In Memonam 
 Issac Flaf^g 
 f ___18_45 - 1931
 
 Claten&on iress Btm 
 
 LUCIANI VERA HISTORIA 
 
 C. S. J ERR AM
 
 Uontrott 
 
 MACMILLAN AND CO. 
 
 PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY QF 
 
 <©:cfortr
 
 Clarenian fress Series 
 LUCI ANI 
 
 \'ERA HISTORIA 
 
 WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES 
 FOR THE USE OF MIDDLE FORMS IN SCHOOLS 
 
 BY 
 
 C. S. JERRAM, M.A. 
 
 Laie Scholar of Trinity College, Oxford 
 
 Editor of ' Cebetis Tabula,' &-c., and 
 
 foitit Editor of the ' London Series of English Classics' 
 
 AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 MDCCCLXXIX 
 
 \_All rights reserved'^
 
 V 
 
 t' 
 
 iVi 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The publication of this edition of Lucian's Vera His- 
 ioria follows rather closely upon that of Cebetis Tabula, 
 edited by me for the Clarendon Press Series a few months 
 ago. Although these two works are widely different in 
 character, my object in publishing them is in both cases 
 the same ; viz. to provide the student of Greek, in the 
 earlier stages of his work, with a greater variety of ma- 
 terial than he now has at his disposal. The fact that 
 fewer boys now learn Greek than was formerly the case, 
 substitution of ' modern ' subjects being very generally 
 allowed, is a reason why ampler provision should be 
 made for those who do ; since these may fairly be pre- 
 sumed to have some aptitude for the study and a desire 
 to attain some proficiency in it. To get this result the 
 interest of the pupil must be excited, not indeed at the 
 expense of verbal accuracy or so as to avoid the necessary 
 labour, but alongside of this and by way of an additional 
 incentive to work. A loose style of translation, that 
 secures the general sense of a passage but misses its 
 grammatical construction, is" not likely to be encouraged 
 in these days of exact and even ultra refined scholarship ; 
 but the opposite fault, that of extreme literalness without
 
 VI PREFACE, 
 
 any attempt at style, is very often committed. Having 
 been necessarily taught all along to concentrate his at- 
 tention upon the grammatical forms and constructions 
 of the new language he is learning, a boy is apt to 
 lose sight of the wholesome maxim that ' whatever 
 makes nonsense must be wrong;' not perhaps wrong 
 with respect to the rules of Latin or Greek syntax, of 
 whose requirements he is perhaps painfully conscious, but 
 as regards order and choice of words, arrangement of 
 clauses, and all that tends to clearness of expression in 
 his own native tongue, which he has never been taught 
 properly to handle. Hence arises the common school- 
 boy notion that no absurdity of language is too great for a 
 ' classical ' writer to perpetrate, and that nonsense is rather 
 to be expected than otherwise from one who appears to 
 be so far removed from common e very-day conditions. 
 The best way of curing this misconception is to make 
 sure that the pupil thoroughly understands the matter 
 of the book he is translating, both as a whole and in 
 its several parts; and this he will do the more readily, 
 if it be of a nature to interest and even to amuse him. 
 The Vera Hisioria of Lucian, now for the first time 
 edited as a school-book, is eminently a work of this 
 kind, being a romance of moderate length, full of mar- 
 vellous adventures, that might well induce any boy who is 
 making fair progress in Greek to read it for the sake 
 of its contents alone. The labour involved would not 
 be great ; there are a certain number of unfamiliar words 
 which would require looking out\ but the constructions 
 
 * I have carefully noted all words not inserted in the smaller edition 
 of Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon, and have translated them in the
 
 PREFACE. vii 
 
 are quite easy, and framed as a rule upon the best 
 Attic prose models. Older students also may well be 
 interested in the perusal of one of the most ancient 
 specimens of romance writing, when the art was yet in 
 its infancy ; they will mark the vivacity of style and 
 pointedness of the satire, and trace the historical and 
 mythological allusions with which the work abounds. In 
 short the book is one that ought to be in every sense 
 popular, and I put it forth as an experiment in the 
 success of which I cannot help feeling some degree 
 of confidence. 
 
 In dividing the text into sections, each with a descrip- 
 tive heading, I have followed the plan adopted in the ' Easy 
 Selections from Xenophon,' edited by Mr. Phillpotts 
 and myself. This arrangement for young students 
 has, I believe, met with very general approbation. I 
 have not troubled about collation of MSS. and various 
 readings, not having found any of particular importance, 
 but have simply reprinted the chosen (Tauchnitz) text 
 with only a few minor alterations. 
 
 CHARLES S. JERRAM. 
 
 WooDcoTE House School, Windlesham, 
 January, 1879.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The author of the Vera Historia shares with many other 
 illustrious writers the advantage or disadvantage of being in 
 a sense his own biographer. In the absence of any trust- 
 worthy details of his life derivable from other sources we 
 have to depend upon scattered notices to be found in his own 
 works, and these aiford at the best but meagre materials. 
 The date of Lucian's birth has with some probability been 
 assigned to the first quarter of the second century a.d., and 
 there are reasons for believing that he lived nearly, if not 
 quite, to the close of it, so that we may say he 'flourished' 
 as a writer from a.d. 160-190. Born about 120 a.d. of 
 humble parents, at Samosata in the Roman province of Com- 
 magene, he early found the necessity of being apprenticed 
 to some calling by which he might gain a livelihood. After 
 a council of relations and neighbours had debated the matter, 
 he was, as he tells us, committed to the charge of his maternal 
 uncle, a Mercury-carver of some repute, to be taught the 
 craft and art of a statuary. His first and only essay however 
 proved unfortunate ; for whatever may have been his aptitude 
 for modelling in wax, as manifested in his school-boy days, 
 his hand now proved too heavy for his uncle's marble and 
 temper. The slab broke '^, and the young sculptor received 
 the encouragement of a sound thrashing. To run away home 
 [ and to pour out his griefs to his sympathising mother was his 
 I immediate resource, and then going to bed he dreamed a 
 dream that for the next five-and-twenty years was to shape 
 
 ^ As Dr. Dyer suggests, ' an omen of his future course ... an icono- 
 clast.'
 
 X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 his destiny. ' Two women methought laid violent hands 
 upon me, each dragging me with all her force towards her;' 
 one was ' hard-handed dusty Sculpture,' the other ' fair Elo- 
 quence ^' In the sequel ' he flew with rapture to the latter, 
 doubtless \vith the greater joy from the remembrance of the 
 blows which he had received the day before,' and like Xeno- 
 phon he tells us he has recorded his dream, because the rela- 
 tion of it might be useful to mankind and might persuade 
 young men to follow literature. The choice of a sculptor's 
 career, rather than one of the liberal professions, had, in 
 Lucian's case been originally made in great measure in con- 
 sequence of the poverty of his parents, and how after this 
 dream he was enabled to override this practical difficulty we 
 are not told. From the dialogue entitled Bis Accusatus we 
 gather that for some considerable time he wandered about 
 Ionia, ' in habit little better than an Assyrian slave, in lan- 
 guage a mere barbarian, and not knowing which way to turn 
 himself.' Later on it appears that he became an advocate, 
 though at first with but meagre success ; and so, as a means 
 of gain, to the practice of Jurisprudence he added that of 
 Rhetoric, composing orations for others to deliver. If the 
 short account in Suidas' Lexicon is to be trusted, Antioch 
 was the scene of these early efforts. Thence he soon set out 
 on his travels, and visited in due course Greece, Italy and 
 Gaul, gradually attaining success, and making, especially in 
 Gaul, the moderate fortune that at the age of forty enabled 
 him once more to change his profession. He had, he says, 
 grown weary of a calling sadly fallen since the days of 
 Demosthenes, and was sick of the tricks and pretensions now 
 characteristic of its professors. He returned home for awhile, 
 and before migrating with his family (his father was still 
 living) into Greece, he appears to have visited Alexander, the 
 Paphlagonian prophet, at Aboniteichos, on the Euxine. His 
 
 * Francklin's English version. But the original is IlatSeta, i, e. ' Edu- 
 cation.* The Dream is evidently suggested by the apologue of the Choice 
 of Hercules, delivered by Prodicus the sophist and recorded by Xenophon, 
 Memorabilia, ii. i.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XI 
 
 exposure of that arch -impostor is one of the most amusing of 
 his works, and though certainly written at a far later time, 
 when he had acquired that polished Attic style ^ that recals 
 the best period of the language, it may be taken as inci- 
 dentally recording an actual visit made about this date. Of 
 the events of Lucian's later years we have scarcely any parti- 
 culars. All we know is that he lived permanently at Athens, 
 and devoted himself to philosophy and literature. There he 
 became acquainted with the genial Demonax of Cyprus, many 
 of whose witty sayings he has preserved in the piece bearing 
 that philosopher's name. 
 
 Towards the close of his long life, already ' with one foot in 
 Charon's boat,' he seems to have again become poor, and was, 
 in spite of his objections to the humiliating condition of one in 
 dependence on patronage ", glad to accept an official appoint- 
 ment at Alexandria. This office he was allowed to discharge 
 by deputy, and lived for awhile upon its emoluments, probably 
 still at Athens. Here he must have enjoyed some years of 
 literary leisure, the fruit of which appears in the number and 
 variety of his works. If we are to regard as genuine the 
 almost certainly spurious Apology ', he was careful to defend 
 himself against what appeared at first sight a gross incon- 
 sistency. There is all the difference in the world, he is there 
 made to contend, between holding a public office under go- 
 vernment and being dependent upon private liberality and 
 individual caprice. Of the place or circumstances of his 
 death nothing is known. Suidas assigns him a death by 
 hydrophobia, but manifestly on the ground that nothing is 
 
 ' We find in Lucian few departures from the strict classic standard. 
 Kis chief pecuUariiies are the use of the subjunctive for optative and 
 vice versa in dependent clauses, and of the pluperfect for the aorist ; of 
 firi for ov in direct negations, and of cl's for ware with the infinitive ; 
 also the employment of several words and phrases unknown in earlier 
 Attic Greek. See observations on these in the notes as they occur. 
 
 - Lucian had previously written an essay, De Mercede Condjictis, 
 setting forth (after the manner of Juvenal's 5th Satire) the miseries of 
 such dependence. 
 
 ^ Apologia pro Mercede Conductis, purporting to be a defence made 
 by Lucian of his conduct in accepting this appointment. 
 
 b2
 
 XU INTR OD UCTION. 
 
 too bad for a * blasphemer ; ' a soubriquet that only too readily 
 attached itself to one who in his keen hatred of imposture 
 and superstition spared neither friend nor foe. The date of 
 his death is also unknown, but 200 a.d. is probably not very 
 far wide of the mark. 
 
 Lucian's works, representing a literary career of over forty 
 years, are reckoned at eighty-two in all. Of these however 
 fully one half have, by one critic or another, been rejected as 
 spurious, often on very slender grounds, though that some are 
 so there can be no reasonable doubt. Of the genuine pieces 
 by far the larger proportion are satires, professed or involved, 
 and indeed all have more or less of this element. Lucian, like 
 Persius, was ' a great laugher with a saucy spleen ^,' and 
 heartily hated all kinds of imposture or what he thought 
 to be such. His ridicule was unsparing, not from mere love 
 of hard hitting and buffoonery, but from a sincere desire 
 to abolish the deception. Roughly speaking, his satire is 
 directed against (i) the popular creed, (2) the professors of 
 philosophy, (3) the vices and follies of society. It is not pre- 
 tended that any such division is intentionally observed by him, 
 or that his works can always be assigned to one or other of 
 these heads ; on the contrary, many pieces occupy a kind of 
 border-land, and in the majority the religious element is 
 found. The above will however be a convenient grouping for 
 us to adopt in our necessarily brief survey. 
 
 Of the first kind the chief specimens are found in the 
 Dialogues of the Gods and Dialogues of the Dead. The former 
 are a series of burlesque pieces, ridiculing the time-honoured 
 objects of popular devotion and a faith now fast growing obso- 
 lete. The very fact of Lucian daring to write them proves 
 how completely the age of belief had given place to an age of 
 enquiry. Time was when Plato ran the risk of giving serious 
 offence to his more orthodox fellow-citizens, because he ob- 
 jected to the Homeric stories being taught to children on the 
 ground of their immorality 2; when Socrates amongst other 
 
 ^ Persius, Sat. i. 12, ' sed sum petulanti splene cachinno ' (Conington's 
 traxislation). 
 
 ^ Republic, Book ii. Admitting the possibility of explaining some of
 
 INTRODUCTION. XIU 
 
 charges was arraigned for asserting that ' the sun was a stone 
 and the moon earth ^.' But these dialogues of Lucian are 
 evidence of an altered state of things indeed. It is no longer 
 a matter for argument, but for undisguised burlesque. The 
 gods are ' of the earth, earthy,' and he treats them accord- 
 ingly, taking the stories of their doings as literal facts and 
 building his grotesque scenes out of materials ready prepared 
 to his hand. 
 
 The Dialogues of the Dead, in spite of a display of ribaldry 
 that is often outrageous, are marked nevertheless by a distinct 
 seriousness of purpose. In them such subjects as the levelling 
 of all estates of men after death and the final award of judg- 
 ment are treated with a deep moral earnestness, which their 
 cynical levity of form only serves to heighten by contrast. 
 As instances we may cite the doom of the tyrant Mega- 
 penthes in the Cataplus ^, and the scene in the tenth dialogue, 
 in which Charon's intending passengers in their several sta- 
 tions are forced to strip themselves of all that in life they had 
 held most dear. These and other like specimens are admir- 
 ably translated in Mr. Collins' ' Ancient Classics ' series, whose 
 Lucian should be in the hands of every student. 
 
 There is much in all these dialogues to prompt the feeling 
 that, in spite of the dehcacy of his literary skill and his keen 
 appreciation of art, especially pictorial ^, Lucian was not a 
 man of much real refinement. At any rate he wholly failed 
 to appreciate the undertone which modern students of mytho- 
 logy have seemed to detect of the longings of humanity in 
 even the rudest forms of religious faith. With him to destroy 
 was the principal aim, and ridicule his most potent weapon. 
 And in this field v/e must fain allow that Lucian stands almost 
 
 these legends allegorically, Plato objects to this mode of interpretation 
 for children, since they cannot distinguish allegory from matter of fact, 
 
 ^ Apologia Socratis, ch. xiv, tov /xev tjXiov KiOov (pijalu elvai, t^jv Se 
 afXrjv-qv 'yT]v. That this charge was false is conclusively shown in the 
 Defence. 
 
 2 See notes I, 2 on p. xiv. 
 
 2 See for instance the graphic description of the Procession oi Europa 
 in the 15th of his Marine Dialogues.
 
 XIV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 without a rival. The amours of Zeus, the jealousy of Hera, 
 the gods dining out with * blameless Ethiopians ' ^ when most 
 urgently required at home : the whole paraphernalia of Hades, 
 Avith Charon's leaky boat and Hermes herding his shades, 
 some of whom naturally try to escape if they can ^ ; the Olym- 
 pian council with its motley crowd of divinities all jostling for 
 places, and Zeus at his wits' end to quell the disorder he has 
 been unable to prevent ^, — above all the actual neglect of divine 
 worship among mankind being urged as a taunt of weakness 
 and imbecility against the ' King of gods and men ' * — what 
 Pantheon that ever existed, let alone one already tottering to 
 its fall, could outlive such onslaughts as these ? 
 
 But if Lucian is unsparing in his attacks upon the worn-out 
 theology of his day, he deals not a whit more tenderly with 
 the Philosophers and Rhetoricians. He never loses a chance 
 of girding at them, and in the Sale of Lives (Bicoi/ Ilpaais) 
 especially he indulges in many scurrilous jokes at their ex- 
 pense. Even such men as Pythagoras and Socrates do not 
 escape, nor does Diogenes, in spite of the author's real regard 
 for him, fare much better. Like Aristophanes, who ridiculed 
 Socrates in the Clouds, Lucian must be allowed to have his 
 jest at any price. There can be little doubt that the real 
 object of his satire was not genuine philosophy, but the 
 wretched imposture that the philosophical profession had be- 
 come in his day. He hated with a perfect hatred the host of 
 ignorant pretenders, who traded on the reputation of their 
 (supposed) masters, and were as immoral as they were igno- 
 rant. He introduced the great names of antiquity^ less as 
 individuals than as well-known representatives of the various 
 
 ^ Prometheus, § 17 (from Homer, //. i. 423). This and some of the 
 other pieces referred to, though not ranked among the Deorritn and 
 Morhiorum Dialogi, are of the same character, and illustrate a similar 
 intention on the part of the author. 
 
 ^ Calaplus, or the ' Downward Voyage,' referred to above. 
 
 ^ Deon/771 Conciliutn, also Jupiter Tragoedus (which some consider 
 spurious). 
 
 * Titnon. See ' Ancient Classics,' Ln'cmn, Pp. 41, etc. 
 
 * In the Piscator Lucian is triumphantly acquitted of bearing any 
 animus pgainst genuine philosophers.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XV 
 
 sects or classes which he designed to caricature. In the 
 ridicule he casts upon the teachers of Rhetoric and Dialectic 
 we cannot but feel that Lucian is speaking from his own 
 experience in early life, and he certainly displays an admirable 
 courage in thus assailing them. For in his time these men 
 were exceedingly popular, and to try and expose them and put 
 them down was a far more hazardous proceeding than to 
 attack an already discredited Olympus. The sort of hornet's 
 nest that he would be likely to bring about him is scarcely 
 exaggerated in the amusing dialogue known as Piscator, where 
 he represents himself as pursued by a host of angry phi- 
 losophers, all thirsting for revenge and united in one common 
 cause for their enemy's destruction. 
 
 Of Lucian's social satire it may be said with Juvenal (i. 
 85,86): 
 
 ' Quicquid agiint homine?, votum timor ira voluptas 
 Gaudia discursus, nostri est farrago libelli.' 
 
 Almost all his dialogues contain specimens of it, and it is 
 the distinct purpose of several separate pieces. Among 
 these, that entitled the Parasite is the defence of his trade 
 by a professional 'diner-out.' His arguments are a fair imita- 
 tion of the conversational style of Socrates, and some of them 
 are not altogether without force. It is, he contends, a real 
 art, and one pleasing to host and guest alike, and what can be 
 more genteel ? Great men of all ages have held it in high 
 esteem and practised it. The De Mercede Conductis (which we 
 have already noticed) sets forth in the form of a letter the 
 miseries of ' hired dependents,' and is directed against those 
 contemptible philosophical and literary hacks, whom the fashion 
 of the day made an indispensable appendage to every family 
 of position. It is not so very long since that the sting of the 
 piece would have been felt even in England, and Francklin, 
 who wrote about one hundred years ago, introduces his trans- 
 lation of it to his readers wdth the remark that it affords 
 ' very good lessons to all the led captains, toad-eaters, and 
 domestic tutors of the present age.' 
 
 But there was another folly that specially stirred Lucian's
 
 XVI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 anger; superstition and an insane craving for the 'sensa- 
 tional' and the marvellous. With this subject he deals in 
 some three or four pieces, and notably in the Philopseudes or 
 ' Lover of Lies.' Here we have ghosts, ' bogies,' and horrible 
 apparitions ad nauseam- sympathetic cures, walking statues, 
 a pestle that would fetch water and do menial work ; a view 
 of the infernal regions, and messages from the spirit-world. 
 Lucian sufficiently marks his contempt for these absurdities 
 by calling the retailer of them ' a jackanapes in a lion's skin ',' 
 or else a raving lunatic. 
 
 The Vera Historia or ' Veracious History ' belongs to the 
 same class as the Philopseudes, but is cast in the form of a 
 romance. In its main outline it is an avowed satire on the 
 tales of professed poets and historians, some of whom are 
 mentioned by name ; and Lucian makes it his boast that he 
 can hold his own in the art of lying with any of them. So 
 naturally and with such an air of reality is the story told, that 
 in his preface he finds it necessary to guard the credulous 
 amongst his readers from being misled, by warning them that 
 ' the only word of truth in the whole is the confession that 
 I lie.' 
 
 The contents of the piece are sufficiently indicated by the 
 headings to the sections of the text in this edition, and need 
 not here be anticipated. Its form, that of an imaginary 
 voyage, is an obvious and convenient one for stringing 
 together a number of adventures having no particular con- 
 nexion with each other. According to Photius the story is 
 imitated from an account of the Wonders of the Island of 
 Thule by Antiochus Diogenes, who lived in the time of 
 Alexander the Great. Of that work only the extracts given 
 by Photius remain, and if these are fair samples of the whole, 
 our author has certainly improved upon his model in regard 
 to the marvellous element. For while the fictions of Lucian 
 are only now and then distortions of some ascertained fact ^, 
 those of Antiochus are much more frequently so. 
 
 ^ Philopseudes, § 5, apa togovtov xP^^o^ kXeXrjOfi fie vtto ttj keovrfi 
 yfXoiov Tiva ttiOtjkov TrepLareKKwy. '^ See notes on i. 359, ii. 33.
 
 INTRODUCTION. xvil 
 
 But to speculate on all the possible originals of Lucian's 
 romance is useless. A start being once made, imagination 
 would do the rest ; we shall therefore only indicate a few of 
 the obvious or most probable sources of allusion. These are 
 chiefly Homer's Odyssey, certain stories in Herodotus (men- 
 tioned in the notes), and the Indian History of Ctesias ^ 
 named in Lucian's preface. To these may be added the 
 work of lambulus^, of which the account given by Diodorus 
 Siculus is said to be an epitome. But besides these Greek 
 sources there are plain traces of Eastern fable. Not only had 
 Lucian been a great traveller in his youth, but the place of his 
 birth, situated as it was upon the confines of the Eastern and 
 Western world, may well have made him familiar with Orien- 
 tal tales. The stories in the collection known as the Arabian 
 Nights are some of them very ancient, or at least founded on 
 very ancient traditions, and there are at any rate two inci- 
 dents in the Vera Historia that may have been borrowed from 
 this source. The similarity between the gigantic Kingfisher 
 (ii. 560) and the Roc, or Rukh, that in the Second Voyage of 
 Sindbad the Sailor ' alighted on the dome [its Q^g'\ and 
 brooded over it with its wings ' ^ (cp. to. wa OaXnova-a, etc.) is 
 obvious. Again in the Fifth Voyage the sailors break the Roc's 
 egg and eat the young one which they find inside*. The 
 only doubt indeed arises from the sequel of this tale in the 
 Arabian Nights. There the ship is smashed by the enraged 
 birds in revenge for their broken Qgg, and the temptation to 
 note this incident would scarcely, we think, have been re- 
 sisted by Lucian, if he had heard of it. The counterpart to 
 the huge sea monster (i. 448) appears in a story told (not in 
 the text of the Thousand and One Nights), but in the Cairo 
 edition of Sindbad's Seventh Voyage ^. In this expedition 
 they encounter an enormous fish that could gulp down ships 
 with their crews entire, and Sindbad's vessel would have 
 been thus swallowed, had not a storm come on and broken it 
 in pieces just at the critical moment. 
 
 ^ See note on i. 22. ^ i. 25, note. ^ Lane's translation. 
 
 * Cp. V. H. ii. 573. '^ Lane's edition, vol. iii. p. 109.
 
 Xvlil INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In Lucian's description of the City of the Blest ^ and its 
 surroundings the imagery of the East and of the West combine. 
 The gold and precious stones, the river of unguents, and the 
 spice-perfumed baths are ' properties ' as surely Oriental as 
 the meads and groves, the zephyrs and fountains, the flowery 
 couches and musical birds of the Elysian Field are unmistak- 
 ably Greek. Whence the Eastern element in his picture was 
 derived opens up a question that has been much debated. 
 Even a cursory reader cannot fail to observe, notably in the 
 vines that yield their fruit every month and in the great altars 
 all of one huge amethyst, a striking similarity to the descrip- 
 tion of the New Jerusalem in the Apocalypse. But was 
 Lucian acquainted with the Christian literature ? No proof 
 of this exists, and the balance of evidence appears to us to 
 point in a contrary direction. The distinctly anti-Christian 
 dialogue Philopatris was written possibly by a namesake who 
 corresponded with the Emperor Julian, but was certainly not 
 the work of the author of the Fera Historia. In his account 
 of some religious rites practised by the false prophet 
 Alexander, he does indeed mention the Christians, and in con- 
 nexion too with ' atheists and Epicureans ; ' but this classi- 
 fication is not Lucian's own, but that of the impostor's 
 admirers ^, who warn unbelievers of every class to keep aloof 
 from their pretended mysteries. Here therefore there is no 
 evidence that our author intended to cast any slur upon the 
 Christians, but rather the contrary. To their sacred books 
 he makes no certain allusion of any kind, nor are there any 
 passages in his works that necessarily indicate the slightest 
 familiarity with them. The only other mention^ of the 
 Christians by name is in the Peregrinus. This work we in- 
 cline to believe is Lucian's, though there have not been want- 
 
 ^ ii. 145, &c. 
 
 2 The words of the proclamation are, Ei' ris aOfos rj Xpi<TTiav6s f/ 
 EmKovpeios ijKei /caraaKoiTOs tcov opyiojv (pcvyiraj- oi de mCTfvovTfs 
 to) deal reXfiaOojaav rvxv tt? dyaOfj. 
 
 ' •' In the Philopsendes lie speaks of ' a Syrian from Palestine' who cast 
 out devils ; but, as Mr. Collins points out, we know from the Acts that 
 there were professed exorcists who were not Christians.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XIX 
 
 ing critics of mark who have rejected it. Herein, we must 
 allow, Lucian does ridicule certain practices of the Christians, 
 which he may well have thought ' marvellous'^ ; but he does so 
 only incidentally, as it were, and not with malice. To regard 
 the whole piece as a satire on the martyrdom of Polycarp or 
 any other Christian, is to lose sight of the fact that the 
 main circumstances of the account are recorded by Church 
 writers themselves, and also to misunderstand the intention of 
 the author. His object was not to denounce the Christian or 
 any existing form of religion, but to hold up to derision 
 that charlatanism and imposture of which Peregrinus was so 
 conspicuous an example. That in his castigation the Chris- 
 tians were also in some measure involved was hardly Lucian's 
 fault, since it was their countenancing the man that alone 
 brought them even incidentally upon the scene -. Probably 
 Lucian troubled himself little about this ' new superstition ' 
 (as he doubtless considered it) — to him it was at any rate far 
 less obnoxious than the paganism which he set himself to 
 denounce, and of its real nature he nowhere gives reason 
 to suppose that he had any adequate conception. A certain 
 outside acquaintance with the more prominent doctrines and 
 practices of the Christian brotherhood is all that can fairly be 
 claimed for him. We must therefore hesitate to conclude 
 that Lucian's picture of the City of the Blest is founded, even 
 in part, on that of the New Jerusalem in the Revelation ; and 
 any resemblance that may be detected between them is 
 evidence only of a recourse to that common storehouse of 
 Oriental imagery, with its gold and precious stones and all 
 the accessories of barbaric splendour, whence the details of 
 both descriptions were undoubtedly derived ^. 
 
 ' Tr;v OaviMLCTTTjV (jo(piav Twv XpiTTinvaiv. Peregrinus, § II. 
 
 ^ According to Lucian's account Peregrinus seems to have joined the 
 Christians with the express design of profiting by their simplicity. They 
 regarded him as a great prophet, ' almost as a god,' allowing him to 
 comment upon, and even to interpolate, their sacred books. During his 
 imprisr-nmei't they subscribed liber:. Ily for his support, so that he very 
 soon became a rich man (Trpuaodov ov fiiKpav ravrrjv kK-rqaaro). 
 
 ^ Some keen-sighted commentators have even detected in the sea- 
 munster, the chasm in the ocean ;^ii. 6io), and the blossoming of the
 
 XX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The Veracious History is then a romance with a purpose 
 such as we have described ; but although its satire is chiefly 
 directed against the poets and historians who are its avowed 
 object, Lucian does not stop here. He turns upon the phi- 
 losophers also, and burlesques them and their opinions with a 
 zest that reminds us of some of his earlier essays ^ Indeed 
 some have esteemed those sections of the Second Book which 
 deal with this subject the best part of his work : certainly his 
 treatment of the various philosophical schools is full of ele- 
 gance and point, and moreover is fairly free from exaggeration. 
 Socrates and his tiresome cross-questionings, Plato dwelling 
 apart in his self-constituted Utopia, Pythagoras unrecognisable 
 after his manifold transmigrations, Academic doubts and Stoic 
 pertinacity, are made, each in turn, to serve the purpose of 
 the satirist. In another place he holds up to ridicule the 
 really absurd notion of the dead performing bodily functions 
 and being influenced by human emotions"-, noting too the 
 hopeless confusion in the popular creed concerning the nether 
 world, between the lifeless body and the semi-material shade, 
 as if what affected the one must needs affect the other also ^. 
 The chief fault of the work (especially in the First Book) is an 
 exuberance of invention, and a too rapid transition from one 
 marvel to another. Just as a conjuror's tricks, following each 
 other in rapid succession, at last seem quite natural and make 
 us forget the difficulty of the performance, so Lucian's pro- 
 digies tend by overcrowding to sate the imagination, and fail 
 to impress it with an uniform sense of wonder. This effect is 
 however in a great measure counteracted by the life-like 
 picturesqueness of his style, which enables him to relate the 
 wildest absurdities as though they were matters of daily oc- 
 
 mast (ii. 579), allusions to Jonah's 'great fish.' the passage of the Red 
 Sea, and the budding of Aaron's rod respectively ! 
 
 ^ Such as the Sale of Lives and the Piscator (if genuine) referred to 
 on pp. xiv, XV. 
 
 ^ As in the case of Ulysses, Menelaus, Helen, Achilles, etc. 
 
 ' See ii. 157, etc. Also in the Dialogues of the Dead (not to mention 
 other instances) the money put into the mouth of the corpse is Charon's 
 fare for conveying the shade, and Mausolus in Hades is said to be bur- 
 dened by the weight of his marble tombstone.
 
 INTRODUCTION. xxi 
 
 currence. The naturalness of his story-telling imposes on the 
 mind of the reader and leads it captive ; soon we grow so 
 much interested in the tale as to forget its egregious im- 
 possibility ^ If he at times travels too fast, he never allows 
 himself to fall into the opposite and more serious fault of 
 loitering. From one marvel to another he pushes on, and 
 keeps one's expectation ever on the qui t'it'e. The diver- 
 sity of his fiction, the rapid change from the hideous to 
 the agreeable, his playful humour and continual strokes of 
 satire (recalling perpetually the professions of his preface), the 
 absence of all effort — this, with much besides, makes the 
 Feracious History something more than a mere light piece 
 for an idle hour, and commends it to readers of discrimination 
 and taste. Some of the allusions have unavoidably lost their 
 force of application, others are obscure, and a few quite 
 irrecoverable. Still it is remarkable how much of the work, 
 even as a satire, in spite of the distance of time and the 
 difference of interests in the present day, applies itself to 
 modern conditions. Travellers now, as formerly, bring home 
 strange reports and tell fibs too, many miodern customs are by 
 no means invulnerable, wild literary and scientific theories are 
 still broached, the battle still rages about the ' Homeric ques- 
 tion,^ discussion still goes on about ' the nature of the soul ' 
 and its state after death. Of course some acquaintance with 
 what has been said by ancient historians and philosophers is 
 presupposed in the student of a book like this, but that being 
 taken for granted, we may with but slight reservation adopt 
 the opinion of Tooke^ that 'the satire is everywhere intelli- 
 gible, because it is everywhere applicable.' 
 
 Among modern satires and romances the following have 
 been mentioned by various writers as more or less suggested 
 by Lucian's Vera Historia ; — the Visions of Quevedo, De 
 Bergerac's Foyage to the Moon and Empire of the Sun, Voltaire's 
 
 •" Lucian's skill in this respect may be advantageously compared with 
 the best efforts of Edgar Poe and his partial imitator Jules Verne. The 
 array of mock science at the command of these writers made their 
 attainment of vratsemblance very much easier. 
 
 ^ One of Lucian's translators. See p. xxiii.
 
 xxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Princess of Babylon and Micromegas, the Gargantua, etc. of Ra- 
 belais, Swift's Gulli'ver, and the renowned Baron Munchausen. 
 
