LIBRARY OF THE University of California. GIKT OF" Class J(,0^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/antequampriusquaOOhullrich ANTEQyAi\4 AND PRIUSQUAM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR SUBJUNCTIVE USAGE BY WALTER HULLIHEN A DISSERTATION ^ SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY IN CONFORMITY W^ITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, IQOO THE FRIEDENWALD COMPANY BALTIMORE, MD., V. S. A. 1903 CONTENTS PAGE Prefatory Note 7 PART A. (11-30) Literature on the subject 12 Importance of the negative 15 The use of the subj unctive 16 Tense usage 20 General discussion of the various antequam (priusquam) sentences. . 22-30 Sentences of present time 23 Sentences of future time 24 Inf requency of the future indicative 27 Sentences of past time 28 PART B. (31-104) Sentences of Present Time 31-54 Present. Indicative. Generic 31 Particular 34 Perfect Indicative. Generic (positive leading sentence) 35 Generic (negative leading sentence) 37 Present Subjunctive. Generic 40 Sentences involving volition, (i) After positive imperative leading clause 44 (2) Antequam = potius quam 46 (3) Volitive examples not falling under (i) and (2) 47 Antequam = antequam ut 48 Indefinite Second Person 49 Subjunctive or Infinitive Sequence 50 Oratio Obliqua Dependence 54 Sentences of Future Time 54-67 Present Indicative (positive leading sentence) 55 Present Subjunctive (positive leading sentence) 58 Future Perfect Indicative (negative leading sentence) 59 Future Perfect Indicative (positive leading sentence) 61 Future Indicative 62 Subjunctive of volition, etc., in Future sentences 6z Figura adwdrav 64 Oratio Obliqua (Present and Perfect Subjunctive) 65 6 Contents PAGE Sentences of Past Time 67-101 Indicative Mood. Aorist (Perfect) Indicative (positive leading sentence).... 68 Aorist (Perfect) Indicative (negative leading sentence) ... . 71 Imperfect Indicative 74 Pluperfect Indicative 74 Subjunctive Mood. Imperfect Subjunctive; positive leading sentence. (a) Volitive 76 (b) Antequam = antequam ut 77 (c) Prospective 79 (d) Sentences combining characteristics of (a), (b), and (c) 81 (e) Purely temporal relation 82 Generic sentence of the past. 85 Imperfect Subjunctive; negative leading sentence. (a) Volitive (insistence) 87 (b) Purely temporal relation 87 Subjunctive or Infinitive Sequence 89 Pluperfect Subjunctive. Parallel to Aorist Indicative and Imperfect Subjunctive 90 Antequam = potius quam 91 Generic sentence of the past (negative leading sentence) 92 Sub-Oratio Obliqua 92 Dependent upon negative result clause 93 Dependent upon verb of a Contrary to Fact condition. . . 93 Oratio Obliqua Sentences of the Past. Future Sentences. (a) Imperfect Subjunctive; positive leading sentence 95 (b) Pluperfect Subjunctive; negative leading sentence 97 (c) Pluperfect Subjunctive; positive leading sentence (rare) 98 Past Sentences. ^ (a) Imperfect Subjunctive; positive leading sentence 98 (b) Imperfect Subjunctive; negative leading sentence 99 (c) Pluperfect Subjunctive; positive leading sentence 99 (d) Pluperfect Subjunctive; negative leading sentence 100 (e) Perfect Subjunctive; positive leading sentence 100 (f) Perfect Subjunctive; negative leading sentence loi Infinitive Construction loi Participial Construction 102 Nullum aut idem Verbum 102 Unclassified 104 Bibliography (Editions of Texts) 105 Bibliography (General) 107 PREFATORY NOTE. In publishing this discussion of the subject with which these pages are concerned it is not the intention of the writer that it shall be his final word upon that subject. On the contrary, he takes this occasion to announce his purpose of publishing in the future a fuller and consequently more satisfactory treatment of it, in which the related particles dum, donee, and quoad will be con- sidered, and in which a great deal of already collected material in the matter of annotations, references, etc., will be given, which the brevity of this paper has necessitated omitting. Such an amplification and elaboration of the discussion will, however, re- quire more time than is now available, for it has become necessary to publish in its present form this paper which was presented as a Doctor's Dissertation in 1900 to the Faculty of Philosophy of the Johns Hopkins University. The period examined for examples embraces the whole of the Latin literary remains from the earliest fragments down to Sue- tonius, inclusive. It is not the purpose of the writer at this time to give any de- tailed account of the origin of the conjunctions antequam and priusquam, nor to attempt an extended analysis of the use of the one as compared with that of the other; nevertheless, in this con- nection, it seems necessary to note some of the more general con- clusions which are suggested by a survey of the whole field of investigation.^ In regard to the comparative frequency of antequam and prius- quam, it may be said that the total number of occurrences of the ^ Helm, in the Classical Review, 1900, has a small article upon this sub- ject, giving the statistics of his examination of parts of several authors. 8 Prefatory Note one is almost equal to that of the other; the ratio being thirteen examples of antequam to every fourteen of priusquam. Certain writers show a marked predilection for antequam, others for priusquam, and still others use one as often as the other. That priusquam was the older form and consequently the one most used in early Latin is attested by the fact that Plautus has over eighty examples of priusquam, but none of antequam, and Terence only one example of antequam to twenty-four of prius- quam. Cato, however, uses antequam almost as often as he does prius- quam (a. q. six times, p. q. seven times) ; from which the infer- ence may be drawn that as early as his time the use of antequam w^s well established. After Terence no period can be pointed to as showing a decided preference for either form. There seems to be absolutely no dis- tinction in their use outside of the personal preference of the writer or the demands of euphony ; every attempt to establish a distinc- tion breaks down under a rigid application of it to any large number of examples. The fact that in Caesar, Bell. Afr., Bell. Alex., Bell. Hisp., Nepos, and Sallust the proportion of priusquams to antequams is seventeen to one, and in Livy more than three to one, suggests that priusquam was felt to be better suited than antequam to his- torical narrative ; but this view was evidently not held by Tacitus, for he uses antequam six times as often as priusquam; nor by Vel- leius Paterculus, in whose writings the proportion in favor of antequam is eleven to one; nor by Curtius, whose proportion is twenty-one to fifteen in favor of antequam. In general, however, it may be said that after Terence, except in Caesar, Nepos, Sallust, Livy, Valerius Maximus, the elder Pliny, and Suetonius, antequam was more commonly used than priusquam. When Schmalz (Miiller's Handbuch, IL 2. 301) says: " iiber- haupt ist festzustellen, dass antequam in klass. Zeit zuriicktritt, bei Prefatory Note 9 Beginn des silb. Lateins sich um so bemerklicher macht, um spater dann sich ziemlich gleichmassig mit priusquam in den Besitz zu teilen," he seems, for the " klass. Zeit," to have had his attention fixed upon Caesar, Nepos, and Sallust, and to have over- looked Cicero who has twice as many examples of antequam as he has of priusquam. In Cicero, Varro, Caesar, Catullus, Propertius, Tibullus, Nepos, Sallust, Ovid, Horace, Vergil, and ad Herenn. (which may be taken as a fair representation of the "klass. Zeit"), the propor- tion is six examples of antequam to every five of priusquam. In only one case can we say that any regular or sustained pref- erence is shown by all writers for one as distinguished from the other, viz. ; if the dependent clause is Hmited by some word or phrase indicating the extent of the interval between its time and that of the leading verb, antequam is almost universally used ; e. g., Cicero ad att. 13. 32. 3 annis XIIII ante, quam praetor factus est; and Suetonius domit. 23 ante paucos quam occideretur menses cornix . . . elocuta est. The preference for antequam here is evidently due to the analo- gous use of the preposition ante. Very few examples occur in which priusquam is used in a sentence of this kind. Plautus, who does not know the conjunction antequam, has one (Plant, poen. 66) ; Livy one (Livy 36. 26. i) ; Columella two (Colum. r. r. 6. 27. 7; r. r. 2. 8. 2). PART A. ( I ) For the past twenty-five years it has been generally conceded by scholars that the most valuable results in syntactical investiga- tion can only be obtained by a more or less complete examination of wide reaches of language. Since Draeger and Kiihner first made any extended application of this so-called historical method, a very large proportion, in fact most, of the dissertations and treatises upon syntactical subjects have been constructed along the same general lines/ The advantages are obvious and many when all the examples of a given construction occurring in certain authors, or between certain limits of time, are given and classified, and the deductions suggested by them presented. Even when these classifications and deductions do not meet with the approval or acceptance of critical scholarship, the collection of material must be valuable, if for no other reason than because of its com- pleteness. There is reason to believe that much light will be shed upon some of the problems of Subjunctive usage which have never received an adequate or satisfactory explanation, when an exhaus- tive account and record of the use of all the Latin subordinating conjunctions shall be given from their first occurrence in the earliest remains of the language down to the time of the Antonines or later. It is for this reason, as well as because of its evident value to this investigation, that in preparing this paper an attempt has been made to present every example occurring in every Latin author of whom we have any remains from the early Tragic and Comic Fragments down to Suetonius. Too much, however, must not be expected from even the most ^ Morris, Principles and Methods in Latin Syntax, p. 4 12 Antequam and Priusquam complete collection. The investigator is seriously hampered in tracing the historical growth of a construction by the fragmentary character of the remains of Latin literature. In early Latin, that is, before Caesar, we have nothing to guide us as to the usage of historical narrative, since it has given us nothing in the historical style; after the Plays of Plautus and the Letters of Cicero, we have nothing of sufficiently marked colloquial character (the Letters of Seneca helping but little) to give us any definite idea of the changes which must have taken place in colloquial usage. All of this must be borne in mind and allowance made for it when comparison is made of constructions occurring in different periods of the language. THE LITERATURE ON THE SUBJECT. (2) Reference to all the more extensive grammatical works shows how much the compilers have been hampered in the discus- sion of the use of the particles antequam and priusquam by the lack of data, and one, Riemann, in his very excellent discussion of the subject, frankly acknowledges that a lack of sufficient data renders it impossible for him to state with certainty the law relat- ing to certain categories. It is somewhat remarkable that no extended treatment has ever been attempted of a conjunction as important and as irregular as this one; that no one has ever tried to do for antequam {prius- quam) what Sturm in 1882 did for its Greek analogue irpiv.^ The only treatise devoted specifically to the discussion of antequam {priusquam) which has appeared up to this time, is H. S. Anton's " Beobachtungen iiber die Zeitpartikeln Antequam und Prius- quam" Erfurt, 1871. This "Festschrift" of 50 pages is almost exclusively devoted to the establishment of the rule which is enun- ciated upon p. 49, as follows : " der Indicativ Perfecti steht nach 'non ante (prius) quam,' wenn auch im Hauptsatz der Indicativ Perfecti steht, mit einziger Ausnahme des Falles, in dem das 'Sturm, Geschichtliche Entwickelung der Constructionen mit Tlpiv. The Literature on the Subject 13 consilium des Handelnden besonders hervorgehoben werden soil, und wie sich von selbst versteht, in oratio ohliqua." Doeleke as early as 1835 had practically given this same rule. In his Gram- mar, Leipsic, 1835, p. 215, he says: " Uebrigens kommt auch beim Erzahlen, wiewohl nicht gewohnlich, das Perfect. (Indicat.) . . . ; jedes Mai muss jedoch das Perfect, stehen, wenn eine Negation bei bevor ist " ; Anton cites this, but criticizes it because of the limitation he thinks was intended by the words " beim Erzahlen/' a limitation which, in his opinion, would exclude cer- tain examples from Cicero, and further because no mention is made of the tense of the verb in the leading clause, which his rule limits to the Perfect Indicative in order to avoid its contra- diction by several examples of his collection in which the Imperfect Indicative occurs in the leading sentence. Had his collection of examples been more complete he would have found that even by limiting the tense of the leading verb to the Perfect it is impossible to exclude exceptions and he would probably have omitted from his rule this limitation which detracts from rather than adds to its value. ^~ The only other special treatise bearing upon the uses of ante- quam (priusquam) is Hale's " Anticipatory Subjunctive in Greek and Latin," in which the author refers to what he styles the " Anticipatory Subjunctive " a number of the Subjunctive uses with antequam (priusquam). This paper, however, with the exception of an interesting note upon the probable origin of the use of the Present Indicative in future sentences, is not concerned with any of the many other uses of antequam (priusquam). Besides these two, nothing of any ex- tent has appeared outside of the general grammatical works. In the Classical Review for 1893, p. 8, Sonnenschein expresses the opinion " that in temporal clauses introduced by antequam, priusquam, donee, quoad, and dum, the real effect of the Subjunc- tive mood is to mark the action as in prospect or contemplated; . . . that the commonly received doctrine of purpose is too nar- row." Inge, in the Classical Review, 1893, p. 148, replies to this 14 Antequam and Priusquam slur upon " the commonly received doctrine of purpose " in a note characterized by acerbity rather than argumentation. The two examples of priusquam selected by Sonnenschein in illustration of his point are not good ones for that purpose ; " confugiamus priusquam (is) hue scelestus leno veniat nosque hie opprimat"; and " antequam se hostes ex terrore reciperent, ad oppidum con- tendit " ; in both of which " volition " is very marked, neverthe- less the main thesis of the article is undoubtedly true. Two articles which appeared in the Bolletino di Filologia Clas- sica, 1898, p. 257 (G. Pescatori), and 1899, p. 42 (M. A. Mica- lella), need only be mentioned. Kiihnast, Livianische Sprache, 1872, devotes several pages to the discussion of the use of the conjunctions in Livy, but adds nothing to the now gen- erally accepted views. His remarks are marred for the aver- age reader by the fact that the text is not given of the examples quoted and must be hunted out one at a time, which makes com- parison of sentences in one category with those in another almost impossible. Among the larger grammars, Draeger II, 512 ff., Riemann, Gram. Compar. 460 ff., Schmalz, Syntax 301 (Miiller's Hdb. II, 2), Kiihner II, 209, Hand's Tursellinus I, p. 394 ff., and IV, p. 566 ff., and Reisig III, p. 390 contain the fullest exposition of the subject both as to functional definition and number of examples. Among them Draeger's collection of examples is by far the largest and his subdivision in classifying them the most careful and minute. In Riemann, however, we find perhaps the best general treatment of the subject as a whole ; the clearest and most intelligent descrip- tion of the various categories. None of these, however, make any effort to discuss the nature of the relation presented by antequam {priusquam) or the general theory of its use. This is done by Gildersleeve for trpiv in an article upon " Upiv in the Attic Ora- tors," in the American Journal of Philology, 1881, p. 465 ff., and though his article is specifically concerned with the use of the Greek conjunction only, the general remarks upon the nature of the conjunction are of the highest importance to the understand- Importance of the Negative 15 ing of the uses of the Latin analogue anteqiiam. They may even be said to be of greater importance to the Latin than to the Greek, in that the use of the Greek particle npiv is simple as compared with that of antequam, in the use of which the question of tense is added to those which have to be considered in the parallel Greek construction. IMPORTANCE OF THE NEGATIVE. (3) Due importance has never been given to the part played by the negative in the antequam (priusquam) sentence; either the negative implied in the conjunction itself, or the free negative when it occurs in the leading clause. For antequam (priusquam) , as Gildersleeve says of nplv in the article mentioned above,' is a comparative formation; from which a distinctly negative char- acter follows. Since it is itself negative, the importance of the negative in the leading clause, the effect of which is the nullifica- tion of the negative in the conjunction, is obvious. Moreover, the presence of a negative in the leading clause in- verts the antecedence and subsequence of the principal and subor- dinate clauses, and changes the meaning from ' before ' to ' until,' the importance of which is great in a language in which the ground plan of tense usage is based upon the antecedence and subsequence of actions whose time is brought into comparison. It is important to observe that the negative character of the leading clause is not always indicated by an expressed negative, but may be implied in the sense of the passage; a good test of its presence in doubtful passages being the application of the two translations ' before ' and ' until.' And further the consideration of the negative character of the conjunction furnishes an explanation of the infrequency of its use with the Imperfect Indicative.* The natural tense with a negative ^A. J. P., 1881, p. 465. *This statement is not to be considered as an argument against the use of the Imperfect Subjunctive, since the Imperfect Subjunctive was as much used as an Aorist Subjunctive as it was in the capacity suggested by its name. i6 Antequam and Priusquam is the Aorist (Perfect) or Pluperfect/ *' The tenses of continu- ance are used with the negative only when there is a notion of opposition to the positive, of resistance to pressure," * into which the element of will very easily and naturally enters in subordinate clauses ; so that in most cases in which an Imperfect would be desired in an antequam sentence the Subjunctive would be used. All of the examples of the Imperfect Indicative which occur (there are only six) have negatives in their leading sentences which nullify the negative in the conjunction (see p. 74). Mention is made in many of the grammars, as well as in the special treatises alluded to above, of the infrequency of the use of the Imperfect Indicative, some even making the statement that it is entirely excluded from use, but nowhere has the explanation of the phenomenon been given, although it is of considerable im- portance as illustrative of one of the principles controlling the tense usage with antequam {priusquam). THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE. (4) The use of the Subjunctive with antequam {priusquam) became more and more common as the language grew older, in- vading constantly the sphere held by the Indicative in the early usage. The rule generally enunciated with regard to the distinc- tion between the use of the Indicative and the use of the Subjunc- tive with antequam {priusquam) is in brief, " that the Indicative is used where the antequam {priusquam) clause expresses a fact, that the Subjunctive is used whenever the antequam {priusquam) clause expresses an action as designed, contingent, or ideal." It is evident, however, from the complete list of examples that, as a result of the many impulses to the use of the Subjunctive with antequam {priusquam), early in the language it began to be felt that the Subjunctive was the normal use with them, the examples being few (except after negative leading sentences) in which 'The reason for the infrequency of the Pluperfect Indicative with antequam {priusquam) will be discussed later. • Gildersleeve, A. J. P., 2 (1881), p. 466. The Use of the Subjunctive 17 antequam (priusquam) clause was felt to express a simple fact. The greatest persistence of the Indicative is found, as would be expected, in writings marked by colloquial style which is slow to change from the established forms of conversation to the more accurate ones of written language. The sentences in which the Subjunctive was used even in the early language, with antequam and priusquam, may be divided into four general classes : (i) Sentences in which "volition" on the part of some one intimately connected with the principal action is to be expressed. When the sentence is positive this " volition " takes the form of a desire for prior prevention of the dependent action; when the sentence is negative (rare), it usually takes the form of insistence upon the dependent action. {2) Sentences in which the sense of antequam {priusquam) is felt to be antequam (priusquam) ut, equal to ut non . . . prius. In this the conception is that the principal action occurs too soon for the dependent action to occur first; which is, of course, only another way than the usual one of conceiving the simple relation of "before," and one which originates in Latin because of the comparative nature of the conjunction. The usual statement that 'the Subjunctiv*. is used when the dependent action is prevented by the action of the main clause,' ^ is referable to this category, but is too narrow, the verb in the main clause being thus limited to a few special meanings such as " interficio," " morior " and the like ; too narrow, that is, if it is meant that this Subjunctive use is confined to those sentences in which the dependent action is prevented absolutely by the leading action, as in Livy 35. 27. 7. " multi prius incendio absumpti sunt, quam hostium advertum sentiret," or Nepos, datam 9. 5. "prius- quam pervenirent ad eum quem aggredi volebant, confixi con- ciderunt." It is true that such examples offer the most striking illustration of the principle involved, but the Subjunctive is due to the comparative rather than to the " prevention " ; " prevention " 'Draeger II. 512. 2. c. a. 1 8 Antequam and Priusquam is only an incidental characteristic and varies from absolute to partial or temporary. In Cicero verr. 2. 4. 147. '' nam antequam verbum facerem, de sella surrexit atque abiit," we have a good example of partial or temporary prevention ; here the sense is "he departed too soon for me to speak a word first," ("before I could speak a word"). It is worthy of note that sentences of this type require by their sense the use of the auxiliary " can " in an idiomatic English translation, while in the instances of absolute prevention it is often best to omit it. Sentences of this type often approach very closely to those of the " volitive " type out of which they probably grew, as did other " result " clauses from those of " purpose," by means of a shift in the point of view. Since every action which occurs before another occurs too soon for the other to take place first, it is evident that an extension of the original principle might be made to cover a very wide field, and it is probable that the rapid spread of the Subjunctive usage was in a great measure effected by this. In this paper, however, only those examples are referred to this category in which the context plainly points to this conception. (j) Sentences in which the action of the dependent clause is conceived as looked forward to by some one intimately connected with the action of the leading sentence. Hale, in his "Antici- patory Subjunctive in Greek and Latin," has called the Subjunc- tive clauses of this kind " anticipatory," because, as he says p. 6, he has for this name the warrant of Gildersleeve's employment of it in his Greek syntactical work, and because it has the distinct advantage of being accompanied by a corresponding abstract noun ('anticipation') indicating the state of mind under which the mode is used, which " prospective " has not. If a name is to be given to this use of the Subjunctive it should, I think, be called " prospective," at least as far as the antequam {priusquam) sen- tence is concerned, rather than " anticipatory," as descriptive of the state of mind under which the mode is used. I know of no em- ployment in Gildersleeve's Greek syntactical work of the term "anticipatory Subjunctive" except in connection with the^av4- The Use of the Subjunctive 19 Subj. conditional Protasis, to which these uses are by no means parallel. " Anticipation," says Gildersleeve,^ " is not expectation, though it is loosely used for expectation. Anticipation treats the future as if it were present." This is not characteristic of the antequam (priusquam) sentence to which Hale gives the name 'anticipatory/ This " prospective " use of the Subjunctive in the antequam (priusquam) clause is most common (probably because of the greater bulk of historical narrative) in sentences of the past and is capable of a very natural explanation. It is well established that a Future or Future Exactum of Oratio Recta was expressed in the Subjunctive in Oratio Obliqua of the past by the Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive respectively; and in the past sentence in which the dependent action is looked forward to, the dependent clause being part of the thought of some person other than the speaker is virtual Oratio Obliqua and must be expressed by the Subjunctive. The spread of this usage was naturally great, as it was of wide application. A future from a past point of view could only be expressed ( as a finite tense) by the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive, and it was possible to consider the dependent antequam (priusquam) clause, in every past sentence, as future from the point of view of the leading clause. It is not claimed that this was done, but its possibility is significant in support of the argument that the ultimate univer- sality of the Subjunctive usage with these conjunctions was the logical result of the nature of the sentence in which they were used. In regard to sentences with present or future leading clauses it may be said that those which seem to fall under this head are very few. (I do not refer the generic sentence of the present to an ex- tension of this principle as Hale does, p. 86.) The use of the present subjunctive after an historical present leading clause is a natural consequence of analogy to the past sentences just discussed. In the very few future sentences in which this Subjunctive is used it is doubtful whether the Sub- «A. J. P., Ill, p. 436. 20 Antequam and Priusquam junctive is due to the prospective character of the clause, or is simply an effort to express by a more definitely future form than the Present Indicative (the common usage) the definitely future time of the dependent clause. (4) Sentences in which by default of a better name, the Sub- junctive may be called the Subjunctive of Ideality; ideality as opposed to fact. In such sentences the Subjunctive seems to be used because the antequam (priusquam) clause does not refer to any definite action or time of occurrence; as in the generic sen- tence, the sentence of repeated or habitual action. This explana- tion of the generic sentence is given with some hesitation; an investigation by the writer of the generic sentences of the related conjunctions which it is hoped will shed some light upon the question, is not yet complete.