UC-NRLF ES7 BHBi J. Henry Senger ?> " ~ THE PUBLIC SCHOOL LATIN PEIMER EDITED WITH THE SANCTION OF THE HEAD MASTERS OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS iNdL^T^D ; IN HEB MAJESTY'S COMMISSION., Ordinis haec virtus erit et venus, aut ego fallor, Ut jam nunc dicat jam nunc debentia diet, Pier ague differ at et praesens in tempus omittat. HOR. ad Pis. 42 LONDON : LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 1872. THE PUBLIC SCHOOL LATIN COURSE. The CHILD'S LATIN ACCIDENCE, extracted from the Eev. Canon KENNEDY'S Child's Latin Primer, and containing all that is necessary to lead Boys up to the Public School Latin Primer; ^Priee. OJNE ' SHILLING. The Rev. Canbn'KENNEDY'S Child's Latin Primer, or First .' LaV ; iri 'Lds^^ns tfjitti Model Questions and Exercises. New ' Edition, a/i&pteil.te ti^- Principles of the Public School Latin Primer. Price 2s. SUBSIDIA PRIMARIA, Steps to Latin, PART I. (the First Course) a First Companion Exercise-Book to the Public School Latin Primer. By the EDITOR of the Primer. Price 2s. 6d. SUBSIDIA PRIMARIA, Steps to Latin, PART II. (the Second, Third, and Fourth Courses) a Second Companion Exercise-Book to the Public School Latin Primer. By the EDITOR of the Primer. Price 3s. 6d. KEY to the EXERCISES in SUBSIDIA PRIMARIA, PARTS I. and II. price 5s. Supplied to INSTRUCTORS only, on application to the Publishers. The PUBLIC SCHOOL LATIN GRAMMAR, for the use of Schools, Colleges, and Private Students. Edited, with the same sanction, by the Editor of the Public School Latin Primer. 12mo. price 6s. London : LONGMANS and CO. IN MEMORIAM -^ ^v\^ PREFACE. THE present Ee-issue of the PRIMER occurs nearly at the same time with the first issue of the PUBLIC SCHOOL LATIN GRAMMAR, in which its principles are more fully developed and explained. It occurs also at a time when the Masters of English Schools, and Latin scholars generally, are alive to the duty of reforming the pronunciation of Latin in the process of instruction. On this question Grammars in general are neutral, partly from an unwillingness to dogmatize on doubtful points, partly because the work of teaching how to pronounce can never be accom- plished so effectually by the school-books as by the vox viva of the Master in class lessons. Nevertheless the time seems to have arrived for endeavouring to settle common theoretical principles with a view to future practice. For this reason a note respecting Latin Pronunciation is added on the last page of the present Ee-issue of the Primer ; and a section, with exemplification, is given to the same topic in the Appendix to the ' Public School Latin Grammar.' LONDON: January, 1871. 926525 THE; ; ,''V>; PUBLIC SCHOOL LATIN PRIMER. ETYMOLOGY. THE LETTERS. 1. The Latin ALPHABET now in use is the English without W. The Letters have two forms : (l) the Capital, or ancient ; and (2) the Small, or modern form. (1) ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP (2) abcdefghijklmnop QRSTUVXYZ. qrst uvxyz. 2. The VOWELS, sounding by themselves, are a, e, i, o, u, y. / and u are called Semi-consonant Vowels. 3. The CONSONANTS sound with Vowels : of these The Mutes are b, o, d, g, k, p, q, and t: The Nasals are m, n : The Liquids are 1, r : The Spirants f, h, j, s, v : The Double, x and z, express two letters each, cs, ds. 1. K remains in a few words before a: as, Kalendae. 2. Y and z only in words from the Greek : as, Dryas, zona. 3. Q blends with u or v : as, quis or qvis. 4. Latin has three usual DIPHTHONGS (double vowels), ae (), oe (oe), au: three seldom used, ei, eu, ui. 2 PAKTS OF SPEECH. 5 Latin is spelt by SYLLABLES, as English. 6. The Quantity of syllables is short ( w ), long (-), or doubtful (-), as the vowels are short, long, or doubtful : as, iugeVio. A Vowel may be (\) .Siiort or jor^ by nature: as, anias. ('2) Shcrt b} nataie, Lai: long- -by position: as, vindex. 162. 4. (3) Short by nature, but doubtful by position : as, quadruple. 162. a. 7. Diphthongs are long. 8. The modern Stops are used in Latin. PARTS OF SPEECH. 9. The PARTS OF SPEECH, or WORDS, are of three kinds : I. NOUNS; II. VERB; III. PARTICLES. I. (l) The SUBSTANTIVE names a Thing : \ As, rex, a king ; Caesar, Caesar, (a) Names of Persons and Places are PROPER NAMES. All others are APPELLA.TIVA, or COMMON NOUNS. (2) The ADJECTIVE attributes Quality: As, mare vastum, the vast sea. Vastum is called an ATTRIBUTE or EPITHET of mare.* (3) The PRONOUN stands for Substantive or Adjective. As, tu, tli on; manus naec, this hand. II. (4) The VERB states what a Thing is, does, or suffers : \ As, homines canunt, men sing.^ j * A Substantive attributively joined to another Substantive is called its APPOSITE: as, Croesus rex Lydorum, Croesus, king of the Lydians, \vhere rex is Apposke to Croesus, and agrees with it in Case. t Homines is called the SUBJECT. Canunt is called the PREDICATE. When we say, Mors est pr5pinqua, death is niyh, Mors is the Subject ; Est is called the COPULA ; PrSpinqua is called the COMPLEMENT ; And Copula with Complement is the Predicate. 87. FLEXION. III. (5) The ADVERB shews Where, "When, or How : As, Hue curre nunc celeriter, run hither now quickly. (G) The PREPOSITION governs the Case of a Noun ; and shews the relation of it to some other word : As, sto ad fores, / stand a t the door. (7) The CONJUNCTION links words and clauses: As, Sves et aves, sheep and birds. (s) The INTERJECTION is an exclamation : As, ecce ningit, lo, it snows. Note. There is no Article in Latin like a, an, the, in English. Thus lux may mean a light, the light, or simply light. 10. Hence the Parts of Speech may be called eight : 1. Substantive, 5. .Adverb, 2. Adjective, 6. Preposition, 3. Pronoun, 7. Conjunction, 4. Verb, x 8. Interjection, Which have Flexion. Which are without Flexion.* 11. (l) The changes made in a word, in order to vary its meaning, are called its FLEXION. (2) Nouns are DECLINED. Verbs are CONJUGATED. (3) A Noun has three ACCIDENTS : NUMBER, CASE, GENDER ; A Verb five : VOICE, MOOD, TENSE, NUMBER, PERSON. [a. The STEM is that part of a word on which the changes of Flexion are based. b. A Flexional addition at the end of the Stem is called an ENDING or SUFFIX. c. The last letter of the Stem is called the CHARACTER, and in this book is often indicated by a Capital. d. The Stem of a Noun is usually discerned by casting off -rum or -urn from the Genitive Plural :f as, niensA-, domino-, ICON-, man-, gradu-, diE-. e. The Stem of a Verb is shewn in the Imperative Mood: as, amA-, audi-, monE-. But in the Third Conjugation -e must be cast off: as, reo-e ; and in a Deponent Verb -re or -ere : as, fA-re, rE-re, las-ere. f. The ROOT is that part which a word has in common with kin- dred words. Thus in agitare, agitA- is the Stem, but ag- the Root, as shown by comparing ag-ere, ag-men. And g is the Root-character.] * Except the Comparison of Adverbs, 37. t Casting off -rum in the First, Second, and Fifth Declensions; -urn in the Third and Fourth. B 2 SUBSTANTIVES. DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 12. The Substantive is declined by Number and Case : the Adjective by Number, Case, and Gender, agreeing in these with its Substantive. See 9 (2). 13. The Numbers are two: 1. SINGULAR, speaking of on, as mensa, a table ; 2. PLURAL, ol* more than one, as mensae. tables. 14. The Cases are six. Answers the question 1. NOMINATIVE . . Who or what? Quis dedit? Who gavel Vir, A man. 2. VOCATIVE (Case of one addressed) Vir, Oman. Virum, A man. Viri, A man's. Viro, To a man. A viro, By a man, 15. The Genders are three: 1. MASCULINE; 2. FEMININE; 3. NEUTER. A Substantive which may be either Masculine or Feminine is said to be COMMON to both Genders. 3. ACCUSATIVE . 4. GENITIVE 5. DATIVE 6. ABLATIVE* . .-Whom or what? . Whose or whereof ? . To or for whom or what? . By, with, &c., whom or what? Quern video? . Whom see I? . Cujus donum ? Whose gift? . Cui datum? . To whom given? A quo datum? By wkomgiven? SUBSTANTIVES. 1G. There are five Declensions of Latin Substantives, known by the endings of their Genitives : I. ii. in, iv. y. Gen. Sing. ae i^ is us Ii Gen. Plur. Arum Drum umf or lum Uum Erum 17. (1) In Neuter Nouns, the Nominative, Vocative, and Accu- sative are the same in each Number severally ; and in the Plural they end in . (2) The Vocative of Latin words is the same as the Nominative, except in Singular Nouns of the Second Declension like domlnus, films. (3) The Dative and Ablative Plural are always the same. * Many English Particles may be signs of the Latin Ablative : as, by, with, from, in, upon, of \ for, at, than. f The Consonant before um is the Character. See 11 c ; 21 (a). FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. THE FIRST DECLENSION (A-nouns). 18. The First Declension contains Latin Nouns, mostly Feminine, with Nominative in a ; and a few Greek words, chieHy Proper Names, in as, es, Masculine,, and e Feminine. Singular. Norn. Xttensa, a table Voc. IWCensa, table XVZensam, a table ItiEensae, of a table IKCensae, to or for a table Ace. Gen. Dat. Abl. Plural. Mensae, tables, f. IVIensae, tables X&ensas, tables FvSensArum, of tables IVIensIs, to or for tables ZVlensa, by, with, or from a table IVZensTs, by, with, or from tables Decline also : Singular. Nom. Voc. Ace. Gen. Dat. Abl. Goddess, f. De-a De-a De-am De-ae De-ae De-a Son of Theseus, m. Thesid-es Thesid-e (a, a) Thesid-en (am) ThesTd-ae Thesid-ae Thesid-e (a) Plural. Thesid-ae Thesid-as Thesid-um Thesld-is. Aeneas, m. Cybele, f. Aene-as Cybel-e Aene-a Cybel-e Aene-an (am) Cybel-en Aene-ae Cybel-es (ae) Aene-ae Cybel-ae Acne-a Cybel-e (a) (as Mensa, (as Mensa, but rare.) but rare.) N. V. De-ae Ace. De-as Gen. De-Arum D. Abl. De-abus. Note. Masc. Substantives in a are declined like mensa : as poeta, poet. THE SECOND DECLENSION (O-nouns). 19. The Second Declension contains Nouns with Nomi- native in us, r, generally Masculine, and in um, Neuter. Singular. Xom. Bominiis, a lord Voc. Bom ing, lord Ace. Dominum, a lord Gen. Domini, of a lord Dat. 335min5, to or for a lord Abl. Uomino, b?/, with, or from a lord (a) MASCULINE. Plural. Domini, lords, m. Domini, lords Dominds, lords DominOrum, of lords Dominis, to, or for lords Dominls, b?/, with, or from lords. SECOND DECLENSION. Singular. Nora. PueV, a boy Voc. Piier, boy Ace. Piierum, a boy Gen. Piieri, of a boy Dat. Pftero, to or for a boy Nom. Voc. Ace. Gen. Dat. Abl. Plural Pugri, boys, m. Piieri, boys Piier 6s, boys PiierOrum, of boys Piierls, to or for boys Abl. Piiero, by, with, or from a boy Piieris, by, with, or from boys. Magister, the master Magistrl, masters, m. Magister, master IVlagistrl, masters Magistrum, the master Ittagistros, masters IMCaglstri, of the master IVIagistrOrum, of masters IVTagristro, to or for the master ZVlagistrls, to or for masters IVIagistrd, by, with, or from IWEagristris, by, with, or from the master masters. Singular. (b) NEUTER. Nora. Helium, war Voc. Bellum, war Ace. Helium, war Gen. Belli, of war Dat. Bello, to or for war Abl. Bello, by, with, or from wnr Plural. Bella, wars Bella, wars Bella, wars Bell drum, of wars Bellls, to or for wars Bellis, by, with, or from wars. Decline also : Singular. Son, in. Coin, m. God, m. Cloak, n. Nora. Flli-us Numm-us De-iis Palll-um Voc. lMl-I Numra-e De-iis Palli-um Ace. Fili-um Numm-um De-um Palli-um Gen. Fili-I or Fill Numm-i De-I Palli-I or Palli D. Abl. FIH-6 Numm-6 De-5 Palli-6 Gen. D. Abl. FTli-i Flli-os Fili-Orum Fili-is. Plural. Numra-i Di (also DiV) Numm-6s De-6s (Numm-drum De-6rum or \ or Numm-um De-um f Numra-is Dls (alsoDiis). Palli-Is Palli-a Palli-a THIRD DECLENSION. 7 THE THIRD DECLENSION (Consonant and I-iiouns). 20. The Third Declension has two Divisions : I. Nouns which have for Character a Consonant. II. Nouns which have for Character the Half-consonant I. [Of these Divisions the First is Imparisyllable, having more syllables in the Genitive than in the Nominative Singular. The Second is Parisyllable, having the same number of syllables in the Genitive as in the Nominative. But a few Parisyllable Nouns belong to the Consonant Di- vision ; and many Imparisyllable Nouns to the I-Division. The Endings of the Nominative Singular are numerous.] 