 With regard to the first of these, beyond the bare descrip- 
 tions of Hell and the Last Judgment, and a general satire 
 upon poets, historians, and pretenders to science and phi- 
 losophy, there is scarcely anything that suggests a comparison 
 with Lucian's work. Cyrano de Bergerac may very likely 
 have borrowed from it both the general idea of his romance 
 and one or two particulars, e. g. the notion of the inhabitants 
 of the moon being nourished by smell, and odours inhaled 
 taking the place of food. The greater part of his work is 
 a burlesque on the natural philosophy of the day. Voltaire's 
 Micromegas describes a voyage to the planet Saturn by an 
 inhabitant of the Dog-star, v\-ho is afterwards conveyed to 
 Jupiter on a comet and thence to the Earth on an Aurora 
 Borealis. In the Princess of Babylon there is an account of 
 a tribe called the Gangaridae, who harness unicorns in battle. 
 With these they fight against the King of India, whose ten 
 thousand elephants are pierced through and through by their 
 horns. Rabelais may have taken the idea of his Lychnobii 
 fiom the Lychnopolis of Lucian (see i. 406 note), but in our 
 opinion not much besides. Swift's satire on the philosophers 
 of Laputa may be compared mutatis mutandis with Lucian's ; 
 still there are no traces of direct imitation. In the preface it 
 is said : ' The author was so distinguished for his 'veracity, that 
 it became a sort of proverb among his neighbours, whenever 
 anyone asserted a thing to say, it ^vas as ti-ue as if Mr. Gulli- 
 'ver had spoken it.' This may remind us of Lucian's mock 
 professions of veracity, which occur once or twice in the 
 Fera Historia ^; an observation that applies also to the Mun- 
 chausen romance, in which the Baron harps perpetually on 
 his alleged reputation for truthfulness and the credibility of 
 his narrative. This of course is an ordinary common-place of 
 marvel-mongers, and of itself proves nothing as to the source 
 of any particular fiction ; but a great many of INIunchausen's 
 adventures are taken bodily, almost totidem 'verbis, from the 
 
 ^ See, for instance, i. 368, ii. 440.
 
 INTRODUCTION, xxiii 
 
 Veracious History. In one chapter we are told how a hur- 
 ricane carries the ship up into the moon, where are ' Vulture- 
 riders ' who figure in a war with the inhabitants of the sun. 
 Their weapons are asparagus darts and mushroom shields. 
 They have one finger on each hand and removable heads and 
 eyes. Instead of dying in the ordinary way they dissolve into 
 smoke. Afterwards we read of an island of cheese in a sea of 
 milk, and an enormous kingfisher's nest, exactly as in Lucian. 
 A sea-monster swallows up ship and crew entire. They find 
 many nations inside him, and escape at last by propping open 
 his mouth with masts. In all this there is obviously no ori- 
 ginality on the author's part, but whether the other writers 
 we have mentioned (except De Bergerac) were conscious 
 imitators of Lucian is a question which will bear discussion. 
 
 One of Thackeray's Sketches is a caricature representing 
 ' Clio the Muse of History supported by the Veracious His- 
 torians.' These are Homer, Virgil, Tasso, Rollin and others, 
 in company with Munchausen and Don Quixote. If Mr. 
 Thackeray had remembered the Fera Historia, he might very 
 well have given Lucian a place among them. 
 
 Of the translations of Lucian, which are not very numerous, 
 we may mention, first and foremost, the German version by 
 Wieland. There is one in English by ' Eminent Hands,' 
 published in 171 1, and another by Tooke, to which we have 
 already referred. Francklin's translation in four volumes, 
 1 78 1, is spirited and generally accurate, and may be reckoned 
 the best in our language. In French the Vera Historia has 
 been separately rendered by Godard de Beauchamp in his 
 Bibliotheque des Romans Grecs (1746), and by Etienne Bequet 
 in the Collection des Romans Grecs, published by Didot at Paris 
 in 1823. There is also an adaptation of the piece for 'readers 
 young and old,' published at Haile in 1876, by R. Schonborn, 
 with six illustrations, entitled Der Griechische MUnchbausen, ein 
 Lilgen-mdrchen. This is very nearly as entertaining as the ori- 
 ginal, and all who read German will find it worth their perusal. 
 
 The text of the present edition is that of the Tauchnitz 
 Classics, by C. H. Weise, with some corrections of spelling 
 and punctuation.
 
 LUCIANI 
 
 VERA HISTORIA. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 Design of the work. ' The mind needs relaxation as well 
 as the body, and light reading affords a relief from serious 
 studies. Such is the design of the following story, which is 
 not only entertaining in itself, but is expressly intended as 
 a parody on the narratives of well-known poets and his- 
 torians. These (with Homer at their head) have related 
 many impossible marvels with an air of truth ; I on the 
 contrary give fair warning that my story is a pure fiction 
 from beginning to end.' 
 
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 ea-TTovhaKocTLv i^yovjioA irpocnjKeiv p.€Ta r-tiv itoWtjv Tm> 
 (TTTOvbatoTepotiv avayvooaiv, clvl^voa re ri]v btavotav kol 
 irpbs Tov €TT€iTa KafiaTov aKixaioripav TrapacKevd^cLV. 
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 oXov TL KOL irepl ra)i;86 t(ov (rvyypafxpATOiv ^povr](T€iv 
 
 B
 
 2 VERA HIS TORI A. 
 
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 tS>v T€ Kot avyypacpioiv kol (f)i\ocr6(f)(jdi>, TTokXa T€pa- 
 
 20 (TTia Kol p,vO(i>or] avyy^ypacpoTcov' ovs kol ovofJiacrTl av 
 €ypa(f)ov, ei jjirj kol avT<2 ctol €k tijs avayvu>(r€u>s cfyaive- 
 crOai ^ixeXkov. Ys^Tiqcrias 6 KTr]a-L6)(^ov, 6 Kvlolos, avvi- 
 ypa^€ TTepl rrjs ^Ivb(^v x^P^^ '^^^ ^'^^ '^^p' (^'^toIs, a 
 \xr\T€ avTos eihe ixr]T€ aXKov eIttovtos ijKOVorev, €ypa\j/€ 
 
 25 86 Kol 'Ia/x/3o{SAo? irepl tcHv kv tjj iieyaXj} 6aXaTTr\ ttoX- 
 Xa TTapdbo^a' yvc^piixov fxev airaai to y\;€vhos irXaord- 
 fxevos, OVK aTepirrj 5e o/xco? crvvOels ti]v virodecnv. ttoX- 
 Xol he Kol aXXoL to, avTa tovtols TrpoeXofjievoi avviypa- 
 \p-av, 0)9 877 TLvas kavTu>v irXdvas re kol dTTob7]fj.Las 6rj- 
 
 30 pLcov T€ ixeyeOr) IcrTopovvTes, kol dvOpcoirijov wjuor7]ras 
 Kal ^iodv KatvoTrjTas. dpx'^iyos be avTols kol bibda-KaXos 
 TTJs ToiavTrji ^6o/xoAo)(ta9 6 tov '0/x?/poD ^Obvcraevs, rot? 
 ■nepl TOV ^AXklvoov birjyovixevos dvipLO)v t€ bovXetav kol 
 {iovoc{)OdXp.ovs KOL oypLOcpdyovs kol dypiovs Tivas dv- 
 
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 KO}v T(dv eTatpoiv /x€ra/3oAd?' ola ttoXXcl eKelvos irpos 
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 tols ovv evTvx^v diiaa-i tov ^eva-acrdat p.ev ov (r(p6bpa 
 tovs dvbpas efxefJLyj/dpLrjv, 6pS>v ijbr] avvr]6es ov tovto 
 
 40 KoX Tols (f)iXo(ro(f)elv v'nKrxvovp.evois' eKelvo 8' avTcov 
 
 eOavpLacra, ei ev6p,La-av Xrjaeiv ovk dXrjOrj (Tvyypd(f)ovTes. 
 
 bioirep KOL avTos vtto Kevobo^ias diroXL-elv tl (nrovbda-as 
 
 ots jue^' fjp.as, tva fii] fxovos dp-oipos w TrJ9 ev rw 
 
 fivOoXoyelv eXevdepias, eirel [xribev dXrjOes la-Topelv etx^v. 
 
 A
 
 BOOK I. 3 
 
 {ovh\v yap iireTTovOeLV a^iokoyov) k-nl to \l/€vbos irpa- 45 
 TTOfxrjv, TToAAw rwy aWoiv evyvcojjLovecTTepov. kclv 'kv 
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 bvva\xivodv. bib 8et tovs evrvyyavovras \xr\ba\x(x)s ttl- 
 a-T€V€LV avTols. 
 
 We start 07i our voyage and sail westward. After a violent 
 storm., lasting many days., we are thrown upon an island. 
 
 'OpfjL-qOels yap TTore oltto ' HpaKkeicov (rTrjXGyv Kal 
 a(f)€ls 69 Tov ko-nipiov oiKeavov ovpCco avepud rov irXovv 55 
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 Ct}K€avov Kal Tives ol irepav KaTOLKOvvTes avOpcoiroL. 
 TovTov yk TOL €V€Ka TTajXTToXXa [Mv (TLTia kve^aX6ixr]v, 60 
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 ovpico dvepLCd TiXeovTes, ert Tris yrJ9 v7TO(f)aLVopLevr]^, ov 
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 avi(r)(0VTi 6 re dvejios eTrebibov Kal to Kvpta -qv^dveTo 
 Kal ^6(f)09 eireyiyveTo, kol ovKeT ovbe (TTelXai ttjv dOovrjv /o 
 hvvaTov rjv. eT;iTpey\ravTes ovv rw TrvevjxaTL Kal napa- 
 bovTes avTovs eyeiiia^opjeOa rj pie pas evvea Kal ej36o/x?i- 
 B 2
 
 4 VERA HIS TORI A. 
 
 Kovra' rfj oyborjKoa-Trj be, acpvco €Kkdfj.\ffavros r]k(ov, Ka- 
 6opo)jjiev ov TToppco v7](Tov v\lrr]ki]v kol ba(reiav, ov Tpa\el 
 
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 ^d\r]s KaTeTTeTTavTo. TTpoaa^ovres ovv kol aiTojBdvTes a>s" 
 av €K. fiaKpas raXanroipias tioXvv pL€v eirl r?/9 yrjs XP^' 
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 avTu>v rpiCLKOVTa fxkv cfyvkaKas rrj^ v€(as irapaixivetv, et- 
 
 80 KO(TL be (Tvv ijJLol dveXOelv eirl Karaa-KOTrfj tu)v ev rfi 
 
 We explore the island, wherein are rivers of wiiie and 
 other strange marvels. 
 
 UpoeXOovTes be ocrov arabtovs Tpeh duo rrj'S OaXaTTT]^ 
 bi vXrji 6pG>\xev riva (tti^Xtjv )(^aXKOV 7Te7T0LrjfjLevr]v, 
 ''EXXrjVLKOis ypdfjifjLaa-L KarayeypapipJvrjv, dfivbpols be kol 
 
 85 eKTeTpLjjLixivoLs, Xiyovcrav' ""\\pi tovtchv "WpaKXrjs kol 
 Alovvctos dc^iKovToT rjv be Kal txyr\ bijo irXi^criov eirX 
 ireTpas, to [xev irXeOpiaiov to be eXaTTov, efxol boKelv 
 TO p.ev Tov Aiovvaov to puKpoTepov OdTepov be 'HpaK- 
 Xeovs. TrpocTKVvrjo-avTes 5' ovv Trporj eipiev. oinro) be 
 
 90 toAt) Tiaprieip.ev, kol ecfytcTTajjieda iroTap.^ oTvov peovTi, 
 6/j(,otorar(j) jidXiCTTa olos "nep 6 Xto? eaTiv. a(p6ovov 
 be 771; TO pevpia kol ttoXv, wore evia)(^ov kol vava-iiropov 
 elvai bvvaa-Qai. eirrjei ovv rjpilv t^oXv pidXXov incrTeveiv 
 r(3 eirl ttjs o-ti^Xt]^ einypdp.pLaTi, opGxri to, o-rjpiela ttjs 
 
 95 Aiovvcrov eiTLbriiiLa^. bo^av bi /xot kol o9ev dpyjETai 
 6 TTOTapLos KaTa\xadelv, dvrjetv irapd to pevfjia' kol ttt}- 
 yr}V piev ovbep^iav evpov avTov iroXXas be kol pieydXas 
 dpiiTeXovs, irXripeLS (BoTpvoiv' irapa be ti]v pi^av eKdaTrji 
 direppeL aTaybiv olvov btavyovs, dcf)' S>v eytyveTo 6 iroTa- 
 
 100 jutoy. riv be kol Ix^dvs ev avT<^ ttoXXovs Ibelvy otvu> /xa-
 
 BCOK I. 5 
 
 Xtora Kol r7]v )(^poLav kol tijv yevo-iv irpoaeoiKOTas. rjixels 
 yovv aypevcravTes avToov nvas kol €[x(pay6vr€S kixeOv- 
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 kovv be 7]iJLas toIs (TTOfiacnv' 6 6e (pLXrjOeli avTiKa e/xe- 
 
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 diTokeKpOelo-L bir\yov\x€6a kX66vT€S ra Trdvra. 
 
 A whirlwind carries us through the air and deposits us in the 
 Moon. We are introduced to its king, Endymion. 
 
 Kat 5}] Xa(36vTe9 dy^c^opias tivcls kol vbpevcrdixevoC re 
 
 djJLa KOL €K TOV TTOTapiOV olviCrdlX€VOl, KOL aVTOV TrXriCTLOV 
 
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 bLvrjcras tv,v vavv, Kal pLeTecopLaas oaov e77t crraStovs
 
 6 VERA HISTORIA. 
 
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 yeoipyoviiivriv' rjpiepas [xkv ovv ovbev avToOev KaOeoj- 
 pcafxev' vvKTos 8' iTnyevopJvqs i(f)aLvovTo rjixiv kol aXkau 
 vrjcroL TTkrjo-iov, al fiev \ieiCovs al be fjuKporepai, nvpX 
 
 140 Ti]v \p6av TTpocreoLKvlai' kol dKkrj be ri9 yij kcltoo, kol 
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 vkas KOL oprj. ravTrjv ovv r-qv Ka6^ 17/xas oiKOV[xevr]v 
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 ^vvekr\(^dif]}xev, toIs ''linToyvTTOL^ Trap* avrols KaXovixevoLS 
 
 145 diiavTria-avTes. ol be "limoyvnoi ovtoC elcnv dvbpes eirl 
 yv7T(ov fJLeydkcov oyovixevoi, koX KaOdirep lttttols rots' 
 opveoLS x/>^/xerof fxeydkoc yap ol yvires Kal w? eiTLTTav 
 TpiKe(f)aXoi. fiddoL 8' dv rts to fxeyeOo^ avTG)v evTevOev' 
 veo)S yap ixeydXrjs (PopTtbos torrou eKacrTov T(ov 7TTepS>v 
 
 ic,o [xaKpoTepov Kal ira^vTepov (pepovai. tovtols ovv rots 
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 rty evpeOeiT] ^evos, dyeiv w? tov jBao-tXea' Kal 81) Kal 
 rjfxas (vXXajBovTes dyovariv w? avTov. 6 be 6eaa-d}xevos 
 KoX aiTo TTJs (TToXrjs elKdaas, ""EXX7]ves dpa,^^ ecp-q, " vixels, 
 
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 ecprjy " ToaovTov depa bieXOovTes ; " Kal ypteh to ttclv avT<^ 
 birjyovfJLeOa' Kal 09 dp^dfievos, to Kad' eavTov i]}xiv 
 bie^rjei, w? Kal avTos dvOpuiiTos cov, Tovvojia ^KvbvjjLLcov, 
 diTo TTJs rifxeTepas yfj9 KaOevboiv dvapiraa-OeLri Trore,
 
 BOOK I. 7 
 
 KoX OLipLKOfl^VOS ^acrLk€V(T€L€ TTjS \(opaS. Ctl'ai be TT]V i6o 
 
 yrjv €K€Lvrjv e'Aeye ttjv r]\iiv kcltoj (f)aLvo[jiivr]v ^ckrjvrjv. 
 akXa dappelv re Trap^KeXeveTo kol ixrjhiva Kivhvvov 
 {/(popaadat' iravra yap rjfilv irapecreo-OaL, S)v beofieOa. 
 
 ""^Hz^ §€ KOL KaTOpB(j)(T(x>,^^ ^4^^' ^'TOV TTOkepLOV, OV €K(f)4pa) 
 
 vvv TTpbs Tovs Tov rjkiov KaTOLKOVvTas, a-navTOiv €vhai\io- i6; 
 vicFTaTa irap ijiol KaTa(3LU)(T€T€." 
 
 Impending battle between the iiihabitarits of the Moon and 
 those of the Sim. The forces of Endymion and their 
 equipment. 
 
 Kat Tjfiel^ ripofxeda rtves re etey ol TTokeixLot kol ttjv 
 aiTiav rrjs hiacpopas' 6 6e, "^ae^wz-'," (prja-lv, "6 r<Sr iv rw 
 77X10) KaroLKOVVTCtiv (3a(TLk€V^, (otKetrat yap brj KciKeivos, 
 wcTTrep Kat ?/ 'l.ekriv'r]) irokvv ijhrj irpos r)p.a9 TTokepLel XP^- ^7^ 
 vov. ijp^aro be e^ alrias TOLavTrjs' t&v ev rrj ap-)(rj 
 rfi ififj TTore rovs airopodrarovs crvvayayoiv ej3ovkri6r\v 
 aiTOLKLav e? rov '^Kcao-cpopov (rreikai, ovra eprjixov Kal 
 viTO iJL7]b€v6s KaroLKOVfievov' 6 Toivvv ^aiOoiv (f)9ovqcra9 
 eK(dkv(T€ T't]v CLTTOLKiav, KaTCL fjLi(Tov TOV iTopov aTTavTrjcras 175 
 eTTt rS)v '^iTTTropLvpiJLriKOLiv. t6t€ \jkv ovv VLKrjdevres {ov 
 yap ri[j.€v avTi-nakoi rrj irapaa-Kevfj^ av€)((t)piqcrap.€v' vvv 
 be fSovkoixat avOus e^eveyKelv tov irokefjiov, Kal a'noaTe'i- 
 kai T7]v CLTTOLKiav. Tjv OVV eOekrjTe, K0LV(i>vi]craTe jjcol 
 rod (TTokoV yviTa9 be [vfjuv eyo) irape^oi tS>v (BacrtkiKcov 180 
 eva. eKaoTw Kat ti]v akXrjv o-nkicnv. avpiov be iroiria-o • 
 fxeOa Tr]v e^obov.^^ "Ovtcjos,^^ e(pr]v eyoo, ^^yiyvea-Ooo, eneibri 
 (TOL boKeir Tore fxev ovv Trap* avrco eaTiaOevres ep.eiva- 
 fiev' ecoOev be biavaa-ravre^ eTaTT6[ie6a' Kal yap ol 
 (TKOTTol irkria-Lov elvai ear]\iaivov tovs irokefj-iovs. to fiev 185 
 ovv TrkrjOos ttjs aTpaTias beKa y^vpiabes eyevovTo, &vev
 
 8 VERA HISTORIA, 
 
 rCiv (rK€V0(p6p(i)v kciI T(av ixriyjivouoiCdv Ka\ tQv Tre^wi/ 
 
 KOL T(aV ^ivOdV CrVlXlXayOiV . TOVrOiV 5e 6KTaKL(T\XVplOL 
 
 \xkv riaav ol 'iTTTroyuTTot, hi(Tjxvpioi 8€ ol kiil tG)v Kayav- 
 
 190 0TTT€p(iiv. opveov be kol tovto kari /xeytoToi;, avrl tG>v 
 7rT€p(ov kax^dvois Trdvrri XdcTLOv' ra 5' ojKVirTepa e)(et 
 OpihaKLvoLS (l)vk\oLs fidkicTTa irpoo-eoLKOTa. iirl be tov- 
 TOLs ot KeyxpojSoXoL eTeTaxaTo kol ol 2Kopo8o/xaxot. 
 rjkOov be kol d-no ttjs "ApKTOv (TV\x}xa)(oi, rpi(T\xvpiOL 
 
 195 iiev "^vXKoTo^oTai TTevraKia-puVpioi be 'Av€jiobp6p.oL. 
 TovTiov be ol fxev ^vA/Yoro^oVat eirl \l/vkX(av ixeydkcov 
 LTnrdCovTaL, odev koX ti]v irpocnqyopiav e)(oi;crf fxeyeOos 
 be tG>v \I/vW6^v octov bodbeKa eke(})avTes. ol 5' 'Ai^e/xo- 
 bpofxoL TTe(ol \xev elcn (pepovrai 5' ev rw dept dvev ure- 
 
 200 pG>h\ 6 be TpOTTos Tijs <popas roioo-be' X'''^^^^^ Trobrj- 
 pets v7Te^(i>(TiJ.evoLy Kokircoa-avTes avrovs rw dvepao Ka- 
 ddirep lo-Tia, (fyepovrat cocnrep rd crKdcpi]' ra irokXa 8' 
 ot TOLOvTot ev rats pidxcLiS ireXraaTaC elcnv. eXeyovTO 
 be Kal diTO rSiV v-nep ttjv KaTnraboKLav dcrrepayv ij^etv 
 
 J05 ^rpovOo^dXavoL \xev e'EraKia-p.vpLoi ^IinToyepavoL be 
 irevraKLa-xiXiOL. tovtovs eyo) ovk eOeaG-dpniv' cv yap 
 d(f)LKOVTo' bioirep ovbe ypdyj/at avTu>v ras (f>v(reLS eroX- 
 jXT](ra' repda-Tia yap K.al aTaa-Ta irepl avrGtv eXeyero. 
 avTTj piev Tov 'ErSf/xtcoros rj bvvajjus. crKevi] be irdv- 
 
 210 Ta)v ri avT-q' Kpdvr] fiev dirb tu>v Kvdp,oiv (pLeydXcL yap 
 Trap' avTols ol KvapLOL koI KaprepoQ OutpaKes be <f)oXL- 
 buiTol Trdvres OeppavoL' rd yap XeTnf t5>v Oeppicov oup- 
 pdiTTovres TTOiovvraL OStpaKas;' dppifKTov 6' eKei yiyve- 
 rai TOV Oepp^ov to Xeiro^, aio-irep Kepas' d(n^ibes be Kal 
 
 2^5 i^ff)^) ola rd 'EXX-qvLKa.
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 Both armies are draivn up for battle. Descriptioti of the 
 forces of Phaethon^ the king of the Stm. 
 
 'E-TTet oe Katpbs rjv, kra^avro woe* to [ikv be^iov Kipas 
 dxov ol '^IiTTroyvTTOL KOL 6 ^aaLkev? rov9 apio-Tovs 7T€pl 
 avTov €yjjdv' koX ripiels kv tovtois r\\x^v' to 6' evcovvfjiov ol 
 Aa)(^av67TT€poL' TO be ixeaov ol aviiixayoi w? eKacrTOL' to 
 5e ireCov ■^crav ptev a/x^t tcl^ e^aKto-)(tAta9 pvpto.bas' 220 
 eTay9r](Tav he ovTms. apayvai Trap' avTol^ irokXol koX 
 fieyaXoi yiyvovTat, ttoXv tQ)V KvKXdboov vijo-qdv eKacrTos 
 pL€i(o)v. TovTois TTpocTeTa^e biVcprjvaL tov pieTa^v ttj^ 
 ^eXrivr]s /cat tov 'E(Do-<p6pov aepa. w? 6e Tay^taTa 
 e^etpydcravTo Kal irebiov eTTOirjcrav, eirl tovtov Tiapera^e 225 
 TO Tre^ov. ?/y€tro be avToov NvKTepioiv 6 E.vbLdvaKTos 
 TpLTos avTo^. TQiv be iroXepLLcov to p.ev evcovvpov ely^ov 
 ol "iTTTTop.vppriKes Kal ev avToXs 6 <t>aeOa>v' Oiqpia be ecrTi 
 pJyKTTa VTToiTTepa, rot? Trap' rjpuv pLVppLrj^L TTpoaeiKOTa, 
 ttXtjv tov p.eyedov9' 6 yap p,eyL(rTos avToiv Kal biirXeOpos 230 
 rjv. ep.dyovTo be ov p.6vov ol eir' avToiv ciXXa Kal avTol 
 pdXia-Ta Tols Kepacriv' eXeyovTO be ovtol elvai dpL(f)l tcls 
 irevTe p^vpidbas. eTit 5e tov be^iov avTG)v eTa)(dr]<Tav 
 ol 'AepoKcoroiTre?, oz-'re? Kal ovtol dp.(^l tcls TrevTe pLvpca- 
 bas, TTavTes ro^oVat, K(i>v(Ji>\ln jueyoAot? eiroyovpLevoi' 235 
 jutera be tovtovs ol 'AepoKopaKe?, \j/iXoL Te ovTes Kal ire- 
 fot, t:Xi]v jJidxLpiOL ye Kal ovtol' iroppoodev yap ea-cpev- 
 bovoiv pa^avibas vTreppieyedeLS' Kal 6 ISXrjOels ovb e^r 
 oXiyov dvTeyjELV rjbvvaTo' aTredvqo-Ke be, bvo-cobias tlvos 
 avTLKa rw TpavjiaTL eyyLyvop.evr\r eXeyovTO be xpieLV to. 240 
 ^eXr, paXdxrjS tw. e^dp^evoL 8' avTQiv eTaxOr](Tav 01 
 KavXopLVKr-jTes, oirXLTaL ovTes Kal dyxep-o-xoi, to irXrjdo'i 
 piVpLOL' eKXrjOrjO-av be KavXopiVKTjTes, otl dcrTTLat p.ev
 
 lO VERA HIS TORI A. 
 
 jjLVKrjTLvais €Xp(^vTo bopaai be KavXivois, rois airb t&v 
 
 !45 aairapdybiv. ttXtjctlov be avTcov ol KvvofidXavoL ecrrr)- 
 
 aav, ovs eirefjiyp^av avT<^ ol tov ^eipiov KaToiKovvres, 
 
 TTevraKicryJiXioi, kol ovtol avbpes KWOTrpoaaiTroi eirl (3a- 
 
 kavcov TTTepoiTcav fxaxofxevoL. ekeyovro be KCiKeivdiv 
 
 v<jT€pi^eiv t5)v (Tvixixa)(OL)V, ovs re duo tov TaXa^iov 
 
 150 jutereTre/xTrero acpevbovriTas, kol ol Ne(f)eXoKevTavpoL, aAA' 
 
 eKelvoi fxev, rrjs P'dyjis ijbr] KeKpi\ievif]S, d(f)LK0VT0, m purj- 
 
 TTOTe o)(f)e\ov' ol (T(f)€vbovrJTaL be ovbe oXcos iiapeyevovTo' 
 
 bioirep (pacrlv avrols va-repov opyia-OivTa tov ^aeOovTa 
 
 TTvpTToXiJG-aL Ti]v \(i>pav. TOtavTrj fxev kol ^aeOcov 
 
 ■5^ eiT-pei irapaa-Kevfj. 
 
 The fight begins, in which the Moon's army is at first vic- 
 torious. The arrival of the Cloud-centaurs reverses our 
 good fortune. 
 
 ^viJLjM^avTes be, eireibr} tcl a-qfjie'ia ijpOr] kol oiyKTrjcravTo 
 €KaTep(jov ol ovoL (tovtols yap dvTl aakTncrTojv \pCiVTai), 
 ep.dyovTo. Ka\ to jxev evcavvjjLov tS>v 'HAtwrwi' avTLKa 
 e(j)vyev ovb' es x^'^pas be^dpLevov tovs '^iTnroyviTovs, Kal 
 
 '■60 fjixels eliToiieOa KTeuvovTes' to be^tov 5' avTcav eKpaTet tov 
 €7tI rw i)[ieTep(t> evcovvp-ov Kal eTre^ijXOov ol WepoKcav- 
 0)7769 bicoKovTes d\pi TTpos Tovs ueCovs. evTavOa be 
 KaKeivoov e-ni^oriOovvTOdv e(f)vyov eiTiKXivavTes, Kal p,d- 
 Xtcrra eTiel -ijcrOovTO tovs eirl rw evcovvpico o-cpoiv veviKT]- 
 
 !65 fxevovs. TTJs be TpoTTTJs XapiTTpds yevop^evris, ttoXXoI piev 
 C(i)VTes 7]Xi(TKovTo TToXXol be KOL dvTjpovvTo, Kal TO alpia 
 eppei TToXv piev eirl tS>v ve<po^v, cocrre avTa (BdiTTecrOat Kal 
 epvdpd (PaivecrOaL, ola Trap* r}pA.v bvop^evov tov i]Xlov 
 (paiveTai' iioXv be Kal els T-qv yr\v KaTeo-Ta^ev, worre p.e 
 
 270 eiKdCeiv, pi-q dpa tolovtov tlvos koI irdXai dvoo yevop-evov
 
 BOOK I. II 
 
 "Ofji-qpos viTeKo.^ev at^xaTi vcraL tov Aia eTTt rw tov 
 ^apiTTjbovos OavcLTis). avaa-rpixj/avres be airo tt]^ Stco- 
 fecoy hvo Tpo-aia k(TTri<jaix€v, to fiev eirl tu>v apaxyioiv 
 TTJs ireCop-ayJias to 6e ttjs aepojiaxtas iirl Tcav i^e^wy. 
 apTL be TOVTODP yiyvopievoiv 'q-yyekkovTo virb tu>v (tko7TO)v 275 
 ol lSie(f)ekoKevTavpoL lipocreKavvovTes, ovs ebei irpo tt]s 
 P'CLXV^ eA.^€tz^ rw <t>ae6ovTL. kol 8r) e(l)aCvovTo irpocTLovTes, 
 deajia irapabo^oTaTov, e^ XinTaiv iTTepcoToiv kol avOpca- 
 TTciiV (TvyKeip.evoi' p^eyeOos be, T(av piev avdp(jo-(jov ocrov 
 TOV Vobiov KoAocrcrou e^ 7]piG-eias es to avco' Tdv 6' 280 
 tr^TTOdv ocrov vecsis peyakiqs <popTibo9. to pievTOL irXijOos 
 avTu>v ovK aveypayj/a, pi] rw Kal airia-Tov bo^rj, Toorov- 
 Tov rjv. rjyelTo be avTGiv 6 Ik tov ZoobtaKov To^oTr]^. 
 eirel be fjo-OovTo tovs (f)ikov^ veviKiqpAvovs, eirl piev tov 
 ^aeOovTa eirep^iTov ayyeXiav avOis e-Jiievai' avTol be 285 
 btara^dpLevoL TeTapaypcevoLS ep^-i-Tovcri toIs ^ekrjVLTais, 
 aTOLKTOLs irepl ti]v bica^iv kol tcl Kd(f)vpa bteo-Kebaa-pie- 
 voL'i' KOL TidvTas p^ev TpeiTovcnv, avTov be tov (Bacnkea 
 
 KaTabl(iiKOV(TL TipoS T1]V TTOktV KOi TCL 7TXel(TTa t5>V Op- 
 
 veciiv avTov KTeivovaiv' a.vecn:acrav be kol tcl Tpoiraia, 290 
 Kal KaTebpap.ov dirav to vtto tcov dpa)(vG>v irebiov ixpacr- 
 pivov, ep.e be kol bvo tlvci^ tS>v eTaipoov e^foyprjaav. 
 ijbr) be TTapijv kol 6 ^aeOoov kol avOis dkXa Tpoiraia 
 
 We are takeji captive mto the Sun. A wall of clouds is 
 built to intercept the light. Terms of peace. Being re- 
 leased and sent back to the Moon, we are pressed to stay, 
 but declitie. 
 