* Under this general head, perhaps, ought to be classed the Sub- junctive with antequam (priusquam) dependent upon Ideal (Less Vivid) and Unreal (contrary to fact) protases and apodoses, infi- nitives, etc., etc. TENSE USAGE. (5) The theory of the tense usage with antequam (priusquam) is rather more elusive than that of most of the other subordinat- ing conjunctions. In the case of most of the subordinating conjunctions the • tense usage is determined by the question of coincidence, ante- cedence or subsequence of two clauses. The question asked in determining the tense of the subordinate clause is whether its time is coincident, antecedent, or subsequent to that of the leading sen- tence, and upon the answer hinges the selection of the tense. But in the antequam (priusquam) sentence the antecedence and sub- sequence of the two clauses is distinctly expressed by the conjunc- tion and a sort of confusion of the mind as to the choice of tense ® The material collected makes it possible, however, to state that the Sub- junctive is used widi donee in the generic sentence of the present. Tense Usage 21 results from this ability to express the antecedence of one clause and the subsequence of the other without the use of the tenses usually required for this purpose. The negative plays a most important part in the question of tense in the antequam (priusquam) sentence since its presence in the leading clause inverts the antecedence and subsequence of the two clauses as it exists in the positive sentence. It is often remarked that the Pluperfect Indicative does not occur in the antequam (priusquam) clause. In the positive sen- tence this is entirely natural. In the positive sentence the depend- ent action is subsequent in time to that of the leading sentence. The Pluperfect is the tense of antecedent accomplishment and is therefore plainly not to be used in a clause which is to express subsequent accomplishment. In the leading sentence the Pluper- fect might be used, but, because of the significance of the conjunc- tion, is not needed, and merely emphasizes the antecedence of the leading sentence which is already competently expressed by the conjunction. In the negative sentence, (that is, after a negative leading clause), the dependent clause is antecedent in time to that of the leading clause ; hence, theoretically, the Pluperfect may be used in the antequam (priusquam) clause (and a few instances of this occur), but here again the need of a tense expressing antecedence is felt to be superfluous because the antecedence is already ex- pressed by the conjunction, and the Pluperfect is only used to emphasise the antecedent accomplishment of the action of the dependent verb. Similarl3r in Future sentences; when the leading sentence is positive, its time is antecedent to that of the dependent clause ; the time of the dependent clause must also be future, but is subsequent to the time of the leading clause; hence while the employment of the Future Exactum in the leading sentence is conceivable, though unnecessary, its use in the dependent clause of a positive sentence is illogical, except in the case of certain verbs to which Riemann 22 Antequam and Priusquam refers (Gram. Comp. 255 R. I.) in which the Future Exactum seems to have been used as a simple Future, or when it is desired to express that the action of the dependent clause is interrupted while in progress by the action of the leading verb. The use of the Present Indicative instead of a Future in the dependent sentence will be considered presently. When the future leading sentence is negative the action of the dependent clause is antecedent in time to that of the leading sen- tence and can therefore properly be expressed by the Future Per- fect which is the regular usage. That the conjunction is not here deemed sufficient as in the other cases mentioned to express the antecedence without the aid of a special tense is one of the incon- sistencies with which language abounds and which are often diffi- cult of explanation. In this instance, however, the common use of the Present Indicative in the positive sentence as a Future offers an explanation of this inconsistency, since the Present Indicative could not possibly be used in a clause so definitely pro- jected into the future as is the dependent clause after a negative leading sentence. In sentences of present time which are for the most part generic the question of antecedence and subsequence is of less importance, depending only upon a return to the paratactic conception of the two clauses. GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE VARIOUS ANTEQUAM {PRIUSQUAM) SENTENCES. (6) The general plan of classification adopted in this paper is, in its three main divisions, formal rather than functional. The dis- cussion falls under the three principal heads. Sentences of Present Time, Sentences of Future Time, and Sentences of Past Time. The disadvantages of this method of presentation involving, as it does, the repetition under several heads of the functional classifi- cation are felt ; but its advantages seem to outweigh its disadvan- tages ; it is much more convenient for reference ; and is free from Sentences of Present Time 23 the most serious objection to a discussion in which the functional classification is made the principal basis of division, that is, the complication presented by the very different development and causes of development of sentences of present, future, and past time, as distinguished from each other. SENTENCES OF PRESENT TIME. (7) Among the antequam (priusquam) sentences of present time by far the most numerous and most important are Generic sen- tences, or sentences in which the action of the leading clause is represented as occurring repeatedly or habitually before the action of the dependent clause. The dependent clause of the generic sen- tence of the present was variously expressed at different periods, by the Present Indicative, the Perfect Indicative, and the Present Subjunctive. The Present Indicative in the dependent clause of the generic sentence is characteristic of archaic Latin ; only occasionally occur- ring in the later language. Plautus capt. 663. " nam semper occant priusquam sariunt rustici." The Perfect Indicative seems to have been the successor of the Present Indicative in the positive Generic sentence of present time. It occurs in Plautus, and is almost exclusively used in sentences of this kind in Cicero, who avoided the use of the Present Sub- junctive. There are only two examples of the Present Subjunc- tive in sentences of this kind in Cicero, both in his later writings ; in one of which, moreover, the Subjunctive is capable of another explanation. It is, of course, true that the use of the Perfect Indicative in the dependent clause gives a significance somewhat different from that of the Present Indicative or Subjunctive — presents the same essential fact from a different point of view — and that it is especi- ally adapted to the significance of certain verbs, as in Quintilian inst. I. 12. 9. "nam et dociliora sunt ingenia, priusquam obdu- ruerunt " ; and on this account must be considered one of the 24 Antequam and Priusquam regular methods of expressing the Generic sentence at all periods ; nevertheless its almost exclusive employment by Cicero points strongly to the conclusion that it was selected by him as the proper method for expressing the Generic sentence at a period when the Present Indicative was giving way to the Subjunctive which had, however, not yet become established. The Present Subjunctive in the dependent clause of the positive Generic sentence occurs as early as Lucretius and Varro, who also use the Present and Perfect Indicative, and is established as the usage by the time of Columella, Seneca, and Pliny, in whose writings it occurs most frequently. When the leading clause of the Generic sentence of the present was negative, the rule at all periods of the language was to use the Perfect Indicative in the dependent clause. The Particular "^ sentence of the present is difficult of concep- tion (except where the Present is an Historical Present) and of infrequent occurrence ; in it the Present Indicative is used in both clauses. The Present Subjunctive is used in the antequam (priusquam) clause in all of the various relations regularly requiring the Sub- junctive which have already been enumerated ; the different cate- gories with their examples are given in Part B. SENTENCES OF FUTURE TIME. (8) That which is of most importance in deciding the tense to be used in the dependent clause of the future antequam (priusquam) sentence, is the presence or absence of the negative in the leading sentence. If the leading sentence is negative the Future Perfect is used in the dependent clause. That this association of tenses is a proper one has already been shown. Cicero, de Orat. 3. 145. "profecto nunquam conquiescam . . . ante, quam . . . rationes . . . percepero." " The terms " Generic " and " Particular " are borrowed from Gilder- sleeve's use of them in the Conditional Sentence (Trans. Amer. Phil. Assoc, 1876, p. 7.) Sentences of Future Time 25 If the leading sentence is positive the Present Indicative is the usage in the dependent clause ; Cicero, deiot 7. " sed antequam de accusatione ipsa dico, de accusatorum spe pauca dicam." " In this use of the Present Indicative in a clause which is defi- nitely future in its time of accomplishment we have the greatest departure from logical tense usage presented by the antequam (priusquam) sentence. The leading sentence is future, the dependent clause is subsequent in time to the leading sentence and is therefore even more remotely future in its time of accom- plishment than the leading sentence, yet the Present Indicative is used in the dependent clause. This use of the Present Indicative in a future sense is, however, not without parallel in the language ; it is found in certain Deliber- ative Questions in Plautus and Terence; in conditions in which the Present Indicative is used in a future sense; in such expres- sions as Terence Phorm. 669 " nihil do," " I wont give a thing," Plautus Trinum. 1059 " non sto," " I wont stay," etc., etc. ; and in future sentences with " dum." "'' In these sentences that which is of the greatest significance to us is the fact that their sphere of occurrence is the colloquial, in which inaccuracies of tense usage are most often found. So in the antequam sentence in which the Present Indicative is used in a future sense the phe- nomenon must be ascribed to its colloquial origin. Such sentences are by their nature colloquial in character; the vast majority of instances of their use occur in every-day speech. It is not therefore surprising that a usage which had become stereotyped and fixed in colloquial speech, the field of its greatest employment, should have crept unchanged into departments of literature from which such inaccuracies are for the most part excluded. More- over, examination of the examples of the Present Indicative with antequam (priusquam) with a positive future leading sentence shows that in a very large majority of them the dependent clause " The Present Subjunctive and Future Indicative are rare. " Hale, Anticipatory Subjunctive, p. 92. 26 Antequam and Priusquam refers to the immediate future ; as, for example, in Cicero, niuraen. 2, " antequam pro L. Muraena dicere instituo, pro me ipso pauca dicam." Further it is characteristic ot this sentence that it is assumed that the dependent sentence will occur; its occurrence is assumed to be an assured fact ; the significance of which is obvious in its bearing upon the explanation of the original selection and subsequent retention of the Present Indicative in the dependent clause. This use of the Present Indicative may be called *' anticipa- tory "; (in no way connected with the " prospective " Subjunctive uses already referred to) ; the future is assumed to be present in the same way as it is in the idv+ Subjunctive sentence," to which Subjunctive Gildersleeve has given the name " anticipatory." As has been said, two of the leading characteristics of this sentence are the immediate futurity of the dependent action and its assumption as a fact to be ; these two characteristics, however, while apparently fundamental and original, naturally came eventu- ally to be used with a certain degree of latitude. In sentences in which the dependent action is projected into a definite and more or less remote future, and in which the actual occurrence of the dependent action is 7iot assumed or is in doubt, the Subjunctive is used in the dependent clause; e. g. Cicero, leg. agr. 2. 53 "is videlicet, antequam veniat in Pontum, litteras ad Gn. Pompeium mittet," in which the Subjunctive may also be explained as " prospective." The other two instances of the Sub- junctive in sentences of this kind in Cicero (phil. i. i. and de nat. deo, i. 57) which are exactly parallel to the sentences in which the Present Indicative was used, both of them among Cicero's late writings, may have been the result of a feeling that that which might never occur would be best expressed by the Subjunctive, and of the ever growing tendency to use the Subjunctive in all relations with antequam {priusquam) in positive sentences." ^^A. J. P., 3., p. 436. "It is by no means impossible that these examples are instances of the use of the Future Indicative, as will be seen from the following paragraph. The Infrequency of the Future Indicative 2^ THE INFREQUENCY OF THE FUTURE INDICATIVE. (9) The tense which ought logically to have been used in the dependent clause of this sentence, when it was desired to state the dependent clause as a jact to be, was, of course, the Future Indi- cative, which does occur though rarely; not so rarely by any means, however, as the statements of the grammars indicate (see examples). It is evident that there is no reason for its exclu- sion, such as there is in the case of the Future Perfect and Pluperfect Indicative in positive sentences, and that when no considerations requiring the Subjunctive were felt, it would nat- urally be used when the future to be represented by the dependent clause was too remote to be properly expressed by the usual Pres- ent Indicative ; that only a few examples of it occur is not due to any objection inherent in the tense but because the majority of future sentences fall in the class of immediate futures, and in the case of the more remote futures the consideration was apt to occur to the mind that the dependent action might never take place, in which case the Subjunctive would more properly be used. Exam- ples of it occur in Plautus, Varro, Cicero, Vitruvius, Seneca, Columella and Quintilian.^^ "The Future Indicative occurs also in Cato but it is not considered with the above because all instances of its use in that author are exactly- parallel to and sometimes used in the same sentence with the Present Subjunctive after an Imperative (not a simple future) leading sentence; €. g. Cato agr. cult. 134 " priusquam messim facies, porcam praecidaneam hoc modo fieri oportet. Cereri porca praecidanea porco femina, priusquam hasce fruges condas, far, triticum, hordeum, fabam, semen rapicium. ture vino lano lovi lunoni praefato, priusquam porcum feminam immolabis." These examples are interesting not so much for any particular bearing upon our subject as for the light they may throw upon the question of an early modal use of the Future Indicative and the possible origin of the Present Subjunctive therefrom. The fact that Future Indicative and Present Subjunctive occur side by side in the same sentence and dependent upon the same Imperative seems satisfactorily to refute the explanation of the Future Indicative as the result of the irregular and undeveloped syntax of the writer. Columella in his similar work on agriculture has a few exactly similar instances of the Future Indicative, which it is more than likely he borrowed from Cato or Varro, upon whom as sources he drew largely. 28 Antequam and Priusquam The use of the Future Perfect Indicative in the antequam {priusquam) clause after a positive future leading sentence is nat- urally very rare, the action of the dependent clause being subse- quent in time of accomplishment to that of the leading sentence. The Future Perfect tense is, therefore, only admissible in it when the action of the leading verb interrupts the action of the depen- dent verb while it is in progress, as has already been mentioned, or when the Future Perfect has simply the force of a future, as occasionally happens." Thus in the sentence, " He will introduce witnesses before Cicero Unishes (shall have finished) his speech," it would be logi- cally possible to express the dependent clause by the Future Per- fect, but even in such a sentence the almost certain introduction of the feeling of prevention would make the Subjunctive necessary and hence exclude the Future Perfect Indicative. SENTENCES OF PAST TIME. (lo) In the antequam {priusquam) clause of sentences of past time the Aorist( Perfect) Indicative and Imperfect Subjunctive are much the most commonly used tenses. The use of the Imperfect and Pluperfect Indicative is very rare for reasons already given. The Pluperfect Subjunctive is also rare outside of Oratio Obliqua, though much more common than the Imperfect and Pluperfect Indicative. The Aorist (Perfect) Subjunctive is rare. In sentences of past time the question of the greatest importance is the use of the Aorist (Perfect) Indicative as distinguished from that of the Imperfect Subjunctive, and the determination of their respective spheres. The usual statement with regard to them is that the Aorist (Perfect) Indicative is used to express a purely temporal relation between the leading and dependent clauses, while the Imperfect Subjunctive marks the dependent sentence as de- signed, contingent or ideal. This is a logical distinction and probably was the original one. But as has been shown, the con- "Riemann Gram. Comp. 255. R. i. N. i. Sentences of Past Time 29 ception of antequam (priusquam) as a purely temporal particle gave way early in the literary language to one which required the Subjunctive after it. The various factors which contributed to the effecting of this change have already been discussed under the head of Subjunctive usage. That this change from the Indicative to the Subjunctive usage was more rapid and complete in past sentences than in sentences of present or future time was in great measure due to the influence of what has been termed the " prospective " Sub- junctive. In sentences in which the action of the dependent clause is " looked forward to " from the time of the leading clause, a tense had to be used which expressed futurity from a given past ; after positive leading sentences this tense is the Imperfect Sub- junctive. The spread of the use of the Imperfect Subjunctive resulting from this conception was naturally rapid since it was possible to conceive the antequam (priusquam) clause of every positive past sentence as future from the past. This with other factors already mentioned eventually almost excluded the use of the Indicative after a past positive sentence. When the leading sentence is negative the significance of ante- quam (priusquam) is changed to that of donee and the reasons for the use of the Subjunctive which exist in the case of the positive leading sentence no longer obtain, and the Aorist (Perfect) Indi- cative is used in the dependent sentence (save in exceptional instances which will be separately considered) throughout the period covered in this investigation. The sphere of occurrence of the Aorist (Perfect) Indicative after a positive leading sentence may almost be said to have been the colloquial. It occurs frequently in the early dramatic frag- ments, in Plautus, and Cicero's Letters and Orations, and after that, comparatively speaking, rarely. It does not occur in Caesar, nor in Nepos, only three times in the whole of Livy, in whose writings over one hundred and fifty examples of the Imperfect 30 Antequam and Priusquam Subjunctive in such sentences are found. After Cicero its chief revival is in the younger Seneca who has four instances of it in his Letters, three in the Tragedies and two in his philosophical work. For the rest it is confined generally to single instances in an author or to sentences in which the antequam {priusquam') clause is modified by some definite expression of time which makes the conception of the dependent action as a fact a natural one. In Cicero it is noticeable that the majority of instances occur in the Letters and early Orations, the Verrine Orations containing nearly as many as all the others combined, while in the later Orations and the Philosophical and Rhetorical works most of the examples are those in which the antequam {priusquam) clause is modified by a temporal expression. These facts point to the conclusion that the use of the Aorist (Perfect) Indicative, after a positive leading sentence, belonged to the early language and colloquial style. As early as Lucretius we find examples of the Imperfect Sub- junctive in a positive sentence in which the relation between the clauses seems to be a purely temporal one, which shows how early the considerations which brought about the ultimate prevalent use of the Subjunctive became effective. It also shows how much an attempt to trace the history of the development of this Sub- junctive use is hampered by the gap in the remains of Latin liter- ature between Terence and Cicero. The consideration of the other past tenses will be taken ujx under their several heads in Part B. PART B. SENTENCES OF PRESENT TIME. PRESENT INDICATIVE WITH ANTEQUAM (PRIUS- QUAM) IN SENTENCES OF PRESENT TIME. (ii) The Present Indicative with antequam (priusquam) in sentences of present time ^ is not of frequent occurrence/ and may be divided into two classes: Generic and Particular. (12) GENERIC. — In sentences of present time in which two actions are represented as habitually or repeatedly occurring, the one before the other, the Present Indicative is used in the ante- quam {priusquam) clause in early Latin ;^ after Plautus the Pres- ent Subjunctive in the antequam {priusquam) clause of sentences of this character became the rule, but the Indicative occurs frequently in Varro, and occasionally^ in later writers after the Subjunctive usage had become established. ^ The Present Indicative in positive Future sentences is taken up under another head. ^This infrequency of occurrence of the Present Indicative in sentences of present time is to be expected. For its occurrence in the Generic sen- tence is in the main limited to the earliest period, while the association of the Present with the Present in the sentence of individual occurrence with antequam {priusquam) is by its nature excluded from frequent use. ' Cato, who might be expected to afford examples of this kind, writes in the didactic style and affords only examples having Imperatives in the leading sentence which regularly requires the Subjunctive in the dependent clause Plaut. Poen. 321 "prius quam Venus expergiscatur, prius deproperant sedulo sacruficare," cannot safely be taken as example of Present Subjunctive in sentences of this kind; volition may easily be imagined to be present here; 'the sacrifices are made with the view of obtaining or preventing something.' *Riemann is therefore right when he says (Gram. Compar. 465 rem.) "L'emploi de Tindicatif en pareil cas parait etre un archaisme," citing as 32 Antequam and Priusquam Plautus Capt. 663 nam semper occant prius quam sariunt rustici. mil 709 priusquam lucet (cognati) adsunt. bacch. 440 at nunc prius quam septuennis est, si attingas eum manu, extemplo puer paedagogo tabula disrumpit caput. Lucretius 6. 170 sic fulgorem quoque cernimus ante quam tonitrum accipimus/ Varro* r. r. i. 29. i novalis {dicitur), ubi satum fuit, ante quam secunda aratione renovatur/ r. r. i. 40. 4 id enim fit ante quam gemmare aut florere quid incipit r. r. i. 41. 3. itaque vitem triduo ante quam inserunt, desecant.* r. r. 2. 2. 16 diebus post paucis obiicere (oportet) his viciam molitam, aut herbam teneram, ante quam exeunt pastum, et cum reverterunt. r. r. 3. 5. 4. diebus viginti antequam quis tollere vult turdos, largius dat, cibumque plus ponit/ 1. 1. 5. 102; 1. 1. 6. 56 vocabula et reliqua verba dicit, ante quam suo quidque loco ea dicere potest.' 1. 1. 7. 58. rorarii dicti ab rore, qui bellum committebant ante, ideo quod ante rorat quam pluit." Cicero de div. i. 120. eaque examples Plaut. Miles 709 and Varro L. L. 7. 58; Hale, Anticipatory Subj. p. 86, note 2, criticizes this statement by Riemann ; he says " The Indica- tive is also used in Ciceronian and later, as well as in earlier Latin, con- trary to the opinion of Riemann . . . I'emploi de I'indicatif parait etre ici archaique," quoting Cic. Fin. 3. 20.66 * membris utimur prius, quam didi- cimus, cuius ea causa utilitatis habeamus,' and Sen. Ep. Mor. 123. 2 ' ideo non est ante edendum quam ilia (fames) imperat.' But Riemann's state- ment can hardly be considered to restrict the occurrence of the Present Indicative absolutely to the archaic period; moreover, the examples quoted by Hale are not pertinent ; the example from Cicero has the Perfect Indica- tive in the dependent clause, whereas Riemann is speaking of the use of the Present Indicative and Subjunctive. The example from Seneca cannot strictly be placed in this category because of edendum in the leading sen- tence which is future. ^ Cf. Seneca Nat. Quaest. 2. 12. 6. ante autem videmus fulgorem quam sonum audiamus. ° The carelessness of Varro's use of language makes it impossible to form from it an opinion as to the usage of the period at which he wrote. It is established, however, that he had a decided leaning to the use of archaic forms and syntax; vid. Krumbiegel. De Varroniano Scribendi Genere Quaestiones. §§ 23-51. ^ Mss. P A B renovatur ms v renov^tur (Schneider). * The definite temporal expression limiting ante quam in this example may have influenced the mood. "In this example attention should be called to nature of verb in the dependent clause. ^" This seems to be an old proverbial expression. Sentences of Present Time 33 ante efficit paene quam cogitat." Propertius ec. 3. 12. 11 ante ferit quam tuti cernimus hostem nee quisquam ex illo volnere sanus abit/'' Seneca suasor, 3. i. i. sive occupata nubilo sordi- diorem ostendit orbem suum non ante finit quam lucem reddit." Columella de r. r. 4. 32. 4. tolerabilius tamen arundo castratur ante quam caeditur." Seneca ep. 2. i. 5. quaedam ergo nos magis torquent quam debent; quaedam ante torquent quam debent ; ep. 16. 3. 8 plus dolet quam necesse est, qui ante dolet quam necesse est." Celsus 3. 2. increscit autem morbus, dum graviores dolores, accessionesque veniunt; haeque et ante, quam proximae revertuntur, et postea desinunt.'^ Scribonius Largus. conp. 269. Pliny nat. hist. 21. 183. boum quoque scabiem celerrime sanari ea invenio, apud Nicandrum quidem et serpentium morsus, antequam floret." 34. 149. (ferrum) rubens non est habile tundendo, neque antequam albescere incipit." Martial 9. 35. verba ducis Daci chartis mandata resignas, victricem laurum quam venit" ante vides. Quintilian inst. 11. 3. y2. hoc pendent homines, hunc intuentur, hunc spectant, etiam antequam dicimus,^ decl. 388. p. 436. venientis enim fluctus et consurgentis [antequam] freti facies ante terret, quam decipit. Pliny ep. 2. 17. 7. ibi omnes silent venti "This is the only example of the Present Indicative in Cicero in sen- tences of this kind. It is possible that the Indicative is used because the action represented is more vividly brought before the writer's mind as an individual occurrence than as a ' generic ' one ; the adverb * paene ' seems to point to this explanation. ^^The Subjunctive is to be expected in this example both because of generic statement and because the sense of the antequam seems to be " too soon for" which regularly requires the Subjunctive. " Like Pliny N. H. 34. 149. the negative here is responsible for the In- dicative; the most natural use would have been " reddidit." "This is the only example of the Indicative out of more than thirty with the Subjunctive in Columella; it is probable that the Indicative is due to the source from which the writer drew. ^^ Colloquial license, euphony, and the character of the verb must all be considered as possible influences in causing the use of the Indicative here. " * Quam proximae revertuntur ' depends both upon " ante " and " pos- tea." "The only example with Present Indicative in Pliny, in sentences of this kind, with positive leading sentence. ^^ The use of the Indicative is probably due to the negative; the pf. ind. would be more natural. ^° Vfenit, as shown by scansion; venit would be perfectly regular. ^° Thought of particular instance here predominant. 34 Antequam and Priusquam exceptis, qui nubilum inducunt et serenum, ante quam usum loci eripiunt. (13) PARTICULAR. — In sentences of present time, in which single actions are represented as occurring in present time, the one before the other, the Present Indicative is used in the ante- quam {priusquam) clause.^ The Present Indicative in such sen- tences is equivalent to the Perfect Indicative, which the sense seems to demand, and which is also used in sentences of this char- acter. Pacuvius. ilion 9. (Ribbeck I. p. 116) di me etsi perdunt, tamen esse adiutam expetunt, quom prius quam intereo spatium ulcis- cendi danunt. Plautus. menaech 276 prius iam convivae ambu- lant ante ostium, quam ego opsonatu redeo.'''' mere. 456 prius respondes quam rogo." prius tu emis quam vendo,^ pater. Cicero ad Att. 8. 7. 2. {cum hoc Pompeio) qui ante fugit, quam scit, aut quem fugiat aut quo, . . . victus sum.^ cluent. 6. quam ob rem a vobis, indices, antequam de ipsa causa dicere incipio, haec pos- tulo;" quinct. 48 antequam doceo id factum non esse, libefmihi . . . factum . . . Sex. Naevi considerare.^* re pub. 6. 9. . . . quod ante quam ex hac vita migro " conspicio . . . Scipionem. Seneca suasor. i. 12 propitiis auribus accipitur, quamvis incredibile est, quod excusatur antequam dicitur;^' contr. 2. 4. i. filius antequam moritur^ rogat venias. Seneca de benef. 5. 8. 6. puta te {hene- Hcium) recipere nolle: apud te est, antequam ^^ redditur."" Epist. 6. 2. 