THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
A HANDBOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 BRITISH BIRDS, 
 
 SHOWING THE 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESIDENT AND MIGRATORY SPECIES 
 IN THE BRITISH ISLANDS, 
 
 WITH 
 
 AN INDEX TO THE RECORDS OF THE RARER VISITANTS. 
 
 BY 
 
 J. E. HARTING, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 
 
 MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION, ETC. ETC. 
 
 LONDON: 
 JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 
 MDCCCLXXII. 
 
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, 
 BED LION COUKT, FLEET STREET. 
 
 ALERE O FLAMMAM. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THOSE who are acquainted with the works of Bewick, 
 Montagu, Jardine, Selby, Macgillivray, Yarrell, and Gould, 
 without having made a special study of their contents, may 
 well be excused for doubting whether a further publication 
 on the subject of British Birds can be either desirable or 
 necessary. 
 
 Practical ornithologists, however, who may take up this 
 Handbook will see in it an attempt to supply a want which, 
 notwithstanding the admirable works above referred to, they 
 must have frequently experienced*; for in two important 
 respects, at least, do these fail to satisfy their requirements : 
 they do not distinguish with sufficient clearness the species 
 which are truly indigenous to Great Britain from those which 
 are but rare and accidental visitants ; nor do they indicate 
 with sufficient authority the scientific nomenclature which 
 should be adopted for the species of which they take cog- 
 nizance. 
 
 Without attention to the first of these points, it is impos- 
 sible to form any thing like a correct estimate of the character 
 of the British avifauna; while to neglect the second is to 
 perpetuate error, and to render perplexing that which should 
 always be simple and intelligible. 
 
 * Cf. Alston, < Zoologist,' 1866, p. 453. 
 
 a2 
 
 M366567 
 
iv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 To supply these particular necessities is the object of the 
 present work; and on this account no attempt has been made 
 to travel beyond the limits indicated by giving descriptions 
 of the species or dilating upon their haunts, habits, seasonal 
 changes of plumage, migrations, or geographical distribution. 
 These and many other details may be derived from the sources 
 above mentioned, and will doubtless be worked out more 
 fully and more satisfactorily than ever in the forthcoming 
 new edition of YarrelPs work, for which English naturalists 
 are anxiously expectant. 
 
 Under these circumstances it is hoped that this Handbook 
 will be regarded not in any sense as intended to rival or sup- 
 plant existing or forthcoming text-books on the subject, but 
 to assist students in a manner and to an extent which has 
 not been contemplated in the works referred to. The claims 
 of species to rank as British, the proper scientific names 
 which each should bear, the habitat of the rarer visitants, and 
 the frequency or otherwise of their occurrence are points to 
 which attention is almost exclusively directed in the following 
 pages. To obtain accurate and reliable details upon these 
 points no labour has been spared, no source of information 
 neglected; and although it is not pretended that no errors 
 have escaped detection, yet it is believed that upon investiga- 
 tion these will be found to be but few and comparatively un- 
 important. In a great measure this must be said to be due 
 to the assistance which the author has derived from his friends 
 and fellow workers in the field of ornithology during the 
 time that the work has been in progress ; and on this account 
 his thanks are especially due to Professor Newton, Mr. J. H. 
 Gurney, Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun., Mr. Stevenson, and Mr. 
 Robert Gray, all of whom have cooperated, at no inconsider- 
 able expenditure of time and trouble, in replying to numerous 
 inquiries, and furnishing important information. It is need- 
 
INTRODUCTION. V 
 
 less to say that through their kind assistance in revising the 
 details now presented to the reader, a greater accuracy has 
 been ensured than could possibly have been the case had the 
 author relied solely upon his own efforts. 
 
 The results which follow from a consideration of these 
 details are both curious and instructive. 
 
 When the late Mr. Yarrell, in 1856, published the third 
 edition of his ' History of British Birds, ' he enumerated 352 
 species which he considered had more or less claim to be in- 
 cluded in the British list. Since that time no less than 47 
 others have been added*, so that the total number of species 
 at present recognized as occurring in Great Britain should be 
 399 ; but leaving out four of those noticed by Yarrell viz. 
 Cygnus olor, a domesticated species, Uria ringvia (p. 74) 
 and Larus capistratus (p. 175), which are mere varieties, and 
 Alca impennis, now believed to be extinct the corrected total 
 arrived at is 395. 
 
 Of these, in round numbers, 130 are Residents, 100 Perio- 
 dical Migrants, and 30 Annual Visitants, the remainder being 
 Rare and Accidental Visitants. And here it may be well, in 
 order to avoid future misunderstanding, to define the terms 
 which have just been employed. 
 
 As RESIDENTS are included those species which rear their 
 
 * These are : Falco islandicus, Astur atricapillus, Milvus migrans, 
 Buteo lineatus, Nyctale acadica, Lanius minor, Muscicapa parva, Vireo- 
 sylvia olivacea, Turdus atrigularis, T. sibiricus, Salicaria palustris, S. 
 aquatica, Regains calendula, Motacilla cinereocapilla, Anthus spinoletta, 
 A. cainpestris, A. cervinus, A. ludovicianus, Alauda calandra, A. sibirica, 
 Emberiza pusilla, E. rustica, E. melanocephala, Fringilla serinus, Carpo- 
 dacus erythrinus, Sturnella magna, Picus medius, P. villosus, P. pubescens, 
 P. auratus, Cuculus erythrophthalinus, Hirundo bicolor, Cypselus cauda- 
 cutus, Caprimulgus ruficollis, Syrrhaptes paradoxus, ^Egialitis vociferus, 
 Totanus solitarius, Gallinago wilsoni, Grus virgo, G. pavonina, Crex 
 Carolina, Cygnus aniericanus, C. buccinator, Anser albatus, Sterna velox, 
 Larus ichtbyaetus, and Larus melanocephalus. 
 
Vi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 young annually in the British Islands, and are to be found 
 in some part or other of the United Kingdom throughout 
 the year. Of these many are partially migratory, as, for 
 instance, Falco asalon, F. tinnunculus, Otus brachyotus, Turdus 
 musicus, T. torquatus, Regulus cristatus, Motacilla yarrellii, 
 Linota cannabina, L. flavirostris, L. rufescens, Columba palum- 
 bus, C. cenas, Charadrius pluvialis, jEgialitis hiaticula, Tringa 
 alpina, Scolopax rusticola, Gallinago media, and others. 
 Nevertheless, as specimens of all may be obtained in some 
 locality or other during every month in the year, they may 
 be regarded for all practical purposes as residents. 
 
 PERIODICAL MIGRANTS are those which visit us annually 
 and regularly at particular seasons, and whose advent and 
 departure may be dated in advance with considerable preci- 
 sion. Of these we have familiar examples in Luscinia philo- 
 mela, Cuculus canorus, and the Hirundines, which come here 
 for the summer, and Turdus iliacus and T. pilaris, which 
 spend the winter with us; while others, like most of the 
 Tringida, perform a double migration and pass through the 
 country twice a year, viz. in spring and autumn. 
 
 The ANNUAL VISITANTS comprise those which occur in 
 some part of the British Islands annually, but compa- 
 ratively in very limited numbers and at irregular and uncer- 
 tain intervals. The month in which some or one of them 
 may be expected may be named ; but the uncertainty of their 
 arrival in any particular county precludes their being placed 
 with the Periodical Migrants. Amongst these may be men- 
 tioned Oriolus galbula, Regulus ignicapillus , Ampelis garrulus, 
 Emberiza lapponica, Linota linaria, Pastor roseus, Upupa 
 epopSj Coracias garrula, Merops apiaster, Recurvirostra avo- 
 cetta, Ciconia alba } Grus cinerea, Anas strepera, (Edemia 
 fuscaj Sterna dougallii, and Larus minutus. 
 
 Of the Residents, which, as above mentioned, may be 
 
INTRODUCTION. vii 
 
 reckoned at 130 or thereabouts, 13 are not found in Ireland, 
 and 9 are either unknown or extremely rare in Scotland. 
 Those excluded from Ireland are : Sylvia undata, Sitta ccesia, 
 Partis cristatus, Panurus biarmicus, Emberiza cirlus, Picus 
 viridis, P. minor, Columba amas, Tetrao tetrix, T. lagopus, 
 Perdix rufa, Crex pusilla, and C. bailloni. 
 
 Those unknown, or very rare, in Scotland are : Sylvia un- 
 data, Panurus biarmicus, Sitta casia, Parus palustris, Em- 
 beriza cirlus, Picus viridis, P. minor, Crex pusilla, and Crex 
 bailloni. 
 
 Out of 100 Periodical Migrants, the great majority of which 
 come to us from the south, 10 do not reach Ireland, viz. 
 Lanius collurio, Muscicapa atricapilla, Salicaria arundinacea 
 (Linn.), S. strepera, S. luscinoides, Luscinia phitomela, Sylvia 
 sylviella, Motacilla flava, Anthus arboreus, Jynx torquilla', 
 while 8 others are of but rare occurrence there, viz. Falco 
 subbuteo, Ruticilla tithys, Sylvia atricapilla, S. hortensis, Phyl- 
 lopneuste sibilatrix, Eudromias morinellus, ^gialitis canti- 
 anus, and Trinya temminckii. In Scotland 10 also are never, 
 or very rarely, met with, viz. R. tithys, S. arundinacea (Linn.), 
 S. strepera, S. luscinoides, L. philomela, S. atricapilla, S. syl- 
 viella, Motacilla flava, Jynx torquilla, -and Turtur auritus. 
 
 With regard to Annual Visitants, Ireland is not visited by 
 8 or 9 which find their way to England, as Regulus ignicapil- 
 lus, Parus cristatus, Anthus richardi, Alauda alpestris, Em- 
 beriza lapponica, E. hortulana, Linota linaria, and Phalaropus 
 hyperboreus ; while in Scotland Anthus richardi has not been 
 observed, and Coracias garrula and Merops apiaster are ad- 
 mitted to be of very rare occurrence. Ireland does not pos- 
 sess any characteristic birds as is the case with Scotland ; and 
 the only species which have been found in the sister isle and 
 not in England belong to the rare and accidental visitants, of 
 which mention will be made hereafter. In Scotland, on the 
 
Vlll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 contrary, many species which are known only in England as 
 Periodical Migrants or Annual Visitants, nest regularly and 
 bring up their young there, and may thus be regarded as 
 peculiarly Scottish. Amongst these may be mentioned 
 Parus cristatus, Fringilla spinus, Linota flavirostris) Loxia 
 curvirostra, Corvus corax, C. comix, Tetrao urogallus, T. la- & s 
 gopus, Eudromias morinellus, Tot anus glottis, Tringa alpina, ^ 
 Phalaropus hyperboreus, Numenius ph&opus, Anser ferus, 
 Mergus merganser, Colymbus arcticus> C. septentrionalis, Les- 
 tris catarractes, L. parasiticm, Falmarus glacialis, and Pro- 
 eellaria leachii. A few of these, however, as Corvus. corax 
 and Tringa alpina , nest regularly, though in smaller num- 
 bers, in England; and Loxia curvirostra has done so oc- 
 casionally (vide p. 29). 
 
 The Rare and Accidental Visitants form a large proportion 
 of the total number of species in the British list, being 135 out 
 of 395, or rather more than one-third of the whole. If from 
 these we exclude the Terns, Gulls, and Petrels, many of 
 which are almost cosmopolitan in their distribution, it will be 
 found that of the remainder 48 are European, 14 Asiatic, 11 
 African, and 42 American* in their origin. 
 
 The European species are doubtless too well known to 
 require particular enumeration, while the proximity of the 
 British Islands to the European continent renders their oc- 
 currence here the less remarkable. 
 
 Those of Asiatic origin are : 
 
 Muscicapa parva (3)f, Turdus varins (12), T, atrigularis: 
 (1), T. siblricus (1), Reguloides superciliosus (2), Alauda 
 sibirica (1), Carpodacus erythrinus (2), Cypselus caudacutiis 
 (1), Syrrhaptes paradoxus (numerous examples in two dif- 
 
 * One of these, however, Ortyx virginianus, is an introduced species. 
 t The figures in brackets indicate the number of times which the 
 species has been recorded to have occurred. 
 
INTRODUCTION. IX 
 
 ferent years), Otis macqueeni (\), Anser ruficollis (12), 
 Tadorna rutila (8), Histrionicus torquatus (7 or 8), and 
 Somateria stelleri (2). Of these, as might perhaps be ex- 
 pected, the majority are small insessorial birds which, 
 travelling overland by short stages, would have less difficulty 
 in reaching our shores than if they had to contend with the 
 winds and storms which sweep a vast expanse of ocean. It 
 should, however, be remarked that although a larger number 
 of insessorial birds (8) have occurred less frequently, a 
 smaller number of natatorial birds (4) have occurred a 
 greater number of times. From what we know of the habits 
 of these, they would appear to be, with one exception, fresh- 
 water species (that is, frequenting inland lakes and estuaries), 
 and therefore likely to travel hither by an overland route. 
 
 There is of course a difficulty in relying too strongly upon 
 statistics of this kind, from the fact that few species are 
 strictly confined to the country which they are said to inhabit. 
 In many cases the most that can be said is, that a species is 
 more numerous in one particular country than in any other ; 
 and this is the test which has been applied in determining 
 the habitat of the rare and accidental visitants which are in- 
 cluded in Part II. of this Handbook. Bearing this in 
 mind, the classification of a species as Asiatic for example 
 S. stelleri, which is also found, though less frequently, in the 
 northern parts of Europe and America (p. 164) is really less 
 arbitrary than at first sight might appear to be the case. 
 
 The species which have visited us from Africa, eleven in 
 number, are : Pycnonotus capensis (1), Aedon galactodes (2), 
 Cuculus glandarius (2), Caprimulgvs ruficollis (1), Perdix 
 petrosa (4 or 5, but doubtfully true immigrants), Cursorius 
 gallicus (19), Grus virgo (1), G. pavonina (1), Ardea comata 
 (21), A. russata (3), and Plectropterus gambensis (4). Here 
 it will be observed the grallatorial birds are in the majority ; 
 
X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and, indeed, it may be said that the only two species which 
 attract attention as coming repeatedly from the African con- 
 tinent both belong to this order. A single African web- 
 footed bird, the Spur- winged Goose (P. gambensis], has been 
 recorded to have been met with at large in this country on 
 four different occasions, although it has been supposed by 
 some that these specimens may have escaped from a state of 
 semidomestication upon some ornamental waters. 
 
 But while speculating upon the isolated occurrences of a 
 few African birds in this country, at intervals perhaps of 
 several years, it should be borne in mind that half the sum- 
 mer migrants which visit us annually and rear their young 
 here, such as the Hirundines, Sylvia atricapilla, S. hortensis, 
 S. dnerea, Salicaria phragmitis, S. strepera, and others, spend 
 a considerable portion of their existence during the winter 
 months in some part of Africa. 
 
 The question therefore is not one of possibility, but of 
 design ; and this strikes us the more forcibly when reviewing 
 the large number of species (above forty) which have come 
 to us, or are supposed to have come to us, from America. 
 These are: Astur atricapillus (3), N. furcatus (5), Buteo 
 lineatus (1, doubtfully), Scops asio (2, doubtfully), N.acadica 
 (1, doubtfully), Vireosylvia olivacea (1), Regulus calendula (1), 
 Anlhus ludovicianus (9, doubtfully), Loxia leucoptera (4), 
 Agelaus phceniceus (9), Sturnella magna (3), Picus villosus (2), 
 P.pubescens (1), P. auratus (1), Cuculus americanus (5), C. 
 erylhrophthalmus (1), Ceryle alcyon (2) , Hirundo purpurea (2, 
 doubtfully), H. bicolor (1), Columba migraloria (5)*, Ortyx 
 virginianus (introduced) , jEgialitis vociferus, Tolanus flavipes 
 (3), T. solitarius (1), Actiturus bartramius (4), Tringites ru- 
 fescens (15), Tringoides macularius (16), Tringamaculata (16) 
 
 * Four only are noticed at p. 128 j but Thompson mentions another 
 (Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds) vol. iii. p. 443), as procured near Tralee in 1848. 
 
INTRODUCTION. XI 
 
 T. bonapartii (9), T. pusilla (2), Gallinago wilsoni (1), Mawo- 
 rhamplms griseus (15), Numenius borealis (4), Botaurus len- 
 tiginosus (14)*, Crex Carolina (V), Cygnus americanus (1), 
 C. buccinator (1), Anser albatus (1), Anas americana (6), 
 Clangula albeola (5 or 6), CEdemia perspicillata (10), Soma- 
 teria spectabilis (15), and Mergus cucullatus (11). 
 
 It is extremely difficult to believe that the non-aquatic 
 species in this list have actually journeyed across the Atlantic, 
 and performed a voyage of at least 1700 nautical miles on 
 the shortest route, via Newfoundland ; but that most of them 
 have actually done so seems proved by the fact that they 
 have never been met with in Greenland, Iceland, and the 
 Faroe Isles (the only countries through which they would 
 otherwise have passed by a change of route); and many 
 which have thus found their way to England or Ireland (as, 
 for example, Agelceus phoeniceus, Cuculus americanus, Ceryle 
 alcyon, jftgialitis vociferus, Totanus solitarius, Tringa bona- 
 partii, Botaurus lentiginosus, and others) have never been 
 met with on any part of the European continent. As might 
 be expected, at least half the American species found in this 
 country belong to the orders Grallatores and Natatores, 
 while of the 14 species of Insessorial birds, none of them, 
 with the exception of Agelceus phceniceus, has occurred half 
 a dozen times. This plainly shows that their appearance on 
 this side of the Atlantic is the merest accident, and not the 
 result of any continued and successful attempt at migration. 
 In some instances at least it is not unreasonable to suppose 
 that these small birds must have availed themselves to a 
 great extent of the rigging of passing vessels, or have been 
 brought to this country in cages, from which they have been 
 
 * In addition to those noticed at pp. 150-152, 1 have recently been in-, 
 formed by Sir John Crewe that a specimen in his collection was killed 
 at Slingsby, near Malton, Yorkshire, on the 4th Dec. 1871. 
 
Xll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 allowed, accidentally or designedly (vide p. 107), to escape; 
 and there are many birds, for example the Picida, whose 
 importation in cages rarely, if ever, occurs. 
 
 Those who find it difficult to believe in the appearance of 
 Picus martins in England after so short a journey as the 
 passage of the German Ocean, must feel still greater difficulty 
 in admitting the claims of any American species of Picus to 
 a place in the British list. And yet there are records, ap- 
 parently trustworthy, of the capture of no less than three 
 different species of this genus in England (vide pp. 122, 123), 
 all of which are inhabitants of the New World. 
 
 In attempting to ascertain the claims of such species as 
 these to be admitted in a list of British birds, there are two 
 difficulties which constantly beset the conscientious historian 
 who meets with records of their capture here. These are : 
 first, the published communications of over-zealous collectors, 
 who, anxious to record their possession of a species which 
 they deem rare, hasten to give it a name before they have 
 satisfactorily identified it ; and, secondly, the results of 
 the many attempts which unscrupulous dealers make (un- 
 fortunately too often with success) to palm off foreign species 
 upon unwary collectors, with the assurance that they have 
 been killed in some part or other of the British Islands. 
 There can be little doubt that many of such records, to which 
 of necessity reference has been made in the second part of 
 this work, are, for the reasons above mentioned, worthless, 
 although perhaps originally published in perfect good faith by 
 the owners of the specimens. It has been practically im- 
 possible, through lapse of time, death of parties, or ignorance 
 of their addresses, to test the value of every reported oc- 
 currence of rare visitants ; but yet, whenever this was 
 possible, it has- been done, and oftentimes with the best 
 results. In many cases where it could not be effected, the 
 
INTRODUCTION. Xlll 
 
 name of the recorder may be taken as a sufficient guarantee 
 for the genuineness of the record ; and it would be obviously 
 unfair to omit all mention of a report because the truth of it 
 could not now be satisfactorily ascertained. Further than 
 this, it has been deemed more prudent to notice erroneous 
 reports for the sake of showing them to be so, than to incur 
 a risk of being supposed to have overlooked them by omitting 
 all allusion to their existence. 
 
 It has been already stated that in order not to extend the 
 limits of this book unreasonably by going over ground which 
 has been already well worked, all details as to haunts, habits, 
 &c. have been purposely omitted. Nevertheless, in a search 
 for what has been really required, it has frequently happened 
 that important essays and short notices of a valuable nature 
 have been met with; and to preserve a note of these for 
 future reference has appeared almost as desirable as to index 
 the records of rare visitants. On this account therefore, and 
 especially when they have not been alluded to in the standard 
 works before mentioned, a brief reference to volume and page 
 has been given, the object being to save time and trouble to 
 the reader by referring him direct to valuable sources of 
 information which might otherwise remain unknown or over- 
 looked. In some cases these have come to hand too late for 
 insertion in their proper place, and have therefore unfortu- 
 nately been omitted. To some extent, however, this may 
 yet be remedied, and the work rendered more complete, if the 
 reader will take the trouble to insert upon the proper pages 
 the following scraps of information : 
 
 In Scotland the Hobby (p. 4) is of more frequent occur- 
 rence in the eastern than in the western countries (Gray, 
 Birds West Scot. p. 29) . Three instances of its being killed 
 in Kirkcudbrightshire are given by Mr. Tottenham Lee, 
 (' Naturalist/ 1853, p. 44) ; and it has once been taken in 
 
xiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Arran (Gray, op. cit.). In Ireland it is very rare ; Thomp- 
 son mentions but one instance of its occurrence, and that in 
 the county of Cork. There is a second Irish specimen, how- 
 ever, in the Museum at Belfast, and one, shot in Tipperary, in 
 the Museum of the Royal Dublin Society. Within the last 
 few years two others have been procured in the neighbour- 
 hood of Newtownbarry, co. Wexford, one of which was 
 forwarded to the writer for inspection. In addition to the 
 localities formerly frequented by the Goshawk (p. 4) may be 
 mentioned : Tawton, Devon, where, according to Dr. Moore 
 (Cat. Birds Devon), a nest of this species was seen, and one 
 of the old birds was wounded but escaped; Kilmorack, 
 Inverness-shire (fide Blyth, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 568) ; 
 and Balmacara, Ross-shire, at which last-named place, in 
 April 1871, a nest was found containing two eggs, one of 
 which is now in the collection of Mr. E. Hargitt. A more 
 recent instance of the nesting of the Kite in Lincolnshire 
 may be cited than that referred to at p. 6. *Mr. Adrian, 
 of Lincoln, had some Kites' eggs from a wood near Wragley, 
 taken in the spring of 1870. This bird is very rare in Ireland. 
 Sir William Jardine lately informed the writer that the 
 Rough-legged Buzzard (p. 6) once nested near Twizel in 
 Northumberland, and that he accompanied the late Mr. 
 Selby to look at the nest. 
 
 The Fieldfare (p. 11) is said to have nested in Selkirkshire 
 (cf. Fairholme, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 339, and Blyth, op. 
 cit. p. 439). 
 
 The Nightingale (p. 15), said to be unknown in the west 
 of Devonshire and Cornwall, has been heard and seen at 
 Exeter (< Naturalist/ 1851, p. 177), and shot at Honiton 
 (' Zoologist/ May 1846). A solitary Blackcap (p. 15) ap- 
 peared at Balta Sound, Shetland, and was captured in October 
 1865 (cf. Saxby, 'Zoologist/ 1865, p. 9438). 
 
INTEODUCTIOX. XV 
 
 A locality in Devon for the Dartford Warbler (p. 16) is, or 
 was, Bickleigh Vale, near Plymouth (Moore, Trans. Plym. 
 Tnst. 1830, p. 304) ; ditto, in Oxfordshire, Stonwood Beckley 
 (' Zoologist/ 1849, p. 2597) ; ditto, in Leicestershire, Melton 
 Mowbray (Harley, /. c.) ; ditto, in Derbyshire, Melbourne 
 Common (Briggs, ' Zoologist, 1849, p. 2486). The Fire- 
 crested Wren (p. 19) is unknown in Ireland. For a note on 
 the habits of the Crested Titmouse (p. 20) as observed in 
 Scotland, cf. Saxby, ' Zoologist/ 1862, p. 7998. Its acci- 
 dental occurrence in Yorkshire is confirmed, ' Zoologist/ 
 1872, p. 3021. Major Irby says this bird is resident and 
 very common in the cork woods of Almoraima, ten miles from 
 Gibraltar, and found in all the districts in the vicinity where 
 there are any cork-trees, in which they nest. As it also breeds 
 annually in Scotland, there can be nothing so remarkable in 
 its occasional occurrence in England as some would have us 
 believe. As in the case of the Long-tailed Titmouse (p. 21), 
 the Coal Titmouse of Great Britain has been found to differ 
 slightly in some respects from the continental form of the 
 species, which is the true Parus ater of Linnaeus ; and Messrs. 
 Sharpe and Dresser have accordingly separated it under the 
 name of P. britannicus (cf. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser., viii. 
 p. 437). A good account of the habits of the Long-tailed 
 Titmouse (p. 22) by Mr. Blyth is given (Mag. Nat. Hist. 
 1837, p. 199) . Localities in Devon for the Bearded Titmouse 
 (p. 22) were formerly Topsham and Thorverton, on the Exe 
 (Moore, 1. c.). The visits of Richard's Pipit (p. 24) to 
 Great Britain have hitherto been confined to England. The 
 Girl Bunting (p. 26), which is chiefly restricted to the south 
 of England, has been met with in Leicestershire (cf. Harley, 
 " List Birds Leicester.," in vol. iii. of Macgillivray's Hist. 
 Brit. Birds). 
 
 The Tree Sparrow (p. 28) is plentiful in some parts of the 
 
XVI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 New Forest ; and there was a colony for many years at Stand- 
 lake, in Oxfordshire. Of twenty nests taken there, one 
 was in a faggot-stack, one in a hole of a decayed elm, two in 
 holes of pollard ash, four in holes of pollard willow, and 
 twelve in holes in decayed apple-trees in orchards. On the 
 subject of Linnets (p. 28) the reader may be referred to Dr. 
 E. Coues's Monograph of the genus published in the f Proc. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.' 1861, p. 373 with some additional 
 remarks, 1863, p. 40. The change of plumage which takes 
 place in the Crossbills (p. 29) and Pine Grosbeak (p. 113) is 
 very remarkable. Mr. Wheelwright's observations on the 
 subject (' Zoologist/ 1862, p. 8001) are well worth reading. 
 No instance is on record of the nesting of the Rose-coloured 
 Pastor (p. 30) in Great Britain; but the birds have been 
 seen and shot several times in the middle of summer. Dr. 
 Moore mentions one which was shot in Devon in June, and 
 a young one without a crest in October. A pair were shot 
 in July at Rosemount, near Glasgow, where they had been 
 observed for some days previously. 
 
 It is stated (p. 32) that the Green Woodpecker is unknown 
 in Ireland. This is very near the truth ; but a single in- 
 stance of its occurrence at Granard, co. Longford, is men- 
 tioned by Thompson in the Appendix to the third volume of 
 his Nat. Hist. Ireland, p. 441. In the autumn of 1861 the 
 Greater Spotted Woodpecker (p. 32) was observed to be very 
 numerous in Orkney and Shetland (cf. Saxby, * Zoologist/ 
 1862, p. 7932). 
 
 The Lesser Spotted Woodpecker (p. 32), although almost 
 unknown in Ireland, has yet occurred oftener, so far as is 
 known, than the Green Woodpecker. Glennon, of Dublin, 
 has preserved six or seven, at various times, sent to him from 
 different parts of Ireland. 
 
 Although most of the small birds which periodically visit 
 
INTRODUCTION. XV11 
 
 this country, such as Willow Wrens, Whitethroats, and 
 Pipits, perform their long journeys by night, as evidenced by 
 the numbers which strike against the lighthouses and are 
 killed; others, like the Swallows, migrate by day; and 
 many instances are on record of their having been ob- 
 served en route. Such opportunities in the case of the 
 rarer visitants are not so frequently enjoyed. The Hoopoe, 
 for example, an irregular spring and autumn migrant, 
 rarely occurring in winter, though met with annually in- 
 land, has seldom been observed on passage. In the 
 English Channel on the 15th April, 1854, a Hoopoe, 
 after flying two or three times round the steamer, entered 
 one of the windows of the saloon and was taken, apparently 
 exhausted with fatigue. Another, on the 21st April, 1853, 
 alighted on a mackerel-boat between the Eddy stone Lighthouse 
 and Plymouth Breakwater, in an exhausted state, and allowed 
 itself to be taken. There can be little doubt that this bird 
 occasionally nests in England, and would do so more fre- 
 quently if unmolested. A pair frequented Gilbert White's 
 Garden at Selborne; and another pair nested for several 
 years in the grounds of Pennsylvania Castle, Portland (cf. 
 Garland, < Naturalist/ 1852, p. 82). According to Mr. 
 Turner of Sherborne, Dorsetshire, the nest has been taken 
 on three or four occasions by the school-boys from pollard 
 willows on the banks of the river at Lenthay. The birds 
 were known to the boys as " hoops." 
 
 The Roller (p. 34), which is so rare a bird in Scotland, has 
 once been procured in Orkney (cf. Saxby, ' Zoologist/ 1871, 
 p. 2561). The Red Grouse (p. 39) may be said to be the 
 only bird in the British Islands which is peculiar to our 
 fauna, unless, indeed, the Scotch Ptarmigan be considered 
 specifically distinct from the so-called Willow Grouse. 
 
 Our knowledge of the supposed gular pouch in the male 
 
 I 
 
XV111 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Bustard, originally due to a British anatomist. Dr. James 
 Douglas, was first made known in 1740 by Albin, in his ' Nat. 
 Hist. Brit. Birds/ iii. p. 36. Since that date many have been 
 the contributions published, and various the opinions ex- 
 pressed, on this very curious subject. In ' The Ibis/ for 1862, 
 pp. 107-127, will be found a very full and interesting account 
 by Professor Newton of all that had been previously published 
 on the matter, supplemented with observations of his own; 
 and an important communication on the same subject by 
 Dr. Cullen is given in ' The Ibis/ 1865, p. 143. 
 
 Yarrell's paper in the Trans. Linn. Society, 1855, p. 155, 
 and Prof. Flower's contribution, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 747, 
 should also be referred to for additional and valuable details. 
 
 An annual decrease in numbers of the Dotterel (Eudromias 
 morinellus) has been remarked of late by naturalists residing 
 in localities where this species was once more plentiful; and 
 this is doubtless due to the proportionate increase of gunners, 
 and the unchecked shooting which at present takes place 
 throughout the year, whereby numbers of breeding birds are 
 destroyed immediately on their arrival in May. 
 
 It is to be hoped that the legislative protection which is 
 now afforded to sea-birds during the nesting- season will be 
 extended gradually to other indigenous species, that we may 
 prevent, before it is too late, any others from being added to 
 the already long list of fine species which have been driven 
 from, or well nigh exterminated in, the British Islands. 
 
 As all references to the nesting-haunts of rare species are 
 interesting, it may be well to supplement the list of counties 
 which are believed to be frequented by the Dotterel in the 
 breeding-season (p. 43), by adding that in May and June 
 1853 three nests, containing three eggs each, were taken in 
 Elginshire (cf. Thurnall, ( Naturalist/ 1853, p. 254). Another 
 locality formerly visited by the Avocet (p. 46) in the nesting- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 season, was Fossdyke Wash, Lincolnshire (Pennant). The 
 Wood Sandpiper, usually a spring and autumn migrant, is 
 known to have remained throughout the summer and nested. 
 In addition to the nest found by Mr. Hancock (p. 47) another 
 was taken in a birch-plantation by a small loch- side in Elgin- 
 shire, 23rd May, 1853, and the eggs identified by Mr. Bond 
 (cf. Thurnall, < Naturalist/ 1853, p. 254). 
 
 Devon may be added to the counties in which the nest of 
 the Dunlin (p. 49) has been found (cf. Moore, Mag. Nat. 
 Hist. 1837, p. 322). 
 
 The Crane (p. 54) is very rare in Shetland. A long ac- 
 count and description of two procured there in July 1865 will 
 be found in the ' Zoologist/ 1865, pp. 9767-9772. A young 
 Bittern (p. 56) taken at Ranworth, Norfolk, is figured in the 
 ' Zoologist/ 1846, p. 1321. On the subject of British Wild 
 Geese, the reader may be referred to a paper by Mr. Arthur 
 Strickland, read before the Nat. Hist. Section of the British 
 Association at Leeds, 24th Sept. 1858, and published in the 
 ' Naturalist/ 1858, p. 271, wherein the author says that the 
 Grey Lag Goose never was a migratory species in this country, 
 but permanently resided and bred in the ' ' carrs " of York- 
 shire, and probably in the fens of Lincolnshire ; and although 
 long since banished from these places, it still breeds in the 
 Western Isles of Scotland. As to this see also Gray, ' Birds 
 of West of Scotland/ p. 339. 
 
 While on the subject of wild fowl, a passing allusion may 
 be made to a couple of essays by two very practical observers 
 on the change of plumage in Ducks and other birds, the 
 first by the late Charles Waterton (Essays in Nat. Hist., 1st 
 series, p. 196), the second by Mr. Blyth (Mag. Nat. Hist. 
 1837, pp. 259-300). A full and very interesting account of 
 decoy-ponds, as worked in Norfolk, will be found in Lubbock's 
 ' Fauna of Norfolk/ pp. 94-110; and a capital description 
 
XX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of a particular decoy at Tillingham, on the coast of Essex, 
 is given in < The Field' of 15th Feb. 1868. 
 
 One of the best existing decoys in the kingdom is that 
 known as the Ashby Decoy, in Lincolnshire. The late 
 owner, Mr. Henry Healy, caused a careful account to be kept 
 of each day's capture from the winter of 1833-34 down to 
 that of 186768 ; and the results, as arranged in the opposite 
 Table (p. xxi), will give some notion of the immense number of 
 fowl annually taken in a decoy, as well as of the proportions 
 in which the various species are found associated together. 
 
 From this it will be seen that the captures have averaged 
 2741 head of wild fowl per annum, and in the course of five- 
 and-thirty years there has not been such a decrease in num- 
 bers as, from various causes, might have been expected. 
 Contrary to general belief, the number of birds taken, it ap- 
 pears, is influenced not by the coldness of the weather, but 
 by the amount of rain. If it is a very dry autumn, few birds 
 are caught ; but if there is a good deal of rain in October 
 and November, the reverse is the case. In very severe 
 weather they betake themselves elsewhere. In the opposite 
 Table it will also be noticed that the rarity of the Gadwall 
 is well brought out. In five-and-thirty years, twenty-two 
 specimens only were taken, and this in a favourable loca- 
 lity on the east coast. In Ireland, for reasons elsewhere 
 stated (p. 62), this Duck is much rarer than in England. A 
 pair killed in Dublin Bay, and another pair in the county of 
 Antrim (cf. Blake-Knox, 'Zoologist/ 1871, p. 2644), are 
 amongst the very few Irish specimens on record. 
 
 It has been stated (p. 64), on the authority of Mr. Thomp- 
 son, that the Ferruginous Duck has not been obtained in 
 Ireland. One killed on the Dublin coast, however, in 1871, 
 was noticed by Mr. Blake-Knox in the f Zoologist/ 1871, 
 p. 2645. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XXI 
 
 AN ACCOUNT OP WILD FOWL KILLED AT THE ASHBY DECOY, 
 FROM SEPTEMBER 1833 TO APRIL 1868*. 
 
 
 fi 
 
 j 
 
 i 
 
 DO 
 
 ,-; 
 
 s 
 
 ! 
 
 H 
 
 1833-34 
 
 1884 
 
 1232 
 
 102 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 3227 
 
 1834-35 
 
 4287 
 
 1860 
 
 140 
 
 16 
 
 54 
 
 
 6357 
 
 1835-36 
 
 959 
 
 788 
 
 38 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 
 1808 
 
 1836-37 
 
 768 
 
 326 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 1132 
 
 1837-38 
 1838-39 .. 
 
 1511 
 
 758 
 
 509 
 791 
 
 47 
 21 
 
 11 
 2 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 
 2082 
 1576 
 
 1839-40 
 1840-41 
 1841-42 
 
 2014 
 2584 
 1666 
 
 2002 
 993 
 908 
 
 94 
 126 
 28 
 
 21 
 13 
 5 
 
 74 
 
 8 
 6 
 
 .. 
 
 4205 
 3724 
 2613 
 
 1842-43 
 1843 11 
 
 1094 
 1004 
 
 2077 
 1036 
 
 49 
 
 88 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 
 3228 
 2135 
 
 1844-45 
 
 1298 
 
 1181 
 
 65 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2547 
 
 1845-46 
 
 1022 
 
 1321 
 
 39 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 2390 
 
 1846-47 
 
 1428 
 
 905 
 
 43 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 l 
 
 2486 
 
 1847-48 
 
 1212 
 
 883 
 
 36 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 2133 
 
 1848-49 
 
 1740 
 
 1971 
 
 53 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 
 3778 
 
 1849-50 
 
 1145 
 
 956 
 
 27 
 
 
 2 
 
 l 
 
 2131 
 
 1850-51 
 
 380 
 
 853 
 
 34 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 1270 
 
 1851-52 
 
 632 
 
 1003 
 
 72 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 l 
 
 1711 
 
 1852-53 
 1853-54 
 
 2682 
 2425 
 
 3279 
 1605 
 
 67 
 75 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 26 
 3 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 6059 
 4111 
 
 1854-55 . 
 
 1298 
 
 1221 
 
 89 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2616 
 
 1855-56 
 1856-57 . 
 
 1004 
 763 
 
 781 
 771 
 
 33 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1836 
 1575 
 
 1857-58 
 1858-59 
 1859-60 
 1860-61 
 
 634 
 715 
 734 
 1121 
 
 1566 
 1208 
 1204 
 2365 
 
 110 
 82 
 83 
 23 
 
 24 
 4 
 7 
 34 
 
 11 
 4 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 2348 
 2023 
 2029 
 3547 
 
 1861-62 
 1862-63 
 
 1605 
 843 
 
 1145 
 1481 
 
 54 
 25 
 
 11 
 14 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 2822 
 2464 
 
 1863-64 
 
 2326 
 
 1842 
 
 82 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 4277 
 
 1864-65 ... . 
 
 1663 
 
 1205 
 
 85 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 2959 
 
 1865-66 
 
 282 
 
 637 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 936 
 
 1866-67 
 
 1891 
 
 1502 
 
 66 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 
 3475 
 
 1867-68 
 
 1292 
 
 1161 
 
 75 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 
 2545 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * This Table was published in the 'Field' of the 25th July, 1868, 
 when the decoy was offered for sale on the death of the late owner, and 
 was subsequently reprinted in the * Zoologist ' for Sept. 1868. 
 
XX11 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 That fine bird, the Great Northern Diver (p. 68), known 
 only in England as a winter visitant, occasionally remains 
 throughout the summer in Ireland and the Hebrides ; and 
 although the eggs have not been obtained yet in the 
 British Islands, the bird is believed to have nested on a loch 
 in Assynt, Sutherlandshire (cf. Harvie Brown, Zoologist, 
 1868, pp. 1309, 1424) . With reference to the occasional ap- 
 pearance of the Puffin in winter, and the remarkable differ- 
 ence which exists in the bills of individuals of different ages 
 and at different seasons, the reader may be referred to the 
 ' Zoologist/ 1862, p. 8003, and 1863, p. 8331. To the list of 
 breeding-haunts of the Gannet given at p. 75, may be added 
 one of the Skellig islands, off the coast of Kerry ; and as the 
 nesting-places of the Black-headed Gull (p. 77) are becoming 
 not only fewer in number, but gradually smaller in extent, 
 all records of their former or existing conditions must be of 
 interest. The Gullery at Pilling Moss, Lancashire, is de- 
 scribed in the ' Naturalist/ 1851, p. 194; that at Rollesby is 
 noticed in the same periodical, 1854, p. 253. A third colony 
 on Walney Island is pictured in the ' Zoologist/ 1864, 
 p. 9156; while an account of the well-known Gullery at 
 Scoulton Mere has been recently published by Mr. Stevenson 
 (Trans. Norf. & Norw. Nat. Soc. 1872, pp. 22-30). 
 
 With these fragmentary remarks it was intended to con- 
 clude this Introduction ; but the reader may not unreasonably 
 expect that something should be said in regard to the nomen- 
 clature and arrangement of species which has been adopted 
 in the following pages. On this head a few words will suffice. 
 It must be evident to all who have paid any attention to the 
 subject, that so long as naturalists continue to designate spe- 
 cies at random by any synonyms which may belong to them, 
 so long will confusion reign paramount, to the prejudice of 
 all students in zoology. It is only by adhering strictly to 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 certain fixed principles that the difficulties which present 
 themselves on this point can be effectually overcome. 
 
 If, in furtherance of this object, naturalists would only 
 combine in adopting the excellent and very simple rules pro- 
 posed by the eminent zoologists who were appointed a Com- 
 mittee of the British Association for the express purpose of 
 effecting a reform in zoological nomenclature, all confusion 
 would speedily vanish, and science, instead of repelling the 
 would-be student by its apparent complexity, would attract 
 him by its real simplicity. 
 
 For the present purpose it will not be necessary to mention 
 more than three of the rules referred to ; for, being the most 
 important, they are those which have been more particularly 
 ad hered to in the preparation of the present work. 
 
 1. A species should be designated by the oldest name which 
 has been published for it, to the exclusion of all subsequent 
 synonyms. This is termed " the law of priority." 
 
 2. Linnaeus having originated the binomial system of no- 
 menclature, and having published the last (12th) edition of 
 his ' Sy sterna Naturae ' in 1766 (which edition consequently 
 may be taken to be as complete as he could make it), the 
 " law of priority " should not extend to any name bestowed 
 upon a species prior to that date. 
 
 3. The authority for a specific name, when not applying to 
 the generic name also, should be placed in parentheses, other- 
 wise not e. g.j Aquila chrysaetus (Linnaeus) , Falco subbuteo, 
 Linnaeus. 
 
 Once admitting the propriety of such rules, the sooner they 
 are carried into effect the better ; for although it may be re- 
 pugnant to the feelings of some to discard names with which 
 they have become familiar, they should remember that these 
 names may not be so familiar to others, and the only names 
 which should really be so to all are those only which can be 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 upheld upon fixed principles by such rules as those above 
 mentioned. In the present case, therefore, an attempt has 
 been made to rectify the nomenclature of all the species which 
 have found their way into the British list, by presenting the 
 reader with the oldest, as far as could be ascertained, and 
 therefore the most correct name for each, coupled with the 
 name of the author who first bestowed it. 
 
 The same principle has been applied, although less satis- 
 factorily, to genera ; and, for the sake of simplicity, the adop- 
 tion of subgenera has been as much as possible avoided. It 
 may be further observed that, although in the main the syste- 
 matic arrangement here followed is that adopted by Yarrell, 
 it has been deemed expedient to introduce therein certain 
 modifications which have become necessary from an extended 
 knowledge of the species dealt with. The Orioles, for ex- 
 ample, as also the Rock Thrushes, have been separated from 
 the true Thrushes, with which Yarrell had associated them. 
 The Tree Creeper and Common Wren, hitherto placed 
 amongst the Scansorial birds in company with the Wryneck 
 and other zygodactyle forms, have been removed to a position 
 more in accordance with their structure and habits. The 
 Plovers and Sandpipers, between which families Yarrell in- 
 terposed the Cranes, Herons, and Storks, have been brought 
 into close proximity from a due consideration of their natural 
 affinities ; and in a similar manner other families and genera 
 have been dealt with. In all cases where YarrelFs work is 
 quoted, the pages indicated are those of the 3rd and last 
 edition of 1856, the publication of the 4th edition by Pro- 
 fessor Newton having only recently commenced. 
 
 In conclusion, it may be observed that, as the present work, 
 from its nature, cannot be expected to be free from mistakes, 
 any corrections or emendations which may be communicated 
 by the reader will be gratefully received by the author. 
 
PART I. 
 
 BRITISH BIRDS, PROPERLY SO CALLED, 
 
 BEING RESIDENTS, PERIODICAL MIGRANTS, 
 AND ANNUAL VISITANTS. 
 
 r 
 
HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIEDS. 
 
 Order I. RAPTOKES. 
 Fam. FALCONID.E. 
 
 GOLDEN EAGLE. Aqnila chrysaetus (Linnaeus). 
 
 Eesident in Scotland and Ireland only ; but it for- 
 merly nested in Derbyshire, and is said to have done so 
 in the highest part of Cheviot and in North Wales. 
 Occasionally occurring in England. 
 
 WHITE-TAILED EAGLE. Haliceetus albicilla (Lin- 
 naeus). 
 
 Resident in Scotland and Ireland only. Said to 
 have nested formerly in Westmoreland, the Isle of 
 Man, Lundy Island, Plymouth, and the Isle of Wight 
 Birds of the first year are regular autumnal or winter 
 visitants to the south and south-east. 
 
 OSPEET. Pandion haliceetus (Linnaeus). 
 
 Nests only in Scotland, where it is a summer mi- 
 grant. Visits England in spring and autumn, and is 
 occasionally met with in Ireland in autumn. 
 
 B2 
 
4 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 PEREGEINE FALCON. Falco peregrinus, Gmelin. 
 
 Kesident; migrating to the east and south-east in 
 autumn. 
 
 HOBBY. Falco subbuteo, Linnseus. 
 A summer migrant, but not common. 
 
 MERLIN. Falco cesalon, Gmelin. 
 
 Kesident in Scotland, Ireland, and on the moors of 
 England and Wales. A winter visitant to the south. 
 
 KESTEEL. Falco tinnunculus, Linnaeus. 
 
 Eesident ; migrating to the east and south-east in 
 autumn. 
 
 SPAEEOWHAWK. Accipiter nisus (Linnseus). 
 Resident, and generally distributed. 
 
 GOSHAWK. Astur palumbarius (Linnseus). 
 
 Formerly resident in the north of England and 
 Scotland, and presumably in Ireland. Has been 
 known to breed in the Forest of Glenmoor and 
 Rothiemurcus (Colonel Thornton), and on the wooded 
 banks of the Dee (Selby); in Kirkcudbrightshire 
 (Lee) * ; in the woods of Castle Grant, Inverness, 
 and Abernethy and Dulnane forests (Dunbar)f . The 
 bird used to frequent Oakley and Piper Woods, 
 
 * Lee in < The Naturalist/ 1853, p. 45 ; and E. Gray, < Birds of 
 the West of Scotland/ p. 37. 
 t The Ibis, 1865, p. 10. 
 
