UC-NRLF iMiT^^ B 3 IMb 1S7 AHN'S FRENCE PRIMER. BY Dr. P. HENN. NEW YORK: E. STEIGER & CO BERKELEY LIBRARY UNIV«»»TY Of WUCATIOJSI ZTWr Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/alinsfrencliprimerOOalinfricli Steiger's French Series. ^AHN'S FEENCH PRIMER. Dr. P. HENN. NEW YORK. E. STEIGER & CO Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by E. Steiger, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. E. Steigkr. Nkw York, Printer and Electrotyp»r. GIFT PREFACE. Special attention Ls invited to the following remarks es pianatory of the system of instruction in the First Elements of the French language adopted in this little book. Competent and very experienced authorities on the study of this language, have repeatedly adverted to the fact that pupils rarely succeed in attaining anything like a correct French pronunciai^ioa, when practice m it has been restricted to such casual opjiortunities as are afforded in the usual study of grammar and translation into English. They have therefore advised an Introductory Course which should treat exclusively of the proper French pronunciation, current reading, and the early and correct training of the ear to the unfamiliar French sounds. The realization of this view is the aim of AEN'S French Primer. It teaches correct pronunciation by giving numerous examples of the individual French sounds on a really systematic or rational plan, according to their inter-relation and the organs used in their production. These examples are never meaningless syllables, such as often occur in English Spel- ling-Books and French Syliabaircs, which can he of no possible interest to the pnpil, bin are al-ways words referring to such objects as the pupil is familiar with. Moreover, as the English meaning is given with each of them, the pupil is enabled, whilst acquiring a correct accent, to store uu, with great ease, a vocabulary of extreme value for the real Course itself. The greatest care haH tMsen tuKen m the choice of exampie-s. Id order m 018 — nr — w give, in each lesson, such sounds only as have been already explained. The rules laid 'iowo at the head of each lesson, are few, eimple, and cieajr. The perpiexiug subject of silent vowels, consonants, and terminatious is treateii in such a way thai the pupil's eye is at once spoken to by the (DTnilbll&ni© or hairiine type used for all silent letters, aud one explanation only is rend- ered necessary on the part of the teacher.* In order to arrest the pupil's attention, and fix in his mind the instruction given in the first part of the book, and for practice in current reading, Phrases and tittle Conversations (with an interlinear English version) and easy exercises for Translation are appended. Tliese apply practically the words used in t.he reading lessons, and aim really at notliing more than an agreeable and encouraging recapitulation of the Course. Closely based uoon the Primer, and possessing its cliief feature, viz., the introduction of the ©mitlliiim© type for all silent letters, are AHN^S French Heading Charts, which will be found of great service in class instruction. Although AUK'S French Primer forms one part of a regu- lar, graded series, it is, as an Introductory Course, complete in itself, and may be advantageously used, at the earliest stage of instruction, with any French Grammar. • Every one conversant with the snbjeci is aware that there i» some diversity of practice, even amonsr the edncated, as to certain shades and niceties ot Frencli pronnnciatinn. Bnch ponits the scope of this book does not embra.;e. For this reason, the present nsapre of the Normal GoIleLre of Paris has been 8(;cepted as the standard, and mvariably followed, oltboash. In some cases, it may tiiffer tToui •ther autbunoea. I. THE ALPHABET. The French Alphabet consists of the following twcnty-tive letters: Names Names a A ah 11 N enn b B bay o O o <• V say pP pay d D day qQ 3 e E eh r R err* f F eff s S ess gG jay' t T tay hH ash 2 u U 3 i I ee V V vay J J jee' X X ix kK kah y Y ee greek 1 L ell z Z zed inM emni 1. Simple vowels are: a, e, i, o, ii, y. 2. All other letters are simple consonants. 3. The following are compoimd letters: Compound voivels: au, eaii, on, ai, ei, eii, oeu. Nasal vowels: an, am, en, em; in, ini, ain, aim; on, t)m; uii, um, enn. DiphtJiongs: ia, ie. ie. ie, i<>. ieii <>i. ni. <>iii. Nasal diphthongs: iaii, ieii. oiii. iiiii. ion. Compound consonants: eh, pli, tli, qn, j»'ii. 1 j to be pronounced like ,s in pleasure. 2 a to be pronounced as in fast. 3 The French name of this letter cannot be represented by English letters; it mnst be learned from the mouth of the teacher. 4 err to be pronounced as in ferry. 1 ■^ 2 — II. READING AND SPELLING. 1. a ^ 1 1 b p d t m n 1. a is proiiuLiiiced like a in fad; a witli the Circumflex Accent ( '" ) lias the sound of a in father. A vowel marked with the Circumflex Accent is always long. 2. i and i with the Circumflex Accent, are usually pro- nounced like i in machine, i is sometimes like the English short /, as in pin. 3. e at the end ol* words of more than one syllal)lo, is silent. 4. b p (It in n at the beginning of words or syllables, are pronounced as in English. 5. A consonant ut the end of a word is generally silent. In this book, all silent letters will 1)e given in ® mtMlffi® or hairline type. a ba§ ma ta da da papa midi has stocking my thy hobby-horse papa noon ami ni nii dit tapis pa§ frieiul neither nest said carpet step tabae bati mat dlna dame tobacco built mast (he) dined lady tap© madam© am© an© pat© tap jVIrs., Madam soul ass paste badin© abim© mm dim© min© switch abyss put tithe mien, look pip© timid© dat© pi© mi© pipe timid date magpie crumb (of bread) e ^ ^ 6 f V 1 r 1. e at the end of words of one syllable, sounds like it in the English word tub; at the end of syllables not final, it has really the same sound, but is in many cases scarcely to be heard. 2. e with the Acute Accent (') is pronounced like a in fate. 3. e with the Grave Accent (') is pronounced like a in tare. 4. e with the Circumflex Accent is pronounced like c m there. 5. e without an accent, at the beginning and in the middle of syllables, is ordinarily jironounced like the French e (a in tare): in the final syllables er, et, ez, however, it sounds like the French e (a in fate). 6. f, V, 1. r arc pronounced as in English. le me te iie de yenir brebis the lae thfij not of to come sheep d^ tM f^® ble 6t<5 verite thimble tea fairy wheat summer truth feve planet© per© merD frere beau 1 lanet father mother brother pret tete fet© bete feuetr© ready head feast beast window me me re ye yetir etre pretre same dream Id dress tulje jjriest fer mer terme ferme liberte iron sea l.-nn I'.irMi liberty tel elle frateriiel fer mer diner such she- l>rotlierly to closr dinner et tiret ft lei nea yenes paries and hyplieu thread nose come speak s. U tl c ^ k q 1. o has for the most part nearly the same souml as in English; it is iisuall}^ pronounced hke o in robe; sometimes it is short as in odd; 6 with the Circumilex Accent has always the sound of o in no. 2. u and ii with the Circumflex Accent, cannot be ren- dered by any corresponding sound in English, and must be learned from the lips of the teacher. 3. c before a, o, ii, or a consonant, and at the end of syllables and of some words, is pronounced like the P^nglish Jc. When it comes before e, i, and y, it is pronounced like s in the English word same. With the cedilla (^), it always sounds like sharp s. 4. k sounds like the English k. q, cither followed by u, or without it, is also pronounced like the English k. 5. In French, there is no neuter gender. All nouns are either masculine or feminine. The masculine article is le, the; the feminine article is la, the. Now, as the gender of nouns can only be learnt by long practice, it is of great importance for beginners to learn, at the very outset, every noun luith its article. la mod© le port le domino la the mode, fashion the ]inrt the domino the robe le role le dome le cote dress the roll the cupola, dome the side du lu bu tu la rue le futur of the read drunk thou (he street the future la nature la lune la vertu eu the nature the moon the virtue had du mur miirir la flut© bril due ripe to ripen the Hute to bnru la corde le canif actif le roc the string the peutnife active the rock la lecture le due ce ceci ici the rtadiug the duke this this here le ci dr© la ci r© la ci te la for c© the cider the wax the city the strength §a la facade regu le kilo qmi that the front received the kilogram who quie la quia lite le coq Paqm©§ whom the quality the cock Easter 4. ail eau ou § J 1. ail and eau are pioiiouiiced like o in home. 2. oil sounds like ou in soup. 3. g before a, o, ii, and consonants, has the hard sound of g in go; before e and i, it is pronounced like s in pleasure. 