5. rogo, non stultissimum dicas, si quis existimet lucernae peius esse, cum extincta est, quam antequam ""^ accenditur?" Lucan. Pharsal. 4. 803. ante iaces, quam dira duces Pharsalia ^The illogical nature of this combination of tenses is doubtless respon- sible for the small number of examples. " Redeo equals redii ; rogo equals rogavi ; vendo equals vendidi ; migro equals migravi; moritur equals mortuus est; redditur equals redditum est; accenditur equals accensa est. ^^ It is possible to consider this sentence generic; if it is so considered the Indicative may be explained as a result of a particular instance being prominent in the mind of the writer. " It is possible that the leading sentence was here felt to be future. ^^ Confert = contulit ; excutio ^ excussi ; intueor = intuitus sum ; loquor =: locutus sum ; dicitur = dictum est ; moritur r= mortuus est. *'The subjunctive might have been used here under the influence of existimet. Sentences of Present Time 35 confert/" spectandumque tibi bellum civile negatum est. Quin- tilian decl. 264. p. 78 antequam ius excutio ''^ et vim legis, quae per se satis manifesta est, intueor," primum illud apud vis dixisse contentus sum. decl. 264 p. 79 ac priusquam rationem ipsius legis excutio/' interim hoc dico, iudices." decl. 273 p. 117. de quo priusquam loquor/' etiamnum ea, quae humanitatis et consuetu- dinis gratia dici solent, non omitto." decl. 324 p. 275 antequam leges comparamus, intueri personas libet.^^ PERFECT INDICATIVE WITH ANTEQUAM (PRIUS- QUAM) IN SENTENCES OF PRESENT TIME. (14) The Pure Perfect Indicative occurs in generic sentences of present time. The Generic sentence (or sentence of repetition) with the Perfect Indicative in the antequam (priusquam) clause occurs with both positive and negative leading sentences. (15) THE PERFECT INDICATIVE WITH POSITIVE LEADING CLAUSE in generic sentences belongs in the main to the period following the early use of the Present Indicative in generic sentences and before the use of the Present Subjunctive became established. Cicero uses it almost exclu- sively.""* After Cicero it occurs occasionally.'** " It is possible to consider the leading verb of this sentence as an equiva- lent of the future. ^ It is possible that the leading sentence was here felt to be future. ^ There is only one certain example of the Present Subjunctive in the generic sentence in Cicero; Cic. frag. phil. 5. 24. The single example of the Present Indicative is also doubtful, for reasons already assigned. All other generic sentences of the present have the Perfect Indicative in the antequam (priusquam) clause. *" After Cicero it was almost entirely supplanted by the Present Sub- junctive. It must not be supposed, however, that in the generic sentences with the Perfect Indicative, the Present Subjunctive can always be substi- tuted for the Perfect Indicative without changing the sentence. In many in- stances it cannot. The sentence has been constructed with reference to the use of the Perfect Indicative and must be recast in most cases, or some change made in the wording, to admit the use of the Present Subjunctive; e. g. membris utimur prius quam didicimus, cuius ea &c. must be changed to membris utimur prius quam sciamus, cuius ea &c. Moreover, in some 36 Antequam and Priusquam Plautus. amphit. 513 prius abis quam lectus ubi cubuisti con- caluit locus, mere. 155 quin iam, prius quam sum eloeutus, seis si mentiri volo. poen. 919 satine, prius quam unumst inieetum telum, iam instat alterum. pseud. 817 teritur senapis scelera, quae illis qui terunt prius quam triverunt oculi ut extillent facit. Lucretius 6. 900 nonne vides "^ etiam, nocturna ad lumina linum nuper ex- tinctum admoveas, accendier ante quam tetigit flamman? Cicero ad quint frat. i. i. 38 ante occupatur animus ab iracundia, quam providere ratio potuit, ne occuparetur. verr. 2. 3. 3 illi enim, ante quam potuerunt existimare, quanto liberior vita sit. . . . accusant.''* de inv. 2. 62. pupillus ante autem mortuus est, quam in suam tutelam venit. cato 50. is igitur, qui ante sagit quam oblata res est, dicitur praesagire. de fin. 3. 66. membris utimur prius, quam didicimus, cuius ea causa utilitatis habeamus. de fin. 4. 65 et catuli aeque caeci (sunt) prius quam dispexerunt, ac si ita futuri semper essent. acad. 2. 8 ceteri primum ante tenentur adstricti, quam, quid esset optimum iudicare potuerunt; de oflf. I. 117. itaque ante implicatur aliquo certo genere cursuque vivendi, quam potuit, quod optimum esset iudicare; de orat. i. 94. id si est difficile nobis, quod ante, quam ad discendum ingressi sumus, obruimur ambitione et foro; de orat. 2. 109 ante enim praeter- labitur, quam percepta est; de orat. 3. 7. et corruunt aut ante in ipso cursu obruuntur, quam portum conspicere potuerunt; de invent. 2. 160 providentia, per quam futurum aliquid videtur ante quam factum est. Auct. ad Heren. 3. 12. 21 nam laeditur arteria, si, antequam voce lenei permulsa est, acri clamore conpletur. Seneca, dial. 10. 10. 6 (praesens tempus) ante desinit esse quam of the examples the use of the Perfect Indicative expresses more definitely the idea to be conveyed than would be possible by the use of the Present Subjunctive. Nevertheless the fact that only one certain ex- ample of the Present Subjunctive in the generic sentence occurs in Cicero as opposed to quite a number of the Perfect Indicative creates a strong presumption in favor of the belief that the choice of this form of generic sentence was voluntary on the part of the writer and, in all probability, was due to the fact that the Present Subjunctive usage was not yet estab- lished while that of the Present Indicative had become archaic. "^The Subjunctive might have been used in this example under the influence of the O. O. from vides. ^^The Subjunctive is used in Cicero phil. 14.1 ante vero quam sit ea res. ..adlata, laetitia frui satis est pugnae. The use of antequam here is very unusual ; its significance seems to be cum nondum. Sentences of Present Time 37 venit. benef. 5. 5. 4. saepe necesse est ante alia beneficia petamus quam priora reddidimus.^ Celsus 7. 27. 30. quod si, antequam vesica purgata est, orae se glutinarunt, dolorque et inflammatio redierunt, vulnus. . . . diducendum est. Pliny, nat. hist. 18. 206; Quintilian inst. i. 12. 9. nam et dociliora sunt ingenia, priusquam obduruerunt. inst. 10. 7. 1 1, qua oculi totos simul in lectione versus flexusque . . . intuentur, et ante sequentia vident quam priora dixerunt.^* (16) THE PERFECT INDICATIVE WITH NEGATIVE LEADING SENTENCE in generic sentences of the present occurs at all periods. It may be said to be the regular usage in the generic sentence of the present, in which the leading sentence is negative." Ennius ann. 156 nee quisquam sophiam, sapientia quae per- hibetur, in somnis vidit prius quam sane discere coepit. Lucre- tius 4. 883. neque enim facere incipit ullam rem quis quam, quam mens providit quid velit ante. Varro r. r. 2. 2. 18; r. r. 2. 4. 6. hiberno tempore non prius exigunt pastum, quam pruina evanuit, ac colliquefacta est glacies." Cicero tusc. 5. 104 nos autem eos (honor es) nescimus, ante quam paenitere coepit, contemnere. de fin 4. 65. nee enim ille respirat, ante quam emersit. de leg. 2. 57. nam prius quam in os iniecta glaeba est, locus ille, ubi crematum est corpus, nihil habet religionis. de leg. 2. 57. nee . . . eorum ante sepulchrum est, quam iusta facta (sunt) et corpus incensum est. Vergil, aen. 6. 327, nee ripas datur hor- rendas et rauca fluenta transportare prius, quam sedibus ossa quierunt. Aetna 422. nee desinit ante quam levis excocto defecit ®^The Subjunctive might have been used here because of the dependence upon necesse est .... petamus. ^ In Oratio Obliqua ; Cicero, tusc. 3. 30. ; de fin. 3. 16 ; de fin. 4. 64 ; cato 78. In Quintilian inst. 4. i. 3. certe prooemium est, quod apud iudicem dici priusquam causam cognoverit prosit, the Subjunctive may be due to the dependence upon the " quod prosit " clause ; and so too Columella r. r. 12. 27. I. ^Very few examples occur of the Present Subjunctive with negative leading sentences ; vid. n. 37. ^® Varro 1. 1. 5. 153 " carceres dicti, quod coercentur equi, ne inde exeant antequam magistratus signum misit;" here the Subjunctive is to be expected because of the dependence upon the " ne exeant " clause. 38 Antequam and Priusquam robore pumex. Auct. ad Herenn. 4. 25. 34 gradatio est, in qua non ante ad consequens verbum descenditur, quam ad superiora cons(c)ensum est hoc modo. M. A. Seneca controv. 9. 5. (Teub. p. 391) nee ante in oratorem conroborantur, quam . . . puerilem animum . . . vero labore durarunt. L. A. Seneca, nat. quaest. prol. 7 non potest ante contemnere porticus et lacunaria . . . fulgentia . . ., quam totum circuit mundum. nat. quaest. 3. 28. 6. nee ante quam supra cacumina eorum, quos perfusurus est, mon- tium crevit, devolvitur. nat. quaest. 6. 28. 3. nee prius pestilentia desinit quam spiritum ilium gravem exercuit laxitas coeli ven- torumque iactatio. nat. quaest. 7. 20. 2. nee ante discedunt (ignes) quam consumptum est omne, quo pascebantur, alimentum. epist. 20. 4. 8. nee ante desinit (niti,) quatere se, quam in pedes con- stitit. epist. 20. 5. 2. sunt qui officia lucis. . . . perverterint nee ante diducant oculos hesterna graves crapula quam adpetere nox coepit. Celsus 5. 26. 23. ex quibus neutra ante debet imponi, quam intus vulnus purgatum est. 5. 2y. 10 utilissimum est, ubi ex anguibus metus est, non ante progredi, quam quis aliquid assumsit. Martial 7. 67. 9. nee cenat prius aut recumbit ante, quam septem vomuit meros deunces." "In Oratio Obliqua; Sallust iug. 4. 6. Pliny nat. hist. 17. 207; nat. hist. 32. 12. A few examples occur, most of them late, of the Perfect Subjunctive in sentences of this class. With negative leading sentences; Varro r. r. i. 65. i. quod non fit ante, quam accesserit annus. Vitruvius de arch. i. 6. 2. Propertius el. 2. 25. 25. an quisquam .... persolvit .... aut prius infecto deposcit (= nemo persolvit aut deposcit) praemia cursu, septima quam metam triverrit ante rota? Rothstein comments " der Conjunktiv steht, weil in der Zeitbestimmung zugleich eine Forderung liegt, die vor der Erteilung der Preises erfiillt sein wiirde ". Properitus el, 3. 32. 47. sed non ante gravi taurus succumbit aratro cornua quam validis haeserit in laqueis, in which the Subjunctive may be due? to the "volition" implied in the "resistance to pressure." Pliny nat. hist. 8. 109. hominis parte conprehensa non ante quam fracta concrepuerint ossa. Caesar German, arat. 412. nee metus ante fugit, quam pars effulserit orbis, qua borean caelum spectantibus indicet ortum. Celsus 6. 6. 34. Pliny nat. hist. 14. 39. capnios . . . non ante demetuntur quam gela- verit. Lucan. pharsal. 10. 217 auctusque suos non ante coartat, quam nox aestivas a sole receperit horas. Tacitus, germ. 13. 2. sed arma sumere non ante cuiquam moris (est) quam civitas suffecturum probaverit (in which the Subjunctive may be due to sumere. .. .moris (est). [Draeger, com- menting on this sentence, Syntax u. Stil des Tacitus 170. says: * der Con- Sentences of Present Time 39 THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE WITH ANTEQUAM AND PRIUSQUAM IN SENTENCES OF PRESENT TIME. (17) The Present Subjunctive occurs with antequam {priiis- quam) ; (a) in generic sentences of the present; (b) in sentences of present time in which " volition " on the part of some person referred to or expressed in the sentence is felt in the antequam (priusquam) clause;'^ (c) in a f ew ^^ sentences in which it is de- sired 'to express that the action of the leading sentence prevents the accomplishment of the action of the antequam (priusquam) clause, or in which antequam (priusquam) is felt to be equivalent to antequam (priusquam) ut; *° (d) in sentences in which the subject of the verb in the antequam (priusquam) clause is the indefinite second person; (e) in certain sentences in which the antequam (priusquam) clause is dependent upon a subjunctive or infinitive ; and, of course, in Oratio Obliqua. junktiv steht, weil nicht ein einzelnes Factum gemeint ist' The validity of this reason is destroyed by the frequent use of the Indicative to denote repeated action as shown by the examples quoted under this head.] ann. 15. 74. 17 nam deum honor principi non ante habetur, quam agere inter homi- nes desierit. With positive leading clause: Varro r. r. 3. 16. 37. si quando subito imbri in pastu sunt oppressae, aut frigore subito, ante quam ipsae provi- derint id fore, (where the Subjunctive may be the result of the "too soon for " idea). Scribonius Largus, conp. 45; Quintilian, inst 2. 11. 5. nonnulli certa sibi initia, priusquam sensum invenerint destinant "^With a negative leading sentence this "volition" takes the form of "insistence" upon the action of the dependent verb as distinguished from "prevention" ("antecedent prevention") which is its usual significance when the leading sentence is positive. ^ Sentences of this kind in thef past are quite common. The difference in frequency of occurrence between the present and the past is doubtless mainly due to the exce'ss of historical narrative (in which past tenses have the preponderance), over those parts of the language in which the present tenses are of common occurrence. ^'This depends almost entirely upon the mental attitude of the writer; it is certain that antequam {priusquam) was at times felt to be equivalent to antequam {priusquam) ut, but it is often impossible in a particular instance to explain why it presented itself in this way to the writer. 40 Antequam and Priusquam (i8) THE GENERIC SENTENCE OF THE PRESENT. — The present Subjunctive with antequam (priusquam) in the generic sentence (or sentence of repetition) is found as early as Lucretius and the De Re Rustica of Varro, but it did not become established as the usage in sentences of this kind until after Cicero. Lucretius 5. 1034. cornua nata prius vitulo quam frontibus extent, illis iratus petit atque infestus inurget."" 6. 903. multaque praeterea prius ipso tacta vapore eminus ardescunt quam com- minus imbuat ignis. Varro r. r. i. 30. i. non sunt absoluta, ante- quam gemmas agant ac florescere incipiant. r. r. i. 40. 4; r. r. 2. 2. 15; r. r. 2. 4. 6; r. r. 2. 2. 15; r. r. 2. 11. 6. de tonsura ovium primum animadverto antequam incipiam facere, num scabiem . . . habeant. r. r. 3. 16. 34; r. r. 3. 9. 20; 1. 1. 6. 52. ab eo ante quam ita faciant, pueri dicuntur infantes. 1. 1. 8. 83. nominantur . . . Roman- enses, qui manumissi, ante quam sub magistratum nomina . . . succedere coeperint. Cicero de orat. i. 251 (tragoedi) qui . . . cotidie, ante quam pronuntient, vocem . . . sensim excitant." frag, philos. 5. 24. ut enim . . . agricolae subigunt aratris multo ante, quam serant.*' Vergil georg. 4. 306 hoc geritur zephyris primum impellentibus undas, ante novis rubeant quam prata coloribus, ante garrula quam tignis nidum suspendat hirundo. Vitruvius de arch. 2. 5. 2; art. arch. 12. i. Livy 39. 15. i. cum solemne carmen precationis, quod praefari solent priusquam populum adloquantur magistratus, peregisset consul." Pomponius Mela 3. 26. Col- umella r. r. 2. 9. 18. ea cum spicas ediderunt, prius quam semina hient aestibus, manu carpuntur.** r. r. 2. 9. 19. panis ex milio conficitur, qui antequam refrigescat, sine fastidio potest assumi. r. r. 2. 10. 30. nam si nox incessit, quaestulocunque humore prius, quam obruatur, corrumpitur, r. r. 2. 10. 33. propter quod nonnulli *^ These sentences are referred by Hale (Anticipatory Subj. p. 86) to the Anticipatory Subjunctive. ^ Hand Tursellin. I. p. 398 finds " consilium " in this, which is not im- possible. *^ Cicero fam. 15. 21. 2. " quin etiam, antequam ad me veniatur, risus omnis paene consumitur," in which allusion is made to Cicero's "bons mots," ought perhaps to be classed under this head. **The Subjunctive here may be the result of the dependence upon the infinitive, or may be considered "prospective," "In this example there may be "volition." Sentences of Present Time 41 prius quam serant, minimis aratris proscindunt. r. r. 2. 13. i ; r. r. 2. 18. I. foenum autem demetitur optima ante quam inarescat.** r. r. 3. 2. 22 humoribus etiam prius, quam defluant, putrescunt. r. r. 3. 18. 2. primum, quod nulla stirps ante quam deponatur vexata et infracta melius provenit, quam . . . r. r. 3. 18. 2. et velut uncus infixus solo, ante quam extrahatur, praerumpitur. r. r. 4. 3. 2. (agricolae) qui . . . vineas, antequam pubescant, variis ex causis destituunt. r. r. 4. 10. i ; r. r. 4. 24. 10. r. r. 4. 30. 6. satio est eorum priusquam germinent, dum silent virgae. r. r. 4. 32. 5. tempus repastinandi et conserendi est prius quam oculi . . . egerminent. r. r. 4. 33. 2. r. r. 4. 33. 3; r. r. 5. 5. 4. nimius humor, antequam convalescant, semina necat. r. r. 5. 5. 13. atque haec quidem cultura. . . . antequam gemment, adhibetur. r. r. 5. 6. 9. r. r. 5. 9. 6. r. r. 6. 17. 6. vel si antequam tumor discutiatur, in suppurationem convertitur, optimum est . . . r. r. 7. 3. 19.*" r. r. 7. 5. 12. subluvies ... vel alumine et sulfure atque aceto mistis litae curentur, vel austero punico malo, prius quam grana faciat.*^ r. r. 7. 8. 6. nonnulli antequam pecus numellis inducant, virides pineas nuces in mulctram demittunt. r. r. 7. 9. 9; r. r. 7. 10. 4. r. r. 8. 5. II. deinde antequam consternant ea, diligenter emundant. r. r. 11. 2. 60. hoc eodem tempore prius quam vineae pulverentur, . . . lupini modii tres . . . in . . . iugera spargun- tur. r. r. 12. 18. 6. at quae supra terram consistunt, complures dies antequam curentur in solem producuntur ; ** r. r. 12. 38. 2; r. r. 12. 42. 3 prius tamen quam de igne medicamentum toUatur, tres heminae roris . . . adiiciuntur. r. r. 12. 49. 8. de arbor 8. 5. sed (si) priusquam mitescant, uvae inarescunt, hoc modo emenda- buntur. Celsus 2. 6; 7. 3. aut, si antequam sinus carne im- pleatur, orae carnosa fiunt. 7. 12. si . . . ante alter dens nascitur, quam prior excidat. Scribonius Largus. p. 4; conp. 81; conp. 228. Seneca dial. 3. 11. 4. hos tamen Hispani Gallique . . . . antequam legio visatur, caedunt ob nullam aliam rem opportunos quam iracundiam ; dial. 4. 15. i ; dial. 4. 22. 3. quae inviti audimus, •"In which the Subjunctive may also be explained as dependent upon an infinitive. " With which cf. Pliny nat. hist. 21. 183. where Pres. Indie, is used in an exactly similar sentefnce, viz. : one in which the antequam (priusquam) clause defines a substantive without dependence upon any leading verb. ** Columel. r. r. 11. 3. 20., 12. 19. 3., and 12. 41. i. belong in the category of generic sentences, but have future leading clauses. 42 Antequam and Priusquam libenter credimus et antequam iudicemus, irascimur."^ dial. 4. 26. 3. dial. 7. 10. 3. haec omnia virtus discutit et aurem pervellit et voluptates aestimat, antequam admittat."^ dial. 8, 3. 4. potest ergo et ille, . . . antequam ullas experiatur tempestates, in tuto sub- sistere."^ dial. 11. 10. 3. cito enim nos. . . voluptas relinquit, quae fluit et transit et paene antequam veniat aufertur. benef. 5. 14. 2. sic latro est, etiam antequam manus inquinet. benef. 5. 23. 2. nat. quaest. 2. 12. 6. ante autem videmus fulgorem quam sonum audiamus." nat. quaest. 2. 20. 3 itaque omnia, antequam ferian- tur, intremiscunt vibrata vento. nat. quaest. 4. i. 2. nat. quaest. 5. 8. 2 nam etiam antequam adpareat, lumine ipso valet, nat. quaest. 5. 10. 2. nat. quaest. 6. 13. 5 ideoque antequam terra moveatur, solent mugitus audiri ventis in abdito tumultuantibus. nat. quaest. 6. 28. i. epist. 50. 5." epist. 42. 9 si diu illud habuisti, perdis postquam satiatus es ; si non diu, perdis antequam adsuescas. epist. 71. 27. epist. 74. 33 sic infirmus animus multo ante quam opprimatus malis quatitur. epist. 86. 18. epist. 99. II. epist. 103. 2 tempestas minatur, antequam surgat, crepant aedificia, antequam conruant. epist. 104. 15 ut Maeander . . . saepe in vicinum alveo suo admotus, antequam sibi influat, flec- titur. epist. 121. 19. trag. here. fur. 214 antequam laetam domum contingat, aliud iussus ad bellum meat, agamem. 956 qualisque ad aras colla taurorum pius designat oculis ante quam ferro petat. Pliny, nat. hist. 10. 194 quippe non omnes eadem esca capiuntur et prius quam adpetant odorantur. nat. hist. 10. 198. nat. hist. II. 86. nat. hist. 11. 271. nat. hist. 12. 26 hae priusquam dehis- cant decerptae tostaeque sole faciunt quod vocatur piper longum. nat. hist. 12. 68. nat. hist. 12. 103. nat. hist. 12. 130. nat. hist. 14. 37 huius folia sicuti labruscae prius quam decidant sanguineo colore mutantur. nat. hist. 14. 85. nat. hist, 14. 99. nat. hist. 15. 14. nat. hist. 15. 84 folia antequam decidant rubescunt. nat. hist. 16. 84. nat. hist. 16. no ocissime autem salix amittit semen, *® In which iudicemus may have been used as equivalent to iudicare pos- simus; that is antequam = antequam ut. ^Seneca, dial. 9. 11. 8. multo ante se armabit quam petatur, has the future in the leading sentence. It is possible also to find " volition " in it. "In which the subjunctive may be explained as dependent upon an infinitive. " Cf. Lucretius 6. 170. sic fulgorem quoque cernimus ante quam toni- trum accipimus. Sentences of Present Time 43 antequam omnino maturitatem sentiat. nat. hist. 17. 145. nat. hist. 17. 153. nat. hist. 17. 182. nat. hist. 17. 189. nat. hist. 17. 226. nat. hist. 18. yy. nat. hist. 18. 104 nunc fermentum fit ex ipsa farina quae subigitur prius quam addatur sal. nat. hist. 18. 149. nat. hist. 18. 150. nat. hist. 18. 171 culter vocatur inflexus praedensam priusquam proscindatur terram secans . . . nat. hist. 19. 109. nat. hist. 19. 122 raphanus utique iucundior detractis foUis antequam decaulescat. nat. hist. 19. 143. nat. hist. 20. 66. nat. hist. 20. 259 ambustis cruda inlinitur, sed saepius mutatur priusquam arescat. nat. hist. 20. 263 hie antequam floreat contusus atque expressus inUto suco alopecias replet. nat. hist. 22. 153. nat. hist. 22. 159. nat. hist. 23. 73 praeclarum habent usum antequam condiantur recentes per se cibi modo devoratae. nat. hist. 23. 112. nat. hist. 23. 160. nat. hist. 24. 103. nat. hist. 25. 21 florem vibones vocant, qui coUectus prius quam tonitrum audiatur et devoratus securos in totum annum a metu anginae praestat. nat. hist. 25. 152. nat. hist. 25. 166 prius quam deco- quatur aqua marina aut salsa lavatur. nat. hist. 26. y6. nat. hist. 26. 103. nat. hist. 26. 128. nat. hist. 27. 51. nat. hist. 2y. 58. nat. hist. 27. iii eaedem priusquam maturescat semen concisae et sole siccatae alvum sistunt. nat. hist. 28. 38. nat. hist. 28. 147 ibi enim sacerdos . . . sanguinem tauri bibit prius quam in specum descendat. nat. hist. 28. 175. nat. hist. 28. 259. nat. hist. 30. loi. nat. hist. 30. 106. nat. hist. 30. 108. nat. hist. 31. 58. nat. hist. 33. 88 et herba supra dicta pingiturque antequam pingat. nat. hist. 33. 91. nat. hist. 37. 125.'' nat. List. 37. 199 fulgoris inconstantia, prius quam ad oculos perveniat desinens nitor.'" Quintilian. inst. i. 2. 8 discunt haec miseri, antequam sciant vitia esse. inst. 4. i. 2. inst. 4. 5. 5 index . . . non aliter praeformidat, quam qui ferrum medici prius quam curetur aspexit. inst. 7. i. 3." inst. 9. 3. 55 repetit enim quae dicta sunt, et priusquam ad aliud descendat, in prioribus resistit. decl. 323 p. 272"^"^ haec enim, prius- quam dedicationis accipiant summam religionem, opera sunt tantum. decl. 388. p. 436 longo spatio ingredientem fatigat, ante '"The Subjunctive here may also be due to the conception of antequam as equivalent to antequam ut. °*The priusquam clause in this sentence can hardly be supposed to be influenced by necesse est. ^^ Reference is made to the Declamationes of Quintilian by the page of the Teubner text of Ritter. 44 Antequam and Priusquam quam destituat."^ Pliny epist. i. i6. 7 est ergo mecum per diem totum; eundem, antequam scribam, eundem, cum scripsi, eundem, etiam cum remittor, non tamquam eundem lego. (19) SENTENCES INVOLVING VOLITION.— The ex- amples of present time in which the Subjunctive is used because of the " volition " felt in the antequam (priusquam) clause, may for greater convenience of examination and reference be divided into several distinct classes." (i) After a positive Imperative leading clause. — When the Imperative (or Subjunctive used as an Imperative) occurs in the leading sentence, the present Subjunctive"^* is used in the antequam (priusquam) clause, if the leading sentence is positive.™ When the subject of the dependent clause is the same as that of the leading sentence the imperative sense is felt in both members ; e. g. Plant. Merc. 601 prius quam recipias anhelitum, uno verba eloquere is felt to be equivalent to noli prius recipere anhelitum; (sed) uno verba eloquere. When the subject of the dependent clause is not the same as that of the leading sentence the Subjunctive in the antequam (priusquam) clause denotes " negative purpose " ; e. g. Plant. Rudens 626 praetorquete iniuriae prius collum quam ad nos per- veniat is equivalent to praetorquet iniuriae collum, ne prius ad nos perveniat, Ennius. med. exul. 14. (Ribbeck I. p. 56.) inspice hoc facinus, prius quam fiat. Plautus. mere. 601 prius quam recipias anheli- tum, uno verbo eloquere; ubi ego sum.*^ mere. 1015. pseud. 241. "Descriptive of a shallow beach. ^'^ Although the realization of " volition " is, of course, future, in accord- ance with the usual arrangement these sentences are given under the general heading of " Sentences of Present time." ^The Indicative sometimes occurs in early Latin and in the conversa- tional style. ■^"When the leading sentence is negative the Perfect Subjunctive is the rule; which is in accordance with the principles enunciated, p. 54 (Sentences of Future Time), since the time of the Imperative is future. ^^ Compare Plautus. Asinar. 940, Curcul. 210, True. 115, in which the Pres. Indie, is used with Imperative leading sentences. Sentences of Present Time 45 Ca. heus abi(i)t; quin revocas? Ps. quid properas? placide. Ca. at prius quam abeat {revoca). rud. 626 praetorquete iniuriae prius collum quam ad nos perven(i)at. Cato. agr. cult. 50. 2. haec facito, antequam viniam fodere incipias. agr. cult. 53. I. priusquam semen maturum siet, secato."^ agr. cult. 53. i. et quod optimum faenum erit, seorsum condito, per ver cum arabunt, antequam ocinum des, quod edint boves, agr. cult. 113. i. agr. cult. 117. i. agr. cult. 143. 2. agr. cult. 157. 3. verum prius quam id inponas, aqua calida multa lavato. Varro 1. 1. 6. 16. in Tusculanis sacris est scriptum : " Vinum novum ne vehatur in urbem ante quam vinalia kalentur." "^ Cicero, att. 5. 4. 3. si me amas, prius- quam proficiscaris, effice. ad. att. 5. 5. 2. leg. 2. 8. videamus . . . prius quam adgrediamur ad leges singulas, vim naturamque legis. leg. 2. 9. Vergil, georg. i. 219. georg. i. 347.; georg. 2. 259. georg. 3. 468. continuo culpam ferro compesce prius quam dira per incautum serpant contagia volgus. Vitruvius. art. arch. 6. 26. Livy 23. 3. 6. sed prius in eius locum virum fortem ac strenuum novum senatorem cooptabitis, quam de noxio sup- plicium sumatur."' 28. 41. 9; 45. 12. 5. "priusquam hoc circulo excedas/' inquit, " redde responsum, senatui quod referam."" Valerius Maximus. 6. 4. 3. " prius " inquit " quam hoc circulo excedas da responsum, quod senatui referam." ^* Seneca suasor. 2. 2. 21. controv. 2. 3. 19. antequam ferias, patrem respice. con- trov. 2. 4. 10. Celsus. i. 8; 3. 12. deinde eodem modo . . . antequam inhorrescere possit, operiatur. Columella, r. r. i. i. 15 hos igitur, . . . prius quam cum agricolatione contrahas, advocato in consilium, r. r. 2. 10. 12.; r. r. 2. 20. I. sed cum matura fuerit seges, ante quam torreatur vaporibus aestivi sideris, . . . celeri- ter demetatur. r. r. 4. 8. 3 ; r. r. 5. 9. 7; r. r. 5. 9. 8; r. r. 5. 10. 7; r. r. 5 ID. 9. primo vere antequam germinent arbores, deponito. r. r. 5. 10. 2; r. r. 5. 10. 16; r. r. 9. 8. i; r. r. 12. 25. 4. mustum autem antequam de lacu tollas, vasa rore . . . suf- fumigato; r. r. 12. 28. 2.; r. r. 12. 29. i; r. r. 12. 54. i.; •^ Cf. Pliny nat. hist. 18. 260. prius quam semen maturum sit, secato. ^^More exact syntax would here have required the Perfect Subjunctive because of the negative. ^ Cooptabitis, future used as an Imperative. Weissenborn's note on the passage is; "cooptabitis, ihr miisst wahlen; *ihr diirft nicht eher strafen.'" ®*The same incident is also told in Pliny nat. hist. 34. 24. and Veil. Paterc. i. lo. 2. 46 Antequam and Priusquam r. r. 12. 58. I.; r. r. de arbor. 3. 6. agrum antequam viiieis obseras, explorato qualis saporis sit. r. r. de arbor. 6. 4. ; r. r. de arbor. 16. 2.; r. r. de arbor. 18. i.; r. r. de arbor. 20. 2; r. r. de arbor. 20. 3.; r. r. de arbor. 22. i.; r. r. de arbor. 23. 2. alio modo, cum iam matura mala fuerint, ante quam rum- pantur, petiolos, quibus pendent, intorqueto. Calpurnius Siculus. eclog. 5. 63. nee prius aestivo pecus includatur ovili, quam levibus nidis somnos captare volucris cogitet et tremulo gemi- bunda fritinniat ore.^' Seneca dial. 5. 8. 8. epist. 98. 7. quod- cumque laesurum est, multo ante quam accidat speculare et averte. here. fur. 1085 nee torva prius pectora linquas quam mens repetat pristina eursum.^ thyest. 201 proinde antequam se firmet^ aut vires paret "''petatur ultro; ne quiseentem petat. here. oet. 1152. Pliny nat. hist. 17. 158; nat. hist. 18. 14. ; "" nat. hist. 18. 176. ; nat. hist. 18. 