k. 
 
 f .
 
 ODam&u&ge Htu'on 
 
 INAUGURAL PROCEEDINGS.
 
 CAMBRIDGE 
 
 PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY M.A. 
 AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
 
 INAUGURAL PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 Ornanda est dignitas domo, non ex domo tota quae- 
 renda. De Officiis. 
 
 Quamobrem pergite, ut facitis, adolescentes, atque in id 
 studium, in quo estis, incumbite, ut et vobis honori et 
 amicis utilitati et reipublicae emolumento esse possitis. De 
 Oratore. ClCERO. 
 
 Hontron anti (STambn'iige : 
 MACMILLAN AND CO. 
 1866.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 MANY slight inaccuracies having unavoidably 
 crept into the newspaper reports of the speeches 
 delivered at the opening of the New Buildings 
 of the Cambridge Union Society, and a wish 
 having been very generally expressed that the 
 proceedings should be published in a more per- 
 manent form, the present small volume has been 
 arranged and produced to correct those inaccu- 
 racies and to satisfy that wish. 
 
 The speeches have, with one exception, that 
 of Professor Selwyn, been corrected by the speakers 
 themselves. The Professor's accident happened just 
 before arrangements were made for the publica- 
 tion of this account ; but the Rev. W. G. Clark 
 having kindly consented to revise the speech, the 
 whole report is as correct and complete as it was 
 
 2017739
 
 vi Preface. 
 
 possible to make it. A statement of the objects 
 of the Society, and a short description of the 
 New Buildings, have been placed in the Appendix : 
 the one to make the book intelligible to strangers, 
 the other for the information of old members of 
 the Society, who were unable to be present at 
 the opening ceremony. 
 
 A complete list of the past officers of the 
 Society and some of the more important articles 
 and letters which have appeared in the various 
 newspapers have been added with a view to in- 
 crease the interest of the book. 
 
 The origin of the "Cambridge Union Society" 
 is to a certain extent wrapt in obscurity. It 
 seems to have been formed in the year 1815 by 
 the " Union" of three small Debating Clubs. The 
 number of original members was 187, and, as far 
 as it can be ascertained, they first met in a 
 "low, ill-ventilated, ill-lit apartment at the back 
 of the Red Lion Inn," in Petty Cury. New 
 members were admitted by ballot, and every one 
 was compelled to propose in his turn a subject 
 for debate. The first meeting was on Monday, 
 Feb. 2oth, 1815, the subject being "Was the 
 conduct of the Opposition in refusing places in
 
 Preface. vii 
 
 1812 justifiable ?" It was declared unjustifiable 
 by a majority of 2, there being 33 in the affirma- 
 tive and 35 in the negative. 
 
 Heavy fines were levied for irregularities and 
 disobedience to rules, the money being used for 
 the purchase of books for the Library. We find 
 that on Monday, March 24, 1817, Mr Whewell 
 of Trinity opened his first debate, on the following 
 subject " Is the increased attention which has 
 been paid to our army likely to have a good effect 
 upon Society?" The records simply state that this 
 was negatived, and do not give the division. 
 
 It was in the same month of the same year, 
 March 1817, that the Union Society received its first 
 check, in the suppression of its debates by Dr 
 Wood, the Vice-Chancellor of the year. A long re- 
 monstrance was drawn up by the Society's officers 
 and presented on the ist of April. It forcibly urged 
 the claims of the Society, and to refute the special 
 charge that it took men away from their more im- 
 portant duties shewed how large a number of those 
 who had taken high degrees, and had distinguish- 
 ed themselves generally in University Examina- 
 tions, were members of the Society. One of the 
 most important clauses in this interesting docu-
 
 viii Preface. 
 
 ment is as follows : " The members are willing 
 to exclude political subjects from their debates, 
 and to submit to any regulation which may not 
 be utterly incompatible with their wish to prac- 
 tise themselves in speaking, a study which they 
 humbly conceive not to be utterly useless." 
 
 Dr Wood's reply to their protest was short 
 and decisive. " I do not think it necessary, nor 
 perhaps proper, to return any answer to this state- 
 ment. I had considered the subject fully in my 
 own mind." The Society went on as a Reading 
 Club for four years. In March 1821, Dr Wordsworth 
 being Vice-Chancellor, a successful effort was made 
 to obtain permission to resume the discussions. The 
 liberty however was only granted on condition of 
 the Society's excluding from the subjects of de- 
 bate all political questions of a date subsequent 
 to the year 1800: and not discussing any pro- 
 posal for the admission or rejection of periodi- 
 cals. Hence the members "got fervent upon the 
 character of Lord North and fierce upon the 
 policy of Cardinal Richelieu." 
 
 On Tuesday, Feb. 5, 1822, Mr Thomas Babing- 
 ton Macaulay of Trinity made his first speech, 
 the question before the House being "Whether
 
 Preface. ix 
 
 the political conduct of John Hampden was de- 
 serving of approbation?" He spoke on the nega- 
 tive side of the question and voted in the 
 majority. 
 
 Many of the subjects of debate about this 
 time were the same as those of the present day. 
 Thus we have the execution of Charles I. voted 
 to have been an unjustifiable measure by a ma- 
 jority of 75 ; and the political conduct of Oliver 
 Cromwell determined to have been beneficial to 
 the country by a majority of 31. The former 
 of these subjects was proposed by Mr S. H. 
 Walpole of Trinity, and it was at this debate 
 that Mr T. Sunderland, characterized by Lord 
 Houghton as the greatest speaker of his day, 
 achieved his first triumph. At this period the 
 most exciting theme for discussion was supplied 
 by the political characters of Pitt and Fox of 
 course up to the year 1800. When this question 
 was before the House, the debate was generally 
 adjourned, and the division list usually shewed a 
 slight majority in favour of Pitt. 
 
 In all the early debates the practice of Parlia- 
 ment was imitated, and by an order passed in 
 1823, the President was requested to regulate his
 
 x Preface. 
 
 conduct as nearly as possible by the precedents of 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 With reference to the deputation, mentioned 
 in Lord Houghton's speech, which was sent from 
 Cambridge to Oxford, the records of the Oxford 
 Union Society state that on Thursday, November 
 26th, 1829, Mr Wilberforce (Oriel) being Presi- 
 dent, Mr Doyle (Christ Church) moved "That 
 Shelley was a greater Poet than Lord Byron." 
 He was supported by Mr T. Sunderland, Mr 
 Arthur Hallam, and Mr Monckton Milnes, of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, and Mr Oldham 
 (Oriel): and opposed by Mr Manning, of Balliol. 
 
 The Division was, Ayes, 33; Noes, 90. 
 Majority in favour of Lord Byron, 57. 
 
 It was about the end of the year 1831, or the 
 beginning of 1832, that the Cambridge Union 
 Society left the Red Lion, and occupied, at the 
 Hoop Hotel, the premises erected for its especial 
 use, which are now held by the Amateur Dramatic 
 Club. These were left in October, 1850, for the 
 "dingy old room in Green Street," formerly a 
 Dissenting Chapel, which was held and used by 
 the Society until its occupation of the present 
 new Buildings in October last.
 
 Preface. xi 
 
 In 1857, when Mr W. Saumarez Smith, of 
 Trinity, was President, a Committee was appointed 
 to enquire into the state of the lease under which 
 the premises in Green Street were held: and after 
 much deliberation, and acting upon the advice of 
 Mr Francis, the solicitor, an honorary member, 
 they recommended the Society to establish a 
 Building Fund, which would enable it at the 
 termination of its lease to erect buildings of its 
 own on a scale commensurate with its importance. 
 This recommendation the Society at once adopted. 
 Half the entrance-fee of each new Member was 
 to be devoted to the Building Fund, and the 
 surplus of each year was to be added to it also. 
 In this way nearly 1000 was collected by 1864. 
 The want of sufficient accommodation was be- 
 coming greater every term, and Mr R. D. Bennett, 
 of Trinity Hall, determined to make an effort to 
 start a scheme for immediately building new 
 Rooms. In this he was most ably seconded by 
 Mr C. W. Dilke, of Trinity Hall, and Mr H. Peto, 
 of Trinity. A large Building Committee was 
 formed to help and advise the Officers in thd 
 work they had to do, Mr Clark and Mr Burn, 
 of Trinity, and Dr Abdy and Mr Latham, of
 
 xii Preface. 
 
 Trinity Hall, more especially giving their counsel 
 and assistance in the kindest manner pos- 
 sible. 
 
 Various sites were examined with a view to 
 purchase; and negociations with the Master and 
 Fellows of St John's College having been finally 
 successful, a plot of ground behind the Round 
 Church was bought for ^925, a sum including the 
 purchase of an unexpired lease. The names of 
 fifteen Architects having been sent in to the 
 Building Committee, three out of these were se- 
 lected to be submitted to the members of the 
 Society in general; these were Mr Gilbert Scott, 
 Mr Alfred Waterhouse, and Mr Digby Wyatt. 
 The Manchester Assize Courts had at this time 
 just been completed, and Mr Waterhouse had 
 received from the most competent critics much 
 praise for their design. The result of the polling 
 was to place Mr Waterhouse first by a considerable 
 majority; and the Society has been singularly for- 
 tunate in this selection. There are few who would 
 have given it the time and attention which Mr 
 Waterhouse has done : and there is but one opinion 
 that the new Buildings, which he has planned and 
 in which the Society is now finally settled, are
 
 Preface. xiii' 
 
 admirable both for beauty of exterior and excel- 
 lence of internal arrangements. 
 
 The plans of Mr Waterhouse were accepted 
 and the Buildings were begun. A great effort 
 was then made to increase the Building Fund, 
 and nearly 4000 circulars were sent out to old 
 members of the Society. By continual grants 
 from the general fund, and by the most liberal 
 contributions of both old and present members, 
 the sum now amounts to about 4000. 
 
 During the Long Vacation of the present year, 
 as the buildings approached completion, it was 
 evident that the Society could occupy its new 
 premises in the October Term. A sub-committee 
 was formed to superintend the furnishing of the 
 various rooms, consisting of the Vice-President, 
 Treasurer, and Secretary. The Society's thanks 
 are due to Mr Kirkby, of Trinity, who has now 
 for three years served as its Treasurer, and who 
 devoted much of his time to assisting the other 
 Officers in their arduous duties. 
 
 It having been suggested that the new build- 
 ings should be formally opened with some sort of 
 ceremony, and a scheme having been submitted 
 to, and approved by, the standing Committee, the
 
 xiv Preface. 
 
 carrying out of these plans was entrusted to the 
 Secretary. There were many unavoidable delays, 
 caused by the absence of several of the members 
 of the Committee from Cambridge, and it was not 
 until the i6th of October that the arrangements 
 were in any degree complete. This was only a 
 fortnight before the last day on which it was 
 practicable to have the inauguration: and the 
 shortness of the interval for the issue and accept- 
 ance of invitations, was, doubtless, the cause of so 
 many distinguished members of the Society being 
 unable to attend. 
 
 Letters congratulating the Society on its pros- 
 pects, and regretting unavoidable absence, were 
 received from the following: The Duke of Devon- 
 shire (Chancellor of the University), Lord Lytton, 
 Lord Stanley, Lord Lyttelton, Lord Belper, Lord 
 John Manners, M.P., Lord Robert Montague, M.P., 
 Viscount Amberley, M.P., the Bishop of Ely, the 
 Bishop of St David's, Sir A. J. E. Cockburn, Sir 
 F. Pollock, Hon. G. Denman, M.P., Right Hon. 
 S. H. Walpole, M.P., C. J. Selwyn, M.P., F. S. 
 Powell, M.P., J. E. Gorst, M.P., A. J. Beresford 
 Hope, M.P., C. Buxton, M.P., B. T. Woodd, M.P., 
 R. Baggallay, M.P., W. H. Stone, M.P., J. A.
 
 Preface. xv 
 
 Hardcastle, M.P., Dr. Kennedy, Sir G. Young, 
 Bart., and Professor Kingsley. 
 
 The day of the opening was unfortunately wet ; 
 notwithstanding this, however, the Debating Room 
 was filled some little time before the hour appoint- 
 ed for the commencement of the proceedings. 
 The gallery was appropriated to the ladies, and 
 there were altogether about 700 persons present. 
 The speeches delivered on this occasion may 
 safely be left to the reader's approval ; they were 
 received with much enthusiasm, and nothing hap- 
 pened in any way to mar the complete success of 
 the ceremony. 
 
 On the evening of the same day the opening 
 debate took place. The Debating Room was 
 crowded, and both the Earl of Powis and Lord 
 Houghton were present. It was moved by F. T. 
 Payne (Trinity Hall), " That this house views with 
 regret the late substitution of a Conservative for 
 a Liberal Government." He was supported by 
 G. C. Whiteley (St John's), H. M. Thompson 
 (Trinity), N. Moore (St Catherine's), and J. L. 
 Strachan Davidson (Balliol, Oxford) : and was 
 opposed by W. Vincent (Queens'), W. A. Lindsay 
 (Trinity), C. Greene (Trinity), S. Hobson (Sidney
 
 xvi Preface. 
 
 Sussex), E. A. Owen (Trinity), A. Lowe (Jesus), 
 J. W. Tipping (Trinity), and Rev. L. S. Orde 
 
 (Queens'). 
 
 The House having substituted the word satis- 
 faction for regret, the motion, as amended, was 
 carried by a majority of 120; the numbers being 
 For the motion, 216 Against, 96. 
 
 Here then our Chronicle ends. It has been 
 written in order to make this record of the most 
 important era in the Union Society's history as 
 complete as possible. 
 
 May future generations of Undergraduates, as 
 they enjoy the advantages, and use the privileges, 
 which their predecessors have obtained for them, 
 strive the more to maintain the honour and uphold 
 the dignity of such a useful and important insti- 
 tution as the " Cambridge Union Society." 
 
 G. CRISPE WHITELEY. 
 
 ST JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, 
 Nov. 26M, 1866.
 
 OPENING CEREMONY. 
 
 THE EARL of Powis on entering the room and 
 ascending the dais was loudly cheered. He was 
 accompanied by Lord HoUGHTON, Professor 
 FAWCETT, M.P., Professor SELWYN, the Rev. 
 W. G. CLARK (Public Orator), the Rev. E. E. W. 
 KIRKBY (Treasurer), the Rev. W. AWDRY (Queen's 
 College, Oxford), Mr J. L. STRACHAN DAVIDSON 
 (Balliol College, Oxford), Mr C. T. REDINGTON 
 (Ch. Ch. Oxford), Lord E. FlTZMAURICE (President), 
 Mr S. COLVIN (Vice-President), and Mr G. C. 
 WHITELEY (Secretary). 
 
 LORD Powis in opening the proceedings 
 said : 
 
 No duty in connection with the office which I 
 have the honour to hold in this University could 
 have been imposed upon me more congenial to my 
 feelings than that of attending to celebrate the open- 
 ing of these new buildings buildings worthy of the 
 purposes which this society seeks to promote, which 
 will give to it a habitation of its own, and will be 
 worthy of the large array of students that each 
 successive year adds to its numbers (cheers). The 
 
 I
 
 2 Cambridge Union Society. 
 
 permanence which the society has now acquired 
 will add much to its prestige. If you observe the 
 anxiety which has recently been displayed by the 
 University of London and the Queen's University 
 in Ireland, to obtain a building of their own at 
 Burlington House and in Dublin, you will at once 
 observe how strongly those bodies feel how much 
 the being regarded as the casual occupants of a set 
 of chambers detracts from their dignity and useful- 
 ness ; a sentiment to which our love of a fixed 
 home, and the feeling of the independence and 
 security of a freehold implanted by our territorial 
 constitution in the breast of every prosperous and 
 aspiring Englishman, gives intensity (hear, hear). 
 It is not, therefore, the vain desire for display 
 which has prompted you and your predecessors, 
 by a careful husbanding of your resources, and 
 with some assistance from your honorary members, 
 to conduct this undertaking to a successful conclu- 
 sion. I have alluded to the purposes which this 
 society serves. I rate its uses highly. It forms a 
 centre and a common point of interest and attraction 
 to the members of the various colleges; it serves 
 to keep alive in their hearts the great catholic idea 
 of a University amidst the independence and isola- 
 tion of the several colleges; it prevents your state 
 rights making you unmindful of your federal obli- 
 gations (cheers). I rate its uses and especially its
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. 3 
 
 debates far higher than our young cousin from the 
 New World, Mr E. Everett, with whose amusing lec- 
 tures on places of English education many of you, no 
 doubt, are familiar, and who, I am happy to know, 
 carried back to his native land some of the honours 
 of Trinity College (cheers). He had an hereditary 
 claim to academic distinction. His father, long 
 the American minister in England, was a culti- 
 vated scholar and man of letters, and no one of 
 the distinguished men who at various times have 
 represented the government of Washington at the 
 Court of St James ever threw himself more heartily 
 into our public assemblies and institutions, or was 
 more desirous of securing harmonious relations be- 
 tween his country and our own (cheers). For my 
 own part I feel that I owe much to the Cambridge 
 Union (hear, hear). I look back with pleasure to 
 the memory of brilliant debates and stirring scenes 
 in which took part that veteran reformer of the 
 University, Mr Christie, my late lamented friend 
 Lord Strangford, better known as George Smythe, 
 Lord John Manners, Lord Napier, Mr Beresford 
 Hope, Mr Baillie Cochrane, Mr Stirling, of Keir, 
 Bishop Ellicott (hear, hear), Dr Vaughan (cheers), 
 names that will be to you a sufficient warrant that 
 our debates were neither deficient in eloquence nor 
 wanting in varied information. Let me ask you to 
 consider for a moment how important the practice 
 
