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 Prefatory Lessons 
 
 IN 
 
 A Mechanical Philosophy 
 
 (Nature's Legal Code) 
 
 The Philosophy of the Home 
 
 BY 
 
 John J. Van Nostrand 
 
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Prefatory Lessons 
 
 IN 
 
 A Mechanical Philosophy 
 
 (Nature's Legal Code; 
 
 The Philosophy of the Home 
 
 BY 
 
 John J. Van Nostrand 
 
 OF THE ^ 
 
 UNIVERSITV 
 
 Chicago 111. 
 1907 
 
 Copyright 1907 
 By John J. Van Nostrand 
 
T3D70/ 
 V3 
 
 h' 
 
1G2883 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The Philosophy of the Home, as distinguished from 
 the Philosoph>' of the Crowd,— Pragmatism, and the Phil- 
 losophy of the Schools,— Ideahsm, etc., is the mark placed 
 upon A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY by the dictum: 
 ' 'A thing is what it does.' ' — Lewes. 
 
 Some of its^demonstrative statements are : 
 
 — that we are born — emerge out of the unconscious 
 everywhere into the conscious here— the individual home ; 
 we architecturally and architectonically use and abuse 
 Knowledge in the conscientious now— the personal home ; 
 we die — immerge into the historizing unconscious every- 
 where, out of the conscious here and conscientious now — 
 the home : 
 
 — that the properties and the powers of the uncon- 
 scious everywhere — Space, is the authority which we re- 
 cognize and respect when we conscientiously ask for di- 
 rection as to how we ought to use knowledge and how we 
 ought not to abuse it, while engaged in our architectural 
 and architectonical operations in and for the home : 
 
 — that Nature's laws, taken en masse, constitute^logical 
 clearness in our view of order in nature ; taken separately, 
 as tlie foundation of one of the sciences, logical distinct- 
 ness is attained and usefulness is promoted; when sys- 
 tematised in the form of, and in the terms of, and in>c- 
 cordance with the rules of the unconscious everywhere — 
 logical' adequacy is gotten, and A ^ MECHANICAL 
 PHILOSOPHY is given,— a ' complete J 'Code" where 
 ' 'Right' ' is the ' 'Fixed Order' ' : 
 
ii PREFACE 
 
 — that the method of the unconscious ' 'Fixed Order' ' 
 is the Organic : 
 
 — that by the appUcation of this organic method to the 
 dialectical (speech-like) proposition "Mind is Work", 
 its own peculiar form of psychology emerges : 
 
 — that explanatory ethical determination belongs to 
 the Algebraical properties and powers of the ' 'Fixed Or- 
 der' ' by their self-evident solution of the so-called prob- 
 lemjof Good and Evil, respectively, the Command and 
 the Sanction of the Law. and, therefore, anti- the- 
 istical, demonstrating as fraudulent all ' 'schemes of re- 
 demption' ' and ' 'plans of salvation' ' which lay claims to 
 an advantageous, and very special rebating arrangement, 
 an off -setting of the ' 'uncompromising, inexorable' ' 
 ' 'Sanction,' ' the penal function of the ' 'Law:' ' 
 
 — that the uses of the ' 'intelligible and diagrammatical" 
 (hence, theoretical) Law are civilizing, and therefore, 
 humane; its abuses are subjugating, and, therefore, in- 
 human: 'Si I 
 
 — that recourse to the laws of the ' 'Law' ' (mathematical 
 principles, which are strictly equalizing) for architectural 
 purposes has been free and encouraged; for architec- 
 tonical purposes it has been hindered and discouraged 
 chiefly by the substitution of theistical schemes and 
 plans, — personal Gods versus impersonal Space: 
 
 — that by reason of this contrariety mechanical devel- 
 opment in material phenomena has generated an unpara- 
 lelled pace for the intelligent senses of the ' 'Crowd,' ' (the 
 internal medium of the social organism,) without any cor- 
 responding mechanical development in ethical phenomena 
 by the directing intelligible principles of the ' 'Law,' '(the 
 external medium of the social organism,) in conseqtience 
 of which a catastrophe for that organism impends : 
 
 — that it is the business of Crowds to destroy and of the 
 ' 'Sanction' ' to punish impersonally (cf . ' 'The Law of 
 Equivalents' ') : 
 
PREFACE iii 
 
 — that those Crowds which combine a maximum of 
 strength with a minimum of responsibihty probably con- 
 stitute the forces most hkely to be engaged in the coming 
 confhct, and are, therefore, the best philosophic studies 
 at the moment : 
 
 — that the Labor Crowd under the leadership of the 
 Britisher Gompers has the physical strength and the 
 ethical weakness to make it eligible, and should it under- 
 take to exemjjlify the American Crowd under the leader- 
 ship of Roosevelt in the Phillipine Islands it might make 
 use of the dictum: ''Watch our smoke," which would 
 then be as apposite to the American home as it 
 was to the Phillipine home; homes that Phillipino and 
 American alike, ' 'made out of their own love, the center 
 of their world, and its paradise:' ' 
 
 — that the ' 'Sanction' ' is evidently bringing to a close 
 the terms of the existence of the greatest of all counter- 
 feits and consequent there to, humanity's greatest curse, — 
 the schemes and plans of Christianity, considered as au- 
 thoritative, whereupon the "Right of Might," which 
 is proper to the individual, and to him alone, will be re- 
 stored to its normal function, and the * 'Might of Right' ' 
 will be recognized and respected as representing the ' 'Law 
 where Right is the Fixed Order:' ' 
 
 — that following this destructive period the study of 
 the ' 'Philosophy of the Home,' ' in the Homes of the Home 
 by common but industrious minds, and in the home of the 
 homes by erudite intellects, will install an impersonal 
 mathematical and humane authority instead of the dis- 
 credited and displaced personal theistical and inhuman 
 authority : 
 
 — that then the intelligent mountebanking home-de- 
 stroying politician, having lost his most powerful support, 
 will retire in favor of the intellectual interpreting home- 
 building statseman who will be supported by the Law's 
 
iv PREFACE 
 
 most efficient independent agent — The Mother in the 
 homes of the Home. 
 
 The study of the Philosophy of the Home, in the 
 homes of the Home, requires but Uttle more than logical 
 appetence combined with mental industry. The Gram- 
 mar grade of the Public Schools furnish all of the technical 
 preparation needed, and the Public Libraries the research 
 stock. The haphazard use of the terms so distinctly loc- 
 alized in the ' 'Digest' ', — intelligence, intellect, and intel- 
 ligibility with their correlates, actual, ideal, and real, et 
 al., is interdicted; also the term theoretical. A theory 
 is not a conjecture, nor a fancy, but a diagrammatically 
 intelligible demonstration. ' The bvisiness of a theory of 
 phenomena," says Prof. Royce, ''is the arrangement of 
 systems of facts in ideal serial orders, according to con- 
 cepts which themselves determine both the ordering of 
 each series and the precise relations of its members to 
 one another. Spencer's theory of evolution does not de- 
 termine the relations of the essential processes ©f evolu- 
 tion to one another, does not define their inner unity, and 
 does not enable us to conceive a series of types of evolu- 
 tionary processes in orderly relations to one another." 
 Herbert Spencer, p. 116. Prof. Royce. himself evidently 
 meant ' "real" ' where he says ' 'ideal' '. Ideal means ought 
 to, and implies choice; real means must, and implies ne- 
 cessity. The formula is a theoretical ' 'Code' ' of Natural 
 Law; The ' 'Digest' ' is a theoretical application of the two 
 laws of the "Code." There is nothing actual-ly intelli- 
 ligent, nor ideal-ly intellectual about either; nothing con- 
 scious, nor conscientious, but they are, alike, real-ly in- 
 telligible, and unconscious. The intent of their content 
 is expressible in the language of the unconscious, — math- 
 ematics. This language is diagrammatical (sign-like), 
 not dialectical (speech-like), but it is inter-pretable, lit- 
 erally, between plus brokerage. Their usefulness very 
 largely depends upon the conscientiousness of the broker, 
 
PREFACE V 
 
 that is to sa}-, whether he is an independent agent, and, 
 therefore, fit, or whether he is a member of some Crowd, 
 and, thereby, a misfit. Being a demonstration of the 
 principle of autogeneit\- the formula is self-explanatory. 
 Its method is that of the organic in general, and consti- 
 tutes its intent. The way in which it does what it does 
 comprises the content of its intent. In the light of the 
 ' 'Digest' ', which is a demonstrative application of the 
 method in the analysis of all mind, intellect corresponds 
 to the path-way of the polarized horizontal line, and repre- 
 sents the social organism, w^hich, like all organisms, has 
 an internal medium, its generative organ, the actuating 
 intelligent senses, -and an external mediiwn, its directive 
 organ, the realizing intelligible principles. "The path of a 
 moving point is a line of some kind. The line is said to 
 be generated by the point, \vhich is called the generatrix 
 of the line. Any fixed point, which guides the motion of 
 the generatrix, is called the directrix.' ' The ' 'Fixed Or- 
 der' ' is represented negatively, by the absence of change 
 in the direction, and ^ 'Right" positively by the straight- 
 ness of the line. 
 
 Thus the self-explanatory properties and powers of the 
 the unconscious formula consist in the theoretical (dia- 
 grammatically intelligible) unfoldment of its intent, its 
 purpose, — Normalization, or the self production of its 
 own Code, which explains how it does what it does. i\nd, 
 hence, since ' 'a thing is what it does,' ' this thing (norm- 
 alization) has for its office the spatially authoritative ex- 
 planation of ' 'what it all means' ', namely, that those ar- 
 chitectural and architectonical conditions from which 
 and of w^hich the Home is the emergent, constitute the 
 significant all, for the rationally facultated man. 
 
 From the vie^v point of the ' 'Code' ' the operations of 
 the unconscious ' 'Law' ' have the characteristics of an ex- 
 periment, whereof the rationally faculated man is the con- 
 script ively interested oberserver. 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 As the two principles, Independence, and Dependence 
 generalize respectively, into the organic terms Civilization 
 and Subjugation, so the principle Correspondence general- 
 izes into the organic term Computation. This is easily 
 realized, or com-prehended when dichotomization (ex- 
 haustive division) is employed to elucidate its meaning — 
 ' 'together-mutually-answering,' ' being the given quotient. 
 
 Now these Prefatory Lessons ought to bring into the 
 purview of the independent thinker and reasoner the cor- 
 respondence between the three departments of philosophy 
 — that of the Crowd, that of the Home, and that of the 
 Schools. How they ' 'together, mutually, answer' ' ques- 
 tions concerning the ' 'order of things.' ' 
 
 The extraordinary energy of the American Crowds 
 will probably place them in advance of the coming general 
 ' 'clash' ' between the whole body of crowds. The official 
 destroyer of the uncompromising inexorable ' 'Sanction' ' 
 is the Crowd of crowds, and the use of brown, yellow, and 
 ?3lack men for targets, and that of their women and child- 
 ren for the ' 'Camp' ' torture, by the ' 'White Terror,' ' is 
 beyond all question a fully matured occasion for the use 
 of the ' 'Laws" ' compelling hand. 
 
 Computative operations among codified principles, 
 that is to say, instances w^here they ' 'together-mutually- 
 answer' ' ciuestions, on their own iniatiative, and using the 
 strictly diagrammatical language within the ' Code", 
 and between it and the ' 'Digest' ', will constitute the more 
 properly Introductory Lessons which ought to follow. 
 
Of^THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 Prefatory Lessons In 
 A Mechanical Philosophy. 
 
 1 
 
 The purport of the formula herewith, entitled A 
 MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY, is that it intelligibly 
 and diagrammatically codifies the ' 'Fixed Order' ', usu- 
 ally referred to as Natural Law. 
 
 The modern definition of theory, namely, that ' 'it 
 must be intelligible and diagrammatical, or it has no 
 title to the name theory," makes the formula a theory 
 providing it can be proven to be intelligible. 
 
 Moreover, since ' 'philosophy is completely unified 
 knowledge,' ' the formula, if valid, i. e., intelligibly prov- 
 able, and mathematically authoritative, it must be 
 changeless like the ' 'Fixed Order' ' which it purports to 
 demonstrate, and, hence, a theory of knowledge. 
 