21. I. CONSONANT-NOUNS. (a) MASCULINE AND FEMININE. Singular. Plural. N. V. Judex, a judge, or judge Judices, judges, or judges, c. Ace. Judicem, a judge Judices, judges G-en. Judicis, of a judge JudiCum, of judges Dat. Judlci, to or for a judge Judicibus, to or for judges Abl. Judlce, by, with, or from a Judiclbiis, by, with, or from judge judges. N. V. Aetas, an age, or age Aetates, ages, or ages, f. Ace. Aetatem, an age Aetates, ages Gen. Aetatis, of an age AetaTum, of ages Dat. Aetati, to or for an age Aetatibiis, to or for ages Abl. Aetate, by, with, or from Aetatibiis, by, with, on from ages, an age N. V. IiSo, a lion, or lion Xieones, lions, or lions, m. Ace. Xiednem, a lion eones, lions Gen. Leon is, of a lion XieoNum, of lions Dat. Iieoni, to or for a lion teombus, to or Jor lions Abl. Xieone, by, with, or from a Xieonftms, by, with, or from lions. lion N. V. Virgo, a virgin, or virgin Virgtfnes, virgins, or virgins, f. Ace. Virgrinem, a virgin Virgines, virgins Gen. Virgrinls, of a virgin VirgiBTum, of virgins Dat. Virgin!, to or for a virgin Virgrin*biis, to or for virgins Abl, Virgtfne, by, with, or from Virgtfnibiis, by, with, or from vir- a virgin TIIIPvD DECLENSION. Decline also : Singular. Law, f. Foot, m. Love, m. Cinder, c. Father, m. N.V. Lex Pes Amor Cinis Pater ' Ace. Leg- Ped- Amor- Ciner- Patr- era Gen. Leg- Ped- Amor- Cmer- Patr- is Dat. Leg- Ped- Amor- Ciner- Patr- I Abl. Leg- Ped- Amor- Cmer- Patr- e N.V. A. Leg- Gen. Lea- D. Abl. Leg- Ped- Peo- Ped- Plural. Amor- AmoR- Araor- Ciner- CineR- Ciner- Patr- es PatR- um Patr- ibii* NEUTER. N.V. Ace. Gen. Bat. Abl. Singular. Women, name, or name Udxnen, name Wominis, of a name Nominl, to or for a name Plural. WommS, names, or names RTomina, names ITomiUum, of names Sfominibus, to or for names Nomfoe, by, with, or from JJominibus, by, with, or from a name names. N. V. dpiis, a work, or worJc Ace. dpiis, a work Gen. dperis, of a work Dat. 6perl, to or for a work Abl. dpere, by, with, or from a work 6perS, works, or works Opera, works dpeRum, of works Operibus, to or for works dperibiis, by, with, or from works. Dat. Abl. Decline also the Neuter Nouns : Singular. Lightning. Leg. Hard wood. Fulgur Fulgur- Hcad. N.V. A. Caput Gen. Capit- Capit- Capit- Fulgiir- Crus Crur- Crur- Crur- Eobiir Robor- Kobor- Robor- Body. Corpus Corpor- Corpor- Corpor- is Plural. N.V. A. Gen. D.Abl. CapTt- CapiT- CapTt- Fulgiir- Fulgii R- Fulgiir- Crur- CriiR- Crur- Robor- Rol'OR- Robor- Corpor- CorpoR- Corpor- a uxn ibiis THIRD DECLENSION. II. I-NOUNS. (a) MASCULINE AND FEMININE. Singular. Plural. N. V. Ovis, a sheep, or sheep Oves, sheep, or sheep, f. Ace. Ovem, a sheep 6ves, or dvls,* sheep Gen. Ovis, of a sheep Ovium, of sheep Dat. dvi, to or for a sheep Ovibiis, to or for sheep Abl. 6ve, by, with, or from a 6vibiis, by, with, or from sheep, sheep N. V. RTubes, a cloud, or cloud KTubes, clouds, or clouds, f. Ace. Wubem, a cloud Wubes, or Wubis,* clouds Gen. Iffubis, of a cloud Wubiuxn, of clouds Dat. ZfTubi, to or for a cloud Wubibus, to or for clouds Abl. Wubc, by, with, or from a Zffubibus, by, with, or from clouds, cloud N. \ r . 3Bens, a tooth, or tooth Ace. 3Dentem, a tooth Gen. Zlentis, of a tooth Dat. IBenti, to or for a tooth Abl. Bente, by, with, or from a tooth 33entes, teeth, or teeth, m. Rentes, or Dentis,* teeth Bentium,f of teeth Dentibiis, to or for teeth Bentibus, by, with, or from teeth. Decline also : Singular. N.V. Cough, f. Tuss-is Key, f- Clav-is Canal, m. Canal-is Shoivcr, m. Iniber Ace. Tuss-im Clav-em or im Canal-em Imbr-em Gen. Tuss-is Clay-is Canal-is Imbr-is Dat, Tuss-I Clav-i Canal-i Imbr-i Abl. Tuss-I Clav-e or I Canal-I Imbr-e or I N.V.A. Tuss-es Gen. Tuss-Ium D. Abl. Tusg.ibiis. Plural. Clav-es Clav-Ium Clav-ibiis. Canal-es Ccinal-Ium Canal-ibiis. Imbr-es * Imbr-ium Imbr-ibus. * The Accr.s. Plur. of I -nouns, Masc. and Fem., is also spelt with ending Is, and so appears in most ancient manuscripts, and in many editions of Latin authors, t I-nouns in -ans -ens, often drop i in Gen. Plnr. ; as parentum for parentTum. 10 FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS. (/;) NEUTER, Singular. Bone. Sea. Spur. Animal. N.V.A. OS IKare Calcar Animal Gen. Ossls Marls Calcarts Anlmatfs Dat. Ossi Man Calcari Animal! Abl. Osse IWCari Calcari Animali N.VA. Ossa Gen. OssXum D. Abl. Ossibus. Plural. IVTarta CalcariTa BXarXum CalcarXum Maribiis. Calcaribiis. Anfrnatta An*malium AnimaUbus. THE FOUKTH DECLENSION (TJ-nouns). 23. Masculine and Feminine Substantives in the Fourth Declension form the Nominative in us ; Neuter Nouns in u. N.V. Ace. Gen. Dat. Abl. Singular. Gradus, a step, or step Gradum, a step Gradus, of a step Gradiil, to or for a step Plural. Gradus, steps, or steps, m. Gradus, steps GradUum, of steps GradYbus (ubus), to or for steps Gradu, by, with, or from a Gradibus (ubus), by, with, or from step steps. N.V. A. Genu, a knee, or knee Geniia, knees, or knees, n. Gen. Genus, of a knee Genihim, of knees Dat. G^nu, to or for a knee Genlbiis (ubiis), to or for knees Abl. G6nu, by, with, or from a Ggnibus (ubus), by, with, or from knee knees. THE FIFTH DECLENSION uorum duarum diiorum D.Abl.Diidtous duabiis duobiis. Plural. M. F. N. Tres trla Tres tr*a Trmm trlum Tribiis trlbus. Decline as diio: ambo, lotli. The other Cardinal Numbers (quattiior, four ; quinque, fve : sex, six ; septem, seven ; octo, eight ; novem, nine ; decem, ten, &c, ; to centum, a hundred) are undeclined. Mille, a thousand, is an inde- clinable Adjective. The Neuter Plural, millla, thousands, is a Sub- stantive, and declined like Maria. (See Table of Numerals, p. 129.) COMPARISON. 35. The ADJECTIVE has THREE DEGREES of Comparison ; the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative : as, Positive. Comparative. Superlative. Diiriis, hard durior, harder durissimiis, hardest. The Comparative may be formed from the Positive by changing i or is of the Genitive into l6r. The Superlative may be formed from the Positive by changing i or is of the Genitive into issimiis : as, Positive. Comparative. Superlative. Durus, hard Gen. dur-I dur-ior dur-isslmiis Brevis, short ,, brev-is brev-ior brev-issimus Audax, bold ,, audac-fs audac-ior audac-issimus. (1) Adjectives in -cr form the Superlative by adding -rimus to the Nominative: as, Positive. Comparative. Superlative. Pulcher, beautiful pulchr-Xor pulcher-rimus Celer, swift celer-ior celer-rimus. Vetus, ancient, forms Superl. veter-rimus. (2) The following form the Superlative by changing is into ttmus : FacTlTs, easy STmilTs, tike GraciJis, slender DiificilTs, difficult Dissimilis, unlike HumilTs, towfy. Snperl. facil-lixnus, sVmil-limus, gracil-limiis, humil-lfmiis, quid | quod' &c. In the other forms as Relative. Indefinite PI. Nom. (Qui, who, or which.) Plural. Qui quae quae Quos quas quae Quorum quarum quorum Quibus or quis Quibiis or quis. (8) INDEFINITE. Singular. Quis qua quid # Qui quae quod } Quem quam quid Quem quam quod > &c. &c. &c. I In the other forms as Relative. Qui, quae, qua or quae. i) (9) COMPOUNDS OF RELATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, AND INDEFINITE. 1. Quisnam, quidnam; qumam, quaenam, quodnam, who, what? 2. Ecquis (for en-quis), ecqua, ecquil ? Ecqui, ecquae, ecquod, anyone 1 (Interrogative). So Numquis, siquis, &c. S. AKquis, aliqua, aliquid ; Aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, some one. 4. Quispiam, quaepiam, quippiam (quodpiam), anyone. 5. Quisquam, quicquam ; Genitive, cujusquam, &c., anyone at all. 6. Quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam), a certain one. 7. Quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, whosoever, whatsoever. 8. Quisquis, whosoever, quidquid, whatsoever. 9. Quivis, quaevis, quidvis (quodvis), any you will. 10. Quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet (quodlibet), any you please. 11. Quisque, quaeque, quicque ; Quisque, quaeque, quodque, each. So Unusquisque, unaquaeque, unumquicque (-quodque), each one. a. These Compounds are declined as their Primitives, the undeclined suffix or prefix accompanying each case, as Gen. cujusnam, altcujus, cujuscumque, &c., &c. Note. Correlatives include an Interrogative, Demonstrative, Relative, Indefinite, TJniversals : as, quis ? Is qui quis (aliqms) qulcumque (quisquis), &c. THE PRONOMINAL CORRELATIVES QUALJS, &c. Interrog. Qualis, of ic/tat kind ? Demonst. tails, such Relat. qualis, as Indefinite. Univ. qualiscumque, of what kind soever. Quantus, how great ? Qu5t, how many ? tantus,.?o great tot, so many quantils, as quot, as allquantus, of some size aliquot, some few quantuscumque, how great soever. quotcumque, how many soever. * The forms Quts, quid, are Substantival ; Qui, quod, Adjectival. 24 VEHBS. VEBBS. 39. The Verb has two VOICES. (1) the ACTIVE VOICE ; as, amo, / love: (2) the PASSIVE ; as, amor, / am loved. 40. A DEPONENT Verb is chiefly Passive in form, but Active in sense ; as, hortor, / exhort. 41. Active and Deponent Verbs are either (1) TRANSITIVE, acting on an object : as, amo eum, I love him , or (2) INTRANSITIVE, not acting on an object : as, sto, I stand. Obs. Verbs Intransitive have no personal Passive : see 76. 42. The Verb has two parts : I. FINITE. II. INFINITE. I. The VERB FINITE has three MOODS. (1) The INDICATIVE; as, amo, I love. (2) The CONJUNCTIVE ; as, amem (variously rendered : see 66), (3) The IMPERATIVE ; as, ama, love thou. 43. Time is expressed by TENSES. There are six Tense-forms of the Verb Finite: the Present, Simple-Future, Imperfect, Perfect, Future-Perfect, and Pluperfect. Other Tenses are formed by the verb Sum, esse (to be), with Participles. 44. Tenses have each (1) two NUMBERS, Singular and Plural ; and (2) three PERSONS in each Number. The First Person speaks: as, amo, Hove; amain iis, we love. The Second Person is spoken to: as, amas, thou lovest; &m&iiB,i/elove. The Third Person is spoken of : as, amat, he loves ; amant, they love. 06*. The Pronouns, ggo, nos, tu, vos, Is, TI, are severally implied in the Personal Endings. 45. II. The VERB INFINITE consists of Verb-nouns: (1) The INFINITIVE, having several Tense-forms. (2) The GERUND, ? Verbal Substantives, which supply Cases (3) The two SUPINES, 3 to the Infinitive. (4) PARTICIPLES, or Verbal Adjectives, one of which ends in dus, and is called GERUNDIVE. VERBS. 25 46. There are Four regular CONJUGATIONS (three of Vowel Verbs, one of Consonant and U-verbs), of which the PRESENT-STEM and CHARACTER are shown in the Impera- tive or Infinitive. ACTIVE VERBS. Ind. Pres. Imperative. Infinitive. 1st CONJ. A-verbs Amo am A amA-re love 2nd CONJ. XS-verbs Moneo monB monE-re advise 3rd CONJ. Cons.-verbs Eego rea-e reo-erS rule U-verbs Indiio indtr-e indtj-ere put on 4th CONJ. I-verbs Audio audi , audi-re hear. DEPONENT VERBS. 1st CONJ. A-verbs 2nd CONJ. B- verbs 3rd CONJ. Cons.-verbs 4th CONJ. I-verbs Venor Vereor Utor Partior venl-re verE-re uT-ere parti-re venA-rl hunt verE-ri fear UT-I use parti-ri divide. 47. The PRESENT, PERFECT, and SUPINE-STEMS must be known in order to conjugate a Verb : as, ACTIVE VERBS. Pres. Stem. Perf. Stem. Sup. Stem. 1. AmA- 2. MonB- 3. KeG- 4. Audl- ama/V- monU- rex- (regS-) audiV- amaT- moniT- recT- audiT- DEPONENT VERBS. Pres. Stem. Sup. Stem. VenA- VerE- UT- Partl- venaT- veriT- iiS- partiT- From these the other parts of the Verb may be formed. DERIVATION OF THE VERB-FORMS. From PRESENT Stem. Present Act. and Pass. Future Simple A. and P. Imperf. Act. and Pass. Imperat. Act. and Pass. Infin. Pres. Act. and Pass. Gerund and Gerundive Participle Pres. Act. From PERFECT Stem. Perfect Act. Future Perfect Act. Pluperfect Act. Infinitive Perfect Act. From SUPINE Stem. Supines Participle Fut. Act. Infinitive Fut. Pass. Participle Perf. Pass. \ Perfect Pass. \ Future Perf. Pass. * Pluperfect Pass. I- Infinitive Perf. Pass. 26 VERBS. a. A Verb, therefore, is sufficiently conjugated thus : SHORT FORM FOR ACTIVE VERBS. 