 I 2
 
 4 Cambridge Union Society. 
 
 of debate is in a country like this, pervaded by 
 constitutional forms a country in which not only 
 all the national, but all the local business is con- 
 ducted by representative assemblies of every sort 
 and size. Even in political matters Parliament 
 controls, and I may almost say directs the execu- 
 tive. The Treasury, or Home Office, the Poor- 
 Law Board and the Privy Council have but a 
 power of veto a consultative power as it were 
 while the initiative is given to the rate-payers, the 
 parish vestries, the town councils, the improvement 
 commissioners, the magistrates assembled in quarter 
 sessions, and in our great commercial enterprises 
 to the directors and the shareholders themselves. 
 Now these are bodies whom, to influence, you 
 must persuade by discussion. You cannot argue 
 with them on paper or by letter writing, still less 
 can you coerce or override them. Mr Disraeli 
 (loud cheers again and again renewed) paid homage 
 to the great power which a consummate knowledge 
 of the forms and practice of the House of Commons 
 gave to Sir Robert Peel when he darted at him 
 the brilliant sarcasm that he moved the order of 
 the day to take in a nation (cheers and laughter) ; 
 and even in matters ecclesiastical, perhaps, the 
 parochial Jupiter might adjust the quantity and 
 quality of his hebdomadal thunder more nearly 
 to the taste and temper of his congregation if he
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. 5 
 
 were to picture to himself some members of our 
 Cambridge "Union" ready, to cry "adjourn, ad- 
 journ," or if he were to know that some functionary, 
 like the " avvocato del diavolo" were present and 
 had a right to reply (much laughter). The advan- 
 tages that you here enjoy will not recur. You 
 live in an intellectual atmosphere, you have leisure 
 and books; you address, as hereafter you seldom 
 will, a wholly cultivated and educated assembly 
 an assembly every member of which is intellectually 
 and by cultivation on a level with the speaker, 
 before which he cannot presume, and which he 
 dare not attempt to cajole, misinform, or despise. 
 You benefit by free and outspoken criticism, which 
 is always honest and sincere, which does not as in 
 later days, perhaps, endeavour to silence argument, 
 or to crush a rival or opponent. You are encou- 
 raged by a sympathetic audience never sparing of 
 its cheers (hear, hear). But if you are to make 
 use of these advantages, if you are to educate 
 yourselves here for your future public life, you 
 must recollect that nil sine magno vita labore 
 dcdit mortalibus (hear, hear). You must study the 
 questions on which you speak. You must not 
 content yourselves with repeating the well-worn 
 platitudes of the Revolution of 1688, or of the Repeal 
 of the Union; or when you treat of the subjects of 
 the day, as for instance, in discussing the compara- 
 tive merits of a Liberal or of a Conservative
 
 6 Cambridge Union Society. 
 
 Government (cheers and laughter), you must not 
 content yourselves with merely reproducing the 
 articles in the daily newspapers (hear, hear). I do 
 not, however, counsel you to eschew politics alto- 
 gether, but to treat political questions as topics of 
 philosophical and historical inquiry. If the won- 
 ders of a seven days' war should allure you to 
 trace the causes which have made the rise of 
 Prussia so constant, and the persevering ambition 
 of the successors of Frederick so successful in spite 
 of their selfish policy on several critical occasions, 
 or if you should be led to investigate the causes 
 which have made Austria a mass of indigested 
 provinces and the house of Hapsburg so constantly 
 unfortunate and like Athelstane the Unready often 
 unprepared and always too late, you will command 
 the attention of your fellows, and you will bene- 
 ficially exercise the powers of your own minds 
 (cheers). A little practice in debate will enable 
 you to study with effect, and to contrast the 
 ornate, diffuse, didactic rhetoric of Lord Brougham, 
 full of epithet and amplification, with the severe 
 simplicity of Lord Lyndhurst, of whom it might 
 truly be said that his statement was worth another 
 man's argument, and from whose speeches you can 
 no more eliminate a sentence than you can con- 
 dense Tacitus (hear, hear). It will enable you to 
 appreciate the homely, vigorous, Saxon, interroga- 
 tive style of Mr Cobden (cheers), and the marvel-
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. 7 
 
 lous quickness in debate, the brilliant sallies of the 
 Chancellor of the University of Oxford, the Earl 
 of Derby (loud and long-continued cheers). Study 
 Cicero's picture of the ideal orator, that so your 
 speech may not be poured forth turbid, indistinct, 
 and frothy, like the great flow of the Assyrian 
 river, but that it may rather, by study and reflec- 
 tion, be filtered, condensed, and refined, IliSa/co? e| 
 iepr)<; 0X1777 \i{3a<;, atcpov awrov. These are topics 
 on which, speaking on this occasion and from this 
 place, I could not forbear to touch : and I must ask 
 your indulgence if I have dwelt on them too long 
 (cheers). It now only rests with you as you look 
 around this spacious apartment 
 
 Uno ore omnes omnia 
 Bona dicere et laudare fortunas nostras. 
 
 (loud cheers). It only remains for me as your 
 representative to declare this building to be for- 
 mally opened (loud and prolonged cheering). 
 
 Lord HOUGHTON on rising to deliver the Inau- 
 gural Address was loudly cheered. He said : 
 
 My Lord Powis and Gentlemen, 
 
 When I accepted your kind invitation to appear 
 here to-day, and say a few words in inauguration of 
 your new hall of debate, it would have been well if 
 I had recollected an anecdote which I have read 
 somewhere about Goethe, the great German poet. 
 When he was in his maturity a young man came 
 to him, and asked him to explain the meaning of a
 
 8 Cambridge Union Society, 
 
 passage in Faust. Goethe replied, " Why do you 
 come to me ? You, with your youth, are ten times 
 more likely to understand what I then meant than 
 I am now." And thus, gentlemen, if you do not in- 
 spire me with something of your youthful ardour 
 it may be with something of your youthful audacity 
 (a laugh) I do not know how I can justify your 
 choice or express my gratitude. For now, after 
 this distance of time and in this dissimilitude of 
 circumstances, it is difficult for me to appeal to the 
 power of association. The genius loci entirely fails 
 me. This is not my Cambridge Union. My Cam- 
 bridge Union was a low, ill-ventilated, ill-lit, gallery 
 at the back of the Red Lion Inn cavernous, taver- 
 nous something between a commercial-room and a 
 district-branch-meeting-house (cheers and laughter). 
 How can I compare it with this superb building, 
 these commodious and decorated apartments, these, 
 perhaps, over-luxurious applications of domestic 
 architecture, which you will have to enjoy ? Yet 
 those old and humble walls had, at the time I first 
 entered them, just ceased to echo voices which 
 England will not willingly let die. The strange 
 irony of destiny, which so often strikes exactly 
 those whose long life we should imagine most 
 needed for the welfare of mankind, has already 
 taken away from us' Macaulay, the great historical 
 orator and oratorical historian (loud cheers) ; Praed 
 that perfect master of light and social verse;,
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. 9 
 
 Charles Buller, whose young statesmanship you will 
 see recorded in Westminster Abbey, but whose 
 charm of character and talent belong to the do- 
 main of personal regard ; and John Sterling, whose 
 tumultuous spirit and lofty temper still live, and 
 will long live, in the biographies of Hare and 
 Carlyle. Two still walk amongst us, whom I should 
 unwillingly pass by Charles Austin, who has 
 refused to extend to a political or judicial sphere 
 those wondrous faculties of speech and that per- 
 spicuity of mind which won for him all that profes- 
 sional fame can give, and Bulwer Lytton, whose 
 varieties of success place him foremost in the 
 literature of our day, and with whose name Lord 
 Derby has now illustrated the House of Lords 
 (cheers). My lot was cast with a somewhat later 
 generation, and I must beg you to pardon the 
 affection and prejudice with which I am inclined to 
 believe that the members of that generation were, 
 for the wealth of their promise, a promise in most 
 cases perfectly fulfilled, a rare body of men such as 
 this University has seldom contained. I speak not 
 here of eminence in the especial studies of the 
 place, in classics or mathematics, though, "as in 
 private duty bound," I cannot omit our respected 
 Chancellor, the Duke of Devonshire (applause,) 
 but you will permit me to recall some names dear 
 to myself, and, it may be, familiar to you all. 
 There was Tennyson (loud cheers) the laureate,
 
 io Cambridge Union Society. 
 
 whose goodly bay-tree decorates our language and 
 our land ; and Arthur, the younger, Hallam, the sub- 
 ject of " In Memoriam," poet and friend now pass- 
 ing linked hand in hand together down the slopes of 
 fame. There was Trench, the present Archbishop of 
 Dublin, and Alford, Dean of Canterbury, both pro- 
 found scriptural philologists, who have not disdained 
 the secular muse (cheers). There was Spedding, 
 who has, by a philosophical affinity, devoted the 
 whole of his valuable life to the rehabilitation of 
 the character of Lord Bacon ; and there was Meri- 
 vale, who, I hope by some attraction of repulsion, 
 has devoted so much learning and ingenuity to the 
 vindication of the Csesars (renewed cheers). There 
 were Kemble and Kinglake, the historians of our 
 earliest civilization and of our latest war Kemble, 
 as interesting an individual as ever was portrayed 
 by the dramatic genius of his own race; Kinglake, 
 as bold a man-at-arms in literature as has ever 
 confronted public opinion (laughter). There was 
 Venables, whose admirable writings, unfortunately 
 anonymous, we are reading every day without 
 knowing to whom to attribute them; and there 
 was Blakesley, scholarly Canon of Canterbury, and 
 "Hertfordshire Incumbent" of the Times. There 
 were sons of families which seemed to have an 
 hereditary right to, a sort of habit of, academic 
 distinction, like the Heaths and the Lushingtons. 
 But I must check this throng of advancing memo-
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. II 
 
 ries, and I will pass from this point with the men- 
 tion of two names which you would not let me 
 omit one of them that of your Professor of 
 Greek whom it is the honour of her Majesty's late 
 Government to have made Master of Trinity (loud 
 applause), and the other that of your latest Profes- 
 sor, Mr Frederick Maurice (renewed applause), in 
 whom you will all soon recognise the true enthu- 
 siasm of humanity, and upon whom this University 
 has conferred a far greater favour than honours or 
 emoluments can bestow, an expanded sphere of use- 
 fulness, and the extension of moral sympathies 
 (continued applause). Of these men, all, I believe, 
 were members of the Cambridge Union Society, 
 and most of them active participants in its debates ; 
 and I would ask you to draw from this circumstance 
 the moral that it is well that the purposes of this 
 society should not be confined merely to its own im- 
 mediate objects, but that it should be regarded as an 
 addition and succedaneum to the ordinary studies 
 of the University. The majority of these men won 
 your highest Honours, and at the same time were 
 the best speakers in the Union. There was one 
 exception. There was one man, the greatest 
 speaker I think I ever heard, a man with the 
 strongest oratorical gift, a man of the name of Sun- 
 derland, who only lives in the memory of his own 
 generation, and for this reason, that he was only
 
 12 Cambridge Union Society. 
 
 known at the Union at Cambridge. Perhaps the 
 sole public record of him is the prize-declamation 
 which he delivered in Trinity Chapel, in the year 
 that I performed the same function. I remember 
 now, with a certain shame, a kind of hope that I 
 entertained that the first prize, which was so un- 
 doubtedly due to his rare oratorical faculty, would 
 be lost to him on account of the extreme violence 
 of the politics and the curious heretical nature 
 of his essay; but, somehow or other, the College 
 forgot all the moral demerits in the intellectual 
 excellence of that production, and I came off only 
 second-best. It was in company with Mr Sunder- 
 land and Arthur Hallam that I formed part of a 
 deputation sent from the Union of Cambridge to 
 the Union of Oxford, and what do you think we 
 went about? Why we went to assert the right of 
 Mr Shelley to be considered a greater poet than 
 Lord Byron (a laugh). At that time we in Cam- 
 bridge were all very full of Mr Shelley. We had 
 printed his "Adonais" for the first time in England, 
 from a copy that Arthur Hallam had brought back 
 from Pisa, and a friend of ours suggested that, as 
 Shelley had been expelled from Oxford and treated 
 with much blind injustice, it would be a very grand 
 thing for us to go to Oxford and raise a debate upon 
 his character and powers. So,'with the full permission 
 of the authorities, we went to Oxford in those
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. 13 
 
 days a long dreary postchaise journey of ten hours 
 and we were hospitably entertained by Milnes 
 Gaskell, now a well-known and respected member 
 of Parliament, by Sir Francis Doyle, himself the 
 writer of no ordinary verse, and whom, I hope, we 
 shall see some day soon occupying that chair of 
 Poetry, which Oxford possesses, but which Cam- 
 bridge regards either as superfluous or detrimental, 
 - and by a young student of the name of Gladstone 
 (loud cheers), who, by the bye, has himself since 
 been expelled (much laughter). We had a very 
 interesting debate, one of the principal speakers 
 in which he himself reminded me of the circum- 
 stance the other day is now an Archbishop of the 
 Roman Catholic church, but we were very much 
 shocked, and our vanity was not a little wounded, 
 to find that, besides these elect few, nobody at 
 Oxford knew anything about Mr Shelley. In fact, 
 a considerable number of our auditors believed that 
 it was Shenstone we were talking about, and said 
 that they only knew one poem of his, beginning, "My 
 banks they are furnished with bees" (laughter). We 
 hoped, however, that our apostolate was of some 
 good effect, and I have no doubt that the excellent 
 president of the Union at Oxford will now tell you 
 that the poetry of Shelley is just as much and widely 
 appreciated at Oxford as at Cambridge. The refer- 
 ence to the interest which we took in this literary
 
 14 Cambridge Union Society, 
 
 question reminds me that on looking over the late 
 records of this society I do not find the mention of a 
 single literary debate. You seem so absorbed in poli- 
 tics that you have no time for literature. Will you 
 permit me humbly to suggest that you may com- 
 bine the two (hear, hear), and that it will be well 
 for you, and will afford an agreeable variety, if 
 some of your future debates are of a literary 
 character. In my time we were certainly much 
 more forced upon these subjects than you are; be- 
 cause by a limitation, I do not know whether of our 
 own imposing or required by the authorities, we 
 were not allowed to discuss any political subject 
 later than the beginning of the present century, so 
 we got fervent upon the character of Lord North, 
 and fierce upon the policy of Cardinal Richelieu 
 (laughter). Although you no doubt think this very 
 barbarous, it had its advantages. It forced us to 
 read about these things, and kept us more in con- 
 nection with history than with newspapers. It 
 combined the circumstances of the society with our 
 general education, and was, I am bound to say, 
 attended with many advantageous results. Of 
 course you could not go back to that state of 
 things, but I believe that the character of those 
 debates very much diminished the weight of the 
 objections which are frequently brought against 
 spcieties of this kind. To one or two of them you
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. 15 
 
 will perhaps allow me to allude. One is, that 
 debating societies of this nature tend to encourage 
 volubility of speech where there is abundance 
 neither of knowledge nor of idea. No doubt in 
 some cases that may be so, but both our national 
 character and our national language conspire to 
 render those cases rare. Our national character is 
 certainly not loquacious ; our defects are all on the 
 other side. Garrulity is not the sin of the English 
 youth. We find every day, both here and in the 
 world, young men who have seen a great deal and 
 know a great deal, but who for want of ready and 
 accurate speech, hide a great deal of their light 
 under a bushel; and I think that these societies 
 have a very great advantage by developing the 
 powers of utterance and remedying these de- 
 fects. Nor is our language one that lends itself to 
 frequent and easy delivery. I have attended public 
 debates in France, Spain, and other foreign coun- 
 tries, and I never witnessed abroad anything like 
 the hesitation, the haggling, and the difficulty of 
 finding words which prevail in our House of Com- 
 mons. Englishmen always seem to say what 
 they must say, while Frenchmen seem to be able 
 to say anything they choose. The truth is that 
 the composite nature of the English language pro- 
 duces in the mind of a speaker hesitation as to 
 the best construction and the best word to em-
 
 1 6 Cambridge Union Society. 
 
 ploy, and thus some of our best public speakers 
 hang, as it were, on a precipice for the choice of a 
 word, and bring down the acclamations of their audi- 
 ence when they happen to hit upon a right one. 
 Therefore, from the constitution of our national 
 character and our national language, I do not 
 fear that the practice of public speaking will ne- 
 cessarily tend to make you too talkative, but I 
 think that it will give you that faculty of prompt 
 and precise diction which is indispensable for 
 political success, and advantageous in every pro- 
 fession. If it further enables you to express 
 yourselves in forcible and coloured phraseology in 
 ordinary conversation, you will greatly enhance 
 the pleasures and profits of society both for your- 
 selves and others. Another more serious objection 
 which is brought against institutions of this kind 
 is, that they lead young men too early into the 
 discussion of politics. For my own part, I do not 
 see how any man, however young, or even any 
 boy, can be brought to the serious study of history 
 without at the same time awakening in his mind 
 political associations, and to a certain degree con- 
 veying political ideas. If history is to be nothing 
 but a dry series of dates, a mere chronicle of events, 
 a boy with a good memory will remember it, and 
 a boy with a bad memory will forget it, and neither 
 one nor the other will derive from it any con-
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. 17 
 
 siderable intellectual or moral gain. But when a 
 youth connects the history of the past with the 
 political life of his own time, he is able to realise 
 that past, and apply it to the present. Then history 
 becomes a reality, and its study is the anatomy 
 of living man. I cannot help feeling that in thus 
 advising you, I am recommending a process which 
 may lead to conclusions somewhat different to my 
 own opinions, because there can be no doubt what- 
 ever that political study, both at this University 
 and at Oxford, has, I will not say from what cause, 
 resulted in a remarkable prevalence of Conser- 
 vative opinions (loud cheers). While the Etudiant 
 of Paris and the Bursch of Heidelberg are at best con- 
 sidered as an uncomfortable element in society, and 
 at the worst as the firebrands of revolution, the stu- 
 dent of an English University is, generally speak- 
 ing, a model of devotion to the altar and the throne. 
 I am inhibited by the circumstances of this assem- 
 bly from giving any reasons for this phenomenon. 
 I simply recognise it as a fact, and you will give me 
 credit for something generous in the feeling which 
 makes me say, notwithstanding this result, cultivate 
 your politics. Experience perchance may bring 
 with it modifications of opinion, and I do not know 
 that you will eventually be worse critics or less 
 sedulous reformers because you have, at one time 
 of your lives, as I may think, too blindly reverenced 
 
 2
 
 1 8 Cambridge Union Society. 
 
 or too affectionately loved what you may after- 
 wards perceive requires alteration and improvement 
 (applause). The moral utility of such institutions 
 as this has been dwelt upon with great ability by 
 my noble friend Lord Powis. It is in such socie- 
 ties as this that you will learn the value of political 
 forms, forms in themselves perhaps apparently 
 frivolous and pedantic, but which you will find 
 to be absolutely necessary for the government of 
 these societies, and, in fact, of all societies of men. 
 You will learn that, while there is here an open 
 field for all your interests, for the exhibition of 
 all your powers, the great gain that you acquire 
 is not in the expression of your own opinion, nor 
 even in hearing the opinions of others; it is in the 
 fair conflict of intellects; it is in the meeting of 
 man and man, of mind and mind. Go on, then, as 
 you have done. Make this noble room a worthy 
 arena of your young ambitions, teaching you to 
 respect your brother and to respect yourselves; 
 teaching you to tolerate even the intolerant ; place 
 this edifice under the tutelary protection of good 
 manners and good sense, and no one will ever find 
 fault with the Cambridge Union Society. The 
 noble lord resumed his seat amid loud and pro- 
 tracted cheering. 
 