 The author has put in twenty-one years of his avo- 
 cational time in the development of the code, and the two 
 digests from it, beginning in the winter of 1885-86. The 
 formula itself being practically completed in 1897, but 
 the digests — ''The Normalization of Mind," or the or- 
 ganic method applied, (Philosophical psychology), and 
 ''Algebraical Form in Ethics," have only just been 
 finished. 
 
2 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 The study of the formula has its logical beginning at 
 the ' 'Rectangular Co-ordinate' ' considered as the unit 
 of Knowledge, regarding Knowledge as the third of the 
 three most general orders of phenomena in nature, with 
 Matter the first, and Life the second. 
 
 First its s\'nthetical, or constructive powers should 
 be noted. The figure in the upper left hand corner — 
 ' 'Progression of the Unit,' ' being descriptive of its ratio- 
 nal (quotient-like) progress by definite proportion (de- 
 creasing in size by one-half and increasing in number by 
 three times) through verticity to symmetry, giving a 
 harmonious whole. The same figure triadically classi- 
 fied (in colors — red, blue and green) in the upper right 
 hand corner — 'The Sematical Unity," or Frame Work, 
 by which the mechanism of fundamental principles, or 
 primary ideas are enabled to exhibit their organic prop- 
 erties through their machine-like conformity to the 
 ' 'Fixed Order' '. The same figure representing ' 'The 
 Ideation of the Unity' ' setting forth the seriate character 
 of the ideas — their decreasing generality corresponding 
 to the decreasing size of the unfolding unit, making the 
 two commensurate, and therefore, alike mathematical. 
 
 Second, its analytical, or instructive properties 
 should be attended to. The figure in the lower left 
 hand corner — ''Regression of the Unit," is the Semati- 
 cal (sign-like) unit of the third most general order of 
 phenomena in nature. Knowledge, as the molecule is the 
 physical (body-like) unit, or as the cell is the psychical 
 (life-like) unit, a correspondence: resolved into its ele- 
 ments — positive and negative, the process resembles the 
 ionization of some physical units, as water. The elim- 
 ination of the motion (the line) from the polarized, 
 classified (green and red) elements leaves, as the remain- 
 der, the polarized, classified ])oints or j^laces — Know- 
 ledge (Sematic-al) substance. 
 
 This prefatory glance at the formula shows that the 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 3 
 
 Law of C(Mitinuity, which is the ];rerequisite for verifica- 
 tion, is recognized and respected throughout the struc- 
 ture. 
 
 But A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY differs from 
 all other so-called philosophies in its practicabilit\-. its 
 usableness. 
 
 When it is considered that an organism is identifi- 
 able by its two mediums, the internal, to wdiich its rela- 
 tionship is direct, and the external, to which its relation- 
 ship is indirect, then the directness of the relationship 
 of the Mechanism of ideas to the geometrical Frame- 
 Work, carr3'ing them at definite points, or places, sug- 
 gests the high probability that knowledge, in its com- 
 pletely unified form, is an organism. Then taking that 
 other carrier of ideas, the life-like plasmic, cellular and 
 fibrous structure, to which fundamental principles, pri- 
 mary ideas have a well known indirect relationship, we 
 have at once the complemental external medium, and the 
 complete organism given. So, as Nature's agents, 
 or brokers (interpreters) we have, by observation and 
 experiment, attained the ability to present the code of 
 the ' 'Fixed Order' ', in its textile (architectonical) form, 
 the warp of analytical geometry and the woof of funda- 
 mental principles working together to formulate an or- 
 ganic method, A NATURAL LOGIC. 
 
 The applicability of the organic method exemplifies 
 the three fundamental aspects of universal w^ork, namelv, 
 homogeneity (it is the same for everyone), hetero-geneit\- 
 ( it accommodates the different in everyone) and auto-gen- 
 eity(it is its own pecularity + form in self-explanation). 
 The ideas of the first order are explanatoryof its body-like 
 internal medium; those of the second order, of its 
 life-like external medium ; and those of the third order, 
 of the sign-like organism which looks to its generative 
 frame-work for fixity, and to its directive interj^reters 
 (brokers) for application. 
 
4 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 Now this mechanism of ideas, carried in place by an 
 inflexible frame-work, and doing ratio-nal (quotient- 
 like) work, corresponds to the theory of machines (Ency. 
 Brit.) and appears to be entitled to the name — Mind 
 in nature. 
 
 What is Mind? Mind is a subject, the negative 
 element of a dialectic-al (speech-like) thought-unit. 
 ' 'that about which something is said. ' ' The complemen- 
 tal positive element is a predicate, ' 'that which says 
 it." 
 
 Mind does work, and Mind cannot not work, and 
 therefore, since ''a thing is what it does,'' MIND IS 
 WORK. Mind is a subject whose predicate is Work. 
 
 The application of the organic method in working 
 out the answer to the question, as per the diagram, is a 
 Given example in ratio-cination (quotient-ing) . 
 
 Ratio-cination is an idea whose complemental real- 
 ity is normalization (morphological rectification) . 
 
 Normalization is a kind of digestive process; mor- 
 phology, the science of organic form, presupposes the 
 ability of the subject to break up into an organism, in- 
 cluding its two identifying, internal and external, med- 
 iums. A digest from a code consists in the use of one or 
 more of the codified body of laws in the establishment of 
 the validity of an answer to a question, or claim. The 
 kind of work done by the law, or laws, so employed, 
 is a purposive aid to the assimilation of nutriment by the 
 social organism, just as the use of a receipt or receipts 
 for the preparation of food is a purposive aid to assimila- 
 tion of nutriment by the individual organism, that is, 
 prepared law and prepared food, are alike, purposive 
 aids for digestion. 
 
 The two laws, taken from the code and applied in 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 5 
 
 the diagram, are "Contradiction'' and ''Negation" 
 respectively, the "First Law of Thought," and the 
 ' 'First Law of Motion,' ' but in their distilled, or organic 
 form — the positive and negative Sematic-al (sign-like) 
 elements. 
 
 Mind appears to have three most general forms, and 
 they occur together in the man, and nowhere else. They 
 are theoretically separable, i. e., intelligibly and dia- 
 grammatically, not actually. 
 
 Reference to the digest shows that these three forms 
 are carried by the negative element (' 'negation' ') intel- 
 ligibly. Mind in man equals the organism (social) ; 
 Mind in the animal equals the internal, or generative 
 medium of the organism; Mind in nature equals the ex- 
 ternal, or directive medium of the organism. This pro- 
 cess of quotient-ing (ratio-cination) of the subject Mind 
 is an exhaustive division (dichotomization) i. e., the 
 whole dividend is given in the quotient, or answer. Be- 
 sides the organic form of the subject, Mind, there is the 
 isolation of the identifyingly classified particulars of the 
 predicate. Work, also in organic form. 
 
 Of the Normalization the morphology attends to the 
 ' 'frame- work" (carrying in place in "Fixed Order") 
 while the Rectification looks to the banishment of indiff- 
 erence from the ' 'Mechanical' ' parts thus carried. 
 
 Hence, while the whole is a psychological (life and 
 logic) theory, intelligible and diagrammatical, it has that 
 philosophical reference to the machine-like method of the 
 "Fixed Order," which seems to entitle it to the name 
 ' 'Philosophical-Psychology." 
 
 Natural Law or the ' 'Fixed Order' ' in its social ap- 
 plications, dichotomizes (exhaustively divides) into the 
 command, the duty and the sanction. To the legal fra- 
 
6 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 ternit}' this triad of denotations is quite familiar, also 
 that when either becomes explicitly denoted, the other 
 two are implicitly connoted. 
 
 Law phenomenalizes (makes its appearance) in the 
 social organism as knowledge— the gotten given. It 
 manifests itself under the conditions imposed by compre- 
 hension e. g., when one comprehends that, three and two 
 are equal to five, one cannot not know it. What may 
 have been either a fancy, a guess, or a belief, previous to 
 comprehension, has lost every possibility of the marks 
 of caprice, and taken on the fixedness of the ' 'order of 
 things,' ' the stamp of necessity. 
 
 This gotten given knowledge constitutes a tremend- 
 ously advantageous endowment for man over all other 
 animals, and for this, man owes — is under obligation, or 
 duty to use, and not to abuse, the invested trust. 
 ' 'The greater the blessing in use, 
 The greater the curse in abuse. ' ' 
 The man may, and does act in accordance with 
 choice, and it is the office of the sanction to inflict 
 punishment for the failure to use, or for the successful 
 abuse of the trust. 
 
 Now, both the sanction (nature's penal code), and 
 man's abuse of knowledge, are evidently forms of evil, 
 but the former has the positive reference, the latter 
 the negative. To comprehend the opposite operations of 
 these opposite conditions would, manifestly, be equal to 
 the ability to solve the problem of evil, so called. By the 
 instrumental help of the well-known algebraical formula 
 of plus and minus, and the logical localization of the ne- 
 cessary fundamental principles in the formula with the 
 algebraical custom of substitution, the solution is effected 
 in the diagram entitled ' 'Algebraical form in Ethics.' ' 
 
 "Neither the naked hand nor the understanding left to itself 
 can effect much. It is by instruments and helps that the work is 
 done, which are as much wanted for the understanding as the hand. 
 And as the instruments of the hand either give motion or guide it, so 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 7 
 
 the instruments of the mind supply either suggestions for the under 
 standing or cautions.' ' (Bacon's Aphorism. 2. ) 
 
 This conformity of fundamental principles to the instruct- 
 ive properties of knowledge substance — polarized, class- 
 ified points, or places, as exemplified in this strictly im- 
 personal demonstration, is evidence of the practicability 
 and usableness of the organic method, in thinking and 
 reasoning, of the utmost mathematical purity. 
 
 In the psychical realm of the formula the terms 
 ■'Impression," ''Expression," and "Comprehension" 
 form a triangle — the first, and the second, respectively, 
 the negative and positive poles of the third. Then these 
 two poles polarizes "Impression" into "Aversion", and 
 "Appetition," and ' 'E-xpression" into "Renegation and 
 ' 'Reproduction. ' ' By substituting the social terms' 'Sub- 
 jugation' ' and ' 'Civilization' ' for the psychical terms 
 ''Renegation" and "Reproduction," the axiom — "An act 
 is an Impression and an Expression,' ' becomes an effect- 
 ive dialectical (speech-like) agency for the impersonal 
 demonstration of the sanction — the positive reference of 
 evil, otherwise known as the "Law of Equivalents." 
 (Payson) . 
 
 When the common parlance term ' 'Independence" ' 
 is rendered in the form of a verbalized noun, the term 
 ' Civilization' ' is given. 
 
 The ultimate ideality, for mind in man — the social 
 organism, is the establishment of the principle of inde- 
 ])endence, or civilization. It signifies the common- 
 wealth of the social organism, its general good. Its op- 
 jHjsite, or general evil, is subjugation. 
 
 Where subjugation is, in form, the most malignant 
 as e. g., in the application of the Reconcentration Camp 
 system (always against the man battling for indepen- 
 dence) there the inhumanity of man has developed a new 
 and lower level in history's mine of horrors than seemed 
 ])0ssible for human conception to encompass — the razed 
 
8 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 iivrne, che cry of anguish of the wife and mother, the des- 
 pairing wail of the children, except where quieted by 
 merciful death, the Black Flagged father or broth- 
 er righteously discharging his obligation to the Law, the 
 "Fixed Order," combine to exalt the savage with his 
 tomahawk in comparison with the politician and his ex- 
 ecutive order. In short, it is the most effective form of 
 the negative operation of evil that history has yet re- 
 vealed. 
 
 The function, or office of the Sanction, considered as 
 the positive aspect of evil, appears to be more distinctly 
 stated in Payson's definition of the ' 'Law of Equiva- 
 lents' ' than elsewhere, and is as follows: 
 
 "The law means first, this: that for a large class of objects 
 which the world has long set its heart upon — indeed, for most that 
 are not subjects of trade, — nature affixes as the price, not mag- 
 nitude, not amount, not quantity, not even value, as men estimate 
 value, but kind — specific reward being attached to specific effort, 
 and specific payment to specific experience. 
 
 Secondly. As payment must be made in kind, the law is inex- 
 orable, and recognizes nothing like barter, or substitution — knows 
 nothing of exchangeable values. i 
 
 Thirdly. Insisting as it does upon kind, the law takes 
 into its own hands the decision as to what that kind shall be, 
 and determines beyond appeal its value; and, although it frequently 
 demands variety of payment, it accepts no surplus endowments or 
 offerings in one direction, to atone for lack in another." (The Law 
 of Equivalents, p. 13 — 14). 
 
