jfrf+mr^n* UC-NRLF SB SEM EflT HI! 1 19?1 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. AND WALES. THE WATER SUPPLY or BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND OF HERTFORDSHIRE FROM UNDERGROUND SOURCES. BY W. WHITAKEK, B.A., F.K.S. ■i : LONDON : PRINTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. And to be pure based from E. STANFORD, Ltd., 12, 1 8 & 14, Long Acee, London, W.C. 2. W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Ltd., 2, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh ; HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., Ltd., 20, Nassau Street, and 17 and 18, Frederick Stre^', Dublin, or from any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any Bookseller from the DIRECTOR-GENERAL, Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. 1921. Price 16s. Net. MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ENGLAND AND WALES. THE WATER SUPPLY OF BUCKINGHAMSHIRE AND OF HERTFORDSHIRE FROM UNDERGROUND SOURCES. Bt VY. WHITAKER, B.A., F.H.S. LONDON : PRINTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HIS ^MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, Ltd., 12, 13 and 14-, Long Acre. London, W.C. 2. W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Ltd., -2, St. Andrew Sqcare. Edinburgh ; HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., Ltd., 20, Nassau Street, aud 17 and 18, Frederick Street, Dublin, or from any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any Bookseller from the DIRECTOR-GENERAL," Ordnance Survet Office, Southampton. 1921. Price 16s. Net. Memoirs on the Underground Water Supply of the following counties have been published : — Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire, 1909. Pp. vi, 230, 2 maps. Price 4s. 6d. Berkshire, 1902. Pp. iv, 115. Price 3s. Esses, 1916. Pp. iv, 510, 4 maps. Price 15s. Hampshire, 1910. Pp. vi, 252, 2 maps. Price 5s. Kent, 1908. Pp. vi, 399, map. In cloth. Price 8s. 6d. Lincolnshire, 1904. Pp. vi, 229, map. Price 4s. 6d. Norfolk, 1921. Pp. iv, 185. Price 10s. Nottinghamshire, 1914. Pp. iv, 174, 2 maps. Price 5s. Oxfordshire, 1910. Pp. iv, 108, map. Price 2s. 3d. Suffolk, 1906. Pp. vi, 177, map. Price 3s. 6d. Surrey, 1912. Pp. vi, 352, map. In cloth. Price 7s. Sussex, 1899. Pp. iv, 124. Price 3s. „ Supplement, 1911. Pp. v-viii, 125-255, map. Price 2s. 6d. Yorkshire, East Riding, 1906. Pp. viii, 181, map and 3 sections. Price 3b. Also Records of London Wells, 1913. Pp. iv, 215, 2 maps and diagram. Price 4s. 6d. Notes on Sources of Temporary Water Supply in the South of England and Neighbouring Parts of the Continent, 1914. Price 2d. Ill PREFACE. In this memoir Mr. Whitaker has dealt with the water-supply of the con- tiguous counties of Buckinghamshire and Hertfordshire and the volume in. consequence is larger than most of the previous memoirs of this series. The counties have all essential features in common and their water-supplies are of similar types. All available published records have been included and much new information collected from a great variety of sources. Many engineers, well-sinkers, and borers have given valuable assistance, and the author is indebted to many owners, tenants, estate agents, companies, and water authorities for important details. Acknowledgment is made, wherever possible, in the text, but he wishes especially to express his indebtedness to Mr. J. M. Wood, of the Metropolitan Water Board, and to the late Mr. W. W. Fisher, County Analyst for Buckinghamshire, for much information, as well as to Dr. Boycott, and to Mr. C. Oldham for looking through proofs. The name of the late John Hopkinson is indissolubly associated with the study of Hertfordshire underground waters, rainfall, percolation, etc., and Mr. Whitaker was fortunate in obtaining his co-operation and sagacious advice in the preparation of the manuscript of the Memoir. JOHN S. FLETT, Director. Geological Survey Office. 28, Jermyn Street, London, S.W. 1. 8th January, 1921. 401815 CONTENTS. Page Preface by the Director ... ... ... iii Introductory. Boundaries (Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire). Population. Surface-levels. Rivers (Thames, Colne, Lea, Thame, Ouse). Chief Supplies ... ... ... ... ... ••• ... 1 Geologic Formations. General Remarks. Areas at the Surface ... 13 Water-bearing Beds. General Remarks. Gravel and Sand of the Drift. Reading Beds. Chalk (General Account. Areas available as a Gathering ground. Water-level in the Chalk. Character of Chalk Waters). Upper Greensand. Lower Greensand. Port- land Beds. Great Oolite Series 18 Springs. General Remarks. Lower Oolites. Middle Oolites. Port- land Beds. Lower Greensand. Upper Greensand. Chalk (General Note. Escarpment Springs. Thames Valley. Wye or Loudwater, and Misbourn Valleys. Bulbourne Valley. Gade Valley. Ver Valley. Colne Valley. Lea Valley. Mimram Valley. Beane Valley. Rib Valley. Ash Valley). Drift, Gravel and Sand, Boulder Clay. Mineral Springs 43 Bournes. General Description. Buckinghamshire (The Wye or Loudwater. The Misbourn. The Chess). The Hertfordshire Bourne. Other Hertfordshire Bournes (The Bulbourne. The Gade. The Ver. The Colne. The Mimram. The Beane. The Quin. The Ash) 69 Swallow-holes. General Account. Along the Main Mass of the Tertiary Beds. (Bucks, and Western Herts. Mimms Brook, Eastern Herts). On Tertiary Outliers. Miscellaneous ... ... 82 Contamination and Risk thereof 95 Pumping Interference 100 Miscellaneous. Rainfall, etc. (Hertfordshire. Buckinghamshire). Various Notes ... ... 105 Supplies from Springs. Buckinghamshire. Hertfordshire 113 Supplies from Wells 116 Details of Wells and of Borings. Buckinghamshire 120 ,, ,, „ Hertfordshire ... ... 172 Analyses of Spring- waters. Buckinghamshire. Hertfordshire ... 270 Analyses of Well-waters. Buckinghamshire 277 „ „ Hertfordshire 310 Bibliography 333 Addenda 343 Index 354 liOITNDAKI-ES. INTRODUCTORY. It will be useful in the first place to get some idea of what is meant by Buckinghamshire, and Hertfordshire, and, having myself taken some trouble in getting out various particulars as to these counties for my own use, they may be given for the benefit of others. BOUNDARIES. An English county, as a rule, is far from being a great natural division, its boimdary being often of a thoroughly artificial character, and any relation thereof to natural features being very generally wanting. Of the 13 counties already treated of in these Water Memoirs 7 have a sea-border, and 5 of these have also in part a tidal river as a border, whilst another has in part a large tidal river ; but in the present case we are dealing with purely inland counties, one certainly coming down to a large river at one border, and the other being partly bounded by a smaller river. One great physical feature, the Chalk-escarpment, runs through both counties, but has practically nothing to do with their boundaries. Buckingha msh ire. The southern boundary of this county is a natural one, following the Thames throughout, except for two very small shiftings into the bordering alluvial meadows. The eastern boimdary, starting from the Thames in the parish of Wyrardisbury, runs up the tributary Come to the northern boundary of the parish of Denham. Then it runs very irregularly right across the hills and valleys of the Chalk to Drayton Beauchamp where it passes over the lower ground of the Gault, to the north ; but soon returns to the Chalk at Marswoith, whence it runs most irregularly over the hills to Dagnall. North-westward from there it follows the little stream forming the head- water of the Ouzel, along which river it goes on to Linslade, whence it takes an irregular cross-country course for many miles, to the Ouse, at Newton Blossomville, following the river only for about three miles northward. The northern boundary runs thence irregularlv across country to the Tove. The western boundary runs along the Tove from west of Hanslope to its junction with the Ouse, by Wolverton. Then it follows up the Ouse to Thornton, leaves that river northward and is of a purely artificial character until reaching the higher waters of the Ouse at Biddlesden. It follows that stream in its downward course, to Water Stratford, and then again takes to an irregular course southward until it reaches a branch of the Ray near Marsh Gibbon. Soon leaving that stream it again takes to an irregular cross-country course south- ward to the River Thame, by Worminghall. It runs up that stream, with one slight deviation, to Thame, whence it takes to the tributary Ford Brook up to Aston Sandford : and then goes irregularly across country to the Cottle Brook near Bledlow, and then irregularly across the Chalk hills and valleys to the Thames in the parish of Fawley. (845.) Wt. 37456— 11. 500. 1/21. J. T. & S., Ltd. G. 14. 2 BOiNriAiuES. Hertfordshire Starting trom the west the southern boundary of this county runs up to the Colne, for over two miles, nearly to Rickmans worth, and then goes eastward across country, to the Lea at Walthani Cross, with a very irregular set of loops in the middle part, around Barnet, and throughout with no constant relation to hill or valley. The eastern boundary runs northward up the Lea to the junction with theStort, and then up that tributary to the southern end of Bishop's Stortford, when it turns eastward for a short distance, returning to the river just above that town, for about a mile, and then westward for little more than two miles and again takes a northerly direction across the clay-covered Chalk, in a fairly even course (as compared with the wandering courses so general in both counties) to a point about three miles east of Royston. The northern boundary runs along the Icknield Way westward for several' miles, except for a small excursion northward round the town of Royston, which was formerly divided, by that road, between the counties of Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire, an awkward case of one side of a main street being in one county and the other side in another county, which was got rid of not very many years ago. Then the boundary turns northward to some three miles beyond Ashwell, and then, by a south-westerly turn, reaches the Roman Way in the parish of Hinxworth. It runs along this second old road southward, only as far as Radwell, and then takes a long irregular course across country west-south-west to north of Hexton, including over a mile again along the Icknield Way (up to Telegraph Hill). Thence it runs irregularly southward, across the Chalk, to north of Harpenden, then turning westward, with a gTeat northerly bow to the Buckinghamshire boundary at Little Gaddesden. The two counties are then in touch westward to around Puttenham, and thence the western border of Hertfordshire goes with the irregular eastern border of Buckinghamshire, above described, south-westward to the Colne. It is clear, therefore, that the boundaries of the two counties are for the most part of an artificial character, that is, are based on no natural feature of river, hill, or valley. They may be described as accidental and void of meaning, except where a river has been followed, as along the Thames, the Ouse, and other smaller streams with Buck- inghamshire , and along the Lea and the Stort with Hertfordshire. Taking the two counties together, the only long stretches of river- boundary are on the south, from Fawley parish to near Rickmans- worth, and on the east, from Waltham Cross to near Bishop's Stortford. The division between the counties is unexplainable by any natural feature, as also is the boundary of both with Bedfordshire. These matters are clearly in the domain of the antiquary, not of the geographer. It is notable that Hertfordshire has a strong partiality tor Roman roads on its northern border. POPULATION. We are dealing now with two rural counties, although they are in part residential as regards London. Not one of the great towns of the POPULATION. 3 Kingdom occurs within the Boundaries of Buckinghamshire and Hert- fordshire, Nor does any one of their towns reach the dignity of a County Borough. Only one has a population of 40,000 and onlv two others' reach 20,000. There are, however, a goodly number of small towns, and the census of 1911 credits Buckinghamshire with 11 Boroughs or Urban Districts; and Hertfordshire with 20, which became 21 in 1913, by the addition of Ghorleywood, and 22 later by the addition of Letchworth, as Urban Districts. It will be seen from the following table that whilst Buckinghamshire is the larger county Hertfordshire is the more populous. The former had, in 1911, over 2 acres to each person, whilst the latter had just short of 1^. Acres. Population, 1911. Population, 191-4. Buckinghamshire ... 479,360 219,583 225,207 Hertfordshire 404,523 311,321 324,567 The figures on the right are from the Registrar-General. In Buckinghamshire the following towns have populations of over 10,000: High Wycombe, 20,390 (21,066); Slough, 14.985 (15.870); and Aylesbury, 11,048 (11,502). Hertfordshire has many more towns of the sort, but onlv one of over 20,000 population — Watford with 40,953 (43,831) ; St.' Albans has 18,132 (25,624) ; Cheshunt, 12,956 (13,119) ; Hemel Hempstead, 12,888 (13,295) ; East Barnet Valley, 12,381 (12,955); Hitchin, 11,905 (12,366); Barnet, 10,440 (11,871); and Hertford, 10,384 (10,650). The figures in brackets have been furnished by the Registrar- General, and stand for the estimated populations in the middle of 1914, the latest period up to which an estimate has been formed, the war having made it impossible to go further. So far figures can be given only with elimination of the military element : probably some camps had a popu- lation in excess of many of the boroughs, SURFACE-LEVELS, In Buckinghamshire there is a range of level of nearly 800 feet, from under 50 feet above Ordnance Datum by the Thames, on the extreme south, in the parish of Wyrardisbury, to 834 feet at Aston Hill, in the parish of Aston Clinton, on the Chiltern Range. Besides this, other high points along this great Chalk Escarpment are at Great Wood, Bledlow, over 800 feet ; east of Prince's Risborough, 813, and the same at Pulpit Hill, Great Kimble ; at Lodge Hill, in the parish of Elles- borough, 826 ; and south-east of Ivinghoe, 811. The projecting mass of Ivinghoe Beacon, one of the most beautiful of our Chalk-hills, reaches only 762 feet. In Hertfordshire there is a range of level over 700 feet, from about 60 feet by the Lea at Waltham Cross, on the south-west, to 769 on the Chalk Escarpment at Martin Hill, in the parish of Tring, on the north-west. Further north-eastward the higher points of the Chalk- range are 619 feet, at Aldbury Common ; 602 at Telegraph Hill, in the parish of Lilley ; 539 at Great Offley ; and 535 at Therfield. This lessening of height contrasts with the more even and higher figures oi the hignest points in Buckinghamshire. 4 RIVERS. RIVERS. Both counties are in two of the great river-basins of the country, those of the Thames and of the Ouse ; but Buckinghamshire alone touches the River Thames, Hertfordshire being concerned only with southerly flowing tributaries in two sub-basins, those of the Colne and of the Lea, both of which have several sub-tributaries. Whilst in Hertfordshire the comparatively small amount of northerly flowing water finds its way to the Ouse, except for a small amount from the Gault-tract of Puttenham, which goes westward to the Thame ; in Buckinghamshire there is a large part of the sub-basin of the Thame, and much of the head- waters of the Ouse. In tracing the rivers of the two counties I have been guided by the new series of Ordnance Maps, on the scale of an inch to the mile. Basin of the Thames, Main Stream and Small Tributaries. Dealing first with the chief river, which forms our extreme southern boundary, the various tributaries will be noticed from west to east . The first is a very short stream (in Buckinghamshire) from the south of Fingest, which flows south to the Thames at Mill End. Hambledon. Probably, as is usual with Chalk-streams, the point of outflow varies seasonally, moving higher up after times of heavy rainfall. The Wye or Loudivater is also a purely Buckinghamshire stream. It is marked as rising in two places, in the Chalk, West Wycombe and Hughenden ; but here, too, the top part of the stream must be of the nature of a bourne, with varying outburst. It flows south-east to Wooburn Green and then turns south- west ward to Bourne End, where it joins the Thames. In its course down from High Wycombe, where the two component streams join, it receives no tributary. In that part of Buckinghamshire between a line from Burnham to Dorney eastward to the Colne, there is a number of insignificant streams, from gravels and Tertiary beds, unnamed on the Ordnance Map, wandering through the great gravel-flat and flowing into the Thames at various places. Sub-basin of the Colne. The development of the Colne and its tributaries has been dealt with by A. Sutton, in a paper on the River-system of Western Hert- fordshire } The mam stream, that is the part which bears the name of Colne, is chiefly a Hertfordshire stream, though having its head-waters in Middlesex, as the '■Mimmshall Brook," the drainage of the Tertiary tract northward of Barnet, added to by the little " Catherine Bourne," from between Shenley and Ridge, which joins the other branch at Minims Hall. On reaching the Chalk this head-part of the Colne is noted for its swallow-holes (see p. 86). The stream flows northward to Colney Heath, then south-westward, by London Colneyand Watford, to Rickmansworth, and then southward to the Thames above Staines. The Colne has many tributaries ; but those on its left bank within our district consist only of short nameless streams from the Tertiary beds and their overlying gravel. On the right bank, on the other hand, there are tributary-rivers of some length and importance. 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1907, vol. xiii, pt. 1. pp. 1-4. RIVERS. 1. The highest of these is the Ver, and this is bigger than the Colne itself at the junction, a matter which has been dealt with at some length by J, Hopkinson, 1 who concludes " that the Colne must at some former time have been a much larger stream than it is now," whilst the Ver has not " materially decreased." It is a purely Hert- fordshire stream, mapped as rising at Markyatestreet ; but, as with other Chalk-streams, its starting point is subject to seasonal variations, or, in other words, its upper part is a Bourne. It flows south-eastward, by Redbourn to St, Albans, the Roman name of which city (Verulamium) betrays its origin. Then it turns southward, by Park Street, to join the Colne at Colney Street, without receiving any tributary along its whole course. 2. The Gade, another Hertfordshire Chalk-stream, is mapped as rising in the parish of Studham, eastward of Little Gaddesden ; but the point of issue varies with the season. The stream runs in a general south-south-easterly direction, by Great Gaddesden, Hemel Hemp- stead, and King's Langley, with three gentle turns, to Cassiobury Park, after passing through which it takes a short south-western course to the Colne above Rickmansworth. The Gade has only one tributary ; but that is a large one, the Bulbourne being probably the bigger stream of the two, as is the case with the Colne and the Ver. It is also a Chalk-stream, confined to Hertford- shire, and is mapped as rising at Dudswell, north-west of Northchurch ; but, of course, this higher part is a bourne. It flows south-eastward, by Berkhampstead, to join the other branch of the river, the Gade, at Two Waters, south of Hemel Hempstead. The Bulbourne itself has a tributary, small, but oft described of importance, though ignominiously dubbed " Bourne Gutter," on the Ordnance Map. This is the well-known Hertfordshire Bourne (see p. 71), though in its higher part it seems to belong equally to Bucking- hamshire, It is usually dry ; but when the intermittent stream flows its short course is eastward from near White Hill to Bourne End, where it joins the Bulbourne. Each of our two counties therefore has a place named Bourne End. 3. The Chess, another Chalk-stream, belongs to both counties, and forms their boundary for nearly three miles in the middle of its course. Starting at Chesham, a meeting place of several valleys, it flows more or less south-westward, by Chenies, to join the Colne at Rickmans- worth. It has no tributary. 4. The Misbourn is a Buckinghamshire Chalk-stream, mapped as rising at Mobwell, just above Great Missenden ; and Dr. R. L. Sherlock tells me that the rise is generally in a gravel-pit, between road and railway ; but probablv varies in this, as in other Chalk- streams. The stream flows in a general south-easterly direction, past Little Missenden, Amersham, and Chalfont St. Giles and St. Peter, to join the Colne just south-east of Denham. Though therefore of considerable length, it has no tributary. Dr. Sherlock also says that water used to rise at RignalL a little way up the western or Hampden branch of the valley, and a small well at the house (about 450 feet above Ordnance Datum) is 48 feet deep, with an average depth to water of 34 feet. 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1892, vol. vi, pp. xxix-xxxii, quoted later on. 6 RIVERS. 5. The Alder Bourne is a short, small stream, or collection of streams, from Tertiary beds and gravel, starting from north of Fulmer and flowing south-eastward to the Come at Uxbridge Moor. Sub-basin of the Lea. The Lea rises outside our area, in Bedfordshire, starting from the lower part of the Chalk at Leagrave Marsh, north-west of Luton. Thence it flows south-eastward through Luton, into Hertfordshire, north of Harpenden, and continues in that direction, by Wheathampstead, to Hatfield, then turning eastward and north-eastward to Hertford and Ware, where it turns south-eastward for a short way, and then takes its southerly course to the Thames, almost at once leaving the Chalk, over which it has run throughout, by Hoddesdon, and entering the Tertiary tract, forming the border of the county for about six miles, by Broxbourne, Wormley, and Cheshunt, down to Waltham Cross. The Lea has many tributaries, though none for many miles from its start, not indeed until it passes Hatfield, and then, on the right (or southern) bank there are only small short streams, flowing northward from the escarpment of the Tertiary beds, with its cappings of gravel. The like occur too where the Lea takes to its southerly course through the Tertiary tract, where there are small streams from the more or less Drift-covered slope of London Clay that form the right or western side of the valley. These streams are all nameless, except the Cuffiey Brook, which, rising by Ponsbourne Park, flows southward, is reinforced by the stream from Northaw, then passes into Middlesex, turns east- ward, and, flowing roughly parallel and near to the county-boundary, reaches the Lea Navigation at Enfield Lock. On its left side, however, the Lea receives many tributaries of con- siderable size, so that of the two chief rivers that flow across the wide Chalk-tract of our district, one, the Colne, has all its large tributaries on the right side, whilst the other, the Lea, has them on the left side ; and in both cases there are only insignificant streams coming in on the other sides. 1 . The Maran or Mimram. Except for tiny streamlets in the Drift- flat just below Hatfield, this is the first of the tributaries on the left bank. It is mapped as rising in the parish of St, Pauls Walden, about 1£ miles westward of the church ; but probably its point of outflow varies seasonally, as with other Chalk streams. It winds in a general south-south-easterly direction, by Welwyn, Digswell, and Hertingfordbury, and joins the Lea between that place and Hertford. Its only tributaries are a stream of about half a mile in length, from a spring down to Kimpton Mill, and a small stream from the Drift-flat westward of Hertingfordbury, which joins just below that village and only half a mile above the junction of the Maran with the Lea. 2. The Beane, another Chalk-stream, has its head-waters in various places ; on the west in the parish of Weston, about half a mile south of Church End ; on the north at Rushden ; and on the east at Broad- field and Cottered. But whether these are permanent outflows, as mapped, or not is a question. J. M. Wood tells me (1920) that the streams are said to be intermittent. The various streamlets, flowing from all directions except south, join near Luffenhall, and the resultant RIVERS. I stream then flows southward, and. passing Walkern. Aston. Witton and Stapleford. joins the Lea at Bengeo (Hertford). There is a tributary on the right, rising at the southern end of Steven- age and flowing south-eastward to the Beane above Walton. The Old Bowne, another tributary, on the left, is mapped as rising south- eastward of Cotteredj whence it flows irregularly south-westward, by Little Munden and Sacombe, to the Beane in Woodhall Park. This itself has a branch, mapped as rising near Cherry Green, in the parish of West mill, and flowing south to Great Munden and then south-west- ward to Little Munden. 3. The Rib. with its many tributaries, is a fairly composite river, perhaps because it is not by any means a purely chalk-stream, but gets much of its water from the drainage of a broad tract of Glacial Drift, chiefly Boulder Clay, and so misses the usual simple character of a Chalk-stream. The course of the upper part of the Rib and its affluent, the Quia, has been described in some detail by R. P. Greg and R. B. Croft, and the rest of the Rib by A. G-, Puller. 1 The name-stream is mapped as starting near Chapel Green, in the parish of Therfield. and on the border of Buckland and Reed, at which latter place it is within half a mi'e of one of the head-waters of the tributary Quia. Its course is a litt'e east of south, by Buntingford and Westmill to Standon, whence it is southward for some four miles. then curving round south-westward, by Wade-mill, to the Lea on the eastern side of Bengeo (Hertford). On the right side there are many short tributaries, from near Mill End, Sandon (practically one of the head-waters) downward. On "he left side there are only a few short streamlets ; but there is the Quin, which is about as long as rhe main stream above the junction. This is mapped as rising at Barkway, with a branch from the border of Buck- land and Reed (but little east of one of the head-waters of the Rib) on the west, and another from near Xuthampstead on the east. The combined stream flows south, through Braughing, just below which village it joins the Rib. The meeting of so many streams (the Lea. the Maran. the Beane, and the Rib) at Hertford is remarkable, followed as it is by the accession of two other streams within a few mil. s. also on the left side of the Lea. ■i. The Ash is mapped as rising near Barleycroft End. Furneux Pelham. whence, reinforced by short streamlets on either side, it flows southward, by the two parishes and the two hamlets that rejoice in the name of Hadham (with prefix or affix in each case). It then turns south-westward, still following the Drift-covered boundary of the Tertiary beds, and joins the Lea about a mile below Ware. The course of the Ash has been described at length by R, GrOSSLlN. 2 5. The Stort. We now come to the last of the many rivers tributary to the Lea. one which, rising in Ess ex, near Clavering, has a southerly flow of several miles before reaching Hertfordshire, which it does some two miles above Bishop's Stortford, when it at once becomes the county- boundary. It continues its southerly flow to a little below Sawbridge- worth, where it turns west-south-west and joins the Lea eastward of Hoddesdon. Like the Lea it has been made a navigable stream for 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1883, vol. ii, pt. 3, pp. 126-136. 2 Ibid., pp. 137-140. 8 RIVERS. some way, and the '" Stort Navigation " has been improved lately by the Commissioners of the Lea, in whose charge it is. J. M. Wood tells me that it used to be navigable up to Bishop's Stortford ; then it fell into disuse ; now (1920) the works and locks are again complete up to Sawbridgeworth. Sub-basin of the Thame. Whilst the above-noted tributaries have a general southerly or south- easterly flow, with the dip of the beds, the Thame has more of a south- westerly one, along the strike of the beds. Its higher part is in the middle part of Buckinghamshire. The main stream is mapped as rising at North End, Stewkley, with a branch west of the village ; but on the old Ordnance Map (46, S,W.) the stream is shown no higher than by the main village. As this tract consists of Oxford Clay, and possibly Kimeridge Clay, with a covering of Drift, it is likely that in dry seasons the surface-drainage may not result in a stream until the latter point is reached, whilst in wet seasons it may extend up to the former point. The old mappers may have done their work in the dry, the new ones in the wet. From Stewkley the stream flows for several miles over a broad tract of Kimeridge Clay, and for some way (about five miles) close to where the Gault is conjectured to come on above. As there is much drift, the boundaries between the three clays (Oxford Clay, Kimeridge Clay, and Gault) are all the more doubtful, and, as the Drift consists largely of Boulder Clay, the stream is for the most part the result of the drainage of a clay-tract. Leaving the neighbourhood of the Gault, it passes the villages of Hard wick, Lower Winchendon and Chearsley, becomes the county-boundary in the southern part of the parish of Long Crendon, and then flows westward, by Shabbington, to the southern end of the parish of W'orminghall , where it enters Oxfordshire, joining the Thames at Dorchester, in that county. Throughout it is a clay-stream, except for some of the tributary water. The main stream is everywhere based on Kimeridge Clay. On the left side there are three tributaries in Buckinghamshire. The first is the Thistle Brook, almost as long as the main stream above the junction and of much more composite origin ; indeed it is not easy to trace on the map the manifold branches of this and other streams. Starting with the drainage of the Gault clay-tract, between Mars worth and Mentmore, in Buckinghamshire, reinforced from a Chalk-spring at Tring, in Hertfordshire, the brook takes a westerly course across Gault and Kimeridge Clay, to the Thame, north-west of Aylesbury. About a mile below this another tributary joins, from the south and south-east. It starts from Chalk-springs (and perhaps from Upper Greensand) in the neighbourhood of Aston Clinton and Wendover, picks up the drainage of the Gault-tract and the water from springs from the Portland Beds at Bierton, on the right, flows round the southern part of Aylesbury, and gets a liittle more water from Portland Beds on the left. The last tributary of the Thame on the left with which we are con- cerned is Ford Brook, another composite stream, which starts from Chalk-springs near Ellesborough, and, in its more or less westerly course, receives water on the south from the Upper Greensand, with R1VER8. 9 the drainage of the Gault, besides a little from the Portland Beds near Haddenham. on the north, and joins the Thame just above the town of that name. The Cottle Brook (a name unfortunately given also to another stream just to the west, on the Ordnance Map 237), is practically an arm of the Ford Brook, which it joins not much more than a mile above the junction of the latter with the Thame. It starts from Chalk springs at Prince's Risborough, Horsenden, and Bledlow, in Buckinghamshire, and at Chinnor, in Oxfordshire, and like the above streams is reinforced from the Upper Greensand and the clay-tract of the Gault. It joins the Ford Brook at the western end of the parish of Kingsey, soon after reaching the outcrop of the Portland Beds. On the right, the Thame receives no tributary of note before the small stream that results from the drainage of the tract of Kimeridge Clay northward of Fleet Marston, and joins the Thame southward of that place. Apparently there is a slight accession (? occasionally) from a spring rising from the Portland Sand at Pitchcott. Another tributary starts from the drainage of the Kimeridge Clay southward of Waddesdon, and, in its general south-south-westerly course over that formation, is added to by springs from the Portland Beds of the various outliers between which it passes. The short branch from near Dorton must contribute some water from the Cal- careous Grit. The stream joins the Thame just south of the village of Chearsley. Below this are some short streamlets, and then a longer one, starting at springs along the southern part of the outlier of Shotover Sand and Portland Stone at Brill, and flowing southward, over the under- lying clays, to the Thame between Ickford and Worminghall. Westward of tins we have only the head-waters of streams that pass through Oxfordshire to the Thame. One comes from the drainage of the Oxford Clay southward from near Oakley. Then there is the Holton Brook, the upper part of which is called Dames Brook, the drainage of the tract of Oxford and Ampthill Clays round Boarstall, probably added to by springs from the outlier of Shotover Sand and Portland Stone at Muswell Hill, and from Calcareous Grit. The Ray. The head- waters of this river are in Buckinghamshire, in the multi- tude of streams north-west of Quainton, and thence by Grendon Underwood to Marsh Gibbon, but the stream passes into Oxfordshire at the southern end of the latter parish. Basin of the Ouse. The River Ouse first reaches Buckinghamshire, as a small stream, at Biddlesden, and thence, in a curving course, first westward and then eastward, forms the boundary, by Turweston and Westbury, to Water Stratford. It then passes eastward through the county, by Bucking- ham, Thornton, Stony Stratford, Wolverton, between Great and Little Linford, to Newport Pagnell, in a series of curves that takes it slightly northward. Then it curves on northward to Olney, and thence eastward to Newton Blossomville, where the northerly course is again taken, and after about two miles (again forming the county-boundary) the river flows into Bedfordshire. 10 RIVERS. On the left bank, where the Ouse is the county- boundary, there are at first, as must be the case near the head- waters of a river, only small short streams, which join at Biddlesden, Westbury and Water Stratford. Then there is a rather longer one {Oxford Water ?) starting in two branches northward of Stowe Park, flowing by its western side, and joining southward. Another short streamlet joins just above Buck- ingham, and yet another over two miles below that town. Just above Thornton there comes in a longer and composite stream, made up of various branches in the neighbourhood of Lillingstone (Dayrell and Lovell), and from beyond, in Northamptonshire. Then there are other small streams from that county. All the above-noted streams result largely from the drainage of a tract of Boulder Clay, reinforced probably by springs from the Great Oolite, which is cut down into along great parts of the valleys. Then comes the only tributary of any importance on this (left) side, the Tove, which forms the county-boundary for some miles. It rises far beyond Buckinghamshire, and itself has a number of small tributaries, only a few of which come from the Buckinghamshire border. A small stream, starting in various places in the parish of Hans lope, joins the Ouse opposite Wolverton, and another composite one joins east of Stoke G-oldington, beyond which we have only very short streams above and below Olney. Turning to the right side of the Ouse, the highest two tributaries that join in Buckinghamshire are very short streamlets, at Radclive and just below Buckingham. The Clay don Brook is the first tributary to the Ouse of any importance. It is a very composite stream, or rather collection of streams. The largest branch rises east and west of Oving, partly from springs from the Portland Beds, and flows northward to near Winslow, where it is joined by another stream from the east, the drainage of the clay-tract of Mursley and Swanbourne ; the combined stream then flowing west- ward for about two miles, receiving an addition from the neighbourhood of North Marston and Hogshaw ; and then turning north-westward, along the northern boundary of the parish of Steeple Claydon, receiving another addition from the neighbourhood of the Horwoods, and finally taking a northerly course to the Ouse, about two miles east of Buck- ingham, with a small easterly addition from Nash, just before joining the main river. The westerly branch rises in Oxfordshire, and, flowing in an easterly course, enters Buckinghamshire south of Chetwode, and passes by Twyford to Steeple Claydon, where it turns northward to join the other and main part of the brook, at the northern part of that parish. It has tributaries from Middle and East Claydon, joining at and below Steeple Claydon. The Claydon Brook is mostly the drainage of a large tract of clay. The next tributary of the Ouse is a small one from Whaddon, whence it flows northward to Calverton. Then a stream from around the Shenleys flows northward to New Bradwell. The Ouzel or Lovat. This, the chief tributary joining the Ouse in our district, starts from a long set of springs from the Chalk, along the foot of the escarpment near Pitstone, Ivinghoe and Edlesborough, KlVEhS. 11 besides others beyond, in Bedfordshire. The resultant streams are reinforced by the drainage of the Gault, and they join np at various places, until they combine into one stream just north of Slapton, which takes a northerly course and becomes the county-boundary for a few miles, by Grove and Linslade. Continuing northward by Fenny Stratford, Simpson, and Great and Little Woolstone, it joins the Ouse at Newport Pagnell. On the left side there are many small tributaries, almost wholly the product of the drainage of a great clay-tract (Boulder Clay, Gault and Kimeridge Clay), which join (either the river or the canal) at a number of places. The right side is at first in Bedfordshire. The first contribution from Buckinghamshire is in the form of short streamlets starting from Lower Greensand springs around Great, Little and Bow Brickhill, joining north-west of Linslade and westward of those places. Beyond this we again have streams from clay-drainage, firstly from around Wavendon, and then in the form of a longer stream {Crawley Brook of the old map) mainly belonging to Bedfordshire and starting from Lower Greensand springs in that county. It enters Buckingham- shire in the parish of Broughton and joins the Ouzel over a mile below that village. The Chicheleij Brook, the resultant of the drainage from Boulder Clay and Kimeridge Clay around North Crawley, winds in a general easterly direction (but at one part north and at another south) to the Ouse just below Newport Pagnell. Below this there are only short streamlets, from Jurassic limestone and from clay-drainage, joining the Ouse at four places, up to where it leaves our district. The Iveh It is only the head-water of this tributary of the Ouse that is in our district. Starting from Chalk-springs at Baldock the stream, in a north-westerly course of about 1| miles, passes out of the county at Radwell, going northward through Bedfordshire to the Ouse. In this case, however, as in others above noted, there is a branch which is longer than the main stream, and also more in the direct line of flow, namely the Hiz, initially another Chalk-stream. Starting at the springs of Well Head, southward of Hitchin, it flows through that town and past Ickleford, a little below which it becomes the county-boundary for a short way, and then passes wholly into Bed- fordshire. The Hiz, moreover, asserts its superiority over the Ivel by having two named tributaries. The one on the left side is the Ought on, rising from the springs of Oughton Head, westward of Hitchin, and with a north-easterly course of about two miles to Ickleford. The other, on the right side, is the P unveil, the higher part of which rejoices in a second name, Ippollitts Brook, and its starting point probably varies, or in other words it is a bourne. At times there would seem to be an outflow south-west of Stevenage, near Rush Green, judging by the mapping of a narrow strip of Alluvium for some way down the valley. The stream is shown on the map as continuous from Ippollitts northward, passing half round Hitchin, on the east of the town, by Nine Springs, and joining the Hiz on the north of the town. This stream is therefore longer than the Hiz itself. 12 K1VERS. The Rhee, one of the arms of the Cam, a tributary of the Ouse, starts in Hertfordshire, at the Chalk-springs of Ashwell, but soon passes out of the county. A tributary stream rises north-west of Barley, and also passes out of Hertfordshire very soon. CHIEF SUPPLIES. The one great supply that we have to deal with is that of the Metro- politan Water Board, with its nine wells in Hertfordshire, all in the valley of the Lea, besides the historic Chadwell Spring (see pp. 55-61) and this, of course, is far ahead of any other set of works in our district with a yield of many million gallons a day. I understand from J. M. Wood, that in all but the most southerly of these wells the water- level recovers itself in normal seasons, when summer-pumping slacks off, and that in wet seasons it recovers rapidly. After this come four supplies of over a million gallons a day, all in Hertfordshire. The Colne Valley Co. (3,250.000), the Barnet District Co. (2,113,000), and the Rickmansworth and Uxbridge Co. (1,153,000), all of which give much of their supply to Middlesex, and the last partly to Buckinghamshire also, whilst the Watford Council's supply (about 1,200,000) is confined to Hertfordshire. Then there are only three other supplies that exceed half a million gallons a day : Slough (750,000), St. Albans (696,000), and the Chiltern Hills Co. (608,000). All these figures are from the Local Government Board's Return of 1915, and the source of all these supplies is the Chalk. The one case of any note where our district gets a supply from out- side is Eton, which gets it from the Windsor Corporation Works, and this is a river-supply. It is clear from the above that Hertfordshire is in a peculiar position in the matter of water-supply. In the case of other counties that have been dealt with in the set of Water Memoirs of course there are many instances where a supply got at one part of the county is taken to another part. This sort of thing must occur, for, as a rule, the larger places cannot get the whole of their supply from their own district, but have to go further afield, to smaller places, where the supply is far in excess of the demand. It is usual, however, for Par- liament to insist on such supplies being used also for the benefit of the places from which they are taken. With Hertfordshire matters are different ; the set of wells belonging to the Metropolitan Water Board, with the Chadwell Spring, are used mostly for the supply of Middlesex and London. The next two largest undertakings, those of the Colne Valley Co. and the Barnet District Co., are also largely, or chiefly used, for the supply of Middlesex, and the rather smaller works of the Rickmansworth and Uxbridge Co. also serve outside Hertfordshire. This has given rise to much controversy, and Hertfordshire has often protested against further water being taken from ■within its borders for the supply of outside places. This Memoir is not the place for a discussion on this subject, but it is right to notice it. However, county- boundaries are hardly to be considered as of the highest importance in large questions of water-supply. It is questionable perhaps whether this Memoir should not be entitled Water Supply in rather than of Hertfordshire. GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. 13 GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. GENERAL REMARKS. The chief of the great geologic series of formations with which we have to deal in the two counties is the Cretaceous ; but in Buckingham- shire we have a large area of the underlying Jurassic series, and in both counties a goodly tract of the overlying Eocene Tertiaries. The Pleistocene deposits, as a whole, range irregularly over all the older beds ; but the various divisions are to a great extent more local. Between these last and the Eocene beds there is a great gap, and similar gaps occur between the Cretaceous and the Jurassic rocks, and, deep imderground, between the Jurassic rocks and the Palaeozoic formations. In the following table the formations are given in descending order, the names in the right column being those of the beds distinguished by colour on the Geological Survey Maps, though in some cases various divisions have not yet been shown in our counties. The figures in brackets attached to the various divisions are their thicknesses in feet in the two counties, as far as known, and these are taken, for the most part, from the Memoir " On the Thicknesses of Strata," 1916. The letters B and H. show the counties in which the beds occur at the surface, and from these it will be seen that Buckinghamshire has the wider range of formations, nothing below the Gault cropping out in Hertfordshire, whilst in Buckinghamshire there will probably not be an omission, when the Drift has been mapped throughout. Recent Pleistocene ( Eocene Cretaceous Alluvium B. H. Valley [or River] Drift \ Brickearth 1. Gravel B. B. H. H. Boulder Clay ... B. H. Glacial Drift ... j Loam ... ? H. j. Gravel ? H. ' Plateau Gravel of High level Gravels - various ages B. H. 1 Pebble Gravel B. ? Surface Deposits, over the Plateau Brickearth ... [ Clay with Flints B. H. Chalk, of doubtful age. B. H. 1 ' London Clay (up to 200, perhaps more) B. H. 1 ^.Reading Beds (31-78) B. H. ' Upper Chalk (up to 330) B. H. Middle Chalk (200 to ''Chalk ... 1 220 or more) B. H. Lower Chalk (180 or more) B. H. Chalk Marl (included t in above) ... B. H. [" Upper Green sand (0 to Selbornian 40) B. ? [ Gault (160 to 248) ... B. H. Lower Greensand (0 to 250) B. — \ Wealden, Shotover Sands (up to 45) ... B. B 14 GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. Jurassic Upper Oolites Middle Oolites Lower Oolites r Purbeck Beds (20 to 30) ) Portland Stone ") /ftn . 1 Portland Sand ) (W > (.Kimeridge Clay (100) ! Calcareous Grit ) (40 to Ampthill Clay ) 50) Oxford Clay (420) ... / Com brash (5 to 8 or more) Great Oolite — Forest Marble or' Great Oolite Clay (13 to 40) Limestone (15 to 25). Upper Estuarine Series (15 to 33) Northampton Sand, in- cluding Lower Es- tuarine Series (8 to 27) Upper Lias Clay (120) (B. - IB. - B. — [I- B. B. — B. B. B. The Ampthill Clay (part of the Corallian) is shown only on the new map with Oxford in the centre. The following have been proved, by deep borings, to occur underground, though not coming to the surface. Middle and Lower Lias, in Bucks, (to 22 and to 240 £). Devonian, in Herts. Silurian, Ludlow in Bucks, Wenlock, in Herts. Cambrian, Lower Tremadoc, in Bucks. AREAS AT THE SURFACE. In 1893 W. Topley gave, in a tabular form, a set of measurements of the areas of the various geologic formations at the surface in the River Basins of the Thames drainage-system. 1 The following account of those River Basins with which this Memoir is chiefly concerned is made up from this table, with some additions from a fuller account, which, though printed, cannot be said to have been published : it was the basis on which the table was drawn up. The basin of the Thame, on the west, is largely out of our district : practically we have to do only with the Upper Cretaceous part, and of that, moreover, much is in Oxfordshire. The basin of the Lea, on the east, except for most of its tributaries, is also largely out of our bounds, and we are concenred with little but the Chalk-area (and part of that is in Bedfordshire). The lowest notable tributary, the Stort, is for the most part not in Hertfordshire ; never- theless it is well to include both these areas. The small basin of the Loudwater and the comparatively large basin of the Colne (with its five tributaries) belong wholly to Buckingham- shire and Hertfordshire. Four tributaries of the Lea, the Miniram, the Beane, the Rib and the Ash are wholly, or almost wholly, in Hert- fordshire. To get the area in which the Chalk is bare, of course the area of superficial beds over the Chalk must be subtracted from that of the 1 R. Coram. Metrop. Water Supply, Appendices. Table opp. p. 414. GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. 15 Chalk as a whole, in the following tables in which the figures stand for square miles :— Basin of the Thame, 265-8 square miles. Superficial Beds over Chalk { CJ^ywith^ts '.'.". '.'.'. 3-1 Chalk 42- Upper Greensand ... ... ... ... ... ... 17-7 Gault 92-27 Lower Greensand ... ... ... ... ... ... 6-2 Purbeck Beds ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1-6 Portland Beds 24-5 Kimeridge Clay 53-2 CoraUian Beds (hwt including Ampthill Clay) ... ... 19-2 Oxford Clay 8-6 Area between the Basins of the Thame and of the Loud water, drained by the Bensington Brook, the Hambledon Brook, etc., direct into the Thames, 150-8 square miles. Alluvium over Gault and Upper Greensand ... : Alluvium \ Valley Gravel -j Hill Gravels J Loam V. Clay with flints Superficial Beds over Chalk, 57-2 London Clay Reading Beds ... Chalk Upper Greensand Gault Basin of the Loudwater, 56-3 square miles. ( Alluvium a a i t> j ™_ ii_ l Valley Gravel Superficial Beds over Chalk, J ma ^ek 27-8 Loam London Clay Reading Beds Chalk ... V Clay with flints •45 4- 12-2 11-2 2- 27-8 •1 5-4 138-3 4-4 2-6 1-3 4-6 21 13- 6-8 •l(-) 2-6 53-6 Area between the Basins of the Loudwater and of the Colne, 37-8 square miles. Alluvium over London Clay and Reading Beds ... ... -9 Over Chalk, 2-6 London Clay .. Reading Beds .. Chalk ( Valley Gravels I Hill Gravels Basin of the Colne, apart from tributaries. Alluvium over Reading Beds and London Clay Valley Gravel and Brickearth over London Clay Alluvium ... Superficial Beds over Chalk, 57-7 London Clay Reading Beds Chalk Valley Gravel Hill Gravels Loam Clay with flints Boulder Clay 2-5 •1 20 1 12-2 5-5 19-8 8-5 3-4 2-5 28-4 16-5 3-4 3-5 74-2 22-7 87-7 These figures are got by subtraction of the total for the tributaries (Ver, Gade, Bulbourne, Chess and Misbourn) from the figures given for the Colne Basin as a whole. In 1896 J. Hopkinson gave a very much less figure for the Chalk ; but perhaps his area for the Colne is not the same as that taken above. He defines it as "above Harefield," and his figure is only 35 square miles. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. ix, pt. 2, p. 46. B 2 16 GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. Basin of the Ver (tributary of the Colne). 5 "11 square miles ( Alluvium Superficial Beds over Chalk, 36-1 Valley Gravel... 1 Hill Gravels ... Loam ... j Clay with flints { Boulder Clay ... Reading Beds Chalk J. Hopktnson gives the Chalk area as only 36 square miles. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. ix, p. 46. Basin of the Gade (tributary of the Co hie), 49 '7 square miles. f Alluvium 1-4 1-7 2- 4-7 26-2 •1 •3 50-8 Tram. Herts. Superficial Beds over Chalk, 33-9 \ Valley Gravel... ■{ Hill Gravels ... j Loam ... V. Clay with flints Reading Beds Chalk Hopkinson gives the figure 88 for the Chalk of the Gade ; includes the Bulbourne. 1-2 1-3 10-3 4-4 16-7 •4 49-3 but this clearly Basin of the Bulbourne (tributary of the Gade), 26 '5 square miles. Superficial Beds Chalk, 18-6 Chalk over ( Alluvium \ Valley Gravel... < Hill Gravels ... i Loam (, Clay with flints Basin of the Chess (tributary of the Colne), 39 square miles. /Alluvium Superficial Beds over Chalk, 28-6 Valley Gravel... Hill Gravels ... j Loam ... ^ Clay with flints London Clay Reading Beds Chalk Hopkinson gives the figure 36 for the Chalk of the Chess passes over the Misbourn. Basin of the Misbourn (tributary of the Colne), 38'1 square miles. •4 4-5 2- 2-1 9-6 26-5 1- •2 4-6 10-1 12-7 •l(-) •4( + ) 38-5 Apparently he Alluvium over Reading Beds Superficial Beds over Chalk, 16-8 London Clay Reading Beds Chalk Alluvium Valley Gravel. Hill Gravels . Loam ... Clay with flints Basin of the Lea, excluding tributaries, 322 - 6 square miles. Alluvium Superficial Beds over Chalk, 40-8 London Clay Reading Beds Chalk Valley Gravel. Hill Gravels . Loam ... Clay with flints Boulder Clay •5 •8 2-9 2-3 4-6 6-2 1- 4 32 •5 ■9 3- 2- 11- 4-5 7-4 11-5 151-9 7-9 62-8 These figures have been arrived at by subtracting those given for the tributaries from the figure given for the Lea Basin as a whole. Hopkinson gives 67 square miles for the Chalk of the Lea proper. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. ix, p. 46. GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. 17 Basin of the Mimram (tributary of the Lea), 48 1 square miles ( Alluvium Superficial Beds over Chalk, 26-5 Valley Gravel... Hill Gravels ... \ Loam ... Clay with flints \ Boulder Clay . . . London Clay Reading Beds Chalk Hopkinson's figure for the Chalk is only 30. •9 + •4 8-5 •8 13-9 4- 2- + •3 •7 47-1 Superficial Beds over Chalk, 46-7 Basin of the Beane (tributary of the Lea), 70 '4 square miles. Alluvium ... ... *8 Valley Gravel -9 Superficial Beds over Chalk, Hill Gravels 12-4 43-8 Loam ... ... ... *7 Clay with flints ... 3-4 Boulder Clay 25-6 London Clay ... ... ... ... ... ... 1*9 Reading Beds ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-4 Chalk 66-1 Hopkinson's figure for the Chalk is 83. Probably his division between the Beane and the Mimram is different from that taken by Topley. Basin of the Rib, with the Quin (tributary of the Lea) 59-6 square miles. Alluvium ... ... 1-5 Valley Gravel 2-5 Hill Gravels ... ... 4-9 Clay with flints ... -8 Boulder Clay ... ... 37- London Clay 1*6 Reading Beds ... ... ... ... ... ... 2-8 Chalk ... ... ... ... ... ••• ••• oo*o Hopkinson gives the figure 52 for the Chalk. Basin of the Ash (tributary of the Lea) 35 square miles. /'Alluvium -9 Superficial Beds over Chalk, \ Hill Gravels 4-1 19-1 1 Loam -1 LBoulderClay 14- London Clay ... ... ... ... ... ... 5*7 Reading Beds 6-9 Chalk 22-4 Hopkinson's figure for the Chalk is 35. Basin of the Stort. Only a small part hi Hertfordshire, 106-1 square miles. •5 •2 19-7 21 75-7 5-7 24-7 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. f Alluvium Superficial Beds over Chalk, ) Valley Gravel 22-5 ) Boulder Clay C Hill Gravel London Clay Reading Beds Chalk Hopkinson credits the Chalk with 28 square miles Soc, vol. ix, p. 46. 18 WATER-BEARING BEDS. WATER-BEARING BEDS. GENERAL REMARKS. While the main object of these Water Memoirs is to draw attention to those formations that yield water more or less readily, it must be remembered that the impermeable or relatively impermeable beds also have their uses from the point of view of water, as they hold it up, or keep it down, in the pervious beds, or throw it out of them as springs. The changes in the character of various formations, whereby they are water-bearing in some places, but much less so in others, are likewise of importance in questions of water-supply. Our inquiry therefore necessarily includes some consideration of the whole of the strati- graphy of the counties. In discussing the formations on which the two counties have to depend for their water-supply, it is convenient to begin at the top of the series, with the varying divisions of the Drift, which are common to both counties, and to work downward to the Jurassic beds, which concern Buckinghamshire only. Hertfordshire looms more largely in this Memoir because this county has a far more important place than Buckinghamshire in the matter of water-supply : amongst other things it contains many wells of that greatest of water-authorities, the Metropolitan Water Board, and for this reason, as well as from the fact that it comprises a large area of Chalk, the chief water-bearing bed in the southern part of England, it has a voluminous literature on underground waters, springs, etc., owing to the activity of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society, (which has no parallel in Buckinghamshire) and of the Geologists' Association. It has also, for reasons above stated, figured very largely in Royal Commissions and Parliamentary Committees, both produc- tive of much printing. The literature of Hertfordshire has, therefore, been somewhat difficult to deal with, and perhaps some of it may have escaped notice. The controversial part of it, connected with the supply of London, and with questions of consequent depletion, has been passed over, mostly at all events, and of set purpose. That supply is a settled thing, and there seems to be no chance of any further scheme for increasing it by means of fresh wells in Hertfordshire. GRAVEL AND SAND OF THE DRIFT. There is no need here to trouble about the geologic classification of the various gravels, etc,, of our two counties : for the present purpose gravel is merely gravel, whatever its particular age or geologic interest. Our gravels are probably our most permeable beds, and yet are hardly used for public supply ; the reason being that they are never of great thickness. It follows, therefore, that to get anything but a small supply works must be extended over a considerable area and in a broad spread of gravel, I know of no such works in our district. Nevertheless, for small local supplies a tract of gravel is well-suited, provided that there is no risk of surface-pollution. Of course, in the case of the Glacial Gravel, where it occurs beneath Boulder Clay, nature h«,s given good protection from anything on the surface, and good water may be got by wells through the clay. In some cases, too, WATER-BEARING BEDS. 19 the brickearth that sometimes overlies the River Gravel may give a like protection ; but the deposit in this ease is both thinner and less impermeable. Where a tract of gravel occurs at a low level bordering a river, water from the latter may flow into the gravel, unless the river has succeeded in puddling its bed, and fairly large amounts of naturally filtered water may be got. J. M. Wood writes to me (1920) that some twenty years ago he pumped considerably more than a million gallons a day, for many days, out of the gravel under meadows in the marshes between Hertford and Ware ; and that the water undoubtedly came from the Chalk, as well as from the Lea and the New River. He also alludes to the fact that much water is pumped from gravel at market-gardens and glass houses in the valley of the Lea, particularly in Cheshunt, but that he could not find out how much. The only large tract of River Gravel, marked on such of the Geolo- gical Survey Maps as show the Drift deposits, is in the Valley of the Thames below Maidenhead. Speaking of this gravel-flat, from Datchet westward to Maidenhead, J, T. Harrison 1 has said, "in some parts it is 30 ft. thick. . . The water in this gravel near Dorney rises gradually from the level of the river northwards, and rarely, if ever, falls below it " ; and he believes that it adds much to the volume of the river, though in greatly varying quantity ; but partly so " in consequence of the level at which the water is maintained between the locks" He advocated the using of this and other gravel-tracts for an additional supply to London. He believed that, in this case, the water came from the Chalk ; but it has been shown that the old Geologic map was wrong in making the gravel of Dorney, etc., rest on Chalk, later borings having proved the occurrence there of Tertiary beds, as pointed out bv me in 1889 ("Geology of London," vol. i, pp 176, 177). Of the Glacial Gravel there is a large amount on the high ground along the lower part of the valleys of the Mis bourn and of the Chess, continuing along the right side of the Colne by Rickmansworth and Watford. It is very much and very irregularly cut into by erosion through to underlying beds along the many dry side-valleys. Where the gravel is underlain by Chalk, of course, in the absence of any clayey or loamy bed, water would pass through from the one to the other ; but where Tertiary beds come next beneath the gravel water would mostly be held up in the latter. This mass continues north-eastward beyond Watford, by the neigh- bourhood of St. Albans to Hertford ; but under somewhat different conditions, as here there is in great part a covering of Boulder Clay or of loam, and the gravel in parts reaches down into the valleys of the Colne, of the Lea, and of the Mimram. READING BEDS. Where this formation consists to a considerable extent of sand it may afford a supply to houses or small groups of houses ; but it is nowhere thick, and often has only a narrow outcrop : to a great extent, too, it consists of clay, and, as a rule, the beds are irregular. 1 Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., 1891, vol. cv, p. 13. 20 WATER-BEARING BEDS — CHALK. Where there is an outcrop of sand there is a danger from swallow- holes, down which polluted water flows. Many of these occur in the neighbourhood of Aldenham (see p, 85), Of course, as with the per- meable beds of the Drift, there is a risk of surface-pollution, save where there is a clay-capping, notably where these beds are beneath London Clay, the basement-bed of which, being generally more or less sandy, is also sometimes a source of water. I know of no large amount of water being got anywhere from the Reading Beds in the two comities. In regard to this however J. M. Wood, who has had long experience of the New River Wells, writes to me (1920) that in the case of large wells, sunk through Tertiary beds into the Chalk, with headings in the latter, he has been led to think that considerable quantities of water sometimes come from the Tertiary beds into fissures in the Chalk. If sand can find its way into the well and heading it follows that water can. He has had experience in trying to shut out such waters, and is doing such work to-day. CHALK. General Account. We now come to the chief water-bearing formation of the south and south-east of England, which indeed has but one rival in the whole of our island, as yielding very large supplies over very large areas, the other being the New Red Sandstone. In Buckinghamshire and Hertfordshire the Chalk is well developed, both vertically and horizontally ; for it is of great thickness and has a very broad outcrop. In structure the Chalk is fairly alike from top to bottom ; but there are differences, and these are of a definite kind. The Upper Chalk is white, bedded (the bedding generally marked by layers of flints, mostly in the form of separate nodules of irregular shape, but now and then in more or less continuous sheets) and jointed, that is with fairly vertical planes of division. Between this and the Middle Chalk there is, along the outcrop in the two counties, a thin, hard rocky bed, or set of beds, known as the Chalk Rock. The Middle Chalk is also white, but nintless, or with rare flints in places, and more massively bedded than the Upper Chalk : it also is jointed. At its base is another thin, hard bed, known as the Melbourn Rock. The Lower Chalk beneath is generally white, with a slight tendency to greyness, and of a slightly more clayey character (the divisions above consisting almost wholly of calcium-carbonate, except for flints and occasional earthy layers): immediately beneath the Melbourn Rock there is a notable clayey bed known as the Belemnite Marl. This Lower Chalk has no flints, is more thinly bedded than the divisions above, and its joints are generally of a more irregular character, as contrasted with the even ones of the higher divisions. In the country with which we are dealing the lowest part of the division, the Chalk Marl, is generally of a dis- tinctly clayey character. At its top is another marked hard bed, the Totternhoe Stone, known for many centuries as a building-stone. Besides the three rocky beds mentioned there are also others of a less marked and much more local character, which need not now be referred to. WATER-BE A KING BEDS — CHALK. 21 For some years past geologists have divided the Chalk in a more elaborate manner than that above described, that is, into zones, char- acterised by their fossil contents. Of these there are two in the Lower Chalk (the lowest being much the same as the Chalk Marl), two in the Middle Chalk, and no less than seven in the Upper Chalk, according to Jukes-Browne's "Memoir on the Cretaceous Rocks of Britain " (vols, ii, iii). But we are not now concerned with these more minute sub-divisions, which as yet do not enter into the question of water- supply, in our counties, at least : what may be the result of further research is another question. In the matter of water-supply the Upper Chalk is certainly the great water-yielding division, and for various reasons. It has the great advan- tage of being the thickest, roughly as much as the Middle and Lower together. From its position at the top of the formation it also has the advantage of the broadest outcrop ; for it forms the great dip-slope, from the escarpment down to the oncoming of the overlying Tertiary beds, except where cut through by valleys. By reason of this its line of outcrop is in comparatively low ground, toward which water flows underground from the whole of the broad outcrop beyond. More- over, where there is nothing to check it, water from the Middle Chalk rises up into the beds above where they are at low level, and some- times the Middle Chalk water may be reinforced by some from the Lower Chalk. The Upper Chalk therefore to some extent depends on the beds below. One may put it that all the water got, by wells near its outcrop or within the Tertiary tract, is from the Upper Chalk. Whilst the water of the Upper Chalk flows more or less with the direction of the dip, it is not so with that of the lower divisions, where they form the slope of the great escarpment, at the top of which the Upper Chalk comes on. There the plane of saturation is against that of the dip, and with that of the slope of the escarpment, which leads to the occurrence of springs along the base of the range. No one who well knows the fine set of such springs, not only in these counties, but in many others, can doubt that the Lower Chalk yields a greit quantity of water, partly, of course, derived from the rain that falls on the Middle Chalk above. This latter division has little independence in the matter of its water, which partly joins that of the Upper Chalk along the dip-slope, and partly that of the Lower Chalk down the much sharper slope of the escarpment or of some valley, though often it is held up by the Belemnite Marl, the top part of the Lower Chalk. When the Middle and the Lower Chalk together have a broad out- crop, as in the northern part of Hertfordshire, they yield much water, and the following towns get a supply from them : Hitchin, from springs ; the Garden City (Letchworth) and Baldock, from the well of the former ; and Royston, from a well. The Chiltern Hills Company, which supplies Aylesbury, Tring, Wendover, and many smaller places, has its wells in Middle and Lower Chalk. It is of the more importance to note these things, as the lower part of the Chalk has often been disparaged as a source of water. In various cases, too, wells that get a supply from Upper Chalk have borings that go through into Middle and even into Lower Chalk, as at Bushey and Ware, at which places the whole of the Chalk is 22 WATER-BEARING BEDS — CHALK. pierced, except for the topmost part ; and at Cheshunt and Slough, where the formation is pierced from top to bottom, the supply in the last case being got from Lower Greensand, to a large extent at all events. J. M. Wood writes however that he thinks that no water is got from the Lower Chalk in the Ware boring, but that there may be a little from the Middle Chalk, and that at Cheshunt (Turnford) also the bulk of the water comes from the Upper Chalk. The Chalk is essentially a soft limestone, often pure, that is consist- ing almost wholly of calcium-carbonate ; but, on the other hand, it contains a varying amount of earthy impurity. It varies slightly, too, in structure, generally consisting of very fine grains, but sometimes having stony beds which are in part a crystalline limestone. The occurrence of clayey layers gives rise to local divisions in the water-system, notably at the junction of the Middle and Lower Chalk, where the clayey Belemnite Marl holds up the water, as proved by the occurrence of springs in places. Speaking generally, however, the Chalk is one of the most homo- geneous of our geologic formations, and despite the above-noted cause of water-partings, must often be taken as a whole in the matter of water. In 1851 Prof. D. T Ansted recorded the following results of ex- periments on the absorbent power of specimens of Hertfordshire Chalk, made under the superintendence of Prof. Miller. 1 " It seems clear from these experiments, in which the ordinary condition of the bed is very fairly represented, that the upper chalk is capable of receiving into its mass, a quantity of water amounting to more than two gallons for every cubic foot of rock, beyond the quantity usually contained in dry chalk, under ordinary exposure." Various other details than those now repeated are given in the paper, In 1853 Prof. E. J. Chapman, in his " Mineralogical Notes," in- cluded a short account of " Absorption of Water by Chalk," 2 founded on a series of experiments, which " confirm in all essential respects the prior investigations of Professor Ansted." The following are some of his results :— Chalk from Watford : sp. grav. 2-503. Water absorbed by 100 parts, 18-76 Ware: „ 2-511 „ „ „ 18-68 Tring: „ 2-482 „ „ „ 15-12 Two years later S. C. Homersham gave some further particulars of the same sort, from experiments made by Dr. John Smith, as in the following table. 3 1 Proc. Irust. Civ. Eng., vol. ix, p. 368. 2 Phil. Mag. ser. 4, vol. vi, pp. 118, 119. 3 Journ. Soc. Arts, 1855, vol. iii, p. 175. WATER-BEARING BEDS — CHALK. 23 — "S** 4) t* — ' G 4> ♦» fS 0) C- nH GO 05 QQ £•>- .00 co > 73 eg a ~6 "£ J5 *» +3 CO 2 c^ io .5 CO — 1 CM 5 -S> a - C bo u c« eg lO tH Ol fH ^H ^-1 f— < 6c CO -o g O £ **-l a &►> 0> t- 73 QT3 ¥ •« >> t> f spec )lutel to •? o g CO (M CO CN Tt< do Fh <» CO lO CM (H o « -t< CO Oh tjQ-H 1— 1 — 1 " T3 V 1> cS M a S -2 00 .s s O -w . (H T3 J-l t- . «P . © (M OS '3N 1— 1 10 g CO (N CO CO co t— t; rt -3 t^ lO cS ° 9 1 rH CO *» s •& tjC— H 1—1 1— 1 r^ r-i .5 bo o 43 '5 a O £~ cS 5 ^ o « -2 2 00 — N ■* -# C5 O 1— 1 r— 1 4) Xi lO ! I til 4-3 a, o o -J 00 00 O S 10 10 ■** CO 1 1 | '5 lO P5 — ,— 1 1— | 1 8 fc a -s ? ■*= 10 »o t- '3 'S IO lO -# ■* 1 s 33 CN CN CM a .a t * H OS ^H 3 ' ' 43 g w co 49 -^ £5 " •* s — a ^ '. ~* ' 1 I ?3 ;_, !-< c^ 2 a a sh - Q • Q ^ is ce O 4> 4) -P3 ' P5 • 1— 1 f~i ^-* £ pd 0-, +3 OO ^0 ° .3 _ic<— r C j3 d5 co p^ ^3 co ^5 rn "^ -=5 4> " S X to 8/3 2-0,2 m ^ ^ a» ^.'5 . >■ p*S F-H — 1 CO T*< 00 p-4 C35 CT1 rt a> oo ^- Q O o O co ao c 1 „ — M '~> ~ '— « J) O s ao 35 35 LO 35 -H lO CO CO CO <«-i 'TJ 00 co co -t< "O — « -+ OJ CO Ol ~f CO OS 00 CO O o S OS _ , CO CO CO — i CM tnlS g 1— 1 N CI C-l M IM N —i CM Ol a = 3 O O .5 3 «t <« ^5 « m Ct C water oot of Chalk MHl HC* HM -W HN ao -* s — i o — < t*i co ao co co ■O O CO 00 ~1 F-* O o v 03 « 5 -h 3 CO CO -i (N CO OJ 00 CO CM CM CM CM CM CM ^h CM CM "So 5 3 • — *a ® US =« £ " U 0) ;C5- ^ 1> 02 MJ-^.-0|* HC1 -, -*« si o co co co co cm co CM O O OS o f— 1 *— 1 I— * — i r— 1 i—l O-w-S tof : foe atur ^O CO t^ -t -i co oo co lo r- r^ O cq _ _ _, r^ ° ■— - tiO-S ° ■s 3 ~ » O -4^ £ cs : £ £ Q o <4-l • o 14-1 • -4 — : j». o a, ' 1 = =3 s a CD CD 3 § s J T3 : ^ : s ^ '5 0) a. 00 O 4i »o : ^ o - " S " CO J3 ^ ■- ' 8* &- 3S-S a, V a c« *-> >> -2 "tip : 1 : d S ' £ £ J2 '3 N O j S M !JC „ —i tN ^ ° S3* 3aoco a -is c "3 02 "_J3 oa '-i3 2 ^ _ e8 * - o ° ?, o 3 o " ~ S - "t*^ V By Chadwell Spring. Ground -level Water-level 275 167 165 141 138 138 233 128 244 128 222 113 194 112 110 110 152 108 227 107 The gradient of the water is 26 ft. in a mile from the first well ob- served to the Rib, and beyond to the next well ; then 9 ft. (? some error) to the next, a little way off ; then 29 ft. to the next ; 12 to the next, a little way, and then 11 ft. to beyond the Lea. Now, whilst the ground-level of course shows a set of rises and sinkings there is a steady fall in the water-level south-eastward, with- out any rise under the higher ground between the Rib and the Lea, over a distance of about If miles. The explanation that occurred to me was naturally a geologic one, and I give it for what it may be worth. In the district in question bare Chalk occurs only at the basal part of the valley-slopes, the w T hole of the rising ground between these narrow outcrops being composed of Glacial Drift (largely Boulder Clay and loam). The rain therefore is greatly, or in places perhaps wholly, hindered from getting into the Chalk on this higher ground, and so there is little local addition 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. x, pp. 8-10. water-bearing reds -chalk. 35 to the water in the Chalk, and no cause for local rise in the water-level . Moreover, from the thickness of the Drift the Chalk itself cannot rise much under the hill. The water-slope in the Chalk is left with little interference from above, and so follows the general dip of the beds or, the general slope of the ground (without regard to local variations) both more or less from north-west to south-east, as perhaps also is the general direction of the main fissures or joint-planes in the Chalk. In the 18 years since the notice of the above was printed no other explanation has been put forward ; but I am still ready to accept a better one. Character of Chalk Waters. One of the most notable characteristics of Chalk-water, that is to say, of water got from the Chalk where that formation is at or near the surface, is its hardness, given to it, as with other limestone-waters, by the amount of calcium-carbonate that is taken up during the passage of water through the rock. Two papers devoted to this subject, as regards Watford, give one a text for a short discourse thereon. Both were published in 1895. The first, by J. Hopkinson, is cautiously entitled, " The Relative Advantages of Hard and Soft Water"; 1 and begins thus: "The question . . . is a very wide one. Considered in an economic light it cannot be denied that the advantages are decidedly in favour of soft water ; considered from a sanitary point of view, it must first be resolved into two distinct questions," of external and internal use. In the matters of washing ourselves and our clothes and of cooking he decides in favour of soft water, " and the only sanitary question which is really open to debate is whether soft water or hard water is best for us to drink." The various points of this debatable question are fully and fairly gone into (with a soft bias), and the moral seems to be that it would pay to soften the water supplied to Watford as I believe has been done lately. The second paper follows on, and Dr. A. King more boldly entitles it, "On the Advantages of a Supply of Soft Water,"'-' of course therefore being uncompromising against hard water. Whilst generally disposed to advocate the softening of Chalk- water, for general use, especially as that process is also a purifying one, I cannot accept the arguments that have often been brought forward in regard to the effect of hard and soft waters on the general health of the consumers. Those arguments have been largely based on the comparison of districts that are far apart, and in which therefore various other circumstances, natural and artificial, interfere to a large extent . Moreover, in many cases there are factors other than a change in water-supply which have acted powerfully in improving the general health of a community. To get a proper comparison of the effects of hard and soft water on health, it is essential to deal with districts of large size and population, near to one another, and, generally speaking, under like circumstances; so that other matters than that of water-supply may be safely neglected. This has been done by Dr. J. C. Thresh, dealing with the large county of Essex, so much of the water-supply of which comes from wells sunk 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. viii, pt. 5, pp. 101-115. 2 Ibid,, pp. 116-124. 36 WATER-BEARING BEDS— CHALK. into the Chalk 1 . The substance of his work has been given in the Memoir on the Water Supply of Essex (pp. 67 — 69). He divided the district treated of into Soft Water Areas, Moderately Hard Water Areas, and Hard Water Areas, all with large populations, and with water-supplies of admittedly good quality. The result, expressed in death-rates, is practically a tie : in the first year Soft Water was the lowest with 10, Hard Water (two groups) having 1T1 and 11-2, and Moderately Hard (two groups) IT 2 and 11-5 ; but in the second year the figures were somewhat reversed, Soft 10, Hard 10*6 and 9-9, Moderate 9-9 and 10-9. " These differences are so slight that only one conclusion can be deduced, namely, that the character of the water supplies in the county (as to hardness) had no effect upon the death rates." Despite all that has been said as to the advantages of soft water, as far as I know in only three large supplies in Hertfordshire, those of the Chiltern Hills Company of the Colne Valley Company and of Watford, has a softening process been adopted, and in none in Buckinghamshire. An elaborate paper on Well Waters by R. Warington is of great general interest, though almost wholly concerned with part of Hert- fordshire, and the heading, " The Well Waters of Harpenden," covers more than 20 pages and 3 charts. 2 Eleven years later I expressed my sense of the great value of this essay and quoted from it ; 3 but now a more extended use of it will be made . The author deals first with the Rain Water, especially as regards its amount of chlorine of sulphuric anhydride and of ammonia (pp . 500- 503), and then treats of the Drainage Waters (pp. 504-520), before coming to the matters which are here of special interest. He begins thus : " The well waters of which I have to speak occur in or near the village of Harpenden, and within a short distance of the rain- and drain-gauges ... at Rothamsted. . • The soil in the valley is more or less gravelly ; on the hills, on each side, the surface soil is clay mixed with flints . Below the surface soil comes in every case the chalk ; this is in so menaces quite near the surface, and in other cases as much as 25 ft. below. All the wells are sunk into the chalk." " The height of the water in the wells is, of course, subject to variation at different times of the year, but it may be generally stated that in the centre of the village (low ground) the water level is rather less than 60 ft. below the surface. The extreme depth is reached ... on the high ground on the east of the valley (one well) ; the water level is here about 145 ft. below the surface." " In the valley the water-level in the wells is about 290 ft. above the sea level. In the wells on the high ground to the west . . . the water level is distinctly higher ; while . . . on the east hill (one well) the water level is distinctly lower than in the valley (not what one would expect). There is thus a steep gradient in the water level from north to south . . . and also in the direction of west to east. The existence of these steep gradients will, of course, determine a steady flow of the underground water in the directions indicated. This fact 1 * County of Essex. Report of the Medical Officer for 1910,' pp. 138-142. Ibid. for 1912. pp. 27-35. 2 Journ. Chan. Soc., 1887, vol. li, pp. 500-552. 3 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1898, vol. x, pp. 12. 13. WATER-BEARING BEDS— CHALK. 37 is one of primary importance, and must be borne in mind when we have to study the alterations in the composition of the well waters." " The waters of about 30 wells, in or near the village of Harpenden, have been examined, and a few others from the neighbourhood." The author's mam object was "to inquire what are the facts which the varying quantities of chlorides and nitrates indicate." " The examination of well waters . . . was commenced . . . simply with the object of satisfying individual householders as to whether their well was contaminated by sewage. As results accumulated, it was found that the composition of many well waters varied considerably at different seasons of the year. Certain wells were then selected for systematic examination, and determinations of the chlorine and nitric acid in their waters were made every month. . . . The systematic examination . . . has been continued during two years." " The constant supply of water to the deep wells of Harpenden is derived from the drainage of a district to the north-west of the village, and is thus independent of the local drainage. . . . This constant underground supply of water to deep wells, being the result of per- colation over a wide area, and through a great depth of soil, we should expect to have a constant composition throughout the year." * - Besides the mam water supply . . . there Anil in nearly every case be more or less of local drainage. ... If this local drainage percolates through a very considerable depth of soil before entering the well, it will supply a water of nearly constant composition. . . . If, however, as must frequently be the case, the local drainage finds access to the well not far below the surface, or through deeper channels coming directly from the surface, the composition . . . will be different at different seasons." He then discusses the waters under the heads Generally Uncon- taminated and Generally Contaminated, with the tables referring to 6 of the former and 9 of the latter (but without sites being given), recording the amounts of chlorine and of nitrogen as nitrates over a long series of months . " There is abundant evidence that the normal proportion of chlorine in the pure well waters of the Harpenden district is about 11 per million." "We may adopt 4-7 per million as the average amount of nitric nitrogen in the pure well waters." " The proportion of nitrates is not, as in the case with the chlorides, perfectly constant throughout the year in the waters of all uncon- taminated wells." Of the contaminated wells he says, " The waters in these wells are held to be contaminated because the proportion of chlorides and nitrates which they contain is generally considerably above that belong- ing to the purest well waters of the neighbourhood, and we may con- sequently conclude that they are polluted by the products of the oxidation of sewage present in the surrounding soil " ; but as to their wholesomeness he says " that during the time of the current investiga- tion they were drunk apparently with impunity," and he gives instances of wells, the surroundings of which are bad, but the water of which nevertheless reaches a fair degree of purity. He aptly remarks, " Wells are generally ill-provided with any pro- tection to prevent soakage through their walls. The old wells of Harpenden are steined with flint, laid on hard mortar or cement, and 38 WATEU-BEARING BEDS — CHALK. this steining is often carried to a considerable depth. This plan appears far better than the modern one of steining with loose brick, without any cementing material." " The amount of water taken from a well must largely influence its apparent degree of contamination. The local contaminated drainage is strictly limited in quantity, the underground supply of pure water is practically unlimited in amount ; by continuous pumping the proportion of impurity in the water may thus be greatly diminished." " The proportion of chlorine in the contaminated well waters varies of course immensely in different wells . . . sometimes as low as 11 per million ... in the case of one well as high as 173 per million. The marked characteristic of the chlorides in a well water receiving fresh contamination is that they are a variable quantity at different seasons ; while the amount of chlorides in a well water not suffering from new contaminations of sewage is practically constant. It follows that the ascertained purity of a well water at one season of the year may be no proof of its general freedom from sewage contamination." In the wells examined the " dates of minimum chlorine occurred at the end of a period of dry weather . . . The local drainage through the soil having thus ceased, or been reduced to a minimum, fresh con- tamination by the percolation of sewage was suspended, and the supply of water to the wells being thus limited to the flow of pure under- ground water, the chlorides and nitrates were reduced nearly to the proportion found in uncontaminated well waters, save in cases where probably the soil had become saturated to a great depth with sewage products." Apparently " new pollution set in before the water level in the wells began to rise. . . . These facts illustrate the independence of the source of pollution fron the main water supply . . . the latter is derived from a large drainage area, while the source of pollution is purely local. The chlorides and nitrates of local drainage are probably in most cases discharged into the well at no great distance from the surface. . ." ' ' The relative proportion of nitrates and chlorides is by no means the same in all the well waters; some have a decidedly chlorinous, and others a decidedly nitric, character." The difference between the mineral contents of the two classes of water is well shown by the folio whig table, the figures being parts per million. Uncontaminated. Contaminated. Lime 158- 211- 220- Magnesia 41 9-7 10-5 Sulphuric anhydride ... 3-8 28-5 15-8 Nitric anhydride 18-9 82-2 74-4 Carbonic anhydride ... 118-7 130-6 124-2 ( 'hh rine 10-7 32-7 71- Silica 17-6 15-8 15:4 Undetermined ... 15-8 49-5 68-1 Total solids 347-6 560- 599-4 The degrees of hardness were 20-5, 28-1 and 29-3. WATER-BEARING BEDS — CHALK. 39 Two of the constituents, ''silica and carbonic acid, are in nearly the same amount, whether the water is contaminated or pure. The lime and magnesia . . . show a considerable increase in the contaminated waters ; and as this increase is without any corresponding increase in the carbonic acid, it is clear that these bases are here com- bined with nitric, sulphuric, or hydrochloric acid, thus considerably increasing the permanent hardness . . . nitrification in a soil results in a solution of the bases, chiefly lime, by the nitric acid formed ; we have here the results of this action. The proportion of magnesia to lime in the pure water is 1 : 39 ; in the excess present in the contam- inated waters it is rather more than 1 : 10. The undetermined matter (partly combined water) undoubtedly contained alkalis, as the acids are in every case in excess of the bases determined. The alkalis, on these grounds, must have been between three and four times as much in the contaminated waters as in the uncontaminated. . . ." ' The water of the uncontaminated well contains a mere trace of of sulphuric acid," and a second and more accurate determination reduced the figure to 2 - 75 per million, an amount "hardly greater than that found in the rain at Rothamsted. . . In the contaminated waters the amount of sulphuric acid is very considerably increased," and the difference between the two wells, not far apart, is accounted for by the sewage from one being "derived from a much better fed population " than that of the other. Perhaps the most interesting part of Warington's paper is at the end, in the Comparison with Results from other Wells, referring as it does to larger areas and bearing on the marked differences in the water got from the Chalk where that formation is at or near the surface and that got where the Chalk is thickly covered by Tertiary beds . In the Sixth Report of the Rivers Pollution Commission Sir E. Frankland recorded a great number of analyses of Chalk- waters . "Of these, 30 springs, and 65 wells, are classed as 'unpolluted,' 1 and these compare perfectly with the Harpenden waters. ; ' On looking at this valuable series of analyses, one is struck by the fact that the minimum of chlorine observed in the Harpenden well waters hardly ever occurs. Out of 111 samples of water there are only 2 containing less than 11 per million of chlorine. . ." " As many of the springs and wells examined were of the highest class, it would appear that there is some peculiarity in the chalk water of Harpenden, so far as its contents in chlorides is concerned. I venture to think that the low proportion of chlorides in the pure well waters of Harpenden may be due to the situation of the village not far from the escarpment of the chalk. . . . The chalk here being at a considerable elevation .... and the gradient of the under- ground water level very considerable, the chalk rock has been in the course of ages washed very thoroughly by the percolation of rain, and the chlorides originally present in the rock when upheaved from the sea have been almost completely removed. The wells in the lower part of the chalk basin are obviously supplied to a considerable extent by the imderground drainage from the upper part of the basin. This underground drainage water when it passes Harpenden contains about II of chlorine per million of water ; but as it continues to percolate 40 WATER-BEARING BEDS — CHALK. through masses of chalk at a great distance from the surface, it may be assumed to gain chlorides from the small residue of common-salt remaining in the rock ; so that wells in the lower part of the basin should, on an average, contain water richer in chlorides than wells at the edge of the basin." Warington confesses his inability "to prove that the well waters of the chalk basin become, on an average, more chlorinous as they approach the centre of the basin." He continues, however, thus : — " Direct evidence as to the presence of common salt in the chalk seems to be furnished by the general considerable excess of chlorides in uncontaminated well waters over the amount furnished by rain. . . . Still stronger evidence is supplied by the condition of the well waters in the chalk when this formation is covered by the London clay. The clay has of course prevented any percolation of rain from above ; the washing of this chalk has therefore for many ages been confined to the slow passage through it of water from the upper part of the basin, already con- taming chlorides. Under these circumstances we find a well water extremely rich in chlorides. . . . This richness in chlorides occurs in wells now far removed fron the sea." Since the publication of Warington's valuable and suggestive paper further evidence of the changes in character of Chalk-waters underneath Tertiary beds has accumulated. In the same year (1887) there appeared a paper by R. K. Hayward, " On the Water in the Chalk beneath the London Clay," 1 from which I gave extracts in a Geological Survev Memoir two vears later. Unfortunatelv, however, I did not see Warington's paper until after that Memoir was written, and so gave a feebler explanation of the difference in the waters, suggesting, with some doubt, that "from communication between the Chalk and the overlying Tertiary sands, the water in the former has become charged with some of the saline constituents of those sands, whether original, or produced by chemical alterations going on at great depths, where the beds are saturated with water."'- There is ground for holding to this as a partial explanation ; but it does not seem enough to account for all the facts, as was noticed in my Address of 1898, in which Waring- ton's view was accepted, and the whole matter thus summed up : "' The washing out of the salts from the Chalk from the escarpment downward to the central parts of the basin, where concentration would take place ; the possible addition there of salts derived from the Tertiary sands . . . and. perhaps, some chemical changes slowly brought about in the deep-seated water : these would seem to be enough to account for the great differences in the mineral contents of waters in the open and in the covered Chalk." Since then the subject has been gone into in some detail, in the Memoir on the Water Supply of Essex (pp. 15, 16, 19-35), in which Dr. Thresh gives an account of his experimental work, to which the reader is referred. 1 Middlesex Nat. Hist. Soc, pp. 48-53. - 'The Geology of London,' etc.. vol. i, p. 515 (1889). WATER-BEARING BEDS. 41 UPPER GREENSAND. The Upper Greensand of Buckinghamshire consists essentially of green sand overlying calcareous sandstone with marly bands, the whole nowhere of any great thickness, and thinning out near the boundary with Hertfordshire, in which latter county the Upper Green- sand, so far as the surface is concerned, is practically absent . Naturally the outcrop is rather narrow, being never a mile in breadth ; therefore, though the beds are permeable; they cannot give any large supply, and are available only for small local needs. It is interesting, that notwithstanding its small thickness, and its north-easterly thinning out at the base of the Chalk-hills, this for- mation seems to extend underground from its outcrop through Buck- inghamshire, having been found in the deep boring at Winkfield, in Berks, and more lately in that at Slough (see p. 158). It occurs, too, underground in Hertfordshire, having been found in the deep borings at Cheshunt and Ware (see pp. 203, 257). These occurrences, however, are of no value in regard to water. LOWER GREENSAND. Along its northerly outcrop, from beneath the Gault, this formation is essentially a sand, partly of a more or less ferruginous character, partly light-coloured. But that outcrop in Buckinghamshire is most irregular and patchy, except at the far east, where it forms part of the large Bedfordshire tract. Besides this we have only small outcrops and a set of small outliers, westward of Aylesbury. In Hertfordshire there is no outcrop ; but there is evidence of under- ground occurrence at Hitchin, Long Marston and Tring (■■>•«« pp. 222. 232, 254). How far southward this underground extension goes is an unsolved problem ; but it does not reach as far as Ware, the formation apparently thinning out fairly soon in its southerly course underground. The only notable supplies in Buckinghamshire from the Lower Greensand by wells at its outcrop are those at Linslade, for that place and for Wing ; but the success of the deep boring at Slough (p. 158) is remarkable, and that boring proves a considerable underground extension within the county. There are, moreover, many borings through Chalk Marl and Gault, or the latter only, into Lower Greensand, which have given a supply. On the whole, however, the Lower Green- sand, does not count for much in the water-supply of the two counties. PORTLAND BEDS. In Buckinghamshire this formation consists of limestone, with occasional thin layers of marl or clav, and sand, with stone ; but the division between the two parts is sometimes vague . They are nowhere of great thickness, and the outcrops are rarely a mile broad. The Portland Beds crop out from beneath Lower Greensand or Gault from the neighbourhood of Haddenham, where only is there a broad outcrop north-eastward to Bierton, beyond which the Gault passes over on to the Kimeridge Clay (the whole much hidden by Drift), except for a small outcrop of the Portland Beds in the valleys between Cublington and Wing, and for a very small one south of Stewkley. 42 WATER-BEARING BEDS. There are, however, many outliers from westward to northward of Aylesbury, which, often with eappings of Purbeck Beds and of Lower Greensand, form well-marked hills, and are also notable for a number of springs , thrown out by the underlying Kimmeridge Clay, including therewith any of the Hartwell Clay, now classed as Portland. Nevertheless, there is no notable public supply got from these beds but many of the villages must have a number of private wells in them. Great Oolite series. Though with a broad outcrop these beds are mostly hidden by Drift, chiefly Boulder Clay, which of course greatly detracts from their value as a gathering ground for water. Moreover they are of no great thick- ness in Buckinghamshire. In Hertfordshire there is no record of their occurrence. The uppermost division, the Cornbrash, is a limestone, but every- where thin, and never yielding anything but small local supplies. The Forest Marble is not shown on the map, but a thin set of beds has been classed with it. These consist partly of clay and partly of limestone, and seem to belong to the division elsewhere known as the Great Oolite Clay, which is practically an equivalent in age, as in posi- tion. The effect of these clayey beds is, of course, to cut off the water of the Cornbrash from the beds beneath. The Great Oolite Limestone is the only part of the Series that yields water to a large extent ; but this division is often comparatively thin, and contains occasional layers of marl or clay, which interfere with the circulation of water. The Northampton Sand, as its name implies, is largely of a sandy nature, whether in the form of calcareous sandstone, sandy limestone, or sand, and is generally permeable to water ; but there is no large outcrop in Buckinghamshire. The only public town-supplies, from wells in the Lower Oolites, are those of Buckingham (at Maids Moreton, where the Northampton Beds and the Marlstone are also passed through), of Newport Pagnell and of Stony Stratford (the wells also passing through Northampton Beds and Marlstone). Of formations below the Great Oolite some examples of borings for public supply which reach through to such have just been noted. There is but one town in which the water comes wholly from beds below the Oolites, that is Wolverton, where a supply is given by the London and North- Western Railway Co. from a boring that passes through the Middle Lias, the lowest formation from which water is got in our district . SPRINGS. SPRINGS. GENERAL REMARKS. 43 When underground water comes to the surface naturally the result is a spring, when the passage from underground to overground water takes place at a definite spot, or set of spots. Where such passage occurs as a sort of weeping along a line, without starting at denned spots, and forming streams, the American geologists have applied the term seepage to it. This seepage may occur wherever a permeable bed is underlain fairly evenly by an impermeable one ; but springs may occur in other ways also : they may even be at the top of a permeable bed, where that top is at a very low level, at or just below, where im- permeable beds come on above. Springs, in fact, arise wherever the plane of saturation in a permeable bed reaches the surface, whether permanently or temporarily. Their position is, of course, often de- termined by some occurrence which facilitates the outflow of water at one spot rather than at another, such as a more or less open joint- plane in a limestone or other rock, or a specially porous character of the beds. In one of our counties, Buckinghamshire, there is a dearth of records of springs, and this goes with a like defect as regards the older for- mations of the district ; indeed, it is not until we come up to the Chalk that we have a good record of springs, and the result is that this heading is almost wholly concerned with the Chalk and mainly with Hert- fordshire . I have found few records of springs (other than what are called mineral springs) in formations older than the Upper Oolites, the only published ones being such notes as occur on the six-inch maps of Buck- inghamshire. The few of these that I have will be given merely as specimens, in the hope that they may lead to a fuller account. LOWER OOLITES. At Cold Brayfield, rather more than three quarters of a mile north - north-east from the church, Mother Redcap's Spring is marked on the map (Bucks 2, S.E.), and it must rise from Great Oolite limestone. At Gayhurst four springs are marked on the map (Bucks 5, S.W.). 1, somewhat indefinite, but 725 yards or more east of north of the church. 2, north of Park Farm, and about 610 yards north-eastward of the church. 3, about 740 yards a little north of east from the church . 4, by Mill Cottages, close to the Ouse, south-eastward of the church. Mr. G. A. Branford tells me that No. 2 supplies the village ; that No. 4, now known as Gayhurst Cottages, was thought of for an addi- tional supply to Newport Pagnell in 1907 (but the scheme was aban- doned), and the yield was gauged in May of that year at 17,280 gallons in 24 hours. He adds that there is a spring in a spinney, east of the private road leading from the main road to Gayhurst House, which discharges into a well between the two ponds and supplies the house ; and that another spring, in Digby's Walk, comes from ironstone, and its water is used for bathing the eyes . At Lathbury three springs are marked (Bucks 5, S.W.) : — 1, in the. north-western corner of the parish, about 325 yards west of south from 44 SPRINGS. Tyiingham Lodges ; 2, about 270 yards north-north-west of the church; 3, about 800 yards north of north-east from the church. These two apparently come through Drift gravel . In August, 1889, Mr. Topley recorded a spring at Maids Moreton Mill, on the Ouse, with a temperature of 53°, whilst that of the canal just below was 60°. The water presumably comes from Great Oolite limestone. At Newport Pagnell there is a spring by a small old quarry about 330 yards east of north of the waterworks (Bucks 5, S.W.), north-west of the town. At Kadclive springs are marked on the map (Bucks 13), about 690 yards north-north-west from the church and about 270 yards south-south-east from the same. Both are close to where the junction of the Cornbrash and the Great Oolite is shown on the geologic map (45, N.E.). At Sherington three springs are marked (Bucks 5, S.W. and S.E.) : 1, about 650 yards south-westward of the church. 2, about 270 yards north-north-west of the church. 3, at Crofts End, about 490 yards nearly south-south-east of the church. At Stoke Goldington (Bucks 5, S.W.) a spring is marked by Bushy Yew, about 1,500 yards north of Gayhurst Church, and another nearly 1,220 yards a little east of north of the same. The water from the former is used for the Bath House (Gayhurst) over 300 yards south- south-east . About a mile and an eighth south-eastward of Stowe House a spring is marked on the map (Bucks 13) ; but whether it rises from the Corn- brash or from Drift Gravel I cannot say. A spring is marked at Tyringham (Bucks 5, S.W.), close to the Ouse, about 1,020 yards eastward of the church. Apparently this may be used for supply, as a " pumping machine " is marked close by. Westbury, see Analyses, p. 282. Such springs as are used for supply are mostly noticed under the heading Spring Supplies, p. 113. MIDDLE OOLITES. About 330 yards southwestward of New Arngrove Farm, in the parish of Boarstall, I saw, several years past, a pond which seemed to be fed by a spring, touching the Oxfordshire side of the county-boundary, and a little below, about 500 yards from the farm, were springs, just on the Buckinghamshire side of the boundary, which are said never to run dry. These places are at, or in the latter case just below, where the boundary-line of the Calcareous Grit (or Arngrove Stone) has been marked on the Oxford sheet of the Geological Survey Map. I also saw springs in a like position about 330 yards north of Boarstall Church, and a line of others, one just above and two at the eastern edge of a little wood, both of which were ferruginous, about 1,000 yards south-eastward of the church, grey clay occurring directly below the lowest spring. SPRINGS. 45 PORTLAND BEDS. On the northern side of the Muswell Hill outlier two springs are shown on the map (Bucks 26, S.E.), in the parish of Brill, and the mapping of the streams at its western end, just in Oxfordshire, shows that there are several more. T.I. Pocock has remarked that " Brill is surrounded by a number of fairly strong springs, but, owing to imperfect sanitary arrangements in the village, the waters have become more or less contaminated." 1 The most notable set is in the well-marked valley southward from the village. I saw these several years ago with Mr. Parry, Surveyor to the Long Crendon District Council, and he gave me the following particulars : — No. 1. Over 320 yards a little east of south from Manor House. Yield, 3,500 gallons a day. Water bad. No. 2. About 190 yards south-eastward of No. 1. Yield, 7,200 gallons a day- Water bad. No. 3. Some way southward of No. 2, and nearly 300 yards south of west from Parkdale Farm. Yield, 8,760 gallons a day. Water suspicious . Analyses of these waters are given on p. 270. Except along the north-western part of the overlying mass of Lower Greensand (where there is a very narrow outcrop of Weald Clay), there seems to be nothing to prevent the water of the sand from passing down into the Portland Beds. The village is wholly on the Lower Greensand. At Long Crendon two springs are marked on the map (Bucks 32). One is about 250 yards west of south from the church, the other, "Lion Spring," about 860 yards southward of the church. In the parish of Lower (or Nether) Winchendon a spring is marked on the map (Bucks 27) on the northern side of the outlier, between Muskhill and Marsh Farms. |r On the Lodge Hill outlier a spring is marked on the map (Bucks 27), about 600 yards south-south-westward of Waddesdon Church. H. B. Woodward says: — "At Whitchurch in f Buckinghamshire copious springs are thrown out from the base of the Portland Beds. There is one beneath the moat of the Castle,"-' the old earthwork, "Bolbec Castle." There are probably many other springs along these outliers . On the main outcrop " Dadbrook Spring (Chalybeate) " is recorded (Bucks 32), nearly half a mile south-south-eastward of Cuddington Church ; and G. MacD. Davies says that, at Hartwell, " the Egyptian Springs mark the junction of the Portland Sands with Hartwell Clay." 3 LOWER GREENSAND. Many of the outliers of this formation rest direct on Portland Beds, and then it is not likely that springs would occur, but rather that the water in the sand should pass down into the limestone, in the absence of any clayey bed between ; but at the most westerly outlier, Muswell 1 ' Tne Geology of the Country around Oxford,' 1908, p. 128. 