp. Where there is o'er mickle courtesy there is little kindness. Where there is naething the king tines his right. Where drums beat laws are dumb. Where the pig's broken let the sherds lie. Where there are gentles there is aye aff-fawing. Where gat ye that, gif a body may speer 1 I gat it where it was, and where leal fowk get gear. Where will you get a park to keep your yeld kye in ] Where the heart gangs let the tail follow. While the grass grows the steed starves. Whitely things are aye tender. Whom God will help nane can hinder. Will a fool's feather in my cap gar my pot play ? Wipe wi' the water and wash wi' the towel. Wise men may be whilly'd wi' wiles. Wives and wind are necessary ills. Widdy baud thy ain ! Wilfu' waste makes waefu' want. Wiles help weak fowk. Will and wit strive wi' ye ! Win't and wear't. Winter thunder bodes summer hunger. Wink at wee fauts, your ain are muckle. Wishers and waddlers were never good house banders. Wit bought makes fowk wise. Wit bought is worth twa for nought. Woman's wark's never done. Women and bairns lein what they ken not. 37^ Dictionary of Lowland Scotch, "Wood iu a wilderness, moss on a mountain, And wit in a poor man are little thought on. Words are but win, but dunts are out o' season. Woo sellers ken aye woo buyers. Work for nought makes lowk dead sweer. Wrang has nae warrant. Wrang count is nae payment. Wad ye gar me trow that my head's cow'd when ne'er a shear's come on't ? Wae to the wame that has a wilfu' master. Wae's them that has the cat's dish and she aye mewting. Water stowps had nae ale. Wealth in the widow's house, kail but saut. Well worth a' good takens. We are as mony Johnstons as ye are Jardines. We hounds slew the hare, quoth the bleer'd messan. Wha invited you to the roast 1 Wha can court but cost. Wha made you a gentleman that didiia cut the lugs frae your liead to ken you by. What ye do when you're drunk ye may pay for when you're dry. What ye want up and down ye have hither and yont. Ye breed of the tod, ye grow gray before ye grow good. Ye breed of the miller's dog, ye lick your lips ere the pock be opened. Ye breed of Macfarlane's geese, ye have mair mind o' your play than your meat. Ye breed of the cow's tail, you grow backward. Ye breed of nettle kail and cock lairds, ye need muckle service. Ye breed of the gowk, ye have never a rhyme but ane. Ye breed of ill weather, ye come uiisent for. Ye breed of Saughton swine, your neb's ne'er out of an ill turn. Ye breed of auld maidens, ye look sae high. Ye breed of the chapman, ye're aye to handsell. Ye breed of our laird, ye'll do nae right nor take nae wrang. Ye breed of good mawt, ye're lang a-coming. Ye breed of the beggars, ye're never out of your gate. Ye breed of the butcher, that seeks his knife when it is in his teeth. Ye breed of the leek, ye have a white head and a green taiL Ye breed of Lady Mary, when ye're good ye're ower good. Ye breed of the miller's daughter, that speer'd what tree groats grew on. Ye breed of the goodman's mither, ye're aye in the gate. Ye breed of the witches, ye can do nae good to yoursell. Ye breed o the herd's wife, ye busk again e'en. Ye breed of the baxters, ye loo your neighbour's browst better than your ain batch. Ye crack crously with your bonnet on. A Collection of Scotch Proverbs. 379 Ye cut before the point. Ye come a day after the fair. Ye cut laiig whangs out o' other fowks' leather. Ye come aftener with the rake than the shool. Ye caniia make a silk purse of a sow's lug. Ye canna see wood for trees. Ye can never fare well but ye cry roast meat. Ye came a clipping time. Ye cangle about uncost kids. Ye canna preach out 0' your ain poupit. Ye canna get leave to thrive for thrang. Ye ca' hardest at the nail that drives fastest. Ye canna do but ye ower do. Ye drive the plough afore the owseu. Ye dinna ken where a blessing may light. Ye drew not sae well when my mare was in the mire. Ye feik it awa' like an auld wife baking. Ye gat your will in your first wife's time, and ye'se no want it now. Ye glowr'd at the moon and fell on the middin'. Ye gang about by Lanark, for fear Linton dogs bite you. Ye glowr like a wild-cat out o' a whin-bush. Ye get o'er muckle o' your will, and that's no good for you. Ye gae far about seeking the nearest. Ye have run lang on little ground. Ye have aye mind of your meat though ye have ill luck til't. Ye have a ready mouth for a ripe cherry. Ye have a saw for ilka sair. Ye have brought the pack to the pins. Ye have given the wolf the wedder to keep. Ye have tied a knot with your tongue that ye canna loose with a' your teeth. Ye have been bred about a mill, ye have mouped a' your manners. Ye have o'er foul feet to come "sae far benn. Ye have a stawk of carle hemp in you. Ye have gotten a revel'd hesp o't. Ye have ae crap for a' corn. Ye have tane the measure of his foot. Ye have o'er muckle loose leather about your chafts. Ye have tint your ain stomach and found a tike's. Ye have put a toom spoon in my mouth. Ye have fasted lang, and worried on a midge. Ye have tint the tongue 0' your trump. Ye have staid lang, and brought little wi' ye. Ye have gi'en baith the sound thump and the loud skirl. Ye have aye a foot out of the langle. Ye have tane't upon you as the wife did the dancing. Ye have good manners, but ye bear them not aye about wi' you. 380 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch, Ye have the wrang sow by the lug. Ye ken naething but milk and bread when it is mool'd in to you. Ye ken what drinkers dree. Ye kenna wha may cool your kail yet. Ye live at the lug o' the law. Yelping curs will raise mastiffs. Ye live on love as lav'rocks do on leeks. Ye'll neither dance nor hand the candle. Yell get nae mair of the cat but the skin. Ye look like let me be. Ye look like a Lochaber-axe new come frae the grindstane. Ye'll no sell your hen on a rainy day. Ye'll get as mickle for ae wish this year as fortwa fern year. Ye'll gar me seek the needle where I didna stick it. Ye'll never cast saut on his tail. Ye look like a Lammermoor lion. Ye'll let naething be tint for want 0' seeking. Ye'll no harry yoursell wi' your ain hands. Ye look like the de'il in daylight. Ye look liker a thief than a bishop. Ye'll ne'er make a mark in your testament by that bargain. Ye'll let little gae by you unless it be the swallow. Ye may tine the father seeking the son. Ye may drive the de'il into a wife, but ye'll ne'er ding him out of her. Ye may be greedy, but ye're no greening. Ye may gang farther and fare warse. Ye may be heard where ye're no seen. Ye may gang thro' a' Egypt without a pass. Ye may hae a good memory, but your judgment winna gi'e mickle. Ye maun take the will for the deed. Ye maunna think to win thro' the warld on a feather-bed. Ye maunna