260.; nat. hist. 18. 315 uvam rorulentam ne legito, hoc est si ros nocturnus fuerit, nee prius quam sole diseutiatur." Quintilian inst. 6. 2. 28. Pliny epist. 6. 23. 4.; epist. 8. 4. 6. mittito, immo etiam antequam absolvas . . . (2) In Sentences in which antequam (priusquam) has the sense potius quam. — Most common in the poets. Ennius hee. VI. (Ribbeek trag. frag. I. p. 42) senex sum: utinam mortem oppetam, priusquam evenat quod in pauperie et miseria graviter gemam." Plautus. amphit. 240 animam omittunt priusquam loco demigrent. Cicero fam. 9. 26. i. tamen, quid potius faciam, priusquam me dormitum eonferam, non reperio." tuse. 5. 78. Vergil.^ Ovid, metam. 3. 391. " ante," ait, " emoriar, *^The only examples of the Present Subjunctive with negative impera- tive leading sentences. ^ Ms.A gives the reading " firmet " and " paret," which I have adopted instead of " firmat," and " parat," the reading given in their edition of 1867 by Peiper and Richter. The Indicative in such a sentence is without parallel in the later language. "The meaning of priusquam in this sentence is plainly potius quam, but the Subjunctive is also required because of the dependence of the priusquam clause upon the subjunctive "oppetam." ^The Oratio Obliqua from reperio demands subjunctive here as well as the potius quam sense of priusquam. ** Vergil aen. 4. 24 " sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat, vel pater omnipotens abigat me fulmine ad umbras, pallentis umbras Erebo noctemque profundam, ante, pudor, quam te viola aut tua iura resolvo;" VNJVh^S/TY ^ OF Sentences of jPresent Time 47 quart! sit tibi copia nostri." trist. 5. 6. 19. spiritus hie . . . membris exeat ante meis, quam tua delicto stringantur pectora nostro, et videar . . . esse . . . ; trist. 5. 13. 21 ; ep. ex pont. 4. 12. 33.; ep. her. 3. 63; Horace, od. 3. 2'j. 53 antequam turpis macies decentis occupet malas teneraeque sucus defluat praedae speciosa quaero pascere tigris. Livy. 26. 13. 17. itaque quibus vestrum ante fato cedere, quam haec tot tarn acerba videant, in animo esta, iis . . . epulae . . . paratae sunt." Seneca, here. oet. [Closely related to these examples are those of the so-called " figura adovdTou'\ in which it is said that something highly im- probable or impossible will take place " sooner than " the action of the antequam (priusquam) clause; but these sentences all have future leading verbs and will therefore be discussed under Sen- tences of the future time.] (3) Sentences in which " volition " is felt in the antequam (priusquam) clause, but which do not fall under the preceding categories, (i) and (2). _ Plautus. amph. 533. exire ex urbe prius quam lucescat volo; mere. 169 multa exquirere etiam prius volo quam vapulem; poen. 321. prius quam Venus expergiscatur, prius deproperant sedulo sacruficare.^^ Varro r. r. i. 31. 5. id est ex fabali segete viride sectum antequam genat siliquas. r. r. i. 23. 6.; Caesar b. c. I. 22. 2 neque ab eo prius Domitiani milites discedunt, quam in a very unusual use of the Indicative; the only case (except Seneca Here. Oet 1414 where the text is in doubt) in which antequam (priusquam) in the sense of potius quam is used which the Indicative ; yet few if any of the editors make any comment upon the mood. The Grammarians Diomedes I. 395 K, Dositheus VII. 421 K, Consentius V. 403 K, and Servius aen. IV. 322 all read " violo " ; Ribbeck crit. appar. gives " violem " as reading of ms. m, but reads " violo " in his text as do all the other editors. Seneca Here. Oet. 1414 "vel scelere pereat antequam letum mihi ignavus aliquis mandat ac turpis manus de me triumphat." mss. A. mandet and triumphet. ^"Subjunctive here may also be due to Oratio Obliqua from "in animo est." ^^ While this example might (possibly) be classed as generic, it is more in accordance with the usage of Plautus to explain the Subjunc- tive as due to " volition " which can certainly be imagined to be present. 48 Antequam and Priusquam conspectum Caesaris deducatur;" b. c. i. 54. 4. hunc celeriter, priusquam ab adversariis sentiatur, communit. Ovid metam. 11. 531. nee prius absistit fessam oppugnare carinam, quam velut in captae descendat moenia navis. Vergil, aen. i. 192 nee prius absistit, quam septem ingentia vietor eorpora fundat humi et num- erum eum navibus aequetf^ aen. 11. 809; Columella, r. r. 12. 15. 3. cum deinde paulum siceatae sunt, antequam indureseant, in labra . . . eongerunt eas.'^* Pliny nat. hist. 19. 107 semen ceparum nigreseere ineipiens antequam inareseat metunt;" nat. hist. 18. 79 hordeum ex omni frumento minime ealamitosum, quia ante tollitur quam tritieum oecupet rubigo." Lucan. pharsal. 8. 712 ante tamen Pharias vietor quam tangat harenas, Pompeio raptim tumu- lum fortuna paravit, ne iaceat nullo, vel ne meliore sepulehro." (20) ANTEQUAM = ANTEQUAM UT.—Sentenees in which antequam (priusquam) is felt to be equivalent to antequam (priusquam) ut (" sooner than that " = " too soon for "). Lucretius 3. 959 et necopinanti mors ad caput adstitit ante quam satur ac plenus possis" discedere rerum ; 3. 822 aut quia quae veniunt aliqua ratione reeedunt pulsa prius quam quid noceant sen- tire queamus ; " 6. 462 cum eonsistunt nubila primum, ante videre oculi quam possint," . . . venti . . . cogunt. Cicero, fam. 10. "This sentence being negative the "volition" takes the form of insis- tence upon the action of the dependent clause (vid. Anton Beobacht. p. 27. p. 34) ; sometimes, however, in such a sentence, as a natural result of the negative leading sentence, the Perfect Subjunctive is used in the antequam (priusquam) clause as in Caesar b. g. 3. 18 7 "non prius . . duces . . dimittunt, quam ab his sit concessum . . . . " " Insistence ; see note on Caesar b. c. i. 22. 2. above. " This may be taken as simply generic but " volition " is possible. ■"This, like the preceding sentence, is generic but is not classed among the generic sentences because of the evident presence of volition, whereas the Subjunctive of the sentences classed as generic is solely due to the generic character of the sentence. ^*The nature of the Subjunctive in this sentence is difficult to determine; "volition" is suggested by "ne iaceat", but it is quite possible that the Subjunctive (usually imperfect) of narrative, which was the regular use before Lucan, influenced the use of the mood in narrative even when present tenses were used. " Notice that the verb is a potential, which of itself suggests the mean- ing "too soon for" for antequam (priusquam). Sentences of Present Time 49 18. 3. quod (vulnus) prius nocere potest, quam sciri curarique possit ; " re pub. 2. 6. navalis hostis ante adesse potest, quam quis- quam venturum esse suspicari queat; " leg. agr. 2. 71. Livy 22. 39. 6. nunc quoque consul, priusquam castra videat aut hostem, in- sanit;'" i. 17. 9; 3. 53. 7.; Columella r. r. 6. 27. 7. qui tamen inutilis est, quod triennio, prius quam adolescat, morte absumitur. r. r. 7. 4. 4. nam prius quam foeminas inire poss.int mares castrati, cum bimatum expleverint, enecantur. Petronius sat. 88.; Pliny nat. hist. 28. 252. (21) INDEFINITE SECOND PERSON.— Sentences in which the subject of the verb of the dependent clause is the indefi- nite second person. Both the Present and the Perfect Subjunc- tive occur. (a) Present Subjunctive: Terence, adel. 582 ubi ad Dianae veneris, ito ad dexteram. prius quam ad portam venias, apud ipsum lacum est pistrilla. Varro. r. r. i. 4. i." Cicero de off. i. 73. in omnibus autem negotiis, prius quam adgrediare, adhibenda est praeparatio dili- gens. Sallust. cat. i. 6 nam et prius quam incipias consulto et ubi consulueris mature facto opus est. Livy 9. 2. 8. sed ante- quam venias ad eum, intrandae primae angustiae sunt. Seneca. controv. i. 8. 3. optimus virtutis finis est, antequam deficias desinere.'" Columella, r. r. 11. 3. 51.'' Seneca dial. 9. 5. 5. ultimum malorum est e vivorum numero exire, antequam moriaris.^" epist. 90. 46 et in optimis quoque, antequam erudias, " Weissenborn comments upon this sentence; " weil der Gedanke zu Grunde liegt: obgleich er noch nicht einmal sehen kann;" Hale (Antic. Subj.) p. 88. explains as "clause of an act anticipated and forestalled in the sense of not being waited for; " neither of which is satisfactory as an explanation of the Subjunctive. The explanation seems rather to be either that "priusquam" has the sense "too soon for," or that suggested in the note on Lucan Phars. 8. 612; viz.: that the use of the Subjunctive in narrative with past tenses was extended to the present when the his- torical present was used in narrative in the leading sentence. ™In which it is possible to consider the subject of the dependent clause the second person to whom the work is addressed, not the pure indefinite second person. ^ In which the infinitive also must be taken into account in the explana- tion of the mood. 50 Antequam and Priusquam virtutis materia, non virtus est. Pliny nat. hist. i8. 193 iustum est vehes XVIII iugero tribui, dispergere autem priusquam ares." Martial. 2. 44. durum est, Sexte, negare, cum rogeris, quanto durius, antequam rogeris! (b) Perfect Subjunctive. Plautus. true. 51 priusquam unum dederis, centum quae poscat parat. Cicero verr. 2. i. 39. hoc . . . malum non modo exsistit, verum etiam opprimit, antequam prospicere atque explorare potueris; verr. 2. 5. 182; de or. 3. 203 deinde dubitatio, tum dis- tributio, tum correctio vel ante vel post quam dixeris vel cum aliquid a te ipso reicias. Quintilian. inst. 9. i. 30. (same as Cicero de or. 3. 203). (22) SUBJUNCTIVE OR INFINITIVE SEQUENCE.— Sentences in which the antequam (priusquam) clause is dependent upon a verb in the Subjunctive or Infinitive. (a) " Ut " of purpose, " ut " of result, and " quin " : Plautus. epid. 276. Pe. quam ad rem istam refert ? Ep. Rogas ? ut enim (earn) praestines argento, prius quam veniat filius ; rud. 454 sed quid ego cesso fugere in fanum ac dicere haec Palaestrae, prius in aram ut confugiamus quam hue scelestus leno veniat nos- que hie opprimat. Terence, eun. 751 at enim cave, ne prius quam hanc a me accipias amittas, Chremes ; ^^ Cato r. r. 113. i. ponito in dolio et operito, ne odor exeat, antequam vinum indas. Varro, r. r. I. I. I. annus . . . admonet me ut sarcinas conligam ante- quam proficiscar e vita; r. r. i. 27. 2; r. r. i. 41. 2.;*^ r. r. I. 41. 3.; r. r. i. 69. I.; r. r. 2. 11. 6.; r. r. 3. 6. 3.;'* Cicero, fam 3. 5. 4. utriusque nostrum magni interest, ut te videam ante, quam discedas ; fam. 12. 14. 5. ; att. 2. 4. i. ; att. 5.1.5.; att. 8. 12. B. 2; att. 8. 12. D. 2.; dom. 45.; plane. 40;"" de off. 3. 93.; tusc. I. 16. haec . . . spinosiora, prius ut confitear, me cogunt, quam ut adsentiar ; de leg. 2. 14. ; orator 1 19. ; Vitruvius. de arch. I. I. 10. de arch. 8. i. i. (perf. subj.) ; de arch. 10. praef. 4.; ®^The Perfect Subjunctive might be expected because of negative lead- ing sentence, ^^ Varro 3. 7. 11 gives Pres. Indie, in a similar context; an example of the irregularity of Varronian syntax, vid. Krumbiegel. Varro. 32 seq. ^The Perfect Subjunctive "potuerim" after "result" clause. Sentences of Present Time 51 Senecai. controv. exc. 4. 7. nolo tyrannicida imitetur antequam occi- dat tyrannum. Celsus. 2. 17 ut neque ad eum frigus adspiret, et ibi quoque, antequam aliquid aSvSumat, insudet. Columella, r. r. i. 21. ne vSupremus ante me dies occupet, quam . . . possim. ;^ r. r. I. 8. 16.; r. r. 2. 8. 2.; r. r. 3. 3. 4.; r. r. 4. 14. i.; r. r. 6. 3. 5.; r. r. II. 3. 7.; r. r. 11. 3. 31.; r. r. 12. 26. i.; r. r. 12. 56. 3.; Seneca dial. 7. 20. 5. exorabor antequam roger, honestis precibus occurram ; here. oet. 579 ; Pliny nat. hist. 9. 167. nat. hist. 18. 73. ; Quintilian inst. 6. 2. 28. ; Pliny ep. traian. 46. ut . . . ante mittam nova diplomata, quam desiderari possint.** Suetonius tiber. 6y. (b) Dependent upon Ideal (Less Vivid) Protasis or Apodosis. Both Present and Perfect Subjunctive occur. Present : Plautus. aul. 336 ubi siquid poscam usque ad rauim poscam prius quam quicquam detur. Ovid. art. amat. i. 271.;^ Livy. 9. 9. I. sed, si me audiatis, priusquam dedantur, hie in comitio virgis caesos, banc iam ut intercalatae poenae usuram habeant. Columella r. r. 5. 5. i. si . . . ante annum fiant, quam vineta conserantur; r. r. 5. 5. 2. ; r. r. 8. 8. 11.; r. r. 9. 9. 4.; Pliny nat. hist. 8. 172 quae non prius quam dentes . . . iaciat conceperit steriHs intellegitur ; ^^ nat. hist. 1 1. 49. Perfect : Plautus. trin. 866 si ante lucem ire . . . occipias . . . , con- cubium sit noctis, prius quam ad postremum perveneris ; Terence and. 375 si id suscenseat nunc, quia non det tibi uxorem . . . prius quam tuom . . . animum . . . perspexerit; Cicero acad. 2. 116 si adigam ius iurandum sapientem, nee prius, quam Archimedes . . . rationes . . . descripserit . . . iuraturum putas ? *^ de orat. I. 251. hoc nos si facere velimus, ante condemnentur ii, . . . , • "The Perfect Subjunctive might have been used; negative leading sen- tence. ^ Martial. 8. 36. 9. uses the Pres. Indie, in a " prius quam " clause depend- ing upon a subjunctive following " ut " of result. " aethera sic intrat . . ut . . tonet . . et prius . . satietur . . numine Phoebi, nascentis Circe quam videt ora patris." ®' Only the apodosis of the condition is here expressed. " " Quae non . . . conceperit " = " si quae non conceperit." ^ Cicero tusc. i. 95 has Perfect Indicative. 52 Antequam and Priusquam quam totiens, quotiens praescribitur, Paeanen . . . citarimus. Auct. ad Heren. 2. 29. 46. ut si quis . . . antequam . . . argu- mentationes attulerit, augeat peccatum et dicat . . . ; (c) Dependent upon an infinitive, a clause introduced by oportet, debet, licet, nee esse est, etc., or the verbal in 'ndus. Impersonal verbs and infinitive sequences. Cato. de agr. cult. 134. i. (oportet) ; Varro r. r. i. 68. i (adsequi vult.) ; Cicero, ad brut. i. 17. i.'^ (opertet) ; ligar. 2. (necesse est) ; sest. 15. (necesse est) ; phil. 2. 81 (debet) ; phil. 7. 26 (oportet) ; acad. 2. 39. (necesse est) ; acad. 2. 93 (placet) ; Celsus. 2. 17 (debet) ; 4. 31 (debet) ; 5.28 (alienum est) ; 6.4; 7.2. (oportet) ; 7. 19 (debet) ; Curtius. 9. 5. 2. (opprimi poterat) ; Col- umella r. r. 2. 3. 2. ; r. r. 2. 8. 15. r. r. 2. 10. 15. r. r. 2. 11. 9. (opor- tet) r. r. 2. 15. 2. (ratio est) ; r. r. 2. 17. 5. r. r. 4. 20. 4. (debent) ; r. r. 5. 6. 8. (debent) ; r. r. 5. 6. 17 (convenit) ; r. r. 5. 10. i. (oportet) ; r. r. 5. 10. 21. (expedit) ; r. r. 6. 14. 7 (oportet) ; r. r..7. 7. 2 (convenit); r. r. 9. 13. 12 (debet); r. r. 11. 2. 19. (utile est); r. r. II. 2. 44. (oportet) ; r. r. 11. 2. 50 (oportet) ; r. r. 11. 2. 54 (oportet); r. r. 11. 3. 21.; r. r. 12. 7. i.; de arb. 17. 4. (convenit). Scribonius Largus. conp. 62; conp. 158. Seneca dial. 4. 12. 2. (necesse est) ; dial. 5. 10. 4. (prodest . . . opprimere) ; ben. 2. I. 3 (melius est) ; epist. 28. 9. (oportet) ; Pliny nat. hist. 6. 96. (convenit) ; nat. hist. 16. 64. (ace. c. infin.) ; nat. hist. 17. 68 (convenit) ; nat. hist. 17. 248. (oportet) ; nat. hist. 18. 258.; nat. hist. 18. 298. (lex (est)); nat. hist. 20. 5.; nat. hist. 22. 95 (conveniat) ; "" nat. hist. 35. 170. (oportet) ; Quintilian inst. 3. 9. 8. (constare decet) inst. 4. i. 22. (reum facere) ; inst. 8. 5. 13." (necesse est) ; decl. 319. p. 253 (liceat) ; decl. 337. p. 327. (d) Sentences in which the Verbal in 'ndus occurs in the lead- ing sentence.^'' ®° From Brutus to Cicero. ^^ Which might also be classed under the Ideal Subjunctive dependen- cies. ^ Identical with Cicero Ligar. 2, from which it is quoted. "^ The use of the Indicative after the Periphrastic Passive is not uncom- mon; in such cases the element of obligation seems not to have been felt strongly enough to influence the dependent clause. Sentences of Present Time 53 Lucretius. 3. 391. Varro. r. r. i. 37. 5. quaedam si bubus et aratro proscideris, et iterandum, ante quam semen iacias. Cicero de orat. 2. 186. sicut medico diligenti, priusquam conetur aegro adhibere medicinam, non solum morbus eius (cui mederi volet) sed etiam consuetudo valentis et natura corporis cog- noscendast. Sallust cat. 4. 5. de cuius hominis moribus pauca prius explananda sunt, quam initium narrandi faciam. Ver- gil aen. 3. 384. ante et Trinacria lentandus remus in unda et salis Ausonii lustrandum navibus aequor . . . , quam tuta possis urbem componere terra. Columella r. r. 2. 20. 2. ante quam ex toto grana indurescant, cum rubicundum colorem traxerunt, messis facienda est.'" r. r. 3. 11. 5. r. r. 3. 19. 3. sed illud etiam, . . . ante quam disputationi clausulam imponamus, dicendum est. r. r. 4. 8. I ; "* r. r. 4. 2.y. i ; r. r. 4. 28. i ; r. r. 5. 6. 12. verno tempore, antequam librum demittat,"" decacuminanda est iuxta ramulum; r. r. 5. 9. 9; r. r. 7. 3. 17; r. r. 8. 5. 17;"' r. r. 11. 2. 70.; Seneca. nat. quaest. 7. 11. i. quas antequam exponere incipiam, illud inprimis praesumendum est. Celsus. 2. 10 semperque ante finis faciendus est, quam anima deficiat; 3. 4. ita si longius tempus secundum est, quam integerrimo dandus est : si breve, etiam ante- quam ex toto integer fiat ; 8. 6 ; Phaedrus 3. 10. ergo explorandast Veritas multum prius quam stulte prava iudicet sententia. Pliny nat. hist. 17. 76. ulmorum, priusquam foliis vestiantur, samara colligenda est; nat. hist. 18. 260. secandum {est) antequam inares- cat. nat. hist. 36. 109. Quintilian inst.. i. 12. 19. hactenus ergo de studiis, quibus, antequam maiora capiat, puer instituendus est. inst. 4. 3. I. ; inst. 10. i. 42. °'Here as elsewhere the Subjunctive may also be due to the "negative purpose" or to the generic character of the sentence. ®* Colum. r. r. 4. 8. i. has Indicative ; " neque prius quam f rigore inva- dunt, vitis ablaqueanda est." ''Schneider here reads "demittat," Sangermeister reads " demittit," which is the reading given by Hey in the article on ''antequam'' in the Thesaurus. The Subjunctive is required upon three separate counts; the Periphrastic Passive in the leading sentence, the generic character of the sentence, and the possible "negative purpose." "^When the leading sentence is negative the Perf. Subj. is found in the dependent clause. Colum. r. r. 8. 7. 3. " neque ante. . admovenda est, quam apparuerit." 54 Antequam and Priusquam (e) In Pure Oratio Obliqua dependence. Lucretius. 2. 832. noscere ut hinc possis prius omnem efflare colorem particulas, quam discedant ad semina rerum. Varro. r. r. 2. I. 18; Caesar b. g. 5. ^'j. 9.; b. g. 7. 78. i. Cicero, de inv. 2. 122; Livy. 32. 20. 6. nunc occasionem esse, priusquam quic- quam decernamus. Columella, r. r. i. 6. 12.; r. r. 2. 8. 2.; r. r. 3. II. I.; r. r. 12. 4. 3. Pomponius Mela 2. 97.; Pliny nat. hist. 4. 38. memorandum (^est') in septem lacus eum fundi prius- quam dirigat cursum; nat. hist. 6. 124.; nat. hist. 7. 191.; nat. hist. 10. 20. ; nat. hist. 17. 54. ; nat. hist. 17. 75. ; nat. hist. 17. 130. ; nat. hist. 17. 139. ; nat. hist. 17. 189. ; nat. hist. 17. 190. ; nat. hist. 18. 158.; nat. hist. 18. 243.; nat. hist. 23. 137.; nat. hist. 2^. 105 tradunt Aegypti . . . , si quis huius herbae suco inungatur mane priusquam loquatur, non lippiturum eo anno; nat. hist. 28. 28.; nat. hist. 30. 64.; nat. hist. 30. 65.; nat. hist. 37. 121.; Quintilian inst. I. 10. I. nunc de ceteris artibus, quibus instituendos, prius- quam rhetori tradantur pueros existimo, strictim subiungam ; inst. 2. I. 3.; inst. 4. I. 52.;" inst. 12. 8. 3.; Pliny ep. 8. 20. 8. SENTENCES OF FUTURE TIME." (23) In sentences of future time the Present Indicative is used in the antequam (priusquam) clause if the leading (future) sen- tence is positive; the Future Perfect Indicative is used in the antequam (priusquam) clause if the leading (future) sentence is negative."* This usage obtained from the earliest period until very late in the first century A. D.^°° In Cicero and later writers, "Quintil. inst. 4. i. 52. "hoc adiicio, ut dicturus intueantur . . . ; quid iudicem sentire credibile sit, antequam incipimus;" the indicative in such a sentence in Quintilian seems inexplicable and suggests the strong prob- ability that we have an erroneous reading. "'Under this heading only those sentences will be treated in which the leading sentence is future from the present. Sentences involving futures from the past will be considered under sentences of past time. "There are occasional exceptions to this rule, which will be noticed as they occur in the list of examples, but the great majority indisputably establish the rule, ^'^This distinction receives additional corroboration from the Oratio Obliqua usage, in which the Present and Imperfect Subjunctive are used after positive future leading sentences, the Perfect and Pluperfect after negative future leading sentences. Sentences of Future Time 55 however, the Present Subjunctive occasionally occurs in future sentences similar to those in which the Present Indicative is regularly used, which attests the constantly increasing use of the Subjunctive with antequam (priusquam) as the language grew older, to which reference has already been made. (24) The Present Indicative (positive leading sentence)."* Ennius. incert. nom. rel. II (Ribbeck I. p. 69.) ad vos ad- veniens auxilium et vestras manus peto, prius quam oppeto malam pestem; Novius Exod. I. (Ribbeck II. p. 312) pati dum poterunt antequam pugae pilant. Plautus."' asin. 232 at ego est etiam prius quam abis quod volo loqui; asin. 448. nunc adeam optu- munst, prius quam incipit tinnire;"^ asin. 940 da savium etiam prius quam abi(t)is;^"* bacch. 382 nunc prius quam malum istoc addis certumst iam dicam patri;"" bacch. 932 nunc prius quam hue"*" senex venit, lubet lamentari; curcul. 210. tene etiam prius- quam hinc abeo savium ;^°* curcul. 567 reddin an non virginem, prius quam te huic meae machaerae obicio; epid. 270 em, nunc occasiost faciundi, prius quam in urbem adven(er)it; epid. 615 quin tu mihi adornas ad fugam viaticum prius quam pereo?; menaech. 92b quid cessas dare potionis aliquid, prius quam per- cipit insania?; mere. 10 10 banc volo prius rem agi quam meum intro refero pedem;^'**' mil. 1329 licet complecti, prius quam pro- fiscisco?;"^ mil. 1408 obsecro . . . ut . . . audias, prius quam secat;"^ "^The use of the Future Perfect after positive leading sentences, which is very raref, has been discussed in Part A., and will be taken up under a separate head. "^ In the undeveloped syntax of Plautus and Terence the Indicative is used with " prius quam " in many cases where the Subj unctive would be used by the later writers. "^The Subjunctive "incipiat" in the later writers would be used since the " prius quam " clause is dependent upon " adeam optumumst." ^°* Plautus. mere. 601 and pseud. 241, in both of which the imperative is strongly felt in the dependent clause, have the Pres. Subj. with "prius quam" after an imperative leading sentence, elsewhere the Indicative. "" See note 102. "^Plautus amph. 533 and mere. 167 have the Pres. Subj. in the "prius- quam" clause after "volo" and an infinitive in the leading sentence, but in both of them the "volition" can be plainly felt in the "priusquam" clause, while here the volition is not felt beyond the " rem agi." "^ Cf. Plautus ep. 276 ut enim praestines argento, prius quam veniat filius. 56 Antequam and Priusquam persa 140 numquam hercle hodie hie prius (s)edes, ne frustra sis, quam te hoc facturum quod rogo adfirmas mihi ; "^ poen. 789 sed quid ego dubito f ugere . . . prius quam ... ad praetorem trahor ; poeri. 121 1 prius quam abitis, vos volo ambas ; stich. 538 prius quam abis, praesente te huic apologum agere unum volo; trinum. 198 numquid prius quam abeo me rogaturu's?; trinum. 984 properas an non properas abire . . . prius quam ego hie te iubeo mulcari male?; true. 115 heus manedum . . . , prius quam abis. Terence, andr. 311. omnia experiri certumst prius quam pereo; andr. 556 id te oro ut ante eamus . . . prius quam harum . . . laerumae . . . reddueunt animum aegrotum . . . uxorem demus ; ^*^ heaut. 237 pergin istue prius diiudieare, quam seis quid veri siet?; phorm. 718 transito ad uxorem meam, ut eonveniat hane prius quam hine abit ; *~ phorm. 897 nune eonveniundust Phormio, prius quam dilapidat nostras triginta minas ut auferamus ;^ phorm. 1036 enim vero prius quam haee dat veniam, mihi prospieiam ; phorm. 1037 heus Nausistrata, prius quam huic respondes temere, audi."" Lucil- ius. sat. 4. 129 in os prius aceipiam ipse quam gladium in stomacho furiae ac pulmonibus sisto. Cicero, fam. 7. 14. i. dabo operam, ut istuc veniam, antequam plane ex animo tuo effluo;^" fam. 11. 27. I. de qua priusquam respondeo, pauca proponam ; att. 10. 15-4 si quemquam nanctus eris, qui perferat, litteras des, antequam discedimus ; "^ att. 12. 37. 2; att. 14. 22. i. cupio enim, antequam Roman venio, odorari . . . ; "' att. 16. 2. 6. tu . . . feceris mihi gratum, si ante eo veneris, quam mihi in Italiam te auctore veniendum est; att. 16. 5. 3 etenim circumspice, sed antequam erubesco ; "* verr. 2. 2. 2. atque antequam de incommodis Siciliae ^"^An example of the Pres. Indie, with negative leading sentence; collo- quial and very rare. ^•^Like Plautus Mil. 1408; cf. Terence, eun. 751 "cave, ne prius quam a me accipias amittas." ""Indicative used here as in Plautus although the imperative seems to be felt in the " priusquam " clause. "^This Indicative dependent upon a purpose clause must be explained as colloquial license. "'^The explanation of this Indicative after an imperative (Subjunctive) may be that the subj unctive " des " is felt more as a future than as an imperative. "^ The volition in " cupio " is not felt in the dependent clause. "*The Subjunctive might be expected here; the imperative is felt in the dependent clause. Sentences of Future Time 57 dico, pauca mihi videntur esse . . . dicenda ; "'^ flacc. 6 ; cat. 4. 20. antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam; cluent. 8 tametsi permulta sunt quae mihi, antequam de causa dico, de . . . periculis dicenda esse videantur, tamen . . . aggrediar ad cri- men,"" cluent. 117 qua de re antequam dicere incipio, perpauca mihi ... verba faciunda sunt ; mil. 7 sed antequam ad earn orationem venio . . . , videntur ea esse refutanda quae . . . ; muraen. 2 antequam pro L. Muraena dicere instituo, pro me ipso pauca dicam; caec. 24 itaque mihi certum est, . . . antequam ad meam defensionem . . . venio, illius uti confessione; scaur. 21 quod ego crimen antequam attingo, peto a vobis . . . ut . . . ; deiot. 7 sed ante quam de accusatione ipsa dico, de accusatorum spe pauca dicam; phil. i. 11. priusquam de re publica dicere incipio, pauca querar; phil. 2. 3 cui priusquam de ceteris rebus respondeo, de amicitia . . . pauca dicam; de inv. i. 5. sed ante- quam de praeceptis . . . dicimus, videtur dicendum de genere ipsius artis ; tusc. 2. 38 ad vos adveniens auxilium peto . . . prius quam oppeto malam pestem;"^ tusc. 4. 48.;"* re pub. i. 15. vide- amus, ante quam veniunt alii, quidnam sit;"' de orat. 3. 25. sed priusquam ilia conor attingere . . . , proponam breviter quid sentiam ; Sallust. iug. 5.3. sed prius quam . . . initium expedio, pauca supra repetam. Vergil, georg. i. 50. at prius ignotum ferro quam scindimus aequor, ventos et varium caeli praediscere morem cura sit.^^" Nepos. epam. i. i. de hoc priusquam scribi- mus, haec praecipienda videntur lectoribus. Livy 2. 40. 5. sine, priusquam conplexum accipio, sciam ; ^^° 22. 49. 10. urbem Roman- am muniant ac, priusquam victor hostis advenit, praesidiis fir- ment ; ^^^ 22. 50. 8. sed antequam opprimit lux maioraque hostium agmina obsaepiunt iter, per hos . . . erumpamus; 25. 6. 6. ""This is not an exception to the rule given as to clauses dependent upon the Passive Periphrastic Participle ; the obligation in " dicenda " is not felt in the dependent clause. "^ The " obligation " in " dicenda " in this example seems necessarily to be felt in the "antequam'' clause which would require the Subjunctive; but as has been mentioned many instances of the Periphrastic Passive occur in which the influence of the element of " obligation " upon the dependent clause is neglected. "^ Ennius. incert. nom. rel. Ill (Ribbeck I. p. 60) quoted above. "® Lucilius. sat. 4. 129 quoted above. "imperative not felt in dependent clause. ^^ The influence of the imperative is neglected. 58 Antequam and Priusquam sine, quaeso, priusquam de condicione . . . queror, noxam, cuius arguimur, nos purgare; Columella, de arbor ii. 2.; Celsus. 2. prooem. sed antequam dico . . . non alienum videtur exponere; 7. 7. 13. de qua antequam dico, paucis ipsius oculi natura indicanda est. Seneca ep. 58. 34 et fortasse paulo ante quam debet, facien- dum est; ep. 117. 4. quid . . . respondeatur, audi, antequam ego incipio secedere et in alia parte considere; ep. 123. 2. ideo non est ante edendum quam ilia imperat ; ^ Pliny nat. hist. 4. 93 non est omittenda multorum opinio, priusquam digredimur a Ponto; Quintilian inst. 2. 10. i. quarum antequam viam ingredior, pauca mihi . . . dicenda sunt; inst. 3. 6. i. prius quam dicere aggredior . . . , intuendum puto ; inst. 5. 8. 