1st CONJ. 2nd Coxj. 3rd Coxj. 4th CONJ. 1 Pers. Pres. Amo Moneo Eego Audio Infin. Pres. ama-re mone-re reg-ere audl-re Perfect amav-i monu-i rex-i audiv-i Supine in um amat-um. monit-um. rect-um. audit-um. SHORT FORM FOR DEPONENT OR PASSIVE VERBS. 1st CONJ. 2nd CONJ. 3rd CONJ. 4th CONJ. 1 Pers. Pres. Amor Moneor Regor Audior Infin. Pres. ama-ri mone-ri reg-I^ audi-ri Partic. Perf. amat-iis momt-us rect-us audit-iis Gerundive amandus. monendus. regendus. audiendus. I. Or, as a useful exercise, the following part 3 may often be repeated : LONGER FORM FOR ACTIVE VERBS. 1st CONJ. 2nd CONJ. 3rd CONJ. 4th CONJ. 1 Pers. Pres. Amo Moneo Rego Audio 2 Pers. Pres. amas mones regis audis Infin. Pres. am are monere regere audirS Perfect amavi moniii rexi audivi Ger. in dum amandum monendum regendum^ audiendum di amandi monendi regendi audiendi do amando monend5 regend5 audiendo Sup. in um amatum momtum rectum auditum r > u amatu monitu rectu audltu Part. Pres. amans monens regens audiens Fut. amaturiis. monituriis. recturus. audituriis. LONGER FORM FOR DEPONENT VERBS. 1st CONJ. 2nd CONJ. 3rd Coxj. 4th CONJ. 1 Pers. Pres. Venor Vereor Utor PartTor 2 Pers. Pres. venaris vereris iiteris partiris Infin. Pres. venari vereri Utl partm Perfect venatus sum veritiis sum iisus sum partitus sum Ger. in dum venandum verendum utendum partiendum di venandT verendi fitendi partiendi do \enando verendo iitendo partiendo Gerundive venandiis verendus utendus partiendus Sup. in um venatum veritum iisum partitum )j u venatu veritu usu partitu Part, Pres. venans verens utens partiens Perf. venatus veritiis usus partitus M Fut. venaturus. veriturus. usuriis. partiturus. * The forms -undum -undtis are sometimes used in the 3rd and 4th Conjugations. Intransitive Verbs form no Gerundive Adjective, and no Supine in u t VERBS. 27 48. Action and State occur in Time. Time is either simply Pre- sent, Past, or Future; or it is Present, Past, or Future with some further relation. The subjoined Scheme (for the Active Voice and In- dicative Mood) compares the expression of the relations of Time in Latin and English. But those relations may be still more complex than is here shown : as, amaturiis fuero, I shall have been about to love. \ Time. Indie. English. Name of Tense. 4_j [Simple amo . . . . I love Present. _ Pres. Relation amo .... am loving g Past Relation amavi . . . have loved PM I Fut. Relation amaturus sum am about Futurum Periphras- to love ticum Praesentis. 1 Simple amavi . . . loved Perfect, Pres. Relation amabam . . was loving Imperfect. Past Relation amaveram . had loved Pluperfect. Fut. Relation amaturiis fill . U'as about Futurum Periphras- l to love tieum Praeteriti. (Simple ainabo . . . shall love Future Simple. Pres. Relation amabo . . . shall be Past Relation loving amavero . . shall have Future Perfect. loved Fut. Relation amaturus ero shall be Futurum Periphras- about to ticum Futuri. love Note 1 . The Present, the Futures, and the Present Past (amavi, / have loved) are called Primary Tenses: the Imperfect, Pluperfect, and Simple Perfect (amavl, / loved) Historic Tenses. Note 2. A. The Perfect is formed in several ways : 1. By adding vl to the Stem : as, amavi, flevl. 2. By adding tii (tor vi) to the Stem or dipt Stem :* as, colui, monui. 3. By adding si to the Stem or Clipt Stem: as, carpsi, manai. In this formation Consonants are generally changed (see 81). 4. By prefixing a Redupli- cation, and adding 1 to the Stem or Clipt Stem. This Reduplication is either the first Consonant and Vowel of the Stem : as, cticum, mcSmordi ; or the first Con- sonant with e, in which case the Stem-vowel is usually changed : as, ceefnl (from cano) ; see 81 ; 111 (9). 5. By adding 1 to the Stem or Clipt Stem, with or with- out change of the Stem-vowel : as, bibi, verd, egl (from ago), favl (from f&v&o). B. The Supine is formed : 1. By adding to the Stem or Clipt Stem turn, some- times i-tum, and a change of letters often takes place : as, amatum, cwltum, rectum, mon-f-tum. 2. The change of letters often requires turn to become sum. See Examples in 81 . Note 3. The learner should bear in mind that the English given in the following Tables for the Tenses of Verbs is often only one of several possible meanings ; espe- cially in the Conjunctive Mood. 49. Before the regular Verbs, it is necessary to conjugate the irregular but important Verb of Being, sum, esse, which lends its forms to complete the conjugation of other Verbs. f A Clipt Stem is a Stem without its Vowel Character: as, mon- for monE- c2 28 THE THE VERB 'SUM.' 29 IS "i ,0 | s" S *"* o *o TJ CD P-i ^ 1 -M t<>1 J~! ^ fV) 2 J ro | ^SJ | t~H j- S ^ fV, pq o ^ S f""' HH S >cT Q; O .^ S J-* ^ $ >aT 'S P3 PH PH cc qz: Cd r , m . f3 i> .& .& w futurus esse, ^o ^e do< Gerunds. None. Supines. ^\ r 0726. Participle Present. ^ "^ ) 0> S o S g> .ll's's s ^ J o | ! >s" ^ , praesum, prosum, su s, prosunt. Absum has 2 S3 ^ s ?i S r I* HH HH ^ ^^ II M "3 P - s ^> 5 S >2 ^ .S ( g ^ / ^ , s " -^ J ! ^- ^ s g^ S f \ "~* 'O oJ *^^^\ S j^ -^ J O Jo O 0> g ^J ^ sl^ Ml; ^ 1 ^ g ^ E ^2 cT ^ "^ J 2 *" ** S oT 4.T B J3 c3 l"iS")oTil i l" 1 IS n^s > n > s >l n '^ ^ % ao oo w "'8'F ^A. gggggg ga^SS ^ g w a3 ~ a? *' u " q v 'llddq 9(IVU '"?? T3 * ^ S O oa ^ ^ * r^ r^ O ! <^ > -^ *ts -^ S "S *^ 8 S p p4 ^ r S S ^ ^ ? S " Sv J^ "i g^^, " ^ * S i j||j&?. 2 1 1 1 5| eT ** *3 ^ ^ ||l S ^f 1 ^ -g vjS 2 ^ 02 -i-i G * ia5 ^ P r/r -u" G 13 G S 'S '2 'S '2 S g en ! S -2 -S saee^g 1= -S S 1 J2 l||| ( ^ . J g * CQ fts jyj RS i CQ P^ W^j ,^te,nj PH r3 ; CD FIRST CONJUGATION ACTIVE. Q O < O > 13 )3 as | g I S ~ jf a a 1 a a a & ;Q ^ ; 13 ic3 13 of I.S^ll ^1 f_| ^, 'SH ^ S 13 13 13 13 13 13 a a a a s a )3 >3 )3 )3 )3 )3 (3 13 )3 1^ 13 Ci 13 13 13 13 13 13 s I a & & & FIRST CONJUGATION ACTIVE. 31 l.il R T! "C 8 2 pH 133 133 o > HH >33 ><3 >?3 pq d, d. PH G -5 0. O G O' > ^-i^.i g g g i a a a~ B^t iol 5 a a ^ -^ I g tl o p .S -S ^ CD f d" 103 133 IC3 133 ic3 133 a a a a a a 1 1 > > > > > t> ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 " t/5 D^ 133 133 133 133 133 133 a j j a a a a a a a a a 133 133 133 133 133 133 a a a a a a ain^n j 32 SECOND CONJUGATION ACTIVE. 1 .Co d g 8 1 ^ CO N g S> , ^ % M ^ ^> w -52 04 .CO ^> ^s 1 ^ '^5^ "** A'; IM tf !i f~ il u d d 'd 'd 'd d o )0 )0 )O )O )O >O s s as E s H * > H * 1 3 Q S C 1 M 5 ^ "" o ; H Sj I s I s ^^^'^^^ o g g B 2 S I s g 11 i Nij.*M g Od i^T -t^ S 15 d c3 153 >ca irf ic3 c3 S BT-*T S 53 fl 10) )0 10 10) C )O )O )O )O a s a s s s >O )O ^O )O >O )O a s a s s a w H 'dsiapv Oumapv r ^ t *~ -\ g 1 -1 ^ .^ I^ "^o " 5 ^ ill|ii S^1| c ^> i. 5? CO ^ eo ^ <^ * ^ 1 1 1 s ^ j 1 ' P-H >o >3 >o >o >3 >3 IO) IO) IO) IO) IO) IO) d d d d d d )O )O )O >O >O >O K, ,2 ^ yf ^^ P ^*^ l ^ > 2 j *? lissiil .0) IO) IO) IO) IO) IO) d d d d d d )O >O )O )O )O >O S S S S S S s s s sse a a a a a a . vj 5j 05 5| -%s c<2 (X, | , sn8IW -oid^e^ wdral SECOND CONJUGATION ACTIVE. S JflT'S <^ 5> S '$ i --3 S o ; s> .c^ f-o ill S^ v >Vi ll^i % J i ,=ri * ! $ ft .& a S *- R & E ?1 sa.-4J.-4J-*- Q la S s s ; g. s Q (-" G 'O f^ g i >0 ^ )0 )0 >0 C >o )0 O >Q >0 a saa aa ss d ' ^ S d -e d ^ HH OOO U Ot TH >co pi! i c G G c c )0 >D >O >O )O : ~ B ' > -5 I >0 )O >O )0 )0 C SJ d G G fl )0 )0 ^O )0 )0 )0 2 a 54 a s a e"^ a ,2" ^ S of^r c G c OJ I CD >O I'D IQJ Q^ r/: 1 2 cfi w yj yj CQ OQ QQ 9Q QQ OC ) )0 )0 )O )O >O i a 2 a a a s a 53 T ^T fl ^3 CH g '2 ^ 'g '2 g )O )O >O >O )O )O a s s a s s C<2 (^ c3 34 THIKD CONJUGATION ACTIVE. 8 a to To o >o> >o> >-l H So Q o o r *r S 3 ic3 )^i I-3 135 fct) tG to bo S~ "^ "*" > 3 T ,p_r of 4^~ >- S3 tO ^ tO fcO bO fn fn ^H f-i ^ S of -i_T S } 3 ^" c3 IS )33 133 isJ c3 ..C pg ..Q ng ^Q ,0 'bo'bo'bO bo'bo'bo of dung ajiiinj THIRD CONJUGATION ACTIVE. 35 aij < a 3 o . S ~ ^ * % ' ^ " H 1 1 1 ! s g g . 5 .^ Nit S "^ "^ OQ g >oT 'if > * ^ ^ ^^ B ' P=< )0) -| S 1 S g ? 5 I >o) > fco >oP " S j ^ S 15 ? ? *^ to o ^ 2 HH > ^ S D )0) O) -< ^1 Vi ^ ff 1 ^ g . L; . . ?H I"" 1 * ** O) "*~* CJ 8 " o 53 ca ^q O Q .9 . 3 ^ 5 p^ rH PH 4J 4-a O *4 +H 5*4 0) o5 &* ^ ^3 S >^ h5 HH nS O O O co c O PH Pn **1 ; d" . . o ^i ^^ _. ""^j 3 1 1*3 PM *""* ** ^ * o r~ ~^\ 03 ^ ^>> ||s|| | 0) | | | | 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 ^j> -f ^ ^ | ^ ^ r | ^ | s ' i^i^l^ f tf -S i "g S ^ ^ 1 1 ^ j, ^| ^ J Ttf ^^" J* ^5^>f^i ^^JJ^f sj^i >fi ^Stf^.| '? i^li^P^'l X X tf X X ^ li) 10) 10) "0> 10) 10) IO) IO) IO) 10) 10) 10) Id) 10) IO) 10) IO) IO) , ^ s; * s: v5 5j m* ^oajjaj ajn^nj W dn M 36 FOTJETII CONJUGATION ACTIVE. p o o s I J 6 H o H O O I w H w S ^ 1 K s * 8 5 > e* ^*J iQJ <^ 02 *"*- ^ *- >d or ^_r S nT *T fi 33 rt o* C3 ICS )C3 1^ 1 ^Q ^D rQ rD ^ r r IoT ^ >jir g*|g* CQ P*H PH M J ~ " ^ v ^ o PH PH fl fl 3 ^ U* ~ i^ Sv >2 ~ ^ iB ^ t 1 P r g i S g 'S I s B d 43 S +1 O o c3 # * O p .S O O O 55 e ^-^l/^ , g ^ ^ ( g ^ p I C *W2 > 0! C p p p c3 c3 c^ cJ ci rt '^' >! ^ J "2 ^^ *G P 3 rt rt 38 FIRST CONJUGATION PASSIVE. ft 1 a J * g , * x g H , 1 k III" | ^ -f 9 J J ^ w o 1 1 a a a o >o3 >tf )C3 ),- )C3 K* H pyaoi dq p9aoj 9q > C/2 "^ s>> ^ S f %||t 3 S | b ^ c S S 5-^ F I llf a | S3^>^!> ^H^lll % ct >o) io) io iO) io) a) a a a a s a a a " a a a a &N )o3 >c3 )o3 )oj )o3 )o3 )o3 )c3 )03 )OJ )o3 >oS Ed -p9aoi 'pdaoi dq 'p9aoi duwq H t ~ * > t * ^ t A \ ^. S s 'S ^o o ^ * S ; Q _.. ! **^* i. 5 ill! ^ CO ^> ^5 ^ >g P S g, ! W ?H CO ^ ^^ * " *^ ^ ^ |^| ^ ^,5"% ^ KJ ^ ,r '73 ^r cj ^ t/j * g C )^ c? ^ >l 1 1 1 ^,2 $%% tr ^ * 2 a a | ; s ^Xi il 1 S 2 ^ jS *s '5 ^Q 2 !Q 5 ,!o ^ rQ ^ } J || j a |a j 1 M " 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 o ^ $ CQ fX| oj s; o g vcx> j 8S U 8I ,S 8J< ^ T uii S 9.iir4nj ' ;D9Jia ^ FIRST CONJUGATION PASSIVE. $ PH \ \ Int. rres. imp. aman, to oe lovea.^ Inf. Perf. Plup. amatus esse, to have been loved. Inf. Put. . . amatumiii. Part. Perf. . . amatus, loved. Gerundive . . amandus, meet to be | p9aoiV99q garni 'P<>(101 U99q 9(lDl[ % ^ ^ r^ ~~\ % ^ > ** > i^ O 5^ ^ ^ "* ""^ wT ^ "^ S oT^-T^ oT -i^r *O2 'cO > O2 2 ^ -S O2 O2 O2 02 'Ji O2 1 1 1 1 1 1 ce og $

53 CC >U ^ )^j 02 W2 O2 O2 02 3J O2 ' ^ ^ oT ^ ~ 02 02 M >flj ): ^ )a > )^ )^ )Z3 ,^ ,_< ,-, ^^ *^. ^ 5? f< s"^^> J3- C3 '3 >3 g >43 fl >S )S >53 "3 "3 g CO 02 -02 )OJ >U )C3 >3 )33 )c3 >3 )c3 CQ fX, w p^-,n a p-f-fcH 40 SECOND CONJUGATION PASSIVE. | 1 o . o S <> ^ G "co > ' ' > | i & ^ 2 ^ ^ O "-5I *~* ^ ^ >3 >l 1 10 I'D o G G 1 1 1 i 1 w pasmpv dq in *g pteppn dq /^ ' ^ O 3T -^ i i ^ i- ||!1|}{ f ; | ^ r" 3 r^< ^ > M ^r>3 >S >3 " | ^f 111! ^r V S 2 2 S G )D ID he; ID ID l-D D ID ID -^ ID ID ID ID O S G G G G G G 1 1 1 1 1 1 C G S C G G G )O >O ** )O >O >O )O 22 2222 M pvsiapo 'p9Si(ipi> dq p98tapv Ouwq a r A "\ f "^ r~ "> t^ S -vo s ^> O *** -^j i O ^ ^ ^ ^ 5> "S CO P IS 8 ^ ^ ^ s ^ >oT ^ "^ g^ >oT g ^ gj ^ "^ c e ^ B i ~ JL> <^) >^5; ?s ' ^ ^v^ )D ^ >5J X) Ji ^ ^ ^ Ji "*5: ^ rv ^ > Q '. 22 ^ *^ "*" K^, w .- '~ 1 C >3 KH M ^T) G )3 H ^ ^ "^ ^T 'G ^ ' " *9 ^ } * "S \ ^^^ o ^ > >g J g 'g J -g 2 S *- 3 3 2 5 >ri i<3 -^ i& ^ 133 rt 10) ID S I'D ia> ID ID t-H >O )3 >0 >O )O )0 G G 5? G G G G S G S C G G G )C >0 ^ >0 >0 >o )0 ^ Z & & & gg a 5 G 2 22 2 S 2 2 . ^ ^ CQ SI ^ B: 1 , sws ^ ^^ i SECOND CONJUGATION PASSIVE. 41 42 THIRD CONJUGATION PASSIVE. 1 a 'So | s a a C3 ^ ,g> : ^o^o*"^ |f | ill -^ )^S J fi *S "S SH I 45 Q O A tO &D tO^ tO tO )O) > > )D Bttpq THIRD CONJUGATION PASSIVE. 43 H 1 1 i INFINI 1 ! 5 a Ip 2^32 g v o o to QJ 0) 0) >0; pQ di 0, - PH 3 ^ t> *""! PH ^4 o ^ OJ ^ ^J CD -S J-l ^ PH PH . CC CQ CO OJ W2 CC -" c > * > to 03 W2 cc O O) O O O O O O O uddq O O O O O O O 0) O CU OJ % I ^ ^S o >H G O o !3 CL, ^ P ft 1 O O w ^ o PR >aT |3 S g ^ 3 . S I Ss^ s ^ ^ - ,-r - cvslsl )C3 133 133 133 133 03 > IO IO IO )O \ 03 03 03 03 o3 03 Buwq S S T 2 a a % 10) 10) IO) IO e f< o "VI? > s w <^> V r^Z >3 s ^ B ^ M ^ \% I * i 8 "g 1 ,, . fi; 2 J ' T3 ta ^ OJ 4-3 i O3 4^ 05 03 03 02 : *W3 S S Sal fi O 02 KU O)^^ ^ 03 03 03 2 ^ )0) >^> C3 c3 c3 ci eg c3 S c/r^'g s g >g a 46 THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS: 59. SCHEME OF THE ACTIVE ^ INDICATIVE MOOD. Singular. Plural. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. Am- 6 as at amus atis ant Mon- eo es et emus etis ent Reg- 6 is it emiis ztis unt Aud- 16 is it imus it-is iwnt Fut. Simple. M?n- } b6 bls bit Hmiis Htls bunt "Rarr Audi 1" am gs ^ t emus etis ent Imperfect. Ama- \ -DW . L bam bas bat bamus batis bant Keg-e- Audi-e- j 1 Amav- \ onu- ( j . gt - j t imus istis erunt v. A j- ere Audiv- ) Fut. Perf. Amav- \ Monii- ^- wse ww. wv v ^ *,- ^-. Rex 1 ero ens erl erimus critis erint Audiv- J Pluperfect. Amav- \ onu- I g ram g r ^ g v^ t eramiis eratis erant Audiv- J 1 JV I A IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present. Future. S. 2. Ph 2. j S. 2. S. 3. PI. 2. PI. 3. Lm- A ate ato ato atote anto [on- E ete eto eto etote ento ICG- e zte t5 zto etote wnto tud- I ite ; ito ito itote iwnto Note. When the Perfect-stem ends in av, ev, ov, v is often eliminated before is or er (but not before ere), and contraction always follows : as amavisti x amastl implevissem x implessem ndvistl x nostl amaverunt x amarunt impleveram x impleram novSram x noram When the Perfect-stem ends in iv, v is often eliminated, and contraction may follow before is only : as, audivi x audll ; audivisti x audlistt x audisti. Writers sometimes cast out is from other Perfect forms : as, dixti for dixistl, accesttsfor accessistls, surrexe for surrexisse ; erepsemus for erepsissemus. The sign x means ' changed to.' ACTIVE VOICE, 47 FOUK CONJUGATIONS. VOICE. Amav- Monu- Rex- Audiv- CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. Singular. Plural. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. Am- em es et emiis etis ent Mon- earn eas eat eamus eatis eant Beg- am as at amus atis ant Aud- lam las lat lamus iatis lant Ama- ] Mone- 1 Rege- | rejn res ret remus retis rent Audi- ) erim ens erit erimiis eritis erint Amav- Monu- Rex- Audiv- issem isses isset issemus issetis issent VERB INFINITE. INFINITIVE. GERUND. Pres. Imperf . Perf. Pluperf . N.Ac. G. D.Abl. AniA- \ A may-) Am-and- \ MODE- Monu- I ^ Mon-end- - - Rea^T- re Y isse Rex- -rtv j r urn. i. o Reg-end- Audi- j Audiv- J Audi-end- J PARTICIPLE Pres. Impf. SUPINES. PARTICIPLE Future. Am- ans Amat- ) 1. 2. Mon- ) Monit- [ Reg- L ens Rect- f um ' U urus. Audi- J Audit- J THE FOUR CONJUtUTIONS : 60. SCHEME OF THE PASSIVE . Present. INDICATIVE MOOD. Singular. Plural. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. Am- or aris* atiir amiir amini antiir Mon- eor eris etiir emur emini entur Reg- or eris ztiir zmur minl wntur Aud- lor iris itiir imur imini iwntiir Fut. Simple. -...^ a J 1 bor bens bitiir bimiir bimini buntur A ^ i ar eris etiir emiir emini entiir Audl - v. ere Imperfect. Ama- "j -D^ - ( bar baris batur bamiir bamini bantur Kejie- . w Audi-e- j v ' bare Perfect. Amat- \ Monit- 1 us us iis I i I Rect- sumf es est siimus estis sunt Audit- J 1 "S PN Amat- \ Monit- [ iis iis iis I I I Rect- ero eiis .erit erimus eritis erunt Audit- J Pluperfect. Amat- \ Monit- I iis iis iis i I i Rect- eram eras erat eramus Jratis erant Audit- J IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present. Future. -. S. 2. PI. 2. S. 2. S. 3. PI. 3. AmA- ) - tor tor ntor MonE- tor tor ntor "Reo- ere zmini ztor ?tor wntor Audi- re mini tot tor tmtor * In the Second Pers. Pres. Indie. Passive it is not so usual to write r5 for rTs, on account of the confusion with Infin. Act. and Imperat. Pass, t In the periphrases ful is occasionally used for sum, fuero for 6r5, fu6ram for e"rain, fugrim for sim, f uissem for essem, and f Cu'ssS for ess6 : as, amatfis ffli, fugro, fugram,fuerim, f uissem, fuissg, etc. PASSIVE VOICE. 49 FOUR CONJUGATIONS. VOICE. CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. Singular. Plural. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. Am- er eris v. ere etur emiir emini entiir Mone- ) Reg- \ ar aris v. are atur amur amini antur Audi- 1 Ama- ) Mone- Eege- Audl- Y rer reris v. rere retiir r emiir rSmini rentiir Amat- ' I Monit- ( us us us ill Ivect- f sim sis sit simiis sitis sint Audit- I Amat- \ Monit- I us us us Rect- f essem esses esset Audit- j 1 1 1 essemus essetis essent VERB INFINITE. INFINITIVE. w Pres. Imperf. Ami- \ MonE- ) n Reo- I Audi- rl Perf. Pluperf. Amat- \ feet M-- Audit- J Future. Amat- \ , Monit- I - - Rect^ umm Audit- ) PARTICIPLE Perfect. >1 GERUNDIVE. / Amat- \ Monit- Rect- Audit- J us Amand- \ Monend- Rcgend- Audiend- J 50 THE DEPONENT VERB ' UTOH.' 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SCHEME OF THE DEPONENT i Ven- Ver- Ut- Part- 1. or eor or ior INDICATIVE MOOD. Singular. Plural. 2. 3. 1. 2. a-ris (re) atiir amiir amini e-ris (re) etiir emur emini e-Tis (re) itiir imiir imim i-ris (re) itiir imiir imim 3. antur entiir zmtiir iwntur Fut. Simple. Vena- Vere- Ut- Parti- }bor be-ris(re) bitur e-ris (re) etur bimiir emiir bimini emini buntur entiir Imperfect. Vena- \ Vere- L. Ut-e- bar Parti-e-J bans v. batiir bare bamiir bamini bantiir Perfect. Venat- Verit- Us- Partlt- Iiis sum iis es est i sumus i estis I sunt 1 Venat- Verit- Us- Partit- liis fero iis eris us grit I erimus i eritis I erunt Pluperfect. Venat- Verit- Us- Partit- L eram iis eras iis erat i eramiis i eratis I erant IMPERAT Present. S. 2. PI. 2. $> - -j UT- ere z-mini Parti- re mini IVE MOOD S. 2. tor etor tor Future. 8.3. tor etor tor PI. 3. ntor wntor untoT Note. Some Deponents have an Active form also as,punI5r and punlS, punish. Many Participles Perfect of Deponent Verbs are used Passively as well as Actively ; such are, ausplcatus, abominates, adeptus, cSmTtattis, commentiis, confesses, de- i testates, dignates,exsecrates,expertes, emensOs, furatfis, fabricates, frustrates, Imitates, meditates, mentites, medicates, merltes, moderates, oblitOs, Splnates, pactes, partltes, polllcltes, pSpeiates, praedates, precates, prSfesses, sSlItes, testates, testlflcates, v6n6rates, etc. DEPONENT VERBS. FOUR CONJUGATIONS. VEEBS. CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. Singular. Plural. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. Ven- er e-ris (re) etur emiir emini entiir Ver- ear ea-ris (re) eatiir eamur eammi eantur Ut- ar a-ris (re) atiir amiir amini antiir Part- lar la-ris (re) latur iamiir lamini iantur Vena- ' Vere- rer reris v. retiir remur remini rentur Parti- j rere Venat- > Verit- iis iis iis I I I Us- sim sis sit simiis sitis sint Partit- Venat- \ Yerit- I us iis Us- [ essem esses Partit- iis esset i i I essem us essetis essent VERB INFINITE. INFIN. Pres. Imperf. INFIN. Perf. Plup. PART. Fut. \ INFIN. Fut. VenA- ) _ Verfi- 1 n UT- i Venat- ) Vent- . - ) - - -TT i us esse urus Us- < j uriis esse Parti- rl Partit- J \ \ PART. Pres. GERUND. GERUNDIVE. PART. Perf. SUPINES. Venans Venand- "\ Venat-] Vereus TTvx 1 ) Verend- I - - Verit- I w Utens Utend- ini>io^ U s FT r US Us- um, u. Partiens Partiend- J Partit-J 54 VERBS IN 10 (THIRD CONJUGATION). 63. A. Verbs in t-o of the Third Conjugation, in their Present- stem forms, retain this i generally ; but not before i, final e, and short er. These Verbs are : Capzo, ciipzo, and faced, Fodzo, fugzo, and jaczo, Parzo, raped, sapeo, quatzo, Compounds of speczo and laczo. Deponent : gradeor, pateor, morzor ; And, in some tenses, potzor, orzor. EXAMPLES. ACTIVE. Indie. Pres. ca.pi-5, cap-is, -it, -imus, -itis, capz-unt. Fut. capz-am, -es, -et, -emus, -etis, -ent. Imperf. capz-ebam, -ebas, -ebat, -ebaraus, -ebatis, -ebant. Conj. Pres. capi-am, -as, -at, -amus, -atis, -ant. Imperf. cap-erem, -eres, -eret, -eremus, -eretis, -erent. Imper. Pres. cap-e, -ite. Fut. cap-ito, -itote, cape-unto. Infin. Pres. cap-ere. Gerund, cape-endum, -endi, -endo. DEPONENT. Indie. Pres. pate-or, pat-ens, -itiir, -imiir, -imini, pate-untur. Fut. patz-ar, -ens, -etur, -emur, -emim, -entiir. Imperf. pate-ebar, -ebaris, -ebatiir, -ebamiir, -ebamini, -ebantur. Conj. Pres. patz-ar, -aris, -atur, -amiir, -amini, -antiir. Injperf. pat-erer, -ereris, -eretiir, -eremiir, -eremini, -erentur. Imper. Pres. pat-ere, -imini. Fut. pat-itor, pate-untor. Infin. Pres. pat-i. G-erund, patz-endum, -endi, -endo. Gerundive, patz-endiis. Note 1. OrI5r is conjugated like patYor, except a few forms which, follow the Fourth Conjugation : oriri, Srlrer, etc. Potior follows the Fourth Conjugation, but in some forms wavers between the Third and Fourth : as, potitur or potltur; potTmQr or p5tlmur ; poterer or potirer. Note 2. M5rTor, 5rI5r, have Future Participles morlturus, 5rtturus. B. Verbs in uo retain u in all forms ; as, induo, induis, indiii, indiiere. PEKIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 64^. The Participles in urus, dus, may be conjugated with all the Tenses of the Verb sum. These forms are called Conjiigatio Periphras- tica Fiituri and Conjugatio Periphrastica Gerundivi : as, PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 55 11 02 - PH QD >3 g semus -erimuj -issemi Si 'o! 02 >|3 0) tin cS fl o cj ^"^ tf ||| 11 02 > i 1 ' c8 ^J 0! ,2 . : r4" o. . tfl fl a _ B 01 a-c ^g OJ >0) .rH 03 PI < . >9 >9 > > >03 i . a a,c '2 a l-s -g 02 c5 A-i-tf . * S ill ^ g S g CD pj ^ PH cd HH PM PM PH 56 SIGNS OF THE TENSES AND MOODS. SIGNS OF THE TENSES AND MOODS. 65. The Latin Tenses may be variously rendered : as, INDICATIVE MOOD. Pres. Smo, love, am loving. Imp. amabam, loved, was loving, used to love. Perf. amavi, loved (Simple Past), have loved (Present Past). 66. The Conjunctive Mood has two general uses: (1) Pure, or not subordinate to another Verb: (2) Subjunctive, or subordinate to another Verb. 1. The Pure Conjunctive is rendered in English with auxiliary Verbs for Signs ; generally would or should', sometimes can, could; may, might \ shall, or will : as, amem te (si bonus sis), 7 can love you (if you are good). amarem te (si bonus esses), I should would love you (if you were good), or I should have been loving you (if you were good). amavissem te (si bonus fuisses or esses), I should would have loved you (had you been good). 2. When the Mood is Subjunctive, it sometimes has a sign in English: as, Ede iit vivas, eat that you may live', but oftener it must be rendered as if it were Indicative : as sis, esses, fuisses, in the last Examples. So : Laudatur quod pariierit, he is praised in that he obeyed. Laudavi eum qui pariiisset, / praised him (as one) who had obeyed. 67- The Present Conjunctive is also used Imperatively: Active. Passive. Amem, may I, or let me Ames, mayst thou, or see thou A met, may he, or let him Amemus, may we, or let us Ametis, may ye, or see ye Ament, may they, or let them) Amer, may I, or let me Ameris, mayst thou, or see thou Ame'tur, may he, or let him Amemiir, may we, or let us Amemmi, may ye, or see ye Amentiir, may they, or let them^ THE INFINITIVES. 57 THE INFINITIVES. 68. The Infinitives in re, ri, are Present or Imperfect ; Infinitives in isse, tus-esse, Perfect or Pluperfect : as, (1) Dicitur amare, (1) Dicitur amari, He is said to be loving. He is said to be loved. Dicebatur amare, Dicebatur amari, He was said to have been loving. He ivas said to have been (at the time) loved. Seio eum amare, Scio eum amari, / know (that) he is loving. I know (that) he is loved. Sciebam eum amare, Sciebam eum amari, / knew (that) he was loving. I knew (that) he tvas loved. (2) Dicitiir amavisse, (2) Dicitiir amatus esse, He is said to haw loved. He is said to have been loved. Dicebatur amavisse, Dicebatur amatus esse, He was said to have loved. He was said to have been (at a former time) loved. Scio eum amavisse, Scio eum amatum esse, / know (that) he loved. I know he was loved. I know (that) he has loved. 1 know he has been loved. Sciebam eum amavisse, Sciebam eum amatum esse, I knew (that) he had loved. I knew he had been loved. 69. A. The Future Infinitive Active has two forms, -urus esse -urus fiiisse, the uses of which a few instances will show : (#) Credens iturus esse, you are believed to be about to go. Credo te itiirum esse, / believe (that) you will go. (b) Credebaris iturus esse, you were believed to be about to go. Credebam te it urum esse, / believed that you would go. (c) Crederis iturus fiiisse, you are believed to have been about to go. Credo te'itiirum fuisse, I believe that you would have gone. D 3 58 GERUND, SUPINES, PARTICIPLES. B The Future Infinitive Passive is formed by the union of the Supine in um with the Impersonal Infinitive iri : as, Cred5 amatum. m Juliam, (lit.) I believe there-is-a-tcnding to love, Julia ; i.e., I believe Julia will be loved. Aiunt ultum m injurias, they say that the wrongs will be avenged, a. The same may be expressed by fiiturum esse ut, fore ut, with ametiir, amaretiir, as, Credo futiirum-esse (or fore) iit Julia ametur, 1 believe (that) Julia will be loved. Credebam fore ut Julia amaretiir, 1 believed (that) Julia would be loved. GERUND. SUPINES. PARTICIPLES. 