 PROFESSOR FAWCETT, M.P., who was also 
 received with great cheering, said :
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. 19 
 
 I have been asked to do what is extremely easy, 
 and that is to express in the name of the meeting 
 our cordial thanks to Lord Houghton for the admi- 
 rable, eloquent, and interesting address with which 
 he has just favoured us. I shall not vainly strive 
 to offer him suitable compliments, but he will per- 
 haps permit me, in your name, to say that we 
 believe this building to be worthy of the Cam- 
 bridge Union (cheers), worthy of the architect 
 who designed it (renewed cheering), and that it 
 is a building which could not have been inaugur- 
 ated under happier circumstances (loud cheers). 
 I hope I shall not be interfering after the splendid 
 oratory we have been listening to, if I for one 
 or two moments recall some of the recollections 
 associated with the days I spent in the Union. 
 Every year that I have lived, I can say with all 
 sincerity that I feel more deeply grateful to the 
 University of Cambridge for the advantages she 
 has conferred on me, and amidst all these remi- 
 niscences of the past, I can say that there are 
 no hours to which I can look back with livelier 
 satisfaction than those which I spent in the dingy 
 old rooms in Green-street (laughter). For I think 
 that in this Union Debating Society young men 
 have an opportunity of learning that which they 
 have not the same chance of learning anywhere 
 else. In after life, we may talk platitudes in an 
 
 2 2
 
 20 Cambridge Union Society. 
 
 after-dinner speech and use patronising phrases 
 at some agricultural meetings, but where can we 
 learn the art of debate, which is the most useful 
 gift that a speaker can acquire, but at institutions 
 of this kind ? In this society the audience whom 
 we address is as candid as it is kind, and your 
 friends have no hesitation in saying with perfect 
 frankness and generosity, " How awfully long your 
 speech was last night" (laughter). Then on the 
 other hand, if you have some small success, you 
 are living among those who in all the freshness 
 of youth welcome your success, and encourage 
 your efforts. I therefore think that you in this 
 room may learn what you have no opportunity, 
 as I have before stated, in after life of learning 
 anywhere else. A man might be born an orator, 
 but as a rule no man can be a great debater 
 without practice (hear, hear). I believe that prac- 
 tice alone overcomes the difficulties of debating, 
 and that to be able to think while you are speak- 
 ing and to frame your ideas in suitable language 
 has never yet been acquired without practice 
 (applause). Some people imagine that there may 
 be too many speakers. I argue, with Lord 
 Houghton, that we need not be afraid of that 
 We might as well suppose there will be too 
 many poets or philosophers as too many orators 
 (hear, hear). May I be allowed to say one word
 
 . Inaugural Proceedings. 21 
 
 to my undergraduate friends. Many of you have 
 the power to speak, if you will only use the 
 opportunity which the Cambridge Union Society 
 places at your disposal, and you may thus give 
 to Cambridge distinction in those things in which 
 she has perhaps lost prestige. If we look to our 
 right and left, we can probably call to mind 
 many of those who were formerly members of 
 this Union and who have helped to make this 
 University second to no seat of learning in the 
 world in scholarship, in science, and in philosophy 
 (loud cheers). But during the last twenty or thirty 
 years she has not, in political distinction, attained 
 the same prominence as Oxford. In the late 
 Ministry there were nine first-class Oxford men, 
 and not one who had taken high honours at 
 Cambridge. If the students of the present day 
 will only give fair scope to their faculties, and 
 avail themselves of the training which this Society 
 will afford them, Cambridge may soon become 
 as distinguished in politics as she is illustrious in 
 learning and in science. And this I can say for 
 your encouragement, that every day I believe the 
 Universities are getting a firmer grasp upon the 
 respect and affections of the nation, and the con- 
 stituencies will be more willing and more ready 
 to recognise the intellectual force and moral worth 
 
 o 
 
 which are necessary to the attainment of Uni-
 
 22 Cambridge Union Society. 
 
 vcrsity distinctions and honours (applause). I will 
 carefully avoid trenching upon the domain of party 
 politics, but -I feel sure that we all wish that in 
 the great representative assembly of the nation, 
 every section of opinion shall be represented by 
 the ablest, the most educated, and the most intel- 
 lectual men (cheers). I do not care whether the 
 Liberals or Conservatives are in power, if this end 
 is attained. Truth will then be victorious, and the 
 House of Commons exert more influence, even 
 than it has exercised in times past, in maintaining 
 the greatness and securing the liberties of this 
 country, and in giving refuge and succour to the 
 injured and oppressed (loud cheers). 
 
 The Rev. W. AWDRY of Queen's College, Ox- 
 ford, President of the Oxford Union Society, then 
 came forward, and was received with loud and con- 
 tinued cheering. He said: 
 
 My Lord Powis, Ladies and Gentlemen, 
 
 I rise to second the vote of thanks to Lord 
 Houghton which has just been proposed. It gives 
 me great pleasure to be present to-day at the 
 opening of so fine a building as this, which the 
 Cambridge Union has raised for the purpose of 
 holding its debates. I listened with much pleasure 
 to the very interesting address of Lord Houghton, 
 who has so clearly set before us the object and
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. 23 
 
 iise of debating societies. I was afraid that when 
 the subject of Politics was touched upon, we should 
 have been told that they were dangerous, because 
 if young men gave expression habitually to their 
 ideas on political subjects, it might be feared that 
 they might feel themselves in some measure com- 
 mitted to them. We have not however heard that, 
 though if we had I could not have said that it was 
 untrue. The experience of those who have ad- 
 dressed us to-day, has however shewn that the 
 value of these Debating Societies so far exceeds 
 their mischiefs, though such mischiefs there are, 
 that I feel the more pleased to represent the De- 
 bating Society of the sister University to-day 
 (cheers). 
 
 I will now turn to matters more suited to the 
 capacity in which I am present among you. We 
 have heard this afternoon that when the deputation 
 from the Cambridge University Debating Society 
 visited Oxford some years back, it found that Ox- 
 ford knew but little about Shelley. I can answer 
 for it that Shelley's works probably more than 
 one copy are now in the Society's Library; and 
 if any of you wish to inquire further, I have much 
 pleasure in referring you to our Librarian, now 
 present, who will probably tell you that the con- 
 dition of the book testifies to its frequent use, un- 
 less it has been lately renewed (applause).
 
 24 Cambridge Union Society. 
 
 In conclusion I beg to thank the Cambridge 
 Union on behalf of Oxford for our cordial recep- 
 tion, and for the very liberal invitation given us to 
 be here to-day. I only wish that there were more 
 Members of the Oxford Union in the room. I 
 beg to congratulate the President of the Cambridge 
 Union, and his Society, on the handsome building 
 in which we are now assembled; and when the 
 Oxford Union has as suitable a room, I trust that 
 the Members of the Cambridge Union will attend 
 its inaugural meeting, in larger numbers .than the 
 Members of the Oxford Society have done to-day, 
 and will meet with as kind a reception, and as ad- 
 mirable an address as that for which I am called 
 upon to return the thanks of this Meeting to Lord 
 Houghton (cheers). 
 
 The Vote of Thanks to Lord Houghton was 
 then put to the Meeting and carried nem. con. 
 
 Lord HOUGHTON, in reply, said: You have 
 done what hitherto I should have believed impossi- 
 ble, you have given me an additional interest in 
 the University of Cambridge (cheers). 
 
 Professor SELWYN said he had been asked to 
 take part in to-day's proceedings, and though the 
 honour was unexpected, he would not use the 
 common phrase that he was reluctant to do so. 
 As one of the oldest patriarchs of the Union 
 Society Chough not the oldest, for he yielded to
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. 2$ 
 
 one who was here to-day and who ought to have 
 been occupying his place in addressing them, he 
 meant Professor Sedgwick (loud cheers) he con- 
 gratulated them on the completion of their new 
 buildings. He 'said that if he were not restrained 
 by the presence of the Vice-Chancellor from re- 
 ferring to certain chalky downs fourteen miles off, 
 he should say that this gathering would go down 
 to posterity as the great " Houghton Meeting " 
 (loud laughter). Lord Houghton had spoken of 
 his recollections of the Union in time past ; his 
 (Prof. S.'s) were still more ancient. He looked 
 back to a dingy room in Petty-cury, the Comitia 
 Curiata they called it. But he must not forget the 
 object of his addressing them. Their president 
 had asked him to propose a vote of thanks "To the 
 Lord Powis, et cetera" To Lord Powis he was 
 sure they would all return the most hearty thanks ; 
 it was no small advantage to have among them 
 to-day one so high in office as Lord Powis, who 
 had come down from the marches of Wales to give 
 them his assistance. It was one more instance of 
 the zeal and interest which the Lord High-Steward 
 had always felt in his University even before his 
 election (loud cheers). He had come down to per- 
 form a royal office ; all of them had seen in the 
 Illustrated News the picture of our most gracious 
 Sovereign opening the water-works at Aberdeen,
 
 26 Cambridge Union Society. 
 
 putting her hand upon the small instrument that 
 was to open the floodgates ; Lord Powis had come 
 down to open the nobler floodgates of eloquence 
 and to proclaim this hall open for the expression 
 of free thought. Not only did they rejoice in this, 
 but also that the channels of eloquence had been 
 made more free and unimpeded than they were in 
 former times. His own memory went back to the 
 time when the limitation was stricter than that 
 mentioned by Lord Houghton he did not know 
 whether the subject of their discussion was to be 
 anterior to the Revolution or to the Reformation, 
 but it was one of the two ; and he regretted to say 
 that the two words were often confounded in the 
 answers given in examinations (laughter). He 
 remembered a debate upon the question which had 
 done most for the welfare and comfort of the 
 animal creation, Martin's Act for the Prevention of 
 Cruelty to Animals, or Coleridge's "Ancient Mari- 
 ner," and if his memory did not deceive him it was 
 carried by a large majority in favour of the "An- 
 cient Mariner" (laughter). If the members at all 
 transgressed the limits that had been assigned to 
 them, there was a danger that the proctors would 
 appear at the door with a solemn request from the 
 Vice-Chancellor "that this assembly do dissolve." 
 On one occasion this happened when the lamented 
 .Master of Trinity (Dr Whewell) was President,
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. 27 
 
 and with that due attention to forms, the import- 
 ance of which had been so well enforced by the 
 Lord High Steward and Lord Houghton, he re- 
 plied : " Strangers will please to withdraw, and the 
 house will take the message into consideration" 
 (cheers and laughter). In these days, however, 
 they were free and unfettered, and had the world 
 before them to choose from ; and we found the 
 house discussing such important modern questions 
 as " Shall Prince Alfred be allowed to accept the 
 Throne of Greece?" and this evening we have the 
 manly straightforward proposition, " That this 
 house views with regret the substitution of a Con- 
 servative for a Liberal Ministry" (laughter), to 
 which he saw that an amendment they would 
 admit equally manly and straightforward was to 
 be proposed, "that for the word regret the word 
 satisfaction be introduced;" no one would say that 
 either proposition or amendment was not straight- 
 forward and manly; and now that the channels 
 were opened, might they go and pour forth streams 
 of eloquence like Nestor, but not so long; rather 
 like Menelaus, for he was never long, nor ever 
 missed the mark. The Professor then went on to 
 say, But of all the Homeric orators the best 
 model for your imitation is Professor Sedgwick 
 (loud laughter) I beg pardon, I mean Ulysses, 
 whose words fell 'like flakes of wintry snow.'
 
 28 Cambridge Union Society. 
 
 But I would not have you to copy his ungainly 
 action, for we are told that he 
 
 Nor back nor forward did his sceptre move, 
 But held it straight before him like a clown. 
 
 [Here the speaker caused great merriment by 
 imitating the action of Ulysses, with an umbrella.] 
 Professor Selwyn expressed his regret that we had 
 not extant one single spoken line of that greatest 
 of orators, Lord Bolingbroke. Our great orator 
 Wm. Pitt, of whom we might study action in the 
 Senate House (laughter), when asked what he 
 would have restored to us from the literature of the 
 past, said, "Give us one speech of Bolingbroke." 
 Like their chairman to-day, Bolingbroke had had 
 a complete classical training at Eton; there's a 
 nut for the school commissioners! In speaking of 
 the method of practising oratory, the Professor 
 alluded to "single-speech Hamilton," a man who 
 had exhausted his powers of eloquence in one great 
 effort, and who never afterwards succeeded in 
 making a good speech. The growth of their elo- 
 quence ought to be gradual, as that of a plant; 
 and he would recommend them to read a letter 
 of Lord Brougham's to the father of Thomas 
 Babington Macaulay: "I do earnestly entreat your 
 son to set daily and nightly before him the Greek 
 models Vos exemplaria Grceca nocturna versate 
 *, versate diurna, not only for the language,
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. 29 
 
 but study the subject of the speech : both in courts 
 of law and Parliament, and even to mobs, I never 
 made so much play as when almost translating 
 from the Greek." To return to his duty, he was 
 asked to propose a vote of thanks "to Lord Powis, 
 et cetera? They all knew the usual abhorrence of 
 an tf et cetera" but on this occasion it was a most 
 important and happy word ; and whatever handles 
 and titles might be prefixed to their chairman's 
 name, whatever lustre he might derive from his 
 great ancestor, who against the myriads of Plassy 
 
 Underneath an Eastern sun 
 Clash'd with his fiery few and won 
 
 whatever nobleness and honour from his father, 
 by whose exertions, under God's blessing, one of 
 our bishoprics had been preserved from absorption 
 whatever satisfaction he might feel in having 
 attended the discussions of this society, or again 
 from having so generously added to the value of 
 the prizes for Sir William Browne's epigrams (though 
 the Professor thought the little gold medals perhaps 
 more appropriate) whatever titles of dignity and 
 honour preceded his name, he thought Earl Powis 
 might justly feel proud of what followed it of the 
 "et cetera." What did the "et cetera" mean ? First 
 it meant this whole meeting, except those who 
 were members of the Society, and Lord Houghton, 
 who had already received his special tribute of
 
 30 Cambridge Union Society. 
 
 thanks ; it meant the Vice-Chancellor (cheers), 
 whose presence gave them the full assurance that 
 so long as their debates were confined within the 
 bounds of moderation and good sense, no restric- 
 tion would be placed upon their discussions ; next 
 it meant their Oxford friends, who had visited them 
 that day (cheers) the President and Librarian of 
 the Oxford Union Society; next he must thank 
 one whom he was glad to welcome that day as a 
 visitor, and whom he hoped soon to see as one of 
 their resident members, Professor Maurice (cheers), 
 who had been appointed Professor of a subject 
 second in importance only to Divinity, and he 
 (Prof. S.) felt assured that he would justify the 
 choice of those who had elected him to his high 
 office. There was one other here to-day who must 
 be included in their vote of thanks, he alluded to 
 the author of Hortensius and of Cicero's life, Mr 
 Forsyth ; they had hoped to see him their repre- 
 sentative, but might now say Talis cum sis, uti- 
 nam noster esses. Nor must we omit our thanks to 
 the Mayor, who himself presides over a debating 
 society. Others there were who must be passed 
 over, though not forgotten ; and he must come to 
 another element in his "et cetera" for when he 
 looked up from the floor to that gallery, then did 
 he feel that Lord Powis' "et cetera" assumed its 
 fairest proportions and its largest circumference
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. 31 
 
 (loud cheers and laughter). The subject of woman 
 was one to which he could not trust himself to do 
 justice, and he would use the words of Professor 
 Smyth in his lecture "On Ladies:" "The quaint 
 spirits, the delicate Ariels, without whom nothing 
 would be even packed, or pickled, or preserved; 
 without whom everything would be a chaos and 
 confusion ; the nurses of our infancy, the wives of 
 our bosoms; muses in the drawing-room, the graces 
 in the dance," &c., &c. The speaker then, quoting 
 from a poem of Lord Houghton's, said : 
 
 We are cold, very cold 
 And our blood is drying old. 
 Oh ! if Love, the sister dear 
 Of youth that we have lost, 
 Come not in swift pity here 
 
 The Professor, pretending to be at a loss, turned 
 to Lord Houghton and said: "How does it go on?" 
 Lord Houghton: "I've forgotten all about it." 
 Prof. Selwyn: "Oh! I remember" 
 
 Come not with a host 
 Of affections, strong and kind, 
 To hold up our sinking mind, 
 The faintness that is on our breath 
 Can have no other end but death. 
 
 All thanks to the ladies for their presence here 
 to-day. In conclusion, he repeated to them the 
 words he used to the Candidates for Holy Orders 
 who attended his lectures on the pastoral office,
 
 32 Cambridge Union Society. 
 
 words of Martin Luther: "When you speak, stand 
 up firmly, open your mouth boldly, and leave off 
 timely;" stehe fest auf, thue den Mund auf ; Jiorc 
 bald auf. 
 
 He then proposed the resolution, and sat down 
 amid loud cheers. 
 
 Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice then said 
 
 My Lords, Ladies and Gentlemen, 
 
 In rising to second this motion, I must begin 
 by asking for the indulgence of those present here 
 to-day, for I naturally feel, that after the very able 
 speeches that have been delivered, any remarks of 
 mine will appear what may be called "a very 
 second-rate "article." Indeed, when I see assembled 
 here so many who could do this subject much 
 greater justice than I can, I would not come forward 
 to speak on it at all, were it not that occupying as 
 I do the position of President of this Society, I 
 may perhaps claim to speak directly in the name of 
 those who like myself are among its younger 
 members, whose highest wish it is to follow, how- 
 ever imperfectly, in the steps of those their seniors 
 and their betters, who have gone before them 
 (cheers). It is almost unnecessary for me to say 
 that were it not for the presence here to-day of 
 those whom I may call our Special Visitors, any at- 
 tempt which the resident members of this Society
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. 33 
 
 could have made to inaugurate the opening of this 
 building would have resulted in something very 
 different from what we have just now seen and 
 heard (cheers), and therefore our very best thanks 
 are due to them for having taken the trouble to 
 come, and by their presence give effect to the 
 ceremony of to-day, and encouragement for the 
 work of to-morrow. Especially are our thanks 
 due to Lord Powis for having so kindly con- 
 sented to preside on this occasion (cheers), and 
 to the Vice-Chancellor, for having put, by being 
 here to-day, the stamp of the approval of the 
 University on these proceedings (cheers). But, 
 when I am speaking of those to whom the thanks 
 of this Society are due, I feel that I must not 
 omit to mention those who not only to-day, but on 
 many previous occasions also, have given it their 
 assistance, and the benefit of their experience, in 
 whose absence I feel that this building instead 
 of being a success would either not have been 
 begun at all, or if finished would have been a 
 failure. And where there have been so many who 
 have assisted us in the kindest manner to the ut- 
 most of their power, if it be not invidious to 
 mention one name more than another, I feel 
 that I must mention the names of Mr Clark and 
 Mr Burn of Trinity, Mr Abdy. and Mr Latham 
 of Trinity Hall (loud cheers). I hope, I may 
 
 3
 
 34 Cambridge Union Society. 
 
 say I feel sure, that every one who is in the least 
 acquainted with the working of this Society, 
 will at once recall when I name those gentlemen, 
 how very much we owe to them. Nor, gentlemen, 
 must I forget to mention Mr Waterhouse, our 
 architect. I can hardly speak too highly of his 
 unremitting care and attention to the minutest 
 details. The best proof of this lies in a glance 
 at this room and the rest of the building around 
 us (cheers). 
 