 '^Hju.ets' p^ev ovv dnriyopieda es tov ''hlkiov avOr]pep6v, 295 
 TOi x^^P^ OTTiVoo beOevTes dpaxvtov diroKoppaTi. ol be 
 iTokiopKelv piev ovk eyvccxrav T7]v irokiv' dvacTTpey^avTes
 
 IZ VERA HIS TORI A. 
 
 b€ TO iJL€Ta$v Tov uipos a-n^T^iy^i^oVi wore /jir^KeVt ras 
 avyas auo tov tjXlov irpos Tr]v o-eXrjvqv birjKeiv. to oe 
 
 300 Telx^s W hnrXovv, vec^^koiTov' (oaTe crar/)?;? eKAeti/Aty ttjs 
 ^€Xriv7]s €yey6v€L kol vvktI hLr}V€K€l Traaa KaT€i\€To. 
 T:ie^6\x€vos 8e tovtois 6 'Ez;6i;/xia)i; 7:e/u,\//-a? IniT^ve Kad- 
 aip^lv TO olKoh6ii.r]\xa, kol /x?) acpas irepiopav iv ctkotco 
 (SiOTeiJOVTas' VTiLoyj^eiTO ok kol (popovs TeXecreiv kol 
 
 305 (TvpLixaxos ^crecr&ai koX fxrjKeTL 7:oK^\xr\(TeLv' kol b}ir]povs 
 €776 TovTois hovvai ijOeXev. ol be irepl tov ^aiOovTa, 
 y€Vopi€vr]s bis iKKX-qa-tas, Trj -npoT^paia fihv ovbev irape- 
 \v(rav TTJs opyrjs Trj vcrTepaia be peTiyvcocrav. kol 
 lyiveTo 7) elprivr} em to^jtols. " Kara Tcibe (JVv6r]Kas 
 
 310 eiTOLriaavTo o\ 'HAiwrat koX 01 ovpiyLay^oi TTpos ^€X.r}VLTas 
 KOL Tovs (Tvp.pAy^ovs, €ttI tw KaTaXvaai pkv tovs 'HAiwra? 
 TO bLaT€L)(L(rpa kol p^rpUTL ej ti]v ^eXijvrjv ecr/SciAAetr, 
 airohovvai 6e kol tov9 alxp-aXiaTovs, prjTOiv eKaarov 
 Xp7]pidT(ov' Tovs be 2eAr]z;iras cKpelvai pikv avTov6p.ov9 
 
 315 TOVS ye akXovs aa-Tepas, oirXa be pJr] ein^ipeiv toIs 
 'HAtcorai?, aviipLaxelv be Trj aXXijXoov, i]v tls eirir]' 
 <f)6pov be vTTOTeXelv eKaorTov eTovs tov ^acnXea t5>v 
 1,€Xr}VLT(av rw ^acnXel Tcav 'HXlcht&v bpoaov ap,(po- 
 peas pLvpiovs' kol 6p,r]povs be crcficiov avTG>v bovvai jjlv- 
 
 320 pLOVS, TTJV 5' aiTOLKLaV TTJV eS TOV ^Eo)(T(p6pOV K0LVr}V -iTOL- 
 
 ela-QaL, koX p.eTeyjiv TOiv aXXcDv tov (SovXopievov. eyypd- 
 y^rai be tcls arvvBrJKas aTr^Xij rjXeKTpivr) kol dvacrTrjaai 
 ev p,e(Tco rep depi eirl toIs pieOopiois. dp.ocrav be *HAta)- 
 tG>v p.ev Hvpoivibris kol QepLTrjs kol ^Xoyios' ^eXr]VLT(av 
 
 325 be NvKTCOp KOL MrjViOS KOL rToAvAa/ITTT/S'." TOLCCVTrj 
 
 fiev 7] eiprjvr] eyeveTO' evdvs be to Tel^os KaOrjpelTO 
 KOL r]p.as TOVS alxpaXc^Tovs diTebocrav. e-irel be dcptKo- 
 p.e6a es Tr]V ^eXi^vrjv, VTir]VTia^ov r]p,as kol jja-TTd^ovTo
 
 BOOK I. 13 
 
 \xeTa baKpvoov ot re kToipoi koX 6 'EvhviJ.L(ov avros. 
 Kol 6 fxev rj^Lov \j.elvol re Trap' avT^ koX KotvcDvelv t7]S 33° 
 anoiKias, VTTKTyvovix^vos hdo(T€iv irpbs ydjjiov ttjv eavTov 
 dvyarepa. eyco 6e ovbaficas iireLOofjii^v, aAA' -q^iovv airo- 
 7T€ix(pdrjvai Kara) h ri]v OaXarrav. wy 5e eyz^O) ahvvarov 
 ov TT^iOeiv, a7i07r^fX7T€L Tfixas kaTidcras kuTa rjiiepas. 
 
 Manuel's mid customs in the Moo7i. The food afid drink 
 atid bodily structure of its inhabitants. 
 
 *A 5' kv rw fxera^v hiarpi^aiv iv rrj 'E^X'qvr] Karcvo-qcra 335 
 Katva KOL TTapdbo^a, ravra (SovkofjiaL etTretz^. rpocp-i] pky 
 TTacTLv 7/ avTYj' e77et6ar yap irvp dvaKavo-oiXTL, jiaTpdyovs 
 otitSxtiv iiil TO)v dvQpdKOiv' ttoXXoX h\ Trap' avrols eiaLv 
 
 €V r(3 dipL 7:€T6}Ji€VOL' OTTTiJOllivOOV be, 7T€pLKad€(6fJL€VOL, 
 
 axTTT^p brj uepl rpdire^av, Xdirrovcn rov dvadvp.icopievov 34° 
 KaiTvbv KOL €vo:>yovvTaL. o-oVoj ixkv bi] rpe(j)ovTai roLoijTco' 
 7T0T0V be avTois icTTLv drjp d77o6ki/36p.€vos es" KvkiKa, kol 
 vypov dviels, a)cr7T€p bpoaov. Kakos 8e vojii^eTai nap 
 avTOLs, rjv ttov tls (pakaKpbs Kal cLKopios ?/* tovs be 
 KOjJi'qTas Kal ixvcrdTTovTai. iirl be tS)v koix7]tS>v dcrrepcov 345 
 TovvavTiov rovs KOfjiriras Kakovs vo[jX^ovg-lv' eirebrnxovv 
 yap Tives, 0% Kal nepl eKeivcav birjyovvro. Kal pLrjv Kal 
 yeveia (f)vovG-L puKpov virep ra yovaro.. Kal ovvyas ev 
 rots- TTOcrti; ovk eyovaiv, dkka irdvTes elcrl [lovobdKTvkoL. 
 dTTop.vTTovTai be fieki bpiixvTaTov' KaTretbav rj 7rov(o(Tiv d^o 
 t) yvfJLvdCcovTai, ydkaKTi nav to (j5>\ia Ibpovmv, ^orre Kal 
 Tvpovs dii avTov TiiqyvvcrOai, okiyov rov ixekiTos eiri- 
 ard^avres' ekaiov be TTOLOVvrai duo tu)v Kpojipfjiav irdw 
 kiirapov re Kal evojbes, axrirep \xvpov. dpLirekov^ be 
 TTokkds eyovdiv vbpocpopovr at yap payes tS)V (BorpvoDv 355 
 elcrlv axTTrep \dka(a. Kai /otot boKel, eireLbdv epLireo-ajv
 
 14 VERA HISTORIA. 
 
 av€fios 5iao-et(rr; tcls aixiriXovs €K€ivas, t6t€ irpbs rjixas 
 KaTaTTLTTT^L 7] \dXa^a, hiappaylvTbiv rSiv (iorpvcov. rrj 
 jxevTOL yaarpl axrirep 7n]pa ^pcoz^rat, riQivr^s €v avrfj 
 
 360 oa-oiv beovrat. avoLKTrj yap avrols avrr] kol uoXlv 
 kX^kttt] icTTLv' €VT€pov be €v avTrj ovbe rJTTap (jyaiverai, 
 7] rovTo fjiovov, OTL dttcTeta evrocrOe kol Kckjios ia-riv, 
 u>crT€ KOL TCL veoyvci, iiTeibav piyojcnv, es TavTrjv VTrobveraL. 
 i(T6r}s be rols fxev irXovo-tOLS vaXivr], fxakOaK-q' toU 
 
 365 7Tivr](TL be ')(^aXKrj vcfyavrrj' TToXvx^aXKa yap to, eKel yjjipia, 
 Kttt epyafyvrai tov ^aXKov vbari V7To(3pe^avTe9, MO-irep 
 TO. epia. irepl fievTOi tu>v 6<pOaXpLU)v, oiov9 e^ovaiv, OKvSi 
 \xev elire'Lv, ixrf tU \xe vopLLaj} xj/evbea-Qai bia to aTncTTOv 
 TOV XoyoV opLcos be Kal tovto epu>. tovs ocfyOaXfjiovs 
 
 370 TiepiaipeTovs e^ovan' koX 6 (3ovX6p.evos e^eXojv tovs 
 avTov (pvXcLTTei, ecrT av ber]6fj ibelv' ovtco be ev9e}xevos 
 opq. Kal TToXXol tovs (TCJ)eTepovs airoXecravTes irap 
 aXXdiv y^pr](Tap.evoi opcaa-iv. elal 8' o% kol ttoXXovs 
 aiToQeTovs e^ov(TLv, oi irXovcrioi. to. a>Ta be irXaTavcoi' 
 
 375 cfyvXXa ecTTiv avTols' etcrt 5' ot Kal ^vXiva eyjovcriv. eirei- 
 bav be yrjpaa-ij 6 avdpudnos, ovk a~o6vi](TKeL, aAA.' cocnrep 
 6 KaiTvos bioXvopievos arjp yiyveTai. Kal pLi]v Kal aXXo 
 6avp,a ev toIs iSao-iXeiois e0ea(rdp.r]v. KCLTOiTTpov p^eyi- 
 (TTOV Ketrat vnep (()peaTos ov ttclvv (BaOios. av p.ev ovv 
 
 380 ets TO (f)peap KaTa(5fj rt?, cLKOvet ttclvtoov tcov irap rjplv 
 ev Tjj yfj XeyopievoiV eav be els to KCLToiTTpov diro- 
 /3\ei//-ry, irdo-as p.€v TroXets iravTa be eOvr] opa, axrirep 
 ft^ecrrws eKacTTOLS' TOTe Kal tovs oiKeiovs €ya> eQea- 
 (Tdp,7]v Kal iracrav ttjv iraTpCba' el be KCiKelvoi fxe ecapcuv 
 
 385 OVK e^(o TO dcFCpaXes elireLv. octtls be jutr) TTicTTevei TavTa 
 ovT<as e^eiv, av Tiore Kal avTos eKftcre d(})LKiriTaL, etcreTai 
 0)9 dXridr] Xeyo).
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 Leaving the Moon, we are carried through the Zodiac to the 
 City of Lanterns, a?id thence to Cloiid-ciickoo-toivn. 
 
 Tore 5' ovv acnrao-dixevoi rbv (Baa-tkia kol rov9 aficf)' 
 avTov, ifxlSavTes avr]yBr]ii€V , ifiol be kol hi^pa ebooKcv 
 6 'KvbviJ.L(jL>v bvo fiev Tcov vaXCvcov \iTb)V0L)V Trivre oe 39<=* 
 -X^akKov^ KoX Travo-Xtav Oepiuvrjv' a Travra ev rw K7/re6 
 KariXiTTov. (TVve-ejJLTTe he tjjjlIv kol '^liUiOyviTovs xikiov^, 
 TTapa-iiJLyj/ovTas o.XP'- (^Tabicov TrevraKocrLoov. ev be rw 
 7Tapd-k(a TTokXas p-ev kol aAAas" X(^pas TrapT^pLeixj/apLev 
 TTpocrecrxopiev be kol rw 'Ecocrc^opo) apn avvoLKL(opiev(o, 395 
 KOL d-olSa.vres vbpevcrdpLeOa. epLJSdvres be eh tov 
 ZoibiaKov ev dpio-repa iraprjeipLev rbv rjkiov, ev XP<p ^V^^ 
 ■yrjv TTapairXeovres' ov yap dTTefBrjpiev, Kairoi ttoXXcl T(av 
 eraipoiv e7n6vp.ovvTO)v' dAA' 6 dvepLOS ovk e<prJKev. 
 edeoipLeOa pAvroi ti]v x.'^pav evOaXrj re kol iriova koL 40^ 
 evvbpov KOL TToXXoJv ciyaOctJv pLecrrriv. Ibovres be 7]p,as 
 ol K e(})eXoKevTavpoL, pA(rdo(f)opovvTes irapa rw ^aeOovri, 
 eTTeiTT-qcrav eirl tv,v vavv, kol pLaOovres evo-TTOvbovs 
 dve\(i)pr\G-av. jjbrj be kol ol '^limoyvnoi direX-qXyOecrav' 
 TiXeijo-avTes be ti]v eirioixTav vvKTa koX j]p,epav Tiepl 405 
 ecr-epav dcpiKOfjieOa €9 T7]V AvxvottoXlv KaXovpLevqv, r/677 
 rbv Kdrci) ttXovv buoKOvres' rj be 7:6X19 avrrj Keirai 
 fiera^v rod TLXetdbcov kol rod '^Tdbcov depos, ra- 
 -neivorepa p.evTOL ttoXv rod ZcobiaKOV. dirojSdvres be 
 dv6p(jL>7Tov p.ev ovbiva evpopiev Xv^vovs be ttoXXovs Trept- 410 
 OeovraSi koX ev rjj dyopa kol irepl rbv Xipiiva btarpi/Bovras, 
 rov9 pLev pLLKpovs KOL a>cnTep eLTrelv Trivrjras' oXiyovs be, 
 rS)v pieydXojv kol bvvarSiv, irdw Xap.irpovs kol 7TepL<pavel9. 
 olKrio-ets 6' avrols kol Xvxve(i>ve9 Ibia eKdarco eire-oiiqvro, 
 kolI avrol 6v6pi,ara et^ov, axrirep ol dvOpin-noi, kol cf)a}VT]v 415
 
 l6 VERA HIS TORI A. 
 
 ixpoU\xivu>v riKOVOfjiev' kol ovbev r}\xas rjbiKOVv, aWa Kai 
 €ttI i^via kKoKovv' ?7ju,ets' 5e 0/0,609 €(po(iov[X€6a' kol ovt€ 
 beLTTvrja-ai ovt€ virvcaaai ris rjfi^v eTokfJi-qa-ev. apyjda 
 5' avTols iv ixia-j] rfj TroAet TreTTOtryrat, ^v6a 6 ap-yjav 
 
 420 avTiav hi oAr]S vvktos KadrjTai, ovofxaaTl Kakoiv eKaarov. 
 09 5' av fJLT] viraKovcnj KaTahiKa^^Tai airoOavelv, w? 
 kiTTiov Tr}V TCL^Lv' 6 5e ddvaros ^cttl o-fteorOTJvai, Trape- 
 (TTwres' 8e kol ??/xets kcopc^ii^v ra yiyvopAva, kol rjKOVopiev 
 OLfxa T(av kvxvoiv anokoyovpiivoiv kol ras alrias k€y6vT(i>v, 
 
 425 bi as €(3pdbvvov. €v6a kol tov rjjjL^Tepov kvyj;ov eyvcaptaa, 
 Kal 7Tpoa-€L7r(i)V avTov nepX tG>v Kar olkov iTTwOavopL-qv 
 077(09 €\oi€v' o hi juot TTCLVTa hn]yr](TaTO. T7]v ixkv ovv 
 vvKTa €KeLvriv avrov e/xeiya/jtez^* rf] h\ kiiiovcrri apavres 
 eTikiopiev 7]bii TTkrjCTiov tu>v v€<p(i)v. evOa 5r) kol ttjv 
 
 430 N€(l)ekoKOKKvyLav irokiv Ibovres eOavpidaajx^v, ov pievTOL 
 iTT€l3r}pi€V avTYj^' ov yap eta to TTvevpia. ^aaikeveiv 
 pih'TOL avTcov ekeyero Kopoovbs 6 KoTTV(f)Loi)vos. kol eyw 
 ^fJLvrjcrOrjv ^ ApLcrrocpdvovs rod TiOLrjrov, dvbpos cro^ov Kal 
 akrjOovs KOL p.drr]v e</)' 0I9 eypaxj/ev dTTLo-rovpL^vov. 
 
 We descend to the Ocean again, and are swallowed, ship 
 and all, by an enormous sea-monster. 
 
 435 TpiTi] 6' 0,770 Tavrr]S rjiJiipa, Kal tov ^D.Keojvov TJbr] 
 (Ta(pu>s kcopu>pi€V' yrjv be ovbapLov, 7rk/]v ye TGtv ev rw 
 aepi' Kal avTal be TTvpoeibels rfb-q Kal virepavyel's e(f)av- 
 Ta^ovTo. Tj] TeTapTj) be irepl peo-rjpi^piav, piakaK&s 
 evbibovTos TOV TTvevpiaTos Kal a-vviCdvovTo<5, eiil Tr}V 
 
 440 OdkaTTav KaTeTe6r]piev. o)s be tov vbaTos e\l/av(Tap.ev, 
 OavfjLCLcnov w? vTTeprjbojjieOa Kal virepexaipopiev Kal iracrav 
 ev(f>po(TVvr]v eK tQ>v TTapovTcov eirotovpieOa Kal diro^avTes 
 evr]y6p.e6a' kol yap eTV\e yaki^vri ovaa Kal evaraOovv
 
 BOOK I. ly 
 
 TO TieXayoS' €01k€ 8e ^PXV i^ci-k^i^ fieL^ovoiv yiyvecrdai 
 iToXkoLKLs 7] TTpbs TO jSeXnov fjL€Ta(3okij' Kot yap Ty/otets 445 
 bvo fjLOva^ r]iJL€pa9 iv evhia irk^vaavTes, rrjs TpiTrjs 
 v7TO(paLVovcrrjS, Trpbs aviaxpvro. tov rjXiov aipvoa 6p(d\x€V 
 6r\pia KoX K'qTT], iroXXa pikv kol aXka €v he pLeyicrrov 
 a-dvTcov, oaov aTahioyv -yjXioiv kol TrevraKocrLoov to 
 IxeyeOos' eTry^L 8e k^xv^os koI irpo ttoWov TapaTTov 45° 
 T'i]v OaXaTTav a(f)p<^ re -nepiKkv^opL^vov kol tov^ obovTas 
 €K(f)aLvov, o^ets" TrdvTas ojcrTrep (TKoAoTra? kol K^vkovs 
 a>(T7T€p iKecpavTLvov^, i]p.els pi€v ovv to vaTaTov dXkrikovs 
 TTpooreLTTOvTes Kol 7:€pi(3dXkovT€S ipiivopiev' TO be ribrj 
 TTaprjv, KOL dvappocprjcrav i]ixas avTrj vrjl KaTemev. ov 455 
 p^evTOL ecjiOrj avvapd^ai toIs obovcriv, oKKa bia tQjV 
 dpaidip.dTcov Tj vav^ eh to eXcrai bie^eirecrev. 
 
 Description of the monstefs inside^ and what ive found 
 there. 
 
 'E-TTet be evbov r\p^ev, to pkv irputTov (tkotos rjv, Kal 
 ovbev ecopo)pLev' vcrTepov be avTov dvayjivovTos etbop^ev 
 kvtos p^eya, kol TTavTrj uKaTV kol vyj/yjkbv, iKavov 4^° 
 pLvpidvbpco iToXeL evoiKelv. eKetvTo 5' ev /xecro) kol puKpot 
 lyQves KOL dXXa 6r]pia iroXXa (TvyKeKopp^evo. kol ttXolcov 
 IcrTta KOL ayKvpat kol dvOpcoiroav do-Tea koX (popTia' 
 Kara pLecov be Kal yi] Kal XocpoL rjo-av, eptol boKelv, eK 
 TTjs iXvo9 rjv Ko.TeiTLve (TvviCdvovaa. vXt] yovv eir avTrjs 465 
 Kal bevbpa navTola eTTe(f)VKeL, Kal Xd\ava ejSe^Xaa-TriKei, 
 Kal ecoKeu ndvTa e^eipyao-p^evoLS' TrepLjxeTpos be ttjs yrjs 
 (TTdbiOL biaKocrioi Kal TeTTapdKovTa. rjv be Ibelv Kal 
 opvea TCL OaXaTTia, Xdpovs Kal dXKVovas, eirl tcov bevbpmv 
 veoTTevovTa. TOTe p-ev ovv eirl ttoXv ebaKpvop.ev' vcrTepov C^ 
 be dva(TTr](Tas tovs eTaipovs T7]v p^ev vavv viTea-Tr]pi^ap.ev' 
 
 C
 
 1 8 VERA HISTORIA. 
 
 avToX 6e ra irvpeia crvvrpixj/avTc^ /cat avaKavcravT€'i 
 heiirvov €K Tu>v Trapovrcov k-noiovix^Oa. iTapiK^LTo be 
 &<l)Oova KOL TTavTobaira Kpia tu>v lyBvoiv, kol vhoip €Tl to 
 
 475 €K Tov 'E(0(r(f)6pov eXxofxev. rfj iinova-r) be biavaa-ravTes, 
 et TTore avayavoi to ktjto^, akkoTe p,ev yrjv kol opr] 
 eodpG^ixev akXoTe be jjlovov tov ovpavov, irokkaKis be kol 
 vrfo-ov^. KOL yap f\(T6av6}xe6a (pepop^evov avTov o^eois 
 Trpoj TTCLV fxipoi TTJs OakcLTTrfS. eirel be ijbrj eOdbes ttj 
 
 480 biaTpififj eyiyvop^eOa, kajSiov eiTTa TUiv eTaiponv e^abiCpv 
 €S T-qv vk-qv, TrepLo-Kexj/acrOaL tcl iravTa (Sovkopevos. ovtto} 
 he irevTe okov^ btekOcdv crTabiovs evpov lepov Y[oaeibS>- 
 voSi ws eb-qkov r) einypacfyr}, kol peT ov TTokv kol Tacpovs 
 TTokXovs KOL o-Trjkas eii avTG)v, irkrja-iov re Trqyrjv vbaT09 
 
 485 biavyovs' eTi be kol kvvos vkaK^v rjKOVopev koI KaTTvo^ 
 ^(paiveTo TToppooOev Kat Tiva kol enavkiv elKafyp^ev. 
 
 We meet an old 7na7i and his son^ who have lived here 
 twenty-seven years. After hearing our story the old man 
 tells his own, and describes the region in which we are. 
 
 SttodS^ ovv (3abiCovTes e<pi(TTape6a irpeo-jB-uTji koI 
 veaviCKt^, pdka upoBvp^oas TTpaaidv Tiva epyaC,opevois 
 Kolvboiip airb TTJs TTqyrjs ei: avTqv bioxeTevovcnv' riaOev- 
 
 490 res ovv dp,a kol ^ofB-qOevTes ea-Trjpev' KO-KelvoL be, tovtov 
 riplv (ins TO eiKOS TraOovTes, avavbot irapeo-T^Kecrav' Xpd- 
 v(^ be 6 TTpea-jBvTrjs e(f)r}, ^'TtVe? apa vpel^ ecrTe, co ^evoi ; 
 TTorepoVt^ e(f)r}, " rwz; evaktociv baipovcov, ?/ dvdpodiiOi bv- 
 (TTVxeis riplv TTapairkqa-Lot ; kol yap i]iiels avOpcoiroL 
 
 495 ovTes Kal ev yfj Tpa(f)ivTes vvv dakaTTioi yeyovapev, Kal 
 (TVvvrjxoP'^BcL rw irepiexovTi T0VT<a Oqp'nd, ovb' a ira- 
 aryoiiev ciKpL^oiS et6ores. TeOvdvai pev yap eiKafo/xer, 
 ^v be TTLo-Tevopev.'^ TTpbs TavTa Kayo) el-nov " Kat
 
 BOOK I. 19 
 
 r)ix€is TOL avOpcoTTOL verjkvhes eo-fxev, a> irdrep, avTio (tkcI- 
 (f)€L 7Tpojr]v KaraiToOevTes. irpo-qkOofjiev be vvv ^ov\6- 500 
 ^ji€voi jiaQeiv ra iv rfj vXjj wj e'xft. ttoXXt] yap tls kol 
 Aacrto? e^atz^ero. haip.(ov be rt?, w? eoiKev, rjfias yyaye, 
 ere re 6\}/oiJievovs kcll elcrofjievovs on p.r} p-ovoL ev rwSe 
 KaOeipyp^eOa rw Orjptco' aXXa <ppd(TOv rjpXv ti]v oreavTov 
 TV)(r]v, ocTTis re obv kol ottco? bevpo ela-jjkOes.^^ 6 be ov 505 
 TTporepov e(})7] epelv ovbe Treixreo-Oai irap rjpoiv, irplv 
 (evLcov tS)v irapovTcov perabovvat' kol \a[3(t)v rjpias -^yev 
 eirl TTjv oLKiav, {eireiTOirjTO be avrapKr], kol o-rt/3a8as 
 eviOKobojjLTjTo, Kal TaWa e^rjpTiCTTO') irapaOeh be rjpXv 
 Xd)(^avd re kol aKpobpva kol Ix6v9 en be kol oTvov 510 
 eyyjeas, e-neibi] iKavSts eKope(T6r}p.ev, envvOdvero a eire- 
 -novOeip.eV Kciyci) irdrra e^TJs bL7]yrJG-dpr]v, rov re x^ipoiiva 
 KOL ra ev tt] vqa-cd Kal rov ev rw dipt irXovv Kal rbv 
 TTokepiov Kal raXXa, p-expi rrjs es to ktjtos Karabvorews. 
 6 6' vTTepdavpido-as Kal avrbs ev pcepet rd KaO' avrov 515 
 bte^rjet, Xeyoov, "To piev yevos elpX, a» ^evoi, Y^virpios' 
 oppL-qOels be Kar epnTopiav d-no rrfs Trarpibos pLera 
 Tratbb^, ov opdre, Kal dkXcDV ttoAAwi; otKercoz; eiiXeov - 
 eU 'IraXiav, ttolklKov (fiopTov KopLi((ov eirl vecbs p.eyd\7]s, 
 r]v eiil CTTopian rov k7]Tovs biaXekvpLevqv To-w? ecopdKare. 520 
 piexpi p-^v ovv ^LKektas evTVX(^s bieirXevo-ap.ev' eKeWev 
 be dp-naa-OevTes dvepco a-(f)obp<2 TpiTaioL es rov "Q.Keavbv 
 d7:r]veix6rjp,ev, ev6a t<2 Krjret iTepiTVxdvTes Kal avravbpoi 
 KaraiToOevTes bvo rjpiels, r^v dXXcov diroOavdvTcov, 
 e(r(£>6r]pLev. Odxjfavres be rovs eraipovs Kal vadv rw 525 
 Yloa-eibdvi beip.dp.evoi tovtovI rov ^iov (oop^ev, Xdxa- 
 va piev KTi-nevovres IxOvs be atrovpievoL Kal dKpobpva. 
 TToXkr] be o)s opdre rj vXt], Kal pj]v Kal dp.i:eXovs exei 
 TToXXds, dcf)' &v ijbLa-Tos otvos yiyverac Kal rrjv irrjyrjv be 
 C 2
 
 30 VERA HIS TORI A. 
 
 530 fo'cos' eidere KaWicrTov kol ^^rvyjpoTaTov vharos. evvr\v 
 he CLTTO TU)v (pvXkcav TTOLOvixeda kol TTvp acfidovov Kaio- 
 fji€v, KOL opvea be 6-qpevofxev ra ela-ireToixeva kol ((avras 
 l^Ovs aypevojxev e^iovres eirl ra ^pay\ia tov Oripiov, 
 €vda Kol kovojjLeOa, oirorav eiridvix-qcTOiixev. kol \xi]v 
 
 535 KoX k[[xv7} ov TToppco ecrrlv akfivpa, aTahioiV etKOcn rr/r 
 irepiiJieTpov, Ix^vs expvcra iravrobaTTOvs' ev fj kol vt]x6- 
 fxedo. KOL TrXeofiev iirl orKacfyovs puKpov, o eya> Ivavni]- 
 yr}ardp.rjv. err] be rjiMv earn ttjs Kara-nocreoiS ravra eirra 
 KOL eUoai. 
 
 We hear of other inhabitants besides ourselves, who are said 
 to be ti7ipleasa7it neighbours. A cotmcil of war. 
 
 540 Kat ra \xev oXKa tcro)? (pepeiv ebvvap.e6a' ol be 
 yecToves rj}Ji(ov Kat irdpoLKOi crcpobpa )(^ake7fol kol (Sapels 
 elcTLv, afjLLKTOi re ovres kol aypiot." "'H yapT e(prjv eyo), 
 " KOL dkkoL Tives elcTLv ev rw Krirei ;" " llokkol fxev ovvT 
 e(p7], " KOL a^evoL, kol ras p.op(f)as akkoKoroi. ra fxev 
 
 545 ydp kdnepia kol ovpala rijs vkri^ TapLxaves oIkovg-lv, 
 eOvos eyxekvoiiTov kol KapajSoTrpoo-coirov, iJ.dxLp.ov kol 
 dpacrv KOL (jl)p.o(pdyov' ra be tt^s erepas Trkevpas, Kara 
 TOV be^Lov Tolxov, TpLTcovop.evbriTes, ra p.ev dvco dv- 
 BpcsiTTois eoLKores ra be Kdrco vols yakeixirais' tjttov 
 
 550 p.evTOi dbiKoi elcTi tu>v dkkoov' to. katd be KapKLvoxeipe'i 
 KOL QvvvoKid>akoi, (Tvpp.a\iav re kol (piklav irpos eav- 
 Tovs t: eiT o 17] p.ev 01' ti]v be piecroyaiav veptovTai Uayovpi- 
 bat KOL ^'rfTTOTTobes, yevos p.dxip.ov kol bpop.iK(t}TaTov' 
 ra €(i)a 8e irpos avT(^ rw aTopLan ra TTokka p.ev eprip.d 
 
 555 e<TTL, 7Tpo(TKkv(6pLeva ti] Oakdrrr]. op.ois be eyco ravra 
 eyoct, (f)6pov rotj '^'qrroTTOcnv virorekcov eKdcrrov Irot'y 
 oar pea TrevraKoata. roiavrr] pev i] X^P^ eariv* 7]p.a9
 
 BOOK I. 2T 
 
 be y^pi] opav ottooj hvvqcrofjLeOa toctovtols eOveai juax^eo-^at, 
 
 Kol 077609 ^iOT€V(TOIX€V.'' " IlocrOt 8'," ^(f)r]V eyO), " OVTOL 
 
 'TTCLvres dcri;'' '' Ylkeiovsi" ecfy-q, " roiv xtA-twi;." ""OTrAa 560 
 be TLva elalv avro'i^ ;" "Ovbev,^' ecp-q, " ttXt/z; d(TTa rSiv 
 IxOvcov.'" " OvKovv,'^ €(f)r]v eyo), " apicTT av eyoi bta 
 {Jio,)(r]s ekOelv avrols, are ovcnv avoTrkot^f avrovs ye 
 b)7rkLcriJLevovs. el yap Kparrjcroixev avrSiv, aoewy toKolttov 
 OLKricroixev" ebo^e ravra, kol aireXOovres eirl vavv 565 
 napea-KevaCoixeOa. 
 
 After tivo days' conflict 07tr enemies are exterminated or driven 
 out, and ive are left in undisturbed possessio7i. 
 
 Atrta be rov TToXejiov efieXXev eaeaOai tov (popov 
 7] ovK aTTobodLi, ijbrj 7-779 irpoOecriMas eveaTcoo-qs. kol brf 
 ol fxev e7T€}Ji7Tov TOV bacTfjibv airairovvTes' 6 be virepoi:- 
 TLKC^s a-noKpivaiievos ' aTrebico^e rov^ ayyekovs. irpaJToi 570 
 ovv ol "^rjTTOTTobes KOL ol Ylayovpibai y^aXeiraivovres rw 
 ^Kiv6dp(£> (tovto yap eKaXelro) ixera ttoXXov 6opv(3ov 
 eTTrjeaav. r;//€t? be, Tr]v e(pobov vTroirrevovTe^, e^oTrki- 
 adpLevoL dvefxevofxev, ko^ov riva TTpord^avre^ dvbpcov 
 -nevre Kal e'lKoa-iv. TTpoeip-qro be avrols ev rfj evebpa, 575 
 eneibav 'iboicn TTapek-qkvOoras rovs iTokepLiovs, eiravi- 
 (TTacrdai' Kal ovtods eiroirja-av. eTTavaa-ravres yap 
 KaronLv eKOTTTov avrov9, Kal ripLels be Kal avrol, irevre 
 Kal elKoan tov dpidpLOV ovTes (Kal yap Kal 6 ^KLvdapos 
 Kal 6 -TTai? avTov oDvea-TpaTevovTo), rivTid^opLev, Kal 580 
 (TVfjiiJLL^avTes 6viJL<2 Kal pcopLr] bLeKLvbvvevofjLev. Tekos 
 be TpoTTrjv avTcov TTOLrfo-ajjievoL KaTebtoJ^aiJiev d\pi irpbs 
 Tovs cf)cokeovs. direOavov be t&v [xev irokep.ioiv e^bop-rf- 
 KovTa Kal eKaTov rjpo^v be els Kal 6 KVJSepvrjTrjs, Tpiykrjs 
 irkevpa biairapels to peTd(f)pevov. eKeivrjv p.ev ovv tt]v 5S5
 
 22 VERA HIS TORI A. 
 
 Tjjiepav Kol T7JV vvKTa €7Tr]vkL(TdiJL€6a r?} /m-ax?? '^^^ ''P®' 
 iraiov €(TT-q(Ta{jL€v, pd^Lv ^ripav b€\(f)'ivos dvair-q^avT^s. 
 rfj vcTTepaia 5e koX ol dXkoi alcrOoiievoL Traprjcrav, to fxev 
 be^Lov Kepas ^xovres ol TapixcLV€S (fiydro be avrdv 
 
 590 VL-qXapos) to 8' evcovvpLov ol 0vvvoKi(pakoL to piaov 6e 
 ol KapKLv6)(^€ip€S. ol yap TpLTCDvopivhrjTes ti]v rjorvyJ-OLV 
 i)yov ovheTepois (rvppayjEiv Tipoaipovpevoi. rjpiels be 
 TTpoaTTavTrjcravTes avTols irepl to YIoa-eLbcavLOv irpoorepi- 
 qapLev, irokXfj jBor] x^pcdpevot. avTYD^^ei be to ktjtos (ocnrep 
 
 595 TO, a7T7]kaLa. Tpeij/dpevoL be avTov^, aTe yvpn]Tas ovTas, 
 Kol KaTabL(ji>^avTes es Tr\v vXr\v to Xolttov eireKpaTovpev 
 Trjs yijs. KOL p,eT ov ttoXv KrjpVKas duoaTeiKavTes 
 veKpovs Te dvr\povvTo koX irepl (pLklas btekeyovTo. ypiv 
 be ovK eboKei cnrevbea-Oai' dkka Tjj ixiTepaia -yuipriaav- 
 
 600 re? €77 avTovs irdvTas dpbr}v e^eKoy^ap^ev^ 7:ki]v T(ov 
 TpLT(ovopLevb7]T(iiv. ovTOL be ws etbov tcl yiyvopieva, bua- 
 bpavTes €K Toov ^payyJioLiV d<pTJKav avTovs eh n/y 6dkaT- 
 Tav. rjp.e'is be ttjv \(opav eirekOovTes, eprjpov ijbrj ov- 
 (Tav tG)v 7TokepL(i)v, to koLTTOv aSewj KaTcoKovpev, tcl 
 
 605 TTokka yvpvaa-LOLS Te kol Kwrfyecriois \p(i>pevoi kol dp- 
 irekovpyovvTes kol tov Kap-nov avyKopi^opevoi tov eK 
 T(av bevbpoiv' kol 6k(os ec^Keip^ev toIs ev beapcoT-qpiio /xe- 
 ydkoi Kal d(f)VKTii) Tpv(f)S>o-L kol kekvpevois. 
 