70. A. The Gerund is perhaps the Neuter Gerundive Participle declined as a Verb-Noun (um, i, 6). B, The Supines are Cases (Accusative and Ablative) of a Verb-Noun of the Fourth Declension. C. The Gerundive (iis, a, um, like bonus) is used to express meetness or necessity, either impersonally, as, eundum est, one must go ; or personally, as, vita tuenda est, life should be protected. If a Case of the Person is added, that Case is usually the Dative: as, eundum est mill!, / must go; vita nob is tuenda est, life should be protected by us. D The other Participles are Active. Pres. amans, loving, like ingens. Fut. amaturus, about to love, \ ,., , ^ v Passive. Perf. amatus, loved, ) The three Participles wanting may be thus supplied : Act. Part. Perf. ' having loved,' quum amavisset (or by 125.) Pass. Part. Pres. ' being loved' qui amatur, or dum amatur. ,, Part. Fut. 'about to be loved,' qui amabitiir. E. Some Verbs form Participials in bundus or cundiis, expressing ' fulness/ as, vagabundus, wandering, iracundus, wrathful; in bills, expressing 'possibility,' as, parabflis, procurable ; in His, expressing * capacity/ as, docilis, teachable; in ax, expressing 'inclination/ as, loquax, talkative; inidiis, expressing 'active force/ as, rapidus, hurrying, cupidiis, desirous. DERIVED, ETC. VERBS. 59 DERIVED VERBS. 71. I. Frequentative Verbs express repeated or intenser action, are of the First Conjugation, and formed either in -to, -so, from Supine-stems : as. canto, / sing (cano, cantum), curso, I run (curro, curs urn) ; or by adding -1-to, -i-tor to the dipt Stem, as, rogzto, 1 ask often (rogo). II. Inceptive Verbs express beginning of action, are of the Third Conjugation, and formed by adding -sco to the Present-stem : as, Labasco, I begin to totter, from labAre. Pallesco, I turn pale, pallEre. Or from Nouns, with suffix -a-sco or -e-sco ; as, Piierasco, 7 become a boy, from piier. Mitesco, I become mild, mitis. III. Desiderative Verbs express desire of action, are of the Fourth Conjugation, and formed by adding -urio to the Supine-stem: as, Esurio, I am hungry, from edo, es-um. PartiirTo, I am in labour, pario, part-um. QUASI-PASSIVE AND SEMI -DEPONENT VERBS. 72. The Verbs which unite an Active form with a Passive meaning are : Exiilo, 7 am banished (are). Vapulo, 7 am beaten (are). Fio, 7 am made. Veneo, 7 am on sale (ire). Liceo, 7 am put to auction. 73. The Verbs which have an Active Present with a Perfect of Passive form, are: Audeo, I dare, Perf. ausiis sum, I dared. Fido, 7 trust, f isiis sum, 7 trusted. Gaudeo, I am glad, gavisus sum, I was glad. Soleo, I am wont, ,, solitiis sum, I was wont. Some have Active Perfect with Deponent Perfect Participles : as, Present. Perfect. Part. Perf. Juro, 7 swear juravT, 7 swore juratiis, having sworn. Cen5, 7 sup cenavi, 7 supped cenatus, having supped. Prandeo, 7 dine prandi, 7 dined pransus, having dined. So nupta, wedded, potiis, having drunk, and some others. 60 DEFECTIVE VERBS. DEFECTIVE VEKBS. Defective Verbs want some of the usual parts of a Verb. 74-. I. The Verbs coepT, I have begun, odi, / hate, memini, 1 remember, have no Present-stem Tenses. SCHEME. Indie. Conj. Infin. Coep- \ I erim isse Perf. Od- [ ero ... ... Fut. Perf. Mcmin- J eram issem isse Plup. Memmi has Imperative Fut. Sing, memento ; Plur. mementote. Coepi has Part. Perf. coeptiis ; Fut. coepturus. Odi osiis osuriis. a. Novi, / know (from nosco), is similarly used. II. Many Verbs have Perfect without Supine (see Table), and many Inceptive and other Verbs have neither Perfect nor Supine : as, mitesco, polleo, furo, ferio. III. Verbs Defective in other forms : (1) Aio, I say 'ay? affirm. Indie. Pres. aio, ais, ait aiunt. Imperf. aiebam, -bas, &c., complete. Conj. Pres. aias, aiat aiant* (2) Inquam, I say. Indie. Pres. inquam, inquis, inquit, inquwnus inqmunt. Imperf. inquiebat inquiebant. ,, S. Fut. inquies, inquiet. M Perf. inquisti, inquit. Imper. Pres. inque inquite. ($) Quaeso, I entreat] 1st Pers. PI. quaesiimiis. (4) Far!, to speak ; used by the Poets in this and a few other forms : as, fatiir, he speaks ; fabor, I shall speak ; fare, speak thou. Participles : fatus ; fandiis. Gerund : fandi, fand5. (5) The Imperatives : a. Apage, begone. Cedo, cedite (or cette), give here. Have (or ave), havete, hail. Infin. liavere. Salve, salvete, hail. Infin. salver e. Fut. salvebis. b. Age, agite, come; Vale, valete, farewell ; Infin. valere ; are used with special meaning, but their Verbs ago, valed, are fully con- jugated. IMPEKSONAL VERBS. 61 IMPERSONAL VERBS. 75. Impersonal Verbs are conjugated (as such) only in the Third Persons Singular of the Finite Verb, and in the Infinitive. A. Active Impersonals have no Passive Voice. (1) The principal of these are of the Second Conjugation : Oportet, decet, dedecet, it behoves, beseems, misbcseems, Piget, pudet, paenitet, Taeclet add and miseret, Libet, licet, and liquet, Attinet and pertinet. it irks, shames, repents, it disgusts, moves pity, it pleases, is lawful, is clear, it relates, belongs. Conjugation of Impersonal Verbs (Second). me, te, eum, f 1. Oport- -| 2. Dec- 3. Dedec- 4. Pig- I11U1U. et eat iurm. ere. Pres. nos, vos, eos mihi. etc. 6. Piid- 6. Paenit- 7. Taed- ^ 8 Miser- 9. Lib- ebit. ebat iiit iierit. iierat eret. iierit uisset. S. Fut. Imperf. iiisse. Perf. Fut. Perf. Pluperf. ad me, etc. |JJ' The Persons are expressed by the Case: as, Sing. Oportet me ire, it behoves me oportet te ire, you oportet eum ire, ,, him Plur. oportet nos ire, ,, us oportet vos ire, ,, ,, you oportet eos Ire, ,, them) to go, or/ you he ought to ye they) Sing. Licet mihi ire, it is allowed me licet tibi ire, , you licet ei Ire, , him Plur. licet nobis Ire, , us licet vobis ire, , you licet iis Ire, , them or/ you to go, \rnay go. y they) So in the other Tenses and Moods. 62 IMPERSONAL VERBS. (2) Among Impersonal Verbs of other Conjugations are : Accidit, Contingit, Evemt, Convenit, Expedit, it happens \ it befalls } mihi, it turns out J- tibi, it suits I el, etc. it is expedient ) Delectat, it charms ) me, te, Juvat, it delights ) eum, etc. Interest, it concerns ) mea, tiia, Refert, it imports ) ejiis, etc. Cons tat, it is acknowledged. (3) Some Impersonals express changes of season and weather : as, Fulgiirat, it lightens. Ningit, it snows. Pliiit, it rains. Ton at, it thunders. Lucoscit, it dawns. Vfsperascit, it gets late. 76. J5, (1) Intransitive Verbs are used impersonally in the Passive Voice : as, luditur, there is playing, from ludo, I play. Indicative. Present Luditur Simple Flit. Imperf. Perfect ludetur ludebatur lusum est Put. Perf. liisum erit Pluperf. lusum erat Conjunctive. Infinitive. ludatiir ludl. lusum m. luderetur. lusum sit lusum esse. lusum esset lusum filisse. The Persons may be expressed by an Ablative of the Agent : as, Present Indicative. Sing. Plur luditur a te, luditur ab eo, luditur a nobis, luditiir a vobis luditur ab Us, lying by me, thce, him, us, you, them, or I play, fhou playest, he plays, we play, ye play, they play. But the Ablative is often omitted, being understood from the context 77- (2) The Neuter Gerundive is used impersonally with esse to express meetness or necessity : sometimes with Dative of Person. Present Indicative. Ring. Ludendum est mThi, there must he playing by me, ludendum est tibi, , , , thee, ludendum est el, Plur. ludendum est nobis, ludendum est vobis ludendum est iis, him, us, you, them, or/ thou he we ye they Here too the Case is often omitted : mine est bibendum, now we (or men) must drink. ANOMALOUS VERBS. G3 ANOMALOUS VERBS. 78. Anomalous Verbs do not form all their parts according to rule. Sometimes their Tenses are borrowed from several stems, as in sum, possum, fero ; sometimes their irregularities arise from mu tat i on of letters, as in volo, nolo, malo, eo, queo, edo. 79. CONJUGATION-FORM OF ANOMALOUS VERBS. 1, , "Be able. 2. Wish. 3. Not-wish. 4. Wish-rather. 1 Pers. Pres. Possum Volo Nolo Malo 2Pers. potes VIS nomis mavis Infin. ,, posse velle nolle malle Perfect potii-i volu-i nolii-i malu-I Ger. in dum (volend-um) (nolend-um) (malond-Tim) di volend-i nolend-i malend-i do volend-6 nolend-o malfnd-6 Part, Pres. volens nolens malens Potens, able, powerful, is used as an Adjective. 5. Bear. 6. Be made. 7. Go. i I Can. 1 Pers. Pres. Fero Flo Eo Queo 2 Pers. fers fis is quis Infin. ferre fieri ire quire Perfect tuli factus sum 1V1 quivi Ger. in dum ferend-um eund-um di ferend-i eund-i ,, do ferend-6 eund-o Supine in um lat-uni it-um ,, u lat-u it-u Part. Pres. fer-ens iens (eunt-is) ,, Fut. lat-urus it-uriis 5. Feror (Passive) has Pres. Ind. 2. ferns (for fer-eris") ; 3. frrtiir ; Imperf. Conj. fer-r-er (for fer-erer), ferreris, etc., and Inf. ferrT. Other Present-stem forms- are regular. Supine-stem forms, latus sum, etc. 6. Flo in the Present-stem forms is the Passive of facto, which is regular in the Active, and in the Supine-stem forms of the Passive. 8. Queo and its compound nequeo (cannot} form their tenses like eo. 9. Edo, 7 eat, often changes some of its forms as follows : Pres. 2nd Pers. 3rd Pers. Infin. Imperf. Conj. edis or es edit or est edere or esse ederem or essein, Pr^s. Conj. edim, edis, edit, is used. Other forms are regular. 64 ANOMALOUS VERES. 80. TENSE-FOHMATION or INDICATIVE MOOD. . Singulur. Plural, 1. 2. 3. 1. 2, 3. Possum petes potest possumiis potestis pdssunt a Volo vis vult voliimiis vult is volunt 1 Ndld nonvis nouvult uoliimus nonvultis nolunt g Malo mavis ma vult maliimiis mavultTs mahint 1 Ferd fere fert ferimus fertis feruut A Fid ffs fit . fiunt Ed Is it Imus itis eunt Pot> erd eiis erit erimiis erilis erunt S V61- N I Nol- w Mal- am es o emiis etis ent 1 Fei- d Fi- J I- bd bis bit bimiis bitis bunt Pot- eram eras crat eramiis eratis eraut .j Volc- \ 1 Ndlc- B B Male- Fere- / > bam bas bat bamiis batis bant 1 I r ) Potii- " Volu- . Ndlii- 1 Malu- ^ I istl it imiis istis erunt or 1 Tul- ere 1 Potii- " Volu- Ndlii- ^ 2 Malu- * ero ens erit erimiis e^tis erint g Tul- ja R Iv- - Potii- " Volu- 1 Ndlu- Ma!u- * cram eras erat eramiis eratis erant p, Tul- Iv- J ANOMALOUS VEHB5. ANOMALOUS VERRS. CONJUNCTIVE MOOD. Singular. P'urnl. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1 Poss- ) 5 Vel- I 5 Nol- f imiis ItTs int Mai- J Fer- ) Fi- [ am as at amiis atis ant E- J Poss- 1 1 Vell- Noll- EH Mall- ^ em es et emus etls ent *y Ferr- 1* Fier- M Ir- J Potii- 1 . Volii- 1 i Nolu- 1 H Malii- } erim ens erit e rimiis entis eri n t i Tul- Iv- J Potii- "1 6 Volu- a Kolu- EH Malu- j- issem isses isset issemiis issetis issent I Tul- IMPERATIVE Moor Present. >. 1 Singular. P lural. i f. 2. (3) Noli nc 5Kte (For the Parts (5) Fer fe rte of VERB INFI- (6) FI fit e KITE, see Form (7) I it Future. e of Conjugation, 79.) 2. 3. 2. 3. (3) Nolito nolito nolito te nolunto ! (5) Ferto ferto fertot e ferunto 1 (7) Ito Tto itote eunto [1 66 PRESENT, PERFECT, AND SUPINE. 81. TABLE OF VERBS, SHOWING PRESENT, INFINITIVE, PERFECT, AND SUPINE. (See 48, Note 2.) I. FIRST CONJUGATION (Character A : AmA- re). Present. Infin. Perfect. Supine. Usual Form : (a-p) -o a-vi a- turn Am-o -are ama-vi ama-tum. Exceptions. -iii, -itum. Present. Infin. Perfect. Supine. (1) 1 . Crepo -are crepui crepitum creaJc. 2, , Ciibo -are cubiii cubitum lie down. 3. , Domo -are domiii domitum tame. 4. Mico -are miciii glitter. 5. Plico -are -pliciii -plicitum fold. 6. Sono -are soniii sonitum sound. 7. Tono -are toniii tonitum thunder. 