2 ' Jurassic Rocks of Britain,' vol. v, 1895, p. 339. 3 ' Geological Excursions round London.' 1914, p. 147. D 40 SPRINGS. Hill (Brill), a spring is marked on the map (Bucks 26, S.E.) just within the boundary of the sand and just below an unnamed farm (? Middle Farm). Along the well-marked escarpment of the Brickhills there are many springs, and at Bow Brickhill some are used for public supply(see p. 113). At Little Brickhill two springs are marked on the six-inch map, one over 300 yards west-south-west of St. Mary's Church, the other about 200 yards west of south from the church. Mr. Branson told me that their waters join, and that the combined yield, in June, 1888, was at the rate of 27,180 gallons a day.- Gaugmgs m 1887 gave 62,240 (Mr. Taylor) and 84,657 (Mr. Nicholls), showing great variation. In Back Wood, a spring (? by the parish- boundary at the eastern end of the wood) Mr. Branson recorded a flow at the rate of 46,350 gallons an hour, in June, 1888, and Mr. Nicholls gives the figure 87,096 in 1887. Another spring in the wood is credited with 16,405 and 30,918 by those observers. I believe that there are some other springs. Mr. Branson says that some of the springs here are said to have been dry in the summer of 1887. Turning to Great Brickhill, at Brickhill Manor, across the road, northward of the house, a spring supplies a ram, and the yield was at the rate of 21,060 gallons a day, in June, 1888, according to Mr. Bran- son, and of 29, 800 in 1887, according to Mr. Taylor. There are four springs, three of which are marked on the map (Bucks 20), about a quarter of a mile south and south-west of the church. Mr. Branson describes these as on Charley or Chartwell Moor (a name not on the map), and says that one boiled up to the surface, that all discharge into one outfall-ditch, and that the vield was at the rate of 84,000 gallons a day in Jime 1888. Mr. Branson also records four springs near the old Coprolite works, the sites of which I cannot identify, with a flow at the rate of 28,159 gallons a day in June, 1888 ; and at Black Dog Spinney, south of Great Brickhill (not marked on the map), a spring with a yield at the rate of 135,264 gallons a day ; but I feel in doubt as to whether a decimal point has not been omitted, the yield being so much larger than any other. UPPER GREENS AND. There may be small springs from] the outcrop of this formation in Buckinghamshire ; but I have no note of any. They are likely to be more in the nature of reinforcements to the streams from the Chalk- springs above than independent outflow. CHALK. General Note. There are two distinct sets of springs from the Chalk. The smaller set, rising in Lower or Middle Chalk, at or near the base of the great escarpment, result in streams that flow in a general north-westerly direction, against the dip, passing therefore over formations below the Chalk, and draining into the Thame or some of the tributaries of the Ouse . The larger set, rising in Middle or Upper Chalk, on the inner side of the escarpment, feed streams that flow in a general south-easterly SPRINGS- -CHALK. 47 direction, with the dip, passing in their course over higher and higher beds of the Chalk, and ultimately, in many cases, across the overlying Tertiary beds. All these streams are tributaries of the Thames, and the springs are naturally subdivided according to the valleys in which they occur. The origin of the two sets of springs is somewhat different. The escarpment-springs, as they may be called, generally start where a more permeable bed is underlain by a less permeable one, as at the base of the Chalk, where that formation is underlain by the Gault, and where a hard bed occurs in the Chalk, with less permeable Chalk below, as in the case of the Totternhoe Stone, at the top of the Chalk Marl or the Melbourn Rock at the base of the Middle Chalk. The valley-springs, on the other hand, do not depend on the structure of the beds (except hi the matter of the local occurrence of weak spots, from more open jointing, etc.) ; but simply on the saturation of the Chalk beneath them, so that water is stopped from sinking to a farther depth. In consequence of the fluctuation of the plane of saturation some of these springs are subject to great seasonal changes, even to the extent of drying up after long continued dry weather, and of re- maining dry for long periods ; such intermittent springs are treated apart, under the heading Bournes, or intermittent streams, a subject of much interest, especially in Chalk-tracts. Escarpment Springs. Writing of the Totternhoe Stone of Buckinghamshire, A. J. Jukes- Browne has said, "It is par excellence the water-bearing stratum of the district where it comes to the surface, its outcrop being marked by a line of frequent springs, most of which are utilised for the growth of water-cress." 1 It is the occurrence of these springs, and of those from rock-beds in the Chalk Marl that has led to the establishment of the many villages. The spring north of Wainhill (Bledlow),by the county-boundary, seems to be from a lower bed, as also are the springs at the village. Of these Jukes-Browne says, in the Memoir above quoted, p. 61, "At Bledlow, on the eastern side of the church, there is a deep dell formed by springs which issue from the rocky beds in the Chalk Marl. This dell is about 25 ft. deep, and one band of firm marly Chalk occurs about a third of the way down, while at the base there is a very hard greyish sandy rock, out of the joints of which several springs of clear water issue. By the springs the rock is decomposed into a soft and sandy mass, but away from the water it is hard. . . . The level of this rock must be at least 40 ft. below the Totternhoe Stone." When first I saw this dell I was greatly taken with its appearance, and made the folio whig remarks on it : — " Notwithstanding the water-cress beds, which far from improve it, this embryo combe is very pretty. The little hollows in its western side, their clear blight springs spouting out from the green-clad sides (sometimes with the moss and other plants encrusted with a calcareous coat from the trickling water), with here and there a patch of bare whitish marl, need but the sun lighting up the old 1 ' The Geology of London,' etc., 1889, vol. i, p. 59. D 2 48 SPRINGS — CHALK. church and glancing through the leaves of the tall overhanging elms to complete the picture." 1 Continuing Jukes- Browne's remarks : — " The same rock-bed is to be seen at the spring-head south-west of Saunderton, and in the parish of Princes Risborough the spring east of Culverton (Pyrtle Spring of Bucks 37, S.E.) probably rises from the Totternhoe Stone, but it is generally dry in summer, while the strong springs near Princes Risborough rise from the lower rocky bed in the Chalk Marl. There is in fact a line of springs rising from this rock for some distance on either side of Princes Risborough, and as the spring-heads are all cleared out and utilised for the growth of watercress the rock can be examined in all of them. At Monks Risborough there are two springs, one S.W. and the other N.E. of the church, and the thickness of the rock appears to be from 4 to 5 feet." '' Other springs occur at Ascott," 2 Askett of the newer map, in the parish of Monks Risborough. He also notes the springs from the rock-bed in the marl at Great Kimble and those at Ellesborough, " which rise from the lower bed of rock in the Chalk Marl." " The Well Head spring at Wendover rises from the Totternhoe Stone, pieces of which are thrown out of the water-course " (p. 63). But on the map the outcrop of that stone is marked some way below "Wellhead." J. Lucas has said the area of supply " was 4-6 square miles, and for the forty- five years, 1841 to 1884 . . . the annual mean flew might be taken . . . at 177 cubic feet a minute, which represented a mean percolation of almost exactly 9 inches per annum." 3 These figures seem to be got from a plate in which Herbert Thomas shows dia- grammatically the yearly gaugings, which may vary from about 70 to about 320 cubic ft. a minute, based on a monthly record. 4 The springs seem to start at various points. The Wellonhead Spring at Aston Clinton (Bucks. 34) is at the eastern edge of the Park, and seems to rise from the Marl Rock, a local hard bed in the Chalk Marl. " In the escarpment of the Chiltern Hills the Lower Chalk is about 200 ft. thick, and north of Tring it shows several bands of gritty chalk, which give out springs and form more or less conspicuous fea- tures." 5 Cowhill Spring, marked on the map (Bucks. 30, S.W.) north- eastward of Pitstone church, is one of these. A. M. Brown has treated of some of the springs near Tring, especially of Dundale, " a pretty dell excavated in the Middle Chalk by a stream issuing from a spring." 6 He says, "The spring at Dundale is one of the four sources, in the Lower and Middle Chalk of Tring, of, origin- ally, as many small streams, which, soon uniting north-westward from the escarpment, once flowed out of our county to the valley of the 1 ' Memoirs of the Geological Survey,' vol. iv, 1872, p. 39. A specimen of the tufa was placed in the Museum at Jermyn Street. The plant chiefly found was Marchantia polymorpha. 2 « The Geology of London,' etc., 1889, vol. i, pp. 61, 62. 3 In discussion, Proc. Inst. C. E., 1891, vol. cv, p. 53. 4 Journ. R. Meteor. Soc, 1885, vol. xi, pi. v. 5 ' Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey for 1911,' p. 31. 6 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1895, vol. viii, p. xxxiv. SPRINGS — CHALK. 49 Thame. The water- bearing beds producing them are the Totternhoe Stone, the Rag-bed of the Lower Chalk, some 40 ft. higher, and the Melboum Rock." " The Melbourn Rock, with its underlying marly bands, is probably responsible for ' Dundale ' and the springs at ' Frogmore ' in the town of Tring, and the Rag-bed for those at Miswell and Bulbourne Head, the latter sending two streams in opposite directions, one running south-east . . . the other north-west." Ct By the construction of the Grand Junction Canal and its reservoirs at the end of the last (18th) century, and the erection of the Tiing Silk Mill in 1824, all these streams were diverted, and a considerable length of those issuing from Bulbourne Head absorbed. The other three were conducted to the Silk Mill and thence ... to the reservoirs." " In 1889 Dundale was converted by Lord Rothschild into its present picturesque state by raising the level and increasing the extent of the water," etc. At Hexton St. Faith's Well is marked by a wooden cross, and Bux Well (shown on map 220) near the head of the valley southward of the village, presumably is a spring from the Totternhoe Stone. R. E. Middleton has recorded two springs at Pirton, one at Walnut Tree Farm, at a level of about 189 ft. above Ordnance Datum, pre* sumably from Lower Chalk, and the other at Jeremiah's Tree, at a level of about 315 ft., presumably from Lower or Middle Chalk. 1 In the neighbourhood of Hitchin there are some fine sets of springs at or near the outcrop of the Melbourn Rock, that is near the junction of the Middle and Lower Chalk, the water of which all flows to the little river Hiz. One of them is at Oughtonhead, west-north-west of the town, where the resultant streamlets have given rise to a fair-sized patch of Alluvium. Another set is at Well Head, south-south-west of the town, where, from the marked hollow westward of the farm, there is often a big flow of water, though I was told that it was dry in 1902. The stream is reinforced by other springs just below the farm, and probably by others, down to Charlton. The third place, named Nine Springs, east of the town, just in the parish of Great Wymondley, is on another branch of the Hiz, some of the higher water of which probably comes from the gravel and sand of the Drift. At Norton there are several strong springs, at Nortonbury Farm (north-eastward of the village), at a level not far below the 200 ft . contour, according to a letter from Col. L. S. Bowring, and there are others higher up the same valley, at Baldock, one (marked on the six-inch Map, Herts., sheet 7) at the parish-boundary, about a third of a mile westward of the railway-station. These are from the higher part of the Lower Chalk. A. J. Jukes-Browne noted that at and near Ashwell the strongest springs are from the Totternhoe Stone. 1 B. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 643. 50 SPRINGS -CHALK. Thames Valley. Prestwich has remarked that " a considerable spring burst out not much above the Thames level, at the foot of Taplow Hill, and no doubt on the floor of the Chalk, which was at yet lower levels in the valley (below), there were similar fissures through which the over- flow water found a passage from the Chalk into the gravel." 1 One spring here is used for supply, (see p. 114 >. Wye, or Loudicater and Misbourn Valleys. At West Wycombe the spring at the head of the Wye is marked on the map (Bucks, 41), about 380 yards south-westward of St. Laurence's Church . The highest parts of this and of other Chalk-streams are intermittent, and are described under the heading of Bournes. The chief records we have from the Wye and the Misbourn are from a paper by J. Lucas, which seems to find a place under that heading rather than here, as it deals largely with intermittence. Bulbourne Valley. The Duds well Springs, high up the valley, are noticed elsewhere (sen p. 100), as the borings there gave a good illustration of the effect of pumping at a neighbouring well. Of the watercress-beds at Great Berkhampsted U- A. Smith says that they " suffered severely from the decline of spring- water. . . . With a view to improving the supply several boreholes were driven . . . during the year 1890, which at first yielded fairly well, but have since declined, and in the summer of 1891 some almost ceased to flow." Of the seven borings, from about 95 to 100 ft. deep, the height of the top of the tubes above Ordnance Datum varied from 350" 94 down to 341-63 ft.- The springs in these watercress-beds are again alluded to in the same volume, pp. 577, 578. U. A. Smith says of St. John's Well, Great Berkhampsted, "This famous spring, which in former years formed a bath which was used for medicinal purposes, and then overflowed a good stream . . . was absolutely dry during part of the years 1890 and 1891, a circumstance not known to have previously happened. Since the heavy rains of last autumn this spring is again overflowing, but in very much reduced quantity. . . . The Avater level at the lip of the well on the 19th August 1892, was 343-02 ft. above Ordnance datum." 3 In the same volume (p. 549) R. E. Middleton says that the lowering of the water has been caused " partly by seasonal fluctuations and partly by local pumping at the Brewery and Waterworks." The subject is again referred to on p. 577. U. A. Smith continues: — "Formerly there was a spring, having its origin and forming a pond in some meadows near Lock 55 on the Grand Junction Canal. This pond overflowed and formed a tributary to the Bulbourne, joining that river on the premises belonging to the Lower Mill. This tributary was also fed by other springs along its 1 In discussion, Proc. Inst. C. E. 1891, vol. cv, p. 91. 2 R. Comm. Jletrop. Water Supply- Appendices, 1893, p. 402. 3 Ibid. SPRINGS — CHALK. 51 course, and at the outlet discharged a considerable quantity of water into the river. The head of this stream got gradually lower and lower down the valley, owing to the springs ceasing to flow, until in the summer of 1891 all traces of it disappeared, and, notwithstanding the heavy rains of last autumn, it has not reappeared." 1 The site has been built over. The springs in the moat of the old castle also failed in the early part of 1891, "an occurrence not known previously." 2 They recovered later, to some extent, at all events. (.Middleton.) Continuing U. A. Smith's description of 1893, at the watercress- beds north-west of Bourne End, "there has been a gradual decline of the springs for some years . . . . Inconsequence . . . several boreholes were sunk in these beds in the year 1890, in order to increase the supply of water. The eight borings were about 90 ft. deep, and the height of the top of the tubes above Ordnance Datum varied from 310-52 down to 304-44 ft." The watercress-beds at Bourne End are partly fed from the Canal, so that the decline of the springs has been less felt. "Three bore- pipes were driven down in these beds in the early part of the year 1900. . . . One ... at first overflowed . . . but the quantity gradually decreased until in March, 1891, when the springs formerly used to be at their highest level, no water at all was coming from this pipe, and the quantity from the two other tubes had very materially decreased. Within a few months of the completion of the first three borings six more tubes were sunk . . . with a like result. All the borings were from 80 to 100 ft. deep and the height of the top of the tubes varied from 302-75 to 300-43 ft. above Ordnance Datum." These borings are again referred to on pp. 579, 580 of the same volume . There are also springs in the watercress-beds by Apsley Mills and Nash Mills, which are said to have decreased in volume . a Gade Valley. U. A. Smith has noted springs at Water End, Great Gaddesden, which feed watercress-beds ; but in the early part of 1891 they were dry. There are also other springs feeding watercress-beds along the valley. 4 E. E. Middleton notes that a spring at Noak Mill, a little lower down, '" went dry in 1891, and it has not recovered " ; but he doubts if it is a chalk-spring, and later on he says it is probable that the supply has been cut off at the watercress- beds ... to the south east . . . made some four years ago." I have a note of springs at the head of the watercress-bed, touching the high road north of the Mil. Springs in the watercress-beds at Berry (? Bury) Park (not marked on the map) are said to have decreased in volume. 5 1 R. Gomm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 402. - Ibid. 3 Ibid., p. 580. 4 Ibid., pp. 390, 400, 550, 551. 5 Ibid. 52 SPRINGS — CHALK. Ver Valley. U. A. Smith has given us notes of many springs in this valley, 1 which will now be noticed. The highest spring recorded is at Kensworth. " This spring formerly rose to the North-west of Kensworth Lynch, and was one of the principal sources contributing to the . . . River Ver. The spring has not overflowed to form a stream since the year 1883, and the water- course below it for perhaps two miles is now dry." There can be no doubt, however, that, as R. E- Middleton says, in the same volume (p. 553), " there never was any permanent spring at Kensworth Lynch." He also notes some springs at Flamstead (p. 582). The next springs we hear of (from U. A. Smith) are at Redbourn, one of which, in February, 1891, was the highest source of the Ver. Others feed watercress-beds. At Redbourn bury Mill there is a spring in the basement of the house. There are springs in the watercress-beds down to and at St. Albans, and in the neighbourhood of Holywell Hill, " the level of the water standing in the beds is much affected by the pumping at the City Waterworks well at the bottom of Holiwell Hill . . . although the beds and the pumping station are nearly half-a-mile apart." ' The level of the water in a spring on the premises belonging to Sopwell Mill has gone down fully 12 in. in the course of the last few years." At Park Street the watercress-beds " are principally supplied by a number of small springs, the flow of water from which has been gradually decreasing for a number of years, and the total decline has been as much as 25 per cent." Colne Valley. We come now to a set of springs with a literature ; but unfortunately the Otters Pool has been marked wrongly on the old map, sheet 7, as in Bushey or Watford. As shown on the newer map, 256, the place is some two miles higher up the valley, in Aldenham, by the Colne west-north-west of the church. The springs at Otters pool were thus described in 1876 : — " Here there is a remarkable pool, at the bottom of which are several springs which now yield about 300,000 gallons of water a day, and are said at times some years ago to have yielded a million. These springs are part of a series which rise along the valley by lowering the reservoir of water in the chalk, and here seem mostly due to the rain which, falls on the adjoining Eocene area, and percolates through the Lower Eocene sands and Drift gravels into the Chalk. The pool was by sound- ing found to be 16 ft. deep at the deepest part ; and the water is so clear that the springs themselves, and the sides of the fissure in the chalk which forms the pool, can be distinctly seen, and so cold that wine is iced [cooled] in it." 2 In the same year Clutterbuck referred to these springs and sugges- ted that they were connected with swallow-holes (*ee p. 84), a view accepted by Hopkinson in 1885. 3 1 It. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, pp. 403-4. 2 Anon. Trans. Watford Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. i. p. xv. 3 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. iii, pt. 4, p. xlvi. SPRINGS — CHALK. 53 In 1893 we had the following notes, from U. A. Smith 1 : — "The mouth of the spring ... is some 40 ft. in diameter and 20 ft. deep. The spring yields a much smaller quantity than formerly," depending, of course, to some extent on the rainfall. " There are several springs in the bed of the river where it passes through the grounds of ' Otterspool House ' the quantity of water in the river being increased by the flow from these springs as much as 25 per cent, during its flow through these grounds, a distance of about 150 yards." In the same volume (p. 567) S. T. Holland said that since 1873 until 1890 the water has never ceased to run over, but in 1890 on several occasions the sill (over which the water flowed) was perfectly dry, and the same occurred again in 1891, but it has not happened in 1892." The falling off began in 1887. R. E. Middleton adds (p. 557) : "A permanent reduction of 1 ft. or thereabouts in the level of the water in the chalk basin would have caused this spring to cease to flow." He also refers to the spring on p. 599. Lea Valley. The highest set of springs in the Hertfordshire part of the Lea of which I can find a record 2 are those in the watercress-bed at Batford Mill, Wheathampstead (If miles above the village). Others occur at Castle Farm, where "there is in particular a large, circular bed about 30 yards across. The springs used to rise strongly all over this bed, and the water was knee deep. Now the springs are very feeble and the water not over the ankle." Probably since that time they would have again been knee-deep, had not the drains been cut so as to lower the water (p. 559). At Lemsford watercress-beds, in the northern part of Hatfield parish, two miles from the town, the same author says : " There has been a gradual decrease in the flow of the springs " which "now do not yield more than two-thirds of the quantity they did fourteen years ago." The spring marked on the map (Herts. 28, S.E.) on the right (western) side of the river, about 550 yards north-eastward of St. John's Church (by the southern end of Brocket Park, in 28, S.W.), in the parish of Hatfield, may rise from Chalk or from Drift gravel. We now come to a noted set of springs known as Arkley Hole, in Woolmers Park. In 1893 R. E. Middleton recorded that the agent for the Woolmers Park Estate, who had known the springs more than 36 years, said that " the spring was lower in 1890 and 1891 than he has known it ; at present there is a good flow. There was a very dry season in 1870- 71, but at that time the spring did not fail until later in the year." He adds : " There is another spring on the other side of the river, which neither fails nor varies. An examination of the well sections (water-levels in the tract between) appears to point to these springs being supplied from North Minims." The swallow-holes at that place have also been credited with the Chadwell spring, {see p. 57). The 1 R. Gomm. Metro p. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 397. 2 U. A. Smith. R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 406. 54 SPRINGS — CHALK. spring on the other side of the river is probably the one marked on the six-inch Ordnance Map (Herts. 36) a little east of south from the house, and it is 2 ft. above the stream. In 1898 I alluded to this spring, which is in Spring Wood, at the eastern edge of Woolmers Park, in the parish of Hertingfordbury, close to and on the northern side of the Lea, the surface of which is some 6 ft, below the spring. It is in a like position to the Chadwell Spring, and also has its water clouded after rain ; here, too, the Chalk is largely covered with Glacial Drift, chiefly of a clayey kind ; so that there is no difficulty as to a local origin of the cloudiness. In 1898 J. Hopkinson wrote 1 that he had heard that about ten or eleven years before, "the rushing of the water over the outlet of the pool which this spring has formed, could be heard at the house a quarter of a mile away. Now silence reigns supreme, for the spring is dead. It was noticed that it was ailing about eight years ago, and its decline was rapid. . . . There is a spring on a lower level, very near it, which has never been known to fail, but which now yields only a small quantity of water." Joseph Francis, then Engineer to the New River Co., wrote to me on 20th September, 1898, that on visiting the spring he had found no discharge, the water in the pool being stagnant, standing about 1\ ft. below the overflow and \\ above the Lea. There was, how- ever, a strong spring about 30 yards off, delivering water along a short branch-cut, from about 2 ft. above the Lea. This he had never known to cease flowing ; the discharge was at the rate of 70,000 gallons a day at 51 p F. I saw these springs last in February, 1904, and then the water at Arkley Hole was cloudy- There is another spring just south-east of the Hole. J. M. Wood tells me that on June 30th, 1920, Arkley Hole Spring was active, but discharging no great quantity : it was hard to say how much, the outlet being much overgrown. The spring marked on the map (Herts. 29), about half a mile north- eastward of the house at Bayfordbury, is in a narrow tract of gravel ; but possibly the water comes up from the Chalk. It is convenient here to notice some general remarks on the springs of that part of the Lea between Hatfield and Hoddesdon. In 1851 Sir J. Prestwich wrote, " The large springs of Chadwell, near Ware, and others between Hertford and Hatfield appear to me to be probably owing to the operation of an east and west fault, dis- locating the strata, and stopping part of the water in its subterranean course from the hills north of Ware and Hertford. In the Chalk a very small fault would suffice for this object." 2 But this view would hardly be held now, and there is no occasion to call in the aid of a fault (of which there is no geologic evidence) : the water finds its way out where there is a fairly free channel, however that is caused. 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1899, vol. x, p. 73. 2 "The Water-bearing Strata around London,' p. 74, footnote. SPRINGS — CHALK. 55 In 1867 R. AV. Mylne drew attention to the copious springs in the valley of the Lea. 1 He speaks of the " numerous springs issuing from an extensive chalk district, the greater part of which is covered with large tracts of sand and gravel which act as a permeating medium of storage, equalizing the flow and giving their maximum discharge in the summer seasons." Springs between Am well and Rye House vary in volume (said to yield to the extent of 8,000,000 gallons a day), " and are affected in colour in wet weather, but their discharge is highest in summer." Springs " between Hoddesdon and Broxbourne below Feilde's weir are of a much more permanent character, probably arising from a considerable extent of drift area to the westward," and these yield in dry seasons about 6,000,000 gallons a day. He thought that the water from the Minims swallow-holes (see p. 86) largely found its way out in springs between Hertford and Hoddesdon. " The source of the Chadwell spring, though deep-seated, may possibly be influenced from the same circumstances, and its volume, though variable, may be taken at about 4,500,000 gallons per diem." We now come to the consideration of one of the most notable springs in the kingdom, the Chadwell Spring, which was originally the head- water of the New River, that wonderful scheme of water-supply for London which was completed more than 300 years ago, in 1613, and the first object of which was to take water from the springs of Chadwell and of Am well to London. Though the New River now starts direct from the Lea, a little higher up, the spring has continued to be one of the sources of supply and probably will continue, though the Amwell Spring has long ceased to be of material service. The number of Royal Commissions and Parliamentary Committees before which the Chadwell Spring may be said to have appeared is considerable : probably no other spring has figured so largely in this way, and the literature that has ensued is bulky, and of course with much repetition. It is hoped that in the following account all the main matters have been noticed. The spring is in the parish of Little Amwell, by the southern edge of the Marsh, but little eastward of the boundary with Hertford. The following table shows the importance of the spring as a yield of water and the great fluctuation to which that yield has been subject : 1 R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply, Minutes of Evidence, 1869, pp. 281, 282. 56 SPRINGS— CHALK. t! «£? ^ c ^ . «H 0> W - — v ~tj * oo "^ © __' cS »- T .- it P- 3 g^ 5- S £z — ■ ^ XI -" . i—i J "^ r— I > u-)0 wOO m O in ■>»- d GO o O ^ lo -a-ac oo oo oo o c*^ ■* ^ tN cj w o^ tj- o in u-) r^ m ci o NweidHM co en co O O co co ei ci O ioO N CJ\ co ^N ooo roo moo o ooo co CO O rj CO CI O O i^lHOO NM co>rtMCO» NmO -- QiO"J O OOO O O m m m O co w en co m | -' N o m ci -*oc o' s ^^ M co en ^■KOO Noo^wO^JO ^3- cn m too oo w N ooo o CO Tt t? n 4 « m" m h c* co NN ONNCOM N ^- M tn W O t'O Ci t)- (O M O NO Cn -^- ci coco h m ui m °° M _ cn en co cf »-• h ^ M CO o »--t:;* "SiS * i^OO ON cOO OO O ■>*■ *- ^J- 00 O <~i ^-fOCJ i% o mo ""> Si coco^cociMM com MU-INUItJ-N N CI *• CO -tJ-00 wo mo mo m w o M O f/i n -»r o tNO^HO mmmrN C^CO'^-cOWmM m N CO O O »n ej\ O O *^ 00 ►-« O O 0O W co^- ■* d N O "-• O ma,*H -*-0 O O O NN O O in'-o oo cowo ina,M ^ 0C i,O -*■ -? "* CI CI M m M CI CO O C^co f o-*-fOcO u ">N "">0 ^ oo Oo NoONC^roO OO NO co o TriANcON"_ 0>c» COCOCO-^-COCI M W M W COCO ONOWinrOThM n moo o ci C\o O OM?iOO o <*">&?* cT cf m « co n h m* coco-* o :;:::::-;*: o O O o oo *■ in 0".S"*ci ^q O rj-30 ixoo in E C s ,« ^s S"5 3 = 2 ">; iS ^f CT3 p J^ , •9 ^-^3 tS E 4> f= a o rt O O o « -a = -a -= (U ■** J3 Bfl ? c — — o y u IA — ■w fl o - O R 2 o e CJ 0) bn V a - :c p 60 .£ u 60 >. ~ ■o u () # s - ■J3 ui O 60 00 V O ui n « 00 v ■a o ■" CTi c 00 1— 1 (/) i* 00 cc — ' > rt h n ^ >. (/> fl O J^ H rd SPRINGS — CHALK. 57 This is supplemented, for earlier and later years, by a return prepared, I believe, in relation to Barnet Water, the figures standing for the average flow per day in the years noted, in millions of gallons. 1881 . . 3-47 1897 .. 2-83 1882 . . 3-36 1898 .. •75 1883 . . 3-64 1899 .. 114 1884 . . 2-1 1900 .. 1-36 1885 . . 2-73 1901 .. •74 1886 . . 3-25 1902 .. •24 1887 . . 2-5 1903 .. 1-95 1888 . . 2-7 In 1898 I ventured to make various remarks on this spring 1 based on visits made some time before, some of which will now be noticed. One peculiarity is that the water becomes cloudy soon after a con- siderable amount of rain . On my last visit one could not see any- thing 18 in. below the surface of the water, whereas generally in Chalk-springs one can see deep down, indeed to the bottom in any but very deep springs. It had been suggested that this cloudiness is owing to the muddy water, from the slopes of Tertiary clay, that finds its way into the Minims swallow-holes, which water had been thought to flow in this direction. This theory, however, has its difficulties, for it involves either an absence of filtering power in a very great length of Chalk, or the presence of a direct and fairly open channel through the Chalk for some nine or ten miles, and a speed of flow, down a by no means rapid incline, which does not allow of the subsidence of the suspended particles. A note from J. M. Wood (see p. 88) seems to dispose of this theory. He adds that the cloudiness, which follows within a few hours after heavy rain, may be due to clayey water down swallow- holes a very short distance north-westward of the spring. On the other hand, a simple explanation can be given, and this should be taken rather than the above ingenious one . The Chalk-hill directly above the spring has a capping of Glacial gravel (in which there are often clayey or loamy beds), and this may account for the cloudiness of the water after heavy rain. Whilst therefore not disputing the northerly flow of the water from the Mimms swallow-holes, I doubt that it goes so far eastward as Chadwell. In the autumn of 1898 this spring failed, and this failure gave rise to various letters, etc., in local newspapers. These, however, may be passed over, the subject being fully dealt with in the publication next to be noticed. In 1899 we had from J. Hopkinson a paper on the Chadwell Spring, from which the following remarks are taken,' 2 some being of a general character. " For nearly three centuries has water been conveyed to London from the Chadwell Spring, and up to the autumn of the present year (1898) there is no recorded instance of the failure of this spring. About the beginning of last September it was noticed that instead of water flowing out of the basin of the spring, there was a considerable flow into it, the current in the cut which connects the spring with the New 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. x, pt. 1, pp. 2-5. 2 Ibid., pt. 3, pp. 69-75, 81-83. 58 SPRINGS — CHALK. River being reversed. A dam was then erected across the cut, and the water of the River Lea thus being prevented from flowing into the basin of the spring, the level of the water in it sank several feet — nine feet, it was reported, but it was scarcely seven feet below the outlet when I visited it, with . . . .Mr. Whitaker, on the 24th of September. ' ' "It is evident that when . . . the current of the water was reversed, the spring, or group of springs, was acting as a ' swallow- hole.'" ' " Water will not flow out of a spring unless there is water at a higher level than the outlet of that spring ; it is the weight of the water above which causes the spring to rise ; and that water above, when held in the pores of unfissured Chalk, can only gradually take the place of the water which flows out. Hence springs in the Chalk are . . . ' permanent ' ; they do not depend upon the rain which falls at the time — they do not ebb and flow with the rainfall. It takes a long time for the rain to saturate the Chalk, and a long time for the water to drain out of it into the springs and rivers." " It therefore appears that the Chadwell Spring could not be flowing freely one day and absorbing water copiously the next ; that when . . . water was flowing into the basin, it must have ceased to flow out of it for some time ; and that the extent to which the water fell when the River Lea was stopped from flowing into it is a measure of the length of time which had elapsed since the spring ceased to flow . The reason why the water fell so many feet immediately the supply from the Lea was stopped, is that the plane of saturation in the chalk had fallen to that extent, probably having been sinking for some months." " I believe that it is a rule about six or seven weeks before the spring fully responds to the rainfall . . . that it is nearly as long before dry weather affects it ; and that if our reservoir of saturated Chalk were in its natural state a fall of several feet in its level would be the result of a dry period many months beforehand. But it is not in its natural state ; the large amount of water pumped up from great depths unnaturally exhausts it and . . . the plane of saturation sinks more rapidly . . . when the rain is in defect and rises more slowly when it is in excess." He treats of rainfall, percolation, and the changes in the flow, as re- corded by various observers . In 1 852 W . C . Mylne recorded a minimum of 2,600,000 gallons a day, " a minimum considerably in excess of the present average yield." In 1857 (? 1867) J. Muir stated that the above minimum was a rare occurrence, that the average was 3,600,000, and that in the beginning of the year (1866?) 1 the yield was 6,300,000. In 1867 the same observer gave the average yield in 1866 as 4,500,000 gallons a day. In 1874 the Rivers Pollution Commission concluded that the minimum yield up to that time had been 2,592,000 gallons a dav and the maxi- mum 6,336,000. " The very great diminution in the flow of this spring in the five years 1891-96 coincides with the permanent failure of the spring at Woolmers {see p. 53), and took place during a period of more than average rainfall." 1 These dates are inserted on the authority of the 2nd Report of the Rivers Pollution Comm., vol. ii, p. 40. in which the minimum yield in 1864, is given as 2,010,000 gallons a day. SPRINGS— CHALK. 59 "In a quarter of a century the New River Company has increased the amount of water taken from the valley of the Lea bv 14 million gallons a day . . . from wells and springs, and, as the springs are yielding less, the draught upon our underground reservoir of satu- rated chalk by means of wells must have increased to a greater extent than this." On August 31st, 1898, Sir J.Evans " wrote a letter to ' The Times,' in which he said that ' if the pumping is excessive, the natural courses through which the springs would rise into the stream will be conveyed by gravitation into the wells.' When this was written, the very thing which he predicted was, unknown to him, actually occurring at the Chadwell Spring." The plate accompanying this paper is from a photograph of the basin of the Chadwell Spring whilst being cleaned out, the water being kept low by pumping. I had the pleasure of seeing the spring with Mr. Hopkistson, and I noticed that the bottom part was thickly coated with mud, and I think that this deposit has not, at all events, improved the flow from the set of springs. The water was taken out, by a powerful pump, so as to clean out the basin. 1 In 1901 R. B. Middleton said that the Chadwell Spring failed in 1898, ' k and since, to the extent that it did not overflow ; but in any other sense it did not fail, for the New River Company were able to pump some 500,000 gallons of water (a day) from it." " The Chadwell Spring was within the cone of exhaustion of at least two of the New River Company's wells, and might therefore have been depleted by them." 2 In the following year U. A. Smith 3 said : — " Until the last few years this spring has given an uninterrupted supply of water for nearly 300 years. During the last 10 years the pumping by the New River Com- pany has been gradually increasing, and . . . the flow of the Chad- well Spring has been gradually decreasing, until, on the 26th of August , 1898, the flow . . . ceased for the first time in its history . The Spring did not resume its flow until November 30th." And it "has ceased to flow each Autumn since that of 1898, and upon each occasion has been inoperative for a longer period, as set out below." For pumping interference here see p. 103. Cessation of Flow. 1898. 26th August to 30th November = 68 days. 1899. 24th June to 6th November = 132 days. 1900. 17th July to 24th November =139 days. 1901. 18th June to 28th December = 193 days. I cannot, however, understand how the number of days is arrived at : the first three figures should be 96, 135 and 130, the fourth only seems right. 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1899, vol. x, pt. 4, pp. 105. 106. 2 Trans. Surv. Inst. vol. xxxiii, pt. v, p. 188. 3 ' Underground Water Preservation Association'. . . 1902 ? (undated), p. 30. 60 SPH1NGS— CHALK. According to T. C. Myddelton " the average discharge of the Chad- well Spring in cubic feet per minute for certain weeks " was as follows : 1902, 1903, week ending 3rd January, nil. 1903, „ „ 4th April, 243. 13th June, 17. 7th November, 424. 20th December, 405. 1904, „ 9th April, 382. "the decrease having been daily and gradually since the 7th of November, 1903. Thus it appeared that the Bourne (see p. 71) broke out about the time of the maximum discharge of the Chadwell Spring, but that while that spring gradually decreased in volume from November to April, the Bourne increased . . . from its rise in the middle of November to the end of February." 1 The latest paper on Chadwell Spring is by J. M. Wood, 2 and it gives us the most exact description. This set of springs was the original source of the New River, and is in "an approximately circular basin . . . having a diameter of about 90 ft. The springs rise nearly in the centre of the basin in several well-defined fissures, The maxi- mum depth of the basin is about 16 ft. A few yards beyond the outlet of the basin into the river there is a wall or dam built across the river in which a weir is fixed for measuring the discharge from the spring. This wall was built in 1898, when the river was found to be running back into the spring to a considerable extent. There was nothing new in this ' running back,' although one was not actually aware of it, as there existed no absolute means of measuring the dis- charge until the weir . . . was fixed, but on searching the old records it was found that the spring had actually failed (at periods of low rainfall) on several occasions in the last century and particularly in the year 1855, which was before any pumping from wells in the valley worth speaking about had taken place. The discharge from the spring varies considerably, which can bs seen from the numerous returns made to the several Royal Commissions, and appears to be affected directly by the rainfall, and the pumping in the valley- The saturated line (plane) or water gradient in the chalk undoubtedly varies considerably in the neighbourhood of the spring, becoming steeper or flatter, as the case may be, due to an excess or deficiency in the rainfall, and may be called the wet and dry saturation line (plane). These grades are also affected by pumping, and when these disturbing elements, low rainfall and heavy pumping, act together, the grade flattens down to such an extent as to fall below the discharging level of the spring." " The cones of depression set up by pumping from the several wells in the neighbourhood of the spring, particularly those in Amwell. about H miles lower down the valley, undoubtedly intersect the natural line (plane) of saturation leading to the spring, as the pumping from these wells affects both the level and yield of the spring. The fissures feeding the wells are undoubtedly in direct communication with those feeding the spring, although more than 1| miles distant. This is what one would naturally expect, as the greater the pumping from the Chalk the more the fissures become open and discharge more freely." 1 J. Hopkinson, Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1906, vol. xii, pt. 8, p. xlii. * Proc. Gaol. Assoc, 1909, vol. xxi, pp. 247, 248. SPRINGS — CHALK. 61 We can finish our account of this Spring by a quotation from a letter by Mr. Wood, dated 18th April, 1916 : "The Chadwell Spring and the Amwell Springs are yielding more than I have ever known them to do." It was, of course, a notable season for bournes and springs. " There is a spring with a good flow near the junction of the Rivers Ash and Lea, and about 100 yards from the Lea." 1 The Amwell Spring is less than 50 yards from St. John-the- Baptist Church at Great Amwell. The following two paragraphs are by U. A. Smith and R. E. Middleton : — 2 The watercress-beds at Amwell " are fed principally by a spring flowing from the side of a hill, and which is most seriously affected by the pumping operations of the New River Company. When the pumps at the Amwell Marsh and Amwell Hi]] stations are being worked at the same time, the beds are drained dry in two hours, and the pumps at either station diminish the flow of the springs by from 33 to 50 per cent." R. E. Middleton adds : — " A special experiment was instituted on March 23rd, 1893, to test this statement, and it was found that after six hours' continuous pumping the strength of this spring had been reduced about one-third, while some ditches, ponds and springs in the neighbourhood had become dry." In 1899 J. Hopkinson remarked that " Fair Emma's Well has long since ceased to flow." 3 But in 1901 R. E. Middleton supple mented this as follows : " The Emma Well or Amwell Spring, which was . . . one of the sources of the New River . . . runs now, except when pumping to a considerable extent is carried on at the Amwell Hill and Amwell Marsh pumping stations, when this spring, along with other smaller ones close by, partially or wholly fails." * In 1909 J. M. Wood said of this spring that " it is practically under the same conditions as Chadwell Spring, and is affected by the same causes and appears to be connected with the same system of fissures, but with this difference, that it is more sensitive to local pumping in the valley." It " now rises below the bed of the river (Amwell Pond), and I assume that this spring was so diverted in early times so that the river might not discharge into the spring at periods of low rainfall." Of the watercress-beds between the railway and the river a little north-westward of Rye House it is said, by U. A. Smith :— " A con- tinuous decline in the springs has been noticed here for 18 to 20 years, that is, from the date that pumping was commenced at the Essex Road (Hoddesdon) Station of the New River Company. The springs grow weaker year by year, and now, within half-an-hour of the . . . pumps being started, 50 per cent, of the present diminished supply is lost." R. E. Middleton allows " that all springs, ponds and streams within the influence of the pumping stations are lowered thereby, while the pumping continues, is certai n, but the effect is strictly local." 1 R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 612. 2 Ibid,, pp. 406, 559, 560. 3 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. x, p. 73. 4 Trans. Surv. Inst., vol. xxxiii, pt. v, p. 188. 5 Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xxi, p. 248. E 62 SPRINGS— CHALK. The subject of the effect of pumping on these springs is again dis- cussed, and details of the experiment of March, 1893, are given on pp. 613, 614 of the same volume. J. M. Wood writes (1920) that, as far as he knows, the springs are not affected by the pumping at the Hoddesdon Works of the Metropo- litan Water Board ; but that they may be by that at the Rye Common Works, a quarter of a mile northward of the springs. The pumping at the well of the Hoddesdon Water Works Company may also have some small effect on the springs. But the effect of the pump ng at the three works does not destroy or permanently affect the springs. The pond at The Lvnch, on the eastern side of the New River, over a third of a mile south-east from St. Catherine's Church, Hoddesdon, is filled by springs. It is probably to this place that A. C Harston referred, in a letter of 1894, saying that there is a hot spring in a lake near the flour-mill (abandoned), and that the water from this lake is drawn off by a pipe across the road and used in the watercress-beds, for which the warm water is valuable . There seems to be another spring in the stream at the northern end of the watercress-beds, southward of the pond. Of the watercress-beds near Broxbourne U. A. Smith says : — " The decline in the springs . . . has been noticed ever since the New River Company commenced pumping at their Essex Road station some 18 years back. The springs continue to gradually decrease, the supply being at least one-third less than formerly. When the pumps at the Broxbourne and Essex Road pumping stations are worked simul- taneously a very extensive bed is drained quite dry." " There is in the Broxbourne Gardens a fine chalybeate spring. This spring formerly rose up through an ornamental fountain and filled a small pond and overflowed to the River Lea . . ." " Some four or five years ago the New River Company commenced to pump at its new large pumping station, Broxbourne. The springs in Broxbourne Gardens . . . about half-a-mile from the pumping station, across the . . . River Lea, almost at once ceased to flow. The spring has never recovered its former volume," though when pumping was stopped it began to trickle . ' J. M. Wood writes (1920) that the Broxbourne Pumping Station probably affects springs in the Valley more than any other Station does. The Broxbourne springs are also referred to by R. E. Middleton in the same volume, pp. 615, 616. The spring in the Gardens is about 880 yards from the pumping station. Mimram Valley. The following notes on springs above Whitwell (St. Paul's Walden) are by U. A. Smith. 2 A " spring rises in a deep hole in a meadow known as the Meads, situate about one mile from Whitwell. During the spring and summer of 1891 the spring was practically dry, an event which certainly had not occurred during the past 30 years." The head-water of this stream is naturally intermittent. 1 R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 406. 2 Ibid., p. 408. SPRINGS — CHALK. 63 Of the watercress-beds near Whitwell he says :■ — A gradual decrease in the supply from the springs has been observed for the past nine years, and it is estimated that during that period the decline has been fully 50 per cent. A borehole has (since 1891) been sunk with a view to increasing the supply. There is also a spring in the side-valley between Kimpton village and mill. Lower down the valley a spring is marked on the map (Herts. 28, N.E.), near the river by the western end of Oakhills Wood, about 1,030 yards north-westward of Welwyn Church. Just north of Tewin Mill (Herts. 29) is another, but whether these come from Chalk or from gravel I cannot say. The spring marked on the map (Herts. 28, S.E.), westward of Mount Pleasant, Tewin, is from Chalk. Dr. R. L. Sherlock tells me that there is a spring at Dell Cottage (St. Andrew's, Hertford), just north of Hertingfordbury. Beane Valley. At Luffnell (LufEenhall), above Walkern, there is a spring in a pond which " has never been known to fail entirely, but in 1891 it was weaker than it had been for many years." ; ' The main springs forming the chief source of the river apart from surface water are those between Walkern and Cromer." l R. B. Middleton says : — " Just above Walkern Church there are several clearly defined springs, which ... in February, 1893, were flowing freely." " In 1891, and on former occasions, these springs ceased to over- flow." ; ' It appears as if there were a small fault here or a bed of clay (see Wells, p. 256) . . . and that these springs are held up above the normal level of the water in the chalk basin." " It is possible that these springs draw their supply from the swallow holes at Walkernbury." 2 Other springs noted are above Frogmore (still on the main stream), above Watton, at Watton Mill (in the cellar ?), and at Watton House. These may come from Drift which there hides the Chalk, as is also the case at Oak's Cross Farm, a little way up the Stevenage branch, which R. E. Middleton thinks to be a Chalk-spring (p. 563). It is said that there are five springs about Holbrook Farm, Benington, though some of them may be in the parish of Aston, four below and one above, but blocked with earth and vegetation. One was cleaned out, " but it was in quicksand and ran in again and they could not keep it open." 3 On the same page it is said : " There is a spring east of Hebing End (Benington), which is always running quite clear water." This is in a side-valley of the branch of the Beane dignified with the name of Old Bourne. 1 U. A. Smith, B. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893. p. 409 (see also p. 39]). 2 Ibid., pp. 562, 563. 3 Ibid. 1893, p. 632. E 2 64 SPRINGS — CHALK. Later on (pp. 624-627) Middleton alludes to springs higher up the valley than any above noted, at Weston and Rushden (Shaw Green). These may come partly from Drift, as he suggests ; but the subject needs examination. That at Shaw Green is said never to dry. Rib Valley. R. E. Middleton says " At Westmill there are a number of springs which are probably supplied from the chalk . . . but this is not certain " l ; and there are said to be several small springs at the junction with the Quin (p. 638). U. A. Smith says that at Quinbury, Braughing, in the tributary Quin Valley, a spring " used formerly to rise in the cellar at the farm, 10 ft. deep, to such an extent that it was necessary to empty the cellar three or four times a week. During the last ten years the water has only twice appeared in the cellar, and neither time to anything like such an extent as formerly." 2 Of this one can only say that it seems to be a case of seasonal fluctuation in a rather weak spring, as a strong one could not be emptied out. According to R. P. Greg and R. B. Croft the highest spring on the Quin seems to be at Rushing Well, near Nuthampstead, and at Biggin Moor, a little lower down, there are several springs. "In a field above Braughing Vicarage there is a considerable spring, and the river is further augmented by the overflow of a spring which forms a pond in the Vicarage garden, which has never been known to freeze." 3 Ash Valley. Springs have been noted about Much Hadham (some in Knights Meadows), and these used to run continuously, but had not (1893 ?) flowed for five or six years. Some of them may come from Drift. Dr. R. L. Sherlock notes that two springs are marked on the map (Herts. 30, N.W.) at Baker's End, in the parish of Thundridge, at the head of a small tributary. drift, gravel and sand. A great number of small springs are thrown out from these highly permeable beds wherever clayey beds crop out from beneath them, of which only comparatively few can be noticed. It is immaterial to consider here the particular age of any gravel, whether Glacial or Post Glacial : all are alike in the matter of water. In some cases my information is taken from such six-inch Ordnance Maps as I have ; but in examining these I found that the word " spring " is in many cases used merely for a wood. In The Mirror, No. 543, April 21, 1832, p. 248, is a short note of Queen Anne's Spring, at Chalvey, near Eton. Queen Anne is said to have used this water and Queen Charlotte for many years had some of it taken to Windsor. In 1888 W. Topley noted a spring at Wellmore, at the eastern end of the village of Maids Moreton, the level of which is 344 ft. above 1 R. Comm. Melrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 564. 2 Ibid., p. 409. 3 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1883, vol. ii, pt. 3, p. 128. SPRINGS. 65 Ordnance Datum. The water had a temperature of 52 degrees, and the yield was 20 gallons a minute. He also noted another spring a little to the south. Presumably the water of these comes from Drift Gravel . The spring marked on the map (Herts. 47, but in Bucks.) at Rolls, close to the western boundary of the parish of Denham, on the left side of the Misbourn, must be thrown out of the gravel, presumably by clay of the Reading Beds. Whether this has been affected by the new railway I know not. Another spring, marked on the same map, east of Pond Cottage, by the south-eastern corner of Bulstrode Park, and in the parish of Fulrner, seems to have a like origin. Mr. Dickinson noticed many years ago that the village of Abbot's Langley is on "a bed of gravel overlying a natural basin of clay, ' so that " water poured over the sides of the basin . . . and numer- ous springs were formed . . . after a wet season, and the springs were invariably dried up in the summer." 1 U A. Smith has noticed springs near (just north of) Harps field Hall, west-north-west of Hatfield. These must come from Glacial Drift (? gravel). The stream from them is not marked on the old map 46 S.E., though it is on the newer one, 239. On the former it is shown as starting lower down, some way south of Harps field Hall. It is one of the head- waters of the Colne. He also mentions other springs between Ellenbrook and Popefield Farm, which must also come from Drift, and which result in a short tributary to the same stream. Any shrinkage in these two sets of springs, and they can hardly ever have been of large amount, can have nothing to do with depletion of the Chalk by pumping, as is assumed. Other springs noted as occurring at Beaumont Farm, eastward of St. Albans, are also presumably from Drift. With regard to this valley, however, R. E. Middleton, in the same volume (p. 555) says that the highest visible source of water " is and has been at Boggy Mead Springs, just north of the Hatfield Road. 2 Between Colney Heath and London Colney three springs have been noted that must come from Drift gravel. The highest of these I saw at about 330 yards north-north-west of Tyttenhanger Farm. The next is marked on the map (Herts. 35) just below the south-western corner of Tyttenhanger Park, and over 700 yards south-south-west from the house. At the lowest, about 340 yards a little north of east from St. Peter's Church, London Colney(marked on the map, Herts. 40), there was a very small flow when I was there in October, 1904. The spring about 280 yards east of St. John's Church, by the southern end of Brocket Park, in the parish of Hatfield, and marked on the map (Herts 28, S.W.), seems to rise from gravel, as also does another spring at Stanborough (marked on Herts. 28, S.E.) By the stream about 660 yards south-eastward of High Leigh, Hod- desdon, a spring is marked on the map (Herts. 36). Its origin seems doubtful, as, according to the geologic map, it is on London Clay, a little below the gravel. 1 Proc. Inst. C. E. 1885, vol. xiv, p. 71. 2 B. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 390. 66 SPRINGS. A spring marked on the map (Herts. 41) by Broadfield Farm, east of Bury Green, Cheshimt, is from gravel, overlying London Clay. The spring marked on the map (Herts. 28 S.E.) just south-west of Black Fan, by the border of Digs well parish, in the valley of the Maran, about 1| miles south-eastward of the church, must come from gravel. Of the western and shorter head- water of the Beane R. E. Middleton says that " there are land springs at Bedwell Plash (Stevenage) and Broadwater (Knebworth or Shephall), but they have no connection with the chalk water." 1 They are certainly in a Drift-tract ; but one cannot say that water may not come up from the Chalk, through the gravel and sand, and the outcrop of the Chalk is near by. In the same volume, p. 622, it is said that " A spring above the National School (Stevenage) is always running," and on p. 623 springs at or near Broadwater are recorded, as also others at Ridlings Wood (? in the Aston side-valley). The spring marked on the map (Herts. 22, N.E), about 450 yards north of Westfield Farm, Little Hadham, must rise from gravel. BOULDER CLAY. • There are some cases of springs being marked on the maps in a Boulder Clay tract, and probably there are more than at the three places now to be noted. At Chicheley (Bucks. 5, S.E.) three springs are shown : 1 at Little End, about 650 yards south-south-west of the church ; 2 about 390 yards north-west of the same ; 3 about 300 yards nearly east of the same. About 260 yards south-west of the rectory, Filgrave (Bucks. 5, S.W.) At North Crawley, in the park, about 440 vards south of west from the church (Bucks. 10, N.E.) Dr. R. L. Sherlock has noted two springs in the grounds of Bra in- field Rectory (Herts. 29, N.W.), which are said never to dry. MINERAL SPRINGS. There is very little to be said on this subject for either county. The only noted case in Buckinghamshire is that of Dorton Spa, the water of which presumably comes from Corallian Beds, and it has a small literature. A good description was given by T. Knight in 1833 ; but the following remarks are taken from a fourth edition, which is much fuller. For an account of the cures, and for a note on the geology of Brill, by W. D. Saull (pp. 77-83), the reader is referred to the interesting original. 2 ' When sinking the lining of the Wells, the soil which was thrown up, had the same peculiar unctuous property as Fuller's earth, yet differing from it in colour ; the prysmatic chrystals glistening through- out it, evidenced the quantity of Sulphate of Lime it abounded with ; it had also interspersed through it portions of Iron Pyrites and a pale yellow powder, resembling Milk of Sulphur, which, during the hot 1 R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 562. 2 ' The History of the Dorton Chalybeate,' 1835. Pages quoted, 8-10, 13-16. The last two paragraphs also in the edition of 1833, pp. 12-14. MINERAL SPRINGS. 67 days it lay exposed, emitted a strong sulphurous vapor. This was found within a foot of the surface and continued to the depth of twelve feet, the whole of the distance they went." " With respect to the Physical Phenomena, the Dorton Chalybeate has a strong inky taste ; a peculiar but not offensive odour ; it is per- fectly clear at the well, but when exposed to the action of sun and ai?, a slight pellicle (an evidence of gas) appears on the sides and surface of the water, and in a short time, it deposits a light brown sediment . . . which is Oxyde of Iron." A chemical examination by Prop. Brande gave the following result, a pint of the water yielding 25 grains of saline matter :— Carbonic acid. Nitrogen, Sulphuric acid. Silica ... Trace Sulphate of lime ... ... 11-5 Muriate of soda ... ... 1-4 Sulphate of alumine ... 2-1 Sulphate of iron ... ... 10 " Springs of the purest water rise from almost every hill on the estate ; and in the upper grounds of Dorton Park, bordering on the parish of Briii, the attention of the neighbouring villages has been attracted from time immemorial to a stream, issuing from a small orifice ... by the destruction it occasioned to vegetable life. . It was named by the common people in the vicinity the ' Alum Well ' ; the taste of this salt being most apparent . and the cattle in the neighbouring pastures, being allowed a free access to it, it was observed that those amongst them which laboured under any disease, recurred to its use spontaneously, and rapidly recovered." " Of late years its fame has been widely spread in the surrounding country. ... At length the influx of visitors to the Well became so great . . . that it was judged advisable ... to inclose the Well," and from 50 to 100 gallons of water a day have been supplied to applicants. An ornamental pump-room and baths were built. Sleight's work, of 1842, is practically taken from Knight, as far as the water is concerned ; but various cases of benefit from the use of the water are added. W. W. Fisher gave me the following note in 1916 : The shallow well had been recently cleaned and repaired. About 40 years ago the water was said to be acid in reaction, containing free sulphuric acid- The exact geologic horizon of the water is doubtful. It contains a notable amount of iron-sulphate and carbonate. For a detailed analysis of the salts, by him, see p. 271. In 1876 R. A. Pryor looked up the records of mineral springs in Hertfordshire, 1 suggesting, in the first place, that a chalybeate spring had been described by mistake as occurring at Watford. There is a record of one at Watton, discovered about 1682, but which has not attracted much attention. The most celebrated medicinal spring was " on the Common, near Barnet," which was once extensively used. Others are noticed as " in the common of Northal ,; (Northaw) and at Coffleys (Cufnevs). 1 Trans. Watford Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. i, pp. 109-111. 68 MINERAL SPRINGS. Chalybeate waters have been noticed as occurring at Welwyn "at the corner of the rector's garden," and at Hitchin " in the Sun inn yard." Besides these there are also noted " petrifying Springs in the grounds of Broadfield. and in the Parish of Clothall." Mr. PRYORsays, " All alike have now dropped out of general notice, but of several the local tradition must yet survive." Of the spring on Barnet Common we have a record by the Rev. W. M. Trinder, from which the following remarks on the water are taken. 1 " In the year 1800 it was slightly sulphureous both in smell and taste, till the vapour, by standing in the open air, had exhaled." " The water strains through a clay into the well, which is encom- passed by a brick building. . . . The water is of the ordinary colour ... its taste is somewhat brackish, but by no means disagreeable." For an analysis, see p. 275. In the Westminster Gazette of September, 1918, there is a notice of " Barnet's Physick Well," which is " in a field at the far end of Well- house lane, half a mile to the west of the church. All that marks the spot to-day is a rusty iron pump, some three feet high, in the middle of what was a grass field . . . turned into a potato patch." i < The English Olive-tree . . .' etc., 1812. Pages quoted 63, 65. BOURNES. 69 BOURNES. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. The term Bourne is, of course, really only another name for a brook or stream ; but it has often been restricted of late years to those streams (fed by springs) which are intermittent, that is to say, whose point of origin varies greatly, at one time being a long way down in the valley, at another at a very much higher point. Strictly the word should be used with a prefix, such as Nailbourne, as in Kent, or Winter bourne, as in Wiltshire. Other names, too, exist, Lavant being used in parts of Hampshire, and the appropriate term Gypsey, which implies a wandering character, in Yorkshire. The more or Jess sudden outflow of water along a tract that is usually dry has naturally had a fascination for the inhabitants of the invaded district, and not unnaturally these outbursts have been regarded as an omen of evil, and the names woe-waters or woe-meres given to them . Such occurrences have been recorded for some centuries, as may be seen from a paper by B. Latham in which a historical account of observations is given, 1 starting from 1472, in which year bournes seem to have abounded. The following remarks, relating to 1472, 1473, are taken from Latham's paper, and were got from Dr. J. Wark- worth's " Chronicle " (published by the Camden Society in 1839). ' Wo me re watere ramie hugely, with such abundance . . . that never manne sawe it renne so moche afore this tyme. Womere is callede the woo watere : for Englyschmen, when thei dyd fvrst inhabyde this lond, also sone as thei see this watere renne, thei knewe wele it was a tokene of derthe, or of pestylence, or of grete batayle ; wherefor thei called it Womere . . . for alle that tyme thei sawe it renne, thei knewe welle that woo was comynge to Englonde. And this Wemere is vij myle fro me Sent Albons, at a place callede Mar- kayate ; and this Wemere ranne . . . nevere so hugely as it dyd this yere, and ranne stylle to the xiij day of June next yere folow-. ynge. Also ther has ronne dy verse suche other wateres,-" of which examples are noted. This wrong idea, of the connection of bourne-outflows and disasters, was satisfactorily disposed of more than 100 years ago, in a note on the Croydon Bourne, as follows : " The fact is, that in a wet summer (? winter), without any alteration in Church or State, a bourn rises." 2 Nevertheless, I fear that even in these more enlightened times this and other absurd views are still held by many people. Presumably they would point to the fact that bournes have flowed during the years of our great war, in answer to which one may point out that they also flowed in the two years before the war as well as in other years from 1897 on, when no great disaster happened. It was to be expected that peculiar theories of the origin of these periodic outbursts of water should be started ; but the subject is now well understood, and we know that bournes are caused merely by the 1 ' Croydon Bourne Flows, 1904.' Also issued with the Proc. Croydon Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. vi. 2 Manning and Bray, History of Surrey, vol. ii, p. 362 (1809). 70 BOURNES. rise of the underground water-level or plane of saturation, after a wet season, until it reaches the surface in the lowest grounds, when, of course, what was underground water becomes overground. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. The only published record of bournes in this county that I have been able to find is in a Note by J. Lucas, 1 in which the Loud water and the Mis bourn are referred to. His remarks are not wholly con- cerning bournes, but deal also with ordinary springs : it is, however, convenient not to separate them. He takes the occurrences noted in an up-stream direction, whereas in other cases what seems the more convenient downward arrangement is followed. The Wye or Loudwater. Of the West Wycombe branch of this stream we have no records of intermittent flow. Of the Hughenden branch, which is in Middle Chalk, Lucas remarks as follows (p. 371) :— " For just over § mile above the perennial springs at the parlia- mentary boundary of H'gh Wycombe, the bed of the Hughenden stream, running on alluvium half way and gravel the other half, was dry August 31st, 1885. The next 730 yards, along which the gravel is exceedingly narrow or absent, extending from the angle between two ponds close to the road east of Hughenden Manor House to Church Farm, was in water, and was fed by two springs of clear water both on the east side, besides that at Church Farm, on which a little well has been sunk 7 ft. 6 in. deep. Above this point the gravel widens out, and the deep dry channel of the stream continues for § mile, or [to] just above Bottom Farm, where are three dry spring-heads in a low- water period, besides two others in the meadow below. There (? these) five dry spring-heads are all on the east side of the valley ; thus proving that when there is w r ater in the bourne-channel it enters from that side. The low- water contours show that it comes from the north- east." Since the publication of Lucas's Note R. L. Sherlock has o bserved that " in unusually w r et seasons the Hughenden brook flows as high as the Harrow Inn," more than a mile above Hughenden Church. Speaking of the stream generally Lucas says (pp. 372-374) : — '" the Loudwater is fed from both sides (by springs) down to the 180 ft. contour, and only from the north (north-west or left) side from Loud- water to Glory Mill. Moreover, there are no springs on the south (south-east or right) side below High Wycombe . There must, therefore, be more water in the River Loudwater above Loudwater than there is at Woburn (Wooburn), as has, in fact, been proved by the gaugings of Mr. Baldwin Latham." The Misbourn. Of this stream Lucas writes as follows, again working upward (p. 370):- " North of the perennial spring at Chalfont St. Peter, which issues in a meadow west of the dry river-channel the Misbourn . - • for the next six miles at least, or as far as Shardelowes Lake and probably further . . . runs in a channel upon an impervious 1 Surveyors' Institution. Professional Notes, vol. xiv, 1907, pp. 370-374. BOURNES. 71 alluvium which suspends, as in a gutter, the water from the upper perennial spring at Little Missenden Abbey to the point where it gradu- ally sinks, about £ mile above the junction of its channel with the waters from the lower perennial spring at Chalfont St. Peter. The channel of the main stream above the spring stream, including the then dry mill-pond at Chalfont St. Peter, was dry for this ^ mile, May 24th, 1884 ; H mile higher up, at Chalfont St. Giles . . . the well in the garden of the Merlin's Cave P.H., close to the stream, gave water level . . . 12 ft. 6 in. below the river, September 25th, 1885." " Half a mile higher up, just below Chalfont Mill, a well on the very edge of the river, 15 ft. 6 in. deep, and whose mouth was 3 ft. 4 in. above the stream, was dry . . . while three months earlier it had 6 ft. of water in it." " The whole distance from Chalfont St. Peter spring to Little Missenden Abbey spring the flow of the subterranean water is across and under the Mis bourn Valley from west to east." The Chess. For the following notes on this stream we are indebted to J. Hop- kinson, who fortunately did not confine his work to Hertfordshire. It is said that many years ago a stream was seen to flow down Chesham Vale (the northern branch of the valley), and the same was the case in 1904, after the heaviest rainfall recorded in any year in Herts., and probably the heaviest in Bucks. As the only year within our records with a rainfall nearly approaching that of 1903 was 1852, most pro- bably 1853 was the year of the early flow referred to. In April, 1916, there was a continuous stream down the valley from a short way above the junction of the roads from Tring and Wigginton for three miles, to Chesham, where it flowed into the permanent river Chess. The road down the valley was in many places completely under water, and the meadows west of the road were flooded, in at least the upper part of the valley, from a little below the point where the stream rose. C. Oldham tells me that the like occurred again in 1919. The Hertfordshire Bourne (the account of which follows) is also in part the county-boundary of Buckinghamshire. THE HERTFORDSHIRE BOURNE. Perhaps, after the Croydon Bourne, 1 this little intermittent stream (in a short tributary- valley of the Bulbourne), which is usually des- cribed under the above name, has the next largest literature, although this starts only in 1853, with a short note, and with nothing more until 1877. This is owing, of course, to the persistence of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society in visiting the valley and in recording the outflows of the water, a class of work for which such Societies are well fitted. Like the Croydon Bourne, this starts in Middle Chalk ; but whereas with the former, as the head-waters go further back, up the valley, 1 See ' Memoir on the Water Supply of Surrey,' 1912, pp. 68-77, 337. 338. 72 BOURNES. lower beds are reached, and possibly at the highest part, the water rises from the Lower Chalk, in the Hertfordshire case, as the stream starts fuither up the valley, it comes from higher beds, and perhaps at last from the Chalk Eock. According to an account of an excursion made in 18S1, 1 "There is no historical record of the flowing of the Bourne in olden times (though it is mentioned in Camden's Britannia). Our county his- torians . . . do not allude even to the existence of such a stream. " The earliest notice of the Hertfordshire Bourne appears to be so recent as 1876," by Sir J. Evans (published 1877). But this was really preceded by the Rev. J. C. Clutterbuck, in 1853. ~ " Although historical records thus appear to be wanting, the valley of the Bourne furnishes evidence, in the extensive denudation which has resulted in its formation, of the existence of a stream most probably long before historic times. For five miles from the point where it flows into the Bulborne, this stream, in its occasional appearance above the surface, has cut a valley of considerable depth and at least a mile in width, through the glacial gravel and sand, and the elay- with-flints, into the Chalk which forms its bed. That it ran in oldeu times is also proved by its now forming a county boundary for a con- siderable part of its course." Curiously enough, however, the lowest part of the course, which is the most often a stream, is only a parish- boundary. This bourne therefore belongs to Buckinghamshire in part, aird not wholly to Hertfordshire. One may note here that on this excursion Proe. Attfield took a sample of the water at its then source, in a meadow a little west of Haresfoot Park, for analysis, and found that "it was the ordinary Chalk-water of the district," its contents, in grains per gallon, being- chalk 12 ; calcareous matter, in about equal parts of chlorides, nitrates and sulphates, 4 ; saline substances a little over 1 ; and the merest traces of vegetable matter. Later analyses are given on pp. 76, 77. It is pleasing to find that the first detailed account of this bourne comes from Sir John Evans, who did so much work for Hertfordshire, especially in the matter of underground water, and so to be able to give a description of it from his paper, 3 which also contains general remarks on the subject of bournes, as illustrated by this bourne. The " Bourne Gutter " (of the Ordnance Map) joins the river Bul- bourne, at the hamlet of Bourne End, about two miles below the town of Berkhampstead, and " travellers along the high road . . . may pass over the spot where its course traverses the road, without having the slightest idea that a moderately-sized brook occasionally flows there, and that, according to tradition, a man was once drowned at the end of the usually dry culvert which passes under the road . ." " If we take the inclination of the rivers flowing past Watford and St. Albans, we find that they have an inclination of about 12 ft. 6 in. to the mile in the lower portion of their course, and 18 ft. 6 in. in the upper portion. That shows what is the amount of impediment to water passing through the Chalk in a lateral direction. For, assuming that water could find its way through the Chalk at a less inclination than 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1882, vol. i, p. lix. 2 Proc. Ashmolean Soc, vol. iii, p. 5. 8 Trans. Watford Nat. Hist. Soc, 1877, vol. i, pp. 137-140. BOUKNES. 73 12 ft. 6 in. to the mile, these rivers would cease to flow, or at all events you would never see the streams upon the surface. The Chalk being porous and pervious, unless there were a sufficiently saturated bed beneath the river to hold the water up at an inclination at least equal to that of the river, it would die in its bed and disappear. The inclina- tion of subterranean water passing through Chalk must therefore be at least 12 ft. 6 in. or thereabouts to the mile in this district." " In certain years the subterranean water is raised in the body of the hills, and this valley, cut at right angles or nearly so to the main stream, intersects the general surface of the plane of saturation, and the water appears on the surface. It, of course, is not the case that the slope of any valley is absolutely in one uniform line ; generally speaking there are some small undulations. In looking at the Bourne, I found this theory of intermittent streams being due to the inter- section of the plane of saturation very prettily illustrated, because in one place I found the Bourne running, and when I arrived at a certain spot it had disappeared ; further on it ran again, and again disappeared. The plane of saturation was. more even than the surface, and where there was an elevation of the surface the water found its way under- ground instead of running over it." Thus " while the water was visible near Harratt's End (Harriottsend) Lane, it disappeared further down the valley. Past Bottom Farm the water ran in considerable volume, but before it arrived about half-way to Bourne End it dis- appeared," again to flow lower down. " Finally he alludes to the connection between rainfall and the Bourne. The first occasion on which he noted the outflow was in March, 1853, and " during the six winter months of 1852 and 1853 there had been through our gauges for ascertaining the amount of percolation, KV74 ins. of rain," thus "during that winter a much larger quantity of water than usual found its way into the Chalk, for the average winter percolation is not more than five or six inches." Taking another year of outflow, " the Bourne was flowing on February 16th, 1873. The amount of rain which during the six winter months found its way to the subterranean reservoir was 11 "25 inches. This year (1876) the Bourne did not commence flowing until April and its appearance is due to a less amount of infiltration of water than usual. There had only been, during the six months ending the 31st March, about six inches, and in April another half-inch of rain, which passed down through three feet of soil. That is rather a small amount of rain to enable the Bourne to flow ; but when we look at the amount of rainfall there has been for some years, I think that the reservoir has not been at so low a level when the infiltration commenced, as on some other occasions, and although generally speaking the flow of the Bourne is connected with the amount of infiltration of water during the six months or so preceding, yet we must take into account the state of the springs and subterranean reservoir during the previous years." Since that time this Bourne has been often visited, notably by mem- bers of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society and of the Geolo- gists' Association, and I have had the pleasure of being amongst them. Naturally, therefore, it has been described at various times, as may be seen from the Bibliography (pp. 338-342), one notice having been alluded to above. Such remarks as are additional to Sir J. Evans's account will now be noticed. They are the result of the 74 BOURNES. untiring zeal of John Hopkinson in investigating and recording what happened in Hertfordshire. In a paper of 1899 1 he alludes to the irregular intervals between outflows. After 1873 the Bourne " flowed much more frequently up to the year 1883, during the wettest period in our Hertfordshire record, from which time fourteen years elapsed before it again flowed this year." (1898). The point of outburst varies also, at one time about a mile up its valley, at another two miles, and sometimes higher. When rising at " low points the plane of saturation of the Chalk was evidently only slightly raised above its normal height . . . but when rising at the highest point, the highest on record being in the third field above Hanatt's Lane End, this plane must have been much more raised. . . . Then the stream would probably be augmented by springs at each point lower down its valley where it has risen at any other time, for if springs ooze at these points when the plane of saturation was less inclined, they would surely continue to rise w T hen the inclina- tion was increased." " The Bourne usually commences to flow between January and April, frequently some time after the rain which causes it to flow has ceased, this interval being occupied by the water which falls upon the surface of the ground percolating through the Chalk to the normal plane of its saturation, which has to be raised to a greater angle with the horizontal than that of the bottom of the valley. . . . The inclination of the valley of the Bourne is from about 15 ft. to the mile 'in its lower portion to 20 ft. near its head ; " but these figures differ from those given later. " The Bourne has certainly flowed ten times during the last half- century, and in twelve years during this period the mean rainfall in Hertfordshire has exceeded 30 in. The Bourne has never flowed when less than this amount of rain has fallen . . . only twice has it failed to flow when the year's rainfall has exceeded 30 in.," perhaps only once. Somewhat different figures, however, were given later (see p. 76). He gives tables of the rainfall for periods preceding Bourne-flows, and these show " that the Bourne has never flowed, so far as we know, unless there has been an excess of at least A\ in. of rain in the year, all due to the winter's fall (1896-97) ; of at least 5^ in., of which the winter's excess was 2 in. (1859-60) ; or of at least 6£ in., of which the winter's excess was 1| in. (1878-79)." This subject is worked out in great detail. " The catchment-basin of the Bourne is at least five square miles in area ... On the 24th of April, 1897, the flow was about one million gallons a day" In 1911 Hopkinson gave an elaborate account of the Bourne, with a plate (two photographic views), 2 which leads one to hope that all future outflows will be duly recorded by the camera. This paper gives practically all details. " The height of the ground above mean sea-level (Ordnance Datum) at the head of the valley of the Bourne, between Marlin Farm and Woodcock Hill, is about 550 ft. ; at Bourne End it is 300 ft. ; giving 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. x, pt. iii, pp. 75-81. 2 South-Eastern Naturalist, pp. 10-19. BOURNES. 75 a mean gradient of 50 ft. to the mile for the whole course of the valley ; but for the first half mile from Bourne End the gradient is only 20 ft . to the mile, for the first mile 25 ft. ; and for the first two miles 30 ft. . . . the gradient increasing up the valley until near its head, for it gradually decreases in the last mile." "' There are several subsidiary valleys on the south . . . there is also one on the north. . . . These . . . are steeper than the main valley, and . . . there is no record of water ever having flowed down them." The following is a record of the Bourne-flows : — 1853. Source on March 23, upper end of field above the culvert at White Hill, about 2 \ miles up the valley. 1860. Overflowed banks in garden opposite Bourne End Mill. 1866. No record. Flow assumed from the rainfall. 1873. Source on February 16, in third field above White Hill culvert, between Harriottsend Farm and Ashley Green, about 3 miles up the valley. In consider- able volume. 1876. Began about the end of April. Source on June 8, about 70 yards north- east of White Hill, a little more than 2 miles up the valley. Flowing with moderate force. Flow not continuous. 1877. Began at Bourne End, a furlong up the valley, 6 January. Source on January 28, as in February, 1873. 1879. Source on February 16, close to White Hill, nearly 2\ miles up the valley. Ceased running at Bourne End May 21 ; started again May 28 ; finally ceased December 19. 1881. Began early in March. Source on May 7, in a meadow west of Haresfoot Park, 3 J miles up the valley. Pools in the fields above White Hill, but no con- tinuous current. 1883. Began at Bourne End on January 9. Increased in volume until the beginning of February. Source on April 21, about the same as in May, 1881 : but a continuous current from there. 1897. Began at Bourne End near the end of March. Source on April 24 about \ mile lower down than in 1883. Stream flowing freely to White Hill. Lower down the stream here and there widened out into pools. Rate of flow estimated at about 2,000,000 gallons a day. 1903, 4. Began at Bourne End on 15 November. Ran continuously from its source about 3 miles up the valley on 1 January. Reached its greatest volume about the end of February. Ceased by the end of July. '* It is possible, but not probable, that the Bourne flowed in 1869 without its flow having been recorded. It is not likely that any flow has escaped notice since the foundation of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society in 1875." In May, 1912, Hopkinson read yet another paper on the Bourne, called forth by a fresh flow, from which one must quote. 1 " It may seem strange that a river which did not flow during a long period of heavy rainfall should rise some time after that period had ceased and should attain its maximum volume after a month of unprecedently dry weather, but this has just happened in the valley of the Hertfordshire Bourne. The rainfall in the neighbourhood in the six months of the past winter (October to March) has only twice been exceeded during the last sixty years, yet the Bourne did not flow while this wet period continued ; on the other hand such a prolonged drought as we are now experiencing has only once before been recorded during that long time, yet the Bourne was at its height only a few days ago, after this drought had lasted for more than a month." 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1913, vol. xv, pt. 1, pp. 67-70. 76 BOURNES. " It is therefore evident that, unlike rivers on impermeable strata which are replenished by surface-water and are highest very soon after the rain on which they depend has fallen, our Bourne is fed from an underground source, a permeable rock saturated with water, and that the rain . . . does not immediately replenish that underground reservoir, but sinks down to it . . . very slowly." ; ' It is when rain adds to the reservoir of supersaturated chalk more rapidly than the water can percolate downwards and along the normally very slight inclination of its surface that the gradient of that surface . . . increases." " The plane of saturation follows to some extent the inclination of the ground, being highest at the head of our valleys and lowest at the foot ; when the rainfall is not excessive it varies from about 12 to 15 ft. to the mile in the Middle Chalk and from about 15 to 20 . . . . in the Upper Chalk." " The Bourne has never been known not to flow when the rainfall in the neighbourhood has exceeded 32 in. in the year ending 31st of March, and it has never been recorded to have flowed when it has been less than 32 in . Within the period of our record of 60 years the smallest rainfall which has been known to cause it to flow before the present occasion was 32*44 ins. ... in the year 1896-97; the largest which has not caused it to flow was 31* 90 ins. ... in the year 1909-10 ; but . . . only twice before in our 60 years' record has the rainfall in the neighbourhood in the six winter months been so great as it was last winter. . . . Although last year's rainfall is the smallest, by less however than half an inch, which is known to have caused it to flow, it must not be overlooked that it is in the winter that by far the greatest amount of the rain . . . percolates into the Chalk." " The flow of the Bourne on this occasion has only extended from a short distance above the foot of White Hill to about a quarter of a mile above Bourne End. It commenced to flow on Good Friday the 5th of April, reached its height on Sunday the 5th of May, and is now gradually declining." The Bourne again started in 1913, and was duly visited by the Hertfordshire Natural History Society. 1 It ''commenced to flow near the end of February, attained its maximum about a month later," and then decreased. Presumably it was a small flow. W. T. Burgess took a sample of the water of the flow of 1913, from an old gravel-pit on May 11th, and has communicated the following analysis, in parts per 100,000 : — -i.ui.cii eunu iraiuuc Ammonia, free •009 Ammonia, albuminoid ... > > • > • ■• •004 Nitrogen as nitrates ... ... . . •422 Nitrogen as nitrites ... * • * • • Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours, at 80° F. •020 Chlorine ... ... ... • . 1-35 Total carbonates, calculated as carbonate of lime ... 24-8 Hardness, total (by soap-test) 26-6 ; permanent 4- ; temporary 22-6. 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1915, vol. xv, pt. 4, p. xxxviii. •a BOUKNES. / / There was a flow in 1 915 and a longer one in 1916, both of which have been recorded by Hopkinson, 1 and I had the pleasure of seeing Ihe latter with an excursion of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society on April 29th, when it had begun to decrease ; but was still flowing strongly and I took the following notes. The stream started in a shallow pool, on the Buckinghamshire side of the county-boundary, about 840 yards northward of " The Banks," an old moat at Grove Farm, and formed a continuous stream thence downward. Along the meadows from a little below the starting point, down to Bottom Farm, there was a nearly constant oozing out of water a little above the channel, on the Hertfordshire side, and presumably the like occurred on' the Buckinghamshire side. Much additional water was thus contributed to the stream. The reason for the starting point, the highest which any one had seen, seems to be that it is at the meeting of two arms of the valley ; but Mr. HoPKiNSONtold me that the water was said to have risen somewhat higher. This must have been after a very wet season. On the above occasion Dr. A. E. Boycott took two samples of the Bourne- water. That from the lower end yielded 100 milligrammes of calcium per litre, and that from just below the highest point 102. This, he says, is just about the figure for the Colne about Munden, and a good deal less than that of London tap-water, or the Thames. He suggests that possibly this may mean that a fair amount of the Bourne- water is surface-drainage . The account of the flow of 1917 is the last from the pen of John Hopkinson and was not published until after his death. In speaking of the periods between flows, and alluding to the common idea as to seven years, he says, " fourteen years have elapsed without a flow, while for the first time on record, owing to the heavy rainfall in recent years, it flowed this year for the third successive year " ; but the flow, which started early (in February), lasted for only a short time. 2 It is sad to think that, unless he has left any notes for 1918, we shall have no further account of the Hertfordshire Bourne from that zealous observer. But we may hope that his example may result in such work being taken up by other Hertfordshire men. The years 1918 and 1919 were also bourne-years, and amongst others the Hertford- shire bourne has been active. OTHER HERTFORDSHIRE BOURNES. The Bulbourne. The top waters of this stream are intermittent . The highest recorded point of rise is opposite the canal-lock (at Cow Roast ?), some 1,200 yards above Dudswell (? in 1883), whereas in March, 1891, there was no flow above Northchurch, and in September, 1891, the river-bed was dry down to East's timber-yard, Berkhampstead, a difference of over three miles . Later ( ? in 1 892 or 1 893) the source went up again to Dudswell . 3 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1916. vol. xvi, pt. 2, p. 108, and 1917, pt. 3, pp. 169-172. 2 Ibid., 1919, vol. xvii, pt. 2, pp. 97, 98. 3 U. A. Smith and R. E. Middleton. E. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893. pp. 401, 548. F 78 BOURNES. The Gade. Sir J. Evans recorded the following changes in the point of outflow of the Gade, many years ago : — " On the 19th April, 1853, there were 26 ft. of water in the well at Mile Barn 5 miles to the N-W. of Hemel Hempsted, and the source of the river Gade was . . . about 600 yards to the S.E. of the well, although earlier in the year it had been 200 yards to the north of Mile Barn. ... At the present time (early in April, 1855) the well . . . was dry, and the Gade rose two miles and-a-half lower down the vallev, than its ordinary source during the period of full water." : U. A. Smith says that the Gade formerly rose as far up the valley as Mile Barn, 2\ miles above Great Gaddesden, whilst " in the early part of the summer of 1890 its source was in meadows . . . about one mile above Gaddesden, but in March 1891 . . . there was no trace of any water more than 400 yards above Gaddesden, and here it was only a mere dribble." From personal inspection, E. E. Middleton doubts if the source " was ever higher than 500 yards below Mile Barn," though " in times of very heavy rain there is water on the land as high as Mile Barn." •" There are not . . . any springs . . . near Mile Barn, but when the level of saturation is very much raised by excessive rainfall, it overflows the low-hang ground and remains there until the water level in the chalk and gravel is lowered." 2 The Ver. Sir J. Evans has said, " I have known the source of the little river Ver to be at least five miles farther up the valley in one year than in another." 3 According to U. A. Smith, " The river not many years back took its rise partly to the north-west of Kensworth Lynch . . . and partly to the north," the valley forking here. " In June 1891 . . . from these points down to Redbourn . . . was absolutely dry "; but (? in 1893) the source went up " to a point above Friars Wash ' (Fla instead). R. E. Middleton adds that " the bed of the stream, like that of the River Gade, has a gradient which is only a little steeper than that of the dry weather line (plane) of saturation in the chalk-water system, and a comparatively small reduction of level in the water, and con- sequent flattening of the gradient in that system, serves to dry a pro- portionally extensive length of the river." He held that the Ver never rose at or above Kensworth Lynch " except in 1883, and at some previous period of equal rainfall of which there is no record." The Church End branch-stream, at Redbourn, U. A. Smith says, " formerly rose at two places to the west of St. Mary's Church," but now the water-course is dry. " There has been no flow from the 1 Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., 1855, vol. xiv, p. 87. In discussion. 2 R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, pp. 399, 550. See also p. 586. 3 Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., 1885. BOURNES. 79 springs beyond Church End for twelve or fifteen years." 1 It is perhaps to this branch that the following old note refers. Redbourn, according to Camden's " Britannia." is remarkable " for a brook in its neighbourhood named Wenmer, which the common people believe never swells or rises without presaging scarcity or some misfortune." Gough adds, "the brook ... is called Womer, and . . . WoborneMere . . the brook or mere of woe. . . Norden fancies the neighbouring Market street hath its name corrupted from Mer-gate ... an issue or out-gate of water." 2 Of this stream J. Hopkinson wrote to me, in May, 1904, that it was flowing copiously past Redbourn Church and through the frequently dry places on the southern side of Redbourn Green into the Ver near Watling Street. The Colne. At the end of his paper on the swallow-holes Hopkinson says, " The extent of variation of the source of the Colne is about 15 miles, from near Barnet Gate, midway between Chipping Barnet and Blstree (Middlesex), to a few field-lengths above Colney Street, where I have seen the river rise in a very dry year." 3 As this place, south of St. Albans, is only just above the junction with the Ver, it follows that practically the whole of the head-water of the Colne is an intermittent stream. But it should be noted that the highest points of the Colne are dependent chiefly on surface-drainage, so that this river is not a bourne in the same way as the rivers whose beds are on bare or thinly gravel -cove red Chalk. For the description of a very unusual flow along a northern tributary of the Colne, which is almost always a dry valley, we are indebted to J. Hopkinson, who wrote to me on the subject in 1916, and has since printed the following account : " There has not been, for the last 40 years at least, such a flood in the Sandridge valleys ... as there is at present (April 1916). The road from Sandridge to Hatfield is impassable between Sandridge and Sandpit Lane by motor-cars, and . . . in one stretch of flooded road nearly a mile in length which I attempted to wade through, the water became so deep, reaching to my knees, that I had to give up the attempt and take to the fields, which also were under water. In the higher part of the valley, above Sand- ridge, the water had gone down considerably, but not so much that houses on the road-side, vacated owing to the flood, could yet again be inhabited. . . . I. am informed that the village of Sandridge was flooded, though not to such an extent as at the present time, about fifty years ago. This must have been either in 1860 or 1866, most probably in the earlier year." 4 Dr. A. E. Boycott tells me that he had a like experience in trying to get through on a tricycle. In writing of the lower part of the above flow Mr. Hopkinson says that from the width of the stream and from the rapidity of the current it was clear that the stream had been augmented below Sandridge, and he adds that at the junction of the road to Hatfield with that to Cooper 1 R. Coram. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, pp. 403, 551. See aho pp. 587, 593. 2 Remarks taken from Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1882, vol. i, p. lix. 8 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1892, vol. vi, pt. 7, p. xxxii. * Ibid., 1917, vol. xvi, pt. 3, p. 172. F 2 80 BOURNES. Green (north-eastward), the ditch leaves the road and becomes the bed of a brook in the fields, usually dry, but then with a good flow of water, to the Smallford tributary of the Colne. The roadside-ditch is clearly meant to carry off surface-water, after heavy rain ; but it was inadequate to take the water rising from the Chalk. The Mimram. U. A. Smith says, " This river still rises at Stagenhoe Bottom, to the north-west of Whitwell (in the parish of King's or St. Paul's Walden), but the springs constituting its source are much weaker than formerly." R. E. MiDDLETONadds of this branch of the valley, " An examination of the ground shows that there is a considerable collecting area, ex- tending for 3f miles above Stagenhoe Bottom to Lilley Village, but that there is no defined watercourse, and that in fact the level of the subsoil water is, except in seasons of quite exceptional rainfall, below the surface of the ground. Such a period of excessive rainfall appears to have occurred about 1882-83, when the water formed a channel for itself down to Stagenhoe Bottom, and overflowed from a gravel pit . . . some distance above the sources of the river and which generally contains some water." " A similar flow . . . appears to have occurred once previously within the memory of man." 1 The Beane. U. A. Smith says : " The main stream formerly had its origin at various points from one mile to five miles north of Walkern, extending over a district bounded by the villages of Weston, Rushden, and Cottered. The small streams draining this district are partly supplied by surface water (from the Boulder Clay) ... in the summer of 1891 the stream was dry for some five miles or more below its original source." 2 •*©■* R. E. Middleton says (in the same volume, p. 563) : " The river was dry down to Frogmore in or about 1868." Of the Stevenage branch, which, however, seems to get most of its water from Drift, R. E. Middleton says : " The stream is said to be dry every summer above Oaks Cross Farm " (Aston), westward of Frogmore. 3 The Quin. Of this stream, a tributary of the Rib, R. E. Middleton notes : " It is said that it rises in (? around) Biggin Moor, that the water loses itself (underground), and reappears a short distance above Quinbury Farm, above Braughing ; " 4 so that we may have here something in the nature of a bourne. 1 R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, pp. 408, 560. Also pp. 616, 617. 8 Ibid., p. 409. 3 Ibid., p. 562. 4 Ibid., p. 565. BOURNES. 81 The Ash. U. A. Smith has said : " About five years ago the River Ash had its rise at Albury, and flowed continuously winter and summer from that point. It now (1891) rises between Little and Great (Much) Hadham, more than two miles lower down." 1 On the Ordnance Map the stream is marked much higher, to above the village of Brent Pelham, but there it is the result of the drainage of a tract of Boulder Clay, and it is not until reaching the northern border of the parish of Furneux Pelham that the Chalk crops out, in the bottom of the valley. It seems therefore that we have here a bourne, from Furneux Pelham down to Little Hadham. In closing this account of the interesting subject of intermittent streams one cannot but wish that the other Chalk-streams had received half the attention that has been given to the " Hertfordshire Bourne," and that the Hertfordshire Natural History Society will be able to do for the former what it has so well done for the latter. It is only the members of a local society, resident at or near the various sites, that can make proper records, over a long time. The officers of the Geo- logical Survey can only note what they see at the time of their work. 1 R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 410. 