 From the monster's opeii jaws we descry another marvellous 
 sight J a strange tribe of giants upon fioati?ig islands. 
 
 'Eytavroy pkv ovv kol pijvas okto) tovtov bir\yop.ev tov 
 
 610 TpoTTov. rw 8' evvdTi^ pirjvl, TrepnTTTj laTapievov, irepl Tr]v 
 
 bevTepav tov (TTop^aTos dvoi^Lv, (a7ra£ yap br] tovto KaTo. 
 
 TTJV &pav eKdcTTTjv eTTotei to ktjtos, axTTe ijpa^ irpos Tas 
 
 dvoi^eis TeKp,aipe(T6ai tols copas) irepl ovv Tr}v bevTepav,
 
 BOOK /. 23 
 
 wy €(priv, avoi^Lv acpvco ^orj re irokkrj kol Oopv^os rjKOve- 
 To, axTTfep K€kev(TjjLaTa Kal dpeoriai. rapaxOivres ovv 615 
 av€LpTTVorapi€v €77' avTo TO (rropia tov Orfpiov, kol (tt6.v- 
 res" €vboTep(jL> tuiv 6b6vT(ov Ka^ewpai/xez; airavroiv ojv eyo) 
 elbov O^aixcLTCxiv Trapabo^orarov, avhpas pieydkovs ocrov 
 r]ixi(TTahiaiovs ras r}kiKia<s, kid v7]cro}v p.^ydkodv Trpoa-- 
 T^k^ovTas, cticnrep ki:\ rpt-qpodv. otba pi€v aTTicrTOLS €ot- 620 
 Kora l(TTop-qcroov, k^^co 8e 0/0,609. vrjcroL rjcrav €7TLp.rjK€LS 
 piev ov TTCLVV be vxj/rikaL, ocrov eKarov crTabiinv €k6,(TT7} 
 Ti]v irepLp.erpov. kul 6' avr&v cirkeov T(av avbpS)v eK€t- 
 I'ojz/ apL(f)l Tovs eiKocn kol eKarov. Tovrayv be ol ptev 
 Trap' eKCLTepa rrj? vrjcrov Ka6r]p.evoL e(pe(i]s eKOiir-qkaTovv, 625 
 KVTrapLTTOLS avTOKkdboLS pieydkais kol avTOKopiois, oxr- 
 Trepel eperptols. Karoinv be eiiX rrjs irpvpLvrj^, w? eboKei, 
 KV^epvriTr]s enX k6(f)ov vxj/rjkov ela-rriKeL x^akKovv lx<^z^ 
 TTrfbdktov, cTTabiaiov to pirJKOS. eirl be ttj^ irpcopas oaov 
 Teo-aapaKOVTa oiirkio-pLevoL avrStv epcdxovTo, irdvTa eoL- 630 
 KOTes dv6p(i>TT0LS, irkrjv Trjs KopLYjs. avTr\ be irvp ■^v kol 
 eKaieTo, oxrTe ovbe KopvOoov ebeovTo. dvrl be Icttlcov 6 
 avep,os ep.7TL7TTu>v Tjj vkj], TTokkfj ovarj ev eKaa-Trj, eKok- 
 '7T0V Te avT7]v KOL €^6/36 TTjv vrjo-Qv, fj eOekoi 6 Kv(3epvr]- 
 rrjs. Kekev(TTi]s §' ecfyeio-T-qKei avTols, kol irpos ti]v el- 63; 
 pecriav o^ecos eKLVOvvro, wcrTrep tol piaKpa tG>v ukoioiv. 
 
 The Battle of the Islands. 
 To pkv ovv TipSiTov bvo rj Tpels eoopcapiev vaTepov b 
 e(f)dv7](Tav oaov e^aKoa-ioC kol btacTTdvTes eirokep^ovv Kal 
 evavpid^ovv. TTokkal p.ev ovv avTiTrpoipoi (TVVTjpdcraovTo 
 dkkrjkais TTokkal be Kal epLfSk-qOela-aL KaTebvovro, al be 640 
 (TV pLirkeKopiev at KapTep5>s bLr]yoiviCovTO, Kal ov pabicas 
 CLTTekvovTO. oi ycLp eirl ttjs irpcopas Terayp^evoi iraaav
 
 24 VERA HISTORIA. 
 
 €7T€b€LKvvvro TTpoOvfjiLav kTTejx^aivovTes Kttt avatpovvT^s' 
 e^wypet he ovheis. olvtl he ^etpGiV (rih7]pQ>v iroXyTToha^ 
 
 645 ixeydkovs eKhehefxevovs aXk'qXoLS k'neppiiiTovv' ot he ire- 
 pnrkeKoixevoL rfj vX-p Karel^ov T7]v vijcrov. e/3aAAor fxei;- 
 TOL Koi erirpbiCTKOv oarpeois re afjLa^07T\r]6ecrL kol (ttto-/- 
 yoL9 TiXeOpiaiois^ rj-yelro he tS>v ixev AlokoKevrav- 
 pos tQv he Qakaa-oroTTOTTjs' kol ixayj] avTol'S eyeyevqro, 
 
 650 d)S ehoKei, keCas eveKa. ekeyero yap 6 QakacrcroTTOTr]^ 
 TTokkas ayeka^ hekcfiivoov rod AlokoKevravpov ekrjkaKevai, 
 0)? rjv oLKoveiv eTTLKakoTJVTcov akk'qkoLS kol to, ovopLara 
 tS)v ^ao-ikeoiv einjBooopLevoiv. rekos he vlkQxtlv ot tov 
 AlokoKevravpov, Kal v7](tov9 rcav irokepiictiv Karahvovcnv 
 
 655 CLfxcpl ras TTevTrjKOVTa Kal eKarov' Kal akkas rpels kap.- 
 (3avova-Lv avrols avhpacriv' al he kotiral irpvpvav Kpov- 
 (rdpievaL ecpvyov. ol he p-eyjyi rivos htdo^avreSy eireihr} 
 ecnrepa rjV, rpairopevoL irpos ra vavdyia, tQ}V Tikelcrriav 
 eireKpaT-qa-av Kal to, eavro^v aveikovro. Kal yap eKei- 
 
 660 v(ov Karehva-av vrjcroL ovk ekdrTovs tG>v 6yhor]KOVTa. 
 earrja-av he Kal rpo-naiov ttjs vrjcropiaxCas, eirl rfj Ke(()akr] 
 TOV KrjTovs [JLiav TUiV TTOAe/xtcor vrfcrcov dvaorravpoixTavTe's^ 
 eKeivqv piev ovv ti]v vvKTa irepl to 6y]piov rjvkia-avro, 
 e^a\\ravTes avrov ra d.Troyeia Kal eir' dyKVpQv iTkrjcrLOv 
 
 665 oppLtcdpievou Kal yap dyKvpais e)(j)QvTo peydkais va- 
 kivaLS KapTepdls. ttj vaTepaia he Ovaravres eirl tov 
 K7]Tovs Kal T0V9 olKeiovs Od^avTes e-n avTov dneTikeov 
 r}b6pi.evoL, Kal coa-irep iraiavas ahovTes. ravTa piev ra 
 Kara rr]v vrjaopaxCav yiyv6p.eva.
 
 BOOK 11. 
 
 BOOK 11. 
 
 Tired of our lo7ig miprison7nent we contrive a means of 
 escape^ and launcJi our vessel 07ice inore oji the open sea. 
 
 To d' 0.770 TovTQv jutT^/ceVt (pepo^v eyw ti]v kv rw K?]ret 
 hiairav ayOoixevos re rfi jiovf] ij.7]')(avr]v nva €Qr]Tovv, 
 hi TJs av k^€X6a.v yevotro. koI to jxkv ikpSiTov ^bo^ev 
 i]liLV biopv^acTL Kara top b^^ibv roiyov anobpavai' koX 
 ap^dfievoL bieKonToixev. eireLbrj 8e irpo^XBovTes og-qv 5 
 7T€VT€ crrabiovs ovb€v Tjvvop.ev, rod dpvyjjiaTos kiravaa- 
 p.€6a Tr\v 6e vXriv Kavcrai bUyvcofx^v' ovrco yap av to 
 KTjTos a-oOav€iv. et 8e tovto yivoiTo, pabta e,aeAA.ez; 
 rjfjuv eo-ecrOai rj €^obo9. ap^dp.evoi ovv dirb Tcav ov- 
 paioiv €KaLoiJi€v' K.al rjpjpas jiev kuTa Kal vvKTas Xcras lo 
 dvaLo-6i]Toos etx^ tov KavpiaTos' oybor] be nal evvaTrj 
 (TVvU\x€v avTov voa-ovvTos' dpyoTepov yovv dvixaa-Ke' 
 Kal etiroTE dva\dvoL, Tayv a-vvefwe, beKaTrj be koI kv- 
 beKCLTT} TeXeov o.TieveveKpoiTo Kal bvcratbes rjv. Tjj bco- 
 beKCLTri be p.6yis evevorja-ajiev, m, el pn^ rts x^^'^'^^^^ ^^" ^5 
 Tov VTToaTTjpL^eLe Tovs yopLcpLOVs axTTe pLTjKeTL (TvyKXelorai, 
 KLvbvvev(Top.ev KaTaKketa-devTes ev veKp^ avT^ diroXe- 
 crdai' ovTiii bi] TO aTop^a /xeyaAat? boKols biepeicravTes 
 Ti]v vavv e7Te(TKev6.CopLev, vbo^p re ws evL nXelcrTov epij3aX- 
 X6p.evoL Kal TaXXa e-niTi^beia. KVlSeprnjcreiv 5' epieXXev 6 20 
 ^Kivdapos. Ti] 8' eiTLOvo-r] to p.ev ijbr] eTedvijKet' i]p.els 
 5' dveXKvaravTes to -kXoIov Kal bia tu>v dpaionxaTOiv 
 biayayovTes Kal eK rcoy obovTOiv e^a^avTe's ripepta Ka6- 
 r]Kap.ev is Tr}v OdXaTTaV eiravajSavTes 8' eirl to, vQ>Ta 
 Kal dvcravTes rw IToo-etSwi/t avTov Trapa to TpoiraLOv 25
 
 36 VERA HISTORIA. 
 
 riixipas re rpels iiravkLordfjievoL {vr}V€fj.La yap ^v) reraprr^ 
 aireTiXeucraiiev, 
 
 We make our way across the Frozen Sea and reach the 
 Island of Cheese. 
 
 Ez^^a 5r) TToAAots rSiv €k ttjs vavixayj.a's veKpols aiTr]v- 
 T(oiJ.€v KOL TTpocrajKekkoiJLev' KOL ra orcaixara KaTafx^Tpovv- 
 30 re? €davfjLa(oiJi€v. Kal r]fjL€pas jueV nvas eirkiofjLev 
 evKparo) aipi )(pa)//ez^ot* €7T€LTa (Bopeov aripohpov TTvevaav- 
 Tos p.iya Kpvos ^yevero, kol vtt avrov irav kirayr] to 
 Ttikayos, ovK e^eTriTroAr/s' p^ovov oXka kol is (3d6os, ocrov 
 is T€TpaKO(TLas opyvias' (ocrre koX dirofidvras btaOieLV 
 
 35 €776 TOV KpVOrTaXXoV. €7TLp€V0VT0S OVV TOV TTV^Vp.aTOS, 
 
 (f)€peLv ov bvvdpievoL Totovbe n iirevo-^a-apiev. (6 6e ttjv 
 yvit>pif]V dTTO(pT]vdp,€vos rjv 6 ^KivBapos). (TKCLxIfavTes yap 
 €v r(p vban (n:r]kaLov piyio-rov ev tovtco e/xetyajuei; 
 Tjpiipas rpLCLKOVTa, irvp dvaKaiovres Kal cnrovp^evoi tovs 
 
 40 lyOvs' €vpL(TKOiJL€v §6 avTovs dvopvTTovT€s. iireibr] be 
 7]br] iirlknre ra i'mr-qbeia^ 7rpo<T€k66vT€S Kal tt)v vavv 
 '7T€7T7]yv'tav dvaarirdaavTes Kal Trerdo-avres ti]v odovqv 
 icrvpopeda uxrirep irkiovres Aetco? kol Trpoa-qv&s, iirl tov 
 Trdyov biokiordaivovTes. ^/^fpa 5e 7re/x7rrr/ dkia re ijbr] 
 
 45 '^v Kal 6 irdyos ikvero Kal vbo)p irdrra avOis eyiyvero. 
 'nkeixravres ovv oaov rpiaKocriovs (TTabiovs i^t/ctw puKpa 
 Kal iprjpj] T:poa"r]vi\Br]pev, dcj) rjs vbccip kajBovres {iir- 
 cAeAotTret yap yjbr}) Kal bvo ravpovs dypiovs Kararo^evaav- 
 T€S CLTTeTTkevo-apev. ol be ravpoL ovtol ra Kepara ovk 
 
 50 €7:1 TTJs K€(f)aki]s etx^ov, aAA' virb rols 6(f)0akpols, &cn:ep 
 6 Mwjuios' ri^iov. p,€T ov TTokv be els vekayos eve^aivo- 
 fxev, ov)( vbaros dkka ydkaKTos. Kal vrjcros ev avria 
 €(paLveT0 kevKT], irki^p'qs dpLirekcov. yv be -q vija-os rvpos
 
 BOOK II. 27 
 
 fxiyL(TT09, TTCLvv (TVfJL7:€7TriyG)S, o)S V(7T€pov k\x(pay6vT^s 
 ifidOofxev, (rrahmv dK.oam:ivT€ to Trepiixerpov' at 6' 55 
 afjiTTekoL j3oTpv(ov TrAv/petj* ov piivTOi oivov aXKa yoika 
 €^ avT(ov oLTioOXi^ovT^s iTTLVofxev. Upov 5* iv i^icrr} rrj 
 vqario avcoKohopLTfTo FaAareta? tt]S Nrfprjibos, w? ehrjkov 
 TO iTTLypa/jipLa. ocrov 5' ovv yjyovov eKet ifieivafiev 6\}/ov 
 
 p.\v 7) y?] /cat (TLTLOV V7Tr]p)(^€ TiOTOV he TO e/c tS>v [BoTpvoiv 60 
 ydXa. (SacriXeveLv be tovtchv tgjv xcoptcav ekeyeTo Tvpoi 
 7] ^akfjicoveoos, [xeTa ti]v evTevOev d7iaKkayi]v TavTrjv irapa 
 Tov IIoor^Lb(t)vos XajSovcra t-i-jv Ti\iriv. 
 
 The Cork-foot people. The Island of the Blest., with its 
 fragrant smells., its musical birds and breezes. 
 
 yieivavTe^ he ijpiepas ev Trj vi^crc^ TrevTe ttj eKTrj 
 e^a}pp.ri(jap,ev, avpas p^ev tlvos TrapairepiTTOvo-ris XetoKV- 65 
 p.ovos he ova-qs ttjs 6a\dTTr]s. Trj oyhor] he rjp.epa 
 TrkeovTes, ovk ert hia tov yaXaKTOs aAX' rfhr] ev aXp.vp(^ 
 KOL Kvav(^ vhaTL, Kadopoypiev dvOpcairov^ lioXkovs eirl tov 
 ireXdyovs htaOiovTas, aTfavTa rfpuv Trpoo-eoLKOTas kol to, 
 (T(^p.aTa KOL TCI p-eyeOr], 7tXi]v p-ovcov tG>v 7Toho)v' TavTa 70 
 yap (peXXiva etx^i^' ^^^ ov hi] 6lp.aL kol eKaXovvTO 
 <i>eXX6'iTohes. eOavp.d^op.ev ovv IhovTe^ ov jBaiTTL^opiivov^, 
 dXX' v-nepeyjovTos Tdv Kvp.dTcov koI dhecds ohoiiropovvTas' 
 ol he KoX TTpoo-jjecrav koL rjcnrd^ovTo rjpias 'EAAryytKT/ 
 (poivfj, eXeyov re els ^eXXo) ti]v avT(x>v iraTpiha eireCye- 75 
 crOaL' p-expi- p^ev hi] tlvos crvvcohoiTiopovv i]]iiv TrapaOeovTes' 
 eiTO. diTOTpaiTopLevoL r?/? Shod efSdhiCov, evuXoiav r]p.lv 
 eirev^dpievoL. pieT oXiyov he ttoXXol vrjcroL e(f)aLvovTo' 
 TrXi](TLov \iev e( dpi(TTepG>v i] ^eAAw, h rjv eKelvoi ea- 
 irevhov, ttoXls eirl p^eydXov kol aTpoyyvXov (f)eXXov 80 
 KO.TOiKOV]xevr]. iroppoiOev he koX p.aXXov ev he^ta
 
 28 VERA HIST OKI A. 
 
 7T€vr€ ixiyia-rai koX vxjrrjXoraTaL, kol Trvp irokv an: 
 avT(av av€KaUro. Kara he Tr]v irpc^pav juta 7rA.areta kol 
 
 Ta7T€LV7}, (TTahiOVS aiT€)(^OV(Ta OVK iXcLTTOVS TievTaKOcridiv. 
 
 ^5 rihr] he ttXtjo-lov re ^ijl€v, kol Oaviiacrrr] ns avpa 'nepUi:- 
 v€V(T€V Tjixas, rihela kol evcohrjs, olav (fyrjalv 6 avyypacpevs 
 'HpohoTos airoCetv ttjs €vhai\xovos "ApajSias. olov yap 
 airb pohoiv kol vapKiaa-cov kol vaKLvOoiv koi Kptvoov kol 
 Xoiv, en he fjLvppivris kol hd(f)vris kol aiJL7reXdv6r]s, tolov- 
 
 90 Tov 7]pXv TO Yjhv irpoaejiakXev. rjcrOevre^ he tj] 6(Tp,fj 
 KOL -)(j>r](TTa eK fiaKpcov ttovcov ekiricravTes Kar oXiyov 
 yhr] ttXtjo-lov TrJ9 vrjaov eyiyv6p.e6a. evda hi] kol KaO- 
 eoip(^p.€v Ai/xeVa? re iroXXovs irepX iracrav aKXvcrTOVS kol 
 peydXovs, irorapovs re hiavyels eS,i6vras 'ijpeiia es ttjv 
 
 95 ddXaTTav' en he Xeipiu>vas kol vXas kol opvea povaiKa, 
 
 TOL fXeV €776 T(OV TJioVCiiV dhoVTa TToXXcL he KOL CTTt TU>V 
 
 KXahoiv. m]p he Kov(f)os kol evirvovs 'nepieKeyvTo t')]v 
 \(apav' KOL avpai he nves rjhelai hiaiTveovcraL rjpepia rr}v 
 vXrjv hieadXevov' ocxTTe kol dirb tG>v KXdhoiv Ktvovpievoiv 
 
 ioo TepTTva Kol avve^rj [xeXr] cLTTecrvpL^eTO, eoLKora tols e-n 
 epr}fJLias avXr]pi.acn tmv TrXayicov avXQ>v. kol pLi]v kol ftorj 
 orvpipLiKTOs TiKO-ueTO dOpovs, ov 6opvl3(ahr]9, aAA' ota ye- 
 voiT av ev crvpiTroo-Lco, tG)v p^ev avXovvrcov, dXXoov he 
 eiraLvovvTOiv evloiv he Kporovvroov irpos avXov rj KiOdpav. 
 
 105 TOVTOLS dirao-i KrjXovpLevot KarriySripev. oppiaavTes he T7]v 
 vavv direlBaivopiev, tov ^KivBapov ev avTrj kol hvo tQ)V 
 eTaipuiv diroXiTTovTes. 
 
 We are brought before the king Rhadamajithtis for exami- 
 nation^ and are permitted to stay awhile. 
 
 Tlpo'iovTes he hca XeLpLS>vos evavOovvTos evTvy\dvop.ev 
 Tols (f)povpols KOL TiepLTToXoLS' ol he hr](TavTes rjpxL's po-
 
 BOOK II. 29 
 
 hivoi<s (TT€(f)dvoLs (ovTos yap [jLeyiorros Trap* avT0L9 he- no 
 (T/xos" hariv) avT\yov w? rov apyovra' iiap Siv hr\ Ka6' 
 obbv r\KOV(Taixev, (09 ?/ \xkv vijcros etr] T(siv MaKapcov irpocr- 
 ayopevopiivr] apxoi be 6 Kpi]s ^Vabdp.avdvs. Kal brj 
 avayOevres ws avrov ev rd^ei rcov biKa^oixivoiV ea-rrniev 
 TerapTOL. ijv be ?/ \xev irpci^Tr] biKrj Tiepi AtavTO^ rov 115 
 Tekaiidvos, etre xpi] avrov (Twelvai vols TJpoocnv etre Kal 
 111]' Karriyope'iTo be avrov, on p.ep.r]voi koX eavrov citto- 
 KrdvoL' rekos be, ttoKXojv prjOevrciJv, 6 ^c^abajxavOvs 
 diTe(paivero vvv fiev avrov TTiOfxevov rod e\Ke(36pov ira- 
 paboOrjvaL "l-uOKpdrei rw Kcow tarpw, vcrrepov be cro)- 120 
 (ppovi]<Tavra fxerex^eiv rod crv}x~o(Tiov. bevrepa be rjv 
 Kpiais epoirLKT], Qrjcreoos Kal ^\\eveXdov irepl rrj^ ^F,Kev7]s 
 biayoiviCoixevoiV, rrorepc^ avri]v y^pi] o-vvoiKelv. Kal 6 
 '^VabdixavOvs ebiKaae Mei^eAdw crvvelvai avrr]v, are Kal 
 roaavra -novriaavri koX Kivbvvevaavri rov ydjjLov eveKev' 12^ 
 Kal yap avr<^ 0?7o-et kol dXkas elvai yvva'iKa9, ri]v re 
 'A/xafoVa Kal ras rod Mlvcoos Ovyarepas. rpCrr] 6' 
 ebiKdaOrj irepl TrpoebpUts, Wke^dvbpco re rep ^lXlttttov 
 Kal 'AvviiBa rw Kapxn^ov^^' ^at ebo^e irpoeyjeiv 6 Wke- 
 ^avbpos, Kal Opovos avrio ereOt] irapa Y^vpov rov Ylep- 130 
 (Tr]v, rov TTporepov. reraproi 5' ^/xet? 'iTpoa-r]ve-)(6r]ixev' 
 Kal 6 fiev ijpero, rt TraOovres en (cavres lepov x^piov 
 e7TL(3aLr]iiev' i]\J.els be ndvra e^rjs bLriy7]adixeQa. ovrcn 
 hi] jjLeraa-rrjordp.evos rjixos eirl ttoXvv xpdi^*^^ ea-Keirrero, 
 Kal T0L9 (Tvvebpois eKOLvovro irepl i]pMV. avvijbpevov 135 
 be ctAAot re ttoXXoI Kal 'AptoretSr;? 6 biKato^, 6 Wdrj- 
 vaios. 0)? 8' ebo^ev avria, d7:e^r]varo rf]s plv iroXv- 
 irpayp.oo-vvrj'i Kal rrjs dr7obr]p,ias, eneibav 0.7706 avoojiev, 
 bovvat ras evdvvas, ro be vvvl pijrbv xpovov fietvavras 
 ev rrj vricno Kal crvvbLair-qQevra^ rots rjpoicnv diiekdeiv. 140
 
 30 VERA HISTORIA. 
 
 ^Ta^€ be KOL T7]v irpoOeorixiav ttjs €77i8r]/jtta?, /x^ nXeov 
 IMTjvojv €7rrd. 
 
 Description of the Isle of the Blest and its ravishing joys. 
 Tovvrevdev avTOjjidToiv tjimv rSiv (TT€<pav(ov Treptppviv- 
 rcdv, (XeXvpieOa kol ets tijv ttoXlv r]y6\xe0a, els to rdv 
 
 145 yiaKOLpodv (TVfJiTToa-LOv. avTrj ixev ovv rj TroAts Tracra 
 XpV(Trj, TO be Telx^s TrepiKeiTai o-pLapdybivov' nvkat be 
 elaiv eiTTa, Tracrai p.ov6^vXoi KLvvapicopLLvoL. to pievTOL 
 eba<pos TTjs TTokecos kol rj evTos tov Teiyjovs yrj eke(f)av- 
 TLVT]. vaol be TTCLVTcov OeoJv (3r]pvk\ov XiOov c^Kobopir]- 
 
 150 p.ivoi' Koi (BoopLol ev avTols pLeytcrTOi p.ov6ki6oi dpieOv- 
 (TTLVOL, e(}) S>v TTOLOVCTL TCLS eKaro/x^tt?. irepl be ttjv 
 ttoXlv pel iTOTapLos ptvpov tov KaXXCcrTov, to TrAaro? 
 T:7]ye(tiv eKaTov (3a(nXiKu>v, jSdOos be &aTe velv evp.apGis. 
 XovTpa be ecTTLv avTols, oIkol p.eydXoi vdXivoi, rw 
 
 '55 KivvapL(6pi(D eyKatopievoL. dvTl p^evToi tov vbaTos ev 
 Tois TTveXoLS bpocTOS Oeppi-q eaTiv. ea-OrjTL be \pGiVTai 
 dpaxviOLS XeiTTols iropcpvpois. avTol be acopiaTa pLev 
 OVK eyovcriv, aAA' dva(f)e'LS kol dcrapKoi elcrt, pop(f)r}v be 
 KOL Ibeav povov epLcfyaivovcn' kol d(T(i>p.aT0i ovTes opaas 
 
 160 ovv (TvveuTacn koX KivovvTai kol (ppovovcn kol (f)a)vr}v . 
 d(f)La(n' Kol oXois eoLKe yvpvri tls 7) ^f/vx^l avTS>v Trepiiro- 
 XeXv TTjv TOV a-ddpiaTos opoioTiqTa 'nepLKeip.evr]. el yovv 
 pLT) oyj/aLTo TLS, OVK CLv iXey^eie /x?) etvat aS>p.a to 6p(ap,e- 
 vov' elal yap coairep crKial opdal, ov pieXaivai. yripdcFKei 
 
 165 be ovbels, aAA' e^' ^s- dv rjXLKias eXOi] irapapievet. ov 
 p.7]v ovbe vv^ Trap' avTols yiyveTai ovbe r]p,ipa Trdvv 
 Xapurpd' dXXa Kaddirep to XvKavyes rjbr] irpos eo), pLrjbeiTa} 
 dvaTeiXavTos rjXiov, tolovto <p(os 67re)(et tyjv yrjv. kol 
 pievTOL KOL wpav pLiav tcraa-L tov eTOvs' alel yap Ttap
 
 BOOK 11. 31 
 
 avToi'S eap Icrrt kol els avefJios irvel 6 7.i(f)vpos. rj be ^7^ 
 X^^pa 7Ta(TL fjiev avQecri ttclo-l he (f)VTols i]\xipois re kol 
 (TKiepois TeOrjkev' al fxev yap apLnekoL bcubeKdcpopoi eWi 
 KOL Kara pcrjva eKaarov KapTTO(f)opov(rL' ras be poias kol 
 ras p.rj\eas kol rrjv akkqv oiTiopav eXeyov }xev elvai 
 TpLa-KaLbeKd(f)opov' evbs yap fjLrjvos, rov Trap" avrols ^7o 
 Mlvc^ov, bis KapiTO(j)opeLv. dvrl be irvpov ol ardxves 
 dpTovs eroip^ovs eTr' ciKpov (pvovcTLv, codTiep pLVK7]Tas. 
 7n]yal be irepl rrjv ttoXlv vbaros p^ev irevre nal e^T^KOvra 
 Kal rpiaKoo lai piktros be dKKai Tocravrai p.vpov be 
 TTevraKoa tat, puKporepaL pcevroL avrai' Kal TTorapLol ya- 180 
 XaKTos eura Kal otvov 6kt(o. 
 
 The banqueting-hall J the feast accompanied with song^ and 
 the fountains of Mirth atid Laughter. 
 
 To be (TVixTTOcnov e^oj ttjs TTokecos 7re7rou]rat ev ro) 
 ^HXvcTLco KaXovpievio irebico' ketpicbv be eari koXXkttos, 
 Kal irepl avrou vXt] iravroia ttvkvt}, eTTia-Kid^ova-a rovs 
 KaraKecpevovs. Kal Grpodixvi] pev eK t5>v dvOecov vtto- 185 
 (3el3ki]TaL' biaKovovvrai be Kal bia(f)epovcrLv eKao-rr] ol 
 dvep.0L,7TX7]v ye rod olvoyo^^v. Tovrovyap ovbev beovrai, 
 ^dX)C ea-TL bevbpa irepl to avpiTroa-LOv vakiva p,ey6Xa rijs 
 biavy ear arris vdXov' 6 Kapirbs 8' ecrrt rovruov rdv bev- 
 bpcov TTorrjpia Travrola Kal ras Karaa-Kevas Kal ra p-eye- 190 
 dt). eireibav ovv Trapirj rts es ro (Tvp.-6cnov, rpvyrja-as 
 ev 1] Kal bvo rQv eKTiodpidroov TrapariOerai^ ra be avriKa 
 otvov irXript] yiyverat' ovrco p.ev uivovcriv. dvrl be rGiv 
 (Tre(pdvcov al drfboves Kal rdXXa ra pLOVcriKa opvea, eK 
 rGiv TTXrja-iov Xei\i(iivoiv rols (rrop^aaiv dv6oXoyodvra, Ka- ^95 
 ravUfjei avrovs pier (obrjs VTrepireropieva. Kal pJ)]V kol 
 pLVpL^ovr at 0)8 1' vec^eXai irvKval dvacrTrda-aa-at p,vpov eK
 
 3a VERA HISTORIA. 
 
 rav TTrjy&v kol tov 'noraixov koX kiria-raa-ai vir^p to 
 (tvijltt6(tlov, rjpejjLa tS>v av^jJLCdv VTToOkijSovrcov, vovcrt Ac- 
 
 200 TTTOv, axTTTep bpoorov. em he rw beiirvco pLOVcriKfj re 
 KOL iobals (Tx^okdCova-Lv' aSerat 6e avrois to, tov 'O/xtJ- 
 pov €777] }xaXi(TTa' KoX avTos 8e Trapeo-rt koX aureiiwxet- 
 rai avTols viikp tov ^Obvcraia KaTaKetfJievos. ol pkv 
 ovv xopol €K iraLboiv etVl Kal Trapdivcuv' k^ap^ovcri be 
 
 205 KoX avvdbovG-Lv Ewo/io? re 6 AoKpos, kol 'Aptcoi; 6 Ae- 
 (T^LOS KOL ^ AvaKpicav kol ^Tiqa-iyopos' koX yap kol tov- 
 Tov Trap' avTols €6ea(Td[jLr]v, ybrj ttjs 'EAeVry? avT(^ birfX- 
 Kayiiivr\s. kneibav be ovtol TiaixTcavTai abovTes, bevTe- 
 pos xopbs TiapepyjeTai €k kvkvoov Kal xeXibovoiv Kal drj- 
 
 210 bovcov, iireLbav be Kal ovtol aVcocrt, TOTe bi] iraa-a rj 
 vkrj e7rai;Xet, t&v dvepiGiv KaTapyjovTOdv. \ieyiG-Tov be 
 br] irpos evcfipoo-vvqv eKelvo eyov(Ti' ir^jyai elcn bvo Trapa 
 TO avjjiTrocnov, rj pkv yekcoTos rj be rjbovrjs' eK tovtcov 
 eKaTepa'i TidvTes ev dpxfj ttjs evoi\ias irLvovcn, Kal to 
 
 215 koLTTOv Tjbopievoi Kal yekioi'Tes bid^yovcn. 
 