4. j is always jjronounced like 8 in pleasure. 5. In French, there are as many syllables in a word, as there are vowels or diphthongs. 6. A single consonant between two vowels, is joined to the latter. le baum© la faut© faux jaun© le bateau le bureau le taureau the boat the office the bull ou le couteau le coii le coud© or the knife the ueek the elbow le louiD beau coup la poule Aotit the wolf uiufh, mauy the heu August (mouth) la moutard© la tour le coucou the iiuistard the tower the ciiekoo la rout© roug© le gag© la pag© tht,' road red tln^ jjicage the Jtage le gateau le geueral la flgur© the <-ake the geueral the face, figure, form les legum©s la glac© la gorg© the vegetables the ice the throat gros le gilet je le jour jouer large the vest I the d;iy to play le journal joli le jug© JuIbs the uewspaper pretty the judge Julius 5. ai ei s X z 1. ai and ei are generally pronoiineed like ai in bail; ai at the end of a word, especially in some forms of the verb, is sounded like a in fate. 2. s at the beginning of words has the sharp sound of the English .s in same; between two vowels, it is pronounced like s in rose; ss has always the hissing sound of SS in lesson. 3. X as in English, has two different sounds; in most words beginning with ex, it sounds like gs; in others like ks. 4. z has the same sound as z in English. 5. In dividing words into sjilables, mark, besides tno general rules (.see 4), the folio wing: Two different consonants, or the two same consonants be- tween two vowels, must be separated. There are many combinations, however, which always be- long to the same syllable, namely: bl, br, cl, cr, ell, dr, fl, fr, gl, gr, pi, pr, tl, tr, vr, cli, pli, th, gn. la lain© la bai© le maitro le the wool the bay the master, teacher the palai§ la paix la rai© la pair© l)alaee the peaee the Hue the pair le balai je parlerai je parlerais the liruoiii I shall speak 1 should speak seiz© la rein© la vein© plein© sixteeu the iineeu the veiu full le sabl© le sel sauvag© le sac the saud the salt savage tlie bag la musiqui© la visit© le Riiss© the visit the Kussiau exact le lux© flxeir la tax© exact luxiUT to tix the tax le zero la zon© le zel© le gaz naught the zoue zeal the gaz la vertu la bours© le boniieifc the virtue the purse the cap qmit ter le ti gr© le tre fl© pro pr© to leave the tiger the clover proper, clean — 8 ~ «. eu oeu h ch th ph 1. eu and oeu sound nearly like u in nume; when followed hj r, or another consonant not silent, the sound is more open. 2. h in French is said to be aspirated or not, but is never pronounced. Mark that before all nouns beginning with a vowel or non-aspirated h, the article is 1' (with the apostrophe) instead of le, la. With nouns beginning with h aspii'ated, the article remains unchanged. 3. ch sounds the same as the English sh. In a few words, however, taken from the Greek, and when it comes before a consonant, it is pronounced like k. 4. th is pronounced like t simply, and ]>h like f. le jeu le feu jeu di la cou leur the play the tire Thursday the color la doiileur la fleur le coeur la the paiu the flower the heart the soeur le boeuf le iioeudl I'lueur© sister the ox the knot the hour I'Myer le malheur le Mboii le the winter the misl'ortuue th^' owl the hetr© la bouch© le chen© clier beech-tree the mouth the oak dear clierche la chro ni qm© le chceur sought the chi'oiiicle the choir r^cho le tMm© le theatre the echo the exercise the theatre la phras© le phar© le phosphor© the phrase the light-uons^ the oho^horus — 9 — 7. an am en em 1. lu I'reuch, n uiui lu, when tinul or bel'uru a cuii.suiiant, cU-e said to have a nasal sound, but more properly speaking, dropping their own sound, they only indicate that the preced- iug vowels are to be sounded through the nose. Thus an, am, en. em are used to represent the nasal sound of the French a, and are pronounced like en in the Anglicized word encore. 2. In pronouncing these sounds, care shoidd be taken not to press the back of the tongue against the palate, as is done in producing the sound of the English ng. 3. When the m or n of these and similar combinations is doubled or followed by a vowel, there is no nasal sound. I'iiiicr© Fans© Fang© daii§ sans thf> anchor the haudlu the angel iu without la taiite ma man Jean le banc til'' aunt Mamma John the bench blanc* am pi© la jam b© la lam p© white ample the leg the lamp le tam bour la ram p© le flam beau the drum the stairs the torch en I'encr© en cor© I'entre© le ill the ink still the entrance the venl; Fen fane© vendr© yendredi wind the childhood to sell Friday Fo ri ent Men ri le sens en sem bl© the E.ist Henry the sense tcgcther Fenipir© le membr© la cann© the empire the member the caue Fen n© mi la flam m© la gem m© the enemy the flame the gem — 10 — s. in im ain aim ein in, iiu, ain, aim, ein represent the nasal sound cor- responding to the French 1; taey arc all pronounced nearlj like an in the English word samj. le vin la fin le pin le moulin the wine flu; eiiil the piue-tree the mill le la pin le jar din le niagasin the nibuit the garden the wMrehonse le matin invite ingrat sini- the morning invited ungrateful sim- pl(B im plo rer grim per la main pie to implore to climb the hand le bain le pain plain dr b vain cr© the batli the bread to complain to vanquish lnu main crain dre de main le human tt> fear to-morrow the gain plain tif le par rain ain si gain ])laintive the godfather thus la faim le daim Fessaim plein hunger the deer the swarm full le frein le sein le teint la the bridle the bosom the complexion the feinte le peintre la peintur© feint the painter the painting le des sein i nu ti k im mor tel the design useless immortal — 11 — 9. on om un iiiii eiin 1. oil and oiii ivprescut the nasal sound corresponding to the Frencli o; they are pronounced nearly like on in song. 2. uii, uiii, euii represent the nasal sound corresponding to the Fi-ench ii: they iirc pronounced nearly like an in sung. 3. The 11 of iiioii, ton, son, nil, on is pronounced with the next word, if that conunences with a vowel or non- aspirated h. Oil onz^ boil moil ton son om;, thoy eleven good my thy his Toncle le bonbon le mondp) la the um-le the sugar-phini the world the niontr© le pan talon le plafond watch the trowsers the ceiling la reponse le savon le gar§on the ilu^swer the so.ip the boy Tom bra ge le noin sombre le the shade the uamr dark the nombr© la tomb 3 le preiiom iiund.er the tomh the Christian name nn un© cliacun la Inn lundi a, iiu, (me eacli the alum Monday brun le parfnni kunibk a jeun brown the perlume InuuMe tasting mon onclB la bonn© doniier my uuclc the nurse to give ^ 12 -— ia ie i^ i^ io ieu 1. Ill French, all clip lit lioii^s arc j)iouuiuicc(l by uttering fully and distinctly the vowels which compose them; this should, however, be done by a single inii)ulsc of the voice. Thus: ia is compounded from the French vowels i and a ie ' " " " i '• e ie ■' '' " " i " e ie " " '' " i " e io " '' " ' i ' o ieu " " " " 1 " eu 2. In dividing wonls into syllables, diphthongs should never be separated. Ie diablD Ie piano Ie dhidem© tlic di'\il thr piano tlio (lindi'iu lemariage Ie dia metre Ie flacr© tbu niarriage the iliaiiieter 'An- fall Ie diamant Ie rosier Ie dernier the diamoud the rose-bush Uk- last Ie pied Janvier Ie premier tier the foot January the first yesterday la pi tie I'amitie Ie sieg© la pie- j)iiy the frieudship the seat piety te Ie lie g b Ie pie g e la pie cb la the cork-tree the trap the jiieee the salier© la bier© la niec© la salt-oellar Ihe beer (he niece the flol© la pioclip) Ie yiolon Dieu jjhial the pickaxe the Yioliu God Ie mi lieu Ie lieu yieux mom sieur the middle the place old Sir, Mi-., gentleman — IS — 11. oi ui oui oi is pronounced like wa in loas. ui is compounded from the French vowels ii and i. oui ** " " " ou and i. uioi toi le roi noir la loi la I thou the kiug black the law the soire© la sole le miroir ayoir <_ \eiiiii},' the .silk the iniiTor to have le poi YTO la soif la bol te boi r© the iiejjper the thirst the box to drink la voi k la vie toi r© la toi k I'oi© the sail the victory the liueu the ^oo^n Toi seau le moii choir liii liii r© the l)ird tlie poeket-haudkerchief he to shine je siiia rHiiuil© la niiit je puis J am tile oil the uight I can le ciiir la ciii si ii© niii r© la tui 1© the leather the kitchen to injure the tile le cuivr© la plui© I'etui suivi the copper the rain the case followed la rui n© le buis son la Suis s© the riiiu the bush Switzerland la sui t© le bis cuit la con dui t© the attendants the biscuit the conduct rejoui oui la fouin© Louis© rejoiced yes the marten Louisa — 14 — 12. ian ion oin uin ien 1. ian is compounded t'rom the French vowels i and an nasal. ion " " " *' i '' on '' oin " " " " o ' in " uin ** ** " " n " in " ien " " " '' i " en " 2. All these diphthongs are pronounced by uniting the sounds of their component parts, except ien, which is mostly final, and sounds like i with in {an in the P^nglish word sang). la viand© riant la con fiance le thfi uieiit siiiiliiig ci>iiti(leiK-e the- mendiant le negociant friand beggai- the merchaut dainty le lion le champion la pension the lion the champion the boarding-school la pas sion In nion la pro ces sion tlif ]iassion tlie union the procession loin le foin le soin le coin le far the hay the carr the corner the point joindr© le be soin Juin point to join the need June bien rien mien mienn© tien well nothing mine mine thine sien le lien an cien le co me dien his the hand ancient the actor le Prussien le Chretien com bien the Prussian the Ghristiau li'^w much — 15 — 13. il ill eil eill 1. 