82 SWALLOW-HOLES. SWALLOW-HOLES. GENERAL ACCOUNT. As springs are the appearance of underground water at the surface, so swallow-holes are the disappearance of surface-water underground, Where springs occur in a water-course, these may, under certain con- ditions, be inverted, as it were, and turned into swallow-holes. In like way, perhaps, swallow-holes may be turned into springs by the rise of the saturation-level in the Chalk. The sudden disappearances of streams may occur in any limestone- tract, where there is a fairly broad outcrop of a fairly thick mass, and even, under favourable conditions, where a comparatively thin limestone has a comparatively narrow outcrop. Both of these occurrences are conspicuously shown in various districts of the Carboniferous Limettcne, which, being a hard and often massive jointed rock, gives rise to swallow- holes of a very marked kind. Our Chalk, too, often shows the like thing in a marked way, some of the swallow-holes in it being distinctly funnel-shaped, with streams running down them, though in others there is only a slight hollow into which water flows, but out of which it does not go. Hertfordshire is especially notable in this matter, and one of its sets of swallow- holes is well known to geologists, having been often visited. As some of our springs are intermittent, so also are most of our swallow-holes, as they depend wholly on the water flowing over the surface to them, and in clay-tracts the small streams usually dry up in summer. The earliest systematic account of swallow-holes that I have seen refers to those of Hertfordshire, and was written by that very good observer the Eev. W. H. Coleman, who remarked as follows :• — In those " places, where the clay capping the ridges has a greater thick- ness, small brooks are formed upon the uplands which have water in their beds mcst part of the year ; but these streams seldom reach the main rivers, except in winter, and many of them not at all, their waters being absorbed into the chalk through funnel-shaped basins lccally termed ' swallow-holes.' Examples of these may be seen at Mimms- street, where the nascent Co hie is lost in ordinary weather ; at Hatfield Parsonage ; in Hatfield Park; in Sherwccd's (Sherrards) Park, Digs- well ; and between Hertford and Bramfield (in a Drift-tract), where the brook which anciently flowed past Broad Oak End and Goldings, to the Beane is now lost a mile or two from the river. The waters absorbed do not, we presume, make their way in one channel beneath the earth, and gush up again in the form of springs, as some suppose. Were this the case, the springs would run more strongly shortly after rain, and at such times their waters would be turbid like those of the brooks. We rather suppose that, the water is dispeised and gradually settles through the chalk stratum till it reaches the plain cf saturation of the chalk, up to which it is constantly charged with water. This plain of saturation is apparently a little above the level of the water in our rivers, and inclined to the horizon from south-east to north- west, at much the same angle as the general level of the surface." l 1 'Flora Hertford ien sis ' (Webb and Coleman), pp. xlii, xliii, 1849. SWALLOW-HOLES. 83 This work has been quoted by Hopkinson, in Prior's Flora of Hert- fordshire, 1887, and, as far as I know, it gives the only notice of the swallow-holes on the Digswell (or Ayot) Tertiary outlier and in the Drift-tract just north-west of Hertford. Prestwich, however, seems to have been the first to notice definitely that swallow-holes occur at or close to the junction of the Tertiary beds and the Chalk, in a paper " On some Swallow Holes . . . near Canterbury," l in which he gives a general section across those formations that would serve equally well for Hertfordshire, and re- marks, in his concluding paragraph, ' ; It would appear that two con- ditions are essential for the formation of swallow holes : the one, that there should be streams formed at such a level that they have to pass over a surface of country higher than that of the main valleys of drainage ; and the other, that the line (plane) of water level in the mass of calcareous strata in which the swallow holes are formed should be below the level at which the streams drilling the swallow holes are absorbed. . . Consequently wherever a predisposing cause, such as a crack or fissure, may exist, the water will tend to escape through any available subterranean channels to the lower water-level and then to the river-channels, in lieu of flowing over the surface to the same ultimate point." The application and extension of this view to the northern escarp- ment of the Tertiary beds in the London Basin was made seven years later 2 in a Geological Survey Memoir dealing with two counties con- tiguous to those with which we are concerned. In this, as in other matters, I have had the honour of following in the footsteps of Prestwich. In 1864 those swallow-holes that had been observed in the parts of the two counties shown on Sheet 7 of the Geological Survey Map were noticed in the Memoir on that map, and in the same year the Rev. J. C. Clutterbuck made a short reference to the swallow-holes of Hertfordshire, 3 and the one particular occurrence that he records seems to have escaped notice in the above-noted Memoir. He says : ' Very remarkable instances of this natural drainage may be seen more or less along the outcrop of the sand beds of the Plastic clay formation (Reading Beds) in the parishes of Bushey and Aldenham," and he specifies those in the stream from the Elstree reservoir (see farther on). The description in the Memoir of 1864 was repeated in 1872, and again in 1889, 4 probably with additions, and in 1893 these scattered notes were codified in a Memorandum on Swallow-holes in the Chalk of the Thames Basin: 5 The whole of these accounts are now reproduced, with additions from various sources. It should be understood that my notes, pub- lished in Geological Survey Memoirs, were made many years ago, when only the old One-inch Ordnance Map was available. Now more precision can be given from the six-inch Map. 1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1854, vol. x, pp. 222-224. 2 'The Geology of Parts of Oxfordshire and Berkshire,' 1861. 3 Journ. R. Agric. Soc. vol. xxv, p. 306. * Memoirs, vol. iv, and the Geology of London, etc., vol. i. 5 Roy. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, pp. 430-433. 84 MV4LL0W-H0LES. A good explanation of swallow-holes was given in 1885, by J. Hopkinson, with special reference to Hertfordshire. 1 The swallows of the main mass of the Tertiary beds are taken first, from west to east, and then those of the out hers. ALONG THE MAIN MASS OF THE TERTIARY BEDS. Bucks, and Western Herts. I have found but one note of a swallow-hole by the main mass of the Tertiary beds in Buckinghamshire, made by Ll. Treacher, in an account of an Excursion to Hedgerley,* in which he says : — "Near the road in the centre of the village is a large shallow depression having the appearance of a dried-up pond, but which," he "suggested, was one of a series of old swallow-holes in the Chalk, several more of which were observed . . . higher up the valley to the west. The floor of the valley being on Chalk, while the sides are composed of Heading Clay, it would appear that, in the course of its excavation whenever the stream cut down at any point to the porous rock its waters were at once absorbed thereby and a swallow-hole formed, the use of which lasted till the Chalk was again exposed higher up the valley, when the same process was again gone through. At the present time there is one of these holes in actual process of formation at the head of the valley near Penn Lands, into which, in rainy weather, a small stream may be seen descending." In the side-valley eastward of Moor Park, Rickmans worth, a swallow- hole was seen west of Grove Farm, close to the county-boundary. This is a good way within the boundary of the Reading Beds, and leads one to infer that these, from here to their boundary on the north, are chiefly sand, allowing the water to sink through to the Chalk. The like occurs further north-westward along the Tertiary escarpment, as noticed by Clutterbuck above, and in more detail in his paper of 1876, now to be quoted.' Of the streams flowing over the escarpment of the Tertiary beds near Watford he says that they " flow in open watercourses, which here and there furrow the escarpment which overhangs the Colne. When it arrives at the junction of the clay with the sand outcropping beneath it, the water wholly or in part sinks into the earth through natural apertures usually called swallow-holes, descends into the subjacent chalk, and is added to the water in that so-called water- bearing stratum. ... As the water which finds its way into the chalk by these swallow-holes is derived from the surface drainage of the Tertiary clays, and as their surface must not only be saturated but flooded before the water will be discharged from the surface, the supply from this source must necessarily be irregular and periodical. In some years there are no such floods ; in others, such as 1875-6, the quantity of water must in many cases be more than the swallow-holes can take in. Among the most remarkable are those found in the carrier which conveys the water from the Elstree reservoir to the river, which must be plugged when the water is discharged, to prevent the waste of a greater part if not the entire volume. At another, near 1 Trims. Hert*. Nat. Hist. Snc, vol. iii. pt. 4, pp. xliv-xlvi. Proc. Geol. Assoc. 1911, vol. xxii, pp. 22, 23. 3 Trans. Watford Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. i, pp. 127, 128. SWALLOW-HOLES. 85 Letchmore Heath, in the parish of Aldenham, where a large body of water sinks in a deep depression or pit into the earth, at the junction of the sand of the Tertiary beds and the Chalk, this sand may be seen cropping out close at hand. It has been supposed that there is some connexion between this irruption ('? inflow) of water and the well- known copious issue at Otterspool. There are stories of ducks having found their way thither by some subterranean passage ; and measure- ments of the level at which the water stands in the wells thereabout and in the direction of the pool, show an irregularity not easily accounted for but by the existence of some fault or fissure in that direction. After heavy rain the pool becomes slightly turbid, and in a dry season it has been known to cease flowing over the dam by which it is confined and over which the water usually falls. There are other swallow- holes to the north and south of Bushey Grove, in the direction of HiMeld Lodge, and Cold Harbour ; in the latter the overflowing water might be seen this year (1876) running to waste in augmentation of the floods in the rivers across the park. Again there is a remarkable instance in a meadow through which the footpath runs from Crook Log to Bushey Church, the orifice sometimes being insufficient to take in all the water flowing down the watercourse. When the water thus finds its way through the sand, or in some cases direct to the chalk, it here as elsewhere causes a rise in the water in the chalk sometimes of 20 ft. . . . half a mile from the river or outfall. By the slow discharge of these waters that of the river is augmented, though from the uncertainty due to the confined area of the chalk which can receive the rainfall south of the river, the perennial flow cannot be great. The amount to be calculated on as delivered from this source might be to a certain extent estimated by the measurement of any wells in a line between the swallow-holes and the river ; the wells near the river will not only rise with the irruption (? inflow) of the water at the swallow-holes ; but whether they be shallow or deep shafts sunk into the chalk, or deep borings, they will, if near the river, rise and fall as the river may be flooded, or in dry seasons be reduced in volume or level." According to a later note (? by J. Hopkinson) the principal swallow- holes of the Letchmore Heath tract are between Kendall Pound (Kendall Lodge of the newer map) and Battlersgreen. 1 The above notice of the stream from Elstree reservoir is supplemented by J. Hopkinson, who says : "In this stream there are now swallow- holes which usually take all the water which drains the London Clay area (partly in Middlesex) between Shenley, Elstree, Stanmo re Heath, Letchmore Heath (Aldenham) and Radlett," 2 an area which includes some short tributary-streams that join the main stream below the reservoir. The swallow-holes westward of Radlett had been duly recorded by the Geological Survey in 1864. Just outside the northern edge of Combe Wood, Shenley, I saw in April, 1862, some small swallow-holes in full action, after very wet weather. 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1885, vol. iii., pt. 4, p. xliv. 2 Ibid., 1892, vol. vi, pt. 7, p. xxxi. 86 SWALLOW-HOLES. Mimms Brook. We now come to the remarkable district of the head-waters of the Colne, formed by the joint streams of the Catherine Bourne, from Shenley and Ridge, and the Mimms Hall Brook, from Barnet and South Mimms. Though part of this tract is in Middlesex, for present pur- poses we may extend our county and treat of the whole. The swallow-holes of North Mimms are probably the best known in the London Basin. They are easily to be seen, and by the place aptly named Water End it looks as if nature had set apart a piece of ground for the special illustration of such occurrences. They must have been well-known for a very long time, and may have been noticed in print in old books , as to which I have been unable to search. Enough now to chronicle the records of them by scientific men. The first that I know of was by an officer of the Geological Survey, R. C. Trench, who said : " The brook that flows along this valley from Rabley to North Minis has no outlet, but the water is lost in swallow- holes, which thus receive the drainage of some 20 square miles of country." 1 Clearly, however, he did not see the brook in flood. Then R. W. Mylne referred to them in his evidence before the Royal Commission on Water Supply given in 1867, 2 in which he says that there is " an isolated clay catchment basin of 23 square miles, which has no direct surface outfall, the central and lowest pait of which is between North and South Mims, where the surface is chalk, and several swallow-holes exist . . . which receive and absorb the drainage water of the district . . . the entire volume of the drainage shoots down from off the clay lands on to the chalk, and pours into numerous swallow-holes." R. E. Middleton visited the Mimms swallow-holes in 1892, and referred to them in his Report to the Royal Commission on Metro- politan Water Supply (Appendices, 1893, pp. 504, 505) ; but the following detailed account practically covers his remarks, and begins from higher up the valley. Since these swallow-holes were first noted by the Geolcgical Survey I have had the advantage of seeing them several times, down to 1915, and of fixing sites on the six-inch Ordnance Map. In 1898 I was therefore able to give an account of the whole, 3 which account can now be used, with the addition of various details, in a systematic arrangement from the top of the valley downward. It is to be noted that some of the swallow-holes in the southern part of the parish of North Mimms, and the bordering part of South Mimms, differ from those along the junction of the Tertiary beds and the Chalk (which have been described above), and are more allied to those of the Mole, in Surrey, 4 the stream, which is a bourne, or intermittent stream, being lost because the saturation-level in the Chalk is below the bottom of the valley, except after wet seasons. The swallow- holes near the junction of the Tertiary beds and the Chalk act in all seasons, except when it is so dry that there is no surface-water flowing down the slopes. 1 The ' Geology of Parts of Middlesex,' etc., 1864, p. 20. 2 Minutes of Evidence, 1869, p. 281. 3 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. x, pp. 66—68. * See ' Water Supply of Surrey,' 1912, pp. 62—67. SWALLOW-HOLES. 87 The highest swallow-holes that I know of here are on the Catheiine Bourne, close to the county-boundary, and in June, 1893, these were dry. The one practically touching the boundary is lower than the stream. In the Mimms Hall Brook there may be small swallow-holes about 400 yards south-west of Mimms Hall, some 70 or 80 yards lower down ; about 220 yards a little north of west from the Hall ; at the slight bend over 300 yards north north-west from it, and about 50 yards lower down ; but these are merely small hollows in or at the side of the channel. Nothing notable is met with until we get to the sharp bend in the stream, a third of a mile northward of the Hall, where a little cliff has been cut on the right bank of the stream, and a marked set of swallow-holes can be seen. Here, on May 2, 1893, water was sinking in slowly at various spots, but on June 9 the place was dry. On some later occasions a great deal of water has been seen flowing into the Chalk at the various successive holes. Below this there is a succession of hollows in the bed of the stream, some of which hold water whilst the parts between are dry, and at the next sharp bend, some 150 yards below the big set, there is a fairly marked swallow. It may be of interest to give here an analysis of the water going down this swallow-hole on 11th April, 1908, made by W. T. Burgess, in parts per 100,000/ Total solid residue ... ... ... ... ... 36-64 Ammonia, free ... ... ... ... ... ... -072 Ammonia, albuminoid ... ... ... ... ... *032 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours, at 80° Fahr. ... ... -560 Nitrogen as nitrates ... ... ... ... ... -125 Nitrogen as nitrites ... ... ... ... ... traces. Combined chlorine ... ... ... ... ... 2-1 Total hardness (by soap-test) ... ... ... ... 21-5 As would be expected " The water was turbid and brown. It was very impure compared with the supply obtainable from deep chalk wells." In the meadow, some 450 yards north-west of Hawkshead Farm, and some 40 yards eastward of the stream, there is a swallow-hole which can act only when the stream overflows. At the Excursion of the Geologists' Association, in March, 1916, this was seen to have been in action a verv short time before, and one hole in the crater-like hollow was distinctly open. The first full description of the swallows of Water End was given by J. Hopkinson, 2 and it is notable how continued reference to the matter seems to enlarge the area of supply. He says : " The swallow- holes here (which must include others above, not then known to Hopkinson) absorb most of the drainage of about 40 square miles, the stream from the south draining about 30 square miles, and that from the north about five. The whole of the London Clay area between Bell Bar (south-south-east of Hatfield), Northaw, Potter's Bar, Chipping Barnet, Barnet Gate, Green Street, Shenley, Ridge Hill, and North Mimms is drained by the southern (main) stream; while the northern (tributary) stream drains the area between North Mimms, 1 Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. xx, pt. 7, p. 502. 2 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1892, vol. vi, pt. 7, pp. xxix-xxxii. 88 SWALLOW-HOLES. Dulsham Green (Dellsome of the newer map), Bell Bar, and Brockman Park." It will be seen, therefore, that the main stream largely comes from Middlesex. " At this spot (Water End) there are channels which the water has gradually made for itself down which a man might be carried. I have seen these swallow-holes when no water reached them ; I have seen them when a powerful stream came from the south and rushed down them in torrents with a roar which I heard long before I could see what was its cause ; and I have seen them, or rather the spot where we know they are, when they were covered by a sheet of water forming a peaceful lake into which streams flowed from north and south, and out of which a stream flowed on through Minims Park and into the permanent river of the Colne. Then doubtless the plane of saturation in the Chalk Avas raised to above the apertures of the swallow- holes, in fact to the level of the. water in the lake." In 1902 we had Hopkinson's latest note on these swallow-holes. 1 Speaking of the Colue. he says : "It disappears in a "swallow- hole ' in the Chalk. If this cannot take it all, there is another ready a little farther on, and so on as far as the swallow-holes at Potterells (Water End), near North Mimms. Seldom does any water get beyond these great chasms, down one of which at least a man might be carried ; but sometimes they cannot take it all, not because they have not sufficient capacity, but because they are full owing to the plane of saturation having risen in the Chalk up to their capacious mouths. Then there is a flood, the river forms a lake hiding the swallow-holes from view, and the bed of the Colne, dry for some distance below this point year after year, is unable to carry off the water, its banks over- flowing, submerging the meadows, and rendering some of the roads between Colney Heath and Smallford impassable. The water which sinks into these swallow-holes is probably conveyed in channels in the Chalk into the lower part of the valley of the Lea, for that would be its direction if it follows the dip of the Chalk," with which conclusion I hardly agree : it seems to be the fourth view as to the ultimate disposal of the water. J. M. Wood writes to me (June, 1920) that he has had these swallow- holes under personal observation for the past thirty years, under all conditions, from dryness to flooding of the land, and that he agrees with the above description. Furthermore he has very heavily dosed them with fluorescene ; when a moderate flow was taking place, and had observations made at springs and wells in the Valley of the Lea for days after the dosing, but failed to detect any trace of colour in these. Hence he concludes that the swallow-holes discharge into the Valley of the Colne, and not into that of the Lea. Turning now to side-valleys, all on the right or eastern bank, in that from Potter's Bar I found, in May, 1896, three little hollows, which may be sink-holes, just north of the narrow marsh, about 265 yards north-east of Warrengate Farm, whilst just southward, along the hedge across the marsh to the stream are three small sink-holes, which were dry, and presumably act only when the marsh is flooded. In the next valley to the north there are swallow-holes in Deep Bottom or Gobions Wood, north-westward of Littleheath, notable 1 Victoria History of Hertfordshire, p. 30. SWALLOW-HOLES. 89 enough to have got marked on the six-inch Map (Heits., Sheet 40). They were all dry in June, 1893 ; but in August, 1915, the highest one, where a track crosses the water-course north cf Bolton's Farm, was well in action, water flowing in from the east into a large hole, at the bottom of which chalk was seen, though most parts were well covered with mud, brought down by the stream. Two others are marked on the map, lower down in Deep Bottom, the lowest being in a large hollow ; but these are hidden by the wood. We were told, by the gamekeeper, who accompanied our Geologists' Association party in 1915, that after heavy rain the whole of this valley- bottom was under water. It is to be noted that these swallow-holes show an error in the old Geological Survey Map (Sheet 7), presumably from a small local uprise of the beds having escaped the notice of R. C. Trench, who had to work on the old and not too exact one-inch map. This uprise may be connected with that which has given rise to the Chalk-inlier at No it haw, to the east-south-east, and it may have some effect in hindering the passage of water underground in the Chalk from the swallow-holes of the Mimms Hall Brook north-eastward. Lastly we come to the small tributary from Welham Green, south of Hatfield, which passes through the northern part of Potterells Park, receiving the sewage of the house some little way above the highest swallow-hole marked on the Ordnance Map (Herts., Sheet 35). This highest swallow is about 225 yards north-west of the house. A little farther down, westward of the house, there was water for a short way in June, 1893, and the second sw T allow-hole on the map, about 330 yards south-west from the first, was in action. There are others just below, as the stream debouches on to the great tract of swallow- holes at Water End. It is to be noted that J. Hopkinson has described these last under the heading Potterells, which it is more convenient to keep for the side-valley : the others are not in Potterells Park. Eastern Herts. R. E. Middleton has given us the following note : " A small stream running from near Traveller's Farm, about a mile and a quarter south of Hatfield . . . collects surface water from a small area, said to be one square mile, and loses itself in a curious hollow called Hoe (How) Dell, near the Old Rectory." It is in the rectory-grounds, south-eastward of the house. " The dell is of considerable depth, 20 ft. or more, I should say, and the end towards Hatfield is closed by a bank, which may be artificial, but appears to be natural. The length of the dell is about (less than) a quarter of a mile, in the bottom are several swallow-holes, into which the water, as a rule, disappears ; but on two occasions, some seven and 17 years ago (? 1885 and 1875), the quantity of water discharged into the dell has been so great that it has surmounted the bank and flowed into Hatfield, causing disastrous floods. In order to prevent flooding in the future, two or more of the swallow-holes have been timbered to a diameter of some 4 ft. and to a depth of perhaps 20 ft., and gratings have been put over them." 90 SWALLOW-HOLES. " Mr. (U. A.) Smith says there are other swallow-holes nearer Hatfield." 1 It may be to these that Middleton alludes (in p. 609 of the volume) when he says, " There are swallow-holes in Hatfield Park, alongside the Hertford Road, and in the course taken by water when it overflows from Hoe Dell." Presumably the swallow-holes noted by Coleman (see above, p. 82) are the same as these. This is the most easterly part along the Tertiary escarpment at which swallow-holes have been recorded, though one would expect that they might occur in other places between Hatfield and Hertford. Some have been found, however, further eastward, in the Tertiary tract, than any above described, in the inlier of Reading Beds and Chalk near Northaw, and in the inlier of Reading Beds further northward ; but no account of them has been published. In 1 893, when examining the district with T. H. Martin, then Engineer to the Barnet Water Company, we visited the Northaw inlier, and the following notes are taken from a Report which I made in June of that year : " No swallow-holes have been recorded as occurring here ; but we found good evidence of them, though they are far less marked in form than is the case in many other places. The stream has been artificialised, and it seems to have been diverted from a course which would lead it slightly nearer to the large old chalk-pits. When full it overflows into slight hollows, sometimes into the pits, and then the water sinks into the Chalk. The drainage too from the fields to the north is now led into one of these pits." When carrying on the new Geological Survey lately R. W. Pocock found a set of swallows in the other inlier, along the Cuffley Brook, by the northern border of Great Wood, also in the parish of Northaw, and he is kind enough to show these to me, enabling me to take the following notes : — In summer this branch of the brook is dry ; but in January, 1916, there was a good flow of water, both in the main stream and in its various tributaries. Where one of these tributaries comes in, from Hell Wood, about half a mile west of Newpark Farm, in a projecting piece of the wood, south-west of the farm, there are some fairly deep hollows, with the bottoms below the level of the brook, and these seem to be overflow swallow-holes, that is, depending for their action on the overflow of the stream over the low lip between them and the stream. They are therefore of the same type as those at Fredville, on the Mole 2 , but on a smaller scale. There seemed also to be places in the stream about here where water went in. Just below these another stream comes in from the north, and this seemed to end on its eastern side in a pool, at the edge of the wood. The next little stream, from just west of Newpark Farm, flowed into a slight hollow on its western side, before reaching the wood, and was a clear case of a swallow or water-sink. There are also swallow-holes, of a fairly marked kind, in the wood, on the other or southern side of the stream, fed by northerly flowing streamlets of the clay-slope. Some of them were seen during an ex- 1 R. Comrn. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 597. 2 See ' Water Supply of Surrey,' 1912, pp. 65, 66. SWALLOW-HOLES. 91 curs ion of the Geologists' Association in May, 1916 ; but only one had any water in it. At that time, too, those above described were also out of action. G. Barrow tells me that the finest swallow-hole here is some way lower down the stream, by its side, and just west of the railway (in progress), about 500 yards west-south-west from Barleigh. All these swallow-holes, which are in a most out of the way tract, are another case of water flowing down a slope of London Clay and sinking into the sand of the Reading Beds. The sinking in of water may go on more or less along the whole of the sand-outcrop. J. M. Wood tells me that there are swallow-holes in Balls Park Estate, between Hertford and Haileybury. ON TERTIARY OUTLIERS. Lane End Outlier. There are two swallow-holes on the northern side of the high road between Bolter End and Lane End. Around Park Hill (the eastern part of the outlier, not named en the newer Ordnance Map) the boundary of the Tertiary beds is marked by many. At the southern limb of the outlier, west-south-west of the ruined church at Ackhamstead (another name that does not appear on the newer map), the water that flows over the moist ground of Moor End Common, on the north, collects, inside the wood, into streams, which, having a sharp fall, have cut for themselves channels of some depth, often rather s'teep-sided and with miniature waterfalls ; and they all flow into a large deep swallow-hole at the eastern end of the wood, in the Chalk, the Reading Beds coming on at once above. Presumably it is to this that H. J. 0. White refers in saying " the swallow-hole at the eastern corner of Moor End Common (in Moor Copse) is an exceptionally good example . . . with vertical sides which show the junction of the Chalk and Reading Beds, and a sandy floor, in which open fissures are sometimes to be seen." 1 Beacousfield Outlier. In the small wood just north of Helmet (Hillmott's Farm of the newer map), south-east of Beaconsfield, there is a long deep hollow, from the track through the wood down to the southern edge. It ends abruptly either way, and I could not make out whether it was artificial or a swallow-hole. At its southern end, almost vertical, it showed what ma)- be a junction of the Reading Beds and the Chalk. Coleshill Outlier, southward of Amersham. There is a swallow-hole east of Brickwich, another at the farm west of Quarrendon ; and from Brentford Wood to Coleshill Green (Coles Hill of the newer map) there are many swallows, one indeed in most of the re-entering angles of the bo undary- line of the Reading Beds. 1 Mem. Oeol. Survey. The Geology of the Country around Henley-on-Thames, 1908, p. 66. 92 SWALLOW-HOLES. Hodgemoor Wood Outlier, westward of Chalfont St. Giles. This was formerly called after Frog Hall, a name not on the newer map. There are swallow-holes at the following places :— Nearlv a third of a mile eastward of Stocking's Farm. About the same distance further eastward. Near Rowlings Farm. Nearly half a mile north-westward, by the road. Cowcroft Outlier, east of Chesham. A swallow-hole was seen at the edge of the wood just south-west of Cowcroft. Pollards Wood Outlier, northward of Chalfont St. Giles. There is a swallow-hole at the edge of the wood east of Ivy House (Inn of the newer map, by Harewood Down Farm). Newlands Outlier, east of the Chalfont s. There is a swallow-hole on the eastern side, just south of Bowers, a name not on the newer map, which differs greatly here : the site must be about a quarter of a mile eastward of Roberts's Farm. O'Connorville Outlier. Formerly called after Chorleywood. Just south-west of Kings Farm is a swallow-hole : presumably it is this which is marked as Swillet on the newer Ordnance Map (and on Herts. 43). J. Hopkinson has noted that another, west of the former brickyard (? Chorlev Wood Kiln of the older map), now a garden, has been plugged, in order to form a pond. 1 Abbot's Langley Outlier. There is a small ill-marked swallow-hole on the southern side of the road about a third of a mile south-south-west of the church. Ayot Outlier. The swallow-holes of this outlier seem to have escaped notice until lately, except for a mention by the Rev. W. H. Coleman {see p. 82) and a doubtful reference by W. Topley to a hole in the hollow southward of the Rectory (Digs we 11),- a spot which I am unable to identify ; but visits to parts of this out her in 1919 and 1920 have shown the presence of well-marked swallow-holes. The least conspicuous of these, seen in December, 1919, is on the south- western side of the Hertford branch railway in the little valley at the parish-boundary, southward of the small wood named Gutteridge Grove (Herts. 28, S.E.). This is in a Drift-tract, and the water of a tiny occasional stream seems to sink into the gravel, which overlies the Chalk : strictly, therefore, this does not belong to the Tertiary outlier. A much more marked example was seen, in the same month, in the hollow south-eastward of Ayot Green : small springs started about 350 yards from the edge of the Green, and the resultant stream flowed southward, through a small wood, at the further end of which, after a course of little over 100 yards, it disappeared in a large hollow, with- out outlet. 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1890, vol. v, pt. 8, p. xxvi. 2 ' The Geology of the London Basin,' 1872, p. 237. SWALLOW-HOLES. 93 On January 6th, 1920, during a frost, I saw another equally well- marked swallow-hole, only about 230 yards eastward of the springs above-noted, by the western side of the railway, east-south- east of Ayot Lodge, Ayot Green. A small stream (presumably the result of gravel-springs and clay-drainage) trickled down along the foot of the embankment into a large, deep basin. There was then only a little water in this basin ; but a workman on the railway, who had always lived near by, told me that after heavy rain the basin got full, the water then being above the top of the fence of the railway, until it flowed over the top of the basin, on the south. This I have no reason to doubt, for at the time there was good evidence that, only two or three days before, the level of the water must have been some 4 ft. higher. There had been a frost, the surface of the pond was covered with ice, the water began to sink into the earth (a process which the workman said usually went on at the rate of about a foot a day), and at last the ice, left without support, gave way, and the slope of the basin was coated with it. I should say that the depth of the water in the basin, when it is full, must be about 15 ft. Neither of these occurrences are in any way marked on the six-inch Ordnance Map (Herts. 28, S.E.). MISCELLANEOUS. Valley of the Ver. According to J. Hopkinson, at Harpendenbury, just above the village of Redbourn, in normal conditions of rainfall the river " decreases in volume . . . and in an orchard a little below the farm it finally disappears down a swallow-hole, the river-channel continuing dry for three-quarters of a mile." 1 Valley of the Mimram. According to R. B. Middleton there was once a swallow-hole below Frogmore, on the east of King's Walden Park, " which was stopped up 12 years ago (? 1880), and the flood water from the park, instead of passing into the swallow-hole, rims down the road." 2 Valley of the Beane. From the same source we have it that in the head part of the valley of the Beane "there are swallow-holes . . . and much of the surface water must percolate " (p. 562). Farther on (p. 629) he says of the Ardeley tributary, " This branch only runs down to the moat at Ardeleybury in very wet weather, as there are at least two large swallow-holes in its course, one near St. John's Wood, and one, in the same field, opposite Walkernbury. The upper ... is about 40 ft. in diameter, and there is (February, 1893) a good deal of water in the bottom of it ; there is a small stream running into it, but the water sinks nevertheless. A bank has been put across below the swallow hole to make it take more water." 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1911, vol. xiii, pt. 3, p. 219. 2 R. Gomm. Metro p. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 560. 94 SWALLOW-HOLES. The second swallow-hole, lower down, contained some water but had no stream running into it. It is rather smaller. Chalk was shown in it, almost to the surface, and it, too, had been banked to prevent water passing it. W. Hill has given the following description of a swallow-hole in the valley southward of Almshoe Bury, in the parish of Ippollitts, in an account of an excursion. It is " at the upper end of a long narrow meadow. There is a depression of about 10 yds. across, and about the centre of it is a basin 8 ft. by 4 ft. and 2\ ft. deep. Into this the water draining from the valley runs and disappears. Unfortunately, in consequence of a five weeks' drought, the quantity was a mere trickle (27 April, 1912), but in wet weather the amount is considerable. . . . The meadow itself, about 350 yds. in length by 80 in breadth, is a depression some 10 ft. below the surrounding levels. . . . Whether the water finds its way into the Chalk or into drift filling the valley is a matter for investigation." l 1 Proc. Geol. Assoc, 1912, vol. xxiii, p. 220. CONTAMINATION. 95 CONTAMINATION AND RISK THEREOF. It should be understood that in the following remarks we are dealing with the history of the past and not finding fault with the present conditions. All history has an interest, and it is from the experience of what has happened that we are enabled to prevent present evil and to safeguard the future. This is certainly the case in sanitary matters, and, moreover, there is something pleasing in the record of old condi- tions, which show the improvements that have been made in late times. The few notes now given are arranged in the order of date. Most of them are got from the Reports of the Local Government Board. Many other cases of risk of pollution of water-supply in villages must be known to Medical Officers of Health, whose Reports can be referred to. Ware. In 1867 evidence was given that abundant water was got from private wells in gravel, and that cesspools were made in the same, with resultant contamination in cases. 1 Chilton, In 1873 an outbreak of enteric fever in Marylebone was traced to a milk-supply from Chilton Grove Farm, north-west of the village, and the pollution was found to come from the farm-well of which it is said : " The position of the well was such . . . that, notwith- standing the surrounding soil was a stiff clay (Kimmeridge Clay) this had been so much broken up . . . as to render leakage either from the privy, the drains, or the pigsty not improbable. The water from the well had for some time been disused in the farm for di inking and cooking purposes, on account of a gradually increasing distaste- fulness, and for these purposes water was obtained from a spiing en the hillside east of the farmhouse, at about a sixth of a mile or moie distant." 2 The water from the farm-well was used for the dairy, and hence the contamination of the milk which went to Marylebone. For analysis of the waters see p. 286. Baldock. The following remarks are from a Report to the Local Government Board by Sir T. Thorne, in 1874 :— " In September, 1873, enteric fever broke out in the town, and W. Jenner, the Medical Officer of Health, came to the conclusion that it " was associated with the use of polluted water." The water-supply was ' k derived from wells . . . sunk in the chalk rock to a depth varying from about 10 ft. to 50 ft. Many of these wells have unquestionably been polluted by soakage (a) from cesspools, which, until quite recently, were general ...(b) from piggeries without any means of artificial drainage, (c) from heaps ef refuse, and (d) from imperfect drains ; and it is evident, both from an inspection of a considerable number of the wells and their surrounding? , 1 Second Report of the Commissioners. . . . Pollution of Rivers, vol. ii, pp. 169, 174, 175. 2 Rep. M. 0. Privy Council and Loc. Gov. Bd., n. ser., No. ii, p. 123. G 2 96 CONTAMINATION". and also from consideration of the length of time during which this pollution of the water-bearing strata has been going on, -that constant Tisk to health must remain if this water supply is retained. . . The only wells which appear at all likely to remain free from the risk of pollution are such of the deeper ones as are so constructed as to exclude soakage from the surface soil. In connection with the prevalence of enteric fever it is worthy of note that the greater portion of the out- break was associated, in point of time, with the construction of the new sewers, and that this work necessarily caused considerable disturbance of the polluted strata through which the water, by which the wells are supplied, flows." Hit chin. In 1883 [Sir] W. H. Power reported to the Local Government Board on an epidemic of enteric fever. 1 He described the waterworks (the source being the Bath Spring at Charlton), and said that " from the story that has been told respecting the method cf conveyance of the water to the town there is obvious suggestion of many chances of pollution encountered by it on its way thither, and it cannot therefore be regarded as uniformly a safe supply" Formerly risks of pollution were more abundant, but improvements were made ; but others re- mained, notably from the water being taken along a clay-socketed •earthenware pipe, allowing infiltration from various sources, and it was found in 1883 that an overflow-pipe at the pumping station (for passing surplus water into the Hiz) " permitted on occasion reflux of the river water into the tank." This explained the occasional turbidity which had been noticed in the water. This was at once rectified. As " the Hiz, which in its course through the town is hardly more than a ditch a few feet in width, receives refuse matter cast into it " it is clear that this was a great source of danger. Such communication probably occurred after the heavy rainfall of December 30 (1882), which caused a sudden and rapid rise of the water in the river, at a tini3 when the water had been pumped down in the pumping well. It seems therefore "that in all probability there has been direct relation between the circumstances of the pollution, on the 30th Decem- ber, of the public water service, and the outburst of fever in mid January," and probably an earlier outbreak, in mid-December, had a like cause. It is notable that remedial measures, in each case, were followed in about two weeks by cessation of the fever. Of course, since then the water-supply has been made safe. Barnet. I will repeat some remarks made in an address in 1886 2 relating to two places in Hertfordshire :—" Twenty-one years ago an 'Absorbing Well' was made for the sewage of New Barnet. It was foreseen that it would hardly do to carry this into the Chalk, the great water-bearing bed of the district, and it was ended in sandy Tertiary beds, between the London Clay and the Chalk {see p. 186). As, however, water is sometimes got from those beds, this proceeding is not without danger. Moreover, there is also the danger of there being some communication 1 Report (not numbered), pp. 2, 4-6. 2 Trans. San. Inst., vol. viii. CONTAMINATION. 97 between the Tertiary beds and the underlying Chalk, from which the water-supply of the place is got." This sewage-well has been abandoned however. Tiring. " I will now allude to a case referring to surface water-supply, for in- formation on which I am indebted to my colleague Mr. Jukes-Browne. Part of the drainage of this town is carried awav bv a sewer which empties itself into the canal-reservoir to the north. Before this sewer was made the reservoir received only spring-water, a matter of some importance, as some neighbouring villages drew their water from the stream that flows from the reservoir. After the turning in of the sewage, in summer, when the w r ater in the reservoir was low, it stank abominably ; and worse, diphtheria, typhoid fever, and other euch diseases, were frequent in the villages." Measures were taken to get rid of this evil. Buckingham. Writing in 1888, Dr. H. F. Parsons says 1 :—'" The water supply of Buckingham is mostly derived from pumps and wells, public and private, but Church End is supplied by a copious and unfailing spring, the Bath Lane spout. . . . The w r ells in the town are of moderate depth, about 30-40 ft., and are said to yield a good supply. . . Water, however, obtained from wells so situated must be looked upon as suspicious, for as the town is nearly cut off by the river valley from any large extra-urban gathering ground, the water which the wells yield must be largely derived from the rain which has fallen in the area of the town, and which in its way would carry with it impuri- ties from the surface, and from leaky drains, cesspools, &c. It is rarely the case that the upper part of a well is made watertight with a view to exclude soakings from the surface soil." He had evidence that such communication took place, and that the water of the Bath Lane spout was polluted in like manner, and he concludes that the water-supply was the chief cause of the spread of enteric fever at first. He remarked '"that typhoid fever may be produced by drinking water containing the specific poison of that disease, even though the total amount of pollution present may be so small as to be undiscovera ble by chemical analysis." For said analysis, see p. 270. Wycombe Marsh. In 1896 Dr. G-. S. Buchanan reported on an outbreak of fever in this village. 2 ' The cesspools of the village, whether for slop water or for excreta, are commonly placed in the gardens. Although they are seldom emptied, they do not often overflow', probably because their structure allows of rapid percolation of their liquid contents into the soil. The water supply of each house or group of houses is obtained from a well or wells, usually a dip-well, in the garden, and in proximity to the cesspool. . . . The steining of the shallow wells . . . permits water to pass readily through it. Throughout the village the level of the ground water is high." 1 Report to Local Government Board, No. 25. pp. 2-5. 2 Ibid., No. 102, pp. 2 r 4-8. 98 CONTAMINATION. '" In the narrow alluvial plain . . . the ground is saturated with water to within a very short distance of the surface, as witnessed by the springs . . . and the level of the water in the surface wells. As in other valleys there is a general downward movement of soil water in the trough of the valley in a direction more or less parallel to the river, and here the porous character of the soil allows this move- ment to be comparatively rapid." The sewage-farm for High Wycombe is " some 500 yards above the village of Wycombe Marsh, and it seems certain that the drainage of the farm in part contributes to the ground water which supplies the shallow wells of the village," and the conditions of sewage-treatment at the farm did not "offer any surety that pathogenic organisms . . . would be destroyed in their passage through the farm." As there had been fever at High Wycombe, to a considerable extent, before the outbreak in the village, it is not surprising that the inquiry led to the conclusion that pollution of soil-water by the sewage-farm was the cause of the evil, and that the wells of the village are liable '" to yield water dangerous to the health of persons consuming it." Eton Rural District. Writing of this in 1899 Dr. R. W. Johnstone says :— a " Water is obtained in large measure from shallow wells. . . . Cesspools, buried excrement, leaky privy pits, and manure heaps, are sometimes found in dangerous proximity to wells of this sort. Owing to the loose texture of the gravel in which many of these wells are dug, there is special liability to contamination from organic matter impregnating the surrounding soil." The Medical Officer having "year by year analysed samples of water from certain of these wells . . . many have been found to show chemical evidence of pollution, and have been closed." Edlesboroagh. According to Dr. R. D. Sweeting, 2 in 1904 an outbreak of enteric fever in this village, and in the contiguous Bedfordshire one, of Eaton Bray, was traced to some influence at the national school of Edles- bo rough. He says :— -" The water supply at the school is from a pump in the school yard. No one could tell me the precise position of the well connected with it ; I therefore had the ground opened with a view of finding this out. Eventually the well was discovered within two feet of the site of a considerable heap of decomposing excrement . . . which had been accumulating there for some weeks prior to the outbreak of enteric fever, but which had been removed after this had begun. The well is shallow, the water in it standing at 7 ft. from the surface of the ground with a depth of about 8 ft. Its sides are dry steined with loosely packed bricks. The crown or arch of the well is not concreted or cemented. Being sunk in the chalk to so slight a depth there is abundant opportunity for the entrance into the well of surface soakage. Some of the bricks at the side of the well, near the surface of the water, show signs of black discoloration, as if from sewage. Indeed, the physical circumstances of this well are such as to expose the water furnished by it to very grave suspicion." 1 Report to Local Government Board, No. 141, pp. 2, 3. 2 Ibid., No. 203, pp. 3, 6, 7. CONTAMINATION. 99 " The observed facts of this outbreak . . . are more consistent with a hypothesis of a well-water becoming suddenly infective, than with any other. Indeed the almost exclusive incidence of the fever upon the children attending Edlesborough school would seem to point definitely to the school well as the cause." But how the specific contagion reached the well was not found out. The well was disused and ordered to be closed. " The lesson ... is the potential danger to which the shallow wells of these two villages is subject. There can be little doubt but that if the specific contagion of enteric fever becomes introduced into other wells ... as it has by some means or other been conveyed into the Edlesborough school well, the results may be equally disastrous. A public water supply is urgently required for both of these villages." 100 PUMPING INTERFERENCE. PUMPING INTERFERENCE. In Hertfordshire we have several interesting cases of the effect of pumping at various wells on the water in other wells or on neighbouring springs : in some cases indeed special experiments were made to test such effect. Bushey. The Rev. J. C. Clutterbuck 1 has referred to the effect of pumping, at the Experimental Well in Bushey Meadows, on other wells, at Leaves-den (some two miles off), and at Trolly Bottom (some three miles) ; but the effect was so small, 5 ins. only in the first case, that there is great doubt as to the cause ; and when the observations are carried so far as G-addesden Row (about ten miles off) we cannot accept the idea. Of this experimental well R. E. Middleton says :— " A series of pumping experiments were made to test whether surrounding wells were affected thereby, and 1,800,000 gallons were pumped per day for three days and nights. Mr. Clutterbuck, at whose instance the experiments were made, maintained that the surrounding wells were affected to considerable distances, while the engineer in charge stoutly asserted that, from his personal observations, they were not affected in the least." 2 It is to be noted that we have here two somewhat vague words, "sur- rounding " and "considerable." Wells a long way off would hardly be affected ; but one can scarcely doubt that wells near by would be. Hnwever, the pumping was for a short time only. Duds well. U. A. Smith has drawn attention to the decrease in the springs feeding the watercress-beds at Duds well, in the parish of Northchurch, 3 and to steps taken to remedy this. " In the early part of 1890 a bore pipe . . . was driven down in the bed of the river, adjacent to the watercress beds . . . and at first the water rose 6 ins. above the top of the pipe, but this quantity gradually decreased, and in May, 1891, the water stood fully 12 ins. below the top of the tube, and in September, 1891, the water had further sunk to 4 ft. below the top of the tube. During the time the vertical sinking of the 3 ft. of water occurred, the Grand Junction Canal Company were pumping from a well . . . near the k Cow Roast ' (a little higher up the valley), and during the same period also the source of the river came a mile lower down the bed than it had been before the pumping com- menced." " Several other bore pipes were subsequently put down, but the supply has not been materially increased thereby." Of the nine borings, the highest (the first alluded to), being 162 ft. deep, and the top of the tube 371-39 ft. above Ordnance Datum, whilst the rest are mostly 90 ft. deep, but run up to 105 and decrease down to 353 81 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Other notes on this subject are to be found on pp. 576, 577 of the same volume. 1 In his Letter to Sir J. Sebright, 1841, p. 11. 2 R. Comm. Melwp. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 599 3 Ibid. p. 402. PUMPING INTERFERENCE. 101 Cow Roast . The well-known experiment made at this site has often been des- cribed. The first notice of it that I have is by S. Clfgg, one of the engineers in charge, 1 who says : — " In the early part of 1849, the Grand Junction Canal Company caused a well to be sunk to a depth of 75 ft., with bore-holes below that depth (see p. 236) ... to raise water from the chalk, for the supply of the summit level of the canal." "This well was 6^ chains northof thehighest source of the Bulbourne." '.' The observations commenced on the 23rd of May, 1849, and it was soon perceived that the level of the water in a well situated five chains to the west, and in a pond three chains to the east, was always lowered, to an extent corresponding with the quantity of water drawn from the Canal Company's well." : ' Almost immediately on the cessation of pumping, the waters in- variably rose, until the former level was reached." This led Messrs. Dickinson & Co. to make '"more extensive and accurate experiments. Accordingly three gauges were placed across the Bulbourne ; the highest being 528 yards, the second 660 yards, and the third 957 yards from the pumps." The pumps were then worked " for ten days, from the 27th of June, without cessation ; after ten hours pumping, the water ceased to flow over the highest gauge, on the ninth day, the second gauge was dry, and on the tenth day the depth over the third gauge was reduced from 7f ins. to 511," and the water " in the well at Norcott Court (about three-quarters of a mile off) was reduced 1 ft. 3 ins. . . ." " On the 7th of July the pumps were stopped, and remained at rest for ten days, and during each day the waters were observed to rise. On the second day the water reappeared in the pond, on the third day it ran over the middle gauge, and on the tenth day it had risen at the lower gauge to within ffth of an inch of its original depth, whilst in the well at Norcott Court it had arrived within 9 ins. of its original level." " It was argued . . . that the water sources of the Bulbourne were from the upper portion of the chalk, and that if the brick steining of the wall was rendered water-tight, by being surrounded with puddle, the higher chalk water would be prevented from draining into it, and therefore that the pumping would not affect the stream. This altera- tion was made . . . but after the operation, the results of the pumping were quite as conclusive as before. Indeed the effect extended over such an area, that the water at a gauge across the Bulbourne, three miles below the pumps, was lowered more than half an inch." In noticing these experiments, Sir J. Evans explains that " a firm of millers (Messrs. Dickinson) applied ... for an injunction to restrain their pumping, on the ground that water so pumped would otherwise flow into the river," and he gives the distance of the gauges down the stream as 504, 600, and 946 yards, "over which the water flowed T 5 sin., 2^ ins., and 7f ins. respectively." 2 In the volume just quoted from, Clegg's description is reproduced (p. 576), and R. E. Mlddleton gives some extracts from Cubitt's 1 In discussion on paper by P. W. Barlow, Proc. Inst. G. E., 1855, vol. xiv, pp. 69, 70. 2 R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 443. 102 P-UiMPlNCi INTERFERENCE. Keport of 1849 (p. 548), from which the following further details are taken. In the first experiment of continuous pumping from June 27 to July 7, 1849, 1,231,000 gallons a day were pumped and the level of the water in the well was lowered about 60 ft., to 533 ft. above Ordnance Datum. June 25, Canal empty. June 26. Canal filled. 1st gauge discharged § gallon a minute. 2nd ,. ,, 16 gallons „ 3rd „ „ 266 „ 5 gallons a minute. 30 322 „ " After one day's pumping the upper gauge was dry, the discharge from the second gauge was 25 gallons, and from the third 322 gallons a minute ; thus while 1,231,000 gallons had been pumped from the well, the upper gauge had lost 7,200 gallons, the second gauge 11,520 gallons, and the third gauge had lost nothing." Li On the 6th of July . . . after 244| hours continuous pumping, the second gauge ran dry, while the third one was discharging 237 gallons per minute, thus, while 11,160,000 gallons had been pumped from the well, the second gauge had lost 218,000 gallons, and the third gauge 562,000 gallons in all." ; ' On July 7 . . . this experiment terminated . . . and the third gauge was discharging 190 gallons per minute." Further experiments were made later. A table of the fluctuations of the water-level from 1851 to 1892 (monthly) is given on p. 667 of the same volume, to which the reader is referred for details. Thev are given in feet of water, the lowest record being 3 ft. in October, 1890, and the highest 20 ft. in March, 1882. " In the summer of 1891 the Canal Company were again short of water for their summit level, and they again opened the well . . . and pumped water from the chalk. ... On the pumping being started in July, 1891, the effect upon the river was very soon noticeable, the dry portion extended rapidly downwards, and the water in the deep bore holes was also affected. The water in the bore hole nearest to the pumping, about three-quarters of a mile distant, which previously to the pumping was a few inches only below the top or [of] the iron pipe, gradually sunk until it was four feet below the top." i Of the Cow Roast well R. E. Middleton writes : — " Since the year 1889, or thereabouts, the level of the water in this well has been affected by pumping from the wells of the Chiltern Hill Water Company, which are situated a short distance above the Cow Roast well, and in the same watershed." 2 The effect of the pumping at the Canal Co.'s well was again alluded to by U. A. Smith, 3 who, after noting the old experiments, says : — " Pumping from this well has taken place in late years in dry seasons with a marked effect upon the district. A number of comparatively shallow wells in the village of Aldbury, two miles up the valley, being affected. They gradually lost their water until it became necessary to seek a supply from the Chiltern Hills Water Company. The first marked lowering of the wells occurred in the drv summer of 1891." 1 U. A. Smith. K. Comm. Metro p. Water Supply. Appendices, p. 394. 2 Soc. Ewj., 1806, pp. 164. 166. 3 Underground Water Preservation Association . . ., 1902 ? pp. 31, 32. PUMPING INTERFERENCE. 103 " The Town Farm Well at Aldbury, two miles from the Company's well, clearly indicated when the pumping was going on." New River Co.'s Wells. J. Frajstcis has said of the New River Co.'s wells that the pumping at one well affecting the water-level at another, occurred L * Only in special cases, to a very limited extent " ; the chief case being the Turnford and Cheshunt wells, which are three-quarters of a mile apait, between which "there is a very decided connexion," and " Amwell Hill, and Amwell Marsh also, to some extent, affect each other." 1 Chadwell and Amwell Springs. U. A. Smith, writing of the Chadwell Spring (see p. 59), notes that " When the Spring ceased to overflow in 1898 the New River Company put down pumping machinery and pumped from a sump in the basin of the Spring into the New River, and farther lowered the water in the Spring. There is a line of wells extending up the valley for a distance of 1,200 yards from the Spring, and soon after the pumping . . . commenced the level of the water in these wells commenced to sink, and did not rise again until pumping had ceased." In 1901, some weeks after pumping had gone on, for some reason it was stopped: " immediately this occurred the water level in the wells commenced to rise, and continued to rise until pumping from the Spring was resumed when it again fell. This occurred in each well observed up to the most distant . . . and it is clear from the variation of that well that the effect extended much beyond." 2 He also refers to the effect of pumping on the Amwell and Biox- bourne springs, a fuller account of which is given on pp. 61, 62. But the notes here made (p. 32) seem to differ somewhat. He says of Amwell that the Amwell Hill and the Amwell Marsh Pumping Stations having been at rest for some days, the pumps were started. '' Some of the springs were dried within half-an-hour of the start, small streams declined in their flow visibly, and some entirely dried up. After six hours pumping all the small streams were dry, and every spring was dry excepting one . . . the historical Emma spring, and even this had very materially declined in its flow. The investigation, how- ever, did not extend beyond a radius of a quarter of a mile from one or other of the pumping stations." Ware to Broxbourne. U. A. Smith has recorded the following cases of interference between wells in the L?a Valley. 3 At Scots Hill and Warner Road, Ware," wells are sunk some distance into the chalk, and their supply is very materially affected when pump- ing is going on at the New River Company's pumping station." R. E. Middleton (ibid., p. 559) allows that these wells are probably affected " by the pumping at the Amwell End and Broadmead pumping stations." J. M. Wood however tells me (1920) that he has never been able to trace any influence on neighbouring wells from pumping at Broadmead. 1 R. Comm. Metro p. Water Supply. 1893. Minutes of Evidence, p. 3. 2 Underground Water Preservation Association . . .. 1902 ? p. 31. 3 R. Coram. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 407. 104 PUMPING INTERFERENCE. A well at the brewery, Stanstead Abbots, 14 ft. deep, "used to contain about 4 ft. of water. . . . When the pumps of the Stans- stead Pumping Station ... a quarter of a mile away . . . are at work, the supply at once begins to decline, and the well has been drained quite dry." At Broxbourne wells, including two at the gardens, have been drained. " The pumping at the New River Company's works at Broxbourne affects not only the shallow wells and the surface water, but also the deeper spring waters." Middleton (ibid., p. 559) agrees that the effect of the New River pumping was felt at this distance. According to U. A. Smith 1 the well at Haileybury College (see p. 175) was affected by the pumping at the Rye Common Well, a mile and 550 yards off. The well was originally 193 J ft. deep, " but in the Autumn of 1898, the water levels in the chalk had been so much lowered that the well had to be deepened . . 12 ft. This gave an adequate supply for the time being, but the pumping of the New River Company con- tinued to increase and the quantity available in the Haileybury Well became less and less, and arrangements were made with the company to supply. " Very careful observations were made during the summer of 1898, and daily records were kept of the level of the water in Hailey- bury Well, with the result that when the pumping at Rye Common stopped, as it frequently did on Sundays, the water in the Haileybury Well was found to be higher on the Monday morning following. The total lowering of the water at this well during the period referred to was about 30 ft." According to J. M. Wood there was 29 ft. of water in the Haileybury well in June, 1920, notwithstanding the pumping in the Valley. A small case of change in water-level, not from pumping, however, is noted bv Dr. R. L. Sherlock, who savs that at Ellenbrook and Nast Hyde (? St. Peter's Rural, St. Albans) the water-level, about 9 ft. down, was lowered to 12 when the ditches had been deepened. 1 Underground Water Preservation Association . . ., 1902 ? pp. 29, 30. RAINFALL. 105 MISCELLANEOUS. RAINFALL, ETC. Hertfordshire. In Hertfordshire native effort has been singularly fruitful in meteor- ology. From its start in 1875 the Hertfordshire (first known as the Watford) Natural History Society has given us a continuous record of the monthly rainfall in the county, from a modest page recording it at 5 stations, in the year of its birth, increasing to 57 stations in 1914 (Report published January, 1916). This record is the work of J. Hopkinson, except for the years 1880 to 1887, when the Rev. G. W. Harvey contributed the reports, also harking so far back as 1840. Moreover, Hertfordshire rainfall has been much in evidence before Royal Commissions, Parliamentary Committees, etc., and records, sometimes of a voluminous kind, are enshrined in the publications of those bodies. A notable instance occurs in the Appendices to the Report of the Royal Commission on Metropolitan Water Supply, 1893, wherein is a Statement by J. Hopkinsont on Hertfordshire Rainfall, Percolation, and Evaporation (pp. 374-389) in which are given tables of Mean Rainfall in Herts, for half-a-century ending 31 March, 1892, and of Rainfall at the following places, Nash Mills (near Hemel Hempstead), 1834—1892 ; Kensworth, 1870—1892 ; Berkhamsted, 1856—1892 ; Gorhamburv (St. Albans), 1860—1892 ; Rothamstead (Harpenden), 1853—1892; Hitchin, 1850— 1892 ; Welwyn, 1872— 1892 ; Bavford- bury (near Hertford) 1860—1892. In the same volume R. E. Middleton devotes pp. 645 — 655 to rainfall, with related matters following. Other information is to be found in papers and discussions in the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and one may mention a paper by Sir J. Evans On the Percolation of the Rainfall on Absor- bent soils in vol. xlv., pt. iii., pp. 208 — 216 (1876). No better general note can be given of the rainfall of Hertfordshire for a great number of years than by the following table, from Hop- kinson's paper on the Climate of Hertfordshire, 1 in which he says :• — " February, March, and April are the driest months . . . and July to November the wettest, October being much the wettest . . ." " The rainfall is thus distributed between the seasons . . . spring, 5-41 ins. (21%) ; summer, 7-07 ins. (27%) ; autumn, 7-64 ins. (29%) ; and winter, 5-92 ins. (23%)." 1 Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc, 1915, vol. xv, pt. 4, p. 204. 106 RAINFALL. Mean Monthly Rainfall for 70 Y ears, 1840-1909, in Inches 1840 1850 I860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1840 Months. to to to to to to to to 1849. 1859. 1869. 1879. 1889. 1899. 1909. 1909. January 2-24 2-2 2-8 2-58 1-71 1-81 1-81 2-17 February 1-92 1-19 1-67 1-82 1-95 1-37 1-68 1-66 March 1-51 1-25 2-04 1-67 1-58 1-82 2-1 1-71 April 1-54 1-88 1-5 2-05 1-91 1-25 1-72 1-69 May 2-08 2-22 2-18 2-13 2-06 1-67 1-74 2-01 June ... ]«71 2-06 2-39 2-34 1-99 1-79 2-71 2-14 July 2-12 3-15 1-86 2-64 2-74 2-41 2-31 2-46 August 2-3 2-55 2-55 2-6 1-92 2-74 2-62 2-47 September ... 2-45 2- 2-47 2-64 2-6 1-95 1-44 2-22 October 3-34 3-22 2-39 2-56 3-18 3-09 2-91 2-96 November 2-85 2-23 2-1 2-76 2-84 2-56 1-91 2-46 December 1-76 1-55 2-16 2-18 2-26 2-31 2-39 2-09 Year 25-82 25-5 26-11 27-97 26-74 24-77 25-34 26 04 In one of his rainfall Reports Hopkinson has dealt at some length with the question of percolation and the relation of rainfall to the water-contents of the Chalk, 1 and the following remarks (to p. 107) are taken therefrom. His figures for the areas of Chalk in the basins of the Colne and of the Lea have already been noticed (pp. 15-17). For the various tables for percolation, evaporation, etc., the reader is referred to the original. On them he bases the following deductions. It is convenient now to keep the various subjects together here, though some might fitly find a place elsewhere. " The average winter percolation being nearly eight times as much as the average summer percolation, we see what a very great difference a small rainfall in the winter will make to the annual percolation. With about three-quarters the average annual rainfall, the percolation is reduced to nearly half the average, while there is only a reduction of one-fifth in the evaporation." Applying the results to the catchment-basins of the Colne and Lea : — " With a total divergence of 17 - 05 ins. in the rainfall, there is a diver- gence of 8 - 20 ins. in the percolation, or rather less than half." Dealing with the permeable and mixed beds of my classification (pp. 26-28), he takes the latter as half permeable and half impermeable, and then goes on to say, from the figures given, " 7'72 ins. percolating per annum through the 148 square miles of permeable strata in the catchment-basin of the Colne and its tributaries above Harefield will yield about 45 million gallons per diem, and 608 ins. percolating per annum through the 224 square miles of permeable strata in the catchment-basin of the Lea and its tributaries above Feilde's Weir will yield about 54 million gallons per diem." " To the amount of rain which percolates through the Chalk should be added that which runs off the surface of the impermeable strata. It is very difficult to form an estimate of this. There must be much more evaporation from the surface of impermeable beds than from the surface of permeable beds, for wherever water stands it must be exposed much longer to evaporating influences . . . 1 Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc, 1896, vol. ix, pt. 2. Pages referred to 45-56. KA1NFALL. 107 than when it sinks beneath the surface . If we assume that impermeable beds yield with ordinary, or not very heavy, rainfall, half the amount of water that permeable beds do, we shall probably be very near the mark." On this assumption he concludes that " impermeable beds in the Colne area will yield about 12J million gallons per diem . . . and in the Lea area will yield about 20J million gallons." Adding these to the 45 and 54 square miles given above, " The total yield of the two areas with ordinary rainfall should therefore be about 132 million gallons per diem." " But occasionally we have very heavy rain, which runs rapidly off impermeable beds ; when excessively heavy it may even run off permeable beds, but that is rarely the case. It is as impossible to estimate the yield of these heavy falls, as it would be futile to rely upon them for our water-supply. They temporarily augment the volume of water in our rivers, sometimes to such an extent that they cause floods, but their effects soon cease." " Even the estimated extra supply of 33 million gallons per diem derived from rain running off impermeable beds should not all be counted on as available for water-supply. It is essentially a winter supply, and in winter less water is required than in summer. We should therefore base our estimate of what we can rely upon on the available summer supply, and this is almost entirely derived from the rain which percolates through the Chalk in winter. . . ." " The results given above are based on the average rainfall and percolation for a long period. But we cannot rely upon the average, or anything near the average, year by year," which question he dis- cusses in some detail. ; ' In calculating the areas of the different catchment-basins (see above, pp. 15-17), and the probable yield of water from the rain which falls on them, I have assumed hitherto that the water-partings on the surface of the country correspond with the water-partings underground ; that is to say that the rain which percolates in each catchment-basin keeps within that basin after it arrives at the plane of saturation in the Chalk ; but there are grounds for inferring that such is not the case. Some of the rain which falls in the upper part of the Co hie basin almost certainly is carried underground into the Lea basin, while none which falls in any part of the Lea is likely to get into the basin of the Co hie." He regards this as partly owing to " the lowering of the plane of satura- tion of the Chalk in the Lea valley by the large amount of water pumped from great depths." But a considerable amount is pumped out of the smaller Colne basin also ! Here we get into the realm of contro- versy, and Hopkinson ably supports the Hertfordshire contention against taking farther supplies out of that county. With the above-described account I am in general agreement ; but there are reasons for caution in accepting the details of the conclusions drawn from the observed facts : in this matter there must be, in engineering language, "a wide limit of deviation," owing to various causes. We do not yet know everything as to percolation into the Chalk ; neither have we full data as to the areas taken up by permeable, impermeable, etc., beds. Moreover, few experiments have yet been made to test the direction of underground water in those places where 108 RAINFALL. that is doubtful, as in the case of the swallow-holes in the upper part of the valley of the Colne ; but this is a work in which various diffi- culties would have to be overcome. The above remarks of Hopkinson's refer rather to percolation on the large scale. We may now turn to a short consideration of the means taken to measure it, which of course are on a small scale. It has always seemed to me that the various experiments which have been made on the percolation of water through earth have had a weak point, in that they have been made through artificially prepared material, and that this, albeit done with the greatest care to reproduce nature, might fail to give results that did not differ considerably from what goes on in the ground. Mr. R. Bentley tells me that after a dry summer, when the first considerable rains of autumn came, small trial-holes have often been dug (at Upton, Slough) to find how far the newly-arrived rain penetrated into the ground. Within an area of a few acres, probably of much the same soil, surprising differences in the results were found, though tested in fairly open ground. Some plots no doubt had grown more hardened than others, whilst in some worms and moles had loosened the ground. Roots of elms and poplars travelled great distances just under the surface, and these kept ground dry and hard over areas that might seem beyond their influence. It is well to put this in the words of one who has worked at the question, and to call attention to the fact that Hertfordshire is the only county in which what one may call a natural percolation-gauge has been made. This I had the advantage of seeing some years ago, with Sir A. D. Hall, then Director of the Rothamsted Experimental Station, and again in November, 1916, with his successor, Dr. E. J. Russell, and with Dr. N. H. J. Miller, and the following remarks are taken from a paper by the last :— l " During the last sixty years numerous percolation and evaporation experiments have been made in this country and elsewhere. The method employed has been that originally used by Dalton." " The Rothamsted gauges differ from those of Dalton in containing undisturbed soil. Soil which has been put into cylinders and sub- jected to the action of rain, will no doubt, as time goes on, acquire a more and more natural condition of consolidation, but we cannot know when this desirable condition is completed and can only take it for granted after a considerable time. The Barnfield gauges are free from this disadvantage, and as a means of measuring drainage, which is what they were mainly intended for, leave very little to be desired." " The three Rothamsted drain-gauges, having each an area of 1 /1000th of an acre, were constructed in the summer of 1870 by under- mining the soil at the desired depths (20, 40, and 60 in. respectively), and inserting perforated iron plates beneath the soil to support it as the undermining proceeded. When this was completed, trenches were made on the other three sides of the blocks of soil, and these were then isolated by means of 4| inch brick walls. The external soil was then returned." 1 Journ. Agric. Science, 1906, vol. i, pt. iv, pp. 377, etc. RAINFALL. 109 "In 1874, leakage from the outside being suspected, the outsides of the walls of the gauges were exposed and covered with cement, and their thickness increased by another 4^ in. of bricks," and in 1879 one wall had an extra coating of cement. ''The drainage passing through the perforated iron plates which support the soil, falls into zinc funnels and flows from these into the measuring cylinders." It is clea,r that these blocks are simply isolated parts of the natural soil and subsoil, and that what happens in them is what happens around them. " The average yearly amounts of water percolating through 20, 40 r and 60 in. of soil are very similar and amount to about 14 in.,, or appro ximately half the rainfall. The results obtained with the 20- and 60-in. gauges are indeed practically identical, whilst the 40-in. gauge yields on the average nearly 1 in. more." This is probably owing to the soil of the last being somewhat more permeable. A table of the yearly amounts of drainage, from 1870 to 1905, shows that in the 20-in. gauge there was a variation from 5.74 in., in 1873-4 (with a rainfall of 21-69 in.), to 24-44 in 1878-9 (with a rainfall of 41-05 in.), the figures for the 40-in. gauge being 5-4 and 26-03, whilst those for the 60-in. gauge are 3-94 and 24-38. " The yearly amounts of drainage show in each case . . . great variations, depending partly on the total rainfall and partly on the distribution of the ram during the year. Averages of several years arranged according to the magnitude of the rainfall show a regular increase in the amount of drainage . . . but in individual years there may be low drainage with relatively high rainfall, and vice versa." " With regard to monthly percolation the average results . . . show that the maximum drainage occurs in November, that it gradually decreases until May, after which there is a regular rise to September, followed by a considerable rise in October." By the kindness of Dr. Kussell, I am able to give the following table, which is a continuation of Table IV. of Dr. Miller's paper. Bainfall and Drainage. Monthly Averages for 10 years, 1906-15. In inches. Percolation through Difference evaporated or Months. Rainfall, gauge. soil. retained by soil. 20-in. 40-in. 60-in. 20-in. 40-in. 60-in. gauge. gauge. gauge. gauge. gauge. gauge. January... ..» 2-37 2-02 2-09 2-06 •35 •26 •31 February 2-42 1-67 1-71 1-72 •75 •71 •7 March 2-67 1-68 1-67 •6 1-09 1-0 2-07 April 1-96 •51 •58 •5 145 1-38 1-4 May 2-01 •52 •56 •54 1-49 1-45 1-47 June 2-55 •68 •67 •65 1-87 1-88 1-9 July 2-17 •47 ■5 •46 1-7 1-67 1-71 August 2-45 •79 •77 •83 1-66 1-68 1-62 September 1-48 •41 •4 •38 1-07 1-08 11 October ... 3-53 213 2 05 1-95 1-4 1-58 1-58 November 2-7 215 2-43 21 •55 •27 •6 December 4-13 3-88 3-83 3-75 •25 •3 •38 110 RAINFALL. "An excess of drainage over the monthly rain has occurred on fifteen occasions, but always from November to March, and chiefly in January and February. On each occasion the excess has been observed in the case of the 40-in. gauge, whilst the 60- and 20-in. gauges have only yielded an excess on nine and seven occasions res- pectively. It is due either to the soil becoming frozen, or to an excess of water at the end of the month not having had time to percolate." It is to be remembered that the 40-in. gauge is the one with the highest average yield. The effects of drought and of high rainfall on percolation and evapora- tion are considered and the composition of the drainage, as regards the amount of nitrogen and of chlorine is treated at some length, the object of the Experimental Station being, of course, agricultural. Adjoining the percolation-gauges is a rain-gauge of the same area, that is, l/1000th of an acre. Dr. Russell writes (October, 1916) that ''broadly speaking, the general conclusion is that half the water percolates and half evaporates from our land, which is uncropped," and he tells me that the only other installation of the sort that he knows of is in India. Hopkinson's last contribution to the subject came to hand only just before this Memoir was sent to the printer, in January, 1920. "The Weather of the Year 1917 in Hertfordshire," 1 continues his elaborate work, and, with three other papers in the same journal (published after his death), forms a fitting conclusion to the work of a life so largely given to the study of science in Hertfordshire. B uckingha msh ire. This county differs from Hertfordshire in being somewhat neglected in the matter of local science. Presumably various Reports of Medical Officers of Health contain some records of local rainfall ; but a con- tinuous account from stations in various parts of the county can be found, I believe, only in the " Records of British Rainfall." Mr. R. Bentley, an observer of long standing, has, however, kindly filled part of the gap with the following record, which may be taken as representing the south-eastern part of the county, in the lower part of the valley of the Thames, a tract of even lowland, over which there can hardly be any notable differences. The yearly average at Slough is approximately 24 in. ; ten miles to the north, in the Chilterns, it is approximately 30. Great falls of rain at one time, locally, occurred on 1st September, 1768; in September, 1880; on 10th* September, 1885 ; 17th-18th July, 1890 ; and 9th-10th October, 1893. Mr. Bentley writes that only two days before receiving the Proof of this he scored a record, thanks to a thunderstorm: 1£ inches of rain fell in an hour (5.30 to 6.30 ; realtime). Verv rapid falls of rain in the district occurred on 16th July, 1875 ; 17th Julv, 1890; 1st October, 1899; 12th July, 1891 ; and 26th May, 1920. The driest year was 1901, the wettest 1903. 1 Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1919, vol. xvii, pt. 2, pp. 113-128, pi. iii. RAINFALL. Ill Taking Slough as a representative place in South Bucks., the inches of rainfall measured there (at Upton, 78 ft. above sea-level) during the past 48 years has been as in the table. Yearly Rainfall. The sign + or — shows whether the year is above or below the average at Slough. The asterisks mark years of 366 days. The figures in brackets show the number of days on which •01 in., or more, of rain fell. 1874 — 1875 + *1876 + 1877 + 1878 + 1879 + *1880 + 1881 + 1882 + 1883 + *1884 — 1885 + 1886 + 1887 — *1888 + 1889 — 1890 — 1891 + *1892 — 1893 — 1894 + 1895 — ♦1896 — . . 19-7 . . 26-69 . . 28-565 . . 28-17 . . 28-215 (175) 35-255 (148) 33-49 (149) 29-35 (168) 28-64 (178)24-63 (140)20-65 (171)28-138 (177) 28-455 (132)20-24 (172) 24-642 (176)20-61 (152) 19-495 (164)24-92 (139)20-832 (129) 17-57 (180)27-878 (131)22-248 (157) 23-29 1897 + 1898 — 1899 — 1900 — 1901 — 1902 — 1903 + *1904 — 1905 — 1906 -+ 1907 — *1908 — 1909 + 1910 + 1911 — *1912 + 1913 — 1914 + 1915 + *1916 + 1917 + 1918 + 1919 + (159)24-528 (146) 17-918 (142)21-858 (165)22-978 (138) 16-868 (169)20-366 (185) 35-86 (172) 23-376 (167)20-297 (160)26-125 (177)23-939 (184) 24-07 (201)25-274 (195)27-831 (166)22-082 (198) 30-772 (184)22-781 (181)27-238 (165)32-55 (198)31-758 (174) 26-366 (200) 29-947 (193) 28-25 Rainfall Extremes, 1873 — 1918, in inches. Months. Wettest. Driest. January 4-54, 1877 •37, 1880 February 4-175, 1900 •022, 1891 March 3-97, 1914 •152, 1893 April 3-77, 1918 •035, 1893 May 4-12, 1878 •26, 1895 June .. (a) 6-075, 1903 •32, 1895 July 5-605, 1880 •328, 1906 August .. (6) 5-885, 1879 •472, 1911 September 6012, 1918 •388, 1910 October 6-44, 1903 •718, 1919 November 4-35, 1916 •405, 1901 December 7-415, 1914 •435, 1873 (a) All of which fell between the 8th and the 19th. (6) August, 1912, is close behind, with 5-85 in. H 2 112 VARIOUS NOTES. Various Notes. In 1913 E. J. Salisbury noticed a possible connection between botany and water-level, 1 in describing "The struggle between furze and bracken, which is so well exemplified on Harpenden Common." These plants are found in many places " growing comparatively amicably together. . . . There was a time, and that quite recent, when such was the case at Harpenden ; the bracken and furze both occurred here, but no marked change in the amount of either . . . was to be noticed, What, then, is the added factor which now loads the dice in favour of the bracken ? " " At one time there were on this common a large number of . . . slight depressions, which were sufficiently damp to grow luxuriant rushes at the bottom." But this has changed in the last two decades, the ground is drier, and the vegetation somewhat altered. " That the water-level in Hertfordshire has been gradually falling for many years past is a well-known fact " (albeit there are folk who doubt it), and it seems that the above change shows " that this feature of the hydrography is reflected by the changes in the vegetation of Harpenden Common," and that it is " diminution in the water-content of the soil which has been the chief factor in causing the rapid increase of the bracken. This seems to be borne out by the direction in which the change has travelled. Obviously a lowering of the water-level will at first only affect the higher parts of the ground. . . Harpenden Common slopes from south to north, and this is the direction of the advance of the bracken and retreat of the furze." " The spread of the bracken is further accelerated by the furze fires, which are constantly occurring," and which do not affect the bracken. H. J. Wolfe figures an old Avheel-well at the former manor-house, now Ameables Farm, 2J miles from Harpenden. The well is 150 ft. deep. " The wheel is about thirteen feet in diameter ; and to see it slowly turning on its massive oak axle-beam while the donkey plods along, is an interesting sight. It takes the animal ten minutes or a quarter of an hour to draw up the eighteen-gallon bucket." Other means have to be taken to raise the water, but the lord of the manor means to have the old well and its wheel kept. 2 Dr. J. Mitchell has recorded that fatal effects resulted from the accumulation of sulphuretted hydrogen gas in a well at Applebury Street, near Cheshunt. :i 1 Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xv, pt. 1, pp. 71, 72. 2 Home Counties Mag., vol. iii, 1901, p. 300, and plate. 3 Proc. Oeol. Soc, 1839, vol. iii, No. 65, p. 151. SPRING-SUPPLIES. 113 SUPPLIES FROM SPRINGS. The only case of a large supply taken from a spring in the two counties is that of the Chadwell Spring, used by the Metropolitan Water Board (see p. 55). Other spring-supplies have to do only with small places, and there are not many of these. The few following notes are arranged alphabetically, by the names of places, under each county. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. Brickhill, Bow. Ordnance Map 220, new ser. Geologic Map 46, NW- A spring at Drakewell (presumably from Lower Greensand) is used for public supply. In his Report on the Newport Pagnell Rural District (1912) Dr. W. W. E. Fletcher says that " Bow Brickhill is supplied with water from three springs which have an abundant outflow . . . the springs are situated above the bulk of the houses in the village." Edgcott. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. Geologic Map 45, S.E. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, R. A. B. Marsham supplies the parish from a spring near Edgcott, the vield of which is not known. From Drift ? Gayhurst Various springs, here used for supply, are noticed on p. 43. Lillingstone Love 11. Ordnance Map 202, new ser. Geologic Map 45, N.E. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 246. Major J. B. Delap supplies part of the parish from a " spring from rock (? Great Oolite). . . . The average daily quantity of water obtained is 8,640 gallons.'' The quality is good. Linford, Great. Geologic Map 203, new ser. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 247, W. Uthwatt supplies part of the parish from springs at Great Linford, the yield of which is spoken of as "unlimited." The quality is good. The source presumably is Great Oolite limestone. Marsh Gibbon. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. Geologic Map 45, S.E. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 246, the Ewelme Almshouses Trustees supply part of the parish by a " Spring from Oxford Clay in ' Stump Well Ground,' near Marsh Gibbon." Water of satisfactory quality. The place is north of the village and is shown on the map, Bucks 21, in enclosure 235. Marston, North. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. Geologic Map 46, S.W. A. C. G. Cameron's Notes. The Selborne Spring (at the southern end of the village) is enclosed, .with a pump. Water 4 ft. down. Overflows in adjoining field. Is much used. It is marked as chalybeate on the map (Bucks 23). For an analysis of the water, see p. 271. Quaint on. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. Geologic Map 45, S.E. A supply is got from a spring on Siniber Hill (presumably from Portland Beds) Water good. Quantity ample. Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 8. For an analysis of the water, see p. 272. 114 SPRING-SUPPLIES. Stoke Goldington. Geologic Map 203, new ser. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 247, the Water Committee supplies part of the parish from " (1 ) Spring at Stoke Goldington (above school) ; (2) Springs at Church Farm. The average daily quantity of water obtained is 18,000 gallons," of which source (2) is credited with 3,500. Quality good. For analysis, see p. 272. Another spring that is used is noticed on p. 44. Taplow. Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 246. — Lord Desborough supplies part of the parish from a Chalk-spring. The site is on the side of the hill above Taplow Mills. Water Stratford. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. Geologic Map 45, N.E. For the Buckingham Rural District Council. In pasture-land near main street. Information from J. B. Hill, Local Government Board. 354' 14 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Average quantity of water available daily 3,900 gallons Presumably the water comes from Drift. West bury. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. Geologic Map 45, N.E. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 247, Sir S. E. Scott, Bart., supplies the parish from " Spring at Westbury. The average daily quantity of water obtained is 15,000 gallons, and a further 24.000 gallons . . could be obtained." Quality very good. The spring is in field 95 of the 25-inch Ordnance Map. Weston Underwood. Geologic Map 203, new ser. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 245, this village is supplied (by Lt.-Col. W. G. Bowyer) from a spring at the place," from lime- stone overlying Upper Lias clay . . . The average daily quantity of water obtained is 2,250 gallons, and a further 8,000 . . . could be obtained." Quality satisfactory. For analysis, see p. 272. The limestone must be Great Oolite, and presumably the underlying clay belongs to the Upper Estuarine Series. Willen. Geologic Map 203, new ser. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 246, the Trustees of Dr. Busby's Charity supply part of the parish from a limestone-spring (? Corn- brash) half a mile from the village, and the water is good. HERTFORDSHIRE. Eastwick. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. Geologic Map 47. Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 277. A. S. Bowlby supplies part of the parish by a " spring from gravel, Eastwick. The average daily quantity of water obtained is 1,000 gallons," and much more could be got. Quality excellent. Rickmansworth. The house at Moor Park, south-west of the town, is supplied from high gravel- springs, a little to the south. — Information on the spot, 1920. SPRING-SUPPLIES. 115 St. Albans. Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 279. The Earl of Verttlam " supplies parts of parishes of Redbourn and St. Michael Rural," from a "Well, fed by a spring, near Pre Mill House," north-westward of the city. The daily average supply is 1 5,000 gallons. The quality is satis- factory. Standon. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. Geologic Map 47. Dr. R. L. Sherlock, from information on the spot. At Youngsbury Park, a spring of good water, at the Bath House, on the Rib, supplies the house with 4,000 gallons a day. The large amount taken from springs near Ware by the Metropolitan Water Board has been noticed above, pp. 55, etc. This is by far the largest supply of the sort in the two counties. 31G WELL-SUPPLIES. SUPPLIES FROM WELLS. The two counties do not possess a great number of very deep wells. There are only 10 that are 500 ft. and more in depth, and of these 5 are over 700, 3 over 800, and 2 over 1000. Two trial-borings, for coal, in Buckinghamshire, have gone to greater depths (see pp. 150, 160). In Hertfordshire, however, there are several wells that yield a very large amount of water, those of the Metropolitan Water Board being, of course, most notable. Hertfordshire is one of those counties that has the power of supplying neighbouring districts {mostly Middlesex), its supply of water for domestic purposes being beyond its own need. To further extension of this sort the county has given strenuous oppo- sition ; but now it seems most unlikely that any attempt will be made to add to the supply of London by new wells in Hertfordshire. The controversy on this subject may be looked on as a thing of the past. There are two companies which act for both counties jointly, and so may be noticed here, rather than under either county. Their wells, however, are described under the counties in which they occur. Chiliern Hills Water Co. This Company has a pumping station in the parish of Buckland. hi Bucking- hamshire (see p. 124), and another in the parish of Wigginton, in Hertfordshire (see p. 268). It supplies part of Aylesbury and Tring Urban Districts and in part, or wholly, the parishes of Aston Clinton, Buckland, Drayton Beauchamp, Halton, Hart- well, Stone, Upper Whichendon, Waddesdon, Weed on, Wendover. Westcott and Weston Turville, in Buckinghamshire; and of Aid bury, Tring Rural, and Wigginton, in Hertfordshire. The daily average supply * s 607,985 gallons. These particulars are from the Local Government Board Return of 1915. The Rickmansworth and Uxbridge Valley Water Co. Has wells in both counties, two in Hertfordshire (see Rickmansworth, p. 239) and one in Buckinghamshire (see Great Missenden, p. 149), besides another in Middlesex. It supplies the folio whig parishes, or parts of them, hi Buckinghamshire : — Uhalfont St. Peter, Charteridge, Denham, Fulrner, Great Missenden, Horton, Hughenden, Iver, Lee, Little Missenden and Wyrardisbury ; and the following in Hertfordshire : Abbot's Langley, Bovingdon, Chorleywood, Flaunden, King"s Langley, Rickmansworth. Sarratt, and Watford Rural; besides places in Middle- sex. The daily average supply is 1,153,000 gallons. From Local Government Board Return 'of 1915, p. 210. The works were established in 1887. Most of the wells and borings have considerable geologic interest, as showing the nature and thickness of the various beds passed through. Beginning at the top of the scale, we have many records of great thicknesses of Glacial Drift, often pointing to the existence of channels cut out in the beds below. Then we have much evidence as to the depth to the Chalk, through Drift and Tertiary beds. In a few cases we get to know the full thickness of the Chalk and in rather more that of the Gault. We learn also of local defects in the geologic succession, the absence of beds that occur elsewhere, and in some cases these defects are of a huge amount. In other words, we get much knowledge of the under- ground structure of the country, including the rising up of the older rocks. WELL-SUPPLIES. 117 A smaller set of wells are of special interest in regard to water- supply, from their large yields, and in some cases these are very large. In the following lists what seem to be the more important wells from both points of view are named ; but the geologists on the one hand will find many others of interest, and so also will those concerned with small supplies on the other hand. So many show details of Tertiary beds and the depth to the Chalk that they may be left out of this list. Wells of Geologic Interest. Bucki ngha rush ire . Beaconsfiekl, Nos. 1. 3. Thickness of Drift. Boveney. Two borings showed Tertiary beds where they had not been mapped (hidden under gravel). Buckland, No. 2. Through Chalk and Upper Greensand to Gault. Charndon. Through Jurassic Rocks into Tremadoc Beds. Cheddington. Wells through Chalk and Gault into Lower Greensand. Fenny Stratford. The so-called Bletchley Boring. Through Jurassic beds possibly to old rocks. Little Horwood. From Oxford Clay to Upper Lias. Maid's Moreton, two. Go through Lower Oolites to Lower Lias. Marsworth, No. 1. Through Chalk Marl. Upper Greensand and Gault into Lower Greensand. Shenley Church End. From Oxford Clay through the Great Oolite Series to Northampton Sand. Slough, No. 2. Deep boring through Tertiary and Cretaceous beds, to Lower Greensand . Stone, No. 1. Through Upper and Middle Oolites into Great Oolite. Stony Stratford, Nos. 1, 3. Through the Great Oolite Series to Middle Lias. Hertfordshire. Bishop's Stortford, Nos. 7, 19, 22, 23, 24, 26, show a great thickness of Glacial Drift. Bushey, No. 2. Through Upper, Middle and Lower Chalk into Gault. Cheshunt, No. 8. Deep Boring through Tertiaries, Chalk, Upper Greensand and Gault into Devonian. Hitchin, No. 1. Through Chalk and Gault into Lower Greensand. This and Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7 show a great thickness of Glacial Drift. Ickleford, Ippollitts, Langley, Stevenage No. 1, and Thorley No. 4 show a great thickness of Glacial Drift. Standon, No. 2. A considerable thickness of Boulder Clay. Tring, No. 1. Boring through Chalk and Gault into Lower Greensand. Walkern, No. 1 shows a great thickness of Glacial Drift. Ware, No. 2. Deep boring, through Chalk. Upper Greensand and Gault into Wenlock Beds. Watford. Cannon Brewery. Said to go through the Chalk to Gault. Little Wymondley. Both sections show a great thickness of Glacial Drift. Wells of Interest in regard to Supply. Buckinghamshire. Amersham. Supplies a large district. Buckland. One of the wells of the Chiltern Hills Water Co., which supplies a large district. Burnham and Chesham Waterworks. Datehet. Slough Waterworks supply a large district. Maid's Moreton. Buckingham Waterworks. Two borings. Record of pumping. Penn, No. 2. Record of water-levels. Slough, No. 2. Deep boring. Water got from the Greensand. Wolverton. Waterworks of the London and North Western Railway Co. High Wycombe. Waterworks. A large supply. 118 WELL-SUPPLIES. Hertfordshire. Great Am well, Nos. 1, 2, 3. Wells of the Metropolitan Water Board. Barley, No. 2. Long record of water -levels. East Barnet, No. 2 and New Barnet, Nos. 1,2. Wells of the Barnet District Water Co. Supply a large district. Berkhanipstead, No. 1, and Bishop's Stortford. No. 25. Waterworks. Broxbourne. Well of the Metropolitan Water Board. Bushey, Nos. 2, 3. Wells of the Colne Valley Water Co. Cheshunt, No. 7. Local Waterworks. Nos. 3, 8. Wells of the Metropolitan Water Board. Flamstead, No. 2. Record of pumping. Hemel Hempstead. No. 4. Waterworks. Hertford. Waterworks. Hitchin. Waterworks. Large supply from shallow well in Chalk. Hoddesdon. Well of the Metropolitan Water Board. Redbourn. Borings yielding a large supply to watercress-beds. Rickmansworth, No. 7. Waterworks. Pumping-tests. Ridge. Tyttenhanger Well of the Barnet District Water Co. St. Albans, Nos. 9, 10. Waterworks. Large supply. St. Margarets, Rye Common. Well of the Metropolitan Water Board. Sawbridgeworth. No. 2. Herts, and Essex Water Co. Supply chiefly to Essex. Therfield, No. 1. Record of water-levels. Ware, No. 2. Well of the Metropolitan Water Board. Six Local Waterworks. Watford. Waterworks. A large supply. Wigginton. One of the wells of the Chiltern Hills Water Co. Supplies a large district. Neiv Wells. This heading has to do not merely with wells lately made, but also with older ones which have not been already recorded in print. Probably very few published accounts of wells have escaped notice, and to many of these additions are now made. But the wells that have been hitherto unrecorded, or have had merely a passing note, are very many. In Buckinghamshire, indeed, most of the wells are prac- tically new records. The following list does not include many wells, of which but a very short or imperfect notice can be given, or which are very shallow. Buckinghamshire. Amersham, Nos. 1,3; Beaconsfield, Nos. 1, 2, 3 ; Little Brickhill ; Buckingham, No. 1 ; Buckland, No. 2 ; Burnham, Nos. 2, 3, 4 ; Cheddington, all ; Chetwode ; Datchet, No. 3 ; Ellesborough, No. 1 ; Fawley ; Fenny Stratford, No. 4 ; Halton ; Hanslope ; Lane End ; Little Horwood ; Lillingstone Dayrell ; Linslade, Nos. 3, 4, 6 ; Loudwater; Maid's Moreton ; Great Marlow ; Marsworth, Nos. 1, 2; Mentmore ; Great and Little Missenden ; Monk's Risborough ; Newport Pagnell, two ; Olney ; Penn, two ; Pounden ; Shenley Church End ; Slapton ; Turville ; Turweston ; Weston Turville ; Wing, two ; Wolverton, No. 1. Hertfordshire. Albury, Nos. 1,3; Little Amwell, No. 3 ; Barley, No. 1 ; High Barnet, No. 2 ; East Barnet, Nos. 1,2; Little Berkhanipstead ; Bishop's Stortford, Nos. 7, 9, 18, 24 ; Bovingdon ; Broxbourne, No. 4 ; Buntingford ; Cheshunt, Nos. 2, 4, 5-7, 9, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20 ; Codicote, No. 1 ; Flamstead, No. 2 ; Great Gaddesden , Nos. 5, 6 ; Gilston ; Little Hadham, Nos. 1, 5 ; Much Hadham, Nos. 1,4, 8 ; Hatfield, Nos. 4, 5 ; Hemel Hempstead, No. 4 ; Hemsdon, Nos. 1, 3; Ippollitts, No. 2 ; Knebworth, Nos. 1, 2, 3; Letchworth ; Northaw ; North Mimms, Nos. 1, 2, 3; Rickmansworth, Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11 ; Ridge; Sacombe, No. 1 ; St. Albans, Nos. 4, 5 ; Shenley, No. 1 ; Standon, No. 2 ; Stanstead Abbots ; Stevenage, Nos. 1,6; Thorley, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5 ; Ware, Nos. 1,5; Watford, Nos. 2, 5 ; and Waterworks (6 or more). Watton, No. 2 ; Westmill ; Widford, Nos. 1, 2, 3. WELL-SUPPLIES. 119 In the detailed account which follows, the wells of each county are arranged alphabetically, according to the places (towns, villages, parishes) in which they occur, and the numbers of the Ordnance and Geologic Map in which those places are to be found are given, those of the six inch maps in brackets. Unfortunately it sometimes happens that names given to sites are not in accordance with parish-boundaries : thus Tring station is not in Tring and Bletchley station is not in Bletchley. Such difficulties, however, are got over by means of cross-references and of the Index. The spelling of the places follows that of the new series of Ordnance Maps ; but reference is sometimes made to the version given in older publications. It has been usual to describe trial-borings, made for other purposes than water-supply, under a separate heading ; but there are compara- tively few of these in the two counties, and for the most part these can be passed by as of no special interest here. There are, however, two borings, made in search of coal, with no success in that matter, and these are of great depth, deeper indeed than any of the borings for water. It is well, therefore, to include an account of them, for they give much information as to deep-seated beds in parts where little was known before they were made. Whilst one of them, at Steeple Claydon (p. 160), has been carefully recorded, of the other, at Little Missenden (p. 150), owing to the method of boring, few details have been kept, and so, for the most part, only generalizations can be given, except as regards the Silurian beds, to the great loss of geology. Although not successful in finding coal, these borings are important in proving that in the two parts of Buckinghamshire where they were made, there is practically no chance of finding coal, and the same holds with the two borings for water in Hertfordshire, at Cheshunt and Ware (see pp. 203, 257), that have been taken deep enough to give evidence. Moreover, all four borings show that no supply of water can be got from beds below the Chalk. 120 WELLS— BUCKS. DETAILS OF WELLS AND BORINGS. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. Akeley. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. (Bucks. 13 N.E.). Geologic Map 45, N.E. 1. For public supply. In the rear of cottages near the Schools, in the main street, 1875. Information from J. B. Hill, Local Government Board. 38239 ft. above Ordnance Datum. A well of 3 ft. diameter and 7f ft. deep. Rest water-level 2 ft. down. Average quantity of water available daily, 3.000 gallons. For an analysis of the water, see table, p. 281 . 2. Three trial- borings made for the Buckingham Council. Presumably to test the ground, in regard to water-supply from gravel. Others are in the parish of Maid's Moreton, see p. 144. From W. Topley's Notes, 1889. J. About 130 yards E. of road to Maid's Moreton and about 950 E. of S.E. from the Church. 39076 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 3 ft. down. A record that apparently belongs to this says clay to 66£ ft. and not through ; 3 ft. of rock and then 4 \ ft. of clay are said to have been found (Pin this boring). K. By the parish- boundary, on the road to Chackmore. Mixed soil ^loof* Hard clay, chalky, no water 30 ) 6S n - M. At the junction of roads about 880 yards SW. of the church. 422 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 3 ft. down. Gravel. Water at 10 ft. ... 12 ")„,,. , j 34 ft. Clay 22 5* 2i 4 87 Depth. Ft. 12 24 111 Amersham. Ordnance Map 255, new ser. (Bucks. 43). Geologic Map 7. 1. Brewery. Messrs. Wellers. Just northward of the church. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islek and Co. Water-level 9 ft. down. Supply 4.300 gallons an hour. Thickness. Ft. Dug well [? the rest bored] f Gravel ... [River Drift] < Loose shingle (. Gravel . . . [Middle] Chalk 2. Raans (? Reeves) Farm (for Lord Chesham). Simk and communicated bv R. B. Paten, of St. Albans. Shaft 186 ft. the rest bored. Clay and stones ... ... ... ... 