 "We thus state the proposition in set phrase," says Payson, 
 and with what might be possibly deemed stately and ostentatious 
 parade. We bestow upon it the dignity, the importance, and the 
 full significance of a fundamental, primal law, arrogating for it all 
 that this word ' law ' ever includes." 
 
 Is Nature now calling out the Orient to punish the 
 
 Occident for the horribly executed purposes of Weyler, 
 
 Chamberlain, and Roosevelt in Cuba, in the Transvaal, 
 
 and in the Phillipines? Or will she vary that, with the 
 
 more certain operation of the ' 'Closed Shop' ' principle 
 
 in politics, in religiori, in capital, and in labor. 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 
 
 "All our experiences and all our explanations," says Lewes, 
 ' 'are now dominated by a steady faith in a fixed order, and our efforts 
 are directed towards the ascertainment of what that order is ' ' 
 Phsych. p. 155. 
 
 The formula and diagram demonstrate that that order 
 is the third of the three most general orders of phenomena 
 in nature— the rational (quotient-like) order of signs. 
 Given the adjectival form it becomes the Sematic-al 
 (sign-like) . 
 
 This makes the universe in its most general aspects, 
 appear triadic instead of dyadic— Matter, and Life, and 
 Knowledge instead of Matter, and Life. The implication 
 in the triad is that the dyad is not equal to the explana- 
 tion of the universe. This introduces a new feature in the 
 field of speculation, and, although extremely simple, re- 
 quires some mental work ' 'to banish the indifference, and 
 to learn the necessity of things," in this case distinctness 
 and adequacy. 
 
 ' 'A conception entirely or even largely novel is not 
 intelligible to the acutest intellect. It must have its 
 points of attachment, its likeness to familiar conception, 
 otherwise it cannot be assimilated. But if there be only 
 one point of identification, that will suffice as a nucleus 
 for further growth; and gradually all the diversities 
 which make it foreign to the mind will be incorporated 
 with elements of likeness." Lewes. Probs. of Life and 
 Mind, Page 1S4. 
 
 The distinguishing characteristics which serve to 
 identify an organism, namely, its two mediums, the 
 internal to which its relationship is direct, and the exter- 
 nal to which its relationship is indirect, are gotten given 
 points of identification so common to experience that they 
 cannot be not known. 
 
 Every man is an animal, and, as such, a physiolog- 
 ical organism, whose internal medium is the temperature 
 
10 ■ PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 of his blood, and whose external medium is the tempera- 
 ture of the air. To the normal of the former, his relation- 
 ship is so direct that a departure of a very few degrees 
 means death, whereas, to the mean of the latter his rela- 
 tionship is so indirect that a comparatively wide range 
 may be experienced without unfavorable results. 
 
 Codified law, or the ' 'Fixed Order,' ' as demonstrated 
 by A Mechanical Philosophy to be "Mind in Nature,' ' is a 
 philosophical organism whose internal medium is the 
 ' 'Geometry of Position' ' and whose external medium is 
 the physiologically organized man. To the fixedness of 
 the former, the directness of its relationship is self evi- 
 dent, whereas, to the caprice of the latter the indirectness 
 of its relationship is quite as manifest. 
 
 The ' 'Digest' ' from the code, entitled ' 'Mind is 
 Work' ' demonstrates , at once the universality of the or- 
 ganic method and its practicability, its usableness. 
 
 Mind, the subject ' 'about which something is said," 
 is separated rationally (quotient-like) — Work, the predi- 
 cate ''which savs it," is isolated norm-allv, (standard- 
 like). 
 
 ' 'An organism lives only in relation to its medium. What 
 growth is, in the physical sense, that is Experience in the psychical 
 sense, namely, Organic Registration of Assimilated Material. Lewes. 
 p. 110. 
 
 In the social organism, as diagrammatized, the ideas 
 representing the work done by each, are geometrized- 
 given their places, or position in the organization and 
 this preparatory process has for its identifying corres- 
 pondent, the cooking process for grain, fruit, and meat for 
 the physiological organism. 
 
 ' 'In the condition which man finds most of the natural sub- 
 stances used as food they are difficult of digestion. By the appli- 
 cation of heat he can change the character of his food, and make it 
 more palatable and more easily digestible. The application of heat 
 to animal and vegetable substances for the purpose of attaining these 
 objects constitutes the science and art of cookery." Encyc. 
 Brit. 
 
A MECHAiNICAL PHILOSOPHY LI 
 
 Corresponding to this application of heat to raw 
 foodstuffs is the ideation of the elements as set forth in the 
 diagram, the character of the speech-like terms is changed 
 in favor of a relating intelligibility. The Ideal World 
 of Responsibility, dividing off the Actual World of In- 
 telligence from the Real World of Intelligibility, is an ex- 
 ample in the science and art of Arcliitectonic-structiiral- 
 ization in Law. 
 
 The Ideal World of Responsibilit\- is the live social 
 organism whose internal medium is the Actual World of 
 Intelligent sense, and whose external medium is the Real 
 World of Intelligible principle. 
 
 Quite familiar to the well infoi'med is the directness 
 of the relationship of the social organism to the capricious 
 believing senses, and its indirectness to the fixed estab- 
 lished principles. 
 
 ' 'The aim of philosophy is to banish indifference, and to learn 
 the necessit}^ of things. By that means The Other is seen to stand 
 over agianst Its Other. An important step in thinking has been 
 taken, when we cease to use phrases like; Of course something else 
 is also possible. While we so speak, we have not 3^et thrown off con- 
 tingency: and all true thinking, we have alreadv said, is a thinking 
 of necessity." Wallace's Hegal. p. 191 — 92. 
 
 Men with spirituahstic fancies, have for thousands of 
 years, attempted to do actually i. e., intelligently, 
 what the Code does really, i. e., intelligibly, namely, 
 answer the question, what does it all mean? 
 
 How the codified laws work out this intent of tlieir 
 content calls for deeper mining than prefatory surface ojje- 
 rations. But what is of much more importance to man- 
 kind now, is the negative operation of Law — the sanction, 
 the positive form of evil. 
 
 Independence is the common parlance equivalent for 
 the diagrammatizable term Civilization. Evil and Sub- 
 jugation are the similar equivalents. 
 
 ' Two things I contemplate w^ith ceaseless awe; 
 
 The stars of heaven, and Man's sense of Law." Kant. 
 
 Of all intelligent animals, man, and man alone, has 
 
12 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 the faculty of sensing intelligible principles. 
 
 This specific faculty of the actual-ly intelligent 
 
 senses, and the ration-al (quotient-like) function of the 
 real-ly intelligible principles unit-e to form an ideal-ly 
 responsible person. 
 
 This responsibility is an emergent, and as different 
 from either of its elements as water is from the oxygen 
 and the hydrogen which compose it. Moreover, it is a 
 form of Life, — Social. 
 
 Animal Life and Social Life demonstrate in a note- 
 worthy way the philosophical value of Lewes' remark, 
 that "A thing is what it does." The former is a strife 
 where, "Might is Right," the latter is a striving where 
 ' 'Right is Might ;' ' the one is a prey-er, the other is a pray- 
 er. In short, the one is subjugation, and the other is 
 civilization, and the office of philosophy is to so ' 'banish 
 indifference, and explain the necessity of things," as to 
 make these truths self-evident. Social Life then, is a 
 striving, a conation, a collective effort, a working arrange- 
 ment of independent agents in com-petition (together 
 pins praying) to serve one another, and it is manifestly 
 the business of philosophy, and of philosophers to so 
 explain the difference between prey-ing (Subjugation), 
 and pray-ing (Civilization), prey-ing on one another, 
 and pra\--ing to one another, that their real difference 
 is that which obtains between social food, and social 
 poison. 
 
 The Law where Right is the' 'Fixed Order' ' is the 
 given, and just so much of this given as has been gotten, 
 constitutes the total pure food supply of the social organ- 
 ism. 
 
 To those who are fairly well informed, it is manifest 
 that the preparation of this food, the principles of cook- 
 ery applied to knowledge produce, is the one thing to 
 which the whole of today's mechanical development is 
 due. "Organic registration of assimilated material" is, 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 13 
 
 in one word, Comprehension (together + grasp) ; the 
 intelligent sense grasps the intelligible principle, and the 
 intelligible principle grasps the intelligent sense, and the 
 given (principle) has become the gotten given (knowl- 
 ledge) . The assimilation of the material, and the organic 
 registration are, respectively, growth in responsibility and 
 the command of the Law, the inability to not know a 
 truth, when once comprehended (together - grasped) . 
 This negative form of expression of the Law is at variance 
 with those spiritualistic counterfeits, whose personal 
 ' 'thou shalt nots' ' are attended by plans of salvation, 
 atonements, by substitution, etc., whereas, the "Fixed 
 Order' ' comes into the field of personal choice, enforcing 
 recognition as the sole acknowledgement of the increased 
 power thus conferred, but attached to each increment of 
 this power is the Sanction, the penalty for its abuse. Now 
 this sanction, these penalties, are the exact equivalent 
 of the impersonal power (the effective expression of the 
 command) given for use but taken for abuse; given 
 for Civilization, but taken for Subjugation. 
 
 Now it so happens that the experience of the World's 
 greatest emblem of independence (Civilization) the Amer- 
 ican Flag of today, 1907, has encompassed the gamut, 
 the entire scale of the Law, — the Command , the Duty, 
 and the Sanction. 
 
 Its birth in revolution, through the friendly aid of 
 France, but noticably marked by the inherited blotch of 
 slavery; its growth, promoted by a superior system 
 (school) for the preparation of social food-mathematical 
 principles; its experience of the operation of the Sanc- 
 tion(the Civil War), a partial payment for slavery, in- 
 volving the removal of the inherited birth-mark, or blotch, 
 its prime of the highest earthly dignity as certified to by 
 by the entire absence of subjugates under the then un 
 dimmed glory of its folds; its decay through serving as 
 
14 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 the badge of the subjugating force which successfully 
 carried into effect a plan to make the many poor parties 
 to contracts made under the conditions of a double stan- 
 dard, pay the few rich co-parties there to, in accordance 
 with the conditions involved in a single standard — a legal 
 victory, but a moral robber}' ; its temporary rally in the 
 destruction of Spanish subjugation in Cuba and in Porto 
 Rico and in the Philipines, but the appetition for subju- 
 gation (yielded to, and whetted by the success against the 
 many poor debtors) determined the denial of the Phillip- 
 inos to their Might of Right (or Independence) by the ex- 
 ercise of the Right of Might (Subjugation) under the very 
 "Colors" which symbolized what it was raised against; 
 (the principle of Indepednence.) The ensuing slaughter 
 could not, by any stretch of the imagination, be dignified 
 by the name— War. The personal accounts of actual 
 participants, testimony taken by Congressional Commit- 
 tees and other reliable reports, particularly the absence of 
 normal proportion in the killed, wounded and prisoners, 
 mdicate an orgy of blood — men, women and children, 
 going down together in the general carnival, and to 
 this abysmal depth of inhumanity was carried what had 
 been humanity's glory, now the presiding genius over 
 this revel of death, the concomitant of Subjugation. 
 
 To complete the desecration of the Flag which was 
 consecrated by the mortal agony of massacred men, 
 women, and children at the hour of its birth, it was raised 
 over A SYSTEM OF RECONCENTRATION CAMPS for 
 the sole purpose of prolonging the agonized cries of the 
 mother, and the wails of terror wrung from the children, 
 which the comparatively merciful massacre cut short by- 
 that sleep of grace — death. 
 
 ' 'Of all the thoughts of God that are 
 Borne inward unto souls afar, 
 
 Along the Psalmist's music deep, 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 15 
 
 Now tell me if that any is 
 For gift or grace surpassing this — 
 
 'He giveth his beloved sleep. ' ' ' Mrs. Browning. 
 
 In the economy of the Abbatoir the profitable by- 
 products include the saving of every thing but the final 
 cry ; in the economy of Subjugation that ghastly cry has 
 served the purpose of two powerful nations — in the 
 Transvaal, and in the Phillipines. 
 
 Spain (Weyler), and England (Chamberlain) Christ- 
 ianity's two greatest exemplars, supplied the measure for 
 its fitness andConstantine himself who so successfully float- 
 ed Christianity that to this day he stands unrivalled as a 
 promoter, could not have more successfully carried out 
 the planned plan than the United States (Roosevelt) 
 did. 
 