4 ; inst. 9. i. 22 sed ante- quam, quae . . . figura conveniat, ostendo, dicendum est . . . esse multas . . . ; decl. 259. p. 55 itaque priusquam defensionem adgre- dimur, in hoc satisfaciemus animo nostro ; decl. 273 (sermo) p. 117 priusquam venimus ad causam, praeparare debebimus animum iudicis ; decl. 279 p. 136 priusquam venio ad aestimationem criminis . . . , necesse habeo id dicere. ; decl. 289 p. 156 antequam. dico, quo crimine reus sim, dicendum est.; decl. 297 p. 174 antequam comparo, illud interrogare volo; decl. 317 p. 247 sed antequam naturam defendo . . . volo defendere dignitatem; decl. 319. p. 252. (25) Present Subjunctive (positive leading sentence). — The use of the Present Subjunctive in the antequam {priusquam) clause in similar sentences is rare, Lucretius 5. no qua prius adgrediar quam de re fundere fata . . . multa tibi expediam doctis solacia dictis; Cicero, leg. agr. 2. 53. is videlicet, antequam veniat in Pontum, litteras ad Gn. Pompeium mittet;^ phil. i. i. antequam de re publica . . . dicam . . . , exponam vobis . . . consilium; de nat. deo. i. 57 sed ante quam aggrediar ad ea, . . . de te ipso dicam quid sentiam. Ovid. fast. 4. 387 ante tamen, quam summa dies spectacula sistat, ensifer Orion aequore mersus erit; Propertius 3. 19 quam multae ante meis cedent sermonibus horae, dulcia quam nobis concitet ^^One of the very infrequent instances of the Pres. Indie, after a nega- tive future leading sentence. ^This sentence, as has already been mentioned, ought, perhaps, more properly to be referred to the "prospective" Subjunctive. Sentences of Future Time 59 arma Venus. Vitruvius. de arch. 2. praef. 5.; de arch 2. 9. i.; Columella, r. r. 3. 3. i. nunc prius quam de satione vitium dis- seram, non alienum puto . . . iacere . . . , r. r. 5. 11. 15. at prius quam finem libri faciamus, . . ., de cytiso dicere nunc tempes- tivum est; Petronius sat. iii.; Seneca, ep. 79. 12. erit autem illic etiam antequam hac custodia exsolvatur, cum vitia disiecerit ; Pliny, nat. hist. 13. 68.; Suetonius, iul. 44. de qua prius quam dicam . . . non ahenum erit summatim exponere.^"^^ (26) Future Perfect Indicative ""* (negative leading sen- tence). Pacuvius. teuc. X. (Ribbeck I. p. 136) haud sinam quidquam profari prius quam accepso quod peto; Plautus. bacch. 920 quos non dabo temere etiam, prius quam filium convenero ; ep 69 prius se convenire non volt neque conspicari, quam id argentum . . . dinumeraverit ; epid. 121 (quem) . . . irrigatum plagis pistori dabo, nisi hodie prius comparassit . . . minas, quam argenti fuero elo- cutus ei postremam syllabam; ep. 304 ne abitas, prius quam ego ad te venero; mere. 862 non concedam . . . prius profecto quam aut amicam aut mortem investigavero ; mil. 214 numquam hodie quiescet prius quam id quod petit perf ecerit ;^^'' persa 218 numquam ecastor hodie scibis prius quam (ego) ex te audivero; Terence, phorm. 1044 neque promitto quicquam neque respondeo prius quam gnatum videro; Cato. agr. cult. 161. 2. deinde ne ante "'Cicero, att. 2. 22. 5. "unum illud tibi persuadeas velim, omnia mihi fore explicata, si te videro ; sed totum est in eo, si ante, quam ineat magis- tratum ; " si ante quam tile ineat magistratum may be equal to si te videam ante, quam ifle ineat magistratum, in which case the Subjunctive ineat is required by its dependence upon an Ideal Protasis. Or, if it is equivalent to si te videho ante, quam ille ineat magistratum, the subjunctive ineat may be accounted for because of the underlying idea of necessity and exhortation felt in the antequam clause. Quintilian decl. 339 p. 338 " priusquam causas rogationis meae perse- quar, . . . succurrit mihi laudare vos," ought not, perhaps to be referred to future sentences. The Subjunctive is used because of the dependence upon the infinitive. "*The fact that "ante quam" with a negative leading sentence was equivalent to and might be substituted by " donee," explains the fact that the examples in this category are fewer than in that of positive leading sentences. "® Plautus mil. 1095 "nam nullo pacto potest prius haec in aedis recipi quam illam amiserim;" no mss. authority for an Indicative which is to be expected. Editors make no comment. Explanation of the Subjunctive is difficult. 6o Antequam and Priusquam sarueris, quam asparagus natus erit;"" Lucilius. sat. 29. 612 prius non tollas quam animum ex homine atque hominem ipsum interfeceris ; ^^ Varro r. r. 2. i. i. nos te non dimittemus, inquit, antequam tria ilia explicaris ; r. r. 2. 8. i . vos ante ire non patiar ante quam mihi reddideritis . . . ; Cicero, fam. 3. 5. 4. nihil sum ante mandaturus . . . quam desperaro coram me tecum agero posse; fam. 8. 10. I. (Caelius). neque prius desinam formidare, quam tetigisse te Italiam audiero ; fam. 10. 20. 2 nee tanien erimus (cura liberati) prius, quam ita esse tu nos feceris certiores; fam. 16. 14. I. quae ante, quam te videro, attingere non possum; fam. 16. 23. 2. scribamque ad eum, sed non ante, quam te videro ; att." 5. 14. I. antequam aliquo loco consedero, neque longas . . . , neque . . . mea manu litteras exspectabis ; att. 7. 5. 5. nee (quid) prius (sentiam) quidem, quam nostrum negotium . . . confeceri- mus ; att. 8. 3. 5. qui autem locus erit nobis tutus . . . antequam ad ilium venerimus ? ^""^ att. 14. 19. 6. quod autem laudas me, quod nihil ante . . . constituam, quam, ista quo evasura sint, videro, muto sententiarn. neque quicquam tamen (constituam) ante, quam te videro. att. 16. 15. 6. sed certi constituere nihil possum, prius quam te videro; flacc. 51 nihil tamen contra dis- putabo, priusquam dixerit; caec. 81. tu me ad verbum vocas ; non ante veniam, quam recusaro ; phil. 7. 8. oro , . . ut . . . accipiatis . . . quod dixero, neve id, priusquam, quale sit, explicaro, repu- dietis;^ fin. 2. 119. nee ante aggrediar quam te ab istis, quos dicis, instructum videro; leg. i. 3. respondebo tibi equidem, sed non ante quam mihi tu ipse responderis; cato 18. de qua vereri non ante desinam, quam illam excisam esse cognovero; timae. 45. neque terminum malorum prius aspiciet, quam illam sequi coeperit conversionem ; de orat. 3. 145 profecto numquam conquiescam . . . ante, quam . . . vias rationesque . . . perce- pero. Livy 5. 4. 10. perficietur autem, ... si non ante absce- dimus quam spei nostrae finem . . . imposuerimus ; 5. 53. 3. nee *^ Subjunctive might be expected here in later syntax because of impera- tive leading sentence. *" " Interfeceris " here may be subjunctive. "" " Qui locus erit tutus? " = " nullus locus erit tutus," *^It is rather surprising to find the Indicative "explicaro" here since it is clearly dependent upon a clause of purpose; the verb's being in the first person, however, is significant. Sentences of Future Time 6i id mirati sitis, priusquam quale sit audieritis ; ^'^ 9. 8. 7. exercitum . . . educere placet, nee prius ingredi . . . fines, quam omnia . . . perfecta erunt; 22. 3. 10. nee ante nos hinc moverimus, quam, . . . C. Flamimum ab Arretio patres acciverint; 23. 12. 10. respondeo . . . non paenitere me . . . neque desiturum ante . . . incusare, quam finitum . . . bellum videro;"' 29. 18. 15. nee ante desinet . . . eos agitare . . . , quam reposita sacra pecunia . . . fuerit; 44. 39. 9. novom iter aperui neque prius, quam debellavero, ab- sistam; Columella r. r. 2. 11. 4. non ante sunt attingendae segetes, . . . , quam cum sata sulcos contexerint ; ''' Calpurnius Siculus. eclog. 5. 24. Seneca, ep. 20. 6. 2. nee ante edam quam aut bonum panem habere coepero aut malum fastidire desiero ; Quintilian inst. 10. 7. 5. neque enim prius contingere cursus potest quam scierimus, quo . . . ; decl. 366. p. 400. non ante exul erit utique, quam scierit se esse exulem."' (27) The use of the Future Perfect Indicative with ante quam {priusquam) in positive sentences is very rare, the reasons for which have been discussed in Part A. The only logical use of it must be in sentences in which the action of the dependent verb is interrupted while in progress by the action of the leading """Audieritis" may here be Perfect Subjunctive because of the impera- tive leading verb. "1 " Videro " ; we here have an even more striking case of the use of the Indicative in Oratio Obliqua than in Cicero phil. 7.. 8. commented upon above; here, too, it is noteworthy that the verb is in the first person. "^ The dependent verb may be the Perfect Subj unctive. ^^Five examples occur of the Present Subjunctive with negative (future) leading sentences. Catullus 64. 188 "non tamen ante mihi languescent lumina morte, nee prius a fesso secedent corpore sensus, quam iustam a divis exposcam pro- dita mulctam," in which " volition " may be found. Vergil aen. 3. 255 " sed non ante datam cingeftis moenibus urbem, quam vos dira fames . . . subigat . . . absumere mensas." The prophecy here has almost the force of a command. Seneca, med. 297 " capite supplicium lues clarum priusquam Phoebus attollat diem, nisi cedis Isthmo ; " the implied imperative may have been felt in the " priusquam " clause. Statins theb. 6. 786 " non prius, effracto quam misceat ora cerebro, absistet, video, moriturum auferte Lacona." Juvenal sat. 5. 14. 147 " iumenta ad virides huius mittentur aristas, nee prius inde domum quam tota novalia saevos in ventres abeant." 62 Antequam and Priusquam verb; in other cases it is merely an emphatic future, without the significance of a future perfect. Plautus poen. 908 quin prius disperibit faxo, quam unam calcem civerit ; Terence heaut. 584 actumst : hie prius se indicarit quam ego argentum effecero; Cicero, flacc. 23. prius quam hoc " te rogo " dixeris/" plura etiam effundet, quam . . . ; milo 99 praeclare enim vixero, si quid mihi acciderit, priusquam hoc tantum maH videro ; ^^ phil. 11. 24. ante provinciam sibi decretam audiet, quam potuerit^^" tempus ei rei datum suspicari; Seneca. dial. 6. II. I. urgebunt nova incommoda, priusquam veteribus satisfeceris ; ep. 98. 5. sic autem componetur, si, quid human- arum rerum varietas possit, cogitaverit, antequam senserit."^ (28) The use of the Future Indicative with antequam (priusquam) is rare (the reason for which has been discussed in Part A) , but not so rare as generally has been imagined."^ Plautus. bacch. 100 prius hie adero, quam te amare desinam ; "' capt. 831 aperite hasce ambas fores, prius quam pultando (vel) "*" Prius quam . . . dixeris " here has the significance "before you get the words out of your mouth." "°One expects here either the Present or Perfect Subjunctive since the accomplishment of the leading verb " acciderit " prevents the accomplish- ment of the dependent verb. ^^"Riemann (Gram. comp. 255. p. 270) "Le futur anterieur, surtout dans la langage familier, a parfois un sens si efface qu'il pourrait etre remplace par le futur simple. II est hors de doute que la languc latine a pour le futur anterieur une certaine predilection. On trouve chez Ciceron lui-meme potuero, voluero, Ucuerit, placuerit, la ou Ton attendrait le futur simple." "^ Cicero de inv. 2. 122 " si filius ante moritur, quam in tutelam suam venerit, tum mihi ille heres esto." "venerit" Perf. Subj.; action of leading verb (moritur) prevents the accomplishment of action of dependent verb. Pres. Subj. expected here. Cicero, tusc. 2. 44- "contemno magnitudinem doloris, a qua me brevitas temporis vindicabit ante paene, quam venerit;" of which the same thing is true as of de inv. 2. 122. "* Hand Tursellin. vol. I. p. 397 " Futuri simplicis nullum notatum ex- emplum habeo." vol. IV. p. 571 " Futurum simplex, quod grammatici fere omnes observasse sibi videntur, nusquam obvenit." Draeger II. 512 " Ausgeschlossen ist bei Klassikern und Spateren der Gebrauch des ersten Futurums." ^^*" Desinam" from its form may be Present Subjunctive; but the Pre- sent Subjunctive in this sentence would be more at variance with the use of Plautus than the Future Indicative. Sentences of Future Time 63 assulatim foribus exitium dabo; pseud. 524. prius quam istam pugnam pugnabo, ego etiam prius dabo aliam pugnam claram et commemorabilem ; pseud. 885 quaeso hercle, prius quam quoiquam convivae dabis, gustato tute prius et discipulis dato; stichus 197 quae loquitur auscultabo, prius quam conloquar."" Varro. 1. 1. 10. 58 prius id corrigemus quam inde ordiemur. Cicero, att. 13. 48. 2* is igitur si accierit, accurram; si mimts, non antequam necesse erit; parad. 45 hoc proposito numquam eris dives ante, quam tibi ex tuis possessionibus, tantum reficietur/*^ ut . . . Vitruvius de arch. 5. 2. 2. cum autem coronis praecincti parietes erunt, vox ab imis, morata priusquam in aera elata dissipabitur, auribus erit intellecta. Seneca, controv. exc. 6. 8. narra Lucretiam, de illius morte scribe antequam iurabis de tua;^*^ Columella r. r. 2. 15. i. non antea dissipet cumulos, quam erit araturus ; ""^ Seneca ep. 104. 21. alter te docebit mori, si necesse erit, alter, antequam necesse erit ; Quintilian inst. 4. 3. 6. criminum invidia pro reo est, prius- quam probabitur.^** (29) The Subjunctive is used in Future sentences with antequam (priusquam) in the same cases as were enunciated for Present sentences. "" Ambrosianus, conloquor. ^^ Miiller and Orelli-Baiter-Halm read " refici^tur ; " Vindobonensis,^ editio Orelliana, and Klotz read "reficiatur." "^This is very near the modal use of the future observed in Cato and Columella, vid. note 141. ^*^ Cato and Columella afford several examples of the Future Indicative in the "antequam (priusquam)" clause, in sentences exactly similar to those in which they usually use the Present Subjunctive. The examples in Columella are probably taken from Cato or some other early source. Cato agr. cult. 72. i. boves ne pedes subterant, priusquam in viam quo- quam ages, pice liquida unguito; agr. cult. 134. i. priusquam messim fades, porcam praecidaneam hoc modo fieri oportet; agr. cult. 134. i. ture vino lano lovi lunoni praefato, priusquam porcum feminam immolahis; Colu- mella r. r. 5. 10. 2. ante annum, quam seminare voles, scrobem fodito; r. r. 12. 33. I. primum ante dies quadraginta quam vinum voles vindemiare, scillam legito ; de arbor 12. i. et cum iam maturescet, ante meridiem, prius- quam calere incipiet (fodito) ; de arbor, 19. i. ante annum quam pomaria disponere voles, scrobes fodito; (repetition of 5. lO. 2). These examples are especially interesting because of the light they may shed upon the probable relation originally existing between the Future and the Subjunctive. ^^ Probably part of an old legal phrase. 64 Antequam and Priusquam (a) Sentences of " volition " : Plautus. men. 845 ibo, adducam qui hunc hinc tollant et domi devincant, prius quam turbarum quid faciat amplius; mere. 559 sed hunc vicinum prius conveniam quam domum redeam. Cicero acad. 2. 94; Horace, od. 3. 27. 7. ego cui timebo . . . antequam stantis repetat paludes imbrium divina avis inminentum oscinem corvum prece suscitabo; Quintilian inst. 12. 11. 4. quare antequam in has aetatis veniat insidias, receptui canet et in portum integra nave perveniet; Tacitus, dial. 5. i. antequam me iudicem Aper recuset, faciam quod . . . indices solent. (b) Sentences in which " antequam {priusquam) equals " ante- quam (priusquam) ut " too soon for " : Columella, r. r. 4. 22. 7. at quae summa parte terrae vix adhae- rebunt, et deficient ante quam convalescant ; Gratius. cyneg. 396 ; Martial. 2. i. te conviva leget mixto quincunce, sed ante incipiat positus quam tepuisse calix. Quintilian. decl. 335. p. 321 ego etiam si nolo mori, moriar antequam adulterum inveniam. (c) Sentences in which " antequam (priusquam) equals " ante- quam upon " oportet " &c. : Celsus 5. 19. 12. scire oportebit, antequam expendatur; Colum- ella r. r. 2. 5. I. prius . . . quam . . . terram iteremus, stercorare conveniet; r. r. 4. 29. 9 illigari tameri eum prius, quam vitis findatur, conveniet; r. r. 5. 9. 9. quae antequam deponatur, opor- tebit solum . . . imum fodere; r. r. 12. 7. i. et reponi oportebit . . . antequam de folliculo exeat; r. r. 12. 19. 6. oportebit . . . ante- quam mustum in vasa . . . coniciatur, oleo bono . . . imbui; de arbor. 25. 2 ante quam frigus cacumina adurat, omnia folia decer- pere expediet. (30) Figura aduvdroo. Nearly related to the sentence in which antequam (priusquam) is equivalent to " potius quam " is the so-called " figura dduvdrou " which is a strong negation of the action of the antequam (priusquam) clause; confined chiefly to the poets. The Future Indicative (or some other future form) occurs in the leading sentence, the Present Subjunctive in the dependent clause. Cicero, phil. 13. 49 * prius undis flamma,' ut ait poeta . . ., prius denique omnia quam . . . Antonii redeant in gratiam ; "" Vergil. "^Not a good example, having more of the character of the strict " potius quam " sentence than of the " figura dduvdrou. " Sentences of Future Time 65 eclog. I. 60. ante leves ergo pascentur in aequore cervi, . . . quam nostro illius labatur pectore voltus ; Dirae 98. dulcia amara prius fient et mollia dura . . . quam tua de nostris emigret cura me- dullis ; Laus Pisonis 209 sed prius emenso Titan vergetur Olympo, quam mea tot laudes decurrere carmina possint; Ovid, metam. 13. 324. ante retro Simois fluet . . . quam . . . Aiacis stolidi Danais sollertia prosit; metam. 14. 37. prius ... in aequore frondes . . . nascentur . . . quam . . . nostri mutentur amores; metam. 15. 418; trist. i. 5. 11.; ep. ex pont. i. 6. 51 ; ep. ex pont. 2. II. 5.; ep. ex pont. 2. 11. 7.; ep. ex pont. 4. 5. 41 (O. O.) ; ep. ex pont. 4. 6. 45; Propertius. eleg. i. 15. 29 muta prius vasto labentur lumina ponto . . . quam tua sub nostro mutetur pectore cura; Horace od. i. 33. 7. sed prius Appulis iungen- tur capreae lupis, quam turpi Pholoe peccet adultero; epod. 5. 79; Licentius. carm. ad. aug. 99 ante dabunt imbres Nilum, super aequora dammae errabunt . . . quam mihi post tergum veniant tua dona; Seneca, here. oct. 338 ante ab occasu dies nascetur . . . quam me relictam thessalae adspiciant nurus; here. oet. 1588; phaedr. 578; Manilius. astron. i. 805 ac prius incipiam stellis quam reddere vires signorumque canam fatalia carmine iura;'" Statius. achil. i. 657 in tumidas ibunt haec versa procellas moenia, quam saevo mea tu conubia pendas funere; Silius Italicus. pun. 17. 609. decedesque prius regnis, quam nomina gentes aut facta Hannibalis sileant; Quintilian. decl. 354. p. 385 mater ait " morietur antequam nubat." "* (31) The Present and Perfect Subjunctive in Oratio Obliqua. — The use after primary tenses of the Present Subjunc- tive as a future in Oratio ObHqua after a positive governing verb and of the Perfect Subjunctive as a Future Exactum after a nega- tive governing verb is confirmatory of the rule given as to positive and negative future sentences. (a) Present Subjunctive in Oratio Obliqua future sentences: Plautus true. 901 manus vetat prius quam penes sese habeat quicquam credere; Terrence. heaut. 478. si. . . . intellexerit, prius proditurum te . . . vitam . . . quam abs te amittas filium ; "" Lucretius 5. 390. et siccare prius confidunt omnia posse 146 (( pj.jyg quam " here is nearly " potius quam." 66 Antequam and Priusquam quam liquor incepti possit contingere finem ; Cicero, fam. lo. 21. 6. (Plancus) ; att. 13. 42. i.; balb. 18 ac priusquam aggrediar ad ius . . . , quiddam de communi condicione . . . commemoran- dum videtur;"' de orat. 2. 80; de orat. 2. 179; Caesar, b. g. 5. 27. 9; b. g. 5. 56. 5 pronuntiat se . . . agros populaturum ac, priusquam id faciat, castra Labieni oppugnaturum ; b. g. 7. i. 6. ; b. g- 7- 71- !•; Ovid metam. 11. 451.; Livy. i. 23. 5.; 3. 52. 2. adfirmante Duillio non prius, quam deseri urbem videant, curam . . . descensuram; 3. 70. 11.; 5. 15. 11.; 6. 5. 4.; 24. 49. 3.; 26. 26. 7. {die ens) ubi quidem conlega venisset, non passurum quic- quam prius agi, quam ut Siculi in senatum introducantur ; ^** 27. 9. 4.; 2y. 9. 5.; 2y. 41. 10.; 2y. 46. 9.; 28. 32. 10.; 31. 11. 16 itaque pacem illi prius petendam . . . esse, quam ut rex sociusque et amicus appelletur ; Columella, r. r. 4. 26. 2. • r. r. 6. 26. 2. ; Seneca dial. 12. 5. 3. ; benef. 2. 2. 2. ; epist. 102. 4. ; Pliny nat. hist. 25. 145 ; Quintilian decl. 254. p, 41.; Tacitus, hist. i. 4. i. ceterum ante- quam destinata componam, repetendum videtur, qualis status urbis . . r (b) Perfect Subjunctive (future exactum) in negative Oratio Obliqua future sentences: Lucretius i. 414 verear ne . . . prius . . . serpat . . . , quam tibi . . . sit . . . missa ; Cicero fam. 10. 16. 2 cures, ut ante . . . audiamus, quam . . . putarimus ; att. i. 18. 7. cogimur . . . nihil decernere, antequam . . . responsum sit; att. 5. 21. 3 vereor, ne, . . . non putet . . . , antequam successum sit, oportere decedere ; att. 8. II. 5. ante puto tramissurum, quam potuerit conveniri; sulla 44 ut ante, quam me . . . coargueris, te . . . convictum esse fateare; Caesar b. g. 5. 58. 4. neu quisquam prius vulneret, quam ilium . . . viderit; Bell. Alex. 15. 3 ne prius . . . cogaris, quam . . . potueris explicare ; Vergil aen. 6. 140 non ante datur . . . subire, . . . quam . . . decerpserit; Livy 26. 2. 14 ne prius . . . "^ In such a sentence as this it is impossible to say whether Cicero felt the " priusquam " clause to be under the influence of the Oratio Obliqua ; in other nearly similar sentences he uses the Indicative. As this may have been his reason for the use of the Subjunctive the example is classed here. "*The Present Subjunctive in spite of the negative is the result of the presence of the " ut " and of " representatio." "® See note 147. Sentences of Past Time (yj dimittatur, quam hostis . . . decesserit; 29. 18. 9. quibus, per vos fidemque vestram, patres conscripti, priusquam eorum scelus expiaritis (expietis Weissenborn) neque in Italia neque in Africa quicquam rei gesseritis. 35. 12. 12; 37. 37. 8. lie ante in aciem descendat, quam . . . audierit; 42. 13. 10 neminem sibi, antequam . . . traiecerit, armatum occursurum; Scribonius Largus conp. 80; Gratius cyneg. 57 tangere messes ante vetant quam . . . accenderit; Pliny nat. hist. 18. 224 seri iubent, . . . Xenophon non antequam deus signum dederit; nat. hist. 19. 148 sariri iubet idem non antequam asparagus natus fuerit. (c) Perfect Subjunctive (future exactum) after negative im- perative &c. : Lucretius, i. 52. ne mea dona . . . , intellecta prius quam sint, contempta reHnquas; Columella r. r. 12. 8, 2. non ante aperueris ollam, quam usus exegerit. de arbor. 16. 4. gemmas relinquito, ne antequam invaluerit, in altitudinem repat. SENTENCES OF PAST TIME. The Indicative Mood. (32) The sphere of the Indicative with antequam (priusquam) in positive sentences of past time is very limited. The statement is generally made that the Aorist (Perfect) Indicative is used in positive sentences of the past with antequam (priusquam) when simple antecedence of one clause to another is to be ex- pressed. From an examination of the examples, however, it be- comes evident that the Roman mind almost always conceived a more intimate connection than that of mere antecedence and subsequence between the two clauses especially in narrative, and in consequence of this the Aorist (Perfect) Indicative gradually gave way to the Imperfect Subjunctive in all positive sentences of the past. In negative sentences, however, in which the antecedence and subsequence is inverted and antequam (prius- quam) becomes equivalent to donee, the Aorist (Perfect) Indica- tive in the antequam (priusquam) clause maintains itself strongly against the encroachment of the Subjunctive even down to the end of the ist century A. D. 68 Antequam and Priusquam The use of the Aorist (Perfect) Indicative with antequam (priusquam) in positive sentences is confined in the main to collo- quial style and writings influenced by colloquial usage, and to poetry. It occurs in the plays of Plautus and Terence. Cicero uses it freely in his Letters and early Orations ; as does Seneca in his Letters, and other works ; elsewhere it is chiefly confined to poetry. In historical narrative it is very rare. It is worthy of note that the Verrine Orations contain almost as many examples of this construction as all of the later Orations combined, while in the Philosophical and Rhetorical Works the antequam (prius- quam) clause in such sentences is in most cases modified by some temporal expression which, marking the antequam (prius- quam) clause as a facty gave an especial reason for the use of the Indicative, which was observed even by some of the late writers, after the Subjunctive usage had become established. (33) The Aorist (Perfect) Indicative; positive leading sentences. Pacuvius. herm. V. (Ribbeck I. p. no.) prius data est quam tibi dari dicta, aut quam reditum est Pergamo. Plautus. cist. 616 prius banc compressit, quam . . . duxit domum ; epid. 46. prius- quam . . . abiit, . . . ipse mandavit . . . ; most. 220 olim prius- quam id extudi. poen. 66 puer . . . surripitur . . . prius . . . quam moritur pater ;''° poen. 415 trecentos Philippos . . . dedi . . . prius quam me evocavisti ; pseud. 53 prius quam . . . abiit quin- decim . . . minas dederat ; "' Terence, hec. 294 prius quam banc . . . duxi, habebam alibi animum amori deditum; hec. 744 banc prius quam duxit, vostrum amorem pertuli; Lucretius.^" 4, 839. multoque creatae sunt prius aures quam sonus est auditus ; Lucil- ius. sat. 26. 451 neque prius quam venas . . . tetigit; Varro 1. 1. 5. 149 qui tum fuit in foro, antequam cloacae sunt factae; menipp. 226 ; Cicero att. 2. 7. 2 ; att. 3. 9. 2. aliquid habebant solacii, ante- quam eo venisti ; att. 13. 32. 3 ; att. 14. 17. A. 3 ; att. 15. i. 2. inde ante profectus est, quam . . . cognovi; att. 15. 7. i. antequam ^^ Historical present in both clauses. *^^ The pluperfect in the leading clause is uncommon. "^ An unusual variation is afforded in Lucretius 3. 972 " respice item quam nil ad nos anteacta vetustas temporis aeterni fuerit, quam nos nasci- mur ante." Sentences of Past Time 69 . . . veni, valde mihi placebat . . . ; fam. i. i. 4. ut in rebus mul- to ante, quam profectus es . . . ; fam. 3. 6. 4; fam. 3. 9. i. ante quam ex Asia egressus es, . . . litteras misisti ; fam. 7. 23. 4. prius- quam . . . legi . . . litteras, quaesivi; fam. 9. 14. 3. antequam me . . . salutavit . . . inquit; fam. 10. 3. 2. necessitudinem . . . habui . . . ante aliquanto, quam tu natus es; fam. 11. 5. 2. semper amicus fui, antequam ilium intellexi '"^ . . . ; fam. 13. I. 2. qui . . . antequam Philonem ccgnovimus, valde . . . probabatur; verr. 2. i. 33 omne . . . tempus, quod fuit, ante- quam iste ad magistratus .... accessit; verr. 2. i. 125 is mortuus est ... , nescio an ante quam Verres . . . petere coepit ; verr. 2. I. 149 aliquanto ante . . . proficiscitur, quam opus efifec- tum est; verr. 2. 2. 46. testamentum fecerat, . . . aliquanto ante quam est mortuus ; verr. 2. 2. 140. ante quam ego in Siciliam veni ; verr. 2. 2. 161 omnia . . . ante facta sunt, . . . quam . . . Italiam attigit ; verr. 2. 3. 54 Nympho, ante quam plane constitit, condem- natur; verr. 2. 4. 7. ante quam abs te sublata sunt; verr. 2. 5. loi statuerat iam ante, quam hoc usu venit; quinct. 81. an, antequam postulasti, . . . misisti . . .?; cluent. 31. prius vita privavit quam . . . lucem accipere potuerunt ; "* ligar. 7. me, antequam vidit, rei publicae reddidit; c. rabir. 25 quae causa ante mortua est, quam tu natus es ; rose. amer. 60. animadverti . . . eum iocari . . . ante- quam . . . riominavi ; rose. amer. 145 cuius ante praedia possedisti, quam ipsum cognovisti; caec. 53 paulo antequam . . . venimus, . . . sententiam defendit; dom. 85 multo ante quam est lata lex de me, . . . censuit ; vatin. 4. priusquam loqui coepisti . . . sensi ; prov. cons. 37. antequam designatus est; phil. 10. 14. ante quam . . . id . . . suscepimus, in pace iacere . . . maluit?; phil. 12. 23 cui fui semper amicus, antequam ... est factus inimicus ; de or. 2. 21. saeculis multis ante . . . inventa sunt, quam . . . phil- osophi . . . garrire coeperunt; de orat. 2. 154 duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam . . . senserunt; brut. 26 multo ante . . . quam haec est . . . elaborata; brut. 49. nam ante quam delectata est . . . civitas . . . , multa . . . effecerat; brut, "j^, ^"^ Notice that "semper" in the leading clause, like a negative, makes antequam (priusquam) = donee, the action of the leading clause being suspended by the introduction of the action of the dependent clause. ^°*It is surprising not to find the Subjunctive here, as the action of the leading verb prevents the accomplishment of the action of the dependent verb; (the potential character of the verb may have been considered). 70 Antequam and Priusouam anno ipso ante quam natus est Ennius : brut. 89. quam orationem . . . rettulit, paucis ante quam mortuus est . . . diebus . . . ; brut. 324. perspecta est . . . exercitatio paulo ante, quam . . . studium . . . conticuit ; brut. 324 annis ante sedecim causas agere coepit, quam tu es natus. nat. deo. i. 66. ante enim iudicasti . . . quam ista cognovisti; tusc. i. 13. ego . . . non commemini, ante quam sum natus, me miserum. de div. i. 73. facta coniectura . . . est paullo ante quam regnare coepit; leg. 2. 5. prius quam Theseus eos demigare . . . iussit; acad. 2. 61. paulo ante quam mortuus; de off. 3. 94. antequam constitit, ictu fulminis deflagravit; re pub. 1. 23. anno fere ante, quam consul est declaratus; cato mai. 50. sex annis ante quam ego natus sum; lael. 11. anno ante, quam est mortuus; lael. 96. id actum est . . . quinquennio ante, quam consul sum factus; Bell. Hispan. 2.y. 3. priusquam ... est pro- fectus, luna hora circiter sexta visa est;^**" Sallust. jug. 97. 4. prius quam exercitus aut instrui aut sarcinas conligere, denique ante quam signum . . . accipere quivit, ... in nostros incurrunt."