8, Vet5 -are vetiii vetitum forbid. -- Seco (3) 1. Do Q. Sto (4) 1. Juvo 2. Lavo -are -are -ul, -turn. seem < Eedupl., -turn. dedi datum, steti statum -vl, -turn, juvi jutnm lavi lotum sectum cut. give, stand. help, wash. (1) 5. Also plicavT, pHcatum. (3) 1. Do, dare, has short a throughout ; with the compounds circnmdo, surround ; pessumdo, ruin ; venumdo, put on sale,^ which form -dedi, -datum. The other compounds pass to the Third Conj. and form -dtdl, -ditum. III. 18. 2. Comp. ad- con- ob- per- prae-sto, etc., form stiti, statum (-stitum rare;. (4) 2. Also Sup. lavatum. II. SECOND CONJUGATION (Character E : MonE- re). Usual Form : -eo -ul Mon-eo -ere mon-ui Exceptions. -T turn mon-itum. -VI, -turn. (1) 1. Deleo -ere delevl deletum blot out. 2. Fleo -ere flevi fletum weep. 3. -pleo -ere -pie vi -pletum fill. -ul, -turn, (2) 1. Doceo -ere do cm doctum teach. 2. Misceo -ere misciii mistum mix. 3. Teneo -ere tenui -tentum hold. (1) r>. -pltcm -plTcttum. Forms thus noted are only used in the compounds. SECOND AND THIRD CONJUGATIONS. 67 -Si, -turn Present. Infin. Perfect. Supine. (3) 1. 2. 3. Augeo Torqueo Luged -ere -ere -ere auxi torsi luxl auctum tortum increase, twist. mourn. -Si, -Sum (4) 1. 2. 3! 4. Mulceo Ardeo Rideo Suadeo -ere -ere -ere -ere mulsi arsl risi suasi mulsum arsum risum suasum soothe, take fire, laugh, advise. 5. Maneo -ere mansi man sum remain. 6. 7. Jubeo Haereo -ere -ere jussi haesi jussum liaesum command, stick. 8. 9. Fulgeo Luceo -ere -ere fulsi luxl glitter, shine. Redupl., -sum. (5) 1. 2. 3. 4. Mordeo Pendeo Spondeo Tondeo -ere -ere -ere -ere moraordi pependi spopondi totondi morsum pensum sponsum tonsum bite, hang, pledge, promisi shear. -I, -Sum. (6) 1. 2. Prandeo Sedeo -ere -ere prandi sedi pransum sessum lunch, dine, sit. 3. Vide5 -ere vidi visum see. -i, -turn. (7) 1. 2. 3. Caveo Faveo Foveo -ere -ere -ere cavi favi fovi cautum fautum fotum beware, favour, cherish. 4. MoA T eo -ere movi motum move. 5. Voveo -ere VOVl Yotum vow. Semi-deponent. (8) 1. 2. 3. Audeo Gaudeo Soleo -ere ausus sum dare, rejoice, be wont. -ere -ere gavisus sum solitiis sum III. THIRD CONJUGATION (Character a Consonant or U). Form various. Reg-ere ; IndiWre. A. Consonant-Verbs. Guttural Stems, -si, -turn (Jive -sum). 1. Died -ere dixi dictum say. 2. Duco -ere dux! ductum lead. 3. Cing5 -ere cinxi cinctum surround. 4. Coquo -ere COXl coctum cook. 5. Figo -ere fix! fixum JK 6. Fingo -ere till XI tictum fashion. 7. Jungo -ere junxi junctum join. 68 PRESENT, PERFECT, AND SUPINE ; Present. Infin. Perfect. Supine. 8. Pingo -ere pinxi pictum paint. 9. Kego -ere rexl rectum rule. 10. Tego -ere texi tectum cover. 11. -stinguo -ere -stinxl -stinctum quench. 12. Tinguo -ere tinxi tinctum dye. 13. Unguo -ere unxi unctum anoint. (2) 1. Traho -ere traxi tractum draw. 2. Veho -ere vexi vectum carry. 3. Vivo -ere vixl yictum live. 4. Fluo -ere fluxl fluxum flow. 5. Struo -ere struxi structum pile. C. -lacio -ere -lexi -lectum entice. 7. -specio -ere -spexl -spectum espy. (3) 1. Mergo -ere mersl mersum drown. 2. Spargo 3. Tergo -ere -ere sparsi tersl sparsum tersum sprinkle, wipe. Dental Stems, -si, -Sum. (4) 1. Claudo -ere clan si clausum shut. 2. Divide -ere dlYlSl dlvlsum divide. 3. Laedo -ere laesi laesum hurt. 4. Ludo -ere lusl lusum play. 5. Plaudo -ere plans! plausum clap the hands. 6. Rado -ere rasl rasum scrape. 7. Rodo -ere rosi rosum gnaw. 8. Trudo -ere trusi trusum thrust. 9. Vado -ere -vasi -vasum go. 10. Cedo -ere cessi cess um yield. 11. Mitto -ere misi missum send. 12. Quat-io -ere (quassi) quassum shake. 13. Fiecto -ere flexl flexum bend. H. Necto -ere nexi nexum bind. Labial Stems, -si, -turn. (5) 1. Carpo -ere carps! carptum pluck. 2. Repo -ere ropsi rcptum creep. 3. 8calpo -ere scalps! scalptum scratch. 4. Serpo -ere (serpsi) (serptum) crawl. 5. Nubo -ere nupsi n upturn be warned. 6. Sciibo -e:-e scrips! scriptum write. L iquid Stems, -Si, -turn (one -sum) (6) 1. Com5 -ere compsi comptum adorn. 2. Dem5 -ere derapsl demptum take away. 3. Promo -ere prompsi promptum take forth. 4. Sumo -ere sumps! sumptum take. 5. Temno -ere temps! temptum despise. 6. Premo -ere press! pressum press. 7. Gcro -ere gess! gestum carry on. 8. Uro -ere ussl ustum burn. THIRD CONJUGATION. Stem various, -ul, -turn (one -sum). (7) 1. 9 5. G. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. Present. Elfcio Gumbo Rapio Strepo Meto A16 Colo Consulo Occulo Volo Fremo Gemo Tremo Vomo Pono Gigno Sero Texo Infin. -ere -ere -ere -ere -ere -ere -ere -ere -ere velle -ere -ere -ere -ere -ere -ere Perfect. eliciu cubiil rapm strepm messui aim colui consul iii occiilui volui fremui gemui tremiii vomiii posui genii! seriii texui Supine, elicitum ciibitani raptum strepitum niessum altum cultum consul turn occultum fremitum gemitum Tomitura posTtum genitum sertum textum entice forth, lie down, adze. roar. mow. nourish. till. consult. hide. wish. murmur. groan. tremble. vomit. place. produce. join. weave. (8) 1. Lino 2. Smo 3. Cerno 4. Sperno 5. Sterno 6. Sero 7. Cresco 8. Nosco 9. Pasco 10. Quiesco 11. Suesco 12. Cupio 13. Peto 14. Quaero 15. Tero 16. Arcesso 17. Lacesso (9) 1. Pendo 2. Tendo 3. Disco 4. Posco 5. Curro 6. Pungo 7. Tundo 8. Fall5 9. Parco 10. Pario Present Stem Anomalous, -vl, - -ere lev! litum -ere slvi situm -ere crevi cretum -ere sprevi spretum -ere stravi stratum -ere sevi satum -ere crevi cretum -ere novi notum -ere pavi pastum -ere -ere -ere -ere -ere -ere -ere -ere quievi suevi cupivi petivi quaesivi trivi arcessivi lacessivi suetum ciipitum petitum quaesitum tritum arcessitum lacessltum turn. smear. allow. sift, discern. despise. strew. sow. grow. [with. become acquain ted feed. rest. be wont. desire. seek. seek. rub. send for. provoke. Hedupl., -turn or -sum. -ere pependi pensum weigh. -ere tetendl tensum(-tum) stretch. -ere didici learn. -ere poposci demand. -ere ciicurrl cursum run. -ere pupiigi punctum prick. -ere tutiidi tunsum thump. -ere fefelli falsum deceive. -ere -ere peperci peperl parsum partum spare, bring forth. (9) 9. Also Perf . parsl. 70 PRESENT, PERFECT, AND SUPINE : Present. Infin. Perfect. Supine. 11. Cado -ere cecidi casum fall. 12. Cano -ere cecirii cantum sing. 13. Pango -ere pepigl pactum fasten. 14. Tango -ere tetigi tactum touch. 15. Caedo -ere cecidi caesum cut, beat, kill. 16. Pello -ere pepull pulsum drive. 17. Tollo -ere sustiili sublatum take up. 18. Compounds of do : Abdo -ere abdidi abditum hide. Addo -ere addidi additum add. Condo -ere condidi conditum found, hide. Credo -ere credidi creditum believe. Dedo -ere dedidi deditum give up. Edo -ere edidi editum give forth, utter Perdo -ere perdidi perditum lose. Prod 6 -ere prodidi proditum betray. Keddo -ere reddidi redditum restore. Subdo -ere subdidi subditum substitute. Trado -ere tradidi traditum deliver. Vendo -ere vendidi venditum sell. 19. Eeduplicated from sto : Sislo -ere -stiti -statum make to stand. -I with lengthened Stem- vowel, -turn (three -sum). (10) 1. Facio -ere feel factum. make. 2. Jacio -ere jeci jactum throw. 3. Linquo -ere liqui -lictum leave. 4. Vinco -ere vici yictum congiitr. 5. Ago -ere egi actum do. 6. !Frang5 -ere fregi fraetum break. 7. Lego -ere leg! lectum choose, read. 8. Fugio -ere fugl fiigitum fly. 9. Edo -ere edi esum eat. 10. Fodio -ere fodi f os sum dig. 11. Fundo -ere fudi fusuin pour. 12. Capio -ere cepi captum take. 13. Rumpo -ere rupi ruptum break. 14. Emo -ere emi emptum 1)uy, take. -I, -sum. (11) 1. Findo -ere fidi fissum cleave. 2. Scindo -ere scidl scissum tear. -I, -sum (one -turn). (12) 1. -cando -ere -cendi -censum set on fire. 2. -fendo -ere -fendi -fensum strike. 3. Pando -ere pandi pansum spread. 4. Prehendo -ere prehendl prehensum grasp. 5. Scando -ere scandi scansum climb. 6. Verto -ere verti versum turn. 7. Bibo -ere bibi bibitum drink. 8. VeUo -ere velll, vulsi vulsmu rend. THIKD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS. B. U- verbs: -I, -turn. Present. Infin. Perfect. Supine. (13) 1. Acuo -ere aciii acutum sharpen. 2. Arguo -ere argiil argutum prove. 3. Exiio -ere exiii exutum put off. 4. Imbiio -ere imbiii imbutum tinge. 5. Induo -ere indui indutum put on. 6. Liio -ere liS luitum wash, atone. 7. Metuo -ere metui fear. 8. Mmuo -ere minm minutum lessen. 9. Niio -ere niii nod. 10. Riio -ere rui ruituin rush, fall. 11. Statuo -ere statin statutum set up. 12. Tribud -ere tribiii tributum assign. 13. Solve -ere solvi solutura loosen. 14. Volvo -ere volvl volutum roll, i IV. FOUBTH CONJUGATION (Character X : Audi- re). Usual Form : -10 -ire -ivi -itum Audio -Ire audivi auditum. Exceptions. -iii or ivi, -turn. (1) 1. 2. 3. 4. Aperio Opeiio Salio Sepelio -ire -ire -ire -ire aperiii operiii saliii sepellvi apertura opertum (-sultum) sepultum open, cover, leap, bury. -si, -turn (one -Sum). (2) 1. Fulcio -ire fulsl fultum prop. 2. Sancio -ire sanxi sanctum consecrate. 3. Vincio -ire vinxi vinctum bind. 4. Haurio -Ire hausi haustum drain. 5. Sentio -ire sensl sensum. feel. (3) 1. Comperio -Ire 2. Reperio -Ire 3. Venio -Ire -I, -turn. comperi compertum find. reppeii repertum discover, veni ventum come. 72 DEPONENT VEKBS. V. DEPONENT VERBS. (1) FIRST CONJUGATION (Part. Perf. -atiis). (2) SECOND CONJUGATION (Part. Perf. -itus). Exceptions. Present. Infirt. Part. Perf. 1. Fateor -eri fassiis confess. 2. Misereor -eri nrisertus or miseritus have pity on. 3. Keor -eri ratiis think. (3) THIRD CONJUGATION (Part. Perf. -tiis or -siis). Present. Infin. Part. Perf. (a) 1. Fungor -i functiis perform. 2. Amplector -i amplexus embrace. 3. Nitor -I msus or nixus strive. 4. Patior -i passus suffer. 5. Utor -I usus use. 6. Gradlor -I gressus step. 7. Labor -I lapsus glide. 8. Morior -I mortuiis die. 9. Queror -I questus complain. 10. Friior -I fruit us enjoy. 11. Loquor -I locutus speak. 12. Sequor -I secutiis follow. (b) 1. Apiscor -i aptus obtain. 2. Comminiscor -I commentus devise. 3. Expergiscor -I experrectus wake up. 4. Fatiscor 5. Irascor -I -I fessiis Tratus grow weary, be angry. 6. Nanciscor -I nactus obtain. 7. Nascor -i natus be born. 8. Obliviscor -I obKtus forget. 9. Paciscor -I pactiis bargain. 10. Proficiscor -I profectus set out. 11. Ulciscor -i ultus avenge. (4) FOURTH CONJUGATION (Part. Perf. -itus). 1. Assentior 2. Experior 3. Metior 4. Opperior 5. Ordior 6. Crior -iri iri -Iri -iri -iri -iri Exceptions. assensiis expertus mensiis oppertus orsus ortus agree to. try. measure. wait for. begin. rise. Note. Inceptive Verbs form the Perfect and Supine as their Primitives : as, ing?- misco (from gemo), ingomQI, ingemltum. Many Verbs are without Perfect ; more still without Supine. ADVERBS. PREPOSITIONS. 73 PARTICLES. A. ADVERBS. 82. I. ADVERBS OF PLACE answer the questions : (1) Ubi, where ? (4) Unde, whence ? (2) Quo, whither ? (5) Qua, which way ? (3) Quorsum, whitherward? (6) Quateniis, quousque, how far? II. ADVERBS OF TIME answer the questions : (1) Quando, ubi, when? (2) Quamdm, how long? III. ADVERBS OF NUMBER answer the question Quoties, how often ? IV. ADVERBS OF DESCRIPTION express Manner, Quality, Quantity, etc. Many are derived from Adjectives, and end in e, ter; as, pulchre, finely; misere, wretchedly ; fortiter, bra vdy ; sapienter, wisely. Note. Adverbs of Negation are non, baud, not. IB. PREPOSITIONS. 