be mealy-mou'd. Ye mete my pease by your ain peck. ' You look like a runner, quoth the de'il to the lobster. Ye'll be made up at the sign o' the wind. Ye'll play at sma' game before ye stand out. Ye'll beguile nane but them that lippens to you. Ye'll mend when ye grow better. Ye'll never be sae auld with sae mickle honesty. Ye never saw green cheese but your e'en reel'd. Ye never want a good whittle at your belt. Ye never heard a fisher cry stinking fish. Ye needna think shame to tak it, your teeth's langer than your beard. Ye put at the cart that's aye ganging. Ye're as daft as ye're days auld. Ye're o'er auld farran to be fley'd for bogles. Ye're a good seeker but an ill finder. A Collection of Scotch Proverbs, 381 Ye ride a bootless errand. Ye're like the wife wi' the mony daughters, the best comes last. Ye're nae chicken for a' your cheeping. Ye're come o' blood, and sae is a pudding. Ye're come to a peel'd egg. Ye're a widdy-fou against hanging time. Ye're as lang a tuning your pipes as ane wad play a spring. Ye're good enough but ye're no braw new. Ye're no sae poor as ye peep. Ye're well away if ye bide, and we're well quat. Ye're of sae mony minds, ye'U never be married. Ye're come to fetch fire. Ye're sae weel in your wooing ye watna where to wed. Ye're never pleased fu' nor fasting. Ye're black about the mouth for want of making of. Ye're welcome, but ye winna win ben. Ye're unco good and ye'll grow fair. Ye're sair fash'd h adding naething together. Ye're not fed with deaf nuts. Ye're sick but no sair handled. Ye're busy seeking a thing that's no tint. Ye're good for carrying a propine, ye can make muckle of little. Ye're like the hens, ye rin aye to the heap. Ye're fear'd for the day ye never saw. Ye're bonny enough to them that loo you, and o'er bonny to them that loo you and canna get you. Ye're o'er bird-mouth'd. Ye're new risen and your young heart's nipping. Ye're a sweet nut if you were well cracked. Ye're no light where ye lean a'. Ye're mair fley'd than hurt. Ye're Davy do a' thing and good at naething. Ye seek grace o' a graceless face. Ye sell the bear's skin on his back. Ye served me as the wife did the cat, Coost me in the kirn and syne harl'd me out. Ye may dight your neb and fly up. Ye'll never die on your ain assize. Ye'll drink afore me. Ye'll find liim whaur ye left him. Ye'll get the cat wi' the twa tails. Ye're the greatest liar 0' your kin except your chief that wan his meat by't. Ye're mistane 0' the stuff, it is haff silk. Ye'se no want while I hae, but look weel to your ain. Ye soon weary o' well-doing. Ye'se get your brose out o' the lee side of the pot. 382 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch, Ye shanna be niffer'd but for a better. Ye sleep like a dog in a milL Ye shape shoon by your ain shacbled feet. Ye take luair in your gab than your cheeks can baud. Ye take the first word of flytinj,'. Ye tine the ladle for the licking. Your tongue's nae slander. Your tongue rins aye before your wit. Ye wad make raickle of me if I were yours. Ye watna what wife's ladle may cogue your kail. Ye wad be a good midwife gin ye baud the grip ye get. Ye wad be good to fetch the de'il a drink. Ye wad ferly mair if the craws bigged in your cleavding and flew away with the nest. Ye watna where a blessing may light. Young fowk may die and auld fowk maun die. Young ducks may be auld geese. Yule's young on Yule e'en. Youth and eild never sowder well. Your meal's a' deagh. Your bread's baken, ye may hing by your girdle. Your head's nne sooner up than your stamock's yapin. Your wind shakes nae corn. Your head will never till your father's bonnet. Your trumpeter's dead. Your thrift's as good as the profit of a yeld hen. Your winning is no my tinsel. Your wit winna worry ye. Your mind's chasing mice. Your gear will ne'er o'ergang you. Your minnie's milk is no out of your nose yet. Your een's no marrows. Ye have sitten your time as mony a good hen has done. Ye have naething to do but suck and wag your tail. Ye promise better than ye pay, yer hechts ye never brooked. Ye're ane of snaw-ba's bairn-time. Ye're here yet and your belt's hale. Ye spill unspoken to. Ye was set atf frae the oon for nipping the pies." Ye was never bom at that time of year. Ye was sae gare ye wadna bide the blessing. Your wame thinks your wyson's cutted. Your purse was steeked when that was paid for. Your neck's youking for a St. Johnston ribbon. A LIST OP THE PEINCIPAL WEITEES IN THE SCOTTISH LANGUAGE. COMPILED BY G. MAY. Ainslie, Hew, born in 1792, at Dailly, Ayrshire; his songs, published in " A Pilgrimage to the Land of Burns" (1820), obtained for him considerable popularity. In later life he emigrated to America. In 1855 he published at New York a volume of "Scottish Songs, Ballads, and Poems." Ainslie, Robert (1766- 1838), a Writer to the Signet, and a friend and correspondent of Robert Burns. He was for forty years a contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine, and other periodicals. Aird, Thomas, born in 1802 at Bowden in Roxburghshire ; a distinguished poet, journalist, and prose writer. He published in 1845 "The Old Bachelor, in the Old Scottish Village," a collection of tales illustrative of Scottish life, character, and scenes, and in 1856 a complete collection of his numerous poetical works. Aytoun, Sir Robert (i 570-1638), an accomplished poet and cour- tier, who occupied the post of private secretary to the queens of James I. (of England) and Charles I. His poems are pub- lished in the Miscellany of the Bannatyne Club. Aytoun, William Edmondstoune (181 3-1865), Professor of Rhe- toric and English Literature at the University of Edinburgh (1845- 1 865). His earliest literary efforts appeared in magazine literature, notably Blackwood's, of which in 1854 he became assistant or advising editor. Poetical works — "Ballads of Scot- land" (edited 1858); "Both- well" (a narrative poem in the style of Sir Walter Scott, 1856) ; " Firmilian, a Spasmodic Tragedy " (1854) ; " Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, and other Poems " (1849) — his chief poeti- cal work; "The Execution of Montrose," and " The Burial March of Dundee;" "Nuptial 384 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Ode on the Marriage of the Prince of Wales" (1863) ; " Po- land, and other Poems." The " Glenmutchkin Kail way " (a tale); "How I Became a Yeo- man ; " " Life and Times of Richard I." (1840); "Norman Sinclair" (1861). He was one of the authors, in conjunction with Sir Theodore Martin, of the " Bon Gaultier Ballads." Baillie, Joanna (i 762-1 851), a Scottish poetess and dramatist, many of whose songs became popular, and still maintain their place in literature. Balfour, Alexander (i 776-1829), a miscellaneous