GOSHAWK. 5 
 
 Leicestershire (Harley*), and has occasionally been 
 found on Dartmoor (Dr. Moore). It is said to have 
 nested in Yorkshire (Ransom) f. Old works on Fal- 
 conry state that " the best Goshawks were procured 
 in the north of Ireland, as in the province of Ulster, 
 but more especially in the county of Tyrone" J. Mr. 
 Thompson, however, states (Nat. Hist. Ireland, Birds, 
 i. p. 62) that the Goshawk " cannot with certainty be 
 included in the Irish fauna." An adult female 
 Goshawk shot in the Galtee Mountains, Tipperary, 
 on the 17th January, 1870, as recorded by Sir Victor 
 Brooke (' Land and Water,' 5th March, 1870), proved 
 to be the American Astur atricapillus ('Land and 
 Water,' 8th October, 1870). A young male, howevei 
 of Astur palumbarius was seen in Ballymanas Wood, 
 co. Wicklow (' Zoologist,' 1870, p. 2283). Low was 
 doubtless mistaken in observing, in his ' Fauna Orca- 
 densis,' that the Goshawk frequents Orkney ; his 
 reference to sea-cliffs points to the Peregrine. It is 
 thought, however, to have nested in Shetland . 
 
 KITE. Milvus ictinus, Savigny. 
 
 Formerly common ; now resident in few localities. 
 Used to nest in Tolvern Wood, Cornwall (Bullmore) ; 
 
 * " A List of the Birds of Leicestershire," by James Harley, pub- 
 lished in the 3rd vol. of Macgillivray's < History of British Birds/ 
 f The Zoologist, 1863, p. 8678. 
 + See Turbervile's 'Book of Falconrie,' 2nd ed. 1611, p. 60; 
 
 * The Gentleman's Recreation,' 6th ed. 1721, p. 72 ; and Campbell's 
 
 * Treatise on Modern Falconry,' 1780, p. 214. 
 
 See Edmonstone in ' The Zoologist,' 1844, p. 459. 
 
RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 in North Devon (Lord Lilford) ; in Brampton Brian 
 Park, Herefordshire (Armitage*); about Newport, 
 Monmouthshire, in 1834 (Conway)f ; Monks Wood 
 and Alconbury Hill, Huntingdonshire, until 1844 
 (Wolley) ; in Lincolnshire until 1857 (Newton); in 
 North Wales (Saunders) ; and in Inverness in 1850 
 (Wolley). Still breeds in Radnorshire (see ' Transac- 
 tions of the Woolhope Naturalists' Field-Club ' for 
 1869, and Zoologist,' 1871, p. 2519). 
 
 COMMON BTJZZARD. Buteo vulgaris, Leach. 
 
 A local resident ; migrating to the east and south- 
 east in autumn. 
 
 SOUGH-LEGGED BUZZAKD. Buteo lagopus (Gmelin). 
 
 An autumn migrant. The nest has been found 
 near Hackness, Yorkshire, and near Banff ( 4 The Ibis,' 
 1865, p. 12). Mr. R. Gray says (' Birds of the West 
 of Scotland,' p. 47), on the east coast of Scotland it 
 sometimes appears in considerable numbers in autumn, 
 when moving in migratory flocks. 
 
 HONEY BTJZZARD. Pernis apivorus (Linnaeus). 
 
 A summer migrant, sparingly distributed. The 
 nest has been found in the New Forest ; in Oxford- 
 shire (Rev. A. Mathews) ; Berks (Blyth) ; Middlesex 
 (Sterland) ; Northamptonshire (Lord Lilford) ; War- 
 
 * Trails. Woolhope Nat. Field-Club, 1869. 
 t Mag. Nat. Hist. 1834, vii. p. 334. 
 
HARRIERS. 7 
 
 wickshire (Tomes) ; Stafford (Buchanan) ; Shropshire 
 (Shaw) ; Cumberland (Heysham) ; Northumberland 
 (Hancock); and Aberdeenshire (Macgillivray and 
 Eobert Gray). 
 
 Mr. J. H. Gurney states that, besides being a sum- 
 mer visitant, this species arrives as an early autumnal 
 migrant on the east coast, and the birds so arriving 
 are mostly birds of the year. 
 
 MABSH HAKRIEB. Circus ceruginosus (Linnaeus). 
 
 Formerly common in the English fens, but now 
 seldom observed, except as an irregular visitant, and 
 generally in autumn ; nevertheless it still breeds occa- 
 sionally in a few English counties. Mr. Thompson 
 considered it resident in Ireland, where he found it 
 generally distributed in suitable localities. In Scot- 
 land it is much rarer, and breeds there but seldom. 
 
 HEN HABEIER. Circus cyaneus (Linnseus). 
 
 A local resident ; occurring as an autumnal migrant 
 in small numbers to the eastern counties. 
 
 MONTAGU'S HARBIEB. Circus cineraceus (Montagu). 
 
 A local resident in England, rare in Scotland, and 
 unknown in Ireland. It occurs as an autumnal 
 migrant in small numbers in the eastern counties of 
 England. 
 
8 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 Fam. STRIGID^E. 
 
 WHITE or BAEN OWL. Strix flammed, Linnaeus. 
 Resident and generally distributed. 
 
 TAWNY OWL. Syrnium aluco (Linnaeus). 
 
 Resident in England and Scotland, and increasing 
 in many of the Scottish counties. Mr. Thompson 
 says (Nat. Hist. Ireland, Birds, i. p. 94) that, if in- 
 cluded at all in the Irish fauna, it must be considered 
 extremely rare. 
 
 LONa-EAEED OWL. Otus vulgaris, Fleming. 
 
 Resident, chiefly in wooded districts of the north 
 of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Mr. J. H. Gurney 
 informs me that " some always breed in young fir plan- 
 tations in Norfolk, but by far the greater number occur 
 as regular autumnal migrants." 
 
 SHOET-EAEED OWL. Otus brachyotus (Forster). 
 
 Nests regularly in Scotland and the north of Eng- 
 land, and resident all the year in the west of Scotland 
 north of Ayrshire. A winter visitant to the south of 
 England and to Ireland. It has now probably ceased 
 to breed in Norfolk, but is numerous as a regular au- 
 tumnal migrant to the eastern counties of England. 
 
 On the subject of Owls, the student should refer to 
 Dr. Kaup's " Monograph of the Owls," published in 
 vol. iv. of the ' Transactions of the Zoological Society.' 
 
SHRIKES. 9 
 
 Order II. INSESSORES. 
 
 Fam. LANIID^E. 
 
 GEEAT aEEY SHEIKE. Lanim excubitor, Linnaeus. 
 
 Autumn and winter visitant ; but has been found 
 in England very rarely in summer, and has been 
 thought in consequence to have nested in this country. 
 An important article on this bird and its allies, by 
 Messrs. Sharpe and Dresser, will be found in the 
 'Proceedings of the Zoological Society' for 1870, 
 p. 590. 
 
 EED-BACKED SHEIKE. Lanius collurio, Linnaeus. 
 
 A summer migrant, most numerous in the south of 
 England ; rare in Scotland, and not found in Ireland. 
 
 WOODCHAT. Lanius rutilus, Latham. 
 
 A rare summer visitant to England only. The nest 
 has twice been found at Freshwater, Isle of Wight ; 
 and immature birds have been taken near Penzance 
 and at Scilly. 
 
 Mr. Wise observes, in his ' History of the New 
 Forest,' p. 314, " As some pairs are sometimes to be 
 seen [in the Forest] in the summer, I should not be 
 
10 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 surprised to hear of its breeding, more especially as 
 Mr. Bond has obtained the eggs in the Isle of Wight." 
 
 Fam. MUSCICAPID^E. 
 SPOTTED ELYCATCHEE. Muscicapa grisola, Linnaeus. 
 
 A summer migrant, generally distributed, but less 
 common in Scotland than elsewhere. 
 
 PIED ELTCATCHEE. Muscicapa atricapilla, Linnseus. 
 
 A summer migrant ; but more local in its distribu- 
 tion than the Spotted Flycatcher, being confined chiefly 
 to the northern and midland counties of England, and 
 rarely found in the south. It is much rarer in Scot- 
 land, and is unknown in Ireland. 
 
 Fam. ORIOLID^E. 
 GOLDEN OE10LE. Oriolus galbula, Linnseus. 
 
 A rare summer visitant. The nest has been found 
 in Kent several times, and in Dorsetshire, Devonshire, 
 and Suffolk. 
 
 Fam. CINCLID.E. 
 DIPPEE. Cinclus aquaticus, Bech stein. 
 
 Resident in Scotland, the north and south-west of 
 England, Wales, and Ireland. 
 
 The Scandinavian form, Cinclus melanog aster * 
 
 * This is the Sturnus cinclus of Linnseus's ' Fauna Suecica,' no. 
 214, and ' Systema Naturae,' p. 290 (12th ed.), where no reference 
 is made to any chestnut colouring on the uriderparts. 
 
THRUSHES. 11 
 
 (which is characterized by an absence of chestnut 
 colouring on the underparts), appears to be an occa- 
 sional migrant to Norfolk and Suffolk (see Steven- 
 son s 'Birds of Norfolk,' vol. i. p. 69). Mr. J. H. 
 Gurney, jun., informs me that he has a specimen of 
 this variety which was shot in Yorkshire. 
 
 An excellent paper on the genus Cinclus, by Mr. O. 
 Salvin, will be found in 'The Ibis,' 1867, p. 109. 
 
 Fam. TUEDID^E. 
 
 MISSELTOE THKTJSH. Turdus viscivorus, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident ; and during the last thirty years greatly 
 increased in numbers. 
 
 SONG THEUSH. Turdus musicus, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident; migrating in autumn to the east and 
 south-east. A note on the migratory habits of this 
 species, by Professor Newton, will be found in ' The 
 Ibis ' for 1860, p. 83. 
 
 FIELDFABE. Turdus pilaris^ Linnaeus. 
 
 A winter visitant. Two or three instances of its 
 nesting in England and Scotland are on record. See 
 A. G. More in ' The Ibis,' 1865, p. 19, and Dr. Bree 
 in ' The Field,' 12th June and 19th June, 1869. 
 
 KEDWINGr. Turdus iliacus, Linnaeus. 
 
 A winter visitant. Reported to have nested in 
 
12 BESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 Surrey, Middlesex, Leicestershire, Shropshire, North 
 Wales, Orkney, and the Outer Hebrides (see A. G. 
 More in 'The Ibis/ 1865, p. 19). Mr. Blyth states 
 (Mag. Nat. Hist. 1834, vol. vii. p. 242) that " both 
 the Redwing and the Fieldfare have been repeatedly 
 seen throughout the summer, in a wood called the 
 Wood of Logie, upon the estate of Sir John Forbes, 
 at Fintry, in Aberdeenshire." 
 
 BLACKBIRD. Turdus merula, Linnseus. 
 
 Resident ; migrating eastward and southward in 
 autumn. 
 
 KING- OUZEL. Turdus torquatus, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident ; nesting regularly in the hilly parts of the 
 west and north of England and throughout Scotland. 
 In the eastern and south-eastern counties of England 
 it is a spring and autumn migrant. 
 
 Fam. SYLVIID^E. 
 
 HEDGE SPARROW. Accentor modularis (Linnseus). 
 Resident, and generally distributed. 
 
 REDBREAST. Erythaca rubecula (Linnseus). 
 Resident, and generally distributed. 
 
 REDSTART. Euticilla phcenicura (Linnseus). 
 
 A summer migrant to England and Scotland ; very 
 rare in Ireland. 
 
CHATS. 13 
 
 BLACK EEDSTAET. Euticilla tithys (Scopoli). 
 
 A winter visitant to England ; rare in Scotland and 
 Ireland. In a few instances has remained to nest, 
 e. g. near Rugeley, Staffordshire (Hawkins, ' Zoologist,' 
 1852, p. 3503); at Durham (Proctor, in 'Ormsby's 
 Sketches of Durham ') ; in Nottinghamshire, three 
 nests (Sterland, 'Birds of Sherwood Forest,' p. 67); 
 in Pembrokeshire (More, fide Tracy, fc Ibis,' 1865, 
 p. 21) ; and in the Isle of Wight (Bond). Dr. Bull- 
 more, in his ' Cornish Fauna ' (p. 16), says this bird is 
 4 'found every summer in the cliffs between Swanpool 
 and Castle Head, Cornwall." It is a scarce bird in 
 Scotland, where, however, it is said to have nested 
 once, near Dumfries (Gray, ' Birds of West of Scot- 
 land,' p. 85); and in Ireland it is only known as a 
 rare straggler. 
 
 STONECHAT. Saxicola ruUcola (Linnaeus). 
 
 Eesident in many districts throughout the year, 
 particularly in Scotland ; but at the same time partially 
 migratory in spring and autumn. It does not breed 
 in Orkney or Shetland. 
 
 WHJNCHAT. Saxicola nibetra (Linnaeus). 
 
 A summer migrant ; less common in Ireland than 
 elsewhere, and not found in Orkney or Shetland. 
 
 WHEATEAR. Saxicola cenanthe (Linnaeus). 
 
 A summer migrant. A few occasionally remain the 
 winter in England and Scotland, but not in Ireland. 
 
14 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 GEASSHOPPEE WAEBLEE. Salicaria locustella (La- 
 tham). 
 
 A summer migrant ; not known to extend further 
 north than Oban in Argyleshire. 
 
 SEDGE WAEBLEE. Salicaria phragmitis (Bechstein). 
 A summer migrant, generally distributed. 
 
 EEED WAEBLEE. Salicaria strepera (Vieillot). 
 
 A summer migrant to England, where it is chiefly 
 confined to the midland, eastern, and south-eastern 
 counties ; very rare in Scotland, and almost unknown 
 in Ireland. It is included in Templeton's ' Catalogue 
 of the Birds of Ireland ' as having been seen in the 
 vicinity of Belfast, and a bird of this species is stated 
 to have been shot at Eaheny, near Dublin, in the 
 month of December (!) 1847. Mr. Thompson, cor- 
 recting this date, says (Nat. Hist. Ireland, Birds, vol. i. 
 p. 183), "shot at Eaheny, 21st December, 1843, by 
 Mr. Montgomery." Mr. Kinahan (Zoologist, 1860, 
 p. 6961) and Mr. Blake Knox (Zoologist, 1870, 
 p. 2018) both call attention to the fact of this single 
 occurrence in the county of Dublin. 
 
 GEEAT EEED WAEBLEE. Salicaria arundinacea (Lin- 
 naeus). 
 
 An occasional summer visitant to England, where 
 the nest has been found in Surrey, Kent, Hants, Herts, 
 and Northamptonshire. It is unknown in Scotland 
 and Ireland. 
 
WARBLERS. 15 
 
 SAVI'S WARBLER. Salicaria luscinoides (Savi). 
 
 Formerly a regular summer migrant to the eastern 
 counties, until the fen-lands were drained ; and used to 
 nest annually in the fens of Wicken, Burwell, and 
 Whittlesea. The eggs have also been taken in Essex, 
 Kent, and Devonshire. It can now only be considered 
 an occasional summer visitant to England, and is un- 
 known in Scotland and Ireland. A nest of Savi's 
 Warbler, composed of the long narrow leaves of the 
 common reed (Arundo pliragmitis), and taken at 
 Baitsbite, Cambridgeshire, is figured in the ' Zoologist,' 
 1846, p. 1307. 
 
 NIGHTINGALE. Luscinia philomela (Bonaparte). 
 
 A summer migrant ; very rare in Scotland, and 
 unknown in Ireland. As regards Scotland, two in- 
 stances only are on record of its occurrence north of 
 the Tweed. The first is noticed by Macgillivray in 
 his ' History of British Birds,' the second by Turnbull 
 in his ' Birds of East Lothian.' 
 
 BLACKCAP. Sylvia atricapilla (Linnaeus). 
 
 A summer migrant ; rare in Scotland and in Ireland. 
 
 GARDEN WARBLER. Sylvia hortensis (Gmelin). 
 
 A summer migrant to England and the south of 
 Scotland. In Ireland it is stated by Mr. Thompson 
 to be extremely rare ; and he only refers to its occur- 
 rence in two counties, Cork and Tipperary. Mr. Blake 
 Knox, however, has met with it in the county of Dub- 
 
16 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 lin ; I have seen it in Wicklow ; and Sir Victor Brooke 
 informs me that in the co. Fermanagh, about Lough 
 Erne, it is common in summer, and nests regularly in 
 the neighbourhood of Castle Caldwell, to the N.W. of 
 that county. 
 
 WHITETHROAT. Sylvia cinerea, Latham. 
 
 A summer migrant. Scarce in the north of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 LESSEE WHITETHROAT. Sylvia sylviella, Latham. 
 
 A summer migrant to England ; rare in Scotland, 
 and unknown in Ireland. 
 
 DARTFORD WARBLER. Sylvia undata, Boddaert. 
 
 Resident in the south of England ; rare in the mid- 
 land and northern counties ; unknown in Scotland and 
 Ireland. 
 
 The following localities for the species, which is 
 seldom met with further north than lat. 52, are on 
 record : 
 
 Cornwall. Falmouth (Montagu, ' Orn. Diet.,' and Bullmore, 
 1 Cornish Fauna,' p. 17). Truro (Rodd, ' Zoologist,' 1869, p. 1560). 
 Trevider Moor (Rodd, torn. cit. p. 1951). 
 
 Devon. (Montagu, ' Linn. Trans.' vii. p. 260 ; Jenyns, ' Man. 
 Brit. Vert.' p. 112; andGurney, 'Zoologist,' 1869, p. 1599). 
 
 Wilts. (More, ' Ibis,' 1865, p. 27). 
 
 Dorset. Near Blandford (Rev. 0. P. Cambridge). 
 
 Hants. Lyndhurst Heath (Farren, ' Zoologist,' 1862, p. 8160). 
 Alton (Crowley, 'Zoologist,' 1862, p. 8193; 'The Field,' Nov. 6, 
 1858). 
 
WARBLERS. 17 
 
 Isle of Wight. (Hadfield, '.Zoologist,' 1865, pp. 9582 and 9609, 
 and 1866, pp. 338 and 340 ; ' The Field/ Jan. 26, 1861, and April 
 4, 1863). 
 
 Sussex. (Knox, Orn. Rambles,' p. 198 ; Merrifield, Sketch 
 Nat. Hist. Brighton/ p. 167; Ellman, ' Zoologist/ 1850, p. 2953, 
 and 1851, pp. 3113 and 3276 ; Harting, ' Zoologist/ 1863, pp. 8484 
 and 8523 ; < The Field/ Jan. 26, 1861). 
 
 Kent. Bexley Heath, near Dartford ; the locality where it was first 
 discovered (Pennant, fide Latham, ' British Zoology'). Blackheath 
 and Hayes Common (Collingwood, ' Fauna of Blackheath and 
 Vicinity/ p. 26). Woolwich (Whitely, Zoologist/ 1863, p. 8819). 
 
 Surrey. Wandsworth Common (Montagu, I. c.). E-eigate (Howard 
 Saunders). Croydon (Crowley). 
 
 Middlesex. (Harting, < Birds of Middlesex/ pp. 54, 55 ; The 
 Field/ Nov. 6, 1858;. 
 
 Oxfordshire. Once (A. G. More, Ibis/ 1865, p. 27). 
 
 Cambridgeshire. Gamlingay Heath, near Potton (Bond). Great 
 Abington (Smoothy, ' The Field/ Dec. 17, 1870). 
 
 Worcestershire. Rare (Yarrell, ' History of British Birds '). 
 
 Leicestershire. Rare (Harley, "List Birds Leicestershire/' in 
 Macgillivray's * History of British Birds/ vol. iii.). 
 
 Derbyshire. Rare (A. G. More, ' Ibis/ I. c.). 
 
 In addition to the above-named localities, the bird 
 has also been met with in Jersey (Harvie Brown, 
 4 Zoologist,' 1869, p. 1560). 
 
 WOOD WREN. Phyllopneuste sibilatrix (Bechstein *). 
 
 A summer migrant to England and Scotland. In 
 Ireland it is extremely rare (Zoologist, 1866, p. 300). 
 Sir Victor Brooke informs me that he shot a Wood 
 
 * It appears that sibilatrix of Bechstein (Gemein. Naturg. Deutsch. 
 iv. p. 660), bestowed in 1795, has priority over syhicola of Latham 
 (Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. 53), proposed in 1801, and subsequently adopted 
 by Pennant, Montagu, Yarrell, and others. 
 
18 KESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 Wren in his park in the co. Fermanagh in June 
 1870 ; and Mr. Blake Knox, of Dalkey, has a specimen 
 in his collection which was killed by a boy, with a 
 catapult, at Glen Druid, co. Dublin. 
 
 The Wood Wren is much greener on the back and 
 whiter on the underparts than either of its congeners, 
 and has a well-defined superciliary streak of sulphur- 
 yellow, which in the Willow Wren and Chiif Chaff is 
 much shorter and paler. The legs of the Wood 
 Wren and Willow Wren are brownish flesh-colour, 
 while those of the Chiff Chaff are dark brown. 
 
 WILLOW WEEN. Phyllopneuste trochilus (Linnaeus). 
 A summer migrant, generally distributed. 
 
 CHIFF CHAFF. Phyllopneuste rufa (Latham). 
 
 A summer migrant, generally distributed, although 
 rare in the north of Scotland. 
 
 The three species differ in size as follows : 
 
 Length. "Wing. Tarsus, 
 
 in. in. in. 
 
 Wood Wren 5-2 3-0 0-7 
 
 Willow Wren 5-0 2-6 0-7 
 
 Chiff Chaff 4-7 2-4 0-6 
 
 Not only is the Wood Wren the largest of the 
 three, but it has comparatively the longest wings and 
 the longest legs. The wings when closed cover three- 
 fourths of the tail. In the Willow Wren, under the 
 same circumstances, less than half the tail is hidden. 
 The Chiff Chaff's wing is shorter again. 
 
WARBLERS. 19 
 
 After examining a large series of these birds, I have 
 come to the conclusion that, as regards the wings, the 
 following formulae may be relied on : Wood Wren, 
 2nd primary *= 4th ; 3rd and 4th with outer webs 
 sloped off towards the extremity. Willow Wren, 
 2nd=6th ; 3rd, 4th, and 5th sloped off. Chiff Chaff, 
 2nd=7th ; 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th sloped off. 
 
 GOLDEN-CEESTED WEEN. Eegulus cristatus, Koch. 
 
 Resident; migrating eastwards and southwards in 
 autumn, occasionally in large flocks. See Selby's 
 6 Illustrations of British Ornithology,' i. p. 230 ; ' The 
 Zoologist,' 1848, p. 2020; and Stevenson's 'Birds of 
 Norfolk,' i. p. 136. 
 
 FIEE-CEESTED WEEN. Eegulus ignicapillus, Jenyns. 
 
 Occasional winter visitant. Professor Newton in- 
 forms me that the nest found at Blonorton by Mr. 
 Brown, particulars of which were communicated to 
 Mr. Hewitson for his c Eggs of British Birds,' proved 
 to belong to the Golden-crested Wren. 
 
 Fam. TROGLODYTID.E. 
 COMMON WEEN. Troglodytes parvulus, Koch. 
 Resident and everywhere common. 
 
 * The first primary is quite rudimentary, and is therefore not 
 taken into consideration. 
 
 c2 
 
20 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 Fam. CERTHIID^E. 
 
 TEEE CliEEPEE. Certhia familiaris, Linnaeus. 
 Kesident and generally distributed. 
 
 Fam. SITTID.E. 
 
 NUTHATCH. Sitta ccesia, Meyer. 
 
 Resident in England, rare in Scotland, and not found 
 in Ireland. The Scandinavian Nuthatch described 
 by Linnaeus (Syst. Nat. i. p. 177) as Sitta europcea, 
 differs from that found in Great Britain; and the 
 latter, therefore, should be distinguished as Sitta 
 ccesia, that being the oldest name applied (by Meyer, 
 Taschenb. Deutsch. Vogel, i. p. 128) to the same bird 
 as observed in Germany. 
 
 Fam. PARID^S. 
 
 GEEAT TITMOUSE. Parus major, Linnaeus. 
 Resident and common. 
 
 BLUE TITMOUSE. Parus cceruleus, Linnaeus. 
 Resident and common. 
 
 CEESTED TITMOUSE. Parus cristatus, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident in the counties of Moray, Ross, Inverness, 
 Elgin, Banff, and Aberdeen. For fuller particulars of 
 its distribution in Scotland, see Gray's ' Birds of the 
 West of Scotland,' p. 104. It is rare in England, 
 
TITMICE. 21 
 
 where it has been recorded to have been met with 
 as follows : Sunderland Moor, Durham (Ormsby's 
 ' Sketches of Durham'); Gosforth, Cumberland, 
 ('Zoologist,' 1854, p. 4167); Yorkshire (Lewin's 
 4 British Birds/ v. p. 46); Aldeburgh, Suffolk (Hele's 
 ' Notes about Aldeburgh,' p. 82) ; Blackheath, Kent ; 
 and Kingsbury, Middlesex (Har ting's ' Birds of Mid- 
 dlesex,' p. 56) ; Christchurch, Hants (Wise's ' New 
 Forest,' p. 314); and Isle of Wight (More in Venable's 
 * Guide to the Isle of Wight '). 
 
 Messrs. Sharpe and Dresser, in their ' Birds of Eu- 
 rope,' mention two specimens killed in Ireland, on the 
 authority of Mr. Blake Knox. 
 
 COAL TITMOUSE. Parus ater, Linnaeus. 
 Resident, and generally distributed. 
 
 MAESH TITMOUSE. Parus palustris, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident, but scarce in Scotland, where it is found 
 chiefly in the Lothians. 
 
 LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE. Acredula rosea (Blyth). 
 
 Resident, and generally distributed. The propriety 
 of separating the Long-tailed Tits from the true Pan 
 has been long since admitted by naturalists ; and, as 
 Dr. Giinther has pointed out (< Ibis,' 1865, p. 97), the 
 employment of the generic term Acredula of Koch 
 to designate the former group is strictly in accordance 
 
22 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 with the rules of zoological nomenclature laid down 
 by the British Association. Mr. Sharpe has shown 
 (' Ibis,' 1868, p. 295) that, as the Long-tailed Titmouse 
 of Scandinavia (described by Linnaeus as Parus cau- 
 datus) differs from the British species in having a 
 white head, the latter cannot bear the name caudatus, 
 but should be distinguished as rosea of Blyth, that 
 name being the next in order of precedence. The 
 white-headed form, however, occasionally occurs in 
 this country. I have seen two specimens, as else- 
 where recorded*, which were taken in the north of 
 England ; and Mr. Gatcombe has lately seen one in 
 Somersetshiref. 
 
 BEAKDED TITMOUSE. Panurus biarmicus (Linnaeus). 
 
 Resident only in the eastern counties of England, 
 where it was formerly much more abundant. It has 
 occurred accidentally in Yorkshire (Waterton), Devon 
 (Brooking Rowe), Cornwall (Rodd), and the Isle of 
 Wight (A. G. More). It appears by common con- 
 sent to have been classed with the Tits ; but its affinity 
 to these birds is very remote. In some respects it is 
 distantly allied to Emberiza schceniclus ; but its more 
 direct affinities appear to be with the species of the 
 American genus Ammodramus, whose mode of life is 
 very similar J. 
 
 * The Birds of Middlesex, p. 59. 
 t The Zoologist, 1872, p. 2943. 
 
 J See remarks on the internal structure of the Bearded Titmouse, 
 by Mr. Tomes, published in ' The Ibis,' 1860, p. 317. 
 
WAGTAILS. 23 
 
 Fam. AMPELID^E. 
 
 WAXWING. Ampelis garrulus, Linnaeus. 
 
 An irregular winter visitant, occasionally appearing 
 in large flocks. 
 
 Fam. MOTACILLID^l. 
 
 PIED WAGTAIL. Motacilla yarrelli, Gould. 
 Resident ; migrating southwards in autumn. 
 
 WHITE WAGTAIL. Motacilla alba, Linnaeus. 
 A summer migrant, but by no means common. 
 
 GEEY WAGTAIL. Motacilla loarula, Latham. 
 
 A local resident, breeding regularly in Scotland and / 
 the north of England, but generally observed as a 
 winter visitant in the south of England. It has, how- 
 ever, been found nesting in the counties of Bucks, 
 Sussex, Dorset, Gloucester, Devon, and Cornwall. 
 
 GKEY-HEADED WAGTAIL. Motacillaflava, Linnaeus. 
 
 An occasional summer visitant. Instances of its 
 nesting in Northumberland will be found recorded in 
 the ' Zoologist,' 1870, p. 2343. It is rare in Scotland, 
 and unknown in Ireland. 
 
 KAY'S WAGTAIL. Motacilla rayi, Bonaparte. 
 
 A summer migrant, arriving in April and departing 
 in September. 
 
24 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 Fam. ANTHIDJE. 
 
 TEEE PIPIT. Anthus arboreus, Bechstein. 
 
 A summer migrant to England and Scotland, but 
 not found in Ireland. 
 
 MEADOW PIPIT. Anthus pratensis (Linnaeus). 
 
 Resident ; migrating towards the east and south in 
 autumn. 
 
 EOCK PIPIT. Anthus obscurus (Latham). 
 
 Resident on most parts of the coast; occasionally 
 found inland at the periods of migration in spring and 
 autumn. 
 
 WATEE PIPIT. Anthus spinoletta (Linnaeus). 
 
 An occasional, perhaps regular, visitant in spring 
 and autumn. 
 
 EICHAEB'S PIPIT. Anthus richardi, Vieillot. 
 
 An occasional, perhaps regular, visitant in spring 
 and autumn. 
 
 Fam. ALAUDI'D^E. 
 
 SKY LAEK. Alauda arvensis, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident ; migrating towards the east and south at 
 the approach of winter. 
 
BUNTINGS. 25 
 
 WOOD LAEK. Alauda arborea, Linnseus. 
 
 A local resident and rare ; migrating in winter to 
 the south. Mr. Blake Knox notices it as a very 
 abundant winter visitant to the county of Dublin 
 ('Zoologist,' 1870, p. 2018), and adds that it also 
 breeds in the county. It is found in the southern and 
 midland counties of Scotland, and has accidentally 
 been met with as far north as Orkney, a specimen 
 having been shot at Stromness, in February 1844. 
 
 SHOEE LAEK. Alauda alpestris, Linnseus. 
 
 An irregular winter visitant; of late years more 
 plentiful, or more observed. An instance of its nesting 
 in Devonshire has been recorded by the Hon. T. Powys 
 (now Lord Lilford) in the 'Zoologist,' 1852, p. 3707. 
 
 Fam. EMBERIZIDJE. 
 
 LAPLAND BUNTING. Emberiza la-pponica, Gmelin. 
 
 An irregular winter visitant. Almost unknown in 
 Scotland, where a single specimen only is recorded to 
 have been obtained (R. Gray, ' Birds of the West of 
 Scotland,' p. 125); nor is it found in Ireland. 
 
 SNOW BUNTING. Emberiza nivalis, Linnseus. 
 
 An annual winter visitant. Mr. R. Gray says (' Birds 
 of the West of Scotland,' p. 126), " it is very difficult 
 to establish the fact of this species breeding regularly 
 
26 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 in Scotland ; but that it does so in limited numbers can 
 hardly be doubted." He mentions certain mountains 
 in Aberdeen, Banff, Inverness, and Rossshire, which 
 are frequented by this species in summer. Dr. Saxby 
 has, in one instance at least, discovered the nest in 
 the island of Unst, in Shetland (see ' Zoologist,' 1861, 
 p. 7709; 1863, p. 8680; and 1864, p. 9237). 
 
 COMMON BUNTING. Emberiza miliaria, Linnaeus. 
 
 ts.< /JUC 
 
 Resident ; migrating southward in autumn. 
 
 i ff%s^ - 
 
 BEED BUNTING. Emberiza schoeniclus, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident and generally distributed. Messrs. Baikie 
 and Heddle, in their ' Fauna Orcadensis,' state that it 
 has once been found breeding in Orkney. 
 
 YELLOW BUNTING. Emberiza citrinella, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident and generally distributed, even to the far 
 north of Scotland. It has twice been found nesting 
 in Orkney *. 
 
 CIKL BUNTING. Emberiza cirlus, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident in the south of England ; rare in the north 
 and east. Has been found two or three times only in 
 Scotland, and is very rare in Ireland. It has of late 
 years been observed in Wexford by Mr. Blake Knox 
 (' Zoologist,' 1866, p. 95). 
 
 * Baikie and Hcddlc,, op. cit. 
 
FINCHES. 27 
 
 OETOLAN BUNTING. Emberiza hortulana, Linnaeus. 
 
 An occasional spring and autumn visitant ; very rare 
 in Scotland, and unknown in Ireland. 
 
 Fam. FRINGILLID^E. 
 
 CHAFFINCH. Fringilla coelebs, Linnaeus. 
 Resident and generally distributed. 
 
 BKAMBLING. Fringilla montifringilla, Linnaeus. 
 
 An annual winter visitant, often remaining until 
 late in the spring. 
 
 GOLDFINCH. Fringilla carduelis, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident and generally distributed, but reported 
 to be much scarcer everywhere now than formerly. 
 It is to a certain extent migratory in spring and autumn. 
 
 SISKIN. Fringilla spinus, Linnaeus. 
 
 Nests regularly in Scotland, but in England, as a 
 rule, it is a winter visitant. The nest, however, has 
 been found exceptionally in Westmoreland, Durham, 
 Lancashire, Yorkshire, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, 
 Surrey, and Dorsetshire (see 'The Ibis,' 1865, p. 129). 
 In Ireland it is said to be an occasional winter visitant. 
 
 LINNET. Linota cannabina (Linnaeus). 
 
 Resident and generally distributed; migrating south- 
 ward and eastward at the approach of winter. 
 
28 RESIDENTS AND MIGEANTS. 
 
 TWITE. Linota jftavirostris (Linnseus). 
 
 A winter visitant, remaining to nest in the north of 
 England and Scotland. 
 
 MEALY EEBPOLL. Linota linaria (Linnseus)*. 
 
 An irregular winter visitant to England and Scot- 
 land ; unknown in Ireland. 
 
 LESSER EEDPOLL. Linota rufescens (Vieillot)*. 
 
 Resident in the north of England, Scotland, and 
 Ireland ; a winter visitant to the south. With regard 
 to the northern range of this species, see a note by 
 Professor Newton, 'Zoologist,' 1870, p. 2223. 
 
 TREE SPARROW. Passer montanus (Linnaeus). 
 
 A local resident ; migratory in autumn. Mr. Thomp- 
 son (Nat. Hist. Ireland, Birds, i. p. 256) calls attention 
 to the fact that the Tree-Sparrow is included in Tem- 
 pleton's ' Catalogue of Irish Vertebrate Animals ' as 
 " a doubtful native," but adds that to his ornithological 
 friends and himself it is " quite unknown." This was 
 written in 1849 ; since that date Mr. Blake Knox 
 (< Zoologist,' 1870, p. 2018) has detected it in Ireland, 
 where he says it is known to the bird-catchers, and 
 believed by them to be resident. In Scotland it is 
 local and rare. 
 
 HOUSE SPARROW. Passer domesticus (Linneeus). 
 
 Resident and generally distributed. 
 * With reference to this nomenclature, see ' The Ibis/ 1865, p. 129. 
 
FINCHES. 29 
 
 GREENFINCH. Coccothraustes chloris (Linnaeus). 
 
 Resident and generally distributed, even to the Outer 
 Hebrides, where it is found in North Uist and Harris. 
 It is a winter visitant to the Orkneys. 
 
 HAWFINCH. Coccothraustes vulgaris, Stephens. 
 
 Resident in the midland and eastern counties of 
 England, migrating in spring and autumn. Found in 
 the south and east of Scotland, but not in the west. 
 In Ireland it is an occasional winter visitant. Of late 
 years this species has become much commoner in 
 England, nesting now in many counties where formerly 
 it was chiefly observed as a winter visitant. 
 
 BULLFINCH. Pyrrliula vulgaris, Temminck. 
 
 Resident and generally distributed. Has been met 
 with once in Shetland and once in Orkney. 
 
 Fam. LOXIID^E. 
 
 CROSSBILL. Loxia curvirostra, Linnaeus. 
 
 Generally, but erroneously, regarded as a winter 
 visitant, being in fact a spring and autumn migrant. 
 Many instances are on record of its nesting in England, 
 as, for example, in Northumberland and Durham 
 (Hancock), Cumberland (Hope), York (Hewitson), 
 Leicester (Harley), Suffolk (Sheppard and Whitear), 
 Bedford (Shelton), Herts (Bond), Middlesex (Hart- 
 ing), Essex (Doubleday), Kent (Jell), Surrey (Hewit- 
 
30 EESIDENTS AND MIGKANTS. 
 
 son), Sussex (Borrer), Hants (Lewcock), Gloucester 
 (Hewitson), Devon (Hall Jordan), Somerset (Crotch). 
 In Scotland it nests regularly in several counties. 
 In Ireland Mr. Thompson considers it a winter visitant 
 (Nat. Hist. Ireland, Birds, i. p. 276), but adds that " it 
 has bred here of late years." 
 
 Fam. STURNID^E. 
 
 STABLING-. Sturnus vulgaris, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident, and to a certain extent migratory in spring 
 and autumn. 
 
 EOSE-COLOUEED PASTOE. Pastor roseus (Linnaeus). 
 
 An irregular visitant during summer and autumn, 
 and met with throughout the British Islands, including 
 the Orkneys and Shetland. 
 
 Fam. CORVID^E. 
 
 CHOUGH. Pyrrhocorax graculus (Linnaeus). 
 
 Resident in Ireland, the west of Scotland, Wales, 
 Cornwall, North Devon, and Dorsetshire. Formerly 
 also in Sussex and the Isle of Wight. 
 
 EAVEK Corvus coraoc, Linnaeus. 
 
 Locally resident ; more numerous in Scotland, par- 
 ticularly in the west. 
 
CROWS. 31 
 
 CAEEION CROW. Corvus corone, Linnaeus. 
 
 Kesident, but rare in the eastern counties of Eng- 
 land, as well as in some parts of Scotland and in 
 Ireland. 
 
 HOODED CEOW. Corvus cornix, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident in Scotland and Ireland ; a winter visitant 
 to the east and south of England ; rare in the south- 
 west. In Scotland it is said to pair habitually with 
 the Carrion Crow, and on this account has been re- 
 garded by some naturalists as specifically identical 
 with that bird. See Sir W. Jardine's British Birds/ 
 vol. ii. p. 234 ; Macgillivray's ' History of British 
 Birds,' vol. iii. p. 721 ; Thompson's ' Nat. Hist, of 
 Ireland, Birds,' vol. i. p. 309 ; Gray's ' Birds of the 
 West of Scotland,' p. 170 ; Colquhoun's < Sporting 
 Days,' p. 104 ; and Baron de Selys-Longchamps in 
 The Ibis,' 1870, pp. 450, 451. 
 
 EOOK. Corvus frugilegus, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident and generally distributed. Mr. J. H. 
 Gurney has remarked that it is a regular autumnal 
 migrant to the eastern coasts of England. 
 
 JACKDAW. Corvus monedula, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident, and especially numerous in the neigh- 
 bourhood of sea-cliffs. 
 
 MAGPIE. Pica caudata, Fleming. 
 Resident and in many parts common. 
 
32 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 JAY. Garrulus glandarius (Linnaeus). 
 
 Eesident and generally distributed, except in Ire- 
 land, where, Mr. Thompson states, it is indigenous only 
 in the south. Mr. J. H. Gurney has remarked that 
 in England it is a regular autumnal migrant to the 
 eastern coasts. It has once been met with in Shetland. 
 
 Fam. PICID^E. 
 
 GREEN WOODPECKER Picus viridis, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident in England, but very rarely met with 
 north of the Solway or Tweed, and unknown in 
 Ireland. 
 
 GREATER SPOTTED WOODPECKER. Picus major, 
 
 Linnaeus. 
 
 Eesident in England, and in a very few instances 
 has been noticed in Ireland. " It has been a well- 
 known winter visitant throughout Scotland for the 
 last fifty years ; and specimens have been obtained in 
 almost every county. It has been known to breed in 
 limited numbers in Banffshire, Aberdeenshire, and a 
 portion of Invernesshire " (R-. Gray). 
 
 LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER. Picus minor, Lin- 
 naeus. 
 
 Resident in England, but included, with doubt, 
 amongst the birds of Scotland, and unknown in Ire- 
 land. As regards Scotland, it is included in Don's 
 
HOOPOE. 33 
 
 ' Fauna of Forfarshire ' and in Pennant's ' Caledonian 
 Zoology,' and is stated to have been observed in Caith- 
 ness ; but Mr. R. Gray says * that he has never been 
 able to examine a specimen killed in any part of 
 Scotland. 
 
 WEYNECK. Jynx torquilla, Linnseus f . 
 
 A summer migrant to England, rarely seen in 
 Scotland north of the Forth, and unknown in Ireland. 
 It has been observed but twice in Orkney. 
 
 Fam. UPUPID^E. 
 
 HOOPOE. Upupa epops, Linnaeus. 
 
 An irregular spring and autumn migrant ; and has 
 occurred rarely in winter J. It is regarded by Mr. E. 
 Gray as a straggler to Scotland ; and Mr. Thompson || 
 remarks that in Ireland it has appeared occasionally 
 in all quarters of the island. Col. Montagu states 
 that a pair of Hoopoes began a nest in Hampshire ; 
 and Dr. Latham has referred to a young Hoopoe 
 which was shot in this country in the month of June. 
 
 * The Birds of the West of Scotland, p. 19] . 
 
 t In departing from the customary mode of spelling the above 
 generic term, it may be desirable to indicate its derivation namely, 
 "Ivy, wyyos, so called from its shrill cry, th. <uw. 
 
 $ Two were shot in Dumfriesshire in the winter of 1870-71 (Sir 
 William Jardine). 
 
 The Birds of the West of Scotland, p. 198. 
 
 li Nat. Hist. Ireland, Birds, vol. i. p. 353. 
 
 T> 
 
34 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 Fam. CUCULID^l. 
 
 CTJCKOO. Cuculus canorus, Linnaeus. 
 
 A summer migrant, and generally distributed 
 throughout England, Ireland, and Scotland, extending 
 even to the Outer Hebrides. 
 
 Fam. CORACIID^E. 
 
 EOLLEE. Coracias garrula, Linnaeus. 
 
 An irregular summer migrant, rare in Scotland, and 
 has been observed in two or three instances only in 
 Ireland. 
 
 Fam. ALCEDINID^l. 
 
 KINGFISHEE. Alcedo ispida, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident and generally distributed, migrating to the 
 coast at the approach of winter. " It has been found 
 once or twice in Islay and likewise in Skye " (R. Gray). 
 
 Fam. MEROPID^E. 
 
 BEE-EATEE. Merops apiaster, Linnaeus. 
 
 An irregular summer migrant to England. As 
 many as twenty have been seen together at one time 
 in Norfolk (Stevenson, 'Birds of Norfolk,' i. p. 313); 
 and no less than twelve were procured in one day at 
 Helston, Cornwall (Rodd, ' List of Birds,' 2nd ed. 
 
SWALLOWS. 35 
 
 p. 23). In Scotland this bird is a rare and accidental 
 straggler, and in Ireland it has been very rarely met 
 with. 
 
 Fam. HIRUNDINID^E. 
 
 SWALLOW. Hirundo rustica, Linnaeus. 
 A summer migrant. 
 
 MARTIN. Hirundo urbica, Linnaeus. 
 A summer migrant. 
 
 SAND MARTIN. Hirundo riparia, Linnaeus. 
 A summer migrant. 
 
 Fam. CYPSELID^E. 
 
 SWIFT. Cypselus opus (Linnaeus). 
 
 A summer migrant, arriving long after the Swal- 
 lows, and departing before them. 
 
 Fam. CAPRIMULGID^E. 
 
 NIGHTJAR. Caprimulgus europceus, Linnaeus. 
 
 A summer migrant, generally dispersed throughout /2 
 the British Islands to the north of Caithness, and ex- 3 
 tending even to the inner group of the Hebrides. It 
 is not uncommon in Islay, lona, and Mull, and is gene- 
 rally distributed in Skye, in all of which islands the 
 eggs have been found. 
 
 D2 
 
36 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 Order III. RASOEES. 
 
 Fam. COLUMBID^E. 
 
 KINO DOVE or WOOD PIGEON. Columba palumbus, 
 Linnaeus. 
 
 Eesident and generally distributed, migrating in 
 large flocks to the south at the approach of winter. 
 
 STOCK DOVE. Columba cenas, Linnaeus. 
 
 A local resident, migrating to the south in winter. 
 In the different county faunas and local lists to which 
 reference has been made, this species has been variously 
 characterized as follows : Common throughout the 
 year in Norfolk ; a permanent resident in Leicester- 
 shire ; very common in Shropshire ; resident in Berks 
 and Bucks ; resident in Middlesex, but more nume- 
 rous in autumn and winter ; resident and common in 
 the New Forest ; resident in Sussex ; rare in Somerset ; 
 a winter visitant in Devon ; rare in Cornwall ; rare 
 winter visitant in the Isle of Wight ; and twice 
 obtained at Scilly. Until recently it seems to have 
 been unknown in Durham, and further north it is 
 extremely rare. It is stated to have been met with 
 in Caithness, and has occurred once in Orkney. It 
 has not been recognized in Ireland. 
 
 BOCK DOVE. Columba livid, Temminck. 
 
 Kesident, and in many places plentiful. It is espe- 
 cially abundant along the coast-line of the west of 
 Scotland, and on the Hebrides or Western Isles. 
 
GAME-BIRDS. 37 
 
 TURTLE DOVE. Turtur auritus, Gray. 
 
 A summer migrant to England and Wales, occa- 
 sionally to Scotland. In Ireland it is stated by Mr. . 
 Thompson to be "an occasional, almost an annual, 
 visitant to cultivated districts in some parts of the 
 island." 
 
 In the Hebrides specimens have been shot in Islay 
 and Skye, but not in the outer islands. Dr. Saxby 
 has recorded three instances of its occurrence in 
 Shetland ; and it has twice been procured in Orkney*. 
 
 Fam. PHASIANID.E. 
 PHEASANT. Phasianus colchicus, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident. The precise date of its introduction into 
 Great Britain is uncertain; but there is evidence to 
 show that it was prior to the invasion of the Normans, 
 and that we are probably indebted for this game-bird 
 to the enterprise of the Romans. In my ' Ornithology 
 of Shakespeare' (pp. 210-216) I have brought 
 together, from various sources, some curious informa- 
 tion relating to the early introduction and preservation 
 of this bird in England in former times. 
 
 Fam. TETRAONID.E. 
 CAPERCAILLIE. Tetrao urogallus (Linnaeus). 
 
 Originally indigenous in Scotland and Ireland, but 
 
 * Baikie and Heddle, * Fauna Orcadensis,' p. 55, and R, Gray, 
 ' Birds of the West of Scotland,' p. 223. 
 
38 RESIDENTS AND MIGEANTS. 
 
 became extinct about the year 1758. One of the 
 last native birds killed was shot at Chisholm Park, 
 Inverness, and is believed to be in the museum at 
 Newcastle upon Tyne*. The species was reintroduced 
 into Scotland in 1836, by Lord Bredalbane and Sir 
 Thomas Fowell Buxton, through the instrumentality 
 of the well-known sportsman and author Mr. L. 
 Lloyd. 
 