 McKinley's two messages to Congress denounced 
 Spain's use of the plan in the following terms : 
 
 It utterly failed as a war measure. It was not civilized warfare, it 
 was extermination and the only peace it could beget was that of 
 the wilderness and the grave." 
 
 But despite this righteous arraignment of a measure, 
 surpassing all brutality by far, his successor adopted it 
 in the Phillipines, creating, according to Congressional 
 accounts, a collossal system whose victims numbered 
 some hundreds of thousands, and the home-loving Philli- 
 pino succumbed — the independent agent, under the in- 
 fluence of the ' 'final cry," became the subjugate. 
 
 The raising of the "STARS and STRIPES/' the 
 GLORY of HUMANITY over this SYSTEM of RECON- 
 CENTRATION CAMPS was for Time's stage the most 
 tragic event ; the Commander in Chief of the Army and 
 Navy of the United States, with his seven millions of bal- 
 loting support, the greatest tragedian; and the Audient 
 World witness to an invocation of the Sanction calling 
 for a higher test than has ever been ap])lied to the equal- 
 izing Law. 
 
16 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 The Sanction neither forgives nor forgets ; its verity 
 as distinguished from the counterfeit scheme of redemp- 
 tion, or plan of salvation gotten up for, and floated by 
 the subjugator Constantine, comes out distinctly in the 
 lime-light of purposiveness. The intent of the content 
 of the Sanction, its purpose, is the infliction of punish- 
 ment in that necessitious (choiceless) impersonal way, 
 wherein, ' 'barter, substitution, surplus endowments or 
 offerings in one direction, to atone for lack in another," 
 has no place. 
 
 What the careful student has noted from the hurried 
 survey of the formula, considered as Nature's Legal Code, 
 and the two digests therefrom, is that we may have two 
 distinct forms of Philosophy,— the impersonal which 
 IS diagrammatical, mathematical, and mechanical, and 
 therefore, characterized throughout by necessity; and 
 the personal which is dialectical, aesthetical, and ethical, 
 and therefore, marked throughout by choice. The 
 impersonal is the same for everyone ; the personal is the 
 different in every one. The two are opposites, and, there- 
 fore, complemental ; not contraries, excluding one anoth- 
 er. "There is always a certain relation between opposites; 
 they unfold themselves, though in different directions, 
 from the same root, as the positive and negative forces 
 of electricity, and in their very opposition uphold and 
 sustain one another: while contraries encounter one an- 
 other from quarters quite diverse, and one only subsists 
 in the exact degree that it puts out of working the other." 
 Trench. 
 
 From these considerations it would appear that Phil- 
 osophy had been hopping around on only one of its two 
 legs, and, since a hop is a hiatus, every effort by philoso- 
 ph\' to go anywhere means the establishment of a miss- 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 17 
 
 ing link, and missing links most effectiiallv develope 
 perplexity. 
 
 After taking the usual eight year course in Philosophy- 
 and having rendered a satisfactory thesis, the student is 
 given a PH. D. The course so taken consists in the study 
 of the dialectical (speech-like) accounts of personal inves- 
 tigations into the nature of the "Order of Things," and 
 ends in perplexity. The explanation of this ' 'Order' ' has 
 been, and is, the end aimed at by all philosophical re- 
 search, in pursuance of the belief that ' 'whatsoever cur- 
 osity the order of things has awakened in our minds, the 
 order of things can satisfy.' ' — Emerson. 
 
 The dialectical (speech-like) accounts are volitional. 
 or choice-like, expressing in some respect the opinion of 
 a man, or the will of a God, — a personal account. 
 
 The diagrammatical (sign-like) account of the form- 
 ula is a mechanical, or choice-less demonstration by the 
 "Rectangular Co-ordinate," considered as the codifying 
 principle by which Nature's Laws systematize into a com- 
 pletely unified code, — an impersonal account. 
 
 The application of the organic properties and powers 
 of the elements of this unit in the diagrammatical diges- 
 tion of the subject MIND and its complemental predicate 
 WORK brought into view at once, a philosophical psy- 
 chology and an illustration of the Hegelian Wallace's 
 remark that, ' 'the aim of philosophy is to banish indiff- 
 erence, and to learn the necessity of things. By 
 that means the other is seen to stand over against its 
 other." 
 
 Every subject has its own predicate; every idea has 
 its own reality; every name has its own thing. 
 
 ' 'A mere name, if people would but reflect, is nothing, or is cer- 
 tainly what a name is not. In a desert island a wrecked sailor might 
 call a sovereign a mere sovereign, or a mere piece of metal. But in 
 Society that sovereign means food and life. In the same manner a 
 name in a living language is never a mere name. A name is nothing 
 if it is not the name of a thing, a thing is nothing if it is not the thing 
 of a name.' ' Max Mueller. Science of Thought, p. 34. 
 
18 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 Nature is the name of the universe of things ; things 
 are the isolates of the name Nature; the whole and its 
 parts, and the parts of their whole, are each others own 
 other. The pushing and pulling legs are, respectively, 
 the negative and the positive aspects of the human step, 
 they are each others own other, in other words, — opposi- 
 sites. 
 
 The negative and the positive elements of the ' 'Rect- 
 angular Co-ordinate' ' (the knowledge unit) are opposite 
 quantities of oppositely directed motion, — equal lengths 
 of horizontal and vertical lines (demonstrative motion). 
 Reference to the dictionary under the term ' 'Notation,' ' 
 shows that the horizontal line signifies ''Nothing," or 
 ' 'Negation;' ' the vertical line signifies ' 'Not' ' or ' 'Con- 
 tradiction,.' ' The terms ' 'not' ' and ' 'nothing' ' are dia- 
 lectical; the terms ' 'contra-diction' ' and "negation' ' are 
 diagrammatical, or speech-like and sign-like, — opposites; 
 the former is the "First Law of Thought," and the 
 latter the ''First Law of Motion," in their rectified 
 (distilled) forms. ' 'The Laws of Thought' ' belong to 
 the "sign-like" (Sematical) class, or order of phenomena; 
 those of "Motion" to the "body-like" (Physical), 
 respectively, ideas and things. 
 
 In the domain of Knowledge qua Knowledge ideas 
 and things are opposites. Divesting the two elements of 
 their motions (the lines) there remains two points, or 
 places in opposition, oppositely classified, and oppositely 
 polarized. 
 
 ' 'A point is that which has place, or position in space without 
 occupying any part of it.' ' Davies. 
 
 One point, therefore, represents the absokite, the 
 loosed. Two points represent the relative, the fixed — 
 through their opposition. The Absolute, the loosed, is 
 proper to the fancy of the non-rational animal, the abnor- 
 mal or irrational man, or their creations as manifest in 
 
A MECHANICAL PMILOSOPIIV 19 
 
 attem[)ts to personalize the impersonal ' 'fixed order' '. 
 The Relative, the fixed, is proper to the organic his- 
 torization of the ' 'Order of Things' '. Now experience 
 teaches that the ' 'loosed' ' condition reads chaos, and the 
 ''fixed" reads cosmos, respectively, anarchy and order 
 contrariety and opposition . 
 
 ' 'A condition is any circumstance necessary to the production 
 of a phenomenon. All the conditions of a phenomenon taken to- 
 gether constitute its cause.' ' Sully. Outlines of Psych, p. 8. 
 
 Evidentlv order is the fixed product of opposition, 
 i. e. order, in its fixity, appears and disappears with the 
 appearance and disappearance of opposition, as exempli- 
 fied in two points. Polarity gives specific direction to 
 the oppositely conditioned places, the one verticall}- and 
 the other horizontally, so to speak, an order of order or 
 LAW. 
 
 It must not be forgotten that this inquiry has for its 
 object the investigation of the claims of the ' 'Geometry 
 of Position' ' to demonstrate the ' 'Law where Right is the 
 Fixed Order," and that the "Geometry of Position," so 
 considered, consists in the i)roperties and the powers of 
 the "Rectangular Co-ordinate," applied to fundamental 
 ]3rinciples. 
 
 ' 'We familiarly speak of a Kind of things meaning a class of 
 things, and the kind consists of those things which are Akin, or come 
 of the same race." JEVONS. 
 
 The kinship, therefore, referred to b)^ the ' 'Classification' ' 
 of the points, or places, is that which obtains between 
 ideas and things considered as substance of the third 
 order, and that of the first order; the green having the 
 sematical reference, and the red the ph\'sical. Bearing 
 in mind that the oppositoin signifies order through fixity, 
 andthatthePolarizationmeansLaw, or directed order, and 
 that the classification exemplifies a fundamental kinship 
 between ideas and things, we may proceed by the directed 
 steps imposed through the impersonal conditions. 
 
20 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 From the generatrix, or pushing point, to the direc- 
 trix or pulHng point of each element, is a pathway of theo- 
 retical motion, explanation, literally, out-spread- working. 
 This accords with the modem definition of theory, — ' 'it 
 must be intelligible and diagrammatical, or it has no title 
 to the name theory." Diet, of Phil, and Psych. 
 
 Both lines are rightwise. Personal righteousness 
 and this impersonal right-wise-ness are each others own 
 other. 
 
 "Wisdom," says Jordan, " is knowing what one ought to do 
 next. Virtue is doing it. Doing right becomes habit if it is pur- 
 sued long enough. It becomes a ' second nature ', or a higher hered- 
 ity. The formation of a higher heredity of wisdom and virtue, of 
 knowing right and doing right, is the basis of character building." 
 Foot Notes of Evolution, p. 264. 
 
 Accordingly, in building of ideal (ought to be) struct- 
 ures, whether it is in the architectural home for the family, 
 or in the architect onical family for the home, consciously, 
 or unconsciousiy, we appeal to Geometry for the necessary 
 right-wise-ness or right-eous-ness, as the case may be. 
 
 6 
 
 Architecture treats of actually perishable goods, arch- 
 itectonic of really imperishable goods. The time and the 
 efforts of the father and mother, the generating elements 
 of the home and the family, are divided between the atten- 
 tion given to the consideration of the two kinds of goods, 
 the body-like or material comforts of the one, and the sign- 
 like, or rational culture of the other. The one for the 
 benefit of the animal, or actual life, and the other for the 
 advancement of the social, or ideal life, both mental 
 operations, and, therefore, work, but of different kinds. 
 It is the business of philosophy to explain, literally, out 
 spread, the kinship between the actual life, and the ideal 
 life, in the terms of, and in the form of, and in accordance 
 with the rules of the real law, the full and complete banish- 
 
A MECHANICAL PHIL( )S()PH\' 21 
 
 ment of indifference. The two kinds of life in the hght>>^ 
 one kind of work.- ' 'Law, where Right is the Fixed Or- 
 der. ' ' 
 
 The opposite fixity of any two oppositely classified 
 points or places, when oppositely directed by polarity, con- 
 stitute the fundamental conditions necessary for the stru- 
 cturalization of a metrical pathway by which the actually 
 inseperable things may be rendered really separable in 
 corresponding ideas that are organically akin. Organic 
 kinship, as demonstrated by the ''Digest," consists in 
 that idiomorphic (own peculiarty + shape) property of 
 the polarized right line which enables it to carry funda- 
 mental principles gestant, i. e. in the particular way which 
 enables them to answer questions conceptually. When 
 questions are answered in a strictly impersonal way, i. e. 
 intelligibly and diagrammatically, whether single terms, 
 or single characters are used, they may be said to be ans- 
 wered conceptually. Architectonic makes use of single 
 terms in the structuralization of ratio-nal, quotient-like 
 character building; architecture of single characters in 
 in material, body-like mechanical building, but the appeal 
 of each is the same, — to the "Law, where Right is the 
 Fixed Order," the one for righteousness, the other for 
 right-wise-ness. 
 