writer, among whose works may be men- tioned " Campbell, or the Scot- tish Probationer," a novel, pub- lished in 1819 ; an edition of Gall's poems in the same year ; a volume of his own poems, en- titled " Contemplations," and several other novels. Balfour, Sir James, a distin- guished lawyer who died in 1 5 83-84. His chief work, ' ' The Practicks of Scots Law" (in MSS.), was for a long period a standard work of reference. It was printed in 1754 with a biographical introduction by Walter Goodal. Ballantine, James (born in 18 10, died in 1878), author of " The Gaberlunzie's Wallet," " Lilias Lee," and of many beautiful songs in " Whistle Binkie " and other Scottish collections of lyrical poetry. His songs are of the highest merit, and of great and deserved popularity. Ballantyne, James (1772-1833). The senior member of the cele- brated printing and publishing firm of that name. He was an intimate friend and afterwards partner of Sir Walter Scott, a friendship which commenced at school and lasted through life. To Mr. Ballantyne' s judi- cious criticism are owing many corrections and suggestions in the works of the " Wizard of the North." Bannatyne, George (1545- 1606). The name of this eminent col- lector of Scottish poetry of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries has been adopted as the cogno- men of a distinguished literary Society. His " Ancient Scottish Poems " was published in 1770. Barbour, John (1316-1395), a historical poet, author of " The Bruce," a metrical chronicle finished in 1375 and first pub- lished from the MS. in 1489. This work possesses great value as an historical record, and has run through about twenty editions, of which the best are Pinkerton's (dated 1790) and Dr. Jamieson's (1820). Beattie, George (1785 - 1823), was an advocate or solicitor at Montrose. His principal work is, "John o' Arnha'," a humorous and satirical poem somewhat in the style of " Tam o* Shanter." Beattie, James, LL.D. (1735- 1803), a poet, essayist, and miscellaneous writer, born at Laurencekirk, Kircardineshire. His name was first brought pro- The Principal Writers in the Scottish Language. 385 minently before the public by his "Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth in Oppo- sition to Sophistry and Scepti- cism," a reply to Hume. His other works are — "Judgment of Paris" (1765); " The Minstrel," in two parts, Spenserian metre. (Incomplete. Merivale added a third part). '* Poems and Translations" (1760). Prose works — " Dissertations " (1783) ; " The Elements of Moral Sciences" (1790-1793); "Essay on Poetry and Music" (1778); "Essay on Truth" (1770); "Essays" (1776); "Evidences of Christianity " ( 1 786). (Life by Sir William Forbes, 1806 ; Mud- ford, 1809 ; Dyce, 1831.) He was part author of the beauti- ful Scottish song, " There's nae luck about the house." Bellenden, John (or Ballenden, or Ballentyne), poet and his- torian. Archdeacon of Moray, and Canon of Ross (i 490-1 560). In 1530 and 1531 he was em- ployed by command of James V. in translating Bolce's * ' History and Chroniklis of Scotland," from the Latin into the Scottish vernacular. He died at Rome in 1 5 50. Among his other poems as unquestionably a man of great parts, and one of the finest poets his country had, may be mentioned ' * Vertue and Vyse," "The Proheme of the Cosmographe " (the most poeti- cal of his works), and "The Proheme of the History." He also wrote the " Topography of Scotland "(1577); Carmichael's " Collections of Scottish Poems" contains some specimens of his style. Bennoch, Francis (born 181 2). He has published a volume of " Poems, Lyrics, Songs, and Sonnets, "and edited a collection of Miss Mitford's tales. Bethune, John (1812-1839), son of a farm-servant, and himself a labourer. In conjunction with his brother Alexander he wrote the " Tales and Sketches of the Scottish Peasantry" (1836). Two years afterwards, " Lec- tures on Practical Economy " appeared ; and as " A Fifeshire Forester " he contributed a number of poems to the Scottish Christian Herald, and the Chris- tian Instructor. Blacklock, Thomas, D.D. (1721- 1791), a poet and divine who was deprived of sight in his earliest infancy. His chief works are " The Graham," a heroic ballad (1774); " Para- celsis" (1767); and two vol- umes of "Poems" (1745 and 1754). The article " Blind," in the EncyclopcBdia Britannica, was written by him. After his death his writings were collect- ed by H. Mackenzie (1793). He was one of the eminent men of letters in Edinburgh who wel- comed and did honour to Robert Burns on his celebrated visit to that city. Boswell, Sir Alexander (1775- 1822), was the eldest son of James Boswell, the biographer of Dr. Johnson. His writings are noteworthy for their lively 2 B 386 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. imagination, satire, and hum- our. Many of his " Songs, chiefly in the Scottish Dialect " (1803), have achieved perma- nent popularity, the best known being "Auld Gude Man, ye're a Drucken Carle ; " " Jenny's Bawbee ; " ** Jenny Dang the Weaver ; " and a poem, pub- lished under an assumed name, is entitled " Edinburgh, or the Ancient Royalty, a Sketch of Former Manners, by Simon Gray" (1810). Another work in Scottish verse is " Skeldon Haughs, or the Sow is Flitted " (1816), and " Clan Alpin's Vow." Created a baronet in 1821. He received a death- wound in a duel with Mr. Stewart of Auldearn, after- wards editor of the Courier, a London evening paper, result- ing from some political satires published in the Sentinel. Brunton, George (i 799-1863), a miscellaneous writer of prose and verse illustrative of Scot- tish life, manners, and localities. These sketches and tales ap- peared in the Edinburgh Maga- zine, the Scottish Literary Gazette, and Tait's Magazine. In 1834 he became editor of the Scottish Patriot, having previously edited the Citizen. After the publica- tion of "An Historical Account of the Senators of the College of Justice," in which he was associated with Mr. David Haig, he, in conjunction with the latter, started the Scots Weekly Magazine, which was exclusively devoted to the eluci- dation of Scottish history and antiquities, and Scottish life and manners. Burns, Robert (i 759-1796), the most popular of all the Scottish poets, and whose fame has be- come world-wide. The range and variety of his powers are unsurpassed in the literature of his country ; including, as they do, such different and such excellent poems as the " Cotter's Saturday Night," " Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled," "Auld Lang Syne," "A Man's a Man for a' that," ''Holy WiUie's Prayer," " Tam o' Shanter," " Death and Dr. Hornbook," " The Twa Dogs," all of which have sunk deep into the re- membrance and hearts of