 Full and interesting particulars of this enterprise 
 will be found in Lloyd's ' Game-birds and Wildfowl 
 of Sweden and Norway,' pp. 3436 ; and the reader 
 may also be referred to a good account of the bird 
 from recent observation in Scotland by Mr. Robert 
 Gray, of Glasgow, in his lately published work 
 the ' Birds of the West of Scotland/ pp. 227-230. 
 The Gaelic name for this bird is " Cabar Coille," 
 whence the English " Capercaillie " is doubtless 
 derived. 
 
 BLACK GEOUSE. Tetrao tetrioc, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident in Scotland and in some parts of England, 
 nesting occasionally in Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, 
 Dorset, Hants, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Worcester, 
 Shropshire, Staffordshire, Radnorshire, Cheshire, 
 Lancashire, and Yorkshire'!'. To this list may be 
 
 * Graves, in his ' British Ornithology ' (1821), assigns a much later 
 date than this to its extinction, observing that one was killed near 
 Fort William in 1815, and another near Borrowstoneness in 1819. 
 
 t A. G. More, in ' The Ibis,' 1865, p. 426. 
 
GAME-BIRDS. 39 
 
 added Leicestershire* and, as lam informed by Mr. 
 J. H. Gurney, North-west Norfolk. 
 
 The bird is not found in Ireland ; and it is doubtful 
 whether it ever existed there, except as an introduced 
 species in a few localities. 
 
 EED GEOTJSE. Tetrao scoticus, Latham. 
 
 Resident in Scotland, the north and north-west of 
 England, Wales, and Ireland. 
 
 With reference to the distribution of the Red 
 Grouse in Great Britain, Mr. A. G. More ascertained 
 (Ibis, 1865, p. 427) that it is plentiful on the hills of 
 Monmouthshire, and inhabits Hereford, Shropshire, 
 Stafford, Radnor, and Pembroke. It breeds in Derby- 
 shire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and in every county 
 north of lat. 54, reaching the Outer Hebrides and 
 Orkneys, but does not occur in Shetland. 
 
 PTAEMIGrAN. Tetrao lagopus^ Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident only on the higher mountains of Scotland 
 and the Hebrides. 
 
 GEEY PAETEIDGE. Perdix cinerea, Latham. 
 
 Resident, and generally distributed. The protec- 
 tive efforts of game-preservers, in almost every part of 
 the country, have contributed greatly to the increase 
 of this species. 
 
 * " A List of the Birds of Leicestershire," by James Harley, 
 published in the third volume of Macgillivray's l History of British 
 Birds/ 
 
40 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 EED-LEaGED PAETEIDGE. Perdix rufa, Latham. 
 
 Introduced about the year 1770*, and now a local 
 resident, gradually extending its range. A single 
 specimen only is recorded to have been met with in 
 Scotland, near Aberdeen f; and in Ireland it is un- 
 known, except as an introduced species in the 
 county of GalwayJ. Messrs. Baikie and Heddle 
 state (' Fauna Oread ensis,' p. 56) that this species, 
 together with the Common Partridge, was introduced 
 into Orkney in 1840, by the Earl of Orkney. 
 
 Some interesting remarks upon the migratory 
 habits of this species will be found in Stevenson's 
 ' Birds of Norfolk,' pp. 413-416. 
 
 QUAIL. Coturnix vulgaris, Fleming. 
 
 Generally regarded as a summer migrant to the 
 British Islands; but numbers remain during the 
 winter, especially in Ireland. On the east of Scotland, 
 strange to say, it is by no means so common as on 
 the west, although met with in nearly all the counties 
 from Berwick to Orkney. Its range northward and 
 westward extends to the Outer Hebrides, where the 
 nest has been found in Lewis and North Uist. 
 
 * Of. Dr. Clarke (of Ipswich), in Charlesworth's Magazine of 
 Natural History' for 1839, p. 142. 
 
 t Gray, Birds of the West of Scotland,' p. 243. 
 J Thompson, < Nat. Hist. Ireland ' (Birds), ii. p. 65. 
 
BUSTARDS. 41 
 
 Order IV. GRALLATORES. 
 
 Fam. OTIDID^E. 
 
 GEEAT BUSTAED. Otis tarda, Linnaeus. 
 
 " Besides the barren ' brecks ' of Norfolk and 
 Suffolk, the Great Bustard, on good authority, appears 
 in former times to have been extremely common on 
 all the open parts of this island which were suited to 
 its habits the elevated moors of Haddingtonshire 
 and Berwickshire, the desolate wolds of Yorkshire 
 and Lincolnshire, Newmarket and Royston Heaths, 
 on the borders of Cambridgeshire, together with the 
 downs of Berkshire, Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, South- 
 ampton, and Sussex, being all more or less frequented 
 by it; but in every one of these localities it had 
 ceased to exist before the last of the race of British 
 Bustards fell victims to the advancement of agricul- 
 tural enterprise in this (Norfolk) and the adjoining 
 county"*. It has long been extinct in Scotland ; the 
 occurrence of probably the last Scottish straggler is 
 recorded by Dr. Fleming, in his ' History of British 
 Animals,' p. 115, where he states that one was shot in 
 1803, in Moray shire. As regards Ireland, the Great 
 Bustard is included by Smith, in his ' History of 
 Cork,' as one of the birds of the County of Cork, in 
 1749 ; but if ever it was really found in Ireland it 
 has long since become extinct there. 
 
 * Stevenson's ' Birds of Norfolk,' vol. ii. p. 2. 
 
42 KESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 LITTLE BUSTARD. Otis tetrax, Linnaeus. 
 
 An occasional winter visitant. More than forty 
 instances of its occurrence in England are known 
 to me. In Scotland it is much rarer, and in Ireland 
 it is only known with certainty to have occurred once. 
 This was in the bog of Killough, co. Wicklow, in 
 August 1833. 
 
 Fam. CHARADRIID^E. 
 
 STONE CUELEW. (Edicnemus crepitans, Temminck. 
 
 A summer migrant, especially to the chalk districts, 
 but is occasionally found in winter in Cornwall 
 (Rodd), Devon (M. A. Mathew), and the Isle of 
 Wight (A. G. More). These localities, therefore, may 
 be said to define the limits of its range northward in 
 winter. In the north of England and in Scotland it 
 is unknown, except as a rare straggler ; and the same 
 remark applies to Ireland. 
 
 GOLDEN PLOVEE. Charadrius pluvialis, Linnaeus. 
 
 Breeds in Scotland and the north of England, and 
 sparingly in Devon and Somerset. To the eastern 
 and southern counties of England it is a winter 
 visitant, sometimes remaining very late and occurring 
 very early. Professor A. Newton writes me word 
 that he believes he has seen the Golden Plover on 
 Thetford Warren during every month in the year, but 
 that it does not breed there. Mr. Thompson has 
 
PLOVERS. 43 
 
 noted this species as permanently resident in Ireland, 
 and mentions many localities where it breeds 
 regularly. 
 
 GrEEY PLOYEE. Sguatarola helvetica (Linnaeus). 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant, a few remaining 
 the winter. A single instance has come under my 
 observation of a Grey Plover remaining in England 
 throughout the summer. This was in 1867, in the 
 neighbourhood of Pagham Harbour, Sussex. The 
 bird was seen constantly from the end of May, by 
 which time all the migrating flocks had left, until 
 the 29th of August following, on which day I 
 shot it. It exhibited no trace of any former wound, 
 and was in excellent condition. 
 
 LAPWINGr. Vanellus cristatus, Meyer. 
 
 Resident, and generally distributed; assembling in 
 large flocks at the approach of winter, when it is to a 
 certain extent migratory. 
 
 DOTTEEEL. Eudromias morinellus (Linnaeus). 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant. Believed to breed 
 annually on the high ranges of Westmoreland and 
 Cumberland, and in the counties of Forfar, Kincar- 
 dine, Aberdeen, Banff, Moray, Sutherland, and Caith- 
 ness*. Although rare in Ireland, there is some 
 reason to suppose that this bird may breed annually, 
 
 * Macgillivray, ' Hist. British Birds/ vol. iv. p. 112. 
 
44 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 but in very limited numbers, on the higb mountains 
 in the county of Tipperary*. An interesting account 
 of its nesting-habits as observed by Mr. Heysham in 
 Cumberland will be found in the second volume 
 (p. 295) of the ' Magazine of Natural History/ 
 
 KINGED PLOVEE. Mgialitis hiaticula (Linnseus). 
 
 Although this species may be found upon some 
 part of the coast throughout the year, it is nevertheless 
 migratory in spring and autumn. 
 
 KENTISH PLOVEB. Mgialitis cantiana (Latham). 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant, breeding annually 
 on the coasts of Kent and Sussex. It has been met 
 with in Cornwall (Rodd), Hants (Gurney), Suffolk 
 (Hele), Norfolk (Stevenson), and Yorkshire (Boyes) ; 
 but is of rare occurrence, except in the south of 
 England. According to Mr. Blake Knox (Zoologist, 
 1866, p. 301), it has been observed in a few instances, 
 during the migration, on the Dublin coast, but it is 
 at all times a rare visitant to Ireland. 
 
 TUENSTONE. Strepsilas interpres, Linnaeus. 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant, a few remaining 
 throughout the winter. It is believed to nest in a few 
 localities in Great Britain. Dr. Embleton of Beadnall, 
 Northumberland, who used to visit the Fame Islands 
 annually in the nesting-season, wrote to me in 1865 
 
 * Thompson, ' Nat. Hist. Ireland ' (Birds), vol. ii. p. 94. 
 
PLOVERS. 45 
 
 as follows : " The Turnstone breeds on the Fame 
 Islands, formerly plentifully, now very few." When 
 visiting these islands myself in 1863, I purchased 
 from a fisherman at North Sunderland various eggs 
 which had been taken on the island the previous 
 year ; and amongt them was one which, in the opinion 
 of experienced oologists, could only have belonged to 
 a Turnstone. Mr. Gray says this bird breeds on the 
 Isle of Staffa, and believes that limited numbers will 
 yet be found nesting on the Haskar rocks, the St. 
 Kilda group, and probably the Monach Isles locali- 
 ties somewhat difficult of access, but well worth the 
 attention of ornithologists. He adds : " It was sug- 
 gested by the late Dr. Fleming that this species might 
 breed in Shetland, as he had observed it there at all 
 seasons of the year ; and I find it mentioned, in a MS. 
 note by one of the authors of the ' Fauna Orcadensis,' 
 that it breeds in the Orkney Islands." 
 
 Mr. Thompson, in his ' Nat. Hist, of Ireland ' 
 (Birds), vol. ii. p. 120, says, " I am disposed to believe 
 that the Turnstone may breed in Ireland, though no 
 proof can be offered." 
 
 OYSTEE-CATCHEE. Hcematopus ostralegus (Linnaeus). 
 
 May be found on some part of the coast throughout 
 the year, but is at the same time, to a certain extent, 
 migratory in spring and autumn. 
 
46 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 Fam. SCOLOPACID.E. 
 
 AVOCET. Eecurvirostra avocetta, Linnaeus. 
 
 Formerly a regular, now an occasional summer 
 visitant. The neighbourhood of Eye in Sussex, Eom- 
 ney Marsh in Kent, Salthouse in Norfolk, and West 
 Fen in Lincolnshire are upon record as former breed- 
 ing-places*. To these localities may be added Win- 
 terton and Horsey in Norfolk, the neighbourhood of 
 the Seven-Mile-House on the Bure, near Yarmouth f, 
 and the mere-lands at Thorpe, near AldeburghJ. 
 
 GEEENSHANK. Totanus glottis (Pallas). 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant, nesting regularly 
 in some parts of Scotland. See A. G. More, in c The 
 Ibis' for 1865, p. 436, and Gray's ' Birds of the West 
 of Scotland,' p. 301. 
 
 DUSKY EEDSHANK. Totanm fuscus (Linnaeus). 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant to England and 
 Scotland ; a rare visitant to Ireland. 
 
 COMMON EEDSHANK. Totanus calidris (Linnaeus). 
 
 Resident and generally distributed, but migratory 
 in spring and autumn. 
 
 * < The Ibis,' 1865, p. 436. 
 
 t Stevenson, < Birds of Norfolk,' ii. p. 238. 
 
 J Hele, < Notes about Aldeburgh/ p. 120. 
 
SANDPIPERS. 47 
 
 GREEN SANDPIPER. Totanus ochropus (Linnaeus). 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant ; a few sometimes 
 remain the winter. It is reported to have nested in 
 Yorkshire Mr. Roberts, of the museum at Scar- 
 borough, having received specimens several times from 
 the neighbourhood of Hunmanby, in all cases shot in 
 June. The keeper there says they breed in old crow's 
 nests ; he has seen them come off from the nests*. 
 This is quite in accordance with what has been ob- 
 served of this species on the Continent ; and it is now 
 a well-known fact that, instead of nesting on the ground 
 like other Sandpipers, it makes use of the deserted nest 
 of some insessorial bird, and frequently lays its eggs at 
 a considerable height from the ground. An excellent 
 account of the nidification of this bird, by Professor 
 Newton, will be found in the ' Proceedings of the 
 Zoological Society ' for 1863, pp. 529-532 f. 
 
 WOOD SAKDPIPEB. Totanus glareola (Linnseus). 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant. A nestling bird 
 was found at Beechamwell, Norfolk, by the late Mr. 
 Scales, of Bustard celebrity $; and in June 1853 a 
 nest and eggs were discovered by Mr. J. Hancock on 
 Prestwick Carr, Northumberland . It is doubtful 
 whether this species occurs in Ireland. 
 
 * See Stevenson's ' Birds of Norfolk/ vol. ii. p. 226, note. 
 f This article was reprinted in the Zoologist ' for 1864, pp. 9115- 
 9118, and in the Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser., xiv. pp. 221-224. 
 i Gurney and Fisher, ' Zoologist,' 1846, p. 1324 and figure. 
 Hewitson's ' Eggs of British Birds ' (3rd ed.), vol. ii. p. 332. 
 
48 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 RUFF and REEVE. Machetes pugnax (Linnaeus). 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant. Formerly nested 
 annually in the eastern counties of England. A few 
 pairs only now remain to breed in favourable localities, 
 where, fortunately, they are preserved. 
 
 COMMON SANDPIPER. Tringoides hypoleucm (Lin- 
 naeus). 
 
 Spring and autumn migrant; remaining to breed 
 in the north of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ire- 
 land. More rarely the nest has been found in some 
 of the southern counties of England. 
 
 KNOT. Tringa canutus, Linnaeus. 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant, some remaining 
 throughout the winter. 
 
 CURLEW SANDPIPER. Tringa subarquata (Gulden- 
 staedt). 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant. The discovery of a 
 nest "in a tract of sedgy bog round the Loch of 
 Spynie, near Elgin, on the 8th June, 1853," has 
 been chronicled by Mr. Robert Gray, in his ' Birds of 
 the West of Scotland.' 
 
 PURPLE SANDPIPER. Tringa maritima, Briinnich. 
 
 A regular winter visitant. Instances of its oc- 
 currence between April and September are rare, 
 although it is supposed to breed within the limits of 
 the British Islands. Hitherto, however, the nest has 
 not been discovered. 
 
SANDPIPERS. 49 
 
 DUNLIN. Tringa alpina, Linnseus. 
 
 Resident, yet migratory in spring and autumn. 
 Breeds in Northumberland, Scotland, the Hebrides, 
 and Shetland. The nest has also been found in Corn- 
 wall*; and the species used formerly to breed at 
 Martin Mere, an extensive tract of water and swamp 
 in Lancashire f . 
 
 LITTLE STINT. Tringa minuta, Leisler. 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant. A few instances 
 have come under my notice in which this bird has 
 remained in England as late as the second week in 
 June. 
 
 It is sparingly distributed on the eastern coasts of 
 Scotland, but has not been met with on the western 
 shores. It appears in Ireland as a regular autumnal 
 visitant, but in limited numbers. 
 
 TEMMINCK'S STINT. Tringa temmincMi, Leisler. 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant, but much rarer than 
 the last named. It has been met with once only in 
 Scotland;};, and once in Ireland . 
 
 SANDERLINGr. Calidris arenaria (Linngeus). 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant, a few remaining 
 throughout the winter. On the west coast of Scotland 
 
 * Rodd, ' Zoologist,' 1868, p. 1319. 
 
 t Berry, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1834, vol. vii. p. 599. 
 
 J Gray, ' Birds of West of Scotland,' p. 321. 
 
 Thompson, ' Nat. Hist. Ireland ' (Birds), vol. ii. p. 302. 
 
50 RESIDENTS AND MIQEANTS. 
 
 it is said to be very common*; not so in Ireland, 
 where Mr. Thompson, speaking of the comparative 
 numbers of this species and the Dunlin, saysf , " In 
 Belfast and Strangford Loughs there are fully two 
 thousand Dunlins to a single Sanderling ; and on the 
 coast of Ireland generally there may probably be one 
 thousand of the former to each individual of the 
 latter species." In The Field ' of June 24th, 1871, 
 will be found a note by Dr. Bree on the supposed 
 nesting of the Sanderling in Ireland. 
 
 GEEY PHALAEOPE. Phalaropusfulicarius(IArm&us). 
 
 An annual autumn migrant. No instance of its 
 occurring in England in the red plumage peculiar to 
 the breeding-season is known to me, although it oc- 
 casionally happens that specimens obtained here in 
 autumn have a very few of the red feathers still 
 showing through the winter dress. 
 
 EED-NECKED PHALAEOPE. Phalaropus hyperloreus 
 (Linneeus). 
 
 Breeds in Perthshire, Inverness, Sutherland, and 
 the Hebrides, formerly also in Orkney. It is an oc- 
 casional winter visitant to England, and is unknown 
 in Ireland. 
 
 WOODCOCK. Scolopax rusticola, Linnaeus. 
 
 A regular winter visitant ; but many pairs annually 
 remain to nest in suitable localities. 
 
 * Gray, < Birds of the West of Scotland,' p. 261. 
 t Nat. Hist. Ireland (Birds), vol. ii. p. 122. 
 
SNIPES. 51 
 
 GEEAT SNIPE. Gallinago major (Gmelin). 
 
 Visits this country regularly every autumn, and 
 always earlier than the Common Snipe. Instances of 
 its occurrence in spring are rare. It appears to seek 
 drier situations than does the Common Snipe: e.g., 
 one shot by the Earl of Haddington in a dry grass- 
 field near Mellerstain, Berwickshire, in the autumn 
 of 1865 (Turnbull, 'Birds of East Lothian,' p. 43); 
 two on high ground, Malham, Yorkshire, 6th Sept. 
 1862 (Christy Horsfall, 'Zoologist,' 1862, p. 8196); 
 one in a piece of potatoes, on dry sand, near Milton 
 Pewsey, Wilts, 23rd Sept. 1868 ( c The Field,' 3rd Oct. 
 1868); one in some heather on Salisbury Plain, 24th 
 Sept. 1868 (Powell, 'Zoologist,' 1868, p. 1461); and 
 other examples might be adduced. 
 
 It is worthy of note that a Great Snipe, shot at 
 Camelford, Cornwall, in November 1868, and ex- 
 amined by Mr. E. H. Rodd of Penzance*, had eighteen 
 instead of sixteen feathers in the tail. 
 
 COMMON SNIPE. Gallinago media, Leach. 
 
 A regular winter visitant, but many pairs annually 
 remain to breed in suitable localities. With reference 
 to the large ruddy variety for which Mr. Gould 
 has suggested the name G. russata, see his ' Birds of 
 Great Britain ; ' Stevenson's ' Birds of Norfolk,' vol. ii. 
 p. 331; Rodd, 'Zoologist,' 1855, p. 4704; Gatcombe, 
 ' Zoologist,' 1862, p. 7938; Blake Knox, ' Zoologist,' 
 
 * See ' Zoologist,' 1868, p. 1482. 
 
 E2 
 
52 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 1866, p. 302 ; and Brooking Rowe, ' Zoologist,' 1866, 
 p. 97, 'The Field,' 28th Nov. 1868, and 'Land and 
 Water,' 7th Jan. 1871. 
 
 A remarkable paper on the " drumming " of the 
 Snipe, by Herr Meves, translated from the Swedish 
 by the late Mr. John Wolley, will be found in the 
 'Proceedings of the Zoological Society' for 1858, 
 p. 199. 
 
 SABINE'S SNIPE. Gallinago salini (Vigors). 
 
 Although the claim of this bird to rank as a species 
 has not been satisfactorily established, it is inserted 
 in this part of the ' Handbook ' because it has been 
 treated as specifically distinct by Mr. Yarrell in his 
 'History of British Birds,' and because, so far as I 
 am aware, it has not been met with out of the British 
 Islands*. In ' The Field ' of Dec. 10th, 1870, I fur- 
 nished a list of the reported occurrences of this bird 
 to that date. From this list it appears to have been 
 met with in England and Ireland in every month of 
 the year excepting June and July. Its absence from 
 Scotland, as indicated by Scottish naturalists, is re- 
 markable. 
 
 JACK SNIPE. Gallinago gallinula (Linnseus). 
 
 A regular winter visitant. A few cases are on 
 record in which this bird has been seen in England 
 
 * Since writing the above, I have been informed that a light- 
 coloured specimen of this bird, now in the foreign collection of the 
 British Museum, was shot near Paris by a friend of M. Jules 
 Verreaux. 
 
GODWITS. 53 
 
 during the summer months ; but there is no satisfac- 
 tory evidence of its having nested here. 
 
 BAE-TAILED GODWIT. Limosa lapponica (Linnaeus). 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant, and much commoner 
 than the following species; but, strange to say, no 
 instance has been discovered of its nesting in the 
 British Islands. 
 
 BLACK-TAILED GODWIT. Limosa cegocephala (Lin- 
 naeus). 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant. Formerly nested 
 annually in the fens of Norfolk, Cambridge, Hunting- 
 don, and Lincoln. 
 
 CURLEW. Numenius arquatus (Linnaeus). 
 
 Resident; breeding in Scotland, Northumberland, 
 Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Shropshire, N >rth and South 
 Wales, Devonshire, Cornwall, and in many parts of 
 Ireland. 
 
 WHIMBREL. Numenius phceopus (Linnaeus). 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant a few pairs re- 
 maining to breed in Sutherlandshire and Caithness, 
 as also in Orkney and Shetland. Mr. A. G. More 
 states*, on the authority of Mr. Thomas Gough of 
 Kendal, that the nest of the Whimbrel has been 
 found on the mountains of Yorkshire, adjoining 
 Westmoreland. 
 
 * The Ibis, 1865, p. 434. 
 
54 KESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 Fam. TANTALID^E. 
 
 GLOSSY IBIS. Ibis falcinellus (Gmelin). 
 
 Formerly seen often enough in England to be known 
 to gunners and fishermen as the Black Curlew * ; but 
 now a rare visitant, generally appearing in autumn. 
 
 Fam. PLATALEID^E. 
 
 SPOONBILL. Platalea leucorodia, Linnaeus. 
 
 Formerly resident, now only an occasional visitant. 
 According to Sir Thomas Browne f, this bird used to 
 nest at Claxton and Reedham in Norfolk, and at 
 Trimley in Suffolk. 
 
 Fam. C 
 
 WHITE STOEK. Ciconia alba, Bechstein. 
 
 An irregular visitant to England, rarer in Scotland, 
 and has been once procured in Ireland. 
 
 Fam. GRUID^E. 
 
 COMMON CEANE. Grus cinerea, Bechstein. 
 
 According to Ray, and Willughby, the Crane was 
 formerly resident in the British Islands. Turner 
 says $ " Earum pipiones ipse ssepissime vidi." Leslie 
 
 * Lubbock's ' Fauna of Norfolk ' (1845), p. 54. 
 
 t Sir Thomas Browne's Works (Wilkin's ed.), vol. iv. p. 315. 
 
 J Historia Avium, 1548. 
 
HERONS. 55 
 
 also, in 1578, speaks of the bird as common in Scot- 
 land (" Grues plurimse ")*. 
 
 In a " Notice of animals which have disappeared 
 from Ireland during the period of authentic history," 
 the author, Dr. Scouler, remarksf , " The Crane, Grus 
 cinerea, was formerly so plentiful that, according to 
 Giraldus, flocks consisting of a hundred individuals 
 were extremely common." The words of Giraldus 
 are, "In tanta vero numerositate se grues ingerunt, 
 ut uno in grege centum et circiter numerum frequenter 
 invenies"$. At the present day, however, this bird 
 can only be considered a rare visitant to Great Britain. 
 
 No notice of the species would be complete 
 without reference to the very graphic account of its 
 nesting, as observed in Lapland, by the late Mr. 
 John Wolley, published in 'The Ibis' for 1859. 
 
 Fam. AKDEID.E. 
 COMMON HEKON. Ardea cinerea, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident, and generally distributed. In ' The Field ' 
 of Feb. 17th and March 9th, 1872, I published a list 
 of all the Heronries ascertained to be then or lately 
 existing in the British Islands. I have since received 
 notices of a few others. 
 
 PUEPLE HEBON. Ardea purpurea, Linnaeus. 
 
 An occasional visitant to England. Has occurred 
 
 * De origine moribus et rebus gestis Scotorum, p. 25. 
 f Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, vol. i. p. 224. 
 J Topographia Hiberniae, p. 705. 
 
56 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 twice in Scotland, and is stated to have been once ob- 
 tained in Ireland. 
 
 NIGHT HEEON. Nycticorax yriseus (Linnaeus). 
 
 There is good reason to believe that this bird at one 
 time nested annually in England in suitable localities. 
 Although this is no longer the case, specimens are still 
 met with at irregular intervals every year (I have notes 
 of its occurrence in upwards of fifty instances), and 
 it may accordingly be considered an annual visitant. 
 
 An interesting account of the nesting-habits of this 
 bird, as observed by Mr. Swinhoe, will be found in 
 ' The Ibis ' for 1861, p. 53. 
 
 COMMON BITTEEN. Botaurus stellaris (Linnaeus). 
 
 At one time common in England and Ireland; but 
 the drainage of marsh-lands has almost entirely de- 
 terred it from nesting here. It is now most frequently 
 met with in winter. Messrs. Lubbock and Stevenson, 
 in their respective works, refer to several instances of 
 its having nested in Norfolk. Graves, in his ' British 
 Ornithology,' mentions a nest on the river Cam in 
 1821, which contained four young birds and an addled 
 egg ; and gives a figure of the old bird, which was 
 shot off the nest. In 1849 or 1850, a nest containing 
 four eggs was found at Tring Reservoir, Herts* ; and 
 a few years later a nest and eggs were taken, and the 
 female bird shot, near Drayton Beauchamp, Bucksf ; 
 while, in the latest instance recorded, a nest con- 
 
 * A. G. More, in The Ibis,' 1865, p. 433. 
 
 t A. C. Kennedy, in < The Zoologist,' 1868, p. 1255. 
 
KAILSt 57 
 
 taining two eggs was found on Upton Broad, Norfolk, 
 on the 30th March 1868, and on the 25th May fol- 
 lowing a nestling Bittern was captured at the same 
 place*. 
 
 LITTLE BITTERN. Botaurus minutus (Linnaeus). 
 
 An occasional summer visitant to England. It 
 has occurred in a few instances only in Scotland and 
 Ireland. Although no well authenticated instance of 
 its having nested in this country is on record, there 
 is at least presumptive evidence of its having done 
 so. Its skulking habits, and the almost impenetrable 
 nature of the swamps which it frequents, render de- 
 tection, except by accident, extremely difficult. 
 
 Fam. RALL1D.E. 
 WATER RAIL. Eallus aquaticus, Linnreus. 
 
 Resident, but migratory also in spring and autumn, 
 the birds which remain with us throughout the winter 
 receiving considerable accessions to their numbers in 
 March and April, these numbers being again visibly 
 diminished in the fall of the year. 
 
 LAND RAIL or CORN CRAKE. Creoc^ praterms, Bech- 
 stein. 
 
 A summer migrant. Many instances, however, are 
 on record of its having been met with in England 
 during the winter months. 
 
 * Stevenson, < Birds of Norfolk,' vol. ii. p. 164. 
 t Genus Crex, Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl.' iv. p. 470 (1803) ; 
 Pomna, Yieillot, l Analyse,' p. 61 (1816). 
 
58 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 SPOTTED CEAKE. Crex porzana (Linnaeus). 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant, occasionally re- 
 maining to nest in suitable localities. Before the fen- 
 lands were so extensively drained, it used to breed 
 commonly in the eastern counties of England. 
 
 BAILLON'S CEAKE. Crex bailloni (Vieillot). 
 
 As the nest of this species has several times been 
 found in England, and the bird itself has been pro- 
 cured in almost every month of the year, it is in- 
 cluded in this part of the * Handbook ' as a local 
 resident. It has only once been obtained in Scotland, 
 and once in Ireland, and appears to be almost entirely 
 confined, in England, to the eastern counties. 
 
 LITTLE CEAKE. Crex pusilla (Gmelin). 
 
 Has been noticed sufficiently often in England to 
 justify its being placed in this part of the 'Hand- 
 book/ The seasons of the year at which it has been 
 killed seem to indicate that it is a spring and autumn 
 migrant. On the other hand it may be a scarce 
 resident, whose small size and skulking habits cause 
 it to be very often overlooked. It has not been met 
 with either in Scotland or Ireland. 
 
 MOOEHEN. Grallinula chloropus (Linnaeus). 
 Resident, and generally distributed. 
 
 COOT. Fulica atra, Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident ; but migratory in autumn, and assembling 
 in large flocks in winter. 
 
SWANS. 59 
 
 Order V. NATATOKBS. 
 Fam. ANATID^E. 
 
 WILD SWAN or WHOOPEE. Cygnus musicus, Bech- 
 stein. 
 
 A regular winter visitant, most numerous in Scot- 
 land. 
 
 BEWICK'S SWAN. Cygnus minor, Keys. & Blasius. 
 
 A regular winter visitant, said to be commoner in 
 Ireland than the Whooper*. 
 
 GBEY LAG GOOSE. Anser ferus (Gmelin). 
 
 Breeds annually in some parts of Scotland and in 
 the Hebrides, formerly also in the English fens. It 
 is now a winter visitant to England and Ireland, but 
 by no means common. 
 
 BEAN GOOSE. Anser segetum (Gmelin). 
 
 A winter visitant. It was stated by Macgillivray 
 that this Goose frequented the Hebrides in summer ; 
 but this has since been shown to be a mistake f. 
 The bird is very common, however, in the Hebrides 
 in winter. According to Mr. Selby, also, it has been 
 found breeding on some of the lakes in Suther- 
 landshire ; but recent observers have not been able 
 
 * Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland' (Birds), iii. p. 17. 
 t Gray, ' Birds of the West of Scotland/ p. 343. 
 
60 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 to confirm this statement. In Ireland it is a regular 
 winter visitant. 
 
 PINK-FOOTED GOOSE. Anser brachyrhynchus, Baillon. 
 
 A winter visitant. Said to have been found breed- 
 ing by Macgillivray on the islands in the Sound of 
 Harris, and on the lakes of North Uist ; but subse- 
 quent observation showed that he had mistaken the 
 Grey Lag Goose for this species. Mr. Robert Gray 
 says the Pink-footed Goose is only found in the 
 winter months in any part of Scotland ; and, with the 
 exception of the western islands, no locality can 
 boast of it in any numbers. 
 
 According to Mr. Thompson, " it cannot yet be 
 announced as obtained in Ireland, though particularly 
 looked for of late years." 
 
 WHITE-FKONTED GOOSE. Anser albifrons (Gmelin). 
 
 A winter visitant to England, Scotland, and Ireland, 
 but somewhat local in its distribution. 
 
 It has been clearly shown by Professor Newton, in 
 a paper read before the Zoological Society in June 
 I860*, that Linnaeus applied the specific name 
 "erythropm" to the smaller race of White-fronted 
 Goose, known as Anser minutus of Naumann, and 
 Anser temmincJcii of Boie, which inhabits Lapland, 
 and which does not visit Great Britain. The larger 
 White-fronted Goose, which visits the British Islands 
 
 * P. Z. S. 1860, p. 339 ; reprinted in 'The Ibis,' 1860, p. 404. 
 
GEESE. 61 
 
 regularly in winter, should therefore bear the name 
 Anser albifrons of Gmelin, that name being the next 
 in priority of date. 
 
 BEENICLE GOOSE. Anser leucopsis, Bechstein. 
 
 A winter visitant ; very common in the west of 
 Scotland and in the outer Hebrides, and said to be 
 commoner on the west than on the east coast of 
 England. 
 
 BRENT .GOOSE. Amer bernicla (Linnaeus). 
 
 A regular winter visitant ; said to be commoner on 
 the eastern than on the western shores. Mr. Eobert 
 Gray says that throughout Western Scotland the 
 Brent Goose is much less common than the Bernicle. 
 
 CANADA GOOSE. Anser canadensis (Linnaeus). 
 An irregular winter visitant. 
 
 EGYPTIAN GOOSE. Anser cegyptiacus (Linnaeus). 
 An annual winter visitant. 
 
 SHELDRAKE. Tadorna vulpanser, Fleming. 
 
 A local resident, affecting the sand-hills upon the 
 coast, where it makes its nest in a burrow ; hence the 
 name " Burrow-Duck " which has been given to it. 
 In the Hebrides it has been observed breeding " in 
 rocky holes"*, which is rather remarkable. 
 
 * Gray, Birds of the West of Scotland/ p. 363. 
 
62 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 WILD DUCK. Anas boschas, Linnaeus. 
 
 A local resident, migratory in spring and autumn. 
 
 GADWALL. Anas strepera, Linnaeus. 
 
 A rare winter visitant, less common in Scotland 
 and Ireland than in England. The British Islands 
 generally lie too far west to be visited by this species. 
 
 SHOVELLEK. Anas clypeata, Linnaeus. 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant, occasionally re- 
 maining to breed. The nest is reported to have been 
 found in Haddingtonshire, Elgin, and Dumbarton- 
 shire, in Northumberland, Durham, Staffordshire, 
 Norfolk, Kent, and Dorsetshire. Yarrell states that 
 it formerly bred in Eomney Marsh ; and Mr. Hewitson, 
 in his ' Eggs of British Birds,' mentions Hornsea 
 Mere as a nesting-place. In Ireland the Shoveller is 
 a regular winter visitant. 
 
 PINTAIL. Anas acuta, Linnaeus. 
 
 A regular winter visitant in small numbers. 
 
 WIGrEON. Anas penelope, Linnaeus. 
 
 Breeds regularly in the north of Scotland, and 
 rarely in England. The nest is reported to have been 
 found in Derbyshire, Cheshire, Norfolk, and Sussex. 
 It is best known, however, as a winter visitant. 
 
 TEAL. Querquedula crecca (Linnaeus). 
 
 A local resident, and, like the Wild Duck, migra- 
 tory in spring and autumn. 
 
DUCKS. 63 
 
 As the American Green-winged Teal (Anas caroli- 
 nensis, Gmelin) is believed to have occurred in this 
 country, it may be well to remark that it differs 
 from the European bird in wanting the white streak 
 which extends from the bill over the eye in the latter ; 
 and the white line below the eye is also nearly absent, 
 being very indistinctly marked. It is also without the 
 cream-coloured band on the scapulars, while across 
 the shoulder there is a distinct transverse bar of white, 
 no trace of which is to be found in the European bird. 
 Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun., informs me that two instances 
 are known to him of the occurrence of the American 
 Blue-winged Teal (A. discors^ Linnaeus) in England ; 
 and Mr. E. Gray has recorded the capture of one in 
 Scotland*; but as so many foreign wild fowl are 
 annually imported for our parks and ornamental 
 waters, it is almost impossible to say whether the 
 solitary examples found at large from time to time 
 are truly wild or escaped birds. 
 
 GAEGrANEY. Querquedula circia (Linnaeus). 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant, occasionally remain- 
 ing to breed. The nest is reported to have been 
 found in Norfolk, Cambridge, and Huntingdon. It 
 is of rare occurrence in Scotland ; and but very few 
 examples have been met with in Ireland. 
 
 POCHAED. Fuligula ferina (Linnseus). 
 
 A winter visitant, occasionally remaining to breed. 
 * Birds of the West of Scotland, p. 373. 
 
64 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 The nest is recorded to have been found in Yorkshire, 
 Norfolk, and on the borders of Herts and Bucks. 
 
 FEKRUGINOUS DUCK. Fuligula ferruginea*(Gme\m). 
 
 A spring visitant, generally to the eastern counties 
 of England, between the Thames and the Humber. 
 The east of England would therefore appear to be 
 the western limit of its regular migration, the few 
 individuals which have been killed more to the west- 
 ward being stragglers. Mr. R. Grayf says, " I know of 
 but one instance of the occurrence of this bird in 
 any part of Scotland ; " and, according to Mr. Thomp- 
 son it has not been obtained in Ireland J. 
 
 SCAUP. Fuligula marila (Linnaeus). 
 
 A winter visitant. Supposed to have nested in 
 Sutherlandshire . 
 
 The so-called American Scaup, Fuligula mariloides, 
 figured and described by Yarrell (Hist. Brit. Birds, 
 vol. iii. p. 349), is now generally admitted to be no 
 species, but a hybrid. The specimen figured by Mr. 
 Yarrell belonged to Mr. Doubleday ; and at the sale 
 of that gentleman's collection in August 1871, it was 
 purchased by Mr. Bond, in whose possession it now 
 remains. From an examination of this specimen, I have 
 little doubt that it is a hybrid between the Pochard 
 
 * This Duck is also the " Anas nyroca " of Gmelin. 
 t Birds of the West of Scotland, p. 385. 
 t Nat. Hist. Ireland (Birds), iii. p. 134. 
 
 Selby, " On the Birds of Sutherland," Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 
 vol. xx. p. 293. 
 
DUCKS. 65 
 
 and Scaup, although it is but fair to add that this 
 view is not shared by Mr. Bond, who considers it a 
 hybrid between F.ferina andferruginea. The broad 
 bill, however, and dark colour of the head and dorsal 
 plumage are points which seem to me to indicate a 
 relationship to the Scaup. 
 
 The specimen recorded to have been shot on Rol- 
 lesby Broad, Norfolk*, is in the possession of Mr. 
 J. H. Gurney, who informs me that "it is not the 
 American Scaup, but a Paget's Pochard, Fuligula 
 homeyeri vel ferinoides, now believed to be a hy- 
 brid between the Pochard and Ferruginous Duck." 
 Of this cross Mr. Gurney has a second example, 
 shot at Little Waxham, Norfolk, in February 1859 ; 
 and a third and well-marked specimen is in the col- 
 lection of Mr. Bondf. 
 
 The bird shot near Scarborough in January 1855, 
 and stated (Zoologist 1855, p. 4631; Yarrell, I. c.) to 
 have been an American Scaup, was examined by 
 Mr. John Hancock, who found it to be a female 
 Pochard. Professor Baird has remarked (Birds N. 
 Amer. p. 791) that the F. mariloides of Yarrell is 
 not the F. mariloides of Vigors (Voy. H.M.S. ' Blos- 
 som,' 1839, p. 31), although Yarrell himself thought 
 it was (cf. Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. p. 349). And 
 
 * Fisher, < Zoologist/ 1845, p. 1137; 1847, p. 1778, fig. 
 
 t Other examples have been obtained and recorded. See Bartlett, 
 P. Z. S. 1847, p. 48 ; Zoologist,' 1847, p. 1779 ; Ann. & Mag. Nat. 
 Hist. 1847, vol. xix. p. 422; and Stevenson, 'Zoologist/ 1872, 
 p. 2980. 
 
 F 
 
66 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 here I would hazard the opinion that while the 
 former is a hybrid, the latter is not a good species, 
 having been founded apparently upon small specimens 
 of the well-known Scaup, an inhabitant of both 
 Nearctic and Palsearctic regions*. 
 
 TUFTED DUCK. Fuligula cristata (Leach). 
 
 A winter visitant; but several instances are on 
 record of its having remained to breed in England f . 
 
 GOLDEN-EYE. Clangula glaucion (Linnaeus). 
 
 A winter visitant. Has been once known to breed in 
 Sutherlandshire, a nest with young birds having been 
 found by a shepherd in the hollow of an old larch tree 
 on Loch Assynt. 
 
 LONG-TAILED DUCK. Harelda gladalis (Linnaeus). 
 
 A winter visitant. From information supplied to 
 the late Mr. John Wolley, it seems possible that this 
 Duck may occasionally remain to nest in Shetland. 
 
 COMMON SCOTEE. (Edemia nigra (Linnaeus). 
 
 A winter visitant, occasionally remaining till late in 
 summer, and said to have nested in Caithness and 
 InvernessshireJ. 
 
 * See Baird, Birds N. Amer. p. 791, and Swainson, Faun. Bor.- 
 Amer. (Birds), p. 453. 
 
 t See < The Ibis,' 1865, p. 446. 
 
 t Gray, < Birds of the West of Scotland/ p. 382. 
 
DUCKS. 67 
 
 VELVET SCOTEE. (Edemia fusca (Linnaeus). 
 
 A rare winter visitant. Mr. J. H. Gurney thinks 
 it appears rarer than it really is, from its habit of 
 keeping out some miles at sea. 
 
 In Orkney it seems to be an annual winter visitant. 
 Messrs. Baikie and Heddle remark* that it arrives in 
 September and October, remaining until the spring, 
 and frequenting the bays and firths in flocks generally 
 of from ten to twenty. 
 
 EIDEE DUCK. Somateria mollissima (Linnaeus). 
 
 Resident in Shetland, Orkney, the Hebrides, the 
 coasts of Scotland, and the coast of Northumberland, 
 occasionally migrating as far south as the English 
 Channel. The southernmost breeding-station is be- 
 lieved to be Coquet Island. 
 
 SMEW. Mergus albellus, Linnaeus. 
 
 A winter visitant, but not numerous, and never seen 
 in large flocks like many of the other Ducks. 
 
 EED-BEEASTED MEEGANSEE. Mergus serrator, Lin- 
 naeus. 
 
 Resident in Scotland and Ireland, where it breeds 
 on the small islands in the lakes ; a winter visitant 
 to England. Mr. J. H. Gumey informs me that he 
 once saw an adult male of this species in summer near 
 Lowestoft. 
 
 * Hist. Nat. Orcadensis (1848), p. 79. 
 
 F2 
 
68 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 GOOSANDER. Mergus merganser, Linnaeus. 
 
 A winter visitant to England and Ireland. Of more 
 frequent occurrence in Scotland, and said to breed 
 in the Hebrides * ; although Capt. Elwes, who spent 
 two months in the Hebrides during the nesting- 
 season of 1868, made special search for this species 
 without seeing itf ; and Capt. Feilden and Mr. Harvie 
 Brown, who visited the Long Island in the summer 
 of 1870, were also unsuccessful in their search for it. 
 Dr. Dewar, however, found it breeding in North 
 Uist in 1858, and shot a female off the nest J. In 
 May 1871, Mr. Harvie Brown received fresh eggs of 
 this bird from the north of Perthshire. The nest, as 
 he informs me, was placed in the hollow of an old 
 tree ; and the eggs were taken on or about the 20th 
 of May. 
 
 Fam. COLYMBID^E. 
 
 GREAT NORTHERN DIVER. Colymbus glacialis, Lin- 
 naeus. 
 
 A winter visitant, a few remaining throughout the 
 summer in Ireland and the Hebrides. The nest, 
 however, has not been found in the British Islands. 
 
 * Macgillivray, Hist. British Birds ' ; The Ibis,' 1865, p. 447. 
 
 t The Ibis,' 1869, p. 22. 
 
 t Gray, * Birds of the West of Scotland/ p. 403. 
 
GREBES. 69 
 
 BLACK-THEOATED DIVES. Colymbus arcticus, Lin- 
 naeus. 
 
 Resident in Scotland and the Hebrides, where it 
 breeds in limited numbers ; a winter visitant to 
 England and Ireland. 
 
 EED-THEOATED DIVEK. Colymbus septentrionalis, 
 Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident in Scotland and the Hebrides, where it 
 breeds ; a winter visitant to England and Ireland. It 
 may be observed that all three species of Diver occa- 
 sionally remain about their winter quarters long 
 enough to acquire the full breeding-plumage. 
 
 Fam. PODICIPID^E. 
 
 GEEAT CEESTED GEEBE. Podiceps cristatus (Lin- 
 naeus). 
 
 A local resident, migrating southward in winter. 
 
 EED-NECKED GEEBE. Podiceps rubricollis (Gmelin). 
 A winter visitant, sometimes (though rarely) remain- 
 ing late enough in spring to display the complete 
 breeding- plumage. It is of rare occurrence in Ireland. 
 
 SCLAVONIC GEEBE. Podiceps cornutus (Gmelin). 
 The same remarks apply as to the last named. 
 
70 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 EAEED GEEBE. Podiceps auritus (Linnaeus). 
 The same remarks apply. 
 
 LITTLE GrEEBE. Podiceps minor (Gmelin). 
 
 . Eesident throughout the year, but migratory in 
 spring and autumn. 
 
 Fam. ALCID^E. 
 
 PUFFIN. Prater cula arctica (Linnaeus). 
 
 A regular summer migrant to all the shores of the 
 British Islands. 
 
 Another species, Fratercula glacialis (Leach), was 
 reported to have been met with in the Isle of Wight* ; 
 but the identification of the specimen obtained sub- 
 sequently proved to be incorrect. 
 
 An excellent account of P. glacialis, by Professor 
 Newton, with a coloured plate by Wolf, will be found 
 in The Ibis ' for 1865, p. 212, pi. vi. 
 
 EAZOK-BILL. Alca torda, Linnseus. 
 
 May be found in the tideway of the open sea all 
 round the coast at any time of year, but is most con- 
 spicuous when frequenting the cliffs in hundreds during 
 the breeding-season. 
 
 * More, Zoologist,' 1860, p. 6858 ; and Venables, ' Guide to the 
 Isle of Wight,' p. 434. 
 
AUKS. 71 
 
 LITTLE AUK. Alca alle, Linnaeus. 
 
 A winter visitant, but somewhat irregular in its 
 appearance. 
 
 GEEAT AUK or GAEE-FOWL. Alca impennis, Linnaeus. 
 
 Formerly met with in the British Islands, but now 
 believed to be extinct, no examples having been pro- 
 cured or seen since 1844 or 1845. 
 
 In Martin's 'Voyage to St. Kilda,' published in 
 1869, this bird is spoken of as formerly breeding on 
 St. Kilda; and as recently as 1840 Mr. John Mac- 
 gillivray found that it was well known to the inhabi- 
 tants of that remote isle, although it had not been 
 observed to breed there for many years previously. 
 
 The records of its occurrence in Great Britain are 
 so few that they may be shortly enumerated here as 
 follows : 
 
 One seen off Fair Isle, Orkney, June 1798. Baikie & Heddle, 
 Hist. Nat. Orcadensis, p. 88. 
 