 Now then for so-called Christendom, the private 
 homes, the public structures, the means of intercommun- 
 ication, railway, steamship, and telegraph lines, all attest 
 to the use of knowledge, — the architectural recognition of. 
 and respect for the intelligibly diagrammatical "Law, 
 where Right is the Fixed Order. ' ' But then for the others, 
 the razed homes, the pestilential camps, the careful! 
 planned and deliberate torture of hundreds of thousands 
 of women and children for a political profit, the censorized 
 accotmts, the adulterated contracts, the hypocritical wor- 
 ship by perfidious nations and treacherous individuals, 
 all attest to the abuse of knowledge, the defiance of the 
 
22 PREFATORY LESvSONS IN 
 
 cnmmand and the contemning of the[sanction of the ' Law, 
 wnere Right is the Fixed Order.' ' 
 
 The neglect of the Law — mathematical principles 
 with their concomitant mechanical development, by the 
 pagan Asian, rendered him an easy victim to the Christian 
 violator. However the neglectful pagan is making amends 
 with phenomenal strides in the acquisition of mathemat- 
 ical principles, meanwhile the violating Christian is ac- 
 quiring misgivings, if not alarm, at the prospect of an earl\- 
 equalization. England, with its proverbial perfid>-. 
 is rightlv quaking with fear, for equivalence in its accounts 
 means a fate of incalculable misery. Their sole hope rests 
 on the Christianization of the pagan nations, with its 
 scheme of redemption, or plan of salvation advocating the 
 forgetting and forgiving of all kinds of personal injuries. 
 But, as has been demonstrated, the sanction, or the penal 
 powers of the "Law, where Right is the Fixed Order." 
 neither forgets nor forgives, but unfailingly punishes each 
 and every subjugative act, and the scheme of redemption 
 or plan of salvation, which found such favor in the po- 
 litical eye of Constantine is, in the light of history, the 
 most effective fraud that super- intelligent inhumanity has 
 yet found available for its frightful purposes. 
 
 Inhumanity is brutality multiplied by the Law, and 
 the experience of the "American Flag," in the subjuga- 
 tion of the Phillipino, furnishes examples that leave no 
 explanatory want unsupplied. One characteristic which 
 marks off the man from all other animals is his power to 
 analyze. The analysis of that partial application of the 
 ' 'Reconcentration Camp System' ' for the years 1902-03- 
 04, inclusive ("Our Phillipine Problem," p. 132. Willis.) 
 where more than 451,000 victims were penalized, involves 
 the destruction of more than 90,000 homes (allowing five 
 members to each family) by razing, or fire. The home and 
 and the family are, under normal conditions, ' 'each others 
 own other.' ' Then more than four fifths must have been 
 
A MFXHANTCAL IMlILOSOPin' 2:5 
 
 women and children, for tlie punishment imposed upon 
 the family was for the account of the fathers, absent, 
 and battling for the principle of independence. It must 
 not be forgotten that this especial form of inhumanit\-, 
 which McKinley called 'extermination," has been ex- 
 perienced by none but the most heroic defenders of the 
 principle of independence that the Law has ever been 
 called upon to honor. The 90,000 architectural homes 
 and the 90,000 architectonical families, are for philosophy, 
 90,000 complemental opposites. The 90,000 mothers, 
 and the 270,000 children, are, for philosophy, 360,000 
 victims, — a sacrifice by humanity to the upholding of 
 of the principle of independence. By parity of reasoning, 
 the victors are the upholders of the principle of subjuga- 
 tion. 
 
 The ''Digest,'' in demonstrating the explanatory 
 properties and powers of Algebra in ethical phenomena, 
 shows that Civilization, (the verbalized-noun form of the 
 term Independence), and Subjugation (the verbalized- 
 noun form of the term Dependence) are contraries. ' 'One 
 only subsists in the exact degree that it puts out of work- 
 ing the other." Experiential accounts of the victims at the 
 hands of the victors is not quantitatively complete, but 
 abundant; qualitatively the accounts are ghastly, the 
 idea of an army of disembodied souls is so strongly sug- 
 gested that no other term can give adequate meaning to 
 the awful price. All offerings to the holy of holies are 
 surpassed in this oriental immolation. 
 
 Analysis tends to promote reflection, and it is by re- 
 flection that responsibility, asserting itself, suggests recog- 
 nition of and respect for the Law, — its command and its 
 sanction. Consideration of what the victors deprived 
 these 451.000 victims of, while the admonitory warnings 
 
24 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 of the statesmen Hoar, Edmund, Schurz, Adams, and many 
 others, were heard throughout the land, will help to keep 
 the Law in view. Theodore Parker's Essay on ' 'Home' ' 
 is an instructive aid. 
 
 'To most men, home is the dearest spot in the world. The 
 home of our childhood, long after we become old men, is conse- 
 crated by the very tenderest of memories There is still the cradle 
 which rocked and sheltered us in its Httle nest, which was once the 
 ark of a mothers' hope. Dr. Arnold, one of the ablest and most re- 
 ligious EngUshmen of the present age, says that he knows God only 
 through Christ. I should respect him more if he had only said he 
 knew God through his mother ; for the mother is still to the hungry 
 hearts of mortals the fairest, the holiest incarnation of the ever-liv- 
 ing, ever-loving God. It is she who feeds our body from her own 
 body's Hfe; it is she who feeds our soul from her own spirit's life. 
 She taught the feet to walk, the tongue to speak, guided our stam- 
 mering Ups. Her conscience went before us as a great wakening 
 light, and it is through her that we first became acquainted with our 
 Father, God. 
 
 Then to most men their actual home, not that which they in- 
 herit in their memories, from their fathers' and their mothers' love, 
 but that which they have made out of their own love, is the center 
 of the world and its paradise for them. There are those for whom 
 we would lay down our Hves, and be proud of the sacrifice, counting 
 it a dehght, not a denial, a great triumph. There are the tenderest 
 friends, whose daily intercourse beautifies us with the remernbrance 
 of mutual kindness and forbearance. There husband and wife bear 
 and forbear, give and forgive — for the wedded life is ruled by the 
 same elements as those that rule and checker the sky. 
 ' O'er which serene and stormy days. 
 With sway alternate go. ' 
 There are the little olive-plants that spring about the table, 
 there are brothers and sisters, and those not joined always by kin- 
 dred blood, but by the tenderer ties of kindred soul.. 
 
 ' 'In families where only fihal and parental love is the bond that 
 joins, and not connubial love, there is the same attachment, tender- 
 ness, and fondness for home. 
 
 In all our homes error has been, for blood ill-tempered vexes all 
 but the rarest of men. There have been pain and penitence for the 
 error, but mutual forgiveness brings a divine blossom out of the 
 human weed. Sickness has been there, and pain has wrung the 
 brow. There have been many a sorrow and tear for hope deferred, 
 for mutual disappointment; sorrow for the wrong we suffer, and 
 worser sorrow for the wrong we do. Death has also been there, now 
 joyous, now melancholy, — death giving a sacredness to the home, 
 for the house in which one has never been bom, or in which one has 
 never been born to the other world, is only half a house; it is a 
 
A MECHANICAL F^HILOSOPHV 25 
 
 fancy of the carpenter and of the painter, it waits for the finish 
 of life. Life, too, is there, for the family is the gate of entrance to 
 the mortal, and the gate of exit to the immortal world." Lessons 
 From the World of Matter and the World of Man. p. 200. 
 
 What Theodore Parker has done so fully, in the essa\- 
 dialectically, A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY has done 
 completely in the Formula and the Digest, namely, ex- 
 plained that the transformation of the lair into the home 
 constitutes the highest practical form of refination as a 
 process of the Law, by the Law, and for the Law, that the 
 Law has vouchsafed to its independent agents. 
 
 We have now to leave the Home and the family, — 
 Civilization's triumph, and attend the ' 'Reconcentration 
 Camp' ' and the family,— Subjugation's greatest success. 
 
 As Theodore Parker's essay illumines the relation 
 bewteen the Home and the family, so, a dignified speech 
 delivered in the United States Senate, early in 1902, by one 
 of the members from Georgia, arraigning the Adminis- 
 tration for its operations of unparalelled inhumanity in 
 the Phillipine Islands, will serve to enlighten us on ths 
 relation between the Reconcentration Camp and the fam- 
 ily. Individual or isolated instances of brutality are one 
 thing, but a carefully planned scheme, cooly and deliber- 
 ately considered, then upon adoption, authoritatively 
 ordered into execution by a historian-headed Cabinet, for 
 the seriate torture of helpless women and children, with 
 the examples of two other Christian nations as a deter- 
 rent, is decidedly another thing. 
 Senator Bacon says : 
 
 ' 'We are apt to think about the reconcentrado camps simply 
 in connection with sufferings which may be endured by those within 
 the camps ; and in the case of the Cuban reconcentrado camps, where 
 there was not food, then, of-course, all the added horrors of that 
 tropical climate constituted one of the features of the reconcentrado 
 
26 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 camps. But the greatest horror and the greatest suffering which are 
 occasioned by the reconcentrado camps is not the horror and the suff- 
 ering within the camp, but the horror and the suffering without the 
 camp . When a general prescribes a certain hmited area within which 
 he says all the people must congregate, there must be the correspond- 
 ing direction which will enforce that order ; and the corresponding 
 direction is that everything outside of those prescribed limits shall 
 be without protection, and, both as to property and life, be subject 
 to destruction. Only in that way can people be carried within the 
 limits of the reconcentrado camps. It is because life is unsafe out 
 of them, because life is almost certain to be sacrificed out of them, 
 because all property left outside is to be destroyed, because all 
 houses are to be burned, because the country is to be made a desert 
 waste, because within a camp is a zone of life and without the camp 
 a wide-spread area of death and desolation. That is what a recon- 
 centrado camp means. Do you suppose if there is an invitation to 
 people to come within a reconcentrado camp, that they are going to 
 come there unless they are forced there? Is there any way to 
 force them except to say that it is death to remain outside ? 
 -rl "Why, Mr. President, when the Hmited area of a reconcentrado 
 camp is prescribed, the people cannot be collected and driven in 
 there. The soldiers cannot go out and find them and drive them in 
 as you would a drove of horses. It is only by putting upon them 
 this order, this pressure of Hfe and death, that they are made to flee 
 within thelimits of the reconcentrado camps to escape the torch and 
 the sword that destroys all without. When a general prescribes a 
 reconcentrado camp, — and I am going, before I get through, to 
 read Bell's order to show that that is what it means, — when a gener- 
 al prescribes a reconcentrado camp, he practically says that every- 
 body must come inside or die : he practically says to his soldiers 
 ' Those who do not get inside shall be slaughtered ' ; and the prac- 
 tical operation is that those who do not get inside are slaughtered. 
 
 "Mr. President, I want to read to you a description of a reconcen- 
 trado camp, I will say that this letter is written by an officer whom 
 I know personally, and for whom I vouch in my place in the Senate 
 as a high-toned man and a courageous and chivalric officer, one 
 who does his duty regardless of whether he approves of the cause 
 in which he is told to fight or not, and one in every way worthy of 
 confidence and esteem. This letter was written by him with no 
 injunction of secrecy in it, because he had no idea or thought that 
 it would ever be made public. I make it pubhc now simply for the 
 information of the Senate, in order that they may have some idea 
 of what a reconcentrado camp is. I omit the name of the place from 
 which the letter was written for the same reason that I omit the 
 name of the officer. I will not say any more of him than that 
 he is a graduate of West Point and a profesional soldier. I will 
 state further that there is some allusion in the letter to vampires. 
 A vampire in those islands is a bird about the si.-^c of a crow, which 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 27 
 
 wheels and circles above the head at night, and which is plainly 
 visible at night. As I have said, I know the officer personally and 
 vouch for him in every way. Senators will see from the reading of 
 this letter that it is simply the casual and ordinary narration of a 
 friend writing to a friend. He says: — 'On our way over here we 
 
 stopped at in peaceful to leave our surplus stuff so as to 
 
 get into ', I have left out these names 'light shape; and, 
 
 as we landed at midnight there, they weren't satisfied with bolos 
 and shotguns, but little brown brother actually fired upon us with 
 brass cannon in that officially quiet burg under efficient civil gov- 
 ernment. What a farce it all is !' That is his comment on that fact . 
 ' 'Well, consider, ten miles and over down the coast, we found a 
 great deposit of mud just off the mouth of the river, and after wait- 
 ing eight hours managed to get over the bar without being stuck but 
 three times — ^and the tug drew three feet. Then eight miles up a 
 slimv, winding bayou of a river until at 4 A. M. we struck a piece of 
 spongy ground about twenty feet above sea-level. Now you 
 have us located. It rains conntinually in a way that would have 
 made Noah marvel. And trails, if you can find one, make the 
 ' 'Slough of Despond' ' seem like an asphalt pavement. Now this 
 little spot of black sogginess is a reconcentrado pen, with a dead 
 line outside, beyond which everything living is shot. This corpse- 
 carcass stench wafted in and combined with some lovely munic- 
 ipal odors besides makes it slightly unpleasant here. 
 