20 7 4nft , Chalk and flints, with layers of hard chalk 388 } 4U5 IT " 3. Amersham Beaconsfield and District Waterworks Co. In the bottom of the valley at the southern end of the town. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. Water-level 5 ft. down (? 15 ft., 1915). Supply 15,000 gallons an hour. (? In 1911, 40,000 gallons a day). Dug well (the rest a 15- in. boring) [Drift] j Clay-gravel L J ( Gravel ... Chalk. At 67 £ ft. a hard layer of chalk rock met with, and continued about every two feet to 73 ft, ... Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 6 2 7 15 135 150 WELLS — BUCKS. 121 Amersham, cont. In the Local Government Board Return of 1915 it is said that the wells go " through Chalk and Greensand " ; but this must be an error. Average daily- quantity of water available 300,000 gallons. Supplies also Ghalfont St. Giles, Chesham Bois, Coleshill, Gerrard's Cross, Penn and Chipping Wycombe Rural. For analyses of the water, see p. 277. Barton Hartshorn. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. Geologic Map 45, X.E. For public supply. By the side of occupation -road and about 100 yards from ain road, 1886. Information from J. B. Hill, Local Government Board. 343-96 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well of 4 ft. diameter, 7 ft. 7 in. deep. Drift ? Rest-water level 1 ft. 10 hi. down. Average quantity of water available daily 4,000 gallons. Beaconsfleld. Ordnance Map 255, new ser. (Bucks. 47, E., 48, W-) Geologic Map 7. T. W. Rammell, hi his Report to the General Board of Health, in 1850, says that the supply was mostly from wells, which " for the most part are sunk through the gravel, a depth of some 12 or 13 ft." The water was said to be good, but varies in hardness, the amount, determined by Dr. L. Playfair (Lord Play- fair), from seven wells and a spring, being from 273 (the next 165) to 27-5 degrees. The later statement, in the Sixth Report of the Rivers Pollution Commission, p. 311, that the supply came from springs, must be a mistake. 1. Butler's Court, north-westward of the town, 1894. Not named on the newer map. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. 340 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 178 ft. down. [Irregular mass of Drift. Pin channel] Pit (the rest bored) /Sandy mottled clay ... Sandy mottled clay and large flints Light-coloured sandy ballast [gravel] Buff and red clayey gravel ... Light-coloured dry sandy gravel Red clayey and sandy gravel Red sand Red sandy gravel White sand Red sandy gravel and large white-coated flints ... Brown and blue clay with pieces of chalk and flint- ... Large black flints Chalk and flints Chalk and flints, in hard and soft bands ... Block chalk and flints Bands of hard and soft chalk and flints Hard grey chalk Thin bands of hard rock and grey chalk and flints ... ... [Upper Chalk] Thickness. Ft. 16 6 3 10 15 9 2 2J 13 8* n 3* 87 24 36 11 Depth. Ft. 8 101 J 270 122 WELLS — BUCKS. Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 36 i 33 9i 46 79 16 95 1 96 174 270 11 281 Beaconsfield, cont. 2. Hall Barn, south of the town, 1886. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. Water-level 141 ft. down, August, 1886. Pit (the rest bored) [Drift] Gravel ri t> j- ( Brown Sand I? Readme > -p.- , „ , Bed si ) Dlrty gravel ±5edsJ (.Flints [Upper ( Chalk and flints Chalk] I Coloured sticky chalk 3. The Grange, 1911. Communicated by the proprietor, Percy Chaplin. Two borings, about 12 ft. apart. In the first boring the tool jammed at the depth of 179 ft., of which 139 were chalk and flints. The site is over the channel of an old swallow-hole, which became inactive when the valley, a little to the north, was enough eroded. The tool suddenly dropped into a large cavity, and on trying to regain the gear the cable broke and the gear was lost, and another boring had to be made. In the second at 98 ft. down the tool dropped a clear 10 ft. Then a depth of very soft detritus was passed through before the chalk was touched again. Lined to 162 ft. with 6 in. tubes. Suction tubes at 196-204. Water-level, when made, 166 ft. down, or 234 above Ordnance Datum. Yield over 1,800 gallons an hour. [Irregular ? mass of Drift, in channel] Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 12 28 58 10 108 52 160 141 301 Geologic Map 46, N.W. rClay j Clay and fine sand j Chalk and flints ... V Cavity [? Reading Beds] Sand and clay [Upper Chalk] Hard chalk and flints Bletchley. - Ordnance Map 220, new ser. (Bucks. 15, SW) Two shallow wells. From A. C G. Cameron's notes. 1. Farm on Whaddon road, near the Swan inn. Dug in gravel, 10 ft. 2. Orchard, at cottage 10 yards south of Swan inn. Dug in clay, 40 ft. Railway Station, see Fenny Stratford. Bourne End, see Wooburn. Boveney. Ordnance Map 269, new ser. (Bucks. 55). Geologic Map 7. Trial-borings, made by the Grand Junction Waterworks Co. On Dorney Common. (Both just in Boveney). 1887. Communicated by A. Fraser, Engineer to the Co., and (in the case of No. 1) by F. Drew (with specimens). 1. At the eastern side of the Common, about 135 yards N. of Tilson Bridge and over a mile E. of the church. Over 68 £ ft. above Ordnance Datum. Soil Dirty Ballast Rough clean ballast [River Gravel j Rough clean ballast and sand (with 27 ft.] \ (water) Rough clean ballast t Ballast and sand (water) Blue [London] Clay. [Specimen of sandy clay, with green grains and traces of shells= Basement-bed] (Red marl [Reading Beds, ( Yellow and grey marl [mottled] 33 ft.] 1 Brown sand Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 1 1 8 15 o m 29 30 59 3 15* 77 J 14i 92 WELLS — BUCKS. 123 Boveney, cont. Mr. Drew's account differs in making the gravel and sand 29 ft. and the Reading Beds as follows, giving a total depth of 100 ft. : — Mottled clay [specimen of grey and mottled] ... 4 Loam ... ... ... ... ... ... 35 2. At the southern end of Dorney Common, about 55 yards north-eastward of the bridge (over Cress Brook), for the track to Boveney, and nearly half a mile S. of Manor Farm. 67 1 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Soil [River Gravel, 19 ft.] [London Clay 20 ft.] C Dirty ballast \ Clean ballast ( Black clay [Reading Beds 78i ft.] Black sandy clay /'Grey marl, clayish (mottled)... Grey and red marl, clayish (mottled) Wet stiff brown sand ... Brown clay Wet stiff brown sand with stones ... All coloured stiff clay (mottled) Small flints with clay. One large flint Soft chalk and small flints... •kness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 2 2 2 17 21 14 6 41 10 6 57 19 76 i 18 94J 22 ? 116* 3 ? 119* 4i? 124 Brickhill, Bow. Ordnance Map 220, new ser. (Bucks. 15, S.E.) Geologic Map 46, NW. 1. A. C. G. Cameron notes that a well sunk through sands, sometimes rocky, to the depth of 85 ft. has yielded a good supply. 2. A trial-boring for water in the field by the western edge of the wood called Kiln Ground, and about 1,250 yards south-eastward from All Saints Church, about 1900 ? Little water was found. Lower Greensand. ? Oxford Clay. Sand about 74 Clay about 11 i ] 85 J ft. Brickhill, Great. Ordnance Map 220, new ser. (Bucks. 20, N.E.) Geologic Map 46, N.W. A well belonging to the Bletchley Urban District Council supplies part of Bletchley Urban District, Great and Little Brickhill, Walton and Woughton on the Green. It is in Lower Greensand. The supply is 10,000 gallons a day ; but the Council gets 120,000 from a well in Lower Greensand at Sand House, in the northern part of the parish of Heath and Reach, in Bedfordshire. The hardness of the Brickhill water is 6-1°. . . Local Government Board Return of 1915, pp. 19,20. Additional information from J. B. Hill, Local Government Board. Well at Black Dog Spinney (not marked on map), about 250 yards W.N.W. of Stockgrove Farm, 400 ft. above Ordnance Datum, 30 ft. deep. Water-level 15 ft. down. The following notes from J. Etjnson (1 890), refer to the above. In sinking they came on an old disused well, and had some trouble in getting down to water. At 15 ft. deep they were pumping 6,500 gallons an hour, the full power of the pumps. They pumped for 199 hours at that level, without altering the inflow in the slightest. They then bored, still in sand, for 8 ft., to a mixture of clay and sand, and at 26 ft. down (395 above Ordnance Datum) were in Oxford Clay. The old well was found to have been a public one. Brickhill, Little. Ordnance Map 220, new ser. (Bucks. 1 5, S.E., 20 N.E.) Geologic Map 46, N.W. 1. Trial- boring, on the north-eastern side of Watling Street, nearly half a mile a little E. of S. of Buttermilk Farm. 1889. 124 WELLS — BUCKS. Made and communicated specimens in brackets.) Brickhill, coat, by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. (Notes on Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 4 4 131 4 2i i 2 26 19 3 32 11 42 133 12 145 r Yellow clay 1 Boulder clay (brownish) [Boulder j Clay and sand (sandy clay) Clay.] Boulder clay (grey) Rock (grey limestone, with pyrites ; a boulder) Boulder clay (grey, rather sandy) 'Green sand (reddish -brown) and ironstone Green sand (brown) and ironstone ...j [Lower ) Green sand (yellowish- brown) Greensand.]] Brown sand and ironstone Brown loam (compacted, slightly clayey v sand) with ironstone occasionally ... ? Oxford (grey clay) 2. Trial-boring. About a third of a mile S.S.W. of the church, in a field on eastern side of lane close to parish-boundary. 1888. [Lower Green sand]. Sand 10 10 ") 45 f+ [Oxford] Clay 35) Brill. Ordnance Map 237, new ser. (Bucks. 27, S.W.) or Oxford Geologic Map. Coldharbour Farm, Bid's Hill, N.E. of the village. 1902 ? Communicated by J. T. Onley, Steward of the Chandos Estates. Clay, with vein of sand and what appears to be ironstone, 43 ft. Buckingham. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. (Bucks. 13, S.) Geologic Map 45, N.E. 1. Anglo-Swiss Milk Company. In the meadows by old water-mill, about a quarter mile above railway-station. 1899. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. A 12-in. bore to 181 ft. ; then 10 inch to the bottom. Lined to 57 J ft. Surface water stood 3 ft. down. Water in borehole 3£ ft. Thickness. [Drift] C Gravel sand, and large boulders \ Sand with loose rock f Rock, with layers of clay (6 to 12 hi. < thick). Small quantity of water at 30 (. to 33 ft Ft. 14| 4i 28 J 101 1 2 9 Depth. Ft. 19 47* 59 61 70 [PGreat Oolite.] Black clay Clay in termixed with sand Undescribed (? clay) . At bottom there appeared to be a cavity. Tool went down. Water came in ... Blue clay 2. Gawcott. S.S.W. of the town. From the Local Government Board Return of 1915. with an addition. Wells 4J ft. deep on Oolitic gravel yield, to the extent of 3,000 gallons a day. For the town-supply. For analysis, see p. 280. Buckland. Ordnance Map 238. new ser. (Bucks. 34, N.) Geologic Map 46. S.W. 1. Buckland Wharf, S.E. of the village. ,\. < : G. Cameron's Notes. ( 'halk, 28 ft. Water stands 1 6 ft in the well. At Quarry House, by the roadside between this and Tring it is 90 ft. to water. In summer these wells and those at Aston Clinton are dry. For analysis of the water, see p. 283. 2. Chiltern Hills Waterworks. About 21 miles S. of E. of the village. Communicated by S. C. Homersham, with further information from Mr. Gallon and R. B. Paten. WELLS— BUCKS. 125 About 1,200 ft. of Buckland, cont. 650 ft. above the level of the sea. Shaft 235| ft. (? 4 shafts), the rest bored (5 borings) adits driven near the base of the shaft. Normal water-level from 469 to 512 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Yield 250,000 gallons a day. Later, the Local Government Board Return of 1915 gives 261,000. According to Mr. Callon five borings, about 70 ft. below the adits, do not yield more than 50,000 gallons in 24 hours. Thickness. Ft. 285^ 159 57 164 Depth. Ft. 285i 444 i 5014 518 Chalk without flints about Grey chalk about Upper Greensand [? including either part of the Chalk Marl, or of the Gault] Gault According to a drawing shown me by Mr. Gallon, the shaft goes through the 85 ft. Chalk 37iJ 2. Public well, close to the church. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 17 ft, the rest bored. Clay and sand [Reading Beds] ... 52 ) . __ , . Chalk with flints 105 ) Halton. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Bucks. 34, NW-). Geologic Map 46, SW. Near the church, for the supply of the mansion. About 400 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Information, got on the spot, by A. J. Jukes-Browne, and notes from E. T. Mackrill, of Aylesbury. Shaft, with headings at the bottom, 57 ft., the rest bored. First water found 30 ft. down. Well described as principally through Chalk Marl with occasional thin bands of Gault. As springs rise from the base of the Chalk Marl on the north, the beds passed through may be classed as follows: — Chalk Marl 30"^ ? Upper Greensand. Hard tough chalk ... 17 )■ 172 ft. Gault. Dark clay ... ... ... ... 125J Another account makes the depth 177 ft. Hambledon. Geologic Map 254, new ser. (Bucks. 51). 1. The Schools. Dug and communicated by S. Joyce. Three wells, 39, 42, and 47 ft. deep. Water-level 4 ft. from the bottom. 2. At River Holme, Mill End, south of the village, a boring was made by Callas, to the depth of 100 ft., and lined with 70 ft. of 4-in. tubes. WELLS— BUCKS. 137 Hanslope. Ordnance Map 202, new ser. (Bucks. 4, SE.). Geologic Map 52, SW. For the Newport Pagnell Rural District Council. 370 yards north-eastward along Woodend Lane, from Long Street. 400 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Information from the Local Government Board. Water-level at commencement of pumping 304 ft. above Ordnance Datum, at cessation of pumping 287 ft. In 51 hours water reached to within 3 ft. of original level. Yield, as found by continuous pumping for 14 days, from 20,230 to 28.500 gallons a day. Mould [? Boulder] Clay [Great Oolite] V Upper Lias] / Brown rock Black sandy clay Rock (oolite) Light- blue clay .. Rock Black clay \Rock ( Light- blue clay .. | Black peaty clay Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. Li. 6 6 76 6 77 12 6 — 9 — 2 9 — 3 — 3 — 2 — 6 107 3 — 7 6 117 6 Dates of pumping and yield per day, in gallons, in 1909. 22nd and 23rd February ' 28,500 24th February ... ' 28,070 25th ,, 26,125 26th „ 24,430 27th „ 22,130 28th „ 21,110 1st to 7th March, all 20,230 Pumping was carried on continuously for 14 days, except for a short interval each day, for measuring the rate at which water rose. For analyses of the water, see p. 289. Horton. Ordnance Map 269, new ser. (Bucks. 56, E.). Geologic Map 7. Ditton Park. NW. of the village. Information, got by Sir A. Strahan, from J. Pond, Bailiff. Water overflows into a tank 19 ft. above the ground. Gravel about 10^ London Clay [must be mostly, or wholly, Reading £ 4 r ft Beds] ,, 60 f Chalk, to main spring ... ... ... ... ,, 380 J Horwood, Great. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. Geologic Map 46, NW. Two wells, from A. C. G. Cameron's Notes. 1. The Cottage. Half a mile NW. of Little Horwood. Water stood 3 to 4 ft. in the well. It rises quickly after heavy ram. well was dry once, June, 1893. r -f+ S Gravel, 10 ft. Wacial Unit £ Boulder Clay- Blue clay and water . 2. Windmill, SSW. of the village. Water stood 8 ft. in the well. The rOlacial Driftl i Boulder C KY- Ston 7 cla y l> lacial Dntt i { Sand and gravel 20 10 30 ft. 138 WELLS — BUCKS. [Great Oolite]. Horwood, Little. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. (Bucks. 19, is.) Geologic Map 46. NW- Horwood House, W of Swanboume Station, 1911. Made and communicated by George C. Tilley and Co. Water found between 24 and 27 ft. down. Water-level (28th October. 1910) 20 tt. down. This water was shut out as it was not considered good. H. B. Woodward supplied the classification of the Lower Oolites. I Thickness. Depth. Ft. Soil Clay and stones ... Gravel with pieces of Chalk Rubble and sand Light- brown loam [Drift] Sand and gravel ... Fine light-red sand and a little water Pea gravel and a little water . Sharp red running sand and water Dark blue clay ... Light-coloured slaty clay and thin beds of rock [Oxford I Rock Clay. Slate-coloured clav 223 ft]. I Rock ... ... J Slate-coloured clay J Dark-chocolate-coloured clay. A few shells [Gornbrash] Rock [Great Oolite] Clay Hard dark green sandstone, dry (I though this might be Kella- way's Rock, W.W.] Very hard rock (Plimestone) and thin bed of green clay ... i4£ Dark green sandstone ( Plimestone, as above) ... ... ... 2J Light-green rock ... ... If 301| Dark green clay ... ... ... 2£ Dark green sand and shells ... 3 Gritty stone with their partings, slate-colour ... ... ... 11 Dark sand-rock with a little water 1 h Light-coloured sandy loam ; cuts as rock in the solid ... ... 5£ 325 Hard rock... ... ... ... 2 Blue clay 2$ 329J For an analysis of the water, see p. 290. According to A. C G. Cameron a wheel-well, in Grass Park passes through 14 ft. of Glacial sand and gravel. Water always plentiful. He also notes a well at Horwood House (older than that given above) as being dug 50 ft. in Glacial sand and gravel (probably Boulder Clay in part) and bored 100 ft. in Oxford Clay, with rock (a stone-bed in the clay) at the bottom. Water stood 1 8 ft. in the well. Ickford. Geologic Map, new ser. Oxford, special sheet (Bucks. 31. SE., 32, SW-). E. Parry, Surveyor to the Rural District Council of Long Creadon, writes that a well was sunk near the church early in 1905, to the depth of 25 ft., in Kimmeridge Clay, and that no water was found. According to "The Geology of the Country around Oxford," 1908, p. 127 " Wells, 37 or 38 ft. deep, obtain water from a ' stone-layer,' which, however, is not always present. It is about 15 ft. down on the eastorn side of the village. Water is also obtained in shallower wells from fine gravelly beds of no great thickness, and from soakage through soil of gravelly loam." Ft. Ft. 1 1 2 — 2 — 4 — 2 — 8 — 5 2 — 11 37 54 — 97 — . 1 — 8 — 1 — 12 — 50 260 31 263£ 13i 277 6 — I [Estuarine Beds and Nor- thampton Beds]. [Upper Lias] WELLS — KICKS 139 Iver. Ordnance Map 255, new ser. (Bucks. 53, E., 54, SW. 1. Delaford Park, northward of the village. 1888. Communicated by J. R. Ravenhtll, and by Messrs. Tilley Boring, Water-level 21 ft. down. Made ground [River] gravel [London Clay, 103 ft.] [Reading Beds, 75 ft. - Chalk and flints i' Yellow clay \ Blue clay 1 [Basement- bed]. (_ black pebbles I Mottled clay .. \ Grey sand Black clay Green sand and Geologic Map 7. EY. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 3 3 15 18 4 — 92 — 7 121 45 — 24 — 6 196 50 246 1890. 2. Huntsmoor Park, eastward of the village. Daily Chronicle, 4th April, 1890. Made by Islers. 200 ft. in just over 4 weeks. As soon as Chalk was reached water rose to 14 ft. above ground, and at 5 ft. the overflow was at the rate of 200,000 gallons per hour through a 4-in. bore. Water very pure. 3. Nine Borings. In the bottom of the valley of the Alder Bourne northward of the western end of Long Coppice and near the parish -boundary (the stream). To supply water to watercress- beds. 1893, 1895, 1899. About 1 20 ft. above Ordnance Datum ? Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutclife. Thickness. Depth. 1. Ft. Ft. [River] gravel . . . 12 12 C Mottled clay • . . 18 — [Reading Beds, \ Sand . • 19 — 40 ft.] j Blue sandy clay and shells ... ... 1 — v^Sand and stones ... 2 52 [Upper] Chalk and flints ... ... 98 150 2. [Alluvium] Stiff clay 2 2 [River] Gravel ... 8 10 C Stony clajr ... 24 — [Reading Beds] J |j^ y ^ and shells ;" ;" ... 15 2 — L Stony marl ... 10 61 [Upper] chalk and flints ... ... 59 120 3. [River] Gravel [extraordinarily thick] 67 67 [Reading Beds] Stony clay . . . 12 79 [Upper] Chalk and flints ... 91 170 4. Soil 4 4 [River] Gravel ... 41 45 [? Reading ( Stony and chalky clay Beds.] (_ Clay and stones ... 5 — ... 5 55 [Upper] Chalk and flints ... 107 162 5. [River] Gravel 25 25 C Chalk and flints 38 63 [Upper Chalk. \ Gravel ") [? pipe in tbe 168 ft.?] 1 Clay and stones ) Chalk] { 22 85 2 87 V. Chalk and flints ». 106 193 140 WELLS — BUCKS. Iver, cont. 6. [Alluvium] Bog [River] Gravel [? Reading Beds] Clay and stones ... [Upper] Chalk and flints In all of the above water overflowed 108 ft. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 41 43 7 50 133 183 No. 7 is 102 ft. deep. No. 8, No. 3 is the most northerlv. No. 9, 120 ft. Geologic Map 46. SW. Ivinghoe. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Bucks. 30, W-). Brewery. Communicated by Mr. Roberts. Two wells in the brewery and a well in the neighbouring meadow. The former 30 ft. deep, with headings at the bottom (one 45£ ft. long, the other 24). Borings go down to 170 ft., when further work was stopped by " shifting Gault." Water-level, when there has been no pumping, 9 ft. above the bottom of the wells. For an analysis of the water, see p. 292. Lane End (? Parish). Geologic Map 254, new ser. (Bucks. 46, NE.) Wycombe Court, southward of the village. 1908. About 550 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Boring, lined with 8-in. tubes to 155 ft. Water-level 241 ft. down. Yield tested at 1,200 gallons an hour. Sand and gravel [Upper and Middle Chalk.] Gravel and flints Marl and flints Chalk and flints Rock Chalk and flints ekness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 7 7 8 15 4 19 240 259 7 266 184 450 The Rock may be Chalk Rock, marking the base of the Upper Chalk. For an analysis of the water, see p. 292. Langley Marish. Ordnance Map 269, new ser. (Bucks. 56, NE.). Geologic Map 7. 1. Langley House, southward of the village. From R. C. Trench's Note-book. To Chalk 124 ft. 2. Langley Cottages. For the Great Western Railway Co. 85 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Boring of 4 in. diameter. Water-level 3 ft. down. Soil and mould ... ... ... 1" [River Drift] \ gfT. ^f^ ,2 L J ( Ballast [Gravel] 10 London Clay ... ... ... 45. 60 ft. Lee. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Bucks. 38, NE.) Jubilee Well, from Dr. R. L. Sherlock's Notes, Just over 600 ft. above Ordnance Datum. About 15 ft. of water. Clay with flints ... 50") Cha'jk about 225) Geologic Map 7. about 275 ft. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 7* 71 about 84 16 about 9 25 40 65 . . . 25 90 ... 18 108 . . . 22 130 1 131 10 141 9 150 WELLS — BUCKS. 141 Lillingstone Dayrell. Ordnance Map 202, new ser. (Bucks. 8, SE.). Geologic Map, 45 NE. Midway between Tile House and Tilehouse Wood. SVV. corner of the parish. Communicated by Messrs. Easton and Anderson, " from the somewhat insufficient data provided by the well-sinkers." Shaft 21i ft., the rest bored. Soil, etc. -r. ... C Gravel Dr,ft [Blue clay rt _- ,. ( Sandy clay Oxfordian j Stiff clay ? Great Oolite Hard stone [Upper } Clay Estuarine I Black stuff Series.] ^Greenish clay ... ? Northampton Beds. Hard stone rock The classification of the beds is by H. B. Woodward, who (publishing the section in 1895) notes the boring as "near Akeley," but it is just outside that parish. He says that " there is considerable difficulty in interpreting the record, owing to the absence of beds that can clearly be classed with the Corn brash and Forest Marble or Great Oolite Clay. The ' Hard Stone ' is too thick to be Corn- brash, judging from the local evidence, and the underlying clays appear too thick to be included with the Great Oolite Clay " and he thinks that the fault shown on the map northward of Akeley may extend to the boring, with the result that the Corn brash and part of the Great Oolite is cut out, as shown in the figure with which he illustrates this explanation. (Jurassic Rocks, vol. v, pp. 47, 48, Fig. 23.) Another version gives the following details of the upper beds : — Soil and loam 7' Sand ... ... ... 3 Blue clay and rock ... 6 \ .„ , Ironstone 1J 4Di "' Dry sand and gravel ... 24 Hard blue clay ... 5, Linford, Great. Geologic Map 203, new ser. (Bucks. 10, W.). H. B. Woodward has noted a well, at the Green, 30 ft. deep in blue clay, with Belemnilps and a small Gryphoea (? Drift). See also p. 113. Linford, Little. Geologic Map 203, new ser. (Bucks. 10, NW.). The Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 246, states that J. M. Knapp supplies the parish from : — " Well in Greensand at Little Linford. The average daily quantity of water available is 1,000 gallons." The supply must come from a sand under the Oolitic limestone. Water satisfactory. For analyses, see p. 293. Linslade. Ordnance Map 220, new ser. (Bucks. 20, SE., 24. NE.). Geologic Maps 46. NW. and SW. Two wells, from A. C. G. Cameron's notes. 1. New house (1896) on the Stoke road, eastward of the railway- tunnel. All shaft. Water 61 ft. down. Lower Greensand. Yellow sand, with sand-rock, 64 ft., to clay. K 142 WELLS— BUCKS. Linslade, cont. 2. New cottages (1896) 300 yards south-west of Leighton railway-station. All shaft. Water 45 ft. down. Gault. Clay Lower Greensand. Sand 22' 26 48 ft. 3. For the London and Xorth Western Railway Co. Near the southern entrance to the Linslade tunnel. This was published in the Memoir on the Water Supply of Bedfordshire, under Leighton : but it is not in that county. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. About 330 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 35 ft. down. Soil Thickness Ft. ... ... ... ... ... 2 'Soft red sandstone and layers of sand 34 Red sand : a little water 15 Live red sand 31 J Coarse live sand and small pebbles 10* Blowing sand 8 Sandy blue clay ... 3 Blowing sand 5* Sand and clay 2i [Lower Greensand, 110 ft.] 4. Waterworks. For the Rural District Council. About a third of a mile NW. of Leighton Station. 1900. Boring. Communicated by Messrs. Sands and Walker, of Nottingham. 330 "5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Steel tubing of 13 J in. diameter, the bottom 20 ft. perforated. Water rose to 64 ft. down when the pump was not working, and stood 7 J ft. lower during pumping. Soil Ballast [gravel] [Lower Greensand] White sand ... Sand-rock, 1 ft. Fine silver-sand ( !< larse yelk w sand Rock- clay Black clay ... Fine white sand Thickness. Ft. 5 1 ?80 1 4 .-,(! ? 150 ft. The water is wholly got from the last bed ; the clay above seems to shut off water from the higher sands. Another account shows a shaft of about 30 ft., with a boring of 5 in. and of 3 in. diameter, at a level 31 7 5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 5. Waterworks, in a field adjoining Perth House, on the southern side of the Soulbury road, NW. of Leighton Station. 1£00 ? From Messrs. Sands and Walker. 375 J ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft about 30 ft., the rest bored (5 in. diameter, and^then 3), lined [to the bottom. WELLS — BUCKS. 143 Linslade, cont. Water-level 48 h ft. down. Thickness. Ft. Soil [Lower Green sand, 146 ft.] Yellow sand Hard reddish sand ... Yellow sand Hard reddish sand ... Yellow sand No details (work done before Messrs. Sands and Walker were employed ) [presuma bly all sand] / Yellowish sand \ Vein of clay and stones Yellow sand Greenish sand Whitish sand Stone, sandy Clayey sand (with veins of grey clay) Grey sand Stones \Grey sand 3 1 H 1 44 57 37 4 6 1 1 i 6 6 4 194 Another account makes the depth 148 ft. Average daily supply 32,000 gallons, from the Soulbury Road Works. For analyses, see p. 293. A somewhat different account has been received from Messrs. Islee and Co., but it is doubtful to which of the above it refers. 6. For Wing Rural District Council. In field Xo. 46 on Ordnance Map, about 370 yards south of Leigh ton railway-station. 1,100 yards southward of the Linslade well (see p. 142). On the western side of the railway. Liformation from the Local Government Board, and from Messrs. Sands and Walker. 283 ft. above Ordnance Datum. An 11 -in. bore. Water-level 268 ft. above Ordnance Datum = 15 or 16 ft. down. When pumping 30 ft. Yield, as found by continuous pumping for 14 days, 60,000 gallons a day ; but. the average daily quantity of water got is 18.000. [? Glacial Drift] [Lower Green sand] Clay and soil ( Stiff clay Clay and sand Sand with a little clay Clean yellow sand ... Sand, gravel and clr y ^Clean yellow sand ... ' Yellow sand, with thin bands of ironstone at 40, 50 and 63 ft. ... Stone and black clay Clean yellow sand, with thin bands of stone at 97, 984 ft Stone Clean grey sand, with thin band of stone at 109 ft. ... Stone and black clay Clean grey sand, with thin band of stone and clay at 118 ft. For an analysis of the water, see p. 294. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Lis. 5 — 5 — 5 — 5 — 5 — 2 27 3 — 62 92 8 — 7 4 100 1 — 11 9 — 7 3 120 K 2 144 WELLS -BUCKS. Geologic Map 45, SE. 9 [19 ft. 5J Long Crendon. Ordnance Map 237, new ser. (Bucks. 32). Old Court House, 1912. About 340 ft. above Ordnance Datum. JFrorn S. H. Hamer, Secretary of The National Trust. Water-level 7 ft. down ? Soil and loose rubble Rubble-rock Sand Loudwater. Ordnance Map 255, new ser. (Bucks. 47, E.) Geologic Map 7. 1. Ashdown Paper Mill. Adjoining the river about a quarter of a mile north of the railway-station . 1 91 4 . Boring made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. 12-ft. of 24-in. tubes ; 19-in. tubes to 75 ft. ; grouting between the two. Rest level of water 1 5 ft. down. Tested to 4,200 gallons an hour. [Upper] Chalk and flints, 310 ft. The use of another boring had been discontinued on account of getting fine sand and silt in it, which was believed to have been drawn in from the river. 2. Snakeley Paper Mills (Ford's). SE. of Railway-station. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. Lined with 17^ ft. of 24-in. tubes from 14 ft. down. Rest-level of water 19 ft. down. Yield 20.000 gallons an hour. Dug well ... ... 15 [River] Gravel ... 12 305i ft. Geologic Map 45, NE. Maid's Moreton church. [Upper] Chalk Maid's Moreton. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. (Bucks. 13, E.) 1. Buckingham Waterworks. 633 yards W- of ? Second boring 10 ft. from centre of older one. From the Local Government Board (and from W- W. Fisher 1901). 374 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Lined with 8£-in. steel tubes to the depth of 110 ft. ; then to bottom (301 ft.) with 7£ in. perforated steel tubes. Water in gravel 32 ft. down. Water-level at beginning of test-pumping, Aug. 3, 1901, 6 p.m. 249 ft. above Ordnance Datum; at cessation of pumping, Aug. 17, 6 p.m. 246 ft. Water returned to original rest-level in 12 hours. Later (? August, 1907) the rest-level is given as 251 5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Yield, from existing borehole reconstructed in 1901, as found by 14 days pump- ing (see above) 216.000 gallons a day. But the supply from the two wells reaches only 60,000. Classification by H. B. Woodward. Soil [Mixed gravel and sand Drift Running sand and gravel { Blue clay •Cornbrash. Mixed clay and rock (hard compact lime- stone) f Yellow clay (soft limestone with clay j bands) ) Blue clay V. Limeston e and clay ... ' Hard yellow oolitic rock with thin layers of clay (soft limestone, water- bearing) Hard blue limestone (shelly) little water ... ... Upper Estuarine Beds. Blue clay Northampton Beds. Hard blue limestone (shelly) Upper Lias. Blue clay Marlstone (soft limestone, sandy and with bands of clay) Lower Lias ? Blue clay ... Great Oolite Clay. Great Oolite kness. Depth Ft, Ft. 4 4 27£ — n — 44 78 10 88 8 6 — 5 107 33 2 142 15 157 6 163 68 231 19 250 51 301 WELLS — BUCKS. 145 Maid's Moreton, cont. 2. Another boring. 1909. Within about 20 ft. of the Buckingham side of the reservoir. Made and communicated by Messrs. Potter and Co. Bore-tube 12 in. in diameter, with perforated tubes through the water- bearing beds. Yield about 12.000 gallons an hour. the water. A little very fine sand came up with r Gravel and loamy sand I Gravel and flint Loamy ballast [Gravel] | Loamy ballast with a little sand { Blue clay (? Oxford Clay) ... ? Corn brash] Limestone-rock Soft limestone and fuller's earth Hard rock Dark clay Very hard ro ck Hard limestone Hard and very broken rock ... Clay Stone [Upper Estuarine] Blue clay [Northampton ( Hard Rock \ Hard limestone Clay » ••• Rock | Very hard dark clay ... Rock Clay Rock Hard clay Grey rock Green sand Rock I Green sand vRock [? Lower Lias] Clay [Glacial Drift] [Great Oolite Clay.] [Great Oolite] Beds.] [Upper Lias] [Marlstone] Thickr i ess. Depth Ft. Lis. Ft. Lis. »• . 20 — 4 6 — 7 — • • 2 6 34 46 80 • . . 13 93 . . 3 — * • • 3 — • • 8 107 • > > 7 6 — • • • 19 6 — • •■ 4 6 138 6 • 2 6 141 • • • 3 144 • . • 11 155 3 — • • • 7 6 165 6 . . 9 — . . 1 6 — 52 — • • . 1 — 1 — ::: 6 — 2 4 233 10 '.'.'. 7 2 — . . 9 — • • • 1 3 — • 6 — • • • 5 3 248 9 »•■ 1 3 250 I have followed the classification given by Woodward in the foregoing section (with the suggestion as to Oxford Clay made on a copy of this section). Details of test-pumping from 6 p.m. on August 3rd to 6 p.m. on August 17th, 1 901 . From James Smith. Date. August 3rd 4th 5th ... 6th ... 8th ... 9th ... 10th ... llth-16th Gallons pumped [in 24 hours]. 160,747 177,210 187,200 194.220 205.830, in all. Water-level on August 3rd, 6 p.m., 125 ft. down. 17th, 6 p.m., 128 18th, 6 a.m., 125 For analyses of the water from these works, see p. 295. 146 WELLS — BUCKS Maid's Moreton, coat. 3-12. Borings made by the Buckingham Town Council, to prove the ground, presumably with regard to a supply of water from gravel, etc. From W. Topley's notes. 1889. A. Just S. of parish -boundary, about 210 yards W. of road to Akeley. Bog n Gravel and sand, with water... ... 4 ^ 40 ft. Hard clay ... ... ... ... 35 J B. Just S. and E. of parish -boundary (corner), about 250 yards W. of road to Akeley. Mixed soil ... ... ... ... 2") „„, Clay, no water ... ... ... 27)" C. S. of corner of parish -boundary, by ditch, about 310 yards W. of road to Akeley. Mixed soil ... ... ... ... ^ ^ S3 ft Clay; water ... ... ... ... 29 ) D. Close to parish -boundary, near corner, about 265 yards north-eastward of JJycell Farm, on road to Stowe. Clay, 33 ft., no water. E. At parish-boundary and NE. side of road to Stowe, just E. of Bycell Farm. Gravelly soil ... ... ... ... 41 Clay, with stones hi top part, the rest ) 33 ft. clean, no water ... ... ... 29 J F. a. By corner of Willowthorn Spinney, about 90 yards SE. of road to Stowe. Mixed soil 4 Sand. Water 6 ft. down (382 ft. ^ 19 ft. above Ordnance Datum) ... ... 15 F. About 130 yards SE. and nearly 60 from the road. 387'8 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Soil n Clay 37 ^ 40 ft. Sand and water, which rose 25 ft. ... 2 J G. Nearly 150 yards from the road to Stowe, about 190 yards NW. of its Junction with the road to Akeley. 3931 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Clay 36 ]38ft Sand and water, which rose 27 ft. ... 2) H. On west side of road to Stowe at its junction with road to Akeley. 393 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 384 ft. Gravel and stony soil ... ... ... 15~j Clay 9} 25 ft. Rock \) I. By west side of road to Akeley about 530 yards north of its junction with road to Stowe. 396i ft. above Ordnance Datum. Soil 1 Oxford Clay 102 PKellawaysBeds.-lg^y^Jy \" "'. 5 fRock H ? Cornbrash ... < Clay 1 (.Rock 1|> J, K, and M are in the parish of Akeley, see p. 120. This set of borings gives some geologic information as to a tract on which little has been published. Probably the beds are mostly Glacial Drift, except in the case of I, in which, however, one is tempted to think that some Boulder Clay may be present. This boring, however, justifies the suggestion of Prof. A. H. Green (Geology of Banbury, dbc, p. 35, 1S64) "that patches of Oxford Clay may lie upon the hill top beneath the drift covering," instead of the whole under-Drift surface being Cornbrash, as shown on the map. Topley thought that a considerable supply might be got from the gravel and .-and, of which there seems to be a large area. 118 (given as 116). ft. WELLS — BUCKS. 147 Maid's Moreton, cont. 13. The Minor House. (? Moreton House, by the church). 1909. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Boring, lined with 6-in. tubes to 122 ft. Water cut at 147 and 169 ft. Water-level 132 ft. down. [Glacial Drift ?] [? Great Oolite and I lower beds]. ' Brown clay Blue clay Clay and stones ("lay and gravel Gravel \ Brown clay and stones Clay and limestone Limestone ( Jreen and blue clay Blue clay ... Clay and limestone Blue clay Limestone Blue clay Limestone Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 6 — 16 — 10 — 9 — 46 — 11 98 5 — 7 103 7 4 5 — 7 6 121 39 160 2 — 5 — 3 170 It is hard to classify the beds, owing to the great amount described as clay. Marlow, Great. Ordnance Map 255, new ser. (Bucks. 46, SE., 47, SW., 51, NE., 52, NW.). Geologic Map 7. 1. Water Companv's Puinping Station, in large chalk-quarry in Oxford Lane, 1884. Commimicated by T. N. Watts, 1911. 171 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 75 ft. Bored about 200 ft. Water-level about 85 ft. down. Starts in Chalk Rock. According to Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 194, the average daily quantity of water got is 169.000 gallons. For an analysis of the water, see p. 297. The Company has another pumping station at Bourne End (see Woo burn, p. 169). It also supplies parts of Bisham, Chipping W3 r combe Rural, Little Marlow, Medmenham, and Wooburn. 2. Wedmere Farm (Widmere, NNW. of the town). Made and communicated by H. Chester man of Hereford. About 400 ft. above Ordnance Datum. An 8-in. boring. Abundance of water came hi at the top of the clay-bed, but it ran out at the sides as fast as it came in. 10 ft. of water in the borehole Chalk !»:, Yellow clay and flint 3 229 ft. Chalk, the lowest 12 ft. very hard and grey 131 J Marsh Gibbon. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. (Bucks. 21. NE., 22. NW.). Geologic Map 45. SE. Made and commimicated by H. Heath. Boring in Oxford Clay, to Corn brash, 115 ft. Water rose to the surface. Peaty in colour, but soft. Me. Heath stated (to R. H. Tiddeman) that the average depth of water along the anticline of Corn brash here is 30 to 60 ft., but his well is a short way south-east of the ridge. For analyses of the water of the public supply, see table, p. 297. 148 WELLS — BUCKS. Marston, North. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. (Bucks. 23, NW. Four wells, from A. C. G. Cameron's notes. Geologic Map 46, SW. 1. Glebe Farm. Opposite the church. Old well, 30 ft. deep in clay (Kimmeridge), with septaria. Hard water. Marl at the bottom. the church). 1876, known as the Schorne Well Return of 1915), supplies also part of Little 2. Public Well (? SSW. of (Local Government Board Horwood . Shaly Kimmeridge clay, with broken shells. 20 ft. or more. A thin layer of rock said to occur near the bottom. Water-level 15 ft. down. On a visit, with Mr. Cameron, I noted that it seemed astonishing how so large a supply coidd be got, for the pump yielded freely, despite the occurrence of a long drought. For an analysis of the water, see p. 297. 3. Schorne School well. Bricked shaft in clay 30 ft. Site chosen by a water-diviner, about 1885. Water good . but not equal to that of the Selbourne spring, just below the Methodist Chapel. 4. Board School. Information from the sinker, Mr. Faller. Shaft 85 ft., then bored [Drift] ... Gravel 20N / Clay 65 Stone Clay 3 1 [? Kimmeridge Stone 2 Clay.] \ Clay 1 Stone . n Clay i v Stone — Marsworth. 95* ft. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Bucks. 29. SE.). Geologic Map 46, SW. 1 Boring at lock 38 on the Grand Junction Canal, 1855. Particulars got by A. J. Jukes- Browne from an examination of the samples prsserved at the office of the Canal Company at Marsworth. Chalk ( Grey chalk marl at 30 ft. Marl. £ Blue marl at 32 ft. and bluish silty marl at 35l Upper Green sand. Micaceous and glauconitic greensand at 36 ft. and doubtless below but no other sample I Clean bluish clay at 50 ft. and samples to 231 Clay with ' coprolites ' and fossils at 239 ft. Gault ' Light-blue clays at 241 and 253 ft, 226 ft. ) Dark blue clay at 259 ft. Clay with pebbles of quartz and lvdianite at 274 V and 275 ft / Coarse yellowish sand at 276 and 277 ft. Hard ferruginous sandstone at 278 ft. ... Lower | Sand and sandy clay from 279 to 293 ft. Greensand ] Hard brown sandstone at 299 ft. 94 ft. Grey sandy clay at 311 \ ft Grey and yellow sands, mixed with clay The " coprolite-bed " at 239 to 40 ft. is the one near the base of the Gault, the upper seam (worked at Cheddmgton) must have been pierced but no sample was preserved ; compare boring made in the same year at Bulbourne (p. 254). The thickness of the Upper Greensand is given as only about 6 ft. in " The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain," 1900, vol. i.. p. 283. The thickness of 248 ft., assigned to the Gault on p. 279, seems wrong. ckness. Depth Ft. Ft. 32 32 4 36 ?14 50 189 239 1 240 19 259 15 274 2 276 2 278 1 279 ?20 299 ?12 311 ?9 320 50 370 WELLS — BUCKS. 149 Gault Lower Green - sand, 53 ft. V, Yellow and grey sands Mentmore. Ordnance Maps 220, 238, new ser. (Bucks. 24, SE Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. — 36 52 88 1 ? 89 34 123 Marsworth, cont. Boring at Lock 30 on the Canal. ? Near the bridge on the Cheddington road, more than a mile westward of fvinghoe Church. Parish doubtful : may be in Cheddingtor.. From MS. of A. J. Jukes-Browne (apparently in part from specimens). / Light-grey marly clay at 14 to 30 ft. Light-grey clay, hard and stiff Phosphatic nodules, with iron-pyrites Light-grey clay ... Nodules of septaria, with calc-spar at 124 and 126 ft. (in clay?) Clay, with Ammonites rostratus and Belemnite at 1 31 ft. ... Phosphatic nodules and fossils (? in clay) at 134 and 135 ft. ? fallen down ... Clay, with Inoceram us at 1 30 ft. ("lay. Large phosphatic nodules from 144 ft. down. ? fallen Grey clay, shaly at 160 ft. Dark blue clay ... S Coarse sand, with pebbles at 174 ft. ... Soft loamy clay, like Fuller's earth at 178 ft. ' v 2 8 5 12 14 4 2 17 126 133 135 143 148 160 174 178 180 227 Geologic Map. 29, NE. 46, SW. Waterworks, at the south-eastern edge of the Park, about 200 yards NNE Model Farm, 1866. Communicated by S. C. Homersham. Shaft 108 ft., the rest bored. Normal water-level 70 ft. down. Yield 200,000 gallons a day. Gault [Lower Greensand]. Loose sand Prof. A. 11. Green noted a well here, as follows ; doubts so great a thickness of Gault. [Gault.] Clay, whitish and chalky [Lower Greensand . ] Ironstone-rock, white sand of «f}i*,a but A. J. Jukes-Browne 210 1 21 U ft- Missenden, Great. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Bucks. 38, S.). Geologic Map 7. Pumping Station of the Riekmans worth and Uxbridge Water Co. By Balinger ? Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 210. Boring in the Chalk, with an average daily yield of 1 5.000 gallons. , Woodlands, about a mile NNW. of the village. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 130 ft., the rest bored. Chalk and flints, 280 ft. Begins in Middle Chalk, according to the map. Missenden, Little. Ordnance Map 255, new ser. (Bucks. 42. NE.). 1. Holmer Court, Holmer Green, 1911. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. About 560 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 40 ft. of 6-in. tubes 2 ft. flown. Rest-level of water 1 87 ft. down. Geologic Maj ) /. Yield 360 gallons an hour. Clay and stones, very Chalk and flints ..." ;ard 3 31 1} 352 ft. 150 WELLS — BUCKS. Missenden, cont. 2. Trial boring for Coal. Or. east side of road 3 furlongs south of Affrick's Farm, 1$13. Sir A. Stryhan. Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey for 1915. Starts ciose below the Chalk Rock. Unknown Depth. Ft. 820 820 and 890 Oxford Clav* Great Oolite Dark clay, with fragments of Ostrea at ! Brownish clay with fragments of Oxfordian fossils .., ... at Similar clay ... ... ... at Oolitic grains, witb rounded grains of quartz became abundant. Sludge like ground-up limestone ... at Oolitic grains less abundant, and quartz-grains more abundant down- ward, until the sludge became a fine-grained sand ... ... at Fine-grained muddy sand with very small quartz-grains ... ... at I^arge oolitic grains and well-rounded quartz-grains... ... ... at Muddy sands, with some oolitic grains, ipparently washed down from above To floor of Palaeozoic rocks [Upper Ludlowj Alternations of shales, limestones and some sandstone, with characteristic fossils (for details, see original) * Of this it is said : " It is not improbable, however, that the clay had d ropped, or been dragged by the chisel, from a higher part of the borehole." t Of these beds " nothing can be said, except there was no red staining suggestive of Trias, and no material that could be attributed to Old Red Sandstone." Monk's Risborough. Ordnance Maps 237, 238. new ser. (Bucks. 37, NE.). Geologic Map 7. Whiteleaf. Eastward of the town, and within a quarter mile of the Cross. Doubtful f 1026 1032* 104 6 1065 1070—1098 1103J 1107—11971 1200? 1200—1264 About 500 ft. above Ordnance Datum Made and communicated bv Messrs. Isler and Co 90 ft. of 6-in. tubes, 108 ft. down. 75 ft, of 5-in, Water-level 11 8 ft. down. ( lopious supply. Dug Well (? old) tubes 195 ft. down. Thickness. I Ft. [Chalk Marl ?] [Gault] f Light-brown Chalk Marl 10 Dark grey Chalk Marl, with occasional thin beds of rock ... ... ... 11 Light-brown ChalkMarl.with occasional i thin beds of rock ... ... ... 17 Dark grey marl, with occasional thin beds of rock ... ... ... ... 34 Light-blue Gault i 19 Green sand ... ... ... ... | 13 Dark Gault, with occasional thin beds of rock : 40 Depth. Ft. 126 136 147 164 198 217 230 270 Newport Pagnell. Geologic Map, new ser. 203 (Bucks. 10, N). 1. Newport Pagnell Urban District Council. Well on the southern side of Lake Lane, about 1,\ miles west north west of the church, 1886. Communicated by G. A. Branford, Surveyor. 226-5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Originally a 7 ft. shaft to 44 ft. 7 in. down (deepened in 1893) with a 12 in. bore to 53 ft. 8 in. WELLS — BUCKS. 151 fciickness. Ft. Ins. 12 8 4 11 Depth. Ft. Ins 12 8 17 7 3 8 1 3 10 2 21 3 22 6 32 S Newport Pagnell, cont. Highest water-level 39 ft. 7 in. down ( 1 886) . Average level during a dry summer about 45£ ft. down (1886). Water found at 17 ft. 7 in. to 21 ft. 3 in., and in abundance between 33 ft. 8 in. to 53 ft. 8 in. down. Average daily supply 69,000 or 70,000 gallons (Local Government Board Return, 1915). [Boulder Clay] Drift. Chalk, stones, Belemnites Gryphfea, etc. / Dark blue clay, no fossils ... [Great | Hard blue limestone-rock intermixed with Oolite ; ironstone, very fossiliferous. Ammonites Clay], j Cerilhium Portlandimn Echinodermata... Green marl (broke into cubes on exposure) VDark blue clay, no fossils ... ... ... [Great Oolite Limestone.] Fissured limestone inter- mixed with ironstone, gradually getting more into a yellow slab-stone in horizontal beds about 15 in. thick. Not very fossiliferous ; Am- [ monites 21 53 8 To clay [PUpper Estuarine Series] Abundance of water 44 or 45 ft. down. For an analysis, see p. 298. Lath bury is supplied from this source. 2. Test-boring for Newport Pagnell Urban District Council. In field 452, about 2 miles SSE. of church. 1914. Communicated by G. A. Branford, Surveyor (with specimens). Water level 9 J ft. down (when 72| ft. deep). Water found 51 to 52 ft. down and 59 J ft. down. Mould Marl | Light-brownish clay Light-grey clay Light-grey clay and chalk-stones Limestone-rock Dark blue (grey) clay Grey calcareous clay intermixed with chalk-stones Limestone-rock Black (dark grey) clay Hard rock Flakey clay, grey and calcareous Great J Hard rock Oolite Clay, \ Crumbling grey calcareous clay etc. Hard rock. More water Green clay, calcareous Light-coloured chalky clay ... Clav ... Rock Light- coloured clay, with 3 in. of rock at the bottom Doubtful. ( Darker grey clay Ligh ter grey clay Light- coloured clay ... Light- coloured clay, calcareous Light- coloured clay ... Newport Pagnell Rural District. Dr. W. W. E. Fletcher. Report to the Local Government Board, new ser. No. 72. 1912. Great Linford and Weston Underwood "are supplied with water pumped by windmills from wells." but later information credits these supplies to springs (see pp. 113, 114). ? Oxford Clav. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Lis. Ft. Lis. 1 4 1 4 3 4 4 o 2 9 6 15 6 25 1 26 2 10 28 10 9 9 38 7 2 40 7 ] 6 42 1 5 47 1 4 3 51 4 8 52 1 53 5 6 58 6 3 6 62 7 69 3 9 72 9 7 79 9 2 81 9 8 O 90 10 100 8 6 108 6 2 6 111 2 113 Q O 6 116 6 152 WELLS — BUCKS. Newport Pagnell Rural District, cont. New Bradwell is partly supplied by the London and North Western Railway Co.. from two wells in the Wolverton and Stony Stratford Rural District. In most of the parishes of the district water is got from wells, " seme as much as 60 ft. deep ; and the distances from the ground surface to the water levels van' greatly. Almost universally . . . these wells are merely surface wells in the sense that they form reservoirs for the collection of subsoil water; and, so far as was observed, all of them are dry-steined with local stone or brick. In some instances subsoil water was visible, freely percolating into the wells a few feet below the ground level, and running down their sides. Usually the tops of the wells are insufficiently protected. Very many of these wells are so situated that escape from contamination, if not from gross pollution, is almost impossible. The large village of Olney is entirely supplied from wells of the kind described." Cold Brayfield, Emberton, and Ravenstone are also noticed as offending in various ways. Astwood "is very largely dependent upon a small pond, in a held, which is said to be fed by springs. At Moulsoe there are two public wells, one is seven yards distant from the churchyard, which is on a higher level . . . and the other is close to the wall of an unpaved stock-yard, which was hi a filthy condition when it was visited. . . . Lough ton has an ample supply of water, it is said, from a public well, but it involves carriage by hand." Newton Longville. Ordnance Map 220, new ser. (Bucks. 20 NW-). Geologic Map 46 NW. 1. Rectory. J. Farey. in P. Thompson's Collections for a Topographical Account of Boston, 1820, pp. 297, 298. Repeated in his Historv and Antiquities of Boston, 1856. p. 670. A most interesting account of an old well, continued to a considerable depth, on the advice of the Father of British Geology. " Early in the spring of 1802, when my friend Mr. Bevan the engineer, and myself, were receiving practical instructions from Mr. William Smith relative to his discoveries on the stratifi- cation . . . we accidentally met with the Reverend Mr. Le Mesurier, rector of Newton-Longville, who related his having undertook to sink a well, at his parson- age house . . . but finding clay only at the depth of more than 100 ft., was about to abandon the design ; Mr. Smith, on looking into his map of the strata, pointed out to us, that Newton-Longville stood upon some part of the chinch - clay strata, and that the Bedford limestone [Gt. Oolite] appeared in the Ouse river below Buckingham, distant about 8 miles . . . and he assured Mr. L. that if he would but persevere, to which no serious obstacles would present themselves, because all his sinkings would be in dry clay, he would certainly reach this lime stone, and have plenty of good water rising very near to the surface." The sinking was accordingly continued, with the following result, boring being resorted to at the depth of 243 ft., below which unfortunately the measurements were lost. | Bonlder ClavJ. Alluvial clay, with chalk and flints, 80 ft. [Oxford] Clay, 1 55 ft. r Limestone : a little water, S ft. [Greit Oolite] ' Blue clay, for some way. Limestone : good yield of water, rising to the surface. The Rev. A. Mathesox (rector when this was written), says that the well is still used, but the water does not rise to the surface. The well is in the older (back) part, now the scullery, of the rectory, and lias a strong cove)-, which is kept locked. The water is lifted by means of a large wheel. A supplementary supply is got from gravel, in a field near by. 2. For Public supply. Three Wells. From the Local Government Board. Two of them are at Lower End and 8 ft. deep. The other, at Drayton Road is 14 . \ ft. deep. .All are of 3i ft. diameter, and lined or steined to the bottom. The Drayton Road supply is said to come from a gravel-vein in Oxford Clay. WELLS-BUCKS. 153 Oakley. Geologic Map, new ser. Oxford, special sheet. (Bucks. 26, E.. 31, NE., 32, W.) 1. According to T. I. Pocock (The Geology of the Country around Oxford, 1908, p. 128). " Wells mostly up to 20 ft. deep in main part of village. No water in well at Oakley Wood Farm. North of Foresters' Arms, Oakley Common, there is a well that is said never to fail." ' Near Oakley the wells probably derive supplies from the cherty rock in the Lower Corallian at the base of the Ampthill Clay." For an analysis of an Oakley water, see p. 299. 2, 3. From information on the spot. 2. Little London Farm, about 400 yards eastward of St. Mary's Church. About 40 ft. of water. Good supply. 3. Manor Farm, about 100 yards westward of the church. Well on the lawn. About 30 ft. to water, of which there was plenty. These two wells either get their water from a permeable bed in the Ampthill Clay, or else from the underlying Calcareous Grit. They have been noticed by T. I. Pocock, in the Memoir quoted. 4. New farm on nothern side of road over 1 \ miles SE. from the church. From R. H. Tiddeman's Notes. Well 26 ft. deep, in blue clay (Ampthill Clay?) with Gryphcea clilatata and E.iogyra nana. 5. Sebastopol Farm, nearly 1 \ miles a little S. of SE. from the church, and near Lxhill. 1905 ? From E. Parry, Surveyor to the Rural District Council of Long Crendon, and from notes taken on the spot. Well (south of the farm- buildings) 3i ft. in diameter, 14 ft. deep, from ground - surface. Water-level about 3 ft. down=2 ft._below ground. 20th May, 1905. Time taken to pump out 8 ft. of water 2 hours. When that level (10 ft. below the ground) was reached, it took over an hour to lower the water 6 in. more : The pump then got out of order, and in half an hour the water rose 2 ft. It was calculated that the water was then coming into the well at the rate of 300 gallons an hour. Next morning the water had reached its original level. The site being in the midst of a tract of Ampthill Clay, presumably some per- meable bed therein had been struck. Olney. Geologic Map 203, new ser. (Bucks. 2, S., 5, N.) Nos. 1-3 are a selection from A. C. G. Cameron's Notes. Nos. 4. 5 are also from his Notes, but published in the Jurassic Rocks of Britain, vol. iv, 1894, p. 394, the classification by H B. Woodward. 1. Brewery. Three wells Two failures. The third as follows. 1889. Yield about 30 barrels (of 36 gallons) an hour. River gravel loam and sand, 30 ft. 2. Near the mill, by the church. Dug 25 ft. and bored 20 in blue clay, and a little chalk stone. No water. 3. On Weston Underwood road, 150 yards W. of Market Square. 81 ft. in clay, which rested on rock. Water-level 65 ft. down . 4. Half a mile north of the railway-station. 1891. Thickness. Ft. In. Great Oolite limestone, with Modiola imbrica/a and Rhynchonella concinna /"Grey clay Upper I Limestone Estuarine ( Black clay Series. Black shelly and carbonaceous clay, with lignite at top. 18 1 10 2 45 ft 10 ' 2 in 5 2 , 154 WELLS— BUCKS. Olney, cont. 5. Olney Court. Great Oolite limestone, 20 ft. Clay (Upper Estuarine Series and Upper Lias). 100 ft. H. B. Woodward says, in " Jurassic Rocks of Britain/' vol. iv, p. 394 (1894V " Wells on the flats between the market-place at Olney and the river are from 60 to 80 feet deep. It is to be presumed that the Marlstone must be reached ; in this case the Upper Lias clay would be of irregular thickness, being uncon- formably overlaid by the Upper Estuarine Series." Beeby Thompson has remarked that " The greater part of the town of Olnej' is supplied with water by shallow wells in the Ouse Valley gravel, but in the southern part of the town, between the Market Place and the river, and south- westward, on the road to Weston Underwood, the wells are from 60 to 80 ft. deep in Lias Clay." He adds that not many yards eastward of a disused brick- yard, on the southern side of the road at the south-eastern end of Olney, a well made for some cottages was said to be in blue clay to the depth of 80 ft., water coming from a black rock 2 ft. thick (? near the bottom) and rising 50 ft. Geol. Hag. 1907, dec. v, vol. iv, p. 27. Oving. Bucks. 23, SE.) Ordnance Map 219, new ser New building site. Communicated by W. W. Fisher Lcam ... Reck ... Sandy loam ... Reck ... Loam ... Rock ... Rubble-rock ... Rock, with water Lcam ... Rubble-rock to black ;;lay For an analysis of the water, see p. 309. Geologic Map 46, S.W. [Portland Beds, 26 ft. 10 in.] Thickness. Ft. lias. 2 6 4 6 1 1 6 2 6 , 26 ft. 1 6 10 in 1 6 4 4 1 6 6 Padbury. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. (Bucks. IS, NE.) Geologic Map 45, NE. From A. C. G. Cameron's Notes. 1 . In second field south of Lower Way [Giad rfD rifti{^f^Ld:::2l}3ift. Water hard and rather ferruginous. 2. Ivy Cottage. Plentiful supply at 30 ft. 3. For public supply. By the side of London Road at top end of village. 1886. Reformation from J. B. Hill, Local Government Board. 336-46 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well of 7 ft. diameter, 22 ft. deep. Drift ? Rest water-level 7 ft. down. Average quantity of water available daily 3,500 gallons. Perm. Ordnance Map 255, new ser. (Bucks. 42, SE., 47. NE.) Geologic Map 7. 1. Ashwell House. About a quarter-mile south -westward of St. Margaret's Church, Tylers Green. 1913. Made and communicated by Messrs. R. Richards and Co. with some notes from Messrs. J. T. Cunnington and Co. 540 ft. above sea-level. Hole dug for a few feet, the rest a boring of 5 hi. diameter. Chalk very dry until 275 ft. down, when there was a little moisture. A little water at 344 and 350 ft. Test-pumping, when a depth of 357 ft. was reached, showed very little water (pumped out in under half an hour) . A little more water at 409 ft. Second test when a depth of 442 ft. was reached : pump ran 55 minutes full stroke, from a depth of 392 ft. : approximate quantity 254 gallons WELLS— BUCKS. 155 Penn, cont. (an hour) : Water-level 280 it. down. Supply (April, 1914) about 200 gallons an hour. June water-level (1914) 270 ft. down ; October level 275 ft. ; December level 290 ft. Yield 180 gallons an hour. [? Upper Chalk ? Thickness. Ft. / Hard chalk ... ... ... ... 30 Chalk 47 Chalk and flints \ 43 Harder chalk and flints ... ... 38 Chalk and flints ... ... ... 63 Hard chalk chalk mar] and flints ... 6 Hard marl and flints... ... ... 19 Chalk 29 Very hard chalk ... ... ... 30 all.] | Hard and soft cha,lk ... ... 5 Hard chalk 8 Hard and soft chalk ... ... 10 Soft chalk 22 Hard and soft chalk ... ... 7 Chalk and flints I 26 Hard chalk 8 Chalk and flints /■Hard chalk [Middle \ Hard grey chalk ... ... ... j Chalk.] 1 Very hard grey chalk ... ... j (^Hard springy chalk ... ... ... j 2. Rayners. About a quarter of a mile SE. of St. Margaret's Church, Tylers Green. Information from W. Vaux Graham. Section from note in Geological Survey Office. About 547 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well, of 5 ft. diameter, 313 ft. The bottom of the well is therefore 234 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Upper Chalk 100 100 Middle Chalk. 10 in. of a reddish colour 200 300 Hard white chalk 10 310 Soft clean chalk. No flints ...| 47 357 The Upper Chalk must reach to a much greater depth than is here given, per- haps to the bottom. See preceding section. The water-levels at various dates were as follows : — 9 19 4 6 13 Depth. Ft. 30 77 120 158 221 227 246 275 305 310 318 328 350 357 383 391 400 419 423 429 442 Years. 1902 1903 1901 1905 1906 1907 Levels, in feet above Ordnance Datum. July 1st July 11th July 7th July 14th April 2nd to 1908 January 21st 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 April 7th June 29th June 24th June 21st April 8th June 22nd May 1st . 259-5 . 282- (highest) . 267- . 261 .. 257- (lowest) .. 261 .. 263-16 .. 274-58 .. 274-5 . 278-83 December December December July 18th 28th 27th 21st June 22nd and September 26th December 24th December 23rd December 27th December 24th December 22nd December 21st 264-5 273-5 257-25 262- 274-25 262- 269-41 264-33 269-25 268-41 263-5 .. 269-16 . 276-92 The extreme variation recorded is therefore 25 ft. Rainfall of 1902-1910 taken from High Wycombe gauge. Rainfall of 1911-1914 (? 5) taken from Rayner's gauge, Penn. Rainfall, in inches- . 20-58 . 39-78 . 22-86 . 20-75 . 27-27 . 29-1? 28-38 29-7 31-76 25-18 37-05 27-72 32-77 156 WELLS — BUCKS. Pounden. Ordnance Map 219. new ser. (Bucks. 17, SE., 21, NE., 22, NW.) Geologic Map 45, SE. 1. Marsh Gibbon Railway Station. A. C. G Cameron notes that the well was sunk 50 ft. and then bored 10 in clay. There was a little water (5 or 6 ft.), which smelt. 2. Pounden Hill. About 50 yards south of the road, at the highest part of the hill, south-westward of hamlet. 1908 ? Made and communicated by Messrs- Cheeld and Co. of Chesham. Highest water-level 115 ft. down. Reduced 10 ft. by pumping 900 gallons an hour. Classification by H. B. Woodward. Soil Boulder Clay ( Sandy stony clay | Clay and flint... 'Slate clay Reddish clayey sand and stones Clay, with trace like coal at 42 feet Oxford Clay r Pyrites I Very dry clay j Septaria ' N Sandy clay Corn brash and ( Rock with six clay-partings Forest Marble / Clay Great Oolite. Very hard, with two clay- partings, Rock, etc. ... The dppths from 83J to 158J, are given as a foot more, and the total as 209, in another account (from W. W. Fisher) which differs slightly in some details. For an analysis of the water, see p- 299. This is the well referred to in the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 246, from which J. P. Heywood-Lonsdale supplies the parish ; but it is described merely as a well in Oxford Clay. The average daily quantity of water got is 9,000 gallons and more could be got. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 1 1 6 5 12 21 3 47 i i 48 f 25J 158J 22J 180| 2 182| 49J 232 1 Preston Eissett. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. (Bucks. 18, X.W.) Geologic Map 45, NE. 1 . For the public supplv. In pasture-land near the Gawcott road (? near church, 1904). Information from J. B. Hill, Local Government Board. 321-96 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well of 3 ft. diameter, 6 ft. deep. ? Drift, Rest water-level 2 ft. down. Average quantity of water available daily, 3,000 gallons. 2. In pasture-land about 150 yards from Cowley Farm buildings, southward of the village. For the supply of Twyford. 1901. Liformation from J. B. Hill. Local Government Board. Three wells of 5 ft. diameter. (According to Dr. P. L. Benson in a large pocket of sand and gravel (on Oxford Clay). No. 1. 327-71 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 9.1 ft. deep. Rest water-level 4| ft. down. No. 2. 328-65 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 1\ ft. deep. Rest water-level 2 ft. down. No. 3. 330-05 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 8 ft. deep. Rest water-level 4 ft. down. Average quantity of water available daily 7,000 gallons. For analyses of the water, see pp. 271, 282. WELLS — BUCKS. 157 Risborough, see Monk's. Seer Green. Ordnance Map 255, new ser. (Bucks. 48, NW.) Geologic Map 7. (Between Beaconsfield and Chalfont St. Giles.) Public well, at the meeting of the roads, south of the church. According to J. S. New, Medical Officer of the Ainersham Rural District Council, 130 ft. deep, in Chalk, and has a good reputation as it has never been dry. There are 4 other wells near, each over 100 ft. deep, and hard water is got from all. Shenley Church End. Ordnance Map 220, new ser. (Bucks. 14, NE.). Geologic Map 46, NW. 1. Shenley Park House (? Shenley Ho. of Map). 1904. Bored and communicated by Messrs- Le Grand and Sutcliff. Classification by H. B. Woodward. The only water got was immediately below the well, from 47 to 62 ft. ; but it was so salt and contained so much magnesia that it was unfit for drinking purposes. Drift and I Dug well (old ?) Rotten clay and moisture Oxford Clay | Blue cla y ^ / Rock, with little water \ Rock and thin bands of clay ^ Very hard rock J ,, ,, with a 4-inch band of ( clay ( Blue clay \ Blue clay and soft rock \ Blue clay J Very hard rock ( Blue clay Hard rock ,, and thin clay-partings ( Hard and soft rock and bands of clay f Clay and lignite Blue clay Hard rock and fossils. Thin band of clay at 170 ft. Blue clay and shells (Avicula, Rhynckonella near to concinna) Very hard rock l N Blue clay ( Very hard rock | Loamy sand ... 2. The Rectory. 1909 ? From W. W. Fisher. Sunk 60 ft. through dark black very hard clay, which had to be picked out lump by lump ; contained lumps of chalk and a few larger stones. At 47 ft. down sand and water met with. Boulder Clay. For an analysis of the water, see p. 300. Slapton. Ordnance Map 220, new ser. (Bucks. 24, SE.). Slapton Lock. Grand Junction Canal. 1855. ' : JA. J. Jukes- Browne. Cretaceous Rocks, vol. i, p. examined by him. Corn brash Great Oolite Clay. Great Oolite Limestone. Upper Estuarine Series. Northampton Sand. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. — 47 15 62 43 105 4 — 1 — 1 — 2 113 2 — 3 — 6 — 1* — 1* 127 n — 13 — 4 146 Si — 14 — 8 174 5 — 1 — 4 184 94 Z 5 lli 198 Geologic Map 46, SW. And from specimens 279 f Blue clay, several samples ... \ Coprolites, with man}' fossils '"1 Clay, with Inoceramus shells at 66 (^ ft. down Lower Greensand. Yellow sands Gault Thickness. Ft. 61 1 86 ft. 10 14 158 WELLS — BUCKS. Slough. Ordnance Map 269, new ser. (Bucks. 56, NW.). Geologic Map 7. 1. Eton Union. From the INbte-books of T. R. Polwhele and R. C. Trench. I Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Sim k ( the rest bored ) [ ? gra vel . &c. . an< i pa rtl v Lond on' Clay] Loamy [London] Ciay ... Sand . . . Clay ... TReading Beds, J r \ 55 ft.l f Wnite s Varic 28 28 24 52 2 — 1 — 14 — 4 — 5 — 22 — 7 107 24 131 :usly coloured clay | Marl and rock [Upper Chalk] Flints and chalk 2. Horlick's Malted Milk Factory. Just X- of railway at the western junction of main line and Windsor branch. 1909. 100 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs- Ller and Co. Li led with20-in. tubes for 20-ft.. with 18-in. tubes for 90 ft. (from surface) and witii 84-in. tubes to 782 ft. (from surface). Water overflowed at the rate of 100.000 gallons an hour. [River Drift] Sands and gravel /Running sand, with brown n1fl.-ira.t.44.1to 4-Kft [Reading Beds, 54 ft.] [Lower Chalk, 1394 ft.] clay at 441 to 45 Ft. Blue clay Reci mottled clay Yellow mottled clay Yellow clay and flints [Upper] Chalk and flints [Middle] Hard Chalk < .rev chalk Green sandy chalk . . Grey chalk [Upper Greensand] Grey sandy chalk, with glauconite [Gault] Hard blue clay ... Lower Greensand T.ie total thickness of the Chalk here, 757| ft., is 324 ft. more than in the Wink field boring (Berks.). Perhaps too great a thickness has been given to the Upper ' lhalk. Another account makes the River Drift 18i. the Lower Green -and 15, and the total 1.037 ft, 3. Railway Station. From Sir J. Prestwtch's notes. mottled Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In 6 6 6 6 18 24 6 32 6 57 7 64 8 72 2 74 4 6 78 6 463 3 541 9 1 54 9 696 6 96 792 6 6 798 6 37 6 836 19 4 855 4 166 2 1021 6 13 1034 6 I i vel {Brown earth ... . Black earth . . . Red [? brown] clay Thickness. Ft. 10 7 3 27 Depth. Ft. 10 47 [This well must i en sunk at-a spot where the brick-earth had been worked f i< i,i off the gravel, and must go through the London Clay.] Information from the Railway Co., which may refer to this well, gives the site as in the engine-shed, the height as 92 J ft. above Ordnance Datum, and the vi : •■!■- level as 8-lJ fi. above Ordnance Datum. WELLS — BUCKS. 159 Slough, cont. 4. Royal Nursery. 1823 ? From R. C. Trench's Note- book. [Valley Drift. C Loam [brick-earth] -. 27 ft.] | Gravel [London Clay, ( Clay, various veins .. 31 ft.] [Yellow clay ... r Sand ... " [Reading Beds, \ Blue clay 36 ft.] 1 Black clay (^Marl [Upper Chalk. { Chalk 171ft.] ( Rock [? flint] (Chalk 5. Upton Park. From R. C. Trench's Note-book. Gravel, &c. and Clay [? London Clay] Sand ... Mottled clays Sand [Reading Beds, 73* (? 37*) \ Blue clay ft.] Blue and brown clay Black elav ; Thickn ess. Depth. Ft. Ft. . 6 — 21 27 3 — 28 58 6 — - 20 — 7 — . .; 3 94. ... 15 — ... I — ... 2 Ill* Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 65 65 40 [? 4] — 10 — 3 — 3 — 15 — 2J 102* [? 138*] 5 — 63 170* [? 206*] and the total depth are re- that the difference has been as 40 ft. instead of 4. i-™ ii -, oo jm. C White marl and flints [Chalk], 68 ft. | Chalk _ In Mr. Trench's note the depth to the Chalk spectivelv made 102* and 170* ft. I expect caused by the upper bed of sand having been given There are three wells here, all about the same. 6. Waterworks Company. 1869. Communicated by E. O. Secker. Shaft 117 ft., with a heading in the Chalk, the rest bored (25 in.). Water rose to a height of 7 ft. below the ground. ? Yield 40,000 gallons an hour. Top soil ... [Valley Drift, 27* ft.] f Brick-earth ... [ Gravel, with sand [London Clay, " 20ift/| [Reading Beds.! Thickness. Ft. Depth. Ft. 1* 3 1* 24* 2 29 4| — U 1-7? 494 15? — 9? 90 ? 496 586 J Red clay Yellow clay ... Blue sandy clay, very hard (much water at 48 ft.) f Sand and water ... ... about \ Blue and red sandy clay ... „ 1 Mixed clay and sand of various (. colours Chalk (with flints and water at 91 ft.), 27 ft. Bored deeper (in 1876) Supplies also parts of Datchet, Farnham Royal, Horton, Langley Marish, Stoke Poges and Wexham, as well as of Hanwell, in Middlesex. Average daily quantity supplied (? from Datchet) 750,000 gallons. (From L. G. B. Return of 1915.) See also Datchet. 7. Slough Motor Transport Depot. This covers a large tract, largely in the parish of Burnham. W. H. Booth. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. xxxi, pt. 3, 1920, pp. 134, 138, 139. " Temporary supplies for building were drawn from the gravel which was generally but poorly water bearing, but at one place near the middle of the site the gravel is very clean and freely water bearing and has yielded copious supplies of clean but hard water. . . . On test, the pump showed a delivery of about 28,000 eallous per hour." L 2 160 WELLS— BUCKS. Slough, cont. " The water is hard and not suitable for permanent use in boilers. . . Teste at -various points showed that only about 6 gallons per minute could be got from a 2-inch driven well (in the gravel), whereas ... a little north (about 500 ft.) of the Middle Road Bridge the flow yielded by a pulsometer was nearly 30,000 gallons per hour and the bottom of the sump looked like a swirling river. ' : Tirs supply has bean continued, awaiting the completion of the deep bore (see Addenda). It is a highly successful supply from gravel. The particular site was found accidentally, in excavating for a sewer, at the depth of 17 ft. For an analysis of the water, see p. 301. ? Soulbury. Ordnance Map 220, new ser. (Bucks. 20, S.) Geologic Maps 46, NW. and SW. Two wells from A. C. G. Cameron's notes. .1. Linslade Rural District Council. Triai foi waterworks, on the road to Leighton 1$ miles NW. of the railway-statiun Shaft 45 ft., 1896 ; the rest bored 1897. Water-level 53 ft. down. Lower Greensand. Sand and sand-rock 75 ft. 2. Mill Bush House, on the road to Leighton, a mile from the railway-station. Old well (brick). Chalky clay and hard black clay 180 ") Bore, in hard black clay ... ... ... 70) The old shaft was deepened 10 ft. after the boring was made and two headings, of 18 and 5 ft. driven in the hard black clay, the fossils from which E. T. Newton thinks to be most likely of Kimmeridgian age. Steeple Claydon. new ser. (Bucks. 18, S.) Geologic Map 45. NE. Ordnance Map 219. 1. Railway Station. A. C. G. Cameron notes that a well here was sunk 20 ft. and bored 70, passing through 90 ft. of blue clay, with hard rock (? Kellaways) at the bottom. Water from this stood 4 ft. in the well. 2. For public supply. In pasture-land about 100 yards from the Padbury road. Taken over in 1902. Information from J. B. Hill, Local Government Board. Three wells of 5^ ft. diameter (? at rear of Post Office). All in Drift. Average quantity of water available daily 6,500 gallons. (a) 33903 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 16f ft. deep. Rest water-level 6 ft. down. 332'71 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 17$ ft. deep. Rest water-level 5$ ft. down. 327-68 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 9J ft. deep. Rest water-level 3 ft. down. (&) (c) For analyses of the water, see table, p. 282. 3. Trial for coal. By Calvert Station, Great Central Railway. Eastern Boring (for Western, see Charndon). About 370 yards east of the other. 1912. About 290 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Dr. A. M. Davies and J. Pringle. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1913, vol. lxix, pp. 308-326, to which paper the reader is referred, for voluminous details. Cores of 18 in. diameter at first. Thickness. Ft. Soil ... Oxford Clay, nodules. Forest Marble 38J ft. Dark blue and grey, with occasional At base tough brownish shelly clay ... 93i Bluish-grey and grey limestones, partly earthy, partly oolitic, partly shelly, with bluish-greon clay at 108$ to 108J ' ••• Grey marly clays passing down into brown and greenish, with a bed of sandstone and a band of limestone. Lignite plentiful ... ... ... 16| Depth. Ft. 4 97 i 119J 136 WELLS — BUCKS. 161 Steeple Claydon, cont. Great Oolite Series, 59* ft. I Limestones, partly marly, partly shelly ... ... ... ... Grey marl and marly clay with shells, Grey limestone ... •■• ... Dark grey marl, six in., and then no core seen ; beds described as soft dark grey sandy shales ... Limestones, grey, with marly band at 186ftol87J Grey marly clay, very fossiliferous. with thin band of limestone Grey limestone, with 3 in. of dark grey marl. Oyster-bed near top. thinly bedded and with lignite at bottom Chipping Norton Limestone. Yel- lowish oolitic, partly sandy [Middle and Lower Lias] Shales, with sand at 211 to 214, with limestone at 354 to 3564 and 438 to 440 J, 3 ft. of clay at bottom. Many fossils [Cambrian]. Lower Tremadoc. Shineton Shales, greenish -grey, red and grey, with many fossils, and dipping at a high angle (from 40 deg. to nearly vertical) ;Thickness. Ft. 12 3 25f 64 [Inferior Oolite]. 5i 240| 954 \ Depth. Ft. 148 151 156 181* 1881 190* 1954 203 443 i 1398" The geologic interest of this boring lies chiefly in two points. Firstly, in the absence of beds throughout the mam divisions: thus the authors mark non- sequences (that is where the sequence of beds is incomplete, though there is no physical sign of unconformity, the planes of bedding being practically parallel), at the bases of the Oxford Clay, of the Forest Marble, of the Great Oolite and of the Inferior Oolite ; whilst at the base of the Lias there is a great unconformity. Secondly, in the occurrence of old rocks nearer the surface than they have ever been recorded before in the home-counties, and in the fact that these old rocks are lower in the Geologio series, as proved by their fossils, than those found under- ground in various deep borings in the neighbouring counties of Herts, and Middlesex. Here too, for the first time, igneous rocks have been found, sills of olivine-ba.sa.lt occurring at 570 to 572 ft. and at 606 to 608. Their effect on the sedimentary beds is slight. Allowing for the high dip the true thickness of these old shales is about 480 ft. Stewkley. Ordnance Map 220, new ser. (Bucks. 20, SW., 24, NW.) Geologic Maps 46, NW. and SW. 1. The following particulars were got by Prof. A. H. Green from Mr. Mayne, well-sinker, at that place: — Gravel 8 to 10 ft. Clay 50 „ Blue earthy limestone, with calc-spar 1 £ ,, Clay 30" „ Limestone, as above, with water 1 ,, 2. Warren Farm. South of South End. From A. C. G. Cameron's notes. [Portland Beds.] ( Limestone, part rubblv Sand ... I. Nodular limestone 2 to 4 ft. 9 to 12 „ 2 Stoke Mandeville ? Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Bucks. 33, E.) Geologic Map 46, SW- Elm-tree Farm. 1£ miles SSE. of Aylesbury Church. Communicated by Mr. Crouch of Walton. Aylesbury. ( Blue clay [Gault] Hard rock \ Dark blue clay, to sand with water 55 ft. 162 WELLS — BUCKS. Stokenchurch. Geologic Map 254., new ser. (Bucks. 41, W.) Public well. On the main road, close to the King's Anns. In a brick building with an inscription giving the date and depth (1871 and 360 ft). ? 730-740 ft. above Ordnance Datum. About 5 ft. of water in the well ; but this varies, and a few years ago the well was deepened 5 ft. The water is drawn by means of a double handed- wind 1; ss. with two large buckets, and it takes about seven minutes to draw up a bucket full of water. Lined with brick to the depth of 36 ft. Clay [Clay-with-flints] at the top and then chalk and rock-chalk. [It must reach down into Middle Chalk]. This is an interesting example of a village- supply of the old sort. It is perhaps the highest public supply in the comity. For an analysis of the water, see p. 302. Stoke Foges. Ordnance Map 255, new ser. (Bucks. 38, SW.) Geologic Map 7. From Sir J. Prestwich's Notes. Gravel ... ... ... 2 ") 79 f . Blue [London] Clay ... 70 j '. " - [The London Clay is most likely sunk through at this depth.] Stone. Ordnance Map 237, new ser. (Bucks. 33. N.). Geologic Map 46. SW. 1. Bucks. County Asylum, westward of the village. SE. corner of Asylum Record in Geological Survey Office, published in Jurassic Rocks, vol. v. pp 337, 338. (H. B. Woodward.) Shaft 145 ft., the rest bored. Failed to yield the water wanted. ' Thickness Soil Shelly oolitic limestone Yellow sand ... Portland Beds. Shelly oolitic limestone Yellow sand ... ... ... ... Blue limestone.. . ,Blue clay 'Limestone Dark sand with water Blue clay with fossils Limestone with Ammonite* Limestone Blue clay ? Kimeridge, Limestone Corallian Blue clay and Oxford \ Limestone Clays. Blue Clay Limestone Blue Clay Limestone Blue clay Limestone Blue clay \Sandy clay 'Oolitic coralline limestone ... Blue clay ? Great / Oolite Oolitic rock of various hardness ... Sand and pebbles KJ\JLk LV-* Oolitic rock ... Clay v Oolitic rock with fossils. Ft. 25 145 45 40 to h :) 200 10 30 Depth. Ft. 170 215 255 330 530 540 570 WELLS — BUCKS. 163 Stone, cont. Of this well C S. Read saitf, of the beds below the Portland Bed-. " with the exception of a few narrow bands of limestone, there appeared a solid bed of clay more than 500 ft. thick. At . . . 550 ft. from the surface the great oolite was found . . . This proves the total absence of the Oxford oolite and calcareous grits." Joum. R. Agric. Soc, 1855, vol xvi, p. 280. Prof. J. Phillips noted that (presumably the clay) " showed zones of gryphcaa dilatata and other characteristic fossils " of the Oxford Clay. Geologv of Oxford, 1871, p. 297. Woodward adds that " the meagre record, and the want of information concerning the thicknesses of the beds of limestone (probably in many cases septaria), render it difficult to classify the strata." 2. Bishopstone. Southern part of the hamlet ? Information got by A. J. Jukes-Browne from the occupier, who sunk the well and who was certain of the succession, though not of the exact thickness of each bed. 12 ft. Sandy soil ... ... ..." ... about [? Lower Greensand] Red s^nd... ... ,, P Purbeck Beds! i Rubble of stone : " { Blue stone with water ,, Stony Stratford. Ordnance Map 202, new ser. (Bucks. 9, S.). Geologic Map 46, NW. Brick-kiln Farm. On the high road south-eastward of the town. 1885. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Stjtcltff. Water-level 96 ft. down. August. (1885 ?) Pit (? the rest bored) Drift and ( -n .,, , St- (™- f ::: ::: ? Cornbrash. Stone ... Great Oolite Clay. Bands of clay and stone Great Oolite \ Stone Limestone ( Upper Estuarine { Stone Series. (.Clay ... Northampton Beds. Flaggy rock ( Stiff blue clay Upper Lias. I Brown clay ... { Dark sandy clay Marlstone. Hard rock ... Blue clay Stiff clay Fire-clay Hard rock Fire-clay Bands of clay and stone (Clay Middle and ? Lower Lias. Thickness. Depth. Ft Ft. — 5 5 10 59 69 7 76 lfU 92 \ 13 — 8 \\&\ m — 2 ~ j H 129* 13 1421 27* — 23 — 4 197 -U 201-J 2* — 23 — 23 — 2 — • 3 255 The classification is by H. B. Woodward; but the section differs somewhat from the one given in his Jurassic Rocks, vol. iv, p. 391 (1894), which has less detail and stops at 225 ft. In vol. v, p. 49, he adds that brackish water was found at the depth of 221 ft. 2. Waterworks, Calverton Road, 1887. Borings made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. Water-level 4 ft. down. Yield 60,000 gallons a day of 10 hours. Average daily quantity (later) 72,603 gallons (Local Government Board Return of 1915). 164 WELLS — BUCKS. Stony Stratford, cont. Soil and gravel [Drift] ... (-Clay Great Oolite Lime- ) Rock stone, 1 5 ft. J Sandy clay V Limestone Upper Estuarine Series, Clay ... Northampton Beds ? Rock ( Clay with stone Upper Lias. 56 ft. 8 in. Middle Lias ? Stone Black clay | Stone ( Clay ( Stone J Clay 1 Clay and stones (. Black clay Thickness. 1 Ft. In. 9 1 7 1 6 16 10 51 2 1 2 2 6 6 3 3 4 9 3 Depth Ft. In 9 24 40 40 10 97 6 120 24 ft. The classification is by H. B. Woodward, who published the section in 1894, Jurassic Rocks, vol. iv, p. 391. Two shallow borings were also made. No. 1 . Water-level 3 ft- down, December. 1887. Dug pit ... ... 4 Gravel ... ... ... ... ... 6 Limestone ... ... ... ... 8J 26 ft. Layers of stone and clay ... ... 4$ J Clay and shells ... ... ... 3 No. 2. Water-level 3 ft. down, December, 1887. Dug pit 4 Clay ... ... ... ... ... 5 Limestone ... ... ... ... 6 Sandy clay ... ... ... ... 1 Limestone ... ... ... ... 3$ Stony clay ... ... ... ... 4£ Also suppb'es part of Calverton and of Wolverton. For an analysis of water (? from this well) see p. 302. H. B. Woodward has referred to two borings for water at Old Stratford (Jurassic Rocks, 1894, vol. iv, p. 391, and 1893, vol. iii, p. 322). That place, however, is just over the border, in Northamptonshire ; but, as the wells have not been noticed in the Memoir on the Water Supply of that county, a record will now be given, partly from notes sent by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff, who made the borings in 1855. Both are " mainly through blue clay, sand, and silt (Drift, etc.) reaching 'rock ' at depths of 109 and 113 ft." One of the borings is on the Watling Street, 150 yards north-west of the county- boundary, and the other is 150 yards north-east of the Watling Street and the same distance north-west of the county-boundary. The following particulars are from the Northampton Herald of 1885. The thickness of the Glacial Drift is " a feature of considerable interest ... as both the Oolite and the upper Lias appear to have been completely scoured away by glacial action, down on to the hard marlstone. It is in this marlstone that the spring was tapped, after penetrating only 18 in. into it (in the shallower boring), when it immediately rose to within 22 ft. of the surface . . . The tube has been driven tight into the rock, thus effectually shutting out the upper contaminated water, from which all the ordinary wells in the place are at present supplied. . . . The whole work of sinking this well 109 ft. 6 in. deep occupied less than three weeks " (issue of 25th July, 1885). In the other boring the spring " is so strong that it flows over at 9 ft. above the surface, and would rise still higher were the pipe carried up. It is at present flowing at the rate of 240 gallons per hour." (Issue of 8th August, 1885.) Woodward speaks of one of these borings as giving water with " sulphate of lime, carbonate and chloride of sodium, &c, 77 grains per gallon." It is not likely that the channel of Drift which these borings point to will respect a county- boundary ; but may reach across it into Buckinghamshire. WELLS— BUCKS. 165 Turville. Geologic Map 254, new ser. (Bucks. 46 W.) Turville Grange, Turville Common [? Turville Court]. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isi/ERand Co. 70 ft. of 6-in. tubes from 3f ft. down. Water-level 330 ft, down . Supply, 400 gallons an hour. Thickness.; Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground [Clay with flints] ... «... Ballast ... ' Chalk and flin ts 3 23 16 3 26 42 [? Pipe of surface-deposits] Clay and sand 15 57 [? Upper Chalk] ... < Sand Chalk and flints 7 88 64 152 Chalk rock 7 159 , Chalk and flints 291 450 Turweston. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. (Bucks. 12.) Geologic Map 45, NE. Eastward of the village, 1906 ? Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcuff. Water-level 61 ft. 8 in. down. Yield 600 gallons an hour. Thickness., Depth Dug well (? old. the rest bored) ... ri T3 u r-i n C Mottled clay [? Boulder Clay] ... | Hard marl ^ day fa Blue rock [? Great Oolite and Northampton Sand Hard marl Sand -rock and Mater 62 ft.) Shelly rock i Sandy clay and shells [Upper Lias] ... Blue clay For an analysis of the water, see p. 302. Twyford, see Preston Bissett. bands (rose to Ft. Ft 40 10 — i 57 6i — 2i — 5 — 2 — 13 86 5 91 Water Eaton. Ordnance Map 220, new ser. (Bucks. 1 5. SW.). Geologic Map 46, NW. House about f mile north-east of Newton Longville. Belonged to Mr. Bailey. From A. 0. G. Cameron's notee. Water-level 15 ft. down. Boulder Clay Oxford Clay ... 15 J ... 18 ) 6 - Wavendon. [Ordnance Map 220, new ser. (Bucks. 15, NE.). Geologic Map 46, NW. 1. Wavendon Towers. 450 yards south-west of the church. 1891. From A. C G. Cameron's notes, taken as the work was going on. Shaft, with 4£ ft. of water. Sandy soil \ to ^ Dark blue Boulder Clay, with pieces of Chalk of Lower Greensand, and of Jurassic septaria (with fossils) ... 10 to 12 Running sand, with some water ... ... ■•• ••• 3£ Soft green sand \ Clay (with pieces of Chalk and Jurassic fossils) and sand. mixed. Water ... ... ... ... ... ... 12 28 ft. 166 WELLS — BUCKS. 2. Woburn Sands. Wavendon, cont. Swan Hotel. Noted by A. C. G. Cameron. Lower Greensand. Sand, with a bed of fullers' earth 38 ft. down. 40 ft. According to Dr. Fletcher's Report on the Newport Pagnell Rural District, 1912, at Wavendon there are two public water supplies, one a well and the other a spring. The village of Woburn Sands is supplied by the Wo bum Sands Joint Se-werage and Water Committee, from a well in Lower Greensand at Birchmoor Farm, Apsley Guise, just across the border in Bedfordshire. Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 174. Weston Turville. Ordnance Map 238, new Ber. (Bucks. 34, NW). Geologic Map 46, SW. Farm two miles south east of Aylesbury, near Bedgrove. Communicated by A. M. Brown, of Tring, from the account given him by the well-sinker. Classification by A. J. Jukes-Rrowne. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. ( Blue clay ... ... ... ... ol — X Hard rock with iron-pyrites. No water 3 54 (Clay 4 - •< Rock ... ... ... ... ...| 5 — (. Sand with water, which rose some way, 1 64 Gault. Portland Beds? Geologic Map 46. SW. Wing. Ordnance Map 220. new ser. (Bucks. 24). 1 . Ascott. East of the village. At a low spot on the margin of the small stream at the southern border of the park. Communicated by A. J. Jukes- Browne. Partly in Jurassic Rocks, 1895, vol. v, p. 337, and from samples seen by him. Shaft 44 ft., the rest bored. Abandoned. A moderate supply of somewhat saline water found at the depth of 42 ft., on penetrating a band of hard clayey rock. Drift and Gault Stiff clay ? Kimmeridge The notes on the samples are as follows : — L45?} 189ft? At 9 ft 12 15 18 20 21 24 27 33 36 38 42 ) r Gault. Kimmeridge Clay. Light-grey marly clay Grey sandy clay. ) Dark shaly clay full of small shells. Blackish shelly clay, crowded with small bivalves. Fragment of Ammonites interruptus, in phosphate. ? Fallen in. Dark clay with shells, with a layer fighter-coloured and very hard. Black clay, with shells. Black shaly clay, with shells. Dark shaly clay with shells. Black clay. Dark grey clay with shells. Hard clayey rock. 2. Lower Wing Bury, southward of the village. Communicated by W. Mayne and Sons, of Stewkley. Dug and bored through bluish -black clay, to hard rock, from which water is got. 60 ft. WELLS — BUCKS. 167 Wing, cont. . Prof. A. H. Green noted a well in Wing (? unfinished) with the following section. Gravel IlM Dark blue Boulder Clay 13 or 14 f ., ,, Light- blue Gault clay, with phosphatic ncdules ; ( a vein of loose matter, with water, 41 ft. down ? 15 J See also under analyses, p. 304. For the Wing Rural District Council. At the parish -boundary about 800 yards north-north-east from Waterloo Farm. Communicated by Messrs. Sands and Walker ; of Nottingham. 456 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Site chosen by a diviner. No supply found. Site used for a reservoir. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. ' Clayey soil 10 10 Clay ... 10 — [Glacial I Sandy clay ... 10 — Drift.] \ Rough gravel ... 10 — Chalky gravel ... 10 — Gravel 14 64 [Lower i Greensand.] ] Sand 6 — Sand, with little water . . . 22 92 fCla'y ... 48 — Veins of hard stones (coprolites and pyrites) ... 7 — [Kim- Sandy clay ... 23* — meridge Veins of hard stone ... ) 7£ Clay, and Hard clay ... j Oxford Blue clay ... 22£ — Clay.] Veins of hard stone ... 8i — Blue clay, with hard stone 26ft. down, 42 ft. down, 66i ft. down, 85 J down ... ft. ?91 300 H. H. Sands was in doubt whether the sand was Lower Greensand. The Drift has at all events greatly cut out that formation ; but one would have expected a small supply of water between 30 and 92 ft. down. There may be Ampthill Clay here, or some representative of Corallian beds, below 140 ft. ? Mr. Sands suggested the abandonment of the boring when it had get into the clay ; but the Council decided to go on, in order to give the diviner the chance of proving his report to be correct. For an analysis of the Wing water, see p. 305. Wingrave. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Buck. 29, NW-). Geologic Map 46, SW. About 280 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Wingrave Mead, called Thistlebrook Farm on the map. South of the village. Communicated by Messrs. Mayne of Stewkley. Dug 30 ft. and bored 50, through clay [Gault] to sand. A good supply of water rises up in the well. Winslow. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. (Bucks. 19, SW.). Geologic Map, 46, NW. 1. Bell Hotel or Eagle Brewery. La the Market Place, 1884. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcxiff. Classification by H. B. Woodward. Water from presumed Kellaways beds, rose to 140 ft. down. 168 WELLS— BUCKS. Winslow, cont. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In . Dug well (old), the rest bored 28 Clay 46 — Stone and clay ... 10 — Clay 98 — Clay, stone, and shells ... 15 — Stone 1 — Oxford Clay and shells ... 2 — Clay. Stone 1 — Clay and shells ... 26 — Stone 1 8 — Clay 9 237 8 Dark sand (? Kellaways) 9 246 8 .Clay 5 251 8 | "Rock 5 3 — Cora brash < Stone 1 — 1 Rock 1 258 11 Great j 'Stone 7 — Oolite < Clav 2 — Clay. j ^Rock 9 262 3 Stone 4 9 — Great Oolite. Clay Stone ... ... ... Clay . ... 2 6 5 5 i Stone 4 5 279 4 What seems to be a different version of the above is given in The Jurassic Rock's of Britain, vol. v, p. 335, as follows: — Drift 7 Oxford Clay ... Kellaways Beds Great Oolite ... Wells, at five sites, noted by A Avenue Road. Glacial Drift j 238*) 32 ( 9j 279 ft. C. G. Cameron. Boulder Clay Sand u 6 }20 ft. The Creamery, 1895. Water stood 8 ft. in the well. Glacial Drift j Boulder Clay ^ Loam and sand . Oxford Clay. 20,000 gallons a day used for cooling and other purposes. Gasworks. Water stands 4 ft. down, and was pumped to the newer well at the Creamery. Soil 3' Glacial Drift 12 15 ft. Hunting Box. Sir R. Abercromby's. Spring at bottom. Water stands 3 ft. in well. Boulder Clay, flinty clay Oxford Clay ... ' 15) 25) 40 ft. i). Swan Inn Field. Two wells, both dug through 15 ft. of Boulder Clay to sand. A letter from S. P. Wigley (January, 1908), says that the supply^is'entirely from wells, some of the public ones condemned and the majority fed from surface- springs (that is being shallow). The Local Government Board/Return of 1915 however says that the supply is good and adequate. See also under Claydon, East. Woburn Sands, se» Wavendon. WELLS — RUCKS. 169 Wolverton. Ordnance Map 202 and Geologic Map 203, new ser. (Bucks. 9, SE.). Geologic Map 46, NW. 1. Waterworks. Blue Bridge. About half-a-mile north of Brad well Abbey (by parish -boundary). Communicated by F. W, Webb, of the London and North Western Railway Co. Shaft, of 9$ ft. diameter, 47 ft., the rest bored. Thickness. Lias]. [ ?Marl- stone.] [Middle and ? Lower Lias.] Depth . Ft. 58 76 100 Ft. Undescribed ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• 58 [? Upper C White sandy clay 18 I Blue clay 24 ,- Grey sandstone ... ... ... 5 i Sandy marl ... ... ... 1 — \ Grey sandstone ... ... ... 2 108 r Blue clay 12 120 Limestone ... ... ... 1 — Blue clay 35 156 Grey limestone ... ... ... 2 — Blue clay 49 207 Limestone ... ... ... 1 — Gypseous ... ... ... 1 — Ironstone with quartz ... ... 2 Sandy clay ... ... ... 2 — Blue clay ... ... ... 3 — Limestone with shells ... ... 1 — Blue clay j 31 248 Nodules of ironstone ... ... 1 (Blue clay ' 7 256 The classification is doubtful. These works belong to the London and North Western Railway Co. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 246, the well and springs near Blue Bridge give a daily average supply of 176.000 gallons, and a further supply could be got from two borings 600 yards from Blue Bridge. *' Well water good, but spring water doubtful." The supply extends to parts of Brad well. For an analysis of the water, see p. 306. 2. Messrs. Le Gkand and Sutclife say they put down a boring (some time before 1890) not far from the entrance to the Recreation Ground, which did not get through the clay at 171 ft. Wooburn. Ordnance Map 255, new ser. (Bucks. 47, S.). Geologic Map 7. the Lower Mills, about 50 yards from the Thames. Bourne End. Near ? About 1840. Lipscombe's History . . of Buckinghamshire, Fol. London. 633. Bored throughout. Abundant supply from the bottom I Thickness. Ft. Gravel, with loam and blue clay ... ... I 36 f Chalk. No flints. A hard rock of white stone, 10 ft. thick near the middle [? Chalk [? Upper, Middle ) Rock] 194 and Lower Chalk.] \ Marl. "Occasionally very minute strata of slate or jet " ; with "decayed vegetable matter " I 150 380 The " marl " of the last mass is probably merely soft chalk. Of the " strata of slate" A. J. Jtjkes-Browne says, "these are doubtless the thin layers of grey marl that always occur in the Middle Chalk, and which are dark when wet." 1847, vol. iii. Depth. Ft. 36 230 170 WELLS — BUCKS. Wooburn, cont. 2. Bourne End. Pumping Station of the Great Marlow Water Co. Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 194. A deep boring (in Chalk), from which the average daily quantity got is 106,000 gallons. For an analysis of the water, see p. 306. Worminghall. Geologic Map, new ser. Oxford, special Sheet. (Bucks. 31, SE.) From E. Parry, Surveyor to the Rural District Council of Long Crendon, 1905. The water in the majority of the wells rises to within about 8 ft. of the surface. The first bed found is clay, beneath which is a limestone-rock about 2 ft. thick, which yields a good supply of water. Excavations for sewer-trenches were made some two or three years before (? 1902), and it is said that the contractors had great difficulty in keeping back the water. Tne clay is Ampthill Clay, and the stone may be the Arngrove stone. T. I. Pocock has recorded that "The wells are not more than 15 ft. deep, but as a rule there is a sufficient supply of Mater." The Geologv of the Country around Oxford, 1908. p. 128. Wycombe, High or Chipping. Ordnance Map 255, new ser. (Bucks. 42, SW„ 47, NW.). Geologic Map 7. T. W. Rammell, in his Report to the General Board of Health, 1850 (pages quoted 11, 17) says " The gravel in the bottom of the valley is more or less saturated with water . . . According to . . . the town-surveyor, water is obtainable at the west end of the town at three or four feet depth, and at the east end at from six to ten feet." "The water-supply ... is obtained from private wells; with the exception of a public pump, near the churchyard . . Of the con tamination of well-water by the infiltration of noxious matters from drams and privies " there was abundant evidence. The supply from shallow wells and springs lasted until after the date (1874) of the Sixth Report of the Rivers Pollution Commission. Waterworks, 1876. ? About 223 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten, with some later particulars. Shalt 6 ft., the rest bcreM Standing level of water 21483 ft. above Ordnance Datum. When pumping 20483. Returns to rest-level in 15 minutes. Gravel 4*7 ,„ , Chalk and flints 166J) 1 ' 1 "' Newer well, 370 ft. from the above ? 170 ft. south of London and Oxford mam road. 150 ft, west of Pann Mill, 1909 ? Nearly 21 7 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by the Local Government Board. Shaft 25 ft., with concrete below, the rest bored, 1 6 hi. diameter, lined with steel pipes for 40 ft. Chalkv gravel, with thin layers of peat ai „5 clay - - ™] lesft. Chalk 140) Boring in field adjoining Mill on south side of Eastern Street (mam road), 1910. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Steel cylinders from 1& to 26£ ft. down. 15-in. tubes from 24 to 101 J ft. down. Made earth [River Drift] ... Flint and grit ( Plastic chalk Chalk (Hard chalk Average daily supply of the works 450,000 gallons (maximum day's consump- tion, up to 1 91 ! , 500,000). The supply is extended to parts of Hughenden and West Wycombe (and ? Loud water). For an analysis of the water, see p. 307. ickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 4 4 26 30 68 98 120 218 WELLS — BUCKS. 171 Wyrardisbury. Ordnance Map 269, new ser. (Bucks. 56, SE., 58). Geologic Map 7. 1 . Copper Mills. Communicated by H. Ibotson. To chalk, 150 ft.' 2. Ankerwyke. near the Thames. At back of stables, 1906. 55 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Bored by Messrs. Isler and Co. Communicated by A. H. Benson. 20 ft. of 7i in. tubes, from 6 in. down ; 150 ft. of 6-in. tubes from 2$ ft. down, and 170 ft. of 5-in. tubes from 2 ft. down. Water level 20 ft. down. Pumping 1.00 to 1,500 gallons an hour does not lower it. Supply 3,000 gallons a day. Made ground r „. ^ ., Sand and gravel [River Drift] - (Thames gravel ... Blue [London] Clay, with claystone at 41-41 J ft. down C Mottled clay [Reading Beds, I Mottled clay and pebbles 85 $ ft.] \ Brown clay Brown sand •\Blue clay Upper Chalk, with flints ... The water has onlv 4 L of hardness. Thickness. Ft. Depth. Ft. 1 — 19 — 7 27 56$ 28 83$ 8 — 19 — 20$ 10 169 101 270 Posteript to Bourne End, p. 170 : — Ye Old Thatch, 1920 P Bored and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Lined with 4| in. tubes to 50 ft. Water-level 2 ft. down. 13 [ 110 ft [River Drift] { ^ [Upper] Chalk and flints 38 172 WELLS — HERTS. DETAILS OF WELLS AND BORINGS. HERTFORDSHIRE. Abbot's Langley. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Herts. 34, SW., 39, NW.) Geologic Map 7. 1. Abbot's Hill, about two miles NNW. of the village, 1870. About 420 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 135 ft. the rest bored. Chalk with flints. 367 ft. This was originally described as " near Two Waters," on the other side of the river, higher up. 2. Cecil Ledge. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 200 ft., the rest bored. Clay and gravel ... ... ... ... 15 Chalk and flints 386J 401$ ft. 3. Nash Mill, 1845. Communicated by S. C. Homersham. ? about 235 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level about 7 ft. down. Supply 467,000 gallons a day [River] Gravel Chalk, with 9 layers of flints Chalk " 4. Waterworks. 1886. Made and communicated bv Messrs. Le Grand and Sutciiff. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. about 6 6 ,. 102 108 102 210 Bored throughout. Water-level 5J ft. down. Top ground [soil, etc.] [»«J & ::: [Upper] Chalk and flints 150 ft. The Rev. J. C. Clutterbuck has said cf this place : "If, in sinking a well, of which there are many, the clay is pierced till reaching the chalk beneath, the water will disappear. At Bedmont ... in order to clean out a large pond fed by . . . the gravel, the head ... of the pond being cut for that purpose, the water which immediately found its May into the Chalk sensibly augmented the supply of water in the wells near at hand, though at least 170 feet below." (Trans. Watford Nat. Hist. Soc, 1876, vol. i, p. 127.) Albury. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Herts. 14, SE., 22, NE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Patmore Hall, 1872. 35342 ft, above Ordnance Datum. Made by G. Ingold, communicated by H. G. Featherby. Boulder clay and gravel... Chalk 2. near Patmore Heath. Shaft sunk and communicated by G. Ingold. Thickness. Ft. ( Brown clay ... ... 5 N . [Drift] I Shingly gravel ... 15 \ Rough stones and chalk 9 80 ft. , n ( Loose chalk ... ... 5 " alk I Chalk with flints ... 46' g] 137 ft. WELLS — HE UTS. 173 Albury, cont. Patmore Heath. Public Well, 1896. Shaft made by G. Ingold. Communicated by H. G. Featherby. 35248 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Rest-level of water. 16th February, 1901, 110 ft. down. Crvil Thickness. Ft. 1 5 17 4 5 Depth. Ft. boil [Drift] Loamy gravel and sand Brown tough clay Fine grey sand ... Mottled clay . 6 [Reading Beds] ... ( Gravel Yellow sandy loam • 2 2 — Hard grey clay ... White and black flints . • 1 1 38 [Upper] Chalk ... .. 76 114 Aldbury. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Herts. 25. SE-). Geologic Map 46, SW. 1. Tring, London and North Western Railway Station. Sunk and communicated by R. Paten. Yellow clay and stores Chalk 130 1 38 ft. 2. Another (newer) well, by the Gas-house. Communicated by E. Timmins, of Runcorn. Well of 6 ft. diameter, 40 ft. and six-inch boring, 40 ft. in moderately hard chalk, without flints. In 1875 the water-level was 7 1 ft. below the rail-level. The yield during construction was tested once at 8,160 gallons an hour ; but it was found that the water got back through the fissures in the chalk : accordingly, 300 yards of water-pipes were laid, to carry it far enough away. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 278, the Company supplies part of the parish of Aldbury. The well is 40 ft. deep, and there are two borings, of 80 and 120 ft. Chemically the water is good. For an analysis, see p. 310. Aldenham. Ordnance Map 256, new ser. (Herts. 39, SE.). Geologic Map 7. 1. Aldenham House. A mile NW. of Elstree. Sunk and communicated by R. B. Paten. About 300 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 155| ft., the rest bored. [London Clay, ( Yellow clay 100 ft.] I Blue clay * i Coloured [mottled] clay . [Reading Beds, ! Running sai d with water 45| ft.] Flints Chalk with flints The boring was deepened 100 ft. or more in 1902, by Messrs SUTCLIFF. 2. Radlett Station. Midland Railway. Sunk and communicated by R. B. Pat::>. Shaft 60 ft., the rest bored. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 20 20 80 100 20 120 24 144 H 1454 244£ 390 by Messrs Le Grand and ('lay and stones Rotten chalk with flints Hard chalk with flints, with layers of rock- Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 15 15 15 30 220 250 M 174 WELLS — HERTS. Amwell, Great. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 29, SE. 30, SW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Amwell End Pumping Station of the Metropolitan Water Board. By the railway just south of Ware Station. 1868. About 110 ft, above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwra, and from other sources. Shaft (cylinders) 72 ft., the rest bored. Water-level near the surface (nearly 104*94 ft. above Ordnance Datum. J. Francis. 1896). J.M.Wood has recorded it as high as 107-1 ft. above Ordnance Datum, April, 1919. In 1 851 W. 0. M . lne ga ve the supply as 1 ,694,880 gallons in 24 hours. In 1893 J. Francis returned it as 1,500,000. J. M. Wood returns it as about 1,250,000. Rough Gravel 36 } f Loose Chalk 4191 ft. [Upper Chalk] / Chalk and flints 383i I [ Chalk and shells ... 2. Amwell Hill Pumping Station of the Metropolitan Water Board. On the eastern side of the road (and western side of the New River) about 515 yards north-westward of the Church. 1848. The oldest of the New River Co.'s Pumping Stations in Herts. About 134 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwra, and from other sources. Water-level 104'78 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Yield 3,250,000 gallons a day. (J. Francis, 1896). J. M. Wood returns it as about 3,000,000 ; but it varies slightly. Well 82 i ft., the rest bored. Given as 160 ft. deep; but J. M. Wood (to whom we are indebted for much information on the New River Wells) having cleared it out, made the depth only about 148| ft. All in chalk (? except soil, 2 ft.). With headings of a total length of 378 ft. It has been recorded of this well that in enlarging it " for the reception of a pair of larger pumps, a far more copious spring was cut, which, until that moment, had been enclosed by a wall of chalk of trifling thickness." Proc. Inst. C.E.. 1877, vol. xlvii, p. 163. For an analysis of the water, see p. 310. For a note on the waters of these two wells, see p. 311. 3. Amwell Marsh No. 1 Pumping Station of the Metro politan Water Board . B3- the eastern side of the New River, about 425 yards east-south-eastward of the church. 1885. About 103 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwra, and from other sources. Well 109 ft., with a heading (6£ ft. high,) at the bottom 336 ft. long, the rest bored, 23 in. diameter. Water-level 4 ft. down. Given as 104- 15 ft. above Ordnance Datum (at which level it overflows) by J. Francis, 1896. Yield 2,800,000 gallons a day. J. Francis, 189:;. To Chalk 15|, Q9 , Chalk 377K J - n - Several fissures were found in the northern heading ; a large one at the end, giving almost the whole of the water. 