^ hist. ex. or. macr. 8. prius . . . invidiam metuere, quam vos iniuriae pertaesum est; M. TuU. in Sail, invect. 2. 4. ante . . . quam eos . . . vita . . . commendavit; Ovid, trist. 4. 6. 37 tulimus patientius ante quam . . . sunt . . . multiplicata ; Vergil, georg. 2. 536. ante impia quam caesis gens est epulata iuvencis, . . . vitam . . . agebat; Dirae (Lydia) 63. prius coniunx quam dictus uterque est . . . libavit; Ilias Latina. 825. tunc prior intorquet . . . hastam . . . quam . . . excipit . . . Patroclus;"^ Propertius. eleg. 3. 10. 9 ilium saepe . . . fovit in ulnis, quam prius . . . lavit equos; Auct. ad Heren. i. 14. 24. supplicium sumpsit, . . . antequam tabulas . . . aperuit;^** 4. 21. 29. venit ante, quam Roman venit; 4. 41. 53 ante, quam occisus homo is est, iste visus est in eo loco; Livy 9. 13. 10. obsessis prius, quam alter consul . . . advenit, . . . commeatus . . . invecti erant, 9. 32. 6. et prius sol meridie se inclinavit, quam telum . . . emissum est; 24. 25. 10 (rogafio) accepta . . . paene prius quam promulgata est;"* *" " Hora circiter sexta " may limit the " priusquam " clause. ^^ Notice potential character of the verb " quivit." "^An example of prior quam used exactly as antequam (priusquam.) *** Cf . the statement of Riemann ( Gram. Compar. ) 462. c. " quand prius quam (antequam) signifie sans attendre que . . . , il se construit avec le subjonctif." "^ The " priusquam " clause is limited by " paene." Sentences of Past Time 71 Valerius Maximus. i. 7. ext. 2. prius cognovit quam exitu sensit; I. 8. ext. 5. alter ante elatus quam natus est; 3. 3. ext. 5. lamminas extinxit prius quam efficere potuit ut . . . ; 6. 6. ext. 2. expira- vitque prius . . , tota civitas quam . . . respectum . . . depo- suit; Seneca, controv. i. 4. 7. antequam ad me redeo, exierunt;^*" Asconius in corn. (O. and B. p. 64) ante XXIII annos quam haec dicta sunt; Seneca, benef. 6. 23. 5. cogitavit nos ante natura, quam fecit; dial. 12. 15. 2. ante tertium demum diem quam per- culsus sum;'"^ epist. 11. 3. 11. mors ante abstulit animum quam conturbavit ; epist. 14. 2. 3. aliquamdiu . . . mansit, antequam socie- tatem avaritia distraxit; ep. 20. 3. 18. eo loco est, quo (erat) ante- quam viximus; oedip. 678. multo ante . . . gemunt . . . quam . . . tetigi loca; Octav. 14. utinam ante . . . rupisset stamina . . . quam . . . vulnera vidi ; ""^ 648 utinam antequam te . . . edidi . . . lacerassent ferae viscera;^*"' Manilius. astron. 5. 183 ante quam canibus nova praeda fuit; Phaedrus. 5. 9. ante hoc novi, quam tu natus es; Velleius Paterculus. i. 15. 3. ante triennium quam . . . theatrum facere instituit; 2. 48. 2 ante biennium, quani ad arma itum est; Pliny, nat. hist. 2. 147 anno antequam M. Crassus . . . interemptus est; nat. hist. 7. 213. ante undecim annos quam . . . bellatum est; nat. hist. 19. 59 antequam prae- figi prospectus . . . coegit . . . saeva latrocinatio ; Valerius Flaccus. argon. 5. 346. prius quam palluit; Valerius Flaccus argon 7. 220. ante . . . Phasin petiere carinae, . . . quam . . . te movit amor. Silius Italicus pun. 17. 99 sentitur plerisque prius, quam cernitur ; ""^ Quintilian. inst. 9. 2. 12. me, antequam vidit, . . . reddidit,"' inst. 10. i. 74 antequam est ad hoc opus sollicitatus ; decl. 263. p. yy prius . . . constituerunt . . . quam rogationem receperunt; Statius. theb. 4. 540. ipse . . . inspexi sedes, . . . priusquam obruit ora deus. (34) Aorist (Perfect) Indicative; negative leading sen- tences. Plautus. rud. 1168 non circumspexi centiens, prius . . . quam rete extraxi ex aqua ; trinum 976 ; Lucretius. 4. 836 ; Catullus. "" Historical present in dependent clause. ^^^"Ante" retains its prepositional force and at the same time is part of the conjunction "antequam." ^"^An exception to the rule generally observed in an ''antequam (prius- quam)" clause depending upon the verb of an unreal condition. "^ Quoted from Cicero's Ligar. 7 ; q, v. supra. ^2 Antequam and Priusquam 62. 29. nee iunxere prius quam se tuus extulit ardor ; 64. 91 ; Cicero, att. 8. 11. D. 7. neque haee non ego prius sum suspicatus, quam mihi . . . denuntiata sunt; att. 12. 35. 2. antequam a te proxime discessi, numquam mihi venit in mentem ; fam. 4. 5. 3 ; fam. 4. II. I ; fam. 10. 4. i. nee multo ante . . . ante scii, quam ex epistula . . . cognovi; fam. 11. 13. 2.; ad brut. i. 2. 2 non prius exercitum . . . movisti, quam de . . . fuga audisti; verr. 2.1.98.; verr. 2. 3. 60. equitem Romanum scitote . . . retentum . . . neque ante dimissum, quam . . . depectus est;^^ verr. 2. 5. 55; mur. 34 non ante, quam ilium vita expulit; phil. i. 25 ; phil. 5. 7; phil. 5. 15 nee ante turpes indices quaesiti (sunt), quam . . . salus desperata est; nat. deo. i. 68; de orat. 2. 195 non prius sum conatus miseri- cordiam aliis commovere, quam misericordia sum ipse captus ; part. orat. 99; Caesar, b. g. i. 53. i. hostes terga verterunt neque prius fugere destiterunt, quam ad flumen . . . pervenerunt; b. g. 7. 25. 4; b. g. 7. 47. 3 ; Bell. Afr. 40. 2 non prius videt turmas . . . quam suos caedi . . . sensit ; Nepos. epam. 2. 2. neque prius eum . . . dimisit, quam in doctrinis . . . antecessit ; epam. 8. 5 ; epam. 9. i.; epam. 9. 2.; Sallust. cat. 51. 34 neque prius finis . . . fuit, quam . . . suos divitiis explevit; iug. 35. 8; Vergil, aen. 2. 741 nee prius . . . respexi . . . quam . . .veni- mus ; Ciris 255. ; Horace, sat. 2. 3. 185 an tu reris eum . . . non ante . . . dementem actum . . . quam in matris iugulo ferrum tepefecit . . . ? Ovid, metam. 3. 273 nee nubes ante removit, quam simulavit anum posuitque . . . canos . . . ; metam. 4. 317; metam. 6. 709; metam. 12. 529; metam. 13. 244; metam. 14. 523 nee prius obticuit, quam guttura condidit arbor; Livy. i. 11. 5 nee ostenderunt bellum prius quam intulerunt. i. 12. i ; 2. 59. 2.; 3. 21. I ; 4. 6. 3. ; 4. 17. II. nee ante in campos degressi sunt quam legiones . . . auxilio venerunt; 5. 46. 11; 5. 51. 6; 5. 51. 7; 6. 29. 3. non prius se ab effuso curso sistunt, quam in conspectu Praeneste fuit; 7. 34. 7; 8. 13. 8; 9. 30. 9; 9. 32. 8; 10. 26. 10 quidam auctores sunt, nee ante ad consules . . . famam eius cladis perlatam, quam in conspectu fuere Gallorum equitis; "^ 21. 31. 9. ; 21. 20. 7.; 23. 9. 9; 25. 25. 9; 26. 38. II nee Blattius ante abstitit ^"The Aorist (Perfect) Indicative though under the influence of O. O. from " scitote." ^^ Aorist (Perfect) Indicative is used though it is under the influence of the Oratio Obliqua; see Anton Beobacht. p. 29. Sentences of Past Time 73 tarn audaci incepto, quam idem . . . pervicit ; 26. 46. 4. ; "" 27. 6. 17.; 27. 14. 12.; 27. 27. 4.; 28. 33. 13. nee ante circumductos sen- sere, quam tumultum . . . ab tergo accepere ; 29. 2. 16. ; 30. 12. 8. ; 33. I. 6. ; 33. 7. 12. ; 34. 8. 2 nee ante abstiterunt, quam remissa intercessio ab tribunis est ; 34. 12. 8. ; 34. 46. 12. ; 35. 26. 9. ; 37. 10. 7. ; 39. 10. 9. neque ante dimisit eum, quam fidem dedit : 41. 2. 10. ; 44- 37- 3-j Valerius Maximus 2. 2. i. non ante sciri potuit . . . quam captum Persen cognitum est ; Seneca controv. 1.8.3 non ^^^te te retinere coepi quam dimisit respublica ; controv. 7. 7. 7. ; controv. 9. 3. (teub. p. 390) potes scire . . . Porcum . . . esse confusum . . . nee ante potuisse confirmari . . . quam impetravit, ut . . . ; controv. i. 2. 9; Manilius. astron. i. 96. nee prius imposuit rebus finem . . . quam caelum ascendit ratio ; astron. 5. 343 ; Velleius Paterculus. i. 12. 6 neque ante invisum esse desinit, quam esse desiit; 2. 45. 5.; Curtius. 8. 10. 30 non tamen ante se recepit in castra, quam cuncta perspexit. ; 9. 5. 30 ; Seneca, dial 10. 20. 3. nee finivit ante tristitiam, quam labor illi suus restitutus est ; epist. 24. 5; epist. 90. 36; epist. 97. 3; epist. 114. 22; Valerius Flaccus. argon, i. 84. nee credere quivi ante deam, quam te . . . vidi. Pliny nat. hist. 35. 156. nihil umquam fecit antequam finxit; Statius. theb. 8. 765. nee prius subit, quam . . . purgavit; Silius Italieus. 6. 125 nee virtutem exuit ullam ante, reluctantis liquit quam spiritus artus ; 7. 107 ; 7. 748 ; Martial. 7. 63. 5. non attigit ante Maronis, implevit magni quam Ciceronis opus; Tacitus ann. i. 70. 22. nee fides salutis (fuit), ante, quam Caesarem . . . videre, ann. 12. 5. 6; Suetonius, iul. 58. neque . . . ante detexit . . . , quam paene obrutus fluctibus ;"^ aug. 53 nee prius . . . solemnes frequent- are desiit, quam . . . vexatus ; '" calig. 27 curatorem . . . non prius occidit quam offensus . . . odore ; "^ tiber. 37. cum . . . funus . . . non prius ex foro misisset, quam extorta pecunia . . . ; "^ vespas. 6. nee tamen quicquam ante temptavit, . . . quam soll- icitatus quorundam et ignotorum et absentium fortuito favore ; ^*^ vespas. 15 non ante succensuit quam altercationibus . . . paene in ordinem redactus.^"^ ^^^ Aor. Ind. though dependent upon ut of result. ^''^ Suetonius has no example of an Aorist (Perfect) Indicative after a positive leading sentence; no examples of an Aorist (Perfect) Indicative (Active) after a negative leading sentence; and only these examples of Passive. It is therefore doubtful whether they must be considered simply participles, or parts of Aorists (Perfects) Passive with ellipsis of the verb " esse." 74 Antequam and Priusquam (35) The Imperfect Indicative.'^^ — The use of the Imperfect Indicative with antequam (priusquam) is rare and occurs only after a negative leading sentence, and in every instance, except one, the Imperfect is equivalent to an Aorist ^^ ( Perfect) . In the single exception the Imperfect has its usual significance of con- tinued action or condition, and is contrasted with an aoristic action which is in the same clause with it and is also dependent upon the particle ante-quam.^^° Plautus. true. 511. quid illi ex utero exitiost prius quam pot- erat"^ ire in proelium? Livy. 7. 34. i. CorneHus . . . exer- citum ... in saltum . . . induxit, nee prius, quam recipi tuto signa non poterant,"^ inminentem capiti hostem vidit; 23. 30. 3 herbis . . . vixere, nee ante, quam vires ad standum . . . deerant,^" expugnati sunt; 23. 48. i. nee ante violavit agrum . . . quam iam altae . . . herbae pabulum praebere poterant ; "^ 26. 46. 4 adeo . . . intenti . . . animi fuere, . . . ut nemo ante . . . senserit captam urbem, quam tela in aversos incidenmt, et utrimque au- cipitem hostem hahehant; "' 38. 3. 8. Romam miserunt, nihil . . . priusquam paene in conspectu hostis erat, "^ praemeditati."' (36) Pluperfect Indicative. — The Pluperfect Indicative with antequam {priusquam) is also very rare."* In the positive ante- quam {priusquam) sentence, it is the verb in the leading clause ^^The reason for the infrequency of the Imperfect Indicative in the antequam {priusquam) clause has been considered in Part A. ^**It may therefore be said that but one example occurs of the real Imperfect, the other examples virtually belonging to the Aorist (Perfect) Indicative class. ""Hoffmann (Constr. d. lat. zeitpartik) p. 102; Anton (Beobacht). p. 18 and p. 37; Draeger II. 512 (f) ; Hand. turs. I. p. 401. "^ Poterat = potuit, non poterant = non potuerunt, deerant = def uerunt, poterant = potuerunt, erat = fuit; throughout Latinity the use of the Imperfect of " posse " and kindred verbs and of the compounds of " esse " instead of the Aorist (Perfect) is quite common. "*The Imperfect " habebant " here is contrasted with the Aorist (Per- fect) " inciderunt " to emphasize the continuance of the situation. "' It is to be observed that in all of these examples the leading sentence is negative, vid. Part A. p. 16. "^ Draeger 11. 512 (f) cites Cicero dom. 78. as the only example of the Pluperfect Indicative. Schmalz (Miiller's Hndb. 11.^ 301) cites Cic. dom. 78 and Gael. Antip. p. 100 fr. 4. (hist. 4) as the only examples. Sentences of Past Time 75 whose time is antecedent to the time of the dependent verb; it would therefore, strictly considered, be illogical to use the pluper- fect in the dependent clause. In the negative sentence, however, the antecedence and subsequence is inverted and the verb in the dependent clause may have its antecedence expressed in the tense. That this is infrequent is due to the fact that the relation of ante- cedence and subsequence was already competently expressed by the negative and conjunction. Plautus. amph. 603. prius multo ante aedis stabam quam illo adveneram ; Coelius Antipater. hist. 4. antequam Barcha perierat, alii rei causa in Africam missus; Varro. menipp. 477. antequam militia subactus aliquot annis erat ; Cicero, dom. 78 cives Romani . . . qui erant rerum capitalium condemnati, non prius banc civita- tem amittebant, quam erant in eam recepti, quo vertendi, hoc est mutandi, soli causa venerant;"" Ovid. ep. ex pont. i. 8. 19. nee prius abscessit, merita quam caede nocentum audaces animos con- tuderat populi; Asconius. milo. (p. 53 O. & B.) testatus erat audisse a M. Favonio ante diem tertiam, quam caedes facta erat, Clodium dixisse; Curtius 7. 5. 16 nee ante ad curandum corpus recessit, quam praeterierant. Sulpicius Carthag. 76 (Poet. Lat. Min. IV) nee ante adfuit obsequium quam mors finiverat iram. The Subjunctive Mood. (37) The Subjunctive is the Mood most commonly used with antequam (priusquam) in positive sentences of the past. The narrow limits of the indicative usage have been mentioned. The growth of the use of the Subjunctive is not surprising. For in all sentences in which " volition " was to be expressed the Subjunctive was, of course, used ; and very early in the language the particles antequam and priusquam came to be considered equal to antequam ut, priusquam lit as the result of their comparative nature ; a conception which lent itself naturally to many sentences and could be applied to almost any. Moreover, in sentences in which the dependent action was looked forward to by the subject of the leading verb the Subjunctive was used. In such sen- "^Riemann (Gram. Compar.) 464. 76 Antequam and Priusquam tences the time of the dependent action is future from the standpoint of the leading action, and the Imperfect Subjunc- tive was regularly employed as the Future from a past point of view, as is shown by the Oratio Obliqua usage and the Final Sentence of the past. These types embraced so large a majority of the possible cases that it was not unnatural that those examples in which the relation between the clauses seems from the context to be simply temporal came also to use the Subjunctive. Apart from other considerations, the fact that the Subjunctive was, after Cicero, used in sentences in which the relation between the clauses in the earlier syntax would have been considered simply temporal, is shown by the examples of Caesar and Livy. Caesar has no examples of the Indicative after a past positive leading sentence; Livy has only three; and it is hardly conceivable that among over two hundred past positive sentences in ordinary his- torical narrative only three were intended to express the relation expressed by the Indicative in the earlier syntax. The tense of the Subjunctive most used is the Imperfect; the Pluperfect, which is much less common and shows a somewhat different development and origin, will be treated separately. (38) Imperfect Subjunctive. — Positive Leading Sentences. (a) Sentences in which " volition " is plainly marked. Caesar, b. g. 2. 12. i. Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex terrore ac f uga reciperent, in fines Suessionum . . . contendit ; "^ b. g. 4. 4. 7. priusquam ea pars Menapiorum . . . certior fieret, flumen transierunt; b. g. 7. 36. 7 priusquam subsidio ex oppido veniri posset, . . . duas ibi legiones collocavit; Nepos. hannib. 7. 6. hos Hannibal ratus sui exposcendi gratia missos, priusquam iis senatus daretur, navem ascendit . . . ; Livy i. 14. 4. Fidenates . . . priusquam tantum roboris esset, quantum futurum apparebat, occupant bellum facere; 3. 26. 4. quae priusquam undique vallo obiectae clauderent exitus, quinque equites inter stationes . . . "° " Priusquam se hostes ex terrore ac fuga reciperent " equals " ne se hostes ex terrore ac fuga prius reciperent ; " in some instances " prius- quam " seems almost equal to simple " ne " ; in the latter case absolute prevention is aimed at, in the former prevention temporally qualified. Sentences of Past Time 'jy emissi Romam pertulere ... ; 3. 60. 9. prius quam totis viribus fulta constaret hostium acies, intulit acies; 23. 17. 5. priusquam continuarentur hostium opera, per intermissa munimenta . . . perfugerunt; 25. 18. 14 Badius, priusquam opprimeretur, parma atque equo relicto ad suos aufugit ; 25. 22. 10. prius tamen, quam haec continuarentur opera, legati ad Hannibalem missi ; 2"]. 24. 4. septem principes senatus, priusquam custodiae in portis locarentur, ante noctem cum liberis evaserunt; 29. 6. 11. priusquam clamor oreretur, . . . impetus est factus; 29. 24. 2. Scipio . . . legatis propere, priusquam res vulgaretur, remissis in Africam litteras dat; 36. 44. 7. priusquam ab tribus simul circumveniretur, retro ad classem refugit; Valerius Maximus 7. 3. ext. 7. ex ilia . . . pugna prius quam cladis nuntius domum perveniret quendam ex amicis compositum . . . misit; Curtius. 7. 2. priusquam ipsius nuntiaretur adventus, rursus . . . vestem Macedonicam sumit et . . . quarta vigilia pervenit; Seneca, ben 5. 25. 2 antequam plures notas familiaritatis veteris proferret, . . . inquit, . . . ; Pliny. nat. hist. 28. 29. priusquam ipse eani nominaret aliusve ei praedi- ceret, . . . chartam . . . subnectebat coUo ; Tacitus hist. i. 74. ii praetoriani, . . . remissi (sunt), antequam legionibus miscerentur; hist. 4. 66. 15 Labeo antequam circumveniretur, profugit."^ (b) Sentences in which antequam (priusquam) is equiva- lent to antequam (priusquam) ut, the most convenient English translation of which is " too soon for," or " before " with the auxiliary " could " prefixed to the verb. In some of the examples under this head the action of the leading verb prevents the accom- plishment of the action of the dependent verb permanently or absolutely, in others only temporarily or partially. Cicero, verr. 2. 4. 147. nam antequam verbum facerem, de sella surrexit atque abiit;"^ phil. 2. 21. prius enim rem transegit, quam quisquam eum facturum id suspicaretur ; phil. 2. 96 sed, priusquam tu suum sibi venderes, ipse possedit; phil. 5. 43. qui . . . subito . . . exortus prius confecit exercitum . . . quam quisquam hoc ^" Many other examples might be classed here, but all others seem to be more distinctively marked by the characteristics of other classifi- cations. "'Schmalz (Miiller's Hndb.) Syntax 301. " Steht aber der Konj. Im- perf. z. B. Cic. Verr. 4. 147. " antequam verbum facerem, de sella surrexit 78 Antequam and Priusquam eum cogitare suspicaretur ; de orat. i. 78. quos in amicorum nego- tiis res ipsa ante confecit, quam possemus ^" aliquid . . . suspicari ; Caesar, b. g. 3. 26. 3. prius in hostium castris constiterunt, quam plane ab his videri . . . posset, 4. 14. i. prius ad . . . castra pervenit, quam, . . . Germani sentire possent. b. g. 6. 3. 2 ; "' b. g. 6. 4. I. conantibus, priusquam id effici posset, adesse Romanos nuntiatur ; b. g. 7. 9. 5 ; "" b. c. i. 41. 5. sic omne prius est perfec- tum opus, quam intellegeretur ab Afranio castra muniri ; b. c. 2. 26. 4;"^ b. c. 2. 34. 6;"° b. c. 3. 7. 2. prius ad continentem visus est Caesar, quam de eius adventu fama ... in eas regiones perfer- retur ; b. c. 3. 67: 4. nam et pervenit, priusquam Pompeius sentire posset; b. c. 3. loi. i.; b. c. 3. 109. 5. quos ille, . . . priusquam audiret aut, cuius rei causa missi essent, cognosceret, corripi atque interfici iussit ; Bell. Alex. 28. 2 prius tamen regis copiis occurrit, quam is Mithridaten adgredi posset; Nepos. datam. 9. 5. prius- quam pervenirent ad eum quem aggredi volebant, confixi con- ciderunt;^** datam. 11. 5;^*" eumen. 3. 6; Livy. i. 14. 9. terrore perculsi . . . prius paene quam Romulus quique cum eo . . . erant circumagerent frenis equos, terga vertunt ; i. 14. 11 ; i. 37. 2 ; 2. 31. 6; 2. 61. 8; 3. 18. 9. prius vicit, quam se pugnare sine duce sentiret; 3. 47. 4; 4. 2^. 11 ; 5. 26. 8; 5. 31. 4 fusis hostibus prius paene quam manus consererent; 5. 38. 6; 6. 38. i.; 7. 14. 10; 7. 26. 9. alia multitudo, priusquam ad coniectum teli veniret, terga vertit; 8. 11. 11; 21. 47. 3; 22.. 4. 7; 22. 15. 8. cum prius, quam ad coniectum teli veniret, avertisset hostis ; 23. 39. 4 ; 26. 14. 5; 26. 40. 10; 27. 16. 2; 28. 17. 15 percussa enim ex alto vela paulo acriori vento prius in portum intulerunt quinqueremes, quam Poeni ancoras molirentur; 29. 22. 9; 33. 42. 6; 34. 20. 9; 35. 2^. 7 multi prius incendio absumpti sunt, quam hostium adven- tum sentirent; 35. 28. 10; 35. 29. 3; 35. 35. 19; 37. 38. 4 priusquam flumen ingrederentur, ab instantibus tergo aliquot interfecti sunt; 39. 36. i ; 41. 9. 4; 41. 19. 9; Valerius Maximus 3. 8. 3. consulatum Palicano prius quam ilium adipisceretur eripuit ; Seneca controv. exc. 6. 6. adulterium deprehendi serius quam et abiit," so erklart sich daraus, dass der Sprechende nicht bloss die Zeit angeben wollte ; der Sinn ist hier : ' meint ihr, ich hatte ein Wort sprechen konnen ? Noch bevor ich iiberhaupt anfing, ging er weg.' " A very unsatisfactory explanation. ^''Attention is called to the verb "posse" in these sentences. ^^ Absolute prevention. Sentences of Past Time 79 factum est, veneficium antequam fieret ; Velleius Paterculus 2. 42. 3; Phaedrus. i. 20. sed rupti prius periere, quam quod petierant contingerent ; Curtius. 4. 3. 3 ; 5. 4. 28 integros quoque, antequam discrimen experirentur, in fugam avertit ; 9. 7. 21 ; 9. 5. 2 ; 10. i. 37 antequam accusari se suspicaretur Orsines, in vincula traditus est ; Seneca dial. 6. 20. i; dial. 11. 3. 3. antequam felicitatem suani nosset frater tuus, exemptus est; lud. claud. (apocol.) 10. 4; nat. quaest. i. 16. 9; epist. 87. i ; her. fur. 219 monstra superavit prius quam nosse posset ; Lucan. phars. 9. 1006 ; Pliny nat. hist. 36. 9 ; nat. hist. 36. 31 ; Quintilian decl. 251 p. 28 haec vero . . . rapta est, antequam destinaretur, antequam idonea nuptiis videretur; decl. 324. p. 277; Tacitus, ann. 15. 15. 7. namque et munimenta ingressa sunt, antequam agmen Romanum excederet; hist. i. 7. 5; hist. 2. 25. I. antequam miscerentur acies, terga vertentibus VitelUanis, Celsus . . . repressit suos ; Suetonius, aug. 4. prius quam profi- teri se . . . posset, mortem obiit repentinam ; aug. 19 ; calig. i ; calig. 12; titus II. senatus prius quam edicto convocaretur ad curiam concurrit. (c) Examples in which the dependent action is looked for- ward to by the subject of the leading verb without any appre- ciable feeling of " volition." — This use of the Subjunctive which may be called " prospective " was doubtless extended to cases in which actual prevision was impossible ; ^*^ such examples, however, being impossible of certain recognition as such are not given here. Cicero, att. 11. 11. 2. sed, priusquam id scirem, nihil ausus sum sumere;""" verr. 2. 2. 17 statim Romae . . . , antequam proficisceretur, quaerere . . . coepit; phil. 8. i. antequam senten- tiam diceret, propinquitatem excusavit; tusc. 4. 49 atque hi con- locuti inter se, prius quam manum consererent, leniter et quiete . . . ; Bell. Afr. 4. 3 quo simulatque captivus cum pervenisset litterasque . . . Considio porrigere coepisset, priusquam acciperet ille, * unde,' inquit 'istas?' 50. i. erat convallis . . . quae erat transgredienda Caesari, antequam ad eum collem, quem capere 181 Hale (Antic. Subj.) p. 86 gives this as the explanation of the Sub- junctive in the generic sentence. ^^^ With a negative leading sentence the Pluperfect Subjunctive is more usual ; in this sentence, however, the nature of the verb makes the Pluper- fect unnecessary. 8o Antequam and Priusquam volebat, perveniretur ; Sallust. iug. 59. i. postero die, prius quam . . . egrederetur, equitatum . . . pro castris agitari iubet ; Nepos. datam. 11. 3. ; hannib. 11. i quarum acie constituta, priusquam sig- num pugnae daretur, . . . tabellarium . . . mittit;"'" Livy. i. 24. 3 priusquam dimicarent, foedus ictum inter Romanes et Albanos est ; '"* I. 26. I ; 2. 37. 2 ; 3. 36. i ; 3. 57. 10 priusquam urbe egreder- entur, leges decemvirales . . . proposuerunt ; 4. 61. 7 ; 5. 18. 2 ; 5. 23. 3. priusquam senatus decerneret, plena omnia templa Romanarum matrum grates dis agentium erant; 7. 25. i; 8. 3. 10; 8. 9. i. Romani consules, priusquam educerent in aciam, immolaverunt ; 8. 37. I.; 10. 21. 13; 10. 33. 9 prius tamen quam exiret . . . ipse aedem Victoriae . . . dedicavit; 21. 39. 10; 22. 31. i ; ^^ 23. 28. 5. Hasdrubal, priusquam m.overet castra, pecunias imperat ; "^ 24. 14. 5 ; 24. 44. 7; 25. 16. I. Graccho, priusquam ex Lucanis moveret, sacrificanti triste prodigium factum est;^" 25. 24. 15; 27. 8. 11; 2y. 16. 15 Fabio auspicanti, priusquam egrederetur ab Tarento, aves . . . non addixerunt ; 2y. 18. 2 ; 27. 19. i ; 28. 2. 16 antequam freto Gades traiceret, exercitum omnem ... in civitates divisit; 28. II. 8; 28. 32. I ; 31. 7. I. consul . . . priusquam centurias in suffragium mitteret, contione advocata . . . inquit, ... ; 31. 33. 8; 32. 22. 9; 33. 12. I cuius (conloquii) priusquam tempus veniret, in consilium advocavit socios; 34. 26. 9; 35. 8. 4; 36. 18. 1 ab hac contione dimissi milites, priusquam corpora curarent, arma tela parant; 36. 17. 2; 36. 36. i; 37. 3. 7; 37. 5- 2 et tunc . . . priusquam praetorium dimitteret, denuntiavit; 38. 24. 9; 38. 41. 2; 39. 4. I. priusquam consules redirent Romam, M. Fulvius pro- consul ex Aetolia redit;"^ 39. 5. 17; 39. 41. 5 ; 41. 18. 7; 42. i. 7 priusquam ab Roma proficiseretur, litteras Praeneste misit; 42. 21. 6; 42. 36. 8. qui, priusquam magistratu abiret, Brundisium . . . praemissus erat; Valerius Maximus. i. 6. ext. i. priusquam Athenas deleret, Lacedaemonis invadendae consilium agitanti . . . 1^ " Volition " may have been felt in this sentence. ^^*Here the leading sentence is impersonal but the logical subject is " Romani et Albani." "° Livy 22, 38, 9. conlegae eius Pauli una, pridie quam ex urbe proficis- erentur, contio fuit. ^^^ Oratio Obliqua from " imperat " may be present here. "^The "priusquam" clause depends upon "sacrificanti." "^The proconsul was obliged to be back before the consuls because his term of office expired before they were to return. (Weissenborn.) Sentences of Past Time 8i prodigium incidit; i. 7. 4; 7. 4. ext. 2; 8. 7. ext. 15. ad Xerxem . . . confugere coactus, prius quani in conspectum eius veniret, Persico sermone se adsue fecit; Seneca controv. i. 3. them. incesti damnata antequam deiceretur de saxo invocavit Vestam; controv. i. 21. (teub. p. 65) ; controv. 2. 4. 11. de quo Severus Cassius, antequam ab illo reus ageretur, dixerat; Curtius. 4. 6. 10; 8. 6. 26 fratremque, antequam pro salute eius precaretur, resti- tuit;"" 9. I. Abisares, qui prius, quam cum Poro dimicaretur, legatos ad Alexandrum miserat; 10. 2. 9; "' Seneca, clem. i. 15. 4. deinde priusquam aperirentur codicilli, iuravit se . . . hereditatem non aditurum; Quintilian. decl. 272 p. 116 hanc vero satis fortiter ac supra sexum suum fecisse credo, quod nihil dixit, antequam torqueretur; decl. 366. p. 401; Pliny, epist. 5. 13. 6. sed prius quam sententiae dicerentur, Nigrinus . . . recitavit libellum; Suetonius aug. y6 (Ego) qui . . . duas bucceas manducavi prius quam ungui inciperem; tiber. 20; calig. 44 et nonnullis ante paucissimos quam consummaturi essent dies, primos pilos ademit ; calig. 4b. (d) Sentences which partake of the nature of those in more than one of the preceding categories (a), (b), and (c), but in which the characteristics of no one category are so predominant as to permit placing them in it. Cicero cluent. 27. puer . . . ante noctem mortuus et postridie, ante quam luceret, combustus est ; Bell. Alex. 61. 6 quae priusquam perficerentur, Longinus omnem suum equitatum emisit; Nepos. ages. 3. 2. eam . . . prius depopulatus est, quam Tissaphernes usquam se moveret ; Sallust. iug. 54. 10. Numidae prius quam ex castris subveniretur, sicuti iussi erant, in proxumos colles dis- cedunt; Livy i. 25. 10. prius itaque quam alter, qui nee procul aberat, consequi posset, et alterum Curatium conficit; 3. 58. 6; 4. 39. 9; 4. 47. 6 senatus, priusquam ab tribunis . . . seditiones fierent, censuit frequens; 5. 49. i ; 6. 32. 11 ; 8. 13. 10. priusquam comitiis in insequentem annum consules rogarent, Camillus . . . ad senatum rettulit; 9. 26. 7; 21. 5. 16; 21. 14. i ; 23. 28. 4. retro in sua castra redit . . . tutior, quod undique abierat, antequam consentirent ; 23. 37. 7; 26. 25. 6; 26. 31. 7 et antequam obsiderem '«» Possibly "volition." ^^ Oratio Obliqua may be felt. 82 Antequam and Priusquam Syracusas, nunc legatis mittendis . . . temptavi pacem; 28. 3. 4; 28. 33. 17; 30. 35. 4 omnia et in proelio et ante aciem, prius- quam excederet pugna, expertus; 31. 40. 3; 32. 17. i ; 35. 27. 10 magna vi pecorum . . . abrepta, priusquam . . . tyrannus praesidium agris mitteret, discessit; 36. 13. 7; 37. 18. 8; 37. 27. 6 itaque prius- quam appropinquaret classis, Myonnesum perfugerunt ; 37. 46. 5 ; 38. 23. I ; 39. 46. 6 priusquam consules in provincias proficis- cerentur, legationes in senatum introduxerunt ; 43. 18. 6 ; 44. 9. i ; Valerius Maximus. 2. 8. 2. tunc Calatinus, prius quam Lutatius causam . . . ordiretur, ' quaero,' inquit, ' Valeri ' . . . ; Curtius. 7. II. 5; Frontinus. strateg. 2. 5. 31 ; Tacitus ann. 4. 46. 