Scotsmen in every part of the world, and are familiar to all educated Englishmen. His name and songs have become dear to every patriotic Scotsman, and the language of his country will, doubtless, be perpetuated in his works long after it has become an unspoken tongue. Callander, John (—1789). An antiquary born about the be- ginning of the eighteenth cen- tury. His best known work is " Two Ancient Scottish Poems" (1782); beside this he trans- lated Brosse's " Terra Australia Coqueta" from the French. He also projected, but did not carry out, works on the " History of the Ancient Music of Scot- land," and a " Scoto-Gothic Glossary." He was accused of plagiarism in connection with The Principal Writers in the Scottish Language, 387 some "Annotations to Milton's Paradise Lost," which it would appear without some reason. Campbell, Alexander(i 764-1824). His first literary effort was " An Introduction to the History of Poetry in Scotland" (1798), together with ** Songs of the Lowlands." This was followed in 1802 by "A Tour from Edin- burgh through Various Parts of North Britain," generally con- sidered to be his best work ; " The Grampians Desolate " {1804), showed a diminution of power. His last work (1816), was "Albyn's Anthology," a collection of native Highland music to which Sir Walter Scott and others contributed verses. Campbell, Thomas (i 777-1 844), author of " The Pleasures of Hope," and the spirited songs and ballads "Ye Mariners of England," " The Battle of Hohenlinden," "The Exile of Erin," " Lochiel's Warning," " The Soldier's Dream," and " Lord Ullin's Daughter." He was one of the originators of the London University, and afterwards Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. He is buried in Westminster Abbey. Carrick, John Donald (i 787-1 837), best known as the author of "The Life of Wallace," was a voluminous miscellaneous writer of considerable repute. He was deeply read in old Scottish literature, and became succes- sively editor of the Scots Times, the Perth Advertiser, and the Kilmarnock Journal. His latest work, " The Laird of Logan," is a well-known series of Scottish sketches, to which work he was the largest contributor. Chalmers, George (1742-1825), a historian and antiquary, whose principal production was his " Caledonia" (1807- 1 824). He also wrote a "History of Scottish Poetry," a " History of Printing in Scotland," Lives of Defoe (1785), Mary Queen of Scots (i8i8),ThomasRuddiman(i794), and several other works, one of which was an illustrated edition of the poems of Allan Ramsay. Chambers, Robert, LL.D. (1802- 1871), a voluminous, historical, miscellaneous writer, and one of the founders of the great pub- lishing firm of William and Robert Chambers. During his forty years of literary labour he produced no less than one hun- dred volumes, the most notable of his works being " Popular Rhymes of Scotland" (1826), "Pictures of Scotland" (1827), ' ' Histories of the Scottish Rebel- lions," and a " Life of James I." His "Book of Days," "Biogra- phical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen," and his various educational works for " the entertainment and instruction of the people. " Since his death, his authorship of the celebrated "Vestiges of the Natural His- tory of Creation " has been pub- licly avowed. Cunningham, Thomas (1776- 1834), a lyric writer of great merit, and a constant contri- butor to the Edinburgh Maga- 388 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. zine, to which he sent not only poems and songs but miscel- laneous sketches and stories, all characterised by a somewhat rare vein of pathos, oddity, and humour. Cunningham, Allan (1784- 1842), one of the first of Scottish song writers. His literary productions were extremely numerous, but, perhaps, apart from poetry, his " Life of Burns " is the master- piece. Douglas, Gawyn or Gavin ( 1474- 1522), styled "the most clas- sical of Scottish poets." He was Bishop of Dunkeld, and translated into the Scottish ver- nacular the ** JEneid " of Virgil, prefixing a poetical introduction of his own to each book. Drummond, William, of Haw- thornden (i 585-1 649), author of " History of the Five Jameses, Kings of Scotland," which is strongly tinged with royalist principles. His poems and songs are characterised by delicacy and tenderness of treatment. Dunbar, William (1465 ), one of the chief of early Scotch poets. His "Thistle and the Eose " is a poem of surpassing beauty. Others are entitled " The Golden Targe," " The Twa Married Women," and "The Weds." He interwove Latin with Scottish verses in a very fantastic manner. Ferguson, Robert (1750-1774), Born and educated at Aber- deen, most of his poems had appeared in Kuddiman's Weekly Magazine before he had at- tained his twentieth year. A monument to his memory was erected over his grave in Edin- burgh at the expense of Robert Burns, out of the profits of the Edinburgh edition of his " Poems and Songs." Finlay, John (1782-1810). The chief poems of this writer are " Wallace, or the Fate of Ellers- lie," and "Scottish Historical and Romantic Ballads," both of these works displaying con- siderable knowledge and re- search. Gall, Richard (i 776-1 801). His principal poems were "Farewell to Ayrshire" (erroneously attri- buted to Burns), and " My only Jo and Dearie O ; " besides which, "The Braes of Drumlee," and " Captain O'Kain," merit special mention. Galloway, Robert (i 752-1 794). The " Poems, Epistles, and Songs " of this poet were chiefly written in the Scottish tongue. A shoemaker by trade, he sub- sequently became a bookseller in Glasgow. His poems were published in that city in 1 788. Gait, John (i 779-1839), a writer, whose productions consisted of poems, prose essays, and a large number of novels, in all upwards of fifty volumes. The following are his principal works : — Lives of Cardinal Wolsey (181 2), Benjamin West (18 16), Lord Byron (1830); "The Players" (1831); "An Autobiography" (1833) ; " Literary Life and Mis- cellanies" (1834); " Ourand- logos" {1833); "Voyages and The Principal Writers in the Scottish Language. 