 Again, I cannot help expressing my very great 
 pleasure in seeing here the President and the other 
 officers of the Oxford Union. Their presence here 
 is an earnest of that friendly feeling which must 
 always exist between the two Universities and the 
 Union Societies at each (cheers). 
 
 In conclusion, gentlemen, I beg once more to 
 assure our visitors how very much we feel the 
 honour they have conferred upon us by being 
 here to-day (cheers). 
 
 The resolution having been carried without a 
 dissentient voice 
 
 The CHAIRMAN rose to reply. He said, In the 
 first place allow me to thank you on behalf of 
 the ladies for the excellent accommodation you 
 have provided for them. You have shewn the 
 advantage of having two houses in a legislature, 
 over the Australian pattern of a Single Chamber,
 
 Inaugural Proceedings. 35 
 
 by adopting the practice of the House of Lords 
 instead of that of the House of Commons, and by 
 not condemning the ladies to the conventual seclu- 
 sion of a grated gallery (cheers and laughter). In 
 the next place I wish to thank you on behalf of 
 those gentlemen not actually members of the 
 Union who are present to-day. I cannot omit 
 either to take the opportunity of following your 
 noble President in expressing my great gratifica- 
 tion at the honour the Vice-Chancellor has done 
 this Society by attending here to-day (loud ap- 
 plause), and also that the President of the Oxford 
 Union and other members of the same Society 
 have paid us a visit. It has given me the greatest 
 pleasure to respond to the call made upon me, 
 and to renew the old associations which have 
 culminated in so successful a result. The success- 
 ful proceedings this day augur well for the future 
 of the Union (cheers). It has been a most agree- 
 able duty to me to preside over this meeting, and 
 I again thank you kindly for the welcome you 
 have accorded me. I now declare this House 
 adjourned until seven o'clock this evening (ap- 
 plause). The proceedings then terminated. 
 
 32
 
 APPENDIX.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 I. 
 
 THE "CAMBRIDGE UNION SOCIETY" has for 
 its objects the promotion of debates, the main- 
 tenance of a library, and the supply of news- 
 papers and other periodicals. The Society is com- 
 posed strictly of members of the University, and 
 numbers between four and five thousand sub- 
 scribers, about four-fifths of whom are "honorary," 
 or " life members," entitled (whether resident or 
 non-resident) to all the privileges of the club. 
 The library, which is a very valuable one, consists 
 of about 8000 volumes, to which considerable addi- 
 tions are made terminally. The rooms of the 
 Society are liberally supplied with the principal 
 newspapers morning, evening, and weekly with 
 nearly all the monthly magazines and quarterly 
 reviews; and meetings for debate, on any subject 
 not strictly theological, are held every Tuesday 
 during full Term. Accommodation is also pro- 
 vided for writing and posting letters; and there is 
 established a Free Town Delivery. The subscrip-
 
 4O Appendix. 
 
 tion is an entrance-fee of i, and a contribution 
 of i per Term for nine Terms, when the sub- 
 scriber becomes " a life member." By a payment 
 of 7. IDS. ort entrance, a member may compound 
 for all subscriptions. The Society's affairs are 
 managed by a president, vice-president, treasurer, 
 secretary, library committee, and standing com- 
 mittee, all offices being honorary. There is also a 
 permanent staff of clerks, housekeeper, messen- 
 ger, &c. 
 
 II. 
 
 The New Buildings are situated near the junc- 
 tion of St John's Street and Bridge Street, behind 
 St Sepulchre's or the " Round Church." They are 
 built chiefly of red brick, but both Casterton and 
 Ketton stone have been used with good effect for 
 purposes of ornamentation. The style is thir- 
 teenth-century Gothic ; but this has not been 
 strictly adhered to throughout the building. The 
 contractors are Messrs Jackson and Shaw, of West- 
 minster; the decorations are by Messrs Green and 
 King of Baker Street, London ; the gas fittings 
 and, iron work are by Skidmore and Co. of 
 Coventry; and the furniture is by Mr Bulstrode of 
 Cambridge. The cost of the building will be 
 about 11,000, of this sum about 4000 has been 
 raised by voluntary contributions, and the remain- 
 der will be obtained by means of debentures.
 
 Appendix. 41 
 
 On entering you pass into the hall. This 
 is a wide passage running through the building 
 to the debating room, having on its right hand 
 the committee and clerks' rooms, and on the 
 left, the library and out-offices. The hall floor is 
 inlaid with encaustic tiles in Casterton stone, sup- 
 plied by Messrs Godwin of Hereford, and the ceil- 
 ing is of varnished wood. 
 
 The principal feature of the building is of 
 course the debating room, which is a very hand- 
 some apartment. It is sixty feet long by forty- 
 five feet wide, and it will accommodate about 600 
 persons. Around three sides it has an elegant 
 wooden gallery for ladies. This is supported by 
 double timber brackets, and is approached from 
 the first floor. Opposite the entrance is the Pre- 
 sident's dais. On each side of the dais are arranged 
 sofas, and leather seats with backs, and the room 
 is in every way adapted for its purpose. The 
 ceiling is divided into panels by bold timber- 
 work. The lower windows have in them stained 
 glass, on which are painted the arms of the Uni- 
 versity, the monogram of the " Union," and the 
 date. In the evening the room is lighted by two 
 fine pendants, containing 42 burners in each, over 
 which are two large ventilators. 
 
 The library is situated on the left hand as you 
 enter, and is a splendid room, of the shape of the 
 letter L. It is covered with linoleum, and has 
 large bay windows. On one side of the room is
 
 42 Appendix. 
 
 aft arcade through the arches, forming a series of 
 recesses, lined with books on either side, and tables 
 and seats for readers. The room is lighted prin- 
 cipally from the south ; and at the further end is 
 built a large stone corbel chimney-piece, inlaid 
 with encaustic tiles. 
 
 The clerk's office is fitted up with every suit- 
 able convenience, and a door therefrom leads into 
 the Committee-room, which is most comfortably 
 furnished, and is well adapted to the purpose for 
 which it is designed. 
 
 Ascending the principal staircase, which is of 
 stone, with iron balustrading, we find three very 
 large stained glass windows, by Lavers and Bar- 
 raud, of London; and at the top of this landing 
 are the doors leading into the ladies' gallery. As- 
 cending a few steps higher on the right hand, we 
 enter the magazine room, which is built in con- 
 formity with the library below. It has a poly- 
 gonal ceiling, showing certain portions of the roof, 
 in which are a series of rose windows, filled with 
 rich stained glass. Stuffed seats covered with 
 green morocco run round the room and accom- 
 modate about 60 persons. This room is covered 
 with a fine Brussels carpet and with dark maroon 
 repp curtains and looks very comfortable. 
 
 The writing room is on the opposite side to 
 the magazine room, and is arranged so as to allow 
 as many as 36 members to write at the same 
 time.
 
 Appendix. 43 
 
 Ascending still higher, up a wooden staircase, 
 with grained wooden balustrade, we come to the 
 smoking and newspaper-file rooms. In the smok- 
 ing room there is a liberal supply of papers, and 
 coffee is served between the hours of four and nine. 
 There are sofa seats all round the room, and iron 
 tables with marble tops in front of these. The file- 
 room is used for purposes of reference, and the 
 files of all the newspapers taken in by the society 
 are kept there. These are all the rooms in the 
 main part of the building. Behind is a six-roomed 
 house for the head clerk. 
 
 III. 
 
 Cambridge men may safely be congratulated 
 on the opening of the new rooms of the Union 
 Society. From an architectural point of view, the 
 only cause for complaint is that the building has 
 crept into so retired a corner. Still, the Society 
 has comparatively come into the light of day from 
 the singular retreats in which it had previously 
 lurked. The old "cavernous tavernous" room, of 
 which Lord Houghton spoke so feelingly, was 
 succeeded sixteen years ago by a still gloomier 
 abode. All the eloquent speeches delivered within 
 its walls by attached members of the Church, and 
 all the alterations by which it had been adapted 
 for its purpose, failed to purify it thoroughly from
 
 44 Appendix. 
 
 its old meeting-house flavour. To the last it re- 
 sembled a Dissenting chapel whose pews had been 
 sold under a distress, more than a mimic House of 
 Commons. The comparison with the splendours 
 of Oxford was specially humiliating to Cambridge ; 
 and we hope that this change in its outward 
 circumstances may correspond to a fresh develop- 
 ment of internal vigour. For, whatever its weak- 
 nesses, the Union certainly discharges some im- 
 portant functions, and its memory is pleasant to 
 old members of the University. Lord Houghton, 
 in his agreeable opening speech, spoke of some of 
 the distinguished men, such as Mr Tennyson, Mr 
 Maurice, Mr Kinglake, and others, of whom it 
 could boast in his time. We need not inquire too 
 curiously how much of their future eminence was 
 due to the training received within its walls ; but 
 most of them will look back upon that training 
 with particular pleasure. Thus, it is possible 
 enough that Mr Tennyson might have written the 
 greater part of In Memoriam if he had not be- 
 longed to the Union. In one, however, of the 
 most graceful of the poems he speaks of the asso- 
 ciations revived by a visit to the University; he 
 hears again the " tumult of the halls," the chapel- 
 organ, and " the pulse of racing oars" all of them 
 pleasant as recalling past times, although they 
 have their drawbacks at the moment of enjoyment 
 for those to whom uncomfortable dinners, compul- 
 sory church-services, and severe training are apt to
 
 Appendix. 45 
 
 be annoyances. But that upon which he dwells 
 with real pleasure is the memory of the . old 
 debates, chiefly running, as it would appear, upon 
 political economy. They are said to have con- 
 cerned 
 
 mind and art, 
 
 And labour and the changing mart, 
 And all the framework of the land. 
 
 The particular discussions to which Mr Tennyson 
 refers were not indeed at the Union, but amongst 
 a select set of friends, whose conversations would 
 doubtless have been far superior to any at all 
 common amongst undergraduates. Yet, if even 
 they could have been recorded, they must at best 
 have been boyish criticisms upon most of the 
 topics concerned. It is not of course the value of 
 the results, but the first energetic employment of 
 youthful faculties, which makes such discussions 
 pleasant to recollect and sometimes even to listen 
 to. Great as is the nonsense sometimes contained 
 in Union orations, they are not the less interesting 
 as trials of the powers of the orator. The audacity 
 with which he solves all problems in heaven or 
 earth, or draws the widest possible generalisations 
 from the narrowest collection of facts, are excel- 
 lent symptoms of mental activity. It is pleasant 
 to think that there was a time when you believed 
 that all men were equal, and that, by applying this 
 dogma to politics, you could decide every con- 
 ceivable question off hand. A great majority of
 
 46 Appendix. 
 
 Union orators are almost invariably desperate 
 Radicals. The majority of undergraduates on the 
 other hand, are, as Lord Houghton remarked, Con- 
 servatives of the most orthodox type; the voting 
 is as steady as Mr Walpole himself could desire, in 
 favour of Church and Queen and our glorious Con- 
 stitution; and against this solid Tory phalanx 
 all the rhetoric of fiery Radicals and premature 
 Republicans spends itself in perfect harmlessness. 
 Now, whether this is on the whole creditable or 
 not to the University, we need not inquire; but 
 Mr Mill's celebrated theorem as to the connection 
 between Conservatism and stupidity is certainly 
 true amongst young men in general. The more 
 brilliant and vivacious a young man may be, the 
 more certain he is to believe both that everything 
 is wrong, and that he knows how to put it right 
 instantaneously. Later in life, he becomes recon- 
 ciled to many things, and finds that the obstacles 
 in the path of the Reformer are greater than he 
 took them to be. But if a clever young man is 
 not a thorough-going Radical, it can only be 
 because he thinks it more paradoxical, and there- 
 fore more attractive, to be a bigoted Conservative 
 of some fanciful type. Hence the genuine Union 
 orator is pretty certain to be prepared to support 
 such a motion as we once knew to be carried, 
 "that all the laws of this society be repealed;" 
 and under "this society" he is willing to under- 
 stand England, or the civilized world in general.
 
 Appendix. 47 
 
 To such a young man the Union affords a very 
 safe and delightful vent for superfluous enthusiasm ; 
 and it is not impossible that it may help him to 
 learn the important lesson that a good deal of 
 what he says is nonsense. It is odd how very 
 different a speech sounds when it is made in public 
 and when it is made to your private chairs and 
 tables. 
 
 To provide a vent for this natural ebullition is 
 not, however, the most valuable office of the Union. 
 Lord Houghton and the other speakers gave a 
 great deal of good advice to their hearers, which, it 
 may be presumed, will have as much effect as good 
 advice generally produces. They were told, for 
 example, that they would do well to intermingle 
 occasional debates upon literature with their ordi- 
 nary political discussions ; to propose, according to 
 the accustomed formula, that in the opinion of this 
 House, Shakespeare is an over-rated poet, or that 
 Sir Walter Scott is decidedly superior to Miss 
 Braddon. Or, again, they might argue upon his- 
 torical questions, and discuss the propriety of the 
 execution of Charles I. and the character of Lord 
 Somers. Mr Fawcett, on the other hand, called at- 
 tention to the melancholy fact that in the last Minis- 
 try there were no less than nine first-class men 
 from Oxford, and only one, we believe, from Cam- 
 bridge. He apparently inferred that a careful 
 attendance upon the Union, as a school for states- 
 men, might result in equalizing this proportion.
 
 48 Appendix. 
 
 That it is a good thing for undergraduates to keep 
 up an interest in literature or history or politics is 
 undeniable. It is certainly a fault in our Univer- 
 sity system that it tends to encourage a rather 
 narrow view of the purposes of education. Cam- 
 bridge men in particular are apt to entertain an 
 unfounded contempt for all knowledge which is not 
 adapted for the Senate-House. That a man should 
 devote his whole time to gain the honours of the 
 triposes is admitted to be laudable; and it is also 
 considered becoming to study, with at least equal 
 devotion, the arts of rowing or cricket. But erratic 
 excursions into other fields are looked upon at 
 most with toleration, if not with positive disfavour. 
 The undergraduate hears of them with the same 
 sort of feeling as a country gentleman hears of a 
 clergyman hunting or playing whist. There is 
 nothing positively wrong about it, but it is to a 
 certain extent anomalous and improper. So far as 
 the Union impresses upon students that a man 
 may spend a little time upon English literature, or 
 upon the questions of the day, without convicting 
 himself of imbecility, it certainly does good service. 
 It keeps alive the rather faint belief that the human 
 intellect may be fairly applied to other purposes 
 besides those of winning a wranglership or a place 
 in the classical tripos. Only we doubt whether the 
 Union is a very powerful machine for such pur- 
 poses. Lord Houghton's mission to Oxford to 
 .convince the members of that University of the
 
 Appendix. 1 49 
 
 merits of Shelley shows indeed that in his day 
 there was a respectable amount of literary enthu- 
 siasm. But, as a rule, the debates upon such 
 topics are apt to be languid. Even if the orator 
 takes the trouble to read a chapter of Hallam 
 before condemning Charles I., or to read a play of 
 Shakespeare before expounding his defects, his 
 audience certainly do not trouble themselves to 
 prepare for him. Now, to make the practice of 
 speaking at all useful, it is necessary to be stimu- 
 lated by a strong feeling amongst your hearers. 
 Amateur lecturing is very poor practice indeed, 
 whatever may be said for amateur debating. It 
 produces conceit, and does not tend to produce 
 readiness in reply or argument Such discussions 
 are really of use only when the avowed subject is 
 made a pretext for something else when the ora- 
 tor says, for example, that to appreciate the charac- 
 ter of Charles I. it is necessary to form a distinct 
 opinion as to the merits of Mr Bright's present 
 agitation. The fact is that the essential merit of a 
 debating society is that it should provoke plenty of 
 party feeling. The great lesson which the young 
 orator learns is the lesson of impudence. Teachers 
 and professors of the more serious studies are apt 
 to insist upon the necessity of modesty; and, 
 within due limits and upon proper occasions, there 
 can be no doubt that it has its merits. But a 
 superfluous modesty, if not a vice, is a very great 
 hindrance to virtue. Every one has pitied the 
 
 4
 
 5O Appendix. 
 
 forlorn position of an ordinary Englishman ad- 
 dressing his fellow-creatures. The groundwork of 
 many speeches is a rumble of inarticulate sounds, 
 from which a few half-finished sentences detach 
 themselves at intervals. A very little practice will 
 remove this weakness in most cases, and will even 
 enable the orator to attain that last pitch of per- 
 fection at which he knows what to do with his 
 hands. To acquire the art of putting together 
 tolerably connected sentences in public is worth 
 something on its own account; but indirectly it 
 leads to a good deal more. For a man who can 
 talk with point and vigour upon political or other 
 questions has made no inconsiderable step towards 
 knowing something about them. It is true that he 
 may stop short at this point ; and he is likely to do 
 so if he falls into the besetting sin of orators of the 
 Union class, that of simple buffoonery. Too many 
 young men discover the real value of what they 
 are saying, and are therefore content merely to 
 make themselves laughed at. The advantage then 
 gained is simply that of fluency, which is indeed 
 by no means contemptible. But if a man can only 
 manage to take himself seriously, and, if possible, 
 to be convinced that the eyes of England are upon 
 him, he is really on the way to some solid know- 
 ledge. At the very lowest, he acquires a familiarity 
 with the names of current ideas, which is useful in 
 the same way as a child's scribbling with a pencil 
 may be useful, though his drawings are worthless.
 
 Appendix. 5 r 
 
 He becomes accustomed to the tools of his art 
 And, even if really profound knowledge is still 
 beyond his reach, he has at any rate learnt a good 
 many of the ordinary fallacies, which is the neces- 
 sary first stage towards seeing through them. To 
 do this effectively requires the stimulus of a lively 
 debate, because without some excitement a man 
 never becomes really handy with his weapons. 
 Before trying actual fighting, practice with the 
 gloves is very useful; but it is not much good 
 without a vigorous antagonist. 
 