4. Amwell Marsh. No. 2. 60 yards north of No. 1. Communicated by J. M. Wood. Two bore-holes, of 5]- ft. diameter at top and 4 ft. at bottom, 109 ft. deep, carried down into the original heading from No. 1. Particulars as in No. 1. Total pumping capacity (of the two) 7^ million gallons in 24 hours. Total yield about 6 million. Water rises rapidly on cessation of pumping. Pumping here affects Amwell springs, Amwell Hill Well, and Chadwell spring. For an analysis of the water, see p. 311. 5. Local Supply. Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 278: "Well in Chalk, Hailey Brickfields. The average daily quantity of water obtained is 700 gallons." Quality good. WELLS — HKKTS. . 1 7 .Jt Amwell, Little. Ordnance Map 239. new ser. (Herts. 29, SE., 30, SW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Haileybury College, Hertford Heath (Herts. 36, NE.). 1809. Communicated by the Rev. E. H. Bradley, Head Master. To Chalk about 150") Depth [Upper] Chalk „ 50) 204 ft. F. W. Headley, Science Master, has written that he had been down this old well, which was disused, and thinks that the depth to the Chalk is much lees, ? 90 ft. J. M. Wood records the water-level on 10th June, 1920, as 173 ft. down, with 29 ft. of water. 2. Hailey Hall. By the main road southward of Great Amwell (Herts. 37. NW.) 1887. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. Water-level 67 ft. down, in August. 1887. Pit (the rest bored ?) 9f"\ [Drift or Reading Beds] f^J landgrayd g ( 991 ft. [Upper] Chalk and flints ... ... 55 J 3. Vicarage. Hertford Heath. Made and communicated by Messrs. Merryweather. Water struck at 204 ft., rose to 198 ft. down. Cood supply. Mould [Drift] Gravel ( Brown clay [London Clay, \ Dark clay ... 98 ft. ?] ^ Brown clay with sand I. [? basement bed] [Reading Beds] Light-coloured loamy sand [Upper] Chalk Ardeley, or Yardeley. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 13). Geologic Map 46, SE- Three wells, from A. C. G. Cameron's notes, with an addition to No. 3- 1. Cromer Mill, a mile west of Ardeley church. (There is a Cromer church also.? At its driest water stands 3 to 4 ft. in the well, rising in wet seasons. Bricked, in c) a v and stones ... ... ... ... 30 ) . .» ,, Chalk ... * 110j 140ft - 2. Cromer Windmill, half a mile north-eastward of the hamlet of Cromer. About 1880 ? Often loses its water. Close-grained loam ... ... ^Iiaku Chalk 120 i 1 *- If the above section be right, there must be an error in R. E. Middleton^s statement that this well "does not penetrate the chalk water basin." It. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 564. 3. Public Well. 1883. Deepened afterwards? Level of Curb 406-32 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level, February, 1893, 120 ft. down, but sometimes lower. Had been dry twice. Bricked, in clay and stones ... ... ... ... 30> 1OA ,, ^ii ii mn f 130 it. Chalk 100) U A. Smith notes a well on the premises of E. Boorman (? 2 above), sunk about 1880 into Chalk to a depth of about 110 ft, which originally gave an ample supply. Then the water-level began to go down and the well had to be deepened Ave or six times, but nevertheless the supply nearly failed in 1891. In another well half a mile off, sunk in 1877, the water-level has also gene down. R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 409. R. E. Middleton (Ibid.. p. 354) suggests that the well was originally of insufficient depth. Other welf- are noted on p. 629. M 2 Thickness. Depth . Ft. Ft. 1 1 9 10 J8 — 66 — 14 108 27 1 35 95 230 2 13 9 67 7i 4 7i 17 176 WELLS — HERTS. Ashridge, see Little Gaddesden. Ashwell. Ordnance Map 204, new ser. (Herts. 4, E.). Geologic Map 46, NE. For the Ashwell Rural District Council. 600 yards south of the parish -church. 1911. Communicated by the Local Government Board. ? 251 24 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 152-74 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Another account says 96 ft. down. Yield, as found by continuous pumping for 14 days, 70,000 gallons a day. Another account says 75,000, which only lowered the water-level 2 ft. Pumping at double that rate did not empty the well. Average daily supply only 8.500 gallons. Well 103 ft., with two 10-in. boreholes. Ft. In. Loam ... ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• 1 6 [Middle ?] Chalk 6 6 (Melbourn) Hard rock r Soft Chalk L13 ft. r , T n , „ -, ) Hard Chalk [PLower Chalk] j Soft Chalk (.Hard Chalk For analysis of the water, see p. 312. Aston. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 13, SW., 21, NW.). Geologic Map 45, SE. 1. Aston Bury. £ mile south of Aston church. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Well 13 ft. Bored to 200, through Chalk and flints. 6-in. tubes to 96 ft. down. Water-level 98 ft. down. A. C. G. Cameron has noted that plenty of water, but not very good, was got in a well through 15 ft. of running sand. 2. Aston End. Noted by W. Topley. Boulder Clay 15|__,, Chalk 40 5 5olt ' 3. Rectory. 1886. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley. Water-level 75 ft. down. Thickness. I Depth. Ft. Ft. (-Gravel 16 16 ' r-r, -*+i ) Yellow clay 4 20 [Drift] j Blueclay ^ I ]2 32 V.Sand and sandstone ... ... 45 77 Chalk 30i | 107J According to R. E. Middleton (R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 632) the level of the curb is 31251 ft. above Ordnance Datum ; the water- level in February was 22393 and in March 22584, and the well is never dry. Ayot St. Lawrence. [ Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 20, SW., 28, NW.). Geologic Map 46. SE. From A. C. G. Cameron's Notes. Clay and flints, to Chalk 25 ft. WELLS — HERTS. 177 Ayot St. Peter. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 28, N.). Geologic Map 46,' SE. 1-4 from A. C. G. Cameron's Notes. 1. Ayot Green. Public Well. Heavy (Eocene) clay, 20 ft. Sand, gravel and water. 2. Cromeriiyde Farm. (Information from the tenant.) Clayey gravel, bricked ... ... ... ... ... 20 ) _ , Chalk 36j 5bU Water indifferent and sometimes bad. The well is in the farmyard, and surface- liquid percolates. 3. Fry the. Cla y 15 )l45ft Chalk 130) 14ott - 4. Rectory. Heavy clay (Tertiary) 15 "l lfi 4ff Chalk 169) 184tt - Mr. Cameron speaks of " condemned wells " on Ayot Green. 5. 900 yards south-westward of Welwyn church. For the supply of Welwyn village. From the engineer in charge, to Dr. R. L. Sherlock, 1913 ? In Chalk, with surface-wash, 79 ft. 53 ft. to water. 3,000 gallons an hour pumped for 40 hours a week, lowering the water-level 2 ft. Baldock. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 7, E.). Geologic Map 46, NE. Information from H. F. Peck (A. J. Jukes- Browne). At the south-eastern end of the town wells are dug about 60 ft., through hard chalk ; but at the lower end (Clerkenwell) they are shallower, and the water sometimes overflows after heavy rain. The public supply comes from the Garden City works, at Letchworth. The average daily quantity taken (1911) is 24,000 gallons. Barley. Ordnance Map 204, new ser. (Herts. 5, SW). Geologic Map 47. 1. The Homestall, 1899. Made and communicated by H. G. Featherby. 362 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft of 4i ft. diameter in the clear. Top 4£ ft. dry steined. Rest-level of water, September, 1899, 207 ft. down ; February, 19G0, 201 ft. down. Boulder clay ... ... ... ... ... ... 35") < L'jose chalk ••■ ■•• ■•• 10[ 9] . , [? Middle Chalk] ... ! Chalk, with very few flints and \ /14 rt " frequent layers of hard clunch 169 J Deeper>ed in 1902. 2. Nearly in the middle of the village. [Sir] H. G. Fordham. Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc, 1888, vol. v, pp. 20-22. Level of curb about 305 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Middle Chalk, 165 ft. Monthly observations on the level of the water were made, with a few trifling breaks, for nearly 23 years, from January, 1864 to October, 1866, by John Pearce, and these are given in Sir G. Ford ham's paper, with a Chart showing the mean monthly water-level here and at Odsey, in Cambridgeshire. The site is far away from any large pumping station, the Royston Waterworks being about three miles off, and so the fluctuations of water-level are due to natural causes. 178 WELLS — HERTS. Barley, cont. In the table, the last column and the last two lines were added by Sir G. Foedham, who remarks that it " shows great variations from the mean level in years of and those following excessive and small rainfalls, and it will be seen that the extreme variation in level has been as much as 78 ft. — between 2 ft. (January, 1864) and 80 ft. (August, 1879). The greatest difference in any one year was in 1869 — in January. 20 ft,, and in April. 57 ft., a rise of 37 ft. 1 ; and the least in 1871 — in January, 6 ft., and in June, 18 ft., a rise of only 12 ft." and he says that the highest mean water-level and the heaviest rainfall were in 1879, the lowest mean water-level and the lowest rainfall in 1864. which followed a year of small rainfall, that of 1863 having been only 17- 87 in. Two years later Sir G. Fobdham again referred to this well in a paper just over the border, hi the parish of Guilden Morden, in Cambridgeshire. (A Record of Water-level in a deep Chalk Well at Odsey Grange. Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc, 1890, vol. vi, pp. 31, etc. Discussion, pp. xxii, etc., 1892.) in which he gives a section showing the variation in water-level from Barley northward to the foot of the escarpment at Melbourne, four miles off, where the nearest springs occur. He remarks " In general . . . the movements of the water are slightly later . . . in the deeper wells on the higher ground at Therfield and Barley than at Odsey, while at the same time a close parallelism is maintained in the curves representing the changes of level in the three wells." The table was reprinted in 1893, by R. E. Middleton, in R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply, Appendices, p. 641 , and extended . I have availed myself of this extension for the years after 1886 ; but there is no return for 1887 or for the greater part of 1888. J. M. Wood has added the figures in the lowest two lines of the last seven oolumns on page 180. 1 But the greatest difference in any one year, from April to March, is 52 ft. in .1865, 6, as noted in the piper of 1890. WELLS— HERTS. 179 o a O i si o 3 v. OS t- CO i-H 00 C OS OJ X IC C » M 54 r ^toffif- 1 c- i- 00 i— i> t- SO L^- © CO 1877. 1878. 00 tH t f CO tH (M CO CO OS CO co Tf io io lo o o ic -f -c « n co CD V CO CM £Y2 i-0 o. t- 0^ 1876. I ©GOr-i— iOS©CMOSSDXl~ 1 Tt<'#»o>OTfin^t cs oo t> i> t — a os io 00 LO CD CO LOO CO | CD »0 -* -t< CO CO 10 i—i -# CM CO O CM CM I> CO CO lo >0 00 — i i— i CM C00000-)o -# -# -f co co co Ho r4P> ■*> ■"**■ t"t^OM>»OOOL^rH LOCO fH i-S i— I i— I r— 1 — I CM CM CMCOCOT^OS-*OCM«OOSt-00 HHfflNH • • ::::::::: ^ ft CD :::::::: : -o r^ flH § <| S 1-5 ►O lO'#-# OO lo 00 OO CI ™ h t) im ^ n CI !N IN h (N CO ■3 oo oo CD -<* •* co -? bog 8* He* H« ■-♦« <-^;i r-:« HM r-«i Hci O^COOOhOCCC^iMOOO O 1 CO-HHrf^Tt^^HHCCCOCCCO T* 1 (> a) <5^ 1 co Hd t-4»j hci Hh Hn CM cs OS OS CO »C >-* I I | I 1 1 1 oo CD CD t- t- O I I I I I I I I> © i— i CM r-Kl i-#JN i— I os CO(M>OC'-*00COiO^C000(M lOlCiCCDkC-^-^-^r^rtl-^CO f-H os 00 >o -* ~* (N H« esHi s OS iSBOH^Tl'iONOWO'ii CM os 00 p — it-* p-H f— 1 / — I r-t I — if— 1 i— 1 Oj f-H ibi f— 1 CM © OS H« »-fc4 »-*N H« o CO oo -<#-*i* oo -HNnn^iooioio^^^i -* ■* i— i CM GO CO oo 1 1 1 1 II |[ |-(N« CM CD oo 1 1 1 1 1 \ 1 1 1 f-H f-i H p— f i— 1 — i CM ' d ! H« *-»>i »-»vn >-H< HN -^n -^t> »o Mea •^OSrJlC^COiO^OOiCiCMC'-H CS o coco-#- , *-'tf^-'#cococococo CO CM 00 OS OS X CD CD CO CO CO c I oo co o CD CO I ** t}I -<# OSCMOOiOCMOSOOl— .— ©OS CD r» t- t- C~ CD CO *C LO lO •<# OS 00 oo — T-) .:.::::. & ^«d. ». a^'SPS g S «,5 &<& 3 d 3 aT » 05 & CM CM 0-4 00 CO CO co CM CM CO CM co © CM CS CO 00 •g c d o ■p 00 o P3 08 WELLS— HEKTS. 181 Barnet. Ordnance Map 256. new ser. (Herts. 15, 46). Geologic Map 7, and new ser. London District, Sheet 1. This is really a threefold place. There is Chipping (or High) Barnet, part of the old town on the hill, continuing to Hadley, in Middlesex ; East Barnet, the village on the lower ground ; and New Barnet, between and strictly belonging partly to both of the above, but overshadowing them, as a big modern growth by the railway, and presumably with no precise boundary : on the old map (7) there is no such name. Chipping Barnet. The one deep well here, of which we have a record, has been described in the Memoir on London Wells (p. 136), in which, however, it is put under the heading Middlesex. The description is now reproduced. 1. Barnet Workhouse, on the southern side of Well Lane, just over half-a-mile westward of St. John's Church, 1909. 410 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley. Diameter of bore 8 in. Water-level 82 ft. above Ordnance Datum == 328 ft. down. Made ground Gravel (Drift) ( Yellow clay [London Clay, 273 i ft.] '. London clay [Basement- bed] < Q anc i [Reading Beds, 47 ft,] [Upper] Chalk Coloured [mottled] clay Sand and pebble-conglomerate. Sand and pebbles, not so hard , Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 4i 4J ... 3 7* 2 — ... 270 — ... i — .. * 1 281 20 — - e.. 10 — 17 328 ... — — The sands above the Chalk were practically dry, as was also the casern the next well, at about the same level about 400 yards northward, in Middlesex. In return for the classing of the above as a Middlesex well it is fair to include here an account of this well just within the border of that county, especially as the Memoir in question does it the injustice of saying that "no water was got from the chalk," meaning from the well: headings were more successful. 2. High Barnet Laundry. Queen's Read. 1904 ? Notes from T. Hennell. Well 373 ft. deep. To Chalk 330 ft. At first very little water found. After making three headings, a supply of 660 gallons an hour was got ; but the water contained much iron and was unfit for domestic use. Filtration was unsuccessful in getting rid of this, but softening the water got rid of the iron enough for laundry-purposes. The first heading, at 354 ft. deep (intended to reach the borehole, which was not found) after being enlarged yielded 40 gallons a,n hour. The second, at 370 ft. deep and 53 ft. long, yielded no water. The third, north-eastward at the depth of 355 ft., struck a large spring 15 ft. from the well. Water also came in through the roof further on, but the work was stopped at 23 ft, the amount wanted having been got. T have a note of a boring at High Barnet (1 898) which may refer to the above. Thickness. | Depth. London Clay [Reading Beds] [Upper] Chalk ( Coloured clay I Gravel [?] Ft. Ft. 274 * — 23 J 298 27 325 131| 456| 182 WELLS— HERTS. Barnet, cont. East Burnet. 1. Bohun Lodge. 1913. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockendex About 280 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 10-in. tubes to 78 ft. down, 8-in. tubes to 274 ft. Rest-level of water 318 ft. down. < !lay and gravel ( London clay ... ( Black [flint] pebbles Marl Sandv clav (Sand" ..." [Upper] Chalk and flints 2. East Barnet Pumping Station of the Barnet District Water Co [London Clay] Reading Beds. 59 ft.] ckness. Depth Ft. Ft. 7 7 200 — 1 208 26 — 14 — - 19 267 183 450 1899. From the Local Government Board and from F. J. Bancroft, Engineer to the Co. 131 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft. Cast iron cylinders of 14 ft. diameter, 25 \ ft. ; of 13 ft. diameter, 58f ft., of 12 ft. diameter. 50 ft., unlined, of 11 f ft. diameter. Headings, at the depth of 215 ft. (extended) 2,9261 ft. long ; at the depth of 280 ft,, 95 ft. long ; total 3,021 f ft. Average daily supply 791,000 gallons. Soil ? Wash London Clav, 60 i ft. Reading Beds, 64 ft. [Upper] Chalk Ballast [gravel] Clay 1 Ballast [gravel] Mixed clay Dark clay and sand ... Blue clay and sand, most sand Blue clay and sand ... Blue clay Mottled clay Blue clay Mottled clay ; Rock Rock and clay Mottled sandy clay ... Black pebbles Clay sand and black pebbles Flints ckness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 1 1 i H t 3| 131 24 5 16 2 64 2 i 8i 1 2 22 1 26 £ i 128 172 300 J. M. Wood states that the pumping at this well affects to a considerable extent the water-level in the bore-hole of the Betstile Well of the Metropolitan Water Board, about a quarter of a mile to the south, in Middlesex. 3. Oak Hill, Mr. C. E. B. Young's. 1915. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Lined with 4£ in. tubes to 290 ft. Water cut at 336 to 343 and 431 to 436 ft. down Tested at 480 gallons an hour. OCKENDEN. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 204 2l»4 30 234 26 260 190 150 London Clay Reading Beds ThanetSand [?] [Upper] Chalk and flint New Barnet. Barnet District Water Co. Close to the county-boundary, by the western side of the Great Northern Railway. Statement in R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices 1893, p. 526. Return as to Water Undertakings, Local Government Board. I i>l 5, p. 1 76, and from F. J. Bancroft, Engineer to the Co. WELLS HERTS. 18S Baxnet, cont. Three wells, about 213 ft. above Ordnance Datum, connected by headings All now 314 ft. deep, and of 9 ft. diameter, or thereabout. Average daily supply 293,000 gallons. In 1874 the supply from the Waterworks well was given as 144,000 gallons a day, in 6th Report Rivers Pollution Commission, p. 308 : it was then the chief source of supply. ^ _j ; > A section, from R. C. Trench's note- book, defined only as near the railway- station, seems to be another version of the deeper of the following records of these wells. Mr. Bancroft tells me that he knows of no other in such a site. It gives the London Clay 115 ft., the Reading Beds 44 and the Chalk 280 : it seems useless to reprint the details from the Geology of London, etc., vol. ii, p. 44. 1. Waterworks, 1876. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. T. Docwra and Son (drawing). Shaft 171 ft. (now 314), the rest bored. Thickness [Surface deposits.] [London Clay, 113f ft.] [Reading Beds, 50 ft.] [Upper Chalk, 293 1 ft.] ( Ashes and made ground (. Yellow clay and gravel Yellow clay ... Yellow and blue clays Yellow clay, with a 6-in. bed of claystone [septaria] at top Yellow and blue clays, with 6-in. bed of claystone at top ... Blue clay, with 5 beds of claystone, from 2 to 10 in. thick Blue clay and dark sand, with a 3 -in. bed of claystone at bottom Blue clay Dark sand Blue clay f Blue clay and sand, with a small vein of [Basement- 2 302 3 184 WELLS — HERTS. [Upper Chalk. 293 J ft.] Barnet, ccmt. Chalk, with 2 layers of flints in the lower part ... Hard chalk with few flints ... Chalk, with 12- and 9-in. layers of hard flints at top and at bottom Chalk and hard flints (12-in. layer at bottom) ... Hard chalk, with flints at bottom ... Hard chalk and flints Chalk, with hard flints at bottom ... Soft chalk, with few flints ... Hard chalk and flints, with a foot of soft chalk in the middle ... Soft, and mostly sticky, chalk, with three layers of flints, and 2 ft. nearly all flintsat bottom... Dark soft marl Very hard blue stone Soft grey chalk, partly flints, and with two flint layers in the lower part. Very hard flints, with soft veins of chalk Soft chalk, with few flints ; a flint layer at top Very hard grey chalk, with few flints Very hard grey chalk, with one flint layer Lighter-coloured chalk Thickness. Ft. In. 11 1 7 3 9 7 2 6 4 3 10 4 6 6 18 9 3 1 3 13 3 3 4 3 3 15 26 2 4 6 Depth. Ft. In. 351 1 408 2 460 5 In the drawing the depth to the Chalk is given as 168, and the total is given as 461 i ft. There may be some error in the details therefore. 2. Trial-boring for the Waterworks. Made and communicated by Messrs. T. Docwba & Son. rT , ri1 1 Yellow clav ... [ im'ftl y ' Blue clay ^ * '-* { Dark green sand [baseme. it-bed .'J... Loose sand, with water 1 Pebbles 1 Coloured [mottled] clays Hard light-coloured sand Pebbles [Reading Beds ('lunch [? hard clay] 58 ft.] Dark firm sand Pebbles Sand, with little water Pebbles Dark sand v Lighter-coloured sand [Upper] Chalk Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 20 — 80 — 11J Ill* 6 1 17 — 7 ] — 2 — 3 — 1 — 1 — 4 — 12 — 3 169* 14 1834 1 [These may belong to the basement-bed of the London Clay.] WELLS — HERTS. 185 Barnet, cont. The following summary of the record of the level of the water at these works has been given by T. H. Martin, the former Engineer. 1893 : — Depth below centre of Engine-shaft, -ih ft. above door-step. Year. Average. Highest. Lowest. Fallen. Total Fall. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. 1874 150—6 — — — — . 1876 159—8 — — 9—2 1880? 158—6 — — + 1-2 8— 1884 166—8 165—10 167 — 8—2 16—2 1885 169—2 166—3 170 — 4 2—6 18—8 1886 170—11 168—11 172—5 1-9 20—5 1887 173—5 170—9 174—7 2—6 22—11 1888 175—3 173—8 176—7 1—10 24—9 1889 176—9 175—4 178—2 1—6 26—3 1890 177—11 176—9 178—9 1—2 27—5 1891 179—10 178— 181—6 1—11 29—4 1892 182—5 180—5 184—8 2—7 31—11 1893 184—3 182—4 1 89—6 1—10 33—9 Since 1884 the measurements have been taken after from 12 to 26 hours' -cessation of pumping. Measurements made in July, 1892 : — 4th. — After 26J hours cessation from pumping, water-level 182 ft. clown. After 10 hours 55 minutes pumping, 230 ft. Fall 48 ft. 11th. — After 23| hours cessation from pumping, water level 182 ft. 5 in. down. After 9 hours 55 minutes pumping, 232 ft. Fall 49 ft. 7 in. 25th. — After 24 hours 5 minutes cessation from pumping, water-level 182 ft. 7 in. down. After 10 hours pumping, 224 ft. Fall 41 ft. 5 in. Mr. Martin adds that by running both engines and pumps the water may be lowered to 257 ft. The Barnet District Water Company supplies many places besides Barnet, including parts of the parishes of Northaw, North Minims, Ridge, and Shenley, in Hertfordshire, and others in Middlesex. With the exception of that at Potters Bar, which is in Middlesex, near the county-boundary, the wells are in Hertfordshire ; but the pumping station at New Bamet is just on the boundary with Middlesex. The Potters Bar well has much the lowest yield (53.000 gallons a day). The total daily average supplied is over 2,100,000 gallons. The water is remarkably pure. For analysis, see p. 313. From the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 176. 3. Lion's Down of the older map. a little South-West of the railway-station. ? Lyons-down Road of the 6-in. map. From Blenkarn's "Architectural Specifications," London, 1865. Particulars added from a Drawing communicated by the late G. Cooper. About 290 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft and iron cylinders to 122 ft. (about half of each) ; the rest bored. Water rose to a height of about 130 ft. below the surface of the ground. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Yellow clay 20 Blue clay 80 f Greenish sand ... 11 J [Basement- ) Quicksand and water bed.] ) with large stones ... £ (.Pebbles ... 1 113 [London Clay.] 186 WELLS — HERTS. Barnet, cont. Coloured [mottled] clay Hard light-coloured sarid Pebbles Coloured [mottled] clay Dark dead sand [Reading Pebbles Beds.] Light-coloured sand and a little water Pebbles Dark compact sand ... Lighter-coloured sand [a foot of flints at the base] ... Chalk. Without getting water, 170 ft. At "275 ft. below the bottom of the well " ( = 397 ft. down 1 ) very hard. At a depth of 220 ft. in the chalk a soft bed, 1<> ft. thick, at the bottom of which was dark sand, a few inches thick, yielding plenty of water Thickness. Ft. 17 7 1 2 3 1 1 4 12 Depth. Ft. 230? 161 392? The drawing differs also in showing a foot, apparently of soil, at the top, and in describing the top of the Basement-bed as greenish sand, 12 ft. 1 This seems too deep. Perhaps it is meant to be 275 ft. below the bottom of the brickwork, which would be at a depth of 335 ft. •4. The Absorbing Well (for the sewage) J. Blenkarn, The Builder, March 18, 1885, p. 189. Fortunately not used now. See p. 96. Thickness. Ft. ' Superficial gravel and yellow clav ... Clay .' ... ' ... ^ Dark shelly clay 2 Grey sands, pebbles, with water [basement-bed ?] ... Mottled clay Green sand Brown sand ... Hard pebbles (conglomerate) Fossil wood and sand Hard pebbles and quicksand (free light-coloured sand), level of water- bearing surface [London Clay, with a wash of gravel, 73 ft.] [Reading Beds 68 ft.] 20 46 .3 <> 5 8 9 14 J 41 ft. 2 [May belong to the basement-bed.] Batchworth, see Rickmansworth, Bayford. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 36, NW.). Geologic Maps 7 and 46, SE. Near the church. From R. C. Trench's Note-book. In Chalk at 150 ft. Beaumont Green, see Cheshunt. Bengeo Rural. Ordnance Map 239, now ser. (Herts. 29). Geologic Map 46, SE. Herts. Reformatory. From Dr. R. L. Sherlock. Well about 50 ft. Gravel about half-way down. Large supply. WELLS — HERTS. 187 Benington. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 21, N). Geologic Map -16, SL. From A. C. G. Cameron's Notes. Information from Messrs. Cox and Savage, well-sinkers. 1 Benington Place. Good supply. Water 30 ft. in well Blue loam, bricked 40 7 ... 130) Chalk Park Cottages. Water stands 18 ft. in the well Blue loam, bricked 30 7 , -,. na f lob 170 ft. 126) Oft. Chalk . Public well. A shaft. Since bored deeper. Water 8 ft. in the well. Clay and stones, bricked 25 7 , on ( . Cnalk 155) l8Utt - . White Horse Inn. Water stands 24 ft. in well. Red soil Blue loam Chalk . In the village. Loam with Hints Sand and gravel, with water 10 35 1484 ft. 103 J J 20 j ^ 1 Berkhampstead. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Herts 33, NW-). Geologic Maps 7. and 46. SE. 1866. Waterworks Company, High Street, next the Town Hall. 340 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk and communicated by R. B. Patex. Shaft 10 ft., the rest bored. Water stood within 8 ft. of the top. the quantity pumped being about 50,000 gallons a day, according to "A Treatise on Waterworks," by S. Hughes, p. 218 (1875), whence the figures in brackets are taken. [M*l ISU" 2 (6) Chalk with flints ... 200 (1 98) According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 194, there are two borings. "The average daily quantity of water obtained is 480,000 gallons. . . . the water is well adapted for drinking purposes." For an analysis, tee p. 313. The supply is extended to parts of the parishes of Ashley Green and Northchurch : the limits of supply include other places. 2. Messrs. Lock and Smith's Brewery. 1876. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tieley. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft, Clay and gravel ... ... ... 14 14 Soft chalk .. . .. 50 64 Hard chalk ... .. . . . :; : 100 [? Middle and Hard chalk, with flints . . . . . 50 150 Lower Hard chalk, with water . . . 10 160 Chalk.] Hard chalk, with flints Limestone Soft chalk • . * 40 16 14 200 216 230 Hard chalk ... ■• ... 30 260 le following furt Iier particulars from U. A. s MITH (R. Comm. Met rop. Wo Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 403). Surface 346i ft. above Ordnance Datum. Top of flange of bore-pipe 345. Top of well of iron-cylinders. Large tube-well put down inside. At first water flowed over the flange-joint of the tube to 345"! ft. above Ordnance Datum. 188 WELLS — HERTS. Berkhampstead, cont. In the winter cf 1 891 -92 the water-level was 338 "4 ft. above Ordnance Datum ; and in September, 1892, 337 38. A decrease of water in four other wells in the town is noticed. But R. E. Middleton (ibid., p. 549) credits this decrease to the pumping at the Brewery and the Waterworks, together with seasonal difference. The subject is again taken up on p. 577 of the same volume. These four wells are all shallow. Berkhampstead, Little. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 36, W.). Geologic Map 7. 1 . Waterworks (Hertford Rural District Council) on the marsh by the side of the Lea, at the N.E. corner of the parish. For the supply of Bayford. Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 64. Site described as at Roxfrrd Farm, Bayford. Roxford is in the parish of Hertingfordbury. and the Avell is on the other side of the Lea, just outside Bayford parish. " The average daily quantity of water available is 8,000 gallons . . . good but hard." The well must pass through Alluvium and River Gravel into the Upper Chalk. 2. Woodcock Lodge Farm, south of the village. About 380 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated bv Messrs. A. Williams and Co. Shaft 33 ft,, the rest bored. Water rose to within 260 ft. of the surface. [Glacial C Blue clay [? Boulder Clay]... Drift.] { Sandy ballast [Gravel] C Blue clay [London Clay, ) Blue clay and claystones 154 ft.] 1 Blue clay ... ' V Green sand and clay [basement- bed ?]! ( Blue clay [Reading Beds, ) Dark green sand 60 ft, ?] 1 Very hard green sand V, Green sand [Upper] Chalk and flints No Boulder Clay is shown en the map here. The division between London Clay and the Reading Beds is doubtful. Bishop's Stortford. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Herts. 23. W.). Geologic Map 47. . Apton Road. The Cemetery. 1889. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 12 — 3 15 58 — 15 — 73 — 8 169 5 — 10 — 17 28 229 221 450 Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Gravel ... 3") Brown clay ... ... 9 f White sandy loam ... 3l 36 ft. Yellow sand ... ... 21 J 2. Chantrey Road (a. Mr. Dodd's. b. Mr. Baker*; »)■ Made and communicated by G. Ingold Ft. Ft. a. b. Brick-earth (? London Clay)... . ... 30 30 White sard ... 2 2 Green sand . 18 l(i To Chalk 50 48 Chalk . 19 14 3. Dunmow Road (Mr. Meredith's cottage). Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Brown loam • >• a ... 3 1 O 47 f ( travel and sand . 4 Mottled loam • . . ... 4 WELLS— HERTS. 189 Bishop's Stortford, cont. Dunmow Road (Mr. Coote's). Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Boulder clay ... Yellow sandy loam Green sand 5. Dunmow Road (Mr. Menet's). Made and communicated by G. Ingold. White Boulder Clay ... Yellow sand Brown clay 6. Dunmow Road (Rev. A. H. Blount's). Made and commimicated by G. Ingold. White and blue Boulder Clay Sand and gravel Green sand 7. Fox Brewery. Bailey Bros., 1907. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. Water-level 77 ft. down. Yield 5,000 gallons an hour. Soil Brown clay ... Boulder clay and hard chalk, mixed Boulder clay ... Flints ... [Boulder j Boulder clay Clay.] Chalk boulders Dark boulder clay Chalk boulders Dark boulder clay Brown boulder clay ... [Reading ( Brown clay Beds.] (Green sand [Chalk [Upper Chalk] ( Flints (.Chalk 8. Gasworks, and Anchor Malting. 1873. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Water 4 and 3$ ft. down respectively. To Chalk ... 135") lftn .. Chalk ... 25j 160ft - 9. Grange Road. 1869. Made and commimicated by G. Ingold. Strong spring. Water 30 ft. down. Dip of beds 20° W. /Gravel White clay Gravel ? Drift.] 32 ft. 70 ft. 28' 16 44 ft. N 190 WELLS — HERTS. Bishop's Stortford, cont. 12. Hawke and Co. 's Brewery. 1845. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Shaft 19 ft., the rest bored. Water 9 ft. in the shaft. Pumping 108 gallons a minute lowered the water io 4 £ f t. , at which it remained . To Chalk ... about 50 ~) . . Chalk ... „ 149j iyytt ' .13. Hockerill. The Crown yard. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Made ground (or loam ?) ... Sancl and gravel [Drift] Clay [? Tertiary] 314. Training College, Hockerill. 1859. Communicated (to W. H. Penning) by G. Ingold, well-sinker. Shaft 85 ft., the rest bored. Water from 5 to 7 ft. deep in the shaft. Good supply. 10 1 20 30 60 ft. to Chalk. .--p. .,,-, C Boulder clay [Drift] [Yellow sand ... (Reading Beds, C Green sand 25 ft.] (Blueclav Chalk 15. Boring at Hockerill Vicarage (Dr. A. Irving). Made and communicated by G. Ingold. 1895 Mould {Glacial Drift.] f Stony [Boulder] clay ) Brown loam ) Fine gravel (.Hard gravel 16. Local Board Sanitorium, a mile south of the town. Sunk and communicated by G. Ingold. Shaft 15 ft., the rest bored. Thickness Ft. Made ground 8 Gravel and sand ... ... ... ... 2 f Grey and red sandy loam 1 2 [London Clay, 12 ) Yellow sandy loam 6 Thickness. Ft. 45 20 10 15 120 Thickness 1 7 8 10 2 Depth. Ft. 65 90 210 28 ft. Depth. Ft. 8 10 ft.]. (Reading 52 ft.]. Beds. Upper Chalk ) Stiff brown clay, with red L sand in the bottom foot White marly clay White sandy clay Greenish -grey sand Brown clay Dark green clay... Brown clay Bright green loam Yellow sandy clay Brown clay Slate-coloured clay Dark clay, with green veins and black pebbles, Dark sandy clay, with white veins Dark green sand '7. New Road (Mr. J. Woolston's garden). Drift gravel ... Brickearth (? London Clay) Greensand (Reading Beds) Upper Chalk 4 5 3 14 2 1 5 I 6 I 8 4 I 30 Thickness. Ft. K) 30 16 21 92 74 1(14 Depth. Ft. 10 40 56 77 WELLS — HERTS. 191 [? London Clay] Bishop's Stortford, cont. 18. Nonconformist Grammar School, 1894. Made by G. Ingold. Communicated by H. G. Featherby Shaft 70 ft., the rest bored. Rest-level of water 60 ft. clown. Yield 35 gallons a minute, lowering the water 3 in. only. ''Brown clay Bluish- brown clay Reddish-brown clay { Light- brown sandy loam Brown clay Brown and blue clay ... -Dark brown clay Grey sand Hard red clay ... Red and green clay Greenish -yellow sand ... Slate-coloured clay Grey sandy loam Brown sandy loam Blue sandy loam Yellow clay Slate-coloured clay with pebbl Flints [Upper] Chalk 19. Plaw Hatch, east of the town, 1 878. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Shaft 87 ft. (partly old well), the rest bored. Water-level 95 ft. down. [? Reading Beds] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 7 1 3i — ... li — ... 4 — 3 — 4 24 . . . 1 — 1 — 3 — ... 7 — ... I — ... 31 — 3 — • • 7 - — 2 — es i — ... i 53 ... 117 170 [Alluvium] Peat Boulder Clay, with a large boulder (2 ft. thick) at 47 ft. Hard brown clay Dark sandy clay Hard brown clay ' Dark grey sand Dark clay Red sandy loam Red and green loam ... Green clay Flints [Upper] Chalk, with many flints [London Clay, 19 ft.] [Reading Beds, 35 ft.]. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. ? ? ? 58 2 — 3 — 14 77 2 — 6 9 — 6 18 — 1 112 100 212 There is some doubt as to the division between the London Clay and the Reading Beds. 2u. Railway Station. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Made earth ... ... ... ••• ••• 6 Yellow loam ... ... •■• ••• ••• 2 Stiff brown and blue clay ... ... ••• 4 Gravel, with pebbles ... ... ••• ••• 8 Loose sand and fine gravel ... ... ■•• 30 Very stiff blue clay, with a large stone at the bottom ... ... ••• ••• ■•• ••• 1 Yellow loam, to Chalk 4£ ) 55$ ft. to Chalk. 21. South Mill Malting, 1869. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. To Chalk 40 7 Chalk 24) 64 ft. N 2 192 WELLS — HERTS. Bishop's Stortford, cont. 22. South Road. Mineral Water Works. 1 886. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Bored throughout. Water-level 14 in. down. Made ground [Drift] [? Drift, or London Clay [? Reading Beds] ?] Thickness. Ft. Depth. Ft. 5 5 8 — 5 - — 15 — 53 86 4 — 10 1 — 5 105 H — 2 — o — 9 — 2 — <> — 2 1 Si 144 -::'i 187* r Gravel \ Black loam "' 1 Gravel, with water C Grey sand Light-brown or grey clays Yellow sandy loam I Sand and gravel Sandy loam Light- brown clay, with stones .. Strong dark- brown clay Clay, with layers of sand Gravel [? pebbles] Sand Brown clay ^Sand [Upper] Chalk The depth to the Chalk is greater than in any of the other wells in the town, though the well at the Gas-works approaches this depth, being 135 ft. to the Chalk. The thickness of Drift is remarkable, and Mr. Ingold thinks that all the beds above the Chalk may be Drift. Mr. Ingold thinks that in a well at the Old London Road Malting, the account of which has been lost, we have evidence of a deep channel of Drift, Uke that in the valley of the Cam, in Essex (see Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xlvi, pp. 333-340). This well also bears out his idea that all the beds above the Chalk, that is to the depth of 144 ft., in the well at the neighbouring Mineral Water Works (No. 22), are Drift. It is certainly hard to understand how the older Tertiary beds should reach to such a depth here, and the section, in both cases, seems to accord more with the classification as Drift than with that as London Clay and Reading Beds. As Mb. Ingold remarks, the channel deepens southward. How much further it may go is a question needing further evidence for answering. 23. South Road, New Malting, suuth of Mineral Water Works, 1897. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Almost whollv published by the Rev. Dr. A. Irving, Proc. Geol. Assoc, 1898, vol. xv, pp. 224'. 225. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Made ground [Glacial Drift] Blue | ? London] clay [Reading Beds] [Upper] Chalk Gravel Small [fine] yellow sandy gravel Grey clay Grey sandy gravel Bin e sand y gra vel Blue clay Brown peaty clay Blue sandy clay ... Grey shingle, sand and stores. Thin layers of grey sandy clay at 88 ft., and of yellow at 98 ft. Yellowand grey sand and shingle ( trey sand 4 Grey shingle and sand ... Dark grey sand ... Brown sand Yellow sand with thin layers of |i am ... Stiff brown clay and stores 5 1 20 1 3 31 Ft. 5 30 98 10 1 15 — 124 3 127 17 — 1 — 15 10 170 55 225 WELLS— HERTS. 103 Bishop's Stortford, cont. 24. South Street Steam Flour Mills, 1875. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Shaft 17 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 2 ft. down. [Alluvium] [Drift] [Upper] Chalk Peaty soil ("Gravel ( Sand and gravel Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft, 17 17 ■10 57 34 91 39 130 This section seems to give evidence of a channel of Drift. 25. Waterworks. Maze Green Road. West of the town, near the farrn- buildings known as Marsh Barns, 1870. 328 ft. above Ordnance Datum. From occasional inspection during the progress of the work, bv W. H. Penning. Shaft 160 ft. (? 164) the rest bored. Water rose to within 140 ft. of the surface. In 1897 rest-level said to be 142 ft. down. Supply 10.000 gallons an hour. Only 25 gallons a minute (=1.500 an hour) from the bore, the rest from two headings (X. and S.) at the depth of 154 ft. The water could be pumped down to the bottom of the headings. Enough for the town (1897). Boulder Clay [London Clay] ( Light-brown clay ... \ Blue clay ... Brown clay Black clay ... | Black sandy loam, with iron -pyrites Black clay with lignite [Reading Beds, 45| ft.?] [Upper] Chalk [Basement-bed] Dark grey large pieces of sandstone, tooth of Lamna Black clay ... Brown clay Light- brown sand Variegated sand Brown clay Flints and pebbles sand, with shells, and Thickness. Ft. 10 7 14 2 12 11 15 2 20 h 18 4 1 183| Depth. Ft. 17 300 Later information, from the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 18. " Two wells, 164 ft. deep, connected by adits . . The average daily quantity of water obtained is 182,045 gallons." Much more could be got. Quality good. For an analysis of the water, see p. 314. In Horizontal Wells, 1874, p. 30, J. Lucas by some mistake credits the well with yielding 10,000 gallons a minute, and is led thereby into wrong conclusions. Such a yield is, of course, impossible. 26. Workhouse. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Water rose to 85 ft. from the surface. Thickness. Depth. Ft. C Boulder clay \ Gravel and sand Red and green lcam [Glacial Drift] [? Reading Beds] [Upper] Chalk 27. 200 yards south of the Church. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Drift gravel Brickearth [Reading Beds] 28. Cottages opposite South Mill House. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Gravel and sand ... Loose drifted chalk, to hard white chalk 29. 50 25 38 80 Ft. 50 75 113 193 8' 39 47 It., to Chalk. about about 16 44 60 ft. Golf links, about a mile from the centre of the town, on the southern side of the Dunniow Road. 1910. 125 ft. deep. 194 WELLS — HERTS. Bovingdon. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Bucks. 38, NW.). Geologic Map 75. Shantock Hall (Chantock on old map), nearly 1£ miles SW of the village. 1904. About 490 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Two wells, made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. No. 1. Water-level 39 ft. down. Gravel and flints Chalk marrow Chalk No. 2. Water-level 48 ft. down. Chalk and gravel Flints and marrow Chalk 15 1 20 ) 75 ft. 40 J 4 1 20 90 ft. 66 Bramfield. Ordnance Map, 239 new ser. (Herts. 29, NW). Geologic Map 46, SE. 1 . The Rectory. From A. C. G. Cameron's Notes. [Boulder] Clay Chalk 20) 140) 160 ft. If] 47 ft. 2. Well House, south-eastward of the village, and 1,000 yards W. of Waterford. From Dr. R. L. Sherlock's notes. Well 103 ft. deep, with 7 to 14 ft. of water, according to season. Braughing. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 14, SW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Braughing Bury. 1881. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Shaft 17 ft., the rest bored. Boulder clay Chalk 2. Centre of village. Sunk and communicated by G. Ingold. Shaft 18 ft., the rest bored. Gravel and brown clay ... Chalk with flints 3. Upp Hill, for C. J. Longman. 1899 (?) A 6 in. boring, made and communicated by Messrs. Williams and Co. Water-level 100 ft. down. Good supply. Pumped at the rate of 300 gallons an hour. Dug well 145) «, . Boring, in chalk and flints 100 ) ~ 4 ° ™" Brickendon, .see under Hertford. Brickett Wood ( ? parish). London and North Western Railway Station. 1914. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. 50 ft. of 8£ in. tubes a foot below the surface. Standing water-level 54 ft. down. 8 95 103 Mould [Glacial Drift] [Upper] /Clay and stones ( Ballast [gravel] I Sand ) Sand and stones Small ballast [fine gravel] ^Flints Chalk and flints rhici tness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 6 6 17 6 — 15 — 2 — 7 10 — 2 o — 1 2 46 35 81 WELLS — HERTS. 19$ Broxbourne. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 36, SE, 37 SW.). Geologic Map 1, NW. 1 . T. Clark, 31S. in Library Inst. Civ. Eng. To Chalk 84 ft. Water overflowed. 2. Fishing House. Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS., vol. 3. p. 48. Gravel Blue [London] Clay r-o v -d j i ( Mottled clay [Reading Beds.] | gand > Thickness. Ft. 10 30 2 28 Depth. Ft. 10 40 70 3. Broxbourne Pumping Station of the Metropolitan Water Board. 1886- On the western side of the New River, over 600 yards NNE. of the Church. Communicated by Mr. J. Taylor, Engineer to the New River Company. 105 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft. 197 ft. No boring. Heading on E. about 400 ft., on W. about 345. Standing-level of water 11 ft. down. (9418 ft. above Ordnance Datum, 1896. )> J. M. Wood records the standing- level as 8 ft. down (97-1 above Ordnance Datum) on 28th February, 1909. Great quantity of water, the temporary pumps being drowned in sinking when 2 to 3 million gallons a day were got. The yield has been returned as 4.500.000 gallons a day. J. M. Wood returns it as 3£ to 4 million a day cf 24 hours. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Soil ... ... ... ... .•• 2 21 [Valley Gravel.] Ballast ... 8 10' | ' Loamy sand 3 • [? Basement- bed ) Black silt 5 — of London 1 Black silt, shelly 1 — Clay.] L Black silt 1 20 Blue clay 1 — Peat and clay ... 3 — [Reading Beds, , Running sand 9 — ' 40 ft.] Green sand 6 — . Thin veins of dark sand and clay 20 1 — v Flints h 60 Chalk ... ... • ... ... 136 196 It is hard to make out the sandy and silty beds beneath the gravel, but, from the occurrence of shells, one is led to infer that they belong to the basement-bed of the London Clay. 4, 5. Two Borings for the New River Co. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwra. 4. By the Gasworks (which are just hi Hoddesdon parish.) Thickness. Soil [Valley Drift (and ? Allu- ( vium.)] [Reading Beds, 37 ft. (? the bot- tom 16 ft. Thanet Sand.)] [Upper] Chalk Brown clay Light-blue, sandy clay Gravel Loam Gravel Peat [? lignite] Brown, sandy clay Green, sandy clay Green sand and pebbles, water Dark, running sand Flints Ft. Depth. Ft, full ot'i 2 13. 2 15* 2 — 12 — 7 — 15 — 1 52 2 54- 196 WELLS— HERTS. Broxbourne, cont. 5. Charlton Mill. (Hoddesdon ?) Soil ... ... ... ... ••• ••• ••• 1 ,.,„ . -, ( Brown clay... 1 [Alluvium] ( Peat .. i Rough gravel, full of water ... ... ••• ••• 21 - 27 ft. r , „ ,. f Brown, greenish, running sand, [PReadmg fuU of water 3 - Kecls - J IFlints, to Chalk 4 J 6. Broxbourne and Wormley Waterworks (Ware Rural District Council). About 1904. On the western side of the New River two-thirds of a mile SSW of the Church. Communicated by A. Williams and Co. and by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff Water-level 184 ft. down. Yield 6,000 gallons an hour. Soil [River] Gravel ! Brown clajr Blue clay ... [London Clay, J Loamy grey sand 274 ft.] f Dark clay and [Basement bed ?] \ pebbles k (. Sandy clay . . . < Mottled sandy clay [Reading Beds . Mottled loamy sand 354 ft-] Grey loamy sand and pebbles ... | Thanet sand [?] i Green flints [Upper Chalk] Hard flints A shaft put down alongside existing boring (8 ft. in diameter and 56 ft. deep) tapped the supply from the boring. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 148: "The average daily quantity of water obtained is 34,194 gallons " and more can be got "no indication of any objectionable impurities."' For an analysis of the water, see p. 314. Buckland. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 8. W. 9 E.). Geologic Map 47. On Lord Mexborough's estate. 1887. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. A little water from the clay. Mould 1 ( Brown clay ... ... ... 8 [? Boulder \ Blue clay 19 ^ 38 ft. Clay.] / Brown clay ... ... ... 2 (^Red clay (with stones) ... ... 8 Buntingford. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 13, NE. 14, NW.)- Geologic Map 47. For the Buntingford Rural District Council. PAbout a mile ESE. of the Church. From the Local Government Board. 375 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level at commencement of pumping 279 ft. above Ordnance Datum, at cessation of pumping 258. After a 3 hours rest, following 12 days pumping, the water rose to 275"5 ft. The morning after pumping it reached rest-level. m1 . , -r, r. n C Boulder Clay 14 1 [Glacial Drift]. ( Gravel , sanc f and m , lts ... 10 130 ft. Chalk 106 ckness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 144 164 34 — 3 — 15 — 14 . — , 44 44 7 — 7 — 14 - — 6 — 14 794 1504 230 WELLS — HERTS. u>; Buntingford, cont. The Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 28, says: — "The average daily quantity of water obtained is 18,000 gallons " and much more could be got. The water is very good. Supplies parts of the parishes of Aspenden, Layston, and Wyddial. For an analysis of the water, see p. 314- Bushey. Ordnance Map 256, new ser. (Herts. 44, N.). Geologic Map 7. 1. Experimental Well, in the Colne Meadows. R. Paten. In Appendix to S. C. Homersham's " Report to the Directors of the London (Watford) Spring-water Company." Measured from plate. Shaft decreasing in 5 stages, 34^ ft., with 4 boreholes. About 180 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Ordinary water-level at the surface. About 24 ft. down when supplving 1,800,000 gallons a day. nearly about Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 21 23 2 25 21 46 104 150 Appendices, 1893, p. 599.) Ft. 1 U 1 18 5 8 Clay [alluvium] [River] Gravel Black peat [?] Chalk with 5 beds of flints ... Chalk, without flints, but with many hollows (11 drawn) full of water ... R. E. Middleton (R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply gives the following version — Mould Alluvium Peat Gravel full of water Soft knobly chalk Hard chalk This position of the peat is more likely to be right. This well is often referred to as Stephenson's Well. 2. Co hie Valley Waterworks. 1876. W. Verini, Trans. Watford Nat. Hist. Soc, 1876, vol. i., pt. 5, p. 135. (Notes in brackets by W. Fox. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. xc). With some additions About 180 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft of 10 ft. diameter 95 ft. (? 72), the rest bored (11 hi. diameter). (Yield, March, 1886, with the water 144 ft. above Datum, or 26 ft. below normal water-level, about 820,000 gallons in 24 hours. In May, 1887, this had decreased to 650,000. In 1881 the pumps were lowered 20 ft., and from 900,000 to 1.000.000 gallons were pumped in 24 hours.) [Upper] Chalk and flints 'Hard rock chalk [? Chalk Rock and Middle Chalk]. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 182 182 12 194 3 197 16 213 U 214 i 20 i 235 Soft chalk ( Hard rock chalk Soft chalk .Hard grey rock chalk 3. Colne Valley Waterworks. New well, 1885-7. Made and communicated by Woodman Hill. (With some particulars, in brackets, from W. Fox, Proc. Inst. C.E., vol. xc, pp. 21-27.) Also published, by W. Verini, in Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. iv, p. 116, with slight differences. Shaft 43 ft (of 7 ft. diameter), the rest bored (18 in. diameter to the depth of 477 ft. then 15 hi.). Connected with the older well by a tunnel (the floor about 59 ft. down). Normal water-level about 20 ft. down. The flow of water from the top of the borehole has decreased from 656.000 gallons hi 24 hours, at 310 ft, below Datum, to 555,000. The first (maximum) only ran for a few days. 198 WELLS — HEHTS. Bushey, cont. | Made Ground and Soil. [Upper Chalk. 156 ft.] [Chalk Rock.] [Middle Chalk, 267 ft. ?] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 4 4 1 5 42 47 44 i 26 43* 8 3J 6 16 1 25 914 1174 161 169 1724. 1784 194J 1954 2201 [Lower Chalk, 255 ft, ?] 2154 14 44 436 4374 442 80 50 114 522 572 686 5 9 691 700 Loose Chalk Mould Rotten chalk with bands of flints Chalk (soft) with seven layers of flints, two 12 in. thick, the rest 6 ... Hard chalk, with four layers of flints, one 18 in. thick, the rest 6 ... Soft chalk, with a 12-in. and a 6-in. layer of flints ... Hard grey chalk Soft chalk Very hard blue bind Hard rock chalk ... Blue clay (soft) ... (Hard grey rock chalk) [not in Mr. Hill's account, but combined with the next.] Hard chalk with thin layers of clay ... Hard chalk with little clay (with thin layers of blue clay) Blue clay ... Hard chalk Soft chalk with little clay (with thin beds of clay) ... Hard dark chalk with clay Chalk f Dark chalk marl ; Marl, J Dark green sand (sand and clay) 119 1 [specimen of Chalk Marl with ft. (, many green grains] ... Gault [specimen of pale calcareous clay] ... Si me specimens were submitted to William Hill, who examined them microscopically, and reported as follows : — 1 . '" The specimen from 161-169 ft. is without doubt Chalk Rock." 2. ' ; Specimens from 178 to 194 and from 195 to 220 both agree in character with the chalk which usually underlies the Chalk Rock." 3. " A specimen from between 220 and 436 ft. agrees in character with chalk about 60 or 70 ft. above the Mclbourn Rock. I feel sure that it is not below that horizon." 4. 'A specimen from between 437 and 442 ft. is. I think, Lower Chalk, not very far, perhaps only a few ft., below the Melbourn Rock." 5. Of two other specimens, from 522 to 572, and from 572 to 686, Mr. Hill speaks doubtfully ; but the specimen of the greenish base of the Chalk Marl seen by me can hardly be mistaken for pjiything else. This brings the Chalk Rock somewhat nearer the surface than one might have expected, making the Upper Chalk rather thin. The Middle Chalk, on the other hand, is rather thick, and so also is the Chalk Marl. As the site is a little below the oncoming of the Reading Beds, a slight addition is needed to get the total thickness of the Chalk here, which would be probablv from 710 to 720 ft. Jukes-Browne is inclined to doubt the position given to the Chalk Rock, thinking that it should be v ther at the hard grey rock below 195 ft., and even then that the combined thickness of the Middle and Lower Chalk is too great. The boring was begun on April 15th and finished on July 9th. The unlined pari (617 ft.) was bored in 38 working days, including 10 when the work was st< pped f( i icpairs, or at an average rate of 16 ft. a day. The greatest depth bored in a d 30 ft. (340 to 370). A trial made in September, 1886, gave the following result: Rrs1 well 850,000 gallons, second 425,000. total 1.275,000. Anothei u i.pril, 1887, gave a higher result, first well 900.000, second 540,000, total 1,440,000 gall< nsaday. WELLS — HERTS. 199 Bushey, cont. The following additional information is by R. B. Taylor, Proc. Assoc. Munic. Eng., 1895, vol. xxi, p. 36. The yield of the first well had decreased to 600,000 gallons a day. The com- bined figure given for the yield of the two wells (1,235,000 gallons a day) was a maximum, not the average, the minimum being scarcely 1,000,000. His firm made the following changes : the engine-well (first) was lowered, to get the pump-suction lower. The deep boring (second well) was cut by a heading (floor 132 ft. down). A new pump-well was made between the other two wells, to the depth of 142 ft. Of these works " the result has been to give ... at least three times as much water as . . . before, the available minimum yield being now (1895) well over 3,000,000 gallons per diem . . . these operations were carried out without any interruption in either the softening process (described pp. 38, 39) or the supply to the district." The Colne Valley Water Company supplies parts of the following parishes in Hertfordshire: Aldenham, Bushey. Elstree, Ridge, St. Stephen (St. Albans R.D.). Shenley and Watford, and many others in Middlesex. The average daily quantity of water got from the Bushey Pumping Station is 3,250,000 gallons. (From the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 184.) For analyses of the water, see pp. 315, 316. 4. Hartsbourne, Bushey Heath [S. of Clay Hill]. W- Htjmber. Compendious Treatise on the^Water^ Supply of Cities and Towns, p. 47. (1876). Clay 230 ■) (nn ,, Chalk 170j 400ft - 5. London and North Western Railway (South of Station ? and on level of line.) Made and communicated by R. Paten. Surface earth ... ... ... ... 3 Yellow clay and large stones... ... 10 96$ ft. Chalk 83J 6. Old (? Oak) Lodge. Communicated by the Rev. J. C. Clutterbuck. Water about 140 ft. down. [London Clay, C Loam and clay ... ... ...! 110 ft.] < London clay [.Silt [? basement-bed in part] /? Plastic clay Yellow sand ... ... about White sand ... ... ... „ [ReadingBeds ) ? Plastic clay ... „ Light-green sand ... Dark green sand ... ? ... ... about Flints 35 ft.] [Upper] Chalk 3kness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 25 — 75 — 10 110 10 — 2 . — . 2 — 6 — 6 - — 6 — 1 — 2 145 21 166 Cheshunt. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 41). Geologic Maps 1, XW. and 7. According to the Sixth Report of the Rivers Pollution Commission, 1874, p. 330, the supply of water for domestic purposes was then chiefly from springs. But this seems unlikely : there must have been many shallow wells in gravel. According to T. Clark (MS. in Library Inst. C.E.) a well at Cheshunt touched Chalk at the depth of 90 ft. This is less than in any of the wells hi the toAvn now recorded, the only one under 100 ft. being No. 11, at Waltham Cross, in which Chalk was touched at 98 ft. 1. Beaumont Green, marked Beaumont Manor on the newer map. About two miles NW. of the town. (Mr. Munt's). 1833. Dr. J. Mitchell, Proc. Oeol. Soc. vol. ii, p. 551 . With some further particulars from a letter by J. Fort, 1886. 200 WELLS — HERTS. Cheshunt, cont. Shaft of about 6 ft. diameter 183$ ft. Deepened by a boring. Thickness. Ft, Mould [Drift] ("Gravel | Sand with flints C Gravel clay [? meaning] ) Blue sand with black pebbles 1 1 much foul air given off C Blue clay i [London Clay and Reading Beds.] Fine soft [Thanet ?] sand Chalk (spring 40 ft. down) 1 In Dr. Mitchell's MSS., vol. 2, p. 57, these beds are transposed 1 15 1 83 Depth. Ft. 1 17 15 10 n 57 125 126£ 183* Mr. Fort makes the total depth of well and boring about 300 ft. This may be too high. A good supply cf water was got some 12 ft. up the well. When the New River Co. started their pumping engine by the reservoir near Flamstead End (Cheshunt), this well failed whenever they pumped much, in the summer. It was then deepened, by boring 70 or 80 ft., down to the level of the New River Co.'s pump, and then there was always water, until the Company sank the deep shaft at Turnford, when a total failure took place, except at times when their engine broke down, and then the water came to this well. The well at Burton Grange, near Hammond Street, was also injured, and Mk. Fort heard of others, too, one at Wormley End. 2. Cheshunt Common (Hammond Street), far westward of the town. High View Nurseries (F. Stevens), 1907. Made and communicated by R. Richards and Co. Water-level 255 ft. down. Supply 3,000 gallons an hour. Sump-hole for pump. diameter [? Glacial] gravel The rest a boring of 9| in. [London Clr y, 134 i ft.] [Reading Beds, " 48 ft.] [Upper Chalk] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 11 21 i3i 2 — 904 — 17 — 25 148 10 — 3 — 22 — 6 — 7 196 298 15 509 ('Brown clay ' Black clay J Blue clay ^ Blue sandy clay... Black sand ! Sand and pebbles ( Gravel [pebbles] and sand Hard sand Black pebbles [flints ?]... C Sticky chalk and flints ( Very hard grey chalk . . . 3. Cheshunt Pumping Station of the Metropolitan Water Board. Between the corners of the two old reservoirs over a mile North -West of the Railway Station. 1846. Not now used. From Messrs. Docwra. An account by B. Latham. Trans. Soc. Eng. for 1 864, p. 245 and pi. 5, diflers in details, making the depth to the Chalk 107 J ft., and the total 171. 1 16-15 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft and cylinders 145 ft. (from 11 J ft. diameter down to 6, widening out to 12£ at the bottom part), the rest a 3-in. boring. Heading at base of shaft 1,650 ft. long (J. M. W.) The yield was 750,000 gallons a day. In 1876 the water-level was given as 82-94 ft. above Ordnance Datum. in Dr. Mitchell's MSS., vol. 2, p. 57, these beds are transposed. WELLS— HERTS. 201 Cheshunt, cont. Mould or surface-earth [River] Gravel Blue [London] Clay ... r Coloured [mottled] clay [Reading Beds. \ White sand 604 ft. ?] 1 Dark sand (.Flints [Upper] Chalk, with layers of flints at intervals of 3£and 4 ft Thickness. Ft. 2 8 40 3 14 42 14 344? Depth. Ft. 2 10 50 110i 145 J. M. Wood gives the depth to the Chalk as 103 ft., and the total depth 172 ft. The thickness given to the Reading Beds seems excessive. 4. Flamstead End, Messrs. Pollard's Nursery, Lcngfield Lane. 1910. Made and communicated by R. Richabds and Co. Water-level 124 ft. down. Supply 6,500 gallons an hour. Sump hole, for pumping-gear, the rest bored rT , ru t f Brown clay [London Clay.] | Rather ha £ blue day ' Dry sand Hard sand, with a few- pebbles Black pebbles, with a little hard sand ''Sand Green sand Sand Running sand ... , Sand and pebbles [Upper] Chalk and flints [? Oldhaven Beds or Reading Beds.] [Reading Beds. " 33 ft. ?] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. — 12 21 4 6O4 94 8 — 4 21 127 2 — 9 — 9 — 9 — 4 160 152 312 5. Flamstead End, Longfield Lane, Messrs. Varney and Bonnett's Nursery, 1911. Made and communicated by R. Richards and Co. Water-level 190 ft. down. Supply 6,500 gallons an hour. Sump-hole for puniping-gear, the rest bored rT , r „ -| ( Brown clay [London Clay.] | Blue clay ^ ... r? Oldhaven ( Yer ? dark 8Bnd and a L-' Oldhaven V little clay 5 v° r -d i i 1 Black sand Readmg Beds] (_ pebbles ( Grey sand, with traces of green sand Grey sand and pebbles ' Grey sand Green sand few [Reading Beds, " 431ft.] Grey sand and a , stones ... [Upper] Chalk and flints 6. Mr. J. Cull's Nursery, Longfield Lane. Made and communicated by Messrs. R. Richards and Co. Water-level (1907) 116 ft. down. Supply 3,000 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. — 12 8 — 99 119 23 2 — 4 148 2 8 — 20 — 6 — n 1914 1704 362 202 WELLS — HERTS. Cheshunt, cont. Sump-hole, the rest be red r Brcv.-n clay [London Clay] [Oldhaven? Beds or SBlue clay Sandy blue clay Blue clay r Black sand \ Black and green sand ... ,-, \ Solid bed of hard black Reading Beds?] ^ pebbleg Green sand Sandstone Green sand Finegravel [flint pebbles?] Green sand Black pebbles ... Flints Chalk with few layers of flints ... Hard and very sticky chalk with many layers of hard flints ... [Reading Beds.] i Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. — 10 i 26* 37 42 79 2 81 13 94 3 97 10 107 4 111 30 141 2 143 7 150 6 156 2 158 1 159 2 161 [Upper Chalk] 72 47 233 280 1913. In these three Longfield Lane sections (4-6) there is some doubt as to classifica- tion, with a possibility of the presence of Oldhaven Beds. 7. Messrs. Jordy's Nurseries, a little South -West of Cheshunt Station. Made and communicated by R. Richards and Co. 70 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Boring in chalk of 6 in. diameter. Water-level about 20 ft. down. Yield 2,000 gallons an hour. [River Gravel.] Big [coarse] ballast /'Blue clay \ Green sandy clay 1 Sand and clay ... (, Hard clayey sand C Mottled clay Green sand ( Grey sand and black sand with pebbles ... . Than et sand [Upper] Chalk and flints [London Clay, 59 ft, ?] [Reading Beds. 59 ft. ?] Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft- 11 11 13* — 16 — 20 i — 9 70 23 — 11 — 12 116 13 129 111 240 [Reading Beds, " 45| ft.] Newgate Street (?) by the stream about 1 J miles north-westward of Gough's Oak, 1888. For the Cheshunt Local Board. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwba. Boring. Water-level 79 ft. down. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil H H C Loamy clay ... ... 11 J j Loamy sand ... ... 11 — 1 Clay with pebbles ... 22 J C Flints I 47 [Upper] Chalk 109 156 According to R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply, Appendices, 1893, p. 518. there is a well of 9 ft. diameter, 265 ft. deep. Then a boring of 12 in. diameter, 150 ft. deep, and headings 700 ft. long. Flow of water into the well=l ,000,000 gallons in 24 hours. Water-level 132 J ft. above Ordnance Datum, or 102 ft. from surface and 31 in the Chalk. At about 10 ft. in the Chalk large fissures were found, but were empty. WELLS— HERTS. 203 Thickness. Ft. Depth. Ft. 21i 10| 32 104 20 4 424 63 2 5 1 347 71 418 Cheshunt, cont. 9. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 36, the Urban District Council lias a well and boring at Darnicle Hill (near the western border of the parish east-south-east of Newgate Street), and 101-44 ft. above Ordnance Datum. This is at the same place as the above boring. The average daily quantity of water got is 208,540 gallons, and the quality is good. J. M. Wood says that this is one of the wells from which he should expect a declining yield. The following later information from the Clerk to the Council, through the Local Government Board (1919), refers to this, in which a well of 9 ft. diameter, 268 ft., is followed by a 12 in, boring. Turf, 2 in. [London Clay] ... [ |^ l °J a m ° ttled ° lay [Basement-bed of ('Red loam, sand, shells London Clay. \ and pebbles ... In part Reading ) Loam and shells Beds ?] (. C Sand and pebbles i-r> j- -n j -1 ) Sand, pebbles and oyster- [Reading Beds.] j ^ * V. Large flints [Upper] Chalk This section is hard to understand. Perhaps the shells in the loam between 42 4 and 63 ft. down have been carried down, hi which case this bed may be classed with the Reading Beds, giving that division even then a thickness of only 28 i ft. at the most, and taking the London Clay down to 42 4 ft., or perhaps a little further. To give the basement-bed of this formation a thickness of 31 ft. seems excessive. A supply in bulk is also taken from the Metropolitan Water Board, to the extent of 64,740 gallons daily average. 10. Turniord Pumping Station of the Metropolitan Water Board. On the eastern side of the New River, about 600 yards south-south-westward of Nuns- bury (house). The well 1867. The deep boring" 1879. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwra. And from specimens. Unfortunately there were none from the Upper and Middle Chalk. Notes of those in brackets by A. J. Jukes-Browne. The beds above the Chalk from drawings made by the New River Co. 104-92 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft and cylinders to 1814 ft,, the rest bored. Headings, 418 ft. long, with floor 135 ft. down and 510 ft. long, with floor 158| ft. down. They are of 6| ft. diameter. Water-level varied from 7 to 8 ft. down in January, 1 885. J. M. Wood says that the standing water-level was 72"42 ft. above Ordnance Datum on August 30th, 1908. 3,250,000 gallons a day got from the Chalk, in which, at the depth of 570 (? 576) ft., there was a fissure, causing a 34-in. chisel to drop 7 ft. J. M. Wood adds that in July, 1920, the yield was about 4,000,000 gallons a day, of 24 hours. 1 Brickearth Malm [? loam] [ Gravel ('Yellow clay \ Blue clay 1 Blue sandy clay... (.Blue shelly clay [basement-bed] ( White sand Mottled clay 1 Green sand with lignite Grey and black [Thanet] sand Unaccounted for (? flint bed, etc.. at base of Thanet Sand), the depth to the Chalk being 102 4 ft. . [River Drift] [London Clay, 30ft.] [Reading Beds, 36 ft.] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. H — 74 — - 10 23 4 15i — . 12 — 2 53 44 — 4 — 274 89 10 4 994 1024 204 WELLS — HERTS. [Upper Chalk. 260 1 ft.] L? Middle Chalk 237 ft.] [Lower Chalk, 184 ft.] Cheshunt, cont. C Chalk and flints i Chalk, with flints at 38 levels .. Chalk rock Hard tough chalk, with a fissure from 400 to 408 ft. down ... Chalk rock Hard tough chalk Rock Hard tough chalk, many flints.. Rock Very mild chalk Rock Hard tough chalk I Rock Hard tough chalk Mild chalk Rock Mild chalk Rock Mild chalk Hard tough chalk. Fissure for 13 ft. from the top Rock r Hard tough chalk | Mild chalk Hard tough chalk Rock (at 630 ft., rather hard whitish chalk belonging to the top of the Lower Chalk) Very hard tough chalk. Fissure of 6 ft. from a depth of 673 ft. (at 722 ft. hard, fight- grey) Very hard chalk rock ... Tough chalk Hard and tough chalk (at 733 ft., hard, light-grey ; at 734 ft., soft, grey, marly ; at 746 ft., very hard, whitish, gritty ; at 750 and 754 ft., soft, grey, marly) Very hard chalk. Specimen, at 758 ft., nearly white (at 759 and 760 ft., rather hard, grey; at 762 ft., soft, grey, marly) Very hard chalk, darker (firm, grey, siltv; at 763, 764 and 765 ft.) Very hard chalk Mild chalk (soft, dark-grey chalk marl at 770 ft.) Very hard chalk (grey at 771 ft.) Mild chalk (at 774 and 779 ft. mottled dark and light-grey marl) ... Inclined to change [suggestive of the glauconitic base of the Chalk Marl] (at 780 ft. rather hard, light-grey chalk ; at 784 ft., grey, mottled, sandy, glauconitic marl, regarded by W. Hill as Upper Greensand) Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 79 181 i 181|? 363? 15? 378 46 424 6 430 5 435 10 445 19 464 10 474 36 510 5 515 5 520 7 527 7 534 4 538 11 549 12 561 2 563 13 576 20 596 4 600 9 609 7 616 9 625 35 68 2 2 24 3 1 5 1 660 728 730 732 756 762 765 766 771 772 779 (84 WELLS — HERTS. 205 Cheshunt, cont. Thickness. Ft. 11 H oi Depth. Ft. [Upper Green - sand, 46 ft. ?] 2 H H 4* Hi' 150 J 29£ 795 796 i 802 804 806 807 i 809 814 818* Green sand. Specimens, at 785 it., dark grey calcareous sand ; at 795 ft. lighter-grey mica- ceous sand (at 790 ft. soft fine- grained, greenish -grey mica- ceous, glauconitic sand) Sandstone Green sand, hard and dead (at 800 ft. hard, grey siliceo- calcareous rock) Sandstone. Specimens at 803 ft. grey micaceous sand, darker than the last (797) I Green sandstone. Specimen, at I 806 ft., like the last | Sandstone Darker sandstone (at 808 ft. fine, grey sand). Specimen, at 809 ft., like that at 797 ft. ... Hard dead sand (at 810 ft. grey, calcareous sandstone ; at 811, 813 and 814 ft. soft fine grey sand ) Very hard sandstone. Specimen at 81 6 ft., soft grey calcareous sand (at same depth hard, compact sandy limestone ; at 81 8 grey limestone) Very hard dead sand (at 819 ft. grey, sandy, glauconitic marl). Specimens, from 824 ft. down- wards are clay, and presum- ably from the Gault, so that too great a thickness must have been assigned to this bed. (But at 825 ft. fine cal- careous sandstone) ... Gault clay (at 836,840 ft. dark grey silty clay; at 844 ft. unctuous clay ; at 850 ft. somewhat silty, grey clay ; 860 — 914 ft. ordinary Gault clay ; at 925 ft. hard grey clay with phosphate-nodules : 928 — 980 ft. compact grey clay). At the base a layer of dark sand. At 980 — 980 £ ft. phos- phatic nodules Inoceramus and Belemnites Devonian. Purple shale (? calcareous). The last I core came up as a column 15 ft. long and about! 1 5 in . in diameter ... ... ... ... . . . J Possibly the Upper and Middle Chalk reach further down, to mark the division of the Chalk Marl. The specimens examined by me were in the possession of Messrs. Docwba. Those examined later by A. J. Jukes- Browne and W. Hill were in the possession of the New River Co. It is possible that there may be some differences in the measurements of the two sets. Jukes-Browne was led to carry the top of the Upper Greensand a foot higher and its base 3 ft. higher, thus giving it a thickness of 44 ft. and the Gault a thickness of 153 J ft. J. Francis has treated of the dip of the Devonian rocks in detail and gives the direction, at the depth of 994 ft. as about 170 W. of S. and the angle as about 25°. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1895, p. 452. Of course the angle may be higher in places, and Jukes-Browne judged that in one specimen it might be 40°. There are large cores of this Devonian rock in the Museum at Jermyn Street. O 830? 9804 1010 It seems impossible 206 WELLS — HERTS. Cheshunt, cont. 15 trial-borings on the Xew River Co.'s land near Turnford Aqueduct gave the following section : — Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwra. Made ground, 9 ft., in one only. Soil, from 1 to 4 \ ft., hi ten. i-tv t~i -t4-i <" Clav. or loam, from 4 to 17 \ ft., in nine. [Kiver Unit] £ Gravelj f rom £ to 134 ft., in all but one. Yellow clay, blue clay, coloured clay, clay and sand, sand, and hi one case 3 ft. of peat, from 2 4 to 20 \ ft. , in all but one. 11. Turnford. Nunsbury, Garden well. 1868. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. T. Docwra and Son. Shaft 26 ft., the rest bored. Water overflowed. Made ground and [River] gravel Blue clay [London Clay, 27 ft.] [Reading Beds (and Thanet sand ?) 474 ft.] [Upper Chalk] .. 12. Waltham Cross. Blue clay and sand [basement- bed ?] Coloured [mottled] clays Brown sand Dead white sand White sand and pebbles Black sand and pebbles Dark sand Green sand and water ... Dead black sand ( Chalk and flints') | Chalk ... ) 1852. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 6 6 20 — 7 33 3 — 2 — 10 — 4 — 4 — 8 — 9i 804 22 102 i . On the premises Opposite Waltham Lane. T. Docwra. Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. x, p. 145, and other notes. ? About 60 ft. above sea-level. Sunk 8 ft. the rest bored. of Mould ... [Valley Drift, 14 ft.] London Clay, 40 ft. Reading Beds 1 51 ft. r Loam Gravel { Very rough gravel Blue clay ... Blue clay mixed with d; i ' sand ... ... Base- C Lighter- colour. ment- \ blue el;>v • d bed. 1 sand ... v. Black pebbles ... Light-green mottled sai '< White live sand Light-green sand, slightly mottled ... Darker green sand Green sand with flhit- peblles ... Dark green sand ... Green sand and pebbles ... i ireen sand, getting darker I Ireen sand Flints (to Chalk) Tiiickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 4 — i 3 16 24 — 10 o I 7 3 1 o .1 / 1 16 10 2 56 109 The lowest beds may perhaps belong to the Thanet Sand. WELLS — HERTS. 207 Cheshunt, cont. 13. . ,'altham Cross, Park Lane, Matthews' Nursery. 1907. Made and communicated by, Messrs. R. Richards and Co. Water-level 46 ft. down. Supply 4,500 gallons an hour. Sump-hole for pumping-gear [River] Gravel C Blue clay ... [London Clav ) Black sand 684 ft.?] ) Sand (.Pebbles ( Clay and pebbles, and green [Reading Beds] ( clayey sand { Black sand rTT -., ni .. f Chalk and flints [Upper Clialk] [ Hard grey chalk and flintg Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. — 12J 15 274 20 - — 3 — 45 — i 5 96 10 1 . — 11 117i 111 — 121 1 350 , 14. Waltham Cross, Park Lane, W. H. Miles' Nursery. 1908. Made and communicated by Messrs. R. Richards and Co. Water-level 364 ft. down. Supply 4,500 gallons an hour. Sump-hole for pumpmg gear Blue clay ... [London Clay, Clayey sand 67 ft. ?] : Sand and pebbles | Clayey sand [Reading Beds] Sand Stones [flints] Chalk and flints Hard chalk [Upper Chalk] [ Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. — 12 24 39 — 4 79 9 — 9 — : 1 98 238 — 39 375 Li the last two cases again there seems a possibility that the sand and pebbles, grouped above with the London Clay, may belong to the Oldhaven Beds. 15. Waltham Cross. Springsall, near the Roman Urn. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley. [River] Gravel [London Clay, 644 ft. ?] [Reading Beds. 64 ft. ? with Thanet Sand] Blue clay ... Sand Sandy clay Stone Sandy clay , Mottled clay Green sand White sand and pebbles ... ( Green sand and large pebbles ... Dark sand and some peb- bles (to Chalk) ... Thickness. Ft. 134 47 3 7 H 6 3 15 12 28 Depth. Ft, 13J 78 142 Q.l 208 WELLS — HERTS. [Reading and Thanet Beds. 57* ft.] Chalk, 81 ft. Cheshunt, cont. 16. Waltham Gross. Theobalds Park. Upper Park Farm. B. Latham, Trans. Soc. Engineers for 1 864. p. 246 and pi. 5 ; and from Messrs. Docwra. Water rose to a height of 65 ft. below the surface. Shaft 71 ft. (? more), the rest bored. [River] Gravel Blue [London] Clay Coloured [mottled] clays Dark sand ... Sand and pebbles . . . Light-coloured sand Dark sand ... Flints ( Chalk and flints ... (Chalk In the drawing in Messrs. Docwra's office the total depth is given as 210 ft. 17. Waltham Cross. Theobalds Park. Newer Well. 1900. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. Water-level 115 ft. down. Yield 4,500 gallons an hour. Lined with 175 ft. of 10-in. tubes from 10 ft. down. Thickness. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 5 5 59 64 12 — 1 — 5* — 3 — 35 — 1 121 1 3 — 78 202* Made ground [River Gravel] [Reading Beds] Fine Ballast { Dark clay ... „ , r „ J Brown clay [London Clay] < Dark ^ L Blue clay ... ' Mottled clay Green clayey sand Light- coloured sand Dark sand and stones Light-coloured sand Dark sand ... Grey running sand Pebbles and sand ... rTT r ,, „,( Chalk and flints {Upper Chalk] [ Hard ^ chalk 18. Waltham Cross. Theobald's Square. Sunk and communicated by G. Ingold. Water, from the Chalk, rose to a height of 13 ft. below the surface Ft. 4 1 6 1 30 70 8 10 6 3 4 5 20 4 126 53 i Depth. Ft. 4 5 112 172 351* Made earth [Valley Drift. 19 ft] [London 35 ft.] Clay, [Reading Beds. 61 i ft. 1 ] Chalk with flints y Brown clay [Brick-earth]... (_ Gravel, with much water Black [? dark bluish-grey] clay [Baseme it- bed.] Dark green clay with shells ... Red and brown clay Black and grey sandy clay Grey sand ... Light-green sand ... Green isli -grey sand Green clay ... Grey sand ... Black clay ... Black clay with pebbles .. Dark sandy 'lay ... Layer of green -coated flints Thickness. Ft. 7 8 11 32 3 4 n 18J 3 8 1 8 ' 2 1J 14 53 i Depth. Ft. 26 61 122i 176 The lowest two beds may be Thanet Sand. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 12 12 43 55 13 — 57 125 85 210 WELLS — HERTS. 203 Cheshunt, cont. According to T. S. Tilley (R. Comra. Metrop. Water Supply, 1893, Minutes. of Evidence, p. 238) a well at the Cedars, in Theobald's Square, was bored in Chalk 114 ft. The water-level in 1890 was 19 ft. down and in 1892 22 ft- 10 in., when at rest. At the Nurseries (? which) there is a well, with shaft of 28 ft. and a boring, which later was deepened to 300 ft. by Messrs. Isler ar.d Co., who tell us that the water-level was 35 ft. down, and that the minimum supply was 3,000 gallons an hour. 19. Waltham Cross and Cheshunt Gasworks. Close to Waltham Cross Station. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley. 1880. In 1880 the water flowed a foot above ground. In 1892 the water-level, at- rest, had fallen to 1 8 ft. clown. [River] Gravel Blue [London] Clay ... r-o j- t, , ,C Mottled clay [Readmg Beds] ( gand and p J ebbles [Upper] Chalk and flints 20. Messrs. White and Son. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. 1897. Water-level 26 ft. down, when pumping 33 ft. in December, 1910. Yield 4.000 gallons an hour. Well (the rest bored) ... [River Gravel] Ballast Blue [London] clay ... C Green sand [Reading Beds, J Dead sand ... and PThanetl Green sand and pebbles Beds] (..Green sand (Chalk [Upper Chalk, \ Chalk and flints ... 260 ft.] 1 Chalk V.Grey chalk Chipping or High Barnet, see Barnet. Chorley Wood. Ordnance Map 255, new ser. (Herts 43, NE.). Geologic Map 7. 1 . Chorley Wood House. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. Water-level 160 ft. down. Yield 380 gallons an hour. Dug well (? old, the rest bored) 5 7 [Drift] Clay and large ballast [coarse gravel] 20 > 250 ft. [Upper] Chalk and flints 225 J 2. Parsonage. 1869 ? Communicated by W. F. Vernon and C. Brown. Shaft throughout. 3 ft. of water. Clay 60 \ Flints 2 164 ft. [Upper] Chalk 102 ) Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. — 6 8 14 34 48 i 5 — 10 — 34 104 8 — 68 — 178 — 6 364 Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 12 12 128 140 220 360 15 375 5 380 20 400 210 WELLS — HERTS. Codicote. Ordnance Maps 221, 239, new ser. (Herts. 20, SW.). Geologic Map 46, SE. 1. For the Hitchin Rural District Council. P>3 r the side of the road 600 yards N.N.W. of the church. Communicated by T. Hooper, Surveyor to the Council. About 400 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft of 6 ft. diameter to 195 ft. A six-in. bore to 400 ft. Water-level about 250 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Clay with flints Upper Chalk Middle Chalk Melbourne Rock Belemnite Marl Lower Chalk ... The evidence seems to suggest that this well Lies in an area of poor water- yielding Chalk, which extends southward and westward, but the distance is not known. To the north and north-east the yield is better. G. Barrow. The following information got by A. C. G. Cameron. There are land-springs at the depth of about 15 ft., and deep springs hi the Chalk at about 140 ft. 2. George and Dragon Inn. In the garden. Stony grey Boulder Clay, with chalk stones and Jurassic fossils, 33 ft. 3. At the Veterinary Surgeon's. [Boulder Clay] Clay and stone 20 ") , Chalk.. 130 j loU "■ Cottered. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Herts. 13, N.)- Geologic Maps 46, NE. 47. 1. Public Well. About 1865. E. Gomm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 627. Level of curb 441 '39 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 146 ft. down. Well 164 ft. There is always plenty of water and always about the same quantity. According to Mr. Alkern, well-sinker of Walkern, the public well is on the green, and its section is as follows: — [ Blue [Boulder] clay and [Glacial Drift] chalk-stones ... ... 50 ( Red loam and flints ... 10 172 ft. Soft chalk, with 3 ft. of stone at the base [? Chalk Rock] 112 2. The Rectory. From A. C. G. Cameron's Notes. Blue [Boulder] clay and chalk-stones ... 60 ) 1QI - Chalk 135 $ In October, 1889, the water stood 30 in. in the well, which had not been dry during the last 23 years. Two wells at Hare Street are also noticed, and others in the neighbourhood, in .the E. Comm. Eep. Datchworth. Ordnance Maps 221, 239, new ser. (Herts. 20, SE., 21, SW.). Geologic Map 46, SE. Two wells, from A. C G- Cameron's Notes. 1 . Close to the church. Clay and flints, 14 ft., to Chalk, with water at the depth of 210 ft. 2. Welches Farm, over 1J miles southward of the church. Boulder Clay, with flints ... ... ... 15 ) ien( . Chalk ... 145 j 160ft - WELLS — HERTS. 211 London Clay, 183 ft. Reading Beds, 19 ft. ickness. Ft, Depth Ft. 20 — 150 — - 13 1 5 183 7 — 6 202 Digswell. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 28, NE.). Geologic Map 46, SE. A. C. G. Cameron notes four wells, from 10 to 26 ft. deep, in Tertiary beds. Also one at the rectory, 20 ft. in gravel and then 20 ft. in Chalk. For an analysis of the water from a newer well here, bored to the depth of 320 ft. in 1914, see p. 316. Eastbury, see Watford. Elstree. Ordnance Map 256, new ser. (Herts. 45 NW.). Geologic Map 7. Boreham Wood. 1870? Sunk and communicated by Messrs. S. F. Baker and Sons. Yellow clay Hard blue clay ... Sandy blue clay 1 Sand and water j White pebbles ... Coloured [mottled] clay, sandy Clay and black pebbles, and black sand To Chalk. 1 [Most hkely " basement-bed " ; but may belong to the Beading Beds] Essendon. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts, 36, W). Geologic Maps 7 and 46, SE. The wells are generally sunk to the depth of 270 ft., and the water rises 20 ft. T. Clark, MS. in Lib. Inst. Civ. Eng. 1. Essendon Place. Account by Mr. T. Clark, well-borer. Soil Gravel and sand Blue [London] Clay ... Yellow clay [? partly London Clay, partlv Beading Beds] Flints Chalk with fhnts The account published in Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. iii., pt. 5, p. 176 (got by Prof. Hughes from Baron Dimsdale) differs sb'ghtly : — (1) in ignoring soil ; (2) in giving no thickness to the flints at top of the Chalk ; and (3) in giving 2 ft. less to the chalk, and consequently 4 less to the total. 2. Waterworks. (Hatfield Bttral District Council.) The Local Government Board Beturn of 1915, p. 61, says: — "Deep well at Essendon. The average daily quantity of water obtained is 9,000 gallons," and much more could be got. Quality good. For an analysis of the water, see p. 316. Flamstead. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Herts. 26, NE., 27, NW.). Geologic Map 46, SE. 1. Beech wood. About two miles west of the village. About 520 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by B. B. Paten. Shaft 80 ft., the rest bored. Clay and gravel 20 [Upper and Middle] Chalk and flints .. . 235 ickness. Ft, Depth Ft. 2 2 24 26 104 130 40 170 2 172 172 344 I}'- 255 ft. 212 WELLS — HERTS. Flamstead, cont. 2. Markyate Waterworks. For the Hemel Hempstead Rural District Council, north-east of Roe End and westward of Cheverells Green, 1909?. Communicated by Messrs. Elliott and Brown (of Nottingham) and by the Local Government Board. 538J ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well 162 ft., the rest a boring of 4 in. diameter. Water-level at commencement of pumping 397 ft. above Ordnance Datum ; Water rose to original rest-level in 1 hour and Yield abundant. Thickness. at cessation of pumping 391' 75. 5 minutes after pumping ceased. Clay with flints Chalk with flints Chalk Rock Chalk without flints ... Totternhoe Stone [? Melbourn Rock] Chalk Marl [? Belemn ite Marl] Ft. 16 37 9 289 10 10 Depth. Ft. 16 53 62 351 361 371 Tuesday, May 11.. Wednesday,,, 12.. Thursday „ 13.. Friday, „ 14.. Saturday, ,, 15.. Sunday, ,, 16.. Monday, ,, 17.. Tuesday, „ 18.. Test pumping Hours. 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 ... 12 20 ft. 17 ft. 14 ft. 15 ft. 15 „ 15 ,, 15 .. Height of water in well. 3 in.... 6 in- 15 Gallons pumped . 47,970. 47,970. 47,970. 47,970. 47,970. 47,970. 47,970. 23,985. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 63, " The average daily quantity of water obtained is 10,000 gallons," and much more could be got : " the water is of satisfactory organic purity." For an analysis see p. 317. Furneux Pelham. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Herts, 14, NE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Brewery. [Drift] Loam and fine gravel to Chalk, 30 ft. 2. Lower Farm. Eastern end of the village. 1884. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Thickness. C [Boulder ") White clay ... 7 [Glacial ) Clay] ) Blue and brown clav Drift] 1 Red sand ... v^Sand. gravel and loam Chalk. 24 19 27 57 J 134* ft. Gaddesden, Great. Ordnance Map 238. new ser. (Herts 26, S.). Geologic Map 46, SW. 1. Bridens Camp, eastward of Gaddesden Place. 210 ft. A. 0. G. Cameron's Notes. Water stands about 5 ft. in the well. Brickearth 20(?)") 91 Chalk 190 ] 2. Gaddesden Park [? Place]. 1873. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 233 ft., the rest bored. Chalk 431 ft. 3. Gaddesden Place. Near Waterend. 187 J. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 200 ft., the rest bored. Gravel ... ... ... ... 15")o R - ft Chalk with flints 370) ,58 °"- WELLS — HERTS. 213 Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. .. about 10 10 11 21 ... 12 33 ... 12 45 16 61 I to this *• ... 10 71 ... 110 181 ... 10 191 ... 7 198 21 219 Gaddesden, coat. 4. Gaddesden Place. Grove Farm, NNE. of the house. A. C. G. Cameron's Notes. Shaft 200 ft. (?), the rest bored. Strong clay ? 20 | Chalk ?380) 4UUtt In the summer of 1887 the water was below the pumps (? at the bottom of the shaft). When the springs are high the pumps are covered, and pumping does not lower the water-level much. 5. Gaddesden Place. Marsh Farm, about 4 mile N. of the house. 1899. About 550 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by Mr. T. F. Halsey, M.P. (to Sir J. Evans). Yellow clay and breeding stones (assorted) Flint, gravel and sand ... Light-coloured sand and pebbles Dark sand and pebbles ... Red coarse sand ... Clay, chalk and black flints mixed. (Bricked depth) ... Chalk and black flints ... Very hard chalk Very hard rock ... Softer chalk and black flints until reaching signs ofj water ... ... ... ... ... ... ...I Up to Saturday night (14th October) there was about 1 Jf t. of water. 6. Gaddesden Hoo (The Hoo, north of The Place). 1912 (?) Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Fissure struck 381 ft. down. Water-level 196 ft. down. Yield 6,000 gallons an hour. Loam and rolled flints 27 1 Chalk and flat flints 172 399 ft. Chalk without flints 200 j Gray chalk touched at 400 ft. Gaddesden, Little. Ordnance Map. 238, new ser. (Herts. 26, W.). Geologic Map 46. SW. 1. Ashridge Park. 1860. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 225 ft,, the rest bored. Clay and gravel ... ... ... 18") .-, , _ f . Chalk with flints 327 ) o4 ° " - 2. Earl Bro willow's Well for the supply of the parish. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 278. the average daily amount of water got is 80,000 gallons. Much more could be got. Quality excellent. The site is over half a mile NNE. of Ashridge House. Gilston. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Herts. 30, SE.). Geologic Map 47. Terlings, near the Stort. 1893. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Water-level about that of the Stort below the Mill. Thickness. , Depth. Ft. 2 Hard brown clay ... Sandy loam Black clay ... Black sandy clay ... Hard grey clay Black sandy clay, with shells at the bottom ... Black peaty clay ... Black clay, with shells and pyrites Gravel [London Clay 51 ft.] Ft. Ft 2 o 2 10 — 19 — 2 — 3 — 12 . o 1 53 214 [Reading Beds, ' 50 ft.] Chalk WELLS — HERTS. G-ilston, cont. ' Blue and brown clay- Black sandy clay ... Brown-grey clay ... Brown-green clay ... Dark green sandy loam, changing to grey Bluish-grey clay, with flints at the base Thickness. Ft, 7 4 1 1 36 1 47 Depth. Ft. 103 150 Gorhambury, see St. Albans. Graveley. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 12, NE.). Geologic Map 46. NE. Jack's Hill. About 1830. U. A. Smith. R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices 1 893. p. 408. By mistake classed as in the Mimram V.dley. Jack's Hill is in one of the arms of the Beane or in the Watershed of the Ivel. Well of 5 ft. diameter, originally 200 ft. deep in Chalk. Since 1878 the water has been gradually getting lower and two years ago (? 1890) the well had to be deepened 15 ft., the supply having failed. Up to about 1 880 it usually contained from 20 to 30 ft. of water. R. E. Mtddleton (ibid., p. 562) questions this, however, and says that the " level of the water in November last was 242*22 (ft. above Ordnance Datum) and of the bottom 22922, and the well is less than 200 ft. deep." He understood that " it was deepened about 1868 and has never been dry since." Hadham, Little. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Herts. 22, NE.) Geologic Map 47. 1. Bury Green. Soil Acumont Farm. About a mile SSE. of Hadham Ford Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Water-level 90 ft. down. Slow spring. Thickness Ft, [? Drift or Eocene] [Reading Beds] [Upper] Chalk Yellow boulder clay Light- brown clay Red- brown clay, with sandy patches Yellow sandy loam Hard brown clay Fine light-coloured sand Sandy gravel Blue tough clay Red and yellow sandy loam ... Grey loamy sand Green- brown clay 1 6 9 10 1 6 12 2 ;?) 1897. Depth. Ft. 1 7 Boulder Clay [Reading Beds] 8 4 32 Bury (Berry of old map) Green. About 1850. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Shaft 40 ft., the rest bored. Water 7 or 8 ft., deep in the shaft. 48 64 96 20 Yellow sand, from which the water comes ... Brown clay, to Chalk ... Ford near the river. (? Hadham Ford). Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Bored throughout. Water-level 2 ft. down. Made earth and gravel ... 8 "£ Chalk with flints 54 ) - 60 ft. 15 | 25 J 62 WELLS — HERTS. 215 Hadham, cont. 4. Green Street. South-eastward of the Church. 1883. Made aud communicated by G. Ingold. Boulder Clay, with slow spring at the bottom, 25 ft. 5. Hadham Hall. East of the Church. 1902. Communicated by W. Minet. 338 ft. above Ordnance Do turn. Water-level 132 ft. clown. Shaft, of 4i ft. diameter, 1U0 ft. The rest bored, 7 in. diameter. [? Drift or London ' Clay] [London ClayJ [Reading Beds, 43 ft.] Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 12 12 13 — 6 — 6 37 o 2 — 5 46 1 — 1* 3* — 15 — 5 6 10 — [Boulder Clay] Brown clay, with fragments of chalk and shells, much worn Bluey-grey clay Dark greenish-grey clay Brown sandy loam ( Dark grey clay, with traces of J lignite ... ( Brown sandy loam Grey loam, with iron-pyrites after wood C Stiff greenish- brown clay Fine dark grey loam Light-grey and brown loam, slightly mottled Very tough hard red clay Very fine loose grey sand Green and red mottled sandy loam ... Compact grey sand Small rounded green - coated Hints, passing down into large angular green-coated flints [ Upper] Chalk with flints, broken and rubbly for the first few feet, more compact below : beds of hard clmich at intervals in lower part ...' 6. Home Farm. Just west of Hadham Ford Sunk and communicated by G. Ingold. 255 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft throughout. Water 3 ft. deep. White and blue clay ... ... ... ... 39 Shingly gravel ... ... ... ... ... 7 Brown clay ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 Chalk 15 Another account makes the depth to Chalk 55 ft. and the total 80. 7. Westfield Farm, East of. From observation, W. H. Penning, t, , \ Sandy wash ... ... ... 3 Kecent I Pebble-gravel, in dirty matrix . . . 11 Reading Beds. Loam ... ... ... ... ... 10 1 186 89 275 62 ft. 24 ft., to Chalk. 8. The following are notes of some other wells. Also from W. Minet. 1901. Above Depth to Sea-level. Chalk. Ft. Ft. Church End, Farm 285 51 Church End House 285 51 Little Hadham Place 300 70 Rectory 293 59 Westland Green. By the northern end ... 361 surface Total depth. Ft. 93 93 1 106 113 24 Bored a little deeper. 216 WELLS — HERTS. Hadham, Much. Ordnance Maps 222, 240, new ser. (Herts. 22, SE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Barrowfield. Mr. Pasteurs. Made and communicated by Messrs. A. Williams & Co. Shaft 5 ft., the rest bored. Water rose to within 95 ft. of the surface. [Glacial Drift] Ballast [gravel] Red clay ... ... ... ... Brown clay... ... ... ... Light-coloured clay ... ...j Red sard and ballast [gravel] ... Loamj' sand Black flints with a mixture of gravel, very hard Brown mottled clay ^ ™ t t> j -i ' Red mottled clay, with dead sand [? Reading Beds] Red mottled da ; v [Flints [Upper] Chalk 2. Green Tye, south-eastward of the Church. Public Well Sunk and communicated by G. Ingold. Shaft 87 ft., bored 2 ft. A good supply of good water. f White and blue > Boulder clay ^ Hard brown clay Red sandy gravel Red tough sand Yellow sandy fine gravel Thickness. Depths Ft. Ft. 5 — 5 — 1* — 2 — 8i — 6i — 22 \ 51 3 — 10 — 5 — 5 74 76 150 1879. [Boulder Clay] [Glacial Drift] 54 2 18 2* [Gravel and Sand 32 \ ft.] gravel .'.. 5 J Red sandy gravel ... 64 Brown clay [? London Clay or Drift] h 89 ft. 3. Hadham Cross, south of the village. Coffee Tavern. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Bored throughout. Water-level 25 ft. down. Clay and stones ... 12") Chalk with flints ... 68 S - 80 ft. 4. Hill Farm. About a quarter mile E. of S. from the Church. 1903 (?). Bored and communicated by Messrs. Dike and Ockenden. Lined 102 ft. with 4 J in. tubes. Water-level 64 ft. down. Supply gocd. Clay and gravel Clay and flints Clay and gravel Sand and gravel [Upper] Chalk and flints [Glacial Drift] Thickness. Ft. 8 20 4 11 110 Depth. Ft. 4.-i ] 53 WELLS — HERTS. 217 Hadham, cont. 5. Moor Place, south-westward of the village. 1887. Shaft throughout. Water-level about 984 ft. down, July, 1877; about 98f, February, 1888. Communicated by E. E. Berry. Mould [Glacial Drift] Chalk rT) ,n f Brown clay ... [Boulder \ -,, . J piavi ] Blue cla y Ua y-I (Brown clay ... Gravel and clay, concteted Grey gravel Grey sand Red gravel ... Grey gravel, with large stones 'Yellowish-brown clay Soft yellow chalk ... White and yellow chalk, harder Hard white chalk, with flints ckness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 10 — 17 — 21 31 i I 4 — 6 — 8 2 6 58 12 — 3 — 44 117 6. Nine-acres plantation. 1904. Made by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff, and communicated to J. < '. Thresh. 345 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well in Chalk, 150 ft. deep. For an analysis of the water, see p. 317. 7. Perry Green, SE. of Hadham Cross. Good supply of water. f Whit :> Boulder Clay ) [Glacial Drift] ' Dark Boulder Clay ' > 23 ft. ( Sand, etc. ... ... ... ... J It is a little singular, and might be confusing, that whilst Little Hadham has a Bury (Berry on old map) Green, Much Hadham has a Perry Green. 8. For the Rural District Council. A little south of Bromley (? Bromley Hall Farm) and 1| miles NW. of the village. From A. G. Gwynn, Clerk to the Council. 1914. The Local Government Board Return of 1915 says: — "The average daily quantity of water obtained is 10,300 gallons," and much more could be got. Quality very good. Soil [Boulder Clay] [Glacial Gravel] [Drift ? see below] [Reading Beds] Mottled clay and flints ... ("Gravel ( Coarse ballast [gravel] Brown clay... Blue clay ... Dark grey sandy clay Dark grey sandy clay and pebbles. / Mottled clay Dark tough clay Mo ttled sand y clay ] Sandyclayandpebbles ... V Mottled sandy clay Chalk Thickness, Ft. In. 1 2 2 2 2 34 11 1 18 2 4 i 4 223 4 11 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Depth. Ft. In. 1 3 8 3 57 6 88 312 6 (i G. Barrow remarks that, according to the Geologic map the well is at the junction of the Boulder Clay and the underlying gravel and sand. No Reading Bed s are shown above the Chalk. The depth to the Chalk would not be expected , judging from the outcrop close by. There may be a sunk hollow. The third and fourth beds from the top he regards as the normal Bunter pebble Drift of the district ; the four beds next below as a rather high level local Drift, made up of materials from the Reading Beds ; but it is impossible to say where this ends and the Reading Beds begin. 218 WELLS — HERTS. Haileybury, see Amweli. Harpenden. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts 27, E.j Geologic Map 46, SE. 1. Brewery. 1876. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 58 ft., the rest bored. Clav and gravel ... 20 (another account says 5) Chalk and flints ... 180 „ „ 205 2C0 210 2. Kennesbourn Green. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 98 ft., the rest bored. Clay and gravel ... ... ... 30) 9 _ n Chalk and flints 220 ) zou 3. Midland Railway Station. A. C. G. Cameron's Notes. Shaft 40 ft., the rest bored. Chalk 220 ft. ■4. Ox Lane Nurseries. Soil ... ... ... ... about 1 ; Very gravelly soil ... ... ,, 1 about 10 ft. Clay with flints ... ... ,, 8 Chalk. Communicated by H. B. Randall. About 350 ft. above sea-level. Shaft 39 ft. ? The rest bored. Water 39 ft. down in winter and at rest, 41 ft. when pumping or in summer. 4,000 gallons an hour pumped. 5. Water Company's Works, Shakespeare Road. Communicated by W. R. Phillips. Ft. 11 Brickearth Chalk 130 According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 195, " Three wells with boreholes . . . The average daily quantity of water obtained is 138,000 gallons," and more can be got : " the water is excellent." For an analysis of the water, see p. 318. Hatfield. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts, 35, E.). Geologic Maps 7 and 46, SE. 1. Astwick Manor (Astwick Farm, of the old map, 2 miles WNW. of the town). 1888. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutclief. Water-level 25 ft. down. Thickness. Depth. Surface ground [Glacial Drift] ...( Chalk /Gravel Blue clay and stones Gravel Blue clay Gravel Yellow clay Red sand Gravel and large stones ( Chalk marl [soft chalk] \ Chalk and flints Ft. 4 4 11 5 15 2 3 5 2 2 30 Ft. 4 51 83 WELLS — HERTS. 219 Hatfield, cont. Ponsbourne Park, 44 miles ESE. of the town. 1876. Sunk and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 10 ft., the rest bored. Thickness. [Drift, 20 ft.] [London Clay, 140 ft.] [Reading Beds, 31 J ft.] To Chalk. Ft. Clay and stones [? Boulder Clay] 8 Red sand ... ... ... 2 Gravel 10 (Blue clay 106 X Sand and clay ... ... ... 34 Light-coloured sand ... ... 6 Sand and pebbles ... ... 3 4 Light- coloured sand ... ... 11 Sand and pebbles ... ... 2 Sand 8 Flints 1 Denth. Ft. 20 160 191* 3. Railway Station. Messrs. Le Grand and Stttcliff say that a well was sunk to the depth of 105 ft., with headings, and then a boring made to the depth of 420 ft., without getting an adequate supply. A bed of chalky sand was met with at the depth of 365 ft., from which it is thought that the water came. According to another account the depth to the chalk (through gravel) was about 40 ft., and the water-level about 30 ft. down. 4. Warren wood. Over 2 miles south-eastward of Hatfield House. 370 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. A. Williams and Co. Well 10 ft., the rest bored. Water rose to within 210 ft. of the surface. [Glacial Drift] [London Clay, 118 ft.] [Reading Beds, 30 ft.] Mottled clay Red sand and stones Coarse ballast [grc vel] Brown clay Blue clay Black pebbles ... Green sands Mud and pebbles Green sands Mixture of marl [Upper] Chalk and flints Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 10 — 13 — 4 27 3 — 114 — 1 145 12 — 4 — 10 — 4 175 175 350 5. Waterworks. For the MarquL of Salisbury. Made and coinruunicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. 90 ft. of 15J in. tubes from 15 ft. down. Water-level 156 ft. 8 in. down. [Glacial Drift] Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 16 — 2 — 25 — 5 48 256 304 gives the depth of the Ballast [gravel] Yellow sand Rough ballast [coarse gravel]. Gravel and clay [Upper] Chalk and flints Other accounts vary. One dates the work 1891, shaft as 14 ft. and makes the depth to the Chalk 30 ft. (through mottled clay and gravel). Yet another makes it 32 ft. (through gravel) and gives the yield as 7,400 gallons an hour. The difference in the accounts may be explained by the fact that there are two borings. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915. p. 279, the Marquis of Salisbury " supplies parts of parishes of Bishop's Hatfield . . . and St. Peter Rural (St. Albans R.D.)." by two "wells in Chalk, at Hatfield. The average daily quantity of water derived from each " is 90,680 and 82,780 gallons, or a total of 173,460. Quality satisfactory. For analysis, %er p. 319. 220 WELLS — HERTS. Hemel Hempstead. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Herts. 33, E.). Geologic Map 7. 1 . Boxmoor. London and North Western Railway. Made and communicated by R. Paten. Yellow clay and stones ... ... ... 6~) Q ,,, Chalk 85i yiIT - 2. Highfield. NE. of the Railway Station. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 200 ft., the rest bored. Clay and gravel 45|„ Qfif , Chalk and flints 351 ) dy ° IV ' 3. Pouch en End House. About two miles WSW. of the church. About 400 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Bored and communicated by Messrs. ISLERand Co. Water-level 112 ft. down. Supply good. Dug well (? old) the rest bored ... ... 1147 i 71 f+ Chalk 60) 174tt - At Mr. Cooper's house, Pelden, southward from the railway-station, some very hard chalk was found 323 ft. down, by Messrs. Cheeld and Co. in 1911. It ended at 330 ft., and the boring was stopped at 340. 4. Waterworks. In the town, on the western side of Marlowes and north of Bath Street. A boring of 1868, at the western side of the engine-house, is said to be 182 ft. deep. Boring of 1909. Communicated by W. R. Locke, Engineer. Very hard chalk, about 266 and 273 ft. down. Also below 282 ft. Very tough chalk, with water ? at 286 ft. Soft white chalk at 291 ft. Soft chalk below 293 ft., and at 330. Bottom of white chalk at 325 ft. On 21st May (? about 170 ft. down) when pumping about 26,000 gallons an hour from No. 2 boring, the water was lowered a foot in new (No. 3) boring. On 2nd July (at the depth of 320 ft., or more) pumping 20,000 gallons an hour, in the new bore, lowered the water-level 9 ft. On 14th July (at the depth of 344 ft. or more) pumping 23,300 gallons an hour lowered the water-level 5 ft. 4 in. On 15th July, rest- levels before grouting the space between 24-in. and 18-in. tubes, 3 ft. down inside the 18-in. tubes, 4 ft. 8 in. between the two tubes. There are 100 ft. of 18-in. and 50 of 24-in. tubes. The Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 61 says : — " Borings, 300 to 400 ft., in Chalk. The average daily quantity of water obtained is 260,000. gallons. Quality very satisfactory (For analysis, nee p. 319). Supplies also parts of the parishes of St. Michael Rural (St. Albans Rural District) and Abbots Langley. 5. The water-levels at three other wells in Hemel Hempstead are given in R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1 893, p. 578. 6. There are borings in the watercress -bed north-westward of the waterworks to the depth of 100 ft. ? The nearer could not be seen when I was there in July, I !>(>7, but the further one had water flowing strongly from it. I understood that various observers had seen the reverse taking place, that is, water from the water- cress-beds running down a bore-hole, which, of course, must have been in a very dry season, when the undergroimd water-level is lower than usual. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 6 6 145 — 7 158 17 — 10 — 5 190 129 319 WELLS— HERTS. 221 Hertford. Ordnance Map 239 new ser. (Herts. 29, S). Geologic Maps 46, SE., 47. Fanshaws, Brickendon. Nearly 3 miles southward of the town (Herts. 36, NE.) Made and communicated by J. A. Hunt, of Hcddesdon. About 310 J ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 167 ft., cylinders about 20 ft. more, the rest bored. Water-level about 178 ft. down. Drift rT , „, /Blue clay ... [L ?~o°/ + \ y ' ( Sa^dy clay. Shell-bed 15^ ttj. (^ [basement-bed] rx> .. -r, , i Grey sands and clay [Keaduig Beds, Lo / my gands 7 ^"•J. I Sand and pebble-bed [Upper] Chalk 2. Messrs. Gripper's Malting. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. 1901. Made ground ... ... ... ... ••• 9* "l l fu ft Ballast [River Gravel] 6| j 10 *™- 3-6. Waterworks (established 1862). Four Pumping Stations. Information from A. F. Holden, Borough Engineer ; from the Local Govern- ment Return of 1915, &c. Daily average supply 275,000 gallons. Quality gocd. 3. Port Hill Pumping Station. By the left side of the Beane, a little north- north-west of the Great Northern Railway Station. The first made ? A stand by. Could yield 300,000 gallons a day. No information [gravel] ... ... ... 12 ") 179ff [Upper] Chalk and flints 160 $*«"• 4. Hartham Pumping Station. By the side of the stream a little eastward of the Great Northern Railway Station. 1884. Average daily yield 60,000 gallons (1 91 5). Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Stjtcliff. Filled in groimd ... ... ... ... 4 N [River] Gravel 12 I «1 ft i-tt rii ,7 -i C Soft chalk and flints ... 38 f [Upper Chalk] | H?rd ^^ ^ flints 2? j 5. Molewood Pumping Station. At Molewocd Mill, on the left (eastern) side of the Beane. 1 888. Average daily yield 1 90,000 gallons. Gravel and flints ... ... ... ... 6 7 inn ft [Upper] Chalk and flints 94 j 1UU "* 6. Waterford Pumping Station. On the left (eastern) side of the Beane west- north-west of Waterford House. 19C0. Average daily yield 25,000 gallons. Filled in groimd ... ... ... ... 2 [Upper] Chalk and flints 88 \ ) 7. Dr. R. L. Sherlock notes that a well about 400 yards north-westward of the station, on the new Great Northern line, isabout 90 ft.deep, with from 20 to 30 ft. of gravel over Chalk, yielding water in gocd quantity at the bottom. P 222 WELLS— HERTS. Hertford, cont. 8. Clements Farm, Brickendon. 1902 ? Communicated by Dk. R. L. Sherlock. Well of 4J ft. diameter. Water-level, 6th February, 1904, 17f ft. in the well (highest), and remained 16 ft. for some time. Soil 1 > Glacial C Chalky (Boulder) Clay 41 / 127J Drift (Clean sharp sand ... ... ... ... 30J C ft. Upper Chalk ... ... ... ... 55 Hertingfordbury. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 29, SW.). Geologic Map 46, SE. A. C. G. Cameron notes that two wells close to Cole Green Railway Station are 24 ft. deep in gravel. These may be those which Dr. R. L. Sherlock describes as Pump at the western corner of the Green, and house on the Green, at both of which water is said to have risen to the surface. From the same observer we learn that a well 200 yards west-south-west of the Church, 61 ft. deep (? 30 ft. through gravel to Chalk) has very little water, and that another, 600 yards west of the church, 80 ft. deep (Chalk reached about half way down) has 4 ft. of water. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 278, Lord Desborotjgh "Supplies part of parish of Hertingfordbury" from a "Well near River Mimram, Panshanger Park." High or Chipping Barnet, see Barnet. Hinxworth. Ordnance Map 204, new ser. (Herts. 23, NE.). Geologic Map 46, NE. The Schools. North -west of the Church. Made and communicated by J. Conder, of Baldock. Shaft 53 ft., the rest bored. Gravelly soil 3 ) ,„„,, Blue clay (Gault) to sand 130 j 1&oIt - All the wells in Hinxworth and at the co pro lite -pits (now abandoned) between there and Astwick are about the same depth, not varying more than 5 ft., and always finding water in sand below the Gault. The Rev. J. C. Clutterbuc i: has said of the water of one of these wells that it is '' particularly soft, clear, and of gocd flavour," but " if not used as quickly as under ordinary circumstances, it becomes a little cloudy." Prestwich's Water- bearing Strata, 1851, p. 167. Hitchin. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 12, NW.). Geologic Map 46, NE. 1. Brewery, in the town, between the Priory and the Church. 1831. ( lomraunicated by Mr. Lucas. About 220 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made ground ... ' Layer of pebbles . . . White marl Green sand 1 [Drift, 77 ft,] Oreensand 1 Fine green sand 1 ... Coarse green sand l , Green sand * Whitish marl [Chalk and j Light-coloured clay Chalk Marl ?] >> »> >» 1 [The green colour of these beds un v have been owing to the specimens being wet.] ickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 3 1 li 3 — 6£ — 10 — 32 — 3 — 23 86 43 — 74 J — 24 — 7j 229 WELLS -HEISTS. 22& Hitchin, cont. I Strong blue clay Strong clay [Gault, 214 ft,] | Clay Thickness, j Depth. Ft. Ft. 101 — o - 105 — Crumbling clay with stones and gravel [Pphosphatic 1 nodules] ... ... ..., 3 443 Olive-co loured sand ... 8 — [Lower Green- ' White sand ,into which pipes sand, 23ft.] entered '.I 5£ — I White sand.in to which pipes could not pierce ... 9 A 466 I have left the classification as originally given, when deep channels of Drift had not been noted in these parts and practically no divisions in the Chalk had been established. In writing on the subject of Drift channels W. Hill says that this boring " must have been commenced just below the Melbourn Rock. As there is not more than 170 feet of Lower Chalk in this locality, Gault should have been reached at that depth. . . I am inclined to think . . . that much of the white and grey marl . . . may be Drift." Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1908 r vol. lxiv, p. 17. 2. Charlton, south-west of the town. New cottages near the windmill. Information got by A. J. Jukes- Browne. Dug 60 ft. through chalk, with one band of flints, into a hard rock, from which water rises [Melbourn Rock, from which springs rise at Charlton.] 3. Foxholes (Mount Pleasant of old map). Westward of the town. W. Hill, Quart. Journ. Geol Soc, 1905, vol. lxiv, p. 16. Boulder Clay and gravel, without reaching water or Chalk, 100 ft., although Chalk crops out close by. A trial then made some 25 or 30 yards nearer the out- crop, found Chalk close to the surface. Presumably the following note from W. Hill (September, 1914) refers to this- well. It describes a boring at the SE. corner of Mount Pleasant, which gave the following section : — Soil ... ... ... ... ••• ••• ••■ 2 Red clayey sand ... ... ... • • • • • • 10 • Rather sharp grey sand, with some chalk ... 14 .„„,, Yellowish -grey clay, seemed to pass into the next 10 Grey "Boulder Clay, with small chalk lumps: few boulders ... ■•• ••• ••• ••• 130 4. Highover Farm, north-east of the town, near the barn. Information given to Mr. Jukes- Browne by the foreman. Dug through clay and loam 8 lifift „ gravel to water ... ... 8 j The same water-bearing gravel is intersected in the railway-cutting, into whieh water often runs. Another well was sunk in a field half a mile due east of/ the farm, and water found in similar gravel, below clay, about 40 yards from the road leading to Willbury Hill. A. J. J.-B. 5. Queen Street. Steam Laundry. 1912. W. Hill, Proc. Geol Assoc, 1912, vol. xxiii, p. 222. [Glacial Drift.] Sandy gravel and small stones, passing down into sand, with a thin bed of greasy clay at 62 ft. deep. 125 ft., and Chalk not reached. 6. Mr. T. Ransom's Brickyard, Bethel Lane. About200 yards east of the London Road at the southern outskirts of the town, a mile SW. of the Railway Station.. W. Hill, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1908, vol. lxiv, pp. 16, 17. Also from Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff, who made the boring,. 275 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Commenced with a four-inch pipe, then a three-inch pipe, which it was difficult: to drive. No water got. p 2 224 WELLS — HERTS. Hitchin, cont. Thickness. Ft. Depth. Ft. 64 Glacial Drift ..„ / Old well (mostly brick-earth) ' Loamy ballast [gravel] ... 3 Live blue sand ... ... ... 20 Sandy clay and stones ... ... 3 Sandy ballast [gravel] ... ...j 36 £ Sandy clay ... ... ... 3 Clay, stones, and small pieces of chalk 6i Stiff clay 5 Sandy clay and sand ... ... 7 Sand 16 164 Stiff clay and stones. Some lignite at 1 69-1 77 ft. down ... 32 1 96 Clayey sand ... ... ... 10 Clay and stones ... ... 4 Very hard sand ... ... ... 7 Live sand ... ... ... 29| Sand and stones ... ... 26 \ Stony clay ... ... ... 21 i Blowing sand ... ... ... 4 Stony clay ... ... ... 14 J Clayey sand, stones, and small pieces of chalk ... ... 4 Blue sandy clay... ... ... 15 ^ Sandy clay and stones 8 340 Gault. Stiff dark blue clay 5 345 Mr. Hill was present when the auger brought up Gault, which he thought was ;not from the top part of the formation. This boring clearly proves the occurrence of a deep channel of Drift : so deep that here the Chalk has been cut through. 7. At the northern end of the town, f mile XXW. of Ransom's boring. W. Hill, Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol. lxiv, p. 18. An old well, of which details are lost. It has been filled in. About 209 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk about 90 ft. in blue clay ; but enough water not being got, a boring was made to about 90 ft. more, and still no water was got. This shows a great thickness of Boulder Clay, etc. " A fairly strong spring is thrown out by the Chalk 800 yds. to the north-east, and it seems eertain that if that rock had been reached, water would have been found." 8. Waterworks. Established 1854. At the south-western corner of Priory Park. The old well, just north of the Bath Spring (a well about 6 ft. deep) is itself only about 16 ft. deep. The following figures are from observations made in April, 1907, by W. R. Phillips, Engineer, of Luton. Wellhead Spring. Water-level 235-97 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Bath Spring. „ 223'2 Waterworks Well. „ 222-36 River Hiz (just KW.) „ 219-48 In the second case the water would rise about a foot, if no water were taken. Presumably, however, this would be accompanied by a slight rise in the Bath Spring, not 30 yards off. For an analysis of the water, see p. 320. 9. Waterworks. Newer well. At the north-western corner of field 56, 120 ft. from the hedge on the north and 100 from that on west. About 340 vards SSW. from the old well? 190 7. Journal of the work, from John Davey, Engineer. Two trenches were made in the field, 30 ft. from the western hedge, each 5 ft. wide, 40 ft. long, and 6 ft. deep. The rest-level of the water in these was about a foot below the water in the lake (on the other side of the track). Xo water • came in on the lake-side of the trenches. WELLS— HERTS. 225. Hitchin, crmt. Then the well was made, near the trenches. Oct. 29. Loose chalk, lumpy, to 9 ft. down. Oct. 30. Chalk in large lumps, with fine chalk between to 11 J ft. down. When work was stopped at night water rose at the rate of 3 in. a minute. Oct. 31. Chalk, lumps increasing in size on X. to 14§ ft. When work was stopped at night, the flow into the well was 4£ in. a rninute. Nov. 1. Chalk, with occasional lumps of Melbourn Rock to 17^ ft. When work was stopped at night, the flow into the well was 5£ in. a minute. Nov. 2. Chalk, with a bed of Melbourn Rock, and detached lumps, to 19 ft_ When work was stopped the well filled up at the rate of 6 in. a minute. All the way down nine-tenths of the water came in from the east, north and west, very little on the south. Below this is softer chalk, with lumps of the Rock. A later communication says that the well was taken to the depth of 27 ft.,., about 3 ft. below Melbourn Rock, into softish marl (Belemnite Marl), and that then a 12-in. boring was made on the northern side of the well with a tube 5 ft. down and 2 above the bottom of the well. Very little water was got from this,, the chalk being very soft, until they got down 20 ft. ; at about 30 ft. down [in the boring] a large increase was got ; and at about 35 ft. the water flowed over the top of the tube, at the rate of about 100,000 gallons in 24 hours. The boring was continued for another 8 ft., in very soft chalk, and all the chalk that was broken up was washed up over the tube, no shelling being needed. After pumping night and day for a fortnight, Mr. Davey calculated that betweea 700,000 and 800.000 gallons a day were got, the water standing about 3 to 4 ft. in the well. A letter from W. Hill (3rd November, 1907), when the well must have been about 20 ft. deep, says that the rest- level of the water was 1 to 2 ft. below that of the mill-head (northward) and about 2 A below that of Wellhead spring (south- ward). When the well was 12 ft. deep a pulsometer was throwing out water at the rate of 200,000 gallons a day, and at the depth of 16 ft. this rose, according to Davey's measurements, to 400,000. The material passed through was gravelly soil, 4 to 5 ft., and then chalk- rubble. If the Melbourn Rock goes to some depth down, as seems to be the case, the line for it on the map is too high ; but as the rock is shown at Wellhead spring, there may be a small fault between this and the well. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1 91 5, p. 65, " The average daily quantity of water obtained is 260,000 gallons," and much more could be got. The water is excellent. Supplies parts of Ippollitts and Walsworth. In 1893 a number of borings were made to test the order of certain Drift-beds at Hitchin. These have been described in detail by C. Reid, and readers are referred to his paper, in Proc. R. Soc. 1897, vol. lxi, pp. 40-49. Hoddesdon. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 37, NW.). Geologic Maps 1, SW and 47. 1. Brewerv. PREsrwicH, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. x, p. [River] Gravel London Clay and Reading Beds. Chalk ... Loam and marly sand White sand Flints 146. Thickness. Ft, 20 45 24 1 4 Depth. Ft. 20 90 94 2. Pumping Station of the Metropolitan Water Board, by the side of the New River, nearly a third of a mile east of St. Catherine's Church. 1868. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. T. Docwra and Son. About 103 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 52 (or 54 ?) ft. the rest bored. Water rose to 2 ft. below the surface. Yield 2,160,000 gallons a day. J. M. Wood states (in 1920) that the standing water-level does not vary, being 102-45 ft. above Ordnance Datum, where it has stood for years ; and that the yield, which is practically permanent, is 2,250,000' gallons a day. 226 WELLS— HERTS. Hoddesdon, cont. Soil [River Drift], " 23ift. {Upper Chalk], 261± ft. Ta ickness. Depth Ft. Ft. • >*• ... ... ... 1 1 Brown sandy clay 3J — Sand and gravel [bottom irregular] ... about 20 244 Chalk about 19J Chalk, with two thick beds of flints [? others] 32 — Soft place (rod sunk) li 774 Chalk 58 — Chalk with scattered flints 38 — Chalk, with flints (the higher part soft) 8 — Blackish chalk 1 1.824 Soft chalk and flints 90 — Yellowish rock-chalk 34 — Hard chalk, flints at bottom 2 — Soft chalk 8 286 The boring has been continued to 403 ft. 3. For the New River Company. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwra. (Clark's.) Water overflowed. Soil [Alluvium, 4 ft.] Gravel ... Sand, to Chalk Brown clay Brown clay and sand Peat and stones Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 1 1 1 2 2 4 1 5 19 24 13 37 Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 14 — 124 14 3 — 15 or 15| — ?H 33 or 34 ? 177 or 176 210 4. Waterworks (about 600 yards west of north from St. Catherine's Church). Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwea. Cylinders to 95 ft., the rest bored. I? River Drift] [£™ ;;; ;;; (White sand [? Reading Yellow loamy sand Beds.] I Flints Chalk, with flints at 85 ft Holwell. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 7, SW.). Geologic Map 46, XE. Holwell Bury, despite its name, is not in this parish, but just over the border* in the Bedfordshire parish of Upper Stondon. The well here is duly noticed in the Memoir on the Water Supply of Bedfordshire, but under Holwell (p. 49), though that is a Hertfordshire parish. It is indexed under Stondon, though that name does not appear. See also W. Hill, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1908, vol. Lav, p. 19. Hunsdon. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Herts. 30, S.) Geologic Map 47. J- Briggins Park, southward of the Church. 1897. Last 50 ft. in 1905. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. 100 ft. of 4-in. tubes from 4 ft. down. Water-level 64 ft. 3 in. down (1895). Yield 480 gallons an hour (1895). WELLS— HERTS. Hunsdon, cont. Dug well (the rest bored) .... rr> j • r» i t ( Grey sand [Reading Beds] | ^ gand am , pebb]eg rTT r Glacial Drift Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. — 44 16 60 20 80 6 86 11 97 29 126 8 134 6 140 12 152 34 186 12 198 20-| 218J H 220 Ippollitts, cont. Dug well (the rest bored) ... ; f Drift, clay and stones ... Flints and large stones, water- level varies Gra vel and sand Sand Clay with grains of clr Ik Hard rock ... / Sandy clay Sand and flints ... Sand, clay and stones ... Sand and veins of chalk Grey clay or chalk Clay, sand and stones ... Clay, light-blue (specimen, pale- bluish -grey silty clay, free . from large grains) to 30 250 Sir A. Strahan adds (in the Summary for 1917) that " the base of the Chalk might have been expected at a depth of 210 ft. . . . If the estimate of the position of the base of the chalk is correct, the bottom . . . must be 36 ft. [? 40] below tha*> base. No chalk in place has been traversed in the boring, but the clay at 220-246J ft. [? 250] might be Gault, though its appearance is more that of a stoneless band in boulder-clay." " Tne boring is situated near the western margin of the drift-filled channel described by W. Hill in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. Ixiv, 1908, p. 8." See Hitchin wells, pp. 223-225. In the Summary for 1918, Sir A. Strahan says "A comparison of the two records shows that the drifts passed through differ in detail ; the beds of sand,- gravel and boulder-clay are clearly liable to variation. The earlier boring failed to find water." 3. PoytersEnd. East of Preston. Made by C. P. Margin of Harpenden. [? Glacial Drift] f? Middle and ? Lower Chalk] Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 20 20 50 70 30 100 4 104 53 157 2 159 98 257 95 352 5 357 25 382 C Clay and flints | Chalk and clay mixed ... Chalk Chalk rock Chalk Chalk and clay (very excep- tional) Chalk Tough chalk Very o pen cha Ik Medium open chalk Kelshall. Ordnance Map 221, new scr. (Herts. 4, SE., 8, NE.) Geologic Map 47. Draft Report of Special Committee of Ashwell Rural District Council, Nov.,. 1913. Cnnuiunicated by the Local Government Board. There is "an unfailing well in the Boulder Clay on the Middle Farm " and "a deep well into the Lower Chalk dug 250 ft. with a bore 150 ft. . . . at a dairy farm." Kings Langley. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Herts. 38, NE.). Geologic Map 7. Apsley Mill. About 1 f miles NNW. of the Church. Communicated by S. C HOMERSHAM. 242 ft. above Trinity Highwater Mark. Shaft about 16 ft., the rest bored. ,2oO WELLS — HEH'IS. Kings Langley, cont. Water-level about 8 ft. down. Supply 260,000 gallons a day. ? Alluvial earth &c. ... Chalk with 6 layers of flints . . . Chalk .., • Home Park Mill about 16") „ 97 [ 221 ft. .., 108) SE. of the church) communicated by S. C. HoMEESHAM, 1843. 215. ft. above Trinity Highwater Mark. Shaft 36 ft., the rest bored. Water-level about 9 ft. down. Supply 473,C00 gallons a day. [River) Gravel about 9 ") Chalk, with 7 layers of flints „ 77 J 232 ft. Chalk ... „ H6 3 London and North Western Railway Station. Made and communicated by R. Paten. Yellow clay and stones ... ... ... 9") 91 ft. Chalk 82 j Shendish. North-westward of the village, 1875. About 443 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 120 ft., the rest bored. Chalk, 450 ft. There must be Clay with flints at top. Knebworth. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 20, E.). Geologic Map 46, SE. 1, 2. Por the Great Northern Railway Co. East of the line, south of Roaring Meg Plantation. 1. A 4 -in boring, made- by Messrs. Le Grand and Stttclife. Begun 16th September, 1912. Gravel water-level 14 ft. down. Chalk water-level 15£ ft. down. The water in the gravel not in large quantity. Yield, 720 gallons an hour on a short trial. Thickness. Ft. Si 3 Depth. Ft. [Glacial Drift] 70 ft, to Chalk and flints. Fine gravel Bed of flints Loamy gravel- Coarse loamy gravel with 14 \ water Brown clay ... ... 1 Blue sandy clay ... ... 19$ Stiff brown clay ... ... 1\ Blue clay ... ... ... 4 Gravel 5 ft., a few inches of soft sandy clay at 58 ft. 17 For analysis of the water, see pp. 321, 322. 2. Well. Made by Messrs. Sanowin and Co. Begun 30th November, 1912. 262-9 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 12| ft. down. At 57 ft. (reached 20th February, 1913) running sand boiled up 6i ft. into the well and the work was stopped for a time. Pumping sand and water, from below 57 ft., at the rate of 10,000 gallons an hour, was probably answerable for the caving in of the top part on and after 15th June, and the consequent filling up of the well to 25 ft. from the surface. Piles were driven down on the side of the well. The depth of the sand having teen found, by means of a 5-inch boring a few ft. away, cylinders, of 6 ft. diameter, were put down the well, to the depth of 81 ft. 7 in. In the following section the beds below 57 ft. are described from the trial- boring, close by. The well was stopped at 83 ft. WELLS — HERTS. 231 Knebworth, cont. Thickness. Depth ; Ft. Ft. Sand and line gravel 15* — Coarser gra vel 61 — Soft brown clay ... 1 — Blue clay ... 14 — [Glacial Drift] Silt ... * 6 — Brown clay 14 — Fin e r turn in g sand 7 — Ballast [gravel] and small chalk 9 73 [Chalk.] • ' Soft putty-chalk ... . Firmer chalk 2 15 9(1 3. Waterworks. By the road-side just south of the rectory. About 400 ft. above Ordnance Datura. Information from W. Wilson, agent to the Earl of Lytton, to whom the works belong. Shaft 190 ft, the rest bored, 6 in. in diameter. Two headings, one 123 ft. long, the other 100. Clay and stone 15 ") , nn t . [Upper and Middle] Chalk 385 ) 4UU "* The Chalk Rock was passed through near the bottom of the well. 'Standing water-level 160 ft. down. Pumping level 18 ft. lower. Minimum yield 36,000 gallons an hour. Average yield 50,000. Could be increased by 70,000. G. Barrow remarks that the total of 120,000 gallons is poor for such large surfaces, and confirms the evidence from Codicote that the Chalk does not yield fully here. Presumably the amount is ample for the purposes of the place. The works supply the park, village, railway-station, farms, etc. Also part of Welwyn. Quality of water excellent. Langley. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 20, N.). Geologic Map, 46, SE. 1. Dye's Farm. About half a mile northward of the village. W. Hill. Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, 1908, vol. lxiv, p. 13. 302 ft. above Ordnance Datum. A shallow well deepened in 1905? to 64 ft., then bored. Thickness. Ft. r Original well. Soil, red loam 1 [Glacial Drift] *£*"* ballast [gravelL ' | [Boulder Clay] Blue clay [ with chalk lumps [Middle] Chalk. Plenty of water as soon as it was touched ... 18 36 Depth. Ft, 24 42 78 80 House on the eastern side of the high road . About half a mile north-westward of the village. W. Hill. Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. lxiv, p. 13. [Glacial Drift] Sand and gravel ... about 75 [Middle] Chalk 5 about 80 ft. 3. Meadow east of the London road (200 yards from it), three-quarters of a mile north-westward of Dye's Farm ? W. Hill. Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. lxiv, pp. 13, 14. Made and communicated by Messrs. Cheeld, of Chesham. Just under 300 ft. above Ordnance Datum (estimated). Fine gravel, passing down into sand. At 83 ft. down 18 in. of clay, and below that several layers of clay. Carried down into blowing sand , which choked the borehole. Some water occurred, but the boring was abandoned at 100 ft. 232 WELLS — HERTS. Langley, cont. 4. For proposed Isolation Hospital (Hitchiu Joint Hospital Board.) About 300 yards west of the London road, almost opposite the third milestone- from Hitchin. W. Hill. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. lxiv, p. 14. Made ami communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Stjtcliff. About 318 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 56J ft. down. Yield about 600 gallons an hour. Thickness. Ft. 76 9 Depth. Ft. 76 85 29 114 19 21 5 13 28 133 154 159 200 Clay and flints Brown loamy sand r™ • i -n -m Blue clay and flints [Glacial Drift] firown & 0wiag ^ Sand and gravel ... { Coloured clay [? Middle C Rubbly chalk and flints "Chalk] I Chalk and flints ... The blowing sand at 114 and 133 ft. is probably the same bed as that found in No. 3. These four sections all point to the occurrence of a channel rilled with Drift,, and one of which no sign is given by geologic mapping. The Boulder Clay in No. 1 does not come to the surface ; but it looks possible that the top bed in No. 4 may belong to this division of the Drift. Langley, see Abbot's and King's. Letchworth. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 7, S.). Geologic Map 46, NE. Garden City Waterworks. About 300 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Letter from Col. L. S. Bowring. Water-level 87 ft. down, reduced but slightly after several hours pumping,, and rapidly rises on cessation of pumping. [Boulder] Clay Chalk and a few flints Chalk rur-jji ™ in Hard chalk [Middle Chalk] Very hard chalk Hard chalk Hard yellow chalk 1 Chalk Marl [Belemnite Marl] [Lower Chalk] ■{ Free-cutting chalk Hard chalk Sticky chalk 1 Jukes-Browne suggested that this is Melbourne Rock, The above refers to Boring No. 1. Three others have been made since, to the depth of 213, 218 and about 230 ft. They are within a few feet of one another. The following particulars added from C. B. Purdom's book " The Garden City," 1913, p. 246. Water in boredioles 90-100 ft. below ground, according to the season. 18-in. bore to 220 ft. Tested up to 6,000 gallons an hour, reducing the water- level very little. Second boring made in 1907. Third early in 1912, of 24 in. diameter, 210 ft. deej). All three borings within 60 ft. of each other. ickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 4 4 72 — 20 — 4 — 4 — 10 — 6 120 3 123 31 i — 40i — 10 205 WELLS — HERTS. 233 Letchworth, cont. While 50,000 gallons an hour were being lifted the level of the water was lowered by about 40 ft. On ceasing pumping water rose immediately 39 ft., and in six minutes to normal level. Yearly consumption in 1905, 10,000,000 gallons. The Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 278, says :— " Supplies parishes of Letchworth and Willian . . . and furnishes a supply in bulk to Baldock . . . The average daily quantity of water obtained is 200,000 gallons." •and much more could be got. See Addenda. For analysis of this water, see p. 322. Lilley. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 11). Geologic Map 46, SE. The Vicarage. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 90 ft., the rest bored. Chalk and flints, 226 ft. London Colney, (? parish). All Saints' Convent. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isi.ee and Co. 45 ft. of 7i-in. tubes, from 9 \ ft. down. Water level 17 ft. down. Tested to 3,120 gallons an hour. 3rd March, 1900. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Well (the rest bored) — 6 r Sand 2 — TD "ftl ) London clay ... ) Running sand 24 4 — L Rough gravel ... 5* m [Upper] Chalk 160 20H Long Marston. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Herts. 25, NW.) Geologic Map 46, SW. 1. Boarscroft Farm. North-west of the village. About 270 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by W. Mayne and Sons of Stewkley. Sunk 80 ft. and bored about 100, through clay [Gault] to rock, from which a little water rose into the well. 2. Gubblecote, near the stream at the end of the lane a mile east-south-east of the old church, and just outside the boundary of the Upper Greensand, 1885. Trial- bo ring for water to supply neighbouring villages. Communicated by A. J. Jukes-Browne. 301 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water rose at first (April) to within 60 ft. of the surface, and in June it had risen to within 2 ft. Upper Gault. ' Soft blue sandy micaceous marl, yielding a little water Hard bluish sandy micaceous marl, almost a stone, and like Upper Greensand ... Grey sandy marly clay ... Layer of phosphate-nodules with green sand at the base Thickness. Ft. 13 30 26| Depth. Ft. 70 234 WELLS — HERTS. Long Marston, cont. Thickness. Depth Dark blue clay with ferru- Ft. Ft. ginous stains 50 — Ditto, wit:i lighter-eolcu red- " layers of iron -pyrites at 130 and 142 31 — Light-grey sandy clay 9 — Dark blue clay 11 — Light-grey sandy cb y, with fragments of shells in the middle part 15 — Lower Gault. Light-grey calcareous clay, with a very hard rocky layer 14 — Layer of phosphate-nodules i 188 Dark brown clay, with sand and shells, the lower part more sandy and with iron -pyrites 22 — Blue sandy clay, with phos- phate-nodules at the base 3 — I Hard light-coloured clay ... 2 215 Lower J Hard sandy rock ... 6 Ditto, with quartz pebbles 2 — Green sand. Coarse white sand (chisel dropped) 2J 225£ Markyate Street, see Flamstead. Minims, North. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 40, X.) Geologic Map 7. Hawkshead House (at the north-western corner) 1 J miles SE. of the church. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. Supply 6C0 gallons an hour. Brickwork and concrete Made ground •Yellow clay Ballast [gravel] and water Blue clay Blue clay and pebbles ... Brown clay Iron bound gravel Loamy clay and pebbles Loamy sand and pebbles Very hard coarse ballast [Upper] Chalk and fhnts ... Neither Drift or London Clay have been mapped here ; but the section reads as if a little of both might be present. 2. For the Barnet District Water Co. Near the eastern side of the stream- course and south of Wise's Lane. 230 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwea. Trial only, works not made. Sh&ft 31 ft., the rest bored. [Reading Beds] ickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 1 2 I 9 — 6 — 4 — 13 — 1 - — 4 — 2 — 1 — 11 53 127 180 Soil Billast [gravel] Clay and small shells ... Flints [Upper] ('ha Ik and flints. others marked at 188 218| For an ana l\ sis of the water, see p. 323. Tli ickness. Depth Ft. Ft. i — 16 1 — L3i — J 31 A layer of flints at 135 it., L 91, 210-210}, and 218- 225 l'.-.i; WELLS — I1EKTS. 235 Mimms, cont. 3. North Mimms Park. Made and communicated by Messrs. S. F. Baker and Sons. 296 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 81 ft. down. Thickness. Made ground [London Clay] [Reading Beds, " 28| ft.] [Upper] Chalk ( Strong clay [ Pebbles and clay Loamy sand and pebbles Soft light-coloured sand Pebbles and sand Loamy sand Veins of clay and loam Veins of clay and red sand Clay flints and pebbles Ft. 1 18 u 2 8£ 64 Li 4'i H 2 111 Depth It. 1 20J 49 160 146 ft. Munden, Little. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 21, N.E.) Geologic Map 47. For Mr. J. Jollings. Sunk and communicated bv Messrs. Docwra. Shaft 116 ft,, the rest bored. Water about 112 ft. down. Surface-earth ... 1J") Chalk 144 J j Public Well, Green End (? same as above). R. Comm, Metrop. Water Supply Appendices, 1893, p. 634. Level of curb 370-23 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level, February, 244-65 ft, April, 244-06. Other wells here are mentioned in the above report. Northaw. Ordnance Map 239 new ser. (Herts. 41, W.). Geologic Map 7. For the Barnet District Water Co., 1904 ? 2 borings. Made and communicated bv Messrs. Docwra. [? Drift] [London Clay and Reading Beds] [Upper] Chalk Loamy clay Clay and pebbles Ironbound ballast Clean ballast Yellow clay Sandy clay Hard white sand Red sandy clay ... Yellow sandy clay Blue sandy clay... Clay and pebbles Green sand Flints [? Drift] Another boring, 30 or 40 ft. off. 1905 ? Soil ( Clay and stones ""[Ballast / Yellow Loamy clay 1 Sandstone [London Clay Yellow sand and Grey sand, a little water Reading Beds] Brown sand and clay ... Black pebbles ... Flints [Upper] Chalk Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 2 — 1 — 3 — U 2 ?i • ••! 8f — 64 — 4 — I64 4 — 10 — H — 1 614 34 65 f 3i 4 8 9 — 24 — 94 8 — 14 — 9 — 1 61 239 300 236 WELLS— HERTS. Northchurch. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Herts. 25, SE.). Geologic Map 46, SW. For the Grand Junction Canal Co. Cow Roast, close to the lcck. 184 0. About 395 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by S. C. Homersham. Well 75 ft., the rest bored. Water-level about 9 ft. down. [River] Gravel about 8] Soft chalk „ 65 l 105 ft. Hard chalk „ 32 j Norton. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 7, NE.). Geologic Map 46, SE. Western end of the village. Information from J. Conder, well-sinker. Sunk 71 ft., bored 30. The greater part through bluish clay with chalk-stones and bon lders [Boulder Clay], with a thin seam of sand yielding a little water near the bottom (of the well). Below the sand is more of the like clay; but the borirg is chiefly through clunch (chalk). Nunsbury, see Cheshunt. Offley, Great. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 11, E.) Geo logic Maps 46, NE., SE. ] , Offleyholes. ESE. of the village. I 896. Made and communicated by Messrs. Merryweather. Boring of 6 in. diameter. Water-level 106 ft. down. Chalk 24) 26 124 ft. 74 J 2. Wellbury House. Made and communicated by Messrs. C. Isler and Co. Water-level nearly 162 ft. down ; but no supply of water. Chalk Marl Chalk Shaft (th [Melbourn Reck] rest bored) Chalk [Grey Chalk, 91 ft.] [Totternhce Stone, 9 ft.] [( 'ha Ik Marl] Rock Chalky marl Hard chalk Chalky marl Hard stone Hard marl Gault ... Very hard marl Marl Marl f Hard stone ' Marl Hard stone Marl hick jiess. Depth. Ft, In. Ft, In. 133 6 41 2 174 8 3 177 8 7 8 5 — 47 3 — 3 10 — 15 2 — 5 — 2 9 — 2 10 — 2 2 269 4 4 4 — 2 6 — 2 278 2 16 g 294 4 The divisions of the Chalk have been made by A. J. Jukes-Browne, who also notes that " Mr. R. Street, of Hitchin, says that the original well was sunk in 1822, and that the water-supply, though generally enough in winter and in spring, always partly failed in summer ; hence the above be ring w&s made in 1884, but without result. It was stopped by my advice. I recommended that the shaft should be deepeneel and headings driven. It was found necessary, however, to sink an entirely new well." The old well (made in 1822)f:iUcd in the summer and autumn, 100 or 150 gallons drawn from it at one time would empty it, and it would be a day or two days before as much could be got again. WELLS— HERTS. 237 Oxhey, see Watford. Patmore Heath, see Albury. Perry's Green, see Much Hadham. Pirton. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 6, SE.). Geologic Map 46, NE. 1. North-west of the Church. Made by C. P. Martin, of Harpenden. Communicated by Dr. W. Pollard. A 4J iii. boring, through 115 ft. of Chalk Marl. Sufficient supply for two cottages. Judging from specimens, the Upper Greensand was not reached (A. Strahan). 2. Walnut-tree Inn, south of the Church. Made by C. P. Martin. Communicated by Dr. W. Pollard. Signs of Greensand at 70 ft. n^ .. nun i (Chalk Marl 20 [Lower Chalk]. | filue ^ ^ ohalk _ () , , ( , ^ [? Chalk Marl] Gault 50 J It must be more than 70 ft. to Gault here. Ponsbourne Park, see Hatfield. Puckeridge, see Stand on. Puttenham. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Herts. 25, NW.). Geologic Map 46, SW. In the field formerly worked for coprolites, about three furlongs south of the church, 1872 ? About 290 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Prom information got from the well-sinker by A. M. Brown, of Tring. The thicknesses from A. C. G. Cameron's Notes. Sunk 115 ft. and bored 110 ft. Gault clay, with a rock at the bottom ... ? 150 ft. Sand, without water ... ... ... ... ? 75 ft. Dark (Kimmeridge) clay, with waterstones — This boring passed through either Lower Greensand or Portland Sand into the Kimmeridge Clay, and no water was found, that necessary for the co pro lite- works being obtained from the canal near by. The thickness of the Gault here would be about 150 ft. Radlett, see Aldenham. Radwell. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 7, NE.). Geologic Map 46, NE. The Mill. Information obtained from J. Conder, well-sinker, of Baldock. Dug 22 ft., the rest bored. Moory soil Chalk Marl I " Hurrock " or hard chinch | Coprolites and greensand Gault, with a layer of coprolites at the bottom The boring was stopped without reaching the Lower Greensand. Q ickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 13 13 50 63 1 64 180 244 238 WELLS — HERTS. Redbourn. Ordnance Maps 238, 239, new ser. (Herts. 27, SW.). Geologic Map 46, SE. One of 5 borings just below the village, for the supply of water to the mills on the river Ver (sunk by R. Paten), 1851, 1852. Communicatee! by S. G. Homersham. The five borings overflowed, yielding 750,000 gallons a day. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Soil and clay ... 3 3 Gravel 3 6 Chalk, mostly soft, but some hard, with four thick layers of flints 63 69 Chalk, with six beds of "rock v or "'rocky chalk" 186 255 U. A. Smith says that the yield has " been gradually decreasing for a number of years ; some of the boreholes have ceased to overflow, and the quantity coming from the remainder is now very small compared with what it was." B. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply, Appendices, 1893, p. 404. R. E. Middleton adds that one boring " is not to be found, and is supposed to have been covered by the railway. Two . . . were running pretty strongly, the other two weakly," but the outlets are below the level of the river. Ibid., p. 590. Reed. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 8, NE., 9, NW.)- Geologic Map 47. Draft Report of Special Committee of Ash well Rural District Council, November, 1913. At Queensbury there is a " well into the Lower Chalk 450 ft. deep." Rickmansworth. Ordnance Map 255, new ser. (Herts. 43, E.). Geologic Map 7. 1. Batchworth Paper Mill (Messrs. Dickinson's). 1848. Communicated by S. C. Homersham, C.E. 145 ft. above Trinity High -water mark. Shaft about 13 ft., the rest bored. Water-level about 7 ft. down. Supply 502,000 gallons a day. [River] Gravel about 20 \ Soft chalk „ 50 I „„_ , , Hard chalk, with fissures yielding much water 157 / Very hard chalk „ 105 J 2. Croxley Green, north-east of the town. The School. 1874. Communicated by W. F. Vernon. Mould 1 Clay 7 75 ft. Chalk (water rose 3 ft.) 67 3. Croxley < Jreen Laundry. Information from Messrs. Cheeld and Co., of Chesham. 1911. Red clayey gravel ... 36 ft. 4 in. ) .,.,,. f . Chalk 223 ft, 8 in. ) 4. Sprjngwell Mineral Water Co., Mill End, close to where the Colne runs into the canal (S. of village). This place may be in Middlesex. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. (? 1919.) 20 ft. of 8£ in. tubes from a foot down. 101 ft. of 6 in. tubes from 2£ft. down. Water-level 1 \ ft. down. Supply 1,800 gallons an hour. Made ground 1 [Hi ver Gravel] Ballast 15 ' oqq ft , (1 .. , ( Chalk and flints 84 [Upper Chalk] | Hard cha]k m WELLS — HERTS. 239 Rickmansworth, cont. 5. Loudwater Paper Mill (about a mile N. of the town). 1860. Bored throughout, and communicated by R. B. Paten. Gravel and clay 15 V„ 9ft , Chalk with flints, and rock 205 j *" U "• 6. Shepherd's Farm, Mill End. 1877. Sunk and communicated by C. Brown (Harefield). Shaft. 5 ft. of water. Red gravel 10 ^ Shingly gravel 5 { 33 ft. Chalk and flints 18 J 7. Vicarage, Mill End. 1876. Sunk and communicated by C. Brown (Harefield). Shaft. 5 ft. of water. Gravel 15 ") „ , Chalk and flints ... 19 \ J4 "• There are two other wells close by, one giving exactly the same section. 8. Water Company's Works. Between the road and the river by Drayton Ford WSW. of Mill End, below the town. 1886? J. W. Grover. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. xc. pp. 18-20. And informal-!' from J. Lucas. 149 ft. above Ordnance Datum and 10 above the river. Shaft 26 ft., the rest bored. 20 in. diameter to the depth of 40 ft. (with 18-in. cast-iron pipes, carried up into the well). Then an 18-in. unlined boring to 100 ft., and then a 12-in. one to 300 ft. Water rose to 3 ft. 2 in. above the adjoining river, the mouth of the well being 10 ft. above the river. [River] Gravel, at least 20 ft. Hard [Upper] Chalk with flints. Bed of nearly continuous flint at 51-96, 186-210, 247-257, and 288-300 ft. A substance like fullers' earth at 169-171 \. Depth 300 ft. The first trial- pumping was made when the boring was 201 ft. deep, at the rate of 14,000 to 15,0C0 gallons an hour. The water fell 5i ft. in 12 months; but a further 5£ ft. fall took nearly two hours' pumping, after which the water gained on the pumps for an hour. After 4J hours pumping was stopped, and the water rose 6 ft. 1 in. in ten minutes and got back to within 3 in. of its original level in 38 minutes. The second test was made when the boring had reached the depth of 300 ft. y at first at the same rate of pumping, but increasing to 21,592 gallons an hour. The spring became weaker during the first hour, from some obstruction in the fissures in the Chalk, as, after 50 minutes, the obstruction having been washed out* the water gradually gained 16 in. on the pumps. At the end of 2 \ hours the pumps were stopped, and the water rose to within 2 in. of its original level in 37 minutes. In the third trial the water came in more freely at first ; after 50 minutes ite level was 54 in. higher than in the first trial and 2\ ft. higher than in the second. During the next 1 § hours it fell a little below what it was in the second trial, but continued steady. The level of from 9 ft. 5 in. to 9 ft. 8 in. (down) seemed to be the general permanent depression of the water when the pump- ing was at the rate of 15,000 gallons an hour. After three hours' pumping the rate of 21,592 gallons an hour was set up and caused a further depression of less than 3 ft. at the most, and in the next hour the water gained slightly or: the pumps. On leaving off pumping the water rose to its original level. The average daily quantity of water got is 34,000 gallons (? per hour). Q 2 240 WELLS — HEUTrf. Rickmansworth, cont. 9. Water Co. Borehole at Batch worth Mills. 1902. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwra. 150 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 3* ft. down. 48 hours' pumping- test (May, 1902) lowered the water to 1\ ft. down. Approximate yield f million gallons in 24 hours. Thickness. Depth. Ft. r . „ , ( Dark loam ... [Alluvium] J Loamy j^t [River Gra vel] Ballast * ' Hard chalk and flints Soft chalk, with layer of [Upper J flints Chalk] \ Hard sand chalk ... Soft chalk and flints I Hard chalk and sand The average daily quantity of water got is 634,000 gallons. 10. West Hythe (SW. of the town). Pinesfield. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. 31 r ft. of 6 in. and 5 in. tubes from 3£ ft. down. Water-level 4 \ ft. down. Yield tested with a 4-in. hand-pump, 1,440 gallons an hour. Ballast [River Gravel] ... ... ... 23§ ") oi ft [Upper] Chalk and flints 67£ ) Trouble was experienced with rubbly chalk falling in at 74 to 91 ft. down. Ft. Ft. 2 — 3i 5J 124 18 75 — 15 4* — 150* — 37 300 11. Woodcock Hill, south of the town. For Mr. C. Haws, just about the Brick and Tile Works. Made and communicated by Messrs Cheeld and Co., of Chesham. Lined to 160 ft. with tubes of 4-in. internal diameter. No water found above 160 ft., at which depth it rose to 130 ft. down. Yield tested at 170 ft. down and found to be only about 200 gallons an hour. Again tested at 206 ft., with little better result ; and at 228A ft. it was only about 375 gallons an hour, with the suction at 200 ft. Thickness. Ft. Depth. Ft. r-rw -fi. -iTT i t ( Clay and flint ... [Drift, or Wash] \ ^^ f „ ___ [Reading Beds] ( Ballast [gravel] Mottled clay Sand Mottled clay Sandy clay Clay and black kidney-stones [flint-pebbles] Sand Clay and flints [Upper] Chalk, soft 8 1 30 31 3h i 170* 58 228* 12. Trial- borings made for G. Webster, 1890. Prom " Pure Spring Water Supply fcr London . . . Report," by C. Moxckton, and from letters. A. Station Field, just north of foot-bridge over stream, about 175 yards SSE. of St. Mary's Church. About 154 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 30 ft. to solid chalk; 40-in. boring to 100 ft. ; the rest 30-in. Water rose to the surface. The field was under water in May, 1896, gravel having been dredged from it. Pumping 2,000,000 gallons a day lowered the water-level 16 ft. WELLS— HERTS. 241 Rickmansworth, cont. [River] Gravel [? Alluvium above] Chalk (? loose) [Upper Chalk] ... Very hard chalk and flint Very hard grey chalk : no flint Hard grey chalk, with 5 in. of blue clay at the top and 8 in. of soft clay at bottom Grey chalk ? Carried to 200 ft. ickness. Depth. Ft. Ft, 18 18 12 30 56 86 22 108 293 137:; 46i 184 B. Wharflane Field, just SE. of Gasworks, near the Chess, and about 360 yards north-eastward of St. Mary's Church. Shaft through gravel to [? firm] chalk, then a boring of 2 ft. diameter. Water rose to 2 i ft. from the surface. Was 1 \ ft. below the level of the stream in December, 1892. About the same May, 1896 ? Pumping over 25,000 gallons an hour lowered the water 15 ft. Thickness. Depth. [River] Gravel [? Alluvium above] [Upper Chalk] (? Loose chalk) Soft grey chalk and flints Hard grey chalk and flints Very hard chalk and hard brown stone ... Grey chalk with flints ... Hard chalk: no flints ... Soft grey chalk : no flints Ft. Ft, 15 15 10 25 29 54 30 84 31 115 45 160 12 172 12 184 The greyness of some of the samples of Chalk is probably owing to moisture. 13. W. ToPLEYhas left a note of three borings 12 ft. deep below the watercress- beds over 500 yards NNE. of St, Mary's Church. The holes were plugged, end opened when needful. On 1 3th February, 1892, there was a run of 350,700 gallons (a day) ; but double this could be got if all the plugs were opened. Ridge. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. Geologic Map 7. Tyttenhanger Pumping Station of the Barnet District Water Co. By Parkgate Corner, Colney Heath (Herts., 35, SE.). From the Local Government Board and from F. J. Bancroft, Engineer to the Co. 241 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Average daily supply 972,000 gallons. Sandy soil /'Fine ballast < Glacial \ Yello w Sand Gravel. J Dirty ballast ^.Red sand ('Blue clay [Glacial J Boulder \ Blue clay and pebbles ... Drift.] \ Clay. 1 Yellow clay L Yellow clay and pebbles Drift ... ( Hard fine, dark sand ... \ Clean ballast Flints, to chalk [Upper] Chalk, presumably to some depth. ckness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 8 — 1* — H — Si 19§ 8 — 2£ — 1 — 4£ 35| 6i — 3 45 1 46 2 12 WELLS— HERTS. Royston. Ordnance Map 204, new ser. (Herts. 4, XE. 5, NW.). Geokgic Map 47. Some years ago the comity- boundary ran along the main street of the town, from east to west, so that whilst the southern part was in Hertfordshire, the northern was in Cambridgeshire. The county- boundary having been altered, the town is now wholly in the former county. 1. Royston Water Co. Works established 1859. Made and communicated by Messrs. Is lee and Co. Lined with 10 ft. of tubes of 13 J in. diameter from 11 ft. down. Water-level 354 ft. down. Soil 6^ | Chalk ... , r . , Chalk and shells { halk - | Chalk ... . l Grey chalk 97 48 \ 280 ft. 96 33 Another boring (Xo. 2) passed through the same strata. Lined with 10 ft. of tubes 13J in. in diameter. Water-level 146 ft. down. The works at Queen's Road have two wells, those at London Road one well and two bores. An older account (published 1878) of the works, near the railway- station, says that a good spring was found 23 ft. down, and that a hard rock, 8 or 10 ft. thick, was found in the Chalk 40 ft. down. The Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 210, gives the average daily quantity of water available as 100,000 gallons and the supply as 80,000. Chemically the water is very pure." 2. White Lion Lin, at the southern end of the town. Water-level 120 ft. down. Chalk 150 ft. 3. Brewery. 4. Heath Farm. Sunk and communicated by R. B. Paten. 3. Well 60 ft. Boring 105. Total 165. All Chalk. 4. .. 250 „ „ 111. „ 361. Rye Common, see St. Margarets. Sacombe. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 21, SE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Sacombe Park. 1907 ? About 150 yards south-east of the house, in an old gravel-pit ? About 365 ft. above Ordnance Datum ? Made and communicated by Messrs. A. Williams and Co. with some notes from Dr. R. L. Sherlock. Water rose to within 180 ft. of the surface, 1908. On April 24th, 1917, 173 ft, On September 12th, 1917, 181£ ft. 1,500 gallons an hour pumped, but the pump works occasionally only, and does not affect the water-level. Dug well (the rest bored ) r •> t> j • t. i t ( Loam sand [? Reading Beds] ■, M otU«l aandB ... ( Chalk and flints f Upper Chalk] ... I Flin ts \ Chalk and flints Various small wells (about 20 ft, deep) round about get the surface-water the level of which is about 4 ft. down. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 18 i • 25 50 254 — 2\ — 33i 340 Wl-.U.s - HE UTS. 243 Sacombe, cont. 2. Village Well. Sacoinbe Green. R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 636. Level of curb 352 - 23 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 153 ft. down. Depth of well 169 ft. Other Sacombe wells noted, p. 635. St. Albans. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 34, E.). Geologic Maps, 7, 46, SE. 1. Child wickbury. About 2 miles northward of the Cathedral. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. 10 and 8\ in. tubes to 142 ft. from surface. Water-level 134 ft. down. On completion of the bore-hole the bore-pipes were disconnected and 15 ft. of auction lowered into the bore-hole. It took an hour and 20 minutes' pumping to get the water out of the dug well. After this was done about 10 minutes' pumping lowered the water right down to the bore-hole. The day after the withdrawal of the pump the water rose only to 144 ft. Dug well (? old) I46? 9qfif , [Upper] Chalk 150 | - yt > "• 2. Gorhambury. West of the town. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 120 ft., the rest bored. Clay, gravel and stones ... 15} „„q ?, Chalk and flints 305 3 3. Hawkswick, north of the town and west of the Harpenden Road. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 148 ft., the rest bored. [Brick-earth and ( Clay and gravel ... 35 1 Clay-with-flints ?] ( Rock [flints ?] ... 6 ) 315 ft. Chalk and flints 274 | 4. Herts. Asylum. Just south-eastward of Hill End Station. From Dr. Boycott, Medical Superintendent. 289 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft, of 6 ft. diameter, 72 ft., the rest a 12-in boring. Water first found 49 ft. down. Yellow clay Soft marl Gravel Loam and sand ... Gravel and sand Chalk with flints Hard chalk Chalk with flints Soft chalk IS [Drift] [Upper Chalk] hickne«s. Ft. Depth Ft. 7 — 7 — u 11 — 23 12 • 49£ 7 — 3f 123* 195* According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 278, a supply is given to part of the parish of St. Peter Rural. " The average daily quantity of water obtained is 35,000 gallons." The quality is satisfactory. For analysis, see p. 325. The water is softened. 5. Napsbury. Middlesex County Asylum, about a mile west of London Colney. 243 ft. above Ordnance Datum. From Dr. Mustin, Medical Superintendent, and Messrs. Rowland and Plttmbe. Shaft, of 7 ft. diameter, 50 ft., the rest bored. Rest-level of water 30 ft. down. When pumping, varies to 40 ft. down. Average daily yield 100,000 gallons ; could be increased to 200,000. 244 WELLS— HERTS. Thickness. Ft. In. 9 6 3 4 Depth. Ft. In - 6 5 6 5 6 ?266 3 24 4 290 7 The quality of the water 135 ft. 40 ft. St. Albans, cont. ,Clay Loamy sand and pebbles Drift ... ... ; Blue clay and flints Clay, sand and loose pebbles Boulders [Upper] Chalk Supplies also part of the parish of St. Peter Rural is satisfactory. Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 279. 6. New House Farm, a little south of the above. Information from the occupier, to A. C. G. Cameron. Sand and gravel ... ... ... ... 10 ( Chalk with flints 120 Chalk / Stone, from which the water is \ said to come [Chalk Rock ?] 5 7. Shafford. (? Shafford Farm, by the Ver, north-westward of the city.) Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 278. J. B. Joel. " Supplies Harpend en U.D. (part) ; parts of parishes of Redbourn, St. Michael Rural, and Wheathampstead " from a " Well in Chalk at Shafford. The average daily quantity of water obtained is 30,000 gallons," and more could be got. Quabty satisfactory. 8. Ver House. 1897. Made and comraunicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Water-level 6 ft. down. [Drift] Sand and gravel ... ... ... 22 [Upper] Chalk and flin ts 18 9. Water Company's Works. Old Pumping Station, at the northern end of the town, close to Bernard Heath. 1865 ? Commun icated by A. F. Phillips. About 410 ft. above Ordnance Datum. The smaller and deeper well 1865. The larger 1877. Shafts 200 and 180 ft., connected by a heading. Other headings also. Boring, in the deeper shaft, to 66 ft. 30,000 gallons an hour have been pumped. Gravel 30] Chalk, some very hard , about 100 ft. down ... 236 j A communication from R. B. Paten notes extensions of the newer well in 1 882 , the shaft being deepened 5 ft., headings driven, and boings of 140 ft. made, and gives the following section : — Clay and gravel 60 7o 9 r:f + Chalk and flints 265j^ "' 10. Water Company's Newer Pumping Station, at the foot of Holywell Hill, about 400 yard s south of the Cathed ral and about 250 ft. above Ordnance Datum. The following particulars are from the Herts Mercury, reprinted in Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1887, vol. iv. p. 117. All but top 4 ft. bored. Boring lined for 50 ft. with wrought- iron tubes (? 8 in. and 1 8 in. borings). Water with a temperature of 50° F. Quantity 16,000 gallons an hour. Thickness. I Depth. Ft. I Mould ... ! Gravel, sand, etc. Flints Red gravel and sand f Chalk and flints ... \ Hard flint [Upper Chalk] I Chalk I ( 'halk rock ... I Chalk 266 ft. Ft. Ft. 3£ 3* 3* — 3 — 14 24 37 — u — 3J 1 83 — 150 WELLS — HERTS. 2+5 St. Albans, cont. The Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 211, gives contradictory figures for the yield of the waterworks wells. " The average daily quantity of waterderived from " the newer works " is 700,000 gallons," and more could begot, "and 384,000 gallons from the older well, which is seldom used." But as to the quantity supplied, "the daily average is 6116,000 gallons." The Company supplies also parts of the parishes of St. Michael Rural, St. Peter Rural, St. Stephen, and Sandridge Rural. "The water is highly satis- factory." For analyses, see pp. 325, 326. 11. St. Peter's Rural ? Windmill-pump, 300 yards NW. of Oakland s. From Dr. R. L. Sherlock. Average water level 65 ft. down. Boulder Clav 10 to 20 ) r , Chalk ..! 70 or more ) M rt St. Margarets, or Stanstead St. Margarets. Ordnance Map 239 new ser. (Herts. 30, SW., 37, NW.). Geologic Mop 47. Rye Common Pumping Station of the Metropolitan Water Board. About 440 yards southward of the church, on the parish-boimdary with Great Amwell, between the road and the New River, 1885. Ground 101 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Engine-house floor 1105 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwra. Shaft and cylinders 197 ft. (?' 2041). Headings of 69 (North) and 286 ft. (South) with bottom 159J ft. below engine-house floor. In 1896 the water-level was given as 94'15 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Average yield about 4,000,000 gallons in 24 hours (J. M. Wood, 1920). Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. /'Loam and stones ... 3j m . _ ' 1 Sandy loam 1 [R 1V er Drift] < Loam J y Clay u L Gravel 7| 13| ? Chalk and flints U [Upper Chalk] } Soft chalk ?61 1874 ft. 1 Chalk and flints ?61 (.Chalk ... • 6-U 201 i J. Francis has given the depth to the Chalk as 15 ft., and the yield as 3,750,000 gallons a day. Sandon. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts 8, NE.). Geo logic Maps 47 and 46, NE. Vicarage. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. [Boulder] Clay, with sand at the bottom, 30£ ft. Sawbridgeworth. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Herts. 31, W.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Chandler's Green. ? WNW. of village. Sunk and communicated by G. Ingolp. Shaft 55h ft, the rest bored. Little water. White and blue Boulder Clay ... ... 33 A Sandy loam ... ... ... ... ... lj Gravel, top 10 ft. red, the rest yellow end ( .^ , ( - sandy ... ... ... ... ... 18 , Black sandy clay ... ... ... ... 2| Mottled loam .". 5 ' 246 WKLI.S--IIF.KTS. Sawbridgeworth, cont. 2. Hertford shire and Essex Waterworks (in field 393 of Tithe Map). Communicated by E. Easton. [Drift, 31 1 ft.] [London ("lay, 43 ft.] Shaft about 75 ft., the rest bored Dark brown clay with flints Gravel Dark brown clay with flints Gravel Blue loamy clay ... -r. j. t. i ( Dark sand with water Basement Bed. [ Sandandrock \ Dark sand with water. [This may belong to the basement-bed of the London . Clay] Mottled clay [Reading Beds, J Dark sand ? 62 ft.] ) Yellow loamy sand with smrll pebbles .... Green sand with a little water ... Ft. In 11 6 1 6 4 14 6 25 3 3 1 3 13 13 9 6 34 (I [Basement Bed of London Clay]. [Drift, 33 J ft,] To Chalk 136 Some specimens from a trial-bore differ somewhat, as follows : — At 47 ft., loam with green grains, 2 ft. „ 51f ft., brown loam. ,, 53 and 62$ ft,, brown clayey sand. „ 68, 74, and 79 ft., red mottled, light-coloured and brown mottled clavs. „ 91 ft., clayey sand. „ 94, 104, 124 ft., fine buff sand. „ 96 ft., deep red (ferruginous) sand. „ 132 ft, chalk. An account from G. Ingold, received later, differs in particulars, and may therefore be given. It is as follows : — Iron cylinders 150 ft., the rest bored. Mould Dark brown clay ... Brown clay Sharp sand Brown clay... Blue clay ... Gravel, the second £ ft. a conglomerate Loam Gravel Fine sharp sand l Gravel C Dark blue clay [London Cla v. ) Dark sandy clay „ 41 J ft.] \ Hard sand rock L Dark sandy clay ... Light-green clay ... Light-brown clay Light- bluish clay Strong brown clay Black sand Greenish sandy loam Very hard red clay Green sand Yellow sandy loam with black pebbles... < .teen ish -grey sand and sandy loam Dark slate-coloured clay ... < ireen -coated flints To Chalk 139 Chalk with flints; at a depth of 250 ft., with black veins, shells, and nodules of iron -pyrites Ill [Pteading Bed s,, 64 ft,] Ft. In 1 6 7 4 2 8 3 7 1 6 2 22 6 5 2 6 11 6 1 6 -1 8 6 3 6 1 i) 6 1 5 6 ■2U 5 1 250 WELLS — HERTS. 247 Sawbridgeworth, cont. The Herts and Essex Waterworks Co. supplies the parish of Sawbridgeworth ( part) ; but the rest of its many places of supply are in Essex. The water is excellent (Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 197.) According to the Water Works Directory, 1911, p. 171, the yearly quantity supplied was 105,000,000 gallons. For analysis of the water, see pp. 326, 327. 3. North End. Mr. Poole's new house. (? 1883 or 1884.) Sunk and communicated by G. Ingold. Shaft, no water. i Brown sand and loam en -ffi ' i White clay •'• Boulder Clay and stones ' Blue clay 4. According to the same authority another well, a few yards from the Station Road, is 581 ft. deep in blue clay and gravel. 5. Shingle Hall. 1890. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Shaft 25 ft., the rest bored. Water rose nearly to the surface. Glacial Drift... \ } eRow Bo l lld f ^ 25 A 30 ft. ( Loose sandy chalk ... o ) 6. Spelbrook, Lane north of the village. 1889. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Water at 23 ft. Made ground 1\ [Drift] ...^ rown , clay ! ? L J (Gravel 1 , Yellow loam 3 ] 41 ft. [? London I Black sandy loam ... 8 Clay.] "I Brown clay il ^ Dark brown clay ... ... 7 / A well at Allen's Green, to the NW., is 25 ft. deep, in white and blue Boulder Clay (same authority). 7. Spelbrook (N. of the village). New Mission Schools. 1890. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Well. Water 16 ft, down. Brown clay ... ... ... ... ... 4] Yellow sandy loam ... ... ... ... 16)22 ft. Grey sandy loam ... ... ... ... 2 / 8. Woolrych's. 1870. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Strong spring. Water at 38 ft. down. Clay 28 7 „ 03 ,, Gravel 11 f j dJ * rt - According to a return sent to the Local Government Board in 1911, the parts not supplied by the Herts and Essex Co. consisted of 33 houses in the town, supplied by wells, and 28 in the hamlet of Spelbrook, supplied from springs The water was good. Shephall. Ordnance Map 221. (Herts. 20, NE.). Geologic Map 46, SE. Shephallbury. 1885. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley. Thickness. Depth. Ft, Ft. 1V . f , (Old well 80 Unn (Sand 4 84 Chalk 36 120 248 WELLS - HERTS. Shenley. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 40, W.). Geologic Map 7. 1. All Saints' Convent (Colney House of the Map), NNW. of the village. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. 45 ft. of 7£-in. tubes from 9| ft. down. Water-level 17 ft. down. Well (the rest bored) ... Sand [Glacial Drift] [Upper] Chalk , London Clay [Boulder Clay] Running sand I Rough gravel ickness. Depth Ft. Ft. — 6 2 — 24 — 4 — 54 41 1 160 201* Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. — 19 5 24 8 32 54 86 )f the villas e. 1916. 2. Pasters, westward of the village. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. Water-level 192 ft. down. Well (the rest bored ) [London Clay and Reading Beds] 200 ") „_ Q ,, [Upper] Chalk and flints 734) Z/,5itt - Standon. Ordnance Maps 221 and 239, new ser. (Herts. 21, SE., 22.) Geologic Map 47. 1. Puckeridge, north-eastward of the village. Mr. G. Carey's. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and SuTCLrFF. Dug well (the rest bored) rriaoial Drift! 1 Blue [ Boulder ] cla y - LGlacial Drift J ... J Dry grayel Chalk 2. Ware Gun Station, Bartram's Farm, 1£ miles S. of the village. Deepened 1917. A boring, communicated by H.M. Office of Works, 310 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 160 ft. of 4 4-in. tubes and 56 ft. of 3^-in., the rest open and of 3j-in. diameter. Water-level at beginning of pumping 184J ft. above Ordnance Datum ; at cessation of pumping 125. After deepening the figures are given as 224 ft. and 110. The water returned to its original level in ten minutes. Yield 350 to 400 gallons an hour ; later given as 240 after the boring had been deepened. Brown clay, full of large flints .. Blue clay, with traces of chalk and flints White marl ... ... ... Light- brown clay I White marl f Brown pebbles ... [Drift or Eocene?] I Clay I Flints Bull-head chalk, rotten and yellow ... White chalk and flints ... Yellow slurry Chalk and flint ... 3. The following notes are from Dr. R. L. Sherlock. At Colliers End, a hamlet SE. of the village, a well, 50 ft. deep, in clay and chalk, had 10 ft. of water. At Libden 's Farm, just SSW. of Colliers End, a well, through 40 ft. of clay and chalk, had 10 to 12 ft. of water, and it does not fail. AtMarshalls, High Cross, is a well about 120 ft. deep, with a boring of 110, at 281 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level about 110 ft. down. [Boulder Clay] [Upper Chalk] Thickness. Deptli Ft. Ft. 16J — 94 — 55 — 3 — i 30 114 24 — 3 — i 120 33 46 — 11 — 134 344 WELLS — HERTS. 249 Stanstead Abbots. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 30, SW.) Geologic Map, 47. Little Briggins, north-eastward of the village. 1901. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Water -level 103 ft. down (2 ft. of water in the dug well, from gravel ?) Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Dug well, old, the rest bored ... ... ... — 48 [Drift] Gravel and sand (from 46 ft. down) 9 57 [Reading Beds] Clay mixed with sand ... ... 12 69 [Upper] Chalk and flints 84 153 According to the map one would expect London Clay next beneath the Drift. Stanstead St. Margarets, see St. Margarets. Stevenage. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 12, SE.). Geologic Map 46, SE. 1. For the Great Northern Railway Co. By the western side of the railway, S. of Langley Siding. A 7i-in. boring. Made by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. Details, to 113 ft., given by W. Hill, Proc. GeoJ. Assoc, 1912, vol. xxiii, p. 218. (Moulded printed by mistake for Mottled.) Chalk water-level 66^ ft. down. Yield at trial-pumping, at a depth of 300 ft., 2,700 gallons an hour. At 400 ft. 3,100, slightly increased at 450. This being insufficient, the well was closed. Top soil... ( Stony brown clay Stony blue clay with little water Mottled loamy clay Brown gravel Blue clay Mottled clay Flint stone and pebbles Sandy gravel Loamy gravel ... Loamy clay ' Chalk Chalk and flints with occasional hard bands Hard chalk and flints ... Very hard chalk Soft chalk, water-bearing Sticky chalk Chalk, water bearing ... 1 Deepened to For an analysis of the water, see p. 328. [Glacial Drift] .. [Upper and Middle Chalk] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. A — 13* — 18* — 5 — 45 — 6j — 4 — 3 — 11 — 2 — 4 113 147 30 10 — 30 — 8 — 55 — 7 400 50 450 2. Orchard Court. By the railway, SSE. of the Station. Information from J. B. Denton. From 1874 to 1881 the depth of water in the well (70 ft. deep) varied from 1 ft. 7 in. on 1st January, 1875, to 21 ft. 3 in. on 1st July, 1881. The measure- ments only half-yearly. The variation goes generally with the rainfall. The water is from Drift, over Chalk. In his " Sanitary Engineering " (London, 1877), p. 110, measurements on the first of each month, from January, 1874, to May, 1876, are given, with a variation from 1 ft. 1 in. in April, 1876, to 7 ft. 10 hi. in May, 1876. 250 WELLS — HERTS. Stevenage, cont. 3. Titmore Green (? parish. NW. of the town). Mr. A. W. Young's. Made and communicated by Messrs. A. Williams and Co. Water-level 53 ft. down. Yield said to be unlimited. C Loamy clav ••• 30 si 117 ft. [Drift] | Hard flints ... 8 ptt nu in (Chalk 37 [Upper Chalk] ... | Chalk am] flint 42 4. Waterworks. S. of Rook's Nest, £ mile NE. of St. Nicholas Church. 479 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Information from Mr. Pickett. Two wells, 35 ft. apart (from centre to centre), connected by a heading. The older well a shaft of 20 ft., the rest bored, to 254 ft. The newer well a shaft of 181 ft., of 6-ft. diameter, enlarged to 16 below. Water-level 154 ft. down. Yield 6,000 gallons an hour. Well can be pumped dry in eight hours. Water not so hard as that from wells in the town. All in Chalk with flints, chiefly soft. At 107 ft. loamy pockets, with black flints, on one side, for 10 ft. At 138£ ft. some water from a fissure. At 150 ft. some hard chalk on one side. At 165 ft. chalk very hard, with a shining appearance. Outside the building is a 6-in. boring to the depth of about 440 ft. According to U. A. Smith (R. Gomm. Metrop. Water Supply, Appendices, 1893, p. 409) between 1878 and February, 1891, the normal water-level had gone down 13 ft. According to R. E. Middleton (ibid., p. 563) "it is now pumped dry every day." A. J. Jukes-Browne, in his Memoir on the Cretaceous Rocks, vol. iii, p. 232, says: " In 1886 a well was sunk at a spot about a quarter of a mile east of Stevenage Church, and the following particulars . . . were obtained by Mr. W. Hill." This may refer to the second well at the Waterworks, and, if so, gives a somewhat different, and more likely, reading of the beds. White [Upper] Chalk with liints 112 | Chalk Rock (sample seen) ... ... ... ... 3 '125 ft. White [Middle] Chalk 10 ' " The average daily quantity of water obtained is 75,000 gallons," and more could be got. Quality good. Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 134. Information on wells 5-8 got by A. C. G. Cameron. Emptied by pumping in three 5. Public pump (? an old one, in the town), hours. Fills again in about the same time. 6. Soutli End. They usually dug through 30 to 33 ft. of clayey gravel to get water. 7. House on the eastern side of the road by the southern end of Cuckoo Wood. (Boulder Clay ... ... 20") Glacial Drift ... < Sand and gravel, with thin clay (. (in the middle ?) 8. White Lion Inn. Clayey gravel, 70 ft. 84 ft. 64 9. On the western side of the road just north-west of the railway-station. Abandoned. Got by B. E. L. Culpin, from local in formation. Figures approximate only. ' Loam .. H- Rubbly clay .. 5 Rubbly gravel ... ... .. 5 [Glacial Drift] Clay Boulder clay . . . Blue clay Concretions, 4 in. Sand with water. ... .. 10 .. 25 .. 30 ) Over 77 ft. WELLS — HERTS. 251 Stocking Pelham. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Herts. 14, NE.). Geologic Map 47. Mr. Richardson's Cottages. I-™ • i n 'tn ( Boulder Clay 30 ^ [Glacial Drrft] | Sajld • 15 V 113 ft. [Upper] Chalk (IS Tewin. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 28, NE., 29, NW.). Geologic Map 46, SE. 1. A. C. G. Cameron noted a well at Upper Green, which passed through 15 ft. of heavy (Tertiary) clay and 165 of Chalk. Also one at Hoo Hall, which, passing through clay and sand, reached Chalk and went to the depth of 200 ft. The following Wo wells from the engineer in charge, to Dr. R. L. Sherlock. 1914. 2. Tewinwater, near the house. Over 200 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 80 ft, deep, 30 ft. to water. Gravel 30 to 40 ft., the rest Chalk. 3. Tewinwater Laundry. About 1,000 yards east of the house. About 20 ft. to Avater, about 80 ft. deep : sand and gravel 30-40 ft., the rest Chalk. Therfield. Ordnance Map 221 , new ser. (Herts 4, SE., 8, NE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Rectory. Communicated by the Rev. J. G. Hale. 1903. 509 ft. above Ordnance Datura. Sir G. Fordham gives the figure 512. In 1897, after the very wet autumn of 1896, there was 62 ft. of water at the end of May. There was no water after 31st December, 1901. Stiff clay (found in tank close bv) ... ... 10 ") g _„ , Chalk * ' 266K /btt ' The following particulars from a paper by Sir G. Fordham in Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890. Vol. vi, pp. 31, etc. Well originally 10 ft. less in depth (266 ft). A monthly record of the water-level was kept by the Rev. J. G. Hale, from 1 st January, 1 883. The chart (plate ii) shows the monthly water-levels in the wells at Therfield. Barley (see p. 179) and Odsey (just over the border, in Cambridgeshire) from 1st January, 1883, to 1st March, 1889, in the first case; from 1st April, 1878, to 1st October, 1887 (with some gaps) in the second ; and from 1st December, 1879, to 1st October, 1889 (also with gaps) in the third. Sir G. Fordham has been kind enough to take much trouble in looking up the record, and we are indebted to him for the following information. The records were continued after Mr. Hale's death ; but for a short time the present rector, the Rev. A. R. Humphreys, was unable to find those from 1889 to 1905. Of those from 1906 onward, the first two years are in Mr. Hale'-- handwriting. Since his death the gardener has kept the records. In 1908 the method of measurement was changed, and, instead of the depth of water in the well, the depth to the surface of the water is given [this is a better and more convenient form, as it avoids all question as to the depth of the well] and this isonly a reversion to the method of 1 883-5, when both figures were given. Also from 1909on Aards the measurements were taken on the firstday of a month, instead of on the last, as was the case from 1888 to 1908. The first seems also to have been the day before 1888. The following is a condensed accoimt of this long record, giving the highest and lowest monthly records. 1883. Depth to water 192 ft. in April, 234 in January . 1 881. Depth to water 213 ft. 10 in. in April, 235 ft. 8 in. in December. 252 WELLS — HERTS. Therfield, cont. 1885. Depth to water 239 J ft. in January. In August it was found that the measuring string had stretched largely. Depth of water in well 19J in December. 1886. Depth of water in the well 47 J ft. in August, 20 ft. 10 in. in January. 1887. Depth of water 48 ft. on 1st May, 23 on 31st December. 1888. Depth of water 26 ft. in July, 18* in March. 1889. Depth of water 41 ft. 5 in., in July and August, 20 ft. 2 in. in January. 1890. Only two records, March 37 * ft., September 33. 1891. Only four records, January 21 ft. 8 in., March, August, and October 14* ft. 1892. Depth of water in the well 52 ft. 4 in. in April, 31 ft. 4 in. in October. No records for February, August and November. 1893. Depth of water 64 ft. in April, 26* in December. No records for January, October and November. 1894.' Depth of water 30 ft. in April and May, 16 ft. 10 in. in November. No jecords for March, June, August, September and December. 1895. Depth of water 32| ft. in May, 20 £ in December. No records for January, July and September to November. 1896. In June the depth of water was 33 ft., in March 29*. July the only other month recorded. 1897. Depth of Water 62 J ft. in May, 28 in December. No records for January, April and August to November. 1898. Depth of water 17 J ft. in May, 3 * in December. No records for January to March. On 29th November an assistant cf B. Latham's examined the well, and made the depth 274* ft., or 1* less than Archdeacon Robinson recorded in 1859. This may be accounted for by what may have fallen in from the sides or otherwise since that time. 1899. Water in well 16 ft. 10 in. in June, 4 ft. in January. February omitted. 1900. 1 Water in well 30 ft. 1 in. in June, 5 ft. 2 in. in January. 1901. x Water in well 8 in. in December, 12 ft. 8 in. in June. 1 In 19(0 and 1901 the water-level is also given ; but the figures do not agree with those for water in the well. But it is said that after the Surveyor's visit in November, 1898 the depth of the well was taken as 274* ft., instead of 276 ; but it is thought that the latter is right, and after 1 901 that figure was reverted to. 1902. No water in the well, until June, 1903. 1903. Latter half, water in well 16* ft. in December, 6 in July. 1904. Water in well 51 ft. 2 in. in March, 19 ft. in December. J 905. Water in well 1 6 ft. 10 in. in January, 5 J ft. in December. 1906. Depth of waterin the well 15 ft. 5 in. on 30th June, 4 * ft. on 30th November and 31 st December. 1 907. Depth of water 18* ft. on 30th April, 7 ft, on 31st January. 1908. The water-level, below the sill of the veil, 261 * ft, on 30th April, 239ft, 10 in. on 29th February. 1909. Water-level 269 ft. 2 in. on 1st April, 262 ft. 2 in. on 1st January (which was 3 ft. 1 in. higher than on 31st December, 1908). 1910. Water-level 264 ft. 1 in., in January, 236 ft. 10 in. in July. 1911. Water-level 255 ft. 7 in. in December, 235 ft. 7 in. in May. 1912. Water-level 257 ft. 5 in. in Febmarv, 230 ft. 8 in. in June". 1913. Water-level 248 ft. 7 in. in December, 223 ft. 8 in. in June. 1 914. Water-level 259* ft. in December, 247 in July. 1915. Water-level 260 ft. in January, 216 ft. 5 in. in June. 1916 (half). Water-level 226 \ ft. in April, 194 ft. 8 in. in June. On Plate I of Sir G. Fordham's paper a section is given showing the changes of water-level from Therfield northward to the foot of the chalk-escarpment at Litlington, where the nearest springs occur, about four miles off. 2. According to a. Report of a Special Committee of the Ashwell Rural District Council "the Public well on the Given has afforded an almost unfailing supply and (which) on analysis lias proved ( f good quality." Other supplies come from rain-wa,t31 ft, ••' \ Blue clay 14 { Sand , with water ... ... 1 1894. [Drift ? ! 3. Thorley Street. By road -side. Shaft made and communicated by G. Ingold. Water at 17$ ft. Mould 1 Blue and brown clay in patches Yellow sand and clay Yellow sand White sand 21 ft. 4. Twyford Bury. 1896. Boring made and communicated by G. Ingold. Water rose to 14 ft. from the surface. Brickearth Sand Hard red brown clay Sandy gravel ... Live sand Brown clay Yellow loamy sand Grey clay Yellow loam Blue clay Chalk 5. Twyford House. A mile south of Bishop's Stortford. 1894. Boring made and commimicated by G. Ingold. Water, from the Chalk, rose to a foot above the ground. Yield from 30 to 40 gallons a minute. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft, 12 — 2 — 5 — 36 — 25* — 4 — 23 104 1 — 15 1 49 — 170 (given as 160). Made ground [? Drift, London Clay and Reading Beds]. Chalk "... Green sandy loam Black gravelly clay Black peaty clay .. Grey sand y loam . . Yellow sandy loam Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 6 6 1 — 3 — z 33 — ... 16 61 59 120 6. Whitelands. 1888. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Stttcliff. About 285 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 112 ft. down. 2254 WELLS — HERTS. Thorley, cont. Dug well [? Boulder Clay] r Boulder clay mi- Hal DriftT > Loam y cla y and water [W oial Unit] Boulderclay I Ballast [gravel] (Clay rT , .„ Sand [London lay P M ^ d and ^ and Reading Blue loam / sand ... 15easJ Mottled clay and sand , Pebbles and flints J Chalk and flints ... Chalk ... x Discoloured chalk I White chalk and flints Thickness. Ft. 42 4 3 10 2 11 8 10 13J 24 5 16 53 Depth. Ft. 20 79 126 200 R Thundridge. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 30, NW.). Geologic Map 47. Information as to a number of wells in this parish has been collected by Dr. . L. Sherlock, from which the following notes come. 1. Cowards Farm. South of Thundridge Bury. About 8 ft. of water. Gravel Chalk .. 18-20 102 or more .] 122 ft. 2 Swangles (east of Thundridge hill), about 100 yards south-east of. Well 80 ft. ; bricked 40 ft., on to Chalk. About 8 ft. of water, rising to 14 when at rest. Other wells round about. 3. Poles Estate. See also Ware, Rural, (a) Ledge 800 yards north-east of house. About 255 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 6 ft. of water ; but fails in a dry season. SSL ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: 2 ] 11!lft - (6) Down field Farm. 350 yards north-west of the house. Fails in summer. Well about 120 ft. deep : half gravel and sand, half chalk. («) Molea Farm, 1,100 yards east of the house. Well about 100 ft. deep, tricked for 40 ; mostly clay. About 8 ft. of water : does not fail. Another well only 32 ft. in clay, to ohalk, with about 7 £ ft. of water. Tring. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Herts. 25). Geologic Map 46, SW. 1. Bulbourne, northward of the town. For the Canal Co. A boring at the lock. 1855. A. J. Jokes- Browne. Cretaceous Rocks, vol. ii, p. 177. From examination of specimens. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Soft chalk Hard grey sandy chalk 20 20 (Totternlioe Stone) 9 29 Soft chalk marl 5 34 Soft bluish marls ... 25 59 Lower Soft grey marl, with harder Chalk. lumps 10 69 ( irey micaceous silty marl 2 71 Hard rocky chalk, with im- pression of Ammonites varians at 71 J ft. ? 4 75 Soft grey and blue clayey marls ?65 14(1 WELLS — HERTS. 255 Gault, 258 ft. Lower Green sand. Tring, con*. .Soft micaceous grey and greenish sandy marls ... Light-grey clays ... Clay with phosphatic nodules ... ... ... Clays ... ... ...] Clay full of sand and pebbles; ( Brown sands ... ... \ Greenish sand Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 10 150 80 230 1 231 159 390 8 398 62 460 5 465 Both the Chalk Marl (the beds between the Totternhoe Stone and the Gault) are thicker than usual, the former being 111 ft. It is given as 115 in a MS. of Jukes- Browne's, which differs in some details, and gives a fuller account of the Lower Greensand, making the Gault only 232 ft. thick, and carrying the boring 12 ft. deeper, as below. (The words in these brackets added from an old MS. ? of Prestwich). Grey sand and pebbles, mixed with clay Coarse brown sand -rock (clayey sand) Loose brown sand (clayey) Greenish sand (coarse to 463 ft.) Coarse grey sand ... Lower Greensand. Thickness. Ft. Depth. Ft. 8 398 42 20 440 460 5 12 465 477 In vol. i of the Cretaceous Rocks, p. 279, the thickness of the Gault is given as 238 ft. 2. Grove Place, about J mile NE. of the town. Communicated by A. M. Brown, of Tring. Sharp sand and gravel, 18 ft. 3. Two borings for water for the Grand Junction Canal. 1827. W. Gravatt, Trans. Inst. Civ. Enq., vol. i, p. 151. 25 ft. below summit-level of hill near Marshcroft Bridge [a name not on the map]. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Chalk 20 20 Hard blue clay 30 50 Blue stone ... ... ... ... ... 4 54 Hard blue clay 47 101 At the depth of 54 ft. water rose to the top and ran over at the rate of 1,300 cubic feet in 24 hours. No more was got by boring lower. In the same hill, and 20 ft. from the summit-level (of the canal). Chalk Hard blue clay Blue stone, from which water rose up Blue clay ~) with layers of hardened clay at Black grit j about every 4 ft. Very hard blue clay ... It is interesting to know that these borings were three months in hand and cost only £145. Tring Railway Station is in the parish of Aid bury, sec p. 173. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 30 30 34 64 4 68 f 82 150 I io 160 108 268 Tyttenhanger, see Ridge. R 2 256 WELLS — HERTS. Walkern. Ordnance Map 221 new ser. (Herts. 13 W.). Geologic Map 46, SE. 1. Victoria Brewery. From notes by Mr. Holland, manager, 1876, and some later information. Level of curb 280 42 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Old shaft 100 ft,, the rest bored. Water from the bore-holes stands 12 ft. down [? in bore-hole]. Yield 12 barrels an hour (1887) According to R. E. Middleton " there is a suspicion on the part of the owners that it is affected by surface water." E. Comm. Metro?. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 564. SoU [Boulder Clay.] Bine clay and chalk-stones, with 200 -i gravelly seams ...' ... \ 300 ft. Soft chalk, with a very hard bed at the top ... ... 100 J The above section seems to point to the occurrence of a deep mass of Glacial Drift in the Chalk valley, perhaps a channel of a like kind to that in a neighbouring part of Essex (Cam Valley), described in Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1 890, vol. xlvi, pp. 333-340. 2. Farm close to Wright's Brewery (? the above). 1874. A. C. G. Cameron notes that Red loam and flint Mas found to the depth of 40 ft. ; but that at one side Chalk was found 15 ft. down. This looks like a pipe of Drift. R. E. Middleton says, presumabhy of this well, " the well at Wright's Farm, which is the largest well in Walkern with the exception of that at the Brewery, and which is said to penetrate [into] the chalk, contained only 4 ft. of water 17 years ago. If this be true the chalk water level must have been 37 ft. below the river, and there could be no possible connection between it and the springs above Walkern church." R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 564. The following (3-12) are from A. C. G. Cameron's notes. His information was got chiefly from Mr. Alridge, well-sinker : — 3. Boxhall Farm, a mile west of the village [this may be either Boxbury Farm, 1 1 mile westward of the church, or Boxfield Farm, on the other side of Box Wood, about If miles WSW. of the church, presumably the latter]. Clav [? Clay with flints] 30 ") . nn ,, Chalk ... 160j 1JUtt - 4. Clay End, about 1 f miles SE. of the church. Blue loam [weathered Boulder Clay] ... 40 ") _ n , Chalk 130j 1/Ult 5. Clay End Cottage. [Boulder Clay]. Blue clay and chalk-stones 80 ") inn ,, Chalk 20j 1(1Utt - 6. Holmes Farm, I \ miles SE. of the Church. Water-level varies from 7 to 20 ft, in the well. Clay and stone [Boulder Clay] 30) Chalk .' 120/ 7. Mill (southern end of village). Well 20 ft,, the rest bored. Gravel 4\ .... , t Blue [Boulder] clay, with chalk-stones ... 26 j ' **• 8. Rectory Yard. Red loam 18 ft. Accord in g to 7.'. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 630, at the well at the farm by the rectory the level of the curb is 296-13 ft. above Ordnance Datum ; the level E the water in February, 1893, was 276*29, and in March 27113. 150 ft. WELLS — HERTS. 257 Clay, bricked Chalk Walkern, cont. 9. Walkern Hill. Clay and .Stone [Boulder Clay] 30 ft. Very variable supply. In dry seasons about 3 ft. of water in the well, rising to 14 in tunes of much rain. Soaks in all round. 10. Walkern Hall. Gardens. Water came in quickly, to 3 ft. from the top. Clay and Stone [Boulder Clay], to sand 19£ ft- 11. Walkern Hall Lodge, about half-a-mile westward of the Hall. Water said to stand 10 ft. in the well all the year round. ::: ::: ::: ::: i45J l50ft - 12. Yew Tree Inn, Yellow sand, 27 ft. There are many other wells iu Walkern, but from want of precise sites, in the notes, and from slightness of information, they are not now noticed. Several go through clay to sand. R. E. MiDDLETOisr says: — '"It is evident that most if not all the wells in Walkern are very much affected by surface water, and that many if not all of them, with the exception of two — Mr. Wright's and the brewery well — have no connection with the chalk water system." R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 631. But others than those mentioned go to a considerable depth in the Chalk. Ware. Ordnance Maps 239, 240, new ser. (Herts. 29, E., 30 W.J. Geologic Map 47. 1. Blakesware. A park ENE. of the town, close to Widford. A four-inch boring, made and communicated by Messrs. A. Williams and Co. Water-level 98 ft. down. Yield 300 gallons an hour, with hand -pump. [Glacial Drift] Thickness. Ft. S 10 2 ■2 Depth. Ft. Blue gault [Boulder Clay] . Very hard ballast [gravel] . Loamy brown sand and clay Hard light-coloured sand .. Hard light-coloured gault [Boulder Clay], with layer of stone 8 30 I Upper] Chalk and flints j 94 124 2. Broadmead Pumping Station of the Metropolitan Water Board. About i mile NE. of Chad well Spring. 1879. Ground-level 110 - 29 ft. above Ordnance Datum. A. J. Jokes- Browne. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1894, vol. 1, pp. 501-507 (from specimens). Well 26 ft., the rest bored. Level of water given, in 1896, as 106*7 1 ft. above Ordnance Datum. J. M. Wood states that on 30th April, 1919 it was 110-27, or practically level with the surface. This was after a heavy flood. Yield 1,500,000 gallons a day. I Thickness. Depth. Ft, Ft. Alluvium River Drift Upper Chalk Soft white chalk at 116 ft. (resembles chalk from zone of Micraster cortestu- dinarium) ; at 145 and 149 ft. (with streak of grey marl) ; and at 1 60 and 172 ft. ... ' Firm rather tough chalk, with many streaks of grey marly material, at 1 74 and 178 ft. :] 1' 183 17 200 258 WELLS — HERTS. Middle Chalk Lower Chalk Upper Green sand. Uault. Wen lock Beds; Ware, cont. f Rather hard white chalk at 21 1 and 21 2ft. Soft white chalk at 231 and 246 ft. Firm white chalk at 287 and 340 ft. ... Rather hard white chalk, with the usual characters of the Terebratulina gracilis zone, at 387 ft. ... Hard creamy white chalk at 411 ft. It clearly comes from the zone of Inocera- mus mytiloides. ... Very hard creamy white chalk, like the more solid parts of the Melbourn Rock, at 423 and 427 ft. Soft greyish marly chalk, resembling that of the Belemnitella plena zone, at 430 ft, Firm grevish-white chalk at 443 (rather hard), 470, 476 and 500 ft Soft grey chalk at 510, 511 and 512 ft. Rather hard grey chalk at 51 7 and 520 ft. Rather hard grey Chalk Marl at 530, 550, 556 and 558 ft Firm grey Chalk Marl at 569 and 579 ft glauconite-grains common Rather hard grey sandy micaceous chalk ; minute glauconite-grains, at 585 ft. ... Greenish, sandy, glauconite and mica- ceous marl at 587 and 588 ft. Label lost, but apparently from 590 ft. Dark grey sandy marl, with two phosphatic nodules Pecten inter striat us, P. orbicularis and Inoceramus [the bot- tom bed of the Chalk Marl] Fine grained, grey, marly, glauconitic and micaceous sandstones (with phosphatic nodule at 592) at 591, 592 and 604 ft Lighter-coloured, glauconitic, micaceous sandstone at 613 ft. (a sponge -bed) ... Light-coloured siliceous stone at 621 ft., almost entirely colloid silica ... Calcareo-siliceous rocks, like calcareous malmstone, at 622 and 628 ft. Fine dark-grey silty clay at (532 ft. Dark-grey clay, somewhat calcareous, at 658 ft Nine samples of dark grey clays, 670 to 725 ft Fine compact dark-grey clay it 790 ft. Dark, dull-green sand, held together by earthy matter : glauconite grams at 796 ft /Grey shelly limestone (Leptcena transver- salis, etc.) at 800 ft. Dark-grey earthy mud stone, \n ith a shelly layer (Leptcena transversalis, Penta- merus linguifer ? Orthis elegantula, etc.) at 802 ft. Hard, earthy mudstones, slightly calcare- ous, with shelly layers (Leptcena and Orthis) at 804 and 80 9 ft Dark grey calcareous sandstone, witli many fossils (Pentamerus galeatus) Orthis elegantula) at 827 ft. Thickness. Ft. Depth. Ft. 227 427 163 590 40 630 166* 796* 35 831 * WELLS — HERTS. 259 Ware, cont. In the old accounts too great a thickness (77 ft.) was given to the Upper Greensand, chiefly at the expense of the Chalk, then given as 544 ft., instead of 573 as now. A sandy bed at the base of the Gault (1 % ft.) has been classed as Lower Greensand ; but this is an error. A fine core of the Wenlock Beds is to be seen in the Museum at Jenny n Street. According to J. Francis (Brit. Assoc, 1895, p. 451) the dip of these beds at the depth of 828 ft. is in a direction about a degree west of south and at an pngle of 41 degrees. 3. Mr. Clark's. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Stttcliff. Water-level 74 J ft. down. Dug well (the rest bored ) Clay and stone [Drift] Chalk Flints Clay and flints Clay mixture Clay Clay and pebbles Gravel Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. — 4 13 — 1 2 — 9f 7 — 8* — 13 58 54 112 4. Little Fanhams Hall Farm, on the northern slope of valley, a mile south of Thundridge Church. 1878. About 197 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Tube-welL Communicated by R. G. Austin, Hertford. Water, from the Chalk, rose to about 72 ft. from the surface. Ft. ? Soil [Glacial Drift] Boulder clay with chalk particles 28| Brown sand, with bad water, which rose to the surface ... ... 1 Hard clay and pebbles [? Boulder clay] I2J Yellow gravel, coarse and loamy 14 A To chalk 60 Dry clayey chalk and flints (water struck at 90 ft., and rose 18ft.) about 30 Chalk and flints „ 22 112 An old well at Fanham Hall is said to be 120 to 130 ft. deep. The Windmill-pump (? of first well) is 300 yards north-east of the HaiL 5. Smallpox Hospital. Made and communicated by Messrs. A. Williams and < !o. Shaft 8 ft., the rest bored. Water rose to within 80 ft. of the surface. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Ballast [gravel] 17 — . . . ' Sand and ballast ... 8 " — Ballast and chalk ... 12 37 ,, , C Grey chalk 1RJ I Chalk and flints 13 — 100 150 [Drift] [Upper Chal 6. Waterworks. Musley Hill, east side of road, north-east of the Workhouse. 1870. Communicated (originally) by Messrs. Rttss and Minn.-; ; but mainly from later information from various sources on the spot from H. F. Hill (the Surveyor), etc. Engine-room-floor 213-72 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft of 6 ft. diameter, about 130 ft., then a 12-inch boring. Headings. One 4 by 4 ft., 40 ft. long, NE. Water comes out in it. from soft places in the Chalk, in rings about 5 ft. apart. The works started with the 260 WELLS — HERTS. Ware, cont. supply from this. It was found inadequate and a second heading was driven MV., of large size to start with, 8 ft. high by 6 ft. broad, getting smaller as it goes on : it is about 80 ft. long, and at 40 ft. from the well a break in the bottom and some flints on the northern side gave out water that doubled the supply. These two headings may be said to give the supply as practically nothing comes from the well or boring. At first and for some time the water rose in the well, from the headings, about .32 ft. Later the level lowered. The water-level was originally given as about 100 ft. Mr. Hill says (1916) that this is the highest rest-level. Gravel, etc. ... ... about 30 ") „ n , [Upper] Chalk „ 130j lbUtt - From R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices. 1893, p. 521. " When the well was made, about 18 years ago, the yield was about 180,000 gallons per day of 24 hours, and the water rose 48 to 50 ft. from the bottom (given as about 140 ), but the yield is now reduced to between 1 50,000 and 1 60,000 gallons per day, and the water rises to about 31 ft. only from the bottom. This loss is mainly attributed to the abstraction of water from the chalk by the New River Company," which has four pumping stations within two miles of the town. On p. 612 the original yield is given as 70,000 gallons a day and that of 1892 (?) as about 130,000. H. F. Hill gives the yield as about 100,000 gallons a day in 1 91 6. It is added (p. 522) that the water-levels in " the wells in the town and the immediate neighbourhood are generally much lower than formerly." See also p. 103 of this Memoir. 7. Waterworks, newer, Musley Lane (southern side, opposite Trinity Road), SE. of the Workhouse. 1896. From H. F. Hill, Surveyor to the Council. Engine-room-floor-level 129-7 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft, of 7 ft. diameter, for 61 ft., and then a 30-in. boring to the depth of 100 ft. Highest water-level 25 ft. down. Yield about 104,000 gallons a day. To Chalk, below the level of the engine-room-floor, 27 ft. 10 in. Chalk 73 ft. The Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 148, says: — " Tbe average daily quantity of water obtained is 160,000 gallons " (from the two wells) and more could be got. The quality is satisfactory. Furnishes a supply in bulk to Ware Rural District Council. For analysis of the waters from the two wells, see p. 329. Ware was, and perhaps still is, an exceptional place in the matter of water- supply, for the largest demand comes in the winter-months. The reason is that the manufacture of malt is the staple industry, and that needs water in the winter- season. Ware, Rural. Maps as for Ware. Information from Dr. R. L. Sherlock. Wells on the Poles Estate. (See also under Thundridge.) a. Lodge 750 yards SE. of the house. 220 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well about 118 ft. deep, with 6 to 7 ft. of water. Gravel and clav, 50 ft., on Chalk. b. Watton Road Lodge, 1,000 yards WSW. of the house, about 246 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well about 107 ft. deep, with 7 ft. of water. 5 ft. of soil over Chalk. c. Vicarage, 950 yards SSE. of the house, 200 ft. above Ordnance Datum, disused. Well 106 to 108 ft. deep, with about 8 ft. of water. About 60 ft, of gravel, bricked, over Chalk. Ware Park. At the house. Well about 110 ft. deep, with about 10 ft. of water. • WELLS — HERTS. 261 Watford. Ordnance Maps 255, 256, new ser. (Herts. 39, SW. 44, NW.). Geologic Map 7. 1. Cannon Brewery, Benskin and Co. On the western side of High Street, just northward of the new waterworks. 1867 ? Deepened later. 195-58 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten (original well). Shaft 25 ft., the rest bored. Average number of gallons pumped in 24 hours, 124,188 (1892). Clay and gravel 25 ") f [Upper] Chalk and flints 190j Jldtt> A newer well, 195-43 ft. (? 215) above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff (1894) and from Messrs. Benskin. Cylinders, of 8 ft. diameter, to 70 ft. Then a 16-inch boring to 530 ft. Then a 12-inch boring to 710. Rest-water-level about 31 ft. down. Point of largest supply 510 ft. down. Yield 656,000 gallons a day. 1 Thickness. Depth. * Soil /Hard chalk and flints Soft chalk ... Cha Ik and flin ts Hard grev chalk rock [Upper Chalk] ' Soft chalk Very hard chalk (7) and hard chalk rock (14) Soft blue clay Hard grey chalk rock [? Middle ['Hard chalk, with h vers cf Chalk.] soft chalk 1 Blue clay [? Belemnite Marl] [? Lower Cha Ik] Very hard chalk Upper Greensand Gault 2. Eastbury. Pumping Station of the Colne Valley Water Co. On the northern side of Hamper Mill Lane, a quarter of a mile east-north-east of Hamper Mills and south -south -west of Oxhey Hall. Communicated by the Co. 179-35 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well of 10 ft. diameter. Standing level of water 23 ft. down. No continuous use having been made of this station the effect of pumping cannot be given. Clay, gravel and sand ... ... ... 50 ") gf|n - . [Upper] Chalk I50j zvvn ' 3. Lea vesden Asylum, a little east of Abbots Langley. 1870. 363-2 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Report of Meeting • f Man?gers of Metropolitan Asylum District, 29 January, 1887, p. 1016. Shaft 225 ft., steined for 68. At 220 ft. two headings, to north-west 50 ft. long, to south-south-west 32 ft. : in the former, at 38 ft. from the well, a very strong spring (5/6ths of the supply ; the rest being from a small spring in the shaft and from flint beds). Total yield not over 5,000 gallons an hour. Marl [ = rubbly or decomposed Chalk], 20 or 30 ft. Then Chalk struck on one side, whilst on the other the marl went down to 65 ft., when the main body of the Chalk was reached. Ph uVl Ghalk - Below 68 ft. there are narrow bands of flat flints at InalkJ. | irregular intervals, 4 to 12 ft. apart. The chalk is much disturbed, beds of flints in one or two instances being diverted t, to a nearly vertical position. Ft. Ft. 8 8 144 — 20 — 20 — 3 — 2 — 21 2 — 14 234 225 •> 462 239 701 6 707 8 715 262 WELLS — HERTS. Watford, cont. " A former attempt which has been made to increase the supply by boring from the bottom of the well in the hope of reaching the greensand, failed, the gault having been unexpectedly encountered. The result was that the water drained through the bore-hole, and the latter had to be plugged in order to preserve the existing supply." Without further details this statement is hard to understand, and it seems unlikely that Gault was realty reached. However, R. E. Middleton notes, from a Report of 1 869, that the well is 228 ft. deep and then that there is a boring of 378 ft. ( = 606 total), whilst another Report makes the total 610. A communication from the Board in June, 1 91 1 , gives the following particulars. Yield of each boring (? heading) 7,000 gallons an hour. Water-level before pumping is started 145 ft. down, and after 4 hours' pumping 160 ft. down. There is a difference of level in winter and summer of from 5 to 6 ft. According to U. A. Smith (R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 398) between 1879 and 1881 the water-level was reduced nearly 10 ft. ; and a further fall of 7 ft. occurred between 1881 and 1891. In 1887 a new heading was driven. " More springs were tapped, but the level of the water did not rise. This well is very quickly affected by rainfall. Some 20 years back (? about 1873) the rate of daily consumption was about 150,000 gallons, but it is now (1893 ?) only between 70.000 and 80,000." R. E. Middleton says that the recorded fluctuations correspond with the meteorologic evidence. Ibid., p. 356, and he gives a record of the variations of the rest-level from 1879 to 1886 and in 1892. 4. Leavesden. Coles Farm. Communicated by H. S. Nunn. Bricked for 30 ft., and as it is a very old well no information can be given as to this part. Below the well (100 ft. deep) is in firm chalk, with a few large flints. The natural water-level seemed to be 97 ft. down; and the water was exhausted after pumping 40 or 50 gallons. A six-inch bore-hole was made and a bed of hard chalk-rock was found 174 to 175£ ft. down, and the boring was continued in less firm chalk. With the suction-pipe down the bore-hole, to the depth of 115 ft., a test of 4 hours' pumping yielded from 220 to 230 gallons an hour and made no perceptible difference in the water-level. 5. Leavesden. St. Pancras Schools. 350-77 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Information from J. Smales. Water-level 125 ft. down. 40,000 gallons an hour pumped, for 9 hours a day. Well of 7 ft. diameter all in Chalk, 250 ft. U. A. Smith says (R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices. 1893, p. 308) " Formerly there was about 133 ft. of water in this well, but this quantity gradually decreased until in August, 1892, there was only 123 ft. of water." For an analysis of the wate*, see p. 329. 6. Lion Brewery, Wells and Co., St. Albans Road. Made and communicated by S. F. Baker and Sons. Found water at 53, 70, 105 and 119 ft. down. Made ground £ [Glacial Gravel]. Rough ballast 10 A [Upper] Chalk, with flints A^ery close together down / 1 27 ft. to 85 ft., and from 3 to 12 in. thick. Below that further apart ... ... ... ... ... 110 7. London and North Western Railway. On the western side of the line between Watford and Bushey Stations. Sunk and communicated by R. B. Paten, with further information from F. W. Webb, R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. 1893. Appendices, p. 573. 179-4 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft, of 12 ft. diameter, 36 ft., and two borings of 11 in. diameter. WELLS— HERTS. 26o Watford, cont. Pumping night and day. When the well is at rest for a time the water rises to within about 6 ft. from the surface and is reduced by regular pumping tc about 3 ft. from the bottom [of the well]. Loose earth ... ... ••• ••• ••• I s ) [River Drift] Running gravel 11 S 266 ft. [Upper] Chalk, flints and rock-chalk ... 254 j 8. London and North Western Railway Station. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Surface earth ... ... ... ... ... 2\ [Glacia! Drift] (Y*w clay ... ... | mft [Upper] Chalk 183 J In 1892 F. W. Webb reported that this well was covered over and not in use. For an analysis of the water, see p. 330. 9. London Orphan Asylum. Eastward of the Railway Station. About 190 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 51 1 ft., the rest bored. Water rose to within 52 ft. of the surface. Yield about 80,000 gallons a day (accordine to " A Treatise on Waterworks " by S. Hughes, new Ed. 1875, p. 217). Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. [Drift] .„{£«- *y [Drift or ( Sand Reading Bed s? ] \ Flin ts Chalk with flints 121 19A 32 18 — 11 51 2551 30", 10. Oxhey. Southward of the town. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 126 ft., the rest bored. [London Clay ? and Reading Beds] Clay, t gravel and sand ... 60 [ 280 ft. [Upper] Chalk, with flints 226 J 11. Paget Prize Plate Co. St. Albans Road, next Wells's Brewer y. From A. C. G. Cameron's Notes. Water-level 41 ft. down. [Glacial] gravel 7 lion ft [Upper] Chalk and flint 113j^ urt - A note of a boring made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co., 1914 differs, as follows, and gives other information. Boring of, 8 J in. diameter, with 30 ft. of tube. Starting water-level 44 ft. down. Clay and Flints 29 ).„.-. [Upper] Chalk 122|j 151 S ft - 12. Sedgwick and Co.'s Brewery. On the eastern side of High Street, near Waterworks. 1874. Over 182 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten Shaft 5 ft. 2 in., the rest bored. Loose [Glacial] gravel 10 ) OQ „ f [Upper] Chalk, with flints 22Z^ 6611 - According to U. A. Smith, R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 398, there are two wells at this brewery. Formerly the Mater in the newer well stood at 91 ft. below the floor of the engine-room, and that in the old well 41 ft. below the yard -level. In July (1893 ?) the levels were found to be 191 ft. and 16 ft. 2 in. 264 WELLS — HERTS. Watford, cont. 13. Tolpits (Tvvopits of the old map). Just north of the Colne, about two miles south -westward of the town. Made and communicated by R. B. Paten. Shaft 15 ft., the rest bored. [Glacial] gravel ... ... ... ... 15") ltJ _ ft [Upper] Chalk and flints 120 j ldOIli - 14. Waterworks. Established 1854. The old works are on the western side of the High Street at the southern end of the town. Three wells. Information chiefly from D. Waterhouse, Engineer to the Council. No. 1. Outside the engine-house, at its northern corner. 1854. 179.39 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 6 ft. diameter for 39^ ft.; lined with cast-iron cylinders ; then a 12 in. boring, lined for 27 ft. Depth 11 of ft. No. 2. About 50 ft. north-westward of No. 1 (and at slightly higher level, 1881. A nine inch boring 150 ft. deep. No. 3. At the northern corner of the ground, about 160 ft. north-west- ward of No. 1. 1888. 186-71 ft. above Ordnance Datum. ? cylinders of eft- diameter for 40 ft. An 18 in. boring to 140 J ft. Water syphoned from 2 and 3 into 1. Approximate yield (? 1899) 8to.< < gallons a day. According to R. E. Middleton (R. Comm. Metrop. Wafer Supply. Appendices, 1893, p. 601. On 11th August, 1892, the rest-level was 167-06 ft. above Ordnance Datum, pumped down to 157 - 06. The following account, made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff (published 1889), may refer to No. 2, the level given being 1 78 f ft. Water-level 11 \ ft. down ; lowered 3 ft. by pumping at the rate of 6,000 gallons an hour. Estimated supply, with pumps at the surface, 33,000 gallons. Well (the rest bored), pre- J sumably in gravel ... 8} [Drift! ••• | Gravel Vl\ 151ft. { Chalky gravel 4 A [Upper] Chalk and flints 125* J Of course the other two wells are also in the Chalk. The new works are a little westward of the old ones, on the southern side of the recreation -ground, 1914 ? Information from D. Waterhouse, with whom I had the pleasure of seeing the works. In the engine-house there are four bored wells, of 3 ft. diameter, lined to 78ft. with cast iron tubes of 40 in. internal diameter (therefore this top part must be larger). All to the depth of 350 ft. in the Chalk. About 30 ft. south-eastward from the wall of the engine-house is a well of 6 ft. diameter, lined to the depth of 79 ft. with cast-iron cylinders of 78 in. internal diameter (therefore the top part must be larger), to the depth of 300 ft. hi the Chalk. This is about 190 ft. above Ordnance Datum. About 45 ft. northward from the northern corner of the engine-house is an Auxiliary Well, a boring of 30 in. diameter, lined to 81 ft. 5 in., and carried to a depth of 257j ft. below the floor of the temporary engine-house. According to the Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 150: — '"The average daily quantity of water obtained (at the Watford Works) is 1,199,360 gallons . . . the water is excellent." For analysis, see p. 330. The accounts of the following Watford wells (15 to 20) are from U. A. Smith's Statement, R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices, 1893* pp. 397, ;>f(8. 15. Cassiobury Saw Mills. 234-42 ft, above Ordnance Datum. Well 54 ft, deep. Some five years back contained a depth of 16 ft. of water. In August, 1802, this depth was 12 ft., 1,800 gallons a day drawn (Middleton). 16. Colnehurst. A third of the way from the junction of Langley Road and Church Road to Nascot Wood. Not now used (J. Hopkinson). 274-74 ft, above Ordnance Datum. 94 ft. deep. Deepened 4 ft. in the latter part of 1890, having run dry. WELLS— HLKTS. 265 Watford, cont. 17. Gammons Farm. On the eastern side of the railway-tunnel, north-north- west of the town. 326-59 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well 130 ft.. Deepened some few years back, on account of insufficiency of supply. 18. Bang Street Brewery, Hea ley's. Disused. 230-14 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 55 ft. down, has been reduced permanently 4 to 5 ft. Well 60 ft. Boring to 211. 1 9. Tunnel Woods. Halfway between Callowland Spring and Nascot Wood, just opposite the mouth of the railway-tunnel (J. Hopkinson), 1890. Lowered 3 ft. in 1891. 281-69 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 84 ft. deep. R. E. Middleton says that the seasonal difference is enough to account for the lowering of the water-level (ibid., p. 556). 20. Watford Union. 237-18 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Between 1886 and 1 889 the water-level decreased 4 ft. It is now (1893) about 100 ft. clown. Watton at Stone. Ordnance Maps 221, 239, new ser. (Herts. 21, SW.). Geologic Map 46, SE. 1. Blue Hill, a mile north-westward of the Church. Information got by A. C. G. Cameron from Mr. Alridge, well-sinker. (Boulder Clay). Blue- clay \ with chalk-stones ... 40 Coarse gravel ... ... 7 „, • , t-> Ti. ) Concrete (cemented Drift), \ an ,, Glacia 1 Drift ( ,„„,,, , , • , , ',' 66 ft. 1 to get th rough wh ich too k seven days ... ... 4 Gravel and a deposit like ' v wood -ashes ... ... 16 2. Woodhall Park. Made and communicated by A. Williams and Co. Water-level 180 ft. down. In January, 1909, 181 ft. Yield l,50O gallons an hour. Thickness. I Depth. Ft. Ft, Loamy sand ... ... ... ... ... 25 — Mottled sands ... ... ... ... ... 25 50 r Chalk and flints 254 [Upper Chalk] ( Flints 2* Chalk and flints 33 i 340 Welwyn. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 28, NE.). Geologic Map 46, SE. Information got by A. C. G. Cameron. 