 "Upon arrival I found thirty cases of small-pox and average fresh 
 ones of five a day, which practically have to be turned out to die. 
 A I nightfall clouds (jf huge vampire bats softly swirl out on their 
 orgies over the dead. Mosquitos work in relays, and keep up their 
 pestering day and night. There is a pleasing uncertainty as to your 
 being boloed before morning or being cut down in the long grass or 
 sniped at. It seems way out of the world without a sight of the sea, 
 — in fact more like some suburb of hell.' 
 
 •'If that is a suburb of hell, Mr. President, what must hell be! 
 
 That is a description that applies to more than one ; and, if you would 
 
 order an investigation of what has occured in the Phillipine Islands, 
 
 it would, I have no doubt, be found that that was a picture of many' ' . 
 
 "MARKED SEVERITIES." P. 91-92. 
 
 It must not be forgoten that the period 1902 to '04 
 inclusive, only partially covers the time used in the appli- 
 cation of the ' 'Camp System' ' in the Phillipines, and that 
 the 360,000 women and children (although in number, six 
 times as great as Sherman's Army of effectives, from ' 'At- 
 lanta to the Sea' ') was only a part of the total force of ef- 
 fective victims employed to harrow the souls of the little 
 band of brown heroes engaged in the discharge of their duty 
 
28 PREFATORY.LESSONS IN 
 
 to the Law, fighting for the principle of independence, 
 or civilization, and, therefore, ^against the principle of de- 
 pendence, or subjugation. 
 
 Now, the essay and the speech, as quoted, were mere- 
 ly samples of knowledge received by the American people 
 previous to, or early in the application of the ' 'Camp Sys- 
 tem" by their responsible agent, the President, and. 
 knowledge invests its recipient with responsibility, ans- 
 werableness to the Law. So that those millions of voting 
 endorsers of his measures were practically joint account 
 with him in the ghastly business success. 
 
 Why did the speech-like efforts fail to deter? The 
 agony of the mother and the grief of the children viewing 
 the destruction of the home, then the anguish attending 
 the consequent sickness and death in the little family lair, 
 supplied by the powerful victors, these alone should con- 
 stitute such an appeal to the human side of such voters 
 as had had experience at the bedside of death, as to pre- 
 vent an endorsement of such a hellish conception. But 
 they did not. Why do men, engaged in creating depend- 
 encies, establishing subujugation, act with a brutality 
 that far surpasses that of any known brute? So far as 
 known no other animal but man has succeeded in making 
 a by-product of a mother's cry of anguish and a child's 
 wail of terror. 
 
 The ' 'System' ' was invented and put into operation in 
 Cuba in the Spring of 1896 by Spain's General Weyler 
 Its inhumanity was recognized at once and roundly de- 
 nounced, nowhere more vehemently than in the United 
 States, and especially by the then President in message^ 
 to Congress on the subject, as quoted. A few years later 
 it was adopted and put in operation by England's Colo- 
 nial Secretary Chamberlain in South Africa. Its peculiar 
 horror called out severe criticism and a force of investiga- 
 tors which was said to have modified the method some- 
 what. Then, in 1902 the President of the United States 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 29 
 
 and his Cabinet of advisers assumed the responsibiUty of 
 choosing the plan in the subjugation of the PhilUpino. 
 Senator Bacon's speech is a fair sample of the denuncia- 
 tion by America, but the American mind, the British 
 mind and the Spanish mind were clearly and distinctly 
 common in the way that they sensed this most inhuman 
 of all operations. Then if we can find some other thing 
 in which they are common we may be inducted to an ans- 
 wer to the above query. 
 
 They are each and all, Christians. What is there in Chris- 
 tianity that corresponds to this purposive system of tor- 
 ture? It's Hell. Weyler, Chamberlain and Roosevelt 
 the trio of promoters of the ' 'system,' ' are all professional 
 Christians. The nations they represent, Spain, England, 
 and the United States, are professionally Christian. 
 
 To correspond is literally, to ' 'together, mutuall\ 
 answer.' ' So, that for the christians hell and the politi- 
 cians reconcentration camp system to be corres- 
 pondents they must be purposively alike, of the same class 
 and, therefore, akin. 
 
 Now, if we abstract from Christendom all of those 
 products that are wholly due to the application of math- 
 ematical principles, which includes practically the whole 
 of mechanical development, we have for the remainder 
 the darkness of the ages when men were broken on racks 
 burned at stakes, thrown to wild animals. But here the 
 end came to the victims quickly: bad enough certainly, 
 but not to be compared to the reconcentration camp sys- 
 tem of torture with its long drawn out despair, a compara- 
 tive eternity of woe. 
 
 The vampire and the political promoter are strict cor- 
 respondents, both ' 'softly swirling' ' the one in the ' 'body- 
 like' ' darkness of the camp,' ' the other in the ' 'life-like' ' 
 night-time of the family's fate. 
 
 That Weyler failed was not his fault, that Chamber- 
 lain and Roosevelt succeeded was their fault, not as chris- 
 
30 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 tians, but as independent agents, having knowledge, and 
 therefore, responsible. 
 
 Christianity and subjugation (dependence) are clearly 
 akin; Christianity and civilization (independence) are as 
 clearly alien. Christians, individuals and nations, have 
 exhausted the category of inhumanity in the attainment 
 of their hellish object of subjugation. Mathematicians 
 individually and collectively, have replenished the ' 'helps 
 to the hand and understanding' ' required by the humani- 
 ties in their home-building object of civilization. 
 
 The successful ending of the application of the system 
 of reconcentration camps in South Africa, and in the Phil- 
 lipine Islands was, according to philosophy's theory of 
 ethics, the greatest moral disaster to which history ' 'has 
 had, has, or shall have' ' to address itself. Consciously 
 directed effort in the domain cif economics (management) 
 can have no such a dastardly gain as this surpassed. 
 And yet, Christianity extolled the successful promoters, 
 and neglected (comparatively) the unsuccessful inventor 
 and promoter. Moreover, while the quality of both 
 Chamberlain's and Roosevelt's operations was the same 
 the quantitative relations were as much out of proportion 
 as the honors conferred by their endorsers, university de- 
 grees falling thick and fast on the latter , while the former 
 received only the plaudits of admiring brutality. The 
 hurrahing brutal mob is one thing, the extolling inhuman 
 scholar, whether from the pulpit, the forum, or the bench, 
 is another. The narrow range in knowledge of the one, 
 and the wide one of the other, measures the difference in 
 the value of their responsibilities, their answerableness 
 to the accountant of the equalizing law, the law of equiva- 
 lents, the uncompromising and inevitable sanction which 
 is attached to every particle of knowledge. 
 
 Christianity is one of the many forms wliicli theism, 
 the God idea, has taken. 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY M 
 
 Theism, is the expression of the inteUigent senses 
 in their general effort to account for the ' 'order of things' ' 
 individually, and the commonness of the senses, their 
 conservatism, is perhaps nowhere more conspicuously 
 demonstrated than it is in the way the intelligent individ- 
 ual elements of the social organism maintain their hold 
 
 on that idea. 
 
 ' 'The frightful absurdity of the legend of a God who avenges 
 himself for the disobedience of one of his creatures by infHctmg hor- 
 rible tortures on His son, remained unperceived during many centu- 
 ries. Such potent geniuses as a Galileo, a Newton and a Leibnitz 
 never supposed for an instant that the truth of such dogmas could 
 be called in question. Nothing can be more typical than this fact 
 of the hypnotising effect of general behefs, but at the same time 
 nothing can mark more decisively the humihating limitations of 
 our intelligence. 
 
 These beliefs and customs regulate the smallest acts of our ex- 
 istence, and the most independent spirit cannot escape their influ- 
 ence. The tyrann)-- exercised unconsciously on men's minds is the 
 only real tyranny because it cannot be fought against. Tiberius, 
 Ghengis Khan and Napoleon were assuredly redoubtable tyrants, 
 but from the depths of their graves Moses, Buddha, Jesus and Ma- 
 liomet have exerted on the human soul a far profounder despotism. 
 A conspiracy may overthrow a tyrant, but what can it avail against 
 a firmly est'abhshed belief?" (Le Bon). 
 
 ' 'Dieu et mon Droit' ' (God and my Right) is the 
 British motto. Her hundreds of millions of subjugates— 
 tliose of China for the specialized Opium traffic and those 
 of India for general exploitation, demonstrate that the 
 right so claimed and exercised is the ' 'Right of Might' ' 
 which is proper to the ' 'Mind in Animal' ' and stands in 
 the same relation to the ' 'Might of Right' ' which is proper 
 to the ' 'Mind in Man' ' as the actually conscious, intelli- 
 gent senses of the animal do to the ideally conscientious. 
 intellectual responsibilities of the man. 
 
 ' 'If I were an American,' ' said the elder Pitt, ' 'as I am an Eng- 
 lishman, while a foreign troop was landed in my country, I never 
 would lay down my arms — never — never — never! 
 
 "But, my Lords, who is the man that, in addition to these dis- 
 graces and mischiefs of our army, has dared to authorize and associa- 
 te to our arms the tomahawk and scalping-knife of the savage; to 
 call into civilized alHance the wild and inhuman savage of the woods ; 
 
32 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 to delegate to the merciless Indian the defence of disputed rights, and 
 to wage the horrors of his barbarous war against our brethren? My 
 Lords, these enormities cry aloud for redress and punishment. Un- 
 less thoroughly done away, it will be a stain upon the national char- 
 acter. It is a violation of the Constitution. I believe it is against law. ' " 
 In reply, Lord Suffolk, speaking for the Govern- 
 ment in support of the use of the Indians, said: 
 ' 'besides its policy and necessity the measure was also allowable 
 on principle ; for that it was perfectly justifiable to use all the means 
 that God and nature put into our hands." 
 
 ' 'I am astonished, shocked! to hear such principles confessed,' ' 
 — exclaimed Lord Chatham, as he rose to reply,' 'to hear them avow- 
 ed in this House, or in this country ; principles equally unconstitu- 
 tional, inhuman and unchristian. 
 
 "My Lords, I did not intend to have encroached again upon your 
 attention, but I cannot repress my indignation. I feel myself im- 
 pelled by every duty. My Lords, we are called upon as members of 
 this House, as men, as Christian men to protest against such notions 
 standing near the Throne, polluting the ear of majesty. ' That God 
 and nature put into our hands ! ' I know not what ideas that Lord 
 may entertain of God and nature, but I know that such abominable 
 principles are equally abhorrent to religion and humanity. What 1 
 to attribute the sacred sanction of God and nature to the'massacres 
 of the Indian scalping knife— to the cannibal savage, torturing, 
 murdering, roasting and eating — literally, my Lords, eating the 
 mangled victims of his barbarous battles ! Such horrible notions 
 shock every precept of religion, divine or natural, and every gen- 
 erous feeHng of humanity. And, my Lords, they shock every senti- 
 ment of honor; they shock me as a lover of honorable war, a detester 
 of murderous barbarity. 
 
 ' 'These abominable principles and this more abominable avowal 
 of them, demand the most decisive indignation. I call upon that 
 right reverend bench, those holy ministers of the Gospel, and pious 
 pastors of our Church — I conjure them to join in the holy work, and 
 vindicate the religion of their God. I appeal to the wisdom and the 
 law of this learned bench to defend and support the justice of their 
 country. I call upon the Bishops to interpose the unsullied sanctity 
 of their lawn ; upon the learned judges to interpose the purity of 
 their ermine, to save us from this pollution. I call upon the 
 honor of your lordships, to reverence the dignity of your ancestors 
 and to maintain your own. I call upon the spirit of humanity of my 
 country to vindicate the national character. I invoke the Genius 
 of the Constitution. From the tapestry that adorns these walls, 
 the immortal ancestor of this noble lord frowns with indignation at 
 the disgrace of his country. 
 