1 and 11, when preceded by i. are pronounced like y consonant in yonder (liquid 1); in such words as have only tte vowel i before the 1 or 11, the i has its regular sound.* 2. When there is another vowel before the 11 or ill, the 1 is always silent, and the vowel befoi-e it has its I'egular sound. Thus: eil and eiU are pronounced like e with 1 liquid. le babil le mil le peril Avril th ta:k the millet the peril April 111 famille la fill© la yaiiill© the luiiiily the danghier the vauilLi le pa vil Ion la co qmil le brii leir lue pavilit)u the shell to shine le con sell con sell ler le vermenl the advice to aJvice the veriiiiliuu paretl le soleil le sommeH la like the sim the bleep the bouteill© la corbeilk Foreill© l)Oltie the basket the ear la mer veil \% I'a beO k meO leur the wonder the bee better la gro seil le vi ell le vi eil lard the gooseberry old the old man *) The pronunciation of the liquid I is sometimes given as being like that of Hi in brilliant; but, as indieated above, in Paris and pans of France, it is softened down to very nearly the sound of y. — 16 — u. ail euil ouil aill euill ouill ail aiul aill are pronouucetl like a with 1 liquid. euil ' euill " " eu '• 1 '' oviil " ouill • "■ ou ' 1 " i is, of course, always silent. le bail le be tail le gouyernail the lease the eattls the rudder I'email le travail Fe yen tail la the enamel the work the tan the bataill© recalll© la medaille battle the scale (of fish) the medal la muraill© la paill© le caillou (he wall th(^ straw the pebble le deuil recureuil le faiiteuil the mouruiut,' the squirrel the armchair le cheyreuil le seiiil la feuille the roe the threshold the leaf le ports feuil 1b le che yr© feuil 1© the j>ortl<)li() the honey-suckL' le feuil la ge le fe iioiiil mouil ler the foliage the fenuel-seed to wet bouillir le bouillon la rouille to boil the broth the rust fouiller le brouillon la depouill© to dig the waste-book the spoil 17 gn y 1. gll has a sound combining that of the English n and y consonant, like 7il in minion. In dividing words into syllables, it is always considered as one letter, (see 5.) 2. y when initial, or when after a consonant, has the sound of the French i. y after a vowel is to be considered as a com- pound sound of two i (ii), the first i going with the preceding vowel, and the second with the following; thus: nioyen = moi-ien. la ligiie la campagn© le sigiie the liue the country the sign la moil ta giie I'Al le ma gii© di gii© the monntiiiu Germany wrtrMiy rigiioraiic© le compagiion le ignorance the companion, partner the lorgnon le rogiioii espagiiol eyeglass the kidney Spanl^h y les yeiix la lyre la syllabe there the eyes the lyre the syllable le type le myrt© la syntax© the type the myrtle the s>^ltax le tyran la pyramid© I'luydr© the tyrant the iiyramid the hydra lepays le pay sag© le moyen le the country the landsca])-- the means the crayon you§ voyes employer pencil you see to employ payer loyal royal aboyer to pay honest royal to bark — 18 •• •• •• 1 u e 1. g'U before e and i sounds like g in go; the u lias no sound whatever, it onl}^ shows that the g is hard. 2. g-e befoie a, o, ii, sounds like s in pleasure; the e is inserted to show that the g is soft. 3. The trema (*•) ])laced over the second of two vowels, denotes that they are to be pronounced as distinct letters. la laiigui© la gmerre le gmid© the laugnaf^e tongue the wiir the guide la flgiiKB la baguue la gmerit© the tig the ring the sen try-box fatigmie la g mi tar© la drogHKB tired the guitar the drug la gunirland© gnner© la ginepe tlie garland hardly the wa.sp la mar gun© ri to la dagiie le gme the daisy the dirk the lord le dogniKB ForgniKB gmerir le gmi the house-, log the orgau to heal the mistletoe la guuetr© il mangea le geolier the gaiter be ate the jailer rou goa tr© le pi g©on la man g^©oi r© reddish the pigeon the manger, crib Faieul hair Saiil Raphael the grandfather to hate Saul Raphael 19 — 17. ti ent 1. ti in the middle of words, when it comes before another vowel, is very otten jn'onounced like ce in cedar. 2. ent final in the Third Person Plural of all French verbs, is silent. la ration la nation la fraction the ration the imtioii th*' tractiou la consolation Faddition la the con-olution the additinu the SOUS traction la multiplication sul)tr!iotiou the imiltiplicatinu la por tion I'e du ca tion le di tion the i^ortiou the edm-atiou the editiou Fat ten tion la condition la per- the attention the (•(niditinu the jx-r- Action le Venitien essentiel Itclimi the Veneiiaii esseiiti.d patient la patienc© la compo- jiatieiit patience the compo- si tion le:^ lions rugiss©ini4 le§ sitioii (tlie) lions roar (the) pigeons roucoukait les serpente pigeons con (the) seq^ents siffleunt les boeufe mu gis seimt les hiss I the) oxen low (the) mou tons be l©Bt les coqs clian tent sheep bleat (the) cocks crow - 20 - j«. f^oiible Consonants. 1. Aa a |2:eneral mle, In words ending In e mate, preceded by two likf^ consonants, the two con.soiKints are pronounced as one. There are, however, a gi-eat many words with double consonaniis m which both of them are pronounced, 2. Double 1 afler i retains in a few words the proper sound of I, as heard in hill, (see 13.) 3. Double c before e and i is pronounced as in English, namely, the first like k, the second like s. la nappo la chatt© la barr© la the tablf-c'loth the cat the bar chas m la pier re le par ter r© la hiiutiiij,' the stone the garden-plot the terr© TAngleterr© J©anii© le earth England Jane tlir reii 11© qmit t© I'Eiioiii m© com in© reindeer (juits the man like, as la pom ill© le beurr© le sifflet the ajiple the butter the whistle la §riff© la coiff© la goutt© the claw the head-dress the drop iiii men s© im mo bi 1 © I'er reur immense inlmovable the error il his tr© la yil 1© mil 1© le mil 1© illustrious the town thousand the mile ia vaccin© le succes accepter the vaccimtiou the buccesa to accept — 2\ 10. Some Exceptions and Difficulties. I. Mark the occasioual sounds of tlic following betters: e =- a. la fern in© im prii deiii meiit the wife, wonuiu imprudeutly fle=eu. Ym\ Ymllei Foeillade the eye tlie pink the glance c = g. le se cond nous se con don§ the second we second X = s. six dix soi xan t© - six leu Hixty-six X = 7. le den xie m© le si xie niB the second . the sixth 2. The Apostrophe (') does not ciiange the pronunciation of the following syllable, and only denotes the elision of one vowel before another. Thus: mslead of: we. wiitK and read: iitstead nf: wi write and reoA: le air I'air je ai *9 * jai the air i Lave, la eau llie water Feau de un of a d'un qme il qm'il ya-toi en va-t*en that he go along quae on qm'on si il s'il tliat tlicy if he ce ^%% cest si ils s'ils that is if they le ami Tanii je aim© j'aim© the t'riejid Hove 22 20. Connection of Words. 1. Ill current reading and speaking, tlie last syllable of a word is generally joined to the first of the tbllowing, if that commences with a vowel or non-aspirated li. In this connection, however, some letters change their regular sounii, namely: d is pronounced like t sorx " '* z g- is pronounced like k f u u ^ 2. The t of et, and, is never pronounced. grand Ikomme rang* elBve graii-thom-mt great man j'au-ke-le-ve elevated rank vous vou- you et©s aiiiiabl© boii ami boiis amis ze-te-zai-iiui-blo are amiable l)()-na-mi good friend l)()ll-/a-llli,- good friends eest asses trop in just© ils ont ©u c'es-tas-sez that is enough tro-piii-jus-te too unjust il-zoii-teu they have had ils aimomt a parler lisons a present il-zai-meii-ta-i)ar-ler they like to sj^eak li-son-za |)re-yeiit let us read now neuf hommos il est six lieur©^ neu vhom-mes nine men i-lest-si-zheu-res it is six o'clock amour et patri© vainer© ou mourir a-mou-ret-pa-tne love and fatherland vaiii-creou-mou-nr to vanquish or to die — 23 — 21, To tliose who wish to be accurate in Dividing Words into Syllables, a review of the rules already given iu several former lessons (,see 4, o, 10 , may he of service. 