1. Danes Bury. Shaft. Heavy clay 15), of Chalk 135 5 2. Gas Works. Plenty of good water, which was pumped to the Frythe, 400 yards westward. Gravel to Chalk, 30 ft. 3. Mill Cottages. On the Hertford road. Shaft, through clavey gravel and clay ... 30 | ^ n ,. Bored ia Chalk * 20 ) ou "' 4. Waterworks. Welwyn Rural District Council (? at Church Fields Cottages, Lower Green), Local Government Beard Report of 1915, p. 152. (Two wells.) 80 ft. in Chalk (? 20 to Chalk). Average daily quantity 30,000 gallons. Another well 2l0 ft, in Chalk at Harmer Green. Average daily quantity 10,000 gallons. More could be got, especially from the latter well. Water good. For analysis, see p. 331 . Part of Digswell parish is also supplied . 266 WELLS — HKKTSj Welwyn, cont. The following information on the Harmer Green Well, got from the engineer in charge, by Dr. R. L. Sherlock. Site about 300 yards south-east of the Green. Depth 240 ft., to water 210. Mostly gravel 30-40 ft., the rest chalk. 5. Workhouse. A few feet of soil, and then chalk, to 80 ft. Westmill. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 14, W.). Geologic Map 47. Westmill Bury. 1890. Communicated by G. Ingold, the figures being only approximately correct, as got from the well-sinker. Shaft 15 ft., the rest bored. Water 12 ft. down. [Drift] Soft chalk Gravel Yellow clay / Grey clay ... | Red sand ... V White chalky clay. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 16 — 10 — 15 9 — 10 53 66 119 Mr. Ingold remarks that this well is in a valley, with the Chalk at the surface at a much higher level on the eastern side ; whilst in a well at the school, on the western side, the Chalk is about 20 ft. down. This points to a Drift channel. Weston. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 7, SE., 12, NE.). Geologic Map 46, NE. Information got by A. C. G. Cameron, and from R. E. Middleton (R. Comm. Metrop. Water Supply. Appendices. 1893). 1. Lannock Farm, westward of the village. R. E. Middleton, p. 562. Water-level in March last (? J 892) 273-6 ft. above Ordnance Datum ; " there was 35 ft. of water in the well, and it had never been dry." 2. Live and Let Live Inn. (From the occupier.) Tough clay 6) Silver sand and water ... ... ... 1 j 7 ft. 3. Public Supply. Local Government Board Return of 1915, p. 279. M. R. Pryor supplies the parish from a " Well, 234 ft., in Lower Chalk, near Darnall's Hall. . . . The average daily quantity of water obtained is 4,500 gallons," and more could be got. Quality excellent. 4. Town Farm. Deepened in 1891. Level of Curb 418*15 ft. above Ordnance Datum, 220 ft. deep. Water-level in March (1892?) 293-15 ft. above Ordnance Datum, (R. E. Middlet on, p. 625.) 5. White Horse Inn. (From the occupier.) •Rnni,i,.r oW ( Light-coloured clay 4) J (.lough blue clay with gravel veins ... 13) 17 ft, (i. Windmill, westward of the village. Chalk, with Hint and sand-veins. 170 ft. This well fell in in 1889, owing it is said to the sand causing subsidence on the water being drawn from it. According to R. E. Middleton (p. 625), the level of the curb is 442-12 ft. above Ordnance Datum and the depth to water 305-62. Other wells in and near Weston are noted by Middleton. WELLS — HERTS. 267 Wheathampstead. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 28, W.). Geologic Map 46, SE. 1. Brewery. (? Hope Brewery.) Noted by A. C. G. Cabieron. Water stood 16 ft. in the well and the yield was about 150 barrels a week. Gravelly soil 8tol0| ? 12 n ft ]? 12( Chalk At the bottom there is stone (? Chalk Rock). Many other wells were noted by Cameron ; but the information about them is too vague to be used. 2. Nursery, 500 yards south-south-west of Marford. Well said to pass through 90 ft. of Drift (Boulder Clay and Gravel) and 10 ft. of Chalk. From Dr. B,. L. Sherlock. R. E. Middleton says of a well at Mario rd "When other wells were dry two years ago this well, which is 50 years old at least, contained plenty of water ; while another well on the other side of the road was deepened in 1 891 ." E. Comm. Metro p. Water Supply. Appendices. 1893, p. 559. Widford. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Herts. 30, NE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Mr. Parkes' Cottages, 1899. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. i Thickness. Ft. Brown clay Gravel and sand 8 •> Brown clay Gravel ... 6 2 Brown clay Blue clay Hussock 11 15 5 Blue clay Sand 13 7 Gravel ... .. 11 Loamy sand 4 Grey sandy clav* Grey sand Brown clay , . 3£ 1 92 2. Mi\ Wiseman's Cottages. 1878. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Soil 3 White clay .. Blue clay 15 Brown clay 1 Sand and gravel .. 2 Brown clay 2 Sandy loam 7 Gravel ... 6 Brown clay 2 Black sand .. 4 Pebbles 2 Brown loam 5 Grey sand 23 Chalk • • 14* 108 i it. 268 WELLS — HERTS. Widford, cont. 3. Winters. Two wells. 1893. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Xo. 1, Very little water. Yellow Boulder Clav ... ... ... 5 White Boulder Clay & Us-ft. Blue Boulder Clay, to sand ... ... 31 No. 2, 24. ft. deep in Boulder Clay, yielded 30 gallons an hour. 4. Nether Hall. Well 4 $ ft. diameter, 100 ft. deep. Water-level 90 ft. down. Supply 400 gallons an hour. Wigginton. Ordnance Map 238, new ser. (Herts. 25, SE.). Geologic Map 46, SW. Chiltem Hills Water Co. Just south-west of Newground Farm and about 1,250 yards east-north-east from the church. ? about 425 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Wells 93 ft. deep. First boring to 200 ft., of 18 in. and then of 9 in. diameter. Second to 158|- ft., of 20 in. diameter. Water pumped down to 19 ft. above the bottom of the wells. Rises 13 ft. on ceasing pumping. Average daily yield 3 (7,000 g. lions (Local Government Board Return of 1 91 5). Gravel, 25 ft. or more. Chalk. Specimens from the second boring mo stly cla yey, especially in the lower part ; at bottom (3 specimens) a gritty impure chalk. " 175 ft. or less. Wormley. Ordnance Map 239, new ser. (Herts. 36, SE.). Geologic Map 1, NW. West End. For Mr. G. F. Bosanquet. B. Latham. Trans. Soc. Eng. for 1864, p. 249 and pi. 5. Shaft 85 ft. (of 4 ft. diameter for 38 ft., when it widens and at 50 ft. is 6 ft. diameter to 70 ft., then 3f : stein ed with brick), the rest bored. Water rose to within 62 ft. of the surface. Surface-earth ... Loam [River Drift ?] ... [London Clay, f Yellow clay 22 ft.] (Blue clay [Reading Beds, i Brown sand (and Thanet ' White sand with pebbles Sand ?) 40 ft.] Brown sand with water Chalk 3. Wormley End (Sir A. Home's). Conybeaee and Phillips, Geology of England and Wales, 1822, p. 41. Chalk found 100 ft. down. Wymondley, Little. Ordnance Map 221, new ser. (Herts. 12, N.). Geologic Maps 46, NE. and SE. 1 . House in the village, 200 yards west of the railway, bridge (over the road jto Stevenage). W. 11 ill, Proc. G?ol. Assoc, 1912, vol. xxiii, p. 219. 247 ft. above Ordnance Datum. A boring. ickn ess. Depth. Ft. Ft. 1 1 9 10 10 — 12 -32 6 — 14 — 20 72 63 i 135£ WELLS — HERTS. 269 Wymondley, cont. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. So i] and made earth ... 1 1 ' Gravel — Bright yellow loam s — Gravel 3 — Glacial Drift. > Sand 14 — ' Blue Boulder Clay 15 — Very chalky Drift 40 — Loose gravel and stones 1 — * Very chalky Drift 14 105 Solid [Middle] Chalk 10 115 The chalky Drift looked so white and clean when brought up by the auger that it was at first mistaken for Chalk. 2. Wymondley Bury Farm. Just south of the church. Same authority. A boring. About 300 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Soil Glacial Drift. Red stoney clay Sand with large stones \ Blue Boulder Clay Red -brown sandy gravel Chalk rubble Z j 19 ^ 110* ft, 21 20 The chalky rubble was probably of the same character as that at the bottom of the other boring, but was not seen by Mr. Hill. Yardeley, sec Ardeley. 270 ANALYSES— SPRING-WATERS. ANALYSES OF SPRING-WATERS. Buckinghamshire. Brickhill, Great. Water from Lower Green sand. Soft. W. W. Fisher, Analyst, July, ] 902. In grains per gallon. Total solids 14- Chlorine in chlorides ... ... ... 1*2 Nitrogen in nitrates ... ... ... -497 Saline ammonia ... ... ... ... 003 Albuminoid ammonia ... ... ... -001 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours ... ... 014 Brill. 1. Below (and about 340 yards south of) Waterloo House. 2. Below main road to Thame, about 250 [? 500] yards from Brill Green. 3. Thame Road Spring (? nearly three-quarters of a mile a little west of south from the church). All from Portland Stone. See p. 45. Made by Dr. Charles Coles. Nos. 1 and 2 March, 1905, No. 3, Nov., 1904. Communicated by Mr. Parry, Surveyor to Long Crendon Rural District jCpuncil. In parts per 100,000. - No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Total solid matter 56- 98- 54- Chlorine 3-9 8-6 2-3 (Equal to common salt) 6-4 141 3-7 Nitrates Nil. Nil. Nil. Nitrates expressed as Nitrogen 1-85 4-55 1-28 Ammonia, Free ... ... •002 ■001 •003 Ammonia, Albuminoid •001 01 •008 The nitrates (in No. 3 and presumably in 1 and 2) are high but this may be due (Mr. Parry suggests) to the proximity of allotments and not to the Brill sewer, which is half a mile away (from No. 3) and separated by a valley. Buckingham. Two analyses. By W. W. Fisher, February, 1888. In Dr. H. F. Parsons's Report to Local Government Board, No. 25, pp. 9, 10. See p. 97. 1. Spring in Field [? feeding Bath Lane spout]. Bright, but slightly turbid owing to particles of floating matter, apparently mineral. Residue left on evaporation nearly white. In two-foot tube, bluish tint, good colour. 2. Public Supply, Bath Lane. Slightly turbid ; some floating particles of vegetable tissue. Residue on evaporation nearly white, with only a trace of brown organic matter. In two-foot tube, bluish tint, good colour. Total dissolved solid matter ... Chlorine in chlorides ... Ammonia, free and saline Ammonia, albuminoid Nitrogen as nitrates ... Nitrogen as nitrites ... Oxygen required to oxidise organic matter in 3 hours Total hardness Hardness after boiling 1. Contains more than the usual amount of dissolved solid matter, but the chlorides and nitrates are normal in quantity. Contains a very small amount of organio matter. The dissolved matter largely consists of carbonate of lime. A pure natural water fit for general use. 2 almost identical with 1. 1 35- 1- •006 •005 •07 31- 94 ^er gallon. 2 37-5 1-1 •006 •005 •07 31- ANALYSES — SPRING-WATERS. 271 Charndon. W. W. Fisher, Analyst, 1904, vol. xxix, No. 335, p. 32. In grains per gallon, Total solids Chlorine in chlorides Nitrogen in nitrates Saline ammonia ... Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours Much sulphate of lime 145. 7- •07 •127 •032 •221 Dorton. Chalybeate Spa, see p. 66. For an old analysis by Prof. Brande, see p. 67. Detailed analysis, made (October, 1909) and communicated by W. W. Fisher. In grains per gallon. Sodium chloride ... ... ... ... ... 6-42 Sodium sulphate 27-4 Magnesium sulphate ... ... ... ... 18-75 Calcium sulphate 165-36 Ferrous sulphate 4-25 Ferrous carbonate ... ... ... ... 10-49 Total 232-67 He also adds these particulars : — Ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... -392 Albuminoid ammonia ... ... ... ... -008 Nitrogen as nitrates -01 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours, from permanganate -032 Marston, North. Selborne Spring, gee p. 113. By Dr. Bernays. 1868. Deposited on boiling — Carbonate of lime Magnesia Iron In solution — Chlorine Sulphuric acid Silica Lime Magnesia Total solids In parts, per 100,000,? 30-7 Trace. Trace. 20-76 13-54 1-8 1-42 9- 1081 Ordnance Map Preston Bissett. 219, new ser. Geologic Cowley Hills. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. Sandy deposit. Clear. Almost colourless Map 45, NE, September, 1897, Very hard, but good. In parts per 100,000. Chlorine ... 1-3 Equivalent to chlorides 2-2 Nitric nitrogen •03 Equivalent to nitrates •18 Nitrites Nil. Iron Trace. Free ammonia •004 Organic ammonia 006 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37 c C. •17 Hardness, 34-3°. s 2- 272 ANALYSES — SPRING-WATEHS. Quainton. Sen p. 113. Water from Portland Berts. Hard. W. W. Fisher, Analyst. July, 1902. In grai ms per gallon Total solids ... ... 27-2 Chlorine in chlorides .. ... 1- Nitrogen in nitrates ... •448 Saline ammonia ... ... •001 Albuminoid ammonia ... •003 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours Hardness ... 22-6 Stoke G-oldington. Public Supply. Spring from Oolitic limestone. See p. 114. Drawn from the main. December, 1915. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. Faint green. No odour. Reaction neutral. In parts per 100,000. Probable combinations. Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Magnesium chloride Clear and bright. Ca Mg Na CO S0 4 CI NO, 16-6 1- •97 20-5 9-6 2- ]• Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, etc. 341 10-2 3- 1-5 1-5 1-4 3- Total solid constituents dried at 1 80° C. 54-7 Free ammonia ... ... ... ... ... 0024 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... -002 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. ... -02 Nitrites Nil. Hardness, Temporary, 32 D ; Permanent, 13° : Total, 45°. Stowe. From the Gardens in the park. Water from Great Oolite by mistake credited to Portland Beds. W. W. Fishee, Analyst. July, 1902. In grains per gallon. Total solids 23-2 Chlorine in chlorides 1-4 Nitrogen in nitrates •154 Saline ammonia ... Albuminoid ammonia •012 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours 043 Hardness ... 18- Weston Underwood. Public Supply, Spring Estate. Spring from Jurassic Limestone (see p. 114). From external tap ai cottage in High Street. Direct from main. December, 1915. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. Clear and bright. Faintly green. No odoui. Reaction neutral. ANALYSES —SPRING-WATERS. 273- Ca Mg Na Fe CO, so 4 01 NO s 18-4 1-3 3-6 Trace. 20-6 15- 4-2 2-2 Weston Underwood, cont. In parts per 100,000. Probable combinations. Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate ... Silica, etc. Total solid constituents dried at 1 80° 0. Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37 c C. Nitrites Hardness, Temporary, 30° ; Permanent, 20° ; Total, 50°. . 34-3 14-7 6.3 7- 3- 2-7 c. 68- •002 •0024 •03 Nil. Sources from the Lower Oolite. Made and communicated by W. W. Fisher. In grains per gallon. 1. Gayhurst. In rear of Gayhurst Cottage (see p. 43). From limestone. Hardness 16-8°, total ; 9-2° permanent. 2. Tunveston. Site doubtful (may be over the border, in Northamptonshire). Mr. Fishee thinks that the water comes from the Lower Oolite near its junction with the Lias. 3. Westbury. The Manor. Li the grounds near the house. Total solids Chlorine Free ammonia ... Albuminoid ammonia... Nitrogen in nitrates ... Oxygen absorbed 1 2 3 39-2 29-68 28-8 1-7 1-3 I- •004 003 •002 ■008 •004 •004 •147 •04 ■035 •02 •004 ■008 Springs from Drift. Made and communicated by W. W. Fisher. In grains per gallon. 1. Calverton. Upper Weald> south -south-east of village. Public Well, Possibly from Cornbrash. Map 219. 2. Soulburv. Liscombe Park. Hop Garden Supply. A good water. Map 220. 3. Wing. Crofton, in grass-field, about 2 miles southward of village. Map 220. 1 2 3 Total solids 48- 30-5 3612 Chlorine in chlorides ... 2-1 1-2 1-9 Free ammonia ... •004 •001 05 Albuminoid ammonia •006 •004 •006 Nitrogen in nitrates ... •02 •02 •03 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours from perman- ganate •02 •021 274 ANALYSES — SPKING-U ATERS. 1^ CM CO- CM oo a c a a o O a .2 1 4) XI — .a CM § «s "S3 °0 35 o o o, ©* o u o, GO u I a? *— « JO CO rj ce u s 3 -a ce 1 ce -S ee 3 1 T3 J2 ^ - - « S • <§ *- p Q> m T -5 lo 5 o CI I- CM r- ce n CO r- CM C0 IC co » OS OS o EH g o OS -J( 6 i CM — CO "I 0) .5 O S c e m S ?; " c •+ 3 a> h83/£* M rS U fl Vl S S <8 .-g 00 CM 5-1 CO c c J ce ^ c a.-s a 'i-i O a o -# S.^ CM bC Jh o JS * o o _ -P — 1 Temper- ature Centi- grade. X CI X x> CO o oo ci ««>-* T3 5 A -# "* -f — i oo oo CO eft CM — > — CO CI — TO 30 -to 00 ce CO - +3 ^ !CCS- — r— j ro o. cc 00 CD ■^ oc re CC 3 =3 O A CI CM t- v . 3 Cl O CM OS -t* re cc CI 09 ce 35 m 01 CM — e« o ■z O • CD ce EQ c — i os cc 00 .a 99c Oh XI ^< ffl © a CM OS Tf C-l OO" y -*3 CO CO tH Maid's More ton. 5. Well in the Chewar (? site). By J. S. Sumner. From the Local Government Board. No colour in 6-inch column. No turbidity. Clear and bright. Odour, ex- tremely faint. Reaction, very slightly acid. Residue left on evaporation, heavy but of good quality. Does no't char on ignition, showing absence of excess organic matter. Free ammonia, none. Traces of magnesia. Chlorine, between 4 and 6 grains to gallon. Equivalent of common salt, about 9 grains. Nitrites absent. Nitrates, less than one-tenth grain per gallon. Hardness about 7°, temporary. Slight traces of iron. No lead, zinc, or copper. Oxygen absorbed in 30 minutes at 212° F. 10 grains a gallon. The water is pure, free from excess of organic matter and adapted to all domeBtio purposes. ANALYSES —WELL-WATERS. 281 w Ci co c> CM C5 03 P-. 3 &4 PM .2 ^ • 1.8 §« « q a cm 1-1 oo o go cm -* r~ t^ r- f-i CM 00 CM P-i a o o g JS o a eg © o i-i o m 15 f- ffl ifl O -f t- h oooooooo CO o CO o »o o -+ 3 c CS O 13 o r-- o cb ~ ob ib iq CO cc CO oo ob ^ 3 CMCM'-fCMCOCMCMCM N CM CO w CO cS . CO •O CM o LI ~? Tt '0 H4 O •^ t^ >b eq co ' > i 5 'I CO ^5 © : £ be s © : 9. £h © © . to > co . CS (V) CO Q -— I CO : =* 3-3 • © < (H >^ ° .2 £>^ O 43 U : a CO • CO © 93 ,© -W O^ o co ^— ' •Jfl o J © .A © © T3 : c W © : Q . a : 3 Si © • 1=3 o O CO o P4 3' pq Oh © © 1-1 CC a cs > 3 ; S C f^O^ £-3 © : 3 o ^ ^ > o 50 « 2 « -§ CC +3 CD © •** 2i ,.-0 _ 3^3 U"S co ••s > co ' — ' to l-i t-<: >S5 S-3 3 © 5 © 43 c=b I 3=3 03 Cm 03 . c^ S O T3 5 O e o e « e e 282 ANALYSES— WELL-WATERS. a oo 00 CM HNt^ • . ... )_, • . _o Oxj Absor 15 mil at 21 i— 1 i-H i— 1 i-H O a T3 . p— t '£ * '3 O .pH CO "* 'O rH O >Q Tj4 O L-J CO CO X 1C a P* PH "2 O OOO -H O O ppp pOpp il Ph M a CO -p3 ■3< ft e6 *2 gcoco p £ p £ © © © £ 9 ° oo p* 5 o w a •0 o2o ° ° ° a v v b a a CO , CO $ a O r O ob oc cc ph -^ cc r-Hiocc OLOcbco TJH H t~ CO 00 o o C © CM © CM i-H — CO p- CO ■* — < © -+ O B.-S pH pH -*J & S & o • p« U M Ph fc ■4-3 CO • pH •*=> a Q <—> on .a Equivalen of Commo: Salt. co t- co »o © — Oi t> eo eo -* H P3 s 03 | CM CM p-i •<* p-i -^ CM M CO Oi-hph — A • bt i— < a .a CO CM © IC I> 00 © -* LQ 00 00 © *i-t pH -M O ,hp^ CO ph CM ph p-h (M CO o PS 2 M rbidity rbidity eenish, eenish, eenish, eenish, li tinge eenish, dity ... dity ... ^2 a h, no ish, no turbid Pale . Pale PaFe Pale ear, bli Pale , no tu , no tu <4-l O 1 g O 'V issett. Pale greenis Fountain. Pale blu Tap. Colourless, no .ydon Public Pump. bidity ... ydon Riblic Supply, bidity ... ugh, Pump No. 1. bidity ... ugh Pump No. 2. bidity ... Jubilee Pump. CI Pump, Chapel Lane Westwell Pump, bidity ... . Faint bluish tint Pale greenish, clear Clear, colourless ce o a o 02 fS -»p5fc!p5tlot!ofcl ^^ i5 fl (• aoQ Calcium nitrate ... ... ... ... -32 Magnesium nitrate ... ... ... ... 2-14 Magnesium chloride ... ... ... ... -92 Scdium chloride ... ... ... ... 115 Combined water, etc. ... ... ... ... -1-01 Total 38-1 292 ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. Horwood, cont. 2. Public Supply. (? source.) Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. February, 1916. Trace of oxide of iron, with vegetable growth. Faint green. Xo odour. Reaction neutral. Oa y-6 Mg trace Fe trice C0 3 12-3 so 4 3- CI 1-8 NO a 1 -7 Probable combinations : — Calcium carbonate ... Calcium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, iron -oxide, etc. In parts per 100,000. 20-5 4-25 3- 2-3 •95 .Hardness Total solid constituent? dried at 180° C 31- Free ammonia ... ... ... ... ... -004 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... -003 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. ... -025 Nitrites ... ... ... ... ... nil. Temporary, 19-5° ; Permanent, 4.5° Total, 24°. Iver. Iver Place. Well 240 ft. deep, 104 in Cha Ik. Analysis made and communicated by W. W. Fisher. In grains per gallon. Total solids Chlorine as chlorides ... Ammonia, free Ammonia, albuminoid Nitrogen as nitrates ... Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours Ivinghoe. Brewery. See p. 1 1-0. By W. Loftus. 20-16 •9 •006 •001 •021 •00 s Iii grains per gallon ? Old Well. New Well. Specific gravity Inorganic matter ... Organic and volatile Total residue Sulphate of lime ... Carbonate of lime ... ,, of magnesia Potash and soda ... Hardness ... ,, after boiling 1000-39 2 7 -58 1-23 28-81 5-42 111 1-32 1-7 17- 4-3 1000-35 2614 1-44 27-58 4-41 11-5 1 26 1-56 16-5 3-5 1. Wycombe Court. Lane End. Geologic Map 254. New ser. Deep boring. See p. 140. Two shallow wells in gravel on the same estate. Analysis made and communicated by W. W. Fisher. In grains per gallon. Total solids... Chlorine as chlorides Ammonia, free Ammonia, albuminoid Nitrogen as nitrates Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours 1. Total hardness, 15-5° ; Permanent, 3°. (1) 12) 21-28 21- I- 4-2 ■001 ■003 ■003 ■008 147 •385 05 ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. 293 Linford, Little. Public iSupply. See p. 141. By W. W. Fisher. From the Local Government Board. • July, 1912. New well. Slightly turbid. No odour. Colour in two-foot tube pale yellowish-green. In grains per gallon. Total dissolved solid matter ... ... ... 48* Chlorine in chlorides ... ... ... ... 1*4 Ammonia, free and saline ... ... ... 1)1 „ albuminoid ... ... ... ... *003 Nitrogen in nitrates ... ... ... ... - 014 „ nitrites ... ... ... ... slight trace Oxygen required to oxidize organic matter in 3 hours 027 Hardness: Total, 30° ; after boiling, 13°: temporary, 17°. The quantity of the dissolved mineral constituents is rather over the average, and the water is somewhat hard. The chlorides and nitrates are normal and the proportion of organic matter is small. An unpolluted natural supply of satis- factory quality. A later analysis from the Main. December, 1915. Supplies 23 houses. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. Faintest opalescence. Green -yellow tint. No odour. Reaction neutral. In parts per 100,000. Probable combinations : — Ca 18-6 Calcium carbonate ... 34- Mg •9 Calcium sulphate 17- Na 1-95 Magnesium sulphate 1- Fe trace Magnesium chloride 2-7 C0 3 20-4 Sodium chloride 33 so 4 12-8 Sodium nitrate ... 2-35 CI 4- Silica, etc. 2-65 N0 3 1 -7 1 I Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 63- Fre< 3 ammonia •004 Org anic ammonia 0063 Oxj 'gen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. 06 Niti •ites nil Hardnes s : Temporary, 32° ; Permanent, 1 8° ; Linslade. Total, 50°. 1. Trial-boring, for public supply of Linslade. See p. 142. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. July, 1900. The water was not pumped, but a sample was taken from the bore-hole by means of a shell. This bore-hole was abandoned. " This water was very turbid, from the presence of very fine brown sand. Even after standing some hours a little sand remained suspended. There may there- fore be, especially at first, some difficulty in obtaining a perfectly bright water from the bore." ' The saline constituents show that it is one of the Greensand waters which is not likely to give trouble from the presence of iron-salts. There is not a trace in the water and the sand contains but little." " It is somewhat hard, but most of the hardness is removed by boiling. The magnesia salts are small in amount. The chlorides and nitrates are very low and show that there is no admixture with water derived from heavity manured land. The organic matter is small in quantity and will certainly be still less when a proper well is constructed and some quantity of water abstracted." " I am of opinion that the water will be quite satisfactory for a public supply, assuming that there is no source of pollution within some little distance of the well." 294 ANALYSES — WELL- WATERS. Ca Mg Na C0 3 so 4 01 NO, 10-35 •7 •55 14-05 4-8 1- •3 Linslade, cont. In parts per 100.000. Probable combinations ( besides a little sedimentary matter) Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Ferric oxide (causing turbidity) Silica, etc. 23 3 1 4 ■4 ■4 ■15 •4 1-55 34- (.064 C074 •05 A. B.- C- A.- B.- a- Total solid constituents, dried at 180° C. Free ammonia Organ ic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours, at 27° C. No nitrates. Hardness : Temporary, 10° ; Permanent, 9° ; Total, 25°. 2. Three analyses made after the works were established, see p. 142. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. -Sample from the service-main (aerated and filtered), May 29th, 1903. -April, 1905. -Aerated and filtered, 20th August, 1908. -Clear and bright. Faint green tint. No odour. -Slight turbidity. Faint green tint. No odour. -A little red matter present. In parts per 100,000. Probable combinations. Reaction neutral. Reaction neutral. In parts per 100,000. A B C Ca 10-1 13-7 14 Mg •75 1-15 •55 ' Na 3-85 •09 Fe nil trace C0 3 11-3 15-8 16 7 so 4 15- 10-7 6-7 CI 1-7 1-1 1-4 NO, •25 •25 •4 Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Magnesium chloride Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Magnesium nitrate Nitrates ... Silica, etc. Total solid constituents, dried at 180° C. C Temporary Hardness \ Permanent (Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia ... Oxygen absorbed in 3 hoi rs r,t :>~° C. Nitrates A 18-8 8-85 3-75 8-5 2-8 •3 B 26-3 1G-9 3-75 1-5 •0 •35 1-5 43-5 17° 10° 27° •001 •004 •068 mere 14-3 24° 15° 39° •000 •004 •05 mere trace trace A. — The water was ferruginous and rapidly deposited oxide of iron 3. Boring for the Wing Rural District Council, see p. 143. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. C 27-9 9-5 1-9 •0 •0 •45 2-85 42-6 25° 13° 38° •0004 •0006 •016 nil 1906. Probably combined as- In parts per 100,000. Ca 17-6 Calcium carbonate ... 3815 Ms; 3- Calcium sulphate 4-6 Na 51 Magnesium sulphate 14-85 CO, 22-9 Sodium sulphate 6-35 so 4 19-4 Sodium chloride 7-6 CI 4-6 Sodium nitrate 15 NO, •1 Total solid Silica, etc. constituents dried at 180° C. •3 72- ANALYSES — WELL-YVATKKS. 295 Linslade, cont. Hardness : Temporary, 41° ; Permanent, 19° ; Total, 60°. Freeammonh ... ... ... ... ... ... 002 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... -016 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C 448 Nitrites nil. Ingr a.ins per gallon •• 40- 1-9 ■001 ■003 •469 ■018 Long Crendon. Made and communicated by W. W. Fisher. Good water, rather hard, from Portland Beds. Total solids Chlorine in chlorides Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Nitrogen in nitrates Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours Maid's Moreton. Buckingham Waterworks. 1901. gee p. 144. 1. Well 301 ft. deep. Water from Great Oolite. W. W. Fisher, Analyst, 1904, vol. xxix, No. 335, p. 30 (three). A. — Beginning of pumping test (August. 1 90 H. B.— Seven days later. C. — Seven days later, after continuous pumping. With three added since. In grains per gallon. 14th 28th Aug., Oct., 1907. 1908. Total solids Chlorine in chlorides Nitrogen in nitrates Saline ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hrs A B C 4th June, 1903. - 60- 68-7 30- 27-7 8-2 10- 2- 1-35 •014 014 •014 •52 •017 016 021 •008 ' ■001 •002 •002 •005 •016 •016 •015 •007 30- I- •02 •02 •004 •007 32-2 1-4 •02 •029 •005 •015 2. Made by W. W. Fisher, August, 1907. (for part, see table, No. 1.) No nitrates. Odour, none. Colour in two-foot tube, pale bluish. The total quantity of dissolved mineral and saline constituents is moderate, and the water is moderately hard. The amounts of chlorides and of nitrates are normal, while the proportion of organic matter is very small. A trace of free ammonia is present in most deep well-waters of the district. The water has the composition and characters of an unpolluted natural supply and is of good quality for drinking and domestic purposes. The analysis of the dissolved solids is as follows. Chlorine ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1- Sulphuric acid, SO 3-84 Carbonic acid, CO., 9-39 Lime, CaO ..." 9-38 Magnesia, MaO 131 Soda Na.,0, with traces of potash indirectly determined 4-66 Silica " -77 These constituents may be combined as follows : — 296 ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. 1-65 16-42 6-82 24-35 1-38 16- 2-75 trace 16-75 10-08 •77 1-4 (including iron -oxide 30-12 68-25 Loss -49 Maid's Moreton, cont. With them, for contrast, is given a second colunm of figures, from an analysis of 10th August, 1901. Sodium chloride Sodium sulphate Sodium carbonate ... Magnesium carbonate Calcium carbonate ... Silica Total 68-74 The composition of this residue is typical of a water from the Oolites where they are covered by impervious clay, and the proportion of alkaline salts, especially sulphate and carbonate of soda, is relatively larger than in Oolitic waters from springs or permeable deposits. It is interesting to notice the change in the composition of this supply since the boring was made, in 1901, and the gradual fall in the amounts of the more soluble constituents, such as alkaline salts. In the future little change may be expected beyond a small diminution of the sodium sulphate. Some of the changes that have taken place in this water, as pumping has gone on. are shown in the table at the head (1). The first water examined, in 1901, contained 18-7 grains of sodium-chloride and 9-6 of sodium-carbonate. Mr. Fisher adds : — These waters for some tune past seem to be fairly steady in composition, but I think they have a supplementary well, the water from which may be mixed at times with the deeper supply (March, 1916). 3. By W. W. Fisher. From the Local Government Board. 1. Received 30th August, 1912. 2. From another boring, received 29th August, 1912. In both : Odour none. Colour in two-foot tube, whitish turbidity. In grams per gallon. Total dissolved solid matter ... Chlorine in chlorides ... Ammonia, free and saline Ammonia, albuminoid Nitrogen in nitrates ... Xitrogen in nitrites Oxygen required to oxidize organic matter and iron, in 3 hours The total dissolved solids, and the chlorides and nitrates are normal in amount. The proportion of organic matter is small. The water is an unpolluted supply, suitable for drinking and domestic purposes. 4. Taken from the reservoir of the Buckingham Waterworks. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. February, 1 91 6. Faint opalescence and trace of iron-oxide. Greenish tint. Noodour. Reaction neutral. 1 2 38-92 35- 1-3 1-3 •024 •001 •001 •014 •014 •07S •019 Ca 12-3 Mg 1-6 N'a 5-9 Fe trace IS .| so, 15-6 • i 1-8 NO, ■9 Probable com binations Calcium carbon. -i fce Magnesium sulphate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, oxide of iron In parts per 100,000. 30-7 7-9 13-7 O O * 1-2 etc. ... J- Total solid constituents dried at 180° C .)/-.) ANALYSES — WELL- WATERS. 297 Maid's Moretor., cont. Free amnion ia ... ... ... ... ... -Oil Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... -002 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. ... 01 S Nitrites nil. Hardness : Temporary, 27 £° ; Permanent, 9*° ; Total, 37°. For analyses of two other Maid's Moreton waters, see table, p. 281. Marlow, Great. Well 260 ft. deep. See p. 147. W. W. Fisher, Analyst, August, 1901. (The figures in brackets; are from an analysis in August, 1900, from the Local Government Board.) In grains per gallon. Total solids 23-2' (23-5) Chlorine in chlorides ... Nitrogen in nitrates ... Nitrogen in nitrites ... Ammonia Albuminoid ammonia ... Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours ... Marsh Gibbon. Well 100 ft. deep ? Water from Oolite below Oxford Clay. Peaty, alkaline, nearly sterile. W. W. Fisher, Analyst, 1904, vol. xxix, No. 335, pp. 31, 34. In grains per gallon. Total solids 53-2 Chlorine 5-3 Sulphuric acid, S0 3 >;05 Carbon dioxide, CO, 1401 Lime, CaO ... " 2-31 Magnesia , MgO -73 Silica, etc. ... ... ... ? Probably combined as : — Sodium chloride 8-73 Sodium sulphate 10-74 Sodium carbonate ... ... 27 44 Magnesium carbonate ... 1-53 Calcium carbonate ... ... 4-13 •259 (•252) (0) 001 001 (•008) . Overflowed 52 ■oi Nitrogen in nitrates ... ... -014 Saline ammonia ... ... -02 Albuminoid ammonia ... 005 Oxygen absorbed hi 3 hours ... -253 Mr. Fisher says that wells here yield brown waters, con taming peaty solids, dissolved by sodium -carbonate, see table, p. 281. Marston, North. 1. For the Parish Council, see p. 148. Made (July, 1895) and communicated by W. W. Fisher. Turbid, containing some clay hi suspension. No odour. Appearance in 2 -ft. tube, bluish -grey. £ Total dissolved so lid matter Chlorine hi chlorides Ammonia, free and saline Albuminoid ammonia Nitrogen hi nitrates Nitrogen in nitrites Oxygen required to oxidise organic matter, in 3 hours ... Hardness ... Li grains per gallon. 64- 1-7 015 •008 •091 •054 42-7° 298 ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. Marston, coat. Contains some excess of dissolved solids, but the other constituents are normal in amount. The mineral matter in solution consists largely of sulphate and carbonate of lime. Perhaps after a time the water will be less hard. An un- polluted water, fit for drinking and domestic use. 2. Public Supply. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. February, 1916. Trace of oxide of iron. Faint green. No odour. Reaction neutral. In jjarts, per 100,000. Probable combinations : — 21-1 Calcium carbonate ... ... 37-5 3- Calcium sulphate ... ... 20-7 8T0 Magnesium sulphate ... 14-8 trace. Sodium sulphate ... ... 21 -6 22-5 Sodium chloride 4-1 41* Sodium nitrate ... 1-5 2-5 Silica, oxide of iron, etc. ... 2- Ca Mg Na Fe C0 3 so 4 CI NO, 1-1 "Total solid constituents dried at 180° C 02 2 Free ammonia ... ... ... ... ... 0020 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... -0048 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° '•'. ... -0500 Nitrites ... ... ... ... ... nil. Hardness : Temporary, 33° ; Permanent, 33° • Total, 66°. Missenden, Great. W. W. Fisher. Analyst, August, 1901. In grains per gallon. Total solids Chlorine in chlorides Nitrogen in nitrates Ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours 22-1 •77 •21 003 •001 007 Newport Pagnell. Well 50 ft. deep. Water from Great Oolite, see p. 1 50. By W. W. Fisher. A.— Analyst, 1904, vol. xxix, No. 335, p. 30. B. — Sample taken 10th June, 1910 (from Local Government Board). Received February 14th, 1912 (Local Government Board). In grains per gallon. C. Total solids ... Chlorine hi chlorides N itro gen in n itra te s Nitrogen in nitrites... Saline ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours Hardness ... o^o i A B 32-2 35-56 1-4 1-7 •203 •14 — •0 •004 •006 •007 •01 •019 c 42-56 1-8 •497 •004 •016 B. — Contains a moderate amount of dissolved mineral constituents. The quantities of chlorides and nitrates are small, and also the proportion of organic matter. An unpolluted supply of satisfactory quality, but rather hard. C. — The total quantity of dissolved solids has risen about 5 [? 7] grains since 1910, and the water is proportionally harder. The chlorides have changed but little, but the nitrates are distinctly larger. The proportion of organic matter remains small. ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. 299 1 2 442- 108- 37-2 6- •084 •042 •007 •006 •224 •03 •084 •043 Oakley. 1. From a well 50 ft. deep at Addingrove Farm ? 2. From a boring of 27 J ft. at Addingrove Farm, in field 434 of the Ordnance Map. Water overflows at the rate of 6 gallons a minute. Water from Ampthill Clay ? Analyses made and communicated by W. W. Fisher. In grams per gallon. Total so fids ... Chlorine in chlorides Ammonia, free Ammonia, albuminoid Nitrogen as nitrates ... Oxygen absorbed 1. Much sulphate of lime. 2. Very alkaline (carbonate of soda 35, sulphate of soda 50, chloride of sodium 10). Pounden. 1. Pounden Hill, 209 ft. deep, see p. 156. By W. W. Fisher. February, 1905. Latter part 1908. Sample slightly cloudy. Residue on evaporation alkaline. Odour none. Colour in 2-ft. tube pale yellowish. In grains per gallon. Total dissolved solid matter, dried at 180° C. ... ... 77-84 Chlorine in chlorides ... ... ... .;. ... 5-3 Ammonia, free and saline ... ... ... ... -036 Ammonia, albuminoid ... ... ... ... ... -003 Nitrogen in nitrates ... ... ... ... ... -02 Nitrogen in nitrites ... ... ... ... ... Oxygen required to oxidize organic matter (hi 3 hours) -039 The mineral constituents consist mainly of alkaline compounds, and, as the proportion of lime is small, the water is soft. The proportion of organic matter is very small. The water is an unpolluted natural supply of normal composition, such as is usually found in the Oolites below the Oxford Clay. It is suitable for drinking and domestic purposes. The chief constituents are as follows. Chlorine Sulphuric acid, SO s Carbonic acid, C0 2 Lime, CaO ... Magnesia, MgO Soda, calculated as Xa 2 Silica Traces of iron not estimated. 5-3 19-41 14-47 1-19 •48 37-96 -84 The soda contains traces of potash. These may be assumed to be combined as below — Sodium chloride ... ... ... ... ... ... 8-73 Sodium sulphate, dry ... ... ... ... ... 34-45 Sodium carbonate ... ... ... ... ... 31 -27 Magnesium carbonate ... ... ... ... ... J • Calcium carbonate ... ... ... ... ... 2-12 Silica -84 Total 78-41 The total residue by evaporation is 77-84, and the difference is due to a slight loss of carbonic acid from the magnesium carbonate. Waters of this (soft, alkaline) type are usually found in parts where Oxford Clay overlies the Oolitic beds containing water. 300 ANALYSES — WELL- WATERS. Pounden, cont. The water is not too salt for general domestic purposes, and it will probably become less alkaline when the well has been hi use for a time and the soluble con- stituents are removed. For another analysis, see table, p. 281. 2. New well (? 1898) near village. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh, May, 1898. Turbid. Colourless. Excessively hard and contains too much organic matter. In parts per 100,000. Chlorine Equivalent to chlorides Nitric nitrogen Equivalent to nitrates Nitrates Free ammon ia Organic ammonia ... Hardness: Permanent, 24-2° ; Temporary, 32-9° 1-7 2-8 •1 •6 nil •008 •015 Total, 57-1°. 306. Rowsham, see Wingrave, p Shenley Church End. The Rectory. New well. See p. 157 Made (January, 1909) and communicated by W Sodium chloride Sodium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Calcium sulphate Calcium carbonate Total W. Fisher. In grains per gallon. 21-1 6-46 16-64 74-28 9-5 127-98 Slapton. A. — Water from an old well. B. — Water from boring 221 ft. Two analyses made (March 1910) and communicated by W. T. Burgess. In parts per 100,000. Total solid residue Ammonia, free ... ... Ammonia, albuminoid Nitrogen as nitrates ... Nitrogen as nitrites ... Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80° F. Chlorine Total lime (CaO) Total magnesia (MgO) Total carbonates, calculated as carbonate of lime- Total hardness, calculated from lime and magnesia ... A.-^Slightly turbid. B.— Very turbid. Slough. A.— Well 211 ft. deep. By W. W. Fisher, Analyst, August, 1901. B. — Eton Union. Also by W. W. Fisher. An excellent water. In grams per gallon. A B 75-36 64-52 •004 •0085 •030 2-014 •750 1 •107 •255 5-2 4- 24- 23-4 2-2 1-9 30-4 33-6 48-5 46-5 A B Total solids 22-68 21-84 < 'hlorine in chlorides 1- 1-05 Nitrogen in nitrates •21 •03 Ammonia •025 •032 Albuminoid ammonia ... •('05 •C03 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours •005 ANALYSES — WELL-WATEKS. 301 Slough, cpnt. G. — Slough Motor Transport Depot, from Gravel, see p. 159. Proc, Geol. Assoc, vol, xxxi, pt. 3, 1920, p. 134 ; and further details from W. H. Booth. By E. W. Lucas, Messrs. Griffith and Walden, of Slough, August 7th, 1919. In grains per gallon. Total solid matter, dried at 212° F 28- Carbonate of lime ... ... ... ... ... ... 15-7 Carbonate of magnesia ... ... ... ... -3 Sulphate of lime ... ... ... ... ... ... 4-4 Chlorine ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1-4 Saline ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... -0007 Albuminoid ammonia ... ... ... ... ... -0042 Nitrogen as nitrates ... ... ... ... ... ... -5185 Nitrites ... ... ... ... ... ... ... absent. Oxygen consumed in 3 hours ... ... ... ... -012 Poisonous metals ... ... ... ... ... ... absent. Hardness, by soap-test: temporary 13-5°, permanent 3-5°, total 19° (given as 20° in one account). Appearance in two-foot tube, clear. ; ' From the chemical point of view the water should prove wholesome." D. — Slough Motor Transport Depot. Water from the Chalk, when the boring was 302 ft. down. Communicated by W. H. Booth. By E. W. Lucas, Messrs. Griffith and Walden, of Slough. Total solid matter, dried at 212° F. Chlorine Saline ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Nitrogen as nitrates ... Nitrites Oxygen consumed in 3 hours Poisonous metals Total hardness 15°. Appearance in two-foot tube, slightly turbid. In grains per gallon. 21- 1-4 ... ' -007 •0014 •3169 absent. •0031 absent. " There was a slight deposit of mineral and vegetable debris containing low forms of life . . but, from the chemical point of view, the supply should prove wholesome . . if suitably clarified." Mr. Booth says that the deposit was probably derived from the pipes, trough, etc., which were not fully cleaned. Moreover this water was not pumped very much. Stoke Hammond. Geologic Map 46, NW. Ordnance Map 220, new ser. (Bucks. 20, NW.). Well 50 ft. deep. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh, January, 1898. Dull. Yellow. Very hard and con tarns an excessive amount of saline matter. Uhsuited for domestic use. Li parts per 1C0, 000. Total solid matter, dried at 180° C. ... 130- Chlorine 4-6 Equivalent to chlorides ... ... 7-7 Nitric nitrogen ... ... ... ... -06 Equivalent to nitrates ... ... -36 Nitrates ... ... ... ... ... nil Iron ... ... ... ... ... trace Free ammonia ... ... ... ... -012 Organic ammonia ... ... ... -006 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -168 Hardness: Permanent, 20° ; Temporary, 14 '3° ; Total, 34-3°. U 302 ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. Stokenchurch. Public Well, see p. 162. Made and communicated by W. W. Fisher. In grains per gallon. Total solids ... ... 35- Chlorine in chlorides Free ammonia ... Albuminoid ammonia Nitrogen in nitrates Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours Nitrates above the normal 1-7 •001 •728 •016 Stony Stratford (see p. 163). Water from Great Oolite. Jl.—W. W. Fisher, Analyst, 1904, vol. xxix, No. 335, p. 30. B. —Water Works Directory, 1911, p. 346. £<. —Sample received 21st August, 1911. From Local Government Board. In grains per gallon. Total solids Chlorine in chlorides Nitrogen in nitrates Nitrogen in nitrites Saline ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours A 38-9 2 •45 •005 •(103 •012 B 40-04 2-65 •06.3 •002 •006 •oo.-, C 46-2 2-3 •756 •003 012 B. — " The total amount of dissolved solids has not changed since the last analysis in April 1907, but both the chlorides and nitrates have somewhat increased . . . the water is of satisfactory quality." Hardness. Permanent, 6° ; Temporary, 18° ; Total, 24°. Clear and bright. No odour. Pale bluish tint in two-foot tube. C. — Total mineral constituent somewhat larger than in 1907, and the chlorides have slightly increased. *The proportion of organic matter remains small. The -water is unpolluted and of satisfactory quality. A gradual rise in the mineral solids, chlorides and nitrates, seems to be taking place, and the water is conse- quently becoming harder. Another analysis is of much the same character. Turweston. Boring, see p. 165. Madeand communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. 1 906. In parts per 100,000. Ca Mg \Y CO.. so; Cl NO, 10-2 ■oo 7-25 19-95 6 05 2-8 trace Probably combined as — - (';;lciu in carbonate Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Silica, etc. Total solids... 5-85 8-95 4-6 1-9 48-7 Hardness parmanent, 4° ; temporary, 22° ; Total, 26°. Free ammonia ... ... •■• ... ••• (| ()4 Albuminoid ammonia ... ... ..." ... -0034 Nitrites nil For an analysis of the water of the public supply, see table, p. 281. ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. 303 1 2 241- 32- 23-1 1-4 •035 ■07 ■001 •(IIS •245 •133 •003 Twyford. 1 . Trial-boring 30 ft. deep. Mrs. Fitzgerald 's. Water from Kellaways Beds or Oxford Clay ? W. W. Fisher, Analyst, 1904, vol. xxix, No. 335, p. 32. 2. Twyford Manor (? Lodge). Water from Drift ? In grains per gallon. Total solids Chlorine in chlorides Nitrogen in nitrates ... Saline ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours ... Much sulphate of lime. 3. Shallow well in the village. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh, December, 1897. Slightly dull. Yellow. Contains too much organic matter. In parts per 100,000 Chlorine 2-4 Equivalent to chlorides ... ... ... 4- Nitric nitrogen ... ... ... ... ... -54 Equivalent to nitrates ... ... ... 3-2 Nitrites ... ... ... ... ... ... nil Free ammonia ... ... ... ... ... -008 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... -028 Hardness: Permanent, 6-4° ; Temporary, 4-3° ; Total, 10-7°. For an analysis of the water of the public supply, see table, p. 281. Westbury. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. (Bucks. 12, NE.). Geologic Map 45, NE. Well at Manor, on the lawn. Made and communicated by W. W. Fisher. Water from Great Oolite. In grains per gallon. Total solids 29-4 Chlorine 1- Ammonia -001 Albuminoid ammonia ... ... ... ... -004 Xitrogen as nitrates ... ... ... ... -161 Oxygen absorbed ... ... ... ... -005 Good water. Another analysis (? from same well) in the table on p. 282. Westcott. Ordnance Map 237, new ser. Geologic Map 45, SE. Well 185 ft. deep. Water from Corallian Oolite below Kimmeridge Clay. W. W. Fisher. Analyst, 1904, vol. xxix, No. 335, p. 33. In grains per gallon. Total solids 76- ( 'hlorine in chlorides ... ... ... 1-4 Xitrogen in nitrates Saline ammonia ... Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours Hard. Sulphate of lime. u 2 •112 •002 •01 •074 304 ANALYSES — -WELL-WATERS. Whitchurch. Ordnance Map 219, new ser. (Bucks. 23, SE.). Geologic Map 46, SW. Two wells. A. — 12 ft. deep. Water from Kimmeridge Clay. W. W. Fisher, Arikyst, 1904, vol. xxix, No. 335, p. 33. In grains per gallon. Total solids Chlorine in chlorides Nitrogen in nitrates Saline ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen absorber! in 3 hour? B. — Hard . Su Iph a te o f 1 in: c . A B 174- 96- 10-1 1-2 •42 •014 •003 •005 •006 •007 •025 •037 Wing. 1. Vicarage Lane. 2. Church Road. Communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. In grams per gallon. Chlorine in chlorides 8-4 10-9 Nitrogen in nitrates 4- 4-4 Permanent hardness ... ... 18° 19° Temporary hardness ... 14° 13° Free ammonia ... ... •08 •02 Organic ammonia ... ... ... •12 •08 Oxvgen absorbed in 15 minutes at 21 2° F. 1-4 1-08 3. Church End Well. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh, December, 1898. Clear. Very slightly yellow. In parts per 100,000. Chlorine 15-6 Equivalent to chlorides ... ... ... 26- Nitric nitrogen ... ... ... ... ... 6-3 Equivalent to nitrates ... ... ... 37-8 Nitrites ... ... ... ... nil Free ammonia ... ... ... ... ... -002 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... -008 Hardness: Temporary, 18-6° ; Total, 45-7°. Derived from a greatly polluted subsoil. An excessive amount of chlorides and nitrates. Effect of percolation most marked, practically all the organic matter fully oxidized. ANALYSES — WELL-YVATEKS. 305 8 s c U Ci ft CO W B3 ft H Q o • l-H 5 3 O o T3 c 0) t- © CO ft DO a "= X a) O P c3 tc a: cc -# co ># o CM 3 o o CO CD CD M O -tec; © — c o co (N 30 H » c _ » o .a 5 © s o «j g a < CD oa — — i © O w c ; .©. O C C 9 1 1 . ^ "c§ O O O o +s © o -J' — lO o H eq o :: :■: +i QQ QQ o> CD rH H O O 3 O CM GC — 00 "E M~-^l CD 0-1 i P^ g 1 O O o o C X> © O o — — — S CD ' H O CO © o -* CO CO t- CD -* •^ -^ ~f ib CO : : : : o : -*^ ^-^ ce • • -*-' • be «« «« sh .g O © CM _ £« S^^^S s : ^«-u — i s © c3 ce cS & rf » P B P B ■j s S S j> >> -*- _o _o _o -2 _2 — -( o o3 cc cc c3 cS ^ r.E.S.S.S- X — ^H pq P^ t> © © CO © CN — 1 -H i— I © © © CD S CD CD ~1 ©©. CD ^ o o CD O O _ £ CD la O CD © CM Q y. 25 © 00 3> 3 CD Sh > CD CD CD CD 8fi c8 co CD e6 CO CD O 306 ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. Wingrave. Hamlet of Rowsham. Well 12 ft. deep. Water from Lower Greensand. W. W. Fisher, Analyst, July, 1902. In grains per gallon. Total solids Chlorine in chlorides Nitrogen in nitrates Saline ammonia ... Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours Winslow. Water from a covered well. No particulars given, May 1902. Made and communicated by W. T. Burgess. In parts per 100.000 Hard. 95- 2-5 •021 •00a •005 •008 ... 82-84 •217 •022 •001 •007 •028 •051 •064 5-5 temporary 34*5. By the parish-boundary Total solid residue Organic carbon Organic nitrogen Ammonia, free Ammonia, albuminoid Nitrogen as nitrates ... Nitrogen as nitrites ... Total combined nitrogen Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80° F Chlorine Hardness, total (by soap-test) 42-8, permanent 8-3 Turbid. Wolverton. London and North Western Railway. with Bradwell. Used for public supply. See p. 169. From the newer boring, near the older boring, but larger. Analysed and communicated by W. W. Fisher. In grains per gallon. Total solids 56-28 Chlorine 1-9 Ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... -003 Albuminoid ammonia ... ... ... ... -007 Nitrogen as nitrates ... ... ... ... -042 Oxygen absorbed ... ... ... ... -022 Total hardness, 42° ; permanent, 21 -9°. Made November, 1913. Fron the Local Government Board. In parts per million. 732- 29- Total so lid matter in solution Chlorine ... Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen used by organic matter Hardness : 35-7°. Clark's scale. •01 .05 •85 Wooburn. Bourne End. Works of the Marlow Water Co. See p. 169. Made and communicated by V\ . W. Fisher. Excellent water. In grains per gallon. Total solids 21-84 Chlorine as chlorides ... ... ... ... -9 Ammonia, free ... ... ... ... ... Ammonia, albuminoid ... ... ... ... -001 Nitrogen as nitrates -01 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours -005 ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. ior Wotton Underwood. Ordnance Map 237, new ser. (Bucks. 27. F.). Geologic Map 45, SE. Wood bum Cottages. Well 14 ft. deep. Water from Kellaways Beds or Oxford Clay. W. W. Fisher, Analyst, 1904, vol. xxix, No. 335, p. 32. In grains per gallon. Total solids ... ... ... ... ... 753- Ch lo rin e in ch lo rid es Nitrogen in nitrates Saline ammonia ... Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours 90-3 •035 ■005 •007 •064 Wycombe. 1. Wycombe Marsh Mills. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. December, 1914. A trace of turbidity, due to iron-oxide, etc. Faint yellow-green. No odour Reaction n eu tra 1 . Ca Mg Na Fe CO., so 4 CI NO, 10-25 ■05 2-5 •05 14-8 , •> ." *. t ! -4 1-8 Probable combinations : Calcium carbonate .. Calcium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, iron-oxide, etc. In parts per 100,000, 24-6 1-55 •25 2-95 2-3 2-45 1-7 35-S •004 •0052 •062 nil. Odour Total solid constituents, dried at 180° Hardness: Temporary, 22-5°; Permanent, 2-5°; Total, 25° Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites 2. Waterworks. See p. 170. A.— Sample taken 19th October, 1909. 5.— Sample taken 30th April, 1911. By C. E. Cassal. From the Local Government Board. In both. Appearance in two-foot tube, clear, very faint greenish tint, and taste not abnormal. In A, reaction neutral. In parts per ]<)0,0CO Total solid matters Saline ammonia ... ... ... ... ...) Organic ammonia Nitrogen as nitrates ... Nitiites Oxygen absorbed from permanganate at 30° C, in 4 hours Chlorine as chloride (chloride of sodium 2'14) Phosphates Lead and iron ... Mineral analysis : — Lime (CaO) Magnesia (MgO) Sulphates (as S0 3 ) Microscopic examination of the suspended matters: — In both a little miner;: matter. No living organism. An analysis in the Water Works Directory, 1 911 , p. 85, seems to be the same a> A : but there are some small differences in the figures, and the following are added : — Organic carbon -007 and Organic nitrogen -C03. Hardness, total 23-4 23-6 „ permanent ... ... ... 2-8 2'4 „ temporary ... ... ...20-6 21-2 A B 34-4 34-6 •0006 •0008 •001 •(102 •225 •175 absent. a bsen t. ■0259 •0079 1-3 1-3 very faint very fain t traces. traces. absent. absent. 12-28 14-6 1-27 1-51 •6 •85 308 ANALYSES - WELL-WATEKS. cS C3 m -5 g o v w I I 02 ee a I o a a d "2 O :d s O i-3 -. x (6 C3 o o lO o 03 S 3 ee 02 EC It) o M CO - 03 t-l += CO fe -J - bJO ee CM l> .«8 c5 o o o O ,_ o o 45 "d to '-3 c3 13 I S« 3^d £» "C « g ft 33 — ~" =t2 03 3 M 4a d O jt 2 cS o '£hh o o o 08 z aa ' >>»« CS > ,0 — d . ~- S s ill ^33 GO (N CO co CO CO CO OS l> CO — e6 o — o o o o o © © © © o s o o c ^ c o o © o o c o 'g 3 <3 S a .9* o o ^ 3 Cy o si CO -H -H ■* CO CO -H co co — -t< o — ' o ~ o ■* © © © © © cp 9 9 w o o 9 9 © © 9 9 ee a a -3 T3 ee . 1 — - ec i> CO co CO co co CO o £•= o *ZA — CM — co CS (M GO CM C0 J> o 6 ^^ CQ 1 — o5 5 a OS t- O O T co GO CO CO •* oo ~f CC co -* CO OS P-l ° CO Tj< — l -f OM co ~ LO CO IC — ~v >w £«-£ r»-. o.. O-i Q p . m o ' -H 1 CM t- » 1 1 CM 1 OS ~> >j k^> ■♦5 ee ee ee ~^ ^-« ^^ Q H -O 01 o .9 R EH ee iO CO CM c O 2 o _r o O P t X -d be o o N O J2 ^ "bib .3 ^^ : ^C5 ee O t-l fH 03 o "^ 01 © o Hi 4) o co bC w w ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. 309 a o 8 3 q si g © 3> a-^S ^ X a M ;* S p 5 «• © 5 % ri * © o © _a • 23-g J a ^ 2 ^ ad © S a • ce a GO to ci >5 OS Remark jj T3 "§ 3a3 s ©£ £*£ "a - 3 ...3 a 30 >> o ail c3 © ™ g "" *o a O _ o hh « 0) S i) f-( . a C4 55 -*3 o 1) di S +* ,« ^ « * ^ •+-> tn > ^ 5 3 ao S3 ^< Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours. CO — 70 06 OS -m co t> ,-. "S X) >o t^ CO o a eS £ i -f CM 70 |> CO CO i— 1 o © © -y © C £ o cr cp £ £ — .s' J. S a Ja 2 I r~- lO t- c- co o co t^ o — — o o o o o o cp © © cp o. cp cp cp cp ^ a a < .a a) o M 3 CO co O GO CO p-H -to o ■* Oj ^ o o — 1 T © -r - V ? Sp v v ■3 © on lorin in orid e ro -in cp r^ go -t< _, cp Cp "T CJi © o _. 12 • • a «m o* . «DflO 3 » _• : a) .2 'o , and Ordiian o do _ ^ to -5 a} : ? : 3 * : "8 «2 3 " -a .3 ' be . 'C o • § 5 a m : -? : -c is ^ (N X5 -5 >>> © tjD (h „ © e8 'w * d c GO • > o .2 a • f-i 03 ^-1 *^ © © .a -^ -r 1 ^ • o ^ 2 •" -kj -a o ^_ . S °o O Or GO CO ^ J S ^ OS a ^q S-3X P a^ ►* © © a o -^ > o-a O eg on cS 5^ ©' > bC .3 310 ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. ANALYSES OF WELL-WATERS. HERTFORDSHIRE. (2) (3) 410- 426- 24- 24- •01 •01 •01 •03 •17 •26 Aldbury. 1. Tring Railway Station, see p. 173. By R. Phillips. 1849. Proc. InsU G. E. 1849, vol. viii, p. 172, and 1850, vol. ix, p. 177. Gen. Bel. Hlth. Report on the Supply of Water to the Metropolis. Appendix ii, table opp., p. 93. 1850. In grains per gallon. Carbonate of lime ... ... 14-72 ""\ Sulphate of lime 1-09 /Total Muriate of soda ... ... ... ... 1-38 C 18-8 Carbonaceous matter ... ... ... 1-61 ) 2. 3. Later analyses. By J.C. Tipler. From the Local Government Board. Water from delivery-pipe from pump at station. 2nd September, 1911. 3rd November, 1912. Preliminary examination (2). Suspended matter, none. Colour, equal to distilled water. Odour, very slightly earthy. Nitrogen as nitrates, 10 parts per million. Nitrogen as nitrites, absent. Poisonous metals, absent. Reaction, slightly alkaline. In parts per million. Total solid matter hi solution ... Chlorine ..= Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen used by organic matter Hardness, Clark's scale 20-2°, 20-8° Amwell, Great. 1. ? Amwell Hill Pumping Station. See p. 174. R. Comm. Water Supply. Appendix. 1869, p. 104. (? By Frankland and Odling.) Ln parts per 100,000. Total solid residue, dried at 100° C. ... 31 -88 Lime 14-1 Magnesia. ... ... ... ... ... -86 Potash -46 Soda 1-28 Sulphuric acid ... ... ... ... ... 1-68 Carbonic acid ... ... ... ••• ... 11-35 Silica 1-36 Chlorine 1-39 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites ... ... -406 Ammonia -000 Organic nitrogen ... ... • •• ••■ - 009 Organic carbon ... ... ••■ ••• "076 Hardness before boiling (total) ... ... 22-4 Hardness after bo iling (permanei it) ... 5-9 The following particulars are added from Sixth Report of Rivers Pollution Commission, 1874, p. 100 : — Clear and pair table. Temperature 1 1° Centigrade. 2. Amwell Hill Well. By A. J. Bernays, 1878. Sample taken 8th July. Slightly turbid from suspended matters. Sediment brownish, ferruginous. Residue white, granular. Under the microscope a few infvsorice and dia- tomacece. Potassium oxide ... ... ... ... ... -18 Sodium oxide ... ... ... ... ... -54 ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. 31 1 Amwell, cont. Calcium oxide ... ... ... ... ... 8-54 Magnesium oxide ... ... ... ... -55 Chlorine -93 Sulphuric anhydride ... ... ... ... 1«5 Nitric anhydride ... ... ... ... -903 Carbonic anhydride ... ... ... ... 6-4 Silica 1-01 Iron and alumina ... ... ... ... 46 Probably combined as Calcium carbonate ... ... ... ... 14- Magnesium carbonate ... ... ... ... -46 Potassium sulphate ... ... ... ... -34 Sodium chloride ... ... ... ... ... 1-03 Sodium sulphate ... ... ... ... -62 Calcium sulphate... ... ... ... ... 1-7 Silica 1-01 Magnesium nitrate ... ... ... ... 1-23 Ferric oxide and alumina ... ... ... 46 Total 20-85 Total residue given as ... ... 21-14 Free ammonia ... ... ... ... ... -0014 Albuminoid ammonia ... ... ... ... -0031 Nitrogen as nitrates ... ... ... ... -234 Organic carbon, per gallon ... ... ... -062 Organic nitrogen, per gallon ... ... ... -023 Hardness before boiling, 16-09; after boiling, 2-74. 3. Amwell Marsh Well. New River Co., now Metropolitan Water Board. See p. 174. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh, May, 1899. In parts per 100,000. Probable combinations : — Ca 11-9 Calcium carbonate 22- Mg "55 ' Calcium sulphate ... ... 3-55 Na 1-55 ! Magnesium sulphate ... ... 1- C0 3 13-2 Magnesium chloride 1-4 S0 4 2-5 Sodium chloride -9 CI 1-6 1 Sodium nitrate 4-25 N0 3 3-25 || Silica, etc -4 Total solid constituents, dried at 180° C. 33-5 Free ammonia ... ... ... ... ... -000 Albuminoid ammonia ... ... ... ... -004 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. ... -041 Nitrites ... ... ... ... ... nil Hardness: Permanent, 9° ; Temporary, 19° ; Total, 28°. 4. In the Report of G. Rennie on the Supply of Water from the District of Bagshot, 1850, pp. 25, 26, are the following particulars of the waters of two of the New River Co.'s. wells : — Amwell End well. Hardness, Clark's scale, 13-8°. Sample of mixed waters, taken 12 ft. below the top of the Chalk, temperature 56°. Amwell Hill well. Hardness, Clark's scale, 13'8°. Sample from 50 ft. down (or 40 ft. above the main spring), temperature 52°. 5. A. — Home Lodge. B. — Vicarage. Samples taken 7th June, 1 878. By A. J. Bernays. A. — Contained a number of water-fleas. On evaporation the smell was marsh - like. Residue white, granular; blackened on ignition. B. — Free from life. Residue white and granular; browned on ignition. Evidence of slight contamination in both. 312 ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. Amwell, cont. Potassium oxide Sodium oxide Calcium oxide Magnesium oxide ... Chlorine Sulphuric anhydride Nitric anhydride Silica Probable combinations : — Carbonate of lime ... ( arbonate of magnesium ... Sulphate of potash ... Sulphate of soda Sulphate of lime ( Chloride of sodium ... Nitrate of magnesia A •29 1-02 6-08 •95 •85 2-2 •72 trace 8-85 1 -43 •54 •G3 2-72 1-4 •99 B 35 77 59 33 64 54 •8 trace 1 6-98 •06 •66 •49 1-65 16-56 17-57 none •0073 •146 •041 Total Solid residue at 110° C. given as ... Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Organic carbon Organic nitrogen Hardness, before boiling, 12-65° and 9-67°; after and 3-95°. Ashwell. Well made for the Rural District Council. See p. 176. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh, 1911. Probably combined as — In parts per 100,000 11-99 11 -n none •0056 •178 •053 boiling 3-63 c Ca 10-2 Mg •3 Fe Na 1- CO, 13- so 4 1-3 CI 2-2 N0 3 3-5 Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate Calcium chloride Magnesium chloride Magnesium nitrate Sodium nitrate Etc Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 21-7 1-85 2-65 •65 1-05 3-65 1-48 33 03 total, 24 c •001 •C02 •62* nil Hardness : Temporary, Free ammonia- Organic ammonia ... Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites Clear and bright. A trace of chalk deposited (perhaps because the engine was driving the pump at a much higher speed than usual, just before the sample was taken). Faint green. Odour none. Reaction neutral. Organically the water is of the highest degree of purity. Ayot. Water from well, 179 ft. deep, possibly 40 ft. into Chalk. Made (Dec. 1912) and communicated by W. T. Burgess. Total solid residue Organic carbon ( hganic nitrogen Ammonia, free Ammonia, albuminoid Nitrogen as nitrates ... Nitrogen as nitrites ... ( >xygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80° F. Chlorine Total carbonates, calculated as carbonate of lime Hardness, total (by soap-test), 27-5° ; permanent 3 In parts per 100,000. ... 38-96 ■031 •004 •002 •002 •753 •Oil 1-75 26-7 ; temporary 23-6°. ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. 313 From a domestic tap. Barnet District Water Co. From the Local Government Board. 1 91 3 or earlier. In grains per gallon. Total dissolved matter 20-32 Loss on incineration of residue ... ... 2-52 Chlorine in chlorides ... ... ... ... 2*4 Equal to chloride of sodium ... ... ... 3-95 Nitrogen in nitrates ... ... ... ... -05 Equal to nitric acid ... ... ... ... 3-19 Free (actual or saline) ammonia ... ... -001 Albuminated (organic) ammonia ... ... «(01 Oxygen absorbed from solution of perman- ganate of potash at 80° F. in 15 minutes... -005 Ditto in 4 hours -008 Phosphoric acid ... ... ... ... ... traces Hardness before boiling, 20°; after boiling, 5£°. A water of a very high degree of purity, as regards freedom from contamination. This is shown also by bacteriologic examination. Berkhamstead. Waterworks. See p. 187. 1. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Clear and Colourless. Probable combinati< :i s. Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate Calcium nitrate Sodium chloride Silica, etc. Ca Mg ^a C0 3 S0 4 CI N0 3 Hardness : Thresh. 1899. In parts per 100,000 ... ... 20-25 ... ... •45 ... ... 2-4 ... ... 2-15 1-25 datl80°C. 26-5 8-9 •0 •85 12-15 •3 1-3 1 -8 Total solid constituents, dried at 180 c temporary, 1 f>° (another account gives 19°); permanent, 4°; total, 20°. Free ammonia ... ... ... ... ... -000 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... ... -006 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. ... ... -037 Nitrites Nil 2. Another analysis, by Messrs. Alles and Hanbtjry. March ,.1910. From the Local Government Board. Colour in 2 -ft tube, pale blue, clear. No smell. In grains per gallon. Total dissolved solids 22-4 Loss on ignition (organic matter), etc. ... ... 3-9 Mineral matter ... ... ... ... ... 18-5 Chlorine -99, equal to sodium -chloride ... ... 1-6 Lead, copper, iron ... ... ... ... ... Nil Nitrogen as saline ammonia ... ... ... ... -0011 ,, albuminoid ammonia ... ... ... -0022 ,, nitrites ... ... ... ... ... Nil ,, nitrates ... ... ... ... ■•• -196 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter at 27° C, in 15 minutes ... ' -0028 Oxvgen absorbed by organic matter at 27° C, in 4 hours * -0168 Hardness before boiling 13° ; after boiling (permanent) 3°. This water is free from any evidence of animal pollution, and the figures show a satisfactory degree or organic purity. It is a good supply. 3. A later analysis. December, 1913. By A. Hill. (The British Drug Houses.) From the Local Government Board. A clear colourless water. No sediment and no moving organisms. Reaction alkaline. Total solids 21- > . „ Chlorine -9 j § ramS P er S aU ° n ' 314 ANALYSES — WELL-WATEKS Berkhamstead, cont. Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Nitrogen as nitrates Nitrites, phosphates, heavy metals •012 •018 S> parts per million. 4-115 j absent. ) Total hardness, 14-5° ; permanent, 3°; calculated as CaCO a A good class water, well adapted for drinking purposes. Bishop's Stortford. Public Supply. See p. 193. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. A. — December, 1897. B.— October, 1905. Ca Mg Na G0 3 S0 4 CI NO a 11-8 •5 •6 15-9 2-8 1-8 1 • B 12- •45 16-9 1-75 J -9 1-15 In parts per 100,000. Probable combinations Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate ... Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride ... Sodium nitrate Silica, etc. ... A B 26-5 28-2 4- 2-5 2- 1-75 •5 1- 1-4 1-6 2-6 •95 37- 3*, •0025 •003 Nil Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. B.— Total hardness 32°. A. — Free ammonia „ Organic ammonia „ Nitrites A Report at the Local Government Board gives the temporary hardness at 21 -6° and the permanent as 5°. Broxbourne. Works of the Ware Rural District Council. See p. 196. By Dr. B. Dyer. Sample taken October, 1912. From the Local Government Board. In grains per gallon. Total dissolved matter 22-12 Loss on incineration of residue ... ... ... ... 2-24 Chlorine in chlorides (equal to sodium-chloride 2-47) ... 1 -5 Nitrogen in nitrates (equal to nitric acid -42) ... ... -11 Free (actual or saline) ammonia ... ... ... ... -001 Albuminoid (organic) ammonia ... ... ... ... -001 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter, etc., from a solution of permanganate of potash at 80° F. in 15 minutes ... -008 Ditto in 4 hours -015 Phosphoric acid ... ... ... ... ... ... trace. This water gives no indication of any objectionable impurities. Buntingford. Water works. See p. 196. By A. E. Ekins, May, 1911. From the Local Government Board. In grains per gallon. Total solids ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2.5- Chlorine ... ... ... ... ... ... ... J -15 lice ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... -0008 Albuminoid ammonia ... ... ... ... ... -(i(>04 .Nitrogen as nitrates, etc. ... ... ... ... ... *31 Nitrites ... ... ... ... ... ... ... absent. Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes at 80° F. ... -017 4 hours at 80° F -045 This water was clear and bright and the solids experienced no discoloration on ignition. This is of a high degree of organic purity. ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. 315 co 00 CO © _© eS © 42' O :© o o 43 P o 42 <1 H co m >o i~ -* —i O) 1 CM CM i— i CO CO CO CM cb CO CO 8 o A ^ >>i43 .S3 ft 3 * CO 5 '*"' .2 O CO Cu Oh 1 a a £ 4 O 5 a ° ■+3 c3 o-s © CM * • M „o .a ; >» OT . s =e co 5 § - a co a +3 y « o a ,S P. 00 a . <0 43 .3 a of a a a ^ co co co .4tS4d4 0) CO 00 P-h Oh p. 4«: a a a tn a a a O ce c3 cS 02 0QGQ 5s O -S ^ §j | o 4^-h « Si >i^3 S= 5 * c2 S 0) a^g 43 c3 a> o PtOD P<44 ..■S Ph 00 5 CO 8 oS +3 4^ « . . . el i2 ^ CN ►5 co co o j? 00 CO © !> <& . © CO CO ^^ — — ■z a 42 42 +3 4^ OO 00 KS S, ^43 — .2P O bfi 6J0 550 a 43 'C '^ ' »J2 4!4! " £ eS 73 T3 eS eg aa eS co a c3 3Qo qo 5 ^ «i O Q M ^ °5 O Cj Sq £ sa 51 •" °ftO 3 02 o 2 -2 c3 4| .3 o a S 3 8 o Ph a 3 co 3 +5 £ 43 -2 3 S OO CO a 3.3 a '3 'j3 Sb 3 3 3 .3.3.3 O O O w ~f -t © ©I — © _i h «5 ■* CN H lf5 L^- CO CM , CO h © CM O -i CNJ *H o lO O i-O CM CM O © © CO © O CM — i HO »C3 i— I 6N lO CM © M -t OJ CO -H © CM cq a ^ 3 u e« CO _h — O CM — i O") CM 'O i0 01 CO -f 00 CO -r C -H CM © CO Ol OJ w w> K ee o O - -i O o © oo 43 .2 'u 13 +3 00 O cj O oo ~£ 43 O 316 ANALYSES— WELL-WATERS. Bushey, cont. Mixed water from the three wells of the Colne Valley Water Co., to show effect of softening. A. — Natural water. B. — Softened water. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. Probable combinations : September, 1900. In parts per 100,000. A 1 B Ca 12-5 2-6 Mg •5 •4 Na 2-2 1-7 K trace trace C0 3 15-6 1-6 so 4 4-8 4-85 CI 2- 2- NO a 2-35 2-5 A B 26- 2-6 3-75 5-1 2-5 1-55 3-3 3-3 3-25 3-5 1-2 •65 40- 16-7 7° 7° 25° 3° 32° 10° •120 — •004 — Calcium carbonate ... Calcium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, etc. Total solids ... Permanent hardness Temporary hardness Total hardness Free ammon ia Albuminoid ammonia Dr. J. F. Beale made the following bacteriologic report hi July, 1912, on a sample from tap off rising main at the Company's offices. Number of organisms per cubic centimetre capable of growing upon nutrient gelatine at 20° C. in 3 days ... 64 Ditto upon agar at 37° C. in a day ... ... ... ... Smallest quantity of water giving acid and gas in bile-salt glucose broth. Absent in 100 c.c. Ditto, giving gas in bile-salt lactose broth. Absent in 100 c.c. Ditto, containing Bacillus coli communis. Absent in 100 c.c. Ditto, giving the reaction of Bacillus enteritidis sporogenes. Absent in 110 c.c. Other bacteriologic examinations are described as very satisfactory. Cheshunt. Accord ing to G. Rennie's Report on the Supply of Water from the District of Bagshot, 1850, pp. 25, 26, the water of a well here had 18-3° of hardness, and a sample taken at 10 ft. below the top of the Chalk had the temperature of 53°. Digswell. Rectory New Well. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. 1914. In parts per 100,000. Chlorine ... Nitric nitrogen ... Iron, chiefly in suspension Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed Hardness : Temporary, 3*5° -3 -1 -005 -0058 -066 Permanent, 26-5° ; Total, 30°. Essendon. Waterworks. See p. 211. By Dr. T. Stevenson, March, 1899. From the Local Government Board. Sample of March 3rd, clear, free from odour. With iron in solution equivalent to -07 grain of carbonate per gallon. ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. 317 Essendon, cont. Sample of March 7th, free from odour. Pale yellow and slightly turbid. Its anaylsis, in grains per gallon, was as follows : — Total solid matter 23-52 Loss on ignition ... ... ... ... ... -5fi Combined chlorine (equal to common salt -72 ) -."><> Nitrogen as nitrates ... ... ... ... -Oj Nitrites ... ... ... ... ... ... none Ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... traces Albuminoid or organic ammonia ... ... -003 Carbonate of iron ... ... ... ... -06 Oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter -014 Hardness : Temporary, 18° ; Permanent, 1-5° ; Total, 19-5°. Flamstead. 1. Markyate Waterworks of the Hemel Hempstead Rural District Council. See p. 212. By Dr. J. C. Thresh, May, 1909. From the Local Government Board. Turbidity slight. Fine sand and little chalk in deposit. Greyish tint. No odour. In parts per 100,000. Probable combinations : — Ca 11- Calcium-carbonate Mg trace Calcium -sulphate ... N trace Calcium-chloride ... CO, 15-5 Calcium -nitrate Etc. S0 4 CI N0 3 ■25 1-3 1-2 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C 2i>-8 •35 2- 1-6 •25 30- absent •0005 •001 5 •004 Nitrites, lead, copper, zinc, iron Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed at 98° hi 3 hours ... Hardness: Permanent, 4°; Temporary, 18-5°; Total, 22-5°. The water is of great organic purity and the only objectionable feature is its hardness. 2. A later analysis. By the Clinical Research Association. December, 191 3. From the Local Government Board. In parts per 100,000. Combined chlorine (equivalent to NaCl 1-98) 1-2 Nitric nitrogen ... ... ... ... ... -35 Nitrous nitrogen ... ... ... ... ... nil Ammoniacal nitrogen ... ... ... ... O003 Albuminoid nitrogen ... ... ... .... -0017 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. ... -009 Lead or copper ... ... ... ... ... nil Of satisfactory organic purity. Hadham, Much. 1. Xiiie Acres Plantation. See p. 217. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. 25th February, 1904. 318 ANALYSES- WELL-WATEKS. Hadham, cont. Probably combined as : Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, etc. Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Ca 10-1 Mg •65 Na 1-2 C0 3 14-8 so 4 1-7 CI 1-95 N0 3 1-55 In parts per 100, Bright, clear, no smell. a. Very satisfactory ; b. showed the presence of a Microscopic examination few mineral fragments. Total solids Chlorine Free ammonia ... ... Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen absorbed (4 hours at 80° F.) ... Nitrogen as n itrates Nitrites Total hardness Permanent hardness A water of great organic purity. "2. Water from Well in Chalk, 150 ft. deep. Made (Nov. 10, 1908) and communicated by W. T. Total solid residue Ammonia, free Ammonia, albuminoid Nitrogen as nitrates .. Nitrogen as nitrites .. In grains per gallon. A B 22-9 26-6 1- 1-1 •0008 ■0003 •0006 ■0004 — •01 •27 •366 nil. nil. 20° 20-5° 4° 3° Burgess." In parts per 100,000. ... 34-82 •003 •326 ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. 319 Haxpenden, cont. In parts per 100,000. Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80° F. ... -025 Chlorine 1-45 Total lime (CaO) 15-5 Total carbonates, calculated as carbonate of lime ... ... 26-2 Hardness, total (by soap- test) 27-5° ; permanent 3-6° ; temporary 23-9°. Slightly turbid. Hatfield. Marquis of Salisbury. For public supply ? See p. 219. By Sir E. Frankland. In parts per 100,000. Total solid matter 32-08 Organic carbon ... ... ... ... ... -007 Organic nitrogen ... ... ... ... -002 Ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites ... ... -438 Total combined nitrogen ... ... ... -44 Chlorine ... ... ... ... ... ... 1-4 Hardness: Temporary, 20-8° ; Permanent, 4-3°; Total, 25-1°. Heme! Hempstead. Waterworks. See p. 220. A. — Reportof Waterworks Committee, 1 910. Drawn from pump at Waterworks. B. — Engineer's Annual Report for 1910-11. Sample from Nos. 2 and 3 bores taken 5th April, 1911. In parts per 100,000. Total solids, dried at 120° C. Combined chlorine Equivalent to NaCl Nitric nitrogen (nitrates in A) Nitrous nitrogen (nitrites in A) Ammoniacal nitrogen (saline ammonia in A) Albuminoid nitrogen (albuminoid ammonia in A).. Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. Lead or copper Hardness: Temporary ,, Permanent Total Bacteriologic examination. The same in both. Average number of organisms producing visible colonies on gelatine-plates, incubated at 20-22° C. for 3 days. 4 per c.c. Ditto on agar-plates, incubated at 37-5° C. for 2 days. Less than 1 per c.c. B. coli, not found in 100 c.c. Streptococci, not found in 30 c.c. B. enteritidis sporogenes, not found in 100 c.c. These results show the water to be of a high degree of organic and bacterial purity. Hit chin. In Ranger's Report to the General Board of Health on the supply of water, p. 16, [Lord] Playfair gives the hardness of the water from a well at Collins' Corner at the very high figure of 50i°. x 2 A B 32-8 32-3 1-07 1-1 1-77 1-81 •3 •2 nil. nil. nil. nil. •0003 •0004 •0021 •003 nil. nil. 17-1° 17-3° 1-8° 1-8° 18-9° 19-1° 320 ANALYSES— WELL-WATERS. 03 © Hi Ph • 1— < © © Hi 5 «*2 so "3 C. Ml hh © 3 i— i ^ o P • © CO ^ 03 CM H OC h# « - © O 0B P3 p O <3^ CM — h <1> ^•2 p bD Jan., 1911. "eg 00 w> qa x © © Id CM ^ O CM i- -' - ^ '= ■- ° '1 1 3^ 8 s 5 „, >i eg Ph eg © fcn ti cc p r3 © -+s 3 p Ph> a O '_ © c -' • 0) CO Tf ^ 02 CM bb -+ ^ ^H © © ° : ~ v © . 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IN -T -- =• C K s O C cs a — '— - 3 tc m -.2 a, oa ■*? « pi © *■• rs p c r "'©_p I P o © P2 S 03 ' p ^- rt <=> Ph2 03 P^ P r*S) eg .P - ■- Hi Hi £ •^H »^H .5 DO 03 rr eg eg © C* i-i fc< © © p bC t>D © O O 6f) ^ fr X^ O ?§ ^" H-H CM P P HB H p -p © P .a © S-S g 2 §§ -= Ph © a 03 'P P -2 03 eg EH S3 © © -p 03 © © ■- 03 'C O a< 'S n p P eg * >. © *- ■fi «5 P © -P q -=5 - p-g eg s § h >>pa o tH © >4-l eg © 3 K ^ r! eS © Hi ^ • «^H o © s ,° © Ph lemical] ary and tlieless ' ictetic it. o.ss:e •-S *P > P — ?Pi^ >^o P3 . eg _S c> ^ 73 P -^ 03 Hi 03 -H — 3h-P Pig 2 i— < P c3 . q $ *^«2 ° Hi Cg fcH (T, P> q © © Pi P3 © 'h3 -P P2 g -P Th be eg .2 .—I ■Ida d hi suit ract « | cJ-ft o id -5 3 2 fc • S a a o a O - r o'2587 •4746 •S246 •9471 •6142 15-022 1-59 •!.3J (6-13 •23 •75 1-01 1-31 •44 •48 1-59 1-26 23-2 22-97 7-6 18-I ANALYSES — WELL-WATEKS. 325 St. Albans. I. Waterworks {see p. 243). L)rawn from the main on 14th October (older works). By Sir E. Fbanxland, Octoher, 1897. Clear, bright, of a high degree of organic purity. In parts per 100,000. Total solid matter 36-8 Organic carbon l- ... ... ... ... -025 Organic nitrogen ... ... -005 Ammonia ... ... ... ... ... Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites ... -433 Total combined nitrogen ... ... -438 Chlorine ... ... ... ... ... 1-6 Hardness: Temporary, 21° ; Permanent, 5-9° ; Total, 26-9°. Bacteriologic examination, November, 1897. After 5 days'' incubation the water contained only 4 microbes per cubic centimetre, any number not over 100 being satisfactory. 2. Waterworks, January, 1911. From the Local Government Board. A. — Stone Cruss Pumping Station. B. — Holywell Pumping Station. By A. E. Ekins. In grains per gallon. Total solids Chlorine Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Nitric nitrogen Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes at 80° F Oxvo;en absorbed in 4 hours at 80° F Hardness : Total, 21° and 20-4° ; Temporary, 19-25° and 19-2° ; Permanent, 1-75° and 1-2°. Appearance in 2 -ft. tube colourless and clear hi both. Metals (lead, copper, zinc, iron) none in both. Bacteriokgic examination. — Bacillus coli communis absent hi 1, 5, 10 cubic centimetres, in both. The waters are of a high degree of organic and bacterial purity. 3. Waterworks. From Holywell Pumping Station. By E. H. Fisheb, December, 1913. From the Local Government Board. In parts per 100,000. Free and saline ammonia ... ... nil Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen absorbed hi 15 minutes at 80° F. Oxygen absorbed hi 4 hours at 80° F. ... A B 25-3 23-8 1-2 •82 •0007 •0014 •0014 •0014 •40 •402 •0025 •0042 •0093 •0085 Nitric nitrogen •004 ■0057 •0277 •48 1-4 2-3 35- Chlorine Equivalent to sodium chloride ... Total solid matter dried at 180° C. Hardness: Temporary 27-7° ; Permanent, 3°. Appearance in two -foot tube, colourless and clear. Minute trace of iron. No lead, copper, zinc. A water of high organic purity. 4. Two analyses cf Waterworks water. November, 1915. Made and communicated by Dr. J. 0. Theesh. A. — From the Stone Cross well. B. — From the Holywell well. Clear and bright. Colour faintly green. No odour. Reaction neutral in both. 326 ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. St. Albans, cont. In parts per 100,000. Ca Mg Na C0 3 S0 4 01 N0 9 A B 124 12- •25 •25 2-75 2 1 19-2 17-6 11 1-6 2-2 2- 1-8 2-1 Probable combinations — Calcium carbonate ... Magnesium carbonate Calcium and magnesium sulphate ... Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, etc. A B 31- 29-3 •85 — 2-15 2-05 3-3 3-6 — 2-5 2-9 1-8 1-35 41-8 39- •003 •004 •002 •004 •018 •032 nil nil A B 23- 12-6 1-1 1-08 •00025 •0008 •171 •43 21° 6-6° 5-3° — 15-7° — Total solid constituents, dried at 180° C Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites Hardness: Temporary, 27£° and 27°; Permanent, 4 |° and 5°; Total, 32°, in both. 5. Herts Asylum, see p. 243. From the Local Government Board. B. — Clearly is after softening (by Porter-Clark process). In grains per gallon. Total solid matters (in B dried at 120° C.) .. Chlorine ... Albuminoid ammonia ... ... ... .. Nitrogen as nitrates, etc. (Total Hardness < Permanent (.Temporary The water is of a high degree of organic and bacterial purity. Sawbridgeworth. Herts and Essex Water Works Co. See p. 246. 1. By Dr. J. 0. Thresh, October, 1907. From the Local Government Board. Clear, but a little dull. Yellow tint. No odour. La parts per 100,000. Total solid matter dried at 180° C 44-2 Chlorine, 2-7. Equivalent to chlorides (60 p.c. CI) ... 4-5 Nitric nitrogen, -09. Equivalent to nitrates (17 p.c. N)... • >4 Nitrites absent. Lead, copper, zinc, iron absent. Free ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... -0188 Organic ;mmonia -0032 Oxygen absorbed at 98° F. in 3 hours -184 Hardness: Permanent, 6°; Temporary, 8°; Total, 14°. Bacterio logic examination : Number of organisms per cubic cen timetre capa ble of growing on alkaline nutrient jelly at 20° C. in 3 days, 10 only. .Smallest quantity of water in which growth occurred, with production of acid and gas in bile-salt glucose broth, not less than 20 c.c. No Bacillus coli found. Spores of Bacillus enter itidis sporogenes, absent in 500 c.c. 2. Sample taken from the rising main. Made and communicated by Dr. J. ('. Thresh. 1911. Slight yellowish -white opalescence, due to a trace of ferruginous chalk. Faintly yellow. No odour. Reaction neutral. iNALYSE.S — VVKLL-WATEKS. 327 Sawbridgeworth, cont. Ca Mg ?Na C0 3 S0 4 CI NO, Probable combinations : — Calcium carbonate ... Magnesium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, iron, etc. 9-8 1-2 3-05 17-8 4-5 2-8 •3 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. In parts per 100,000. 24-5 4-2 6-65 4-6 •4 3-75 Hardness : Temporary, 20° ; Permanent, 10 c Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed hi 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites 44-1 Total, 30°. •0146 •006 •01 absent. A B •0084 •005 •007 •0038 •0092 •0015 •2 •8 •04 •013 2-4 2 1 40 39- 4- 5- 36- 34- absent absent 25° 24 -75° 3° 1° Standon. Ware Gun Station, Bartram's Farm. See p. 248. A.— Sample taken 19th December, 1916. By Lt.-Col. E. M. Copeman. B. — Sample received 1st September, 1917, after deepening of bore. By Major A. G. R. Fotjlerton. Both in parts per 100,000. Ammonia, free and saline Ammonia, albuminoid Nitrites as nitrogen Nitrates aa nitrogen Oxygen absorbed (in 4 hours at 37° C.) Chlorine Total dissolved solids Volatile solids ... Fixed, or non volatile solids ... Poisonous metals Hardness : Temporary Permanent A. — Water cloudy on arrival. On standing it gave a thick sediment, of clay and chalk, with clear water above. Reaction of the water neutral. Bacteriologic examination. — One cubic centimetre contained, on an average, 5,925 bacteria capable of growth on gelatine-plates within 72 hours' incubation at a temperature of 22° C. A similar quantity of the water contained 80 bacteria capable of growth on agar-plates within 24 hours' incubation at a temperature of 37° C. B. coli was present in -5 c.c. of the water, but not in 1 c.c. The chemical and bacteriologic examinations show that the water is subject to heavy organic pollution. In its present condition it is unfit for drinking purposes. B. — Sample taken after the bore-tube had been lengthened, to avoid a fissure in the Chalk which was suspected as a possible source of surface-pollution. Water turbid, and contained much suspended matter. A heavy reddish-brown deposit, consisting mainly of iron-rust, was thrown down on standing, and the water remained slightly cloudy after standing for 48 hours. 91 per cent, of the deposit was ferric carbonate. Bacteriologic examination. — One cubic centimetre contained, on an average, 51 bacteria capable of growth on gelatine-plates within 48 hours' incubation at a temperature of 22° C. This number increased considerably within 72 hours' incubation. An equal quantity of the water con tamed 10 bacteria capable of growth within 24 hours at a temperature of 37° C. Bacilli of the colon group were present in 50 c.c. of the water specially examined, but not in 10 c.c. 328 ANALYSES — WELL- WATERS. Standon, cont. The following table seems to refer to both analyses : — Xo. of organisms growing at 22° C. (48 hours). 1st October, 1916 .. 19th October, 1916.. 19th January, 1917.. 2nd May, 1917 1st August, 1917 .. More than 8,000. 5,925 2,792 35 51 Xo. of organisms growing at 37° C. (24 hours). Uncountable. 80 630 20 (48 hours, 37° C.) 10 Organisms of colon group. Present in 1 c.c. Present in 1 c.c. Present in 10 c.c. Present in 50 c.c. Absent from 10. Present ha 50 c.c. Absent from 10. A comparison of the result with the results of previous examinations shows distinct improvement in the bacteriologic quality of the water. Conclusions. — The presence of nitrites is probably due to partial reduction of the nitrates by iron-salts. From the chemical point of view, and apart frcm the rust present, the water is of satisfactory quality. From the bacteriologic point of view the water is fit for drinking, but still has a rather high bacterial content for a deep well in the Chalk ; but this may be due partly to recent operations r n the well, and it may be expected that the quality of the water will improve in this respect. In its present condition the water is unsuitable for use. It is recommended that the rust should be got rid of by continuous pumping for several hours every day, until the water gets clear. Stevenage. 1. From deep boring, for the Great Northern Railway Co., south of Langley Siding. See p. 249. From the Analyst's Department of the Co. By W. G. Yotjxg. Two analyses, 25th May and 5th June, 1908, gave identical results. I Hear, bright and well aerated. In the first after standing some time there was a slight white precipitate, which proved to be chalk. In grams per gallon. Total dissolved solids 24-3 Consisting of the following : — Calcium carbonate ... ... ... ... 18-6 Magnesium carbonate... ... ... ... 3-3 Magnesium sulphate ... ... ... ... -72 Sodium chloride ... ... ... ... 1-65 Substances un estimated ... ... ... -03 A good boiler-water. Peculiarly adapted for softening. 2. Waterworks. See p. 250. 1903 ? From the Local Government Bcarc". Xo odour. Colourless and clear when viewed in bulk. In grams per gallon. Total solid matt-r 20-44 Loss on ignition ... ... ... ... ... ; -68 Combined chlorine (equal common salt 1 -0) ... -97 Nitrogen as nitrates ... ... -2 Nitrites ... ... ... ... ... ... none. Ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... traces. Albuminoid or organic ammonia ... ... -003 Oxygen required to oxidise the organic matter -00-J Hardness: Temporary, 14-7° ; Permanent, none. Number of bacteria per one cubic centimetre, 3. .An excellent water. Neither the chemical analysis nor the bacteriok gic xiiinination show any organic pollution. ANALYSES — WELL-WATEKS. 329 Ware. 1. A new well (1899). Musley Lane ? Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. May, 1899. In parts per 100,000. Chlorine (equivalent to chlorides 2 -7) ... ... 1 •() IK itric nitrogen (equivalent to nitrates 2-9) ... ... --19 Nitrites ... ... ... ... ... ... ... nil Free Ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... -000 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... ... •004 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. ... ... -0414 Hardness: Temporary, 12-1° ; Total, 18-7°. • Musley Hill Waterworks. 3. Musley Lane Waterworks, see pp. 259, 260, Both September, 19iO. By A. E. Ekins. From Loc-il Government Board. In grains per gallon. o 3 '*• > ' 27- 1 -5 1-5 •0038 •0034 •0016 •0015 ■148 •149 •0429 •0421 •105 •106 ■white white Total solids Chlorine ... Free ammonia ... Albuminoid ammonia ... Nitrogen as nitrates, etc. Oxygen absorbed hi 15 minutes at 180° F Oxvgen absorbed in 4 hours at l'80°F. Appearance on ignition Microscopic examination. — 2, Found granulated particles. 3, Very satisfactory. 2. Of good quality ; but a public supply should be free from sediment. Perhaps a bore-pipe may be defective. 3. Clear and bright and of very good quality. 4. Musley Hill Waterworks. 5. Musley Lane Waterworks. Both November, 1915. Communicated by H. F. Hill, Surveyor. In grains per gallon. Total dissolved matter Loss on incineration of residue- Chlorine in chlorides Equal to chloride of sodium » Nitrogen in nitrates ... Equal to nitric acid ... ••• Free (actual or saliue) aminoni Albuminoid (organic) ammonia Phosphoric acid 4 5 28-28 30-52 2-52 2-52 1-5 1-7 2-47 2-8 •25 •52 •96 2-01 •001 •001 •001 •001 traces traces Watford. 1. Leavesden. St. Pancras Schools, see p. 262. Made and communicated bv Dr. J. C. Thresh. 1904. No turbidity . Colour bright. In p -rts per Ca 11-3 Probable combinations — Mg •2 Calcium carbonate 25-7 C0 3 15 -4 Calcium sulphate ] 15 so 4 ■8 Calcium chloride 1-8 CI 1-4 Magnesium chloride . ... ■35 N0 3 3-8 Magnesium nitrate •6 Potassium and sodium nitrates 4-7 Silica, etc. • 2-4 T otal solid constituents dried at 180° C. ... 36-7 330 ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. Watford, cont. Hardness: Total Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites ... •0004 •0004 nil nil 2. Watford Railway Station, see p. 263. By R. Phillips, Proc Inst., C.E., 1849, vol. viii, p. 172, and 1850, vol. ix, p. 177. General Board of Health. Report on the Supply of Water to the Metropolis. Appendix ii, table opp. p. 93, 1850. In grams per gallon. Carbonate of lime ... ... ... 19-54 Sulphate of lime ... ... ... -94 Muriate of soda ... ... ... 1-9 Carbonaceous matter ... ... ... 1-32 Total 23-7 Oa 12-5 Mg •3 Na •9 C0 3 15-2 so 4 2-4 CI 2-3 NO a 44 3. Public supply. According to the Report of the Medical Officer of Health for 1898, there was an indication of the water not being so good as formerly. 4. Public Supply. No. 1 well, see p. 264. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. 1899. Clear and colourless. In parts per 100,000."] Probable combinations — Calcium carbonate ... ... 25-3 Calcium sulphate ... ... 3-4 Calcium nitrate ... ... 5-8 Magnesium chloride ... ... 1-2 Sodium chloride ... ... 2-3 Silica, aluminium oxide, etc. ... 1*5 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. ... 39-5 Hardness: Temporary, 22°; Permanent, 8°; Total, 30°. Free ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... -001 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... ... -006 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -027 Nitrites nil 5. Sample from No. 1 well, 9th January, 1911. Clear and bright. A few particles of iron -scale. Colour faintly green. No odour. Reaction neutral. 6. Sample from tap off pumping main, December, 1913. Clear and bright. No deposit. Very faint green tint. No odour. Reaction neutral. Both by Dr. J. C. Thresh and Dr. J. F. Beale. From Local Government Board (5 in Water Works Directory, 1 91 1 ). In parts per 100,000. Total solid matter, dried at 180° C. .. ( hlorine ... Equivalent to chlorides (60 p.c. CI) .Nitric nitrogen Equivalent to nitrates (17 p.c. N) .. Xitrites ... Lead, copper, zinc, iron 5 6 42-2 46-5 2-2 2-6 3-7 4-3 •83 •98 4-95 5-85 absent absent faint trace very of iron. minute trace of iron . ANALYSES — WELL- WATERS. 331 Watford, cont. Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed at 36-6° (in 6 at 37° C.) in 3 hours C Permanent, in 5, 6-3°, in 6, 5° Hardness \ Temporary, in 5, 14-7° in 6, 16° (.Total, in 5,21° Number of organisms per cubic centimetre capable of growing upon nutrient gelatine at 20° C. in 3 days Number of organisms per cubic centimetre capable of growing upon agar at 37 C°. in one day Smallest quantity of water giving acid and gas in bile-salt glucose broth Smallest quantity of water giving gas in bile- salt lactose broth Smallest quantity of water containing Bacillus Absent coli communis ... ... ... in 36 cc. Smallest quantity of water giving the reaction Absent of Bacillus enteritidis sporogenes ... ... in 110 cc. In both the water is of excellent quality both chemically and bacteriologically, and is well adapted for public supply. See also table, p. 332. In parts per 100,000. 5 •0016 •002 •014 32 18 Absent in 36 cc. Absent in 36 cc. 6 •0008 •0022 •01 42 8 60 cc —100 cc. —100 cc — 150 cc. Welwyn. 1. Church Fields Cottages, Lower Green. ? Hertford Rural District Council, see p. 265. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. Faintly opalescent. Yellow-green tint. No odour. Ca 10-6 Mg •06 Na 2-5 C0 3 15-8 so 4 •6 CI 1-8 NO. 3-5 Probable combinations — Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Sodium chloride Sod iu m n itra te . . . Silica and trace of iron Total solid constituents, dried at 180° C. Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 180° C. Nitrites ... Hardness: Temporary, 22 -5° ; Permanent, 3-5° November, 1914. Reaction neutral. In parts per 100,000. 26-3 •35 •3 3- 4-8 •85 35-6 •0008 •0096 •0700 nil Total, 26°. Made (April 1905) and communicated by W. T. Burgess. In parts per 100,000. Total solid residue 29-56 Organic carbon ... ... ... ... ... ... 114 Organic nitrogen ... ... ... ... ... ... 010 Ammonia, free ... ... ... ... ... ... Ammonia, albuminoid ... ... ... ... ... 005 Nitrogen as nitrates ... ... ... ... ... ... 1-579 Nitrogen as nitrites ... ... ... ... ... ... Total combined nitrogen ... ... ... ... ... 1-589 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 80° F. ... ... ... -024 Chlorine 1-85 Hardness, total (by soap-test) 17-7° ; permanent 10-2° ; temporary 7-5 c . 332 ANALYSES — WELL-WATERS. c e o- P- ~t tr- ee •FN a £ o O c - © > ■+3 o © . K© © Pn ■» 05 *- -e uZ -^ a, © $ a 73 a cS s-i ©■ 1—1 o © i— i s - _© & ce I a fH © 3 W -a M 3 -1-2 53 _© a 73 a; C T3 P-i K z s so 00 CM CM <0<1 00 CM CM — a eg co oo cq 30 CO so so 01 Ol — so ro GO t- CO CO LO co i> © £ o O SO cs — ^- - ^ Q w §, OS CM o o CO GO O '0 o CM — _ GO -T. -O •S : >> :^- • 2, * Ph C GO 5 -< ?> > as o IS 3 ^ 3 i- ri - ^3 3 ^ 5 ■2 CQ a t>j^ i) « © DO 3 0) =5 /. WW ^cot; . r. t~ O ' 5 co 2 ^ > 2 gl5l S c3 © ^ — © o § © i> oo © u o o *s S -O Rrt.H tsd cs t; ^3 -g ? M ^ ^ ; : >» : © :W : IS © "1 s- r-OQ © 43 00 3w £ ■*5 ce ^5 LKLfOGrKAl'HY BIBLIOGRAPHY. With the exception of the County six-inch maps the titles in the following list have- the prefix B for such as refer to Buckinghamshire only, and the prefix H for such as refer to Hertfordshire only, those referring to both counties having both letters. It will be seen that H is by far the most common, Hertfordshire Waters having a fairly large literature. Geological Survey Works. Maps. A. — Sheets of the original series. On the scale of an inch to a mile. H .— 1, N.W. The N.W. coiner (Cheshunt, Hoddesdon). By W. Whitaker, 1868. Drift Edition 1871. B. H — 7. Great part (Amersham, Beaconsfield, Chesham, Colnbrook, Great Harlow. High Wycombe, Prince's Risborough, Slough, in Bucks. Barnet, Berkhamp- stead, Hemel Hempstead, Rickniansworth, St. Albans, Watford, in Herts.). By H. Bauerman, W. Whitaker, T. R. Polwhele. R. Trench, H. B. Woodward, and ? others). 1861. Drift Edition, 1871. B. — j 3. About 3 square miles, at the northern edge, and about 8 at the eastern. 1860. B. — 45, NE. Great part, in Bucks (Buckingham). By T. R. Polwhele and A. H. Green. 1863. Drift Edition, 1873. B. — 45, SE. Great part, in Buck?. (Brill.) By H. Bauerman. W. Whitaker and T. R. Polwhele. 1863. B. — 46, NW. Great part (Fenny Stratford, Newport Pagnell, Stony Stratford, Winslow). By H. Bauerman, W. Whitaker, A. H. Green and J. R. Dakyns. 1864. H. — 46, NE. About half. (Baldock, Ritchin.) By W. Whitaker, F. J. Bennett and T. Adams. Drift partly by A. H. Green and W. Topley. 1869. Drift (and revised) Edition. Revisions by A. J. Jukes-Browne, 1884. Additions by A. C. G. Cameron, 1891. B. H.- — Hi, SW. Nearly all (Aylesbury, Berkhampstead, part, Tring, Wendover, part). By E H ull, H. Bauerman, W. Whitaker and A. H. Green. 1865. H. — 46, SE. About six-sevenths. (Hatfield, Hertford, part, Stevenage.) By W. Whitaker, R. Trench, T. McK. Hughes. A. H. Green, W. Topley, R. H. Tiddeman, A. C. G. Cameron, A. J. Jukes-Browne. 1867. Drift Edition (with other additions) 1898. H— 47. Much of the western part. (Bishop's Stortford, Buntingford, Hertford,. Royston, Ware.) By W. Whitaker and W. H. Penning. 1881. Drift Edition, 1884. B. — 52, SW. Some of southern and central pait. (Olney.) By H. H. Howell. 1863. B. H- — London and its Environs. Includes a reproduction of parts of Buckingham- shire and of Hertfordshire in Sheet 7. 1873. B. — Sheets of the new series. On the scale of an inch to a mile. B. — 254. Much of the western part. Resurveyed by J. H. Blake and A. J. Jukbs- Browne. 1905. B. H.- — London District, Sheet 1. Northern and western border (Barnet, Rickmans- worth, Watford). Reproduced from the original. With additions in Thames-. Valley. By J. A. Howe. 1903. B. — London District, Sheet 3. North-western corner (Colnbrook). Addition:* (by J. A. Howe?). 1903. B. — Oxford. North-eastern corner. Resurveyed by H. B. Woodward and €f. W. Lam:plugh. 1 908. C— Sheets of the Index Map. On the scale of 4 miles to an inch. B. — 11 (original series). Small part on east. 1895. B. H.- — 12 (original series). Most of north-western corner, hand-coloured. 1895. Colour-printed later. B. H.— -15 (new series). SE. corner. 1910. H.— 16 „ Great part of SW. corner. 1907. B. H.— 19 „ Great part of NE. corner. 1908. H. — 20 „ Very small part of NW. corner. 1907. MS. Maps, on the scale of six inches to a mile. Deposited in the Library of the; Geological Survey and Museum, Jermyn Street. Buckinghamshire. Some refer to Herts, also. 2. 3. Cold Brayfield, Lavendon, Olney (N. part). By A. C. G. Cameron. 1 891. 334 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 5. Chicheley, Emberton, Olney (S. part), Ravenstone, Sherington, Weston Underwood. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1891. 6. 11. Astwocd. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1891. 9. Bradwell, Calverton, Castle Thorpe, Haversham, Stony Stratford, Wolverton. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1895. 10. Unfoid (Great and Little), Milton Keynes, Moulsoe, Newport Pagnell, North Crawley, Willen, Woclstone (Great and Little). By A. C. G. Cameron. 1896. 13. SE. corner on]y. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1897. 14. Drift only. Beachampton, Loughton, Nash, Shenley (Brook End and Church End), Thornborough, Whaddon. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1897. 15. Bletchley, Brickhill (Bow and Little), Fenny Stratford, Simpson, Walton, Wavendon. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1896. 18. Incomplete. Addington, Adstock, Claydon (East, Middle and Steeple), Padbury. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1897. 19. Drayton Parslow, Horwood (Great and Little), Murslev, Swanbourne, Winslow. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1896. 20. Great Brickhill, Newton Longville, Souiburv, Stewklev, Stoke Hammond. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1896. 23. Incomplete. Cubiington, Dunton, Grandborough, Hoggeston, North Marston, Oving, Whit chinch. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1897. 24. Aston Abbots, Lin.slade, Mentmore, Slapt on, Wing. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1897. 26. SW. (Nearly all Oxon). By T. I. Pocock. 1905. 26. SE. Boarstall. Bv H. B. Woodward, G. W. Lamplugh and T. I. Pocock. 1 905. 27. SW. Small part. "Brill. By H. B. Woodward and G. W. Lamplugh. 1905. 28. NE. Hardwick, Weedon. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1897. 28. SE. Aylesbury, Bierton. Bv A. C. G. Cameron and A. J. Jukes-Browne. 1897. Revised by C. Reid. 1910. 29. NW. (Part Herts). Hulcott, Wingrave. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1897. 29. NE. (Part Herts). Cheddington. By A. C. G. Cameron 1889. Revised by C. Retd. 1911. 29. SW. (Part Herts). Puttenham. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1897. Revised by C. Reid and R. L. Sherlock. 1911. 29. SE. (Mostly Herts). Marsworth. By A. C. G. Cameron, A. J. Jukes-Browne, 1897. Revised bv R. L. Sherlock. 1911. 30. NW. (Part Beds). * Edlesborough, Ivinghoe. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1889. Revised by C Reid. 1 912. 30. NE. (Part Herts and Beds). Kensworth, Whipsnade. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1889. Revised bv C. Reid. 1912. 30. SW. (Part Herts). Pitstone. Bv A. C. G. Cameron. 1889. Revised bj C. Reid. 1912. :'•'. SE. (Part Herts and Beds). Little Gaddesden, Studham. Bv A. C. G. Cameron, 1889. Revised bv C. Reid and R. L. Sherlock. 1912. 31. NE. (Part Oxon). Oakley. By H. B. Woodward and T. I. Pocock. 1905 31. SE. (Part Oxon). Ickford, Worminghall. By H. B. Woodward. 1905. 32. NW. (W. border only). By H. B. Woodward. 1905. 32. SW. (W. border only). By H. B. Woodward. 1905. 33. NE. (Eastern half). Stoke Mandeville. By A. C. G. Cameron, A. J. Jukes- Browne. 1897. Revised by C. Reid and R. L. Sherlock. 1912. 33. SE. (Eastern half). Eiiesborough. By A. C. G. Cameron, A. J. Jukes- Browne. 1897. Revised by R. L. Sherlock. 1912. 34. NW. Aston Clinton, Buckiand, Halton, Weston Turville. By A. J. Jdkes- Browne. 1889. Revised by R. L. Sherlock. 1912. 34, NE. (Greater part Herts). Drayton Beauchamp, Tring. Bv A. C. G. Cameron. 1889. Revised by R. L. Sherlock. 1911. 34. SW. Wendover. By A. J. Jukes-Browne. Revised by R. L. Sherlock. 1911. 34. SE. {Part Herts.). Cholesburv. By R. L. Sherlock. 1912. 35. SW. (Nearly all Huts. Berkhampstead, W. part, Northchurch ). By R L. Sherlock. 1912. 37. NE. Eastern half. Great Kimble. By A. J. Jukes-Browne. Revised by R L , Sherlock. 1911. 37. SE. Horsenden. Bv J. H. Blake, A. J. Juices-Browne and R L. Sherlock. 1911. 38. NW. Wendover Dean. By R. L. Sherlock. 1911. 38. NE. Charteridge. By R. L. Sherlock. 1911. 38. SW. Great Hampden. By R. L. Sherlock, 1911. 38. SE. Great Missenden. By R. L. Sherlock. 1911. 39. NW. (Small part Herts). * Ashley Green. By R. L. Sherlock. 1912. 39. NE. (Greater part Herts). Bourne End, Bovingdon. By R. L. Sherlock. 1912. 39. SW. Chesham. By R. L. Sherlock. 1912. 39.SE (Part Herts). Flaunden. Bv R, L. Sherlock and A H Noble 1911. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 335 40 . NE. (All Oxon but small S.E. comer). By J. H. Blake. 40. SE. (Oxon, all but eastern border). Bv J. H. Blake. 41. NW. (Part Oxon). Radnage. By J. H Blake. 41 . NE. Bradenham. By J. if Blake, 1S97, and R, L. Sherlock, 1 910. 41. SW. Stokenchurch. Bv J. H. Blake. 41. SE. West Wycombe. Bv J. H. Blake, 1897, and R. L. Sherlock, 1910. 42. NW. Great Kingshill. By R. L. Sherlock. 1910. 42. NE. Little Missenden. By R. L. Sherlock. 1 9H . 42. SW. Hughenden. By R. L. Sherlock. 1910. 42. SE. Tylers Green (Penn). By R. L. Sherlock. 1 910. 43. NW. Amersham, Cnesham Bois. Bv R. L. Sherlock. 1911. 43. SW. Coles Bill. By R. L. Sherlock. 1 911. 43. SE. (Part Herts). O'Connorville. 45. NE. (Part Oxon). Turville Heath. By J. H. Blake. 45. SE. (Mo.-tlv Oxon). By J. H. Blake. 46. NW. Cadmore End, Turville. By J. T3. Blake. 46. NE. Lane End. By J. H. Blake, 1897, and R. L. Sherlock. 1910. 46. SW. By J. H. Blake. 1896. 46. SE. By J. H. Blake. 1897, A. H. Noble. 1910. Additions bv G. Barrow, 1914. 47. NW. High Wycombe. By R. L. Sherlock. 1910. Additions by G- Barrow. 1914. 47. NE. Loudwater, Penn (part). By R. L. Sherlock. 1910. 47. SW. Little Marlow. By A. H. Noble. 1910. Additions by G. Barrow and C. N. Bromehead. 1914. 47. SE. Wooburn. By A. H. Noble. 1910. Additions by G. Barrow. 1914. 48. NW. Chalfont St. Giles, Seer Green. By A. H. Noble. 1911. 48. NE. (Part Herts). Chalfont St. Peter. Bv A. H. Noble. 1911. 48. SW. (Very small part Herts) Beaconsfield, Hedoerley. Bv A. H. Noble. 1911. 48. SE. Gerrards Cross. Bv A. H. Noble, 1911. 49. SW. (Mostly Middlesex). By J. A. Howe. 1902. 49. Part (Denbain and Iver) included in Midd'esex 9, SE., 14 NE. and SE. 50. (Small piece on N.E.). By J. H. Blake. 1896. 51. NE. Medmenham. By J." H. Blake, 1897, and A. H. Noble, 1910. 51. SE. Very small piece. By J. H. Blake. 1897. 51. Part, included in Herts 23. Ham bit don. 52. NW. (Mostly Berks). Cookham Dean and Rise, Marlbw. By A. H. Noble, 1910, and C. N. Bromehead, 1914. 52. NE. (Part Berks). Cleveden, Cookham. Bv A H. Noble. 1910. 52. SE. (Part Berks). Burnham, Tapiow. BvA. H. Noble. 1910. 53. NW. Burnham Beeches, Stoke Common. "By A. H. Noble. 1911. 53. NE. Fulmer. By J. A. Howe. 53. SW. Fan-. ham Royal, Stoke Poges. By A. H. Noble. 1911. 53. SE. Iver, Lanclev Marish (part). Bv J. A. Howe. 1902. 54. NW. (Mostly Middlesex). By J. A. Howe. 1902. 54. SW. (Mostly Middlesex). By J. A. Howe. 1902. 55. NE. (part Berks). Boveney, Dorney. By C: X. Bromehead. 1910. 55. SE. (nearly all Berks). By C. N. Uromehead; 191<>. 56. NW. (small part Berks). Eton, Slough. By C. N. Bk uehf.ad. 1910. 56. NE. Langley Marish. By J. A. Howe, 1902, and C. N. hromehead, 1911. 56. SW. (mostly Berks). Eton (part), Datchet, Windsor. By 0. N. Bromehead. 1910. 56. S.E. (partly Berks and Middlesex). Colnbrook, Horton. By T. I. Pocock and J. A. H(mvk, 1902, and C. N. Bromehead, 1911. 57. N.W. (mostly Middlesex) Harmondsworth, West Drayton, Yiewsley. By J. A. Howe, 1902. 58. N.E. (parts Berks, Middlesex and Surrey). Wyrardisbury, Egham, Staines. By C. N. Bromehead, 1911. Hertfordshire — Seme refer to Bucks also. Part of IS in Bedfordshire 32. Part of 41 in Middlesex 2. Part of 44 in Middlesex 5. Part of 45 in Middlesex 6. Part of 46 in Middjesex 7. And various parts in sundry Buckinghamshire Maps. 25, NW. (Part Bucks). Puttenham. By C. Reid and R. L. Sherlock. 1911. 25, NE. (Mostly Bucks). By A. C. G. Cameron. Revised by C. Reid. 1912. 25, SW. (Half Bucks). Tring. By R. L. Sherlock. 1911. 25, SE. (Very small part Bucks). Aldbuiy, Wigginton. By C. R.EID and R. L. Sherlock. 1912. 26. (Part Bucks). Ashridge, Little Gaddesden, Markyate Street. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1 887. 28. Ayot St. Lawrence and St. Peter, Welwyn, Wheathampstead. By A. C. G. 'Cameron. 1890. Y 2 336 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 33. (Part Bucks). Incomplete. Berkhampstead, Heme] Hempstead. By A. C. G. Cameron. See also Buck*, 35, SW., 39, NW„ NE. 43, SW. (Mostly Bucks). By A. H. Noble. 1911. 44, SE. Bushey Heath. By A. C. G. Cameron. 1899. 47, NW. (Nearly all Bucks.). By A. H. Noble. 1911. 47, NE. Small corner. By J. A. Howe. 1902. Sheets of Horizontal Sections. B.' — 74. Section . . . through . . . Stoke Poges, Hedgerley, Beaconsfield, & EUesborough to Bishopstone, in Bucks ; across the . . . London Clay, Reading Beds, Chalk, Upper Greensand and Gault to the Lower Greensand. By W. Whitaker. 1868. H. — 79. Section across the London Basin ... to near Heme] Hempstead (Herts) on the North. By W. Whitaker. 1868. H.- — 121. Section across the Chalk of Hertfordshire, from 3 m les eastward of Ware, through the Tertiary Outliers of Sacombe and Cutting Hill, bv Baldock. By W. H. Penning. 1878. B.- — 140. (Continuation of 74.) Section from Bishopstone near Hartwell, through the Oolites and Lias of Bucks . . . (near Buckingham). By [Prof.] A. H. Green, H. B. Woodward and W. H. Penning. 1886. Memoirs. 