 Two, Papa Westra, Orkney, 1812, one of which was sent to the 
 late Mr. Bullock. At the sale of his collection in 1819 it was pur- 
 chased for the British Museum, where it is still preserved. Montagu, 
 Orn. Diet. Suppl. (1813) ; Latham, Gen. Hist. Birds, vol. x. ; Yarrell, 
 Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. p. 480. 
 
 One taken alive off St. Kilda, 1821 or 1822, and examined by Dr. 
 Fleming; afterwards escaped. Edinb. Phil. Journ. vol. x. p. 97, 
 and Fleming, ' Hist. Brit. Animals,' p. 130. 
 
 One taken alive off St. Kilda, 1829, which afterwards escaped. 
 Macgillivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. v. p. 361. But this statement 
 must refer to the last-mentioned specimen. 
 
 One picked up dead off Lundy Island, 1829. Moore, ' Cat. "Web- 
 footed Birds, Devon.' 
 
72 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 One taken alive, Waterford Harbour, May 1834, and lived about 
 five months in confinement. It is now preserved in the University 
 Museum, Dublin. Thompson, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 79, and ' Nat. Hist. 
 Ireland, Birds,' vol. iii. p. 238. 
 
 One, also on the coast of Waterford, about the same time, but not 
 preserved. Thompson, ' Nat. Hist. Ireland, Birds,' vol. iii. p. 239. 
 
 One picked up on the long strand of Castle Freke, co. Cork, about 
 February 1844, " having been water-soaked in a storm." Thomp- 
 son, op. cit. 
 
 Two seen in Belfast Bay, 23rd September, 1845. Thompson, 
 op. cit. 
 
 In addition to the instances above mentioned two 
 others are on record, both of which are undoubtedly 
 mistakes. Dr. Fleming, in his ' History of British 
 Animals' (p. 130), states that Mr. Bullock informed 
 him that " a Great Auk was taken in a pond of fresh 
 water two miles from the Thames, on the estate of Sir 
 Wm. Clayton, in Buckinghamshire." The Great Auk, 
 however, being incapable of flight, such an occurrence 
 would be physically impossible ; and the bird referred 
 to was, in all probability, one of the Divers. Again, 
 Messrs. Sheppard and Whitear, in their " Catalogue 
 of Norfolk and Suffolk Birds" (1826)*, state that they 
 were assured by Dr. Hooker that a bird of this species 
 was some years since killed near Southwold, Suffolk. 
 Sir Wm. Hooker, however, has since informed Pro- 
 fessor Newton that he has no recollection of having 
 made such a statement. He may have referred to a 
 Little Auk, Alca alle, and have been misunder- 
 stood. 
 
 * Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xv. p. 61. 
 
AUKS. 73 
 
 Besides the sources of information above indicated, 
 the following important articles relating to the history 
 of this singular bird should be referred to: Dr. 
 Charlton "On the Great Auk," Zoologist, 1860, 
 pp. 6883-6888; Professor Newton's "Abstract of Mr. 
 Wolley's Eesearches in Iceland," Ibis, 1861, pp. 374- 
 399, "On a Natural Mummy" of this bird, P. Z. S. 
 1863, reprinted in Zoologist, 1864, pp. 9122-9124, 
 " The Gare-fowl and its Historians," Nat. Hist. Re- 
 view, 1865, pp. 467-488, and "Existing Remains/* 
 Ibis, 1870, pp. 256-261 ; Coues, " Monograph of the 
 Alcidoe" Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Jan. 
 1868 ; Steenstrup, " Materials for a history of Alca 
 impennis" (a French translation from the Danish ori- 
 ginal), Bulletin de la Soc. Orn. Suisse, 1868, tome ii. 
 pp. 5-70, and, in the same volume, Fatio, " Remarks 
 on specimens existing in Switzerland," pp. 7385 ; 
 J. H. Gurney, jun., " General notes and corrections 
 of Thompson's account of Irish specimens," Zoologist, 
 1868, pp. 1442-1453, and 1869, pp. 1639-1643; 
 Wyman, " Remains found in Kitchen-middens in 
 Maine and Massachusetts," American Naturalist, 
 1868, pp. 561 and 622; R. Gray, "Resume of Scot- 
 tish records of the species," 'Birds of the West of 
 Scotland ' (1871), pp. 441-453. In the last-mentioned 
 work will also be found an allusion to the discovery, 
 in 1864, of the remains of two Gare-fowls ina "kitchen- 
 midden " on the coast of Caithness. 
 
74 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 GUILLEMOT. Una troile (Linnaeus). 
 
 May be seen in the tideway of the open sea all round 
 the coast at any time of year but most conspicuous 
 during the breeding-season, when assembling by hun- 
 dreds on the cliffs, 
 
 The so-called Ringed Guillemot ( TJria ringvia, leuc- 
 ophthalmus, or lacrymans, as it has been variously 
 styled) can scarcely be regarded as any thing more than 
 a variety of the common species, from which it differs 
 only in having a white line encircling and extending 
 behind the eye*. 
 
 Miiller, in his ' Bird-fauna of the Fseroes,' says, 
 " this is certainly but a variety of troile^ for I have 
 watched the one pairing with the other, and have seen 
 a Kinged Guillemot feeding a young one which a 
 Common Guillemot had under her wing." Mr. Harvie 
 Brown informs me that he has witnessed a similar 
 thing in the Hebrides f- 
 
 BLACK GUILLEMOT. Una grylle (Linnaeus). 
 
 Resident in the Hebrides, on some parts of the 
 Scottish coast, and in Ireland. It is also found upon 
 the Welsh coast, but is rare in the east and south 
 of England. 
 
 * An analogous variation is sometimes met with in the Razor- 
 bill ('The Field/ March 23, 1872). 
 
 t See also Gray, ' Birds of the West of Scotland,' p. 424. 
 
CORMOKANTS. 75 
 
 Fam. PELECANID^E. 
 
 COEMOEANT. Graculus carlo (Linnaeus). 
 
 Resident and generally distributed, but most nume- 
 rous on the northern and western coasts. 
 
 SHAGr. Graculus cristatus (Faber). 
 
 Resident, but not so numerous as the last named, 
 except perhaps on the northern and western isles of 
 Scotland. 
 
 GANNET. Sula bassana (Linnseus). 
 
 Resident. The breeding-stations are : Lundy Is- 
 land in the British Channel ; Ailsa Craig, off Ayr- 
 shire ; St. Kilda, in the Outer Hebrides ; Suliskerry, 
 to the west of Hoy, in Orkney ; and the Bass Rock, 
 in the Firth of Forth. 
 
 Fam. LARID^E. 
 
 COMMON TEEN. Sterna fluviatilis, Naumann. 
 
 A summer visitant, and generally distributed. This 
 bird has generally been regarded as the Sterna hirundo 
 of Linnseus ; but the species described by him under 
 that name is evidently the Arctic Tern, as may be 
 inferred from his description of the bill : " rostrum 
 subulatum, versus apicem compressum, rectum, coc- 
 cineum, uti et pedes." 
 
76 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 AECTIC TEEN. Sterna hirundo, Linnaeus. 
 
 A summer visitant. This is the Sterna macroura of 
 Naumann, ' Isis,' 1819, p. 1847 ; Sterna arctica of 
 Temminck, Man. d'Orn. (1820) vol. ii. p. 742. 
 
 EOSEATE TEEN. Sterna dougallii^ Montagu*. 
 
 A rare summer visitant. The breeding-stations of 
 this and the last-named species will be found ad- 
 verted to by Mr. A. G. More in 'The Ibis' for 1865, 
 p. 452. 
 
 SANDWICH TEEN. Sterna cantiaca, Gmelin. 
 
 A summer visitant, but very partial in its choice of 
 breeding-ground. 
 
 LESSEE TEEN. Sterna minuta, Linnaeus. 
 
 A summer visitant, but somewhat restricted in its 
 distribution during the nesting-season. 
 
 BLACK TEEN. Sterna fissipes, Linnaeus. 
 
 A spring and autumn migrant but formerly a 
 regular summer visitant, breeding in several of the 
 eastern counties. 
 
 LITTLE GULL. Larus minutus, Pallas. 
 
 Irregular visitant in autumn ; the individuals ob- 
 tained are usually birds of the year or adults in winter 
 plumage. 
 
 * The more appropriate name, Sterna paradisea, Briinnich, is un- 
 fortunately precluded from use, under the rules for zoological nomen- 
 clature, in consequence of having been bestowed prior to 1766, the 
 date of the 12th edition of Linnaeus's ' Systema Naturae.' 
 
GULLS. 77 
 
 BLACK-HEADED GULL. Larus ridibundus, Linnaeus. 
 A local resident, migratory in spring and autumn. 
 
 KITTIWAKE. Larus tridactylus, Linnaeus. 
 
 A local resident, to a certain extent migratory. 
 
 COMMON GULL. Larus canus, Linnaeus. 
 
 The same remark applies to this species as to the 
 last named. 
 
 ICELAND GULL. Larus leucopterus, Faber. 
 A winter visitant, but not common. 
 
 HEEEING GULL. Larus argentatus, Gmelin. 
 
 Resident, and the most widely distributed of all our 
 Gulls. 
 
 GLAUCOUS GULL. Larus glaucus, Gmelin. 
 
 A winter visitant; more numerous in Shetland, 
 Orkney, and the east coast of Scotland. 
 
 GEEATEE BLACK-BACKED GULL. Larus marinus, 
 
 Linnaeus. 
 
 Resident, but more particularly confined to the 
 north and west coasts. 
 
 LESSEE BLACK-BACKED GULL. Larus fuscus, Lin- 
 naeus. 
 
 Resident ; more numerous in the north. 
 
78 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 COMMON SKUA. Lestris catarractes (Linnaeus). 
 
 Thirty years ago there were three separate breeding- 
 stations in the Shetlands : one is now completely de- 
 serted ; and in the other two the birds which resort 
 there to nest are annually becoming less numerous. 
 Towards the approach of winter this species migrates 
 southward ; and it is at this season of the year that it 
 is most frequently met with in Great Britain. 
 
 BICHAKDSON'S SKUA. Lestris parasiticus (Linnaeus). 
 
 Breeds in Sutherland and Caithness, and in all three 
 groups of the Scottish Isles. Migrates to the more 
 southern British coasts after the breeding-season. 
 Some interesting remarks on this species by Mr. L. 
 Edmondston will be found in vol. vii. of the Edinb. 
 Phil. Journal for 1822. 
 
 BUTTON'S SKUA. Lestris longicaudus, Vieillot. 
 
 An occasional visitant, chiefly in autumn. A good 
 account of the breeding-habits of this species, as 
 observed in Lapland, will be found in Wheelwright's 
 ' Spring and Summer in Lapland,' pp. 355-359. 
 
 POMATOEHINE SKUA. Lestris pomatorhinus *, Tem- 
 minck. 
 
 First noticed as a British bird in the sale catalogue 
 
 * The specific name of this bird is generally written " pomarine," 
 "pomarinus ; " but the above is the correct orthography : th. 
 s, o%>erculum, and pis, piros, nasus. 
 
PETEELS. 79 
 
 of the late Mr. Bullock's Museum in 1819, in which 
 catalogue a specimen was included as an undescribed 
 Gull much allied to the Arctic, but greatly superior 
 in size ; killed at Brighton. Since that date the bird 
 has occurred frequently, though at uncertain intervals 
 and chiefly in autumn, on various parts of the coast. 
 Mr. Thompson notices it as of occasional occurrence 
 in autumn and winter on the Irish coast. 
 
 Fam. PROCELLARID^E. 
 
 MANX SHEAEWATEE. Puffinus anglorum (Tem- 
 minck). 
 
 Breeds in Orkney, Shetland, the Outer Hebrides, 
 North Wales, Isle of Man, Caldy Island, Lundy Island, 
 and the Scilly Isles. 
 
 GEEATEE SHEAEWATEE. Puffins major, Faber. 
 
 An annual visitant in autumn to the coasts of 
 Devon and Cornwall, and to the Scilly Isles, and met 
 with accidentally on other parts of the coast of Eng- 
 land and Ireland. 
 
 FTJLMAE. Fulmarus gladalis (Linnaeus). 
 
 Breeds in the Outer Hebrides, and notably at St. 
 Kilda. Migrates to the more southern British coasts 
 after the breeding-season, but keeps a good deal out 
 to sea. 
 
80 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 STOEM PETEEL. Procellaria pelagica (Linnaeus). 
 
 Breeds in the Channel and Scilly Islands; on 
 Lundy Island, Ailsa Craig, lona, Staffa, and Tresh- 
 nish ; in Skye, and in all three groups of the Western 
 and Northern Isles. Mr. J. H. Gurney writes me 
 word that he is informed that it breeds on small 
 islands off the coast of Pembrokeshire. 
 
 LEACH'S PETEEL. Procellaria leachii (Temminck). 
 
 Breeds at St. Kilda in the Outer Hebrides (where 
 it was first noticed as a British bird by the late 
 Mr. Bullock in 1818), and in the Isle of Eum. Capt. 
 Elwes found it frequenting also the Isle of Mingalay, 
 where, in limited numbers, it breeds in holes and 
 cracks in the dry peat on the top of the cliffs. 
 
 It is described by Mr. E. Gray as " strictly a west- 
 ern species in Scotland ;" and two instances only of its 
 occurrence on the east coast are recorded by him. 
 In Ireland it has been repeatedly obtained in autumn 
 and winter ; and, according to Mr. Thompson, it was 
 accurately described as breeding, in 1833, on rocky 
 islets near Sline Head, Galway. 
 
 On the English coasts it is not uncommon in the 
 fall of the year, at which season, after a prevalence 
 of north-westerly gales, it is sometimes met with at 
 a considerable distance from the sea. 
 
PART II. 
 
 HAKE AND ACCIDENTAL VISITANTS. 
 
 G 
 
Order! RAPTORES. 
 
 Fam. VULTURID^E. 
 
 GKIFFON VTJLTTJKE. Gyps fulvus (Gmelin). 
 Hob. Southern Europe ; North Africa ; Western Asia. 
 
 One, Cork Harbour, spring 1843 : Thompson, Nat. Hist. 
 Irel. (Birds), i. p. 84; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, i. p. 3. 
 
 EGYPTIAN VULTURE. Neophron percnopterus (Lin- 
 naeus). 
 
 Hob. Southern Europe; Africa; Western Asia. 
 
 Two seen, one shot, Kilve, Somersetshire, October 1825 : 
 
 Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, i. p. 7. 
 One, Peldon, Essex, 28th Sept. 1868 : Bree, Zoologist, 1868, 
 
 p. 1456. 
 
 Fam. FALCONID^l. 
 
 SPOTTED EAGLE. Aquila ncevia (Gmelin). 
 
 Hab. Central and Southern Europe ; North Africa; Syria; 
 India. 
 
 One, Horn Head, Donegal, 1831 : Thompson, Nat. Hist. 
 
 Irel. (Birds), i. p. 14. 
 One, Valentia Island, Kerry, May 1840 : Weaver, Zoologist, 
 
 1846, p. 1246. 
 
 G2 
 
84 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One near Youghal, Cork, January 1845 : Thompson, Ann. 
 
 Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 351. 
 
 One, Lundy Island, 1858 : Mathew, Zoologist, 1861, p. 7380. 
 One, Hawks Tor, Cornwall, 4th Dec. 1860 : Rodd, Zoologist, 
 
 1861, p. 7311, and List Brit. Birds (2nd ed.), p. 5. 
 One, Carnanton, St. Colomb, Cornwall, end of October or 
 
 early in November 1861 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1861, p. 7817, 
 
 and List Brit. Birds (2nd ed.), p. 6. 
 One near Somerley, Hants, 28th Dec. 1861 : Wise, New 
 
 Forest, p. 313. 
 
 The true Gyrfalcon (Falco gyrfalco, Linnaeus) has 
 not been met with in this country. Of the Greenland 
 and Iceland Falcons, it is probable that the latter has 
 occurred more frequently in Great Britain than the 
 former ; but in many instances the two species have 
 not been distinguished. As it is now impossible, 
 without actual examination of the specimens, to name 
 correctly all the large white Falcons which have been 
 recorded as obtained in this country, those only can 
 be here noticed which have been seen and identified 
 by competent authorities. 
 
 For important remarks on the distinguishing charac- 
 ters, habits, and geographical distribution of these 
 Falcons, the reader may be referred to: Hoy, Mag. 
 Nat. Hist. vol. vi, p. 108 ; Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist, 
 vol. ii. p. 241, and Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2nd series) 
 vol. xiii. p. 110; The Ibis, 1862, pp. 43-53; New- 
 ton's Ootheca Wolleyana, pp. 85-98; and Yarrell's 
 Hist. Brit. Birds (4th ed.), vol. i. pp. 36-52. 
 
FALCONS. 85 
 
 GREENLAND FALCON. Falco candicans, Gmelin. 
 Hob. Northern Europe and America ; Iceland ; Siberia. 
 
 One, Pembrokeshire : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, i. p. 39. 
 One, Port Eliot, St. Germans, Cornwall : Rodd, List Brit. 
 
 Birds, 2nd ed. p. 6. 
 
 One, The Lizard, Cornwall : Rodd, /. c. 
 One, Bungay Common, Suffolk : Hunt, British Ornithology, 
 
 figured; Sheppard & Whitear, Catal. Norfolk and Suffolk 
 
 Birds, p. 2. 
 One near York, Feb. 1837: Hancock in letter to Mr. 
 
 Thompson, Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), i. p. 31. 
 One, Beeston, near Cromer, Feb. 1848 : Stevenson, Birds of 
 
 Norfolk, i. p. 8. 
 One, Trimingham, Norfolk, Nov. 1851 : Buxton, Zoologist, 
 
 1851, pp. 2983 and 3028 (where the name of the locality is 
 
 misprinted) . 
 One, Robin Hood's Bay, Nov. 1854: Roberts, Zoologist, 
 
 1855, p. 4558. 
 One, Dechmont, Lanarkshire, 1835 : Gray, Birds of the West 
 
 of Scotland, p. 21. 
 
 One, Foss, Perthshire, spring 1862 : Gray, op. cit. 
 Two, Islay, Feb. 1838 (Hancock) and autumn 1862 : Gray, 
 
 op. cit. 
 
 Several in the Hebrides : Gray, op. cit. pp. 20-22. 
 Two, Shetland, 18th Feb. 1863, and 3rd March, 1866: 
 
 Saxby, Zoologist, 1863, p. 8484, and 1866, p. 288. 
 Two, co. Donegal, Feb. 1837, and 1842: Thompson, Nat. 
 
 Hist. Irel. (Birds), i. p. 31. 
 One, co. Dublin, spring 1863; Blake Knox, Zoologist, 1863, 
 
 p. 8523. 
 
 One, Islay, 1867: H. J. Elwes, MS. 
 One near Beauly, Inverness-shire, 1871 : R. Gray, MS, 
 
86 RAKE VISITANTS. 
 
 ICELAND FALCON. Falco islandicm, Gmelin. 
 
 Hob. Northern Europe ; Iceland ; Greenland ; Labrador ; 
 Alaska. 
 
 One, Normanby, near Guisborough, Yorkshire, March 1837 : 
 Hogg, Zoologist, 1845, p. 1052, 
 
 One, Bellingham, Northumberland, Jan. 1845 : Bold, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1845, p. 935. 
 
 One, Mayfield, Sussex, Jan. 1845 : Ellman, Zoologist, 1851, 
 p. 3233. 
 
 One, Inverbroom, Ross-shire, May 1851 : Bond, Zoologist, 
 1851, p. 3275. 
 
 One, Scotland : in the collection of Mr. J. H. Gurney, Jun. 
 
 Several in Scotland and the Hebrides : R. Gray, Birds of the 
 West of Scotland, pp. 22, 23. 
 
 BED-FOOTED FALCON. Falco vespertinus, Linneeus*. 
 
 Hab. Eastern and Southern Europe; Western Siberia; 
 Palestine ; Northern and Western Africa. 
 
 Four, Horning, and Holkham Park, Norfolk, May 1830 : 
 
 Yarrell, Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. p. 116. 
 One, Littlecote Park, near Hungerford, Berks : Yarrell, Hist. 
 
 Brit. Birds, i. p. 57. 
 Two, Yorkshire : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One, Durham : ditto. 
 One, Wembury, Devonshire : ditto. 
 One, Wicklow, summer 1832 : Thompson, Nat. Hist. Irel. 
 
 (Birds), i. p. 50. 
 One, Breydon, Norfolk, 1832 : Paget, Sketch of Nat. Hist. 
 
 Yarmouth, p. 3. 
 Two, Clermont, near Esher, Surrey: Meyer, Illustr. Brit. 
 
 Birds and their Eggs, vol. i. p. 47. 
 
 * Falco vespertinus, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 129 (1766). Falco 
 rujljpes, Beseke, Vogel Kurlands, p. 20 (1792). 
 
FALCONS. 87 
 
 One near Norwich, August 1843 : Stevenson, Birds of Nor- 
 folk, i. p. 20. 
 
 One in Sheffield Museum, said to have been killed in the 
 neighbourhood : Heppenstall, Zoologist, 1843, p. 247. 
 
 One, Cornwall, Feb. 1851 : Bullmore, Cornish Fauna, p. 9. 
 
 One, Rottingdean, Sussex, 1851 : Sharpe & Dresser, Birds of 
 Europe, part i. 
 
 One, Buckingham, Jan. 1858: Clark Kennedy, Birds of 
 Berks and Bucks, p. 162. 
 
 One, out of six or seven seen near Somerleyton, Suffolk, 1 2th 
 July, 1862 : Stevenson, Birds of Norfolk, i. p. 20. 
 
 One near Hythe, summer 1862; Hammond, Zoologist, 1862, 
 p. 8192. 
 
 One, mouth of the Humber, Nov. 1864 : Boulton, Zoologist, 
 1865, p. 9415. 
 
 One, Shrewsbury, no date given : Rocke, Zoologist, 1865, 
 p. 9685. 
 
 One, Leicester, Jan. 1866 : Widowson, The Field, 10th March, 
 1866. 
 
 One, Bridlington, Yorkshire, 6th July, 1865 : hitherto un- 
 recorded. 
 
 One, Foveran, Aberdeen, May 1866 : Gray, Birds of West of 
 Scotland, p. 31. 
 
 One, Helstone, Cornwall, autumn 1867 : Bullmore, MS. 
 
 One, Yarmouth, Norfolk, 16th May, 1868 : Stevenson, Zo- 
 ologist, 1869, p. 1491. 
 
 One near Wrexham, Denbighshire, May 1868 : Kerrison, 
 The Field, 23rd May 1868. 
 
 One, Hauxley, Northumberland, Oct. 1868: Embleton, in 
 Tate's Hist. Alnwick, 1869. 
 
 AMERICAN GOSHAWK. Astur atricapillm (Wilson). 
 Hob. North America. 
 
 One, Schehalliori, Perthshire, spring 1869 : R. Gray, The 
 Ibis, 1870, p. 292. 
 
88 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, Galtee Mountains, Feb. 1870 : Sir Victor Brooke, The 
 
 Ibis, 1870, p. 538. 
 One near Parsons Town, King's County, shortly afterwards : 
 
 A. B. Brooke, Zoologist, 1871, p. 2524. 
 
 BLACK KITE. Milvus migrans (Boddaert *). 
 
 Hob. Europe, excepting Norway, Sweden, and Finland ; 
 Siberia ; Palestine ; Sinai ; Africa ; Madagascar. 
 
 One, Alnwick, Northumberland, llth May, 1866 : Hancock, 
 The Ibis, 1867, p. 253; Gurney, Zoologist, 1869, p. 1598. 
 
 Obs. Sir Robert Sibbald, in his ' Scotia Illustrata,' 
 1684, speaks of " a black Gled " as formerly inhabiting 
 Scotland. In Don's 'Fauna of Forfarshire' (1813) 
 also allusion is made (p. 39) to " Falco ater (Black 
 Eagle)," found " on heaths and low hills." 
 
 SWALLOW-TAILED KITE. Nauclerus furcatus (Lin- 
 
 nseus). 
 Hab. Southern United States, Central and South America. 
 
 One, Ballachulish, Argyleshire, 1772 : Dr. Walker, Adver- 
 saria, 1772, p. 87, and 1774, p. 153 ; Fleming, Hist. Brit. 
 An. p. 52 ; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 85. 
 
 One, Shaw Gill, near Hawes, Wensleydale, 6th Sept. 1805 : 
 Dr. Sims, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 583 ; Yarrell, /. c. 
 
 One, Bishop of Winchester's Park, Farnham, Surrey, summer 
 1833 : Holme, Zoologist, 1856, p. 5042. 
 
 One, Eskdale, Cumberland, April 1853 : B/obson, Zoologist, 
 1854, pp. 4166, 4406. 
 
 * Falco migrans, Boddaert, Table PI. Enl. p. 28 (1783). Falco 
 ater, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 262 (1788). 
 
OWLS. 89 
 
 One shot on the Mersey, June 1843 : formerly in Maccles- 
 field Museum, but sold with other birds by auction at 
 Stevens's on the 14th June, 1861, realizing 9 10s. See 
 ' The Field/ 22nd June, 1861. 
 
 KED-SHOITLDEEED BUZZARD. Buteo lineatus (Gme- 
 lin). 
 
 Hab. North America, east of the Rocky Mountains, from 
 Texas to Northern Canada. 
 
 One, Kingussie, Inverness, 26th Feb. 1863 : Newcome, 
 The Ibis, 1865, p. 549 ; Gray, Birds of the West of Scot- 
 land, p. 49. 
 
 Fam. STRIGID.E. 
 
 SNOWY OWL. Nyctea nivea (Daudin). 
 
 Hab. North America, Northern Europe, and Asia, as far 
 eastward as Amoorland. 
 
 One, Shetland, spring 1812 : Edmonstone, Trans. Wern. Soc. 
 
 Edinb. 1822. 
 One, Unst, Shetland, Sept. 1813 : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, 
 
 i. p. 135. 
 One, Felbrigg, Norfolk, 1st April, 1814 : Hunt, Brit. Orn. 
 
 (1815). 
 One, Gunton, Norfolk, Jan. 1820 : Hunt, in Stacey's Hist. 
 
 Norf. (1829). 
 Two, Rothbury, Northumberland, Jan. 1823 : Selby, Illustr. 
 
 Brit. Orn. i. p. 96. 
 
 One, Inchigeela, 1827 : Harvey, Fauna of Cork, p. 5. 
 Several in Ireland : Thompson, Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), i. 
 
 p. 95. 
 One, Sanday, Orkney, April 1835 : Neill, Mag. Nat. Hist. 
 
 viii. p. 508. 
 
90 RAKE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, Selby, Yorkshire, 13th Feb. 1837 : Denny, Mag. Zool. 
 
 & Bot. ii. p. 93. 
 One, near Devonport, Dec. 1838 : Bellamy, Nat. Hist. Devon, 
 
 p. 200. 
 One, St. Andrew's, Suffolk, 19th Feb. 1847: Gurney, Zoologist, 
 
 1847, p. 1769. 
 One seen, Swannington, Norfolk, autumn 1849 : Stevenson, 
 
 Birds of Norfolk, i. p. 58. 
 
 One, Beeston, near Cromer, 22nd Jan. 1850 : Gurney, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1850, p. 2765. 
 
 One, St. Faith's, Norfolk, Feb. 1850 : Gurney, I. c. 
 One, Altnaharrow, Sutherland, 1855 : Sir Wm. Milner, 
 
 Zoologist, 1855, p. 4594. 
 
 Five, Hebrides, 1857: Graham, Zoologist, 1857, p. 5831. 
 One, Ballycroy, Ireland, autumn 1859 : Newton, Zoologist, 
 
 1861, p. 7415. 
 Several, Shetland : Saxby, Zoologist, 1863, p. 8633, and 1864, 
 
 p. 9318. 
 One, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Feb. 1863 : Gray, Birds of 
 
 "West of Scotland, p. 62. 
 One, off Montrose, Dec. 1867 : Harvie Brown, Zoologist, 
 
 1868, p. 1058. 
 
 One, Lochness, Inverness -shire, Oct. 1868 : Gray, op. cit. 
 One, Beauly, Inverness-shire, 21st August, 1869 : De Hiigel, 
 
 Zoologist, 1869, p. 1863. 
 One, Dovein, co. Mayo, 18th March, 1871: Ashby, The 
 
 Field, 8th April, 1871. 
 One, Southrepps, Norfolk, 4th Dec. 1871 : J. H. Gurney, Jun., 
 
 Zoologist, 1872, p. 2912. 
 
 Obs. It is remarked by Mr. R. Gray, in his ' Birds 
 of the West of Scotland,' p. 62, that the Snowy Owl 
 " may almost be regarded as a regular spring visitant 
 to the Outer Hebrides;" and, according to Mr. A. 
 
OWLS. 91 
 
 G. More ( c Ibis/ 1865, p. 16), this bird is reported to 
 have nested in Orkney, Shetland, and the Hebrides. 
 
 HAWK OWL. Surma funerea (Linnaeus). 
 
 Hab. Northern Europe, Asia, and America. 
 
 One, coast of Cornwall, March 1830 : Thompson, P. Z. S. 
 
 1835, p. 77. 
 One, Backwell Hill, near Yatton, 25th Aug. 1847 : Higgins, 
 
 Zoologist, 1851, p. 3029. 
 One, North Unst, Shetland, 1860 : Crotch, Zoologist, 1861, 
 
 p. 7706 ; Gray, Birds of the West of Scotland, p. 64. 
 One, Maryhill, near Glasgow, December 1863 : Gray, /. c. 
 One near Greenock, November 1868 : Gray, /. c. 
 One, Shelf near Bradford : in the collection of Mr. Labrey. 
 One near Greenock, December 1871 : Gray, MS. 
 
 Obs. A note on the habits of the Hawk Owl, as 
 observed by the late Mr. Wolley, will be found in the 
 'Zoologist,' 1854, p. 4203. 
 
 LITTLE OWL. Athene noctua (Scopoli). 
 
 Hab. Central and Southern Europe. 
 
 One, North Devon, 1808 : Montagu, Orn. Diet. Suppl. 
 
 A pair, Middleshaw, Westmoreland, spring 1811 : Graves, 
 British Ornithology, vol. i. (unpaged) . 
 
 One, Flintshire : Pennant, British Zoology, i. p. 211. 
 
 Two, London : Edwards, Gleanings in Nat. Hist. i. p. 228. 
 
 A pair and nest near Norwich : Hunt, Brit. Orn. (1815). 
 
 One, Blofield, Norfolk, 1824 : Stevenson, Birds of Norfolk, i. 
 p. 59. 
 
 Two near Yarmouth : Paget, Sketch of Nat. Hist, of Yar- 
 mouth, 1834, p. 4. 
 
92 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One taken alive at Derby, 17th May, 1843 : Briggs, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1844, p. 645*. 
 
 One, Easton, Norfolk, 1846 : Stevenson, op. cit* 
 
 One taken alive at Maidstone, May 1856 : Whitmore Baker, 
 Zoologist, 1856, p. 5159. 
 
 One off Yarmouth, 6th Feb. 1862 : Stevenson, op. cit. 
 
 One, Sevenoaks, Kent, 1862 : in the collection of Mr. Bond. 
 
 One, Draycot, Calne, Wilts, about 1862: A. C. Smith, 
 Zoologist, 1866, p. 227. 
 
 One, Yorkshire : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, i. p. 160. 
 
 One, Worcestershire : Hastings, Nat. Hist. Worcester, p. 65. 
 
 One seen at Ormskirk : Smith, Nat. Hist. Mersey District, 
 p. 48. 
 
 One, Wiltshire : Rennie, note to White's Selborne, p. 34. 
 
 One near Bristol : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 
 One, Sunbury, Middlesex: Harting, Birds of Middlesex, 
 p. 21. 
 
 One near Helston, Cornwall : Rodd, List of Brit. Birds 
 (2nded.),p. 10. 
 
 One, Chigwell, Essex, 2nd Jan. 1865 : Ward, The Field, 
 14th Jan. 1865. 
 
 One near Bury St. Edmunds, Feb. 1865 : Stevenson, MS. 
 
 One, Cambridge, " lately : " Farren, Zoologist, 1867, p. 791. 
 
 One, Welney, Norfolk, spring 1867 : Stevenson, MS. 
 
 One seen at Highgate, Middlesex, Oct. 1870 : hitherto un- 
 recorded f. 
 
 Obs. In addition to the instance mentioned by 
 
 * The death of this specimen was noticed in the ' Zoologist ' (1848, 
 p. 2141) by the late Mr. John Wolley, who thought it might be one 
 of those turned out by the late Mr. Waterton. See ' Essays on Nat. 
 Hist.' 2nd series, p. 17. 
 
 t This bird was observed by Mr. J. G. Keulemans, who, from 
 personal acquaintance with the species in Holland, had no difficulty 
 in recognizing it on the occasion above referred to, when it passed 
 within a few yards of him. 
 
OWLS. 93 
 
 Hunt, op. tit., the nest is reported to have been met 
 with in the New Forest (Wise, 'New Forest,' p. 314), 
 and the young taken and reared at Harrow (Ward, 
 'The Field,' 14th Jan. 1865). 
 
 MOTTLED OWL. Scops asio (Linnaeus). 
 
 Hob. United States of North America and Canada. 
 
 One, Hawksworth Cover, * near Kirkstall Abbey, 1852 : 
 
 Naturalist, 1855, p. 169, and figure. 
 One near Yarmouth, Norfolk : Stevenson, Birds of Norfolk, 
 
 vol. i. p. 44. 
 
 Obs. The occurrence of this species in England 
 must be considered doubtful. 
 
 SCOPS OWL. Scops giu (Scopoli). 
 
 Hab. Southern Europe ; Western Asia ; Northern Africa. 
 
 Two, Yorkshire (one near Weatherby), spring 1805; Montagu, 
 
 Orn. Diet., Suppl. 
 One, Strumpshaw, Norfolk, June 1824 : Stevenson, Birds of 
 
 Norfolk, vol. i. p. 43. 
 One, near London, prior to 1833 : Selby, Illustr. Brit. Orn. 
 
 i. p. 93. 
 One, Brill, Bucks, spring 1833 : Mathews, Zoologist, 1849, 
 
 p. 2596. 
 Two, Audley End, Essex, prior to Nov. 1837 : Yarrell, Mag. 
 
 Nat. Hist. iii. p. 100, and Hist. Brit. Birds, i. p. 128. 
 One, Loughcrew, Meath, prior to 1837 : Thompson, P. Z. S. 
 
 1837, p. 54, and Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), i. p. 85. 
 Two, Yarmouth, and two near Norwich : Gurney & Fisher, 
 
 Zoologist, 1846, p. 1304. 
 One, Scilly, llth April, 1847: Rodd, Zoologist, 1847, 
 
 p. 1773. Figured in Gould's Birds of Great Britain. 
 
94 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, Killiane, Wexford, April 1847 : Poole, Zoologist, 1848, 
 p. 2019. 
 
 One, Fladbury, Worcestershire: Hastings, Nat. Hist. Worces- 
 ter, p. 65. 
 
 One near Golspie, Sutherland, May 1854 : Gray, Birds of 
 West of Scotland, p. 56. 
 
 One, Ashdown, Berks, 1858 : Gould, Birds of Great Britain*. 
 
 One, Cromer, 27th Nov. 1861 : Stevenson, Birds of Norfolk, 
 vol. i. p. 43. 
 
 One near Pembroke, spring 1868: Dix, Zoologist, 1869, 
 p. 1671. 
 
 One near Maidstone : in the Dover Museum. 
 
 One, Garden Park, Cheshire, June 1868 : Gould, op. cit. 
 
 One, Trevethoe, Cornwall, Jan. 1871 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1871, 
 p. 2482. 
 
 Obs. This little Owl is said to have nested near 
 Oykel, Sutheiiandshire (St. John's 'Tour in Suther- 
 land,' vol. i. p. 122), and in Castle Eden Dene (Hogg, 
 4 History of Stockton on Tees,' Appendix, p. 14, and 
 ' Zoologist,' 1845, p. 1054); but in neither case were 
 the birds properly identified. As to the first men- 
 tioned there can be little doubt, from the description 
 of the nest, that the species was the Short-eared Owl. 
 
 EAGLE OWL. Bubo maximm, Fleming. 
 Hob. Europe and Asia. 
 
 One, Hurstmonceux, Sussex, 29th Dec. 1784 : Latham, 
 Synopsis, 1st suppl. ; Fox, Synopsis of the Newcastle Mu- 
 seum, p. 52. 
 
 One, Kent: Latham, op. cit. 
 
 * This, perhaps, is the specimen said to have been taken at 
 
 Kingston Lisle in 1858 (Clark Kennedy, ' Birds of Berks and Bucks/ 
 
 p. 166). 
 
OWLS. 95 
 
 One or more in Scotland and in Yorkshire : Montagu, Orn. 
 
 Diet. 1803-1813. 
 
 One, Fifeshire : Pennant, Caledonian Zoology, p. 18. 
 One, Honiton, Devon, 1820: Moore, Trans. Plymouth 
 
 Institution (1830), p. 298. 
 One, Shardlow, Derbyshire, 1828 : Briggs, Zoologist, 1849, 
 
 p. 2477. 
 One near Oxford, winter 1833 : Matthews, Zoologist, 1849, 
 
 p. 2596. 
 
 One seen near Goring, autumn 1843; Matthews, /. c. 
 One, Hampstead, Middlesex, 3rd Nov. 1845 : Hall, Zoologist, 
 
 1846, p. 1495 ; Harting, Birds of Middlesex, p. 13. 
 One Swansea : Dillwyn's Fauna and Flora of Swansea, p. 4. 
 Several, at different times, in Derbyshire : Briggs, Zoologist, 
 
 1849, p. 2477. 
 One near Aberdeen, Feb. 1866 : Gray, Birds of West of 
 
 Scotland, p. 55. 
 
 Obs. In Low's 'Fauna Orcadensis,' 1813, p. 41, 
 this bird is said " still to be found," as if it were at 
 that date a resident in Orkney ; and in a more recent 
 1 Fauna Orcadensis,' by Messrs. Baikie and Heddle 
 (1848), the authors remark (p. 30) that it is " believed 
 still to breed in the Hammers of Birsay, Orkney." 
 It is seen occasionally in Shetland (Crotch, ' Zoologist,' 
 1861, p. 7339 ; and Saxby, ' Zoologist,' 1864, p. 9240). 
 In Ireland it is said to have been only once observed 
 (Thompson, ' Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds),' p. 85). 
 
 ACADIAN OWL. Nyctale acadica (Gmelin). 
 Hob. North America. 
 
 One near Beverley, Yorkshire : Sir. Win. Milner, Zoologist, 
 1860, p. 7104. 
 
96 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Obs. The occurrence of this species in England 
 must be considered extremely doubtful. 
 
 TENGMALM'S OWL. Nyctale tengmalmi (Gmelin). 
 Hob. Europe, and Northern Asia as far south as Nepal *. 
 
 One, Morpeth, Northumberland, 1812 : Selby, Illustr. Brit. 
 
 Orn. vol. i. p. 105. 
 One, Widdrington, Northumberland, Jan. 1813 : Bewick, 
 
 Hist. Brit. Birds, i. p. 65 (erroneously named Little Owl) . 
 One, Kent, May 1836: Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. i. 
 
 p. 163. 
 
 One, recently killed, purchased in London, 1836 : Yarrell, /. c. 
 One, Bradwell, Suffolk : Gurney & Fisher, Zoologist, 1846, 
 
 p. 1305. 
 One, Spinningdale, Sutherlandshire, May 1847 : St. John, 
 
 Tour in Sutherland, vol. i. p. 123 ; Gray, Birds of West 
 
 of Scotland, p. 64. 
 One, Hunmanby, York, 1847 : B. R. Morris, Zoologist, 1850, 
 
 p. 2649. 
 One near Whitburn, Durham, Oct. 1848 : Bold, Zoologist, 
 
 1850, p. 2765. 
 One, Beechamwell, Norfolk, 27th Jan. 1849 : in the collection 
 
 of Rev. E. Dowell of Dunton. 
 
 One, Rothbury, Northumberland, April 1849 : in the collec- 
 tion of Mr. John Hancock. 
 One, Melsetter, Orkney, 1851 : Baikie, Zoologist, 1853, 
 
 p. 3843 ; R. Gray, op. cit. 
 One, Holmbush Park, near Horsham, 27th March, 1857 : 
 
 Borrer, Zoologist, 1858, p. 5988. 
 
 * Mr. Elliot has shown (Ibis, 1872, pp. 48-52) that this species 
 is identical with the North- American bird generally known as N. 
 richardsoni, Bonaparte ; North America, therefore, should be added 
 to the habitat. 
 
OWLS. 97 
 
 One, Burlingham, Norfolk, 6th April, 1857 : Stevenson, 
 
 Birds of Norfolk, vol. i. p. 60. 
 One, Winscombe, Somersetshire, winter 1859-60 : Gould, 
 
 Birds of Great Britain. 
 One, Cramond Isle, Firth of Forth, Dec. 1860 : R. Gray, 
 
 op. cit. 
 One, Flamborough, 1st Oct. 1863 : Boulton, Zoologist, 1864, 
 
 p. 9020. 
 One near Embleton, Northumberland, March 1861 : in the 
 
 collection of Mr. Brodrick. 
 Two, Windsor Forest, summer 1864 : Clark Kennedy, Birds 
 
 of Berks and Bucks, p. 167. 
 One near Righton, of the Eleven Towns, Shropshire, 3rd 
 
 April, 1872 : Harting, The Field, 27th April, 1872. 
 
 Obs. Some remarks by the late Mr. John Wolley, 
 on the nesting of this bird in Lapland, will be found 
 in the 'Zoologist,' 1857, p. 5838, and Newton's 'Oo- 
 theca Wolleyana,' part i. p. 165. 
 
 While these pages were passing through the press, 
 the publication, in parts, of a fourth edition of Yar- 
 rell's ' History of British Birds ' had commenced, under 
 the editorship of Professor Newton. In parts ii. and 
 iii. of that work (pp. 146-198) will be found an 
 admirable history of every species of Owl which has 
 occurred in Great Britain to the present time. 
 
 The account given of each is so full, while at the 
 same time the changes which are proposed in the 
 nomenclature are so important, that without refer- 
 ence to this portion of the work the foregoing remarks 
 upon Owls would be incomplete. 
 
 H 
 
BARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Order II. INSESSOKES. 
 
 Fam. LANIID^E. 
 
 LESSEE GKREY SHEIKE. Lanius minor, Gmelin. 
 Hab. Central and Southern Europe ; Africa. 
 
 One, St. Mary's, Scilly, Nov. 1851 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1851, 
 
 p. 3301, and 1867, p. 703. 
 One, Yarmouth, Norfolk, spring 1869 : Mathew, Zoologist, 
 
 1870, p. 2060 ; Stevenson, torn. cit. p. 2139. 
 
 Obs. The occurrence in Great Britain of a North- 
 American species of Grey Shrike, Lanius excuUtoroides 
 of Swainson, has several times been reported or hinted 
 at (cf. Longmuir, The Naturalist, vol. ii. p. 239, and 
 vol. iii. p. 140 ; Smith, Zoologist, 1849, pp. 2495- 
 2567; Garth, op. cit. 1850, p. 2649; Tomes, op. cit. 
 1850, pp. 2650 & 2734, fig. ; and Gray, Birds of the 
 West of Scotland, p. 65). It would appear, how- 
 ever, from what has been published by Messrs. Dresser 
 and Sharpe (P. Z. S. 1870, p. 590) and Prof. Newton 
 (YarreU's Hist. Brit. Birds, 4th ed. vol. i. p. 203) on 
 the changes of plumage which the Grey Shrikes un- 
 dergo, that the birds which were thought to be of 
 North- American origin were only the young of Lanius 
 eoccubitor. 
 
FLYCATCHERS. 99 
 
 Fam. MUSCICAPID^E. 
 
 RED-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. Muscicapa parva, 
 Bechstein. 
 
 Hob. North-western Asia ; India ; Eastern Europe. 
 One, Constantine, near Falmouth, 24th Jan. 1863 : Rodd, 
 
 Zoologist, 1863, p. 8444. 
 One, Scilly, October 1863 : Rodd, op. cit. p. 11 ; G. R. Gray, 
 
 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3rd series), xi. p. 229. 
 One, Scilly, 5th Nov. 1865 : Rodd, List Brit. Birds, 2nd ed. p. 1 1 . 
 
 RED-EYED FLYCATCHER. Vireosylvia olivacea(Vieillot). 
 
 Hab. United States of North America, as far south as Bogota. 
 Two taken by a bird-catcher, Chellaston, near Derby, May 1859 : 
 
 Sir Oswald Mosley, Nat. Hist. Tutbury (1863), p. 385, pi. 6 ; 
 
 Zoologist, 1864, p. 8965. The male, which was preserved, is 
 
 in the collection of Mr. Edwin Brown, of Burton-on-Trent. 
 
 Fam. PETROCINCLID^l. 
 
 ROCK THRUSH. Petrocincla saxatilis (Gmelin). 
 Hab. Central Europe. 
 
 One, Thorfield, near Royston, 19th May, 1843 : Yarrell, Hist. 
 Birds, i. p. 245. 
 
 One, Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, 1856 : Morris, Naturalist, 
 1856, p. 21. 
 
 One or more reported to have been seen and shot at Fresh- 
 water, Isle of Wight (Zoologist, 1867, pp. 823, 913) but 
 erroneously so, as I am informed by Mr. Bond, who in- 
 vestigated the circumstances*. 
 
 * The Blue Thrush, Petrocossyphus cyaneus, is said to have been 
 killed in the co. Heath in November 1866 (Zoologist, 1870, p. 2019); 
 but Messrs. Sharpe and Dresser, who have inquired into the circum- 
 stance (Birds of Europe), have rejected its claims to be included in 
 the list of British Birds. 
 
 H2 
 
100 BARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Fam. TUEDID^l. 
 
 WHITE'S THRUSH. Turdus varius, Pallas. 
 Hab. Siberia, China, Japan, and Formosa*. 
 
 One, Christchurch, Hants, Jan. 1828 : Eyton, Rarer Brit. 
 Birds, p. 92; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, i. p. 203, figured. 
 
 One, New Forest : Yarrell, op. cit. ; Wise, New Forest, p. 314. 
 
 One, Bandon, Cork, Dec. 1842 : Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist, 
 ii. p. 78, and Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), i. p. 128; Harvey, 
 Fauna of Cork, p. 6. 
 
 One, Welford, Stratford-on-Avon, 26th Jan. 1859 : Tomes, 
 Ibis, 1859, p. 379. 
 
 One, Ballymahon, co. Longford, spring 1867 : Blake Knox, 
 Zoologist, 1870, pp. 2019, 2060. 
 
 One, Hestercombe, Somerset, Jan. 1870 : Cecil Smith, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1870, p. 2018. 
 
 One seen (a doubtful instance) , Cleveland, Yorkshire : Atkin- 
 son, Zoologist, 1870, p. 2142. 
 
 One, Almondbury Bank, near Huddersfield: Beaumont, 
 Huddersfield Naturalist, i. p. 217. 
 