1. There are as many syhables in a French word, as tliere are vowels (u- diplithongs. •2. A single consonant between two vowels, \< joined tc the latter. 3. Two different consonants or the two same consonants must be separated. 4. Tliere are many combinations, however, which always belong to the same syllable; namely: 1)1, br, cl. cr, dl, dr, fl, fr, gl, gr, pi, pr, tl, tr, \ r, cli, pli, tli, gn, and, of course, all diphthongs. la ca cia Te ra ble la mi ntt to Sep tern brs the gmu-tree the maple-tree the minute September le prill temps I'odorab- le berger la bar bo the spring the smell (sense) the shepherd the beard le tounerre le ruisseau le cerisier les pieds the thunder the stream the cherry-tree the feet la paupiere la pluie le tigra le chagrin the eye-lid the raha the tiger the grief IVnivrage le marbre le sie cle les montagnes the work the marble the centiiry the mountains le pen pl-3 Ton gle tin 6 le phant the people the nail (of fingers) an elephant 22, The chief marks of punctuation are the same as in English, namely: [,] la virgule, the comma [;] le point et virgule, the semicolon [:] les deux points, the colon [.] le point, the period [?] le point d'interrogat ion, the note of interrogation [!] le point d'exelamation the note of exclamation. — 24 — III. CURRENT READINO 23. L'heure a soixante minutes. La flute est un The hour has sixty minutes. The flute is an instrument. Ce fruit est mur. La flotte sort du iustrument. This fruit is ripe The fleet leaves the [)ort. Notre vie est courte. L ete est passe. Aime port. Our life is short. (The) summer is past. Love ton pere et ta mere. Cette vallee est fertile. Porter thy lather and thy mother. This valley is fertile. Carry cette lettre a la poste. Le fer est un metal, this letter to the post-office. (The) iron is a metal Ce portrait est beau. Je veux une fleur. This portrait is beautiful. I wish (want) a flower. 24. Ce papier est mauvais.. Veux-tu aimer ton Tliis paper is bad. Wilt thou love thy pere et ta mere, tes freres eb tes soeurs ? Maman, father aud thy inother, thy brothers and thy sisters? Mamma, donne-moi un ruban. L'empereur de Russie est le give me a ribbon. The emperor of Eussia is the maitre dim vaste empire. L'ecolier va a I'ecole master of a vast empire. The scholar goes to (the) school Je suis dans la seconde classe. I am in the second class. 25. Les flatteurs sont tres-dan^i^ereux; il faut tou- (The) flatterers are very dangerous; one must al- jours el re en garde contre eux. Nous m^prisons ways be on guard against them We despise souvent une chose, parce (lu'il n'est pas en notre often a thing, because it is not in our pouvoir de Tobtenir. Je suis reine des fleurs, disait power to obtain it I am queen of the flowers, said un jour la rose k Thumble violette. one day the rose to the humble violet — 25 — 26. Henri! Que voulez-vous 7 Venez ici. Pour Henry I What do yoii waut V Come here. "What quoi faire? J'ai quelque chose k vous montrer. to do ? I have something to show you. Qa'est-ce que c'est? Un joli livre. Y a-t-il cles What k :i.? A nice book. Are there any images dedans? Oui, beaucoup. Qui vous Ta donne? pictures in it? Yes, many. Who has given it to you ? Papa. Quand ? Ce matin. Papa. When ? This morning. 27. Je vais sortir. Avec qui ? Avec maman. Ou I am going out. With whom ? With Iklamma. Where allez-vous? Dans le pare. Julie va-t-elle avec are you going? Into the park. Is Julia going with VOUS ? Oui, et Sophie aussi. Mettez votre chapeau. you? Yes, and Sophia also. Put on your bonnet. J"ai uu chapeau neuf. De quelle couleur? Bleu. I have a new bonnet. Of what color? Blue. Montrez-le-moi. Le voici. 11 est bien joli. Youlez- Show it to me. Here it is. It is very pretty. WiU VOUS Tessayer ? II est trop grand pour moi. you try it'^on ? It is too large for me. 2S. Marie, venez dans le jardin. Pour quoi faire ? :Mary, come into the garden. "UTiat to do ? Pour cueiUir des fleurg. Pour qui ? Pour maman. To gather some flowers. For whom? For Alamma. Avez-vous une corbeiUe? Non. Je vais chercher Have yea a basket? No. I am going to fetch la mienne. Apportez aussi une paire de ciseaux. mme. Bring also a pair of scissors. Nous n'avons plus de tulipes. Ni de lilas. Mais We bttvtj no more tuhps. Nor lilac. But — 26 — 11 y a des roses. Je crois que nous avons assez de there are sorae roses. I think we have flowers enough. fleurs. Portons-les k maman. Let us cany them to Mamma. 29, Qu'avez-Yous la ? Un joli petit moineau. Qui What have you there ? A pretty little sparrow. Who vous I'a donne ? Le jardinier. II faiu le mettre has given it to you? The gardener. It is necessary to put it dans une cage. Je niii pas de cage. Jean en a une. in a cage. I have no cage. John has one. Me la pretera-t-il? Je vais lui demander. Voila Will he lend it to me ? I am going to ask him. There is la cage. Allez chercher de ia graine. Voyez, il the cage. Go and fetch some seed. See, it Qiange deja. eats already. 50. Ou vont tons les garpons. Engine? Je ne Where are all the boj's going, Eugene ? I do ?ais pas. Voyez comment ils courent! lis vont not know. See how they are running ! They are voir un petit Italien qui a un singe. Allons le voir going to sec a little Italian, who has a monkey. Let us go to see him aussi. Vou3 savez quon nous a defendu de sortir. also. You know that they have forbidden us to go out. A-h, que cela est malheureux ! Voila les gargons How unfortunate that is! The boys qui reviennent. Le petit Italien est avec eux. II are coming back. The little Italian is with them. He va faire danser le singe dans la coiii-. J'ui quelquss^^ ts going to make the monkey dance iu the yard. I h&sa SOUS, je vais les lui jeter. cents, I am going to throw them to him. — 27 — IV. TRANSLATION (Oral and Written). 31. le, the la, the le pere, the father la nibre, the mother le frere, the brother la soeur, the sister et, and Le pere et la mere. Le fr^re et la soeur. Le pere et le frere. La mere et la soeur. La mere et le fr^re. Le pere et la soeur. 32. bon, bonne, r/ood est, is Le bon |)t!re. La bonne mt;re. Le bon fr^re. La bonne soeur. Le pere est bon. La mere est bonne. Le bon pere et la bonne mere. 33. The brother and the sister. The father and the brother. The mother and the sister. The brother is good. The sister is good. The good brother and the good sister. 34. un, une, a, an mon, ma, my un oiicle, an unde une tante, an aunt mon p^re, my father ma m^re, my mother Un p^re et une mere. Un oncle et une tante. Un bon oncle et une bonne tante. Mon fr^re et ma soeur. Mon bon oncle et ma bonne tante. Mon p^re est bon, ma mere est bonne. — 28 — 35, A brother and a sister. A good brother and a good sister. My father and my mother. My uncle and my aunt. My good brother and my good sister. My uncle is good; my aunt is good. S(i. grand, grande, large, tall ton, ta, thy petit, petite, little^ small, short aussi, also le cousin, the (rnale) cousin la cousine, the (female) cousin Mon petit frere. Ma petite soeur. Mon pere est grand. Ma mere est petite. Mon oncle est petit. Ma tante est grande. Ton p^re est mon oncle. Ton frere est aussi mon frere. Ton cousin est petit. Ta cousine est aussi petite. 37, My little cousin is good. Thy mother is my aunt. Thy sister is also my sister. Thy uncle is tall, and thy aunt is short. My little brother and my little sister. Thy brother is good, and thy sister is also good. 3S, le livre, the hooh Jean, John la plume, the pen Marie, Mary a, has Mon p^re a un frbre et une soiur. Jean a un livre et une plume. Le livre est bon. La plume est aussi bonne. Mon oncle a un grand livre et une petite plume. [La]* petite Marie a mon livre et ma plume. • Words within brackets [ ] are to be read, but not translated; words within parentheses ( ) are not to be read, but translated. — 29 — 39, John is my cousin. M}" mother has a good brother and a good sister. My book is good, my pen is also good. John has a large book and a small pen. My cousin John has my book and my pen. 40, not re, okt voire, your la maison, the house Jacques. Jaiiies le jardin, the garden Louise, Louisa joli, jolie, jjretty Notre pere est nn bon pure. Notre mere est une bonne mere. Yotre oncle a une jolie maison. Yotre tante a un joli jardin. Notre jardin est grand. Yotre maison est petite. Yotre plume est bonne. Jacques est notre cousin. Louise est votre cousine. 41, Our uncle is a good uncle, and our aunt is a good aunt. Y'our book is large, and your pen is small. Our garden is pretty. (The) little James is your cousin. Louisa is our sister. Our uncle has a large house. Your aunt has a pretty garden. 