8vo. Arranged chronologically. B. H. — 1864. The Geology of Parts of Middlesex, Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire, etc. By W. Whitaker. B. — 1864. The Geology of the Country round Banbury . . . and Buckingham. By [Prof.] A. H. Green. (Portland Beds and Lower Greensand by W. W.) B. H— 1872! Vol. iv. The Geology of the London Basin. Parti. The Chal k and the Eocene Beds of the Southern and Western Tracts. By W. Whitaker. (Bucks, Weils, pp. 427-430. Herts, Wells, 447-456.) B. H. — 1875. Guide to the Geology of London and the Neighbourhood. Bv W. Whitaker. Ed. 2, the same year. Ed. 3, 1880. Ed. 4, 1884. Ed. 5, 1889. Ed. 6, 1901. Out of print. H— 1878. The Geology of the N.W. Part of Essex and the N.E. Part of Herts. By W. Whitaker, W. H. Penning and E. J. Bennett. (Part.) Herts, Wells and Borings, pp. 82-88. B. H. — 1889. The Geology of London and of Part of the Thames Valley. In 2 vols. Water-references as follows : Bucks., Vol. ii, Wells pp. 7-11, 334, 335. Herts, Vol. i, pp. 503, 504, table opp. 533 ; Vol. ii, Wells pp. 43-58. By W. Whitaker. B. — 1891. Explanation of Horizontal Section, Sheet 140. By H. B. Woodward. B. — 1894. The Jurassic Rocks of Britain. Vol. iv. The Lower Oolitic Rocks. By H. B. Woodward. B. — 1895. The Jurassic Rocks of Britain. Vol. v. The Middle and Upper Oolitic Rocks. By H. B. Woodward. B.H. — 1897. Soils and Sub-soils from a Samtary Point of View ; with especial reference to London and its Neighbourhood (Chap, iv, Water-supply). By H. B. Woodward. Ed. 2 in 1906. B. — 1 900. The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain . Vol. i. The Gault and Upper Greensand. By A. J. Jukes-Browne. H.— -1901. Summary of Progress ... for 1900, pp. 122, 123, 129, 130. B.H. — 1903. The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain. Vol. ii. The Lower and Middle Chalk. By A. J. Jukes-Browne. B.H. — 1904. The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain. Vol. iii. The Upper Chalk. By A. J. Jukes-Browne. H- — 1904. Summary of Progress ... for 1903. Report on the Soils of the Roths msted Estate. By H. B. Woodward, pp. 14(5-150. B— 1905. Summary of Progress . . . for 1904. (Muswell Hill and Brill, pp. 18-20.) B. — 1906. Summary of Progress ... for 1905. (Gerrards Cross, by G. Barrow, pp. 171, 172.) B. — 1908. The Geology of the Country around Henley-on-Thames and Wallingford. By A. J. Jukes-Browne and H. J. 0. Whitk. (Borings, Springs, Wells, Swallow-holes, pp. 3-5, 14-16, 18 ? 19,21-26, 45, 53, 65-67, 72, 73, 94, 95, 98.) B. — 1 908. The Geology of the Country around Oxford. (Water Supply, pp. 12 J-128 ; Springs and Wells elsewhere.) By T. I. Pocock (and H. B. Woodward). B. — Summary of Progress . . .for 1907. (New Railway, Ashendon to Aynho.) By (i Barrow, Bucks, pp. 141--144. B. H- - 1 90 9 The Geology of the London District. By H. B. Woodward. B. — 1911. Summary of Progress . . . for 1910. Bucks referred to, p. 26. B. — 1912 Siiniinarv of Progress . . . for 1911. Bucks referred to, pp. 30, 31. B.H— 1913. Summary of Progress . .for 1912. Bucks and Herts, pp. 32-34, 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 337 H. — 1914. Summary of Progress . . . for 1913. Herts, pp. 31-36. B. H. — -1915. The Geology of the Couritry around Windsor and Chertsey. By Henry Dewey and G. E. N. Bromehead. (Water Supply, p. 94, etc. Wells and Springs noted throughout.) H. — Summary of Progress . . . for 1914. (Herts., pp. 29,31— 33.) B. H. — 1916. On the Thicknesses of Strata in the Counties of England . . . (pp. 16-22, 92-96). B. — 1916. Summary of Progress for 1915. On a Deep Boring for Coal near Little Missenden. By Dr. A. Strahan. H. — 1918. Summary of Progress for 1917. On a Boring in Deep Drift at Gosmore, near Hitchin. By Dr. A. Strahan. H.— 191 9. Summary of Progress for 1918. Further Notes on the Boring at Gosmore. By Sir A. Strahan. Reports to the General Board of Health (up to 1850), and Reports of the Local Government Board (1874 and after), arranged chronologically. H. — 1849. Ranger, Wm. — Report to the General Board of Health on a Preliminary Inquiry into the . . . Supply of Water ... of Hitchin. Short Note on Water, p. 7. Hardness of Water (L. Playfair), p. 16. H. — 1849. Ranger, Wm. — Report to the General Board of Health on a Preliminary Inquiry into the . . . Supply of Water ... of Ware and Great Am we 11. Playfaib, on Hardness of Water, p. 15. B. — 1850. Rammell. T. W. — Report to the General Board of Health on . . . the Town and Parish of Beaconsfield. (Water-supply, pp. 11-13.) B. — 1850. Rammell, T. W. — Report to the General Board of Health . . . on a Pre- liminary Inquiry into the . . . Supply of Water ... of Chipping Wycombe. (Water, pp. 11, 17.) B. — 1874. Radcliffe, J. N., and [Sir] W. H. Power. — Report on an Outbreak of Enteric Fever in Marylebone (etc.). Bep. Med. Off. Privy Council and Loc. Gov. Bd., n. ser., No. ii, p. 103. Notes of Wells at Chilton Grove Farm. Analyses by A. Dtjpre, pp. 123, 124, 128. H. — 1874. Thorne [Sir], T. — Report ... on an Outbreak of Fever at Baldock. Fol. Loud. H. — 1883. Power [Sir], W. H. — Report ... on Epidemic Prevalence of Enteric Fever in the Hitchin Urban Sanitary District. (Pp. 1, 2, 4-6.) Reprinted 1884 in 13th Ann. Bep. L.G.B. Bep. of Med. Officer, p. 79. B. — 1888. Parsons Dr. H. F. — Report . . on a recent Outbreak of Enteric Fever in the Borough of Buckingham. No. 25. Pp. 2-6. Analyses, by W.W.Fisher, pp. 9, 10. B. — 1896. Buchanan, Dr. G. S. — Report ... on an Outbreak of Enteric Fever in the Village of Wycombe Marsh. (Pp. 2, 4-S). Reprinted in 25th Ann. Bep. Supplement, p. 53. B. — 1896. Wheaton, Dr. S. W. — Extracts from Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Borough of Chipping AVycombe, and on the Prevalence of Enteric Fever in the Urban District. 25th Ann. Bep. L.G.B. Supplement, p. 49. B. — 1899. Johnstone, Dr. R. W. — Two Reports ... as regards the Eton Rural District. No. 141, pp. 2, 3. B. — 1904. Sweeting, Dr. R. D. — Report . . . upon an Outbreak of Enteric Fever at tbe Villages of Edlesborough . . . and Eaton Bray. No. 203. B. — 1912. Fletcher, Dr. W. W. E. — Report . . . upon the Sanitary Circumstances . . of the Newport Pagnell Rural District. No. 72. Water-supply, pp. 2-4. B. H.— 1915. Return as to Water Undertakings in England and Wales. Fol. Books and Papers, arranged chronologically. H. — 1769. RussEL,Dr. R. — A Dissertation on the Use of Sea Water., also An Account of the Nature, Properties, and Uses of all the remarkable Mineral Waters in Great Britain. 8vo. Lond. Ed. 5 (? first in 1753). Refers to Barnet and Northall, pp. 232-235. H. — 1812. Trlnder, Rev. W. M. — The English Olive-tree ... To which are sub- joined Chymical Experiments on the Barnet Well Water, Herts. 8vo Lond. B. — 1820. Farey, J. — -(Account of Well at Newton Longville.) In P. Thompson's "Collections for a Topographical . . . Account of Boston . . ." 4to, Lond., pp. 297, 298. Reprinted in Thompson's "History ... of Boston . . ." p. 670. Fol. Boston and London, 1856. B.— 1833. Knight, T.— The History of the Dorton Chalybeate, near Brill, Bucks ; with a concise Treatise on its Chemical Properties and Medicinal Uses. 12mo, Brill. Ed. 4, small 8vo, London. Much fuller, 1835. H. — 1836. Gravatt, Wm. — Some Account of several Sections through the Plastic Clay formation in the vicinity of London. Trans. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. i, p. 1 51. H. — 1837. Mitchell, Dr. J. — An Account of a Well at Beaumont Green in the County of Hertford. Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. ii, No. 51, pp. 551, 552. 338 BIBLIOGRAPHY. H. — 1840. Report to the Provisional Committee of the London and Westminster Water-works, etc., etc. 8vo. Reprinted from the Morning Advertiser of Dec. 29, 1840. In "Observations on a Report," bv R. Stephenson, 8vo, London (1841). H. — 1841. Clutterst/ck, Rev. J. C. — A Letter to Sir John Sebright, Bart., on the- injurious Consequences likely to accrue to a portion of the County of Hertford, if the London and Westminster Water Company should carry into effect their project of supplying the Metropolis with Water from the Valley of the River Colne. Pp. 16, plate, 8vo, Watford and London. H. — 1841. Stephenson, R — London and Westminster Water Company. S cond Report, 8vo, London. H.- — 1842. Clutterbtjck, Rev. J. C. — Supply of Water to the Metropolis from the Valley of the Colne. A few words in answer to Mr. Stephenson's Second Report. . . . . Pp. 15, 8vo, Watford. B. — 1842. Sleight, W. W. — The Dorton Spas, Bucks, Chalybeate, Sulphurous and Saline. A Treatise on the Extraordinary Effects produced by the Use of the Waters of Dorton. 8vo, London. H.- — 1843. Clutterbuck, Rev. J. C. — Observations on the Periodical Drainage and Replenishment of the Subterraneous Reservoir in the Chalk Basin of London. Proc Inst. Civ. Eng , vol. ii, pp. 155 — 1C5, plate. H. — 1849. Coleman, Rev. W. H. — Flora Hertfordiensis (Webb and Coleman). Intro- duction. (Swallow-Holes, pp. xlii, xliii, 8vo, London.) H. — 1850. Clutterbuck, Rev. J. C. — On the Periodical Alternations and Progressive Permanent Depression of the Chalk Water Level under London. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. ix, p. 151, pi. 6. H. — 1850. Homersham, S. C. — Report to the Directors of the London (Watford) Sprirg-water Company. Pp. 58, 8vo, London. Eds. 2, 3 same year. Ed. 4, large 8vo. H — 1850. Tabberner, J. L- — Metropolitan Water Supply. Present and Future . . . 8vo, London. Refers to Bushey. H. — 1850. Report [to the New River Company] of Mr. George Rennie on the supply of Water . . . from the District of Bagshot. (Herts. Waters, pp. 25, 20.) 4to, London. H. — 1851. Ansted. Prof. D. T. — On the Absorbent Power of Chalk, and its Water Contents under different Conditions. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., Vol. ix, p. 360. Herts, pp. 364-366, 368-370. B. H. — 1851. Prestwich, [Sir] Joseph. — A Geological Inquiry respecting the Water- bearing Strata of the Country around London, with reference especially to the Water-supply of the Metropolis. 8vo, London. H. — 1852. Graham, T.. Dr. W. A. Miller, and Dr. A. W. Hoffmann, — Chemical Report on the Supply of Water to the Metropolis. (Of the Water proposed to be supplied from Watford, pp. 405-407.) Quart. Journ. Chem. Soc, vol. iv, p. 375. H. — 1852. Lankester, Dr Edwin. Dr. P. Redfern, Dr. T. Clark, and Dr. John Smith. Reports made to the Directors of the London (AVatford) Spring Water Company, on the Results of Mcroscopical Examinations of the Organic Matters and Solid Contents of Waters . . . together with A Chemical Report on the Quality of . . . Water from Chalk Springs near Watford. 8vo. Privately ])rinted. H. — 1853. Chapman, Prof . E. J. — Mineralogieal Notes . . . Absorption of Water by Chalk. Phil. 3Iag.,ser. 4, vol. vi, p. 115(pp. 118, 119). H. — 1853. Clutterbtjck, Rev. J. C. — On the intermittent Bourns of the Chalk Districts. (Refers to Herts. Bourne.) Proc. Ashmolean Soc, vol. iii, pp. 5-8. H. — 1854. Prestwich, [Sir] Joseph. — On the Structure of the Strata between the London Clay and the Chalk . . . Part ii. The Woolwich and Reading Series. (Well-sections, pp. 145, 146.) Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. x, p. 75. H -1855. Barlow, P. W. — On Some Peculiar Features of the Water-bearing Strata of the London Basin. (Herts, pp. 47-52, and in Discussion, by S. Clegg, J. Evans, and others, pp. 69-72, 87. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eiig., Vol. xiv, p 42. H. — 1855. Homersham, S. C. — The Chalk Strata considered as a Source for the Supply of Water to the Metropolis. Journ. Soc Arts, vol. iii, No. 115, p. 168. B — 1856. Farey, J.— See 1820. H. — 1856. (Date of Preface : On title, 1859.) Hughes. S.— A Treatise on Water- works for the Supply of Cities and Towns. 8vo, London. Ed. 2 in 1872, by R. Silverthorne; other Eds. in 1879 and 1882. Many references to Herts. Wells noticed pp. 206, 207, 214, 2)7, 218 (of Ed. of 1882). H. — 1 857. Campbell, D. — On the Source of the Water of the deep Wells in the Chalk under London. Quart. Journ. Chem. Soc, vol. ix, p. 21. Refers to Watford water. f;;::lioi;::a: ;;v. 339- H. — 1864. Clutterbuck, Rev. J. C. — Agricultural Notes on Hertfordshire. ( Refers to Swallow-holes and Water-level in Chalk). Journ. R. Agric. Soc, vol. xxv r pt. ii, p. 302. H. — 1865. Blenkarn, J. — The Absorbing Well, New Barnet, Herts. Builder, vol. xxiii, No. 1154, p. 189, etc. H.- — 1 865. Latham, Baldwin. — Upon the Supply of Water to Towns (Second Section). Soc. Eng. Trans, for 1864, p. 226. Herts'Wells, pp. 245, 246, 249and pi. 5. H. — 4 867. Second Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the best means of preventing the Pollution of Rivers (River Lea), Vol. ii, Minutes of Evidence. Notes of Water Supply at Barnet, Bishop's Stortf ord, Hertford and Ware, and of Chadwell Spring. H. — 1869. Royal Commission on Water Supply. Report . . . General Remarks throughout. R. W. Mylne on Springs and Swallow-holes, in Minutes of Evidence, pp. 281, 282. Appendix to Minutes of Evidence. Analyses, pp. 104, 105. Eol., London, B. H- — 1874. Rivers Pollution Commission, Sixth Report (Water Supply}. Analyses,, pp. 100, 101, 123, 127. H. — 1876. Anon.— Field Meetings. (Chalk -springs and Otterspool). Colne Valley WaterWorks. Trans. Watford Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. i, pt. iii, p. xvi. pt. iv. p. xviii. H. — 1876. Clutterbtjck, Rev. J. C. — The Geology and Water Supply of the neigh- bourhood of Watford. Ibid,, pt. v, p. 125- Discussion, p. xxxvi(1877). H. — 1876. Pryor, R. A. — On the supposed Chalybeate Spring at Watford, and on other Medicinal Waters in Herts. Ibid., pp. 109 — 111. BL- — 1876. Verini, W. — Section of the Strata passed through in boring at the Coin* Valley Waterworks (Bushev). Ibid,, p. 135. H. B— 1877. Evans, [Sml John— The Hertfordshire Bourne. Trans. Waiford Nat. Hist. Soc, Vol. i, pt". 6, pp. 137-140. H. — 1878. Lucas, Joseph. — The Hydrogeology of Middlesex and part of Hertford- shire, showing the Original Position of the Artesian Plane, and its Present Position over the Metropolitan Area of Depression, as lowered by pumping. Trans. Inst. Surveyors, pt. xi, p. 279. H. — 1878. Hydrogeological Survey. Part ii, Explanation accompanying Sheet 1. Second Edition, and Sheet 2. Pp. 7, 4to, London. H. — 1879. Barrow, J. — On Large and Deep Bore-holes with the Diamond Drill (Ware). Proc. S. Wales Inst. Eng., vol. xi, No. 7, p. 315. H. — 1879. Etheridge, Rob. — The Position of the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboni- ferous Rocks in the London Area (Borings described). Pop. Sci. Rev., n. ser., vol. iii, p. 279. H. — 1879. Position of the Silurian Rocks in Herts. (Turnford and Ware Borings). Geol. Mag., dec. ii, vol. vi, pp. 286 — 288. Reprinted from The Times, H. — 1 S80. Hopkinson, John. — On the recent Discovery of Silurian Rocksin Hertford- shire, and their relation to the Water-bearing Strata of the London Basin. Trans. Watford Nat, Hist. Soc, vol. ii, pt. 7, pp. 241-248, li, pi. ii. H.— 1881. Denton, J. B. — On the Well at Orchard Court, Stevenage. Wells, Springs and Rivers of Great Britain, No. 1, p. 10. H. B. — 4882. Evans, [Sir] John? — Excursion to the Bourne Valley, Boxmoor. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. i, pt. 8, p. lviii. B. — 1882. Lobley, J. L. — On a New Section in the Thames Valley [DatchetJ. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. vii, No. 7, pp. 391 — 395. H. B. — 1883. Hopkinson, John. — Excursion to . . . Bourne End. (Chiefly Report, of Address by Sir J. Evans). Proc Geol. Assoc, vol. viii, No. 3, p. 117. H. B. — 1883. Littlebov, J. E. — The River Bourne. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. ii, pt. vii, p. 237. B. H- — 1884. Harrison, J. T. — Reports ... as to Sources of Water Supply for the Metropolis. Eol., London. Bucks and partly Herts referred to pp. 5, 6, 8, 9, 11-13, pis. 11a, 12a. B.H. — 1884. Whitaker, W. — On the Area of Chalk as a Source of Water Supply. Journ. Soc Arts, vol. xxxiii, p. 847. Reprinted in the " Report of the Con- ference on Water Supply . . ." and in Health Exhibition Literature. H. — 1885. Anon. (Hopkinson) Radlett and Battlers Green [Excursion]. Trans. Herts. Nit. Hist. Soc vol. iii, pt. 4, p. xli. (swallow-holes and spring, pp. xliv — xlvi.) H. — 1885. Evans. [Sir] John. — Physiography. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., Refers to Herts. H. — 1885. Whitaker, W. — Some Hertfordshire Well-sections. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. iii, pt. 5, pp. 173-180. B. — 1885. Report of Committee of the Royal Meteorological Society on Decrease of Water Supply. Quart. Journ. Roif. Meteor. Soc, 1885, vol."xi, p. 216, pi. v. (Wendover Spring, p. 217 and plate.) B. — 1887. Ettnson, H. J. — Deep Boring at Bletchlev. Journ. Northants Nat. Hist^ Soc, vol. iv, No. 30, p. 254 (short). •340 BIBLIOGRAPHY. -H. — 1887. Fox, W. — Borings in the Chalk at Bushey, Herts. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. xc, pp. 21-27. Discussion, p. 40, etc. H. — 1887. Grover, J. W. Chalk-Water Springs in the London Basin, illustrated by the . . . Rickrnansworth Waterworks. Ibid, pp. 1-22, etc. H. — 1887. Hopkinson, John. — Hydrogeology, in "A Sketch of the Geology and Climate of Hertfordshire," in Pryor's " Flora of Hertfordshire." Hnt/ord. H. — 1887. Section at the St. Albans New Water Works. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. iv, pt. 4, p. 117. B. — 1887. Hull, Prof. E. — Boring at Bletchley. Geol. Mag., dec. iii, vol. iv, p. 139. (Short note.) H.- — 1887. Veeini, Wm. — Section of the Well and Boring made at the Colne Valley Water Works, AVatford, in 1835. Ibid., pp. 116, 117. B.— 1887. Warincton, R — -A Contribution to the Study of Well Waters. (The Well Waters of Harpenden, pp. 520-552.) Journ. Ghent. Soc., vol. li, p. 500. H. — 1888. Fobdham, [Sir] H. G.— A Record of Water-level in a deep Chalk Well at Barley, Herts. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. v, pt. 1, pp. 20-22, pi. i. Table reproduced in Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1889, p. 85. B. — 1889. Jukes-Browne, A.J. — The Occurrence of Granite in a Boring at Bletchley. Geol. Mag., dec. iii, vol. vi, pp. 356-361. A long summary (5 pages) by B. Thompson in Journ. Northants. Nat. Hist. Soc. H — 1890. Fordham, [Sir] H. G— A Record of Water-level in a deep Chalk Well at Odsey Grange, Royston. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. vi, pp. 31-36, pis. i, ii. Discussion, pp. xxii — xxvi (1892). Abstract in Rep. Brit. Assoc. lor 1890. pp. 353, 354. [Refers to Therfield and Barley] H. — 1890. Whitaker, W. — Some Hertfordshire Well Sections (Second Paper). Ibid., pt. 2, pp. 53- — 64. B. H. — 1891. Harrison, J. T. — On the Subterranean Water in the Chalk Formation of the Upper Thames, and its Relation to the Supply of London. (With Discussion.) Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. cv, p. 2, pis. 1, 2. (Bucks referred to pp. 13—21, 27, 28, 52, 53, etc. Herts, also.) H. — 1891. Hopkinson, John. — Water and Water-supply, with Special Reference to the Supply of London from the Chalk of Hertfordshire. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. vi, pts. 5, 6, pp. 129-161, pi. iv. Discussion, pt. 8, pp. xlviii — li (1892). H. — 1892. Grover, J. W. — An Explanation of the London Water Question. Trans. Surv. Inst., vol. xxiv, pt. vh, p. 195. (Herts referred to pp. 214-219.) H.— 1892. Hopkinson, John. — The River Colne and the Swallow-holes at Potterells. Trims. Hots. Nat. Hist. Soc, Vol. vi, pt. 7, pp. xxix — xxxii. Part in Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. xi, No. 9, pp. cxl-cxliii (1891). H. — 1892. and others (Remarks on Lowering of Water-level, in a Discussion). Ibid., pp. xxxix — xli. H. — 1892. Whitaker, W.- — On Maps showing the Area of Chalk available for Water Supply in the London Basin. Trans. Surv. Inst., Vol. xiii. H. — 1893. Evans, Sir John. — Hertfordshire and its Water Supply. Herts Illustrated Review. No. 1 (5 pages). H. — 1893. Topley, W. — Excursion to Amwell and Chadwell Springs. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. xiii, pt. 5, pp. 123 125. H. — 1893. Valox, W. A. M. — Inaugural Address. Soc. Eng. Refers to Barn< t and to Minim s Swallow-holes. H. — 1893. Whitaker, W— [Report.] To the Local Board of Health, Ware. In local newspaper (June or July). B. H. — 1893. Royal Commission on Metropolitan Water Supply. Report. Maps, Plans, and Diagrams (PI. xii, New River Springs and Wells ; xv, Water contour Map of Hertfordshire.) Minutes of Evidence (Wells, pp. 3, 238, 376 ; Chadwell Spring, pp. 197, 198, 317; Water-levels, 456). Appendices (Chadwell Spring), pp. 6, 7. U. A. Smith [Depletion of Water in Herts.], pp. 390— H 1 . W. Topley Water-bearing Qualities of the Rocks within and adjacent to the Basins of the Thames and Lea, pp. 411-413. Prof. W. B. Dawkins, Supplemental Supply from Wells in the London Area, pp. 419-425. W. Whitaker, Statement, p. 429. Swallow-holes in the Chalk, pp. 431, 432. C. Docwra, Wells, p . 443. Water Supplies at Hertford, Cheshunt, Ware and Marlou . pp. 514, 51 8, 521 , 526. R. E. Middleton, Alleged Depletion of Rivers, Spri] gi and Wells in Hert- fordshire, pp. 510-675. H. — 1894. Whitaker, W., and Jukes-Browxe, A. J.- On Deep Borings . . . with Notes on those at Ware and Cheshunt (pp. 501-^513). Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. 1, p. 488. H. — 1895. Francis, Jos. — On the Dip of the Underground Palaeozoic Rocks a1 Ware nml Cheshunt. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1895, pp 141-454 B. H. — 1895. Peestwich, [Sir] Josepji. — A Geological [ncpuiry respecting the Water- bearing Strata of the Country around London . . . Reissue, with Additions [Preface and Preliminary Remarks), pp. [ii— ix. 8vo, London. BIBLIOGRAPHY. o4l fl. — 1895. Taylor, E. B. — Colne Valley Waterworks : Bushey Pumping Station. Proc Assoc. Munic. Enq., vol. xxi, pp. 35-42, plate. H. — 1896. Hopkinson, J. — Hertfordshire Rainfall . . . (Refers to Chalk Catchment Basins, plane of saturation, Swallow-holes, etc., pp. 46-56.) Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. ix, pt 2, p. 23. H — 1896. Howard, D— The Water Supply of the Lea Valley viewed in the light of Recent Researches (deals with well-supplv). Essex Naturalist, vol. ix, Nos. 15—22, pp. 150-157. H. — 1896. Middleton, R. E. — The Relative Value of Percolation Gauges. Soc. Enq. p. 153. H.— 1898. Irving, Rev. Dr. A.— On the Geology of the Stort Valley (Herts. Wells, pp. 224, 225). Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. xv, pt. 6, p. 224. H. — 1898. Whitaker, W. — Address. Chalk Water in Hertfordshire. Trans. Herts Nat. hist. Soc, vol. x, pt. 1, pp. 1-13. H. — 1898-9. Anon. — Water Supply from the Chalk. Builder, vol. lxxv, p. 545, and vol. lxxvi, p. 29. H. — 1899. Harris, Gordon. — Water Supply to Country Mansions and Estates. Soc. Enq., p. 231. Refers to a diviner in Herts, p. 238. H. B. — 1 899. Hopkixson, John. — The Chadwell Spring and the Hertfordshire Bourne. Tram. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. x, pt. 3, pp. 69-83, pi. 1. H. — 1899. Whitaker. W. — Geological and other Work in Hertfordshire (Chadwell Spring). Ibid., pt. 4, pp. 105, 106. H. — 1900. Barrett, [Sir] W. F.- — On the so-called Divining Rod. Book li. Proc. Soc. Psychic. Research, pt. xxxviii. Welwyn, pp. 181, 182. H. — 1 900. Royal Commission on Water Supply within the Limits of the Metropolitan Water Companies. Appendices (Flow of Chadwell Spring, pp. 181 — 187 Quantity pumped from New River Co.'s Wells, p. 192). Minutes of Evidence, Vol. i (Sir J. Evans, p. 626, etc. ; R. E. Middleton, pp. 669, etc.), V< i. ii (J. Francis, pp. 80, etc. ; R. E. Middleton, pp. 140, etc. ; J. Francis pp. 301, etc. ; U. A. Smith, pp. 572, etc.). H- — 1901. Chad wick, John. — Much Hadham Water Supply. Report. Privately printed, 4 pp. f ol. B. — 1901. Fisher, W. W. — On Alkaline Waters from the Chalk. Analyst, Aug H. — 1901. Middleton, R. E. — On the Future of the London Water Supply. Refers to Amwell and Chadwell Springs, in reply to Discussion. Trans. Surv. Inst., vol. xxxiii, pt. v, pp. 188, 189. B. — 1902. Fisher, W. W. — Alkaline Waters from the Lower Greensand. Analyst, July. H. — 1902. Hopkinson, John. — The Geology of Hertfordshire. Victoria History of the County, vol. i. Hydrogeology, pp. 27 — 31. H. — 1902. Smith, U. A. — Information and Evidence as regards the Kent Water Company's Area. Underqround Water Preservation Assoc, p. 18. Pp. 29 — 33 are concerned with Herts. H. — 1903. Fitzmaurice, [Sir] Maurice. — London Comity Council. Shrinkage of the Thames and Lea. Fol., London. B— 1904. Fisher, W. W— On the Salinity of Waters from the Oolites. Analyst, vol. xxix, No. 335, p. 29. H. B.— 1 906. Hopkinson, John. — Bourne End and the Valley of the Bourne. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xii, pt. 8, pp. xli — xliii. H. B. — 1907. Lucas, Joseph. — On Messrs. Vaux Graham and Bidder's Paper on " Underground Water." Suru. Inst. Prof. Notes, vol. xiv. Bucks, pp. 37c — 372 Herts, pp. 372, 373. B. — 1907. Thompson, Beeby. — Some Clay Beds by the Ouse (Wells at Olney. p. 27). Geol. Maq., dec. v, Vol. iv, p. 24. H. — 1908. Hill, Wm. — On a Deep Channel of Drift at Hitchin. Quart. Jovrn. Geol. Soc, vol. lxiv, p. 8. (Herts. Wells, pp. 13, 14, 16—18). H. — 1908. Whitaker, W. — Excursion to Potters Bar. (Swallow-holes.) Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. xx, pt. 7, pp. 502, 503. See also Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xiv, pt. 14, p. xiv (1912). H. — 1909. Hopkinson, John. — Middlesex and Hertf ordshirc. Jubilee Vol. Geol. Assoc, pt. 1. (Bournes and Swallow-holes, pp. 11, 12). H. — 1909. Wood, J. M. — Notes on Chadwell Spring. Proc Geol. Assoc, vol. xxi, pt. 4, pp. 247, 248. B. — 1911. Anon— Coal Boring at Calvert. (Log of the older boring.) Iron and Coal Trades Review, Sept. 1, vol. Ixxxiii, pp. 316, 317. H. — 1911. Anon. — [Colne Swallow-holes.] S. E. Naturalist, p. lxiii, pi. vii. H. B. — 1911. Hopkinson, John.- — The Hertfordshire Bourne. Ibid., pp. 10 — 19, pi. ix. H. B. — 1911. Excursion to the Valley of the Hertfordshire Bourne. Proc Geol. Assoc, vol. xxii, pt. 4, pp. 234 — 236. See also Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xiv, pt. 14, pp. lxxi, lxxii (1912). 342 BIBLIOGRAPHY. B. — 1911. Treacher, LI. — Excursion to Hedgerley and Burnham Beeches. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. xxii, p. 21. Swallow-holes noticed, pp. 22, 23. H. — 1912. Hill, Wm. — Report of an Excursion to the Hitchin and Stevenage Gap. (New wells and borings. Note of water-sink, pp. 218—220, 222). Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xxiii, p. 217. B. — 1913. Davies, Dr. A. M., and Pringle, John— On Two Deep Borings at Calvert Station. . . . Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. lxix, p. 308. B. H. — 1913. Hopkinson, John.- — The Flowing of the Hertfordshire Bourne. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xv, pt. 1, pp. 67 — 70. H.— 1913. Purdom,C. B. The Garden City. 8vo., Lond. Water Works, pp. 245-249. H. — 1913. Salisbury, E. J. — The Competition of Furze and Bracken, particularly on Harpenden Common. Ibid., pp. 71, 72. B. H. — 1914. The Valley of the Bourne. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xv, pt. 3, pp. xxi, xxii ; pt. 4, pp. xxxviii, xxxix (1915). H. — 1916. Hopkinson, J. — The Hertfordshire Bourne in 1915. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xvi, pt. 2, p. 108. H. — 1916. Waterhohse, D.- — Watford Water Works. Water, vol. xviii, No. 216, p. 306 (Inst. Munic Cmnt-ij Eng.). H. — 1916. Whitaker, W. — Report of Excursions to the North Mimms Swallow-holes,. Proc Geol. Assoc, vol. xxvii, pp. 59, 60. See also Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1917, vol. xvi, pt. 3, pp. xxvi, xxvh. H— 1917. Anon— The Valley of the Bourne [Note of Field Meeting]. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xvi, pt. 4, p. xxxiii. H — 1917. Hopkinson, J. — The Hertfordshire Bourne in 1916. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xvi, pt. 3, pp. 169 — 172. See also The Valley of the Bourne, pp. xviii, xix. B. H. — 1919. Hopkinson, J. — The Hertf ordshire Bourne in 1917. Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xvii, pt. 2, pp. 97, 98. H. — 1920. Bootl, W. H. Report on the Cippenham Borehole to the Lower Green- sand. Proc. Giol. Assoc, vol.xxxi, pt. 3 j>p. 133-139. H. — No date. Miodleton, R. E. — Water Contour Map of Parts of Herts. . . . and the Adjacent Counties. Scale an inch to a mile. Partly supplements and is parti v supplemented bv his Map in Rep. R. Comm. Water Supply, Metrop. 1893." ADDENDA. 343 ADDENDA A oood amount of information has come to hand whilst this Memoir was passing- through the press, and in order not to disturb the page-arrangement this is now printed at the end. It consists chiefly of two important entries, which add much to the interest of the work, and one of them gives details of great value in regard to deep-seated geology. Buckingham. G. B. Chtlvers, Borough Engineer, has given a general account of the Water- works, in Water, 1920, vol. xxii, No. 259, p. 226, from which the following is taken. The original supply, in 1889, was taken by gravity from wells at Akeley (see p. 120). This failed after a time and borings were made at Maid's Moreton (see pp. 144-146). The original scheme still supplies a small quantity of water, varying according to the rainfall. The total quantity used daily is about 90,000 gallons. The night-flow is taken from two wells at Gawcott (see p. 124). Iver Heath, 1920. A letter from C. L. Kaye says that a boring of 5J in. diameter made for the Heatherden Estate reached the Chalk and went about 100 ft. in it ; but at a depth of 395 ft. no water was found. Cheshunt. ? Cheshunt Common or Flamstead End. High View Nurseries. 1920. See p. 2(A). A newer well. Made and communicated by Messrs. Richards. Lined with 181 ft. of tubes of a foot diameter, from 7 ft. down. Sump-pit [London Clay] ( Brown clay and claystone \ Brown clay... ' ^ Brown clay and claystones (^ Blue sandy clay ... fSand [Reading Beds, \ Sand and black gravel chiefly] 1 Hard sand and shells V. Black stones and sand [Upper] Chalk and flints, to 284 ft. down, 241 ft. down. May, Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. — 8 14 22 8 30 84 114 17 131 12 143 9 152 24 176 3 179 L920; and ^ vater - level The occurrence of shells in the sand of the Reading Beds is unusual. It is difficult to mark the base of the London Clay ; but the following notes on specimens by G. Barrow help, and tend to show that it is lower down than might be expected from the mere reading of the above section. 8 ft. Yellowish clay. 34 „ Brown-grey clay. 90 ,. Un weathered London Clav, grev-brown, dry. 114 & 125 ft. the same. 131 ft. Grey sand, rather clayey, with fragments of shells. 135 „ Brown-grey sand left on washing. 140 „ Grey sand,' Broken shell. ') Basement-bed 144 „ Pebbles, sand, shells, fish-tooth. ) 151 ,, Very pale grey sand and carbonaceous matter. 156 ,, Faintly greenish-grey sand. 158 „ Yellow-sandy clay and marl. 159 „ Very pale sand, with race and shells. 171 „ Faintly greenish-grey sand, with pebble. 178 ,, Green clayey sand. 344 ADDENDA. Additional information as Bttllmore, the Engineer. The following table shows the new buildings. The supply from " The Garden City," 1913 ; but Year ending 30th September. 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Letchworth. to the Waterworks (see p. 232) from A. W. E. growth of the supply, following the number of 1905-1912 has been published in C. B. Purdom's all the other figures are new : — New buildings (total). 36 280 507 970 1,104 1,206 1,334 1,564 1,761 1,862 1,967 2,168 2,296 2,296 2,298 2,342 Supply, in nullion gallons. 10 16 22 34 41 53 70 85 93 94 99 136 161 186 177 ft. down and the tested yield from the four is of a sample taken He gives the water-level as 100 borings as a million gallons a day. The following, the latest analysis, by Dr. S. RiPEAf 16th July, 1920:— In parts per 100,000, Total solids 34-96 Chlorine Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Nitrates (as Nitrogen) Nitrites Oxygen consumed Alkalinity Hardness 1-2 -0007 -0016 -92 nil -0032 23-4 Temporary, 20-16 ; Permanent, 4-5. Bacterial examination. Organisms per c.c. at 20° C. 5. „ 20° C. R.L, 1. „ 37-5° C. less than 1. Coli organisms absent from 50 c.e. of the water. Clear, colourless, odourless. Quite satisfactory and of excellent bacterial quality. Welwyn Garden City. Ordnance Map, 239 new ser. (Herts. 28, N.E. and S.E.). Geologic Map 46, S.E. Our Second Garden City, like the first, at Letchworth, is in Hertfordshire. The estate of this new establishment is nearly four square miles in area, between the rivers Lea and Mimram, and spreads into four parishes (Ayot St. Peter, Digswell, Hatfield and Welwyn). As, however, it is likely to exceed any of these in population, and perhaps all of them together, it is best to treat of its water- supply as a who]p. regardless of the particular parish that may be concerned in any site. The question of water-supply of course had to be considered at an earl}' stage of the work, and it was not a case of providing simply for the supply of the population to be lodged, but in the first place it was essential to consider the needs of the workmen to be employed, and of the work to be done before any large population could be gathered in. I had the pleasure of being consulted on the subject, and, in association with J. D. Hawoktii. the consulting engineer, visited the district at various times, for this and other purposes. ADDENDA. 345 Welwyn Garden City, com,. Of course existing supplies had to be seen to, for various temporary purposes that could not wait for the establishment of the large pumping station that would be needed for the permanent supply, and these will be noticed first, with analyses of the water directly following the note of the wells. Several wells in the neighbourhood have already been noticed (see pp. 177, 211, 251, 265), but none of these are on the estate. Hcmdside. On the western side of the road to Lower Handside, about 110 yards southward from the Luton Railway. Used for local supply, and for the neighbouring saw- mills, during the war and for some time after. About 320 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Old well of 3 ft. diameter ; 109 ft. deep, into Chalk. A test by baling, made by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutclife in June, 1920, showed that in lifting 120 gallons an hour for five hours the water-level, which was about 106 ft. down, was lowered a little more than 4 inches an hour, and they concluded that not more than 200 gallons an hour, if as much, could be got. This quantity being very far from what was wanted, though it had served for the former supply, to the saw-mills, etc.. it was decided to bore, and a boring was made to the depth of 164 ft. (with a tube of 8 in. diameter to 10 ft. below the bottom of the well), throughout in fairly hard chalk. The water stood at the original level. A test was made of eight hours' continuous pumping, resulting in a yield of about 3,600 gallons an hour, with a lowering of only 7 in. in the water-level. A three days' test gave a yield of 3,540 gallons an hour. Since 15th July, 1920, a supply of 10,000 to 12,000 gallons a day has been got (presumably all that was wanted), lowering the water level only two or tlnee feet. This is a successful instance of a large increase of yield being got from deepening by boring. An analysis of the water of this well (then described as the Saw Mills Well), dated 16th January, 1920, before the boring was made, by Dr. J. C. Thresh and Dr. J. F. Beale, was as follows : — Sample taken from pump-main. The water is a typical Chalk-water of excellent quality. Naturally hard (about 20°). Contained a trace of chalk. Faint green. No odour. Neutral Reaction. ? In parts per 100,000. Total solid matter, dried at 180° C. ... 38- Chlorine (equivalent to chlorides 3-7) Nitric nitrogen (equivalent to nitrates 2-4)... Nitrites Trace of iron ... Free ammonia ... ... ... ... -0028 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... -0026 Oxygen absorbed at 37° C. in 3 hours ... -028 Number of organisms per c.c. capable of growing upon nutrient gelatine at 20° C. in 3 days, 460. Ditto upon agar at 37° C. in a day, 2. Smallest quantity of water giving acid and gas in bde-salt glucose broth, under 100 c.c. Ditto giving gas in bile-salt lactose broth, 100 c.c. Ditto containing the Bacillus coll communis, 100 c.c. Ditto giving the reaction of the Bacillus enteriditis sporogenes, under 100 c.c. The waters of two other wells on the estate have also been analysed by Drs. Thresh and Beale, and these may be taken together. A. — Sand Pit Cottages. North-west of Hatfield Hyde. Well said to be sunk through gravel into chalk. Depth unknown. Contained a few specks of vegetable debris. B. — Digswell Lodge Farm. West of the Great Northern Railway, a little northward of the junctions with the two branches. Over 60 ft. deep, in the farmyard. Contained specks of vegetable debris. Both faint green. No odour. Reaction. Neutral. 2-2 ■4 nil 346 ADDENDA. Welwyn Garden City, con*. Chemical anatysis- Total solid matter dried at 180° C. Chlorine Equivalent to Chlorides Nitric nitrogen Equivalent to nitrates Nitrites Lead, copper, zinc, iron Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed at 37 c C. in 3 hours Hardness, total Bacteriologic Examination — Number of organisms per c.c. capable of growing upon nutrient gelatine at 20° C. in 3 days Ditto, upon agar at 37° C. in a day .Smallest quantity of water giving acid and gas in bile-salt glucose broth Ditto, giving gas in bile-salt lactose broth In parts per 100,000- A 83- 7-6 12-7 1-6 9-6 nil trace of iron. ■0084 •0056 •04;3 44° 4450 12 over 100 c.c. B 37- 2- 2-9 •36 215 nil trace of iron and zinc. •0088 ■009 •07 28° 9240 16 10 c.c. under 100 40 c.c. c.c. Ditto, containing the Bacillus coli communis ... ... ... ... 100 c.c. 40 c.c. Ditto, giving the reaction of the) Bacillus enterklitis sporogenes ... under 100 under 100 c.c. c.c. A. — Not a Chalk-water : probably derived from Boulder Clay. Hardness excessive. Affected by manured land and possibly by drainage. A very unsatisfactory water, not suitable for domestic purposes. B. — This water is slightly polluted ; but is of the same character as that from the sawmills well (Handside). The pollution is more like surface-water than infiltration of manurial matter. In its present condition it cannot be certified as pure or wholesome. The following are the depths of some other wells on the estate. Brickhill Farm (? Brickwell, on eastern side of high road, opposite Brocket Park), between 120 and 130 ft. ; deepened in 1911. Dagnell Oreen, about a quarter mile north- westward of Lower Handside Farm, 107 A ft. Lower Handside Farm, on the eastern side of the road, less than half a mile southward of Handside (marked Upper Handside on the one-inch map), 92 ft. Upper Handside Farm, on the western side of the same road a little further southward, 98 ft. When work is more advanced and more houses have been built the supply will come from the new waterworks, which may perhaps also supply places outside the border of the estate, as has been the case at Letchworth. This will probably be a useful function of most schemes of the sort, which will get over the difficulty of giving a water-supply to sundry villages that can hardly act alone. Waterworks. The site is in field 39 of the 25 in. Ordnance Map (Herts. 28, 7) in the parish of Welwyn, close to its boundary with Digswell. By the southern edge of the marsh, about 550 yards north-north-eastward of Digswell Church. 1920. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff, and from J. D. Haworth. 207*4 ft. above Ordnance Datum. A boring of a foot diameter to the depth of 50 ft. when it became impossible to drive the tubes into the gravel without damaging them. A tube of 8 in. diameter, with a cutting edge at the bottom, was then inserted and driven through the gravel and into the Chalk to the depth of 78 ft. (shutting out the gravel-water), below which the boring is unlined. ADDENDA. 347 Welwyn Garden City, cont. Directly gravel was touched (May or June, 1920), at 50 ft., water rose in the borehole, which was dry before, to within 9 ft. from the surface (ultimately 9J). It rose to 7 J ft. when the Chalk was reached. [? River Drift] ..., Soil, sand and gravel Stiff brown boulder-clay ... Blue clay ... Grey sandy silt ... Hard blue clay Gravel, some fine, with some large flints and some lumps of boulder- clay Chalk, soft Chalk, harder Another note says that hard chalk was met with at the depth of about 170 ft. When at the depth of 1 10 ft. pumping tests were made, the water-level being 7 $ ft. down, with the following results. [Glacial Drift] Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 9 — n 101 10| 21 22 h 43 A Qi 50 12 62 63 125 76 201 Average Returned to Pumping Rate per Rate per Water-level level after Hours. Minute. hour. reduced. pumping in ( Gallons. Gallons. Feet. Minutes. First day . . . 9i 315 18,900 11 1 Second day 8 385 23,100 15* 1£ Third day ... 8 330 19,800 12£ li Fourth day Practically repetition of third and results almost identical. At one period the pump was run at a speed to deliver 400 gallons a minute for an hour ; but this failed to reduce the water-level below 20 J ft. down. Mr. Haworth concludes from this that there is an inflow of water to the borehole at the rate of 300 to 400 gallons a minute, within a depth of 21 ft., indicating that there will be an ample supply for from 40,000 to 50,000 people. The quantities got during the tests point to a supply for 15,000 to 20,000 people, at 20 gallons a head, from an 8-in. borehole ; so that much more can be expected from more extended work. Some Deep Borings lately made, to the Lower Greensand. By W. Whttaker and J. Pringle. In that part of the London Basin not very far westward of London three deep borings have been made through the Tertiary beds, the Chalk, etc., which have been successful in finding the Lower Greensand and in getting water from it. The first is at Winkfield, in Berkshire, made in 1893, the second at Ottershaw Park, near Chertsey, in Surrey, made in 1910, and the third at Slough (s«« p. 158), made in 1909 ; and all of these have been described. We are now able to add accounts of four ethers, which, however, do not pass through any Tertiary beds, with a very slight exception in one case, but, after passing through surface-deposits, enter at once into the Chalk. Although one of these is outside our particular area, yet, as it is but a little way over the border of Buckinghamshire and naturally goes with the others, we have included it. One of us (J. P.) having examined specimens from all these borings has of course been the chief contributor to the following descriptions. 348 ADDENDA. Maidenhead. Waterworks. Made and communicated bv A. Ttmmins. | Thickness. Ft, Upper Chalk. Bored by percussion to 130 ft. Con- tinued, with fragments of Inoceramus ... ( Nodular chalk with green grains ) (Chalk Rock) 1 Chalk (^Nodular chalk Chalk without flints, except for a few at 273 ft. Irregular marly [Chalk Rock] 4 6 4 Depth. Ft. 250 254 260 264 [Middle and Lower Chalk.] Upper Greensand [Gault, 256£ ft.] [Lower Greensand, ?83 ft.]. partings. At about 383 ft. a green and thick few inches of chalk, with marcasite-nodules. A markedly phosphatic film 2 to 3 in. thick 119 383 Chalk 167 550 Passage-beds from Chalk to beds bekw 130 680 Greensand with phosphatic nodules I 3£ 683i f Gault, very sandy clay I 50 \ 734 j Gault, containing greensand ..." 2 736 j Gault clay, pale at top ; gets (. darker 204 940 Sandy yellowish green sand at 945 ft. up [?down] to 1,018 ft. coarse sandy material broken up 1,018 Yellowish, sandy. Full of larger pebbles 5 1,023 Oxford Clay. Grey clay, dries very hard ; pyrites ... 2\ 1,025 J The base of the Upper Chalk is taken at 264 ft. from the surface, and the thickness of the remaining part of the formation is nearly the same as that of the combined thickness of the Middle and Lower Chalk at Slough (see p. 158). The clay described as Oxford Clay by the drillers is likely to be of Lower Greensand age. It is comparable with a part of the 12 ft. band of clay passed through in the Slough Motor Transport Depot boring, as suggested by Mr. Booth, but there is no palaeontological evidence to confirm this correlation. Great Marlow. Waterworks (see p. 147). New Boring, 1920. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. Lined with 33 ft. of 10 in. tubes (from 3 ft down), 635 ft. of 6-in. tubes (from a foot down), and 123 ft. of 5-in. tubes (from 591 ft down). ( [Chalk Rock] [Middle and Lower Chalk, 446 ft.] (, Loose chalk X Chalk rock ... } Chalk \ Hard white chalk . . . J Grey chalk vGrey clay ... ( Greensand and clay I Grey clay ... (. Grey sandy stone . . . [Upper Greensand, 14 ft.] Gault, mainly dark grey clay C Coarse yellow sandstone. [Lower Greensand] 1 Brownish - yellow sand, ( rounded quartz grains | This boring commenced in Chalk Rock at a ground-level of 171 ft above Ordnance Datum. Water (somewhat salt) was obtained at the depth of 717 ft. after reaching the Lower Greensand, and the yield at ground-level is 1,200 gallons an hour with a pressure of 10 lbs. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 6 6 • . . 3 6 9 6 . • . 285 294 6 . . . 40 6 335 85 420 . . • 36 456 . . 9 465 . . . 2 467 . . . 3 470 . . . 242 712 ater 4 (1 716 well ADDENDA. 349 Wooburn, tee p. 169. Wooburn Green. Messrs. Wiggins, Teape and Co., Ltd. Paper Mill. Bored and communicated bv Messrs. Isler and Co. 1920. Lined with 31 ft of lH-in. tubes, 694 ft. 8 in. of 8-in. tubes (from l£ ft. down), 131 ft. of 6-in tubes (from 606 ft down), and 49 ft. of 5-in. tubes (from 752 ft. down). Ballast C Chalk \ Rock Chalk (. Grey rock . Mould [River gravel] [Upper, Middle and Lower Chalk] Blue Gault ... Lower Greensand This boring probably enters the lower portion of the Upper Chalk after passing through the gravel. Apparently the thickness of Middle and Lower Chalk is similar to that recorded at Marlow (*ee. p. : 48). Water was obtained from the Lower Greensand, and overflows at the rate of about 20,000 gallons an hour. The site level is estimated to be about 130 ft above Ordnance Datum. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 4 4 13 17 288 305 104 409 119 528 246 J 774i 2i 777 Slough Motor Transport Depot. Ordnance Map 255, new ser. (Bucks. 53, S.W.), Geological Map 7. The water supply from the gravels at these works is noticed on pp. 159, 160. For an account of the constructional details of this borehole *e e Proc. Oeol. Assoc, vol. xxxi, pt. 3, 1920, pp. 135-139. In this account W. H. Booth says " it was hoped to get water from the Chalk, but this stratum was practically dry for the purposes of the depot, that is, it yielded but little water as compared with the large demand." ' The Chalk having failed, it was decided to carry on to the Lower Greensand," which was done with the result now given. The borehole is 610 yards S. by W. of Biddies Farm at a spot 104. ft above Ordnance Datum. The details of the section, set forth below, are based on a personal examination of the cores, and on notes supplied by W. H. Booth who had charge of the work, and to whom we are indebted for much assistance. [River Drift] [Reading Beds] [Upper Chalk, 276 ft.l [Middle Chalk, 225 ft.] i Earth }. Gravel Red mottled clay ... / Chalk and flints Chalk Grey chalk Dark grey chalk ... ( Hard whitish-grey nodular chalk. At 295 ft. the nodules are green coated ; chalk traversed by numerous irregular slickensided \ joints. Chalk Rock. about White chalk with a few thin dark marly films Hard greyish-white chalk break- ing with a splintery fracture... Greyish-white chalk, nodular in places. Numerous fragments of Inoceramus Hard splintery chalk, rings under hammer ; near middle the chalk is thin-bedded and shows irregu- lar surfaces streaked with greenish marly chalk. Mel- bourn Rock Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In 5 — 18 6 23 6 5 6 29 O 207 — ' 24 — 20 — 15 295 10 67 18 131 9 305 530 Z 350 ADDENDA. Slough Motor Transport Depot, com [Lower Chalk, 192 ft.] [Upper Greensand, 28 ft.] [Gault, 2491 ft.] [Lower Greensand, 131 ft.] I ) Laminated grey green - tinged marly chalk with fish remains : Belemnitella Marl ? Greyish white chalk with a 6-inch marly parting at 588 ft. Holaster fragments Greyish-white marly chalk Grey sandy chalk with small specks : of glauconite near base . . . I Dark grey marly chalk with several hard pale sandy bands, 2 to 6 in thick. Numerous sponge remains at 666 ft. Schloenbachia varians (J. Sow.) and Inoceramus crippsi, Mant. common ... Pale grey sandy marl with minute grains of glauconite Blocky grey marly chalk, distinct- ly green in hue when fresh, but becomes quickly pale in colour on exposure. Base slightly sandy with minute grains of glauconite. Schloenbachia cf. varians (J. Sow.) at 719 ft. Hard greenish glauconitic sandy marl with a few small phospha- tic nodules Dark grey sandy glauconitic marl with numerous burrows filled with glauconitic sandy marl with Hoplites cf. auritus(J. Sow.) Fine grained calcareous sandstone, with minute grains of glauconite and specks of mica. Matrix of bed crowded with sponge - spicules ... Grey slightly micaceous clays, sandy at top, and sprinkled with grains of glauconite at base ... Grey glauconitic clay with numer- ous large black and white skinned phosphatic nodules Dark slightly micaceous clay with a few white skinned phosphatic nodules ... Dark clay, no cores Sandy clay, very gritty towards base. Water Fine sand ... Fine sand with coarse concretions Medium sand Soft fine sand Clayey band, not described Very loose sand Thickness. Ft, In. 6 85 6 9 11 6 43 6 22 20 4 1 23 23 6 Depth. Ft. In. 722 750 44 6 818 ti 165 983 16 6 999 6 25 21 — 14 — 19 61 19 9 1078 12 1090 40 6 1130 6 The cor.s down to the depth of about 300 ft, were not preserved, but from the details of the beds recorded in the log of the boring, it appears that the Upper Chalk consisted mainly of white chalk with numerous flints in the uppermost 200 ft. According to the log, red mottled cay belonging to the Reading Beds overlies the Chalk, as in Horlick's boring, at Slough [nee p. 158/, but the zonal position of the highest portion of the Cretaceous rocks was not determined. At ADDENDA. 351 Slough Motor Transport Depot, cont. the base of the subdivision a hard whitish-grey chalk with a layer of bright green- coated nodules represents the Chalk Rock. Its thickness is estimated to be about 10 ft., but may be less. The Middle Chalk was well displayed in a nearly complete sequence of cores, and consists principally of beds of white chalk with a few marly bands. The Melbourn Rock is characteristically developed at the base, and shows about 9 ft. of hard splintery chalk, thin bedded in places, with irregular surfaces streaked with greenish marl. Numerous fragments of Inoceramus and Rhynchonella were found, but these proved insufficient to determine the zonal subdivisions. The top of the Lower Chalk is formed by a 6-in. band of laminated grey green-tinged marl containing numerous fish remains, and is regarded as represent- ing the Belemnitella Marl. The Zone of Holaster subglobosus appeared to be about 95 ft. thick, consisting mainly of greyish-white chalk, hard in places, with some marly layers. Some of the hard bands occur on a horizon corres- ponding to that of the Totternhoe Stone, and may be feeble representatives of it. The Zone of Schloenbachia varians is represented by soft dark marly chalk, which becomes sandy in places. The beds are highly fossiliferous, containing in addition to the zonal fossil, Schloenbachia coupei (Brongn.) and numerous fine specimens of Inoceramus crippsi Mant. The zone reaches a thickness of about 97 ft. The Upper Greensand is somewhat thicker than the equivalent rocks in Horlick's well at Slough. The top bed is a hard glauconitic sandy marl, which passes downwards through a thin bed of dark grey marl into the Hearthstone Series. These are represented by 23 ft. of fine grained calcareous sandstone with minute grains of glauconite and specks of mica, the matrix being crowded with sponge-spicules. The Hearthstones are not sharply differentiated from the clays of the underlying Gault at the junction of the two formations. Owing to boring troubles, little of the Gault clay was available for examination. The upper part consists of grey clay with a 6-in. glauconitic band containing large black and white skinned phosphatic nodules. The base of the Gault is taken at a depth of 999 ■-, ft. from the surface. The Lower Greensand seems to be represented by fine sands. At 1,078 ft. a band of clay, 12 ft. thick, was passed through, and this is probably comparable with the bed of clay entered in the Maidenhead borehole at 1,023 ft. from surface (see p. 348). Water appeared at about 987 ft., but < vciflowed copiously when the boring reached the depth of 999 ft., and the present yield is estimated at between 180,000 and 200,000 gallons an hour. Analysis of the Water from the Lower Greensand, by Dr. J. C. Thresh and Dr. J. F. Beale. Sample taken when the boring was 1,115 ft. deep, on June 29th, 1920, by W. H. Booth. Physical Examination. Turbidity. Dull, due to trace of oxycarbonate of iron in suspension. Colour, faint yellow. Odour, none. Reaction very faintly alkaline. Chemical Analysis. In parts per 100,000. Probable combination— Ferro-oxycarbonate ... ... -1 Calcium-carbonate ... ... 5-5 Magnesium-erbonate ... ... 1-2 Sodium-carbonate ... ... 15* Sodium-sulphate ... ... ... 6-3 Sodium-chloride ... ... ... 8-9 Silica, &c. ... ... ... ... 1-4 Ca 2-2 Mg •35 Fe •04 Na 12-5 C0 3 13- so 4 4-3 CI 5-4 NO s Total solid constituents, dried at 180° C. (given as 39-) 38-4 Hardness, temporary 63 , permanent |°, total 7°. Free ammonia ... ... ... ... ... -0660 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... ... -0008 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -0040 7. I 352 ADDENDA. Slough Motor Transport Depot, cont. Bacteriologic examination. Number of organisms per cubic centimetre capable of growing upon nutrient gelatine at 20° C. in 3 days, 42. Ditto, capable of growing upon agar at 37° C, 3. Smallest quantity of water giving acid and gas in bile-salt glucose broth, 40 c.c^ Smallest quantity of water giving gas in bile-salt lactose broth, 50 c.c. Smallest quantity of water containing the Bacillus coli communis, 50 c.c. Smallest quantity of water giving the reaction of the Bacillus enteritidis sporogenes, 100 c.c. Remarks Bacteriologically the water is satisfactory, but it will be better when the works are completed, as it contains a few bacteria which certainly are not normal to water from such a depth. Chemically it is an interesting water, since it belongs to the same class as the waters under London, derived from the Lower London Tertiaries. It is, however^ better than these as it contains smaller proportions of common salt, and sodium- carbonate. The iron present may be normal in the water, or it may be due to the action of the water on iron pipes : it is very small in amount, and existing as carbonate, rapidly takes up oxygen when exposed to air and deposits as the insoluble oxycarbonate : the amount, however is so small that it is not likely to give trouble. The hardness is very moderate, and the organic purity very high. It is an excellent water for domestic purposes, for boiler-use and for most manufacturing purposes. It differs a little from the sample at 999 ft. ; but we think that the sample at this depth contained a little subsoil-water. Mr. Booth says that this sample was taken soon after the Lower Greensand was touched, and would show con- tamination from the wash-water of the boring operations. Being now in possession of the details of five deep borings in Buckinghamshire, or but just outside that county, it is of interest to compare the sections, to see their relations to one another, and to note any general conclusions that can be drawn. In the following table the places are arranged from the west eastward, and the second, fourth and fifth, are practically in line, the other two being more to the north. The thicknesses of the various geologic formations are given in feet. Above Upper Lower Chalk. Chalk. Green- sand. Gault. Green- sand. Marlow 456 14 242 2J Maidenhead — 680 3i 256* 83 Wooburn (Upper Greensand not separated from Chalk) 17 511 — 246J n Slough, Motor Transport 29 693 28 249! 131 Slough, Horiick's 78£ 757 .1 19 166 The first thing to note is a fair agreement in the thickness of the Chalk, allowing for the facts that at Marlow only the very bottom part of the Upper Chalk is present, that at Maidenhead the very topmost part of that division is absent, and that at Wooburn the boring starts ADDENDA. 353 in its lower part. Only at the two Slough borings do we get the full thickness. At Horlick's this is high, but perhaps there may be some small misreading of the section. At the Motor Transport Depot the thickness is some 64 ft. less, which would not have been expected within so short a distance. The second point is the thickness of the Gault, which is remarkably even ; but here again Slough (Horlick's) is the exception. This constancy of thickness is more emphasized on taking the Upper Green- sand and the Gault together, that is to say, treating them merely as parts of one formation, the Selbornian, when we get the following figures :— 256, 260, 2461, 277^, 185. Thirdly, it will be seen that in three of the five cases the Lower Greensand has been pierced only to a trifling depth. In the case of Maidenhead it has been thought to have been proved to the base ; but, as above noted, we are not sure that this is the case ; the clay found at the bottom may belong to this formation. At the Motor Transport Depot a much greater thicknesss of Lower Greensand has been found, and without reaching the base (December, 1920). Now for practical purposes, equally as for geologic interest, it is important to know the thickness of the formation with its composition from top to bottom, and one feels therefore that, where possible, borings should be continued until this knowledge has been given us. It may be urged that small towns like Maidenhead and Marlow can hardly be expected to carry out costly work of this kind, for experi- mental purposes beyond their own needs, and this is certainly reason- able. Is there not however some means by which, when such work may fairly be looked on as finished, from the local and particular point of view, it may be carried on as of importance from a general one ? Many opportunities of this sort have been lost : surely it is time to prevent others from following. 354 INDEX. INDEX. Names of Persons, etc., are in Small Capitals. Names of Places are in Italics. Tnose marked with an asterisk are outside the two counties. Other entries are in Ordinary Type. Abbot's Hill, 172. Abbot's Langley, 24, 65, 92, 116, 172, 261. Absorbent power of Chalk, 22-25. Absorbing Well, for Sewage, 96, 186. Ackhamstead, 91. Adams, T. 333. Addington, 308, 334. Adstock, 334. Akeley, 120, 141,281. 343. Albury, 81, 118, 172. Aldbury and Aldbury Common, 102, 103, 116, 173,310,335. Aldenham, 52, 83, 85, 173, 199, 274, 275. Alder Bourne, Stream and Valley, 6, 139. Alkaline Waters, 341. Alkern , 210. Allen and Hanbury, 313. Alluvium, 11, 13, 15-17, 27, 49, 129. 139, 140, 193, 195-197, 226, 240, 257. Almshoe Bury, 94. Alridge , 265. Ameables Farm, 112. Amersham, 5, 91, 117, 118, 120, 121, 277, 333, 335. Ampthill Clay, 9, 14, 153, 167, 170, 299. Amwell, 55, 60, 274. AmwellEnd, 103,311. Amwell, Great, 61, 118, 174, 276, 310- 312, 337. Amwell Hi'l, 61, 103, 174, 310, 311. Amwell, Little, 55, 118, 175, 274, 275. Amwell Marsh, 61, 103, 174, 311. Amwell Pond, 61. Amwell Spring, 55, 61, 103, 174, 340, 341. Analyses, Chemical, 67, 72, 76, 87, 270-332, 344-346, 351, 352. Ankerwyke, 171. Ansted, Prof. D. T., 22, 338. Applebury Street, 112. *Apsley Guise, 166. Apsley Mills, 51, 229. Ardeley (or Yardeley) and Ardeleybury, 93, 175. Ardeley, stream, 93. Areas of Formations, or of catchment- basins, 14-17, 106, 107. Arkley Hole, 53, 54. Arngrove Stone, 44. Artesian Plane, 339. Ascott or Askett, 48, 166. Ash, Fiver, and Valley, 7, 14, 17, 61, 64, 81. Ashendon, 278, 336. Ashley Green, 75, 187, 334. Ashridge and Ashridge Park, 213, 335. Ashwell, 2, 12, 33, 49, 176, 312. Askett or Ascott, 48, 166. Aston, 7, 63, 80, 176. Aston Abbots, 334. Aston Bury and End, 176. Aston Clinton, 3, 8, 48, 116, 334. Aston Hill, 3. Aston Sandjord, 1. Aston Valley, 66. Astwick Manor, 218. Astwood, 152, 334. Asylum, Hospital, etc., Supplies, 162, 190, 232, 243, 259, 261-263, 281. Attfield, Prof., 31, 72. Austin, R. G., 259. Aylesbury, 3, 8. 21, 41 , 42, 116, 333, 334. *Aynho, 336. Ayot, 83, 92, 312. Ayot Green, 92, 93, 177. Ayot St. Lawrence, 176, 335. Ayot St. Peter, 111, 335, 344. Bacteriologic Examinations, 316, 319, 321-323, 325-328, 331, 344-M46, 352. Baker, S. F., and Sons, 131, 211,235, 262. Baker's End, 64. Baldock, 11, 21, 49, 95, 96, 177, 233, ."». 3, 336, 337. I i< ills Park Estate, 91. *Baribury, 336. Bancroft, F. J., 182, 183, 241. Banks, The, 77. Barkway, 1. Barleigh, 91. Barley, 12, 118, 177-180, 340. Barleycroft End, 7. INDEX. 355 Barlow, P. W., 101, 338. Barnet, 2, 3, 86, 96, 181-186, 275, 313, 333, 337, 339, 340. Barnet, Chipping, 79, 87, 181. Barnet Common, 67, 68. Barnet District Water Co., 182-185, 234, 313, 323. Barnet, East (and Valley), 3, 118, 182. Barnet Gate, 79, 87. Barnet, High, 118, 181. Barnet, New, 96, 182. Barrett, Sir W. F., 341. Barrow, G., 91, 210, 217, 231, 335, 336, 343. Barrow, J., 339. Barton Hartshorn, 121. Barton Hailstone, 281. Bartram's Farm, 248. *Bassingbourn, 33. Batchworth, 238, 240, 276, 324. Batford Mill, 53. Bath Lane Spout, 97. Bath Spring, 96, 224. Battlers Green, 85, 339. Bauerman, H., 333. Bay ford, 186, 188. Bayfordbury, 54, 105. Beachampton, 278, 334. Beaconsfield, 91, 117, 118, 121, 122, 278, 333, 336, 335, 337. Beale, Dr. J. F., 316, 330, 345. 346. 351, 352. Beane, River and Valley, 6, 7, 14, 17, 63, 66, 80, 82, 93. Beaumont Farm, 65. Beaumont Green or Manor, 199, 200, 337. Bedmont, 172. Bedwell Plash, 66. Belemnite Marl, 21, 210, 212, 350. Bell Bar, 87, 88. Bengeo and Bengeo Rural District, 7, 186. Benington, 63, 187. Bennett, F. J., 333, 336. Bensington Brook, 15. Benskin, Messrs., 261. Benson, A. H., 171. Benson, Dr. P. L., 281, 282. Bentley, R., 108, 110, 111. Berkhampstead (or Great B.), 5, 50, 72, 77, 105, 118, 187, 188, 313, 314, 333, 334, 336. Berkhampstead, Little, 118, 188. Bernays, Dr. A. J., 271, 310, 311. Berry, E. E., 217. Berry or Bury Park, 51. *Belstile Well, 182. Biddlesden, 1, 9, 10. Bierton, 8, 41, 279, 334. Biggin Moor, 64, 80. Bisham, 147. Bishop's Stortford, 2, 7, 8, 33, 117, 118, 188—193, 314, 333, 339. Bishopstrtne, 163, 336. Blaci Dog Spinney, 46, 123. Black Fan, 66. Blake, J. H., 333-335. Blakesware, 257. Bledlow, 1, 3, 9, 47. Blenkarn, J., 185, 186, 339. Bletchley, 119, 122, 334. Bletchley Station, 134-136, 288, 339, 340. Blow, D., 290. Boarstall, 9, 44, 334. Boggy Mead Springs, 65. Bolbec Castle, 45. Bolter End, 91. Bolton's Farm, 89. Bonney, Prop. T. G., 134. Booth, W. H., 159, 301, 342, 349, 351. Botany and Water-level, 112. Bottom Farm, 77. Boulder Clay, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16-19, 26-28, 34, 42, 66, 80, 81, 117, 124, 129, 135, 137, 138, 151, 152, 154, 156, 157, 165, 167, 168, 172, 176, 177, 188-190, 193, 194, 196, 210, 212, 214, 216, 217, 219, 223, 224, 227, 228, 232, 236, 241, 245, 247, 248, 250-254, 256, 257, 259, 266, 268, 269, 308, 346. Boundaries of the Counties, 1, 2, 242. Bournes, or Intermittent Streams, 4, 5, 11, 30, 32, 47, 50, 61, 69-81, 338, 341. Bourne, The Herts, 5, 342. Bourne End (Bucks.), 4, 51, 169-171, 334. Bourne End (Herts.), 5, 72, 339, 341. Bourne Gutter, 5, 72. Bourne River and Valley (Herts.), 339, 341, 342. Boveney, 117, 122, 123, 335. Bovingdon, 116, 118, 194, 334. Bowers, 92. Bowlby, A. S., 114. Bo wring, Col. L. S., 49, 232. Bowyer, Lt.-Col. W. G., 114. Boxmoor, 23, 24, 220. Boycott, Dr. A. E., iii, 77, 79, 243. Bradenham, 335. Bradley, Rev. E. H., 175. Bradwell, Neiv, 10, 152, 169, 334. Bramfield, 66, 82, 194. Brande, Prof.W.T., 67, 271, 275. Branford, G. A., 43, 150, 151. Branson , 46. Braughing and Braughing Bury, 1, 64, 80, 194. Braidings, 126. Braijfield, Cold, 43, 152, 333. Brent Pelham, 81. Brett, Dr., 31. Brewery, Maltings and Mineral Water Works, Wells or Supplies, 104. 120, 125, 135, 140, 153, 167, 187, 189. 190, 192, 218, 221, 222, 238, 242. 256, 261-263, 265, 267, 292, 332. Brickenden, 221, 222. Brickett Wood, 194. Brickhill, Bow, 11, 46, 113. 123, 334. 356 INDEX. Brickhill, Great, 11, 46, 123, 270, 279, 334. Brickhill, Little, 11, 46, 118, 123. 124, 334. Brickhill Manor, 46. Brickwell, 346. Bridens Camp, 212. Briggins, Little, 249. Briggins Park, 226. * Brill, 9, 45, 46, 66, 67, 124, 270, 279, 334, 336. Broadfield, 68. Broadfield Farm, 66. Broadmead, 103, 257-259. Broad Oak End, 82. Broadwater, 66. Brocket Park, 53, 65. Brockman Park, 88. Bromehead, C. N., 335, 337. Broughton, 11. Brown, A. M., 48, 49, 166, 237, 255. Brown, C, 209, 239. Broxbourne, 6, 55, 62, 103, 104, 118, 195, 196, 314. Buchanan, Dr. G. S., 97, 337. Buckingham, 9, 10, 42, 97, 124, 270, 279, 280, 333, 336, 337, 343. Buckingham Rural District, 281, 282. Buckingham Rural District Coun- cil, 114, 128. Buckingham Water Works, 144, 145, 295, 296. Buckland, 7, 116, 117, 124, 125, 196, 283, 334. Bulbourne, 254. Bulbourne Head, 49. Bulbourne, River and Valley, 5, 16, 50, 71, 72, 77, 101. Bullmore, A. W. E., 344. Bvlstrode Park, 65. Bunter Pebble Drift, 217. Buntingford, 7, 118, 196, 197, 314, 333. Burgess, W. T., 76, 87, 277, 300, 306, 312, 318, 323, 331. Burnham, and Burnham Beeches, 4, 117, 118, 125, 126, 159, 283, 335, 342. Burnham, etc., Waterworks, 283. Bury Green, 66, 214. Bury or Berry Park, 51. Bushey and B. Heath, 21, 24, 28, 83, 85, 100, 117, 118, 197-199, 315, 316, 332, 338-341. Bushey Grove, 85. Bushy Yew, 44. Butlers Court, 121. Bux Well, 49. t inlmore End, 335. Calcareous Grit, 9, 14, 44, 153, 163. Callon - — , 124, 125. Calverton, 10, 48, 273, 334. Calvert Station, 126, 160, 341, 342. *Cum, River and Valley, 12, 192, 256. Cambrian, 14, 161. (ninbridge Greensand, 228. Camden , 72. Cameron, A. C. G., 113, 122-124, 134-138, 141, 148, 154, 156, 160, 161, 165, 166, 168, 175-177, 187, 194, 210-213, 218, 222, 237, 244, 250, 251, 256, 263, 265-267, 333-336. Campbell, D., 338. Campbell, F. M., 32. Campbell , 283. Canal Borings, 148, 149, 157, 236, 254, 255. * Canterbury, 83. Carboniferous, 82, 339. Cassal, C. E., 307. Cassiobury, 5, 264. Castle Thorpe, 334. Catherine Bourne, 4, 86, 87. Cavities in the Chalk, 122. Cesspits, etc., 95, 97. Chadwell Spring, 12, 53-61, 103, 113, 174, 274, 275, 339-341. Chadwick, J., 341. Chalfont Mill, 71. Chalfont St. Giles, 5, 71, 92, 121, 335. Chalfont St. Peter, 5, 70, 71, 116, 126, 335. Chalfonts, The, 92. Chalk (General), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8-12, 14 40, 46-66, 72-74, 79-86, 88-92, 94, 96, 97, 101, 103, 106, 107, 114, 116, 117, 123, 129, 131, 136, 147-149, 154, 157, 170, 178, 186, 212, 213. 217, 218, 220, 222, 224-226, 230, 231, 236, 242, 246, 247, 250, 253-256, 259, 266-268, 274, 292, 301, 312, 318, 327, 332, 336, 338, 340, 341. 345-347, 352. (See also under various divisions (Lower, etc.).) Chalk Areas (and Maps), 26-28,339,340. Chalk Marl, 13, 20, 21, 23, 33, 41, 47, 48, 129, 132, 133, 136, 140, 148, 150, 198, 204, 212, 222, 236, 237, 255, 258. Chalk Rock, 20, 72, 147, 197, 198, 210, 212, 231, 250, 348, 351. Chalk Streams, 4-7, 11. Chalk-waters, Character of, 35-40. Chalvey, 64. Chandler's Green, 245. Channels of Drift, 116, 121, 122, 164, 192, 193, 224, 229, 232, 256, 266, 341. Chapel Green, 7. Chaplin, P., 122. Chapman, Prof. E. J., 22, 338. Charlton, 49, 96, 223. Charndon, 117, 126-128, 271, 281, 284. Charteridge, 116, 334. Chearsley, 8, 9, 284. Cheddington, 117, 118, 128, 129, 148, 149, 284, 285, 334. Cheeld, Messrs. 156, 220, 231, 238, 240. Chenies, 5. Chequers Court, 133. INDEX. 357 Cherry Green, 7. *Chertsey, 337. 347. Chesham, 5, 71, 92, 129, 285, 333, 335. Ghesham Bois, 121, 129, 335. Ghesham Moor, 129. Chesham Vale, 71, 129. Cheshunt and Cheshunt Common, 3, 6, 19, 22, 41, 66, 103, 112, 117-119, 199-209, 316, 333, 340, 343. Chess, River and Valley, 5, 16, 22, 71. Chesterman, H., 147. Chetwode, 10, 118, 129. 130, 281, 308. Chicheley, 66, 334. Chicheley Brook, 11. Childwickbury, 243. Chiltern Hills, 28, 29, 48, 110. Chh/tern Hills Water Co., 12, 21, 36, 102, 116, 124, 268, 283. Chilton, 95, 130, 286. Chilton Grove Farm, 95, 130, 286, 337. Chtlvers, G. B., 343. *Chinnor, 9. Chipping Norton Limestone, 161. Chipping Wycombe Rural District, 121, 147. Chishall, Great, 33. Cholesbury, 334. Chorleywood, 3, 92, 116, 209. Church End (Buckingham), 97. Church End (Redbourn), 79. Church End ( Weston), 6. Church End ( Wing), 304. Church End Stream, 78. Cippenham, 342. Clark, T., 195, 199, 211, 276, 338. Clavering, 7. Claydon Brook, 10. Claydon, East, 10, 131, 286, 308, 334. Claydon, Middle, 10, 308, 334. Claydon, Steeple, 10, 119, 334. Clay End, 256. Clay-with-Flints, 13, 15, 26, 27, 72, 162, 165, 210, 212, 218, 243, 256. Clegg, S., 101. Cleveden, 335. Clinical Research Assoc, 285, 317. Clothall, 68. Clutterbuck, Rev. J. C,. 25, 28, 52, 72, 83-85, 100, 172, 199, 222, 338, 339 Coal, Trial boring for, 160, 341. Codicote, 118, 210, 231. Cold Brayfield, 43, 152, 333. Cold Harbour, 85. Cole Green, 222. Coleman, Rev. W. H., 82, 90, 92, 338. Coles, Dr. C, 270. Coleshill, or Coles Hill Green, 91, 121, 335. Colliers End, 248. Colnbrook, 333, 335. Colne, River and Valley, 1, 2, 4-6, 14-16, 19, 25, 28, 31, 52, 65, 77, 79, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 106-108, 338, 340. Colnehurst, 264. Colne Valley Water Co., 12, 31, 36, 197-199, 261, 315, 316, 339-341. Colney Heath, 4, 65, 88. Colney Street, 5, 79. Colony, The (Chalfont), 126. Colwell, J. K., 318. Combe Wood (Shenley), 85. Conder, J., 222, 236, 237. Cones of deoression. 60, Contamination, 18, 37-39, 45, 95-99, 168, 170, 286, 291, 309, 327. Conybeare and Phillips, 268. Cookham, C. Dean, and C. Rise, 335. Coombe and Coombe Hill, 133. Cooper, G., 185. Copeman, Lt.-Col. E. M., 327. Corallian Beds, 14, 15, 66, 162, 167, 303. Cornbrash, 14, 42, 44, 114, 138, 141, 144-147, 156, 163, 168, 278. Cotter ed, 6, 7, 80, 210. Cottle Brook, 9. Cowcroft, 92. Cowhill Spring, 48. Cow Roast, 23, 77, 100-102, 2:!6. Cox and Savage, 187. Crawley Brook, 11. Crawley, North, 11, 66, 334. Crendon, Long, 8, 45, 144, 295. Cretaceous, 13, 14, 117. (See divisions.) Croft, R. B., 7, 64. Crofts End, 44. Cromer, 63. Crook Log, 85. Crouch , 161. Croxley Green, 238. *Croydon Bourne, 69, 71. CUBITT , 101. Cublington, 41, 308, 334. Cuddington, 45. Cuffley Brook, 6, 90. Cuffleys, 67. Culpin, B. E. L., 250. Ctjnnington, Messrs. J. T., 154. Cutting Hill, 336. Dadbrook Spring, 45. Dagnall (Bucks.), 1, 133. Dagnell Green (Herts.), 346. Dakyns, J. R., 333. Dalton , 108. Dalton, J., 128. Dames Brook, 9. Darnicle Hill, 203. Datchet, 19, 117, 118, 131, 132, 159, 286, 287, 335, 338. Datchworth, 210. Davey, J., 224, 225. Da vies, Dr. A. M., 126, 127, 135, 160, 342. Da vies, G. MacD., 45. Dawkins, Sir W. B., 340. Decrease of Springs, 50-55, 57-63, 80, 100, 103. 358 INDEX. Deep Bottom, or Oobions Wood, 88, 89. Deep wells or borings, 158, 347-353. De Hailes , 320. Delaford' Park, 139. Delap, Major J. B., 113. Dellsome or Dulsham Green, 88. Denham, 1, 6, 65, 116, 132, 335. Denton, J. B., 249, 339. Depression of Chalk Water Level. 3 1 , 32. Desborough, Lord, 114, 222. Devonian, 14, 117, 205, 339. Dewey, H., 337. Dickinson , 65. Dickinson, Messrs. 101 Digswell, 6, 66, 82, 83, 92, 211, 316, 344, 346. Dimsdale, Baron, 211. Dinton, 132. Dip of Palaeozoic Rocks, 205, 259, 340. Diphtheria, 97. Ditton Park, 137. Diviner, 148, 167, 341. Docwra, Messrs., 174, 183, 184, 195, 200, 202, 203, 205, 206, 208, 225-227, 234, 235, 240, 340. * Dorchester (Oxon.), 8. Dorney and D. Common, 4, 19, 123. 335. Dorton and Dorton Park, 9, 67, 337, 338. Dorton Sjmi, 66, 67, 271. Drakewell, 113. Drayton Beauchamp, 1, 116, 334. Drayton Parslow, 334. Drayton, West, 335. Drew, F., 122, 123. Drift (general), 6, 7, 13, 18, 20, 25, 41, 42, 44, 49, 63, 82, 83, 92, 94, 114, 121, 122, 124, 134, 138, 141, 144, 157, 163, 166, 172, 173, 176, 189, 192, 193, 209, 214, 215, 233, 235, 243, 244, 246, 250, 266, 273, 278, 303. (See Boulder Clay, Gravels, etc.) Drift Maps, 26. Dudswell and Dudstvell Springs, 5, 50. 77, 100. Duke and Ockenden, Messrs., 124, 140, 144, 147, 170, 171, 176, 182, 194, 213, 216, 244, 249. Dulsham Green, 88. Dundale, 48, 49. * Dunstable, 32. Dunton, 308, 334. Dupre, A., 286. Dyer, Dr. B., 314. Eastbury, 261, 315. Easton, E., and Anderson, Messrs., 28, 141, 246. Eastwick, 114. *Eaton Bray, 98, 337. Edgcott, 113, 281. Edlesborough, 10, 98, 99, 132, 133, 334, 337. *Egha?n, 335. , , Egyptian Springs, 45. Ekins, A. E., 314, 318, 325, 329. Ellenbrook, 65, 104. Ellesborough, 3, 8, 48, 118, 133, 287, 334, 336. Elliott and Brown, 212. Elstree, 79, 83-85, 199, 211. Emberton, 133, 152, 288, 334. Emma or Fair Emma's Spring, 61, 103. Encrusting Springs, 47, 48. *Enf\eld Lock, 6. Enteric or Typhoid Fever, 95-99. Eocene Tertiaries, 13, 336. (See also under the divisions.) Error in Geologic Map, 89. Escarpment of the Chalk, 1, 3, 10, 21, 32, 39, 46. Escarpment of the Tertiary beds, 84, 90. Escarpment-springs, 46-49. Essendon, 211, 316, 317. Essex Road Well, 62. Estuarine Beds, 138. Etheridge, R., 339. Eton, 12, 335. Eton Rural District, 98, 337. Eunson, H. J., 339. Eunson, J., 123. Evans, Sir J., 29, 59, 72, 73, 78, 101. 105, 213, 339-341. Factories, Mills, etc., Wells at, 135, 137. 144, 158, 159, 168, 171, 172, 175. 189, 193, 196, 238-240, 256, 263 266, 307, 349-352. Fair Emma's or Emma Well (Arnwell), 61, 103. Faller — — , 148. Fanham Hill and Little Fanham Hall. 259. Farey, J., 152, 337. Farm Wells, 120, 124, 130, 147-149, 153, 161, 163, 166, 188, 208, 210. 212-216, 223, 231, 233, 239, 242. 244, 253, 256, 259, 262, 265, 266, 269, 278, 279, 286, 308, 332, 345, 346. Farnham Royal, 125, 159, 288. 335. | Faults. 54, 63, 141. Fawley. 1, 118, 134, 288. Featherby, H. G., 172, 173, 177, 191. Feilde's Weir, 106. Fenny Stratford, 11, 117, 118, 134-136, 288, 333, 334. Fever, Enteric, 95-99. Filgrave, 66. Fingest, 4. ' ' Fisher, E. H., 325. Fisher, W. W., hi, 67, 133, 144, 154, 156, 157, 270-273, 277-280, 283-290, 293, 295-300, 302-304, 306-309. 341. Fissures, 25, 29, 31, 50, 61, 173, 174, 202, 203, 250, 327. INDEX. 359 FlTZMAURICE, SlR M., 341. Flamstead, 52, 78, 118, 211, 212, 317. Flamstead End, 200, 201. Flaunden, 116, 334. Fleet Marston, 9. Fletcher, Dr. W. W. E., 113. 151, 166, 337. Flett, Dr. J. S., iii. Ford, 132. Ford Brook, 1, 8, 9. Fordham, Sir H. G., 177, 178, 251, 252, 340. Forest Marble, 14, 42, 135, 156, 160, 161. Fort, J., 200. Foscott, 136. Fossils, 128, 141, 151, 153, 157, 162, 163, 166, 193, 254,258, 343, 349, 351. Fox, W., 197, 340. Foxholes, 223. Francis, J., 54, 103, 174. 205, 245, 259, 310, 341. Frankland, Sir E., 39, 319, 325. Frankland and Odling, 275, 310. Fraser, A., 122. *Fredville, 90. Friars Wash, 78. Frog Hall, 92. Frogmore, 63, 80, 93. Frogmore, Springs (Tring), 49. Fryihe, 177. Fulmer, 6, 65, 116, 136, 308, 335. Furneux Pelham, 7, 81, 212. Gaddesden, Great, 5, 51, 78, 118, 212, 213. Gaddesden Hoo, 213. Gaddesden, Little, 2, 5, 213, 334, 335. Gaddesden Park and Place, 212. Gade, River and Valley, 5, 16, 29, 51, 78. Galleries, see Headings. Garden City Waterworks, 232, 322, 314- 347. Gas in Wells, 112. Gaugings of Springs, 43, 45, 46, 48, 52, 54. Gault, 1, 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 41, 47, 116, 117, 125, 128, 129, 132, 133, 136, 142, 148-150, 157, 158, 161, 166, 167, 198, 205, 222-224, 228, 233, 234, 237, 255, 258, 259, 261, 262, 265, 284, 336, 348-353. Gawcott, 280, 343. Gayhurst, 43, 44, 113, 273. Geologic Formations, 13, 14. Gerrards Cross, 121. 335, 336. Gilston, 118, 213, 214. Glacial Drift (general), 7, 13, 34, 35, 54, 116, 117, 143, 145, 147, 164, 167, 168, 188, 190, 196, 200, 210, 212, 217-219, 224, 227-231, 247-251, 254, 257, 259, 263, 269, 347. (See also under divisions.) Glacial. Gravel etc., 13, 18, 19, 52, 53, 57, 72, 137. 154, 193, 194, 216, 217, 241, 263, 264. Gobions Wood, 88. Gold Hill, 126. Goldings, 82. Gorhambury, 105, 243. Gosmore, 228, 337. Gosslin, R., 7. Graham, Prof. T., 324, 338. Graham, W. V., 155. Grandborough, 334. Grand Junction Canal Co., 100-102, 148, 149, 157, 236, 254, 255. Granitic rock, 134, 135. Gravatt, W., 255, 337. Gravel (general), 4, 27, 64-66, 114, 136, 146, 148, 158, 164, 169, 174, 175, 181, 186, 194, 213, 245, 249, 260, 268, 301, 308. (See also under various divisions.) Gravel Supplies, 18, 19, 146, 152, 154, 159, 160. Graveley, 214. Great Oolite, 10, 14, 42, 43, 44, 113, 114, 117, 124, 137, 138, 141, 144, 145, 147, 150-154, 156, 157, 161-165, 168, 272, 290, 295, 298, 302, 303. Great Oolite Clay, 14, 42, 138, 144. 145, 151, 157, 163, 168. Great Wood, 90. Green, Prof. A. H., 146, 149, 161, 167, 333, 336. Green End, 235. Green Street, 87, 215. Green Tye, 216. Greg, R. P., 7, 64. Grendon Underwood, 9, 289. Grey Chalk, 236. Grove, 11. Grove Farm, 11, 84. Grover, J. W., 239, 340. Gubblecote, 233. *Guilden Morden, 178. Gutteridge Grove, 92. Gwynn, A. G., 217. Gypseys, 69. Haddenham, 9. 41. Hadham Cross, 216. Hadham Ford, 214, 215. Hadham, Little, 66, 81, 118, 214, 215., Hadham, Much or Great, 64, 81. 118, 216, 217, 317, 318, 341. Hadhams, The, 1. Haileybury, 91, 104, 175. Haldom, G., 135. Hale, Rev. J. G., 251. Hall, Sir A. D., 108. Halsey, T. F., 213. Halton, 116, 118, 136, 334. Hambledon, 4, 136, 335. H ambled on Brook, 15. 360 INDEX Hamer, S. H., 144. Hampden, Great, 334. Handside, and Lower and Upper H., 345, 346. Hanslope, 1, 10, 118, 137, 289, 290. *Hanwell, 159. Hard and Soft Water contrasted, 35, 36. Hardwick, 8, 334. Harefield, 106. Haresfoot Park, 72, 75. Hare Street, 210. Harland and Brown, 290, 291. Harmer Green, 265, 266. Harmondsworth, 335. Harpenden, and H. Common, 2, 36-39, 105, 112, 218, 244, 318, 319, 342. Harpendenbury, 93. Harpsfield Hall, 65. Harratt's End or Harriottsend or HarraWs Lane End, 73-75. Harris, G., 341. Harrison, J. T., 19, 339, 340. Harston, A. C, 62. Hartwell, 45, 116, 336. Hartwell Clay, 42, 45. Harvey, Rev. C. W., 105. Hatfield and Hatfield Park, 6, 53, 54, 65, 82, 89, 90, 118, 218, 219, 276, 319, 333, 344. Haversham, 290, 334. Hawkshead Farm or House, 87, 234. Hawkswick, 243. Ha worth, J. D., 344,346, 347. Hayward, R. R., 40. Headings or Galleries, 25, 174, 181, 182, 197, 200, 202, 203, 245. 259-262. Headley, F. W., 175. Hearthstones, 351. Heath, H., 147. *Heath and Reach, 123. Heatherden Estate, 343. Hebing End, 63. Hedgerley, 84, 335, 336, 342. Hell Wood, 90. Hemel Hempstead, 3, 5, 118, 220, 319, 333, 336. Hemsdon, 118. *Henley, 336. Hennell, T., 181. Hertford and Hertford Heath, 3, 6, 7, 19, 54, 55, 63, 82, 83 90, 91, 118, 175, 221, 222, 332, 333, 339, 340. Hertfordshire Bourne, The, 71-77, 339, 341, 342. Hertingfordbury, 6, 54, 63, 188, 222. Hexton, 2, 49. Heywood-Lonsdale, J. P., 156. High Leigh, 65. High Level Gravels, 13. (See also Hill and Plateau.) Hill, A., 313. Hill, H. F., 259, 260, 329. Hill, J. B., 114, 120, 121, 123, 128, 154, 156, 160. Hill, William, 94, 198, 205, 223-226, 228, 229, 231, 232, 249, 250, 268, 269, 341, 342. Hill, Woodman, 197. Hillfield Lodge, 85. Hill Gravels, 15-17. Hillmotts Farm, or Helmet, 91. Hinxworth, 2, 222. Hitchin, 3, 11, 21, 29, 41, 49, 68, 96, 105, 117, 118, 222-225, 319, 320, 333 337, 341. Hitchin and Stevenage Gap, 342. Hiz, River, 11, 49, 96. Hockerill, 190. Hoddesdon, 6, 7, 32, 54, 55, 61, 62, 65, 118, 196, 225, 226, 321, 333. Hodgemoor Wood, 92. Hoe or How Dell, 89, 90. Hoffman, Dr. A. W., 324, 338. Hoggeston, 334. Hogshaw, 10. Holden, A. F., 221. Holland, S. T., 53. Holland , 256. Holmer Court or Green, 149. Holton Brook, 9. Holwell and *Holwell Bury, 225, 226. Holywell, or Holiwell, Hill, 52, 244. Home Park Mill, 230. Homersham, S. C., 22, 25, 124, 149, 172, 197, 229, 230, 236, 238, 338. Hooper, T., 210. Hopkinson, J., iii, 5, 15-17,25, 31-33, 35, 52, 54, 57-61, 71, 74-77, 79, 83-85, 87-89, 92, 93, 105, 108, 110, 264, 265, 339-342. Horsenden, 9, 334. Horton, 116, 137, 159, 335. Horwood, Great, 137, 308, 334. Horwood, Little, 117, 118, 138, 290-292, 334. Horwoods, The, 10. Hospital, see Asylum. Hotel or Inn, etc., Supplies, 136, 166- 168, 171, 187, 210, 216, 227, 237, 242, 250, 257, 266. Howard, D., 341. Howe, J. A., 333, 335, 336. Howell, H. H, 333. Hughenden, 4, 70, 116, 170, 274, 335. Hughenden Brook, 70. Hughes, S., 187, 263, 338. Hughes, Prof. T. McK., 211, 333. Hulcott, 334. Hull, Prof. E., 333, 340. Humber, W., 199. Humphreys, Rev. A. R., 251. Hunsdon, 226, 227. Hunt, J. A., 221. Huntsmoor Park, 139. Ibbetson, L. L. B., 128. Ibotson, H., 171. Ickford, 9, 138, 334. INDEX. 361 Ickleford, 11, 117, 228. Icknield Way, 2. Igneous rock in a boring, 161. Inferior Oolite, 161. Ingold, G., 172, 188-194, 196, 208 212-216, 245-247, 253, 266-268. Inn, see Hotel. Ippollitts, 11, 117, 118, 225, 228, 229. Ippollitts Brook, 11. 94. Irving, Dr. A., 192, 341. Isler and Co., 120, 125, 132, 133, 144, 149, 150, 158, 165, 171, 189, 194, 208, 219-221, 226, 233, 236, 238, 240, 242, 243, 248, 348. Ivel, River, 11. Iver, and Iver Heath, 116, 139, 140, 292, 335, 343. Ivinghoe, 3, 10, 140, 292, 334. Ivinghoe Beacon, 3. Ivy House, or Inn, 92. Ixhill, 153. Jenner, W., 95. Joel, J. B., 244. Johnstone, Dr. R. W., 98, 337. Joints or Jointing, 20, 31, 43, 47. Joyce, S., 136. Jukes-Browne, A. J., 47-49, 97, 134, 136, 148, 149, 157, 163, 166, 169, 198, 203, 205, 223, 233, 236, 250, 254, 255, 257, 333, 334, 336, 340. Jurassic (general), 11, 13, 14, 18, 117. See also under various divisions.) Jurassic limestones, 130. Kaye, C. L., 343. Kellaways Beds, 135, 138, 146, 160, 163, 167, 168, 307. Kelshall, 229. Kendall, Prof. P. R, 135. Kendall Lodge, or Pound, 85. Kennesbourn Green, 218. Kensworth, 32, 52, 105, 334. Kensivorth Lynch, 33, 52, 78. Kimble, Great, 3, 48, 334. Kimeridge or Kirnmeridge Clay, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 41, 42, 95, 130, 138, 148, 162, 166, 167, 237, 278, 279, 304, 306. Kimpton and Kimpton Mill, 6, 63, 332. King, Dr. A., 35. Kingsey, 9. King's Farm, 92. Kingshill, Great, 334. King's Langley, 5, 116, 229, 230. Knapp, J. M., 141. Knebworth, 66, 118, 230, 231, 321, 322. *Kneesworth, 33. Knight, T., 66, 67, 337. Knights Meadows, 64. Lamplugh, G. W., 333, 334. Lane End, 91, 118. 140, 292, 335. Langley, 117, 231, 232. Langley Marish or Marsh, 140, 159, 335. Langley Siding, 249. (See also Abbots and Kings.) Lankester, Dr. E., 338. Latham, B., 69, 70, 200, 208, 268, 339. Lathbury, 43. Laundry Wells, 181, 223, 238, 251. ' Lavant, 69. (Sse also Bourne.) Lavendon, 333. Lay Hill, 23. Lea, River, Valley and Basin, 2-4, 6-8, 12. 14, 16, 17, 19, 25, 31-34, 53-62, 88, 103, 106, 107, 340, 341, 344. Leagrave Marsh, 6. heavesden, 100, 261, 262, 329. Lee, 116, 140. Le Grand and Sutcliff, 121, 122, 124, 129, 135, 135, 139, 142, 143, 157, 163, 165, 167, 169, 172, 173; 175, 196, 217-219, 223, 228, 230, 232, 234, 248. 249. 253. -J59, 261, 264. 345. 346. Le Mesttrier, Rev. , 152. Lemsford, 53. Letchmore Heath, 85. Letchworth, 3, 21, 118, 177, 232, 233, 322, 323, 344, 346. Lias, 127, 130, 135, 154, 273, 336, and see divisions. Lilley, 3, 80, 233. Lillingstone Dayrell, 10, 118, 141. Lillingstone Lovell, 10, 113, 281, 308. Linford, Great, 9, 113, 141, 151, 334. Linford, Little, 9, 141, 293, 334. Linslade, 1, 11, 41, 118, 141-143, 293-295, 334. Lion Spring, 45. Lipscombe , 169. Liscombe Park, 273. *Litlington and Litlington Spring, 33, 34, LlTTLEBOY, J. E., 339. Little End, 66. Littleheath, 88. Lobley, J., 131, 339. Locke, W. R., 220. Lodge Hill, 3, 45. Loftus, W., 292. *London, 12, 19, 25, 28, 31, 55, 57, 336, 340, 341, 347. London and North Western Rail- way Co., 42. London Basin, 83, 336, 338, 339. London Clay, 6, 13, 15-17, 20, 26, 28, 40, 65, 66, 85, 87, 91, 96, 122, 123, 125, 126, 131, 132, 137, 139, 140, 158, 159, 162, 171, 173, 181-186, 188-193, 195, 196, 199-204, 206-209, 211, 213, 215, 216, 219, 221, 225, 227, 235, 246, 247, 249, 253, 254. 268, 275, 336, 343. London Colnev, 4, 65, 233. 362 INDEX. Long Grendon, 8, 45, 144, 295. Longfield Lane, 201, 202. Long Marston, 41, 233, 234. Looker, S. H., 128. Loudwater, 24, 118, 144, 170, 335. Loudwater River, see Wye. Loughton, 309, 334. Lovat, or Ouzel, River, 1, 10, 11. Lower Chalk, 3, 20-23, 33, 46, 48, 49, 72, 117, 158, 169, 176, 187. 198, 204, 210, 223, 229, 232, 237, 238, 254, 258, 261, 266, 336, : 48-35J . Lower Corallian, 153. Lower Eocene, 52 ; and see divisions. Lower Green, 265, 331. Lower Greensand, 11, 13, 15, 22, 41, 42, 45, 46, 117, 123, 124, 128, 129, 132, 141-143, 148, 149, 157, 158, 160, 163, 166, 167, 223, 234, 237, 255, 259, 270, 284, 306, 336, 342. 347-353. Lower Lias, 14, 144, 145, 161, 163, 169. Lower Oolites, 14, 43, 273, 336. Lower Wing Hurt/, 166. Lucas, E. W., 301. Lucas, J., 29, 48, 50, 70, 239, 339, 341. Lucas , 222. Ludlow Beds, 14, 150. Luffenhall, or Luffnell, 6, 63. *Lulon, 6, Mackeill. E. T., 136. * Maidenhead, 19. 348, 351-353. Maid's Moreton, 42, 44, 64, 117, 118, 144-147, 281, 295-297, 343. Manking and Bray, 69. Maran, see Mimram. Mar lord, 267. Margrett, E., 134. Marki/ate, or Markyatestreet, or Market Street, 5, 69-, 79, 212, 317, 335. Marlin Farm, 74. Marlow, Great, 118, 147, 297, 333, 335, I 340, 348, 353. Marlow, Little, 147, 335. Marlow Waterworks, 306, 348. Marl Rock, 48. Marlstone, 42, 144, 145, 154, 163, 169. Maes ram, R. A. B., 113. Marsh Gibbon, 1, 113, 147, 281, 297. Marsh Gibbon Station, 156. Marston, Fleet, 9. Marston, North, 10, 113, 148, 271, 297, 298, 334. See also Jjoiu/ Marston. Marsworth, 1, 8, 23, 117, 118, 148, 149, •334. Martin, C. P., 228, 229, 237. Martin, T. H., 90, 185. Martin Hill, 3. *Marylebone, 95, 130, 337. Matheson, Rev. A., 152. Mayne, Messrs., 133, 161, 166, 167, 233. Medicinal Wells, see Mineral. Medmenham, 147, 335. *Melbourn, and Melboum Spring, 33, 34, 178. Melbourn Rock, 20, 21, 47, 49, 176, 198, 210, 212, 223, 225, 232, 236, 258. Mentmore, 8, 118, 149, 334. Merryweather, Messrs., 175, 227, 236. Metropolitan Water Board, 12, 18, 19, 25, 113, 115, 116, 118, 225, 257. Middle Chalk, 13, 20-23, 30. 33, 46-49, 70, 71, 76, 117, 120, 133, 140, 149, 155, 158, 162, 169, 176, 177, 187, 197, 198, 204, 205, 210, 211, 229, 231, 232, 249, 250, 258, 261, 269, 336, 348, 349, 351. Middle Lias, 14, 42, 117, 161, 163, 164, 169. Middle Oolites, 14, 44, 117, 336. Middleton, R. E., 32, 33, 49-53, 59, 61, 63-66, 77, 78, 80, 86, 89, 90, 93, 100-105, 175. 176, 178, 188, 197, 214, 238, 250, 256, 257, 262, 264, 266, 267, 340-342. Mile Barn, 78. Mill End, 4, 7, 238, 239. Mill Supplies, see Factories. Miller, Dr. N. H. J., 108, 109. Miller, Dr. W. A., 324, 338. Miller, Prof., 22. Milton Keynes, 334. Minims, 27, 55, 57, 340, 342. Minims Hall, 87. Mimms Hall Brook. 4, 86-89. Mimms, North, 53, 86-88, 118, 185, 234, 235, 323. Mimms Park, 88. Mimms, South, 86. Mimms Street, 82. Mimram or Maran, River, 6, 7, 14, 17, 19, 62, 63, 66, 93, 344. Mineral or Medicinal Springs, or Wells, 50, 66-68, 271, 273, 339. Minet, W., 215. Misbcurn, River and Valley, 5, 16, 19. 50, 65, 70, 71. Missenden, Great, 5, 116, 118, 149, 298, 334. Missenden, Little, 5, 71, 116, 118, 119, 149, 150, 335. 337. Miswell, 49. Mitchell, Dr. J., 112, 195, 199, 337. Mobwell, 5. *Mole, The, 86, 90. Monckton, C, 240. Monk's Risborough, 48, 118, 150. Moor End Common, 91. Moor Park, 84, 114, 217, 332. Moreton, 132. Mother Redcap's Spring, 43. Moulsoe, 152, 334. Mount Pleasant, 63. Muir, J., 58. Munden, 77. Munden, Great, 7. INDEX. 363 Munden, Little, 7, 235. Mursley, 10, 309, 334. Mustin, Dr. — S 243. Muswell Hill, 9, 45, 46, 336. Myddelton, T. C, 60. Mylne, R. W., 55, 86, 339. Mylne, W. C., 58, 174. Nailbournes, 69. See also Bourne. Napsbury, 243. Nash, 10, 334. Nash M ills, 51, 105, 172. Nast Hyde, 104. New, Dr. J. S., 157, 277. Newgate Street, 202, 203. Neuiands, 92. Newpark Farm, 90. Newport Pagnell, 9, 11, 42-44, 118, 150. 151, 298, 333, 334. Neioport Pagnell Rural District, 113, 151, 337. " New Red Sandstone, 20. New River, 19, 55, 60. New River Co., 31, 59, 61, 62, 103, 104, 195. New River Go's. Springs and Wells, 20, 174, 340. Newton, E. T., 160. Newton Blossomville, 1, 9. Newton Longville, 152, 309, 334, 337. NlCHOLLS , 46. Nine Springs, 11, 49. Noah Mill, 51. Noble, A. H., 126, 334-336. Norcott Court, 101. Northampton Sand or Beds, 14, 42, 117, 138, 141, 144, 145, 157, 163-165. Northaw or Norihall, 6, 67, 87, 89, 90, 118, 185, 235, 337. Northchurch, 5, 77, 187, 236, 334. North End, 8, 247. Norton, 49, 236. Nunn, H. S., 262. Nunsbury, 206. Nursery Wells, 159, 201, 202, 207, 209, 218, 267, 343. Nuthampstead, 7, 64. Oakhills Wood, 63. Oakley {Bucks.), 9, 153, 299, 334. Oaks Cross Farm, 80. CConnorville, 92, 335. Odling , 275, 310. Odsey and Odsey Grange, 33, 178, 251, 340. Offley, Great, 3, 236. Offleyholes, 236. Old Bourne, 7, 63. Oldham, C, iii, 71. Oldhaven Beds, 201, 202, 207. *Old Stratford, 164. Olney, 9, 10, 118, 152-154, 333,334.341. Onley, J. T., 124. Oolites, 127, 272, 278, 289, 297, 299, 336, and see divisions. Oolitic waters, 296. *Ottershaw, 347. Otterspool, 52, 53, 85, 274, 275, 339. Oughton Head, 11, 49. Oughton, River, 11. Ouse, River, Valley and Basin, 1, 2, 4. 9-12, 46. Ouzel, or Lovat, River, 1, 10, 11. Oving, 10, 154, 309, 334. *Oxford, 336. Oxford Clay, 8, 9, 14, 15, 113, 117, 123, 124, 126, 129, 134, 135, 138, 141, 145-147, 150-152, 156, 157, 160, 160-163, 165 167, 168, 286, 289, 297, 299, 303, 307, 309, 348. Oxford Oolite, 163. Oxford Water, 10. Oxhey, 263. Padbury, 154. 334 Page, O, 136. Palaeozoic, rocks or formations, 13, 150. Panshanger, 222. Park Hill {Lane End), 91. Park Street, 5, 52. Parry, E., 45, 138, 153, 170, 270. Parsonage, Rectory and Vicarage Wells, 128, 152, 157. 175, 176, 190, 209-211, 228, 239, 245, 251, 253, 256, 260, 279, 300, 309, 311, 316. Parsons, Dr. H. F., 97, 270, 337. Paten, R. B., 120, 124, 125, 129, 136, 149, 170, 172, 173, 187, 197, 199. 211-213, 218-220, 230, 233, 238, 239, 242-244, 261-264. Patmore Heath and Hall, 172, 173. Pebble Gravel, 13. Peck, H. F., 177. Pelham Brent, 81. | Pelham Furneux, 7, 81, 212. Penn, 117, 118, 121, 154, 155, 335. Penning, W. H., 193, 215, 333, 336. I Penn Lands, 84. Percolation and Percolation-gauges, 25, 105-110, 341. Perkin, H., 131. Permeable and Impermeable beds, 106, 107. Perry Green, 217. Phillips, A. F., 244. Phillips, Prof. J., 163. Phillips, R., 275, 310, 330. Phillips, W. R., 218, 224. Pickett , 250. Pirton, 49, 237. Pitchcott, 9. Pitstone, 10, 48, 334. Plane of saturation in Chalk, 21, 25, 30, 31, 33, 43, 47, 58, 73, 74, 76, 78, 82, 86, 107, 341. 364 INDEX. Plastic Clay, 83. Plateau Gravel and Brickearth, 13. Plaw Hatch, 191. Playfair, Lord, 121, 276, 319. Pleistocene, 13. Pocock, R. W., 90. Pocock, T. I., 45, 153, 170, 334-336. Poles Estate, 254, 260. Pollard, Dr. W., 237. Pollards Wood, 92. Pollution, see Contamination. Polwhele, T. R., 132, 158, 333. Pond, J., 137. Ponsbourne Park, 6, 219. Popefield Farm, 65. Population, 2, 3. Portland Beds, Sand, or Stone, 8-10, 14, 15, 41, 42, 45, 113, 132, 154, 161, 162, 166, 237, 270, 272, 279, 284, 295. Potter and Co., 145. Potterells Park, 88, 89, 340. *Potters Bar, 87, 88, 185, 341. Pouchen End, 220. Pounden and P. Hill, 118, 156, 281, 299, 300. Power, Sir W. H., 96, 337. Poyter's End, 229. Prediction of water-finding, by Wm. Smith, 152. Pre (or Prae) Mill House, 115. Preston, 229. Preston Bissett, 156, 271, 282. Prestwich, Sir J., 26, 50, 54, 83, 158, 162, 225, 255, 338, 340. Prince's Risborough, 3, 9, 48, 333. Pringle, J., 126, 160, 342, 347-353. Pryor, M. R., 266. Pryor, R. A., 67, 68, 339. Public Supplies, 103, 113, 114, 120, 123-126, 128, 129, 131-133, 136, 137, 141, 142, 145, 147-152, 154, 156, 157 159, 160, 162-164, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172-176, 181-185, 187, 188, 193, 195-200, 202, 203, 210-213, 216-221, 224, 226, 231, 233-235, 239, 242-246, 250, 252, 259-261, 264-266, 270, 272, 273, 277, 279, 280, 282-287, 289, 292- 294, 297, 298, 302, 306, 307, 310- 320, 323-332, 343-348. Puckeridge, 248. Puller, A. G., 7. Pulpit Hill, 3. Pumping, Details of. 100-104. Pumping, Effect of, 31, 32, 50, 52, 60-62. 65, 100-104, 174, 182, 200, 260. Pumping tests or trials, 100-103, 137, 145, 212, 239, 345, 347. Purbeck Beds, 14, 15, 163. Purdom,C. B., 232, 342, 344. Pur well, River, 11. Puttenham, 2, 4, 237, 334, 335. Pyrtle Spring, 48. Quainton, 9, 113, 272. Quarry House, 124. Queen Anne's Spring, 64. Quin, River, 7, 17, 64, 8" Quinbury, 64, 80. Rabley, 86. Radcliffe, J. N., 337. Radclive, 10, 44. Radlett, 173, 339. Radnage, 335. Radwell, 2, 11, 237. Rag Bed of Lower Chalk, 49. Railway Supplies, 128, 156, 158, 160, 169, 173, 191, 194, 199, 218-220, 230, 249, 262, 263, 288, 306, 310, 321, 328, 330 332. Rainfall, 71, 73-77, 80, 96, 105, 111, 179, 180, 341. Ramerick, 228. Rammell, T. W., 121, 170, 337. Randall, H. B., 218. Ranger, W., 276, 319, 337. Rate of Boring, 198, 255. Ravenhill, J. R., 139. Raven-stone, 152, 334. Ray, River, 1, 9. Read, C. S., 163. Reading Beds, 13, 15-17, 19, 20, 27, 65, 83, 84, 90, 91, 122, 123, 125, 126, 131, 136, 139, 140, 158, 159, 171, 173, 175, 181-184, 186, 188-193, 195, 196, 199-204, 206-209, 211, 214-217, 219, 221, 225-227, 234, 235, 240, 242, 246, 249, 253, 254, 263, 268, 336, 338, 343, 349, 350. Recent Beds, 13. Rectory, see Parsonage. Redbourn, 5, 32, 52, 78, 79, 93, 115, 118, 238, 244, 324. Redbournbury Mill, 52. Redbourn Green, 79. Redfern, Dr. P., 338. Redwood and De Hailes, 320. Reed, 7, 238. Registrar General, 3. Reid, C, 225, 334, 335. Rennie, G., 311, 316, 338. Rhee, River, 12. Rib, River, and Valley, 7, 14, 17, 34, 64. 115. Richards, Messrs., 154, 200-202, 207, 343. Rickmansworth, 2, 4, 5, 19, 84, 114, 116, 118, 238-241, 276, 324, 332, 333, 340. Ricksmanworth and Uxbridge Water Co., 12, 116, 149. Rideal, Dr. S., 287, 323, 344. Ridge and Ridge Hill, 5, 86, 88, 118, 185, 199, 2a. Ridlings Wood, 66. Rignall, 5. Risborough, see Monk's and Prince's. INDEX. 365 River or Valley Drift or Gravel, 13, 16, 17, 19, 95, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 131, 132, 134, 139, 140, 144, 154, 158, 159, 170-172, 195-197, 201-203, 206-209, 221, 225, 226, 230, 231, 233, 236, 238-241, 244, 245, 257, 263, 268, 347, 349. Rivers (general), 4-11. Roberts , 140. Roberts's Farm, 92. Robinson, Archdeacon, 252. Rolls, 65. Roman Way, 2. Rothamsted, 36, 39, 105, 108-110, 336. Rowland and Plumbe, Messrs., 243. Rowlands, Messrs., 135. Rowlings Farm, 92. Rowsham, 306. Royston, 2, 21, 33. 242, 333. Rushden, 6 ; 64, 80. Rush Green, 11. Rushing Well, 64. Russ and Minns, 259. Russel, Dr. R., 337. Russell, Dr. E. J., 108-110. Rye Common, 104, 118, 245. Rye House, 55, 61, 62. Sacombe, 7, 118, 242, 243, 336. *SaJfron Walden, 33. St. Albans, 3, 5, 19, 24, 52. 65, 69, 72, 79, 105, 115, 118, 243-245, 325. 326, 333, 340. St. Albans Water Co., 12. St. Faith's Well, 49. St. John's Well, 50. St. John's Wood, 93. St. Margaret's, 118, 345. St. Michaels Rural District, 115, 244, 245. St. Peter's Rural District, 104, 219, 243-245. St. Stephen's, 199, 245. Salisbury, E. J., 112, 342. Salisbury, Marquis of, 219, 319. Salt Water, 134. Sandon, 7, 245. Sandpit Lane, 79. Sandridge, 79, 245. Sands, H. H., or Sands and Walker, 129, 142, 143, 167. Sangwin and Co., 230. Sarratt, 116. Saturation, see Plane of. Saull, W. D., 66. Saunderton, 48. Sawbridgeworth, 7, 8, 118, 245-247, 326, 327. School and College Wells, 98, 99, 136, 148, 175, 190, 191, 222, 238, 247, 262, 266, 287, 309, 329. Scott, Sir S. E., 114. Secker, E. O., 131, 159. Seer Green, 157, 335. Selborne Spring, 113, 271. Selbornian, 13, 353. Sewage Farm, drainage from, 98. Shabbington, 8. Shafford, 244. Shalstone, 282. Shantock Hall, 194. Shardelowes Lake, 70. Shaw Green, 64. Shelley, F. F., 277. Shendish, 230. Shenley {Herts.), 4, 85, 86, 87, 118, 185, 199, 248. Shenley, Brook End, 334. Shenley Church End, 117, 118, 157, 300, 309, 334. Shenleys, The (Bucks.), 10. Shephall, 66, 247. Shepreth, 33. Sherington, 44, 334. Sherlock, Dr. R. L., 5, 63, 64, 66, 70, 104, 115, 129, 133, 140, 177, 186, 194, 221, 222, 242, 245, 248. 251, 254, 260, 266, 267, 334, 335, 347, 350-353. Sherrards, or Sherwood, Park, 82. Shineton Shales, 161. Shotover Sands, 9, 13. Silurian, 14, 339. SlLVERTHORNE, R., 338. Simber Hill, 113. Simpson, 11, 334. Slapton, 11, 118, 157, 300, 334. Sleight, W. W., 67, 338. Slough, 3, 22, 41, 108, 110, 111, 117, 158-160, 300, 301, 333, 335, 347, 350-353. Slough Motor Transport Depot, 159, 160. 301, 349-353. Slough Water Co., 12, 131. Smales, J., 262. Smallford, 88. Smallford tributary stream, 80. Smith, James, 145. Smith, Dr. John, 22, 276, 338. Smith, T. M., 128, 132. Smith, U. A., 32, 34, 50-53, 59,61, 62, 64, 65, 77, 78, 80, 90, 100, 102-104, 175, 187, 214, 238, 250, 262-264, 340, 341. Smith, William, 152. Softening of Water, 36, 283. Sopwell Mill, 52. Soulbury, 160, 273, 334. South End, 250. Springs, 6, 8-12, 18, 21, 29, 30, 39, 43-58, 70, 80, 82, 95, 97, 98, 100, 103, 113-115, 224, 225, 256, 270-276, 338, 339, 340. Spring Supplies, 21, 113-115. Stagenhoe Bottom, 80. *Staines, 4, 335. Stanborough, 65. Standon, 7, 115, 117, 118, 248, 327, 328 866 INDEX. *Stanmore Heath, 85. Stanstead Abbots, 104, 118, 249. (See also St. Margarets. ) Stapleford, 7. Steeple Claydon, 160, 161, 282. Stephens, F. R., 322. Stephenson, R., 338. Stevenage, 11, 66, 117, 118, 249, 250. 328, 333, 339. Stevenage Branch (of the Beane), 80. Stevenson, Dr. T., 316. Steivkley, 8, 41, 161, 309, 334. Stocking Pelham, 251. Stockings Farm, 92. Stoke Common, 335. Stoke Ooldington, 10, 44, 114, 272. Stoke Hammond, 301, 309, 334. Stoke Mandeville, 161, 334. Stokenchurch, 162, 302, 335. Stoke Poges and Stoke Common, 159, 162, 335, 336. Stone 116, 117, 162, 163. Stony Stratford, 9. 42, 117, 163, 164, 302, 333. Stort, River, and Valley, 2, 14, 17, 341. Slovie and Stowe Park, 10, 44, 272. Strahan, Sir A., 137, 150, 228, 237, 337. Street, R., 236. Studham, 5, 28, 334. Stump Well Ground, 113. Subterranean Watercourse, 31. Sulphuretted hydrogen, Effects of, 112. Sumner, J. S.,^280. Supplies, large, 12. Supply, see Yield. Surface-areas of Geologic formations, 14-16. Surface-levels, 3. Sutton, A., 4. Swallow-holes, 4, 20, 27, 31, 53, 55, 57, 63, 82-94, 108, 122, 338, 339-342. Swanhourne, 10, 334. Sweeting, Dr. R. D., 98, 99, 337. Taplow and Taplow Hill, 50, 114, 124, 335. Taylor , 46. Taylor, E. B., 341. Taylor, J., 195. Taylor, R. B., 199. Telegraph Hill, 2, 3. Temperature of Waters, 44, 274. Terlings, 213. Tertiary beds, or tract (general), 4, 6, 7, 19, 20, 21, 25-27, 39, 40, 47, 83, 85, 86, 90, 91, 96. 97, 116, 117, 211, 336, 347. (See also under various divisions.) Tewin, Tewin Mill, and Tewinwater, 63, 251. Thame, River, and Valley, 1, 4, 9, 15, 46, 48, 83. *Thame (torni), 1. Thames, River, Valley and Basin, 1^, 6, 8, 14, 15, 19, 47, 50, 110, 336, 340. (See also under various tribu- taries. ) Thanet Sand, 182, 195, 203, 206-208, 268. Theobalds Park, and Square, 208. Therfield and Therfield Heath, 3, 7, 33, 34, 118, 178, 251, 252. Thistle Brook, 8. Thomas, H., 48. Thompson, B., 154, 341. Thorley, 117, 118, 253, 254. Thornborough, 282, 334. Thome, The, 129. Thorne, Sir T, 95, 337. Thornton, 1, 9, 10. Thresh, Dr. J. C, 35, 40, 271. 272, 276, 279, 284-287, 292-294, 296, 298, 300, 302-306, 311-318, 321, 323, 325, 326, 329-331, 345, 346, 351, 352. Thrift, The, 33. Thundridge and Thundridge Bury, 64, 254. Tiddeman, R. H., 147, 153. Tilehouse, 141. Tilley, Messrs., 138, 139, 176, 181, 187, 207, 247. Timmins, A., 134, 288, 348. Timmins, E., 173. Tingewick, 282. TlPLER, J. C, 310. Titmore Green, 250. Tolpits, 264. Topley, W., 14-17, 26, 44, 64, 92, 120, 146, 241, 333, 340. Totternhoe Stone. 20, 33, 47^9, 212, 236, 254. Tove, River, 1, 10. Traveller's Farm, 89. Treacher, Ll., 84, 342. Tremadoc Beds, 14, 117, 127, 161. Trench, R. C, 86, 89, 140, 183, 186, 333. Trial-borings, 206, 240. Trials for Coal, 119, 126, 127, 150, 160. Trinder, Rev. W. M., 68, 275, 337. Tring, 3, 8, 21-23, 41, 48, 49, 71, 97, 116, 117, 119, 254, 255, 333-335. Tring Rural District, 116. Tring Station, 173, 310. Trolly Bottom, 100. Turnford, 22, 103, 203-205, 339. Turville and Turville Heath, 118, 165, 335. Turweston, 9, 118, 165, 273, 282, 302. Two Waters, 5. Twyford and Twyford Bury, 10, 253, 282, 303. Tylers Green, 154, 155, 335. Typhoid Fever, 95-99. Tyringham, 44. Tyttenhanger Farm and Park, 65, 241. INDEX. 367 Union or Workhouse Wells, 158, 179, 193, 265, 266, 300. Upper Chalk, 13, 20-23, 31, 33, 46, 76, 117, 121, 122, 125, 126, 132, 134. 139, 140, 144, 155, 158, 159, 165, 169, 171-175, 181-184, 188 211, 214-216, 219, 221, 226, 227, 234, 235, 238-245, 248-251, 257, 259-261, 263, 264, 336, 343, 348-350, 352. Upper Estuarine Series, 14, 114, 141, 144, 145, 151, 153, 154, 157, 163, 164. Upper Green, 251. Upper Greensand, 8, 9, 13, 15, 41, 46, 117, 125, 132, 133, 136, 148, 158, 204, 205, 237, 258, 259, 261, 336, 348, 350, 351, 353. Upper Lias, 14, 114, 117, 137, 138, 144, 145, 154, 164, 165, 169. Upper Oolites, 14, 117, 336. Upper Weald, 273. Upp Hall, 194. Upton (Slough), 108, 111, 159. Uthwatt, W, 113. *Uxbridge Moor, 6. Valley Springs, 46, 47. Valon, W. A. M., 340. Ver, River and Valley, 5, 16, 25, 29, 32, 33, 52, 78, 79, 93. Verini, W., 197, 339, 340. Vernon, W. F., 132, 209, 238. Vertjlam, Earl of, 115. Vicarage, see Parsonage. Waddesdon, 9, 45, 116. Wadesmill, 7. Wainhill, 47. Walden, King's, 80, 93. Walden, St. Paul's, 6, 62, 80. Walkern, 7, 63, 80, 117, 256, 257. Walkernbury, 63, 93. *Wallingford, 336. Walsworth, 225. Waltham Cross, 2, 3, 6, 199, 206-209. Walton, 7. Ware, 6, 7, 19, 21, 22, 41, 54, 95, 103, 117-119, 257-260, 276, 329, 333, 336, 337,339, 340. Ware Rural, 260. Warington, R., 36, 39, 40, 275, 340. Warkworth, Dr. J., 69. Warren, Harold, 33. Warrengate Farm, 88. Warrenwood, 219. Water, from Tertiaries into Chalk, 40. Water-contour Maps, 32, 33, 342. Water-cress-beds, 47, 48, 50-53, 61-63, 100, 129, 220, 241. Water Eaton, 165. Water End (Gaddesden), 51, 212. Water End (Mimms). 86-89. Water ford, 194. Waterhouse, D., 264, 342. Water-level in the Chalk (general), 28-36, 104, 338, 339. Water-level in Herts, falling, 112, 340. Water-level in springs, 224. Water-levels in Wells, 71, 120-126, 128, 129, 131-133, 139-140, 142-144, 146-151, 153-156, 158-160, 162-165, 170, 171, 173-182, 185, 187, 188, 191- 203, 206-210, 212-222, 224-228, 230-233, 236, 238-245, 248-253, 255-257, 259-268, 340, 344, 345, 349. Water Stratford, 1, 9, 114. Watford, 3, 4, 19, 22, 25, 29, 31, 35, 36, 67, 72, 84, 117, 118, 199, 261-265, 329-332, 333, 338, 339, 342. Watford Rural District, 116. Watford Urban Council, 12. Watling Street, 79, 123, 164, Watton, W. House and W. Mill, 63, 67, 118, 334. Watton at Stone, 265. Watts, T. N., 147. Wavendon, 11, 165, 166, 309, 334. • Weald Clay, 45. Wealden, 13. Webb, F. W., 169, 263. Weedon, 116, 334. Welham Green, 89. Wellbury House, 236. Well Head (Hitchin), 11, 49, 224. Well Head ( Wendover), 48, 274. Wellmore, 64. Wellonhead Spring, 48. Wells, 20, 95-104, 112, 116-269,343, 345-352. Well- waters, 277-332. 344, 345, 351, 352. Welwyn, 6, 63, 68, 105, 177, 231, 265, 266, 331, 335, 344, 346. Welwyn Garden City, 344-347. Wendover, 8, 21, 48, 116, 274, 333, 334. Wendover Dean, 334. Wendover Spring, 339. Wenlock Beds, 14, 117, 258, 259. Wenmer or Womer and Woborne Mere, 79. (See also 69.) Westbury, 9, 10, 44, 114, 273, 282 303. Westcott, 116, 303. Westfield Farm, 66. West Hythe, 240. Westland Green, 215. Westmill and Westmill Bury, 7, 64, 118, 266. Weston, 6, 64, 80, 266. Weston Turville, 116, 118, 166, 334. Weston Underwood, 114, 154, 272, 273, 334. Wexham, 159. Whaddon, 10, 334. Wheathampstead, 6, 53, 244, 267, 333. Wheaton, Dr. S. W., 337. Wheel-well, Old, 112. Whipsnade and W. Hill, 29, 334. 368 INDEX. Whitchurch, 45, 304, 334. White, H. J. O., 91, 336. White Hill, 5, 75, 76. Whiteley Hill, 33. Widford, 118, 257, 267, 268. Wigginton, 71, 118, 268, 335. Wigley, S. P., 168. Wilkinson, H., 128, 132. Willen, 114, 334. Williams, A.. & Co., 188, 194, 196, 216, 219, 242, 250, 257, 259, 265. Willian, 233, 334. Wilson, W., 231. Winchendon, Lower, or Nether, 8, 45. Winchendon, Upper, 116. * Windsor, 335, 337. Windsor Corporation, 12. Wing, 41, 118, 166, 167, 273, 304, 305, 334. Wing Rural District, 143. Wingrave and Wingrave Mead, 167. 306, 309, 334. *Winkfield, 41, 158,347. Winslow, 10, 167, 168, 306, 333, 334. Winterbournes, 69. (See also Bournes.) Witton, 7. Woburn Sands, 166. Wolfe, H. J., 112. Wolverton, 1, 9, 10, 42, 117, 118, 169, 306, 334. Womere or Wemere Waters, 69. (See also 79.) Wooburn and Wooburn Green (or Woburn), 4, 70, 147, 169-171, 306, 335 349 352. Wood, J. M., iii," 6, 12, 21, 22, 25, 54, 57, 60-62, 88, 91, 103, 104, 174, 175, 178, 182, 195, 201, 203, 225, 245, 257, 341. Woodcock Hill, 74, 240. Woodhall Park, 7, 265. Woodlands, 149. Woodward, H. B., 45, 136, 138, 141, 145, 153, 154, 156, 157, 162-164, 167. 333, 334, 336. Woolmers Park, 53, 54. Woolstone, Great, and Little, 11, 334. Workhouse, see Union. Works, Office of, 248. Worminghall, 1, 8, 9, 170, 334. Wormley and W. End, 6, 196, 268. Wotton Underwood, 307. Wycombe Court, 140, 292. Wycombe, High, or Chipping, 3, 4, 70, 98, 117, 170, 307, 333, 335, 337. Wycombe Marsh, 337. Wycombe, West, 4, 50, 70, 170, 274, 335. Wye, or Loudwater, River, 4, 14, 15, 50, 70. Wymondley, Great, 49. Wymondley, Little, 117, 268, 269. Wyrardisbury, 1, 3, 116, 171, 335. Yardeley, see Ardeley. Yield of Springs, 55-57, 60, Yield of Wells, 116, 120-126, 133, 135, 137, 139, 140, 143- 149, 151, 154-156, 158-160, 169-171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 187, 188, 191, 193-203, 212, 213, 217-221, 225, 226, 238-245, 248-250, 255, 257, 267, 268, 344, 345, 347-349 Yiewsley, 335. Young, W. G., 321, 328. Youngsbury Park, 115. 113-115. 128, 129, 145, 147, 163, 165, 183, 185, 207-209, 230-234, 260-265, Zones in Chalk, 21, 258. 461815 (5& UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY GENERAL MEMOIRS. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY lor 1898, 1809. 1900. 1901, 190., 1904, 190% 1908, 1913, 1914, 1915. Each 1*. ; for 1916, Is. 6tf.; for 1917, 2*. ; for 1918, 2s. 6d. ; for 1919, 2s. W. PLIOCENE DEPOSITS OF BRITAIN. 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