 "In vain he led your victorious fleets against the boasted Armada 
 of Spain; in vain he defended and established the honor, the 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 3;^ 
 
 liberties, the religion — the Protestant religion — ot this country 
 against the abitrary cruelties of popery and the Inquisition, if 
 these more than popish cruelties and inquisitorial practices are let 
 loose among us — to turn forth into our settlements, among our an- 
 cient connections, friends and relations, the merciless cannibal, 
 thirsting for the blood of man, woman and child; to send forth the 
 infidel savage — against whom? against your Protestant brethren, 
 to lay waste their country, to desolate their dwellings, and extirpate 
 their name with these horrible hell-hounds of savage war — hell 
 hounds, I say, of savage war I Spain armed herself with blood- 
 hounds to extirpate the wretched natives of America, and we 
 improve on the inhuman cruelty of Spanish cruelty; we turn loose 
 these savage hell-hounds against our brethren in America, of the 
 same language, laws, liberties and religion, endeared to us by every 
 tie that should sanctify humanity. 
 
 ' 'My Lords, this awful subject, so important to our honor, our 
 Constitution and our religion, demands the most solemn and effect^ 
 ual inquiry. And I again call upon your lordships, and the united 
 powers of the State, to examine it thoroughly and decisively, and 
 to stamp upon it an indelible stigma of the pubHc abhorrence. And 
 1 again implore those holy prelates of our religion to do away these 
 iniquities from among us. Let them perform a lustration ; let them 
 purify this House and this country from this sin. 
 
 ' 'My Lords, I am old and weak and at present unable to say 
 more ; but my feelings and indignation were too strong to have said 
 less. I could not have slept this night in my bed, nor reposed my 
 head on my pillow, without giving this vent to my eternal abhor- 
 rence of such preposterous and enormous principles." (Speech 
 m the House of Lords. Nov. 8th, 1777.) 
 
 This appeal for the humanities or the ' 'Might of 
 Right' ', against the inhumanities of the ' 'Right of Might' ' 
 (abused) has become a classic. As a dialectical expression 
 of right-wise-ness it stands today without a rival. 
 
 Humanity is animality divided by and with the use 
 of the law ; inhumanity is animality multiplied by and with 
 the abuse of the law — the one is compliance with the Law's 
 command, and the other is the contemning of the Law's 
 sanction. The little crowd of 24 that went down to glo- 
 rious defeat with Lord Catham, and the big crowd of 97 
 that rose to ignominious victory with Lord Suffolk, had 
 their exact counterpart just 125 years later (1902) in the 
 American Congress. 
 
34 - PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 9 
 
 All men are primarily animals, and, considered sole- 
 ly as animals, are intelligent and only intelligent. 
 
 A multitude of animals constitute a herd, but a mul- 
 titude of men constitute a crowd. The difference be- 
 tween a herd and a crowd consists in the fact that while 
 a herd and all its individual members are only intelligent, 
 the individual members of a crowd are partly rational 
 and, therefore partly intellectual, and, hence, responsible. 
 
 A herd and a crowd are functioned with the intelligent 
 senses, but a crowd is facultated for the intelligible laws. 
 
 The highest attainment of the intelligent senses is be- 
 lief, and the members of a believing crowd are, considered 
 solely as believers, most intelligent, but rationally facul- 
 tated for the intelligible laws : the effect of the latter op- 
 eration on the former is to displace a belief and to em- 
 place a truth (knowledge). Knowledge acquired signi- 
 fies belief surrendered. The displaced belief is an individ- 
 ual loss of intelligence, the emplaced truth is a personal 
 gain of intellect, which is equivalent to the statement 
 that intellectual phenomena are personal gains offsetting 
 individual losses of intelligent phenomena. Now, briefly 
 what we see from this discussion is how Social Life emerges 
 from Animal life. This distinction between the intelli- 
 gent individual and the intellectual person, sees the loss 
 and the gain but recognizes the changelessness of the in- 
 telligible law itself, although acting. 
 
 It is this refinitive departure going on in the crowd, 
 from the displacement of the actually intelligent beliefs 
 of its individual members as agents, through the emplace- 
 ment of the really intelligible necessitous norms, as oper- 
 ating, to the emergent, facultative ideally intellectual 
 responsibilities, as the object of the operation, that the 
 codified Law as, 'completely unified Knowledge," has 
 to explain. 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 35 
 
 To bring these prefatory remarks to a close, let us 
 consider what three of the acutest intellects have said con- 
 cerning the distinguishing characteristics of the intelli- 
 gible operation, the intellectual object of the operation. 
 
 and the intelligent agents ; respectively, Herbert Spencer, 
 George Henry Lewes and Gustave Le Bon. 
 
 "Concerning the multitude of remarkable relations among lines 
 and among spaces," says Spencer, "Very few ever ask — Why are 
 are they so? Perhaps the question may, in later years, be raised, as 
 it has been in myself, by some of the more conspicuously marvellous 
 truths now grouped under the title of ' 'The Geometry of Position.' ' 
 Many of these are so astounding that but for the presence of ocular 
 proof they would be incredible ; they serve in some minds at least , 
 by their marvellousness, as well as by their beauty, to raise the un- 
 answerable question — How came there to exist among the parts of 
 this seeminlgy structureless vacancy we call space, these strange re- 
 lations? How does it happen that the blank form of things presents 
 us with truths as incomprehensible as do the things it contains? 
 
 ' 'Beyond the reach of our intelligence as are the mysteries of the 
 objects known by our senses, those presented in this universal ma- 
 trix are, if we may so say, still further beyond the reach of our in- 
 telligence ; for whereas those of the one kind may be, and are, thought 
 of by many as explicable on the hypothesis of Creation, and by the 
 rest on the hypothesis of Evolution, those of the other kind cannot 
 by either be regarded as thus explicable. Theist and Agnostic 
 must agree in recognizing the properties of Space as inherent, eter- 
 nal, uncreated — as anteceding all creation, if creation has taken 
 place, and all evolution, if evolution has taken place. 
 
 ' 'And then comes the thought of this universal matrix itself, 
 anteceding alike creation or evolution, whichever be assumed, and 
 infinitely transcending both, alike in extent and duration; since 
 both, if conceived at all, must be conceived as having had beginning 
 while Space had no beginning.' ' (Facts and Comments Pp. 290-92). 
 
 In giving organic form to verbalized nouns, or 
 names, the ' 'Geometry of Position' ' makes comprehensible 
 the purposive activities which both surround and invest 
 us through a demonstrative philosophical psychology. 
 A prerequisite to the scientific logic of the mind is the pro- 
 cess of rectification, the banishment of indifference, which 
 discloses their organic relationship. The intellect, by this 
 process, is seen to be the faculty of the functioned intelli- 
 gence. 
 
 "By faculty," says G. H. Lewes, "Is commonly understood, 
 the power or aptitude of an agent to perform a certain action or class 
 
36 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 ot actions. It is thus synonomous with function which means the 
 activity of an organ, the uses of the instrument. I propose to de- 
 tach faculty from this general signification, limiting it to the action 
 or the class of actions, into which a function may be diversified by 
 the education of experience. That is to say, let function stand for the 
 native endowment of the organ, and faculty for its acquired variation 
 of activity. The hand is an organ with the function of Prehension. 
 To grasp, pull, scratch, etc., are its inherited powers. But the vari- 
 ous modes of Manipulation — cutting, sewing, drawing, writing, fen- 
 cing, etc., are faculties acquired by intelligent direction and the com- 
 bination of other organs. Instincts are functions. Emotions are 
 functions. Sensations and perceptions are functions. Some func- 
 tions are simple, others compound; that is to say, some are per- 
 formed by single organs, as vision by the eye; others are groups of 
 organs, as Instincts and Emotions. The co-operation of fixed and 
 and invariable. It is otherwise with the co-operation of organs in 
 faculties, and it is because of this that the products are both option- 
 al and variously modifiable. The function of Prehension becomes 
 the varied faculties of Manipulation by a variable co-operation of 
 organs. 
 
 ' 'This distinction of the activities which are fixed and function- 
 ed, from those which are optional and modifiable, not only directs 
 attention to the educable activities but also point to the interven- 
 vention of social influences. 
 
 ' 'Every function has its definite organ or group of organs. It 
 is their constant Energy. Every faculty has also its definite group 
 of organs, but it is their temporary Synergy."" (The Study of 
 Psychology. Pp. 27-9). 
 
 As function is to faculty so is intelligence to intel- 
 lect. Similarly as intelligence is to intellect so is animal 
 life to social life. A comparison of functional intelli- 
 gence with facultative intellect, with the accent on the 
 former, is rendered by Gustave Le Bon in his work— 
 "The Crowd, A Study of The Popular Mind", It invests 
 the subject with great lucidity. He says: 
 
 "The w^hole of the common characteristics with which heredity 
 endows the individuals of a race constitute the genius of the race. 
 When, however, a certain number of these individuals are gathered 
 together in a crowd for purposes of action, observation proves that, 
 from the mere fact of their being assembled, there result certain 
 new psychological characteristics, which are added to the racial 
 characteristics and differ from them at times to a very considerable 
 degree. 
 
 ' 'Organized crowds have always played an important part in 
 the Ufe of peoples, but this part has never been of such moment as at 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 37 
 
 present. The substitution of the unconsicons actions of crowds 
 for the conscions activity of individuals is one of the principle char- 
 acteristics of the present age. 
 
 ' 'Crowds, doubtless, are always unconscious, but the very un- 
 consciousness is perhaps one of the secrets of their strength. In 
 the natural world beings exclusively governed by instincts accom- 
 plish acts whose marvellous complexity astounds us. — So far as the 
 majority of their acts are considered, crowds display a singularly 
 inferior mentality. 
 
 "The memorable events of history are the visible effects of the 
 invisible changes of human thought. The reason these great events 
 are so rare is that there is nothing so stable in a race as the inherited 
 ground work of its thoughts. 
 
 ' 'The present epoch is one of these critical moments in which 
 the thought of mankind is undergoing a process of transformation. 
 
 ' 'Two fundimental factors are at the base of this transformation 
 The first is the destruction of those religious, political and social be- 
 liefs in which all the elements of our civilization are rooted. The 
 second is the creation of entirely new conditions of existence and 
 thought as the result of modern, scientific and industrial discoveries. 
 
 ' 'The ideas of the past, although half destroyed, being still very 
 powerful, and the ideas which are to replace them still being in the 
 process of formation, the modern age represents a period of transi- 
 tion and anarchy. 
 
 It is already clear that on whatever lines the societies of the 
 of the future are organized, they will have to count with a new pow- 
 er, the power of crowds. 
 
 ' 'While all of our ancient beliefs are tottering, while the old 
 pillars of society are giving away, one by one, the power of the crowd 
 is the only one that nothing menaces, and of which the prestige is 
 continually on the increase. The age we are about to enter will, 
 in truth be the Era of Crowds. 
 
 ' 'It is by association that crowds have come to procure ideas 
 with respect to their interests which are very clearly defined if not 
 particularly just , and have arrived at a consciousness of their strength . 
 The masses are founding syndicates before which the authorities 
 capitulate one after another; they are also founding labor un- 
 ions which, in spite of all economic laws, tend to regulate the condi- 
 tions of labor and wages. They return to assemblies, in which the 
 Government is vested, representatives, utterly lacking initiative 
 and independence, and reduced most often to nothing else than the 
 spokesmen of committies that have chosen them. 
 
 ' 'Today the claims of the masses are becoming more and more 
 sharply defined, and amount to nothing less than a determination 
 to utterly destroy society as it now exists, with a view to making it 
 hark back to that primitive communism which was the normal con- 
 dition of allThuman groups before the'dawn of civilization. Limi- 
 tation of the hours of labor, the nationalisation of mines, railways. 
 
38 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 factories and the soil, the equal distribution of all products, the elim- 
 ination of all the upper classes for the benefit of the popular classes, 
 etc., such are these claims. 
 
 "Little adapted to reasoning, crowds, on the contrary, are 
 quick to act. As the result of their present organization their 
 strength has become immense. The dogmas whose birth we are 
 witnessing will soon have the force of the old dogmas ; that is to say, 
 the tyrannical and sovereign force of being above discussion. The 
 divine right of the masses is about to replace the divine right of 
 kings. 
 
 ' 'There has been no bankruptcy of science and science has had 
 no share in the present intellectual anarchy. Science promises us 
 truth, or at least a knowledge of such relations as our intelligence 
 can seize; it never promised us peace or happiness, Sovereignly 
 indifferent to our feeUngs, it is deaf to our lamentations. It is for 
 us to endeavor to Hve with science, since nothing can bring back the 
 illusions it has destroyed. 
 