 Heroes and famous men inhabiting the island. Among the7n 
 are Socrates a7id other philosophers j some^ however, are 
 conspiaious by their absence. 
 
 ^ovkojjiat be eluelv Kal to)v eTno-rnxaiv oixTTivas irap 
 avTols eOeacrdpb-qv' irdvTas p^ev tovs rjpaOeovs Kal tovs 
 eirl "Ikiov (TTpaTevcravTas, irki^v ye 6?) tov AoKpov AXav- 
 Tos' eKelvov be \x6vov e(f)aa-KOv ev rw tS)v dcrejiSiV X^P^ 
 220 Kokd^ea-Qai. (Bap^dpoiv be Kvpovs re djicpoTepovs Kal 
 TOV ^KvOrjv " Avd^apcriv Kal tov QpaKa ZdpLok^iv Kal 
 NovpLCLv TOV '\TakL(i)Tr]v, Kal pi7]v Kal AvKOvpyov TOV Aa- 
 KebaipiovLov Kal ^ooKioova Kal Tekkov, tov'^ ' AO-qvaiovs, 
 •cat TOVS (TO<l>ovSi dvev Ylepidvbpov. elbov be Kal Sco-
 
 BOOK II. ^^ 
 
 KpaTr]v TOP '2(jL>(ppovL(rKOV aboXe(TXOvvTa fxera NeaTopos 2^5 
 KOL YIaXaiJii]bovs' Trepl §€ avrov rjcrav ''TaKLvOoi re 6 
 AaKebaiixovLos kol 6 QecriTLevs ISiapKicrcros Kal "Tka^ 
 Kal akXoL KaXoL. Kai /xot khoK^i ipav rov ^TaKLvOov' 
 TO. TTokXa yovv kKeivov hiriX^yx^v. ikiyero he xakeirat- 
 v€Lv avT<2 6 '^Vabdfjiavdvs, Kal rjTreLkrjKivai TroAAa/ct? 6k- 230 
 [Sakelv avTov e/c r?/? vr](Tov, rjv (pkvapy Kal fxi] Oikij a(p€h 
 T'i]v elpcoveiav €voi\ei(TOaL. Ylkarodv 8e fiovos ov napriv, 
 akk' kkiyero Kal avros ev rfj vt: avrov avairkaorOeicrr} 
 TToAet OiKelv, xpcojueyos rfi TroAtreta Kal roXs v6\xoi^, ols 
 (Twiypaxj/e. ol \xivToi d/x^' ^ ApiG-mnTov re Kal 'Etti- 235 
 Kovpov TCL Trpwra Trap' avrois €(f)ipovro, ^Set? re ovres 
 Kal KeyapiG-ixivoi Kal (TV\xi:oTiK(I)TaTOL, Traprjv he Kal 
 At(T0)TT09 6 'i'pv^. TOVTCD he ocTa Kal yekct)T07T0i(^ XP^^- 
 rai. ALoyevrjs fxev ye 6 "^LvooTTevs too-ovtov ixere^ake 
 rod rpoTTOv, a)crTe y^/xat Aaiha ti]p eraipav, dp\eladai 240 
 re V170 ixe6r]s irokkaKLS avi(TTa\ievov Kal irapoLvelv. roiv 
 he ^too'lkcov ovhels TTaprjv' en yap ekeyovro ava^aiveLv 
 rov TTJs aperrjs opOtov k6(pov. r]Kovoixev he Kal irepl 
 \pv(rLTnTov, OTL ov irporepov avT(^ eirL^rfvai rrjs vrjcrov 
 debits Tiplv TO rerapTov eavrbv eAAe/3 opt 0-77. tovs he 245 
 WKahriiia'LKOvs ekeyov eOekeiv [xev ekdelv, eireyeiv 6' en 
 Kal hiaa-KeTTTea-Bai' \x7]he yap avro tovto ttcoj Karakafi- 
 jBdvetv, el Kal vrjcros ns TOLavrrj ecrriv' akkcos re Kal Tr]v 
 eirl rov '^FahafxavOvos ot/xat Kpiaiv ehehoiKeaav, are Kal 
 ro KpLrripLov avrol avrjprjKores. irokkovs he avratv ecpa- 250 
 (TKOv opfjLrjdevras aKokovdelv rols cKpLKvovfJievoLSy vtto 
 viodeias he d-nokei-nea-Qai jxr] KarakaixjSdvovras, Kal dva- 
 arpec^eLv eK pLeo-rjs rijs ohov. ovroL fxev ovv rjcrav 01 
 d^LokoycoraroL rutv irapovrcov. niJLuxn he ixakio-ra rov 
 'A)(tAAea Kal ^lera rovrov Qr]a-ea. 255 
 
 D
 
 34 VERA HISTORIA. 
 
 Homer is iJiduced to give a true account of himself and his 
 works. Arrival of Pythagoras and Einpedocles. 
 
 OviTco §€ hvo Tj rpels rjix^pat hi^Xi^K'vOria-av koI Trpocr- 
 €X6o)v eyw "Ofiripio rw TrotrjTfj, (txoXtJs ovo-qs aixcjyolv, 
 ra T€ aXka knvvBavofxiqv koX oOev cXr], Xiymv rovro fid- 
 Xiara irap rjijuv da-en vvv CqTelcrOaL. 6 be ovb' avTos 
 
 260 fxev ayvoeiv ecfyacTKev, w? ol \xkv Xtoi' 01 he 'EfJLvpvaiov 
 TToWol be KOL Ko\o(f)a>vLov avTov vofxi^ovcnv. elvai 
 [xevTOL eXeye Bal3vXu>vios, kol irapd ye rot? TToXiTais o^)( 
 ''OjotT^poj dXXa Tiypdvrjs KaXelcrdai' varepov be ofxripeva-as 
 Tiapa Tois "EXXr](nv aXXd^at rrjv 'npoariyoptav. en be 
 
 265 Kol irepl t5>v dOeroviJievciiv crriyjxiv eTrrjpcoToov, el vtt 
 eKeivov elcn yeypa\x}xevoi' kol 09 ecfyacTKe Trdvras avrov 
 eTvai. KareyiyvodCTKOv ovv t6)v djJLcfyl rov Zrjvoborov kol 
 ^ Apio-rapyov ypafJLpianK&v iroXXrjv rr}v -^vxpoXoyiav. 
 eirel be ravd^ lKavS>9 d-neKpivaro, irdXiv avrbv ripiaroiv, 
 
 2)0 n br] TTore duo rrjs iJLi]VLbo9 ttjv dpyj]v eTTOtricraTO' kol bs 
 elirev ovnos eireXOelv avT(^ [xrjbev eTnrrjbeva-avn. kol 
 fjLijv KaKelvo eiiedvixovv elbevat, el TTporipav eypa^^e ttjv 
 'ObvcrcreLav ttjs ^IXidbos, o)? ttoXXol (pacriv' 6 be rjpveiTO. 
 on jjLev yap ovbe TV(f)X6s rjv, kol avrb Trepl avrov Xe- 
 
 275 yovQ-Lv, avTLKa 7)7na'TdiJLriv' e(opa yap, uxrTe ovbe irvvOd- 
 vea-Qai ebeojx-qv' TToXXdKLS be Kal dXXore tovto eiroiovv, 
 et TTore avrbv ax^oX-qv dyovra eoipaiv. Trpocncbv ydp n 
 eTTVvOavoixrjv avrov, Kal os irpoOvfJiCiis Trdvra dr^eKpivero, 
 Kal ixdXicrra [xerd rrjv biKr\v, eireibr] eKpdn-](Tev' rjv ydp 
 
 280 ns ypa(pr} Kar avrov eirev-qveyixevij vjSpeoos vtto Qepo-i- 
 rov, e(/)' oh avrbv ev rfj TToujcreL ea-Kcoxj/e, Kal evLKrjcrev 
 "Ojnqpos ^Obv(T(Te(jdS (TVvr]yopovvros. Kara be rovs avrovs 
 ■)(j)6vovs rovrovs dcpiKero Kal Ylvdayopas b Sa/xtos, enraKLS
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 35 
 
 aXkay^ls koI kv toctovtols (cools /3iorewa? kol €KT^Xi- 
 cra? TTJs yj/vxrjs ras rrepiobovs' rjv 8e xpvo-ovs okov to ^§5 
 h€^i6v rifXLTOjjiov. Kol iKpidrj [i€v (TvixTTokiTevea-Oai av- 
 Tols, eveboLa^ero 8e Irt TTorepov IlvOayopav t] F,vcpop(3ov 
 Xpi] avTov ovopidCeLv. 6 p^ivroi 'Ep.7T€boKkr]s -^kOe p.€v 
 
 Kot OVTOS, 7T€pU(f)609 KOL TO CTW/Xtt 6\0V OJTTTrjpiivOS' OV 
 
 p.r\v TiapehiyOr] ye KaiToi ttoXKcl Ik€T€Vcov. 290 
 
 Gymnastic and poetic contests. Aft attempted i?ivasiofi of the 
 island. The invaders are repulsed, and the heroes cele- 
 brate their victory. 
 
 YlpoiovTos §€ Tov yjiovov kvidTi] 6 ay(3iv^ Ta irap 
 avTols QavaTovcna. r}y(ovod€T€L be W)(^LXXevs to irepLTT- 
 Tov KOL Qrjo-evs to e^bopiov. to, p.\v ovv aXXa ptaKpov 
 av eir\ Xeyeiv' to, be Ke(f)dXo.La tG>v irpayOevTOiv bLrjyrj- 
 cropLai. TrdXrjv p.ev evLKr](Te Kapos 6 dcp' ^HpaKXeovs, 295 
 ^Obv(T(Tea irepl tov (TTe(f)d.vov KaTayoL>vi(Tdp.evos. TTvypLrj 
 be Xa-T] eyevLTO 'Apeiov re tov AlyvTTTLOv, 69 ev Koptvdco 
 TeOaiiTai, kol 'ETretoiS, dXXr]Xois crvveXBovTu^v. iray- 
 KpaTLOv be ov TideTat aOXa Trap' avTols. tov p^evTOi 
 bpopLov ovKeTL piep.vTjpLaL 6(TTis evLK-qo-e. iroL-qTStv be Trj 300 
 pLev dXr]6eia irapaTToXv eKpdTet "OpLrjpos' evLK-qcre be opicos 
 ^rlcTLobos. TCI 6' aOXa r\v aTracn aTecfyavos TrXaKels eK 
 TTTeptiiv TaoiVi(i)V. dpTL be tov dyStvos (TVVTeTeXeo-pievov 
 rjyyeXXovTO ol ev rw xoop'n^ T(av dael^S^v KoXa(6p.evoL, 
 aTToppri^avTes to. bea-p-d kcu ttjs (ppovpds einKpaTijo-avTes, 3C5 
 eXavveiv eirl ti]v vrjaov' rjyelcrdaL be avTcov ^dXapiv re 
 TOV ' AKpayavTlvov kol BovcnpLv tov AlyviTTLOv kol 
 AiopLi'jb'qv tov QpaKa Kal tovs irepl ^Keipoova kol YIltvo- 
 Kdp.'nTiqv. W9 be TavT ijKOVcrev 6 'VabdpLavOv^, eKTaacreL 
 Tovs rjpoias eirl r^j riiovos' riyelTo be Qr\<jevs re koI 310 
 D 2
 
 2JS VERA HISTORIA. 
 
 ^ AyjXkeus koX Alas 6 TeA.a/xcoi'to?, 7/8?] craxfypovcav, koI 
 (TUfjiiJiL^avTCS ky^ayovTo, KOI ivLKYjaav ol ijpcoes, 'A^^tXAecos 
 TO, TrAetara KaropOcaa-avros. ripicrreva-e be kol ^oiKpdrqs 
 €TTL Tw 86^t(t) TaxOels TToXv fxaWov rj 6t€ ^Giv liii Ar]Ata> 
 
 315 eixa\eTo. irpocnovTOiv yap tS>v TToXepiLcov ovk €(j)vy€, kol 
 TO TTpoacdTTOv arpeiTTOs riv' e^' ols kol varepov i^jjpiOrj 
 avT(a apiarelovy Kakos re kol fxiyas Trapabetcros iv roJ 
 TTpoacTTeiio' €v6a avyKokoiv tovs kraipovs ^teAeyero, 
 NeKpaKabrifXLav rov tottov irpoa-ayopeva-as. ovkka^ovTes 
 
 320 ovv Tovs veviK-qpiivovs kol b-qaavres avdi^ d7re7r€/:x\/Aar 
 €TL fxakkov Koka(T6r]<Top,ivovs. eypa\j/€ be /cat ravT-qif 
 r-qv P'CiXV^ "Ofxrjpos, kol ainovTi pLOt ebayKe ra /3ij3Ata 
 KopLiCeiv TOis Trap" r}\iiv av6pu>'noi<s' dAA' varepov koL 
 Tavra fxera TUiV akXoiv aiioikeaap.ev. rjv be rj apxr] rod 
 
 $2Sf TTOirjpLaTOS aVTT]' 
 
 NCi/ Se poi eVi/eTre, Movaa, p-dx^jv veKixov rjpoKCV. 
 
 Tore 8' ovv KvdpLOVs eyfrrjcravTes, (ticnrep irap avrols vo~ 
 \xos eTTeibav Trokepiov KaropOuxrioa-iv, elaTt^vTo ra €TTL- 
 VLKLa Kttt eopTTjv pLeydkr]v ^yov' piovos be Tavrrjs ov 
 350 juteretx^ HvOayopas, dAA' aanros iroppui eKaOe^ero p.v- 
 (raTTopievos tj]v KvapLocfyayCav. 
 
 Abduction of Helen by one of our party. The fugitives are 
 pursued and brought back. 
 
 "'HS?] be pir]vS>v e^ btekrikvOorcov, Trepl pLecrovvra rov 
 e^bopLOV ve(orepa (Jwia-raTO irpdyp.aTa, Kivvpas yap 
 6 Tov ^KivOdpov Tiats, p.eyas re coy Kal Kakbs, ijpa 
 335 TTokvv 7]br} xpovov Ti]S 'Ekevr]S, Kal avrrj be ovk d(()a' 
 i;?)? rjv einp.avu)S dyanGxra rov veavicKOV. irokkaKLS 
 yovv Kal bUvevov akXrjkoL^ ev rw avp.noaiii^ Kal ttoov-
 
 BOOK 11. 37 
 
 TTLVOV, Kol fJiovoL k^aviaTaixevoL €7rKavS)VTo Trept ttjv 
 vX-qv. KOL br] vt: epcuros koX cnx-qyavias ilBovX^va-aro 
 6 Kivvpas apirdcras Tr]v ^Kk4vr)V (f>vy€iv. ehoKeL 5e kcl- 34^ 
 K€ivr] ravra, olyjecrOai airiovras is tlvcl tS>v eTTtKet/xeVioz; 
 vrjcroLiv, rjTOt €S ti]v <J>eAAa> r) ej Tr\v Tvpoecrcrav. cvvm- 
 fjioras he irdkai 7Tpo(T€LXi](f)€(Tav rpels rS)v kraipo^v rG>v 
 €fji(av Tovs dpacrvrdrovs. rw fxivTOL irarpl ovk kixr\vvG-e 
 ravra' rjiTLcrraro yap vr: avrov KCdkyOrjcrofjievos. ws 8' 345 
 ihoKei avrols, krikovv ri]v einjSovkrjv. Kal eTiel vv^ 
 kyivero, eyw [ikv ov irapijv, (krvyyavov yap kv rw o-d/x- 
 TToo-to) Kot/xw/x6FOS*) ol §6 kadovres rov9 akkovs, dvaka- 
 ^ovres rr}v '^Ekevqv, vtto (nrovbrjs dvrwOriaav. irepl he 
 ro [xecrovvKriov dveypoixevos 6 Mez/eAaoj, kireX epiaOe rr]v 35° 
 evvTjV K€vi]v rf]S yvvaiKOS, ^otjv re Xcrrr] kol rov dhekc^ov 
 7rapakal3(i)V fjei irpos ra ^aa-ikeia rov '^FabapLavOvos. 
 rjpiepas 8' v'i:o(^aivova-r\s ekeyov ol (tkottol KaOopav rrjv 
 vavv TTokv direxova-av' ovrco brj ep.^i^d(ras o^Vahdixav- 
 6vs irevr-qKovra rSiV rip(a(DV els vavv pLovo^vkov d(T(f)o- 355 
 bekLvr]v T:api]yyeike btcoKeiv' ol be vtto rrpoOvpiias 
 ekavvovres irepl pLecrrjpLf3pLav Karakap.^dvov(TLV avrovs, 
 dpri es rov yakaKratbrf ooKeavov epLJSaivovras, iikiqaiov 
 ri]s Tvpoe(T(Trjs' Trapa rocrovrov rjkOov biabpavai' kol 
 avabrja-dpievoL ri]v vavv akvcrei pobivr\ Kareirkeov. 7/ 3^° 
 fiev ovv '^Ekevrj ebdKpve re Kal f\(ryi)vero Kal eveKa- 
 kvTTrero' rovs 8' dpL(f)l rov Kivvpav dvaKpivas irporepov 
 6 '^Fabdp-avOvs, et rives Kal dkkoL avrols o-vvioraaiv, w? 
 ovbeva elirov, d-JTeTTep.xj/ev es rov rG>v da-e^5>v \G>poVy 
 pLakdxj] TTporepov pLaa-nycoOevras. 3^5
 
 58 VERA HISTORIA, 
 
 Our allotted time having expired^ we are forced reluctantly to 
 depart. Parting advice and instructions of Rhadamanthus. 
 
 ^Ey^r](f)L(TavTO be kol r//xaj iixTTpoOeaixovs eKTrefjiireiv Ik 
 ri]9 v^crov, T'i]v kniovcTav rjixepav jioviiv kiriiieivavTas. 
 kvravOa hi] eyca rjVKOfxrjv re kol IhaKpvov, ola e\xeWov 
 ayaOa KaroKiTTijiv avdis 7iKavr]6i](T€(Tdai. avrol fjiivTOL 
 
 370 TrapejivOovvro Xiyovre's, ov ttoAAwi; €T(ov acpL^eo-dai 
 TtdXiv wj avTovs' Kai /xot ?/5r] Opovov re koX Kkicriav es 
 TOVTnbv TTapebeiKvvcrav, iT\r](TLOv tG)v aplcTToov. eyo> 6e 
 TrpoaeXdodv rw '^PabafxavdvC irokXa iKlrevov elirelv ra 
 IJiiXXovra kol vTTobet^aL jjlol tov ttXovv. 6 he ecbaa-Kev 
 
 2)75 a(f)L^e(r0aL \xev es ti]v iraTpiba, ttoXXcl irporepov irXavrj- 
 Oevra kol Kivbvvevaravra' tov be \p6vov ovKeri rrjs 
 eTTavobov Trpoo-delvat rjOeXijorev, aXXa bi] kol beiKirus ras 
 TrX-qa-LOv vrj(T0vs (e(f)aLvovTO be Trevre tov apL6\xov koI 
 aXXr] eKTT) iroppaiOev) TavTas jJiev etvai ec^aaKe tcls to^v 
 
 380 acrelSojv tcls 7rXr](Tiov, " acp Siv brj'' e(pri, " opas to ttoXv 
 TTVp Kaioixevov eKTT] be eKetvr] tu>v oveipaiv rj ttoXls' fxeT 
 avTi]v be T] TTJs KaXv^ovs vijcros, aXX^ ovbeiro) (tol 
 (f)aiveTai. eTTeibav be TavTas TrapairXevcnj^, TOTe bi] 
 CKpL^ij e? TTjv fxeyaXriv TJireipov ti^v evavTiav ttj vcpi' v[xo)v 
 
 385 KaTOLK0V[jJvr]' evTavOa bi] ttoXXcl iradcov kol TroLKiXa 
 edvrj bieXOoiv kol av6po)7TOi9 oljuktols eiTLbi]pLi]cras \p6vi!^ 
 TTOTie ^'^etj els ti]v eTepav ?/7reipoF." ToaavT etTre* kol 
 avacnracras airb ttjs yfjs /xaAa)(7;9 pu^av wpe£e' iiot, TavTr) 
 KeXevcras ev toIs /xeytcrrots Kivbvvois 7:poG-ev\ea-daL. 
 
 390 Traprji^ecre be kol, et iroTe a(f)LKOLixr]v es Tr\vbe Tip yrjv, 
 lxr\Te TTVp ixayaipa crKoXeveiv [xriTe Oepfxovs eo-Oteiv [xriTe 
 Koprj vTTep TO, OKTcoKaibeKa eTrj 'KXr}cna^eiv. tovtcov yap 
 av fJLejJLvrjfjiivov eXTTLCas e^eiv ttjs eh ti]v vt](jov a<f)C^eci}s.
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 39 
 
 roT^ fiev ovv ra irepl tov irkovv 7Tap€(rKeva(6fjir}v' kol 
 CTTet Katpos i)v, (TVV€i<TTL(a\iriv avToh. rf] 8' €Tnovorr] 395 
 €k6(i)v TTpos ''OjjLijpov TOV 'noii-\Ti]v iberjOrfv avrov TTOiijcraL 
 fJiOL hiornyov kTiiypajXjxa. kol e7rei6r) eTTOirjcre, aTi]kr]v 
 ^rjpvkXov XiOov avacTTria-as eiriypayj/a irpos rw At/xeyi. 
 TO 6' eTTtypa/x/xa riv Toiovbe' 
 
 AovKiavos rdde navra, (plXos [xaKapea-ai deolacv, 4*^*^ 
 
 eide re kol ttoXlv rjXOeu erjv es narpida yalav. 
 
 Ulysses gives me a letter for Calypso. We visit the abode of 
 the damned^ full of foul odours and surrounded by mist 
 and gloom. Pu7iishtnents of the wicked described. 
 
 MetVas 8' Ik^ivt^v ti]v rjjjLepav Trjs iinova-qs avrfyop.-qv, 
 T(av rjp(a(ov TTapairepiTTovTcjiv. €vda \xoi koX ^Ohvcraevs 
 TTpoo-€k6o)v kdOpa TrJ9 YlrjveXoTTris bibaxTtv €TncrToXi]V ks 
 ^^lyvyiav ti]v vrjcrov KaXvxj/ol KOjut^etr. crvviirepLylre hi 405 
 pLOL 6 ''VabdpLavdvs tov iropOp^ia NavTrXcov, tv el KaT- 
 ay6eir]p.ev ks tcls vriaovs pLi^hels rjpia^ avWdlSoL, aTe KaT 
 dkkr]v ipLTTOpLav irkiovTas. CTret he tov €V(obr] depa 
 TTpdiovTes TrapekrjkvOeipiev, avTiKa r]pias ocrp.!] re becvrj 
 8te8e)(ero, olov d(T(f)dkTov kol Oeiov kol TTLcrcrris ap.d 410 
 Katopievoov' kol Kvicra-a 8e 7:ovr]pa Kal d(\)6priTos, axrirep 
 
 dlT dvOpCOTTOiV OTTTOOpLeVOW' KOL 6 d7]p ^0(j)€pOS Kal 6p.L- 
 X^kdobrjS, KOL KaT€(TTa^€V €^ aVTOV bpOCrOS TTLTTLVrj. KOL 
 
 fxevTOL KOL piaa-TLyodv \l/6(f)0s rjKOveTO kol olpiUiyi] dvOpia- 
 TTOiV TTokk&v. TOLS pi€v OVV dkkais ov TTpodiayop.ev' r\s 415 
 8' kni^rip^ev TOidhe rjv' KVKkio p.'kv Trdcra Kpripvc^hrjs Kal 
 aTTo^vpos, Trerpat? Kal Tpdy^cocn KaTecrKki-jKvla, bevhpov be 
 ovbev ovbe vboop kvrjv' dvepirvaavTe'S b\ ojxcos Kara tovs 
 Kp-qpLvovs TTporjeLixev bid tlvo'S aKavOdobovs Kal O-KOkoTTCOV 
 pi€(TTrjs aTpaTTOv, 7Tokk7}v dpLop(f)Lav TTJs xc^pas i)(OV(n]S' 4:0
 
 40 
 
 VERA HIS TORI A. 
 
 €\66vT€9 he em Tr]V €lpKTr]V kol to KoXaanqpiov iipSiTa 
 ixkv Ti]v (^yvaiv tov tottov kOavixaCojiev, to ixkv yap ehacpos 
 avTo \xayaipaLS kol aKoXoyf/L ttclvty] k^r]vdr]Kei, KVKkca he 
 TTOTaixol -nepieppeov, 6 \xkv ^op^opov 6 hevTepos he aX- 
 
 425 fxaT09 6 he evhov irvpos, navv \xeyas ovtos kol airepaTos' 
 KOL eppei axTTTep vhcop, kol eKVfJiaTOVTO uxnrep OaXaTTa' 
 Kol ixOvs he elx^ ttoXXovs, tovs fxev hakols TTpoaeotKOTas 
 Tovs he fXLKpovs avOpa^i TieTTVpcoixevois' eKoXovv he av- 
 Tovs XvxvLo-KOVs. eX(Tohos he jJLia aTevr] hca iravTOiV Kal 
 
 430 TTvXoipos e(f)eL(rTi]KeL Tt/^^^ o ^AOrjvalos. irapeXdovTe^ 
 he o/xo)?, TOV NavTrXtou KaOrjyovixevov, eojp&jJiev KoXa- 
 ^ofxevovs, TToXXovs fJ^ev (3a(nXeas ttoXXovs he kol tSicoraj, 
 o)V evLOVs Kol eyvcopL(ofJLev. elho\xev he kol tov Kivvpav 
 KaiTVi^ v7roTV(f)6iJLevov. Trpoo-eTiOea-av he ol TTepirjyrjTal kol 
 
 435 Tovs eKOLo-Toiv (3lov9 KOL TCLS aiTias, e(\) at? KoXafyvTai' 
 KOL fxeyLdTas airacrcov Tiixoipias virepievov ol yp^eva-dfjievoL 
 TL irapa tov ^lov kol ol fxi] TaX-qOrj avyyeypacpoTes' ev 
 oly KOL KTrjcrias 6 Kvihio^ rjv kol *Hpo6oro? kol clXXol 
 TToXXoL. TOVTOvs ovv 6pG>v eyci) )(p?;crra9 el^ov els tov- 
 
 440 TTibv TCLS eXTTihas' ovhev yap e/zaiirw -^p-evhos elirovTi 
 avvr\i:i(TTdiir]v. 
 
 The Isle of D7'eams^ and our receptio7i there. 
 Taxeois ovv dvao-Tpexj/as eirl T7]v vavv {ov yap ehvvd- 
 \xr]v (pepeiv ttjv o\j/lv) do-Trao-dfjievos tov ISiavirXtov dire- 
 TrXevcra. kol pteT oXiyov ecfyaiveTO TrX-qcriov rj tu>v 
 445 ovetpoov vrjaos, dpivhpd Kal d(ra(j)r}S Ihelv eiracrxe he Kal 
 avTT] rots oveipois tl TrapairXria-LOv' virexcsipeL yap TTpoa- 
 Lovatv r]pXv Kal vireipevye Kal TToppcoTepco virefBaLve. 
 KaTaXafBovTes he iroTe avTi]v Kal ecrTrXevcravTes es tov 
 "Tttvov XifJieva irpoa-ayopevoixevov ttXtjo-lov T(av itvXiav
 
 BOOK II. 41 
 
 tS>v ikecjyavTivoiV, fj ro rov ^AXeKrpvovos Upov ^crri, Trept 450 
 beiXrjv oxj/iav a7re/3atro/xez;* irapekOovr^s 5' ej ti]v irokLv 
 
 TTOWOVS 6v€ipOV9 KOL TTOLKikoVS kcOpO^fXeV. UpOdTOV 8e 
 
 ^ovkojiai 7T€pl Tr]9 TToAetos direiv, k-nel /X778' aAAw tlvI 
 yiypairrai Trept avTrjS' 09 §€ kol [xovos eTrepLvria-dri 
 "Ofir)pos ov Trdvv aKpi^Q^s crvveypa\l/€. KVKkca pkv Trept 455 
 TTCLcrav avT7)v vkr] avi(TTr]K€^ ra hivhpa 6' eo-rt iJL7]K0i)ves 
 v\lrr]kal kol fxavbpayopai, /cat ctt' avTcav irokv n irkijOos 
 vvKT€pib(i)v' TOVTO ycLp jxovov €v ttj vi](tc^ yiyv^Tai 
 opveov. TTOTafjibs be Trapappiet Trk-qa-iov, vii avrS>v Ka- 
 kovfJi€vos NtiKrtTTopos", Kal 7T7]yal bvo irapa rats TTT^Aais* 460 
 ovojjiaTa KOL ravTais rfj \xkv 'Nriyperos rrj be Ylavwx^o.' 
 6 be Tr€pt/3oAo9 ttjs TroXeto? vyj/rjko^ re kol TTOLKukos, 
 Ipibt Tr]v \poav ojjiOLOTaTos' 'nvkai [xevrot eTTeto-iv, ov 
 bvo, KaOoiTTep "Oinqpos etprjKev, akka Terrapes' bvo fjiev 
 Trpbs TO TTJ9 BkaKeias irebiov CLTTO^keTrovcraL, rj [xev 465 
 (Tibiqpa ?/ be eK KepdfJLOv TTeTTOLrjiievr], Ka0* as ekeyovro 
 dTTobr]iJLelv avrcov ot re (fyojSepol kol (povLKol kol dirrivels' 
 bvo be TTpos Tov kifxeva koI tjjv 6dkaTTav, i] ptev Kepa- 
 Tivrf 7) be, KaO^ rjv rjiiels Trapijkdopiev, eke(f)avrLvrj. 
 ela-LovTL 5' is ttjv irokiv ev be^ia fiev eart to 'Svkt(2ov' 47° 
 cre^ova-i yap 6e(s)V TavTiqv p^dkiaTa kol tov ^AkeKpvova' 
 eKeLV(^ be Trkiqa-iov tov ktfjievos to lepov TreTrotr^rat. ev 
 dpicTTepa be tcl tov "Tttvov (BacrtkeLa. ovtos yap bi] 
 oipyjei Trap avTols craTpd'nas bvo Kal virdpyovs TTeiroir]- 
 p^evos, Tapa^Lcovd re tov MaTaioyevovs Kal YlkovTOKkea 475 
 TOV ^PavTaaiOivoS' ev p-ear} be ttJ dyopa Trrjyi] tls eaTiv, 
 rjv Kakovcri KapecoTtv' Kal irkiqa-iov vaol bvo, 'ATrarryy 
 Kat ^AkrjOetas' evOa Kal to dbvTov ea-Tiv avTols Kal to 
 p.avTelov, ov iTpoeLaTi]KeL TTpocprjTevcjv ^AvTKpoJv 6 tG>v 
 oveipoiv VT:oKpiTi]S, TavTrjs irapa tov "Titvov ka^^iav tijs 480
 
 42 VERA HISTORIA. 
 
 rt/xT/j. avTcav [xivroL rcav oveipoiv ovt€ (})V(tls ovre Ihia 
 7] avrrj' akX* ol \xkv \xaKpoi re rjaav koX jiakaKol Kal 
 KaXol Koi ei'etSeiS', ol be crKXripol kol fxiKpol kol ap.op^oLf 
 
 KoX ol fJi€V X.pV(T€OL, 0)S eboKOVV, ol §€ Ta7T€LV0l T€ KOL 
 
 485 eLTeAets. rjo-av 8' iv avrols kol TTTepcaroL tlv€S koi 
 T€paT(obei9, Kol aXXoL KaOdirep is 'JT0fjL7Ti]V StecrKefacr/ie- 
 voi, ol fjL€v €s l3a(Ti\ias ol he Kal es deovs ol c es aXka 
 roiavra KeKocrpn^jjievoL. ttoXXovs he avTQ>v kol eyviopi- 
 crajiev TrdXat nap tjiuv ecopaKOTes' ol he Kal Trpoo-peaav 
 
 490 Kal rjcnrdCovrOy a>j av Kal (rvv)]OeLS v7:dp\ovTes' Kal 
 7rapaXa(36vTes rjixas kol KaraKOip.iaavTe'S ttclvv XapLTrpats 
 Kal he^Lcas e^enCov, rrjv re dXXT]v virohoxyiv pLeyaXoirpeTTrj 
 TTapacTKevdaavTes Kal vincrxyovp.evoi ^acnXeas re ttoitJ- 
 creiv Kal (rarpdiras. evLoi he Kal d-nriyov 7]p.as h ras 
 
 495 Trarpihas Kal tovs oiKetovs eireheiKWOv, Kal avOrjixepbv 
 eiravrjyov. 
 
 The Island of Ogygia. Calypso receives the letter of Ulysses^ 
 which affects her deeply. 
 