10 sed antequam arma inciperent, misere legates ; hist. 3. 70. i ; Sue- tonius, tiber. 2 ; claud. Z14. prius igitur quam ultra progrederetur, praeventus est ab Agrippina. (e) Sentences in which the relation between the clauses is simply temporal; in which the particular sense of the sentences under (a), (b) and (c) is not suggested by the context. Lucretius. 4. 840. et omnia denique membra ante fuere, ut opinor, eorum quam foret usus ; "^ 4. 844. et lacerare artus foedare- que membra cruore ante fuit multo quam lucida tela volarent, et volnus vitare prius natura coegit quam daret obiectum parmai laeva per artem;"^ 5. 1379 at liquidas avium voces imitarier ore ante fuit multo quam . . . carmina cantu concelebrare homines possent ; ""^ Cicero, phil. 14. 27. O solem ipsum beatissimum, qui antequam se abderet, . . . fugientem vidit Antonium ! ; de div. I. 55. qui (hidi) ante quam fierent . . . servus per circum . . . ductus est ; Pseudo. Cicero, ad octav. 4. quae tibi non ante, quam postulares, maiora, quam velles, plura quam sperares, detulit senatus?"*' Nepos. datam. 5. i. hie priusquam perveniret, quo erat profectus, in itinere convenit, qui . . . ; dion. 4. 4 ; arist. 2. i ; alcib. 3. 2; cato i. i. Cato . . . priusquam honoribus operam daret, versatus est in Sabinis;"* att. 21. 4; Ovid. her. ep. 15. 36. "^Cf. Lucretius 4. 839 aor. (perf.) indie, in exactly similar context. "^Lucretius 4. 839 affords a valid objection to explaining these Sub- junctives as resulting from their generic character, even if it be admitted that they are generic. "'The interrogation nullifies the negation, making the sentence, in sense, positive. "* This sentence may be considered generic since " daret " has the signi- ficance of "dabat" and "versatus est" denotes habitual action. Sentences of Past Time 83 te prius optavi quam mihi nota fores; Livy. i. 50. 2. ipse Tar- quinius diem quidem servavit, sed paulo ante, quam sol occideret, venit; 3. 19. 7; 5. 16. i ; 5. 33. 5 ducentis quippe annis ante quam Clusium oppugnarent, urbemque Romam caperent, in Italiam . . . transcenderunt. 7. i. 9; 7. 7. i ; 8. 15. 3. sed priusquam consules ab urbe . . . exercitum educerent, fama adfertur ; 9. 29. i ; 10. 19. 15 ; 10. 26. 7. ceterum antequam consules in Etruriam pervenirent, . . . Galli ... ad Clusium venerunt; 10. 40. 13; 10. 43. 5; 21. 61. I. priusquam certa huius cladis fama accideret, . . . Has- drubal . . . iter ad mare convertit; 22. 8. i ; 22. 29. 4; 22. 38. 6 contiones, priusquam ab urbe signa moverentur, consulis Varronis . . . feroces fuere ; 22. 39. 6; 24. 20. 12 ; 24. 41. i nam priusquam Romani amnem . . . transirent, ingentes copias . . . Mago et Hasdrubal fuderunt; 25. 31. 12; 26. 41. 4; 27. 37. i. priusquam consules proficiscerentur, novendiale sacrum fuit; 2"^. 40. 10; 33. 16. I ; 34. 4. 19 nolite eodem loco existimare . . . futuram rem, quo fuit, antequam lex de hoc ferretur; 34. 10. 6; 34. 16. 10; 34. 29. 14 priusquam Gytheum traderetur, Pythagoras, ... ad Nabim venit; 35. 21. 2; 35. 21. 7; 35. 32. 3 qui, priusquam concilium iis daretur, impleverant omnium aures ... ; 36. 16. 6 ; 36. 26. i ; 37. 22. 3. biduo ante, quam Eudamus cum classe . . . veniret, . . . naves . . . missae;""' 37. 45. 13. postquam traiecimus Helles- pontum, priusquam castra regia, priusquam aciem videremus . . . easdem . . . ferimus ... ; "' 37. 51. i.; 37. 57. 5; 38. 55. 5 scribae et accensus, priusquam de Scipione indicium fieret, abso- luti sunt; 39. 49. 8; 40. 41. 7; 42. 3. 10; 42. 15. 5. ascendentibus ad templum . . . , priusquam perveniretur ad . . . loca, maceria erat"^ ... ; 42. 37. 5; Valerius Maximus. i. 6. 3. quod prius quam legati renuntiarent, aruspex Veientium . . . f uturum dixerat ; I. 7. 6; 3. 8. ext. 4; 4. 5. ext. i. quod sequitur externis adnectam, quia ante gestum est quam Etruriae ci vitas daretur; 5. 5. init. ; Seneca, controv. i. i. 14; controv. exc. i. 4 priusquam in mei ^ " Ante quam " is here limited by a definite temporal expression which as has been shown, usually is felt to emphasize the fact that the action in the dependent clause actually occurred; the Subjunctive, however, is used in such sentences in Livy and regularly in Veil. Paterc. and later historical writers. ^^" Postquam" and "priusquam" contrasted point to purely temporal character of the relation between the clauses. "'May be considered generic. 84 Antequam and Priusquam memoriam reverterer, exierunt ; controv. 2. 2. i ; controv. 7. 8. i ; controv. 8.1. facti quaeritis causam? si priusquam amitteret liberos, avara ; si postquam amisit, irata ; Velleius Paterculus i. 6. 4 ; 1.8. I is eos ludos mercatumque instituit ante annos, quam tu, . . . con- sulatum inires, octingentos tris ; "' i. 12. 5 ; i. 12. 7 ; 2. 28. i. paulo ante quam Sulla ad Sacriportum dimicaret, . . . exercitum fuder- ant, duo Servilii apud Clusium ; 2. 30. 2 ; 2. 49. i ; 2. 54. 2 quod ciebat rex luba . . . ante biennium quam extingueretur Pompeius ; 2. 62. I ; 2. 65. 2 ; 2. 84. I ubi longe ante quam dimicaretur explora- tissima . . . fuit victoria; 2. 93. i; Pomponius Mela. i. 66; Curtius. 3. 7. 14; 6. I. 21 hie fuit exitus belli, quod repente ortum prius tamen finitum est, quam Dareum Alexander . . . superaret ; 8. 5. 17; 8. 7. II ; 9. 8. 12 sed antequam adirent eum, duae turres . . . prociderant; Scribonius Largus p. 5. Seneca dial. 6. 19. 5 ; dial. II. 9. 2; dial. II. 9. 7. antequam quicquam ex suo favore fortuna mutaret, stantem adhuc illam . . . reliquit ; ben. 2. 27. i ; ben. 6. 31. 12; nat. quaest. 2. 26. 5. (rupes) quas spiritus, antequam urerentur, expulerat; epist. 23. 11 ;^'*^ epist. 54. 4; epist. 88. 5. demus illis Homerum philosophum fuisse: nempe sapiens factus est, antequam carmina ulla cognosceret; epist. 88. 8; here. fur. 454; Pliny, nat. hist. I. 33. 13; nat. hist. 6. 180 fuit quondam et Epis oppidum contra Meroen, antequam Bion scriberet deletum; nat. hist. 15. 118; nat. hist. 34. 38; nat. hist. 36. 8 . . . Medis imperantibus priusque quam Cyrus in Persis regnere inciperet; Lucan pharsal. 2. 576 cum signa tuli tot fulgentia ponto, ante bis exactum quam Cynthia conderet orbem ; Valerius Flaccus argon. 5. 144 nam prius ignoti quam dura cubilia ferri eruerent ensesque darent, Odia aegra armis errabant;"^ Silius Italicus. 13. 790 atque haec cuncta, prius quam cerneret, ordine terris prodidit; Frontinus. strateg. i. i. 6; Quintilian. inst. 2. 17. 9 nam et vulnus deligavit aliquis, antequam haec ars esset; inst. 5. 10. 120; inst. 6. 5. 10. ; inst. 7. 6. 3 ; decl. 263 p. yy antequam tabella referretur, antequam excuteretur numerus populi, ego iam non tenueram; "* It is possible that this sentence was conceived as meaning " eighty- three years before you were to enter upon your consulship;" a not un- natural extension of the " prospective " idea of the sentences given above, which might be applied to many of the examples under this head. "®The Epistles of Seneca contain a number of examples of the Aorist (Perfect) Indicative in positive sentences. ^*^ May be considered generic. Sentences of Past Time 85 decl. 268. p. 93; decl. 272. p. 116; decl. 301, p. 185; decl. 301, p. 189; decl. 318, p. 250 ne ius quidem dubium erat, etiam antequam veniret in dubium ; Pliny, epist. i. 16. i ; epist. 5. 18. i ; ep. traian. 118. 2. iidem obsonia petunt . . . quamvis vicerint, ante quam fieret; paneg. 64; paneg. 95; Tacitus, ann. 4. 67. 12 prospect- abatque pulcherrimum sinum, antequam Vesuvius . . . faciem loci verteret; hist. 2. 6. i ; hist. 2. 96. i ; hist. 4. 85. i at Domitianus Mucianusque antequam Alpibus propinquarent, prosperos . . . nuntios accepere; dial. 27. 6;^°^ luvenal. 5. 13. 38 quondam hoc indigenae vivebant more, priusquam sumeret agrestem posito dia- demate falcem Saturnus fugiens ; Hyginus Grom. de munit. 45 ; Suetonius iul. 9 ; iul. 18 ; aug. 43 equitibus Romanis aliquando usus est, verum prius quam senatus consulto interdiceretur ; aug. 94; aug. loi ; tiber. 14 ante paucos vero quam revocaretur dies aquila ... in culmine domus eius assedit ; tiber. 74 ; calig. I ; calig. 8. extat et Augusti epistula, ante paucos quam obiret menses ad Agrippinam . . . scripta; nero. 56; galba 19; vesp. 2 natus est . . . quinquennio ante quam Augustus excederet ; domit. 23 ante paucos quam occideretur menses cornix in Capitolio elocuta est; reliq. p. 290.; reliq. p. 291. (39) The Imperfect Subjunctive was used in the generic sentence of the past."'"' Cicero, tusc. 5. yy adulescentium greges . . . vidimus . . . cer- tantis pugnis . . . morsu denique, cum exanimarentur prius, quam victos se f aterentur ; '"'' Sallust cat. 13. 3 dormire""* priusquam somni cupido esset; Livy. 26. 19. 5 nullo die prius ullam . . . rem egit, quam in Capitolium iret . . . consideret . . . tereret ; ^°' ^°^ Gerber and Greet (Lex. Tacit.) incorrectly place this example under the head of Oratio Obliqua. ^^The single example from Plautus, Bacch. 438 "nam olim populi prius honorem capiebat suffragio, quam magistro desinebat esse dicto oboediens," suggests that in the early language the Indicative was used in the generic sentence of the past as well as in that of the present. ^" Prius quam" here is equivalent to " poHus quam" which affords a reason for the Subjunctive apart from the gefneric character of the sentence. ^°* " Dormire " (historical infinitive) = " dormiebant." ^°^ Weissenborn comments ; " Stellt nicht zwei historische Fakta neben einander, sondern deutet das eine als Ansicht Scipios an: bevor er das erste that, glaubte er gehen zu miissen; daher nicht, wie gewohnlich, der Indikativ im Nebensatz nach einem negativen Hauptsatz." Anton (Beo- 86 Antequam and Priusquam 29. 28. 6. prius recursum semper ad naves, quam clamor agrestis conciret, fuerat; 44. 5. 6 solido procedebat elephantus in pontem; cuius priusquam in extremum procederet, . . . conlapsus pons . . . eum leniter cogebat; Seneca, controv. i. prol. 21 antequam dicere inciperet sedens quaestiones . . . proponebat ; Celsus 2. 7. si quid etiam abscessit, et antequam suppuraret, . . . subsedit ... ; 8. II ea maxilla, quae, . . . antequam reponeretur, inflammationem movit; Seneca, dial. 4. 3. 3; dial. 6. 23. i. antequam obducerent et altius terrena conciperent, liberati, leviores ad originem suam revolant; epist. 13. i. nam etiam, antequam instrueres te prae- ceptis . . . placebas tibi ; epist. 19. 4. 27 et omnis casus, antequam exciperet, meditando praedomuit. Pliny nat. hist. 11. 211 antiqui abdomen vocabant priusquam calleret, incientes occidere non ad- sueti; nat. hist. 18. 143 id erat e pabuli segete viride desectum antequam genicularet; nat. hist. 32. 23; Frontinus. strateg. i. 11. 1 1 ; Quintilian. inst. 2. 20. 6. et si virtutes sunt, ad quas nobis, etiam ante quam doceremur, initia quaedam ac semina sunt con- cessa natura ; Silius Italicus 2. 98 rueretque inopina sub ictu ante fera incauto, quam sibila poneret arcus ; Pliny epist. 8. 20. 9. quod (flumen) , . . specu mergitur alteque conditum meat ac, si quid, antequam subduceretur, accepit, servat et profert; Tacitus hist. i. 6y. II. Caecina belli avidus proximam quamque culpam, ante- quam paeniteret, ultum ibat; Suetonius aug. 74. convivia . . . maturius relinquebat, cum convivae et coenare inciperent prius quam ille discumberet, et permanerent digresso eo ; nero 23 indices autem prius quam inciperet reverentissime adloquebatur. (40) Imperfect Subjunctive — Negative Leading Sentences. The Imperfect Subjunctive after negative leading sentences is not common. It is used, however, after negative leading sentences to express " volition " on the part of some one intimately con- nected with the leading action. " Volition " in a negative sen- tence usually takes the form of " persistence," or " insistence " upon the dependent action. It is also used in a number of examples in which no " volition " bacht. p. 34) , " es soil ausgedriickt werden : er that nichts vor dem Gehen, so dass * quam iret ' in gewissen Sinne Attribut zu ' egit ' ist." The more probable explanation of the Subjunctive is found in the generic character of the sentence. Sentences of Past Time 87 can be felt ; in which the reason for its use is obscure. It is con- ceivable that in the very late writers the Subjunctive usage had become so established as to extend even to negative sentences, but no satisfactory explanation can be offered of the examples of this sort from those authors who regularly use the Indicative after a negative leading sentence. (a) Examples in which "volition" is found. Nepos. eumen. 4. 2 qui . . . non prius distracti sunt, quam alterum anima relinqueret; themist. 8. 4. inde non prius egressus est, quam rex eum data dextra in fidem reciperet ; chab. 2. 2 neque prius inde discessit, quam totam insulam bello devinceret ; Livy. 5. 19. II nocte ac die numquam ante omissum (opus), quam in arcem viam facerent;^ 45. 11. 3 ad fratrem . . . non prius destitit mittere, quam pacem cum iis confirmaret ; Valerius Maximus. 3. 2. 22 nee ante dimicare destitit quam captam profundo mergeret ; 3. 3. ext. 3 aurem . . . corripuit nee ante dimisit quam . . . vita . . .pri- varetur; Curtius 5. 9. monere . . . non ante destitit, quam satis constaret imperata facturos; Frontinus. strateg. i. 8. 6; Tacitus, ann. 13. 20. 14 non prius differri potuit quam Burrus . . . promit- teret; Suetonius, nero 20 ac ne . . . quidem . . . ante cantare destitit, quam inchoatum absolveret nomon. (b) Examples in which the relation between the clauses seems to be purely temporal. Cicero verr. 2. 4. 26 nee prius illam crucem . . . revellistis . . . quam Roman . . . adiretis?^" Caesar, b. g. 6. 37. 2 nee prius sunt visi obiectis ab ea parte silvis, quam castris adpropinquarent.^ ^° Weissenborn comments: "nicht * fecerunt,' weil 'attributae' (in pre- vious clause) andeutet, dass die Absicht des Feldherrn bezeichnet werden soil." ^"^It is especially to be noticed in this sentence, as well a? in most of the others given here, that " ante quam" is "before," not "until," as in most negative sentences. The; cross referred to was still standing— had not been torn down — when Verres came to Rome. It is possible to con- sider the Subjunctive here "prospective." ^°^ Anton (Beob. p. 33) thinks the Subjunctive is due to the presence of " volition ; " " obiectis ab ea parte silvis " suggests this. " Prius quam," however, is dependent upon "visi sunt," and it is hard to see just how the possible " volition " in " obiectis . . silvis " could be felt in " adpro- 88 Antequam and Priusquam usque eo ut . . . ; b. g. 8. 13. 3. turpiter refugerunt nee prius finem fugae fecerunt . . . quam se aut in castra suorum recip- erent aut nonnulli pudore coacti iongius profugerent ; '"'* Livy. 9. 34. 2 nee ante continuando abstitit magistratu, quam obruerent eum male parta . . . male retenta imperia,"^" ^H- 54- ^5 vos nee cupistis haec antequam haberetis, nee nunc . . . cupere potestis ; ^" Valerius Maximus 2. 5. i. statuam auratam nee in urbe nee in ulla parte . . . quisquam prius aspexit quam a M'. Aeilio Gla- brione equestris patri poneretur; 4. i. 13 cum . . . litterae red- ditae essent, quibus scriptum erat . . . reditum illi in urbem datum, non e theatre prius abiit quam spectaculum ederetur, . . . sed . . . gaudium intra se continuit; 4. 4. 9 eadem gens nullum ante scrupulum argenti habuit quam Paulus . .. . genero suo quin- que pondo argenti ex praeda donaret; 9. 2. i. quem . . . non prius vita privavit quam oculos infelices erueret et singulas corporis pinquarent," of which it is entirely independent. It is possible that the Imperfect Subjunctive was here used to express "continued action" in place of the uncommon Imperfect Indicative: "nor were they seen until they were drawing near to the camp." The sense of " adpropinquare " does not lend itself to the conception of its action as aoristic in this sen- tence. ^°"0n this passage in the Book (VIII) of Caesar's Gallic Commentaries commonly ascribed to AulUs Hirtius, Anton (Beobacht. p. 33) correctly remarks that "volition" seems possible in the case of the first verb "reciperent" but not in that of the second "profugerent;" and seems inclined to ascribe the syntactical lapse to the lack of purity in the style of Hirtius. If we grant the presence of " volition " in " reciperent," however, it was only natural that the writer should have used, even if not altogether logically, the same mood in a second verb connected with the first by so close a connective as " aut." ""In this sentence we have "persistence" but not persistence for the purpose of bringing about the action of the dependent clause as in the sentences containing "volition" of this kind. Even as careful a writer as Livy might have lapsed into such an error as this, however. ^^ Weissenborn comments; "da 'haberetis' gesagt ist, so soil nicht eine blosse zeitbestimmung gegeben werden, die vielmehr * habuistis ' erwar- ten Hesse, sondern, dem folg. 'nunc, cum sit' entsprechend, ein causales Oder finales Verhaltniss: weil ihr nicht hattet, od. um zu besitzen;" but neither of these accord well with the sense of the passage. The meaning of the " antequam " here is " before," not " until ; " Livy regularly used the Subjunctive with ''antequam (priusquam)" meaning "before." The sense of the sentence is destroyed if we understand it to be equivalent to "nee haec cupistis donee haberetis." Anton Beob. p. 21. Sentences of Past Time 89 partes confrlngeret ; Seneca, controv. 7. 4. 8. antequam te viderem, nesciebam rhetoras victoriatos esse; Pliny, nat. hist. 7. i. 6; Val- erius Flaccus. argon. 4. 696 ; Frontinus. strateg. 2. 2. 5 ; strateg. 2. 5. 24 ; strateg. 2. 11. i ; Tacitus ann. 15. 39. i. non ante in urbem regressus est quam domui eius, . . . ignis propinquaret ; hist. 4. 60. 8. neque ante preces admissae, quam in verba Galliarum iurarent. (41) The Imperfect Subjunctive is used in the antequam (priusquam) clause when it is dependent upon a final clause, upon a verb in an Unreal Condition, upon a Subjunctive after quin, upon a Subjunctive of result ''^ (?) &c. &c. (a) After a Final Clause. Varro. 1. 1. 5. 86 ex his mittebantur antequam conciperetur, qui res repeterent; 1. 1. 5. 106; Cicero att. 7. 10. i subito consilium cepi, ut, antequam luceret, exirem, ne """ . . . ; att. 8. 12. B. I ; Caesar, b. g. 4. 21. i ; Bell. Alex. 60; Sallust. iug. 25. 10 . . . ut prius quam legatos conveniret . . . potiretur; Livy. 7. 23. 5; 31. 10. 4 ; 34. 14. I nocte media . . . profectus, ut locum quem vellet, priusquam hostes sentirent, caperet ... ; 34. 46. 6; 35. 43. 3; 45. 10. 3; Curtius. 9. 5. 12 ut, antequam ultimus spiritus deficeret, dimicans . . . extingueretur . . . ; Suetqnius nero 47. (b) Dependent upon verb in an Unreal (Contrary to Fact) Condition. Terence adel. 396 aut non sex totis mensibus prius olfecissem, quam ille quicquam coeperet?; adel. 524 (unreal past); Cicero fam. 2. 2 qui . . . superasset omnium fortunam, si ei contigisset, ut te ante videret, quam vita discederet ; '" fam. 8. 16. 4 (unreal past) ; att. 10. 9 A. 4; cato mai. 32 (unreal pres.) ; Seneca, con- ^"The Subjunctive after sentences of result is included here with some hesitation as Cicero uses the Indicative with "antequam (priusquam)" dependent upon a result clause. The conception of a result clause as the expression of a fact, pure and simple would, of course, influence Cicero to use this Indicative; but there are many sentences of result in which it is very difficult to feel that the *'' result" was intended to express simply a fact. '^^ The clause dependent upon a final clause is virtually Oratio Obliqua. ^" " Si ei contigisset, ut te ante videret " is here equivalent in sense to " si te ante vidisset." go Antequam and Priusquam trov. I. 5. 4. antequam nuberes, banc vitiasset. Quintilian decL 272, p. 116 apparuisset exercitus nee prius desisset, quam incen- deret . . . ; decl. 278, p. 133 (unreal past); decl. 344 p. 359; Pliny paneg. 10. nisi placuisset, ante quam fieret. (c) [Dependent upon verb following " quin." Cicero, leg. agr. 2. 19 nemo mutavit, quin ei, . . . , ante acci- perent a populo beneficium quam darent. (d) [Dependent upon the verb of a " result " clause. Caesar, b. g. 6. 30. 2 accidit . . . ut . . . prius . . . adventus . . . videretur, quam fama . . . adferretur ; b. g. 8. 3. i ; b. c. 2. 14. 2; Nepos. ages. 2. 2 tanta celeritate usus est, ut prius . . . pervenerit, quam . . . scirent . . . ; Livy. i. 36. i ; 3. 59. 4; 24. 7. 5 tantum intervalli fecit, ut . . . confoderetur . . . prius . . . quam succurri posset; 28. 15. 4; Valerius Maximus. 7. 4. 4 quo evenit ne Hasdrubal . . . se . . . proeliat(ur)um "'^'^ prius sciret quam . . . prosterneretur ; Seneca controv. i. 3. i ; 7. 5. 7; Pliny paneg. 21. 3 contigit tibi, ut pater patriae esses, ante quam fieres; paneg. 69. 4; Suetonius, claud. 12 tantum amoris . . . collegit, ut . . . non ante destiterit, quam . . . plures . . . affirmarent.] Pluperfect Subjunctive. (42) The most frequent use of the Pluperfect Subjunctive with antequam (priusquam) is a Future Exactum after a negative (future) leading sentence, in past Oratio Obliqua. There are, however, examples of the Pluperfect Subjunctive in Oratio Recta; the mood in most instances being referable to the causes given above as accounting for the use of the Subjunctive; the infrequency of the tense (Pluperfect) has already been com- mented upon and explained. After a negative leading sentence its use was more common ; after a positive leading sentence it could not, according to a strict conception of the tenses, be used except to denote that the action of the principal verb interrupted that of the dependent verb while in progress; it was, however, occasionally "'Kempf (Fleckeisen Jhrbb. 1886 p. 61) rightly contends that "proelia- turum " of the manuscripts should be " proeliatum," since " proeliaturum " is entirely unintelligible here. Sentences of Past Time 91 used after positive leading sentences when this was not the case, for the sake of emphasis ; an illogical sort of reinforcement of the ante quant ( priusqitam ) . Cicero, att. 10. 17. i deinde Serapion cum epistula tua. quam prius quam aperuissem, dixi ... te ad me de eo scripsisse ; ^" att. 14. 20. 2 inde ante discessit, quam ilium venisse audissem/" verr. 2. 2. 171 hie Carpinatius, ante quam in istius familiaritatem . . . pervenisset, aliquotiens, . . . litteras . . . miserat; plane. 98 qui antequam de meo adventu audire potuissent ... in Macedoniam ad Planciumque perrexi.''" phil. 5. 47 ita saepe magna indoles virtutis, priusquam rei publicae prodesse potuisset, extincta est.^' phil. II. 7 ponite igitur ante oculos . . . inruptionem armatorum . . . cum miser ille prius latronum gladios videret, quam, quae res esset, audisset; de orat. i. 241 num quis eo testamento, quod pater familias ante fecit, quam ei filius natus esset, hereditatem petit? Vergil aen. i. 472 ardentisque avertit equos in castra, prius quam pabula gustassent Troiae Xanthumque bibissent ; ''^ Nepos. epam. 3. 3 numquam inde prius discessit, quam ad finem sermo esset adductus.^" Livy 7. 13. 6 priusquam expertus nos esses, de nobis ita desperasti, ut . . . . ; Valerius Maximus 9. 2 ext. 2. neque ante sanguine explebatur quam ad unum victorem omnes redegisset; Quintilian decl. 263. p. 76; Suetonius.'"' tiber. 18. commeatum . . . non ante transmisit, quam . . . explorasset vehiculorum onera; calig. 9 non enim prius destiterunt, quam ablegari eum . . . animadvertissent ; ''''^ calig. 28 nee ante satiatus est quam membra . . . tracta per vicos . . . vidisset; claud. i. hostem . . . non prius destitit insequi, quam species . . . mulieris . . . victorem tendere ultra . . . prohibuisset.'" (43) [A few sentences occur in which the temporal feeling of the conjunction has been almost entirely lost, the sense being nearly that of " potius quam." ^^^ Antequam {priusquam) =: antequam {priusquam) ut. ^"Volition may have been felt. ^^" Volition" is here very evident, but that prius quam =^ prius quam ut is also entirely in accordance with the sense of the passage. ''^' Anton (Beobacht. p. 36) finds "volition" in this example. ^° Suetonius has no certain example of the Aorist (Perfect) Indicative after either negative or positive leading sentences. '21 " Volition " may have been felt here. 92 Antequam and Priusquam Cicero c. rabir. 15 sed moreretur prius acerbissisima morte . . . quam in eius contione carnifex consisteret ; ^'"'^ ligar. 34 quis est . . . qui hoc non sentiat, quidvis prius futurum fuisse, quam ut hi fratres diversas sententias . . . sequerentur ; ^' piso 58. cur hunc non audistis tarn doctum hominem, . . . prius quam in istum errorem induceremini ? ^ Ovid. her. ep. 15. 49 ante recessisset caput hoc cervice cruenta, quam tu de thalamis abstraherere meis ; ^ Velleius Paterculus 2. 87. 3 Brutus et Cassius ante quam victorum experirentur animum, voluntaria morte obierunt.] (44) In the generic sentence of the past with a negative leading sentence.'^ Valerius Maximus 2. 6. 2. eiusdem civitatis exercitus non ante ad dimicandum descendere solebant quam tibiae . . . calorem animo traxissent ; 2. 6. 16 nam Persarum . . . institutum fuit, quod Hb- eros suos non prius aspiciebant quam septimum annum imples- sent; 9. 13. ext. 3 nee prius se . . . lecto committebat quam . . . diligenter esset scrutatus ; Pliny nat. hist. 18. 8. ac ne degusta- bant quidem novas fruges aut vina antequam sacerdotes primitias libassent. (45) Closely related to the preceding are sentences which are not generic but in which the Pluperfect Subjunctive was felt as a Future Exactum from a past, the leading sentence being negative ; in such sentences we have a sub-Oratio Obliqua. Cicero fam. 11. 13. i Caesari non credebam, priusquam con- venissem et collocutus essem; verr. 2. 3. 133 nee ilium ante tibi satis facere (oporttiit), quam tu omnium existimationi satis fecisses ; balb. 28 cum banc ante amittere non potuissent, quam hoc solum civitatis mutatione vertissent. Livy 22. 7. 11 circum- fundebanturque obviis sciscitantes neque avelli, . . . priusquam ordine omnia inquisissent, poterant; 24. 16. ii. tum Gracchus ' priusquam omnes iure libertatis aequassem ' inquit, ' neminem ^'''The dependence upon the verb of an Unreal Condition must be noted. ^''^ Anton (Beobacht.) p. 31. "Man sieht, dass sie (diese Stelle) einen Bericht iiber eine Sache nicht enthaltet" ^^*It is to be noted that the Imperfect in the negative leading sentence makes the dependent verb in effect a Future Exactum from the past. Sentences of Past Time 93 nota strenui aut ignavi militis notasse volui ; 24. 18. 9 senatus con- sultum, ut ei omnes . . . mitterentur ... in Siciliam . . . cui militum generi non prius, quam pulsus Italia hostis esset, finitum stipendiorum tempus erat ; '^'^ 26. 41. 3 nemo ante me . . . militibus suis, priusquam opera eorum usus esset, gratias agere iure ac merito potuit. (46) In sentences in which the antequam (priusquam) clause depended upon a negative ""^ result clause. Caesar b. g. 4. 12. 2 ita perterritos egerunt, ut non prius fuga desisterent, quam in conspectum agminis nostri venissent; Valer- ius Maximus 4. i. 2 cuius tam moderatus . . . transitus fuit, ut, . . . , non prius Veios . . . iret quam de dictatura . . . com- perisset; Suetonius iul. 6"] adeo, ut . . . barbam capillumque summiserit nee ante dempserit quam vindicasset . . . ; calig. 3 . . . ut . . . non prius suscensere in animum induxerit, quam veneficiis . . . impugnari se comperisset; otho 2. tantum . . . valuit, ut . . . prius quam . . . restitutionem ei impetrasset non dubitaret . . . introducere. (47) In sentences in which the antequam (priusquam) clause depended upon a verb in an Unreal (Contrary to Fact) Condition.''' Plautus. rud. 494 utinam te prius quam . . . vidissem . . . cruciatu in Sicilia(m) perbiteres ; "'" Cicero."' sulla 44 cum . . . "^ Weissenborn comments: " der Konjunktiv aus dem Sinne des diese Frist feststellenden Senats. "^^ A single example with positive leading sentence occurs ; Cicero, imp. pomp. 62. * quid tam singulare ut ex senatus consulto . . consul ante fieret quam ullum alium magistratum per leges capere licuisset?' 'liceret' would have been more in accordance with the common usage. It has already been remarked, however, that the tense usage with verbs denoting " possibility," " duty," " obligation," " permission," &c. show many depar- tures from the accepted usage. ^"As shown above the Imperfect Subjunctive was also used in sentences of this kind. ^^® Cf. Plautus capt. 537 " utinam te di prius perderent quam periisti e patria tua." ^ Cic. fam. 3. 6. 2. * nisi ego successor essem, . . . . te antea, quam tibi successum esset, decessurum f uisse ; ' " decessurum f uisse " is an unreal past apodosis in Oratio Obliqua. Similar is Cicero de orat. i. 168. 94 Antequam and Priusquam prius etiam edituri indicium fuerint scribae mei, si voluisses, quam in codicem rettulissent, . . . cur tacuisti . . . ? ; tusc. 4. 79 ; Nepos. iphic. 2. 5. nam nisi eius adventus appropinquasset, non prius Thebam Sparta abscessissent, quam captam incendio deles- sent. Ovid, metam. 9. 532 nee cognita Byblis ante forem, quam spes votorum certa fuisset; Livy 2. i. 4 quid enim futurum fuit, si ilia . . . plebs . . . coepta esset . . . serere certamina, prius- quam pignera coniugum ac liberorum . . . animos eorum conso- ciasset?; 30. 31. 