42, riche, rich j'ai, I hate pauvre, poor tu as, thou hast malade, ill, sicl- tr'6s, xery Notre oncle est trbs-riche. Yotre cousin Richard est pauvre. Jacques est tres-malade, Charles est notre frere. Yotre jardin est tres-joli. J'ai un bon frere. Robert a un bon livre et une bonne plume. Jean, tu as un tr^s-bon oncle et une tres-bonue tante. — 30 — 43, la lieiir, the fl,ower la rose; the rose Our aunt is very rich. Our little sister is sick. Your cousin Mary is poor. I have a good uncle and a good aunt. Mary is our sister. Your house is very large. Thou hast a good aunt, Charles. My sister has a rose. The rose is a pretty flower. Robert, thou hast a very good brother and a very o:ood sister. 44. ai-je, have I? as-tu, liast thou? ])erdu, lo^t trouv6, found le can if, the j^enhiife le chien, tJte dog oui, yes non, no Ai-je ta plume, Marie? Non, ma soeur, tu as mon canif. As-tu aussi mon livre ? J'ai ton livre et ta plume. Charles, tu as un joli chien. J'ai perdu mon canif. Jacques, as-tu trouve mon canif? Oui, mon frere, j'ai trouve ton canif. Alfred, as-tu perdu ta plume? Oui, mon pere. 45. Henri, Henry Julie, Jidta vu, seen Have I a brother and a sister? Henry, thou hast a pretty dog. Our dog is very little. Mary is very sick; my sister Julia is also sick. Charles, hast thou seen our garden? Yes, I have seen your garden and your house. Mary, hast thou seen my uncle? Yes, Henry, I have seen thy uncle and thy aunt. - si - 40, nous avons, we have avons-nous, have we ? vous avez, you have avez-vous, have you? papa, Papa maman, Mamma Nous avons iiii bon pere. Vous avez uiie bonne mere. Avons-nous un Irere et une soeur? Avez- vous un jaidin et une maison ? Avez-vous vu mon letitchien? Oui, Robert, nous avons vu ton joli petit chien. Avez-vous trouve votre canif, papa? Oui, Henri. Charles, as-tu inf^ oluniQ? Non, maman. 47. la montre, the watch le chapeau, the hat, honnet un enfant, a child un ami. a friend Henr}- has a ))retty hat and a pretty watch. Have you also a watch? No, we have lost our watdi. Mamma, have you lost your book? No, my child. We have a good friend. Have you also a friend ? Yes, Mamma, we have a good friend. Our poor friend is sick. You have a good aunt. 48, monsieur, Mr., Sir, gentleman \^\QiiYQ. the letter madame, Mrs.. Madam ecrit, written As-tu 6crit un9 lettro, mon enfant? Oui, mon- sieur, j'ai ecrit une lettre. Et vous, Henri et Robert, avez-vous aussi ecrif une lettro ? Oui, monsieur, nous avons aussi ^crit une petite lettre. A.-^-tu une fleur. »]ulie? Oui. madame, j'ai une jolie ro.se. Avez- V0U3 per«]u un livre? Oui, madame, nous avons perdu un livre et une plume. 49. Hast thou seen my dog. Charles? Yes, Sir. I have seen vour dog. Have you Josl a pen? Yes Madam, we have lost a pen and a book. I have written a letter. Have jon also written a letter, Henry and Charles? Yes, Sir; we have also writteo a letter; Richard has seen our letter. Hast thou a flower, my child? Yes, Madam, I have a prettj ^ower. 50, il, he {she, it) elle, she (it) il est, he is est-il, is he ? elle est, she is est-elle, is she ? il a, he has a-t-il, has he ? elle a, she has a-t-elle, has she ? le fijs, the son la fille, the daughter J'ai vu votre fr^re; il est tres-grand. As-tu aussi vu notre cousine, Marie? Oui, madame, elle est tres- grande. Vous avez un bon oncle; est-il riche? Non, madame, il est tres-pauvre. Et votre tante, est-elle aussi pauvre ? Oui, madame. Ta tante a un Ills; a-t-elle aussi une fille ? Oui, monsieur, elle a un fils et une fille. 5t, mais, hut encore, still Our garden is small, but [it] (he) is very prett}^ Hast thou seen our cousin Robert? is he still sick? No, my friend. I have seen your son, Sir; has he still the little dog? Hast thou found a watch, Henry? Yes, my sister. Is [it] (she) pretty? Yes, [it] (she) is very pretty. My book is small, but [it] (he) is very good. — as — 5.'A SOQ, sa. his, hery its dans, in, into le choval. the horse la chambre, the room achet6. bought vendu, sold ou, where? pour, for Mon oncle a perdu son fils et sa fille. Ma soeur a acliet^ un canif et uue plume. Votre pere a vendu son clieval. Ma tante a aussi vendu son cbeval. Ma soeur a 6crit une grande lettre pour sa tante. As-tu perdu ton livre, Henri ? Nous avons trouv^ un livre dans notre jardin. Oli est votre cousin, Charles? Est-il dans sa chambre? 53. raison, right tort, ivrong j'ai raison, I am right j"ai iovi, 1 am wrong toujours, always My father has lost his watch. My brother has found a pretty penknife. My uncle has sold his house. Your aunt has sold her oarden. My uncle has bought a pretty hat for his son. Where have you found your watch? Am I right? Yes, Sir, you are right, but your sister is wrong. We are al- ways right, and you are always wrong. 54, ce, cet, cette, this un jardin, a garden ce jardin, this garden une femme, a woman cette femme, this woman un enfant, a child cet enfant, this child un habit, a coat cet habit, this coat un homme, a man cet homme, this man Ce jardin est trbs-joli. Cet enfant est malade. Cette maison est grande, Ou avez-vous vu cet — <54 — homme et cette femttie? Cette chambre est trbs- petite. Oil avez-vout? Lrouve ce canif et cette plume? (\'t habit eyi trey-joli; eat-il pour mon frere? Avez- vous eerie cette lettre ? Ce monsieur a raison, son Ills a ton. SS. \e jar d'miev. the gardener la sei'vante, the maidservant This clog is for my brotlier. This rose is very pretty. Have you bought this coat, Sir? Yes, Sir, I have bought this coat for my son. We have seen this man and this woman in oar garden. This man is our gai-dener. Tiiis woman is our maid-servant. This mother is very good; she has bought a pretty ])onnet for her daughter. ,76*. 1 un, una 5 cinq 2 deux 6 six 3 trois 7 sept 4 quatre 8 liuit le pere, the father les peres, the fathers la mere, the mother les meres, the mothers I'enfant, the child les enfants, the children Henri a ])erdu les livres. Louise a ecrit deux lettres pour son oncle. J'ai trois soeurs et quatre freres. Cette femme a cinq enfants, trois Ills et deux filles. Nous avons achote six plumes et un canif. Mon onclo a vendu une maison et deux jar- dins. Nous avons deux chiens. Mon frere a achet^ sept livres. Notre jardinier a vendu les roses. Ce monsieur a achete trois canifs. — 85 — 57. la table, the table la chaise, the chait la tete, the head la main, tht hand le pied, the foot Wo have found the books in your room. Robert has written two letters for his aunt. I have two brothers and three sisters. My father has bought two gardens. We have a head, two hands, and two feet. Our uncle has bought a table and six chairs. Our gardener has six children, one son and five (laughters. We have two tables and eight chairs in our room. 08. mon fr^re, my brother mes freres, qui/ brothers ma soeur, my sister mes soeurs, Quy sisters ton livre, thy book tes livres, thy books r:i plume, thy pen tea i)lumGS, thy pens son jardin, his. Iter garden ses jardiuG, his, her gardens sa maison, his, lu^r house sea maisons, hCs, her houses voici, here is, here are voili, there is, there are mis, put sur, on, upon une dame, a lady aims, loves, likes Voici mes livres ct mes plumes. As-tu vu mes rose^, Marie? Oui. ma cousine, jai vu tes roses. As-tu trouve tes amis, Paul ? Oui, mon oncle, j ai trouve mes amis dans le jardin. Mon frere a mis ses livres sur la table. J'ai vu la tante. ses fils et ses lilies. Ou est Robert? A-t-il ecrit ses lettres? Oui, papa, Robert a ecrit ses lettres. Cette dame a perdu ses freres et ses soeurs. J'ai trouv^ mes livres. Cette m^re aime ses enfants. — 36 — 59, Papa, have you sold our horse and our dog? Yes, ray children. Hast thou seen my flowers, Mary? Yes, my cousin, I have seen thy flowers. This man has lost his friends. Where are my books, Mamma? 1 have put thy books upon a chair. Our gardener has sold his flowers. This gentleman has bought three books for his children. Here are my books and my pens. 60, notre livre, our hooh nos livres, our boohs notrefleur, our flower nos fleurs, our flowers votre chien, your dog vos chiens, your dogs votre lettre, your letter vos lettres, your letters ils, elles, they ils sont, ) .J sont-ils? ) ^j « elles sont, [ ^^'''^ ""'' sont-elles ? \ "'' ^^'''^^ sago, luise, good jeune, young le caliier, tlie coi^y-looh hier, yesterday Avez-vous vu nos enfants, Marie? Oui, madame, j"ai vu hier vos enfants. Ou sont nos livres et nos plumes, Charles ? J'al mis vos livres et vos ])lumes sur la table. Nos deux cousins, Paul et Joseph. sont toujours malades. Voila nos enfants, sont-ils sages ? Oui, monsieur, ils sont tr^s-sages. J'ai trouv^ deux cahiers dans ma chambre. 61, le tiroir, the drawer triste, sad Your brothers and your sisters are still very v-^iing. We have lost our two friends, Paul and Henry. Have you found your copy-books, Mar^ — ST — and Jnlia? Yes, Mamma, we have found our copy- books in our drawer. There are your sisters; are they sad? Yes, Sir, they are very sad. We have found tliree pens in this drawer. 