83. The following Prepositions take the Accusative Case. Ad, to, at, &c. Juxta, adjoining to, beside. Adversus ) , 7 . . Ob, over aqainst. by reason of. \ toward, aqamst. -r>- - y ,i * * Adversum ) Jrenes, in t/ie power oj. Ante, before. Per, through. Apud, at, in, among. Pone, behind. Circum, around. Post, after, behind. Circa, v circiter, about. Praeter, beside. Cis, citra, on the near side of. Prope, near, propius, proxime. Contra, against, over against. Propter, nigh, on account of. Erga, towards. Secundum, next, along, according to. Extra, outside of, out of. Supra, above. Infra, below. Trans, across. Inter, between, among, amidst. Ultra, beyond. Intra, within. Versus, Versum, towards. The following take the Ablative Case. A, b, abs, by, from. Ex, e, out of, from. Absque (rare), without. Palara, in sight of. Clam, without the knowledge of. * Prae, before, owing to, compared wit ft. Coram, in the presence of. Pr5, before, for, instead of. Cum, with. Sine, without. De, down from, from, concerning. Teniis, reaching to, as far as. Note. Cum is attached to the Personal, Reflexive, and Relative Pronouns ; as, mecum,n6biscum, tecum, vGbiscum,secum, quocum.orquicum, quibuscnin. * Clam also takes Accusative. E 74 CONJUNCTIONS. INTERJECTIONS. The following take the Accusative or the Ablative. In, into, against (Ace.), in, upon, among (Abl.). Super, over, upon. Sub, up to, under (Ace.), under (Abl.). Subter, under. In and sub with Accusative imply motion ; with Ablative, rest. II. The Prepositions and Particles compounded with Verbs are : A. Prepositions : a (ab, abs), ad, ante, circum, con (for cum), de, ex (e), in, inter, 6b, per, post, prae, praeter, pro, sub, subter, super, trans. B. Inseparable Particles: ambi- (amb-), around, about; dis-, di-, in different parts or ways ; re-, back, again ; se-, apart. Note 1. Prepositions in composition suffer various changes ; such as, comblbo for conblbo, offendo for obfendo, traduco for transduce. Note 2. Many Verbs in Composition suffer vowel-change : (1) a into e, as spargo, dispergo ; (2) a into , as quatio, concutIS ; (3) a into i, as, ago, exigo ; (4) e into z, as rego, dlrlgo ; (5)_a0 into 1, as, quaere, acquire. Add to these, clawdo, exclude, &c. ; plawdo, supplodo, &c. ; and awdlo, obedio. a CONJUNCTIONS. 84. CONJUNCTIONS are 1. Coordinate ve, or those which join words and sentences but do not affect Mood : as, et, que, ac, atque (and), aut, vel, ve (either, or), sed, autem (but), nam, enim (for), &c. 2. Subordinative, or those which join sentences, influencing Mood : as, iit (that), ne (lest), quod, quia (because), quum (when, since), si (if), nisi (unless), &c., &c. 85. The Interrogative Particles cannot be rendered in English without the Verbs, to which they impart an Interrogative force: They are, the enclitic -ne, an, num, utrum (whether) : the com- .pounds of the last three with -ne ; namely, anne, numne, utrumne: and the compounds of an, -ne, with the nega- tive ; namely, annon, nonne. D. INTERJECTIONS. 86. An Interjection is an exclamatory word, used either to draw attention, or to express feeling of some kind. The most usual Inter- jections are 0, ! oh ! Pro or proh, forbid it ! A or ah, alas ! Vae, woe ! Note. Of these, 0, a, eheu, heu, pro, may be used with a Vocative Case : the same, as well as en, ecc6, with a Nominative or Accusative : hei, vae, with a Dative. SYNTAX. PREFATORY EXCURSION. 87- A. A Simple Sentence is the expression of a single thought: Psittacus loquitur, Psittacus non loquitur, The parrot speaks. The parrot does not speak. B. That of which something is said, is called the Subject : as, Psittacus, the parrot. a. The Subject must be a Substantive, or a Noun-term which can take its place, as an Adjective, Pronoun, Infinitive, or Clause. C. The Finite Verb, which declares what is said of the Subject, and makes a complete sense, is called the Predicate: as, Loquitur, speaks. a. Since Pronoun Subjects are implied in the Endings (44 Obs.), a single Verb may be a sentence : Veni, Vidi, Vici, I came, I saw, I conquered. D. Any Finite part of the Verb sum (esse), to be, is usually a Copula, or Link ; and a word linked by it to the Subject, and completing the sense, is called a Complement; both together forming the Predicate: Predicate. Subject. Copula. Complement. Homo est mortalis, Man is mortal. Homines sunt ammalia, Men are animals. Note. The Copula is often omitted : as, Ran b5nl, (good men are few). a. Other Verbs besides sum link a Subject and Complement, and are called Copulative (Link) Verbs: as, fio, become; nascor, am born ; videor, seem; dicor, am said; vocor, am called; putor, am thought, &c. E. An Adjective agreeing with any Noun-term is said to be in Attribution, and maybe (1) Epithet; (2) Attributive Complement. (1) Docti viri, (2) Hi viri sunt docti, Learned men. These men are learned. 2. A Substantive agreeing with any Noun-term is said to be in Apposition, and maybe (1) Epithetic; (2) Appositive Complement. (1) Rex Croesus, (2) Croesus fmt rex, King Croesus. Croesus was king. E 2 76 SYNTAXIS MEMORIALIS PEIMA, DE CONGRUENTIA. REGULAE QUATTUOR GENERALES. 88. L Verbum Finltum cum Nominative Subject! congruit numero et pes-sona: Magister docet. Libri leguntur. T u doces : n o s discimus. Discere est utile. 89. II. Adjectivum genere, numero, et casu congruit cum eo cui attribuitur : Vir bonus Hit bonam hanc uxorem habet. Hirundo pullis suis orbdtd queritiir. Carl sunt parentes; car a est patria. Piieri discendo fmnt docfi. 90. III. Substantlvum casu congruit cum o cui appo- nitur : N 6 s puerl patrem L o 1 1 1 u m imitabimur. EiFodiuntiir opes, irrltamenta malorum. S p e s est exspectdtw boni. Syllaba longa brevl subjecta vocatiir Iambus. 91. IV. Relatlvum cum Antecedente congruit genere, numero, et persona ; sed casu spectat suam clausulam : JDeum veneramur qul nos crea\it. Amiciis est, quern amamiis, a quo amamiir. Amo te, mater, quae me am as. DE SUBJECTO COMPOSITO. 92. Cum Subjects Composite pluralia congruunt : Veneno absumpti sunt Hannibal et Philopoemen. 1. In diversitate personarum Verba congruunt cum Priore Persona : SI tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus. DE CASIBUS. 7? 2. In dlversitate generum Adjectlva congruunt cum Masculo potms quam cum Feminmo : Pater mihi et mater mortiii sunt. a. Kebiis manimls attrlbultur saepe genus Neutrum : Divitiae, deciis, gloria in oculls sitd sunt. DE CASIBUS. DE CASIBUS SUBJECTI ET COMPLEMENT!. 87. 93. (1) Fmltl Verbl Subjectum Nommatlvus est: Anrii fugiunt. (2) Inflmtivl Subjectum in Accusative ponitur : Constat annos fugere. | . Scimus annos fug ere. 94. Verba Copulatlva, slve Finita slve InfinitTva, Comple- mentum plerumque cum Subjecto congruens habent : Vita est somnium. JVcwzo nascitur sapiens. Vita dicitur esse somnium. Nemo potest nasci sapiens. Aiunt vitam esse somnium. Constat neminem nasci sapientem. a. Accusatlvi cum InfTmtlvo constructio vocatur Enuri- tiatio Obllqua. DE ACCUSATIVO. 95. Accusatlvus est Casus Propioris Objectl. Necnon limitandi vim habet. I. ACCUSATIVE OBJECTI. 96. Verbal Transltlva regunt Accusativum Objectl: Mater alit pullos. \ In primis venerare Dvum. 97. Intransitlva capiunt Accusativum vl cognata : Duram servit servttutem. Claudius alvam 1 u s 1 1. 78 SYNTAXIS MEMORIALIS PRIMA. 98. Verba quaedam, rogandl praesertim et ddcendl, bmos adrnittunt Accusatives, alterum Eel, alterum Personae : Nunquam dlwtias duos rogavi. Quid mine te litter as d 6 c e a m ? 99. Verba Factitlva, scilicet faciendl, vocandi, putandi, similia, bmos habent Accusatives, alterum Object!, alterum Complement! : Te facimus, Fortuna, deam. Romulus urbem suam Romam vocavit. II. ACCUSATIVUS LIMITATIONS. 100. Accusat!vus Respectus adjungitiir Verb!s et Adjec- tlvis, praesertim apud poetas : Tremit artus. \ Nudae sunt lacertos. 101. Locus, Quo itur, in Accusativo pomtur, idque sine Praepositione, si vel oppidi nomen est, vel domus, rus : Regiilus Carthdginem rediit. Vos ite domum: ego rus ibo. 102. (1) Duratio Tempons in Accusativo pomtur : Pericles quadrdgintd annos praefiiit Athenis. (2) Mensura Spat!! in Aecusatlvo ponitur : Erant muri Babyloms ducenos pedes alti. 103. Accusatlvum regunt multae PraeposItTones : 83. Antt, apud, &d, adversus, Circum, circa, cltra, cis, Contra, inter, ergd, extra, Infra, intixi,juxtd, ob, Penes, pone, post, et praeter, Prope, propter, per, secundum, Supra, versus, ultra, trans; His super, subter, addito, Et m, sub, si fit motio. DE DATIVO. 104. DStivus est Casus Recipientis seu Remotioris Object!. 105. I. Trajectiva, quae sensum trajiciunt ad Remotiiis Objec turn, sunt multa Adject! va, Adverbia, et Verba, rarius Substantlva, quibus indicatur Propinqmtds et Demonstrdtw, Grdtrficdtw, Domindtw, Et his contraria quaeque notio. DE DATIVO. 79 106. Trajectiva capmnt Datlvum, quum sigmficantiir ?. (1) Propinquitas et contraria : Est finitimiis oratori poeta. Nil fuit unquam sic i m p a r sibi. Congruenter naturae vivendum est. Praesentia confer praeturitls. Nee tamen ignorat quid distent aera luplnls. (2) Demonstratio et contraria : Die rnlhi, Damoeta, cujum peciis? Anguis Sullae appariiit immolanti. Haud cuiquam in dub 16 erat bellum immmere. (3) Gratificatio et contraria : Patriae sit idoneiis, utilis agris. Turba gravis pad placidaeque in i mica qmeti. Quod alii donat sibi detrahit. Lucem redde tiia^, dux bone, patriae. Nobls spondet fortuna salutem. Ne libeat tlbi quod nemmi licet. Parce pio generl. Succensere nefas patriae. Resistendum est appetitibus. (4) Dominatio et contraria : Sapien s, sibi qui imperiosus. Omnibus supplexest. Imperat aut servit collecta pecuma cuigue. Mundus Deo p a r e t, et hide oboediunt maria terraeque. a. Inter Trajectiva sunt multa Yerba composita cum Par- ticiilis, quales sunt Bene, male, satis, re. Ad, ante, con, m, inter, de, Ob, sub, super, post, et prae : Ceterls satis fa cio semper, mihi nunquam. STeilia q u on dam Italiae adhaesit. G-igantes bellum dls intiilerunt. Anatum ov&gallinia supponimus. 107. II. Dativus ublvls adjungi potest cum notlione qua- darn Commodi vel Incommodi : Esto, ut nunc multi, dives tibi, pauper amlcls. Niima virglnes Testae legit. A r eniis nupsit Vulcano. Philosophiae semper vac 6. a. Hue refer Datlvum Pronommis, qui vocatur ethi- c u s : Quid miki Celsiis agit? 80 SYNTAXIS MEMORIALIS PRIMA. b. Sum cum compositls, praetgr possum, capit Dativum : Sum ttbi Merciirius. Vir mihi semper abest. c. Estj sunt, cum Dativo, hdlere saepe significant : Est homini cum Deo similitude. Sunt nobls mitia poma. d. Adjungitur idem Datlvus ParticTpns et Participialibus Passlvae Vocis, praesertim Gerund! vis : Magnus cms obit et formidatus &thoni. Midtis ille boms flebilis occidit. Legendae sunt puvris Aesopi fabiilae. 108. III. Datlvus Propositl pro Complemento pomtiir, adjuncto saepe Dativo Eecipientis : NimTa f iducla caldmitdti solet e s s e. Exitio e s t Mdum mare nautls. 109. IV. Dativus Complement! per Attractionem po- nltur, praesertim in nominand! formulls : Licuit Themistocli esse otwso. Huie ego die! nomen Trinummo faciam. DE ABLATIVO. 110. Ablativus est Casiis rerum quae circumstant et adverbial! more llmitant actlonem. Definit etlam Tempus et Locum. 111. I. Ablativus Causae : Oderunt peccare bom virtutis amore. Coeptis immdnibus effera Dido. 112. II. Ablativus Instrument!: Jlijaculis, ill! certant defendere saxis. 113. III. Ablativus Mod! : InjurTa fit duobus modis, aut vl antfraude. 114. IV. Ablativus Condition^ : Pace tud cum Thaide colloquar. Homo mtd sententid prudentissimus est. DE ABLiTITO. 81 115. V. Ablatlvus Qualitatis, cum Epitheto : Qua fade fiiit, cui dedisti symbolum? Senex prd)?iissd barbd, horrentl capillo. 1 1 6. VI. Ablatlvus Respectus : Angor ammo. Ennius ingeriio maximus, arte riidis. 117. VII. Ablatlvus Pretn : Ego spem pretw non emo. Quod non opus est, asse carum est. 118. VIII. Ablativus Mensiirae : Longum sesquipede, 1 a t u m pede est. Sol multls partibus major est quam lima. Tanto pessimus omnium poeta, Quanta tu optimiis omnium patronus. 119. IX. Ablativus Materiae : Cibus eorum lacte, cased, came const St. a. Ablatlvum regunt : (1 ) Verba fungdr,fruor, utor, vescdr, or^ digrwr; (2) Adjecllva dignus, indignus, contentus, fretus, praeditus ; (3) Substantiva opus, usus : (1) Fungar vice cotis. Hannibal, cum victoria posset utl, frui maliiit. Rex impms auro vi potitur. 133. (2) Dignum laude rirum Musa vetat mori. (3) Ubi res adsunt, quid opus est vcrlnsl Usiis est filio vlgintl mims. 1). Ex AdjectTvTs et VerbTs tibundanrfi vel egcnd/i, (lltcindl vel pi'irctndt, pleraque AblHtTvinn c-npHint, multH etmm Gem- tlvum : Amor et mettv et feUe est f ecun d i sai m u s. Nunquam animiis mutu vacuus est. Vis consiU expers mole ruit siia. Mancipns lociiples eget aeris Cappadocum rex. Vac a re culpd maximum est solacium. 120. X. Ablativus Tempo r!s rcspondet, si rogatur Qnando ? Intro, quantum tempus ? Quanto tempore ante vel post ? Hieme omma bella coiiquiescunt. Quidquid est biduo scTemiis. Homerus annis multls fiiit ante Romiihim. 121. XI. A. Ablativus Loci ponitiir sine Praeposltlone, cum rogatur, Qua via ? I barn forte P"?a Sacra. 