 ' 'History tells us, that from the moment when the moral forces 
 on which a civiHzation rested have lost their strength, its final dis- 
 solution is brought about by those unconscious and brutal crowds 
 known, justifiably enough as barbarians. Civilizations as yet have 
 only been created and directed by a small intellectual aristocracy, 
 never by crowds. Crowds are only powerful for destruction. Their 
 rule is always tantamount to a barbaric phase. A civilization in- 
 volves fixed rules, discipline, a passing from the instinctive to the 
 rational state, forethought for the future, an elevated degree of cul- 
 ture—all of them conditions that crowds, left to themselves, have 
 invariably shown themselves incapable of realizing. In consequence 
 of the purely destructive nature of their power, crowds act like those 
 microbes which hasten the dissolution of enfeebled or dead bodies. 
 When the structure of a civiHzation is rotten, it is always the masses 
 that bring about its downfall. It is at such a juncture that their 
 chief mission is plainly visible, and that for a while the philosophy 
 of number seems the only philosophy of history. 
 
 ' 'Is the same fate in store for our civiHzation? There is ground 
 to fear that this is the case, but we are not, as yet, in a position to be 
 certain of it. 
 
 ' 'However this may be, we are bound to resign ourselves to the 
 reign of the masses, since want of foresight has in succession over- 
 thrown all the barriers that might have kept the crowd in check." 
 THE CROWD. Pp. 5-19. 
 
 The far greater part of the work done in an organism 
 is not conscious, but unconscious, and this is especially 
 true of the social organism. 
 
 Civilization, which is the verbalized form for the term 
 Independence, depends, for its conscientious support, very 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 39 
 
 largely upon the operation of statesmen; as Subjugation, 
 which is the verbalized form of the term Dependence, looks 
 to the work done by politicians for its conscious mainte- 
 nance. 
 
 The ideal leaders of crowds are humane statesmen; 
 the actual leaders of crowds are inhuman politicians; but 
 the real director of crowds is the impersonal Law. ' The 
 two former represent the Conscientious and the conscious, 
 the latter the unconscious, work done. The conscious,' 
 subjugating politician with his accursed supporting be- 
 liefs, has certainly obtained his supremest limit in the 
 Phillipine Reconcentration Camp, with its hundreds of 
 thousands of defenseless victims ; the conscientious civil- 
 izing statesmen joint-account with the Command and the 
 Sanction of the unconscious Law, will yet glorify the ar- 
 chitectural and architectonical home, through the refini- 
 tive effect of their operations on the generating senses, 
 transforming the passions into love, greed into content 
 for, after all is said and done, the evident end or aim, the 
 manifest purpose of all the social activities is the ideal- 
 ization of the home— the family home and the national 
 home are alike high and sacrificial results of a more and 
 more general love. 
 
 ' Tn palaces are hearts that ask. 
 
 In discontent and pride, 
 Why life is such a dreary task, 
 And all good things denied. 
 And hearts in poorest huts admire 
 
 How love has in their aid 
 (Love that not ever seems to tire) 
 Such rich provision made. ' ' Trench. 
 
 10 
 
 We are born— emerge out of the unconscious every- 
 where into the conscious here, the individual home, intel- 
 
40 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 ligently functioned to serve the structiiral operations go- 
 ing on in the growth of the conscientious now— the per- 
 sonal home — the Social organism, as its internal medium, 
 through and by an intellectually facultative connection 
 with the unconscious intelligible principles or laws which 
 constitute the external medium of that home-like organ- 
 ism. 
 
 The work done by the internal medium of an organ- 
 ism is generative, that done by its external mediimi is di- 
 rective. 
 
 In the Social Organism, under normal conditions, 
 the conscious generative senses go to the unconscious direc- 
 tive principles for guidance. The former and the latter 
 are facultatively or mutually prehensive, and when one 
 of the requests and one of the replies grasp one another, 
 they are then, each other's own other, — a com-prehension 
 or facultative production. 
 
 From this viewpoint the Social Organism is the home 
 in its most general aspect, and the products of the union 
 of the conscious generative senses with the unconscious 
 directive principles, are pure home units, neither wholly 
 conscious nor altogether unconscious, but conscientious. 
 Under the normalizing influences, of the organic method 
 of the unconscious principles or laws, these home units de- 
 velop into responsible organs or organizations, conscien- 
 tiously unit-ing systems ; independent home units organ- 
 izing to form an inter- dependent home life, — the Social 
 Life, whose ultimate idealization is Civilization or the 
 Might of Right, expressing the use of Knowledge. 
 
 But we are bom — emerge out of the unconscious 
 everywhere into the conscious here — the individual home 
 in a purely intelligent condition, and as such, limited to fan- 
 cies, guesses and beliefs, which are the forms in which the 
 senses give expression to their activities. The so-called 
 rational (quotient like) faculty, consisting in the mutually 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 41 
 
 grasping process, proper to the intelligent senses and the 
 intelligible principles, is an operation, a mode of motion 
 of slow growth, developing from infinitesimal beginnings 
 to widely ranging endings. "Nine tenths at least, of the 
 actions of average men are intelligent and not rational." 
 (Lloyd Morgan). This remark by one of the world's 
 greatest experimental observers of mental phenomena 
 means that the authority upon which the actions of nine 
 tenths of average men is based, is some form of the intelli- 
 gent senses and not of the intelligible laws. But what is 
 of more importance to understand is that a very high per- 
 centage, perhaps more than ninety, of the advantages 
 rendered by the intelligible laws are not normally (use- 
 fully) applied to the building up of the home of homes — 
 the Social Organism — but are actually ab-normally 
 directed, and the homes of the home are not only not 
 constructed, but are destroyed. This ab-use of Know- 
 ledge (the laws) is due to the fact that their direction is 
 supplied by the fancying, guessing and believing senses, 
 as distinguished from that of the relating, authoritative 
 and normalizing principles or laws. Two historic 
 pathways, those of theism and imperialism, with their 
 rivers of blood, their pillars of smoke by day and of flame 
 by night, supplemented by millions of tortured souls, 
 mostly women and children, attest to the frightful inhu- 
 manity attending sense direction. Whether the direction 
 is the sense of an individual man, or the common sense 
 of a crowd, it is equally vicious as compared with that 
 supplied by the principles representing the ' 'Fixed Order' ' 
 —Right. 
 
 Under the abnormal influence of sense-direction, 
 then, the conscious home units organize into crowds which 
 char acteristically shirk responsibility, and cultivate those 
 hostile relations which have for their ultimate actualiza- 
 tion ' 'Subjugation,' ' or the ' 'Right of Might' ', expressing 
 the abuse of Knowledge. 
 
42 PREFATORY LESSONS IN 
 
 We use and we ab-use knowledge in the homes of the 
 home and in the home of the homes. We die — immerge 
 into the unconscious everywhere out of the conscious here 
 and the conscientious now, — the home and the home of 
 the homes. 
 
 Between the time of our emergence out of the uncon- 
 scious everywhere into the conscious here and that of our 
 immergence into the unconscious everywhere out of the 
 conscious here, we are occupied either use-fully or waste- 
 fully with the conscientiously facultative development 
 of one of the homes of the home, or of the home of the 
 homes. When use-fully engaged, we are working archi- 
 tecturally or architectonically (respectively, right-wise-ly 
 or right-eous-ly) and therefore, constructively for the 
 home, and Civilization — the Might of Right— is promoted : 
 when waste-fully and, hence, destructively for the home. 
 Subjugation— the Right of Might— obtains. Civilization 
 is wholly humane ; Subjugation is wholly inhuman. 
 
 The pride and the haughtiness of the inhuman sub- 
 jugator has most often been the cause of the question, 
 ' 'What does it all mean?' ' Unfortunately all but a very 
 few of the victims have been dependent members of some 
 crowd of believers, theistical or political, and have taken 
 the dicta of sense-direction, that of leaders of the crowds. 
 But there have been a few independent souls from time 
 immemorial, whose fidelity to principle made them scorn 
 the mountebankcy of the leaders and the servility of the 
 crowd, as well. To this diminutive force, by whose dili- 
 gence, law after law has been discovered, is due the high 
 hope of Civilization and the eventual doom of Subjuga- 
 tion. Nature's laws, taken en masse, constitute the 
 whole of what we call knowledge. When taken as a sys- 
 tem these laws constitute a code, an authoritatively or- 
 ganized body. The formula, entitled A MECHANICAL 
 
A MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY 43 
 
 PHILOSOPHY, purports to be this CODE, with the prop- 
 erties and powers of Space as its authority. The idio- 
 morphic character of its psychological method and its eth- 
 ical system, as demonstrated by the two accompanying 
 examples, sharply distinguishes its unconscious operations 
 from any like conscientious intellectual production. 
 
Digest From Nature's Legal Code 
 
 A Mechanical Philosophy 
 
 + 
 
 
 J. J. VAN NOSTRAND, (A broker: 
 
 Might is Kight. 
 
 ; Right is Might. 
 
 Right is the 'Fixed Order 
 
 Liberty, where 
 
 Freedom, where 
 
 Law, where 
 
 Intelligence, or. 
 
 Intellect, or. 
 
 Intelligibility, or. 
 
 The actual World of 
 
 The Ideal World of 
 
 The Real World of 
 
 Krutal Work; 
 
 Social Work; 
 
 Universal Work; 
 
 Self-regarding, or. 
 
 Others-regarding, or. 
 
 Equalizing, or 
 
 Individual (choice), 
 
 Personal (choice), 
 
 Impersonal (necessity). 
 
 And, therefore. 
 
 And, therefore. 
 
 And, therefore, 
 
 Despolic (the belief) 
 
 Ethic (Elective) 
 
 Mechariic(normative) 
 
 Politic (the guess) 
 
 Aesthetic (effective) 
 
 Mathematio (historical) 
 
 Mimetic (the fancy) 
 
 Dialectic (affective) 
 
 Diagrammatic (relative) 
 
 is 
 
 is 
 
 is 
 
 Mind in the animal. 
 
 Mind in Man, 
 
 Mind in Nature. 
 
 The ironscious 
 
 The Conscientious 
 
 The Unconscious 
 1 
 
 
 (R,jdup) 
 
 1 
 
 MIND IS WORK 
 
 The Normalization of Mind, 
 
 Or the organic method applied. 
 
 (PHILOSOPHICAL-PSYCHOLOGY) 
 
 Appetition ( + ) for (X) Civilization ( + ) Gives Good ( -f- ) 
 
 Appetition ( + ) for (X) Subjugation ( — ) Gives Evil ( — ) 
 
 Aversion ( — ) lo (X) Subjugation ( — ) Gives Good ( + ) 
 
 Aversion ( — ) to (X) Civilization ( + ) Gives Evil ( — ) 
 
 Algebrical Form in Ethics. 
 
 The formula entitled A Mechanical Philosophy is a triadic demonstration including 
 A Theory of Knowledge, and a Natural Logic, the whole comprising a codification of 
 Natnral Law considered as the given aspect of the" Fixed Order.' ' 
 
 Conforming to the mordern definition of theory it is ,at once, intelligible and dia- 
 grammatical. 
 
 Demonstrating the analytical properties and the synthetical powers of the unit 
 clearly, distinctly, and adequately, it's logical method has all the authority of mathe- 
 
 Systematizing natural laws into a machine-like code, the laws composing the work- 
 ing parts, or mechanism, and carried in place by an inflexible, definitely proportioned, 
 symmetrical frame-work, the whole constitutes a given unity, completely unified 
 knowledge, or science, and commonly called philosophy. 
 
 The two smaller diagrams, "Normalization of Mind," and "Algebraical Eth- 
 ics,' ' are simply digests derived from the interpretative application of the laws of tha 
 
 Copyright 1907 
 By J. J. Van Hostrand 
 
The Noi 
 
 Or the c 
 
 (PHILO: 
 
 Appetition ( + ) for I 
 
 Appetition ( + ) for 
 
 Aversion ( — ) t.o 
 
 Aversion ( -^ ) ta 
 
 Algeb 
 
 The formula entitled A Mecl 
 A Theory of Knowledge, and ! 
 Natnral Law considered as the 
 
 Conforming to the mordern 
 grammatical. 
 
 Demonstrating the analytic 
 clearly, distinctly, and adequa 
 matics. 
 
 Systematizing natural lawi i 
 ing parts, or mechanism, and c 
 symmetrical frame-work.the 
 knowledge, or science, and con 
 
 The two smaller diagrams 
 ics,' ' are simply digests derivec 
 code. 
 
 Copyright 1907 
 By J. J. Van Nostrand 
 

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