389 Travels" (1812); and "The Wandering Jew." His best no- vels were entitled "Annals of the Parish " (1821)," and "Ayr- shire Legatees " (same year). Gilfillan, Robert (1798-1850). This writer's lyrical produc- tions were gathered in a volume published in 1831, entitled " Original Songs." In 1835 ^^^ 1839 enlarged editions were issued. Glen, William (1789- 1826), a lyrical writer, some of whose productions have found their way into every Scottish home. His Jacobite song, " Wae's me for Prince Charlie," was one of the most touching and popular of the songs of the time. Grant, Joseph (1805- 1835). The tales and poetry of this writer were principally in the Scottish language. His latest work, pub- lished posthumously, was "Tales of the Glens" (1836), with a memoir by Eobert Nichol. Hamilton, William (i 704-1754). A native of Bangour, he received a liberal education, and early cultivated a taste for poetry. The Jacobite song, " Gladsmuir," his first success, was due to the part he took in the rebellion of 1745. On "The Braes of Yar- row," however, is based his chief claim to remembrance. His works were collected and published in Edinburgh in 1766. Hamilton, William. Born at Gilbertfield, he, after some years of military service, left the army to devote himself to literature. He was a friend and corres- pondent of Allan Kamsay. Watson's " Choice Collection of Scots Poems " contains his chief writings. In 1722 he issued, rendered into modern Scotch, an edition of Blind Harry's "Life of Wallace," a work which has been frequently reprinted. Harry the Minstrel, or Blind Harry, as he is more popularly called. His history is obscure, but he wrote in the vernacular the achievements of Wallace, the champion of Scottish In- dependence. So little is known of him that his surname has never been ascertained. It seems, however, that he was blind from his birth, and that he followed the occupation of a wandering minstrel. His only poem now extant is entitled, "Ye actis and deidis of ye illuster and vailzeand campioun shyr Willam Wallace," the MS. of which is now preserved in the Advocates' Library, bearing the date of 1488. Hedderwick, James, LL.D., a well - known journalist and poet, in early life sub-editor of the Scotsman. He subsequently started the Glasgow Citizen and other periodicals. His principal work is "Lays of the Middle Ages." Henderson, Andrew (i 783-1 835). author of a " Collection of Scottish Proverbs " published in 1832, to which William Motherwell contributed an in- troduction. Henryson, Robert, who flourished in the fifteenth century. The 390 Dictionayy of Lowland Scotch. date and place of his birth are unknown. His "Robene and Makyne" is thought to be the earhest specimen of pas- toral poetry in the Scottish lan- guage. Examples of his verse are included in Irving' s " Lives of the Scottish Poets," Hailes' " Ancient Scottish Poems," Ellis' " Specimens," and Sib- bald's " Chronicle of Scottish Poetry." His chief works are "The Bludy Serf," "Fabils" (printed 1621 ) ; " Orpheus Kyng, and how he yeid to Newyn and to hel to seik his Quene" (printed 1508); "Tailes of the Uplandis Mons and the burges mons" (printed 1815), and the "Testament of faire Crescide " (printed 1593). Herd, David (1732-18 10). Sir Walter Scott, in his " Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border," speaks of Herd as "the editor of the first classical collection of Scot- tish songs and ballads," and further acknowledges his in- debtedness to those manuscripts entitled "A Collection of An- cient and Modern Scottish Songs, Heroic Ballads," &c. This was published in 1769. Herd also wrote concerning Scottish poetry and antiquities in the periodicals of his time. Hogg, James (1782-1835), who is more popularly known as the Ettrick Shepherd, was born on the banks of the river of that name. Entirely self-taught, he seems, like many others of the national poets, to have been early attracted by the beauties of Blind Harry's "Life of Wal- lace," and Allan Ramsay's " Gentle Shepherd." " Donald M'Donald," his first published song, soon became very popular, and was speedily followed by " When the Kye Come Hame," which remains a choice favour- ite among all who love Scottish lyric poetry. From this time his reputation increased. In all he wrote about twenty volumes, the chief of which are " The Forest Minstrels " (a volume of songs, 18 10), " Mador of the Moor "(1816, written in Spenserian stanzas) ; " The Mistakes of a Night" (1794); "The Mountain Bard" (1807; "Pilgrims of the Sun" (181 5); "The Poetic Mirror" (1814); " Queen Hynde " (an epic poem, 1825); "Queen's Wake "(1813); and " Scottish Pastorals, Poems, and Songs" (1801). Besides these, he published several prose works, the chief of which are "The Altrive Tales" (1832); " The Brownie of Bodsbeck " (a tale of the Covenanters, 1 8 1 8) ; "Lay Sermons" (1834); "Life of Sir Walter Scott," "Mon- trose Tales " (1835) ; ** The Shepherd's Guide (1807) ; " The Three Perils of Man" (1822); "The Three Perils of Woman: Love, Teasing, and Jealousy" (1823); "Winter Evening Tales" (1820), and a comprehensive collection of Jacobite songs and ballads. Hume, Alexander (1560-1609), a sacred poet whose writings were much appreciated by the Pres- The Principal Writers in the Scottish Language. 391 byterians. Some of his works have been reprinted by the Bannatyne Club. Amongst the chief may be named, " Hymnes or Sacred Songs " (1599); " Flyt- ing betwixt Montgomery and Polwart ; " " Triumphs of Love, Chastitie, and Death," pub- lished posthumously in 1644. Hume, Alexander (i 809-1 851), one of the "untutored" muses of Scotland, many of whose songs have been set to music. His "Wee, wee Wife ; " " Menie Hay;" "Oh! Years hae Come," and "My Mountain Hame," were especial favourites. Inglis, Henry, for many years a leading member of the legal profession in Edinburgh. He published "Marican, and other Poems" in 185 1, and the "Briar of Threave" in 1855. Inglis, Sir James, a poet and man of letters of the early part of the sixteenth century. It is generally supposed that " The Complaynt of Scotland," the earliest Scotch prose work ex- tant, was written by him. It contains a minute account of the manners, customs, and popular literature of Scotland of that period. He filled the posts of Secretary to Queen Margaret, 151 5, and Chancellor of the Royal Chapel of Stirling, 1527, subsequently becoming Abbot of Culross. He met with a violent death in 1530. James I. of Scotland. After passing nineteen years of his earlier life in Windsor Castle, where he was held in captivity by the English monarch, he ascended the throne of Scotland in 1424. This royal poet ranks high among old Scottish au- thors. The MS. of his chief pro- duction, the " King's Quhair," an allegorical poem, was dis- covered in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, and was pubhshed in 1783. Two other poems, deal- ing humorously with the rural manners and customs of his day, are also attributed to this monarch. These bear the titles of " Christ's Kirk on the Green," and " Peblis to the Play." " The King's Quhair " is a production of the highest poetical merit, and was inspired by his love for a beautiful English lady of noble birth, whom he saw for the first time in his youthful captivity in Windsor, and whom he afterwards married and took to Scotland as his queen. He was assassinated by a company of aristocratic