 *H/jtepa9 pkv ovv rpiaKovra Kal Xaas vvktos irap 
 avTols ep.eivap,ev, KaOevhovres Kal ev(i)yov\xeyoi. eneira 
 he a(f)vo) ^povrrjs p.eydXr]s Karappayetaris, dveypofievoc 
 
 500 Kol dvaOopovres, dvrwd7]}xev eTTKTiriadixevoi. Tpiraloi 8' 
 eKeWev rfj ''GLyvyia vi](T(£> irpoacr^ovTe'S d-nol^aivop.ev. 
 TTporepov 8' eyo) Xvcras ti]v e7n(TToXr}v aveyiyvcjcxTKOV ra 
 yeypaixixeva. ^v he rotdhe' "0AT22ET2 KAAT^'OI 
 yaipeiv. Xo-Ql jute, o>s ra irputTa e^eirXeva-a napa a-ov 
 
 505 TTjv (T\ehiav KaTacTKevacrdjxevos, vavayta yj>ri(rdp.evov Kal 
 /utoAis VTTO AevKodeas hiacroiQevTa els ti]v tS>v ^atdKcov 
 yj^pav, v0' Siv es T-qv oiKeiav airoiTefKpOels KareXajSov 
 TToXXovs rrjs yvvaiKOS fJLvrjcrTijpas ev toIs rjixerepoLS
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 43 
 
 Tpvcf)(ovTas. aiTOKT€Lvas 5e airavTas var^pov vtto Tr]k€- 
 yopov rod €k KipK?]? juot yevoiiivov amjpiOrjv. koa vvv 5^° 
 €t/xt kv TTJ MaKapcor vriaco, irdw fX€TavoS>v iirl t<^ Kara- 
 kiiTeiv TTjv irapa (toI hiairav, koX T-qv virb aov Trporet- 
 vojjJvTjv adavacTiav. i)v ovv Kaipov ka^aoixai, airohpas 
 acpL^oiiat Trpos o-e." ravra p-ev ebu^kov i] ^TTio-roki], kol 
 irepl rjpLcav, 0770)9 ^€VLcr6€irjpi€V. cyw 5e TrpoekOoyv okiyov 5^5 
 ttTTo BakaTTTj^ evpov to cnn]kaLOv tolovtov olov "Opirjpos 
 €i7T€, KOL avTi]v Taka(TLovpyov(Tav. 0)9 be Ti]v kin<TTokr]v 
 ekajSe kol eireke^aro, 7rp<Sra pi€v iiTiTTokv ibaKpvev' 
 eTTctra be irapeKakei ijjxas eirl ^eviav kol etcrrta kap.- 
 upG)S, KOL TTepl rod ^Obvcrcrecos €7:vv9dv€TO kol irepl ttjs 520 
 Hr]vek67Tr]s, oiroia re etr] ttjv 6y\nv, kol el (TO)(f)povoLi], 
 KaOdirep 'Obva-aevs Trdkac irepl avTrjs eKop^ira^e' Kal 
 rjiiels Totavra d'neKpivop.eOa, ef &v elKd(opLev ev(ppavel- 
 crOai avTrjv. 
 
 Other strange monsters j the Pumpkin-pirates, the Nutshell- 
 marifiers, and riders on dolphins. 
 
 Tore p.ev ovv dnekOovres em ti]v vavv TTkrjo-Lov em 525 
 TTJs rjiovos eKOLpi7]6r]p.ev. eojdev be dvr]y6p.e6a, ^(pobpo- 
 repov KanovTos rod TTvevp.aro's^ kol bi] ^eip^acrOevres 
 7)p,epas bvo ry Tpirij TTepLTTLirropiev rot? KokoKwOoTretpa- 
 TOis. dvdpoiTTOL be el(nv ovroi dypioL, eK tG>v irk-qcrLOv 
 vrjcrdiv krjcrrevovTes tovs TrapairkeovTas. ra Trkola §' 53° 
 e\ov(TL pieydka KokoK-vvdiva, to pltjko^ irrj^^ecov e^ijKOVTa. 
 eTTetbav yap ^r]pavBS>cn, KOikdvavTes avTi^v kol e^ekovTes 
 Tr]v evTepiQivy]v epL7Tkeov(TLV, to-rotj piev xpcap^evoi Kaka- 
 plvois dvTi be TTJs 666vri9 r<3 (f)vkk(D Trjs KokoKvvOi]^. 
 -pocr^akovTes ovv rjp^v dirb bvo iikiqpoip.dTdiv ep^dyovTO c35 
 Kttt TTokXovs KaTeTpavpidTL^ov, jSdkkovTes dvTL kidoov rw
 
 44 VERA HISTORIA. 
 
 (TTrep/xart T(av koXokvv6S)v. ay)(a)/xaAa)9 8' k'ninoXv vav- 
 fxa)(^ovvT€S Trepl ii€G"rjiJLl3piav €tbo}i€v KaroTTtv t^v KoAo- 
 Kvv6o7T€LpaT&v 7Tpo(T7rX4ovTa9 T0V9 KapvovavTas' TToAe/xtot 
 54° 5' rja-av aAA.?]Aots, ws ehei^av. eiretbri yap KOLKeivoi 
 fjadovTO avTovs einovTas, rjfjLwv \xkv oikiyi^prjcrav Tpairo- 
 
 }X€VOl 8' €17 iK€iVOVS €VaV}XayOVV. rjixds 8' €V T0(T0VTU> 
 
 eTTCLpavres rrjv oOovriv ecpevyopLev, a-nokmovTes avrovs 
 pLaxofiivovs' Kol hrjkoi rjaav Kparrjo-ovTes ol Kapvovav- 
 
 545 rat, are kol TrAetoi)? (irivre yap €L)(^ov TrXrfpcafJLaTa) Kal 
 CLTTO l(TxypoT€p(ov V€(av iioyoix^voi' TO, yap irXola rjv 
 avTols K€Xv(})r], Kapvoiv rjfxiroixa, KeKcvoijJiiva, jxiyeOos he 
 kKCLo-Tov r]p,Lr6\xov €s ixTjKOS opyvial 7r€VT€KaLb€Ka. iirel 
 8' a7r€Kpv\j/afxev avTOvs, iiafxeOd re rovs Tpavixarias Kal 
 
 5rO ToXoLTTOv €v Tot? ottXois o)s €TTL7Tav rJiJLcv, a€L Tivas eiTL- 
 jSovXas irpocrhexofjLevoL' ov p^arriv. ovircii yovv ibebvKeL 
 6 rjXios Kal airo rivos kpr]\xy]s vrjaov TTpoa-rjXavvov i]}uv 
 
 ocTov etKOQ-Lv avhp€s €7tI h^XipiVOOV IJL€ydXu)V 6)(^0VlieV0L, 
 
 Xjja-Tal Kal ovtol' Kal ol b€X<pXv€S avT0V9 €(f)€pov d(T(^a- 
 555 X(o9, Kal dvaTrr]hS>vT€s ixpepL^n^ov, (ocrTrep tiTTTOL. 67r6t 
 be ttXyjctlov rjcrav, hiaaTavres ol fiev evOev ol he €v6ev 
 €(3aXXov r]\ias crriTTiaLS ^r\pals Kal o^daXixols KapKivcxiv. 
 To^evovTcov he rjfjLcov Kal aKOVTi^ovroiv ovKeri vTrepieLvav, 
 dXXa rpoiOevTes ol iroXkol avrGiv irpos ri]v vr\(TOv Kare- 
 560 (pvyov. 
 
 A bird^s ?test seven miles m circuinferejice. Strange 
 portents. 
 
 Wepl h\ TO iieo-ovvKTiov, yaXrjvrjs over?]?, eXdOofxev 
 TTpoa-OKeiXavTes ^AXkvovos KaXta irafipieyeOeL. aTahioav 
 7T0V e^TjKOVTa rjv avrrj to Tre pijJLerpov' eTreirXei he rj 'AA- 
 Kvcbv ra 0)0, OdXnova-a, ov ttoXv ixei(x>v rrjs KaXias' kol
 
 BOOK II. 45 
 
 hi] avaiiraixivT] fxiKpov ixkv Karibvo-e T7]v vavv rw az;eju,a> '::(^h 
 T(ov TirepSiv. <j>X^''"o yovv ^evyovaa, yo^pav riva (f)Oi- 
 vrjv TTpoi€iiivr]. €7TL(3dvT€S be rj^els, rjiiepas 7/8r] vtto- 
 (f)aLvova"r)9, e^eco/xe^a T7]v KaXiav, crx^ebia \xeyaXr\ irpocr- 
 eoLKvlav, €K bivbpcov iieydXoav crviJL7i€(f)opriixivriv. eirrjv 
 be Kol o)a TTevraKOcna, eKacrrov avrcav XtoD ttlOov irept- 5 7° 
 TTkYjOearepov. Tjbr] ixivroi koI ol veoTTol evboOev €(f)aL- 
 vovTO KOL eKpoi^ov. TT€keK€(TL yovv btaKoyj/avTes €V 
 
 TCOV d}U>V VeOTTOV aTTTepOV €^€KO\d\lfaiX€V, e'lKOOri yVTlSiV 
 
 abporepov. eTrel be irkeovres dnea^oixev ttjs Kakias 
 6(T0v crrabiovs btaKoa-Lovs, repara i]\ja,v \xey6.ka kol 6av- 575 
 [xacFTa eirecrriixaLvev' 6 re yap ev rfi upvyLvri -yjivicrKOS 
 d(f)V(j) eiTTepv^aro kol dvelBorjcre' kol 6 Kvftepvr]Tr\s 
 ^KivOapos, (pakaKpos TJbrj cov, dveKOjn^ae' koX to Trdvrodv 
 ijbrj TTapabo^orarov, 6 yap tcrro? tt/j veoos e^ej^kdarricre 
 Kal Kkdbovi dve(f)V(Te Kal eirl rw aKpco eKapTTOcfyoprjo-ev, 580 
 6 8e KapTTo^ rjv crvKa Kal crrac^vkal ixeydkai, ov-co ire- 
 ireipoi. Tavr Ibovre^, w? to ehos, eTapd^Oi^jjiev, Kal 
 r]v^6p.e6a toIs 6eols dTroTpeyj/aL to dkkoKOTov tov cfjav- 
 ra(r/jtaros. 
 
 Aft ocean forest bars our way. Passing through it we come 
 upon a mighty chasm^ which we cross by a bridge of water. 
 
 Oi^Tro) b\ TrevTaKOCTLOVs a-Tabiovs btekOovTes etbofxev 5^5 
 vkrjv [xeyiCFTiqv Kal kdaiov, ttltvcov Kal KVTiapiTTCiov. Kal 
 7//xetj iiev eiKdcraixev i^jTretpov elvai' to 6' -qv Trekayos 
 d(3va-a-ov, dppifyis bevbpOLS KaTaTie(j)VTev\xevov' eicTTriKeL 
 be TO. bevbpa op^cos dKLvrjTa, 6p6a, KaOdirep enLirkiovTa. 
 Tikiqcrida-avTes 5' ovv Kal to ttclv KaTavoi]o-avTes ev 59° 
 d-nopi^ elx6\xe0a^ tl xpV bpav. ovTe yap bta tcov bevbpcuv 
 -nkelv bvvaTov rjv (irvKva yap Kal -npoa-eyji vnripxev)
 
 46 VERA HISTORIA. 
 
 ovT ava(rTpi(j)€iv pabiov iboKei. eyw 8' avekOcbv iirl to 
 \x^yiaTov bivbpov olit^g-koitovv to, kiriKeiva ottco? ^X^*-' 
 595 KoX kcopoiv eirl (rrabiov^ p.ev 7T€VTi]K0VTa t) oAr/o) irXetovi 
 TTjv v\r]v ovaav' eVeira 8e avBis €T€pov 'ilK€avbv €Kb€- 
 yj6]x^vov. Kol brj iboKei rjixlv avaQejxevovs ti\v vavv eTri 
 
 T'1]V KOJJi-qV TOiV bivbpCDV {tiVKVI] JCLp Tjv) V7T€pl3L(3d(TaL, 61 
 
 bwaip^eOa, is ttjv krepav OaXarrav' koX ovtoh's iiroiovpiev. 
 600 eKbrjaavTes yap avTrjv /caAo) fX€yd\(^ kol aveXOovres iirl 
 TO, bivbpa fjLokis dvLfirjcrdiieOa. kol Oevres eirl tu>v 
 K\db(ov 7T€Td(TavT€s T€ TCL l(TTLa KaBdiTep kv OaXdrrrj 
 eirXeofJiev, tov dvepLov irpocoOovvros eTTtcrvpoiJievoL' €v6a 
 
 fJi€ Kal TO ^ AvTLfJidxOV TOV TTOirjTOV €7T09 iTtetcTijkOe' (])r]crl 
 
 605 yap TTOv KaKe'ivos' 
 
 TolaLV 8' vXr]evTa 8ia ttXoov ip-)(0^evoia-i. 
 (StacrdpLevoL 8' o/xcoj Tr]v vXrjv dtpLKopieOa irpbs to vbayp, 
 KOL Trdkiv opiOLoos KaTaOevTes ti]v vavv eirkiopiev bia 
 KaOapov K.al biavyovs vbaTos, d\pi bi] iireo-TrjpLev xda- 
 
 6io /xar6 pi€ydX(o, €k tov vbaTos bieo-TcaTos yeyevrjpiivcd, 
 Ka6diT€p €V Trj yfj TTokXdKts 6pS>p.ev vtto (reKr/xwr ytyvo- 
 pL€va biaya:ipi(Tp.aTa. rj pkv ovv vavs, KaOekovTiov i]pS>v 
 TCL lo-TLa, ov pabiios eo-TT], irap okiyov kkOovaa Karere- 
 XSrjvaL. VTT^pKvyj/avTes be ripLels €(jop(opi€v (SdOos ocrov 
 
 615 cTTabioov x.t^t^^^i'j pidka (pojSepov Kal irapdbo^ov' 6t(rrr/Ket 
 yap TO vb(op wo-Trep pLepLepia-pievov' 7T€pLJ3k€7rovT€S be 
 6p6dpi€v Kara be^iav ov irdw TroppioOev yecpvpav iire- 
 Cevypievqv vbaTOS avvdnTOVTOS tcl nekdyr] KaTa Trjv 
 eTTLcfidveLav, KaK ttjs €T€pas OakdTTTjs h ti]v kTepav 
 
 620 biappeovTos. TTpoo-ekdaavTes ovv rat? KQinais KaT 
 kKeivo TTapebpdpLopiev, Kal pL€Ta TTokkrjs dyoovias kuepda-a- 
 pL€v ovTTOTe TTpoaboK'^aavTes.
 
 BOOK II. 47 
 
 Combat with the Ox-headed islanders. More strange sights. 
 
 TovvT€v6€v Tjixas virebix^'^o irikayos re irpoa-yjves kol 
 vrj(T09 ov jueyaA?^, evTrpoo-LToos (TvvoiKov\xevy]' kvi\iovTO he 
 avTi]v av6po)7TOL ayptoi BovKeipaXoi, Kipara eyovTes, olov 625 
 Trap' r]pA.v rov Mivcaravpov avairkaTTOvo-Lv. cnroliavre'S 
 §e 77po(T7/et/xei; vhpeva-oixevoi koX cnria Xr]y\r6ixevoi, etiro- 
 6€v hvvr}6eir]ix€v' ovk en yap e^xopiev' Kal vhcop piev 
 avTov irk-qo-Lov evpopLev, d\ko be ovhev eve(f)aLvero, ttXtjv 
 pLVKrjOpios 7ToXv9 ov TToppooOev rjKOvero' bo^avres ovv 630 
 ayekrjv elvai (3og)v Kar okiyov Tipoyuipovvre'S eTTe(TT7]p,ep 
 Tols avdpcaiTOis. ol be Ibovres rjpia^ ebicoKOv, kol Tpels 
 pkv tS)v eraipcov kapLlBdvovcnv' ol be koiirol 7rpo9 rrjv 
 Odkarro.v Karecpevyopiev. elra pievroi 'ndvres OTTkia-d- 
 pievoL [ov yap eboKet rjplv drLpLOL>pi]Tovs Trepubelv tovs 635 
 (f)Lkov9) epLTTLTTropiev rotj ^ovKe(f)dkoLs ra Kpea tQ)v 
 dvrjprjpLevoov biaipovp^evoir fSo-qcravTes be irdpres ebid^KO- 
 p,ev, Kal KTeivojxev ye ocrov TrevrriKOvra Kal (aJvra? 
 avT(av bvo kapi(3dvopiev, Kal avOis ottlctm dvecrTpe(f)opLev 
 Tovs al^piakioTovs e^ovTe^' ctltlov pLevroL ovbev evpopcev. 640 
 ol p.ev ovv dkkoL TTaprjvovv d'7T0cr(j)dTTeLV rovs elk-qp.p.evovi' 
 eycs) be ovk eboKtpLa^ov, dkka bi^cra^ ei^vkarrov avrovs, 
 d\pi b-ij dcfyiKovTo irapa T(ov BovKecfydkcov TrpeV/Sets dirai- 
 Tovvre^ eirl kvrpoLS roi/? crvveikrjpipievovs' crvviepiev yap 
 avTcav biavevovroov Kal yoepov tl piVKcopievodv, uio-'nep 645 
 iKeTevovTOiv. ra kvrpa 8' riv rvpol TTokkol Kal l^Ovs 
 irjpol Kal Kpopifwa Kal eka^oi rerrapes, Tpels eKao-rr] 
 TTobas exovcra, bvo piev rovs oirLcrOev ol be iTpocra) e9 eva 
 crvpL7re(f)VKe(Tav. eirl tovtols dirobovres tous crvveikrjpi- 
 pievovs Kal pitav rjpLepav e-nip-etvavres dvrjxOrjpiev. i]br] ^50 
 be IxOves re rjpXv eipatvovTO Kal opvea TrapeTTerero Kal
 
 48 VERA HIS TORI A. 
 
 akka, OTToa-a yrjs TrXriaiov ovcrr]s o-qfiela, 7rpov<paiV€To. 
 fxer oKiyov he koX avbpas elhofxev naivi^ Tpoiro) vavrikia^ 
 \pod\xivovs' avTol yap kol vavrai kol vrJ€S ■^crav. akkot 
 
 655 8e jxeTa tovtovs, cttI cf)€kku>v KaO-qfievoi, (ev^avres hvo 
 h€k(f)'Lvas, ijkavvov re Kal i]vi6yjvov' 01 he i:pol6vT€s 
 eireaijpovTO rovs (pekkovs. ovtol r]p,as ovre rjhiKovv ovre 
 €(})€vyov, akk^ ijkavvov aheaJs re kol elpr]viKG)S, to ethos 
 Tov 7]iJi€Tepov irkoLov 6avpia(ovT€s kol irdvToOev irepiaKO- 
 
 660 TTovvres. 
 
 Our adventures with the donkey-legged women. Conclusion 
 of our voyage. 
 
 *Eo-7repa? 8e 7/5?] i:po(TrwQy]\kev vrja-(^ ov jJLeydkrj' 
 KaTiDK-qTO he avrr] virb yvvaiK(av, ws evofxt^oiJiev, '^Ekkdha 
 (f)(avr}v TTpoieixevciiv' TTpoo-fiecrav yap Kal ehe^LOVvTO Kal 
 rjo-ird^ovTO, Kakal iraa-ai Kal veavihes, nohripeis tovs 
 
 665 x^trcoya? eTna-vpopLevai. rj [xev ovv vr\(jos eKoXelro Ka/3a- 
 kovcra' 7] he irokis ^Thapiaphia. kajSovcraL 5' ovv rjixas al 
 yvvaiKes eKdarr] irpbs eavTr]v diTrjye Kal ^evov enoielTO. 
 eyo) 6e [XiKpov virocrTas [ov yap XP'H^'^^ epLavTevopirjv) 
 OLKpi^ecTTepov re irepi^keiroov 6pG> TTokkoov dvOpcairoiv 
 
 670 ocTTa Kal Kpavia Ketpieva' Kal to p.ev (3oi]V IcrTdvai Kal 
 Tovs eTaipovs crvyKakelv Kal es tol oirka ^x^copelv ovk eho- 
 Kip,a(ov' TTpoxeipio-dp.evos he ti]v piakd^qv irokka 7]V- 
 X6pj]v avTrj htacfyvyelv eK t(£>v TtapovTOdv KaKutv. /xer 
 okiyov he, ttjs ievrjs hLaKOvovp,evr\s, elhov to, crKekr] ov 
 
 675 yvvaiKos dkk^ ovov OTrkds' Kal hi] (maadp.evos to iC(f)0S 
 (TvkkapijSdvoii re avTi^v Kal hrjaas irepl tS)v okoDV dveKpi- 
 vov T] he CLKovcra ptev elire he opcos, avTas piev etvat 
 Oakaacriov's yvvaiKas, ^OvocrKekeas irpocrayopevopievas 
 Tpo(f)r}v he TTOteto-^at tovs eirihrjpiovvTas ^evovs. " 'ETret-
 
 BOOK II. 49 
 
 hav yap^'' e^ry, '' ixeOvacojjiev avrovs, Kotficofiivots eTTiyj^ipov- 680 
 /Ltey. aKOvcras 8e ravra iK^ivrjV }xkv KariXtTTOv avrov 
 deb^fjievrjv, avrbs be aveXOcbv iirl to ariyos ejSooov re Kal 
 T0V9 kraipovi (TVveKaXovv. kira. he (tvvtjXOov, to, iravra 
 ijjitjvvov avTols, Kol to. re oo-Ta kheiKvvov koX riyov elcroi 
 "Kpos TTjv bebefjiivqv' 7) be avrtKa vboop eyevero kol 685 
 a(f)avr]s riv. opicos be to fi^oj eh to vbojp KaOrJKa 
 ireipcopLevos' to be alpia eyeveTO. Ta^ecas ovv eiii vavv 
 KaTeXOovTes aire'nXevcrap.ev' kol eirel rjp.epa virrjvya^e, 
 Tr]v ■tjTreipov aTTolSXeiropievoL etKaCopev elvai ttjv avTiire- 
 pav TTJ v(P^ TjpLcav olKOvpLevi] KeLpLevrjv. Trpoo-KwrjcravTe^ 690 
 ovv KOL TTpocrev^dpLevoi Trepl t(ov pteXXovToov ea-KOTTOv- 
 piev, K.al Tols piev eboKei eiri^aai piovov avOts ottlo-co 
 avaa-Tpecpeiv' rots 8e to p.ev irkolov avTov KaTaXiTrelv, 
 aveXOovTas be eh Tr]v pLecoyaiav 7TeLpadf]vaL tcov evoiK- 
 ovvTOiv. ev ocrco be raCra eXoyt^opeOa, y^eipcbv acpobpbs 695 
 e-nmecrciiv kol irpoa-apd^as to a-Kd(f)09 rw atytaAw bteXv- 
 crev. rjpieh be poXts e(evr](dpe6a, to, oirXa eKaaTos kol 
 el TL dXXo olos re rjv apiracrdpevoi. 
 
 TavTa piev ovv tcl p^ey^pi ttjs erepa? yrjs (TVvevey6evTa 
 pLOL ev TTJ OaXaTTi] kol Trapa tov ttXovv ev Tois vi](TOis 700 
 KOL ev rep dept kol p-eTa TavTa ev rw K7/ret, koI eirel 
 e^rjXOopiev Trapd re Toh ijpaxjL kol rotj oveipoLS, kol tcl 
 TeXevToia Trapa rot? BovKe(f)dXoLS Kal Tals ^OvoaKeXeais 
 TO. 5' eTTt TTJs yrjs ev Tals e^ijs jSijSXois bir]yi](ropai.
 
 NOTES. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 Line 4. p,epos yovv, etc., a parenthesis, ' at least they suppose.' Tovv 
 {ye ovv) explains the former statement by giving a reason for it ; i. e. the 
 athletes provide for relaxation because they think it important. 
 
 1 7. o-irovSaiOTcpccv, Lat. seria, as in Virg. Eel. vii. 17 : — 
 'Posthabui tamen illorum mea seria ludo.' 
 
 1. II. v|;iXt|v, etc., ' a bare enticement to the mind,' etc., i.e. not only 
 amuses by a narrative of marvellous adventures, but engages the literary 
 or critical faculty by imitating the accounts of professed poets and 
 historians. 
 
 1. 18. ovK dKcop,aj8T|TC«>s, 'not without a spice of comedy' or 'satire.' 
 
 1. 22. Fragments of Ctesias' History of India are preserved in the 
 Bibliotheca of Photius. Many of the w^onders he relates are distortions 
 of fact, e. g. the ' talking-birds,' and the black dog-headed men, with 
 long teeth and nails, who have a voice like a bark and make gestures 
 and grimaces. 
 
 I. 25. Nothing is left of the works of lambulus. Vossius gives the title 
 <if a treatise De tnirificis hominiim formis, but does not mention the one 
 alluded to in the text. Diodorus Siculus is supposed to have copied 
 from lambulus in his description of India. 
 
 II. 26, 27. Observe the position of the articles to and ttjv, — 'though 
 the falsity of his fictions is manifest, still the design of the composition 
 is not unpleasing.' 
 
 1. 28. aX\oi, especially Herodotus, to whom Lucian evidently alludes 
 in several places, sometimes by name, as in ii. 87, 438. 
 
 1. 29. ws 8t|, ironical, 'professing to relate their own adventures,' etc, 
 
 1. 30. iffTopo-OvTes, in its later sense of 'narrating,' whence our 
 'history.' Cp. the title of this work, 'AXriefjs 'laropia. Originally the 
 word meant 'enquiry,' or 'research;' thus Herodotus calls his book 
 'lOTopiai. The proper title for 'history' was avyypacfyr] (cp. 11. 13, 19, 
 28), which is applied to the work of Thucydides, Qov/(v8i5t]s 'AOtjvcuos 
 ^wiypaipe, Thuc. i. I. 
 
 1. 32. PcofioXoxtas, 'buffoonery.' See ^cupLoKoxos in Lexicon. 
 
 1. 33, The tales of Odysseus at the court of Alcinous, about the 
 E 2
 
 52 NOTES. 
 
 Cyclops, the bag in which the winds were confined, the enchantments of 
 Circe, etc., are related in Books ix— xii. of the Odyssey. 
 
 1.37, iSiwras, 'simple-minded,' This secondary sense of iSiwrrjs 
 (whence came that of 'idiot') appears in Xen. Memorabilia, iii. 12, and 
 must have been common before Lucian's time. For a similar estimate 
 of the Phaeacians, cp. Juvenal, Sat. xv. 23 : — 
 
 ' Tum vacui capitis populum Phaeaca putavit.' 
 
 1. 40. <})t\ocro4)eiv, in allusion to Plato's myths, especially the one 
 that concludes the Republic. 
 
 1. 46, 6UYva)jjLov€crT€pov, * with a more honest intention.' 
 
 1. 47, Kov = Kal av, but af is rare with the fut. ind. When it does 
 occur, it makes an assertion qualified by an understood condition, — ' I 
 will e'en (^if you will allow me) state this one true fact,' or something of 
 the kind. Cp. Plato, Rep. ch. 13, ovx tJk^i, ovb' av fj^ei, 'nor is he likely 
 to come.' This naive avowal made at the outset rather spoils the effect 
 of the story ; it might perhaps have come better at the end. 
 
 I. 50. jJi.T|Te, etc. We should rather expect ovrf, as expressing a 
 simple fact. But the free use of fjirj for ov, especially with participles 
 (as in next line) is a characteristic of Lucian's style. Cp. 1. 503, n. ; 
 ii. I. 453. Clyde, Greek Syntax, 648, Obs. 2, attributes the prevalence 
 of ixri to the progress of refinement in later times, ixi] being a less down- 
 right and therefore politer form of negation, 
 
 II. 54, 55. The Pillars of Hercules were Mount Abyla in Mauritania, 
 and Calpe in Spain, one on either side of the Fretum Gaditanum, now 
 the Straits of Gibraltar. According to the legend they were once a 
 continuous mountain, which Hercules rent asunder. Outside these 
 Straits lay the W^estern Ocean, a tract almost unknown, except possibly 
 to some bolder Phoenician adventurers. The term Ocea?ius was origin- 
 ally applied to the fabled river (the ojKeavoio pUOpa of Flomer) which 
 was believed to encircle the world ; but as geographical knowledge ad- 
 vanced it was used to designate the great outside expanse of waters, 
 especially the Atlantic, as distinguished from the Mediterranean or 
 inner sea. Bequet, a French translator of the Vera Historia, obserA-es 
 that if Lucian had really made the voyage he describes, he might 
 have discovered America {ol irepav KaroiKovpr^s, 1. 6). See note on 
 
 ii- 384. 
 
 I. 65. aKaros, a light craft or 'pinnace.' Lucian's exactitude, giving 
 such an air of reality to this ' lie with a circumstance,' is very amusing. 
 
 I. 69. cireSiSov, 'began to freshen.' 'Em5t8oi'at = ' to increase,* ^itl 
 signifying addition. Cp. our expression ' to put it on ' in rowing. 
 
 I. 72. avTOiJS ( = lauToi>j) for rf^ias avrovs. This use of the 3rd re- 
 flexive pronoun for the ist or 2nd is not uncommon. Cp. Plato, Phcedo, 
 hii fifxa^ av^piadai kavTovs : 1 John i. 8, kavrovs nkava/iiev, ' we deceive 
 ourselves.^
 
 BOOK I. 53 
 
 1. 75. ou rpaxei, etc., 'surrounded by the noise of no roughening 
 wave,' i.e. • around which the waves beat nq longer furiously,' quam non 
 turbato circumsonat aequore jlncius. The passive TT€ptT]X(i<jOai may be 
 compared with such expressions as avXovfM€vos, ' having the flute played 
 to one,' i.e. 'hearing the flute' (Xen. Anab. vi. i. 11), etc. Cp. Ovid, 
 Trist. iii. 13, 47, 'Scythio cimimsonor ore' = 'I hear the Scythian speech 
 all aroimd me.' The position of the article between the adjective and 
 noun makes rpax^i predicative. 
 
 1. 76. ws av, i.e. " as you might expect.' '"Av often stands thus alone, 
 when the context, can be easily supplied, especially in the phrase w^ av, 
 uairep av, watr^p av d { = quasi), as in Plato, Gorgias, (po(3ovfj.evos UGir^p 
 av d nais, i.e. 'as a child would be afraid.' Cp. ii. 490. 
 
 1. 87. IfioL 8oK€iv, 'in my opinion.' The infin, without us is common 
 in short colloquial phrases, as dXiyov 5eTv almost,* ttoAAou deiv, ' far 
 from it,' etc. 
 
 1. 91. The double superlative is rare. Cp. Soph. Phil. 651, irkeiaTov 
 €X^to'TOs : Plato, Timaeus, ol fxaKiara dvoTjTOTaToi. Here it adds force 
 to the burlesque description, ' for all the wOrld exactly like our Chian 
 wine.' 
 
 1. 93. l-rrijei, ' it occurred to us' (lit. 'entered our minds ') or ' we were 
 induced.' 
 
 1. 103. a^teXet, = ' to be sure,' 'of course,'— properly the imperative of 
 d/xeAecu, = ' never mind,' — i. e. ' don't trouble yourself.' In the Clouds of 
 Aristophanes Socrates asks Strepsiades, ttoi? ovv Svvrjaet. /xavOdveiv ; to 
 which he replies, dfiiXei, Ka\u)s, ' very well, of course.' It is very common 
 in the Characters of Theophrastus. 
 
 1. 105. €K€pdvvvp,6v, etc. 'we tempered' or 'took off the excessive 
 strength of the liquor.' Wine was mixed with water in the Kparrip 
 before drinking, OLvoc^ja-yias instead of olvoTtocrias, because the wine was 
 taken iii a solid form. 
 