62, ce livre, this book ces livres, these hooks cet enfant, this child ces enfants, these children cette femme, this woman ces femmes, these women lis ont, ) ,7 7 ont-ils? ) ; ,^,^ ,7 ^, e, elles out. [ ^''"■' ^^^" ont-elles ? f '"'"' ""^2' " une ombrelle, a parasol la pomme, the apple ua parapluie, an umbrella, la poire, the pear uus bagne, a ring cuedli, gathered Ces enfants sont tr^s-tristes. Avez-vous achete ces pornmes et ces poires ? Non, niadame, nous avons cueilli ces pommes et ces poires dans notre jardin. Jean et Paul ont trouve une jolie bague. Ou ont-ils trouve la bague ? lis ont trouve la bague dans le jardin. Mes tantes ont achet^ une ombrelle et un parapluie pour Pauline et une tres-jolie bague pour Louise. OS, le voisin. the neighhor si, so, as Our neighbor has bought these houses and these gardens. Is he so rich? Yes, Madam, he is very rich. V^x sisters have gathered these apples and these pears in our garden. Ferdinand and Richard have found a pretty umbrella. Where have they found the umbrella? They have found the umbrella in our garden. These ladies have bought a parasol. — 38 — G4, je suis, / am suis-je ? a7n IF tu es, thou art es-tu? art thou? nous soiiimes, we are sommes-nous? are we? vous etes, you are etes-vous ? are you? ie neveu, the nephew adieu! good-bye! ici, here ou, or Ou est ton papa, Charles ? Est-il ici ? Qui, monsieur, mais il est malacle; il est dans sa chambre. Ton pere est mon oncle; je suis son neveu, tu es nion cousin. Ai-jo raison ou tort? Tu as raison, Charles, je suis ton cousin. Adieu, mon ami. Nous sommes freres. Somnies-nous riches ou pauvres? Nous sommes |)auvres. Jean est mon cousin, son pere est mon oncle. ^,T. Where is thy uncle, Alfred? Is he here? Yes, Sir. Is he in his room? No, Sir; he is in the gar- den. Am I thy friend, James? Yes, thou art my friend. Our sisters are cousins. Grood-bye. Henry. We are brothers. You are sisters. Louisa is my cousin; her mother is my aunt. Where are our children, Mary? Are they in the garden? Yes, Madam, they are in the garden. 6*6*. qiii ? who ? whovi ? quel, quelle ? what, which? c'est, it is ce sont, the/y are le medecin, the physician le crayon, the pencil le Soulier, the shoe la botte, the hoot pris, taken la, there — 39 — Qui a pris mes souliers ? Charles a pris tes bottes et tes souliers. Qui a achete cette jolie mai- son ? Noti'G voisiii a achete ces deux niaisous. Quel livre as-tu perdu? Quel cheval avez-vous vendu ? Quelle pluuie as-tu la ? Sur (juelle table as-tu mis mon crayou ? Pour qui sout ces fleurs? Ces fleurs sont pour maman. Qui est la? C'est le medecin, c'est moii oncle. Qui sont ces enfants ? Ce sont nos cousins. 67. Who has written this letter? Henry has written this letter. For whom is this ring? This pretty ring is for Mary. In what room have you found my watch? In which garden have you gathered these flowers? Who is there? It is our Robert; it is the physician. Which flowers have you there? Who are these little children? They are my sisters. 08, plus, more grand, large, great plus grand, larger, greater le soleil, the sun Tor, {the) gold la terre, the earth le fer, {the) iron utile, uaefid que, than Le soleil est plus grand que la terre. La terre est plus petite que le soleil. Le cheval est plus grand que le chien. [Le] fer est plus utile <|ue [1'] or. Ma mere est plus jeune que mon pere. Mario est plus sage que son frere. Get homme est ])auvre, mais cette femme est encore plus pauvre. Pauline, es-tu plus grando que ta soeur ? Oui, Robert. — 40 — 69. la ville, the town la campagne, the country agreable, agreeable fort, forte, strong content, contente, contented I am stronger than my cousin. You are richer than we, but we are more contented than you. The country is very agreeable. The country is more agreeable than the town. Mary is more contented than Louisa. The horse is more useful than the dog. We are richer than you. My father is younger than my mother. This woman is poorer than this man. to, le couteau, the knife les couteaux, the knives Tanimal, the a?ii?nal les animaux, the animals I'oiseau, the bird . le vaisseau, the ship le moineau, the sparrow la cuiUere, the sp)oou Ma soeur aime [les] oiseaux. Mon frere a vendu ses oiseaux. Nous avons vu hier deux grands vais- seaux. Ma tante a achete six cuilleres et six cou- teaux. Mon tils aime [les] chevaux. Ma tante a un chien et cinq oiseaux; elle aime [les] animaux. Nous avons perdu nos chapeaux. Mon frere a achete deux moineaux. [Les] chevaux sont tres-utiles. 71, le metal, the metal le marchand, thetradesman (The) metals are very useful. Have you seen my two sparrows? Yes, Henry, they are still very little. Thy brothers like (the) birds. (The) horses are more useful than (the) dogs. Have you sold your horses? These little animals are very pretty. This — 41 — tradesman is very poor ; he "has lost his vessels. (The) sparrows are very useful. 72, ueuf, nine seize, sixteen dix, ;e?i dix-sept, seventeen onze, eleven dix-huit, eighteen douze, twelve dix-neuf, nineteen treize, thirteen vingt, twenty quatorze, fourteeM vingt et un, twenty-one qumze, Jif teen trente, thirty Varbre, the tree Fan, the year le th^me, the exercise le mois, the month la faute, the mistake le jour, the day 11 y a, there is, there are Dans noire maison il y a quatorze chambres. Dans cette chambre il y a deux tables et douze ehaises. Dans notre jardin il y a vingt-deux grands arbres. J'ai trouve neuf fautes dans ton th^me. L an a donze mois. Ce mois a trente et un jours. Xous avons cueiUi vingt pommes et quatorze poires dans le jardin. II y a seize ou dix-sept chambres dans cette maison. 73. 1 ecole, the school une semaine, a vjeeh In our school there are thirty children. A v/eek has seven days. I have seen fifteen children in oui' garden. There are twelve or thirteen rooms in our house. In this little town there are nine schools. We have found thirty apples and nineteen pears in our garden. Our neighbor has ten children. [ have twenty-one books. — 42 — 74. le livre de Jean, John^s book la maison de moii p^re, my father' s house I'enfant de cette femme, this woman's child s'appelle, is called Gruillaume, William Le fils de notre voisiii s'appelle Henri, et sa fille s'appelle Marie. L'enfant de cette femme s'appelle Charles. Le frbre de Jean est ici; il est dans notre jardiu. Les enfants de notre tante sont tres-bons Les livres de mon oncle sont utiles. Les amis de Gruillaume sont dans notre jardin. La soeur de Marie a ecrit une lettre. Les tleurs de notre soeur sont tres-jolies. Voici les souliers de Marie et, de Louise, et les bottes de Henri 73, facile, easy difficile, difficult, hard Have you seen my brother's books ? Our neigh- bor's daughter is called Louisa. My friend's brother is very ill. Mary's sister has written a letter. William's friend is in our garden. My brother's friend is called James. William's exercises are al- ways very easy, but Charles' exercises are always very difficult. Our neighbor's children are good. John has sold his brother's dog. 76, pen, little, few trop, too much, too many beaucoup, much, many combien ? how much, how many ? peu de vin, little ivirie pen de ^enrs, few floioers beaucoup de viande, ?nuch meat beaucoup de pommes, many apples — 48 — trop de pain, too much bread trop d'eufants. too many children combieii d'argent? how much money? combien de livres? how many hooka? Teaii; the water donnez-moi, yive me le lait, the milk mange, eaten la cerise, Uie cherry bu, drunk J'ai pen d'argent. Avez-vons beaucoup de vin ? Donnez-moi un pen d'ean. Nous avons pen de pommes. Charles a mange trop de cerises dans le jardin de son oncle. Mon liure a achete beanconp de poires. Combien d'argent avez-vous trouve? Combien d'enfants avcz-vons vn dans Tecole? Mon frere a beaucoup de lleurs dans son jardin. Les enfants ont bu trop de lait. Cette pauvre mere a beaucoup d'enfants. 77. la soupe, the soup le poivre, the pepper le sel, the salt s'iivous plait, ifyouplease merci, thank you Hast tliou eaten thy soup, Caroline? Yes, Mam- ma. There is also a little bread and a little meat. Thank you, ^bimma. Grive me a little salt, if you ] (lease. This poor woman has many children. Few men are contented. Our gardener lias many flow- ers. These children have drunk too much water. How many books have you? I have few books. My sister has too many books. This man has little money. Give me a little pepper, if ^'ou please. — 44 — 78. la faim, hunger la soif, thirst j'ai faim, I am hungry j'ai soif, I am thirsty autanb, as much, as many assez, enough moins, less, feioer que, as autant de })aiii, as miicli bread autant de livres, as many hooks moins d 'argent, less money assez de pain, hread enough plus de viande, more meat Mon frere a autant de livres que vous. Avez- vous assez de pain ? Notre voisin a moins d'enfants que notre jardinier; il a deuz fils et une tille. J'ai assez dc pain. As-tu faim, mon enfant? Oui, maman, donnez-moi, s'il vous plait, un pen de viande eb un peu de pain. As-tu aussi soif? Non, maman, j'ai bu un peu d'eau dans le jardin de notre oncle. Ai-je plus de fleurs que vous ? 