 One seen (a doubtful instance), Cobham, Kent, 5th Jan. 1871 : 
 Lord Clifton, Zoologist, 1871, p. 2845. 
 
 One, Langsford, Somerset, 7th Jan. 1871 : Cecil Smith, Zoo- 
 logist, 1871, p. 2607; Byne, The Field, 6th May, 1871. 
 
 One, Hickling, Norfolk, 10th Oct. 1871 : Gunn, Zoologist, 
 1871, p. 2848 ; Stevenson, torn. cit. 1872, p. 2978. 
 
 One, Castle Eden Dene, Durham, 31st Jan. 1872 : J. Sclater 
 and J. C. H. Johnstone, The Field, 24th Feb. 1872. 
 
 * The type of T. Tieinii, Cabanis, which was originally supposed 
 to have come from Japan, and to be identical with T. varius, Pallas, 
 has since been ascertained to have come from Australia, and to be 
 T. lunulatus, Latham. Mr. Gurney, however, informs me that he 
 has seen T. varius from Japan ; and Mr. Swinhoe obtained it in 
 Formosa, giving it at first the name of T. hancii, which he afterwards 
 withdrew. 
 
THRUSHES. 101 
 
 Obs. An excellent paper on this species by Mr. K. 
 Tomes will be found in c The Ibis ' for 1859, p. 379. 
 Reference should also be made to Bonaparte's mono- 
 graph of the genus (Oreocincla), published in the 
 ' Revue et Magasin de Zoologie,' 1857. 
 
 BLACK-THKOATED THEUSH. Turdus atrigularis, 
 
 Gmelin. 
 Hob. Central Asia. 
 
 One near Lewes, Sussex, 23rd Dec. 1868: Gould, Ibis, 
 1869, p. 128; Dawson Rowley, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 4, and 
 Monk, Zoologist, 1869, p. 1560. 
 
 SIBERIAN THRUSH. Turdus sibiricus, Pallas. 
 Hob. Siberia. 
 
 One between Guildford and Godalming, winter 1860-61 : 
 sent to Mr. Bond as a variety of the Redwing, and identi- 
 fied by Mr. Blyth, who noticed it incidentally in f The 
 Field/ 24th Sept. 1870. 
 
 Fam. PYCNONOTID.E. 
 
 GOLD-VENTED THRUSH. Pycnonotus capensis (Lin- 
 nseus. 
 
 Hob. South Africa. 
 
 One, Mount Beresford, near Waterford, Jan. 1838 : Thomp- 
 son, Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), i. p. 153; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. 
 Birds, i. p. 234. Erroneously identified by Thompson and 
 Yarrell with P. aurig aster of Vieillot. 
 
102 BARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Fam. SYLVIID^E. 
 
 ALPINE ACCENTOE. Accentor alpinus, Bechstein. 
 Hab. Central and Southern Europe*. 
 
 Two seen, one shot, Cambridge, 22nd Nov. 1822 : Yarrell, 
 
 Hist. Brit. Birds, i. p. 249. 
 One seen, Oulton, near Lowestoft, 1824: Lubbock, Fauna 
 
 of Norfolk, p. 35. 
 One, Walthamstow, Essex, prior to 1832 : Pamplin, Mag. 
 
 Nat. Hist. 1832, p. 288. 
 One, Wells, Somerset, 1833 : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One, Teignmouth : Hore, Zoologist, 1844, p. 566. 
 One near Torbay, 1844: Hore, Zoologist, 1845, p. 879 f. 
 Two, Lewes, Sussex, 26th Dec. 1857 : Porter, Zoologist, 1858, 
 
 p. 5958. 
 Two near Plymouth, 10th Jan. 1859 : Gatcombe, Zoologist, 
 
 1859, p. 6377. 
 One near Cheltenham, 1860 : Col. Newman, Zoologist, 1860, 
 
 p. 6889. 
 One near Scarborough, winter 1862-63 : Boulton, Zoologist, 
 
 1863, p. 8766. 
 One seen on Snowdon, Sept. 1870 : H. Saunders, MS. 
 
 BLUE-THBOATED WAEBLEE. Cyanecula suecica (Lin- 
 naeus). 
 
 There are three forms of Blue-throated Warbler, 
 which have received separate names, and have been 
 
 * Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun., observed this species at Gibraltar in 
 January 1870. 
 
 f It is possible that this record may refer to the last-named 
 specimen. 
 
WARBLERS. 103 
 
 treated as distinct species ; but it is questionable 
 whether they should not all be regarded as one and 
 the same species in different phases of plumage. The 
 three forms are : 
 
 1. Motacilla suecica of Linnaeus. The eastern and north- 
 ern form, with a red spot in the centre of the blue 
 throat. 
 
 2. Sylvia leucocyanea of Brehm. The western and south- 
 ern form, with a ivhite spot in the centre of the blue 
 throat*. 
 
 3. Sylvia wolfii of Meyer, with the entire throat blue t- 
 
 So far as can be ascertained, the form met with in 
 Great Britain has been No. 1, the true suecica, al- 
 though in one instance, that recorded by Captain 
 Hadfield, a white-spotted bird is stated to have been 
 met with in the Isle of Wight. The following in- 
 stances of the occurrence of Blue-throated Warblers 
 in England are on record : 
 
 One, Newcastle Town Moor, May 1826 (red spot) : Fox, 
 
 Synops. Newcastle Mus. pp. 298, 309 ; Selby, Trans. Nat. 
 
 Hist. Soc. Northumberland, 1831, p. 255, and Zoological 
 
 Journal, vol. iii. p. 497. 
 One, Devonshire, doubtful : M. C. Cooke, Naturalist, vol. iii. 
 
 (1853), p. 203. 
 One near Birmingham : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. i. 
 
 p. 265. 
 
 * This is the ordinary Dutch and German form. 
 
 t This is the rarest of the three in collections. It is said to be 
 more common in Russia, and has been met with in Holland and in 
 Spain. 
 
104 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One near Yarmouth, 21st Sept. 1841 (red spot) : Yarrell, op. 
 
 cit. 
 
 Two, Isle of Sheppy, Sept. 1844 : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One, Whimple, South Devon, Sept. 1852 : Powys, Zoologist, 
 
 1852, p. 3709. 
 
 One near Worthing, Sussex, May 1853 : Stephenson, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1853, p. 3907. 
 One near Brighton, Sept. 1855 : Cavafy, Naturalist, 1855, 
 
 p. 264. 
 One near Lowestoft, 15th May, 1856 (red spot) : Stevenson, 
 
 Birds of Norfolk, vol. i. p. 96. 
 One, Worthing, Sussex, April 1858 : Wilson, Zoologist, 1859, 
 
 p. 6605. 
 One, Brighton, October 1862: Pratt, Zoologist, 1862, p. 
 
 8281. 
 One, Ventnor, Isle of Wight, resident from 1865 to 1867 
 
 (white spot) : Hadfield, Zoologist, 1865, pp. 9605, 9724, 
 
 9846; 1866, pp. 172, 176, 218, 445; 1867, p. 732. 
 One captured on board a fishing-boat off Aberdeen, 16th 
 
 May, 1872 (red spot) : B. Gray, MS. 
 
 Obs. This bird has not been met with either in 
 Scotland or Ireland. 
 
 MAESH WAEBLEE. Salicaria palustris (Bechstein). 
 Hob. Europe, South-west Asia; North Africa. 
 
 One, Wicken Fen, Cambridge, summer 1861 : Saville, Zoo- 
 logist, 1861, p. 7755 ; G. B. Gray, Cat. Brit. Birds in Brit, 
 Mus. p. 45 (1863) ; Alston, Zoologist, 1866, p. 496. 
 
 Two, Whittlesford, Cambridge : Harting, The Field, 6th May, 
 1871*. 
 
 Three near Yarmouth, June 1869 : Harting, /. c. 
 
 * An article " On the Occurrence in England of the Marsh 
 Warbler," in which the distinctions between this bird and the Heed 
 Warbler are pointed out. 
 
WARBLERS. 1 05 
 
 Obs. In all probability this species will be found to 
 be an annual summer migrant to Great Britain ; but 
 at present it can only be classed amongst the rarer 
 visitants. 
 
 AQUATIC WARBLEK. Salicaria aquatica (Gmelin). 
 Hab. Southern Europe and North Africa. 
 
 One, Hove, near Brighton, 19th Oct. 1853: A. Newton, 
 
 P. Z. S. 1866, p. 210. 
 One, Loughborough, Leicestershire, summer 1864 : Harting, 
 
 Ibis, 1867, p. 468; Zoologist, 1867, p. 946. 
 One near Dover ; in Dover Museum : Gurney, Zoologist, 
 
 1871, p. 2521. 
 
 Obs. Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun., has pointed out 
 (Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc. 1871-72) that 
 the figure of the Sedge Warbler given in Hunt's 
 'British Ornithology' (Norwich, 1815) was undoubt- 
 edly taken from a specimen of S. aquatica^ and most 
 probably, therefore, from one killed in Norfolk 
 
 RUFOUS WARBLER*. Aedon galactodes (Temminck). 
 Hab. North Africa and Southern Europe in summer. 
 
 One, Plumpton BosthiU, near Brighton, 16th Sept. 1854: 
 
 Borrer, Zoologist, 1854, p. 4511. 
 One, Start Point, Devonshire, Sept. 1859 : Llewellyn, Ann. 
 
 & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1859), iv. p. 399; Ibis, 1860, p. 103. 
 
 Obs. It is possible that this may be the " Eed- 
 
 * Erroneously called " Rufous Sedge Warbler." It is never 
 found in the neighbourhood of sedge, but on the driest ground 
 amidst scrub and cactus. 
 
106 BARE VISITANTS. 
 
 tailed Warbler (Sylvia erythaca)" six specimens of 
 which are stated to have been taken at Plymouth, 
 and to have occurred there "for the first time in 
 Britain " (Bellamy, Nat. Hist. South Devon, p. 205). 
 It has been suggested to me, however, by Mr. Gurney 
 that these are more likely to have been the Black 
 Redstart (Eutidlla tithys), which occurs not unfre- 
 quently about Plymouth. 
 
 ORPHEAN WARBLER. Sylvia orphea, Temminck. 
 
 Hab. Central and Southern Europe; India and South- 
 western Asia ; North Africa. 
 
 Two seen, one shot, Weatherby, Yorkshire, 6th July, 1848 : 
 Sir W. Milner, Zoologist, 1849, p. 2588, and 1851, 
 pp. 3107-3111 ; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, v. p. 343. 
 
 A young bird caught near Holloway, Middlesex, June 1866, 
 and kept alive for six months : Harting, The Field, 22nd 
 April, 1871. 
 
 A nest and four eggs believed to belong to this species were 
 taken in Notton Wood, near Wakefield, in June 1864 : 
 Harting, /. c. 
 
 YELLOW-BILLED CHIEF CHAFF. Phyllopneuste hy- 
 
 polais (Linnaeus). 
 Hab. Central and Southern Europe ; North Africa. 
 
 One, Eythorne, near Dover, 15th June, 1848 : Dr. Plomley, 
 Zoologist, 1848, pp. 2228, 2346 ; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, 
 vol. i. p. 357. 
 
 One, Dunsinea,co.Dublin: Blake Knox, Zoologist, 1870,p.2018. 
 
 Obs. Yarrell has pointed out that this species is the 
 true hypolais of continental authors, and that the 
 
WARBLERS. 107 
 
 hypolais of most British writers is the rufa of the 
 continent, the well-known Chiff Chaff. 
 
 As an illustration of the way in which continental 
 species sometimes find their way to England, and 
 possibly to a place in the list of British birds, it may 
 be remarked that in May 1868 Mr. J. G. Keulemans 
 brought over three specimens of this bird from Hol- 
 land, two of which he liberated at Harwich, the third 
 having died on the passage. 
 
 YELLOW-BEOWED WAEBLEE, Pennant & Latham. 
 Eeguloides superciliosus (Gmelin). 
 
 Hab. Northern Asia, India, Nepal *; China, Japan, and 
 Formosa f. 
 
 One, Hartley Point, Northumberland: Hancock, Ann. & Mag. 
 
 Nat. Hist. vol.ii. p. 310; Blyth, Zoologist, 1863, p. 8329; 
 
 Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. i. p. 380. 
 One, Charlton Kings, near Cheltenham, llth Oct. 1867: 
 
 Gould, Ibis, 1869, p. 128. 
 
 Obs. This is the Dalmatian Eegulus of some authors ; 
 a singularly inappropriate name, since the bird is as 
 rare in Dalmatia as it is in Great Britain. 
 
 EUBY-CEOWNED WEEN. Begulus calendula (Lin- 
 naeus). 
 Hab. United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 
 
 * Ibis, 1862, pp. 54-57. 
 
 t P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 297. The bird has occurred accidentally in 
 Sweden (Sundeval), in Heligoland and Berlin (Journ. fiir Orn.), 
 and near Leyden (Crommelin, Nederl. Tijdschr. 1865, p. 244). 
 
108 BARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, Kenmore Wood, Loch-Lomond side, summer of 1852 : 
 
 Gould, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 290 ; Bree, Birds of Europe, vol. ii. 
 
 p. 109. 
 A second is recorded to have been procured in Branspeth 
 
 Wood, Durham, in 1852 (Bree, /. c.) ; but this proved to 
 
 be a specimen of Regulus ignicapillm. 
 
 Fam. MOTACILLID.E. 
 
 ASHY-HEADED WAGTAIL. Motacilla cinereocajpilla, 
 Savi. 
 
 Hob. Southern Europe and North Africa, migrating as far 
 south as Trans Vaal. 
 
 One near Penzance, a male with nearly black head, in the 
 collection of Mr. Vingoe : identified by Mr. Gould, to whom 
 the specimen was sent for inspection. 
 
 One, Sherringham, Norfolk : J. H. Gurney, jun., MS. 
 
 Fam. ANTHID^E. 
 
 TAWNY PIPIT. Anthus campestriS) Bechstein. 
 
 Hab. Southern and South-eastern Europe and North 
 Africa, occasionally extending to South Africa. 
 
 Two, Brighton, 17th Aug. 1858, and 24th Sept. 1862 : Daw- 
 son Rowley, Ibis, 1863, p. 37. 
 
 One, Brighton, 30th Sept. 1864 : Dawson Rowley, Ibis, 1865, 
 p. 113, and Zoologist, 1864, p. 9327. 
 
 One, Scilly, Sept. 1868 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1868, p. 1458. 
 
 Two, Brighton, 6th Sept. 1869: Bond, Zoologist, 1870, 
 p. 1984. 
 
 One, Brighton, autumn 1870: Bond, Zoologist, 1870, 
 p. 2383. 
 
PIPITS. 
 
 109 
 
 BED-THROATED PIPIT. Anthus cervinus, Pallas. 
 
 Hab. Europe; North Africa; Palestine; India; China; 
 Japan. 
 
 One, Unst, Shetland, 4th May, 1854, in collection of Mr. 
 
 Bond: Harting, The Field, 26th August, 1871. 
 One, the same year, but in September, near Freshwater, Isle 
 
 of Wight : Harting, /. c. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA^ PIPIT. Anthus ludovicianus (Gme- 
 
 lin). 
 Hab. North America generally, and Greenland. 
 
 One near London : Edwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 185, pi. 297. 
 One, Middlesex : Montagu, Orn. Diet., art. " Lark, Red." 
 One near Woolwich, 1812 : Montagu, op. cit. 
 Two near Edinburgh, June 1824 : Macgillivray, Man. Brit. 
 
 Birds, p. 169. 
 Two, Rathlin Island, co. Donegal : Tristram, Science Gossip, 
 
 1861? 
 Three, Dunbar, East Lothian, in spring : Turnbull, Birds of 
 
 East Lothian, p. 40 ; R. Gray, Birds of West of Scotland, 
 
 p. 116. 
 
 Several seen at Dunbar, winter 1846 : R. Gray, op. cit. 
 One, Freshwater, Isle of Wight, Sept. 1865 : Bond, not 
 
 hitherto recorded. 
 One, Bridlington, Yorkshire, 20th Nov. 1869: Boynton 
 
 (fide Sclater and Bree), Zoologist, 1870, p. 2021. But 
 
 see Reeks, torn. cit. p. 2067, and Bree, in reply, torn. cit. 
 
 p. 2100. 
 
 Obs. It seems probable that many of these speci- 
 mens, recorded as the American ludovicianus, were 
 the European spinoletta (see antea, p. 24). 
 
110 HARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Fam. ALAUDIDJE. 
 
 CEESTED LAEK. Alauda cristata, Linngeus. 
 Hob. Central and Southern Europe ; North Africa. 
 
 One, Taney, Ireland, Feb. 1836 : " W. R." Dublin Penny 
 
 Journal, 27th Feb. 1836; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. i. 
 
 p. 480. 
 
 One or more in Ireland " since that date " : Yarrell, I. c. 
 One, Sussex : Yarrell, /. c. and figure. 
 Two near Penzance, Sept. 1846: Rodd, Zoologist, 1846, 
 
 p. 1497. 
 One near Penzance, 24th Oct. 1850 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1851, 
 
 p. 3033. 
 One near Shoreham, 20th Oct. 1863 : Dawson Rowley, The 
 
 Ibis, 1864, p. 224. 
 One near Falmouth, Dec, 1865 : Bullmore, Cornish Fauna, 
 
 p. 20. 
 
 SHORT-TOED LARK. Alauda brachydactyla, Leisler. 
 
 Hab. Central and Southern Europe ; Western Asia and 
 North Africa. 
 
 One near Shrewsbury, 25th Oct. 1841 : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. 
 
 Birds, vol. i. p. 488. 
 One near Brighton, Sept. 1854 : Dawson Rowley, Ibis, 1859, 
 
 p. 330*. 
 
 One, Scilly, 23rd Sept. 1854 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1854, p. 4477. 
 One, Brighton, April 1858 : Dawson Rowley, /. c. 
 
 * This is in all probability the specimen noticed by Mr. Hussey 
 as obtained near Brighton in the autumn of 1854 (Zoologist, 1855, 
 p. 4558). 
 
LARKS. Ill 
 
 One near Southampton, 1862*, and one ten years previously : 
 Pemberton Bartlett, Zoologist, 1862, p. 7930; Wise, New 
 Forest, p. 315. 
 
 CALANDEA LAEK. Alauda calandra, Linnaeus. 
 Hab. Southern Europe and North Africa. 
 
 One, Devonport, near Plymouth : Gatcombe, Zoologist, 1863, 
 
 p. 8768. 
 One near Exeter : Gurney, Zoologist, 1869, p. 1599. 
 
 SIBEEIAN LAEK. Alauda sibirica, Pallas. 
 Hab. North-eastern Europe and Western Asia. 
 
 One near Brighton, autumn 1869 : Bond, Zoologist, 1870, 
 pp. 1984, 2022 ; Dawson Rowley, torn. cit. p. 2066. 
 
 Fam. EMBERIZID^E. 
 
 LITTLE BUNTING. Emberiza pimlla, Pallas. 
 
 Hab. Eastern and Southern Europe ; Western and Central 
 Asia. 
 
 One, Brighton, Nov. 1864: Gould, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 377; 
 Ibis, 1865, p. 113 ; and Birds of Great Britain, figure. 
 
 EUSTIC BUNTING. Emberiza rustica, Pallas. 
 Hab. Eastern and Southern Europe ; Western Asia. 
 
 One, Brighton, 23rd Oct. 1867 : Gould, Ibis, 1869, p. 128, 
 Birds of Great Britain, figure. 
 
 * This bird was taken alive ; and an account of its habits as ob- 
 served in captivity will be found on the page above mentioned. 
 
112 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 BLACK-HEADED BI7NTINGK Emberiza melanocephala, 
 
 Scopoli. 
 Hab. South-eastern Europe and Asia. 
 
 One, Brighton Racecourse, 3rd Nov. 1868 : Gould, Ibis, 
 1869, p. 128; Birds of Asia, figure; and Birds of Great 
 Britain, figure. 
 
 Fam. FRINGILLID^E. 
 
 SERIN FINCH. Fringilla serinus, Linnaeus. 
 Hob. Southern Europe ; North Africa. 
 
 One, Portsmouth, April 1852 : Naturalist, 1853, p. 20. 
 
 One, Brighton, 20th June, 1859: Bond, Zoologist, 1860, 
 p. 7105. 
 
 One near London, Oct. 1859 : Bond, I. c. 
 
 Three near Brighton, autumn 1860 : Dawson Rowley, Ibis, 
 1861, p. 113. 
 
 One, Hove, near Brighton, 19th April, 1866 : Monk, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1866, p. 229. 
 
 One, Bishop's Hull, Somerset, winter 1866 : Cecil Smith, 
 Birds of Somersetshire, p. 180. 
 
 One, locality not noted, April 1869 : Bond, Zoologist, 1870, 
 p. 1984. 
 
 One, Worthing, 4th May, 1869: Lucas, The Field, 12th 
 June, 1869. 
 
 ROSY BULLFINCH. Carpodacus erythrinus (Pallas). 
 Hab. North-eastern Europe and Asia. 
 
 One, Brighton, Sept. 1869 : Wonfor, Zoologist, 1869, p. 1918 ; 
 Bond, Zoologist, 1870, p. 1984. 
 
 One, Caen Wood, Hampstead, 5th Oct. 1870 : Bond, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1870, p. 2383; Gould, Birds of Great Britain, figure. 
 
GROSBEAK. 113 
 
 PINE GROSBEAK. Pinicola enucleator (Linnaeus). 
 Hab. The north of Europe, Asia, and America. 
 
 Several, Invercauld Forest, Aberdeen : Pennant, Brit. Zool. 
 
 vol. i. p. 317 ; Tour in Scotland, 2nd ed. 1772. 
 Others, Dumfrieshire : Burgess, List Birds Kirkmichael, 
 
 1792. 
 Several, Woods of Glamis and Lindertis, 1813 : Don, Fauna 
 
 of Forfarshire, p. 43. 
 One, Cavehill, near Belfast, Dec. 1819: Thompson, Nat. 
 
 Hist. Irel. (Birds), vol. i. p. 275. 
 
 One, Bill Quay, Newcastle : Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. New- 
 castle, vol. i. part 3, p. 265. 
 Several, The Denes, Yarmouth, Nov. 1822 : Paget, Sketch of 
 
 Nat. Hist. Yarmouth, p. 6. 
 
 Two near Yarmouth : Lubbock, Fauna of Norfolk, p. 36. 
 Two, Raveningham, Norfolk : Gurney and Fisher, Zoologist, 
 
 1846, p. 1313*. 
 Several, Pembrokeshire, date not mentioned: Fox, Synops. 
 
 Newcastle Mus. p. 65. 
 One, Worcestershire, prior to 1834 : Hastings, Nat. Hist. 
 
 Worcestersh. (1834), p. 65. 
 One or more, Eccles, Bewickshire, prior to 1835 : Thomson, 
 
 Statistical Ace. Eccles (1835). 
 One or more, Kent : Pemberton Bartlett, Zoologist, 1844, 
 
 p. 621. 
 One, Harrow, Middlesex : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. i. 
 
 p. 609; Harting, Birds of Middlesex, p. 90. 
 One, Rochdale, Lancashire, Feb. 1845 : Clarke, Zoologist, 
 
 1845, p. 1025. 
 
 * With reference to these there appears to be some doubt, cf. 
 Stevenson, ' Birds of Norfolk,' vol. i. p. 235, where it is also stated 
 that there are two specimens labelled "Norfolk" in the British 
 Museum. 
 
 I 
 
114 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Two, Ashdown Forest, Sussex, Feb. 1848: Knox, Orn. 
 Rambles in Sussex, p. 212. 
 
 One near Petworth, Sussex : Knox, /. c. 
 
 One, Braemar, August 1850 : Macgillivray, Nat. Hist. Dee- 
 side, p. 403. 
 
 One, Somersetshire : Baker, Somerset Archseol. Proc. 1851, 
 p. 144. 
 
 One, Taunton : Prideaux, Zoologist, 1862, p. 3474. 
 
 One seen at Dunkeld : Col. Drummond Hay, hitherto unre- 
 corded. 
 
 Fam. LOXIID^a. 
 
 PAEEOT CEOSSB1LL. Loxia pityopsittacus, Bechstein. 
 Hab. Northern Europe and Western Siberia. 
 
 One, Shropshire : Pennant, Brit. Zool. 
 
 Two, Scotland : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii. p. 24. 
 
 Two, Ross-shire, 1833 : Gray, Birds of West of Scotland, 
 p. 154. 
 
 Nine, Dartmoor, 1838 : Rowe, List of Birds of Devon, p. 27. 
 
 Several, Edwinstowe, Notts, 1849 : Sterland, Birds of Sher- 
 wood Forest, p. 126. 
 
 Two, Caithness: Osborne, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 
 vol. ii. p. 341. 
 
 One, Harrow, Middlesex, Jan. 1850 : Newman, Zoologist, 
 
 1850, p. 2770; Harting, Birds of Middlesex, p. 92. 
 
 One, Riddles worth Hall, Norfolk : Stevenson, Birds of Nor- 
 folk, vol. i. p. 239. 
 One, Saxham, Suffolk*, Nov. 1850 : Newton, Zoologist, 
 
 1851, p. 3145. 
 
 * In the ' Zoologist ' for 1863, p. 8845, and in Gould's < Birds of 
 Great Britain,' mention is made of several Parrot Crossbills, killed at 
 Brandon, Suffolk, in October 1863 and March 1864 ; but these sub- 
 sequently proved to be only large varieties of the Common Crossbill 
 (c/. Stevenson, ' Birds of Norfolk,' vol. i. pp. 239, 240). 
 
CROSSBILLS. 115 
 
 Several, Breamore, Hants, Nov. 1855 : Wise, New Forest, 
 
 p. 315. 
 
 One, Bognor, Sussex, Nov. 1859 : Zoologist, 1859, p. 6329. 
 Three near Epping, Sept. 1861 : Doubleday, Zoologist, 1861, 
 
 p. 7759. 
 Several, Wemyss Bay, Firth of Clyde, spring 1862 : R. Gray, 
 
 Birds of West of Scotland, p. 154. 
 
 Three, Cheltenham, 1862 : Guise, Zoologist, 1862, p. 7844. 
 Three, Colchester, Feb. 1862 : Bree, Zoologist, 1862, p. 8032. 
 A pair, Southgate, Middlesex, Nov. 1864. The male in the 
 
 collection of Mr. Bond. 
 Two, Oswestry, no date mentioned : Rocke, Zoologist, 1865, 
 
 p. 9781. 
 One, Flamborough, Aug. 1866: Boulton, Zoologist, 1867, 
 
 p. 543. 
 
 One, (?) Melton, Suffolk, Jan. 1869 : Clark Kennedy, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1869, p. 1700. 
 
 WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. Loxia bifasciatajtiilsson. 
 Hab. Northern Europe and Asia. 
 
 One near Belfast, January 1802 : Templeton, Trans. Linn. 
 
 Soc. vol. vii. p. 309 : Thompson, Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), 
 
 vol. i. p. 283. 
 One near Worcester, 1836 : Yarrell, fide Strickland, Hist. 
 
 Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 30 ; Macgillivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, 
 
 vol. iii. p. 692. 
 Five or six seen, one shot, near Ipswich : Yarrell, fide Hoy, 
 
 op. cit. 
 
 One, Birmingham : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 
 One, Lariggan, Cornwall, 1843: Rodd, Zoologist, 1843, p. 142. 
 Two, Isle of Wight, 1844 : Bury, Zoologist, 1844, p. 643 ; 
 
 A. G. More, in Venable's Guide to Isle of Wight, p. 430. 
 One, Surrey : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 
 One, Bury St. Edmunds, May 1846 : Hunter, Zoologist, 
 
 i2 
 
116 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 1846, p. 1498; Stevenson, Birds of Norfolk, vol. i. 
 
 p. 243. 
 One, Mickleover, near Derby, Nov. 1845 : Bell, Zoologist, 
 
 1846, p. 1247. 
 Nine, Brampton, near Carlisle, 1846 : Cooper, Zoologist, 1846, 
 
 p. 1551 ; Hodgkinson, Zoologist, 1847, p. 1638. 
 One, Epping: Yarrell, fide Doubleday, op. cit. 
 Four or five seen, one shot, near Thetford, 10th May, 1846 : 
 
 Hunter, Zoologist, 1846, p. 1498; Stevenson, op. cit. 
 
 p. 242. 
 Several, Drinkston, Suffolk, 1849: Bree, Zoologist, 1849, 
 
 p. 2419. 
 One, Taunton, Somerset, 1851 : Prideaux, Zoologist, 1852, 
 
 p. 3474. 
 One, co. Dublin, July or August 1868 : Blake Knox, Zoologist, 
 
 1868, p. 1376. 
 
 AMERICAN WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. Loxia leu- 
 
 coptera, Gmelin. 
 Hob. Northern parts of North America. 
 
 One near Jedburgh, Roxburgshire, Feb. 1841 : R. Gray, 
 
 Birds of West of Scotland, p. 155. 
 One, Exmouth, Sept. 1845 : Fitton, Zoologist, 1845, p. 1190 ; 
 
 Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 34. 
 Four, Edwinstowe, Notts, April 1849: Sterland, Birds of 
 
 Sherwood Forest, p. 126. 
 "A large flock" near Banff, 1859 : Edward, Zoologist, 1859, 
 
 p. 6631 ; R. Gray, /. c. 
 
 Obs. Some years since Dr. Dewar of Glasgow, when 
 600 miles off Newfoundland, observed a number of 
 these birds crossing the Atlantic before a stiff westerly 
 breeze. Many alighted on the rigging, and ten or 
 twelve specimens were secured. Of these two escaped 
 
STARLINGS. 117 
 
 as the ship neared Ireland, and made for the land ; 
 two others flew out of their cage while being con- 
 veyed through Liverpool. The rest lived for some 
 time in confinement. 
 
 Fam. ICTERID^E. 
 
 RED-WINGED STARLINGK Agelceusphcenicem^J \Q\\\ot. 
 Hab. United States, from Atlantic to Pacific. 
 
 One near London : Albin, Hist. Birds, vol. i. p. 36. . 
 
 One, Barton Broad, Norfolk, June 1843 : Gurney, Zoologist, 
 1843, p. 317, and 1864, p. 9024; Stevenson, Birds of 
 Norfolk, vol. i. p. 244. 
 
 One, Shepherds Bush, Middlesex, autumn 1844 : Yarrell, 
 Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 40; Harting, Birds of Middle- 
 sex, p. 92. 
 
 One, Sidlesham, Sussex, 25th Dec. 1863 : Jeffery, Zoologist, 
 
 1864, p. 8951. 
 
 One, Komney, Kent, June 1864 or 1865*. 
 
 One, Liphook, Hants, 16th May, 1865 : Jesse, Zoologist, 
 
 1865, p. 9782. 
 
 One, Hove, near Brighton, 21st March, 1866 : Monk, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1866, p. 229; two others procured at the same time 
 were preserved by Swaysland at Brighton. 
 
 One near Banff, 12th June, 1866 : Edward, Zoologist, 1866, 
 p. 310. 
 
 One, seen in Haddingtonshire " a few years ago :" R. Gray, 
 Birds of West of Scotland, p. 156. 
 
 * Mr. J. H. Gurney, Jim., informs me that he saw this specimen 
 while in the hands of a bird-stuffer at Eye for preservation. 
 
118 RAEE VISITANTS. 
 
 AMERICAN MEADOW STARLING. Sturnella magna 
 (Linnaeus). 
 
 Hob. Eastern United States to the High Central Plains. 
 
 One, Thrandeston, Suffolk : Sclater, Ibis, 1861, p. 176. 
 One seen, South Walsham, Norfolk : Sclater, /. c. 
 One near Cheltenham, many years ago * : Lloyd, The Field, 
 llth March, 1871. 
 
 Fam. CORVID^E. 
 
 NUTCRACKER. Nucifmga caryocatactes (Linnaeus). 
 Hab. Northern and Central Europet- 
 
 One, near Mostyn, Flintshire, 5th Oct. 1753 : Pennant, Brit. 
 
 Zool. vol. ii. p. 265 (1766). 
 One, Kent : Latham, Synopsis, vol. i. p. 400. 
 One seen near Bridgewater, autumn 1805 : Montagu, Orn. 
 
 Diet. Suppl. 1813. 
 One, North Devon, August 1808 : Montagu, op. cit., figured 
 
 in Graves, Brit. Orn. vol. i. (1821). 
 One, Cornwall : Monthly Magazine, Dec. 1808. 
 
 * This specimen was forwarded by Mr. Lloyd for my inspection, 
 and to be named, in March 1871. 
 
 t Examples from Scandinavia are said to possess shorter and 
 stouter bills than those obtained in Central Europe, on which ac- 
 count the two forms have been specifically separated, though with 
 what justice I am unable to say, not having examined a sufficiently 
 large series. It is possible that this variation may depend upon sex. 
 On this subject the reader may be referred to De Selys Longchamps 
 (Bulletin Acad. Sci. Bruxelles, torn. xi. no. 10), and to Fisher " On 
 the Two Species or Varieties of the Nutcracker " (Zoologist, 1845, 
 p. 1073). Both forms have been procured in this country. 
 
NUTCRACKER. 119 
 
 One seen near Hooe Lake, Cornwall : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. 
 
 Birds, vol. ii. p. 132. 
 One seen in Netherwitton Wood, Northumberland, autumn 
 
 1819 : Selby, Illustr. Brit. Orn. vol. i. p. 368. 
 One near Washford Pyne Moor, Devon, 1829 : Moore, Cat. 
 
 Birds Devon, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 179. 
 One, Rollesby, near Yarmouth, 30th Oct. 1844: Fisher, 
 
 Zoologist, 1845, p. 824 ; Stevenson, Birds of Norfolk, vol. i. 
 
 p. 282. 
 One near Alfriston, Sussex, Sept. 1844 : Borrer, Zoologist, 
 
 1845, p. 868. 
 One near Pepper-Harrow Park, Godalming : Letters of Rus- 
 
 ticus, p. 158. 
 
 One seen near Guildford : op. cit. p. 159. 
 Three, Scotland : Macgillivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. i. 
 
 p. 584; Gray, Birds of West of Scotland, p. 188. 
 One, Clandon Common, Surrey, 1847 : Webb, Zoologist, 
 
 1850, p. 2914. 
 One off Yarmouth, 7th Oct. 1853 : Green, Zoologist, 1853, 
 
 p. 4096 ; Gurney, torn. cit. p. 4124. 
 One near Whitehaven, no date mentioned : Robson, Zoologist, 
 
 1854, p. 4168. 
 One, Wisbeach, 8th Nov. 1859: Foster, Zoologist, 1859, 
 
 p. 6809. 
 One seen, Saltram, Devon, Oct. 1862 : Rowe, List of Birds 
 
 of Devon, p. 28. 
 One, Gorleston, near Yarmouth, 8th Oct. 1864 : Stevenson, 
 
 Zoologist, 1865, p. 9045 ; Birds of Norfolk, vol. i. p. 283. 
 One near Wakefield, autumn 1865 : purchased by me in 
 
 May 1866. 
 One, Invergarry, Inverness-shire, Oct. 1868 : Harvie Brown, 
 
 Zoologist, 1868, pp. 1484 and 1519; Gray, op. cit. 
 One, Christchurch, Hants, 6th Nov. 1868 : Gurney, Zoologist, 
 
 1868, p. 1481, and 1869, p. 1511. 
 
120 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Fam. PICID.E. 
 
 GREAT BLACK WOODPECKER. Picus martins, Lin- 
 
 nseus. 
 Hob. Northern Europe. 
 
 One or more, Devonshire, 1785-1790: Latham, Gen. Syn. 
 Suppl. p. 104. 
 
 One shot at Blandford, Dorset, 1799 : Pulteney, Cat. Birds 
 Dorset, p. 6. 
 
 One shot at Whitchurch, Dorset, 1799 : Pulteney, /. c. 
 
 One said to have been shot in Lancashire by Lord Stanley : 
 Montagu, Orn. Diet. Suppl. 1813; but the statement 
 subsequently shown to be incorrect : Collingwood, Hist. 
 Faun. Lancashire and Cheshire, p. 16; Zoologist, 1865, 
 pp. 9626, 9627. 
 
 One shot in Battersea Fields, Middlesex : Montagu, op. cit. 
 
 One formerly in collection of Donovan, now in the Derby 
 Museum, Liverpool; said to have been killed in this 
 country : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 138. 
 
 One or more considered by Yarrell to have occurred in Scot- 
 land, from a statement by Sir Eobert Sibbald in his ' His- 
 toria Animalium in Scotia/ p. 15 ; but this statement shown 
 to have been misconstrued : E.G. Buxton, Zoologist, 1865, 
 p. 9730. 
 
 One shot near Crediton, in collection of late Mr. Newton, of 
 Okehampton, Devon : Rowe, Nat. Hist. Dartmoor. 
 
 Two killed in Yorkshire : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 
 One in Lincolnshire : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 
 One shot near London about 1830 : Blyth, Field Naturalist, 
 p. 49. 
 
 Two reported to have been killed in Norfolk (Adam White, 
 Trans. Linn. Soc. 17th Nov. 1835) ; but there is no doubt 
 that the species obtained was Picus major : Stevenson, 
 Birds of Norfolk, vol. i. p. 291 ; Zoologist, 1864, p. 9248. 
 
WOODPECKERS. 121 
 
 One seen several times in the Home Park, Windsor, April 
 1844 : Clark Kennedy, Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 178. 
 
 One shot at Shanklin, Isle of Wight, " many years " prior 
 to 1845 : Bury, Zoologist, 1845, p. 915 ; A. G. More in 
 VenaWs Guide to Isle of Wight, p. 430. 
 
 One seen several times in Caen Wood, Hampstead, May 1845 : 
 Harting, Birds of Middlesex, p. 112. 
 
 Two shot near Nottingham. Macgillivray thus refers to 
 them : " Two specimens in my collection, a male and 
 female, which I purchased from Dr. Madden, to whom they 
 had been sent by their owner as having been shot near 
 Nottingham. That gentleman afterwards obtained for me 
 a certificate of the fact by the person who had procured 
 them" (Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. p. 79). 
 
 One or more, Worcestershire. " Of unfrequent occurrence," 
 Hastings, Nat. Hist. Worcester, p. 66. 
 
 One killed, Ripley, near Knaresborough, March 1846 : Garth, 
 Zoologist, 1846, p. 1298. 
 
 One, Audley End, near Saffron Walden, 5th June, 1847: 
 Newton, Zoologist, 1851, p. 3278. 
 
 One, Claremont, Surrey, prior to 1850 : M'Intosh, Naturalist, 
 1851, p. 20. Evidently a mistake. 
 
 Two seen at Yarm, Yorkshire : Hogg, Cat. Birds S.E. Dur- 
 ham, p. 16 ; Hewitson, Eggs of British Birds, p. 193. 
 
 One, Somersetshire : Somerset Archseol. Proc. p. 144. 
 
 One,Belmont,Unst, Shetland : Crotch, Zoologist, 1861, p. 7341 . 
 
 One seen in Pignel Wood, near Brockenhurst, New Forest, 
 and eggs taken 9th June, 1862 : Farren, Zoologist, 1862, 
 p. 8091 ; and Wise, New Forest, p. 272. 
 
 Two ' ' frequently seen near Christchurch, Hants : " Yarrell, 
 /. c., and Wise, /. c. 
 
 One seen in Ditton Park, March 1867: Clark Kennedy, /. c. 
 
 One purchased in the flesh in Leadenhall Market, 6th Nov. 
 1868, but supposed to have been sent from Sweden with 
 Capercaillie : Gurney, Zoologist, 1869, p. 1515. 
 
122 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One reported to have been shot at Binstead, Hants, 1868 : 
 Gould, Zoologist, 1869, p. 1516; but subsequently ad- 
 mitted to have been purchased in Leadenhall Market : 
 Rodd, Zoologist, 1869, p. 1562. 
 
 MIDDLE SPOTTED WOODPECKEE. Picus medius, 
 
 Linnaeus. 
 Hab. Europe. 
 
 One, Lancashire : Pennant, Brit. Zool. vol. i. p. 180. 
 One, Dorsetshire : Pulteney, Cat. Birds Dorset, p. 6. 
 One, Inverness-shire : St. John, Nat. Hist. Highlands, p. 76. 
 Two, Middlesex : Harting, Birds of Middlesex, p. 108. 
 
 Obs. Although, some years since, I included this 
 species in my ' Birds of Middlesex,' p. 108, upon what 
 appeared at the time to be a sufficient warranty, I 
 think on maturer consideration that the species has 
 little or no claim to be included in the present list. 
 
 HAIET WOODPECKEE. Picus villosus, Linnaeus. 
 
 Hab. North America, to the eastern base of the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 A pair, Halifax, Yorkshire, in collection of Duchess of Port- 
 land : Latham, Gen. Syn. vol. ii. p. 578 ; Ind. Orn. vol. i. 
 p. 232. 
 
 One near Whitby, Yorkshire, 1849 : Higgins, Zoologist, 
 1849, p. 2496 ; Bird, torn. cit. p. 2527 ; Newman, Zoologist, 
 1851, p. 2985; Bird, torn. cit. p. 3034. 
 
 DOWNY WOODPECKEB. Picus pulescens, Linnaeus. 
 Hab. Eastern United States. 
 
 One, Bloxworth, near Blandford, Dorsetshire, Dec. 1836 : 
 Rev. O. P. Cambridge, Zoologist, 1859, p. 6444. 
 
CUCKOOS. 123 
 
 aOLDEN-WING-ED WOODPECKEB. PlCUS auratus, 
 Linnaeus. 
 
 Hob. Eastern North America. 
 
 One, Amesbury Park, Wilts, autumn 1836 : Marsh, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1859, p. 6327. 
 
 Obs. Mr. Marsh says, I. c. : My brother, now 
 Member for Salisbury, saw this bird in the flesh be- 
 fore it was preserved; it was brought to him just 
 after it was shot. It was preserved by Mr. Edwards, 
 of Amesbury, and has never been out of my posses- 
 
 sion." 
 
 Fam. CUCULID.E. 
 
 GBEAT SPOTTED CUCKOO. Cuculus glandarius, Lin- 
 naeus. 
 
 Hob. Africa and South-western Europe. 
 
 One, Omagh Island, co. Galway, March 1842 : Ball, Ann. 
 Nat. Hist. 1843; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland (Birds), 
 vol. i. p. 364; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 205*. 
 
 One near Chiltrim Farmhouse, North Tyne, 5th Aug. 1870 : 
 Charlton, The Field, 3rd Sept. 1870f. 
 
 * Yarrell refers to another specimen as having been obtained at 
 Llawrenny, Pembrokeshire, and recorded in the * Zoologist/ 1851, 
 p. 3046 ; but on turning to the volume and page indicated, it ap- 
 pears that the communication has reference to an example of the 
 Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 
 
 f This specimen was identified by Mr. W. Proctor, of Durham, 
 who preserved it for Mr. Charlton. 
 
124 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. Cuculus americanus, 
 Linnaeus. 
 
 Hob. Eastern United States, through Central America and 
 West Indies to Buenos Ay res. 
 
 One, Youghal, co. Cork, autumn 1825 : Ball, Field Natura- 
 lists' Magazine, 1832, p. 6; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Irel. 
 (Birds), vol. i. p. 365 ; Harvey, Fauna of Cork, p. 10. 
 
 One near Bray, co. Wicklow : Ball, /. c. ; Thompson, /. c. 
 
 One, Cornwall : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 210. 
 
 One, Stackpole Court, Pembrokeshire, autumn 1832 : Tracey, 
 Zoologist, 1851, p. 3046; Yarrell, op. cit. 
 
 One near Aberystwith, 26th Oct. 1870 : Cousens, The Field, 
 5th Nov. 1870. 
 
 BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO. Cuculus erythrophthalmus, 
 Wilson. 
 
 Hab. United States, throughout Central America to Upper 
 Amazon. 
 
 One, Killead, co. Antrim, 25th Sept. 1871 : Lord Clermont, 
 Zoologist, 1872, p. 3022. Recorded as C. americanus, 
 Blake Knox, torn. cit. p. 2943. I examined this specimen 
 on the 28th May, 1872. 
 
 Fam. ALCEDINID^E. 
 
 BELTED KINGFISHEB. Ceryle alcyon (Linnaeus). 
 Hab. North America. 
 
 One, Annsbrook, co. Meath, Oct. 1845 : Thompson, Ann. 
 
 Nat. Hist. 1845 ; Nat. Hist. Ireland (Birds), vol. i. 
 
 p. 373. 
 One, Luggelaw, co. Wicklow, Nov. 1845 : Thompson, op. 
 
 cit. 
 
SWALLOWS. 125 
 
 Fam. HIKUNDINID^E. 
 
 PUEPLE MAKTIN. Hirundo purpurea, Linnaeus. 
 Hob. North America generally. 
 
 One, Kingstown, co. Dublin, 1840 : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, 
 
 vol. ii. p. 267. 
 One, Colne Bridge, Huddersfield, 1854 : Hobkirk, < Hudders- 
 
 field, its Hist, and Nat. Hist/ 1868, p. 218. 
 
 Obs. Two others are mentioned by Yarrell as having 
 been obtained at Kingsbury, Middlesex, in Sept. 1842 ; 
 but he was misinformed on the subject. A specimen, 
 said to have been shot near Macclesfield, was sold 
 at Stevens's, with other birds from the Macclesfield 
 Museum, on the 14th June, 1861, and realized 1 85. 
 
 WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW. Eirundo tricolor, Vieil- 
 
 lot. 
 Hob. North America, from Atlantic to Pacific. 
 
 One near Derby, 1850 : Wolley, Zoologist, 1853, p. 3806 ; 
 Newton, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 131 ; Zoologist, 1860, p. 7145. 
 
 Fam. CYPSELIDJE. 
 
 ALPINE SWIFT. Oypselus melba^ llliger. 
 
 Hob. Central and Southern Europe, Western Asia, and 
 Africa. 
 
 One, Dover, 20th Aug. 1830 : Note-book of a Naturalist, 
 p. 226. 
 
126 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, Buckenham, Norfolk, 13th Oct. 1831 : Yarrell, Hist. 
 Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 266. 
 
 One, Rathfarnham, near Dublin, March 1833 : Dublin Penny 
 Journ. 1833 ; Yarrell, op. cit. 
 
 One, Saffron Walden, Essex, July 1838 : Macgillivray, Hist. 
 Brit. Birds, vol. iii. p. 613. 
 
 One, Leicester, 23rd Sept. 1839 : Macgillivray, op. cit. 
 
 One, 40 miles W. of Land's End, June 1842 : Couch, Cornish 
 Fauna, p. 147. 
 
 One, Cambridge, May 1844 : Fitton, Zoologist, 1845, p. 1191. 
 
 One near Doneraile, co. Cork, June 1844 : Thompson, Nat. 
 Hist. Irel. (Birds), vol. i. p. 418. 
 
 One, St. Leonards-on-Sea, Oct. 1851 : Ellman, Zoologist, 
 1852, p. 3330. 
 