 1. 107. xP'i'.K-o^- Cp. Hdt. i. 36, avos fiiya XP^!^^> ' ^ huge monster of 
 a boar,' Aristoph. Nubes, 2, XPW'^ "^^^ vvktojv oaov, Acharn. 150, 
 oaov TO xpT]p.a irapvoTTOOv. 
 
 1. III. For the story of Daphne's transformation into a laurel-tree, 
 see Ovid, Met. i. 452-567. 
 
 1. 116. AvSiov, usually \vUav in feminine. Derivative adjectives in 
 -toy commonly have only two terminations, but they vary considerably. 
 
 1. 119. Cp. Eur. Hec. 1050, TvtpXov Tv<p\cv areixovTa Trapa<|)6po) 
 ■nodi. 
 
 1. 120. An evident allusion to Virgil's story of Polydorus and the 
 groaning cornel-tree in Aeneid iii. 22-46. 
 
 1. 142. TT|v Ka9' v,}Jias oiKOvp.€VT)v, = ' our world,' lit. 'according to.' 
 or 'with respect to us.' Hence Kara with accus. became almost equivalent 
 to a possessive pronoun, as frequently in the N. T., e. g. x\cts xvii. 28,
 
 54 NOTES. 
 
 rwv KaO' v/xas noirjTwv, 'your own poets/ xviii. 15, vo/xov rod Ka9^ vfidi, 
 'your law,' etc. 
 
 1. 152. eupeOeiTi. The opt. denotes frequency, 'whenever one was founi 
 Lat. si quando reperiretur. But irpocTTCTaKTai, the perf. ind., implies th r 
 it was a standing order. 
 
 1. 158. The story of Endymion, beloved and visited by the Moon on 
 Latmos, is the subject of the nth Dialogue of the Gods, between 
 Aphrodite and Selene. 
 
 1. 163. SeofjieSa, the ind. for the opt. in a dependent clause after a 
 verb in the past tense. But a Greek writer, to throw life into his 
 narrative, often uses the same tense and mood in a reported speech 
 which the original speaker would have used, altering only the person 
 (as buaOe into 8eo/z60a). Cp. Hdt. vi. 132, (pas lmx<^piv tlvol d^eiv, oO^v 
 Xpvabv oio-ovrai, = ' whence they would get,' where the speaker would 
 have said o'icreaOe. 
 
 1. 176. 'IirirofjLvpfjLifiKajv, ' Horse-ants/ or 'Ant-cavalry.' 
 
 1. 180. ^ijiras, etc. This is an instance of Lucian's art in making 
 impossibilities seem natural. The new-comers undertake the manage- 
 ment of their vulture-steeds at a day's notice, as quite an ordinary affair. 
 
 1. 190. XaxavoTTTepcov, ' cabbage-fowl.' This and some other 
 renderings of these strange names are taken from Tooke's translation 
 of 1820. But the student may exercise his own ingenuity. 
 
 1. 204. ■uirtp TTjv KairiraSoKiav, probably because Cappadocia was 
 famous for its breed of horses. Lucian would know it well, as it 
 bordered on his native district of Commagene. 
 
 I, 212. <j)o\i8aiTOi, 'plated with scales,' like crocodiles. In Xen. 
 Cyropaedia, vi. 4, 2, we have x*'''"^'' (poXihojTos, a variant reading for 
 aToXihojTos. 
 
 1. 219. u)s €Kao-TOi probably means 'each in his order,' = 6v ra^ei. 
 What follows is a good parody on actual descriptions, such as that of 
 the battle of Cunaxa in Xen. Anah. i. 8, 10, or the one in the 
 Cyropaedia, vii. i. 
 
 i. 226. NvKTcpicov, etc., ' Nigh third, the son of Fairweather.' 
 
 1. 228. dWd Kal auTol, etc., perhaps in allusion to the story in 
 Herodotus, v. iii, of the horse of Artybius, which was trained to 
 stand on its hind legs and fight with a man. 
 
 1, 234. 'AepoKcovojires, ' Gnat-riders.' 
 
 1. 236. 'AepoKopaKcs, 'Air-crows.' But as all crows are such, it may 
 be better to read 'A^poKapdaKcs, i. e. ' Air-mercenaries.' 
 
 1. 247. -irXiiiv, 'except that,' or 'nevertheless,' =7rA^j/ on or d\Xd. 
 Cp. ii. 629 ; Xen. Anab. iii. i, 26, irX-qi/ 'AvoWojpiSrjs tis ^v. 
 
 1. 242. Kav\ojxv)KT)T6S, 'Stalky-mushrooms.' 
 
 1. 245. KvvopdXavoi, 'Dog-acorns,' or 'Acorn-dogs.' 
 
 1. 252. jJiTjTroT€ w<}>6\ov, = w^eA-OJ/ )UT77roT6 d(^£/fscr^at, which accounts for
 
 BOOK I. 55 
 
 the ixT], since axpeXov literally means 'they ought,' i.e. 'would that 
 they,' etc. So the Latin debere, as in Ovid, Her. xii. 4 : — 
 
 ' Debuerant fuses evoluisse sues.' 
 Cp. Horn. II. ix. 698, /tiTyS' 6<p€\€s XifrceaOai, Soph. Philoct. 969, fjLTjvoT 
 w<peXov XineTv. 
 
 1. 270. nT| dpa, etc., ' whether Homer might not have supposed,' etc. 
 M^ in indirect questions or suppositions with the indicative implies that 
 the case probably is so, with the subjunctive or optative greater doubt 
 or suspicion is suggested. 
 
 1. 272. For the death of Sarpedon, king of Lycia, whom Patroclus 
 slew, see Iliad, xvi. 459, etc. aifxaroeacras de iptddas Karex^vev epafe, 
 IIcuBa (piXov Tifxojv. 
 
 1. 280. The Colossus of Rhodes was more than 100 feet high. 
 'E£ ri/uaeias means the half figure of the man above the horse's back. 
 
 1. 303. irepiopav, ' to overlook,' i.e. 'to allow ' anything to happen. 
 Herodotus uses the phrase frequently, e.g. iv. 118, fiij irepddjjTe rjtiias 
 8ia<p9apivTas. 
 
 I. 307. 76vop,€VT]S 8is «KKXT]o-ias, etc , possibly in allusion to the 
 reversal by the Athenians of their cruel decree against the Mitylenaeans 
 after the revolt of that town (Thuc. iii. 36). Aristophanes, Acharnians, 
 630, 632, bestows upon his countrymen the epithets raxv^ovKoi and ixerd- 
 fiovKoi. 
 
 II, 324, 325. The names of the Sun's representatives may be rendered 
 ' Fireman,' ' Summerheat,' and ' Flamington ;' those of the Moon 
 ' Nightlove,' 'Moony,' and ' Flashlight ' (or ' All-a-blaze'). 
 
 1. 340. Herodotus, iv. 75, says that the Scythians were wont to 
 regale themselves by a peculiar mode of intoxication, caused by 
 inhaling the fumes of hemp-seed. 
 
 1. 343. {lypov dvi€is, ' producing a liquid.' 'Typbv is a substantive here. 
 
 1. 349. (lovoSdKTvXoi probably refers to the feet, as well as to the 
 hands. - 
 
 I. 350. dirofiVTTOVTai, 'discharge from their nostrils ;' emungunt. 
 
 1. 359. wcr-irep iTTipa, etc. Truth is sometimes at least as strange as 
 fiction ; for the kangaroo, opossum, and other animals of the order 
 Marsupalia have just such a pouch or false stomach as is here de- 
 scribed, in which their young grow and are nourished up to a certain 
 age. These animals are found only in America and Australia, and 
 therefore could not have been kno^vn to Lucian. 
 
 1.370. ir€pvaip€TOTJS, 'removable' at pleasure. Thucydides, ii. 13, 
 describes the gold with which the statue of Athene in the Parthenon was 
 overlaid as d-rrav Trfpiaip^Tov. In Household Words, June 1850, there is 
 a story entitled 'My Wonderful Adventures in Skitzland,' where the 
 inhabitants could take themselves to pieces, and a certain Baron sends 
 his eyes by coach to pay a visit.
 
 ^6 NOTES. 
 
 1. 373. xp^o'ctP'^voi (middle), 'borrowing.' Cp. the line in the 
 Anthologia, of a blind man carrying a lame one, irudas xp'jo'as, o/xfrnTa 
 Xprjcdfxivos, ' lending feet and borrowing eyes.' 
 
 1. 377. 8ia\v6|xevos, etc., possibly in allusion to the theory of 
 Empedocles, which represented birth as a ' mingling ' of elements, and 
 death as a ' separation of the mingled' (i^T^ii re SiaAXa^is re /xiyevTOJv). 
 
 1. 391. €v Tcp KTjT6t. Lucian here anticipates another adventure, the 
 account of which begins at 1. 445. 
 
 1. 406. AvxvoTToXiv, perhaps suggested by the account in Herodotus, 
 ii. 62, of the Feast of Lanterns at Sais in Egypt. From Lucian 
 Rabelais may have borrowed his description of Lantern-land, with its 
 port of the Lychnobii and the lantern-guides. 
 
 1. 430. N€<})€\oKOKKVYiav is the name Aristophanes gives to the airy 
 cloud-built town in his comedy of the Birds. Lucian affects to believe 
 that the poet intended it for a reality (1. 434). 
 
 1. 432. KoTTVi^i^v, formed from Korrvcpos {Kocrcrvcpos), a blackbird. 
 
 1. 439. €v8i86vTOs, 'subsiding' (as we say, 'to give in'). Cp. its 
 opposite eTnbidovai, 1. 69 and note. 
 
 1. 467, €^6pYao-p,€Vots, 'tilled land.' Cp. Hdt. v, 29, dypoi fv 
 (^(pyafffievoi. 
 
 1. 469. SevSpcov. Gulls and kingfishers do not build in trees. 
 
 1. 471. dvacTTTicras . . . ■inT€crTT]pt^a|jL6v instead of kfJLOv dvacrTrjaavros, etc., 
 because the €y(b in apposition with dvaarrjaas is included in the subject 
 of the plural verb ; — ' after / had roused my comrades, we underpropped 
 our ship,' 
 
 1. 493. evaXicov 8ai|x6va)v. Cp. Eur. Iph. in Tauris, 267, where the 
 herdsmen espying Pylades and Orestes on the rock exclaim — Saifiove^ 
 TLVcs edaaovatv oWe, and 372 — 
 
 €it' ovv en dKrais Qdaaerov AioffKopaj, etc. 
 
 1. 503. \i-f\ would regularly be ov, as stating a fact after on. 
 Cp. 1. 50, n. 
 
 1. 508. €TT6iroiT]TO. etc , middle pluperfects, 'had made (for himself),' etc. 
 The so-called perfect passive also serves for the perfect middle, especially 
 in deponent verbs and verbs whose active and middle voices diflPer in 
 meaning. 
 
 1. 511. €7r6Tr6v0€ipL€v. This in pure Attic style should rather be 
 eiraOofxev. The Greeks commonly used the aorist in relative or 
 dependent clauses, when we use the pluperfect, as T/Vmro avrbv on ovk 
 i]\6ev, ' because he had not come.' Lucian's frequent use of pluperfects 
 is a mark of his later style. 
 
 1. 512. vqcrcp, the wine island, 1. 74, etc. 
 
 1. 542. dfjiiKTOL, 'unsociable.' In Soph. Track. 1095, the Centaurs 
 are called dfuKTOv Imro^dfiova arparov. 
 
 1. 545. Tapixav€s, ' Bloatermen,' from rdpixos, salt or dried fish.
 
 BOOK 11. ^'J 
 
 \. 548. TpiTtovo|ji€v8T]T6S, pcrhaps ' Mermen-stoats,' from the de- 
 scription in the next line. 
 
 I. 550. KapKivoxei-pes, ' Crab-fists.' 
 
 II. 552, 553. IlaYovpiSat, 'Shell-tails,' from -na^fovpos. 
 ^7]tt6-itc56s, ' Flounder-footed.' 
 
 1. 568. 1] ouK diroBocris, 'the non-payment.' Cp. Thuc i. 137, 
 Tr]v ru}v yecpvpav ov ZiaXvaiv ; iii. 95, rrj ov tr(^piT^i\i(nv. In these 
 instances ou states the fact, but 77 ^^ kpLireipia, Aristoph. Eccles. 115,= 
 ' z/one has no experience.' 
 
 irpoOgorjjLias, sc. Tjfxepas, 'appointed day.' Cp. ii. 141. At Athens 
 ■npoOiopLia was a legal term for the period within which actions for debt 
 or damage must be brought. 
 
 1. 590. nT)Xa}i.os, probably a variation from irrjAapLvs, a kind of 
 tunny-fish. 
 
 1. 607. ev8oT€p<a, from evdov. Primitive adverbs (i. e. those not 
 derived from adjectives), form their comparative and superlative 
 in -cu, as dvcurepoj avoJTaraj, etc. But some have the additional forms 
 in -repov and -Tara, as eyyvrepov eyyvTara. 
 
 1. 632. ov8€ Kopij9ci»v tSeovTO. This may be an allusion to the fire 
 which Pallas caused to blaze from the helmet of Diomedes, Horn. 
 //. v. 4 :— 
 
 5ai€ Ol l/C KOpvOoS T€ Kot dcTTTtSoS CLKafXaTOV TTVp. 
 
 These people, it seems, had it naturally. 
 
 1. 637, etc. Here Lucian gives us a very fair burlesque of descriptions 
 of naval engagements, such as that in Thucydides, ii. 83-92, or the 
 sea-fight in the harbour of .Syracuse, ib. \ii. 70. 71. 
 
 1. 644. iToXvTToSas. Aelian, Varia Historia, ch. i. describes the habits 
 of the polypus, and its mode of laying in wait for and catching its prey 
 (like the pieiwre or ' devil-fish ' in Victor Hugo's Toilers of the Sea) ; 
 Pliny, Nat. Hist. ix. 29, mentions an enormous one with feelers thirty 
 feet long, which is doubtless an exaggeration of fact, as appears from 
 the actual size of thfe octopus. 
 
 1. 660. T<iv OYSoTjKovra, 'eighty in all,' lit. ' the eighty' made up by 
 computing the whole sura. 
 
 1 664. e^di|/avT€S avToO rd diroYeia, ' fastening their hawsers to it.' 
 
 BOOK n. 
 
 1. I. fjiTjKtTi. Here the fiij may have its usual subjective form, 
 'feeling that I could not bear, etc' But we cannot be sure that it is 
 not another instance of Lucian's free use of this particle. Cp. i. 50, n.
 
 58 NOTES. 
 
 1, II. Tov Kat»(jiaTOs, causal genitive, =' the heat made the creature 
 insensible.' 
 
 I. 14. dir€V€v«KpcoTO, 'it had become quite dead.' 
 
 1. 19. fa>s €vt irXeio-TOv (eVt for evecm), = u)s kSvvdfjieOa ttXhctov. 
 
 1. 22. dpaia)|xaTCJV, ' the gaps,' through the verb apaiooj from dpaibs, 
 ' thin ; ' hence ' porous,' or ' full of holes.' 
 
 1. 33. irdv eiraYTj, etc., perhaps in allusion to the account in Hero- 
 dotus, iv. 28, of the sea freezing about the Palus Moeotis (Azov), so 
 that waggons are driven over the ice. Cp. Ovid, Trist. iii. 10, 29. 
 Lucian knew nothing of the real frozen sea, and thought lighting a fire 
 on the ice (1. 39) an impossibility. 
 
 eleiTwiroXTjS, i. e. l£ (vnToXrjs, ' on the surface.' 
 
 I. 51. 6 Muifjios, etc. Momus, the critic of the gods and their doings, 
 is mentioned by Hesiod, Theog. 214, as the son of Night. He is the 
 personification of censorious ridicule {ixoficprj, from ixijjLcpoixai). Hence 
 his name passed into a sort of proverb, ovb' dv 6 Mcb/xo^ to tolovtov 
 fjiifXJpaiTo, Plato, Rep. vi. ch. 2. This piece of criticism about the bull's 
 horns is referred to by Lucian in his Nigrimis, (KfTvos kixeyL(p€TO rov 
 ravpov rbv drj^LOvpyov 6(bv, oh irpoOiVTa twv dcpOaA/xwv rd Kepara. In 
 the Jupiter Tragoedus and Co?icilin7ti Deorimi Momus is introduced as the 
 utterer of some home truths about the gods at the celestial conclave. 
 
 II. 58, 61. Note the pun in Galatea from -ydXa, and Tyro from Tvp6s. 
 For the real Galatea, beloved by Polyphemus, see Theocritus, Idyll xi. 
 Tyro was said to have been visited by her lover Poseidon in the form of 
 the river-god Enipeus, Hom. Od. xi. 235, etc. 
 
 1. 62. jiexd TT^v evT6v0€v dTraWaYiiv, either 'after her departure from 
 her country' (Thessaly), or 'after Poseidon had left her.' It may also 
 mean simply ' after her death.' 
 
 I. 75. 4»€\\ta). There was a real Phellos in Lycia. Cp. Liege in 
 Flanders, by which word M. De Beauchamp renders ^eXXw here. 
 
 1. 87. Cp. Hdt. iii. 113, dir6^€i de ttjs X^Pl^ '''V^ 'Apa/Blas deaniffiov 
 w$ Tjdv. 
 
 1. 89, dixireXdvGTis = olpdv6r]s, the flower of the wild \-ine, from which 
 a perfume was made. 
 
 1. 95. jjLovo-iKd, ' musical,' the later sense of the word. Properly 
 pLovaiKT^ meant literature and the fine arts generally, in which ' music ' 
 was included. Cp. /xovaiKa aKovapLara in the passage quoted from the 
 Axiochus, in the note on 1. 170. 
 
 1. loi. €Tr' IpTjixCas, in loco deserto. Another reading is in ■qpffxias, 
 leniter. The expression may refer to the shepherds' custom of hanging 
 up their pipes as an offering to Pan in a solitary place, where the wind 
 would blow through them, as through an Aeolian harp. Cp. Virg. 
 Eel. vii. 24 : — 
 
 'Hie arguta sacra pendebit fistula pinu.'
 
 BOOK II. 59 
 
 The TiXayios avXds, or irKayiavKos, is the ' cross-Rnte,' JIanto iraverso, 
 formerly called the ' German ' flute, which is held horizontally and 
 played by means of holes at the side, being in fact what we now call 
 simply the ' flute.' The other kind was known as the Jlilfe a bee, played 
 by a mouth- piece at the end, of which our ' flageolet ' is the only existing 
 specimen. 
 
 1. 112. The Isles of the Blest are described by Pindar in his Second 
 Olympian Ode, 11. 70, etc. — 
 
 €v6a fiampajv vaaos (ace. pi.) djueaviSes 
 
 avpai TTepmveoiaiv, dvOefxa de xP^^ov (pXeyei, 
 
 rd jj.€v x^paoOiv (xtt' ayXauv Scvdpiaiv, vScup r aXKa (pep^a, 
 
 opfMOtcri Twv X^P^^ dvavKeKovTi kol KecpaXds 
 
 fiovXais kv bpOais 'PaSafidvOvos. 
 
 1. 115. The madness of Ajax, inspired by Athene, whereby his fury 
 was diverted from Odysseus and the other chieftains upon the flocks and 
 herds, forms the subject of the Aias of Sophocles. 
 
 1. 119. Hellebore was supposed to be an antidote for madness. 
 Cp. Aristoph. Vespae, 1489, where the slave Xanthias bids his master 
 vlO' kXXe^opov. Hence the proverb, originally in Hor. Sat. ii. 3. 166, 
 ' naviget Anticyram,' where the hellebore grew. 
 
 1. 120. Hippocrates, the physician of Cos, flourished about 430 B. C. 
 
 1. 122. Theseus had carried off Helen when a girl, aided by Pirithous 
 of Athens. After her release by Castor and Pollux she returned to 
 Sparta, and married Menelaus. 
 
 1. 127. TTjv 'A|xa^6va, Antiope. The daughters of Minos were 
 Phaedra and Ariadne. 
 
 1. 128. In the I2th Dialogue of the Dead Alexander and Hannibal 
 dispute for the precedence. At the suggestion of Scipio, Minos adjudges 
 the prize to Alexander. 
 
 1. I41, Trpo0€crp.Lav. Cp. i. -^6^, n. 
 
 I. 143. aviTOjxcLTcov, etc. A close imitation, perhaps intended as a 
 parody, of Xenophon's dream, Anah. iv. 3. 8, where the fetters which 
 bound him seemed 'to slide off of their own accord' (auTo/iarot irippi- 
 pvTJvat). Cp. Acts xii. 17. 
 
 II. 145, etc. Some have seen in this description a reference to the 
 New Jerusalem of Rev. xxi. xxii. It may be a mere coincidence. 
 The Greek poets would supply most of the materials, and we do not 
 know that Lucian was acquainted with the New Testament or any part of 
 the Scriptures. Still the dp-inXoi 5ajoeKa.(popoi in 1. 1 72 have, it must be con- 
 fessed, an exact parallel in Rev. xxii. 2. See Introduction, pp. xviii, xix. 
 
 1. 153. TTTixttov Puo-lXikuv. Hcrodotus, i. 178, sa} s 'the royal cubit 
 exceeded the common cubit by three fingers' breadth,' making about 
 I ft. 10 in. acccording to Professor Rawlinson's calculation in his note 
 on the passage.
 
 6o NOTES. 
 
 11. 159, etc. Lucian has been supposed to be ridiculing Plato's 
 theories concerning the nature of the soul, as set forth in the Phaedo 
 and elsewhere. But Plato distinguishes between good and bad souls ; 
 only the latter retain the form of the body and are contaminated by it, 
 while the former become pure and immaterial, ovStv tov aujfw.Tos 
 ^vvecpfkKovaa {Phaedo, ch. 29). The satire is directed rather at the 
 popular notion of the spirits of the dead as shadowy human forms, 
 according to the descriptions in Homer and Virgil. 
 
 1. 164. 6p0ai, ' erect,' i.e. not recumbent like dead men. 
 
 1. 170. Cp. the following description in the Axiochus (a dialogue 
 attributed to Plato) of the 'Land of the Leal' (€vae(3uiv x^P^^) — 
 iravTOLOL \eifiu)ves avOeai voiKiXois eapi^ufievoi, Kot kvkXioi x^pot (1. 204), 
 KoX /xovaiKoi cLKovcixara . . . ovre yap x^'A*" acpodpov ovre OaKiros kyyiyverai, 
 dk\' (VKparos d^p x^'^^'^'- 
 
 1. 176. Mivcpo-u, formed after the analogy of Asiatic names of months 
 (with which Lucian must have been familiar), e.g. Hennaeus, Metrous, etc. 
 in Bithynia, Aphrodisws, Caesariiis, etc. in Cyprus. The Athenian months 
 were not, except Poseideon, named after gods or heroes, but marked 
 the seasons for various occupations, as Gamelion, Elaphebolion, etc. 
 
 The whole description (from 1. 170 onwards) reads like an exag- 
 gerated imitation of Homer's account of the gardens of Alcinous, 
 Od. vii. 114, etc., where fruits of all kinds grew in never-failing 
 succession, ripened by a perpetual west-wind at all seasons of the 
 year. 
 
 1. 194. fiovcriKa cpvea. Cp. 1. 95, n. 
 
 1. 201. It appears from this and other passages that Lucian had a 
 real respect for Homer, notwithstanding what he had said about him in 
 his preface, i. 32. 
 
 1. 205. Eunomus, was a harp-player of Locri in the south of Italy. 
 A story of him is told by Clement of Alexandria, how once in a musical 
 contest in summer time Eunomus broke a string of his lyre ; whereupon 
 a grasshopper that had been chirping near sprang upon the neck of the 
 instrument and sang as upon a branch. The minstrel, adapting his 
 strain to the grasshopper's song, made up for the want of the missing 
 string. According to Strabo, a statue of Eunomus with the grasshopper 
 and the lyre was erected at Locri. 
 
 Arion is said to have been the inventor of 'dithyrambic' poetry, a 
 kind of high-flown lyric strain, originally in honour of Bacchus. He is 
 best known in connexion with the story of the dolphin, related by 
 Herodotus, i. 24, and by Ovid in the Fasti, ii. 83. etc. 
 
 1. 206. Anacreon of Teos flourished about 530 B.C. The festive 
 odes now extant in his name are confessedly spurious. 
 
 Stesichorus, of Himera in Sicily, is said to have been blinded by 
 Castor and Pollux for writing scurrilous verses against Helen, and to
 
 BOOK II. 6 1 
 
 have recovered his sight on composing a Palinodia or retractation of 
 the satire. 
 
 1. 211. liravXei, 'plays an accompaniment,' properly on the flute 
 {avXos). The trees are the orchestra on which the winds play ; hence 
 they are said Karapx^i-v, ' to lead ' the music. 
 
 1. 219. AoKpoO AiavTos. The Locrian or Lesser Ajax, (so called 
 to distinguish him from Ajax, son of Telamon, 1. 311,) was the son of 
 Oileus, Virg, Aen. i. 41. He is said to have violated Cassandra in the 
 temple of Athene, who slew him with the thunderbolt of Zeus. 
 Homer, Od. iv. 499, etc., represents him as having been wrecked on 
 the Gyraean rocks by Poseidon for his insolent language to the gods. 
 
 1. 221. Anaeharsis, the enterprising Scythian traveller, \'isited 
 Greece and is said to have been taught by Solon. His countrymen 
 (some say his brother) killed him on his return for introducing new 
 ceremonies and customs (Hdt. iv. 76). 
 
 The following lines are preserved by Diogenes Laertius : — 
 'Es lnvOirjV 'Ava.\apGLS or' i]Xv6e iroXXa TrXavrjOels 
 
 irauras eVet^e Piovv i]6€aiv 'EWadiKois, 
 rov 5' €Ti jj.v9ov dfcpavTov evl orojxaTeaaiv ^xovra 
 TTTTjvbs es dOavcLTovs TJpvaaev una 86va^. 
 Zamolxis, or Zalmoxis (Hdt. iv. 95), is said to have been a Getan 
 slave of the Samian Pythagoras. Ha\'ing learnt from him the doctrine 
 of the immortality of souls, he taught it to his Thracian countrymen, who 
 worshipped him as the Good Spirit to whom they expected to go after 
 death. 
 
 1. 223. Phocion was the leader of the peace party at Athens in the 
 struggle against Macedon, and the principal opponent of Demosthenes 
 on the question of war with Philip. He was distinguished for the 
 uprightness of his policy, and became in high favour with Alexander. 
 The Athenians accused him of treason, and put him to death, B.C. 317. 
 Tellus is mentioned in the Charon, ch. 10, as one os €5 re k^iov Kai 
 cLTridavev inrep rrjs varpihos. In the celebrated discourse with Croesus, 
 Solon assigned him the second place, according to Lucian, in respect of 
 human happiness. Herodotus, i. 30, places him first. He died 
 fighting bravely in a border war with the Eleusinians, and was 
 honoured with a public funeral. 
 
 I. 224. T01JS oro(j)oijs, the Seven Sages, whose names are commonly 
 given as Thales, Pittacus, Bias, Solon, Cleobulus, Periander. Chilon. 
 But Plato, Protagoras, ch. 28, substitutes one Myson for Periander ; 
 hence perhaps his exclusion here by Lucian. Diogenes Laertius, §§ 40, 
 108, also mentions this substitution. 
 
 II. 226, 227. The stories of Hyacinthus, accidentally slain by Apollo, 
 and of Narcissus, who pined away for love of his own image, are told at 
 length in Ovid, Met. x. 162, etc. and iii. 339, etc. That of Hylas is
 
 62 NOTES. 
 
 one of the Argonautic legends, see ApoUonius Rhodius, Argonautica, ii. 
 1207, etc. It is the subject of the 13th Idyll of Theocritus, and is 
 alluded to by Virgil, Eel. vi. 43 : — 
 
 ' Hylan nautae quo fonte relictum 
 Clamassent, ut litus Hyla Hyla omne sonaret.' 
 
 1. 229. TO, iroWd 5iTi\€YXev» 'he was perpetually cross-questioning 
 him.' The 4'A67xos was a name given to Socrates' method of cross- 
 examination, whereby he forced his opponent to contradict himself, and 
 to confess his ignorance of the matter in dispute. The way he led men 
 to argue with him was by assuming ignorance on his own part and 
 professing to come simply as a learner. This was called his ' irony ' 
 {dpooviia, 1. 232). Lucian jocosely represents this 'cross-questioning' as 
 the best proof of his affection for Hyacinthus. It was really so in the 
 case of Alcibiades, who admits, in Plato's Symposium, that his inter- 
 course with Socrates had done him more real good than the discourses 
 of any statesman of the day. 
 
 1. 234. The allusion is to Plato's ideal State, or Utopia, as described 
 in the Republic, in which ' philosophers ' alone were to be the rulers. 
 
 1. 235. The Cyrenaic school of philosophy was founded about 370 B.C. 
 by Aristippus, a disciple of Socrates, but luxurious and debauched in his 
 habits, and in every way unworthy of his master. With respect to him 
 therefore Lucian's satire is just, but not so as regards Epicurus. He 
 started some sixty years later from the Cyrenaic dogma that Pleasure is 
 the Chief Good, but he meant a refined intellectual pleasure, defined 
 as (ppovqais, or practical wisdom, and drapa^la, or peace of mind. His 
 followers however afterwards degenerated into gross sensuality. 
 
 1. 238. 6 ^pt)|, to distinguish him from Aesop the Roman actor, 
 a friend of Cicero. The slave Aesop is the author of the fables in prose, 
 which are no longer extant, the so-called ' Aesopic ' prose fables being 
 spurious. But many of them were versified in Greek by Babrius and in 
 Latin by Phaedrus. 
 
 1. 240. Lais, the celebrated Corinthian courtesan, really lived with 
 Aristippus, for whom Lucian substitutes Diogenes, the founder of the 
 Cynic or opposite school. 
 
 1. 243. dperfis op9iov X6(|)ov. The comparison of a virtuous life to 
 the steep ascent of a hill, though adopted by the Stoics especially, 
 appears first in Hesiod's Works and Days, 11. 285, etc. It was developed 
 by Pythagoras, and is worked out at some length in an allegory known 
 as Cehetis Tabula, ascribed to Cebes the friend and companion of 
 Socrates, but probably of much later date. (See the Introduction to 
 my edition of the Tabula, Clarendon Press Series, 1878.) Hermotimus, 
 in the Dialogue of that name, mentions Hesiod's allegory, saying that 
 he has long been travelling along the road to Virtue's hill, but has only 
 just reached the foot.
 
 BOOK 11. 
 
 63 
 
 244. Chrysippus was a disciple of Cleanthes the successor of 
 Zeno, who founded the Stoic school. In taking him as the representative 
 of the Stoics, Lucian may have had in mind the saying — 
 
 €£ /XT] yap TjV Xp-umTTTTOS, OVK CLV TjV 'S.TOCL. 
 
 In the Vitarinn Aiictio he makes Chrysippus say that no man can be 
 a philosopher unless he takes a triple dose of hellebore. Cp. 1. 119, n. 
 
 1. 246. 'AKa8T]jji,aiKOTJS. philosophers of the New Academy, represented 
 by Arcesilaus (B.C. 240), and Carneades (about 160). Deriving from 
 Plato the doctrine of the uncertainty of sense-impressions, but not 
 accepting his peculiar solution of the difficulty, they became absolute 
 sceptics, and differed more in name than in reality from the disciples of 
 Pyrrhus, who bore that name. They asserted the impossibility of a 
 criterion or standard of truth, since neither reason nor sense can supply 
 one; hence the allusion in 1. 249, with a play on the word Kplais, — 
 i. e. if there be no Kpn-qpiov there can be no Kplais, and the office of 
 Rhadamanthus would be a sinecure. 
 
 I. 252. vco06ias, ' torpidity,' ' laziness,' from vo.6t]s. 
 
 p.T| has here its proper subjective force, 'feeling that they could not 
 reach it.' Cp. 1. i, n. 
 
 The scepticism of the Academicians was in fact a negation of all 
 philosophy whatever, not an incentive to greater exertions, as in the case 
 of Socrates and Plato. 
 
 II. 259-273. Lucian touches superficially on three principal points of 
 what is now famous as the ' Homeric Question ; ' first, Homer's origin 
 and birth-place ; secondly, the authorship of the poems and the genuine- 
 ness of certain passages ; thirdly, their design and the relation between 
 the Iliad and Odyssey. 
 