7,9. My father has as many flowers as your gar- dener. We have eaten more meat than you. We have drunk wine enough. I am hungry, Mamma, give me a little bread, if you please. How many children has your uncle? He has six children, two sons and four daughters. Our neighbor has fewer children; he has two sons and one daughter. 80. de, of le morceau, the piece le jambon, the ham le verre, the glass le sucre, the sugar la tasse, the cu^) le the, the tea la bouteiUe, the bottle la bi^re, the beer — 45 — J'ai mange iiu pen de soupe et uii morceau cle jambou. Pour qui est cette tasse de the ? Cette tasse de the est pour ton frere, et ce morceau de Sucre est pour ta soeur. J'ai faim, maman, donnez- moi, s"il vous plait, un morceau de viande et un peu de pain. Henri et Jean ont bu un verre de vin. Le jardinier a bu une bouteille de biere. 81. la livre, the found la paire, the fair une livre de the, a found of tea deux paires de bas, t%m 'fairs of stockings How many pairs of stockings liast tlion? I have six pairs of stockings. John has three ])airs of shoes, and one pair of boots. Are you thirsty, my children? Yes, Mamma, we are thirsty. There is a cup of tea. My aunt has five pounds of sugar and two pounds of tea. I am hungry and thirsty, give me a piece of bread and a glass of water. 82. le ])remier, the first le quatrieme, the fourth le second, the second le cinquieme, the fifth le troisi^me, the third le dernier, the last la classe, the class fait, made, done la partie, the fart pardon, I heg your fardon Charles, es-tu le premier de la classe ? Pardon, monsieur, Henri est le premier, je suis le second, Jean est le troisieme, Robert est le quatrieme, [le] petit Richard est le cinquieme, et mon cousin Jacques est le dernier. Combien de fautes as-tu fait dans ton dernier th^me, Guillaume ? J'ai fait trois fautes. Cinq est la quatrieme partie de vingt. — 46 — 83, Janvier, January Juillet, July Fevrier, February Aout, August Mars, March Septembre, September Avril, Aj^ril Octobre, October Mai, May Novembre, November Juiii, June Decembre, December rannee, the year le sixieme, the sixth le neuvieme, the ninth le septieme, the seventh le clixieme, the tenth le huitieme, the eighth le onzieme, the eleventh How many days has this month, Charles? This month has thirty clays; it is the ninth month of the year. January is the first month of the year, February the second, March the third, April the fourth. May the fifth, June the sixth, and December the last. Three is the third part of nine. 84, eu, had ete, bee7i j'ai eu, I have had j'ai ete, I have been tu as eu, thoa hast had tu as ete, thou hast been il a eu, he has had il a ete, he has been nous avons eu, we have had nous avons ete we have been vous avez eu, you have had vouz avez ete, you have been ils ont eu, they have had lis ont et^, ihey have been chez, at the house of chez mon pere, at my father'^ s chez le cordonnier, at the shoemaher^s le plaisir, the pleasure la canne, the cane As-tu eu mon crayon, Henri? Non, ma soeur, mais j'ai eu ta plume. Qui a eu ma canne? Louis — 47 — a eu ta canne. Avez-vmis en beaiicoiip de plaisir, mes eufauts? Qui, mainan, nous avoiis eu beaucuup (le plaisir. Qui a ete ici? Monsieur Beauuioui a e(6 ici. As-tu et^ cliez le cordonni?r, Jean? Oni, monsieur, j ai (5t6 hier cliez le cordonnier; il a fait vos hottes et vos souliers. C'est bon. So, les affaires, business aujotird'hui, to-day le fruit, the fruit le gant, the glove Where hast ihou put my gloves, Mary? I have put your gloves in the drawer, Madam. Here are your waich and your i)arasol. Thank you. Where is my lather? Your father is in his room; he has had much business to-day. Where have you been yesterday, my children? We have been at our uncle's. My sisters have been sick this week, they have eaten too much fruit at the gardener's. 86, ne . . . pas, not je n'ai pas, I have not nousn'avons pas, ivehavenoi tu n*as pas, thou hast not vous n'avez pas, you have iiot il n'a pas, he has not iis n'ont pas, they have not qui de nous, which of us voulez-vous, ivillyou? As-tu ma plume. Henri? Non, Robert, je n'ai pas ta plume. Qui a eu mon canif ? Je n'ai pas eu ton canif. Qui de nous deux a raison ? Tu n'as pas raisou. Guillaume, tu as tort. Avez-vous faim, mes enfants ? Non. maman, nous n'avons pas faim. nous avons soif. Voulez-vous un verre de bibre? Merci. maman. donnez-moi, s'il vous plait, un verre d'eau ou une tasse de lait. — 48 — 87, le de, the thimble pas encore, not yet paresseux, idle, lazy Edouard, Edward Hast tlioii found thy thimble, Louisa? No, Mam- ma, I have not yet found my thiip^^le. Edward has not yet done his exercise; he is very lazy. Our neighbor has not bough"^ this house. You are wrong, my friend, my uncle has not yet sold his garden. Why are you so sad, William and Edward? Have you lost your books ? No, Sir. 88, je ne suis pas, I am not tu n'es pas, thou art not 11 n'est pas, he is not nous ne sommes pas, we are not vous n'etes pas, you are not ils ne sont pas, they are not la IcQon, tJie lesson appris, learnt heureux, happy pas de, no Je ne suis pas riche, mais je suis content. Je n© suis pas malade. Cette ville n'est pas agr^able. Ces themes ne sont joas difficiles. Tu n'es pas sage, mon enfant, !u n'as pas appris ta legon. Ce jeune homme n'est pas heureux; il n'a pas d'amis. Nous ne sommes pas tristes, nous n'avons pas perdu nos livres. Henri, tu n'es pas le premier de la classe, tu n'as pas fait ton thbme. SO, appliqu<^, diligent I am not ill. We are not rich, but we are con- tented. My brother 's not happy; be is always sick You are not diligent, my children, you have — 49 — not learnt j^our lessons. We are not poor, we have not sold our gardens. These exercises are not eas}'. This gentleman is not my uncle. Your sisters have not taken your copy-books. 90. n'ai-je pas, have I not? ne suis-je pas, am I not ? n'as-tu pas, hast thou not ? n'es-tu pas, art then not ? n'a-t-il pas, has he not? n'est-il pas, is he not? n'avons-nous pas, have we ne sommes-nous pas, are not? ive not ? u'avez-vous pas, have you n'etes-vous pas, are you not? not? n'ont-ils pas, have they not? ne sont-ils pas,«re they not? connu, knoiv?i h, to, at, in N'ai-je pas un joli livre ? Ne suis-je pas appli- que ? N'as-tu pas eu beaucoup de plaisir, Edouard ? N'es-tu pas content? Ton frere est a Washington; n'a-t-il pas encore ^crit? Ne sommes-nous pas heu- reux ? N'etes-vous pas les amis de mon cousin ? Tu n'es pas applirpe; n'as-tu pas fait beaucoup de fautes i N'avez-vous pas connu mon oncle ? Yoilii nos en- fants; ne sont-ils pas tres-sages? 01, Have you not been my cousin's friend? Hast thou not books enough? Where is your brother. Sir? He is in San Francisco. Has he not yet written? No, Sir. Have you not yet been in (at) Paris? Have you not yet seen this town? Hast thou not been at our physician's to-day? Am I not happy? Have I not much pleasure? Art thou not my friend? Have you not seen my uncle to-day? - 60 - 92, a la maison, at home a la campagne, in the country moil oiicle est-il malade ? is my uncle nick ? ta soeur n'est-elle pas ici? is thy sister not here? ces enfants sont-ils sages? are these children good ? Ce monsieur est-il votre oncle ? Cette dame est- elle votre tante ? Ce theme est-il difficile ? Votre tante a-t-elle vendu sa maison ? La terre n'est-elle pas plus petite que le soleil ? Le cordonnier a-t-il fait une paire de bottes pour Henri ? Yotre cousin a-t-il 6te k Washington ou k Baltimore? Yotre tante a-t-elle ^te k la campagne? Ton frere est-il k la maison ? 93, Are our sisters sick ? Is this gentleman your brother? Is this lady your mother? No, Madam, it is my aunt. Has your neighbor sold his house? Is Charles at home? No, Sir, he is not at home. Has your aunt been in the country? No, Sir, she has not been in the country, she has been at my father's. Is your lesson easy or difficult? Is this child sick? Are your children at home, Mrs. Reval? No, Madam, they are in the country. 