 One, My lor, Cornwall, 1859 : Bullmore, Cornish Fauna, 
 p. 24. 
 
 One, Hulme, near Manchester, 18th Oct. 1863 : Carter, Zoo- 
 logist, 1863, p. 8846. 
 
 One seen at Kingsbury Reservoir, Aug. 1841, and one shot 
 near Reading next day: Harting, Birds of Middlesex, 
 p. 128. 
 
 One near Lough Neagh, May 1866 : Howard Saunders, Zoo- 
 logist, 1866, p. 389. 
 
 One near Weston-super-Mare : Cecil Smith, Birds of Somer- 
 setshire, p. 287. 
 
 Several seen, Isles of Arran, west coast of Ireland, July 1866 : 
 Blake Knox, Zoologist, 1866, p. 456. 
 
 Several seen, Achill Island, co. Mayo : Blake Knox, torn. cit. 
 p. 523. 
 
 One near the Lizard, Cornwall : Rodd, List Birds Cornwall, 
 2nd ed. p. 23. 
 
 One, Aldeburgh, Suffolk, 8th Sept. 1870 : Hill, The Field, 
 17th Sept. 1870. 
 
 One seen, Colchester, 8th June, 1871 : Dr. Bree, The Field, 
 17th June, 1871. 
 
SWIFTS. 127 
 
 One seen, Norwich, June 1871, on two occasions : H. Steven- 
 son, MS. 
 
 One seen, South Point, Durham, 24th July 1871 : Crawhall, 
 The Field, 5th Aug. 1871. 
 
 SPINE-TAILED SWIFT. Cypselus caudacutus (La- 
 tham). 
 Hab. Siberia, India, Persia, China, and Australia. 
 
 One, Great Horkesley, near Colchester, 8th July 1846: 
 Catchpool, Zoologist, 1846, p. 1492 ; Newman, Zoologist, 
 1863, p. 8329. 
 
 Obs. This bird was examined in the flesh by 
 Messrs. Yarrell, Fisher, Hall, Edward Doubleday, and 
 Newman. 
 
 Fam. CAPRIMULGID^E. 
 
 KUFOUS-JSTAPED NIGfflTJAE. Caprimulgus rufaollis, 
 
 Temminck. 
 Hab. North Africa and South-western Europe. 
 
 One, Killingworth, near Newcastle, 6th Oct. 1856 : Hancock, 
 Ibis, 1862, p. 39. 
 
 Obs. Mr. Hancock says (1. c.) : " I am far from 
 believing that this is really its first occurrence in our 
 island. It very closely resembles C. europceus, and is 
 almost sure to be confounded with that species by the 
 casual observer." 
 
 It is said to be distinguishable by its smaller size 
 and by the general lighter colour of its plumage 
 (cf. 'Ibis,' 1866, p. 180). 
 
128 RAEE VISITANTS. 
 
 Order III. RASORES. 
 
 Fam. COLUMBID^E. 
 
 PASSENGKEK PIGKEON. Columba migratoria, Lin- 
 naeus. 
 
 Hob. North America to High Central Plains. 
 
 One, Monymeal, Fifeshire, 31st Dec. 1825 : Fleming, Hist. 
 
 Brit. An. p. 145. 
 One near Royston, Hertfordshire, July 1844 : Yarrell, Hist. 
 
 Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 317. 
 
 One seen near Tring, Hertfordshire : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One near Mellerstain, Berwickshire, shot by Lord Hadding- 
 
 ton : Turnbull, Birds of East Lothian, p. 41 *. 
 
 Fam. PTEROCLID^l. 
 
 PALLAS'S SANDGKOUSE. Syrrhaptes paradoms (Pal- 
 las). 
 
 Hob. Astracan, Turkestan, and particularly the Kirghiz 
 Steppes. 
 
 First included in the British list by Mr. T. J. Moore 
 (Zoologist, 1859, p. 6728; Ibis, 1860, p. 105) from a 
 specimen obtained at Tremadoc, North Wales, on the 
 9th July, 1859f . It was in company with two others 
 
 * A gentleman in Berwickshire, however, had turned out several 
 Passenger Pigeons, shortly before the Mellerstein specimen was 
 shot (Turnbull, I. c.). 
 
 t A specimen in the Lynn Museum was also procured in July, 
 1859, at Walpole, St. Peters, Norfolk (Kev. F. L. Currie, Ibis, 1859, 
 p. 472 ; Stevenson, Birds of Norfolk, vol. i. p. 337). 
 
GROUSE. 129 
 
 which escaped. In 1863 an extraordinary flight of 
 these birds visited Great Britain, and numerous ex- 
 amples were shot and duly chronicled. A very com- 
 plete summary of these will be found in an article by 
 Professor Newton in ' The Ibis/ 1864, p. 185 ; and as 
 regards the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, where as 
 many as seventy-five were killed, the reader may be 
 referred to an excellent chapter on the subject in 
 Stevenson's 'Birds of Norfolk/ vol. i. pp. 376-404. 
 
 Fam. TETRAONID.E. 
 
 ^ - 
 
 BAEBAEY PABTEIDGE. Perdix petrosa (Gmelin). 
 Hab. North Africa. 
 
 One, Edmondthorpe, near Melton Mowbray, April 1842 : 
 
 Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 400. 
 One, Sudbourn, Suffolk : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One, Freston, Suffolk : J. H. Gurney, jun., MS. 
 One near Ipswich : id. * 
 One, Killiganoon, Cornwall, 1865 : Bullmore, Cornish Fauna, 
 
 p. 25. 
 
 VIBGINIAN COLIN. Ortyx virginianus (Linnseus). 
 
 Hab. Eastern United States to the High Central Plains. 
 
 This can only be regarded as an introduced species, 
 and has therefore no claim to be considered a British 
 bird. Early in the present century several pairs were 
 
 * Mr. Gurney considers that these specimens must have been 
 turned down or their eggs introduced by game-preservers. 
 
 K 
 
130 BARE VISITANTS. 
 
 turned out in Norfolk by the late Earl of Leicester 
 (Stevenson, ' Birds of Norfolk,' vol. i. p. 436). In 
 1840 a number were liberated in the neighbourhood 
 of Windsor by his Royal Highness the late Prince 
 Consort (Clark Kennedy, ' Birds of Berks and Bucks,' 
 p. 182). In 1857 four brace were let loose in East 
 Lothian, and were subsequently reported to be thri- 
 ving (Turnbull, < Birds of East Lothian,' p. 42). 
 
 In April, 1867, three males and four females were 
 set free by His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales 
 at Sandringham (' The Field,' 26th Aug. 1871). Since 
 that time, the Maharajah Duleep Singh and other gen- 
 tlemen in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk have 
 turned out a good many. It is thus easy to account 
 for the appearance of the solitary specimens which 
 have been shot at various times in different localities, 
 and thereupon chronicled as rare British birds. 
 
 Fam. TURNICID^. 
 
 ANDALTJSIAN HEMIPODE. Turnix sylvatica (Des- 
 
 fontaines). 
 Hab. Southern Europe and Northern Africa. 
 
 One, Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, 29th Oct. 1844: Goatley, 
 
 Ann. Nat. Hist. 1845 ; Zoologist, 1845, p. 872. 
 One near the same place shortly afterwards : Goatley, I. c. ; 
 
 Matthews, Zoologist, 1849, p. 2599. 
 One, Fartown, near Huddersfield, 7th April, 1865 : Gould, 
 
 P. Z. S. 1866, p. 210; f Huddersfield, its Hist, and Nat. 
 
 Hist/ p. 219. 
 
PLOVERS. 131 
 
 Order IV. GRALLATORES. 
 
 Fam. OTIDID^E. 
 
 MACQUEEN'S BUSTAED. Otis macqueeni, Gray. 
 Hab. Afghanistan and North-west India. 
 
 One, Kirton Lindsey, Lincolnshire, 7th Oct. 1847 : Roberts, 
 Zoologist, 1848, pp. 1969, 2065; Newman, torn, cit.p. 2146; 
 Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 457. In the Museum 
 of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society at York. 
 
 Obs. This is not the only instance of the occurrence 
 of this species in Europe. Specimens have been met 
 with at Zeist in Holland, at Dieghem near Brussels, 
 and in Denmark. 
 
 Fam. CHAKADRIID^E. 
 
 CREAM-COLOURED COURSER. Cursorius gallicus, 
 
 Gmelin. 
 Hab. North Africa. 
 
 One near Wingham, Kent : Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. 254, 
 
 pi. 116 (1787); Montagu, Orn. Diet.; Fox, Zool. Journ. 
 
 vol. iii. p. 493; and Naturalist, 1837, p. 133. In the 
 
 British Museum. 
 
 One, North Wales, 1793 : Fleming, Hist. Brit. An. p. 112. 
 One near Weatherby, April 1816 : Atkinson, Compend. Brit. 
 
 Orn. p. 165. 
 
 K2 
 
132 EAEE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, Yorkshire, 1825 : Gould, fide Lord Harewood, Birds of 
 Great Britain. 
 
 One, Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire, 15th Oct. 1827 : Fox, 
 Zoological Journal, vol. iii. p. 492, figured by Selby and 
 Bewick. 
 
 One, Freston, near Aldeburgh, Suffolk, 3rd Oct. 1828 : Acton, 
 Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. p. 163. In the collection of the 
 late Mr. Hoy. 
 
 One, Cheswick, Northumberland, 9th Nov. 1846 : in the 
 collection of Mr. Brodrick. 
 
 One seen near Blakeney, Norfolk, autumn 1847 : Stevenson, 
 Birds of Norfolk, vol. ii. p. 49. 
 
 One seen, Westacre, Norfolk, autumn 1855 : Stevenson, 
 op. cit. 
 
 One, East Down, Salisbury Plain, 2nd Oct. 1855 : Gardner, 
 Zoologist, 1855, p. 4913 ; Yarrell, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 463. 
 
 Two seen, one shot, Braunton Burrows, North Devon, Oct. 
 1856 : Mathew, Zoologist, 1857, p. 5346. In the pos- 
 session of the Rev. J. W. Landon, of Braunton. 
 
 One, Hackney Marshes, Middlesex, 19th Oct. 1858 : New- 
 man, Zoologist, 1858, p. 6309 ; Harting, Birds of Middlesex, 
 p. 142. In the possession of Mr. Beresford. 
 
 Two seen, Braunton Burrows, North Devon, March 1860 : 
 Mathew, Zoologist, 1860, p. 6980. 
 
 One, Somerset : Howe, List Birds Devon, p. 32. 
 
 One, Allonby, near Maryport, Cumberland, Oct. 1864 : Allis, 
 Zoologist, 1865, p. 9418. 
 
 One near Sandwich, Kent, Oct. 1866 : Harding, Zoologist, 
 1866, p. 523. In the Margate Museum?, lately sold. 
 
 One, Cleghorn, near Lanark, 8th Oct. 1868 : Walker, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1868, p. 1459; Harvie Brown, torn. cit. p. 1482; 
 Gray, Birds of West of Scotland, p. 250. 
 
 One, Christchurch, Hants : Gurney, Zoologist, 1869, p. 1512. 
 
 One near Low Lynn, Northumberland, Nov. 1870 : Gurney, 
 Zoologist, 1871, pp. 2522, 2562. In the Berwick Museum. 
 
PLOVERS. 133 
 
 COLLARED PRATINCOLE. Glareola pratincola (Lin- 
 naeus). 
 Hab. Europe ; Asia ; Africa. 
 
 One, Boldness, Cumberland, 1807 : Graves, Brit. Orn. vol. ii., 
 
 not paged. 
 One near Ormskirk, Lancashire, 1807 : Bullock, Trans. Linn. 
 
 Soc. 1815, vol. xi. p. 177. 
 
 One near Truro, Cornwall, Sept. 1811 : Graves, op. cit. 
 One, Unst, Shetland, 16th Aug. 1812 : Bullock, /. c. 
 One, Ende Waters, Surrey, prior to 1821 : Graves, op. ciL 
 Two, Breydon, Yarmouth, May 1827 : Paget, Sketch Nat. 
 
 Hist. Yarmouth, p. 10. 
 One, Branston Hall, near Lincoln, 15th Aug. 1827 : Yarrell,, 
 
 Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 473. 
 One, Wilbraham Fen, Cambridge, May 1835 : Yarrell, fide 
 
 Rev. L. Jenyns, op. cit. 
 
 One, Castle Freke, co. Cork : Harvey, Fauna of Cork, p. 11. 
 One, Blakeney, Norfolk, May 1840 : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One, Tilshead, Salisbury Plain, Nov. 1852 : A. C. Smith, 
 
 Zoologist, 1853, p. 3843 j Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One, Staxten Wold, Scarborough, May 1844 : Sir W. Mil- 
 
 ner, Zoologist, 1848, p. 2023. 
 
 One, Bedlington, Northumberland, Feb. 1850 : Duff, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1850, p. 2771. In the collection of Mr. J. H. Gurney, 
 
 jun. 
 
 Two seen at Exmouth : Rowe, List Birds Devon, p. 32. 
 Two seen on the Warren, Exmouth, 7th Sept. 1851 : Hon. T. 
 
 Powys, Zoologist, 1852, p. 3710. 
 
 One, Stokes Bay, near Gosport, Oct. 1864 : Feilden, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1872, p. 2945. 
 One, Feltwell, Norfolk, June 1868 : Stevenson, Zoologist, 
 
 1869, p. 1492. 
 One near Whitby, 19th Oct. 1871 : Simpson, Zoologist, 1871, 
 
 p. 2870. 
 
134 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 LITTLE RINGED PLOVEE. JEgialitis curonicus 
 (Gmelin)*. 
 
 Hab. Europe ; Asia ; North Africa. 
 
 One, Shoreham, Sussex (Doubleday) : Gould, Birds of Europe. 
 Two, Norwich Museum, said to have been killed in Norfolk 
 
 (Lubbock, ' Fauna of Norfolk/ p. 73) ; one only exists at 
 
 present, and its history is more than doubtful : cf. Steven- 
 son, Birds of Norfolk, vol. ii. p. 97. 
 One, Whixley, Yorkshire, 30th July, 1850 : Garth, Zoologist, 
 
 1850, p. 2953. 
 One, Shoreham, Sussex, Sept. 1851 : Ellman, Zoologist, 1851, 
 
 p. 3279. 
 
 One near Brighton : Cavafy, Naturalist, 1854, p. 234. 
 Several between Cuckmere Haven and Seaford, Sussex, Feb. 
 
 1855 : Grantham, Zoologist, 1855, p. 4762. 
 One out of a flock near Barnstaple, Sept. 1859 : Mathew, 
 
 Zoologist, 1859, p. 6762. 
 One, Christchurch, Hants, " many years ago : " Wise, New 
 
 Forest (1862), p. 315. 
 
 One, Scilly, Oct. 1863 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1863, p. 8848. 
 One, Kingsbury Reservoir, Middlesex, 30th Aug. 1864 : 
 
 Harting, Zoologist, 1864, p. 9283; Birds of Middlesex, 
 
 p. 149. In the author's collection. 
 Three out of a flock of twenty, between Lewes and Newhaven, 
 
 17th March, 1866 : Monk, Zoologist, 1866, p. 229. 
 
 KILLDEER PLOVEE. JEgialitis vociferus (Linnaeus). 
 
 Hab. North and South America. 
 One, Knapp Mill, near Christchurch, Hants, April 1857: 
 
 Sclater, Ibis, 1862, p. 275. 
 
 * Charadrius curonicus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 692 (1788), and 
 Beseke, jfcfo Gmelin, Yog. Kurlands, p. 66 (1792). (?. pliilippinus, 
 Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 745 (1790). C. fluviatilis, Bechstein, 
 Naturg. Yog. Deutschl. p. 422 (1809). C. minor, Meyer & Wolf, 
 Tasehenb. Yog. Deutsehl. ii. p. 324 (1810). 
 
SANDPIPERS. 135 
 
 Fam. SCOLOPACID^E. 
 
 BLACK- WINGED STILT. Himantopus candidus, Bon- 
 
 naterre *. 
 Hab. South and South-eastern Europe ; India ; Africa. 
 
 Two near Dumfries : Sir R. Sibbald, Hist. Scot. lib. iii. p. 18 
 
 Pennant, Caledonian Zoology, p. 35, pi. 4. 
 Six, Frinsham Pond, Hants, April 1779 : Gilbert White, Nat. 
 
 Hist. Selborne. 
 One, Mountains of Clova, and one, Ben Lawers, Perthshire, 
 
 August 1793: Don, Faun. Forfar. (1812). 
 One, Anglesea, 1793: Montagu, Orn. Diet, (suppl.). 
 One near Oxford : Pennant, Brit. Zool. 
 Two, Lopness, Orkney, 1814 : Baikie and Heddle, Hist. Nat. 
 
 Orcadensis, p. 64. 
 
 A pair, Hickling, Norfolk, 1822 : Paget, Sketch N. H. Yar- 
 mouth, p. 10. 
 One, North wold Fen, Norfolk, June 1822 : Stevenson, Birds 
 
 of Norfolk, vol. ii. p. 244. 
 One, Breydon Harbour, Yarmouth, May 1823 : Stevenson, 
 
 op. cit. 
 One seen near Youghal, co. Cork, winter 1823 : Thompson, 
 
 Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), vol. ii. p. 221. 
 One, Lincolnshire, July 1824: Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, 
 
 vol. ii. p. 677. 
 One, Devonshire, and one Slapton Ley, near Dartmouth : 
 
 Moore, Trans. Plymouth Inst. 1830, p. 331, and Mag. Nat. 
 
 Hist. 1837, p. 322. 
 One, Poole, Dorsetshire : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 
 * Himantopus candidus, Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encyclop. Orn. vol. i. 
 p. 24 (1791). H. rufipes, Bechstein, Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. vol. iv. 
 p. 446 (1809). H. atropterus, Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Yog. 
 Deutschl. vol. ii. p. 315 (1810). H. melanoptei*us, Temminck, Man. 
 d'Orn. voL ii. p. 528 (1820). 
 
136 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One on the Bure, Yarmouth, 1824: Paget, op. cit. 
 
 A pair, Stoke Ferry, Norfolk, spring 1826 : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 
 One, Frinsham Pond, Hants, Dec. 1832 : Holme, Zoologist, 
 
 1856, p. 5041. 
 One near Lough Mask, co. Mayo, Jan. 1836: Thompson, 
 
 op. cit. 
 
 One, Clontarf, Dublin Bay, 1837 : Thompson, op. cit. 
 One seen, Yarmouth, Norfolk, autumn 1839 : Stevenson, op. cit. 
 One, Hickling, Norfolk, 7th May, 1842 : Gurney and Fisher, 
 
 Zoologist, 1843, p. 182 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. p. 353. 
 One, Shetland, " some years ago : " Edmonstone, Zoologist, 
 
 1844, p. 463; Crotch, Zoologist, 1861, p. 7342. 
 One near Thornbury ; Gloucestershire : Dillwyn, Fauna of 
 
 Swansea (1848), p. 8. 
 One, Perlethorpe, Notts, 30th Jan. 1848 : Sterland, Birds of 
 
 Sherwood Forest, p. 194. 
 
 One, Shipley, near Henley: Matthews, Zoologist, 1849, p. 2601. 
 One on the Clyde, near Port Glasgow, 1850 : Gray, Birds W. 
 
 Scotland, p. 303. 
 One, Swanpool, Cornwall : Cocks, Contrib. Faun. Falmouth, 
 
 Naturalist, 1851, p. 114; Bullmore, Cornish Fauna, p. 29. 
 One, Bosham, Sussex, Dec. 1855 : Newman, Zoologist, 1856, 
 
 p. 4946. 
 One, Trotton, Sussex, 17th May, 1859: Knox, Ibis, 1859, 
 
 p. 395*. 
 
 One seen, Yarmouth, 19th May, 1866 : Stevenson, op. cit. 
 One seen, Tile Burn, Aberdeen, 15th Sept. 1867 : R. Gray, 
 
 op. cit. 
 
 One, Possil Marsh, near Glasgow, Oct. 1867 : R. Gray, op. cit. 
 One, Dumfriesshire, Oct. 1867 i R. Gray, op. cit. 
 One, Faversham, Kent : in the Canterbury Museum t. 
 
 * An interesting account of the habits of this bird is given, I. c. 
 
 t A bird recorded as the Black-winged Stilt, shot at Stanningfield, 
 near Bury St. Edmunds, in May 1871 (Zool. 1871, p. 2684), proved 
 to be the Dusky Redshank, Totanus fuscus (Zool. 1872, p. 3064). 
 
SANDPIPERS. 137 
 
 YELLOWSHANK. Totanus flawpes (Gmelin). 
 
 Hob. North and South America. 
 One, Misson, Lincolnshire, winter 1854-55 : Yarrell, Hist. 
 
 Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 637. 
 One near Tadcaster, Oct. 1858 : Sir W. Milner, Zoologist, 
 
 1858, p. 5958: Graham, Naturalist, 1858, p. 291. 
 One, Marazion, Cornwall, 12th Oct. 1871 : Rodd, Zoologist, 
 
 1871, p. 2807. 
 
 SOLITAEY SANDPIPER. Totanus solitarius (Wilson)*. 
 
 Hob. North and South America. 
 One on the Clyde, Lanarkshire, " some years ago : " R. Gray, 
 
 Ibis, 1870, p. 292; Birds of the West of Scotland, p. 295. 
 
 BARTRAM'S SANDPIPER. Actiturus lartramius 
 (Wilson). 
 
 Hob. North and South America. 
 One near Warwick, 31st Oct. 1851 : Reid, Zoologist, 1852, 
 
 p. 3330 ; Gurney, torn. cit. p. 3388 ; More, Zoologist, 1854, 
 
 p. 4254; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 633. 
 One near Cambridge, 12th Dec. 1854 : Tearle, Illustr. Lond. 
 
 News, 20th Jan. 1855, and figure ; Yarrell, op. cit. In the 
 
 collection of Mr. J. H. Gurney. 
 One on the Wye, at Bigswear, Gloucestershire, 19th Jan. 1855 : 
 
 Morris, Brit. Birds, vol. iv. p. 296. 
 One near Falmouth, 13th Nov. 1865 : Bullmore, Zoologist, 
 
 1866, p. 37; Cornish Fauna, p. 31 f. 
 
 * T. solitarius, Wilson, Am. Orn. vii. p. 53, pi. 58 (1813). T. 
 chloropygius, Yieillot, Nouv. Diet. vi. p. 401 (1816). This bird 
 closely resembles the Wood Sandpiper (T. glareold), but has the 
 upper tail-coverts dark greenish brown instead of white, and each 
 feather in the tail is broadly barred with black across both webs. 
 
 t In the ' Zoologist ' for 1864, p. 9118, Mr. Dutton, of Eastbourne, 
 reported his possession of a specimen of Bartram's Sandpiper, shot 
 at Newhaven. On examining this bird, however, I found it to be a 
 Ruff (Machetes pugnax) in autumn plumage. 
 
138 EARE VISITANTS. 
 
 BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER. Tringites rufescens 
 
 (Vieillot). 
 Hab. North and South America. 
 
 One, Melbourne, Cambridgeshire, Sept. 1826 : Yarrell, Trans. 
 
 Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 109, pi. 11 ; Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. 
 
 p. 60; Eyton, Rarer Brit. Birds, p. 39, figure. 
 One, Formby, Lancashire, May 1829 : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One, Sherringham, Norfolk, 29th July, 1832 : Yarrell, op. cit.-, 
 
 Stevenson, Birds of Norfolk, vol. ii. p. 359. 
 One, Yarmouth, autumn 1839 : Yarrell, op. cit. ; Stevenson, 
 
 op. cit. 
 One, Yarmouth, 22nd Sept. 1841 : Fisher, Zoologist, 1843, 
 
 p. 182 ; Stevenson, op. cit. In the collection of Mr. J. H. 
 
 Gurney. 
 
 One, Sussex coast, 1843 : Bond, Zoologist, 1843, p. 148. 
 One, Yarmouth, 20th Sept. 1843: Fisher, Zoologist, 1843, 
 
 p. 363. In the collection of Mr. J. H. Gurney. 
 One, Marazion, Cornwall, 3rd Sept. 1846 : Rodd, Zoologist, 
 
 1846, p. 1500. 
 One near Dublin : M'Coy, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1845, 
 
 p. 271. In Mus. Nat. Hist. Soc. Dublin. 
 One on the Exe, August 1851 : D' Urban, Guide to Exeter, 
 
 p. 122. 
 One, Lundy Island, 1858 : in possession of Dr. Woodforde, 
 
 of Taunton. 
 One, Land's End, 8th Sept. 1860 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1860, 
 
 p. 7236. 
 Two, People's Park, Belfast, Oct. 1864 : Saunders, Zoologist, 
 
 1866, p. 389 ; Blake Knox, torn. cit. p. 457. 
 One, co. Dublin : Blake Knox, Zoologist, 1866, p. 303. 
 One, Scilly, Sept. 1870 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1870, p. 2346*. 
 
 * Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun., informs me that a specimen recorded in 
 the ' Zoologist,' 1857, p. 5791, as a Buff-breasted Sandpiper, was, 
 he believes, a young Ruff. 
 
SANDPIPERS. 139 
 
 SPOTTED SANDPIPER. Tringoides macularius (Lin- 
 
 nseus). 
 Hob. North America. 
 
 One, Essex : Edwards' s Gleanings in Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 139. 
 Two near Belfast, July and Sept. 1828 : Mag. Nat. Hist. 
 
 1829, p. 395*. 
 One near Runton, Norfolk, 26th Sept. 1839f : Yarrell, Hist. 
 
 Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 661. 
 
 Two seen, Shetland, 1844 : Zoologist, 1844, p. 462. 
 One seen, Bridlington, Yorkshire, March 1848 : Zoologist, 
 
 1848, p. 2147. 
 
 One, Whitby, 29th March, 1849 : Sir W. Milner, Zoologist, 
 
 1849, p. 2455 ; Higgins, torn. cit. p. 2456. 
 
 One, Bishop's Auckland, April 1849 : Duff, Zoologist, 1849, 
 
 p. 2499. 
 
 One seen, Bishop's Auckland, 3rd June, 1850 : Duff, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1851, p. 3036. 
 
 Several near Brighton : Cavafy, Naturalist, 1854, p. 234. 
 One, Kingsbury Reservoir, Middlesex : Hartiug, Birds of 
 
 Middlesex, p. 180. In the collection of Mr. Bond. 
 Two, Warrington, Lancashire, May 1863 : Smith, Notabilia 
 
 of the Mersey District, p. 51. 
 One, Formby, Lancashire : Byerley's Fauna of Liverpool, 
 
 p. 19. 
 One, Epworth, Lincolnshire, Feb. 1864 : Hudson, Zoologist, 
 
 1864, pp. 9046, 9290 {. 
 One, Eastbourne, Sussex, Oct. 1866. In the collection of 
 
 Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun. 
 
 * This occurrence seems doubtful : cf. Thompson, Nat. Hist. IreL 
 (Birds), vol. ii. p. 216. 
 
 f The owner of this specimen, Mr. J. H. Gurney, informs me that 
 he has now no doubt that he was imposed upon when he purchased 
 it, and that it was set up from an American skin. 
 
 This, like many of the preceding, is a doubtful instance. 
 
140 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Two, Aberdeen?, Aug. 1867 1 Gray, Birds of West of Scot- 
 land, p. 299. 
 
 One near Mildenhall, Suffolk, 1869 : Tuck, Zoologist, 1871, 
 p. 2684*. 
 
 PECTOEAL SANDPIPEK. Tringa maculata, Vieillotf. 
 Hob. North and South America. 
 
 One, Breydon Harbour, Yarmouth, 17th Oct. 1830: Hoy, 
 
 Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 116; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, 
 
 vol. iii. p. 82. 
 One, Annet I., Scilly, 27th May, 1840 : Rodd, Zoologist, 
 
 1843, p. 141 : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One, Hartlepool, Oct. 1841 : Yarrell, op. cit. ; Hogg, Cat. 
 
 Birds Durham, p. 28. 
 One, Gwyllyn Vase, near Falmouth : Cocks, Contrib. Faun. 
 
 Falmouth, Naturalist, 1851, p. 137. 
 
 One, Teesmouth, August 1853 : Rudd, Naturalist, 1853, p. 275. 
 One near Yarmouth, 30th Sept. 1853 : (xurney, Zoologist, 
 
 1853, p. 4124 ; Stevenson, Birds of Norfolk, vol. ii. p. 368 J. 
 
 In the collection of Mr. J. H. Gurney. 
 
 * A specimen of the Spotted Sandpiper in my collection, purchased 
 some years since of Mr. H. Burton, was said to have been shot, with 
 another, out of a small flock of Sandpipers, on the Kentish coast, by 
 a man from whom he was in the habit of buying freshly killed birds ; 
 but I have been unable to obtain any further particulars. The 
 price asked and given for it (only two or three shillings) seemed to 
 indicate an ignorance of its value as a British killed specimen, and 
 to preclude the notion of attempted imposition. 
 
 f Tringa maculata, Yieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 465 
 (1819). Tringa pectoralis, Say, Long's Exped. i. p. 171 (1823). 
 
 i In the 'Zoologist' for 1849 (p. 2392), Mr. J. H. Gurney re- 
 corded a specimen of this Sandpiper as having been shot on the 
 Denes at Yarmouth in September 1848 ; but in a subsequent note 
 in the same journal he states that he had been imposed upon, and 
 that the skin was a foreign one. 
 
SANDPIPERS. 141 
 
 One, Coatham, near Redcar, Yorkshire, 17th Oct. 1853 : 
 
 Rudd, Naturalist, 1853, p. 275. 
 One near Whitley, Northumberland, 27th June, 1855 : Bold, 
 
 Zoologist, 1855, p. 4808. 
 One, Northumberland coast. Shot by Mr. W. Proctor, of 
 
 Durham ; hitherto unrecorded. 
 One, Caistor, near Yarmouth, 16th Sept. 1865 : Stevenson, 
 
 op. cit. 
 One, Don Mouth, Aberdeen, 2nd Oct. 1867 : R. Gray, Birds 
 
 of the West of Scotland, p. 321. 
 
 One, Terrington Marsh, near Lynn, 9th Jan. 1868 : Steven- 
 son, op. cit. 
 Three, Scilly, Sept. 1870: Rodd, Zoologist, 1870, p. 2346; 
 
 Mathew, Zoologist, 1872, p. 
 
 One, Eastbourne, Sept. 1870 : hitherto unrecorded. 
 One, Thorpe Mere, Aldeburgh, Suffolk, 5th Oct. 1870: 
 
 Hele, The Field, 15th Oct. 1870. 
 A pair, Braunton Burrows, North Devon, 12th Sept. 1871 : 
 
 Rickards, Zoologist, 1871, p. 2808*. 
 
 BROAD-BILLED SANDPIPER. Tringa platyrhyncha, 
 Temminck. 
 
 Hab. Northern Europe and Asia, migrating southwards 
 on both continents for the winter. 
 
 One, Breydon Harbour, Yarmouth, 25th May, 1836 : Hoy, 
 Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 116; Gurney, Zoologist, 1846, 
 p. 1375 ; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. p. 65 ; Steven- 
 son, Birds of Norfolk, vol. ii. p. 360. 
 
 * A bird killed near Ulceby, Lincolnshire, on the 12th Oct. 1863, 
 was recorded as the Pectoral Sandpiper by the Rev. F. O. Morris in 
 1 The Field' of Nov. 7, 1863. I am informed, however, by Mr. J. 
 Cordeaux, who shot it, that it was only an unusually small example 
 of the Reeve, Machetes pugnax. 
 
142 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, Belfast Bay, 4th Oct. 1844 : Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist, 
 vol. xv. p. 309; Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), vol. ii. p. 282. 
 
 One, Shoreham, Sussex, Oct. 1845 : Borrer, Zoologist, 1845, 
 p. 1394; Yarrell, op. cit. In the collection of Mr. Borrer. 
 
 One, Breydon Harbour, Yarmouth, 25th May, 1856 : Gurney, 
 Zoologist, 1856, p. 5159; Stevenson, torn. cit. p. 5160. 
 In the collection of Mr. J. H. Gurney. 
 
 One, same place, 23rd April, 1868 : Stevenson, Birds of Nor- 
 folk, vol. ii. p. 361. In the collection of Mr. Stevenson. 
 
 BONAPARTE'S SANDPIPER. Tringa bonapartii, 
 
 Schlegel*. 
 Hab. North and South America. 
 
 One, Stoke Heath, Shropshire : Eyton, Fauna of Shropshire, 
 Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. ii. p. 53 ; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, 
 vol. iii. p. 79. 
 
 One, Ireland ; in Belfast Museum : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 
 A pair, Hayle, Cornwall, 13th Oct. 1846 : Rodd, Zoologist, 
 1846, p. 1554. In the collection of Mr. Rodd. 
 
 One, Scilly, Oct. 1854: Rodd, Zoologist, 1854, p. 4512. 
 
 One, Kingsbury, Middlesex, 1856 : Harting, Birds of Middle- 
 sex, p. 273. In the collection of Mr. H. E. Dresser. 
 
 One near Bexhill, Sussex, 8th Oct. 1857 : Kent, Zoologist, 
 1859, p. 6537. In the collection of Mr. J. H. Gurney. 
 
 Two, Scilly, Oct. 1870 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1870, pp. 2384, 2409. 
 
 Four, Instow, North Devon, Nov. 1870 : C. Smith, Zoologist, 
 
 1870, p. 2409; Mathew, Zoologist, 1871, p. 2441. In the 
 collections of Mr. Cecil Smith and Rev. M. A. Mathew. 
 
 One, Eastbourne, Sussex, 12th Nov. 1870 : Bates, Zoologist, 
 
 1871, p. 2442. In the collection of Mr. J. H. Gurney. 
 
 * This is the Schinz's Sandpiper of Eyton, Yarrell, and other 
 English naturalists. Tringa schinzii of Bonaparte, Amer. Orn. iv. 
 p. 69, pi. 24 (1832), but not of Brehm, Beitrage, iii. p. 355 (1822), 
 and Naumann, Naturg. Yog. Deutschl. vii. p. 453, pi. 187 (1834), 
 whose T. schinzii is only a small variety of the Dunlin, T. alpina. 
 
SNIPE. 143 
 
 AMERICAN STINT. Tringa pusilla, Wilson*. 
 Hab. North and South America ; West Indies. 
 
 One, Marazion Marsh, Cornwall, 10th Oct. 1853: Rodd, 
 Zoologist, 1854, p. 4297 ; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds (pre- 
 face to 3rd edition). In the collection of Mr. Vingoe. 
 
 One, Northam Burrows, Devon, Sept. 1869: Rodd, The 
 Field, 23rd Oct. 1869; Zoologist, 1869, p. 1920j Rickards, 
 Zoologist, 1870, p. 2025. In the collection of Mr. Rick- 
 ards f. 
 
 WILSON'S SNIPE. Gallinago wilsoni, Temminck. 
 Hab. North and South America. 
 
 One, hitherto unrecorded, killed in the grounds of Mr. Charles 
 Pascoe Grenfell, at Taplow Court, Bucks, 1st Aug. 1863. 
 It was forwarded in the flesh to Mr. Gould for identifica- 
 tion ; and while in his possession I had an opportunity of 
 examining it J. 
 
 * T. pusiUa, Wilson, Am. Orn. v. p. 32, pi. 37 (1812), not of 
 Linnaeus. T. minutilla, Yieillot, Nouv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 466 (1819). 
 T. wilsoni, Nuttall, Man. ii. p. 121 (1834). 
 
 f Mr. Rickards kindly brought this specimen to London, shortly 
 after he had skinned it, in order that I might see it. We compared 
 it with skins in my collection from North and South America and the 
 West Indies, and were satisfied of its identity with Wilson's species. 
 
 J Although this specimen has but fourteen feathers in the tail, 
 like our Common Snipe, instead of sixteen, which is the usual num- 
 ber in G. wilsoni, the general character of the plumage and par- 
 ticularly the colour of the axillary plumes (which are closely barred 
 across both webs) show that it is referable to the American and not 
 to the European species. It may have lost the outer tail-feather 
 on each side, or may never have possessed more than fourteen ; for it 
 appears that in some species the number of tail-feathers is not 
 always canstant. While this sheet was passing through the press, a 
 Snipe was forwarded to Mr. Gould by Mr. Rodd, of Penzance, which, 
 possessing sixteen feathers in the tail, was thought, chiefly on 
 
144 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 RED-BREASTED SNIPE. Macrorhamplms griseus(Gmel. ) . 
 Hab. North America. 
 
 One, Devonshire, Oct. 1801 : Montagu, Orn. Diet. 
 
 One, Devonshire : Moore, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 320*. 
 
 One near Carlisle, 25th Sept. 1835 : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, 
 
 vol. iii. p. 47. In the collection of the late Mr. Heysham. 
 One, Yarmouth, autumn 1836 : Stevenson, Birds of Norfolk, 
 
 vol. ii. p. 348. In the collection of Mr. J. H. Gurney. 
 One, Yarmouth, Oct. 1841 : Hoy, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1841, 
 
 vol. vi. p. 236. In the collection of Mr. J. H. Gurney. 
 Four near Newport, Isle of Wight, 1842 : Bury, Zoologist, 
 
 1845, p. 931 (doubtful). 
 Two seen, one killed, Horsey, Norfolk, 9th Oct. 1845: 
 
 Gurney, Zoologist, 1846, p. 1374 ; Stevenson, op. cit. 
 One, Point of Ayr, Isle of Man, 1847 : Hadfield, Zoologist, 
 
 1856, p. 5251. 
 
 One on the Thames, near Battersea: Harting, Birds of 
 Middlesex, p. 195. In the collection of Mr. Bond. 
 
 One, Scilly, Oct. 1857: Rodd, Zoologist, 1857, p. 5832; 
 1863, p. 8848. 
 
 One, Kingsbridge, Devonshire, 1857: Nicholls, Zoologist, 
 
 1857, p. 5791. 
 
 One, Sands near Banff, 25th Sept. 1858 : Edward, Zoologist, 
 
 1858, p. 6269. 
 
 One on the Brent, Stone Bridge, Middlesex, Oct. 1862: 
 Harting, Birds of Middlesex, p. 195. In the author's col- 
 lection. 
 
 that account, to be O. wilsoni ; but in no other respect does it differ 
 from our Common Snipe, and I am satisfied therefore that it is only 
 a variety of that species. At p. 51, anted, I have called attention to 
 the fact that a specimen of G. major, examined by Mr. Rodd, had 
 eighteen feathers in the tail instead of sixteen. 
 
 * A Catalogue of the Wading Birds of Devonshire. 
 
STORKS. 145 
 
 One, Dunbarnie Links, near Largo, Sept. 1867 : R. Gray, 
 
 Birds of West of Scotland, p. 314. 
 One on the Clyde, Lanarkshire, " some years ago : " R. Gray, 
 
 Ibis, 1870, p. 292. 
 
 ESQUIMAUX CURLEW. Numenius borealis (Forster)*. 
 Hob. North America. 
 
 One, Cairn Monearn, near Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, 6th 
 
 Sept. 1855 : Longmuir, Naturalist, 1855, p. 265 ; Yarrell, 
 
 Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 620. 
 One on the Aide, near Aldeburgh, Suffolk : Hele, Notes 
 
 about Aldeburgh, p. 177. Not preserved. 
 One, Woodbridge, Suffolk : Hele, op. cit. In the possession 
 
 of Mr. Hilling, of Woodbridge. 
 One purchased in Dublin in the flesh, 21st Oct. 1870 : Blake- 
 
 Knox, Zoologist, 1870, p. 2408. In the collection of Sir 
 
 Victor Brooke f. 
 
 Fam. CICONIID.E. 
 
 BLACK STOEK. Oiconia nigra (Linnaeus). 
 Hab. Europe; India; Africa. 
 
 One, West Sedge Moor, Somerset, 13th May, 1814 : Montagu, 
 
 Trans. Linn. Soc. 1818, vol. xii. p. 19. 
 Three, Norfolk, 1823 : Stevenson, Birds of Norfolk, vol. ii. 
 
 p. 183. 
 One, on the Tamar, Devon, 5th Nov. 1831 : Moore, Mag. 
 
 Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 321 ; Rodd, Zoologist, 1848, p. 2147. 
 
 * Numenius borealis of Forster, Phil. Trans. Ixii. p. 411 (1772), 
 and Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 712 (1790); not of Gmelin, whose 
 borealis, Syst. Nat. i. p. 654 (1788), is hudsonicus of Latham, I.e. 
 
 t I am informed by Sir Victor Brooke, that this specimen was 
 ascertained to have been shot in Sligo. 
 
 L 
 
146 EAEE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, Otley, Suffolk, Oct. 1832 : Hoy, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1834, 
 
 p. 53*. 
 
 One, Somersetshire : Atkinson, Compend. Brit. Orn. 1834. 
 One, Poole Harbour, Dorsetshire, 22nd Nov. 1839 : Yarrell, 
 
 Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 592. 
 One, Komney Marsh : Pemberton Bartlett, Zoologist, 1844, 
 
 p. 624. In the collection of Mr. Thornhill of Riddlesworth . 
 
 Stevenson, op. cit. 
 One, Poole Harbour, Dorsetshire, 1849 : in the collection of 
 
 Mr. J. H. Gurney. 
 One, Market Weighton Common, Yorkshire, 1852 : Yarrell, 
 
 op. cit. In the Museum of the Yorkshire Philosophical 
 
 Society at York. 
 One, Lydd, Kent, 5th May, 1856 : Dennis, Zoologist, 1856, 
 
 p. 5160. 
 
 One, near Hartlepool, Aug. 1862 : Christy Horsfall, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1862, p. 8196. 
 
 One, Otmoor, Nov. 1862 : Gould, Birds of Great Britain. 
 One, Westacre, Norfolk, 19th May, 1867 : Hamond, Ibis, 
 
 1867, p. 382 ; Stevenson, op. cit. 
 
 Fam. GKUID.E. 
 
 DEMOISELLE CEANE. Grus virgo (Linnaeus). 
 
 Hab. South-eastern Europe ; Southern Asia ; North Africa. 
 
 Two seen, one shot, Deerness, Orkney, 14th May 1863 : 
 Saxby, Zoologist, 1863, p. 8692. 
 
 BALEAEIC CEANE. Grus pawnina (Linnaeus). 
 Hab. North and West Africa. 
 
 One, Dairy, Ayrshire, 17th Sept. 1871 : R. Gray, Ibis, 1872, 
 p. 201. In the collection of Mr. Christy Horsfall. 
 
 * This, no doubt, is the specimen referred to by Mr. Stevenson 
 (op. cit.), as having been killed at Grundisburgh, Suffolk, in 1832. 
 
HEKONS. 147 
 
 Fam. ARDEID^E. 
 
 GREAT WHITE HERON. Ardea alba, Linnaeus. 
 Hab. South-eastern Europe ; India ; North Africa. 
 
 One or more seen in England, about 1678 : Willughby, 
 
 Ornithology, p. 279, pi. 49. 
 One, Cumberland, " some years since " (1824) : Latham, Gen. 
 
 Hist. Birds, vol. ix. p. 84. 
 One seen near Aveton Giffard, on the Avon, Devon, autumn 
 
 1805: Montagu, Orn. Diet. 
 One, Loch of Strathbeg, spring 1816: Edward, Naturalist, 
 
 1854, p. 243. 
 One on the Isis, Oxfordshire, Sept. 1833 : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. 
 
 Birds, ii. p. 551. 
 Two seen, rivers Stour and Orwell, Oct. 1834 : Shepherd and 
 
 Whitear, Cat. Norfolk and Suffolk Birds ; Trans. Linn. 
 
 Soc. vol. xv. p. 40*. 
 Two seen, coast of Banff, about 1834: Edward, Zoologist, 
 
 1860, p. 6847. 
 One, Hornsea Mere, Yorkshire, winter 1821 : Strickland, 
 
 Report Brit. Association, 1838, p. 106 ; Holme, Zoologist, 
 
 1856, p. 5035. In the collection of the late Mr. Strickland. 
 One near Beverley, Yorkshire, about 1836 : Strickland, /. c. 
 One near Osberton : Strickland, /. c. In the collection of 
 
 Mr. Foljambe. 
 
 One, Lincolnshire : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One, Tyninghame, Firth of Forth, June 1840 1 : Yarrell, op. 
 
 cit. -, Turnbull, Birds of East Lothian, p. 42. 
 
 * These may have been the same bird seen twice. 
 
 j* This specimen was examined in the flesh by Macgillivray, who 
 has figured the head in his * Hist. Brit. Birds/ vol. iv. p. 460, under 
 the name of Eqretta niqrirostris. 
 
 L2 
 
J 48 BARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One seen, Romney Marsh, Kent : Pemberton Bartlett, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1844, p. 624. 
 
 One, Thorney Fen, Cambridgeshire, June 1849 : Foster, 
 Zoologist, 1849, p. 2568, In the collection of Dr. Strong 
 of Peterborough. 
 
 One, Buttermere, Cumberland : Robson, List Birds West 
 Cumberland, Zoologist, 1854, p. 4169. 
 
 One seen near Penzance, 4th Feb. 1866 : Bullmore, Cornish 
 Fauna, p. 27. 
 
 LITTLE EGRET. Ardea garzetta, Linnaeus. 
 Hob. South-eastern Europe and Africa. 
 
 One, Cork Harbour, 1792 : Templeton, Cat. Vert. An. Irel. ; 
 
 Thompson, Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), vol. ii. p. 157. 
 One, Anglesea: Pennant, Brit. Zool. vol. ii. p. 21. 
 One, Flatoars, on the Dart, Devonshire, 1816 : Howe's List 
 
 Birds Devon, p. 36. 
 One, Christchurch, Hants, July 1822 : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. 
 
 Birds, vol. ii. p. 554 ; Wise, New Forest, p. 316 ; Gurney, 
 
 Zoologist, 1869, p. 15*12. 
 
 One, Hale, Hants : Wise, op. cit. ; Gurney, L c. 
 Two, Cornwall, about 1825 : Couch, Cornish Fauna, i. p. 22. 
 One, co. Kerry : Harvey, Fauna and Flora of Cork, p. 12. 
 One near Norwich, 1834 or 1835 : Stevenson, Birds of Nor- 
 folk, vol. ii. p. 150. 
 One, Yarmouth : Stevenson, op. cit. 
 One, Sutton Coal-field, Warwickshire : Christy, Mag. Nat. 
 
 Hist. 1836, p. 647. 
 One, Inchbroome, Morayshire : Rev. G. Gordon, Fauna of 
 
 Moray, Zoologist, 1844, p. 513. 
 One, Countess Weir, on the Exe, May 1870* : Gatcombe, 
 
 Zoologist, 1870, p. 2308. 
 
 * I examined this specimen at Exeter, 22nd Sept. 1870. 
 
HERONS. 149 
 
 SQUACCO HERON. Ardea comata, Pallas. 
 Hob. South-western Asia ; Egypt ; Nubia. 
 
 One, Boyton, Wilts, 1778 : Latham, Gen. Hist. Birds, vol. ix. 
 p. 110. 
 