7 et violenter me faterer facere, si, priusquam in African traiecissem, te tua voluntate cedentem Italia . . . asper- narer. ORATIO OBLIQUA SENTENCES OF THE PAST. (48) In sentences in Oratio Obliqua in which either the govern- ing " verbum sentiendi aut declarandi," or the verb upon which the antequam (priusquam) clause depends, is past, the tenses of the Subjunctive which are almost exclusively used in the ante- quam (priusquam) clause are the Imperfect and Pluperfect. The Perfect is used in a very few sentences as the result of " represen- tatio " or because the verb introducing the Oratio Obliqua is present or future and is allowed to control the sequence rather than the past infinitive upon which the antequam (priusquam) clause depends; (see examples). In Oratio Obliqua, as in Oratio Recta, a negative is usually found in the leading sentence when the Pluperfect Subjunctive is used in the antequam (priusquam) clause, whether as a past tense, which is not common, or as a future exactum ; the excep- tions being of the same character and to be explained in the same way as the parallel occurrences in Oratio Recta. FUTURE SENTENCES IN ORATIO OBLIQUA OF THE PAST. (49) The tense usage in Future sentences of past Oratio Obliqua is entirely corroborative of the principles enunciated in regard to Future sentences in Oratio Recta. When the leading future sentence is positive the Imperfect Sub- Future Sentences in Oratio Obliqua 95 junctive is used in the antequam (priusquam) sentence; when the leading future sentence is negative, the Pluperfect Subjunc- tive is used in the antequam (priusquam) sentence.*^" (a) Positive leading sentences. Imperfect Subjunctive. Cicero, fam. 10. 33. 2 verebar, ne, . . . antequam ego incepta perficerem, . . . consilium meum raperent in contrariam partem; fam. II. 20. 2; att. 4. i. i. att. 4. 11. i. dixit . . . eum et se . . . venturos . . . quaesivi, gladiatoribusne. respondit, antequam in- ducerentur ; att. 7. 8. 4; att. 8. 11. D. 5 ; att. 10. 4. 8 itaque, ei cum certissimum fuisset, antequam proficisceretur, contionem habere . . . ; att. 15. I. a. 2 ; quinct. 86 ; leg. agr. 2. 90. verum arbitrabantur . . . non defore, qui . . . ante omnia commutarent quam nos audire possemus; deiot. 17; phil. 2. 80; de div. i. 57; de orat. i. 143 ac- ceperam, ante quam de re diceremus, . . . conciliandos eorum esse animos ; Caesar b. g. i. 19. 3 ; b. g. 3. 10. 3 ; b. g. 6. 5. 5 haec prius illi detrahenda auxilia existimabat, quam . . . bello laces- seret; b. c. i. 29. i.; b. c. i. 6y. i.; b. c. 3. 11. i. Vibullius . . . necessarium esse existimavit . . . Pompeium fieri certiorem, uti . . . consilium capere posset, antequam de mandatis agi incipere- tur ; '" b. c. 3. 80. 6 ; b. c. 3. 86. i ; b. c. 3. 86. 3 persuasi . . . ut . . . prius perturbatum exercitum pellerent, quam . . . telum . . . iaceretur ; Bell. Afr. 74. 2 ; 92 ; Bell. Alex. 33. 2 deducere ex regno statuit, ne qua . . . dissensio, priusquam . . . confirmarentur . . . imperia, per homines . . . nasceretur ; ^^ Nepos. datam 6. I ; milt. 5. 4; Sallust. cat. 32. i; cat. 44. 3; hist. 3. 8. (R) ; Livy ^° It is, of course, known to all (though nowhere, I think, explicitly stated as it should be in Latin Grammars) that the Imperfect Subjunctive is the regular first future of the Subjunctive from a past point of view, and the Pluperfect Subjunctive its future exactum. '^^ Under the word " ante quam " in the lately published Vol. 11. fasc. I of the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, the statement is made that in Caesar " antequam " only occurs bell. civ. i. 2. 2. The example here quoted bell, civ. 3. II. I. is omitted, although all recent editors read "antequam" in this passage, and give no variant in crit apparat. See Kiibler (1894), Kraner (Hofmann) (1890), and Doberenz (1876). The omission is due to the employment of the Meusel Lexicon of Caesar (1866) by the com- pilers of the Thesaurus. Meusel used the earlier Kraner text of Caesar in which ' quam ' is read in this passage instead of ' antequam.' *''" Occasional examples occur under this head in which the Imperfect instead of Pluperfect after a negative leading sentence is used. 98 Antequam and Priusquam senatum . . . adissent, Veios iretur; 5. 15. 4; 7. 14. 8;'^^ 21. 24. 4; 21. 31. 2 minus obvium fore Romanum credens, cum quo, priusquam in Italiam ventum foret, non erat in animo manus con- serere; 22. 25. 11 ; 22. 34. 7; 23. 11. 5 ; 23. 31. 8; 26. i. 2 . . . ne a Capua, quam obsidebant, abscederent prius quam expugnassent ; 2y. 20. 5 ; 2J. 40. 8; 2^. 50. II ; 28. 34. 7; 29. 15. 8 . . . neque, si postularent, senatum dari, priusquam imperata fecissent; 30. 5. 6; 30. 40. 6; 30. 40. 8; 32. 8. 3 ; 33. 49. 2 cum . . . exposuissent . . . baud quieturum eum, antequam bellum toto orbe terrarum con- cisset; 34. 20. 5; 35- 5- 2; 35. 20. 14; 35. 25. 3; 38. 13. 10 edixit, ne Romani milites acciperent, priusquam Attali auxilia accepis- sent; 38. 25. i ; 38. 52. 10; 42. 8. 8; 42. 26. 9; 43. 16. 13 negarunt se prius quidquam . . . gesturos, quam iudicium populi de se factum esset ; 45. 21. 6 ; Valerius Maximus. 5. 8. 3 ; 7. 3. i ; 9. 3. i monente Fabio Maximo ne ante descenderent in aciem quam . . . vires . . . cognosset ; Curtius. 6. 8. 24 ; 7. 4. ; Seneca nat. quaest. 2. 26. 2. Frontinus. strateg. 2. 3. 5. (c) Pluperfect Subjunctive. Positive leading sentence (rare). Cicero, quinct. 9. ita constituit . . . iudicium, ut reus, antequam verbum accusatoris audisset, causam dicere cogeretur; dom. 141 non potuit . . . peccare . . . illo . . . magistro, qui cogeretur docere ante, quam ipse didicisset; brut. 195 cum ita heres insti- tutus esset, * si pupillus ante mortuus esset quam in suam tutelam venisset,' . . . ; top. 44;'^'' Caesar, b, g. 2. 32. i. respondit; se . . . civitatem conservaturum, si priusquam murum aries atti- gisset, se dedissent; b. g. 7. 56. i. censuit, . . . ut prius, quam essent maiores eo coactae copiae, dimicaret; Nepos. eum 8. 6. intellegebat prius adversarios rescituros de suo adventu, quam ipse tertiam partem confecisset itineris. PAST ANTEQUAM (PRIUSQUAM) CLAUSES IN O. O. OF THE PAST. (50) (a) Imperfect Subjunctive. Positive leading sentence. Terence, heaut. 816. ne me istuc ex te prius audisse gaudeo, quam argentum haberes ; Lucretius. 3. 588; Cicero att. 12. 21. i ; "* Perfect Subjunctive; present leading tense. "° The passage in which " antequam " here occurs is nearly identical with the preceding example Brut. 195, and is bracketed by Miiller in his text. Past Sentences in Oratio Oblioua 99 quinct. 88. confirmavi necesse esse, . . . ante in possessionem misisse, quam postularet; de div. i. iii; Caesar b. g. 7. 82. 4; b. g. 8. 50. 3; Livy. i. i. 7 tradunt, alii . . . priusquam signa canerent, processisse Latinum; 3. 39. 2; 4. 41. 4; 10. 2. 3; 22. 38. 9; 23. 6. 6 quo priusquam iretur certumque defectionis con- silium esset, Romam legatos missos . . . invenio ; 24. 40. 11; 26. 2. 7 ; 26. 2. 8 ; 26. 8. i ; 26. 16. 4 lectum quoque senatus con- sultum, priusquam securi feriret, quidam auctores sunt ; 26. 34. 3 ; 26. 34. 9; 28. 15. 2; 34. 62. 14; 42. 47. 2. adeo . . . fuisse instruc- tum . . . ut . . . loca praeoccupari ante ab eo potuerint, quam exercitus . . . traiceretur; 45. 22. 3; C. lul. Hyginus. fab. 74; Valerius Maximus. 7. 2. ext. 5; Seneca, controv. i. 2. 19; con- trov. y. y. 17 itaque ante se voluisse redimere quam posset aliquid . . . constitui; controv. 10. 5. 15; Velleius Paterculus i. 7. 3; Curtius. 8. 2. 40; 8. 8. 7 Attalum, antequam rex essem, hostem . . . fuisse meministi; Seneca, dial. 8. 5. 5; nat. quaest. 7. 5. 3 ; epist. 54. 4. si quid in hac re tormenti est, necesse est et fuisse, antequam prodiremus in lucem; Pliny, nat. hist. 33. 82; nat. hist. 35. 15; nat. hist. 35. 156; Quintilian. inst. 2. 17. 11 fuisse eam, antequam esset ars, confitebor; inst. 11. 3. 158; decl. 250 p. 25; decl. 267 p. 91; decl. 307 p. 207; decl. 309 p. 217 negat . . . expletum esse ius, quod ante optaverit quam certum esset rapuisse eum ; decl. 322. p. 267 ; decl. 351. p. 380 ; decl. 385. p. 431 ; Tacitus, ann. 2. 73. 13 ; ann. 6. 23. 5 ; hist. 4. 52. i Titum, ante- quam digrederetur, multo apud patrem sermone orasse ferunt; hist. 4. 54. 14; Suetonius, aug. 94; aug. 94; calig. 59 satis con- stat, prius quam id fieret hortorum custodes umbris inquietatos ; vesp. 5. (b) Imperfect Subjunctive. Negative leading sentence. Cicero, de orat. i. 180 nisi . . . antequam in . . . tutelam veniret, mortuus esset, heredem eum esse posse ; Livy. 7. 42. 3 ; 21. 30. 2; 34. 41. 5 cum Philippo non ante desitum bellari, quam omnibus execederet Graeciae urbibus; Valerius Maximus. 9. 12. ext. 7; Frontinus. strateg. i. i. 6. Tacitus, ann. 13. 9. 16 testante . . . non prius conversum regem . . . quam . . . dux . . . spes ... ad metum mutaret. (c) Pluperfect Subjunctive. Positive leading sentence. Terence, hec. 145 narratque, . . . se . . . ante quam eam uxorem duxisset domum, sperasse eas tolerare posse nuptias; 98 Antequam and Priusquam senatum . . . adissent, Veios iretur; 5. 15. 4; 7. 14, 8;^'^ 21. 24. 4; 21. 31. 2 minus obvium fore Romanum credens, cum quo, priusquam in Italiam ventum foret, non erat in animo manus con- serere; 22. 25. 11 ; 22. 34. 7; 23. 11. 5; 23. 31. 8; 26. i. 2 . . . ne a Capua, quam obsidebant, abscederent prius quam expugnassent ; 2'j. 20. 5 ; 2y. 40. 8; 2^. 50. 11 ; 28. 34. 7; 29. 15. 8 . . . neque, si postularent, senatum dari, priusquam imperata fecissent; 30. 5. 6; 30. 40. 6 ; 30. 40. 8 ; 32. 8. 3 ; 33. 49. 2 cum . . . exposuissent . . . baud quieturum eum, antequam bellum toto orbe terrarum con- cisset; 34. 20. 5; 35- 5- 2; 35- 20. 14; 35. 25. 3; 38. 13. 10 edixit, ne Romani milites acciperent, priusquam Attali auxilia accepis- sent; 38. 25. i ; 38. 52. 10; 42. 8. 8; 42. 26. 9; 43. 16. 13 negarunt se prius quidquam . . . gesturos, quam indicium populi de se factum esset ; 45. 21. 6 ; Valerius Maximus. 5. 8. 3 ; 7. 3. i ; 9. 3. i monente Fabio Maximo ne ante descenderent in aciem quam . . . vires . . . cognosset ; Curtius. 6. 8. 24 ; 7. 4. ; Seneca nat. quaest. 2. 26. 2. Frontinus. strateg. 2. 3. 5. (c) Pluperfect Subjunctive. Positive leading sentence (rare). Cicero, quinct. 9. ita constituit . . . indicium, ut reus, antequam verbum accusatoris audisset, causam dicere cogeretur; dom. 141 non potuit . . . peccare . . . illo . . . magistro, qui cogeretur docere ante, quam ipse didicisset; brut. 195 cum ita heres insti- tutus esset, ' si pupillus ante mortuus esset quam in suam tutelam venisset,' . . . ; top. 44;^* Caesar, b. g. 2. 32. i. respondit; se . . . civitatem conservaturum, si priusquam murum aries atti- gisset, se dedissent; b. g. 7. 56. i. censuit, . . . ut prius, quam essent maiores eo coactae copiae, dimicaret; Nepos. eum 8. 6. intellegebat prius adversarios rescituros de suo adventu, quam ipse tertiam partem confecisset itineris. PAST ANTEQUAM (PRIUSQUAM) CLAUSES IN O. O. OF THE PAST. (50) (a) Imperfect Subjunctive. Positive leading sentence. Terence, heaut. 816. ne me istuc ex te prius audisse gaudeo, quam argentum haberes ; Lucretius. 3. 588; Cicero att. 12. 21. i ; *** Perfect Subjunctive; present leading tense. '"' The passage in which " antequam " here occurs is nearly identical with the preceding example Brut. 195, and is bracketed by Miiller in his text. Past Sentences in Oratio Oblioua 99 quinct. 88. confirmavi necesse esse, . . . ante in possessionem misisse, quam postularet; de div. i. iii; Caesar b. g. 7. 82. 4; b. g. 8. 50. 3; Livy. i. i. 7 tradunt, alii . . . priusquam signa canerent, processisse Latinum; 3. 39. 2; 4. 41. 4; 10. 2. 3; 22. 38. 9; 23. 6. 6 quo priusquam iretur certumque defectionis con- silium esset, Romam legatos missos . . . invenio ; 24. 40. 11; 26. 2. 7 ; 26. 2. 8 ; 26. 8. i ; 26. 16. 4 lectum quoque senatus con- sultum, priusquam securi feriret, quidam auctores sunt; 26. 34. 3; 26. 34. 9; 28. 15. 2; 34. 62. 14; 42. 47. 2. adeo . . . fuisse instruc- tum . . . ut . . . loca praeoccupari ante ab eo potuerint, quam exercitus . . . traiceretur; 45. 22. 3; C. lul. Hyginus. fab. 74; Valerius Maximus. 7. 2. ext. 5; Seneca, controv. I. 2. 19; con- trov. y.j. 17 itaque ante se voluisse redimere quam posset aliquid . . . constitui; controv. 10. 5. 15; Velleius Paterculus i. 7. 3; Curtius. 8. 2. 40; 8. 8. 7 Attalum, antequam rex essem, hostem . . . fuisse meministi; Seneca, dial. 8. 5. 5; nat. quaest. 7. 5. 3 ; epist. 54. 4. si quid in hac re tormenti est, necesse est et fuisse, antequam prodiremus in lucem; Pliny, nat. hist. 33. 82; nat. hist. 35. 15; nat. hist. 35. 156; Quintilian. inst. 2. 17. 11 fuisse eam, antequam esset ars, confitebor; inst. 11. 3. 158; decl. 250 p. 25; decl. 267 p. 91; decl. 307 p. 207; decl. 309 p. 217 negat . . . expletum esse ius, quod ante optaverit quam certum esset rapuisse eum ; decl. 322. p. 267 ; decl. 351. p. 380 ; decl. 385. p. 431 ; Tacitus, ann. 2. 73. 13 ; ann. 6. 23. 5 ; hist. 4. 52. i Titum, ante- quam digrederetur, multo apud patrem sermone orasse ferunt; hist. 4. 54. 14; Suetonius, aug. 94; aug. 94; calig. 59 satis con- stat, prius quam id fieret hortorum custodes umbris inquietatos ; vesp. 5. (b) Imperfect Subjunctive. Negative leading sentence. Cicero, de orat. i. 180 nisi . . . antequam in . . . tutelam veniret, mortuus esset, heredem eum esse posse ; Livy. 7. 42. 3 ; 21. 30. 2; 34. 41. 5 cum Philippo non ante desitum bellari, quam omnibus execederet Graeciae urbibus; Valerius Maximus. 9. 12. ext. 7; Frontinus. strateg. i. i. 6. Tacitus, ann. 13. 9. 16 testante . . . non prius conversum regem . . . quam . . . dux . . . spes ... ad metum mutaret. (c) Pluperfect Subjunctive. Positive leading sentence. Terence, hec. 145 narratque, . . . se . . . ante quam eam uxorem duxisset domum, sperasse eas tolerare posse nuptias; 100 Antequam and Priusquam Cicero verr. 2. 2. 55 de hoc, qui, antequam aditum in ius esset, antequam mentio . . . controversiae facta esset ulla, discessisset, putabant nihil agi posse; de div. i. 56 hoc, ante quam tribunus plebi C. Gracchus factus esset, et se audisse scribit Caelius ; Caesar b. g. I. 43. 6 docebat . . . ut omni tempore totius Galliae princi- patum Haedui tenuissent, prius etiam, quam nostram amicitiam adpetissent; Catullus 68. 82 coniugis ante coacta novi dimittere collum, quam . . . una atque altera . . . hiems . . . avidum saturasset amorem ; ^*" Curtius 3. 5. 6 (dixit) instare Dareum, vic- torem, antequam vidisset hostem. (d) Pluperfect Subjunctive. Negative leading sentence. Cicero, quint, frat. i. 2. 8. Statins mihi narravit . . . ; ante- quam vero ipse ad te venisset, nullum delectum litterarum fuisse ; tusc. I. 57 nisi animus, ante quam in corpus intravisset, in rerum cognitione vignisset; de orat. i. 170. solitus est . . . dicere . . , , neque se ante causas . . . agere coepisse, quam ius civile didi- cisset; Livy. 27. 45. 3 . . . quippe ad quod bellum collega non ante, quam . . . datae ab senatu copiae fuissent, . . . profec- tus sit . . . ; Valerius Maximus 8. 13. ext. i. eundem ferunt . . . perstare solitum, non ante moto pede quam consimili labore iuvenes fatigasset ; Curtius 8. 5. ne Herculem quidem et Patrem Liberum prius dicatos deos, quam vicissent secum viventium invidiam. (e) Perfect Subjunctive. Positive leading sentence. Cicero, att. 13. 37. 3 laudationem Porciae gaudeo me ante dedisse . . . tabellario, quam tuas acceperim litteras ; fam. 9. 10. 3 te tamen hoc scire volo, vementer populum sollicitum fuisse, de P. SuUae morte ante quam certum scierit; div. caecil. 29. dico . . . te, antequam de Sicilia decesseris, in gratiam redisse cum Verre; tusc. 5. 116 primum cogitare debent, ante quam hi sint inventi, multos beate vixisse sapientes; brut. 330. doleo me in vitam paulo serius . . . ingressum, priusquam confectum iter sit . . . ; orat. 120 nescire autem quid ante quam natus sis accident, id est semper esse puerum. Quintilian decl. 324. p. 276. ^*° Ellis (Catullus) on this passage comments: "'saturasset/ her pur- pose was baffled;" the explanation of the Subjunctive is rather to be found in the implied Oratio Obliqua. Infinitive Construction loi (f) Perfect Subjunctive. Negative leading sentence. Cicero, de fin. 5. 4 scis . . . me . . . venisse tecum neque ad hospitem ante devertisse, quam Pythagorae ipsum ilium locum, . . . viderim; Livy 23. 15. 13 . . . multos sibi . . . referre . . . utique . . . non prius pugna abstiterit, quam prope exsanguis . . . sit oppressus ; 42. 52. 14 animum habendum esse, quem habuerint maiores, . . . qui . . . , nee ante vincere desierint, quam . . . quod vincerent defuerit; Curtius. 4. 13 credisne"^ me prius som- num capere potuisse, quam exonerarim animum sollicitudine . . . ? Suetonius, aug. 16. INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION. (51) An interesting variation is afforded by those sentences (most of them O ratio Obliqua) in which the conjunction loses its subordinating force and is followed by the infinitive, in some cases with subject accusative.^" Plautus bacch. 10 17 prius te cavisse ergo quam pudere aequom fuit. Lucretius 5. 579; Cicero fam. 9. 15. 4 et ante audio s. c. in Armeniam . . . esse perlatum, . . . , quam omnino mentionem ullam de ea re esse factam ; fam. 10. 8. i ; att. 2. 20. 2 ; att. 14. 16. 4; att. 15. 17. I permoleste tuli quemquam prius audisse quam me ; cat. 3. 7 cum . . . litteras a me prius aperiri quam ad sena- tum deferri placeret . . . ; ligar. 3; quinct. 54; scaur. [4c. 2. i] prius ilium sepultum quam huic cenam sublatam; re pub. 2. 19; de div. 2. 68. Caesar b. g. i. 44. 7 ; b. c. 3. i. 5 ; b. c. 3. 49. i voces . . . audiebantur prius se cortice ex arboribus victuros, quam Pompeium e manibus dimissuros. Sallust. iug. 20. 5 ; Ciris 425. Ovid trist. 4. 7. 19. Horace sat. i. 2. 103. Livy 2. 28. 7 liber- tatem unicuique prius reddendam esse quam arma danda ; 25. 29. I ; 39. 32. II ; 42. 13. II ; 44. 32. 5 hoc unum bellum prius per- petratum quam coeptum Romae auditum est. Velleius Pater- culus 2. 49. 3 ; 2. 24. 4; 2. 129. 5. Seneca dial. 10. 9. 5 pervenisse se ante sciunt quam adpropinquasse ; nat. quaest. 2. 12. 3. Pliny nat. hist. 2. 142. Quintilian inst. 7. 10. 10 cogitemus . . . , '" The sense of the sentence is the same as if it had a negative leading sentence. ^^A paper is now being prepared for publication in which this par- ticular point will be taken up. I02 Anteouam and Priusquam homines ante invenisse artem quam docuisse; inst. 7. 2. 34; decl. 343- P- 354- Tacitus ann. 11. 28. 11 fiduciam dabat, . . . , posse opprimi damnatam ante quam ream. PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION. (52) A few examples occur in which a participle is used in the dependent sentence. In most of the instances the participle occurs in an Ablative Absolute phrase and always with a negative leading sentence. Nepos. timol. 3. 5 neque postea res ulla . . . gesta est publice, de qua prius sit decretum quam . . . sententia cognita. Livy 3. 51. 13 decemviri . . . non ante quam perlatis legibus, . . . , deposituros imperium se aiebant; 5. 7. 7; 8. 14. 6 nee prius quam aere soluto is, qui cepisset, extra vincula captum haberet; "*^ 24. 18. 12 ; 42. 17. 8 nee Brundisium ante redire quam convento C. Valerio legato, . . . , voluit. Pliny nat. hist. 7. y2 ; nat. hist. 8. 3 ; nat. hist. 8. 144. Suetonius tiber. 22 non prius palam fecit, quam Agrippa iuvene inter empto ; galba 1 1 ; vitell. 8 nee ante . . . rediit quam flagrante triclinio ... NULLUM AUT IDEM VERBUM. (53) Of less importance than the preceding categories to our investigation, except for the sake of statistical completeness, is that large body of examples in which one verb applies to both the leading and the dependent clause, or in which there is ellipsis of the dependent verb. Novius (com. frag. Ribbeck II p. 323) ; Terence, andr. 967 ; eun. prol. 10; eun. 789; hec. 262 domum studeo haec prius quam ille ut redeat; hec. 541 ; Lucretius 4. 282; 4. 287; 4. 296; 5. 1350; 5. 1354; Varro. r. r. i. 39. 2; r. r. i. 45. 3; r. r. 2. 11. 9; 1. 1. 8. 13; 1. 1. 9. 73 itaque prius est hora prima quam secunda; menip. 447; Cicero, fam. i. 2. 2; fam. 4. 4. 3 ; fam. 6. 18. 5; fam. 9. 21. i; fam. 11. 13. 4; fam. 15. 16. i; att. 4. 15. 6; att. 6. 9. 4; att. 7. 21. I. de malis nostris tu prius audis quam ego; att. 9. i. 2; *" * Livy 21. 14. 4 nullum ante finen pugnae quam morientes fecerunt ' is the only example of its kind. Nullum aut Idem Verbum 103 att. 9. 7. B. 2. ; att. 13. 21. a. i ; att. 13. 45. i ; att. 16. 3. 3 ; ad brut. I. 16. 5 ; verr. i. 50; verr. 2. 4. 26; vefr. 2. 4. 64; verr. 2. 4. 142; verr. 2. 5. 97; quinct. 9; cluent. 28; leg. agr. 2. 48 luxuriosus nepos, qui prius silvas vendat quam vineas; leg. agr. 2. 79; q. rose. 22 ; sulla 37 ; sulla 71 ; caecin. 100 ; ad quir. 1 1 ; sest. 136 ; cael. 14; cael. 26; piso 3; milo 11; milo 64 nee ante repudiata sunt quam quaesita; rab. post. 13; phil. 2. 48; phil. 2. 49; phil. 4. 5; phil. 13. 35; tusc. i. 13; tusc. i. no; tusc. 3. i; nat. deo. i. 66; nat. deo. i. 90 ; nat. deo. 2. 64 ; nat. deo. 3. 5 ; fin. i. 49 ; fin. 5. 33 ; leg. I. 19; de orat. i. 243 qui excogitasset nasci prius oportere quam emori ; de orat. 3. 102 ; de invent. 2. 80 ; Nepos. datam. 3. I ; datam. 7. i ; hannib. i. 3; pausan. 5. 2; att. ii. 6; Sallust. iug. 14. 4; or. lep. 6; or. macr. 11; incert. de re pub. 2. i. 6; Vergil, aen. 9. 114; Dirae 4; Culex 134; Ovid metam. 7. 569 nee sitis est extincta prius, quam vita, bibendo; metam. 10. 66; metam. 14. 724; trist. 4. i. 57; ep. pont. 2. 3. 9; ep. pont. i. i. 75; amor. i. 4. 13; her. ep. 15. 37; Livy i. 22. 4; 2. 56. 6; 2. 59. 8; 3. 19. 7. Tusculi ante quam Romae sumpta sunt arma; 3. 44. 12; 6. i.9;7. 3i.2;7. 35. 5;7.40. 10; 9. 7. 8; 9. 14. 15; 9. 17.12; 9. 32. 9; 21. 42. i; 21. 43. 18; 22. 19. 7; 22. 34. 6; 22. 51. 2; 22. 59. 10; 22. 60. 17; 24. 49. 8; 27. 50. 9; 28. 41. 9 pax ante in Italia quam bellum in Africa sit; 28. 42. 8; 29. 20. 11; 31. 3. I ; 32. 37. I ; 34. 4. 8; 35. 11. 5 ; 35. 48. i {prior— quam) ; 36. 3. 8; 36. 7- 6; 36. 19. 9; 36. 45. 4; 37. i. i; 37-34.3; 37- 53- 21 ; 39. 20. 8; 39. 32. 5 {prior— quam) ; 39. 47. 4; 39. 54. 7; 40. 47. 5 ; 41. 13. 5 ; 41. 15. 8; 41. 23. II ; 42. 47. 5 ; 43. 22. 10 cum inopiam prius obsidentes quam obsessi sensuri essent ; 44. 30. 8 ; 44. 32. i ; 44. 33. 6 ; 45. 34. 3 ; Caesar Germanicus. arat. 42 ; Valerius Maximus 3. 4. 5 ; 3. 7. ic ; 6. 4. 5 ; 9. 3. ext. 4 ; Velleius Paterculus. 2. 104. 4; 2. 115. 4; Seneca, suas. i. 14; suas. 2. 6; suas. 2. 9; controv. 1. I. 5 ; controv. i. 4. 3 ; controv. 2. 4. 5 ; controv. 2. 5. 4; controv. 2. 7. 3 ; controv. exc. 6. 4 ; controv. 7. 2. 2. quod ante occidisti patrem quam Ciceronem; controv. 7. 5. 6; controv. 7. 8. 8; con- trov. 8. 2; controv. 9. 4. 4; controv. 9. 5. 7; controv. 9. 6. 7; Columella, r. r. 7. 3. 11 ; r. r. 12. 38. 6; Curtius. 7. i. 5 ; 7. 4. 14; 7. 5. 2 prius desperatione, quam desiderio bibendi ; 8. 4. 6 ; 9. 6. 22 ; Celsus. 4. 2 ; Manilius. 5. 62 ; Petronius. sat. 3 ; Seneca, dial. 2. 8. I ; dial. 3. 11. 5; dial. 5. 29. 2; dial. 11. 12. 5; dial. 11. 16. 7; dial. 12. 4. 3.; dial. 12. 16. 7; ben. 6. 25. 5; clem. i. 8. 7; nat. quaest. 2. 30. 4; nat. quaest. 3. 17. 3; nat. quaest. 3. 26. 5; nat. 104 Antequam and Priusquam quaest. 4. praef. 15; ep. 17. 5; ep. 17. 8; ep. 19. 10; ep. 50. 7 ad neminem ante bona mens venit quam mala; ep. 61. 4; ep. 89. 19; ep. 97. 11; Oct. 89; Oct. 227; Pliny, nat. hist. i. Index 16. 48; nat. hist. i. ind. 21. 66; nat. hist 5. 53; nat. hist. 7. 96; nat. hist. 8. 9; nat. hist. 10. 65; nat. hist. 10. 83; nat. hist. 10. 181; nat. hist. 12. 80; nat. hist. 16. 222; nat. hist. 17. 194; nat. hist. 18. 11 ; nat. hist. 18. 241; nat. hist. 19. 49; nat. hist. 19. 138; nat. hist. 24. 2. si prius manu quam ferro attingantur; Quintilian. inst. i. i. 24; inst. i. 2. 7; inst. i. 6. 34; inst. 2. 3. 2; inst. 2. 4. 17; inst. 3. 2. 2; inst. 4. 2. 27; inst. 6. 4. i. prius quam secundam . . . haec . . . tracturus . . . videor; inst. 5. 13. 44; inst. 5. 13. 59; inst. 5. 14. 17; inst. 9. I. 19; inst. 9. 4. 115; inst. 11. I. 63; inst. II. 2. 8; inst. 12. 3. 5; decl. 324. p. 276; decl. 324. p. 2TJ) decl. 353 p. 384; decl. 366. p. 401 ; decl. 373. p. 412; Lucan. phars. 8. 349; phars. 10. 278 ante tamen vestros amnes . . . quam Nilum de fonte bibit; Silius Italicus. pun. 11. 127; Martial. 2. 70; Pliny, ep. 8. 14. 4; ep. 8. 14. 5; paneg. 15. 5; paneg. 92. i ; Tacitus ann. 2. 71. 21 ; ann. 11. 31. 5 securitati ante quam vindictae consuleret; ann. 13. 17. 12; ann. 14. 31. 21; hist. 4. 25. II; hist. 5. 5. 11; Suetonius, nero 6; domit. 6; domit. 9; otho 7. UNCLASSIFIED. (54) A number of examples because of insufficient or corrupt text cannot be classified with certainty. Pacuvius iliona (trag. frag. Rib. I p. 114); Accius athamas (trag. frag. Rib. I. p. 184) ; Titinius. barb. 2. (com. frag. Rib. 2 p. 157) ; Caecilius Statius. hypob. 8. (com. frag. Rib. 2. p. 57); Ennius annal. 421; Plautus. true. 523; aulul. 154; epid. 627; poen. 1398; Varro. r. r. i. 40. 2; menip. 145; menip. 561; Cicero, fam. 8. 11. 3 (caelius) ; tusc. i. 106 (same as Pacuvius iliona. supra.). BIBLIOGRAPHY. Editions of Texts. Aetna. (Poet. Lat. Min. II). Baehrens. 1880. Auct. Bdl. Afr. Wolfflin. 1896. Auct. Bell. Gall. VIII. Kiibler. 1896. Auct. Bell. Alex. Kiibler. 1896. Auct. Bell. Hisp. Kiibler. 1896. Auct. ad Herenn. Marx. 1894. Asconius (Comm . in Ciceron,) , Orelli and Baiter Ciceronis opera, Vol. V, 1883. Caesar Bell. Gall. Kiibler. 1893. Caesar Bell. Civ. Kiibler. 1894. Coelius Antipater (Historici Romani). Peter. 1883. Calpurnius Siculus (Poet. Lat. Min. III). Baehrens. 1881. Cato (De Agr. Cult.). Keil. 1895. Cato (M. Catonis praeter librum de re rustica quae extant). Jordan. i860. Catullus. Ellis. 1878. "^ Celsus. Daremberg. 1859. Cicero. C. F. W. Miiller. 1884-1898. Ciris (Poet. Lat. Min. II). Baehrens. 1880. Columella. Schneider. 1794. Curtius. 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Buecheler. 1895. Velleius Paterculus. Haase. 1874. Vergil. Ribbeck. 1898. Vitruvius Pollio. Rose. 1899. General Bibliography 107 GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. Anton. Befobachtungen iiber die Zeitpartikeln Antequam und Priusquam. T871. Baumlein. Griechische Modi. 1846. Draeger. Historische Syntax. 1881. Draeger. Syntax und Stil des Tacitus. 1882. Fiigner. Lexicon Livianum A-B. 1897. Gerber. De coniunctt. temporum usu Taciteo. 1874. Gerber and Greet. Lexicon Taciteum. 1877. Gildersleeve. On Conditional Forms in the Tragic Poets (Trans. Amer. Phil. Assoc). 1876. Gildersleeve. Ilpi> in the Attic Orators. (Amer. Journ. Phil. 2, p. 465.) 1881. Gildersleeve-Lodge. Latin Grammar. 1898. Hale. The Anticipatory Subjunctive in Greek and Latin. 1894. Hale. The Cum Constructions. 1889. Hale. The 'Prospective' Subjunctive in Greek and Latin (Class. Rev.). 1894. Hand. Tursellinus seu de Particulis Latinis Commentarii. 1829. Helm. The Comparative Frequency of Antequam and Priusquam (Class. Rev.). 1900. Hey. Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. Vol. II, fasc. i (Antequam). 1901. E. Hoffmann. Studien auf dem Gebiete der Lateinischen Syntax. 1884. E. Hoffmann. Die Construction d. lat. Zeitpartikeln. 1873. Inge. The 'Prospective Subjunctive.' (Class. Rev.). 1893. Keil. Grammatici Latini. 1864-1880. Kempf. Zu Valerius Maximus (Fleckeisen's Jhrbb. 1886 p. 49). 1886. Krumbiegel. De Varroneano Scribendi Genere Quaestiones. 1892. Kiihnast. Livianische Syntax. 1872. Kiihner. Ausfiihrliche Grammatik der Lateinische Sprache. 1877. Lane. Latin Grammar. 1898. Lindsay. The Latin Language. 1894. Merguet. Lexikon zu den Reden unfi Philosophischen Schriften des Cicero. 1877- 1894. Micalella. Antequam e priusquam coll 'imperfetto e coll piuccheperfetto del congiuntivo. (Boll, di Fil. Class.). 1898. Morris. Principles and Methods in Latin Syntax. 1902. Pescatori. Antequam 'e priusquam coll 'imperfetto e col piuccheperfetto del congiuntivo. (Boll, di Fil, Class.). 1898. Refisig. Lateinische Sprachwissenschaft. 1881. Riemann. Grammaire Comparee du Grec et du Latin. 1897. Roby. A Grammar of the Latin Language. 1881. Schmalz. Lateinische Syntax (Miiller's Hdb. II'). 1900. Sonnenschein. The Prospective Subjunctive. (Class. Rev.) 1893. Sturm. Geschichtliche Entwickelung der Constructionen mit Hpiv. 1882. Weissenborn. Titi Livi ab urbe condita Libri (annotated). 1875. VITA. I was born in Staunton, in the State of Virginia, on the 26th day of May, 1875. I received my early education in my native town at the Staunton Military Academy from which I graduated at the age of 17. In the autumn of 1893 I entered the University of Virginia at Char- lottesville, and after three sessions of work there was awarded the de- grees of Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts. The following session was devoted to graduate work in Latin and Greek in the same University under the direction of Professor William E. Peters and Professor M. W. Humphreys, to whom I gratefully ascribe my first impulse to ad- vanced study. In October, 1897, I came to the Johns Hopkins University, and for three years have been engaged in the study of Latin, Greek, and German. My hearty thanks are due Professors Smith, Warren, Wilson, Gilder- sleeve, and Wood for their encouragement, advice, and scholarly ex- ample. Walter Hullihen. Baltimore, May, 1900. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THJkl LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW 1 AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. * • " •■* ; iliU^ti., y itm^rfff' ^ iun'5?FH ^..i\ - :^^^-Jj -4v;-ii* LD 21-20m-5,'39 (9269s) YC 00524