 However superficial the discussion of political 
 questions must necessarily be in such an assembly 
 as the Union, there is therefore much to be learnt 
 from them, both as an introduction to more pro- 
 found studies and as practice in the art of logical 
 fencing. This last, indeed, is often brought to a 
 very fair pitch of perfection at the Union. Many 
 haranguers of public meetings not to say many 
 members of Parliament would certainly meet with 
 their match in some of their juvenile rivals. For 
 to put in a neat retort, or to make an irritating 
 misrepresentation of an opponent's arguments, does 
 not require profound study so much as a readiness 
 and humour which is often developed amongst 
 undergraduates, and sometimes indeed disappears 
 in maturer years. And for such purposes as these 
 neither literature nor history nor politics affords 
 the best field for the young enthusiast. The real 
 thing in the Union, as in the House of Commons 
 
 42
 
 5 2 Appendix. 
 
 and in every other assembly, is a good spice of 
 personality. To impeach the treasurer for spending 
 too much money upon a new set of chairs, or 
 to denounce the unconstitutional interference of 
 the president with liberty of debate, gives the most 
 brilliant opportunity for the rising orator. The art 
 known to penny-a-liners as that of pouring "scath- 
 ing sarcasms" or "biting witticisms" upon a devoted 
 opponent may be practised in all its branches at a 
 good Union debate. If the politicians of the future 
 are not likely to lay very deep foundations of 
 knowledge within the walls of the new building, 
 nor in this sense to add a new and important 
 branch of study to the University course, they may 
 certainly learn how to put uncharitable construc- 
 tions upon the speeches of an antagonist, how to 
 find out the unprotected joints of his armour, and 
 generally how to get the laugh upon their own side 
 of a personal debate which is frequently a useful 
 art, and sometimes a virtuous one. 
 
 Saturday Review. 
 
 IV. 
 
 The opening of the building in which the Cantabs 
 intend for the future to locate their University 
 Debating Society, has afforded Earl Powis and 
 Lord Houghton an occasion for dilating with much 
 grace and humour on the advantage of debating
 
 Appendix. 53 
 
 societies as a part of the training of young men. 
 Lord Houghton very truly observed that young 
 Englishmen could not on the whole be accused 
 of garrulity, could with much more justice be 
 accused of habitually groping about amidst the 
 inaccuracies and fiascos of maladroit and misdi- 
 rected speech. Lord Houghton remarked justly 
 on what every one who knows Parliament must 
 have noticed, the slight " shock of mild surprise" 
 with which the House of Commons receives a 
 successful word from the mouth of a speaker who 
 has been hovering on the brink of it for some time, 
 trembling between the hope of expressing his 
 meaning and the high probability of failing to 
 express it. We think indeed he rather substituted 
 cause for effect, when he said that " our language, 
 from its composite character, produced a hesitation 
 in the mind of the speaker as to the best construc- 
 tion and the best word to use." Mr Arnold, we 
 think, put the matter more truly in his admirable 
 essays on Celtic literature, when he said that the 
 composite elements of character produced by the 
 fusion of different races in the English, of which 
 the composite character of our language is merely 
 the reflected image, has produced a shyness and 
 reserve in the English genius, an embarrassment 
 of nature, a real disposition to remain poised 
 between different tendencies without reaping the 
 full benefit of any of them, of which this heaviness 
 and hesitation in our mode of expression is but the
 
 54 Appendix. 
 
 external symptom. But however this may be, 
 there can be no doubt that debating societies for 
 young men are not, properly speaking, schools of 
 loquacity at all. There is an age, the Univer- 
 sity age, when adequate speech on the various 
 motives and ends of life becomes something 
 altogether beyond mere speech, the natural work, 
 the appropriate action, the characteristic energy of 
 the mind, and when there is every reason for 
 aiding this expressive crystallization of thought 
 and feeling, by preparing motives, and ceremonial 
 occasions for the effective delivery of young men's 
 nature from the thraldom of blind and dumb stir- 
 rings of inarticulate, and therefore only half- 
 realized, intellectual wants. Lord Houghton's 
 admirably apt stbry of Goethe's reproaching some 
 youngster for asking him the meaning of a passage 
 in Faust, by saying, " You, with your youth, are 
 ten times more likely to know what I meant than 
 I myself with my maturity," really applies to the 
 whole rationale of debating societies. Young men 
 know what they really mean by them ; older men 
 only remember that they meant something once. 
 There is an age at which theoretical discussions 
 ought to be, if they are not, the very means of life 
 and growth, when it is as silly to call such dis- 
 cussions mere talk, as it is in later life to call a 
 Cabinet council on the eve of a great constitutional 
 change, or a council of war before a decisive battle, 
 mere talk. Without the "mere talk" of young
 
 Appendix, 5 5 
 
 men's theoretical discussions, the collision of taste 
 with taste, of intellect with intellect, of conscience 
 with conscience, of spirit with spirit, the characters 
 of the best men in the nation would scarcely come 
 to the birth at all. It is through sympathy and 
 opposition that young men become aware of the 
 true bent of their own powers and aims ; it is then 
 that a single word dropped by another, will often 
 show them how much they have mistaken them- 
 selves, and how they were narrowing their thoughts 
 into a groove quite too contracted to give full play 
 to their nature or to secure for them the fullest 
 grasp of truth of which they are capable. Nor 
 is it by any means the most practical questions, 
 the questions apparently best admitting of close 
 and pertinent discussion, which give rise to the 
 most useful comparisons and collisions between 
 young men's minds. We believe, with Lord 
 Houghton, that even literary discussions as to the 
 comparative value of different poets, the very 
 vagueness and insolubility of which encourage that 
 closer definition of inchoate thoughts and moral 
 admirations which so often opens up a new vein 
 of character in half-formed minds, are often far 
 better calculated for their purpose, because better 
 suited to the stage of general intellectual fermenta- 
 tion in which most young men at college find 
 themselves, than those which really admit of an 
 array of cogent argument, and of a judgment 
 formed strictly on the facts of the case. That
 
 56 Appendix. 
 
 discussion, for instance, on the comparative poetic 
 dignity of Shelley and Byron among English 
 poets, which took Mr Monckton Milnes, Mr Arthur 
 Hallam, and Mr Sunderland in the old post-chaise 
 on their great diplomatic mission to Oxford to 
 bring to the notice of the Oxford Union Debating 
 Society the merits of the young poet whom Oxford 
 had only noticed to expel, must have done a great 
 deal more to interpret the intellectual tastes and 
 wants of the young Cantabs for themselves than 
 the debates on practical questions capable of a 
 more narrow and distinct issue, but which for that 
 very reason had less deep root in the nature of 
 those who discussed them, and the clearest decision 
 of which was really of far less practical importance 
 to them than the mere discussion of the other. 
 The proof lies in the missionary eagerness which 
 despatched a special embassy to convince the 
 sister University of her benighted condition in 
 not recognizing the genius of the man who had 
 written Prince Athanase, or Adonais, perhaps the 
 lines, 
 
 The One remains, the many change and pass, 
 Heaven's light for ever shines, Earth's shadows fly, 
 Life, like a dome of many-coloured glass, 
 Stains the white radiance of eternity. 
 
 It is pleasant to summon up the state of mind of 
 these young men of genius taking a long post- 
 chaise journey to awaken Oxford from its sleep of 
 oblivion with regard to the merits of such a poet
 
 Appendix. 5 7 
 
 as this, and to imagine the delightful perplexity 
 of Mr Gladstone attracted by the metaphysical 
 subtlety of Shelley, shocked by his pantheistic 
 cravings, compelled to confess his ghostly supe- 
 riority to Byron's passion, but fascinated, on the 
 other hand, by Byron's vast superiority in rhetori- 
 cal force and art. And no such disinterested 
 passion of mind would be conceivable in young 
 men on a practical or purely political subject at all. 
 The true explanation of such fervour is that those 
 from whom it proceeded were just learning the 
 delight of consciously articulating and defining 
 their own intellectual tendencies and wants. They 
 were learning to know themselves, to appreciate 
 the proportion of the Byronic to the mystic- 
 naturalistic elements in their own character; they 
 were measuring the Sturm-und- Drang influences, 
 as the Germans called them, the moody, fer- 
 menting forces of youth, against the subtle and 
 shadowy essences of Shelley's idealized nature, 
 which, working through the imagination, partly 
 purify and partly intoxicate the intellect of youth 
 with an ether too rare and stimulating for 
 moral sobriety or self-government. We say that 
 the genuine intellectual necessity for ripening 
 intellects to appreciate truly the relative power of 
 such imaginative fascinations as those over their 
 minds, was far truer and more real than any con- 
 ceivable impulse at the same age to measure the 
 merits of rival political parties or rival statesmen.
 
 53 Appendix. 
 
 The one was due to an impulse at self-develop- 
 ment from within, the other was a mere game at 
 a sort of intellectual foot-ball or prison-bars, a 
 wrestling in words instead of in sinew. Or take 
 the very amusing and characteristic discussion 
 alluded to by Professor Selwyn, whether Martin's 
 Act for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, or 
 Coleridge's A ncient Mariner^ with its moral, 
 
 He prayeth best who loveth best 
 All things both great and small, 
 
 had done most for the welfare and comfort of the 
 lower animals, a discussion concluded by a vote 
 showing an immense majority for Coleridge's 
 poem. That quaint incident represented, we take 
 it, the awakening of the students' minds to the 
 knowledge of the infinitely higher persuasive power 
 of imaginative literature over cultivated men than 
 that of any compulsory or penal enactments, the 
 first effect of which to lads of that age is indeed 
 only to provoke defiance. There is no great secret 
 or mystery in that. For the University age is one 
 at which the mind is striving to find its intellectual 
 longitude and latitude, " sich orientirend," as the 
 Germans say, with respect to all the great powers 
 of the world, the positive law of States, the moral 
 law of God, the law of the spirit of life in literature 
 and in religion, and at that moment there is a 
 sense of discovery and growth even in explicitly 
 laying down and affirming for oneself that such 
 and such an influence has more power and more
 
 Appendix, 59 
 
 right over one than such another. The discussions 
 of debating societies are only the more formal 
 occasions on which the conscious life of the intel- 
 lect disentangles for itself its own perplexities, 
 tentatively asserts its own tendencies, emerges into 
 provisional independence, and marks out its own 
 scheme of future alliances. This is not talk, it is 
 preparation for action, it is the stringing up and 
 organization of intellectual energy, it is intellectual 
 volition. No doubt, to those who have entered on 
 those sorts of responsibilities, which, like the 
 responsibilities of statesmen, involve in a very high 
 degree the happiness of others, there seems some- 
 thing childish about discussions whether Strafford 
 deserved death, or Pope was a true poet. But 
 that is only because they have got to a different 
 stage of life, and nothing material in their future 
 destiny could possibly be determined by their 
 giving their minds gravely to either discussion. 
 With young men at college it is quite different. 
 It is not too much to say that those acts of delibe- 
 rate intellectual and moral choice which give rise 
 to, and are encouraged by, debating societies, are 
 in fact the crystallizing points of character, the 
 facts on which the future current of character, its 
 narrowness and intensity, or width and catholicity, 
 its sincerity or spirit of compromise, its sobriety or 
 fanaticism, its intellectual cynicism or moral earn- 
 estness, chiefly depend. A debate whether Pope 
 or Wordsworth was the greater poet, whether
 
 60 Appendix. 
 
 Greece or Rome had exercised the most beneficial 
 influence on the world, whether Carlyle or Mill 
 were the truer teacher, has often, we feel no doubt, 
 done more to determine the future lives of great 
 men, and through them the future of England, 
 than hundreds of so-called "practical" debates in 
 the House of Commons, debates, say, on limited 
 liability, or the taxes on malt and insurance. 
 Whether such debates are not conducted with just 
 as much zest and ability in the " cavernous, tavern- 
 ous" room so graphically depicted by Lord 
 Houghton, as in the most luxurious of halls, is 
 another question. But of course, when young men 
 feel that an institution is one of great significance 
 for them, they will rightly do their best to honour 
 it by bestowing upon it all the graces of external 
 decoration. Spectator. 
 
 To the Editor of the Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 Sir, As a veteran though silent member of 
 the "Oxford Union" of days gone by, I have been 
 charmed with Lord Houghton's good-humoured 
 and genial account, at the recent solemnity of the 
 kindred Cambridge institution, of the extraordi- 
 nary raid made into our territories, almost forty 
 years ago, by himself and a couple of Cambridge
 
 Appendix. 61 
 
 orators, when they defied us to the combat on 
 behalf of their then idol, the poet Shelley. Never- 
 theless, I must take upon myself to represent this 
 important passage of history a little from the 
 Oxford point of view. 
 
 We really were not so ignorant of Shelley as 
 Lord Houghton makes us out. Either the tale of 
 the Oxonian who confounded Shelley with Shen- 
 stone is ben trovato, or the Oxonian was facetious. 
 We that is, the reading men among us did 
 know him ; but we did not like him. Many of us 
 were content with adhering to the simple proposi- 
 tion, that an atheist cannot be a poet; others, of 
 less exclusive turn, were nevertheless satisfied that 
 the rage for the newer bard was a mere fit of eccen- 
 tricity and nonsensical Cambridge affectation, and 
 that our old favourite Byron was worth a dozen of 
 him. And when it was announced that three crack 
 men of the rival union were coming to contend for 
 the proposition that " Shelley was a greater poet 
 than Byron" (for that was the form which the 
 romantic issue of battle assumed), we awaited the 
 result, not without awe, but, I fancy, with more of 
 curiosity. 
 
 But let me admit it at once the effect pro- 
 duced upon us by the astounding vigour of that 
 Cambridge onslaught has not been in the least 
 exaggerated by Lord Houghton. What with the 
 really extraordinary oratorical powers of Sunder- 
 land, and the curiously intense literary enthusiasm
 
 62 Appendix. 
 
 of poor Arthur Hallam, and the many-sided ac- 
 complishments of their distinguished survivor, we 
 had not a chance of resistance. Not the unhappy 
 Austrians, when the three Prussian corps d'armfe 
 debouched upon them all at once from the Rie- 
 sengebirge, were so utterly confounded as we rash 
 Oxonians when the triumvirate discharged upon 
 us in front and flank the needle-guns of their 
 eloquence. It was an universal sauve qui pent 
 a " skedaddle." As for Gladstone, to whom Lord 
 Houghton alludes, I do not recollect even seeing 
 him in the melee. Manning, who, in truth, had 
 brought this shame upon us for I think it was 
 he who invited the Cambridge deputation fought 
 gallantly to cover our rearguard, but what could 
 he do alone? It was indeed, for the time, the six- 
 teenth decisive battle of the world; though whe- 
 ther the fame of Shelley is now any the better for 
 it, or that of Byron any the worse, I cannot pre- 
 tend to say. 
 
 And yet there were men among us in those 
 days and a little earlier of whom no " deliberative 
 body" need have been ashamed. I will not name any 
 of our union orators of that period now living who 
 have made their mark, more or less deep, on the 
 time; but of the dead, Wrangham, afterwards Q.C., 
 Edward Villiers, not the least gifted of the Claren- 
 don brotherhood, and more than one besides, were 
 fully qualified to hold their own, young as they 
 were, in any assembly. It would have done you
 
 Appendix. 63 
 
 good sometimes to hear our discussions on ques- 
 tions touching Charles I. and James II.; but we 
 were still greater, I must needs admit, on questions 
 of a private and personal nature. It was quite a 
 privilege to assist at one debate, well remembered 
 by me, on the proposal " that this table be covered 
 with green baize," which had some how or other 
 acquired a tinge of personality : still more, when on 
 the occasion of an attack by the malcontents of the 
 club on the committee of management, a distin- 
 guished leader of that body, with most Chatham- 
 like voice and action, announced his intention to 
 resign his onerous office, " For God knows what 
 the labours of that committee are." 
 
 But, if the truth must be told, we could not 
 equal Cambridge, in those days, either in youthful 
 passion for literature and political philosophy, or 
 indeed in fine scholarship. The characteristic tem- 
 perament of the two universities was essentially 
 different. What earnestness we had (and we did 
 not lack it) took altogether an opposite direction. 
 Cambridge produced the discursive intellects of 
 wide range, the critics and the literary wits. She 
 brought forth (I ant not speaking with accuracy 
 as to dates, but a few years would cover them all) 
 Macaulay, Tennyson, Thirlwall, Hare, and other 
 brilliant phenomena. Oxford, with a travail of far 
 other intensity, was giving birth to the Newmans, 
 Froude, the Wilberforces, and the rest those 
 whose destiny it was to achieve a doubtful fame
 
 64 Appendix. 
 
 for themselves individually, but to " set the world 
 upside down." I am, Sir, yours, &c., 
 
 BOCARDO. 
 
 VI. 
 
 To the Editor of the Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 Sir, I have read "Bocardo's" letter about 
 the debate on Shelley's merits at Oxford, and can 
 confirm your correspondent's recollection in most 
 points by my own. Nevertheless, I do not believe 
 that I was guilty of the rashness of throwing the 
 javelin over the Cam. It was, I think, a passage 
 of arms got up by the Eton men of the two 
 Unions. My share, if any, was only as a member 
 of the august committee of the green baize table. 
 I can, however, well remember the irruption of 
 the three Cambridge orators. We Oxford men 
 were precise, orderly, and morbidly afraid of excess 
 in word or manner. The Cambridge oratory came 
 in like a flood into a mill-pond. Both Monckton 
 Milnes and Arthur Hallam took us aback by the 
 boldness and freedom of their'manner. But I re- 
 member the effect of Sunderland's declamation 
 and action to this day. It had never been seen or 
 heard before among us: we cowered like birds and 
 ran like sheep. I was reminding the other day 
 the Secretary of the India Board of the damage he 
 did me. He was my private tutor, and was terri-
 
 Appendix. 65 
 
 fically sitting right opposite to me. I had just 
 rounded a period when I saw him make, as I 
 believed in my agony, a sign of contempt which 
 all but brought me down. I acknowledge that we 
 were utterly routed. Lord Houghton's beautiful 
 reviving of those old days has in it something fra- 
 grant and sweet, and brings back old faces and old 
 friendships very dear as life is drawing to its 
 close. Yours, &c. 
 
 + HENRY E. MANNING. 
 
 VII. 
 
 To the Editor of the Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 Sir, Your correspondent " Bocardo" in his 
 pleasant letter of Friday last, demurs very justly 
 to Lord Houghton's statement in his equally plea- 
 sant speech that we Oxford young fellows knew 
 nothing about Shelley till enlightened by the mis- 
 sionary triad from Cambridge. And a corre- 
 spondent of the Times, " Once a President of the 
 Cambridge Union," writes to say that the Cam- 
 bridge men of the same day were not so different 
 from their present successors in the way of politi- 
 cal predilections as Lord Houghton supposes. 
 Pray allow me, as " once a president of the Oxford 
 Union," to say the same on behalf of, or, if you 
 like, in reproach of, the Oxford politicians of thirty 
 
 5
 
 66 Appendix. 
 
 or five-and-thirty years ago. Then, as now, Tory- 
 ism was in the ascendant with the ingenuous youth 
 who discussed Milton, Byron, and Shelley with 
 moderate warmth, Reform and politics in general 
 with much greater warmth, and "private business" 
 with not a little wrath and indignation. Under- 
 graduates, then, as now, brought their family 
 politics with them to the university, and of all the 
 budding orators who aired their views in the 
 debates I can scarcely recall any who changed 
 their notions during their undergraduate course. 
 Certainly I did change my own, for coming up to 
 Oxford a Tory I left it a Liberal; but such things 
 were rare. I remember the politics of the old 
 Union speakers who have since become great poli- 
 tical lights in a world of realities as well as if 
 our mimic world was of yesterday. Mr Gladstone 
 was a Tory, so was Sir Roundell Palmer; Mr Lowe 
 was a Liberal, and he was the best speaker I ever 
 heard at Oxford, for Gladstone had just gone when 
 I came up to reside; Mr Cardwell was a Liberal; 
 the Bishop of London was a Liberal. Two names, 
 afterwards well known as belonging to men of 
 much influence in religious affairs, were those of 
 Tories Faber, the late head of the Brompton 
 Oratory ; and Ward, who threw the university into 
 agonies of polemics, and who is now a powerful 
 and influential writer of extreme Ultramontane 
 views. 
 