 One, Ormsby Broad, Norfolk, Dec. 1820 : Latham, op. cit. ; 
 Paget, Sketch Nat. Hist. Yarmouth, p. 7 ; Dowell, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1843, p. 78*. 
 
 One, Oulton, near Yarmouth, May 1831 : Selby, 111. Brit. 
 Orn. vol. ii. p. 26. 
 
 One, Christchurch Harbour, Hants, 1832: Eyton, Rarer 
 Brit. Birds, p. 100 ; Wise, New Forest, p. 316. 
 
 One, Ormsby Broad, Norfolk, 12th June 1834 : Stevenson, 
 Birds of Norfolk, vol. ii. p. 152. 
 
 One, Lake Lothing, near Lowestoft, June 1834 : Stevenson, 
 op. cit. 
 
 One, Flixton, near Bungay, Suffolk : Stevenson, op. cit. 
 
 One near Kingsbridge, Devon, July 1840: Yarrell, Hist. 
 Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 562. 
 
 One, Penzance, April 1843 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1843, p. 190. 
 
 One, St. Michael's Carhayes, Cornwall, April 1845 : Rodd, 
 Zoologist, 1865, p. 9617. 
 
 One, Kirkoswald, Cumberland, July 1845 : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 
 One, Lands End, May 1847 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1867, p. 830. 
 
 Three, Penzance, 1849 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1849, p. 2498. 
 
 One on the Glasgow Canal, near Stockton, 9th Oct. 1852: 
 Martin, Naturalist, 1853, p. 61. 
 
 One, Wareham, Dorsetshire, 5th May, 1855 : Gurney, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1869, p. 1511. 
 
 * This bird was caught in a fisherman's net which was hanging 
 out to dry. Latham, who notes this circumstance (op. cit.), gives 
 the date 20th July, 1822 ; while in Sir W. Hooker's MS. the same 
 fact is referred to as having occurred on the llth July, 1820. Mr. 
 Stevenson has reason to believe that Dec. 1820 is the correct date 
 (cf. Birds of Norfolk, vol. ii. p. 152). 
 
150 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, St. Helens, Isle of Wight, 19th May, 1858 : More, 
 Zoologist, 1860, p. 6855. In the collection of Mr. Borrer. 
 
 One, Redruth, Cornwall, 1862 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1862, p. 8035. 
 
 One, Surlingham Broad, Norfolk, 26th June, 1863 : Steven- 
 son, Birds of Norfolk, vol. ii. p. 153. 
 
 One, Bockleton, Shropshire, " some years ago : " Rocke, 
 Zoologist, 1866, p. 81. 
 
 One, Fryers Mayne, Dorchester, 15th May, 1867 : Grant, The 
 Field, 25th May 1867. 
 
 One, Wyke Eegis, Dorsetshire, 1st July, 1867 : Thompson, 
 Zoologist, 1867, p. 915*. 
 
 BUFF-BACKED HERON. Ardea russata, Wagler. 
 Hab. Southern Europe and Africa. 
 
 One, Kingsbridge, Devon, Oct. 1805 : Montagu, Trans. Linn. 
 
 Soc. vol. ix. p. 197 ; Orn. Diet. Suppl. 1813. 
 One, Martham, near Yarmouth, 1827 : Stevenson, Birds of 
 
 Norfolk, vol. ii. p. 151. 
 One, South Devon, April 1851 : Cleveland, Zoologist, 1851, 
 
 p. 3116. 
 
 AMERICAN BITTERN. Botaurus lentiginosus (Mont.)f . 
 Hab. North America. 
 
 One, Piddletown, Dorsetshire, autumn 1804 : Montagu, Orn. 
 Diet. Type in British Museum. 
 
 * In addition to the instances above mentioned, Mr. Rocke re- 
 ported his possession of one (Zool. 1865, p. 9419) which was said 
 to have been killed near Yarmouth on the 7th July, 1864 ; but, from 
 inquiries made, Mr. Stevenson is convinced that it was not procured 
 anywhere in the county of Norfolk. See his 'Birds of Norfolk,' 
 vol. ii. p. 153. 
 
 t Ardea lentiginosa, Montagu, Orn. Diet. Suppl. (1813). Ardea 
 minor, Wilson, Am. Orn. vol. viii. p. 35, pi. Ixv. (1814). I have 
 compared the type of Montagu's lentiginosa with specimens of minor 
 
HERONS. 151 
 
 One, Mothecombe, near Plymouth, 22nd Dec. 1829 : Moore, 
 
 Cat. Birds Devon, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 320*. 
 One, Christchurch, Hants, 1836 : Thompson, Nat. Hist. Irel. 
 
 (Birds), vol. ii. p. 172. This is Nycticorax griseus, young. 
 One, Isle of Man, 1836 : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. ii. 
 
 p. 578. Doubtful. 
 One, Dumfriesshire, Oct. 1844 : Yarrell, op. cit. ; Thompson, 
 
 op. cit. In the collection of Sir William Jardine. 
 One near Armagh, 12th Nov. 1845 : Thompson, Ann. Nat. 
 
 Hist. vol. xvii. 1846; Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), vol. ii. 
 
 p. 168. In the Belfast Museum. 
 
 One, Fleetwood, Lancashire, 8th Dec. 1845 : Cooper, Zoo- 
 logist, 1846, p. 1248. In Mus. Lit. and Phil. Soc. 
 
 Preston. Clearly identified by Mr. Cooper, /. c. 
 One near Yarmouth : Gurney and Fisher, Zoologist, 1848, 
 
 p. 1965. Doubtful. C/. Stevenson, Birds of Norfolk, 
 
 vol. ii. p. 174. 
 One, Anglesea, Dec. 1851 : Gurney, Zoologist, 1866, p. 145. 
 
 Examined in the flesh. 
 One, Links of Balgownie, Bridge of Don, Aberdeenshire, Nov. 
 
 1854 : Gray, Birds of the West of Scotland, p. 280. In 
 
 the Aberdeen University Museum. 
 One, Latheron-wheel, Caithness, autumn 1862 : R. Gray, 
 
 op. cit, In Mus. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh ? 
 
 from North America, and find them to be in every respect iden- 
 tical. Bonaparte was mistaken in supposing them to be distinct 
 (Geogr. & Comp. List, 1838, p. 48). As distinguished from the 
 European stellaris the American species is much smaller in size, 
 with smaller and more slender legs and feet, and invariably Las the 
 primaries of a uniform leaden- brown colour, while in stellaris the 
 same feathers are broadly barred across both webs with buff. This 
 last peculiarity will at all times serve to distinguish the species. 
 
 * This specimen cannot now be found, Dr. Moore's collection 
 having been sold and dispersed ; but the owner referred to it, I. c., as 
 a specimen " exactly corresponding with Montagu's description." 
 
152 EAEE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, Pentland Hills, Mid Lothian, about 1861 : The Field, 
 
 4th March, 1871. In the collection of Mr. Cowan, of 
 
 Logan House. 
 One near Canterbury : J. H. Gurney, Zoologist, 1866, p. 145. 
 
 Identified by Mr. Gurney. 
 One, Pevensey Marshes, Sussex, 26th Nov. 1867 : Dutton, 
 
 Zoologist, 1868, p. 1098. In the collection of Sir John 
 
 Crewe. 
 One near Dundalk, co. Louth, 18th Nov.* 1868 : Lord Cler- 
 
 mont, Zoologist, 1869, p. 1517. In the Belfast Museum. 
 One, Guernsey, 27th Oct. 1870 : Harting, The Field, 14th 
 
 Jan. 1871. C. Smith, Zoologist/ 1871, p. 2642. In the 
 
 collection of Mr. Cecil Smith. 
 One, Woodhill, near Liskeard, Cornwall, 4th Dec. 1870 : 
 
 Harris, The Field, /. c. This proved to be stellaris. 
 One, Cahir, co. Galway, 31st Oct. 1870 : Blake Knox, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1870, p. 2408. In the possession of Mr. Fennell, of 
 
 Garyroan. 
 
 Fam. RALLID^E. 
 
 CAEOLINA CEAKE. Crex Carolina (Linnaeus). 
 Hob. North America. 
 
 One on the Kennet, near Newbury, Berks, Oct. 1864 : New- 
 ton, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 196; Eyre, Zoologist, 1865, p. 9540; 
 Clark Kennedy, Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 196. 
 
 Obs. Audubon gives two instances of this species 
 having been met with at sea ; and as a proof that the 
 short- winged Mallidce are not incapable of sustained 
 flight, it may be noted that during the voyage of the 
 steamship ' Nova Scotia ' from Liverpool to Quebec, 
 in October 1865 ; when in lat. 26 28' N., long. 
 
CRAKE. 153 
 
 23 24' W., more than 500 miles from the coast of 
 Ireland, a Virginian Rail, Eallus virginianus, came 
 on deck and was captured. Both this and the last- 
 named species visit the Bermudas annually, although 
 this group of islands is distant from Cape Hatteras, 
 the nearest point of the North- American coast, about 
 600 miles ! 
 
 The well-known Corn Crake, too, is a summer visi- 
 tant to Greenland, has been met with on several oc- 
 casions on the eastern coast of the United States, and 
 has also been procured in Bermuda. 
 
 Two instances are on record of the occurrence in 
 Great Britain of the Purple Gallinule, Porphyrio 
 hyacinthinus, in a quasi-wild state; but these had 
 doubtless escaped from some ornamental water. 
 
 Order V. NATATORES. 
 
 Fam. ANATID^E. 
 
 POLISH SWAN. Cygnus immutaUlis, Yarrell. 
 
 Hab. Uncertain ; but presumably the countries bordering 
 the Baltic. 
 
 In January 1838 flocks of this species were seen 
 pursuing a southern course along the line of our 
 north-eastern shores, from Scotland to the mouth of 
 the Thames, and several specimens were shot (Yar- 
 rell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. p. 231). 
 
154 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Four were shot on the Medway, where a flock of thirty and 
 
 several smaller flocks were seen : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One, Cambridgeshire : in the Wisbeach Museum. 
 Three out of a flock of thirteen, Ingoldisthorpe, Norfolk, Dec. 
 
 1851 : Southwell, Naturalist, 1852, p. 170. 
 One on the Thames near Clewer Mill, winter 185455 : 
 
 Clark Kennedy, Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 204. 
 Two, Horsey Mere, 2nd March, 1855 : Fredericks, Zoologist, 
 
 1855, p. 4661. 
 
 One, Hartlepool : J. H. Gurney, jun., MS. 
 One in Leadenhall Market, Feb. 1861 : Harting, Birds of 
 
 Middlesex, p. 223. 
 Two, Leadenhall Market, 3rd May, 1871 : J. H. Gurney, MS. 
 
 Obs. The claim of this bird to rank as a species is 
 not universally admitted by ornithologists. But the 
 fact of the cygnets being white from the time they 
 leave the egg, and the colour of the legs of young and 
 old being grey instead of black, favour the view that 
 it is specifically distinct from Cygnus olor. 
 
 AMEBICAN SWAN. Cygnus americanus, Sharpless*. 
 
 Hob. North America. 
 
 In February 1841, Macgillivray obtained from a 
 poulterer in Edinburgh a specimen of this Swan, shot 
 in the south of Scotland, which he at first mistook 
 for Bewick's Swan ; but on dissecting it he found dif- 
 ferences indicative of a distinct species ; and on com- 
 paring its sternum, windpipe, and digestive organs 
 
 * Cygnus americanus, Sharpless, Doughty's Cab. Nat. Hist. i. 
 p. 185, pi. xvi. (1830). Cygnus bewickii, Swainson, Faun. Bor.- 
 Amer. ii. p. 224 (1831). 
 
SWANS. 155 
 
 with those of Cygnus americanus, he found it to belong 
 to that species. Macgillivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iv. 
 p. 682; Manual of British Birds (Water Birds), 
 p. 158. 
 
 TEUMPETEE SWAN. Cygnus buccinator, Richardson. 
 Hob. North America. 
 
 Five seen, four shot, near Aldeburgh, Suffolk, 27th Oct. 1866 : 
 Hele, Notes about Aldeburgh, p. 147. 
 
 Obs. These birds were described by Mr. Hele (I. c.) 
 under the head of " Swan, species incerta ; " but Mr. 
 J. H. Gurney, writing to me from Aldeburgh, under 
 date 26th Sept. 1871, says: "Since staying here I 
 have seen Mr. Hele's ' Swan, species incerta J p. 147 
 of his Aldeburgh Notes, and believe it to be really an 
 American Trumpeter Swan, giving that species a title 
 to be considered an accidental visitor to this country." 
 
 CASSIN'S SNOW GOOSE. Anser albatus, Cassin *. 
 Hab. North America. 
 
 Two out of a flock, Wexford Harbour, Nov. 1871 : Howard 
 Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. March 1872. 
 
 Obs. As to the propriety of separating this species 
 from Anser ccerulescens, Linn. (A. hyperboreus, Pall.), 
 see Baird, Birds N. America, p. 760. 
 
 * Anser ccendescens, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 198 (1766). A. 
 hyperboreus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. vi. p. 80(1767). A. albatus, Cassin, 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1856, p. 41. 
 
156 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 KED-BBEASTED GOOSE. Anser ruficollis, Pallas. 
 Hob. Northern Asia and Siberia. 
 
 One near London, winter 1766*: Montagu (fide Latham), 
 
 Orn. Diet. 
 One near Wycliffe, Yorkshire, about the same time : Bewick, 
 
 Brit. Birds, vol. ii. p. 280; Selby, 111. Brit. Orn. vol. ii. 
 
 p. 276. 
 One, Halvergate, Norfolk, 1805 : Stacey, Hist. Norf. vol. i. 
 
 p. Ixii; Sheppard and Whitear, Cat. Norfolk and Suffolk 
 
 Birds, p. 55. 
 One or more, Cambridgeshire, winter 1813 : Stephens, Shaw's 
 
 Zoology, vol. xii. p. 53, pi. 43. 
 One near Berwick-on-Tweed, 1818 : Fleming, Hist. Brit. An. 
 
 p. 128. 
 One, Kenton Warren, Devonshire, 1828 : Moore, Cat. Birds 
 
 Devon, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 360. 
 One, Ireland, prior to March 1833 : Thompson, Nat. Hist. 
 
 Irel. (Birds), vol. iii. p. 64. 
 
 One, Teign Marshes, Devon, 1st Feb. 1837 : Moore, /. c. 
 Two seen on the Tees, Durham, "of late" (1845) : Hogg, 
 
 Cat. Birds S.E. Durham, p. 31. 
 One shot in Cowpen Marsh, Durham, about the same time : 
 
 Hogg, /. c. 
 One seen, Loch Strathbeg, " some years ago " (1852) : Mac- 
 
 gillivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iv. p. 636. 
 One, Maldon, Essex, 6th Jan. 1871: Poole, The Field, 
 
 21st Jan. 1871; Harting, Zoologist, 1871, p. 2513. I 
 
 purchased this bird a few days after it was shot. It is 
 
 now in the collection of Mr. Marshall, of Taunton. 
 
 Obs. In addition to the above-mentioned occur- 
 rences, the Red-breasted Goose is included in the 
 
 * According to Fox (Synops. Newcastle Mus.), this date should 
 be 1776. 
 
GEESE. 157 
 
 following local catalogues, although without any par- 
 ticulars: Couch, Cornish Fauna, p. 24; Rodd, in 
 Guide Book to Cornwall, p. 129 ; Somerset, Archseol. 
 Proc. p. 146 ; Osborne & Shearer's Birds of Caithness, 
 in Proc. Koy. Soc. Edinb. vol. ii. p. 340 ; Wilson, 
 Voyage round Scotland, vol. ii. p. 180. 
 
 SPUE-WINGED GOOSE. Plectropterus gambensis 
 
 (Linnaeus). 
 Hab. Western and Southern Africa. 
 
 One, St. Germains, Cornwall, June 1821 : Bewick, Brit. 
 
 Birds, vol. ii. p. 313, figure. 
 One near Banff, Feb. 1855 : Naturalist, 1855, p. 181 ; 
 
 Edward, Zoologist, 1860, p. 6968; Gray, Birds of West of 
 
 Scotland, p. 353. 
 One, Boveney Weir, Berks, winter 1858-59 : Clark Kennedy, 
 
 Birds of Berks and Bucks, p. 201. 
 One, Upavon, Wilts, 4th Sept. 1869 : Dr. Moses, Science 
 
 Gossip, March 1870. 
 
 Obs. The distinctness of this species from P. rup- 
 pelli of Sclater, about which some doubt has been ex- 
 pressed (cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas), has been satis- 
 factorily established by Mr. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 
 p. 131, and 1860, p, 38. An excellent coloured plate 
 by Wolf, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 131, shows both species in 
 juxtaposition. 
 
 EUDDY SHELDKAKE. Tadorna rutila (Pallas). 
 Hab. Eastern Europe and Asia. 
 
 One near Blandford, Dorset, winter 1776 : Fox, Synops. 
 Newcastle Museum. In the Newcastle Museum. 
 
158 RAKE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, south of England : Selby, 111. Brit. Orn. vol. ii. p. 294. 
 In the collection of the late Mr. Selby. 
 
 One, Sanday, Orkney, October 1831 : Baikie and Heddle, 
 Hist. Nat. Orcadensis, p. 74; Macgillivray, Hist. Brit. 
 Birds, vol. v. p. 21. 
 
 One, Caithness : Wilson's ' Voyage round Scotland/ vol. ii. 
 p. 180 ; Shearer and Osborne, Birds of Caithness, in Proc. 
 Roy. Soc. Edinb. vol. ii. p. 340; Gray, Birds of West of 
 Scotland, p. 362. In the collection of Mr. Sinclair, of 
 Wick. 
 
 One, Iken, near Orford, Suffolk, Jan. 1834 : Mag. Nat. Hist. 
 1834, vol. vii. p. 151 ; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. 
 p. 236. In the possession of Mr. Manning, of Wood- 
 bridge. 
 
 One on the Murrough of Wicklow, 7th July, 1847 : Thomp- 
 son, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xx. p. 171 ; Nat. Hist. Ireland 
 (Birds), vol. iii. p. 65. In the collection of Mr. Warren. 
 
 One seen near Blackstakes, Suffolk, 1864, in company with 
 Common Sheldrakes: Hele, Notes about Aldeburgh, 
 p. 150. 
 
 One said to have been taken in a decoy on the Trent, near 
 Epworth : Hudson, Zoologist, 1864, pp. 9046, 9290. But 
 shown to have been a mistake : Newton, torn. cit. p. 9363. 
 
 One near Tralee, co. Kerry, 17th Aug. 1869 : Blake Knox, 
 Zoologist, 1870, p. 2105. 
 
 Obs. Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun., informs me that this 
 species has twice been killed in Norfolk, but that on 
 each occasion the bird was found to have escaped 
 from semi-domestication. It is highly probable that 
 this has been the case with other specimens, which, on 
 being found at large, were supposed, in consequence, 
 to have been truly wild. 
 
DUCKS. 159 
 
 AMEEICAN . WIGKEON". Anas americana, Gmelin. 
 Hab. North America. 
 
 One, LeadenhaU Market, winter 1837-38 : Blyth, Naturalist, 
 
 vol. iii. p. 417 ; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. p. 293 ; 
 
 Gurney, Zoologist, 1864, p. 9024. 
 One, Burn of Boyndie, Banffshire, Jan. 1841 : Edward, 
 
 Zoologist, 1860, p. 6970. 
 One, Strangford Lough, Feb. 1844 : Thompson, Nat. Hist. 
 
 Irel. (Birds), vol. iii. p. 112. 
 Others, Belfast Bay : Thompson, op. cit. 
 One, Essex coast, Jan. 1864: Carter, Zoologist, 1864, 
 
 p. 8962. 
 One on the Taw, near Barnstaple, 20th April 1870 : Mathew, 
 
 Zoologist, 1870, p. 2182. 
 
 EED-CEESTED DUCK. FuUgulo, rufina (Pallas). 
 Hab. South-eastern Europe, North Africa, and Asia. 
 
 One, Breydon Harbour, Norfolk, July 1818 : Hunt, Brit. 
 
 Orn. vol. ii. p. 333, fig. 
 Two, same harbour, winter 1826 : Hunt, in Stacey's Norfolk, 
 
 vol. i. p. Ixiii. 
 One, Boston, Lincolnshire, Jan. 1826 : Yarrell, Zool. Journ. 
 
 vol. ii. p. 492. 
 Several in LeadenhaU Market, the same winter: Bartlett, 
 
 Naturalist, vol. iii. p. 420. 
 One, Surlingham, Dec. 1827 : Hunt, /. c. 
 One, Horsea Mere, Norfolk, 12th Jan. 1844 : Gurney, Zoo- 
 logist, 1844, p. 576. 
 One, Swanpool, Cornwall, Feb. 1845 : Bullmore, Cornish 
 
 Fauna, p. 37. 
 One out of eighteen, on the Thames, near Erith : Yarrell, 
 
 Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. p. 330. 
 One, Milford Haven : G. R. Gray, Cat. Brit. Birds in Brit. 
 
 Mus. p. 198. In the British Museum. 
 
160 EAEE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, " Great Britain, from Mr. Turner's collection : " G. R. 
 Gray, /. c. In the British Museum. 
 
 One, Boston, Lincolnshire, 1854: Newman, Zoologist, 
 1854, p. 4166; Yarrell, op. cit. 
 
 One, Colchester, Essex : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 
 One, Craiguish, Jan. 1862 : Gray, Birds of West of Scotland, 
 p. 383. In the collection of Capt. Orde, of Kilmory. 
 
 One, Braunton, North Devon, 24th Dec. 1867 : Mathew, 
 Zoologist, 1868, p. 1098. 
 
 One, Hickling Broad, Norfolk, Feb. 1868 : Stevenson, Zoo- 
 logist, 1868, p. 1128. 
 
 One, Stackpole, Pembrokeshire : Dix, Zoologist, 1869, 
 p. 1678. 
 
 HAELEQUIN DUCK. Histrionicm torquatus, Bonap. 
 Hob. Northern Asia and America; accidentally in Europe. 
 
 A pair, Scotland : Montagu, Orn. Diet. ; Sowerby, Brit. 
 
 Miscell. (1806) p. 11, pi. 6. 
 One, Orkney : Sowerby, /. c. ; Baikie and Heddle, Hist. Nat. 
 
 Orcadensis, p. 81. 
 
 One, Devonshire, winter 1830 : Moore, Cat. Birds Devon. 
 One, Yarmouth : Paget, Sketch Nat. Hist. Yarmouth, p. 12. 
 One, Cheshire, Dec. 1840 : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. 
 
 p. 366. 
 One, Caithness, prior to March 1841 : Gray, Birds of West 
 
 of Scotland, p. 394. 
 Two, Torquay, winter 1846: Battersby, Zoologist, 1847, 
 
 p. 1697 ; Yarrell, op. cit. Proved to be the young of the 
 
 Long-tailed Duck : A. Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 165. 
 One, Banffshire, autumn 1851 : E. Newton, Zoologist, 1852, 
 
 p. 3331. Also proved to be a Long-tailed Duck: A. 
 
 Newton, I. c. 
 One, Loch of Strathbeg, " a few winters since : " Edward, 
 
 Naturalist, 1854, p. 242. 
 
DUCKS. 161 
 
 One near Coleshill, Warwickshire, 7th April, 1857 : Foggit, 
 Naturalist, 1857, p. 163. Proved to be a female Scaup : 
 Buckley, Naturalist, 1858, p. 124; A. Newton, /. c. 
 
 One, Aberdeenshire, 1858 : R. Gray, op. cit. p. 394. 
 
 BUFFEL-HEADED DUCK. Clangula albeola (Linnaeus). 
 Hob. North America. 
 
 One near Yarmouth, winter 1830 : Paget, Sketch Nat. Hist. 
 Yarmouth, p. 11; Lubbock, Fauna of Norfolk, p. 119; 
 Degland and Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 547. Formerly in 
 the collection of the late Mr. Miller, now in the collection 
 of Mr. Rising of Horsey, near Yarmouth. 
 
 One in the Margate Museum, said to have been obtained in 
 Orkney in the autumn of 1841 (Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, 
 vol. iii. p. 379), but the statement since found to be a 
 mistake. The Curator of the Museum bought the skin 
 of R. Dunn, whose son informed Mr. J. H. Gurney, Jun., 
 in a letter, that it had not been obtained in Great Britain 
 or even in Europe. 
 
 One, West Mud, near Devonport, winter 1841 : in the collec- 
 tion of Rev. W. Hore, of Barnstaple. When paying a visit 
 to Mr. Hore in September 1870, I had an opportunity of 
 seeing this bird and learning from the owner the above- 
 mentioned particulars. 
 
 One, Bessingly Beck, near Bridlington, winter 1864-65 : 
 Cordeaux, Zoologist, 1865, p. 9659. The precise locality, 
 not mentioned in the Zoologist, /. c. y was subsequently 
 communicated in a letter by Mr. Cordeaux. 
 
 One, in British Museum, labeUed ' ' Norfolk " (Gray, Cat. 
 Brit. Birds in Brit. Mus. p. 226), the authenticity of which 
 is very doubtful. 
 
 One, Loch of Loriston, Aberdeenshire, January 1865 : R. 
 Gray, Birds of West of Scotland, p. 396. In the pos- 
 session of Mr. Angus of Aberdeen. 
 
162 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, Loch of Strathbeg, " many years ago : " R. Gray, /. c. 
 In the Banff Museum. 
 
 Obs. The Buffel-headed Duck is included by Dono- 
 van in his work on British Birds (vol. x. pi. 226) ; but 
 no authority is given for such insertion, nor is any 
 locality named. 
 
 SUEF SCOTEE. (Edemia perspidllata (Linnaeus). 
 Hab. Coasts of North America. 
 
 One, Musselburgh Bay, Firth of Forth, 1852 : Martin, Natu- 
 ralist, 1853, p. 83; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. 
 p. 324; Turnbull, Birds of East Lothian, p. 45. 
 
 One seen, Rona's Voe, Shetland*, June 1847 : Dunn, 
 Zoologist, 1848, p. 2067 ; Gray, Birds of West of Scotland, 
 p. 383. 
 
 One near Weymouth, Dorset, winter 1851 : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 
 One between Weymouth and Purton, Dec. 1853 : Thompson, 
 Zoologist, 1854, p. 4255. 
 
 One, Aberdeen coast, Nov. 1855 : Sir W. Jardine, MS. In 
 the collection of Mr. Hargitt, of Edinburgh. 
 
 * It is generally stated, on the authority of Fleming and Selby, 
 that this Duck frequents the islands of Orkney and Shetland; 
 but, with the exception of the instances above quoted, there is 
 no evidence to support this statement. Selby apparently copied 
 from Fleming; and the latter merely observes (Hist. Brit. An. 
 p. 119), " it is stated by Temminck to have occurred in Orkney." 
 Temminck's words are, " rare et accidentellement dans les Orcades '' 
 (Man. d'Orn. p. 854). Messrs. Baikie and Heddle, in their < Hist. 
 Nat. Orcadensis ' (1848), p. 79, state that " Surf Scoters appear in 
 small flocks in our sounds during winter. They generally arrive in 
 October, and have been observed till tbe end of March." Mr. R. 
 Gray says this is an obvious mistake. Their remarks, no doubt, 
 apply to tbe Velvet Scoter. 
 
DUCKS. 163 
 
 One, Crofton, Cumberland, Aug. 1856 : Eyton, Rarer Brit. 
 
 Birds, p. 81, fig. In the collection of Mr. J. H. Gurney. 
 One, Gristhorpe, near Scarborough, 25th Oct. 1860 : Bell, 
 
 Zoologist, 1860, p. 7274; 1861, p. 7385. Proved to be a 
 
 mistake. 
 
 One, Scilly, Sept. 1865 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1865, p. 9794. 
 One received in the flesh by Mr. Bartlett for preservation, 
 
 locality not stated : Naturalist, vol. iii. p. 420. 
 One, Holm, near Stornoway, winter 1865 : Gray, Birds of 
 
 West of Scotland, p. 383. In the collection of Sir James 
 
 Matheson. 
 
 One, Swanbister, Orkney, March 1866 : Gray, op. cit. 
 One, Scilly, Oct. 1867 : Rodd, Zoologist, 1867, p. 1017, and 
 
 1868, p. 1059. 
 
 KING DUCK. Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus). 
 
 Hob. Northern Europe and America, but more especially 
 the Arctic Regions. 
 
 One, Breydon Harbour, Norfolk, 25th July, 1813 : Yarrell, 
 
 Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. p. 311. 
 One, Aldeburgh, Suffolk, 1827 : Acton, Mag. Nat-Hist. vol. iv. 
 
 1831, p. 163 ; Jenyns, Brit. Vert. An. p. 238. 
 One, Orkney, Nov. 1832: Gould, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 189; 
 
 Baikie and Heddle, Hist. Nat. Orcadensis, p. 78. 
 One, Kingstown Harbour, 1st Oct. 1837 : Thompson, Ann. 
 
 Nat. Hist. vol. v. p. 6; Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), vol. iii. 
 
 p. 116. 
 
 One, Derrynane, co. Kerry, winter 1843 : Thompson, op. cit. 
 Occasionally met with in Shetland : Edmonstone, Zoologist, 
 
 1844, p. 463 ; Crotch, Zoologist, 1861, p. 7343. 
 One, Tralee Bay, co. Kerry, winter 1845-46 : Thompson, 
 
 op. cit. 
 One, Wensdale Voe, near Hoy, Shetland, 20th May, 1846 : 
 
 Dunn, Zoologist, 1848, p. 2188. 
 
 M 2 
 
164 BARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, Bedlington, Northumberland, 1846 : Duff, Zoologist, 
 1851, p. 3036. 
 
 One, Belfast Bay, llth March, 1850 : Thompson, op. cit. 
 
 One or more, Kyle of Tongue, Sutherland : St. John, Tour 
 in Sutherland, vol. i. p. 144. 
 
 One, Lowestoffc, 7th Jan. 1854 : Harper, Naturalist, 1854, 
 p. 165. It is doubtful whether this was not an Eider. 
 
 One seen in the Tyne estuary, winter 1847 : Turnbull, Birds of 
 East Lothian, p. 45; Gray, Birds of West of Scotland, p. 380. 
 
 One, Orkney, May 1868 : Gray, op. cit. In the collection of 
 Mr. E. Hargitt. 
 
 One, Leadenhall Market, 17th Nov. 1870 : Gurney, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1871, p. 2443. In the collection of Mr. J. H. Gurney. 
 
 Obs. Mr. Bullock assured Col. Montagu that he 
 had found this Duck breeding in Papa Westra, one 
 of the Orkney islands, towards the latter end of June. 
 In Baikie and Heddle's ' Hist. Nat. Orcadensis ' 
 (1848) it is stated (p. 78) to be a rare occasional 
 visitant to Orkney. 
 
 STELLEB'S WESTERN DUCK. Somateria stelleri * 
 (Pallas). 
 
 Hab. Northern Europe; Northern and North-eastern 
 Asia ; North-west America. 
 One, Caistor, near Yarmouth, 10th Feb. 1830 : Paget, Sketch 
 
 of Nat. Hist. Yarmouth, p. 11 ; Yarrell, Mag. Nat. Hist. 
 
 vol. iv. p. 117; Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. p. 306. In the 
 
 Norwich Museum . 
 
 * Anas stelleri, Pallas, Spic. Zool. vi. p. 35, pi. 5 (1766). Anas 
 dispar, Sparrmann, Mus. Carls, t. 7, 8 (1786). 
 
 Originally described from specimens brought by Steller from 
 Kamtschatka, and called the Western Duck, from having been found 
 on the western coast of North America. According to Prof. Baird, 
 
DUCKS. 165 
 
 One, Filey, Yorkshire, 15th Aug. 1845 : Bell, Zoologist, 1846, 
 p. 1249; Yarrell, op. cit. In the collection of Mr. G. N. 
 Curzon. 
 
 HOODED MEEGANSEE. Mergus cucullatus, Linnaeus. 
 Hab. North America. 
 
 One, Yarmouth, winter 1829: Selby, Trans. Nat. Hist. 
 
 Northumb. vol. i. p. 292; id. 111. Brit. Orn. vol. ii. p. 383*; 
 
 Paget, Sketch of Nat. Hist. Yarmouth, p. 12. In the col- 
 lection of the late Mr. Selby. 
 One, Menai Straits, near Bangor, winter 1830-31 : Eyton, 
 
 Hist. Earer Brit. Birds, p. 75 and fig. In the collection 
 
 of Mr. Eyton. 
 One, Burton Park, Petworth, Sussex : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. 
 
 Birds, vol. iii. p. 387. In the collection of Mr. Biddulph. 
 One, Stoke Nayland, Suffolk : Yarrell, fide Hoy, op. cit. 
 One, Dingle Bay, co. Kerry, winter 1840 : Thompson, Nat* 
 
 Hist. Irel. (Birds), vol. iii. p. 161. 
 One, co. Meath: Watters, Birds of Ireland, p. 215. 
 One, Caithness, prior to 1841 : Sinclair, Cat. Birds Caithness ; 
 
 Shearer and Osborne, Proc. Eoy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. ii. 
 
 p. 340; Gray, Birds of West of Scotland, p. 398. 
 
 however (Birds N. Amer. p. 802), the occurrence of this Duck in 
 North America is "a matter of much uncertainty," no specimen 
 actually taken in North America having come to his knowledge. 
 Nevertheless he adds : " It appears to inhabit North-eastern Asia, 
 especially Kamtschatka and the Kurile Islands, and to extend thence 
 into Northern and Western Europe. It doubtless visits the north- 
 west coast of America, where it is said by Bonaparte to be abundant ; 
 with what foundation I do not know." In the ' Ibis,' 1872,. p. , 
 Mr. J. H. Gurney notices the fact of a pair having been obtained on 
 Flaxman's Island on the western arctic coast of North America. 
 
 * Mr. Selby adds (1. c.): " Since this capture I have been informed 
 that more instances have occurred, all apparently females or young 
 males in the garb of that sex." 
 
166 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 A pair near Leeds : Gould, Birds of Great Britain. 
 
 One, Somersetshire : Baker, Somerset. Archseol. Proc. p. 146. 
 
 Three seen, Firth of Forth, 5th May, 1853; Colquhoun, 
 
 Sporting Days, pp. 20, 21 ; The Ibis, 1867, p. 239; Gray, 
 
 Birds of West of Scotland, p. 399. 
 Two, Sheerness, March 1870: Mathew, Zoologist, 1870, 
 
 p. 2182. 
 
 Fam. ALCIDJE. 
 
 BRUNNICH'S GUILLEMOT. Uria arra (Pallas)*. 
 Hab. Northern Europe, Asia, and America. 
 
 One or more, coast of Kerry, July 1833 : Sabine, in Ains- 
 
 worth's Descr. Caves of Ballybunian, Kerry; Thompson, 
 
 Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), vol. iii. p. 213. 
 One, Youghal, 1st Feb. 1850 : Thompson, op. cit. 
 One, Caithness : "Wilson, Voyage round Scotland and the 
 
 Isles, vol. ii. p. 179; Gray, Birds of West of Scotland, 
 
 p. 422. In the collection of Mr. Sinclair. 
 Several, Unst, Shetland: Macgillivray (fide Sir J. Ross), 
 
 Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. v. p. 316; Baikie and Heddle, 
 
 Hist. Nat. Orcadensis, p. 86; Crotch, Zoologist, 1861, 
 
 p. 7343f. 
 Several, Orkney : Macgillivray, op. cit. ; Baikie and Heddle, 
 
 op. cit. ; R. Gray, op. cit. 
 One, Sutherlandshire : Sir W. Milner, List of Birds of Suther- 
 
 landshire : A. G. More, Ibis, 1865, p. 449. 
 
 * Cepphus arra, Pallas, Zoograph. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 347 (1811). 
 Uria brunnichii, Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 538 (1818). 
 
 t In a list of the birds of Shetland (Zoologist, 1861, p. 7343), 
 Mr. Crotch includes Briinnich's Guillemot as " permanent." At 
 p. 7707 of the same volume, however, he says : " Briinnich's Guil- 
 lemot we could never see or hear of." 
 
TERNS. 167 
 
 One or more, with the eggs, St. Kilda, 15th June, 1847 : Sir 
 
 W. Milner, Zoologist, 1848, p. 2061. 
 
 One, coast of Banffshire : Edward, Zoologist, 1860, p. 6971. 
 One or more, Fame Islands : Zoologist, 1852, p. 3479. 
 One, Freshwater, Isle of Wight, 7th Feb. 1860 : More in 
 
 Venable's Guide to I. of Wight, p. 434. 
 One, Rosemullion Head, Cornwall : Bullmore, Cornish Fauna, 
 
 p. 39. 
 One, Dublin Coast : Blake Knox, Zoologist, 1871, p. 2609. 
 
 Fam. LAEID^E. 
 
 CASPIAN TEEN. Sterna caspia, Pallas. 
 Hab. Europe, Western Asia, North Africa. 
 
 One, Yarmouth, Oct. 1825 : Paget, Sketch Nat. Hist. Yar- 
 mouth, p. 12. 
 One near Caistor, Norfolk : Paget, op. cit. In the Norwich 
 
 Museum. 
 Three or four seen, one shot, near Aldeburgh, Suffolk : Jenyns, 
 
 Brit. Vert. An. p. 265. In the Cambridge Museum. 
 One, Norfolk coast, 1839 : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. 
 
 p. 498. 
 One, Breydon Harbour, Yarmouth, 9th June 1849 : Burton, 
 
 Zoologist, 1849, p. 2499; Smith, torn. cit. p. 2529; Yarrell, 
 
 op. cit. 
 One, same harbour, June 1850. In the " Dennis Collection," 
 
 in the Museum at Bury St. Edmunds. 
 One, same harbour, 16th July, 1850 : Gurney, Zoologist, 
 
 1850, p. 2915. Two or three others seen. 
 
 One, Norfolk coast, 14th August, 1851 : Gurney, Zoologist, 
 
 1851, p. 3235 ; Yarrell, op. cit. ; Harper, Naturalist, 1852, 
 p. 128. 
 
168 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, Caythorpe, Lincolnshire, 17th May, 1853 : Footit, 
 
 Zoologist, 1853, p. 3946; Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One near Yarmouth, May 1862 : Stevenson, Zoologist, 1862, 
 
 p. 8093. 
 One, Christchurch, Hants : Wise, New Forest, p. 317 ; 
 
 Gurney, Zoologist, 1869, p. 1512. 
 
 SWIFT TEEN. Sterna velox, Eiippell. 
 
 Hob. North-western, Northern, and North-eastern Africa. 
 
 One between Dublin and Howth, Dec. 1846. 
 
 Two seen same time : Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xx. 
 p. 170; Zoologist, 1847, p. 1878; Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), 
 vol. iii. p. 266; Blake Knox, Zoologist, 1866, p. 305. 
 
 Obs. This species appears to have been accidentally 
 omitted from the last (3rd) edition of Yarrell' s 
 ' History of British Birds,' since it was recorded to 
 have been procured in Ireland long before that edition 
 was published. Some interesting remarks on its 
 habits, nesting, &c. may be found in ' The Ibis,' 1860, 
 p. 127, and 1864, p. 337. 
 
 WHISKERED TERN. Sterna kybrida, Pallas. 
 Hab. Southern Europe, India, and North Africa. 
 
 One, Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire, August 1836 : Yarrell, Hist. 
 
 Brit. Birds, vol. iii. p. 517*. 
 One, Dublin Bay, Sept. 1839 : Thompson, Ann. Mag. Nat. 
 
 Hist. vol. xx. p. 170; Zoologist, 1847, p. 1878; Nat. Hist. 
 
 Irel. (Birds), vol. iii. p. 298; Blake Knox, Zoologist, 1866, 
 
 p. 306. 
 
 * Mr. Yarrell says (1. c.), " five examples have occurred in Britain 
 in the last six or seven years ; " but he only gives particulars of 
 one. 
 
TERNS. 169 
 
 One, Hickling Broad, Norfolk, 17th June, 1847 : Gurney and 
 
 Fisher, Zoologist, 1847, p. 1820. 
 One near Trescoe Abbey, Cornwall, August 1851 : Rodd, 
 
 Zoologist, 1851, p. 3280. 
 One near Plymouth, May 1865 : Gatcombe, Zoologist, 1865, 
 
 p. 9629. 
 
 Obs. Some interesting particulars with regard to 
 the nidification of this species as observed in India 
 by Mr. A. Anderson will be found in ' The Ibis,' 1872, 
 pp. 81-83. 
 
 WHITE-WINGED BLACK TEEN. Sterna leucoptera, 
 
 Meisner and Schinz. 
 Hab. Africa. 
 
 One on the Shannon, 1841 : M f Coy, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xv. 
 p. 271. In the Dublin Museum. Thompson says (Nat. 
 Hist. Irel. Birds, vol. iii. p. 307) that this bird was shot by 
 Mr. John Hill, not on the Shannon, but on the Liffey, near 
 the Pigeon-house Fort, Dublin Bay, in October 1841. 
 
 One, Dublin Bay : Thompson, op. cit. ; Blake Knox, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1866, p. 306. 
 
 One, Horsey Mere, Norfolk, 17th May, 1853: Frederick, 
 Zoologist, 1853, p. 3911. 
 
 Two, Coventry, June 1857 : Gould, Birds of Great Britain. 
 
 One, Hickling Broad, Norfolk, 27th June, 1867 : Stevenson, 
 Zoologist, 1867, p. 951. 
 
 One, Ilfracombe Harbour, 2nd or 3rd Nov. 1870: H. Saunders, 
 MS. In the collection of Mr. Westlake, of Ilfracombe. 
 
 Four, Breydou Harbour, Yarmouth, 26th May, 1871 : Ste- 
 venson, Zoologist, 1871, p. 2830. 
 
 SOOTY TEEN. Sterna fuliginosa, Gmelin. 
 
 Hab. West-India Islands, Central America, South-Sea 
 
170 EAEE VISITANTS. 
 
 Islands, and Australia. Also Ascension Island, where it 
 breeds in some numbers *. 
 
 One, Tutbury, near Burton-oD -Trent, 1853 : Brown, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1853, p. 3755 ; Sir Oswald Moseley, Nat. Hist. Tut- 
 bury, p. 110. In the collection of Mr. H. W. Desvoeux. 
 
 One on the Thames, near Wallingford, Berks, 21st June, 
 1869: Harting, The Field, 26th June, 1869; Zoologist, 
 1869, p. 1867. In the possession of Mr. Franklyn. This 
 bird was brought to me for examination shortly after it 
 was killed, and before it was skinned. 
 
 One on the estuary of the Axe, near Axminster : Rev. J. B. 
 Selwood, The Field, 17th July, 1869. It is doubtful 
 whether this may not . have been Sterna fissipes. The 
 death of Mr. Selwood has unfortunately prevented a solu- 
 tion of the doubt. 
 
 NODDY TEEN. Sterna stolida, Linnseus. 
 
 Hob. Central America, West-India Islands, South-Sea 
 Islands, and Australia. 
 Two between Wexford and Dublin : Thompson, Trans. Linn. 
 
 Soc. 1835 ; Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), vol. iii. p. 308. 
 One, co. Dublin : Blake Knox, Zoologist, 1866, p. 306. 
 
 Obs. This species has been recorded as " a summer 
 visitant to St. George's Channel " (cf. Austin, Ann. 
 Nat. Hist. vol. ix. p. 435) ; but doubtless Sterna 
 
 fissipes is the species intended. 
 
 i 
 
 GULL-BILLED TEEN. Sterna anglica, Montagu. 
 Hab. Europe, North Africa, and America. 
 
 One, Sussex: Montagu, Orn. Diet. Suppl. 1813f. Type in 
 Col. Montagu's collection in the British Museum. 
 * For a description of this breeding-place, cf. Sperling, ' Ibis/ 
 
 1868, pp. 286-288. 
 
 f " Others have been killed about llye " (Montagu, 7. c.). 
 
GULLS. 171 
 
 One, Kent, June 1839 : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. 
 
 p. 521. 
 
 One near Leeds : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One, Breydon Harbour, Yarmouth, 14th April, 1849. In the 
 
 " Dennis Collection," in the Museum, Bury St. Edmunds. 
 Three, Yarmouth, July and Sept. 1849 : Gurney, Zoologist, 
 
 1849, pp. 2569, 2592. 
 One, Yarmouth, 24th May, 1850 : Gurney, Zoologist, 1850, 
 
 p. 2854. 
 One, Yarmouth, July 1851 : Gurney, Zoologist, 1851, 
 
 p. 3235. 
 
 One, Norfolk, particulars forgotten. In the Wisbeach Museum. 
 One, Rye Harbour, Sussex : Knox, Orn. Rambles in Sussex, 
 
 p. 253. 
 
 One, Selsea, Sussex, 31st March, 1852 : Knox, op. cit. 
 Two, Barnstaple, autumn 1859 : Mathew, Zoologist, 1859, 
 
 p. 6762. 
 One near Plymouth, autumn 1866: Gatcombe, Zoologist, 
 
 1867, p. 557. 
 One near Christchurch, Hants, 14th May, 1872 : Von Hiigel, 
 
 Zoologist, 1872, p. 3149. 
 
 Obs. Both Selby and Audubon compared specimens 
 of the Marsh Tern of North America, 8. aranea, 
 Wilson, with Montagu's type of S. anglica in the 
 British Museum, and agreed in considering them 
 identical. The geographical range of this species, 
 therefore, is very considerable. 
 
 SABINE'S GULL. Larus salmi (Leach). 
 Hob. North America. 
 
 One, Belfast Bay, 18th Sept. 1822 : Thompson, Nat. Hist. 
 Irel. (Birds), vol. iii. p. 309. 
 
172 BARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, Dublin Bay, near Kingstown : Thompson, op. cit. 
 
 One, Belfast Bay, near Claremont, 15th Sept. 1834 : Thomp- 
 son, op. cit. 
 
 One, Dublin Bay, 12th Sept. 1837 : Thompson, op. cit. 
 
 One, Milford Haven, autumn 1839: Yarrell, Hist. Brit. 
 Birds, vol. iii. p. 550. 
 
 Two, Torbay, Devon, Oct. 1843: Hore, Zoologist, 1845,p.879. 
 
 One, Cambridgeshire : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 
 One, Newhaven, Sussex, 22nd Oct. 1853 : Borrer, Zoologist, 
 1853, p. 4408 ; Knox, Ornithological Rambles in Sussex. 
 
 One, Hove, Brighton, 7th Oct. 1858 : Dawson Rowley, 
 Zoologist, 1859, p. 6331. 
 
 One, Banffshire coast : Edward, Zoologist, 1860, p. 6974. 
 
 One, Balta Sound, Shetland : Saxby, Zoologist, 1861, p. 7436. 
 
 One on the Thames, near Blackwall, Sept. 1862 : Harting, 
 Birds of Middlesex, p. 251. 
 
 One, Weston-super-Mare: Mathew, Zoologist, 1863, p. 8692, 
 and 1865, p. 9470. 
 