murderers, who slew him before her eyes, dur- ing a struggle in which the tender, affectionate, noble wo- man displayed in his defence the most touching and romantic heroism. James V. of Scotland (15 12- 1542), a monarch who so endeared himself to his people that he bore the name of " King of the Poor." Being fond of romantic adventure he is reported to have often disguised himself and wandered through the country under the name of " The Gude- man of Ballangeich," the name of a pass on the rock on which 392 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Stirling Castle is built. His adventures formed the basis of two well-known ballads and songs attributed to and possibly written by him, the most popular of which is still current and often sung in Scotland, under the title of "We'll gang nae mair a Kovin', a Rovin' in the Night." Jamieson, John, D.D. (1758- 1838). This writer takes one of the first places amongst Scottish authors. Entering the ministry early in life, his first work con- sisted of two volumes of " Ser- mons on the Heart " ( 1 789). This was followed in the same year by a poem in blank verse entitled " The Sorrows of Slavery," and in 1798 by an- other poetical work "Eternity." The publication of various theo- logical volumes was followed by " The Etymological Dic- tionary of the Scottish Lan- guage" (1809-10). A supple- ment to this was issued in 1825. Amongst other volumes from his pen may be mentioned " Hermes Scythicus, &c." {1814) *' Historical Account of the An cient Culdees of lona" (181 1) * ' Historical Account of the Royal Palaces of Scotland (1818). Kennedy, Walter. Douglas calls this poet, who lived in the six- teenth century, ' ' The great Kennedy." His chief work was " Flyting." Only two other short poems have been pre- served, the rest having unfor- tunately been lost. These are " Invective against Mouth- Thankless," and " Prais of Age." Laidlaw, William, Born in 1780, died 1845. He was the farm- bailiff, amanuensis, and cher- ished friend of Sir Walter Scott during his residence at Abbots- ford. He was the author of several admired songs, amongst which the best known is '* Lucy's Flittin', " which ap- peared originally in the " Forest Minstrel" of the Ettrick Shep- herd. Lapraik, John, described by Robert Burns, who greatly ad- mired his poetry, and wrote a rhymed epistle to him, as "a worthy facetious old fellow." He, was owner of a small farm in Ayrshire. The date of his birth is unknown. He died in 1807. His principal and most popular poem is " Matrimonial Happi- ness," addressed to his wife — which Burns says " thrilled through his heart-strings a' to the life." Lauder, William (—1771). This author is chiefly known by his attempt to fasten a charge of plagiarism upon Milton, and although at the instance of Dr. Johnson he withdrew it, he sub- sequently retracted his denial. He wrote a well-known work on Scottish literature, bearing the title of "Poetarum Scotorum Musae Sacrae." Leighton, Robert, born in 1822, is the author of "Rhymes and Poems by Robin " (1855). Leighton, Alexander, uncle of the above Robert Leighton, The Principal Writers in the Scottish Language. 393 and author of an excellent humorous poem, " The Bap- teezement of the Bairn." Lesley, John, Bishop of Ross, a champion of Mary Queen of Scots, and the author of a " History of Scotland." Leyden, John, M.D. (1775-1811), a distinguished poet, linguist, and traveller. His works are numerous, and in their time were very popular. The blunt- ness and independence of man- ner, which met with little favour in society, served him in good stead in his literary labours. He visited the interior of Africa, India, and accompanied an ex- pedition to Java, where he died. His most valuable work was " Discoveries and Travels in Africa" (1799); "Poems and Ballads" (posthumous, 1858); "Poetical Remains" (posthu- mous, 1819) ; " Scottish De- scriptive Poems" (1803). His life was written by Rev. J. Morton (1819), and Sir Walter Scott (1858). Lindsay, Lady Anne, daughter of the Earl of Crawford and Bal- carres, afterwards Lady Ann Barnard. She is best known as the authoress of the exquisite and universally popular song of " Auld Robin Gray," which she published anonymously in 1772, when yet a young girl. She first avowed the authorship to Sir Walter Scott in her old age. Lindsay, Sir David (1490-1569 ?), an eminent poet, whose chief works are" The Dreame"( 1528), in which he applies the lash with great truth and force to abuses in Church and State, wtiich had arisen from the licen- tious lives of the clergy and the usurpations of the nobles ; "The Complaynt of the King's Pas- sings," another satirical pro- duction of extreme pungency ; a drama bearing the title of " A Satyre of the Three Estaties ; " " The Supplication against Syde Taillis," a satire on woman's dress ; " Kittie's Confession," ridiculing auricular confession ; " The History and Testament of Squire Meldrum" (1550, the most pleasing of his composi- tions), and the last and greatest of his works, " The Monarchic " (1553). The whole of these books were written in the Scot- tish tongue, and are marked by strong satire and broad humour. Many of his moral sayings have passed into proverbs. Lockhart, John Gibson (1794- 1854), best known as the bio- grapher of Sir Walter Scott, whose daughter he married. He was for many years and until his death the editor of the Quarterly Revieio. His humor- ous and quaint lament on ' ' Captain Paton " is well known, and a great favourite in the legal and convivial circles of Edin- burgh and Glasgow. He also wrote lives of Burns and Na- poleon the First, in addition to several novels, and a very popular volume of Spanish ballads. Logan, John, a clergyman of the Church of Scotland, born 1748, died 1788. He is known by 394 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. several favourite songs, but more especially by his beautiful ballad " The Braes o' Yarrow." Mackenzie, George, author of " Lives and Characters of the most Eminent Writers of the Scots Nation." This work is one of great research, and was published in three volumes folio. Macneil, Hector (1746-1818), a popular poet and song writer, his love-songs in the Scottish language having speedily be- come favourites with all classes. When only fourteen he went to the West Indies, remaining there until 1 789. His principal poem, " Scotland's Skaith," ap- peared in 1795. So popular did it become that it passed through fourteen editions in twelve months. A complete collection of his poems was issued in 1 80 1, and these were followed by two works in verse entitled "Town Fashions" and **By- gane Times." He also pub- lished a novel entitled "The Scottish Adventurers," and for a time was editor of The Scots