 But in those days we quarrelled in right earnest
 
 Appendix. 67 
 
 over our Union management and regulations, even 
 more fiercely than in "Bocardo's" days. I had only 
 just become a member when we were agitated with 
 a violent schism arising from the election of a 
 president unpalatable to the committee which had 
 been for some time in office. The beaten party set 
 up an opposition private club, carrying with them 
 nearly all the best speakers, and hoping to conquer 
 through the dulness that would settle down upon 
 the debates when they deserted. The new presi- 
 dent's party, stimulated by Lowe, threatened ex- 
 pulsion to the malcontents, which the malcontents 
 promised to resist as illegal, and the storm grew 
 serious. How furious was our principal debate 
 is celebrated in Homeric verse in the still 
 remembered " Uniomachia," wherein the chief 
 speeches are duly chronicled, and Tait, now the 
 bishop, figures prominently as sentenced to a fine 
 of a sovereign for not holding his tongue when the 
 president in vain attempted to enforce order. Then, 
 after weeks of separation, we made up the dispute, 
 and celebrated it, after the fashion of our elders, 
 by a great dinner, whereat the literary enthusiasm 
 of youth asserted itself in company with the specific 
 politics of the hour, and we drank, among other 
 toasts, " To the memory of Sir Walter Scott," a 
 thing which I too painfully remember, inasmuch 
 as the oratory appropriate to the toast was exacted 
 from myself. 
 
 Our next fight was less serious, but it caused a 
 
 52
 
 68 Appendix. 
 
 great deal of irritation. In our old-fashioned way 
 we were Sabbatarians, and the reading-room was 
 not open on Sundays. But a strenuous effort was 
 made to rescind the rule. I forget who were the 
 principal advocates of the change ; but I am sorry 
 to add that I was not one of them, and did my 
 best to resist it. We succeeded, and on the night 
 of the voting there was something very like a row, 
 with window-breaking and other manifestations of 
 avenging zeal not usual with decorous gownsmen. 
 In company with Faber, who narrowly escaped 
 serious damage, I was summoned the next day by 
 the master of Balliol, and questioned as to the 
 potency of the liquors with which we and others 
 had celebrated our victory, and dismissed with 
 flying colours. By-and-by a far more unpleasant 
 affair arose. We who were the committee of 
 management, like "cabinets" in general, did not 
 choose to admit people into our sacred body who 
 were disagreeable to us ; and as long as the com- 
 mittee included a good proportion of the best 
 speakers and showed tolerable tact, they could 
 contrive to control the periodical elections of office 
 holders. However, for some reason or other which 
 I have forgotten, we got into hot water, and a 
 charge was brought against our librarian as 
 honourable and excellent a fellow as could be 
 that he had " forged and fabricated" the accounts 
 that he presented to the society. The accusation 
 was ludicrous, the fact being that, not being well
 
 Appendix, 69 
 
 up in the ways of book-keeping, he had made 
 some little blunder, and instead of showing what it 
 was had erased the wrong figures and put in the 
 right amount. But imagine the hubbub that fol- 
 lowed. The chief accuser was a clever speaker, 
 who knew how to enlist the sympathies of a party, 
 and matters grew so serious that we called in the 
 Dons, and were on the point of taking legal pro- 
 ceedings, and expelling the author of the charge 
 at all risks, when it was withdrawn and an apology 
 made. After this unlucky business an attempt 
 was made to prevent such scandals by altering the 
 system of management, which only roused more ir- 
 ritated feelings than ever. All the ordinary literary 
 and political debating fell into the shade, and we 
 did nothing but hold extra meetings more and 
 more stormy and personal, until the long vacation 
 happily calmed our troubled spirits; some of the 
 chief actors took their degrees and disappeared, 
 and the old state of things by degrees came back 
 again. Whether similar conflicts have more re- 
 cently disturbed either the Oxford or Cambridge 
 Unions I do not know, but I should doubt whether 
 they could have survived and flourished and built 
 their new and luxurious homes, if their course had 
 been often troubled by such acrimonious disputes 
 as those of which we had such unpleasant expe- 
 rience in my own days. If such has been the case, 
 we must lament that they have not furnished sub- 
 jects for clever squibs like the " Uniomachia,
 
 70 Appendix. 
 
 Canino-Anglico-Graece et Latine; ad codicum fidem 
 accuratissime recensuit annotationibus Heavysternii 
 ornavit, et suas insuper notulas adjecit, Habbaku- 
 kius Dunder-Headius, Coll. Lug. Bat. olim soc. etc. 
 etc." Your obedient servant, 
 
 J. M. CAPES. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Possibly the occasion furnished by Lord Hough- 
 ton's inaugural address at the Cambridge Union 
 Rooms, and the correspondence which has followed 
 thereon in our columns though most of the latter 
 contains nothing more than the expression of the 
 memories, half humorous and half sad, which men 
 grown old in engrossing pursuits retain of the 
 trivial incidents of youth may be improved by a 
 few reflections on the real value and prospects of 
 those great institutions, the " Unions " of the two 
 rival universities, and the copies of them elsewhere. 
 
 We have, for our own parts, no hesitation in 
 believing that value to be very considerable, and 
 we imagine that public opinion has almost unani- 
 mously taken by this time the same view, though 
 it was otherwise formerly. They were viewed at 
 the outset by the college authorities for the most 
 part with dislike or contempt, and there were not 
 wanting reasons, on the surface, to justify them. 
 The distraction which they occasioned to indus-
 
 Appendix. 7 1 
 
 trious men from the serious studies of the place 
 was of course an obvious one. Another was the 
 encouragement to self-conceit; and no one not 
 well conversant with the subject has ever fathomed 
 the depths of the self-conceit of a clever under- 
 graduate. A Bishop of Oxford of some popularity 
 as well as authority in times not long past, Dr 
 Lloyd, once committed himself by the assertion 
 in some public way that "he did not think the 
 opinion of a man under one-and-twenty, on a 
 question of politics or religion, was worth much." 
 We are told that the revulsion of feeling which 
 this unlucky slip generated among his youthful 
 admirers was almost as great as that which ensued 
 on Mr Lowe's equally imprudent assertion respect- 
 ing the capacity of the inferior classes for the 
 suffrage. Whether the Union of that day pro- 
 ceeded to a vote of censure on him we are not 
 informed, but their feelings were deeply wounded. 
 
 But all such objections, as well as other more 
 profound ones arising from the dangers of en- 
 couraging experiments in Church or State, have 
 vanished long ago, in most sensible people's opi- 
 nion, before the recognition of one great truth. 
 The general, seducing, and ultimately destructive 
 temptation to youth is the animal temptation the 
 temptation to enjoy early life in the pursuit of 
 the coarsest and simplest gratifications, whether 
 innocent or the reverse. For one man who injures 
 himself by misusing his intellectual powers, twenty
 
 72 Appendix. 
 
 ruin themselves, or, to put it more gently, render 
 themselves unfit for the great purposes of life, 
 through over-indulgence of the lower propensities, 
 or of the mere tendency to indolence. Of course it 
 might be better if men, determined to break 
 through such a temptation, were to turn to hard 
 study, in Greek verses, or philosophy, or mathe- 
 matics. But all will not: hardly any will at all 
 times. And of those who study most, many, in 
 the overflow of a strong intellectual nature, require 
 at times some vigorous diversion from their ordi- 
 nary labours. The true answer to all doubts on 
 the subject is this. Every student who turns from 
 the wine-party, or the card-table, or the hunt, aye, 
 or the cricket-field or the river, to study a speech 
 for the Union or to make himself master of the 
 arguments of others there, is exchanging a worse 
 for a better thing, as the general rule. Exceptions 
 there may be in abundance, but such is the law. 
 
 On this principle, as on a rock, these debating 
 societies rest, and must continue to rest until either 
 some better substitute is invented or the lower part 
 of our nature establishes a recognized supremacy 
 over the higher. But he would greatly understate 
 their case who should simply rest it here. These 
 societies form (as is pretty generally recognized) a 
 very useful introductory discipline for men who are 
 to engage in public life in its various shapes. But 
 they do more than this, they afford an indication 
 to the world at large of the turn which the general
 
 Appendix. 73 
 
 mind is likely to take in certain classes and on 
 certain matters. The Union sits laugh at the 
 comparison as you may as a sort of grand jury 
 on questions about to be submitted to the sharper 
 discernment of the trained world. According to 
 the monkish couplet, quoted in "Reginald Dai- 
 ton," 
 
 Chronica si penses, cum pugnant Oxonienses, 
 Post aliquot menses, volat ira per Angligenenses. 
 
 As to the weight of the political opinions pre- 
 valent among them, some may, no doubt, share 
 Bishop Lloyd's scepticism. But the simple fact 
 that, with occasional exceptions, their majorities 
 (we speak of the societies of the two older univer- 
 sities) have been, as they now are, Consrvative in 
 their colours, is no disparagement of their value in 
 this premonitory respect, but the contrary. So are 
 their fathers. And their " Conservatism," after all, 
 has nothing of the mean and selfish element about 
 it. The impulses which lead them in that direction 
 are rather those which, according to the poet Cole- 
 ridge, determined Burke's apostasy. 
 
 Stormy pity, and the cherished lure 
 Of pomp, and proud precipitance of soul. 
 
 And, whatever the results of their mere votings 
 may be, these impulses are allied in most instances 
 with others prompting to an expansive liberalism 
 by no means inconsistent with them. Pall Mall 
 Gazette.
 
 74 Appendix. 
 
 IX. 
 
 " Phaeton," says Dr Newman, " has got into the 
 Chariot of the Sun; we, alas! can only look on, 
 and watch him down the steep of Heaven." This 
 alarming metaphor was merely intended to repre- 
 sent that the old Universities of the land had 
 been reformed and liberalized, and there has, no 
 doubt, been a little revolution in those ancient 
 seats of education and study. Perhaps some 
 readers, after perusing the report of certain pro- 
 ceedings at Cambridge which we yesterday pub- 
 lished, may imagine that our academic youth are 
 really taking to strange ways, and that " Unions," 
 especially "political Unions," are curious insti- 
 tutions to be established in the midst of mediaeval 
 Colleges. But they are not novelties, though they 
 are worked now-a-days in modern fashion, nor 
 do they conduct their members to any precipices 
 of revolution or ruin. In fact, the whole story, as 
 related by Lord Houghton from long experience, 
 is not a little singular. 
 
 The " Unions," let us premise, of Oxford and 
 Cambridge are societies formed of all members 
 of the Universities. Originally and in the main 
 they are associations of undergraduates, but, as 
 graduates generally continue their membership, all 
 ranks and ages are found on the rolls. In the-first
 
 Appendix. 75 
 
 instance, and, indeed, still, these societies repre- 
 sent debating societies, established and maintained 
 for public and formal discussion of the questions 
 of the day. It is only by a natural extension that 
 they have become literary clubs, with reading and 
 writing rooms, large libraries, and other appliances 
 of such institutions. The leading idea is that of 
 debate, and the debating room, modelled on the 
 arrangements of a Parliamentary Chamber, is the 
 principal feature of the establishment. Lord Powis, 
 who, as Lord High Steward of the University, 
 repaired to Cambridge on Tuesday to open the 
 new rooms, enlarged with great truth on some of 
 the purposes which these institutions incidentally 
 served. They furnished the University with a 
 sphere or field of public life, a field on which all 
 University men, of whatever College, rank, or 
 standing, might meet together. The Union might 
 almost be said to represent the old " University" 
 the great scholastic commonalty which preceded 
 the Colleges, but which appears now, as it were, 
 crystallized in those independent foundations. 
 Meeting in this way, the residents of the place 
 form their own little world, and learn to speak, to 
 debate, to argue, to convince and be convinced, 
 as in real political or public life. It may be news, 
 perhaps, to some people to hear that keen political 
 discussion is carried on upon such principles and 
 such a scale in places which they have been 
 accustomed rather to associate with ideas of isola-
 
 76 Appendix. 
 
 tion and repose; but the facts are so, and Lord 
 Houghton, who can recall the traditions of a past 
 generation, gave an interesting history of the 
 Cambridge Union from a time gone by. 
 
 It must be understood, then, as bearing upon 
 one of the most remarkable points of the subject 
 that the present practice of political debate is of 
 very recent origin. In Lord Houghton's time it 
 had no existence. The Union of his days, either 
 by a law of its own, or, what is more probable, by 
 some stipulation on the part of the authorities, was 
 banished to a past age for its subjects of debate. 
 It was not allowable to discuss any question 
 originated since the close of the last century, and 
 so the Unionists of those days expended their 
 youthful fervour partly on the subjects handled by 
 Junius, but principally on the less practical topics 
 of poetry or letters. An anecdote of real under- 
 graduate life five-and-thirty years since, as related 
 by Lord Houghton, does certainly deserve record-' 
 ing. The Union Society of Cambridge at that 
 period was possessed with a fixed and absorbing 
 idea that Shelley, whose poetry was just then 
 becoming known, was not appreciated as he should 
 be by the Union Society of Oxford. So sensibly 
 were the young gentlemen touched by this convic- 
 tion, that a deputation was appointed to proceed 
 to Oxford, obtain an interview with the representa- 
 tives of the Oxford Union, and personally assert 
 the claims of Shelley to be placed at least on a
 
 Appendix. 77 
 
 level with Byron. On this errand three Cambridge 
 undergraduates, of whom Lord Houghton himself 
 was one and Arthur Hallam another, did actually 
 start and take a long dreary post-chaise journey of 
 ten hours across country from Cambridge to 
 Oxford. Arriving there, they were formally re- 
 ceived by Gladstone, of Christ Church, lately 
 Leader of the House of Commons, and Manning, 
 of Balliol, now the Head of the Roman Catholic 
 Church in England. The gravity of the mission 
 was duly acknowledged, but the Conference was 
 rather embarrassed by the fact that nobody at 
 Oxford knew anything about Shelley at all; and 
 it was only with a vague idea of having done 
 something to rouse Oxford Unionists from their 
 insensibility that the deputation returned to Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 It will probably occur to the reader that such a 
 mission on such a subject is not likely to be 
 undertaken in the present day by any Oxford or 
 Cambridge men of his acquaintance; and, indeed, 
 Lord Houghton, who still retains his poetic tastes, 
 was fain to remark that, upon looking over the 
 journals of the Cambridge Parliament, he " did not 
 find a notice of a single literary debate." The 
 men have dropped such subjects. Just now the 
 claims of Mr Swinburne to poetical excellence are 
 matter of sharpish controversy; but Cambridge 
 is thinking no more of Mr Swinburne than Oxford 
 was of Mr Shelley. The Union of the present
 
 78 Appendix. 
 
 day is occupied with Mr Gladstone and Mr 
 Disraeli, with living realities of politics and eco- 
 nomy. Nevertheless and this is the point which 
 seemed to puzzle Lord Houghton these young 
 men, full of freedom, spirit, and ambition, plunging 
 into politics without ballast or beacon, are almost 
 exclusively Conservatives. The fact is the more 
 remarkable, because the students of other Univer- 
 sities in other countries are noted for principles 
 bordering almost upon revolution, and what, then, 
 can account for a difference so striking? Lord 
 Houghton did not venture upon explanations, 
 but up to a certain point they would not be 
 difficult to find. The students of Oxford and 
 Cambridge, unlike those of Jena or Gottingen, 
 belong almost exclusively to the classes of society 
 who are naturally Conservative. They come of 
 Conservative fathers, and they retain the principles 
 in which they have been bred. That is probably 
 the true account of the matter, and yet it cannot 
 be complete, because there is evidence to show 
 that in former times and even as recently as 
 Lord Houghton's own days, when the aristocratic 
 element in the Universities was more predominant 
 than now, the Conservatism of the Unions was by 
 no means so marked. Mr Pendennis introduces 
 his uncle to a fine set of young Republicans, and 
 the old Major rather approves that school of 
 politics for a College, observing that Jacobin 
 principles "sate very prettily upon patricians at
 
 Appendix. 79 
 
 an early age," without being at all inconvenient 
 a few years later. Moreover, as we have already 
 said, this growing Conservatism of the Universities 
 has coincided with the introduction of such po- 
 litical debating as might be expected to lead to 
 other conclusions. When the young men were 
 debarred from living politics they were red-hot 
 Radicals; now that they are conversant with these 
 questions they are very like Tories. 
 
 We suspect that some clue to the conclusion is 
 contained in the facts themselves. It was all very 
 well for young gentlemen 40 years ago to take up 
 with Republicanism in a purely speculative way 
 when they had no concern with real politics and 
 little acquaintance with actual life; when the in- 
 fluence of the Press was comparatively limited, and 
 when knowledge, in all its departments, was limited 
 also. Now, however, the Universities, like all other 
 institutions, are in contact with the living and 
 moving world, and it cannot be surprising, consider- 
 ing what classes they represent, that they should 
 share the leanings of the educated classes towards 
 political caution. Jacobinism, we fancy, went out 
 of date with Shelley and such like topics; and 
 Conservatism, more or less modified, has come in 
 with practical study and observation naturally 
 biased, in the case of University men, by the influ- 
 ence of birth and connexions. There, however, is 
 the fact, and those who feel any consolation in it 
 may assure themselves that the Political Unions of
 
 8o Appendix. 
 
 our two Universities are not charged with any 
 strong elements of political Liberalism. 
 
 The Times. 
 
 X. 
 
 To the Editor of The Times. 
 