 One, Mounts Bay, Cornwall, Sept. 1866 : Rodd, Zoologist, 
 
 1866, p. 501. 
 
 One, Bridlington, Yorkshire, 5th Sept. 1866 : Boulton, Zoo- 
 logist, 1867, p. 543. 
 
 One, Kingstown Harbour, 28th Sept. 1866: Blake Knox, 
 Zoologist, 1866, p. 526, 1868, p. 1099. 
 
 One, same place, 18th Sept. 1867 : Blake Knox, /. c. 
 
 One, Plymouth Sound, autumn 1866 : Gatcombe, Zoologist, 
 
 1867, p. 557. 
 
 One, Weston-super-Mare, 14th Sept. 1867 : Mathew, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1867, p. 992. 
 One, Bangor, co. Down, Oct. 1867 : Blake Knox, Zoologist, 
 
 1868, p. 1099. 
 
 One, Eastbourne, 10th Oct. 1870: J. H. Gurney, Jun., MS. 
 
 BONAPARTE'S GULL. Lams Philadelphia, Orel. 
 Hob. North America. 
 
GULLS. 173 
 
 One on the Lagan, near Belfast, 1st Feb. 1848 : Thompson, 
 
 Ann. Nat. Hist. 1848, p. 192 ; Zoologist, 1849, p. 2069. 
 
 This bird was examined in the flesh by Mr. Thompson. 
 One on Loch Lomond, April 1850 : Sir G. Leith, Zoologist, 
 
 1851, p. 3117, and 1867, p. 966. 
 One on one of the English lakes : Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, 
 
 vol. iii. p. 555. 
 One off Skerries, co. Dublin, 14th Feb. 1855 : Hon. T. L. 
 
 Powys, Zoologist, 1855, p. 4762. 
 One, Dublin Bay, July 1864 : Blake Knox, Zoologist, 1866, 
 
 p. 306. 
 One, Falmouth Harbour, autumn 1864 : Rodd, Zoologist, 
 
 1865, p. 9501. In the collection of the late Mr. Couch. 
 
 BOSS'S GULL. Larus rossi, Richardson. 
 Hob. Arctic America. 
 
 One, Milford-cum-Kirby, Yorkshire, Feb. 1847 : Charlesworth, 
 Proc. York. Phil. Soc. vol. i. p. 33; Zoologist, 1847, 
 p. 1782; Sir William Milner, torn. cit. p. 1694. In the 
 collection of Sir "W. Milner. But these accounts differ as 
 to locality and date of capture. 
 
 Obs. Macgillivray says (Man. Brit. Orn. ii. p. 254), 
 " this species has once occurred in Ireland ; " but 
 Thompson, in his ' Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds),' does not 
 include it. In 'The Ibis,' 1865, p. 103, the editor 
 remarked that he was not assured of the existence of 
 more than five other specimens of this rare Gull : 
 viz., one in the University Museum, Edinburgh, shot on 
 Melville Peninsula in June 1823 ; one in the Derby 
 Museum, Liverpool, believed to be from the same 
 source ; one in the Museum at Mayence, from Kams- 
 chatka ; one in the collection of Herr Gatke, shot on 
 
174 EARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Heligoland ; and one in the collection of Herr Benzon 
 of Copenhagen, obtained in the Fseroes, in February 
 1863. 
 
 IVOET GULL. Lams eburneus, Gmelin. 
 
 Hob. Coasts of Arctic America, Labrador, and Newfound- 
 land. 
 
 One, Balta Sound, Shetland, Dec. 1822 : Edmonstone, Mem. 
 
 Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. iv. p. 501. 
 One, Firth of Clyde : Selby, 111. Brit. Orn. vol. ii. p. 497. 
 One, west coast of Ireland : Ross, Append. 2nd Voy. p. 35. 
 One near Tralee, co. Kerry, Jan. 1835 : Thompson, Nat. 
 
 Hist. Irel. (Birds), vol. iii. p. 347. 
 One, Hartlepool, Durham, March 1837 : Hogg, Cat. Birds 
 
 S.E. Durham, p. 39. 
 
 One, Cowpen Marsh, Durham : Hogg, /. c. 
 One, Wrenningham, Norfolk : Gurney, Zoologist, 1846, p. 
 
 1384; H. Stevenson, MS. 
 
 One, Banff, 29th Jan. 1847: Edward, Zoologist, 1860, p. 6974. 
 Three seen, one shot, Dingle Bay, co. Kerry, Feb. 1847 : 
 
 Thompson, op. cit. 
 Three, Brighton and Rye Harbour, Sussex, winter 1848 : 
 
 Knox, Ornithological Rambles in Sussex, p. 255. 
 One, Glengariff Harbour, Jan. 1849 : Thompson, op. cit. 
 One, Achill Island, co. Mayo : Thompson, op. cit. 
 One, Galway Bay : Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One near Torquay, 18th Jan. 1853 : Burt, Zoologist, 1853, 
 
 p. 3807 ; Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One, Thrumster, Caithness, Nov. 1854 : Gray, Birds of West 
 
 of Scotland, p. 481. 
 
 One near Greenock, on the Clyde, winter 1858 : Gray, op. cit. 
 One, Gardenstown, Banff, Dec. 1860 : Edward, Zoologist, 
 
 1861, p. 7387. 
 
GULLS. 175 
 
 One, Shetland, winter 1863 ; Saxby, Zoologist, 1864, p. 9094. 
 One, Weston-super-Mare, 1864 : Mathew, Zoologist, 1865, 
 
 p. 9470. 
 
 One, Campbeltown, Kintyre, Feb. 1867 : Gray, op. tit. 
 One, Islay, Feb. 1867 : Gray, op. cit. 
 One, Melsetter, Orkney, May 1867 : Gray, op. cit. 
 
 LAUGHING GULL. Larus atricilla, Linnseus. 
 Hab. Eastern coasts of North America. 
 
 One out of five, near Winchelsea, August 1774 : Montagu, 
 Orn. Diet. In Col. Montagu's collection in the British 
 Museum. 
 
 Two seen near Hastings : Montagu, op. cit. 
 
 One, Lodmoor, Weymouth, winter 1850 : Thompson, Zoolo- 
 gist, 1851, p. 3055. 
 
 GREAT BLACK-HEADED GULL. Larus ichthyaetus 
 
 Pallas. 
 Hab. South-eastern Europe ; Egypt ; Palestine ; India. 
 
 One, Exmouth, May 1859 : Ross, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 
 Dec. 1859, p. 467 ; Zoologist, 1860, p. 6860. In the Exeter 
 Museum *. 
 
 MEDITERRANEAN BLACK-HEADED GULL. Larus 
 melanocephalus, Natterer. 
 
 One on the Thames, near Barking Creek, Jan. 1866 : Saun- 
 ders, Ibis, 1872, p. 79. In the British Museum. 
 
 Obs. It may be here remarked that the Masked 
 Gull, Larus capistratus of Temminck, which is in- 
 cluded as a distinct species by Eyton, Jenyns, Yarrell, 
 and other authors, would be here inserted as a rare or 
 accidental visitant, were there any good grounds for 
 * I examined this specimen on the 22nd Sept. 1870. 
 
176 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 believing it to be a valid species. But there can be 
 little doubt that the name capistratus has been be- 
 stowed upon a small specimen of L. ridibundus in a 
 transitional or accidental state of plumage ; cf. Thomp- 
 son, Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), vol. iii. pp. 334-340. 
 
 Fam. PROCELLARID^E. 
 DUSKY SHEABWATEK. Puffinus obscurus (Gmelin). 
 
 Hob. West coast of Africa to Cape of Good Hope ; rare in 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 One, Valentia Harbour, co. Kerry, llth May 1853 : Yarrell, 
 
 Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. p. 659. In the collection of 
 
 Mrs. Blackburn. 
 One, Earsham, near Bungay, Suffolk, 10th April 1858 : 
 
 Stevenson, Zoologist, 1858, p. 6096. 
 One taken alive, mouth of the Ouse, near Lynn, 26th July, 
 
 1851 : Southwell, Naturalist, 1851, p. 189. In the Lynn 
 
 Museum. This is the young of P. major. J. H. Gurney, MS. 
 A pair taken alive, Plymouth Sound, llth Dec. 1852 : Banker, 
 
 Naturalist, 1853, p. 204. 
 One, near Berry Head, South Devon, Feb. 1869 : De Hugel, 
 
 Zoologist, 1869, p. 1720. 
 
 Obs. Under the head of Cinereous or Dusky Shear- 
 water, certain birds of this genus have been recorded 
 as above ; but it is extremely doubtful whether they 
 are all of one species, P. obscurus, Gmelin. On the 
 contrary, I suspect that only the first on the list is 
 of that species, and that the others are either the young 
 of P. major (cf. antea, p. 79), perhaps in the plumage 
 of the specimen described as fuliginosus by Strickland 
 
PETRELS. 177 
 
 (P. Z. S. 1832, p. 128) *, or belong to a species not yet 
 recognized as British. 1 have seen two or three spe- 
 cimens of a Shearwater taken on different parts of the 
 English coast, intermediate in size between P. major 
 and anglorum^ ; and I have little doubt that a careful 
 examination of these would result in the establish- 
 ment of a fourth species of Puffinus in the British list. 
 
 Not having had the opportunity of examining the 
 specimens above noticed, I consider their species for 
 the present undetermined, with the exception of the 
 first on the list, but refer to the records of their 
 capture, for convenience, under the head of the species 
 to which they have been thought to belong. 
 
 Those who may investigate this question will derive 
 considerable assistance from a perusal of Dr. Elliott 
 Coues's " Critical Review of the Family Procellaridce" 
 published in the 'Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.' 1864, 
 pp. 72 & 116, and 1866, pp. 25 & 134; and of 
 Professor Newton's remarks on the subject in the 
 Zoologist ' for 1852, pp. 3691-3698. 
 
 CAPPED PETEEL. (Estrelata hcesitata (Kuhl)$. 
 
 Hob. Atlantic coast, from Florida to New York, and the 
 West Indies. 
 
 * This specimen was killed at Bridlington in Yorkshire. 
 
 t The species recorded by Yarrell as the Cinereous Shearwater, 
 it will be recollected, is considerably smaller than anylorum. 
 
 J In determining the generic relationship of this bird I have 
 followed the nomenclature adopted by Dr. Elliott Coues in his 
 excellent monograph above mentioned (cf. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. 
 Philad. 1866, p. 139). 
 
178 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 One, Southacre, near Swaffham, spring 1850 : Newton, 
 Zoologist, 1852, p. 3691, figure ; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, 
 vol. iii. p. 643, figure. 
 
 Obs. A specimen of this Petrel, killed in the English 
 Channel, is in the Museum at Boulogne-sur-Mer. 
 
 BTJL WEE'S PETEEL. Procellaria bulweri, Jardine. 
 Hab. Madeira and adjacent islands. 
 
 One on the Ure, near Tanfield, Yorkshire, 8th May, 1837 : 
 Gould, Birds of Europe, pt. xxii. fig. ; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. 
 Birds, vol. iii. p. 664. 
 
 One off Scarborough, spring 1849 : Higgins, Zoologist, 1849, 
 p. 2569. 
 
 WILSON'S PETEEL. Procellaria wilsoni, Bonaparte. 
 Hab. North America. 
 
 Two, English Channel : Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vert. An. p. 286 ; 
 
 Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. iii. p. 668, 
 Seen in abundance off the Land's End, May 1838 : Gould, 
 
 P. Z. S. 1839, p. 139. 
 One, Polperro, Cornwall, Nov. 1838 : Couch, Cornish Fauna, 
 
 ii. p. 71 ; Rodd, List Birds Cornwall, p. 46. 
 One, Norfolk, spring 1839 : Yarrell, fide Buxton, op. cit. 
 
 Doubtfully in Norfolk : H. Stevenson, MS. 
 One, Cumberland : Yarrell, fide Heysham, op. cit. 
 One believed to have been killed on the Irish coast, August 
 
 1840: Thompson, Nat. Hist. Irel. (Birds), vol. iii. p. 417. 
 One, Sussex : Bond, Zoologist, 1843, p. 148 ; Yarrell, op. cit. 
 One on the Avon, Sutton Benger, Wilts, 2nd Nov. 1849 : 
 
 Marsh, Zoologist, 1859, p. 6492. 
 One, Freshwater, Isle of Wight, Nov. 1863 : Delme Radcliffe, 
 
 Zoologist, 1864, p. 8892. 
 One near Aldeburgh, Suffolk, "some years since " (1871) : 
 
 Hele, Notes about Aldeburgh, p. 176. 
 
SUMMARY, 
 
 FORMING 
 
 A NEW LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS, 
 
 SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED. 
 
 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Order I. RAPTORES. 
 
 Fam. VULTURID^E. 
 
 Gyps fulvus (Gmel.). 
 Neophron percnopterus 
 (Linn.). 
 
 Fam. FALCONIDjE. 
 
 Aquila chrysaetus (Linn.). Aquila naevia (Gmel.). 
 
 Haliseetus albicilla (Linn.). 
 
 Pandion haliaeetus (Linn.). 
 
 Falco peregrimis, Gmel. Falco candicans, Gmel. 
 
 subbuteo, Linn. islandicus, Gmel. 
 
 sesalon, Gmel. vespertinus, Linn. 
 
 tinnunculus, Linn. 
 Accipiter nisus (Linn.). 
 
 Astur palumbarius (Linn.). Astur atricapillus (Wils.). 
 Milvus ictinus, Savigny. Milvus migrans (Bodd.) . 
 
 Nauclerus farcatus (Linn. 
 N2 
 
180 SUMMARY. 
 
 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Buteo vulgaris. Leach. Buteo lineatus (GmeL). 
 
 lagopus (GmeL). 
 Pernis apivorus (Linn.). 
 Circus aeruginosus (Linn.) . 
 
 cyaneus (Linn.). 
 
 cineraceus (Mont.). 
 
 Fam. STRIGIDJ3. 
 
 Strix flammea, Linn. Nyctea nivea (Daudin). 
 
 Syrnium aluco (Linn.). Surnia funerea (Linn.). 
 
 Otus vulgaris, Flem. Athene noctua (Scop.). 
 
 brachyotus (Forst.) . Scops asio (Linn.) . 
 
 giu (Scop.). 
 Bubo maximus, Flem. 
 Nyctale acadica (GmeL). 
 tengmalmi (GmeL). 
 
 Order II. INSESSORES. 
 
 Earn. LANIID^E. 
 
 Lanius excubitor, Linn. Lanius minor, GmeL 
 
 collurio, Linn. 
 rutilus, Lath. 
 
 Fam. MUSCICAPID^E. 
 
 Muscicapa grisola^ Linn. Muscicapa parva, Bechst. 
 
 atricapilla, Linn. Vireosylvia olivacea (Vieill.) 
 
 Fam. ORIOLID^E. 
 Oriolus galbula. Linn. 
 
 Fam. CINCLID^E. 
 Cinclus aquaticus, Bechst. 
 
SUMMARY. 
 
 181 
 
 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Fam. PETROCINCLID^E. 
 
 Petrocincla saxatilis (GmeL), 
 
 Fam. TURDHLE. 
 T urdus viscivorus, Linn. Turdus varius, Pall. 
 
 musicus, Linn. 
 pilaris, Linn. 
 iliacus, Linn. 
 merula, Linn. 
 torquatus, Linn. 
 
 atrigularis, Gmel. 
 sibiricus, Pall. 
 
 Fam. PYCNONOTID^:. 
 
 Pycnonotus capensis (Linn.) 
 
 Fam. SYLVIID^). 
 
 Accentor modularis (Linn.). 
 Erythaca rubecula (Linn.) . 
 
 Ruticilla phoenicura (Linn.) . 
 
 tithys (Scop.). 
 Saxicola rubicola (Linn.). 
 
 rubetra (Linn.}. 
 
 oenantne (Linn.). 
 Salicaria locustella (Lath.) . 
 
 phragmitis (Bechst.) 
 
 strepera (Vieill.). 
 
 arundinacea (Linn.). 
 
 luscinoides (Savi). 
 
 Luscinia philomela (Bonap.). 
 Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.). 
 
 hortensis (GmeL). 
 
 cinerea, Lath. 
 
 Accentor alpinus, Bechst. 
 Cyanecula suecica (Linn.) . 
 
 SaKcaria palustris (Bechst.) 
 aquatica (Gmel.). 
 
 Ae'don galactodes (Temm*)* 
 Sylvia orphea (Temm.). 
 
182 SUMMARY. 
 
 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. HARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Sylvia sylviella, Lath. 
 undata, Bodd. 
 Phyllopneuste sibilatrix Phyllopneuste hypolais 
 
 (Bechst.). (Linn.). 
 trochilus, Linn, 
 
 jj rufa (Lath.). 
 
 Eeguloides superciliosus 
 
 (GmeL). 
 
 Regulus cristatus, Koch. Regulus calendula (Linn.) 
 
 ignicapillus, Jenyns. 
 
 Fam. TROGLODYTID^E. 
 Troglodytes parvulus, Koch. 
 
 Fam. CEETHIID^]. 
 Certhia familiaris, Linn. 
 
 Fam. SITTID^E. 
 Sitta csesia, Meyer. 
 
 Fam. PARID^E. 
 
 Parus major. Linn. 
 
 caeruleus. Linn. 
 
 cristatus, Linn. 
 
 ater. Linn. 
 
 palustris, Linn. 
 Acredula rosea (Blyth). 
 Panurus biarmicus (Linn,). 
 
 Fam. AMPELID^E. 
 Ampelis garrulus, Linn. 
 
SUMMARY. 183 
 
 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Fam. MOTACILLID^E. 
 
 Motacilla yarrelli, Gould. Motacilla cinereocapilla, Savi. 
 
 alba, Linn. 
 boarula, Lath. 
 flava, Linn. 
 rayi, Bonap. 
 
 Fam. ANTHID^E. 
 
 Anthus arboreus, Bechst. Anthus campestris, Bechst. 
 
 pratensis (Linn.). cervinus, Pall. 
 
 obscurus (Lath.}. ludoviciamis (Gmel.). 
 
 spinoletta (Linn.). 
 richardi, Vieill. 
 
 Fam. ALAUDID^l. 
 
 Alauda arvensis, Linn. Alauda cristata, Linn. 
 
 arborea, Linn. brachydactyla, Leisl. 
 
 alpestris, Linn. calandra, Linn. 
 
 sibirica, Pall. 
 
 Fam. EMBERIZID^E. 
 
 Emberiza lappomica, Gmel. Emberiza pusilla, PalL 
 
 nivalis, Linn. mstica^ Pall. 
 
 miliaria. Linn. melanocephala, 
 
 schoeniclus, Linn. Scop. 
 
 citrinella, Linn. 
 
 cirlus, Linn. 
 
 hortulana^ Linn. 
 
 Fam. FRINGILLID^E. 
 
 Fringilla coelebs, Linn. Fringilla serinus, Linn-. 
 
 montifringilla, Linn. 
 
184 SUMMARY. 
 
 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Fringilla carduelis. Linn. 
 
 spinus, Linn. 
 Linota cannabina (Linn.) . 
 flavirostris (Linn.). 
 linaria (Linn.}. 
 rufescens (VieilL). 
 Passer montanus (Linn.). 
 
 domesticus (Linn.). 
 Coccothraustes chloris (Linn.). 
 vulgaris, Steph. 
 
 Pyrrhula vulgaris, Temm. 
 
 Carpodacus erythrinus(Pa//.), 
 Pinicola enucleator (Linn.), 
 
 Fam. LOXIID.E. 
 
 Loxia curvirostra, Linn. Loxia pityopsittacus, Bechst. 
 
 bifasciata, Nils. 
 leucoptera^ Gmel. 
 
 Fam. ICTERID^E. 
 
 Agelseus phcBniceus, VieilL 
 Sturnella magna (Linn.) . 
 
 Fam. STURNID^E. 
 
 Sturnus vulgar is, Linn. 
 Pastor roseus (Linn.). 
 
 Fam. CORVID^E. 
 
 Pyrrhocorax graculus (Linn.). Nucifraga caryocatactes 
 Corvus corax, Linn. (Linn.). 
 
 corone, Linn. 
 
 comix, Linn. 
 Corvus frugilegus, Linn. 
 
SUMMARY. 185 
 
 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Corvus monedula, Linn. 
 Pica caudata, Flem. 
 Garrulus glandarius (Linn.). 
 
 picnm 
 
 Picus viridis, Linn. Picus martius, Linn. 
 
 major,, Linn. medius, Linn. 
 
 minor, Linn. villosus, Linn. 
 
 pubescens, Linn. 
 auratus, Linn. 
 Jynx torquilla, Linn. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fam. UPUPID.E. 
 Upupa epops, Linn. 
 
 Fam. CUCULIDJE. 
 
 Cuculus canorus, Linn. Cuculus glandarius, Linn. 
 
 americanus, Linn. 
 
 eiythrophthalmus, 
 
 Wils. 
 
 . CORACIIM;. 
 
 Coracias garrula, Linn. 
 
 Fam. ALCEDINID^E. 
 Alcedo ispida, Linn. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.) . 
 
 Fam. MEROPID^S. 
 Merops apiaster, Linn. 
 
 Fam. HIRUNDINID^E. 
 
 Hirundo rustica, Linn. Hirundo purpurea, Linn. 
 
 urbica, Linn. bicolor, Vieill. 
 
 riparia, Linn. 
 
186 SUMMARY. 
 
 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Earn. CYPSELID^E. 
 
 Cypselus apus (Linn.) . Cypselus melba, ///. 
 
 caudacutus (Lath.). 
 
 Fam. CAPRIMULGID^E. 
 Caprimulgus europseus, Linn. Caprimulgus ruficollis, Temm. 
 
 Order III. RASORES. 
 Earn. COLUMBIILE. 
 
 Columba palumbus, Linn. Columba migratoria, Linn. 
 
 cenas, Linn. 
 
 livia, Temm. 
 Turtur auritus, Gray. 
 
 Fam. PTEROCLID^B. 
 
 Syrrhaptes paradoxus (Pall.) 
 
 Fam. PHASIANID^E. 
 Phasianus colchicus, Linn. 
 
 Fam. TETRAONID^E. 
 
 Tetrao urogallus, Linn. 
 
 tetrix^ Linn. 
 
 scoticiiSj Lath. 
 
 lagopus, Linn. 
 Perdix cinerea, Lath. 
 
 rufa, Lath. Perdix petrosa (Gmel.). 
 
 Coturnix vulgaris, Flem. Ortyx virginianus (Linn.). 
 
 Fam. TURNICID^E. 
 
 Turnix sylvatica (Desfont.). 
 
SUMMARY. 187 
 
 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Order IV. GRALLATORES. 
 
 Fam. OTIDID.E. 
 
 Otis tarda, Linn. Otis macqueeni, Gray. 
 
 tetrax, Linn. 
 
 Fam. CHARADRIID^E. 
 
 CEdicnemus crepitans, Temm. 
 
 Cursorius gallicus, Gmel. 
 
 Glareola pratincola (Linn.). 
 Charadrius pluvialis, Linn. 
 Squatarola helvetica (Linn.) . 
 Vanellus cristatus, Meyer. 
 Eudromias morinellus (Linn.). 
 ^gialitis hiaticula (Linn.). ^Egialitis curonicus (Gmel.). 
 
 cantiana (Lath.). vociferus (Linn.). 
 
 Strepsilas interpres (Linn.) . 
 Hsematopus ostralegus (Linn.) . 
 
 Fam. SCOLOPACIM;. 
 
 Recurvirostra avocetta, Linn. Himantopus candid us,Bonnat. 
 Totanus glottis (Pall.). Totanus flavipes (Gmel.). 
 
 fuscus (Linn.). solitarius (Wils.). 
 
 calidris (Linn.). 
 ochropus (Linn.). 
 glareola (Linn.). 
 Machetes pugnax (Linn.). 
 
 Actiturus bartramius (Wils.). 
 Tringites rufescens (Vieill.). 
 Tringoides hypoleucus Tringoides macularius 
 
 (Linn.). (Linn.). 
 
 Tringa canutus ; Linn. Tringa maculata, Vieill. 
 
188 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Tringa subarquata (Guld.). 
 maritima, Gmel. 
 alpina, Linn. 
 minuta, Leisl. 
 temminckii, Leisl. 
 Calidris arenaria (Linn.). 
 Phalaropus fulicarius (Linn.) . 
 hyperboreus(Z/i7m.). 
 Scolopax rusticola, Linn. 
 Gallinago major (Gmel.). 
 media, Leach. 
 sabini (Vigors). 
 gallinula (Linn.). 
 
 Limosa lapponica (Linn.). 
 
 segocephala (Linn.). 
 
 Numenms arquatus (Linn.), 
 
 phseopus (Linn.). 
 
 Tringa platyrhyncha, Temm. 
 bonapartii, Schleg. 
 pusilla, Wils. 
 
 Gallinago wilsoni, Temm. 
 
 Macrorhamphus griseus 
 (Gmel.). 
 
 Numenius borealis (Forst.) . 
 
 Fam. TANTALID^E. 
 Ibis falcinellus (Gmel.). 
 
 Fam. PLATALEID^E. 
 Platalea leucorodia, Linn. 
 
 Fam. CICONIID^E. 
 Ciconia alba, Bechst. Ciconia nigra (Linn.) . 
 
 Fam. GRUID^E. 
 
 Grus cinerea, Bechst. Grus virgo (Linn.) . 
 
 pavonina (Linn.). 
 
SUMMARY. 189 
 
 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Fam. ARDEIDA 
 
 Ardea cinerea, Linn. Ardea alba, Linn. 
 
 purpurea, Linn. garzetta, Linn. 
 
 comata, Pall. 
 russata, Wagl. 
 Nycticorax griseus (Linn.) . 
 
 Botaurus stellaris (Linn.). Botaurus lentiginosus 
 
 minutus (Linn.). (Mont.). 
 
 Fam. RALLIED. 
 
 Rallus aquaticus, Linn. 
 Crex pratensis, Bechst. 
 
 porzana (Linn.). Crex Carolina (Linn.). 
 
 bailloni (Vieill). 
 
 pusilla (Gmel.). 
 Gallinula chloropus (Linn.) . 
 Fulica atra, Linn. 
 
 Order V. NATATORES 
 
 Fam. ANATID^E. 
 
 Cygnus musicus, Bechst. Cygnus immutabilis, Yarr. 
 
 minor, Keys, fy Bl. americanus, Sharpl. 
 
 buccinator, Richards. 
 
 Anser ferus (Gmel.) . Anser albatus, Cassin. 
 
 segetum (Gmel.). raficollis, Pall. 
 
 brachyrhynchus, Baill. 
 albifrons (Gmel.). 
 leucopsis, Bechst. 
 bernicla (Linn.). 
 canadensis (Linn.). 
 aegyptiacus (Linn.). 
 
190 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. 
 
 Tadorna vulpanser, Flem. 
 Anas boschas, Linn. 
 strepera, Linn. 
 clypeata, Linn. 
 acuta, Linn. 
 penelope, Linn. 
 Querquedula crecca (Linn.) . 
 circia (Linn.). 
 
 Fuligula ferina (Linn.). 
 ferruginea (Gmel.). 
 marila (Linn.). 
 cristata (Leach). 
 Clangula glaucion (Linn.). 
 Harelda glacialis (Linn.) . 
 
 (Edemia nigra (Linn.) . 
 fusca (Linn.). 
 Somateria mollissima (Linn.) 
 
 Mergus albellus, Linn. 
 serrator, Linn. 
 merganser, Linn. 
 
 RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Plectropterus gambensis 
 
 (Linn.) . 
 
 Tadorna rutila (Pall.). 
 Anas americana, GmeL 
 
 Fuligula rufina (Pall.) . 
 
 Clangula albeola (Linn.) . 
 Histrionicus torquatus, Bo- 
 nap. 
 (Edemia perspicillata (Linn.). 
 
 Somateria spectabilis (Linn.) . 
 
 stelleri (Pall.). 
 Mergus cucullatus, Linn. 
 
 Earn. COLYMBIDjE. 
 Colymbus glacialis, Linn. 
 arcticus, Linn. 
 septentrionalis, 
 Linn. 
 
 Fam. 
 
 Podiceps cristatus (Linn.) . 
 rubricollis (GmeL). 
 
SUMMARY. 191 
 
 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Podiceps conmtus (Gmel.) . 
 ,, auritus (Linn.). 
 minor (Gmel.). 
 
 Fam. ALGID ^E. 
 
 Fratercula arctica (Linn.) . 
 Alca torda, Linn. 
 
 alle, Linn. 
 
 impennis, Linn. 
 Una troile (Linn.). Uria arra (Pall.). 
 
 grylle (Linn.). 
 
 Fam. PELECANID^E. 
 
 Graculus carbo (Linn.). 
 
 cristatus (Faber). 
 Sola bassana (Linn.). 
 
 Fam. LARID^E. 
 
 Sterna fluviatilis, Naum. Sterna caspia, Pall. 
 
 hirundo, Linn. velox, Riipp. 
 
 dougallii, Mont. hybrida, Pall. 
 
 cantiaca, Gmel. leucoptera, Meisn. 
 
 minuta, Linn. fuliginosaj Gmel. 
 
 fissipes, Linn. stolida^ Linn. 
 
 anglica, Mont. 
 
 Larus minutus, Pall. Larus sabini (Leach). 
 
 ridibundus, Linn. Philadelphia, Ord. 
 
 tridactylus, Linn. rossi, Richards. 
 
 canus, Linn. eburneus, Gmel. 
 
 leucopterus, Faber. atricilla, Linn. 
 
 argentatus, Gmel. ichthyaetus, Pall. 
 
 glaucus, Gmel. melanocephalus, Natt. 
 
192 SUMMARY. 
 
 RESIDENTS AND MIGRANTS. RARE VISITANTS. 
 
 Larus marinus, Linn. 
 
 fuscus, Linn. 
 Lestris catarrhactes (Linn.} . 
 
 parasiticus (Linn.). 
 
 longicaudus, Vieill. 
 
 pomatorhinus, Temm. 
 
 Fam. PROCELLARID.E. 
 
 Puffinus anglorum (Temm.). 
 
 major, Faber. 
 Fulmarus glacialis (Linn.). 
 
 Procellaria pelagica (Linn.) . 
 leachii (Temm.). 
 
 Puffinus obscurus (Gmel.). 
 
 (Estrelata hsesitata (Kuht) . 
 Procellaria bulweri, Jard. 
 wilsoni, Bonap. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Accentor, Alpine, 102. 
 
 Hedge, 12. 
 Auk, Great, 71. 
 
 Little, 71. 
 
 Razor-billed, 70. 
 Avocet, 46. 
 
 Bee-eater, 34. 
 Bernicle Goose, 61. 
 Bittern, American, 150. 
 
 Common, 56. 
 
 Little, 57. 
 Blackbird, 12. 
 Blackcap, 15. 
 Black Grouse, 38. 
 Brambling, 27. 
 Bullfinch, 29. 
 
 Rosy, 112. 
 Bunting, Black-headed, 111. 
 
 Girl, 26. 
 
 Common, 26. 
 
 Lapland, 25. 
 
 Little, 111. 
 
 Ortolan, 27. 
 
 Reed, 26. 
 
 Rustic, 111. 
 
 Snow, 25. 
 
 Yellow, 26. 
 Bustard, Great, 41. 
 
 Little, 42. 
 
 Macqueen's, 131. 
 Butcher-bird, or Shrike, 9. 
 Buzzard, Common, 6. 
 
 Honey, 6. 
 
 Red-shouldered, 89. 
 
 Rough-legged, 6. 
 
 Capercaillie, 37. 
 
 Chaffinch, 27. 
 Chiff Chaff, 18. 
 
 YeUow-biUed, 106. 
 Chough, 30. 
 ^ Colin, Virginian, 129. 
 i Coot, 58. 
 Cormorant, Common, 75. 
 
 Crested, 75. 
 Corn Crake, 57. 
 
 1 Courser, Cream-coloured, 131. 
 Crake, Baillon's, 58. 
 
 Corn, 57. 
 
 Little, 58. 
 
 Spotted, 58. 
 Crane, Balearic, 146. 
 
 (Common, 54. 
 
 Demoiselle, 146. 
 Creeper, 20. 
 Crossbill, American, 116. 
 
 Common, 29. 
 
 Parrot, 114. 
 
 White- winged, 115. 
 Crow, Carrion, 31. 
 
 Hooded, 31. 
 
 Red-legged, 30. 
 
 Royston, 31. 
 Cuckoo, Black-billed, 124. 
 
 Common, 34. 
 
 Great Spotted, 123. 
 
 YeUow-billed, 124. 
 Curlew, Common, 53. 
 
 Esquimaux, 145. 
 
 Stone, 42. 
 
 Dabchick, 70. 
 Dipper, 10. 
 
 Diver, Black-throated, 69. 
 Great Northern, 68. 
 
194 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Diver, Red-throated, 69. 
 Dotterel, 43. 
 
 Ringed, 44. 
 
 Dove, Ring, 36. 
 
 Rock, 36. 
 
 Stock, 36. 
 
 Turtle, 37. 
 
 Duck, Buffel-headed, 161. 
 
 Eider, 67. 
 
 Ferruginous, 64. 
 
 GadwaU, 62. 
 
 Garganey, 63. 
 
 Golden-eye, 66. 
 
 Harlequin, 160. 
 
 King, 163. 
 
 Long-tailed, 66. 
 
 ,, Nyroca, 64. 
 
 Pintail, 62. 
 
 Pochard, 63. 
 
 Red-crested, 159. 
 
 Scaup, 64. 
 
 Scaup, American, 64. 
 
 Scoter, 66. 
 
 Shoveller, 62. 
 
 Steller's Western, 164. 
 
 Surf, 162. 
 
 Teal, 62. 
 
 Tufted, 66. 
 
 Velvet, 67. 
 
 Wigeon, 62. 
 
 Wild, 62. 
 Dunlin, 49. 
 
 Eagle, Golden, 3. 
 
 Spotted, 83. 
 
 White-tailed, 3. 
 Egret, Great White, 147. 
 
 Little, 148. 
 Eider Duck, 67. 
 
 Falcon, Greenland, 85. 
 
 Gyr, 84. 
 
 Iceland, 86. 
 
 Peregrine, 4. 
 
 Red-footed, 86. 
 Fieldfare, 11. 
 Finch, Bramble, 27. 
 
 Bull, 29. 
 
 Gold, 27. 
 
 Green, 29. 
 
 Haw, 29. 
 
 Serin, 112. 
 
 Fire-crested Wren, 19. 
 Flycatcher, Pied, 10. 
 
 Red-breasted, 99. 
 
 Red-eyed, 99. 
 
 Spotted, 10. 
 Fulmar, 79. 
 
 Gadwall, 62. 
 Gallinule, BaiUon's, 58. 
 
 Common, 58. 
 
 Little, 58. 
 
 Spotted, 58. 
 Gannet, 75. 
 Garganey, 63. 
 Goatsucker, 35. 
 
 Rufous-naped, 127. 
 Godwit, Bar-tailed, 53. 
 
 Black-tailed, 53. 
 Golden-crested Wren, 19. 
 Golden-eye, 66. 
 Goldfinch, 27. 
 Goosander, 68. 
 Goose, Bean, 59. 
 
 Bernicle, 61. 
 
 Brent, 61. 
 
 Canada, 61. 
 
 Egyptian, 61. 
 
 Grey Lag, 59. 
 
 Pink-footed, 60. 
 
 Red-breasted, 156. 
 
 Snow, 155. 
 
 Spur-winged, 157. 
 
 White-fronted, 60. 
 Goshawk, 4. 
 
 American, 87. 
 Grebe, Eared, 70. 
 
 Great Crested, 69. 
 
 Horned, 69. 
 
 Little, 70. 
 
 Red-necked, 69. 
 
 Sclavonian, 69. 
 Greenfinch, 29. 
 Greenshank, 46. 
 Griffon Vulture, 83. 
 Grosbeak, Pine, 113. 
 Grouse, Black, 38. 
 
 Red, 39. 
 
 Sand, 128. 
 Guillemot, Black, 74. 
 
 Briinnich's, 166. 
 
 ; , Common, 74. 
 
 Ringed, 74. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 195 
 
 Gull, Black-headed, 77. 
 
 Bonaparte's, 172. 
 
 Common, 77. 
 
 Glaucous, 77. 
 
 Great Black-backed, 77. 
 
 Herring, 77. 
 
 Iceland, 77. 
 
 Ivory, 174. 
 
 Kittiwake, 77. 
 
 Lesser Black-backed, 77. 
 
 Little, 76. 
 
 Ross's, 173. 
 
 Sabine's, 171. 
 Gyrfalcon, 84. 
 
 Harlequin Duck, 160. 
 Harrier, Hen, 7. 
 
 Marsh, 7. 
 
 Montagu's, 7. 
 Hawfinch, 29. 
 Hawk, 4. 
 Hawk Owl, 91. 
 Hedge Sparrow, 12. 
 Hemipode, Andalusian, 130. 
 Heron, Buff-backed, 150. 
 
 Common, 55. 
 
 Great White, 147. 
 
 Little White, 148. 
 
 Night, 56. 
 
 Purple, 55. 
 
 Squacco, 149. 
 Herring Gull, 77. 
 Hobby, 4. 
 
 Red-legged, 86. 
 Hoopoe, 33. 
 
 Ibis, Glossy, 54. 
 
 Jackdaw, 31. 
 Jack Snipe, 52. 
 Jay, 32. 
 
 Kestrel, 4. 
 King Duck, 163. 
 Kingfisher, Belted, 124. 
 
 Common, 34. 
 Kite, 5. 
 
 Black, 88. 
 
 Swallow-tailed, 88. 
 Kittiwake, 77. 
 Knot, 48. 
 
 Landrail, 57. 
 Lapwing, 43. 
 Lark, Calandra, 111. 
 
 Crested, 110. 
 
 Shore, 25. 
 
 Short-toed, 110. 
 
 Siberian, 111. 
 
 Sky, 24. 
 
 Wood, 25. 
 Linnet, Common, 27. 
 
 Mountain, or Twite, 28. 
 
 Magpie, 31. 
 
 Mallard, or Wild Duck, 62. 
 
 Martin, House, 35. 
 
 Purple, 125. 
 
 Sand, .35. 
 Merganser, Hooded, 165. 
 
 Red-breasted, 67. 
 Merlin, 4. 
 
 Misseltoe Thrush, 11. 
 Moorhen, 58. 
 
 Nightingale, 15. 
 Nightjar, 35. 
 
 Rufous-naped, 127. 
 Noddy, 170. 
 Norfolk Plover, 42. 
 Nutcracker, 118. 
 Nuthatch, 20. 
 Nyroca, 64. 
 
 Oriole, Golden, 10. 
 Ortolan, 27. 
 Osprey, 3. 
 Ouzel, Ring, 12. 
 
 Water, 10. 
 Owl, Acadian, 95. 
 
 Barn, 8. 
 
 Eagle, 94. 
 
 Hawk, 91. 
 
 Little, 91. 
 
 Long-eared, 8. 
 
 Mottled, 93. 
 
 Scops, 93. 
 
 Short-eared, 8. 
 
 Snowy, 89. 
 
 Tawny, 8. 
 
 Tengmalm's, 96. 
 
 White, 8. 
 Oyster-catcher, 45. 
 
196 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Partridge, Barbary, 129. 
 
 Grey, 39. 
 
 Red-legged, 40. 
 Pastor, Rose-coloured, 30. 
 Peewit, 43. 
 Peregrine, 4. 
 Petrel, Bulwer's, 178, 
 
 Capped, 177. 
 
 Leach's, 80. 
 
 Storm, 80. 
 
 Wilson's, 178. 
 Phalarope, Grey, 50. 
 
 Red-necked, 50. 
 Pheasant, 37. 
 Pigeon, Passenger, 128. 
 
 Rock, 36. 
 
 Stock, 36. 
 
 Wood, 36. 
 Pintail, 62. 
 Pipit, Meadow, 24. 
 
 Pennsylvanian, 109. 
 
 Red-throated, 109. 
 
 Richard's, 24. 
 
 Rock, 24. 
 
 Tawny, 108. 
 
 Tree, 24. 
 
 Water, 24. 
 Plover, Golden, 42. 
 
 Great, 42. 
 
 Green, 43. 
 
 Grey, 43. 
 
 Kentish, 44. 
 
 Little Ringed, 134. 
 
 Norfolk, 42. 
 
 Ringed, 44. 
 Pochard, 63. 
 
 Pratincole, Collared, 133. 
 Ptarmigan, 39. 
 Puffin, 70. 
 
 Quail, 40. 
 
 Rail, Land, 57. 
 
 Little, 58. 
 
 Spotted, 58. 
 
 Water, 57. 
 Raven, 30. 
 Razorbill, 70. 
 Red-backed Shrike, 9. 
 Redbreast, 12. 
 Red-crested Pochard, 159. 
 Red-footed Falcon, 86. 
 
 Red Grouse, 39. 
 Redpoll, Lesser, 28. 
 
 Mealy, 28. 
 Redshank, Common, 46. 
 
 Dusky, 46. 
 Redstart, 12. 
 
 Black, 13. 
 Redwing, 11. 
 
 Red- winged Starling, 117. 
 Reed Warbler, 14. 
 Reeve, 48. 
 Regulus, Dalmatian, 107. 
 
 Fire-crested, 19. 
 
 ,, Golden-crested, 19. 
 Ring Dove, 36. 
 Ring Ouzel, 12. 
 Robin, 12. 
 Rock Dove. 36. 
 Roller, 34. 
 Rook, 31. 
 Ruff, 48. 
 
 Sanderling, 49. 
 Sandgrouse, Pallas's, 128. 
 Sandpiper, Bartram's, 137.' 
 
 Bonaparte's, 142. 
 
 Broad-billed, 141. 
 
 Buff-breasted, 138. 
 
 Common, 48. 
 
 Curlew, 48. 
 
 Dunlin, 49. 
 
 ,, Green, 47. 
 
 Little, 49. 
 
 Pectoral, 140. 
 
 Purple, 48. 
 
 Schmz's, 142. 
 
 Solitary, 137. 
 
 Spotted, 138. 
 
 Temminck's, 49. 
 
 Wilson's, 143. 
 
 Wood, 47. 
 
 Yellow-shanked, 137. 
 Scaup, 64. 
 
 American, 64. 
 Scoter, Common, 66. 
 
 Surf, 162. 
 
 Velvet, 67. 
 Shag, 75. 
 Shearwater, Cinereous, 176. 
 
 Dusky, 176. 
 
 Greater, 79. 
 
 Manx, 79. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 197 
 
 Sheldrake, Common, 61. 
 
 Buddy, 157. 
 Shoveller, 62. 
 Shrike, Great Grey, 9. 
 
 Lesser Grey, 98. 
 
 Red-backed, 9. 
 
 Woodchat, 9, 
 Siskin, 27. 
 Skua, Buffon's, 78. 
 
 jj Common, 78. 
 
 Pomatorhine, 78. 
 
 Richardson's, 78. 
 Sky Lark, 24. 
 Smew, 67. 
 Snipe, Common, 51. 
 
 Great, 51. 
 
 Jack, 52. 
 
 Red-breasted, 144. 
 
 Sabine's, 52. 
 
 Wilson's, 143. 
 Sparrow, Hedge, 12. 
 
 House, 28. 
 
 Tree, 28. 
 Sparrowhawk, 4. 
 Spoonbill, 54. 
 Starling, American Meadow, 118. 
 
 Common, 30. 
 
 Red- winged, 117. 
 Stilt, Black-winged, 135. 
 Stint, American, 143. 
 
 Little, 49. 
 
 Temminck's, 49. 
 
 Wilson's, 143. 
 Stonechat, 13. 
 Stone Curlew, 42. 
 Stork, Black, 145. 
 
 White, 54. 
 Storm Petrel, 80. 
 Swallow, 35. 
 
 White-bellied, 125, 
 Swan, American, 154. 
 
 Bewick's, 59. 
 Polish, 153. 
 Trumpeter. 155. 
 
 Wild, 59. 
 Swift, Alpine, 125. 
 
 Common, 35. 
 
 Spine-tailed, 127. 
 
 Teal, 62. 
 Tern, Arctic, 76. 
 Black, 76. 
 
 Tern, Caspian, 167. 
 
 Common, 75. 
 
 GuU-biUed, 170. 
 
 Lesser, 76. 
 
 Noddy, 170. 
 
 Roseate, 76. 
 
 Sandwich, 76. 
 
 Sooty, 169. 
 
 Swift, 168. 
 
 Whiskered, 168. 
 
 White-winged, 169. 
 Thrush, Black-throated, 101. 
 
 Gold- vented, 101. 
 
 Misseltoe, 11. 
 
 Rock, 99. 
 
 Siberian, 101. 
 
 Son, 11. 
 
 White's, 100. 
 Titmouse, Bearded, 22. 
 
 Blue, 20. 
 
 Coal, 21. 
 
 Crested, 20. 
 
 Great, 20. 
 
 Long-tailed, 21. 
 
 Marsh, 21. 
 Turnstone, 44. 
 Turtle Dove, 37. 
 .Twite, 28. 
 
 Vulture, Egyptian, 83. 
 Griffon, 83. 
 
 Wagtail, Ashy-headed, 108. 
 
 Grey, 23. 
 
 Grey-headed, 23. 
 
 Pied, 23. 
 
 Ray's or Yellow. 23. 
 
 White, 23. 
 Warbler, Aquatic, 105. 
 
 Blackcap, 15. 
 
 ,, Blue-throated, 102. 
 
 Dartford, 16. 
 
 Garden, 15. 
 
 Grasshopper, 14. 
 
 Great Reed, 14. 
 
 Marsh, 104. 
 
 Melodious, 106. 
 
 Orphean, 106. 
 
 Reed, 14. 
 
 Rufous, 105. 
 
 Savi's, 15. 
 
 Sedge, 14. 
 
198 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Warbler, Willow, 18. 
 
 Wood, 17. 
 
 Yellow-browed, 107. 
 Water Ouzel, 10. 
 
 Rail, 57. 
 Waxwing, 23. 
 Wheatear, 13. 
 Whimbrel, 53. 
 Whinchat, 13. 
 Whitethroat, Common, 16. 
 
 Lesser, 16. 
 Wliooper, 59. 
 Wigeon, 62. 
 
 American, 159. 
 Woodchat, 9. 
 Woodcock, 50. 
 Wood Lark, 25. 
 Woodpecker, Black, 120. 
 
 Downy, 121. 
 
 Woodpecker, Golden-winged, 122. 
 
 Green, 32. 
 
 Hairy, 122. 
 
 Spotted, 32. 
 
 Lesser Spotted, 32. 
 
 Middle Spotted, 122. 
 Wood Pigeon, 36. 
 Wren, Common, 19. 
 
 Fire-crested, 19. 
 
 Golden-crested, 19. 
 
 Reed, 14. 
 
 Ruby-crowned, 107. 
 
 Willow, 19. 
 
 Wood, 19. 
 Wryneck, 33. 
 
 Yellowhammer or Yellow Bunting. 
 
 26. 
 Yellowshank, 137. 
 
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