Magazine. His best known song, entitled " Saw Ye my Wee Thing," is still highly popular. Mayne, John, a poet and miscel- laneous writer who died in 1836. His chief work, " Glasgow " (1803), has passed through seve- ral editions, but his strength lay principally in ballad poetry, his " Logan Braes " and " Helen of Kirkconnell Lea" being inferior to no poems of their kind in the language. His " Siller Gun," published in 1808, with notes and a glossary, was at one time very popular, and contains many vigorous scenes and sketches of character. Miller, William, born at Parkhead, Glasgow, about 18 12, chiefly known as a writer of nursery songs and tender lyrics in the well known collection entitled " Whistle Binkie." Moir, David Macbeth (1798- 185 1 ), a poet who wrote under the celebrated pseudonym of " Delta" in Blackwood, his chief works being " Bombardment of Algiers" (1818), "Domestic Verses" (1845), ^-^i^ "Sketches of the Poetical Literature of the Past Half Century" (1851). Montgomery, Alexander. No details have come down to us concerning this celebrated poet. He is best known by his alle- gorical poem " The Cherrie and the Slae," which subsequently formed the model for Ramsay's " Vision." He also wrote " The Minde's Melodic," and a large variety of sonnets in the Scot- tish language. A MS. collection of his poems is preserved in the Edinburgh University, and a complete transcript was pub- lished in 1822. Moore, James,LL.D.( 17 12-1779), a Greek scholar and librarian to the University of Glasgow, subsequently becoming a pro- fessor and vice-rector of the same institution. Besides several classical works he contributed largely to the Edinburgh Maga- zine and Review. The Scots The Principal Writers in the Scottish Language. 395 ballad, " The Chelsea Pensioner," is also attributed to him. Motherwell, William (1797- 1835). The first work of this highly gifted poet was a col- lection of ballads, " Minstrelsy Ancient and Modern," a very valuable and interesting pro- duction. He became editor successively of the Paisley Ad- vertiser, Paisley Magazine, and Glasgow Courier, besides contri- buting prose and verse to The Day, a Glasgow periodical. Con- jointly with Hogg he edited an edition of Burns's poems. The most noteworthy of his own songs are "Jeanie Morrison," "My Head is like to Kend, Wilhe," and " The Sword Chant." Murray, Alexander, D.D. (1775- 1813), an eminent philologist, who was entirely self-taught. His chief works were a volume of poems principally in the Scot- tish language, "Outlines of Oriental Philology," and a " History of European Lan- guages," published posthum- ously. Nairn, Carolina, Baroness ( 1 766- 1845), the gifted authoress of the inimitable "Laird o' Cock- pen," and the touchingly pa- thetic " Land o' the Leal," songs which still retain their early popularity. Most of her verses appeared in "The Scot- tish Minstrel " under the signa- ture B. B. She, however, in later years abandoned her in- cognito. She left a large number of unpublished songs. Nicoll, Robert (1814-1837), a fa- vourite Scottish poet ; his first volume, "Poems and Lyrics," was published in 1835. In the following year he became editor of the Leeds Times, the circula- tion of which he quadrupled during his one year tenure of office. Outram, George (1805-1856), who from 1837 to the date of his death edited the Glasgow Herald. His best known song or ballad is the inimitable "Annuity," which is often recited or sung in Scottish society, and is a great' favourite in all legal circles. Picken, Andrew (i 788-1 833), a miscellaneous writer, whose first attempt at authorship was "Tales and Sketches of the West of Scotland." The " Sec- tarian " (1828, a novel) exhi- bited great skill in delineating mental psychology ; he excelled, however, in his portraits of humble Scottish life, especially in his "Club Book," "Tradi- tionary Stories," and the " Black Watch." Pinkerton, John, F.S.A., anti- quary and miscellaneous writer (1758-1826). "The Runes," " Select Scottish Ballads," "Let- ters of Literature," "Walpoli- ana," "Ancient Scottish Poems," "Treasury of Wit," " Icono- graphia Scotica,"and the "Scot- tish Gallery" are his principal works. His compilations, how- ever, are marked by self-con- fessed forgeries. Pringle, Thomas (1789- 1834), a poet whose "African Sketches," 39^ Dictionary of Lowland Scotch, " Ephemerides," and " Scenes of Teviotdale " achieved a per- manent popularity. Ramsay, Allan (1686-1758). This distinguished poet ranks next to Burns and Scott in the favour of the Scottish people. His pastoral, * ' The Gentle Shep- herd," is perhaps the finest poem of its kind in any lan- guage. His two great compila- tions, " The Evergreen" and the better known " Tea Table Mis- cellany," are essential to the completion of every Scottish library. He was originally a barber and wig maker in the High Street of Edinburgh, and is reported to have been the founder of the first Circulating Library ever established in Great Britain. Ramsay, Dean (i 793-1872), will be long remembered by his "Re- miniscences of Scottish Life and Character." He was for some time Secretary of the Anti- Slavery Society. Rodger, Alexander (i 784-1846). The "Poems and Songs" of this writer are well-known. Among the more popular is " Behave Yourself before Folk," which first appeared in "Whistle Binkie." He was for many years connected with the Glas- gow newspaper press. RoUand, John, the romancist in the Scottish vernacular of the " Seaven Songes" (1578), a col- lection of stories similar to those told in the "Arabian Nights." Ross, Alexander (1699-1784), a poet whose "Fortunate Shep- herdess " is almost as popular as the works of Ramsay or Burns. Rymer, Thomas, commonly called "Thomas the Rhymer," whose patronymic is unknown, was born somewhere about 1226, and died in 1299. The most popular of the writings attri- buted to him are to be found in the " Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border." Scot, Alexander, a poet attached to the court of Mary Queen of Scots. Specimens of his poems will be found in various col- lections, notably in Allan Ram- say's ** Evergreen." Scott, Sir Walter (i 771-1832), a celebrated poet and the most distinguished novelist of the age, whose works in prose and verse at once achieved a popu- larity which they have ever since retained. Scott, perhaps more than any other author, familiarised the people of the sister kingdoms with Scottish life, scenery, and literature. His admirable works are too well known to need a detailed description, and have been translated into many European languages. Sibbald, James (174 7- 1803). He wrote chiefly on the antiquities of Scotland, in the Edinburgh Magazine, which he owned and edited. His principal work, a " Chronicle of the Poetry of Scotland," appeared in 1802. Skinner, Rev. John (1721-1807), a poet whose songs have at- tained a lasting popularity, the The Principal Writers in the Scottish Language. 