94, le mien, la mienne, mine le tien, la tienne, thine le sien, la sienne, his, hers les miens, les miennes, mine les tiens, les tiennes, thine les siens, les siennes, his, hers bon, good, meilleur, better le meilleur, the best — 5i — Ce cnapeau est plus joli que le tien. Ce canif est bon; mais le mieu est meilleur. Cette plume est tres-bonne; elle est meilleure que la mienue. Voici nies livres ei voila les tiens. Voici mes bottes et voila les tiennes. Charles est mon meilleur ami. Robert a perdu mes livres et les siens. Ton livre est plus utile que le mien. Mon jarclin est plus agre- able que le tien. Ton canif est plus joli que le sien. 9o, Thy room is prettier than mine. My pen is larger than thine. Where is thy cousin? His book- is prettier than mine; but mine is more useful than his. My exercise is easier than thine. This hat is very pretty; it is prettier than mine. Here are my gloves and there are thine. Robert is my best i*riend. Edward has lost his copy-book and mine. .96*. le nOtre, la iiutro, ours les notres, ours le votre, la votre, yours les vOtres, yours est-C9 la, is that..? Claire, Clara sont-ce la, are those . . ? aussi, as Est-ce 111 votre chien. Alfred? Non, monsieur, ce n'est pas le notre. Est-ce la votre chambre, mes enfants? Non, madame, ce n'est pas la notre; c'est la chambre de Louise et de Claire. Sont-ce la vos chapeaux? Non, maman, ce ne sont pas les notres; ce sont les chapeaux de Richard et de Charles. As- tu trouv6 nos livres, Jacques ? Oui, j'ai trouv^ les miens et les votres. Notre jardin est-il aussi joli que le voire? Le notre n'est pas si joli que le votre. — 5^ — 97. Our town is more agreeable than yours, Is that your house, Edward ? No, Sir, it is not ours. Our uncle is richer than yours. Your house is pret- tier than ours. My cousin's exercise is easier than yours. Is our town as large as jours ? Are our sis- ters younger than yours? Yes, Madam, they are younger. Hast thou found our pens, William ? Yes I have found mine and yours. Here are mine 5 there are yours. 98, celui, celle, that, that one ceux, celles, those celui de mon frere, my brother-'s celle de Julie, Julians ceux de Ferdinand, Ferdi7iand\^ celles de Robert, Robert's ce n'est pas, (Ms is not ce ne sont pas, these are not le mouchoir, the pochet-handkerchief fiddle, faithful la cravate, the cravat age, old Ce n'est pas ton parapluie, Jacques, c'est celui de mon frere. Ce n'est pas ta plume, Julie, c'est celle de Marie. Ce ne sont pas tes souliers, Jean, ce sont ceux de Ferdinand. Ce ne sont pas tes bottes, ce sont celles de Louise. Yoilti ton mouchoir et celui de Paul. Notre chien est plus fiddle que celui de notre voisin. Mon fils est plus age que le vOtre. Yoici ta cravate et celle de ton fr^re. . if9. This is not thy parasol, it is thy sister's. These are not thy shoes ; they are Louisa's. Here are thy stockings and thy sister's. These books are more — 53 — useful than thy uncle "s. Your cousin's dog is more faithful than our uncle's. These are not your books, these are Henry's. This is not thy hat, it is thy cousin's ; here is thine. These are not thy books, Charles, they are William's. 100. leur, leurs, their leur livre, their hook leurs livres, their hooks leur plume, their pen leurs plumes, their pens Elise, Eliw, {^x^Xxq, forgotten avec, with Ma sceur a peidu sa plume et son crayon. Noa fr^res out vendu leur cheval et leur chien. Marie a trouve ses bas et sea gants. Ou eat [la] petite Louise ? EUe est a la campagne avec sa mere. Ou sont mes amis? lis sont dans leur jardin. Les fils de mon voisiu out perdu leurs livres et leurs plumes. Claire a oubli6 son parapluie. Elise a etc a San Francisco avec son frere. Henri et Jean out perdu leur mere; ils sont tres tristes. etmtf^ Sefe .Saften I (Jin tibl^erner taften cntljaltenb 125 (^vogc iinb Heine ^udiftaben unb ^nterpunction^3eid)en auf ftarfem Snrton ^rei^, ^ortofrei $1.00 etcujcf ^ Scfe-^ajlen II ((frgdn^ung) (Sin l}bl3evner taften ent()altenb 30 UmUiute ufm. auf ftarfem (S:arton ^reig, portofrei $U00 ju obigen tdften, au§ feftcr ^appe, 2-4 Mi tanc^, 10 5 3ott ()od), mit 2 SO^efjing^^intien jum ^Iuf()dnc3en unb im format ton 24 x 82 '^oti jl'ir ben S^ranepoi't jufammenlegbar g^rei^, portofrei $0.75 e. Steitjer & So,, 49 mmxat} ©treet, 9Iet)) gjorf For Learning to Read and Write German in Classes. Steiger's German Beading and Script Charts^ 25 plates, 17X24", printed on heavy white pajDer, mus- lin-lined on top, each plate with 2 rings. "With a Guide to Pronunciation of German. Price, net $1.50 (postage $0.18 extra). Moiinted on binder's board, varnished, net $5.50 !S©i>a,i*ately : Plates 21-25. The German Alphabet ill large Script and Tt/pc. Price, net $0.75 Mounted on binder's board, net $1.50 vaa-nished, net $1.75 Plate 25. The German Alplmbet hi larf/e Type (size like a herewith shown). Price, net $0.15 These Charts are especially suitable for teaching German Reading in classes; they are based upon Steiger's Abridged Practical Cotirse of German Grammar and Conversation^ By Joseph Deghtjee. Complete in one volume. Cloth SI. 30 jZS9*" For the sake of convenience as well as economy (with regard to use in classes) this book is also issued in 3 small divisions, each with a vocabulary, German-English and English-German, of all words occurring therein. These divisions are Number One. Boai-ds $0.45 . Number Two. Boards $0.40 Number Three. Boards $0.65 Owing to its superior merits Steiqer^s Abridged Practical Course has been largely introduced into public schools, where it is being used with signal success. Specimen-pages will be mailed free xxpon application. E. STEIGER it CO., 49 MuiTay St., NEW YOEK er YB 356)77 The Largest Stock of German Books in America. Cheap Editions of Standard German Publications for Classes end Libraries a Specialty of our Stock. Books for the Study of all Foreign Languages and for Foreigners to study English. Large Stock of German Books at Reduced Prices. Second-hand copies of Books in all Languages and Departments procured abroad, if not on hand. Olyect Teaching and Nature Study Charts, Geographical, Historical, Physical and Celestial Maps, Charts and Atlases. KINDERGARTEN, BASKETRY and MANUAL TRAINING MATERIAL and BOOKS BOOKS, PERIODICALS, Maps etc. IMPORTED from all countries. American Books and Periodicals EXPORTED to all countries. Particulai- attention is invited to the Catalogs and Lists of Gerniaii and other Books etc., which we keep on hand. Prompt replies given to all inquiries, K. Steiger&Co.,49 Murray St.. Ncav York. STEIGEU'S German Series, I. Latest German Orthography. STEIGKTl' S Ahr;iiiiinr tniil Vouvci-- siition. By Jos. DeKluiee. Olotli $1.30 also issued in 3 NumlicT-.i: Nnmbsr One. Bon-cls $0.4.5 Number Tivo. Boards $0.40 Number Three. Boards $0.G5 STl!:i(iI::R'S GcriH'iii Readiiiff und Seiiift Clinrfu, 25 plates. With a Guide ioProiiwicialiini oj Ocnnan. $1.50 net. Mounted oil 25 binder's boards. $4.50 net — vaniislied $5.50 net. sepav.itelv: I'lutes 21— 25. The Germnii Al- 2)Jinhel hi Sciij>t iind Ti/pe. $0.75 net. Mounted on 5 binder's boards. $1.50 net — varnished $1.75 net. (For- wardinK expenses extra.) STEIGEH S Lese- Knsfeii I (Movable Alphabet Box), containing 125 capital and , small German letters on heavy card- board, 3 inches high. In wooden box $1.00 net, forwarding included. II. Supplement. German Dire- reses and Combinations, 3 inches high. In wooden box $1.00 net, forwarding in- cluded. STEIGEU'S Lese-Breft (Folding rack for setting up letters of boxes above, af- fording 3 lines of 24 inches each). $0.75 net, forwarding included. II. Modern German Orthography. (The following books are issued with a list of words occurring therein that have been changed by the orthography of 1902.) STEIGER'S Culloqitial method of Lenminf) the German Lttni/nftoe. By .Joseph Deghueo. Number One. Boards $0.50 Number Tivo. Boards $0.45 Number Three. Boards S0.45 Number Four. Boards $0.50 also issued in 2 Coui'ses:: Eirst Course. Boards $0.85 Second Course. Boards $0.85 also bound in one volume: Complete (558pp.) Half roan $1.75 An introduction to the above and to Steiger's Abridged Practical Course is: liudiments of STEIGER'S Colloquhtl Method. First Part. Boards $0.35 Second Part. Boards $0.40 HnNjy-AIIN^-S German Grammar. A Practical, Easy and Thorough MetliO'l of Learning the Germ. Lang. Half roan ^1.75 also bound separat<-lv in 2 Coursts: HENX-AIIX'S German Grammar. First Course. Boards $0.65 Second Course. Board? $1.00 also bound separately In 4 ftu>i>bers: HEW-AIIN'S German Grammar. Number One. Boards $0.25 Number Tu-o. Boards $0.45 Number Three. Boards $0.45 Number /'^oitr. Boards $0. CO STEIGER'S First German Reader. With Notes by -Ji,'.. Degliuee. Boards $(l.^ll STEIGER'S Commercial Germ . ■ Headn: With Notes by Joseph Deghii r . In paper cover $0.35; boards $0.50 III. Common German Orthography. je®= The following books are issued with an apiieudix treating of the Latest Ger- man Orthograpliy. AHX-TIFNX'S First German Bool;. Boards $0.25 Second German Book. Boards $(i.45 Tlicse 2 books bound together form: Rudimen/s of the German l.an- ifUKilr. Y'w'A. Cciursc. Boar