 Sir, As a contemporary of Lord Houghton's 
 at Cambridge I read with the greatest pleasure his 
 kindly reminiscences of our undergraduates days, 
 and of the debates in the " Old Union," at the Red 
 Lion. In one point, however, I think my friend's 
 memory has played him a slight trick. Unless 
 mine is treacherous, the Conservative element in 
 the society predominated numerically in our day as 
 well as now. Let me recall to his mind the promi- 
 nent part taken in our debates by the Lillingstons, 
 the Farrs, the Yorkes, and the Crutchleys. The pre- 
 sent Home Secretary, no less courteous and can- 
 did to an adversary then than he is now, was at 
 the time quite as pronounced in his opposition to 
 John Sterling and Charles Buller. Nor was there 
 any mistake about the Conservatism of Augustus 
 Stafford, or Lord John Manners, or George Smythe 
 (to whom Lord Powis alluded in his opening 
 address), or of Lord Powis himself. Sunderland, 
 too, made his d/but as a Jacobite, although the 
 Jacobite afterwards turned into something like a
 
 Appendix. 8 r 
 
 Jacobin. Nay, the political sentiments of my 
 noble friend himself and those of "the young man 
 named Gladstone," of Mr Bernal Osborne, of Mr 
 Horsman, and other notabilities, could hardly be 
 regarded as fully indicative of their subsequent 
 views by any one not possessing the gift of pro- 
 phecy. And this was only natural. The time of 
 which Lord Houghton is speaking was one before 
 the Reform Bill, before the triumph of the prin- 
 ciples of Free-trade, before the removal of the 
 most crying religious disabilities. The objects 
 which Liberals then set before themselves have 
 all been attained; and although young men of 
 ardent minds belonging to that school may pos- 
 sibly sigh for new worlds to conquer, it cannot be 
 considered inconsistency in their seniors should 
 they not share this feeling in any great degree. 
 
 I rather demur, therefore, both to the mild 
 complaint of Lord Houghton and your comment 
 upon it in your leading article of to-day. We 
 Liberals of a generation back are not willing to 
 believe our sons obstructives ; and we are quite as 
 unwilling to have them regard us, who have now 
 become a little wiser, as rash and hot-headed 
 young men in the days "when George IV. was 
 king." We should have shrunk quite as much then 
 as they now do from identifying ourselves with 
 itinerant demagogues; we hated tyranny and op- 
 pression in ermine, and we should not have flat- 
 tered them in fustian; our desire was to protect 
 
 6
 
 82 Appendix. 
 
 the interests of every class in the State, and to 
 spread content and mutual good-feeling over the 
 whole of the nation by removing the obvious 
 causes which rendered the interests of some in- 
 compatible with the interests of the rest, not to 
 subject all classes to one and make an enemy 
 of that. On these 'principles we acted, both as 
 members of the Union Society and in after life, 
 and, as we venture to think, with some success ; 
 and we cannot help hoping that if true Liberals 
 are really in a minority just now in the Union 
 Society they will follow the example of their 
 fathers, and, while they altogether refuse to iden- 
 tify themselves with the wretched caricature which 
 usurps the name of liberality, will steadily and 
 candidly maintain the true cause of civil and reli- 
 gious liberty whenever it is at stake. Their mi- 
 nority will, as ours did, turn at last into a majority; 
 and I will answer for it that the experience of 
 mature life will not be found to contradict the 
 generous aspirations of youth. 
 
 I am, Sir, your obedient Servant, 
 
 ONCE A PRESIDENT OF THE 
 CAMBRIDGE UNION. 
 
 XL 
 
 To the Editor of TJie Times. 
 
 Sir, I have read with great interest your re- 
 port of the recent proceedings relative to the
 
 Appendix. 83 
 
 Cambridge Union. Permit me to state to you a 
 fact bearing on the seeming difference of opinion 
 respecting the former political bias of the society. 
 
 The Union was originally formed by the amal- 
 gamation of three distinct associations, and was 
 placed provisionally under the direction of two 
 noted Whigs, both godsons of the statesman whose 
 name they bore Charles Fox Townsend and the 
 Hon. Charles Fox Maitland. On its being finally 
 constituted, in the spring of 1814, other officers 
 were substituted. The first trial of strength be- 
 tween the Whig and Tory members, as I find by 
 reference to a letter written by me at the time, was 
 on the question of the war of 1793, involving Mr 
 Pitt's entire policy, when, on the division, there 
 having been about 100 present, there were 49 pros 
 and 26 cons. 
 
 The society included in its ranks the elite of the 
 undergraduates and some distinguished graduates 
 of the University. The result is, perhaps, the more 
 remarkable as the politics of the University were 
 at this time considered decidedly Whig, so as to 
 incur the Prince Regent's displeasure, of which, 
 being present on the occasion, I well remember his 
 giving us proof on the presentation of an address. 
 
 I am, Sir, your obedient Servant, 
 
 THE FIRST SECRETARY AND THIRD 
 PRESIDENT OF THE UNION. 
 
 62
 
 84 Appendix, 
 
 XII. 
 
 To the Editor of The Times. 
 
 Sir, The recent opening of the new buildings 
 of the Cambridge Union Society, the admirable 
 speeches made on the occasion, and your article on 
 the subject have awakened pleasant recollections 
 and old interests with many persons. I hear that 
 there are not a few who would gladly have contri- 
 buted if they had heard that such a building was 
 being raised by subscription. May I be allowed 
 to state that their assistance will still be thankfully 
 accepted? The cost of the land, buildings, and 
 furniture is about 11,000, while the amount of 
 subscriptions does not exceed 4,000. The amount 
 of debt and the charge for interest will therefore 
 be unduly heavy unless further assistance is ob- 
 tained. Subscriptions can be paid to the account 
 of the Cambridge University Union Society with 
 Messrs Mortlock and Co., Cambridge, whose Lon- 
 don agents are Messrs Smith, Payne and Smith, 
 Lombard-street. 
 
 I have the honour to be 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 M. A.
 
 LIST OF OFFICERS.
 
 LIST OF OFFICERS, 
 
 WITH THE DATES OF THEIR ELECTION. 
 
 Lent, 1815. 
 
 Mr E. Gambler Pres. Trin. 
 
 Lord Normanby . . . Treas. Trin. 
 ^on. C. J. Shore. .Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1815. 
 
 Lord Normanby ...Pres. Trin. 
 Hon. C. J. Shore ...Treas. Trin. 
 Mr G. Stainforth ...Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 October, 1815. 
 
 Hon. C. J. Shore ...Pres. Trin. 
 Mr G. Stainforth ...Treas. Trin. 
 E. Leycester ...Sec. ...Joh. 
 
 Lent, 1816. 
 
 Mr G. Stainforth ...Pres. Trin. 
 E. Leycester . . . Treas. Joh. 
 R. Whitcombe..^. ...Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1816. 
 
 Mr E. Leycester ...Pres. Joh. 
 R. Whitcombe.. Treas. Trin. 
 W. Whewell ...Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 October, 1816. 
 
 Mr R. Whitcombe.. Pres. Trin. 
 W. Whewell . . . Treas. Trin. 
 W. G. Graham. Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1817. 
 Mr W. Whewell ...Pres. Trin. 
 
 H. J. Rose Treas. Trin. 
 
 2 C. Thirlwall ...Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1817. 
 No Officers were elected. 
 
 October, 1817. 
 
 Mr H. J. Rose Pres. Trin. 
 
 H. Waddington Treas. Trin. 
 T. Thorp Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1818. 
 Mr B. H. Malkin.../ ) rT. Trin. 
 
 T. Thorp Treas. Trin. 
 
 T. Baines Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1818. 
 
 Mr T. Thorp Pres. Trin. 
 
 T. Baines Treas. Trin. 
 
 S. Hawkes Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 October, 1818. 
 
 Mr T. Baines Pres. Trin. 
 
 T. Platt Treas. Trin. 
 
 J. Fisher fe-. ...Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1819. 
 
 MrT. Platt Pres. Trin. 
 
 S. Hawkes Treas. Trin. 
 
 W. M. Praed ...Ar. ...Joh. 
 
 Easter, 1819. 
 
 Mr S. Hawkes /VKT. Trin. 
 
 J. Cooper, Treas. &* Sec. Trin. 
 
 October, 1819. 
 
 Mr J. Cooper Pra 1 . Trin. 
 
 E. D. Rhodes... Treas. Sidney. 
 J. D. Glennie...&f. ...Trin. 
 
 1 Now Lord Teignmouth. 
 
 2 Bishop of St David's.
 
 Appendix. 
 
 Lent, 1820. 
 
 Mr E. D. Rhodes... Pres. Sidney. 
 J. D. Glennie ...Treas. Trin. 
 E. Whiteley Sec. ...Jesus. 
 
 Easter, 1820. 
 
 Mr E. Whiteley Pres. Jesus. 
 
 T. Sheepshanks Treas. Trin. 
 T. B. Macaulay &<:. ...Trin. 
 
 October, 1820. 
 Mr T. Sheepshanks Pres. Trin. 
 
 E. Strutt Treas. Trin. 
 
 *J. Punnett Sec. ...Clare. 
 
 Lent, 1821. 
 
 2 MrE. Strutt Pres. Trin. 
 
 J. Punnett Treas. Clare. 
 
 J. Furnival Sec. ...Queens' 
 
 Easter, 1821. 
 
 Mr J. Punnett Pres. Clare. 
 
 J. Furnival Treas. Queens' 
 
 C.Austin Sec. ...Jesus. 
 
 October, 1821. 
 
 Mr J. Furnival Pres. Queens', 
 
 C. Austin Treas. Jesus. 
 
 A. Stapleton Sec. ...Joh. 
 
 Lent, 1822. 
 
 Mr C. Austin Pres. Jesus. 
 
 A. Stapleton ....Treas. Joh. 
 T. H. Villiers....Sk-. ...Joh. 
 
 Easter, 1822. 
 
 3 Mr C. Villiers Pres. Joh. 
 
 W. H. Ord Treas. Trin. 
 
 J. H. Pattison...&c. ...Joh. 
 
 October, 1822. 
 
 Mr W. H. Ord Pres. Trin. 
 
 4 Lord Howick Treas. Trin. 
 
 Mr W. Blunt Sec. ...King's. 
 
 Lent, 1823. 
 
 Mr W. Blunt Pres. King's. 
 
 T. B. Macaulay Treas. Trin. 
 G. O. Townsend Sec. ...King's. 
 
 Easter, 1823. 
 
 Mr G. O. Townsend Pres. King's. 
 R. C. Hildyard Treas. Cath. 
 W. M. Praed....6Vr. ...Trin. 
 
 October, 1823. 
 
 Mr J. J. Rawlinson Pres. Trin. 
 W. M. Praed...7mw. Trin. 
 R. Steel Sec. ...Joh. 
 
 Lent, 1824. 
 
 Mr R. C. Hildyard Pres. Cath. 
 6 A. J. Cockburn Treas. Trin. H. 
 J. Haughton ....Sec. ...Pemb. 
 
 Easier, 1824. 
 Mr A. J. Cockburn Pres. Trin. H. 
 
 J. Haughton Treas. Pemb. 
 
 6 E. G. L. Bulwer Sec. ...Trin.H. 
 
 October, 1824. 
 
 Mr J. Haughton Pres. Pemb. 
 
 E. G. L. Bulwer Treas. Trin. H. 
 E. Beales Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1825. 
 Mr W. E. Tooke ...Pres. Trin. 
 7B. H. Kennedy Treas. Joh. 
 R. D. Boylan...>&r. ...Trin. 
 
 1 Mr Furnival, of Queens' College, was appointed Vice-Secretary for this Term, 
 during the absence of Mr Punnett. 
 
 2 Now Lord Helper. 3 L a t e President, Poor Law Board. 
 4 Now Earl Grey. 
 
 1 Lord Chief Justice, Queen's Bench. 
 
 * Now Lord Lytton. 1 Late Head Master, Shrewsbury School.
 
 Appendix. 
 
 89 
 
 Easter, 1825. 
 
 Mr B. H. Kennedy Pres. Joh. 
 R. D. Boylan . . . Treas. Trin. 
 V. Vyvyan Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 October, 1825. 
 
 Mr J. Stock Pres. Pet. 
 
 J. Wilson Treas. Trin. 
 
 E. Romilly Sec. ...Christ's. 
 
 Lent, 1826. 
 
 Mr J. Wilson Pres. Trin. 
 
 E. Romilly Treas. Christ's. 
 
 J. H. Smith Sec. ...Corpus. 
 
 Easter, 1826. 
 
 Mr J. H. Smith Pres. Corpus. 
 
 R. Hutt Treas. Trin. 
 
 C. Lillingston . . . Sec. . . . Emman. 
 
 October, 1826. 
 Mr C. Lillingston... Pres. Emman. 
 
 C. Buller Treas. Trin. 
 
 J. Jordan Sec. ...Clare. 
 
 Lent, 1817. 
 
 Mr C. Buller Pres. Trin. 
 
 J. Sterling Treas. Trin. H. 
 
 J. Kemble Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1827. 
 
 Mr J. Sterling Pres. Trin.H. 
 
 T. Sunderland .. Treas. Trin. 
 J. Leigh Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 October, 1827. 
 i Mr S. H. Walpole Pres. Trin. 
 
 J- Leigh l Tnas Trin. 
 
 a R.C. Trench... \ Jrau - Trin. 
 J. H. Cameron j c (Trin. 
 C. Templeton J * 1 (Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1828. 
 
 Mr J. Kemble Pres. Trin. 
 
 J. W. Blakesley Treas. Corpus. 
 H. H. Luscombe Sec. ...Clare. 
 
 Easter, 1828. 
 
 Mr R. C. Trench ...Pres. Trin. 
 H.H. Luscombe Treas. Clare. 
 J. Simpson Sec. ...Corpus. 
 
 October, 1828. 
 Mr H. H. Luscombe Pres. Clare. 
 
 J. Simpson Treas. Corpus. 
 
 W. G. Ponsonby Sec. . . .Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1829. 
 Mr J. W. Blakesley Pres. Corpus. 
 
 C. Chapman Treas. Corpus. 
 
 P. H. Crutchley &<:. ...Magd. 
 
 Easter, 1829. 
 
 Mr C. Chapman ....Pres. Corpus. 
 P. H. Crutchley Treas. Magd. 
 H.P. Hope Sec. ...Trin.H. 
 
 October, 1829. 
 
 Mr P. H. Crutchley Pres. Magd. 
 
 H. P. Hope Treas. Trin. H. 
 
 C.Lloyd Sec. ...Magd. 
 
 Lent, 1830. 
 
 MrL. S. Orde Pres. Queens'. 
 
 C. Lloyd Treas. Magd. 
 
 J. Carne Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1830. 
 Mr H. Matthew ....Pres. Sidney. 
 
 J. Carne Treas. Trin. 
 
 4 H. Alford Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 1 Secretary of State for Home Department M.P. for Cambridge University. 
 3 Archbishop of Dublin. 
 
 3 Where two names appear for one office in the same term, it is when the former has 
 vacated and the latter been elected to fill it. 
 
 4 Dean of Canterbury.
 
 Appendix. 
 
 October, 1830. 
 Mr L. S. Orde ...... Pres. 1 Queens', 
 
 H. Alford ....... Treas. Trin. 
 
 W.H.Brookfield-Sar. ...Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1831. 
 
 Mr W. S. O'Brien ..Pres. Trin. 
 W.H.Brookfield Treas. Trin. 
 W. Bailey ........ Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Easttr, 1831. 
 
 Mr J. W. D . Dundas Pres. . . .Magd. 
 J. R. Gardiner .. Treas. Trin. 
 
 R. G. L. Blen-f ~ T - 
 i i^ec. Inn. 
 
 kinsopp ...... ) 
 
 October, 1831. 
 
 Mr W.H.Brookneld/V,?j. Trin. 
 R G. L.BIen-j 7 . fW>TrilL 
 kinsopp ...... ) 
 
 R. Sale ........... Sec. ...Joh. 
 
 1832. 
 
 Mr C. R. Kennedy /Vw. Trin. 
 R. Sale ........... Treas. Joh. 
 
 R. A. Johnstone Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1832. 
 Mr H. Alford ....... Pres. Trin. 
 
 R. A. Johnstone Treas. Trin. 
 K. Macaulay .....Sw. ...Jesus. 
 
 October, 1832. 
 
 Mr R. A. Johnstone Pres. Trin. 
 F. S. Williams . Treas. Trin. 
 W. F. Dobson....fe. ...Joh. 
 
 Lent, 1833. 
 
 Hon.W.C.Henniker/V*r. Joh. 
 Mr W. F. Dobson...2Vmr. Joh. 
 F. J. White ...... Sec. ...Magd. 
 
 Easter, 1833. 
 
 Mr E. Warburton.../'m. Trin. 
 C. White Treas. Magd. 
 
 B. Stocks Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 October, 1833. 
 
 Mr J. E. Heathcote Pres. Trin. 
 G.Ferguson Treas. Trin. 
 
 C. G. Burke ....Sec. ...Christ's. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 I Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1834. 
 Mr W. H. Brook-) 
 
 field 1 .... 
 Hon. W. C. Hen- 1 
 
 niker 1 > Ijoh. 
 
 Mr C. White 1 Treas. Magd. 
 
 C. G. Burke l ....Sec. ...Christ's. 
 
 Easter, 1834. 
 
 Mr C. White Pres. Magd. 
 
 C. G. Burke Treas. Christ's. 
 
 G.F.Townshend-SVrc. ...Trin. 
 
 October, 1834. 
 
 Mr C. G. Burke Pres. Christ's. 
 
 G.F.Townshend Treas. Trin. 
 W.A.Mackinnon&if. ...Joh. 
 
 Lent, 1835. 
 
 Mr G. F.Townshend/>ra-. Trin. 
 W.A.Mackinnon Treas. Joh. 
 H. B. Jones Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1835. 
 
 Mr K. Macaulay ...Pres.... Jesus. 
 J. H. Timing ...Treas. Trin. 
 H. Roberts Sec. ...Magd. 
 
 October, 1835. 
 MrW.A.Mackinnon/'ra'. Joh. 
 
 H. Bullock Treas. Christ's. 
 
 S. Spranger Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 1 Second time.
 
 Appendix. 
 
 Lent, 1836. 
 
 Mr W. F. Pollock... Pres. Trin. 
 J. Kirkpatrick...7V#w. Trin. 
 W. G. Romaine Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1836. 
 
 Mr T. Spankie Pres Trin. 
 
 H. R. Goldfinch Treas. Trin. 
 W. Mackenzie ...So-. ...Trin.H. 
 
 October, 1836. 
 
 Mr H. R. Goldfinch Pres. Trin. 
 W. Mackenzie ..Treas. Trin.H. 
 1 J. A. Hardcastle Sec. . . . Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1837. 
 2 Mr A. B. Cochrane Pres. Trin. 
 
 C. Tower Treas. Joh. 
 
 R. N. Philips... Sec. ...Christ's. 
 
 Easter, 1837. 
 
 Mr A. J. Ellis Pres. Trin. 
 
 R. N. Philips... Treas. Christ's. 
 S. T. Bartlett ...Sec. ...Clare. 
 
 October, 1837. 
 
 Mr R. N. Philips ...Pres. Christ's. 
 S. T. Bartlett... Treas. Clare. 
 J. G. Maitland..6Vr. ...Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1838. 
 