 1. 260. The names of the seven cities, each of which claimed to be 
 the birth-place of Homer, are given in the well-known lines — 
 ' Smyrna Chios Colophon Salamis Rhodus Argos Athenae, 
 Orbis de patria certat, Homere, tua.' 
 By pushing his birth-place so far eastward as Babylon Lucian reduces 
 the question to an absurdity, and is possibly jesting at the theory of one 
 Alexander of Paphos, who made Homer an Egyptian. 
 
 1. 263. 6p,7]p6ticras, a playful way of settling the meaning of the name 
 "Ofirjpos, as if = ' hostage.' Its derivation is still a matter of dispute. 
 It is supposed to be from the root op,- in 6/x-ov, etc, and ap-cu, i. e. ' the 
 fitter' or 'composer;' or more probably in a passive sense 'the fitted' 
 or ' united,' in reference either to the union of various lays in one poem, 
 or to the mingling of different grammatical forms and dialects. The 
 traditional explanation was that 6/xTjpos meant ' blind ' in the Cymaean 
 dialect of Aeolia. Cp. Milton, Puradise Regained, iv. 259 — 
 ^ Blind Melesigenes, thence Homer called.' 
 
 1. 265. d0€TOvp,€va)v, 'regarded as spurious.' Zenodotus, and after
 
 64 NOTES. 
 
 him Aristarchus, both of Alexandria, made recensions (diopOcuaeis) of 
 Homer's text, and rejected a great many passages. Lucian accuses them 
 of bad taste in so doing. 
 
 I. 268. <j;vxpoXo"yiav, ' coldness,' i. e, ' dullness ' of appreciation. 
 Cicero in his treatise De Claris Oratoribus, speaks of a ' genus acuminis 
 in reprehendendis verbis, nonnunquam/r/^/cf?/??/.' 
 
 1. 270. Tf,s jJLTjviSos, 'the wrath' of Achilles, with which the Iliad 
 opens. This may mean either— why did Homer make this the starting- 
 point of his Ejnc? in other words, is the poem an original ' Achilleid,' 
 afterwards enlarged (Grote, Hist, of Greece, chap, xxi.)? or why did he 
 begin with the word jxijviv rather than any other word? This would be 
 a hit at the ' micrologists,' as they were called, who fancied some hidden 
 mystery to be couched in almost every word of the poem. 
 
 1. 271. jxir]8€v e-n-tTTiSetro-avTi, i.e. without any special object such as 
 the ' micrologists ' imagined. Lucian does not mean to say that Homer 
 wrote without any care or idea of connexion in the several parts of his 
 poem. 
 
 1. 272. 61 irpoTepav iypa\\f€, etc. This is also a modem question. 
 In favour of the commonly received order, the marks of higher civil- 
 isation in the Odyssey, its more coherent structure, and certain 
 peculiarities of language have been chiefly relied upon. Mr. Grote in 
 his 2 1st chapter inclines to the opinion that both poems belong to 
 about the same age, and hesitates as to the priority of the Iliad. 
 Lucian does not mention the Chorizontes or Separatists, who assigned 
 each poem to a distinct author. This theory, originated by one Xenon 
 and adopted by Hellanicus, found a strong opponent in Aristarchus 
 (1. 265, n.). It does not seem to have excited much attention at the 
 time, which is probably the reason why Lucian ignores it. 
 
 1. 274. oviSt TV(})\6s -riv The belief in Homer's blindness is of very 
 ancient date. Cp. 1. 263, n. It is asserted in the Homeric Hymn to 
 Apollo, quoted by Thucydides, iii. 104, as genuine, but now known to 
 be spurious : — 
 
 TVcpXos avTip, OLKU 8e Xi(u kvl iranraKoiaari. 
 
 i. 278. Ktti OS, a remnant of the old demonstrative use of os. Originally 
 o and us were used indiscriminately both ways ; thus in Homer ra, 
 Tovs, etc. —quae, quos, etc, and os ^ is, as in fJ.T]5' bs (pvyoi, II. vi. 59. 
 Afterwards there remained only the phrases ical ts, ^ S' 6? = 'quoth he,* 
 
 OS /ueV OS 5e in Demosthenes, and the rare 6s Kal bs ^ ' this or that 
 
 man/ Hdt. iv. 68. (Jelf, Gr. Gram. § 816.) 
 
 1. 280. vPpeuJS, not the strict legal term for insulting language or 
 'libel,' which was called XoiSopla or KaKoKoyla. "T^pis was wanton 
 injury to the person, such as formed the ground of the famous action 
 brought against Midias by Demosthenes, B.C. 355. 
 
 For Thersites, ' the ugliest man that came to Troy, halt of foot,
 
 BOOK II. 6^ 
 
 crook-backed and peak-headed,' and his treatment by Odysseus, see 
 Iliad, ii. 212, etc. 
 
 1. 284. lirrdKis dWa-yeis etc. According to the ' Transmigration ' 
 theory of Pythagoras, souls were believed to inhabit different bodies for 
 certain successive ' periods of time. Pythagoras asserted that he had 
 himself undergone four or five such transmigrations, the second being 
 that into the body of the " rojan Euphorbus (1. 286), who was slain by 
 Menelaus. He is said to lave proved the fact by taking down at first 
 sight the shield of Eupho? jus from the temple where it was dedicated. 
 To this Horace refers, Oces, i. 28. 11, ' clipeo Trojana refixo tempora 
 testatus.' 
 
 1. 285. One of the fable i about Pythagoras was that he had a golden 
 thigh. In the Vitarum A ictio or Sale of Philosophers, the purchaser of 
 Pythagoras exclaims — ' By Heracles, his thigh is all gold ! Surely he is a 
 god and not a man ! I will certainly buy him.' Here Lucian improves 
 on the legend by making him half golden. 
 
 1. 289 Upon the alleged death of Empedocles by throwing himself 
 into the crater of Aetna, Diogenes Laertius records the following satirical 
 lines : — 
 
 Kai cv TTOT, 'E^TreSo/cXets, Siep?? <p\oyl (TZfia KaOripas 
 TTvp and KprjTqpa^v efCTTLCS aOavdra^v, 
 
 OVK €p€QJ S' OTl aaVTOV kKOJV ^a.K€S I? pOOV K'lTVrjS, 
 
 akXa. Xadixv kOeXojv efineaei ovk eOeXojv. 
 
 1. 295. Kapos 6 d4>' TIpaKXeovs. Nothing is known of him. Some 
 think Lucian invented the name and pedigree to puzzle the critics. 
 It may be remarked, as a curious coincidence, that the name of Cams 
 a Roman poet occurs in Ovid, Epist. ex Ponto, iv. 16, in connexion with 
 that of Hercules (a poem he wrote bearing that title) : — 
 • Et qui Junonem laesisset in Hercule Cams, 
 Junonis si non jam gener ille foret.' 
 
 1. 297. Areus, a philosopher of Alexandria, who with his two sons, 
 Dionysius and Nicanor, instructed Augustus in philosophy (Suetonius, 
 Octavius, ch. 89). According to Quintilian, iii. 1. 16, he was also a 
 writer on rhetoric. 
 
 1. 298. Epeus, the son of Panopeus, won a boxing-match against 
 Euiyalus at the funeral games in honour of Patroclus, Hom. //. xxiii. 
 664. 
 
 1. .qoi. Plutarch tells a story of a contest between Homer and Hesiod 
 at Chalcis, in which Hesiod won the prize, it was said unfairly. 
 There is a composition still extant, Certamen Homeri et Hesiodi, written 
 about 100 A.D., and suggested by the above-mentioned story. Hesiod 
 is commonly supposed to have lived about a century after Homer. 
 
 1. 306. The story of Phalaris (B.C. 570) and his brazen bull is well 
 known. In the two pieces entitled Phalaris, Lucian defends the tyrant 
 
 F
 
 66 NOTES. 
 
 against the common charge of cruelty. There was in fact a later 
 tradition, which represented him as a mild and just ruler, forced into 
 severe measures by occasional necessity, and especially as a patron of arts 
 and literature. The celebrated Epistles ofPhalaris, though proved to be 
 spurious, are an evidence of this belief. 
 
 1. 307. Busiris is said to have sacrificed strangers, but to have been slain 
 by Hercules, an intended victim. Herodotus, ii. 45, discredits the story, 
 omitting however the mention of Busiris by name. 
 
 1. 308. Diomedes, king of the Thracian Bistones, fed his mares on 
 human flesh. To capture these mares and to slay their master was one 
 of the Twelve Labours of Hercules. Euripides, Alceslis, 481, makes 
 Heracles call at the house of Admetus on his way to this adventure — 
 QpriKos T€Tpo:pov dpfxa Aco/xrjdovs pLera. 
 
 Sciron, a robber who infested the Attic frontier of Megara. Sinis, 
 called nLTvoKa.p.TrTr}s, or the ' Pine-bender ' (see Lexicon), pursued the 
 same occupation on the Isthmus of Corinth. Both are said to have 
 been slain by Theseus. 
 
 1, 311. Aias 6 TeXafjwovios. Cp. L 115, n. 
 
 1. 314. Socrates fought as a hoplite at the battle of Delium, B. C. 424. 
 His orderly retreat amid the general confusion is described in Plato's 
 Syjnposium, ch. 36 ; how he marched along ' calmly surveying his friends 
 and his foes, so that it was plain to all that if any one attacked him he 
 would resist stoutly.' Lucian makes his present superiority consist in 
 the fact of his not fleeing at all, as if he could have done anything else 
 at Delium under the circumstances. See Thucydides, iv. 96, where 
 however Socrates is not mentioned, a fact which led Athenaeus, Deipno- 
 sophistae, § 216, to discredit the story of his having been present. 
 
 I. 319. N€KpaKa8'q(ji,iav is of course a hit at Plato's Academy for living 
 disciples. 
 
 1. 326. A parody of the first line of the Odyssey. The satire lies in 
 the word veKvwv attached to ■^puicuv. 
 
 1. 328. TO, €TnvLKia, sc. Ovp-ara, the accus. of cognate or equivalent 
 meaning with elaTiouvTo. Cp. SaivvaOai daira and similar expressions in 
 Homer, or (more precisely) daiaofiev vjj.evaiovs, ' the nuptial feast,' 
 Eur. I ph. in Aulide, 123. 
 
 1. 331. fxvcraTTOjJievos ttjv Kt)ap,o<j>a-Yiav. Pythagoras forbade his 
 disciples to eat beans. No one knew why, and no Pythagorean would 
 i-eveal the secret. All sorts of absurd reasons were suggested ; some 
 are enumerated by Diogenes Laertius in his Life of Pythagoras. Pliny 
 gives the common-sense reason that bean diet is heavy and engenders 
 dullness, but he also mentions a superstitious belief that the spirits of the 
 dead reside in beans. Two verses ascribed to Pythagoras run thus : — 
 ActAot, -navZiiXoi, Kvapiojy airo xtXpas e;^€a^6' 
 laav TQi Kvdfiovs re cpayeTv KetpaXds re toktioiv.
 
 BOOK II. 67 
 
 Hence arose a saying that a Pythagorean would as soon eat his father's 
 head as eat a bean. In one of Lucian's Dialogues of the Dead, Pytha- 
 goras asks Menippus what he has in his wallet. ' Beans/ says Menippus. 
 'which are not for you to eat.' 'Ah!' replies Pythagoras, 'nous avo?is 
 change totit cela ; beans and parents' heads are not the same thing down 
 here, I find.' 
 
 1. 339. d[XT]xavias, 'distraction.' not knowing what to do Avith 
 himself. Cp. Philopseudes, § 14, dfxrjxo-vaiv tcv epcort. 
 
 1- 359- '"■apd TOcrovTOv, etc., 'so near they were to escaping,' lit. 
 'to so small a distance they came of escaping,' napa. denoting motion to 
 get near an object. Cp. Cataplus, § 4, irapa. rotyovTov rjXOi Siacpvyuv. 
 Also with the genitive, as -rrapd togovtov tj MirvXrivrj rjKOi Kivbvvov, 
 Thuc. iii. 49. 
 
 1. 366. €|jL'irpo9€crp,ovs, within the time of the TTpo9^ap.ia (1. 141% 
 i. e. before the allotted time had expired. The opposite is kK-npoQiauos. 
 Cp. Hermotimus, § 80, (KTrpoOiafxav tou ocpX'qfxaTos, ' over the due time for 
 paying the debt.' 
 
 I, 372. TouTTtov, 'the future' (to Ittlov). Cp. Eur. Ale. 173, Tov-mov 
 KaKov, ' the coming fate.' 
 
 II. 375, etc., suggested by Circe's instructions to Odysseus, Odyssey, xii. 
 37> etc. 
 
 1. 384. tvavTtav, etc. Cp. rriv avrnrepav, 1. 689. The ancients had 
 a vague notion of a large continent or island far away to west- 
 ward, where America actually is. This was sometimes described 
 as the island of Atlantis, very fruitful and populous, and larger than 
 Asia and Africa combined. Aristotle De Mmido speaks of countries 
 at a vast distance off and opposite {avTiTTopOpiovs) to ours. In Aelian's 
 Varia Historia, iii. 18, Silenus the Satyr is represented as holding 
 a conversation with Midas. He tells him that Europe, Asia, and 
 Africa are islands bounded by the Ocean stream, and that the only 
 existing continent is ' outside of the world ' (efo; tov KuapLov) ; an 
 immense tract of land with gigantic inhabitants, whose strange customs 
 he proceeds to describe. It is to this or a similar belief that Lucian 
 here alludes. 
 
 1. 386. dp-tKTOis. Cp. i. 542, n. 
 
 1. 388. jj,aXdxT]S pi^av, suggested by the herb fxwXv, which Hermes gave 
 Odysseus (Od. x. 305) to keep him from harm. Cp. Milton's Conms, 636. 
 
 11- 39 1> 392' A satire on the cFv/x^oXa or mystic injunctions of 
 Pythagoras, e. g. ' not to stir the fire with a sword, not to step over 
 a yoke or sit on a quart measure, and to abstain from certain food, 
 especially beans' (1. 331, n.). The first was explained to mean 'not to 
 provoke the wrath of potentates ' {Swaarouv opyqv //^ KiveTu) and similar 
 mystic interpretations were given of the rest. Mr. Collins, in his Lucian 
 (' Ancient Classics ' Series) compares the old burlesque oath sworn by 
 
 y 2
 
 68 NOTES. 
 
 travellers at Highgate, ' never to stir the Hre with a sword, nor to kiss 
 any woman above two and twenty.' 
 
 1. 405. For the island of Ogygia, see Horn. Od. i. 85. 
 
 1. 406. NauTrXiov, an actual name in mythology, given to the legendary 
 founder of Nauplia on the Saronic gulf. 
 
 1. 424. iroTafxol, etc. Lucian probably had in mind the description 
 in the Phaedo, ch. 60, of the rivers in Hades, ' some of fire, others of 
 mud, like the lava streams in Sicily, which move up and down by a sort 
 of oscillation inside the earth. One of these rivers falls into a vast space 
 burning with fire and forms a lake boiling with water and mud ; this 
 they call Pyriphlegethon.' 
 
 1. 429. XvxvLo-Kovs, perhaps may be rendered ' lampreys,' or ' lamp- 
 rays I ' 
 
 1. 434. 'ir€piT)YT]Tai, ' guides,' from Trfpirjyioixai. 
 
 1. 438. KTTjo-ias. Cp. i. 22, n. Herodotus has several times already 
 been the butt of Lucian's satire. 
 
 I. 440. This may be in a sense true, after the frank avowal in i. 46. 
 
 II. 445, etc. An enlargement (with improvements) upon Homer's 
 description of Dreamland, with its two gates of horn and ivory, whence 
 issue true and false dreams respectively. See Odyssey, xix. 562, etc. ; Virg. 
 Aen. vi. 894, etc. 
 
 1. 453. jiTjSe should be ou5e, as stating a fact. Cp. i. 503, n. 
 
 1. 457. jjUivSpa-yopai. Cp. Timon, § 2, KaOiirep viro fxavSpayupa 
 KaOevdeis. The ' mandrake ' is a narcotic plant allied to the deadly 
 nightshade. Cp, Shaksp. Othello, iii. 3, ' Not poppy nor mandra- 
 gora . . . shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep, which thou owedst 
 yesterday.' 
 
 1. 459. opveov. Lucian probably did not know that the bat is noi 
 a ' bird.' 
 
 1. 460. NtiKTLiropos, ' Nightfare.' 
 
 1. 461. Ntjyp€tos, ' Wakeless,' or ' Never\vake.' Cp. vrjypiTos fJ^vos, 
 Hom. Od. xiii. 80. 
 
 1. 464. Cp. Od. xix. 562 : — 
 
 doTai yap re TTv\ai djxcvTjvojv elalv ovcipccv' 
 
 at fxiv yap icepaeaai TiT^vxo-rai, at 5' €\4(pavTi. 
 
 1. 465. B\aK€ias ttcBlov, 'the plain of Indolence.' (Francklin.) 
 
 1. 470. NvKTcoov, ' temple of Night,' formed like ArjTaiov/'Ep/xaiov, etc. 
 
 1. 475. Tapalicova, etc. ' Fright, son of Vain-hope, (Francklin,) and 
 Purse-pride, son of Cut-a-dash.' This last may represent the notion 
 of empty display suggested by ^avraaiajv. 
 
 1. 477. KapswTiv, 'Sleep-drench,' (Tooke,) from fcdpos, 'torpid 
 slumber.' 
 
 1.487. Is PacriXeas, 'like kings.' Eh, lit. 'into' another state or 
 condition, denotes conformity or likeness. So ev, as kv dvbpaaiv, ' in
 
 BOOK IT. 69 
 
 fashion of men,' Eur, Ale. 723. Cp. the French en, as ' voyager e^i 
 prince,' etc. 
 
 I. 490. ws av, = ' as though,' quasi. Cp. i. 76, n, 
 
 II. 505, etc. For the building of the skiff on Circe's island, see 
 Odyssey, v. 234, etc. Afterwards Odysseus is wrecked by Poseidon 
 {ib. 315), and saved by Leucothea or Ino, daughter of Cadmus {ib. 332). 
 His arrival at the Phaeacian land is related at the end of the same Book. 
 
 1. 509. The massacre of the suitors forms the subject of the 22nd Book, 
 entitled Mv-qar-qpofpovia. 
 
 1. 510. Telegonus, being sent by Circe to seek his father, was 
 wrecked on the coast of Ithaca, and proceeded to ravage the country. 
 Odysseus, not knowing who he was, went out to oppose him, and was 
 slain by his son. This story is told in the Telegonia, a continuation of 
 the Odyssey, and the last poem of the ' Epic Cycle,' written by Eugam- 
 mon about 560 B.C. 
 
 1. 512. Cp. Od. V. 135, where Calypso says to Hermes concerning 
 Odysseus : — 
 
 Tov fxev eyai cpiXeov t€ teal erpecpov, rjSe ecpaaKov 
 Brjaeiv dOavarov Kal d'yrjpojv Tjfiara navra. 
 
 1. 517' raXao-iovpYOvcrav. Ih. 56: — 
 
 •q S' evSov doiSdova^ dm koXtj 
 IcTTOV iTTOixo jxlvq xpvauTj Kep/eid' v(paivev. 
 
 1. 522. In 1. 216 of the same Book, Odysseus calls Penelope by the 
 simple epithet Trep'Kppouv, but does not otherwise extol her virtues to 
 Calypso. 
 
 1. 532. iTjpavOcjcrt, sc. at KoKoKvvOai, from the adj. KoXoKvvOiva in the 
 preceding line. Observe the change from plural to singular in ai/TTjv, 
 i.e. ' one of them.' 
 
 1. 533. €VTepia)VT]v, ' the inside' of the pumpkin. 
 
 1. 535. d-n-o, 'with,' of the instrument. Cp. Dem. Philipp. i. dno rwv 
 vjxerepojv vju.lv 7rokeiJ.ei avfifxdxojv. Alio is often undeclined. 
 
 1. 542. €v to<tovt<jo, 'at this juncture,' stronger than ev tovtw. Lit. 
 ' on so great/ i. e. ' so favourable ' an opportunity. 
 
 I. 553. €iTt 5eX<j)tva3v, in allusion to the common stories of dolphins 
 carrying men on their backs, e g. that of Arion, Hdt. i. 24, Gellius 
 quotes a tale of a dolphin that carried a boy on his back every day from 
 Baiae to Puteoli. 
 
 II. 562, etc. The reader will remember the story of the Roc and its 
 egg in the Second Voyage of Sindbad the Sailor. Whether Lucian may 
 have borrowed from the Arabian Nights (or rather from the common 
 material out of which those tales were composed) is a fair question. 
 See Introduction, p. xvii. 
 
 1. 570. The Chian wine-jar held some three or four quarts of our 
 measure.
 
 70 NOTES. 
 
 ^- 576. x'Hvio-Kos, Greek ships had the extremity of the prow shaped 
 like a goose's or swan's neck, hence the name. See Diet, of Antiquities, 
 under Navis, 
 
 I 584. Lucian's satire is directed at the common superstition, which 
 saw in every strange occurrence an omen of divine anger, requiring 
 prayer or sacrifice to avert it. See Virg. Aen. ii. 680-700 for one 
 instance out of many. 
 
 ^- 591- XP^) the indie, for the opt. in 'graphic' narration. Cp. i. 163, n. 
 
 1. 601. dvLjxTjo-dfJLcGa. Cp. Xen. Anah. iv. 2, 8, dvi/xaiv dAA.j7A.0us roii 
 Sopaai. 
 
 1. 606. This is possibly a real line of Antimachus, perverted by 
 Lucian in its application. Antimachus of Colophon, about 400 B.C., 
 wrote a Thebaid, several lines of which are cited by Athenaeus ; also 
 some elegiac poems. The emperor Hadrian is said to have preferred him 
 to Homer. 
 
 1. 612. 8i-ax<«;pio-}JiaTa, 'clefts,' from SiaxcupiCoo. 
 
 1. 615. €tcrTT|K€t, etc. Some see in this a scoffing allusion to the 
 passage of the Red Sea by the Israelites. But see note on 1. 145. 
 
 1. 626. For the Minotaur, the offspring of Pasiphae and the Cretan 
 bull and guardian of the labyrinth, see Virg. Aen. vi. 24-30 (' mixtum 
 genus, prolesque biformis Minotaurus,' etc.). Perhaps the BovK€(f)a\oi 
 are intended as a burlesque of the Cynocephali or dog-headed inhabitants 
 of India, mentioned by Ctesias. Cp. i. 22, n. 
 
 1. 629. TrXT]v, =dAAd, ' except that.' Cp. i. 237, n. 
 
 I. 666. Ka|3aXovo-a, 'T8ap.apSia. No satisfactory explanation has 
 been given of these names. The first looks like a participle oi KaTafiaWo) 
 ( = KaPISaXcuaa), qy. ' Downijig island'? The second perhaps should be 
 'T5pa(xap8ia, and may refer to the water transformation described below, 
 L 685. 
 
 II, 668-676. A parody of Homer, Od. x. 317, etc., where Odysseus 
 defends himself against Circe's enchantments with the moly which 
 Hermes had given him, draws his sword upon her, and forces her to 
 disenchant his crew. The ' bones and sculls ' (1. 670) may have been 
 suggested by the description of the Sirens' coast, Od. xii. 45 : — 
 
 TToXvs dfj.<p' dareocpLV 6ls 
 dvhpojv wOofxivojv, vepl Si pivot pnvvOovcriv. 
 
 1, 678. 'Ovoo-KeXeas. Cp. the fabled Empusa, a spectre sent by 
 Hecate to devour men, also called ovoaKeXls and ovokmXtj. 
 
 1. 685. ijScop eY€V€TO. This was one of the transformations of Proteus. 
 Cp. Virg, Georg. iv. 410, ' aut in aquas tenues dilapsus abibit.' 
 
 1. 689. TTiv dvTtiTepav. Cp. 1. 384, n. 
 
 1. 704. €v Tais €^f,s pipXois, etc. This promise appears never to have 
 been fulfilled. One of Lucian's French translators, Perrot d'Ablancourt, 
 has added a very tame continuation of the story, written by his nephew.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 The 
 
 eferences are to the Notes and to the pages of the Introduction, 
 
 Academic school of philosophy, ii. 
 
 246; p. XX. 
 
 Adjectives in -los of two or more 
 
 terminations, i. 116. 
 Aesop, the fabulist, ii. 238. 
 Age of Lucian compared with that 
 
 of Socrates, pp. xii, xiii. 
 Ajax, his madness, ii. 115. 
 — the Locrian, ii. 219. 
 Alexander, the false prophet, pp. x, 
 
 xviii. 
 dfXfKii, sense of, i. 103. 
 dv, rare use of with fut. indicative, 
 
 i. 47. 
 Anacharsis, the Scythian traveller, 
 
 ii. 221. 
 Anacreon, the Teian, ii. 206. 
 Antimachus of Colophon, ii. 606. 
 diro, instrumental use of, ii. 535, 
 Arabian Nights, whether known to 
 
 Lucian, ii. ^(^2 ; p. xvii. 
 Areus, the philosopher, ii. 297. 
 Arion, mention of, ii. 205. 
 Article, predicative use of, i. 26, 75. 
 
 Baron Munchausen compared with 
 the Vera Historia, p. xxiii. 
 
 Bequet's French version of the Vera 
 Historia, i. 54; p. xxiii. 
 
 Busiris, the Egyptian, ii. 307. 
 
 )(prj(Tai and XPV'^"''^^^^ i- 373- 
 Christianity, how far satiii-ed by 
 
 Lucian, pp. xviii, xix. 
 Chrysippus, the Stoic, ii. 244. 
 City of the Blest, Lucian's account 
 
 of, p. xviii. 
 
 ' Cloud-cuckoo Town ' of Aristoi 
 
 phanes, i. 430. 
 ' Cognate' accusative, ii. 328. 
 Colossus of Rhodes, i. 280, 
 Comparison of primitive adverbs, L 
 
 607. 
 Ctesias, his History of India, i. 22, 
 
 ii. 438, 626 ; p. xvii. 
 Cyrenaics, allusion to, ii. 235. 
 
 Diomedes, the Thracian, ii. 388. 
 Dolphins, stories about, ii. 553. 
 Double superlative, i. 91. 
 Dreamland, Homer's description of, 
 
 ii. 445. 
 5vo, undeclined, ii. 535. 
 
 kavTov, denoting the 1st or 2nd per- 
 son, i. 72. 
 ds, peculiar force of, ii. 487. 
 6/ioi SoK eiv a.nd similar phrases, i. 87, 
 Empedocles, physical theory of, i. 
 
 377- 
 — story of his death, ii. 289. 
 Empusa, fable of, ii. 678. 
 evdiSovai, special meaning of, i. 439. 
 Endymion, legend of, i. 158. 
 Epicurus, satirised by Lucian, ii. 
 
 emdidovai, special meaning of, i. 09. 
 Eunomus, story of, ii, 205. 
 
 Flutes, different kinds of, ii. 10 1. 
 
 Galatea, ii. 58. 
 
 Gardens of Alcinous, in Homer, ii. 
 176.
 
 1^ 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 70C1/, explanatory force of, i. 4. 
 
 Hellebore, an antidote for madness, 
 
 ii. 119, 244. 
 Herodotus, allusions to by Lucian, 
 
 i. 221, 340, ii. 33, 87, 438. 
 Hill of Virtue, allegory of in Hesiod, 
 
 I. 243. 
 
 — Cehetis Tabula, ib. 
 
 Homer, his alleged blindness, ii. 274. 
 
 — supposed contest with Hesiod, 
 ii. 301. 
 
 * Homeric Question * as discussed by 
 
 Lucian, ii. 259, etc. 
 Homerus, meaning and derivation 
 
 of, ii. 263. 
 Hyacinthus, story of, ii. 226. 
 Hylas, story of, ii. 227. 
 
 lambulus, alluded to by Lucian, i. 
 
 25 ; p. xvii. 
 iZiojTris, secondary meaning of, i. 
 
 37- 
 Iliad and Odyssey, their order and 
 
 comparative age, ii. 272. 
 Indicative for optative in dependent 
 
 clauses, i. 163, ii. 591. 
 Island of Atlantis, ii, 384. 
 Isles of the Blest, described by 
 
 Pindar, ii. 112. 
 ioTopia, original and derived senses 
 
 of, i. 30. 
 
 Kara w^ith accus., special force of, 
 i. 142. 
 
 Lais of Corinth, ii. 240. 
 ' Land of the Leal,' ii. 170. 
 Lucian, his early life and travels, 
 
 pp. ix, X. 
 Greek style, p. xi. 
 
 — — later years, p. xi. 
 
 Dialogues of the Gods and of 
 
 the Dead, pp. xii, xiii. 
 — satires on the philosophers, 
 
 p, xiv. 
 
 social satires, p. xv. 
 
 ■ relation to Christianity, pp. 
 
 xviii, xix. 
 
 Lucian, style and manner of his fic- 
 tion, pp. XX, xxi. 
 
 Mandragora, or 'mandrake,' ii. 457. 
 fif] for ov, frequent use of by Lucian, 
 ^i- 50, 503> ii- 1^53 ; P- xi, note. 
 fiTj in indirect questions, i. 270, 
 Minotaurus, mention of, ii. 626. 
 Momus, references to, ii. 51. 
 Months, Greek names of, ii. 176. 
 fxovaiKTi, original meaning of, ii. 95. 
 
 Narcissus, story of, ii. 226, 
 Naturalness of Lucian's fiction, i. 
 
 180; p. xxi. 
 New Jerusalem, supposed reference to 
 
 by Lucian, ii. 145 ; pp. xviii, xix. 
 
 6 and OS, old demonstrative use of, 
 
 ii. 278. 
 Ocean-rtream of Homer, i. 54. 
 Odysseus, killed by Telegonus, ii. 
 
 510. 
 Ogygia, Calypso's island in Homer, 
 
 ii. 405. 
 Optative, denoting frequent action, 
 
 i. 152. 
 Originals of the Vera Historia, real 
 
 or supposed, pp. xvi, xvii. 
 ojs av, elliptic use of, i. 76. 
 dis Stj, ironical force of, i. 29. 
 u)(p€\ov, expressing a wish, i. 252. 
 
 Parasites and hired dependents, p. xv. 
 Tiapa ToaovTOV, meaning of, ii. 3 = 9. 
 Peregrinus, his mock martyrdom, 
 
 p. xix. 
 ■nepLopdv, meaning of, i. 303. 
 Phalaris, the tyrant, ii. 306. 
 Philopseudes, a dialogue, p. xvi. 
 Phocion, his policy, ii. 223. 
 Pillars of Hercules, i. 54. 
 Plato, his Republic, ii. 234 ; p. xx. 
 TrXrjV -^ dWa, i. 237, ii. 629. 
 Pluperfects, use of by Lucian, i. 51 1 ; 
 
 p. ix, x. note. 
 Polypus, or octopus, description of, 
 
 ^- ^-^'^- . ^o 
 
 TrpoOean'ia, technical sense of, i. 568.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 n 
 
 Pythagoras, his mystic injunctions, Spirits of the dead, popular notions 
 ii. 391. about, ii. 159; p. xx. 
 
 — Transmigration theory, ii. 284 ; Stesichorus of Himera, ii. 206. 
 
 p. XX. Swift's Gulliver's Travels, p. xxii. 
 
 — fable about, ii. 285. 
 
 Pythagoreans forbidden to eat beans, Tellus, the happiest of mankind, ii. 
 ii. 331. 223. 
 
 Thersites, mention of, ii. 280. 
 Quevedo's Visions, p. xxii. Translations of the Vera Historia, 
 
 p. xxiii. 
 Rabelais, compared with Lucian, i. Tyro, legend of, ii. 61. 
 406 ; p. xxii. 
 
 Rivers of Hades, ii. 424. 
 Roc, story of in Arabian Nights, ii. 
 562 ; p. xvii. 
 
 Satire of Lucian, its real object, 
 
 p. xiv. 
 Sciron. the robber, ii. 30S. 
 Seven Sages of Greece, ii. 224. 
 Shepherds' pipes, dedicated to Pan, 
 
 ii. loi. 
 Sinis, the ' Pine-bender,' ii. 308. 
 Socrates at the battle of Delium, 
 
 ii. 314. 
 — his cross-examining method, ii. 
 
 229 ; p. XX. 
 
 v^pis, a legal term. ii. 280. 
 
 Vera Historia, modern continuation 
 of, ii, 704. 
 
 — general account of, pp. xvi-xxi. 
 
 — modern imitations of, pp. xxii, 
 xxiii. 
 
 Voltaire's Princess of Babylon and 
 Micromegas, p. xxii. 
 
 Western continent, ancient notion 
 of, ii. 384. 
 
 Zamolxis, worship of in Thrace, ii. 
 221.
 
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