397 best known being the " Keel of Tullochgorum," and the "Ewie wi' the Crookit Horn." Skirving, Adam, a farmer in Had- dingtonshire, born 17 19, died 1803. He was a staunch Jaco- bite, and is principally known by his spirited ballad, " Hey ! Johnnie Cope, are ye waukin yet ? " written in a fit of joyous exaltation in 1745, when Sir John Cope, the Hanoverian general, was so signally de- feated at Prestonpans by the forces of Prince Charles Ed- ward Stuart, called by his adherents the "lawful king," and by the partisans of the Guelphs "the Pretender." The ballad still continues to be popu- lar in Scotland. Skirving wrote other songs, but they have fallen into oblivion. Stoddart, Thomas Tod, born in 1810 ; he published, in 1831 " The Death wake, or Lunacy ; ' "The Art of Angling," in 1836 and others of the same type which have since been remo delled in the "Angler's Com panion," a work still much in request. He died in Kelso, where he had long resided, in 1880. Stone, Jerome (1 727-1 757), a self- taught scholar and. poet, who, from an itinerant pedlar, be- came assistant -master at the Dunkeld Grammar School. He translated several poems from the Gaelic, but his great work (unfinished) is "An Enquiry into the Origin of the Nation and Language of the Ancient Scots." Tannahill, Robert (i 774-1810), a writer of songs and ballads, some of the best of which were composed whilst working at the loom. Some of them attained a wide popularity, as, e.g., " Jessie, the Flower of Dum- blane," " The Braes o' Bal- quither," and "Gloomy Winter's now Awa'.", Walker, Charles, a travelling mendicant and ballad singer of the last century, well known and highly esteemed by all classes in Aberdeenshire and the East Coast of Scotland, and as welcome to the rich as to the poor in all the districts that he favoured with his visits. He attained the great age of 105 years, and is said to have been present at the battle of Culloden. He was a fervent Jacobite, and author of the admirable but rough ballad of "Bonnie Laddie, Highland Laddie." Wedderburn, James ( 1500- 1564- 65), a religious poet and play- wright. His chief work was " Buike of Godlie and Spirituall Songs." He also wrote two plays exposing the corruptions of the Roman Church. Wilson, Alexander (1766-18 13), an eminent ornithologist and writer of Scottish poetry. He in early life emigrated to Ame- rica, where he devoted a large portion of his time to ornitho- logy » publishing a large and im- portant work as the result of his researches. Several volumes of poems also appeared under his 398 Dictionary of Lowland Scotch. Wilson, John, "Christopher North" (1785-1854), a popular poet, novelist, and dramatic writer, born at Paisley. For many years he was largely con- cerned in Blackwood's Magazine, to which he contributed the inimitable series of papers en- titled " Noctes Ambrosianae." He was Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh. Wilson, John Mackay (1803- 1835), the author of the well- known '' Tales of the Borders," and several dramas and poems, the most popular of the former being "The Gowrie Conspiracy " and "The Highland Widow," whilst his poems, entitled " The Enthusiast" and "The So- journer" (in Spenserian stanzas), rank amongst his best produc- tions. THE END. PRINTED BY BALLANTYNK, HANSON AND CO. EDINBURGH AND LONDON. JUST PUBLISHED. Large post 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d. ; or half -bound, gilt top, 9s. A DICTIONARY OF SOBRIQUETS AND NICKNAMES. ALBEKT R FKEY, Author of ""William Shakspeare and Alleged Spanish Prototypes,' "A Bibliography of Junius," " A Bibliography of Playing Cards," &c. WITH AN INDEX ARRANGED BY TRUE NAMES. ** Sobriquet" and ** Nickname " are two words often used as if they were identical in meaning, and are as such employed without regard to the diffe- rence between them. A " sobriquet," as its etymology proves, is an epithet bestowed upon a person for some quality, good or bad, which he possesses, or which he is reputed to possess; and a "nickname," or more properly an Uke-name, is an addition, or eke, to the name by which he is legally or generally known. " Sobriquet " is a French word, recently adopted into English, and is of Celtic or Gaelic extraction, from so, an afl&x equivalent to the Greek eu, signifying pleasant, fit, appropriate, and breach, a mark or spot ; and thus signifies a fit or appropriate mark or designation of any one by which he is familiarly known. An eke-name is of Teutonic origin, from auch or eke, also, or additional, and has been corrupted into "nickname " by the ungrammatical transference of the n in the indefinite article an to the unaspirated word which follows it. Originally all names, except those be- stowed at baptism and called Christian names, were properly "sobriquets " — descriptive of the personal appearance, the colour of the hair or eyes, the profession or trade, or the residence of those to whom they were given, as Cruikshank, Longman, Short, Black, Brown, Grey, White, Green, &c. ; Smith, Tailor, Carpenter, Baker, Driver, &c. ; "Wood, Vale, Forest, Rivers, Hill, and many other familiar examples. Sobriquets applied in this manner are by no means obsolete. The reader of to-day, no matter to what especial branch of literature or history he may devote himself, must have encountered many of such peculiar sobriquets and nicknames. Frequently their origin is difficult to determine, and their real force is lost. No book has as yet been issued which is devoted to the explanation and derivation of these humorous, and, in some instances, abusive appellations ; and to fill this gap the present work was undertaken. IN PREPARATION. B flew ifrencb anD Bnglisb Slang Dictionary. ARGOT AND SLANG. A NEW FRENCH AND ENGLISH DICTIONARY OF THE CANT WORDS, QUAINT EXPRESSIONS, SLANG TERMS, AND FLASH PHRASES USED IN THE HIGH AND LOW LIFE OF OLD AND NEW PARIS. By A. BARR£:RE, Officier de I'lnstruction Publique, Professor RM. Academy, Woolwich. The work treats of the cant of thieves ; the jargon of Parisian roughs ; the military, naval, parliamentary, academical, legal, and Freemasons' slang ; of that of the workshop, the studio, the stage, the boulevards, the demi-monde. It is accompanied by an exhaustive introduction ; also by numerous specimens in prose and verse of the flash tongue of different periods, arranged in chronological order up to the present day, among which is the autobiography in parallel columns of a thief in English and French slang. London : WHITTAKER & CO., Paternoster Square, E.C. 1^^ ^/^ "! Ml n/ve