 Mr J. C. Tindal Pres. Trin. 
 
 3 R. Baggallay...7Vazj. Caius. 
 
 E. Banbury Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1838. 
 
 Sir J. Lighten Pres.. ..Joh. 
 
 Mr H. White Treas. Trin. 
 
 W. J. Butler . ...Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 October, 1838. 
 Mr S. T. Bartlett ...Pra-. Clare. 
 
 F. Thackeray ... Treas. Caius. 
 T. Frere Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 1 M.P. for Bury St Edmund's. 
 3 M.P. for Hereford. 
 
 Lent, 1839. 
 
 Mr A. J. B. Hope / (Trin. 
 J.W. Donaldson \ rres ' (Trin. 
 C. J. Ellicott 4 ...2V<!aj. Joh. 
 B. H. Drury ..... Sec. ...Caius. 
 
 Easter, 1839. 
 
 Mr C. J. Ellicott ...Pres.... Joh. 
 E. H. J. Crauford Treas. Trin. 
 P. Wright ........ Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 October, 1839. 
 
 Mr E. H. J.Crauford Pres. Trin. 
 A. S. Eddis ...... Treas. Trin. 
 
 J. A. Beaumont Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1840. 
 
 Mr J. H. Bastard ...Pres. Trin. 
 T. W. Sherring-) m T , 
 J ham ......... S ]Treas.Joh. 
 
 W. Cunliffe | ~ T , 
 Brooks ........ j* 6 -J h - 
 
 Easter, 1840. 
 MrW. Werge ...... Pres. Joh. 
 
 J. A. Beaumont Treas. Trin. 
 J. R. Stock ...... Sec. ...Joh. 
 
 October, 1840. 
 
 Mr J. A. Beaumont Pres. Trin. 
 J. R. Stock ...... Treas. Joh. 
 
 M. Ware ......... Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 ", 1841. 
 Mr J. R. Stock ...... Pres. Joh. 
 
 W. C. Brooks.. Treas. Joh. 
 H. L. Young ...Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1841. 
 
 Mr W. C. Brooks... /V*r. Joh. 
 E. Rudge ........ Treas. Cath. 
 
 J. Slade .......... Sec. ...Joh. 
 
 M.P. for Honiton. 
 
 * Now Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol.
 
 9 2 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 October, 1841. 
 MrT. H. Bullock... Pros. 
 
 King's. 
 
 J. Slade Treas. Jolu 
 
 J. Hardcastle ...Sec. ...Pet. 
 
 Lent, 1842. 
 
 MrE. Rudge ) (Cath. 
 
 G. Crawshay...^' [Trin. 
 J. Hardcastle ...Treas. Pet. 
 T. S. Western..^. ...Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1842. 
 
 Mr J. Hardcastle ...7Vw....Pet. 
 A. Chisholm ...Treas. Joh. 
 H. Cox 6>r. ...Jesus. 
 
 October, 1842. 
 Mr T. S. Western... /V*r. Trin. 
 
 H. Cox Treas. Jesus. 
 
 J. C. H. Ogier..6ar. ...Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1843. 
 
 Mr F. W. Gibbs ...Pres. Trin. 
 J. C. H. Ogier..7Vw. Trin. 
 G. W. King Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1843. 
 Hon.F. S. Grimston Pres. Magd. 
 
 Mr G. W. King Treas. Trin. 
 
 J.Kay Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 October, 1843. 
 
 Mr G. W. King Pres. Trin. 
 
 Hon. A. Spring- Rice Treas. Trin. 
 MrT. H. Tooke....&r. ...Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1844. 
 Mr J. C. H. Ogier../V<f.f. Trin. 
 
 T.H.Jones Treas. Pemb. 
 
 J. Brame Sec. ...Joh. 
 
 Easter, 1844. 
 
 Mr W. Blake Pres. Trin. 
 
 E. F. Fiske Treas. Emman. 
 
 A.B.Hemsworth.fe. ...Pemb. 
 
 October, 1844. 
 
 Mr E. F. Fiske Pres. Emman. 
 
 T. H. Tooke ...Treas. Trin. 
 H. Lindsay Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1845. 
 Mr C. Babington 1 . . . Pres. . . Joh. 
 
 J. Brame Treas. Joh. 
 
 H. W. Thomson Sec. . . .Jesus. 
 
 Easter, 1845. 
 
 Mr H. Lindsay Pres. Trin. 
 
 H. W. Thomson Treas. Jesus. 
 T. Dealtry Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 October, 1845. 
 
 MrR. A. Cross Pres. Trin. 
 
 H. W. Thomson Treas. 5 Jesus. 
 T. Dealtry At. 1 , ..Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1846. 
 
 Mr J. F. Baird Pres. Trin. 
 
 A. Garfit Treas. Trin. 
 
 A. Codd Sec. ...Joh. 
 
 Easter, 1846. 
 
 MrT. Dealtry Pres. Trin. 
 
 A. Garfit Treas.*Trin. 
 
 J. LI. Davies ...Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 October, 1846. 
 
 Mr A. Garfit Pres. Trin. 
 
 J. LI. Davies ...Treas. Trin. 
 
 D. J. Vaughan Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1847. 
 Hon.W.F.Campbell 3 /^. Trin. 
 Mr J. LI. Davies .... Treas. 2 Trin. 
 
 E. Prest Sec. ...Joh. 
 
 1 Disney Professor of Archaeology. ! Second time. 
 
 3 Now Lord Stratheden.
 
 Appendix. 
 
 93 
 
 Easter, 1847. 
 Mr J. LI. Davies . . . .Pres, Trin. 
 
 E. Prest Treas. Joh. 
 
 A.A.VanSittart&f. ...Trin. 
 
 October, 1847. 
 Mr A. A. Van Sittart Pres. 
 
 A. G. Day ), 
 
 R. H. Pirr....\ Trau - JTrin. 
 J. F. Thrupp ...Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Trin. 
 I Caius. 
 
 Lent, 1848. 
 
 Mr R. H. Parr Pres. Trin. 
 
 J. F. Thrupp ...Treas. Trin. 
 F. H. Colt Sec. ...Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1848. 
 
 Mr J. F. Thrupp ...Pres. Trin. 
 
 F. H. Colt Treas. Trin. 
 
 Hon. A. Gordon.... Sec.... Trin. 
 
 October, 1848. 
 
 MrF. H. Colt Pres. Trin. 
 
 Hon. A. Gordon ...Treas. Trin. 
 Mr W. Finnic Sec. Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1849. 
 
 Hon. A. Gordon ...Pres. Trin. 
 
 Mr W. V. Harcourt Treas. Trin. 
 
 A. H. Louis ...Sec. Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1849. 
 
 Mr W. V. Harcourt Pres. Trin. 
 
 A. H. Louis ...Treas. Trin. 
 
 R. Temple Sec. Trin. 
 
 October, 1849. 
 
 Mr J. LI. Davies ...Pres. 1 Trin. 
 A. H. Louis ... Treas. 1 T rin . 
 R. S. Lane Sec. Caius. 
 
 Lent, 1850. 
 
 Mr A. H. Louis ....Pres. Trin. 
 
 R. Temple Treas. Trin. 
 
 R. S. Lane Sec. 1 Caius. 
 
 Easter, 1850. 
 
 Mr R. Temple Pres. Trin. 
 
 R. S. Lane Treas. Caius. 
 
 H. Leach Sec. Emm. 
 
 October, 1850. 
 
 Mr R. Stuart Lane Pres. Caius. 
 
 H. Leach Treas. Emm. 
 
 S. P. Butler ...Sec. Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1851. 
 
 Mr H. Leach Pres. Emm. 
 
 P. Laurence ....Treas. Trin. 
 H. A. Bright ...Sec. Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1851. 
 
 Mr P. Laurence ....Pres. Trin. 
 
 H. A. Bright ...Treas. Trin. 
 
 R. J. Cust Sec. Trin. 
 
 October, 1851. 
 Mr H. A. Bright ...Pres. Trin. 
 
 R. J. Cust Treas. Trin. 
 
 J. Payn Sec. Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1852. 
 
 Mr R. J. Cust Pres. Trin. 
 
 J. Payn Treas. Trin. 
 
 R. J. Livingstone.SVr. Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1852. 
 
 Mr J. Payn Pres. Trin. 
 
 R. J. Livingstone Treas. Trin. 
 
 A. Cohen Sec. Magd. 
 
 1 Second time.
 
 94 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 October, 1852 a . 
 Mr F. J. A. Hort ...Pres. Trin. 
 
 S. P. Butler Treas. Trin. 
 
 S. Gedge Sec. Corpus. 
 
 V. Lushington Lib. Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1853. 
 
 Mr J. Lloyd Pres. Trin. 
 
 S. P. Butler Treas. Trin. 
 
 V. Lushington Sec. Trin. 
 
 J. W. Wilkins Lib. Trin. H. 
 
 Easter, 1853. 
 
 Mr A. Cohen Pres. Magd. 
 
 S. P. Butler Treas. Trin. 
 
 J. W. Wilkins.. .Sec. Trin. H. 
 E. Dicey Lib. Trin. 
 
 October, 1853. 
 
 Mr E. Dicey Pres. Trin. 
 
 C. T. SwanstonF'.-/ ) m.Trin. 
 A. G. Marten . . . Treas. Joh. 
 2 H. M. Butler... So-. Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1854. 
 Mr C. T. Swanston Pres. 
 
 Trin. 
 
 stone 
 
 A. G. Marten ... Treas. Joh. 
 G. Bulstrode ...Sec. Emm. 
 
 Easter, 1854. 
 
 MrH.W.Elphinstone/Vvj. Trin. 
 G. Bulstrode... V.-Pres. Emm. 
 A. G. Marten... Treas. Joh. 
 C. S. Grubbe ...Sec. Jesus. 
 
 October, 1854. 
 Mr V. Lushington... Pres. Trin. 
 
 F.Kelly V.-Pres. Trin. 
 
 A. G. Marten... Treas. Joh. 
 W. C. Gully ...Sec. Trin. 
 
 Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1855. 
 Mr F. Kelly ......... Pres. Trin . 
 
 W. C. Gully... V.-Pres. Trin. 
 A. G. Marten ...Treas. Joh. 
 H. E. Tracey ...Sec. Joh. 
 
 Easter, 1855. 
 Mr W. C. Gully ...Pres. 
 H. E. Tracey 
 
 A. G. Marten... Treas. Joh. 
 3 H. Fawcett ...... Sec. Trin. H. 
 
 October, 1855. 
 
 Mr H. M. Butler ...Pres. Trin. 
 H. E. Tracey V.-Pres. Joh. 
 4 J. E. Gorst ...... Treas. Joh. 
 
 E. Latham ...... Sec. Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1856. 
 
 Mr W. D. Gardiner Pres. Pet. 
 E. E. Bowen V. -Pres. Trin. 
 J. E. Gorst ...... Treas. Joh. 
 
 E. H. Fisher ...Sec. Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1856. 
 
 Mr W. J. Dunning Pres. Trin. 
 W. L. Heeley V.-Pres. 1v\\\. 
 J. E. Gorst ...... Treas. Joh. 
 
 C. Puller ......... Sec. Trin. 
 
 October, 1856. 
 
 MrE. E. Bowen .../"m. Trin. 
 E. Bell ......... V.-Pres.lrm.. 
 
 T. M. Gilbert... Treas. Trin. 
 W. S. Smith ...Sec. Trin. 
 
 1857. 
 
 Mr C. Puller ......... Pres. Trin. 
 
 J. J. Lias ...... V.-Pres. Emm. 
 
 T. M. Gilbert... Treas. Trin. 
 C. A. Jones ...Sec. Joh. 
 
 1 From this date the government of the Society was confided to four officers instead 
 of three, as heretofore ; and the Treasurer's was made an annual office. 
 
 2 Head Master of Harrow School. 
 
 3 Professor of Political Economy. 
 
 4 M.P. for Cambridge.
 
 Appendix. 
 
 95 
 
 Easter, 1857. 
 
 MrJ. E. Gorst Pres. Joh. 
 
 C. A. Jones ...V.-Pres.] oh. 
 T. M. Gilbert . . . Treas. Trin. 
 H. J. Matthew Sec. Trin. 
 
 October, 1857. 
 Mr W. S. Smith ...Pres. Trin. 
 
 C. Trotter Treas. Trin. 
 
 B. H. Alford ...Sec. Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1858. 
 
 Mr C. A. Jones Pres. Joh. 
 
 J. M. MoorsomF - .-/Vr.Trin. 
 
 C. Trotter Treas. Trin. 
 
 Sir G. Young, Bart. Sec. Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1858. 
 
 Mr R. O'Hara Pres. Cains. 
 
 O. Browning... V.-Pres. King's. 
 
 C. Trotter Treas. Trin. 
 
 ~\Y. S. Thomason&f. Trin. 
 
 October, 1858. 
 
 Mr E. H. Fisher ...Pres. Trin. 
 
 J. J. Cowell ...V.-Pres.Trin. 
 
 T. W. Beddome Treas. Trin. 
 
 X G. O. Trevelyan&r. Trin. 
 
 Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1859. 
 
 Mr H. C. Raikes ...Pres. 
 C. Trotter ....V.-Pr 
 T. W. Beddome Traw. Trin. 
 E. T. Arden .... Sec. Christ's. 
 
 Easter, 1859. 
 
 Mr O. Browning ...Pres. King's. 
 A. Ainger ...... V. -Pre j.Trin. H. 
 
 T. W. BeddomeTVmr. Trin. 
 H. Hanson ....... Sec. Trin. 
 
 October, 1859. 
 
 Mr T. W. Beddome Pres. Trin. 
 F. E. Kitchener ) Vice- ( Trin. 
 J. Salwey 8 \Pres. {Trin. 
 F. LI. Bagshawe Treas. Trin. 
 
 C. Dalrymple &r. Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1860. 
 
 Mr C. Trotter Pres. Trin. 
 
 H. Geary V. -Pres. Corp. 
 
 F. LI. Bagshawe Treas. Trin. 
 
 D. M. Home ...Sec. Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1860. 
 
 Mr H. Geary /Vtfj. Corp. 
 
 W.J. Lawrance V. -Pres. Trin. 
 
 F. LI. Bagshawe Treas. Trin. 
 W. M. Lane ...6>r. Trin. 
 
 October, 1860. 
 
 Sir G. Young, Bart. .Pw. Trin. 
 Mr C. Dalrymple V.-Pres.Trin. 
 
 A. Hay Hill ...Treas. Trin. H. 
 
 R. F. Woodward^ . Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1861. 
 
 Mr. H. Sidgwick .. Pres. Trin. 
 W. M. Lane... V.-Pres. Trin. 
 A. Hay Hill ...Treas. Trin.H. 
 R. H. Wilson... .So:. Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1861. 
 
 Mr F. LI. Bagshawe Pres. Trin. 
 
 G. A. Skinner V.-Pres. Trin. 
 A. Hay Hill ...Treas. Trin.H. 
 W. Everett Sec. Trin. 
 
 October, 1861. 
 
 MrG. O. Trevelyan Pres. Trin. 
 W. Everett . . . V. -Pres. Trin. 
 M. Powell Treas. Trin. 
 
 E. L. O'Malley Sec. Trin. 
 
 1 M.P. for Tynemouth. 
 
 - Mr Salwey was elected on the retirement in consequence of ill health of Mr 
 Kitchener.
 
 9 6 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 Lent, 1862. 
 
 Mr W. M. Lane ....Pres. Trin. 
 E. L. O'Malley V.-Pres. Trin. 
 
 M. Powell Treas. Trin. 
 
 E. H. McNeile Sec. Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1862. 
 
 Mr W. J. Lawrance.Pm. Trin. 
 A. Sidgwick...F'.-/ > ra.Trin. 
 
 M. Powell Treas. Trin. 
 
 H. Lee- Warner Sec. Joh. 
 
 October, 1862. 
 
 Mr. W. Everett ....Pres. Trin. 
 H. Lee-Warner V.-Pres. Joh. 
 
 A. Clowes Treas. Trin. 
 
 R. D. Bennett.. .Sec. Trin.H. 
 
 Lent, 1863. 
 
 Mr E. L. O'Malley Pres. Trin. 
 R. D. Bennett V.-Pres. Trin.H. 
 
 A. Clowes Treas. Trin. 
 
 J. B. Payne Sec. Down. 
 
 Easter, 1863. 
 
 Mr E. L. O'Malley 1 Pres. Trin. 
 W. Whitworthr. -/>. Pemb. 
 
 A. Clowes Treas. Trin. 
 
 T. Beard Sec. Jesus. 
 
 October, 1863. 
 
 Mr A. Sidgwick ...Pres. Trin. 
 C. W. Dilke... ^-/"m. Trin.H. 
 E. E. W. Kirkby Treas. Trin. 
 A. G. Shiell ...Sec. Pet. 
 
 Lent, 1864. 
 
 Mr R. D. Bennett... Pres. Trin.H. 
 C. W. Dilke 1 V.-Pres. Trin.H. 
 E. E. W. Kirkby Treas. Trin. 
 H. Peto .. ....Sec. Trin. 
 
 Easter, 1864. 
 Mr H. Jackson Pres. Trin. 
 
 B. K. Woodd V.-Pres. Trin. 
 E. E. W. Kirkby Treas. Trin. 
 H. D. Jones ...Sec. Joh. 
 
 October, 1864. 
 Mr C. W. Dilke .../"ra-. Trin.H. 
 
 H. Peto V. -Pres. Trin. 
 
 E. E. W. Kirkby Treas. Trin. 
 J. R. Hollond...5^. Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1865. 
 Mr H. Peto Pres. Trin. 
 
 C. Greene V. -Pres. Trin. 
 
 E. E. W. Kirkby Treas. Trin. 
 E. S. Shuckburgh .So". Emm. 
 
 Easter, 1865. 
 
 Mr J. R. Hollond. . .Pres. Trin. 
 E S.Shuck-) r _ jpmEmm> 
 
 burgh 
 
 E. E. W. Kirkby Treas. Trin. 
 Lord E. Fitzmaurice Sec. Trin. 
 
 October, 1865. 
 
 Mr E. S. Shuckburgh/VKf. Emm. 
 
 Lord E. Fitzmaurice V. -Pres. Trin. 
 
 MrE. E. W. Kirkby Treas. Trin. 
 
 S. Colvin Sec. Trin. 
 
 Lent, 1866. 
 
 Mr C. W. Dilke l . . . Pres. Trin. H. 
 H. L. Anderton V.-Pres. Cams. 
 E. E. W. Kirkby Treas. Trin. 
 W. R. Kennedy Sec. King's. 
 
 Easter, 1866. 
 
 Lord E. Fitzmaurice Pres. Trin. 
 Mr S. Colvin V.-Pres. Trin. 
 
 E. E. W. Kirkby Treas. Trin. 
 
 G. C. Whiteley Sec. Joh. 
 
 1 Second time. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE : PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.