3 82 SYNTAXIS MEMORIALS PRIMA. B. Ablatlvus saepe caret Praepositione, cum rogatur ubll maxime, si oppidl nomen est, vel si stat cum Epitheto : Philippiis Nedpoii est, Lentulus Puf edits. Tabernae totd urbe clauduntur. a. Oppidorum nomma singularia ex Decllnatione prlma et secunda locum statioms def Iniunt per casus in ae, I : Quid Romae faciam ? | la habitat Mllctl. b. Similia sunt h&mi, domi, belli, mllitiae, ruri : Caesaris virtus doml mltiftaeque cognita est. C. Ablativus oppidl Praepositione caret, cum rogatur Undel Demaratus fugit Corintho. a. Ita domdj rure. (De Accusatlvo Loci Quo Itur, v. 101.) 122. XII. Ablatlvum regunt varlae Praepositiones : A y dbj absque, coram, de, Palam, clam, cum, ex, et e, Sine, tenus, pro, et prae : His super, subter, sub adde- mus, fit in, de statu si dicemus.' a. Praepositiones etiam compositfie regunt Ablatlvum, prae- eertim db, de, ex : Quinctms dictaturd se abdicavit. Detrudunt naves scopulo. b. Ablatlvus Agentis expetit Praepositlonem a, db : Laudatiir ab his, culpatiir ab illls. 123. XIII. Ablatlvus SepS-ratioms et Originls etiarn sine Praepositione Verbls et Parti ciplis adjungitur : Cedes coemptis saltzbus et domo. Pelope n a t ii s , Tantalo prognatiis est. 124. XIV. Ablativus Rel CompSratae : (1) Pro quam cum Nominatlvo : NIhil est amabiliiis virtute. Viliiis argentum est auro, virtuttbus aurum. (2) Pro quam cum Accusatlvo : Piito mortem dedecore leviorem. Neminem Lycurgo utiliorem Sparta geniiit. 125. XV. Substantlvum cum Participio coalescit in Ablatlvo, qul vocatiir Absolutus : exactls consiiles creafl simt. DE GENITIVO. 83 a. Pro Participio saepe suppletur alterum Substantivum vel Adjectlvum : Nil desperandum Teucro duce et auspice Teucro. Natus est Augustus consulibus Cicerone et Antonio. Jamque cmis, vims fr at rib us, Hector erat. Quid dicam, hac juventute? DE GENITIVO. 126. Gemtlviis, Casus Possidentis, nomina plerumque dcl'Imfc subjective vel objective. A. GENITIYUS SUBJECTIVUS. 127, I. Genltlvus Auctoris et Possessoris. Poljjcletl sign a plane perfecta sunt. Singulorum opessuntdivitiae civttatis. Omnia, quaft mulierls fiierunt, virl fiunt. Ea statiia dicebatur Myronis. a. Interdum Genitlvus pendet a suppressa voce : Hectoris Andromache (supple uxor). Ventum erat ad Vestae (supple templum}. b. Genitivus ita stat, ut supplerl possit. Indoles, indicium, Mimus ant officmm : Cujusvlskj Mints est errare. Kst ddolcscentls niajores natu. vereri. Tempori cedere habetur sapientie. 128. II. Genitlvus Qualitatis, cum fipitheto : Ingtnm vultus p u e r ingemucp\& pudorfo. Claudius erat somnl brvvisswm. a. Notentur elliptic! Gemtlvi, parvi, nnnoris, minwn, mar/rii, pluris, plurwn, tantl, quantl, maximi, quibus supple pretfi : Voluptatem virtus minimi facit. Emit hortos tantl quantl Pythms voluit. 129. III. Interest, refert, Gemtivum admittunt : Interest omnium recte facere. Kefert compositidms quae quibus anteponas. a. Eadem pro Genitlvis Pronominum usurpant casus Pos- sesslvos mea, t&a, sua, nostrd, vestra, cuja, cum re congruentes : Et tiid et med interest te valere. Qui'.l nostra id r e f e r t ? 84 SYNTAXIS MEMORIALIS PRIMA. 130. IV. A. Gemtlvus Eel Distributee Partitivls ad~ jungitur, quae, quantum licet, Genitlvl summit genus : Elephanto beluarum est null a prudentior. Homini uni animantium luctus est datiis. Sulla centum viginti suorum amisit. Major Neromim mox grave praelmm commisit. Gallorum fortissimi suntBelgae. Nemo mortdlium omnibus horis sapit. Pisclum feminae majores sunt quam mares. Sequimurte, sancte deorum. Hoc ad te minime omnium pertinet. a. Nostrum^ vestrum, Partltlva sequuntur : Te venTrS iiterque nostrum cupit. 131. B. Gemtlvus Rei Demensae Vocabula Quantltatis et Netitra Adject! va comitatur : Sati? eloqucntmC) sapientiae parum est. Aliquid pristini roboris conservat. Quantum nummorum, t a n t u m f tdei est. B. GENITIVUS OBJECTIVUS. 132. I. Gemtlvus objective jungitur Substantivis, Adjec- tivis, aut ParticTpilK, quibus transitiva auaedam vis est, praesertim si significant. Perltiam, curam, desiderwm, Vel quidquid erit his contrarmm: Insitus est menti cognitwnis amor. Diificilis est cur a rerum alien drum. Tempiis edax rerum est. Corpus patiens inedtae fiiit. Co n sci a mens rectl est. I^m p e r 1 1 ii s morum f iiit. A vi da est perwull virtus. Animus fiiTt alienl appetens, sm profusus. a. Mel, titi, sui, nostri, vestri, objective ponuntur; subjec- tive, metis, tuus, suus, noster, vestfr : Nicias tud sui miemoria delectatiir. (a) Genitlvus Subjectivus in Possessive .latens Genitlvum sibi congruentem recipit : Respublica tned unlus opera salva erat. Aves fetus adultos suae ipsorum f IducTae permittunt. DE GENITIVO. 133.11. Genitlvusadjungitur Verbiset Adjectlvis, quibus sigmficatur Potentia et impotentm, Damnatw, absdlutw, j innocentia, Memoria et oblivw: (1) Roman! signorum potiti sunt. 119 a. Ira est impotens sul. (2) Fraternl est sangmms i n s o n s . Reiis est injuridrum. (3) Petillius/wr^ absolutus est. Condemnamiis haruspices stultitiae. (4) Res adversae admonent nos rcligwnum. Omnes immemorem beneficu oderunt. a. Memmi, remmiscor, recordor, olllviscor^ Genitlvuni v el Accusatlvum admittunt : Jubet mortis tememinisse Deus. Dulces moriens reminiscitur Argos. 134. IIL Piget, pudet, paemtet, taedet atque miseret, Im- personalia, Genitlvum capiunt cum Accusativo : Miseret te titiorum: tui nee miseret nee pudet. Eos partim scvlvrum, partim incptuirum paenitet. 135. IV. Miser cor, miser e sco Genitlvum capiunt ; miser or, covimiseror, A'.cusatlvum : ArcadiT, quaeso, miserescite rcgis. Sortcm miseratur inTquani. 136. V. GenTtTviis ii poetis libere usurpatur. Sed aec/er (irninl, amml pcndeo, simlllS, etlam In poliltii oratlone corn- parent. DE CASIBUS EXTRA SENTENTIAM. 137. Vocativus extra sententTam stat vel sTne Interjec- tTone vel cum InterjectTone : 86. Orote, fill (vel Of Hi). 138. Nommatlvus et Accusativfis in exclamando usur- pantur vel sine Interjectlone vel cum Interjectione : (1) Infandum! (2) Me miser um ! Ecce nova turbd! E n quattuor drds ! 139. Ita Dativus ponitur cum hei ! vae ! : Hei misero mzki! Vae victis f 86 SYNTAXIS MEMORIALIS PRIMA. DE VERBO INFINITO. 140. I. Infmltlvum stat - 1. Substantive, pro Nominative vel Accusative: (1 ) Invidere non cadit in sapientem. Dulce et decorum est pro patria morl. (2) Mori nemo sapiens miserum dixerit. 2. Praedieatlve, in narrando, pro Verbo Fmlto : Multi seqid, fiigere, occldl, capl. 3. Oblique, cum Accusative Subjectl. 94. 4. Prolata constructione Verbl vel Adjectlvl : Solent di u cogitare qui magna v 6 1 u n t gvrere. Patriae dicerJ.s esse pater. Ludum insolentem ludcre pertinax. 141. II. Infimtlvl Casus sunt Gerundia et Suplna. 1 . Accusatlvus Gerundii PraepositionTbus adjungitur : Ad bene vlvendum breve tempus satis est. 2. Genitlvus Gerundii Substantlvls et Adjectlvis additur : Ars scribendl discitiir. | Ciipidus audicndl est. 3. Datlvus Gerundii Nomimbus et Yerbls addttur : Par est disserendo. \ Dat operam legcndo. 4. Ablatlvus Gerundii causae vel modi est aut PraeposTttonT Jungltur : Fugicndo vincimils. De pvgnando deliberant. 5. Supinum in urn Accusatlvus est post VerbS rnotiis : Lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego. a. Irl cum Supino eificit Infinltlvum Futuri Passivl : Audierat non datum Irl filio uxorem suo. 6. Supinum in u pro Ablatlvo Respectus est : Foedum dictu est. | Nefas vlsu est. 142. III. Inflnltlvum, cum Gerundio, Participils, et Supm5 in wm, eosdem casus regit ac Verbum Fmltum : Ciipio satis fa cere relpublicae. CupTdiis sum satisfaciendi relpublicae. Au si omnes immane niifas ausoque potiti. Ast eo-o non Grails servitum matrihus ibo. DE VERBO INFINITO. 87 143. In Gerundns Transitivis usitatior est Attract! o Gerundlva; ciijiis construction^ regula est haecce : Trahitiir Objectum in Gerundil casum, Gerund! um in nu- merum et genus ObjectI : Brutus in liber anda pair id est interfectiis. Hi septemviri fiierunt ayrls dividendls. 144. IV. 1. Necessitatem significat Gerundlva constructio impersonalis, in Verbls potissimuni intransitlvis : Bihendum est. \ Eundum erit. a. Huic add! potest Datlvus, rarius Ablatlviis cum a, fib : Bibendum est nobis. \ Vobis eundum erit. b. Et si quis aliiis casus a Verb5 regitur : Clvibus est a vobis consiilendura. Suo cuique jiidicw est utendum. Eudoxus opinatiir Chaldaeis minime esse credendum, 2. Necessitatem significat attributiva constructio Gerun- dlvi, in Verbls transitlvis : Deus et diUgendus est nobis et timcndus. Non tangendd rates transiliunt vada. DE PRONOMINIBUS. 145. Se, suus, Reflexlva Pronomina, refertintur ad sen- "tentlae principalis Subjectuni, modo tertiae personae sit : SentTt animus se vi siid mover!. a. ReflexTva ad Objectum referri possunt, si ea relatio nil ill habet ambiguT : Scipionem impellit ostentatio sm. Apibus fructum rostituo suum. Mors sua quemque manet. DE PARTICULIS NONNULLIS. 146. Multae Conjunctiones similia similibiis annectunt Mlratur portas strepitumgwe et strata vTarum. A r irtus ncc eripi nee surripi potest. NSminera sapTentiorem put5 quam Socratem. Omne solum forti patriH. est, ut piscibus aoquor. 88 SYNTAXIS MEMORIALIS PRIMA. 147. Ne prohibit! v& cum Imperative Modo vel cum Con- junctivo usurpatur : nedum, utmam, si, ut pro utinani cum Conjunctive : JVe qua meis est 6 dictis mora. Ae culpam in me contuleris. Neu d e s i n t epiilis rosae. Mortalia fact a peribunt, Nedum sermonum stet honos et gratia vivax Gtinam minus vitae ciipidi fiiissemus. si urnam argent! fors quae mihi monstret. tt ilium di deaeque perdant. COMPENDIUM REGULAKUM DE SUBJUNCTIVO. 148. Modus Conjunctlvus varils sensibus pure usur- patur : quum subjungitur alterl Verbo, Subjunctlvus appel- latur. 149. Pronomina et PartTculae, quae oblique interrogant, Subjunctlvum postulant: Ipse quis sit, utrum sit, an non sit, id quoque nescit. Talia sunt : Quantus, utcr, qualis, quis, quot, quotus, unde. uln, quando, Cur, quoties, quarc, quam, qudmodo, mtm, m, ut, fin, utrum. 150. Relatmim qm, cum PartTculls siils, iind&, tibi, ceteris, simpllcl sensu capit IndTciltivum : si continetur Tn eo qinim,) quamvis, tit, vel talis ut, Subjunctlvum : Miseret tui me, qui hunc facias inimicum tibi. LitterTls misi quibiis et placarem eum et monercm. Quis est qui non oderit protervam pueritiam? Digna res est iibi nervos intendas* 151. Relatlvum vel Conjunctio, si subordinatur oration! obllquae vel re vel potestate, Subjunctlvum postulat : Ennius non censet lugendam esse mortem, quam im- mortalitas consequdtur. Socrates accusatiis est quod corrumperet jiiventutem. a. Conjiuictlvo saepe subordinatur Subjunctlvus: Clamant omnes : praestaret quod recepissft. DE MODO SUBJUNCTIVO. 89 152. Conjunct lonum Modos regentium Classes sunt tres. I. Prlma Classis est earum, quarum proprius est Sub- junctlviis : (1) CONSECUTIVA : Ut (so that} Quin (but that) (2) FINALES: Ut (in order that) Ne (lest, that . . . not) Quo (in order that) Quommiis (but that) (3) CAUSALIS: Quum (since) (4) CONDITIONALES : Dum \ Modo [ (provided that) Dummodo ' (5) CONCESSIVAE: Licet Quamvis Ut | (although) (6) COMPABATIVAE : Tanquam "i Veliit, ceu [ (as if) Quasi, &c. J II. Altera Classis est earum quarum proprius est Indica- tivus, nisi su^ordinentur oration! obllquae vel re vel potestate : (1) CAUSALES: Quod, quia (because) Quoniam (since) Quandoquidem (since) Siquidem (inasmuch as) (2) TEMPORALFS : Quando, quum, iibi (when) Ut (when, since) Quoties (as often as) Simiil (as soon as) Post-quam (after that) Dum j Donee [ (whilst, as long as) Quoad j (3) CONCESSTVAE: Quamquam (although, how- ever) Utut (however) III. Tertia Classis est earum, quas aut Indtcativus sequitiir aut Subjunctivus, prout res aut vera aut cogitata propomtur. (1) TEMPORALES: Dum, donee, quoad (until) (2) CONDITIONALES ET CONCES- SIVAE : Si (*/) Nisi (unless) Etsi, etiamsi, (although, even if) 153. Idiotismi sunt Latin! sermonis : (1) Quum (when) sequente Subjunctive Imperfect! vel Pluperfect! : Zenonem, quum Athems cssem, audiebam frequenter. Decessit AF^silaus quum in portum venisset. 90 SYNTAXIS MEMORIALIS PIUMA. (2) Dum (whilst) sequente IndicatTvo Praesentis, etiam in obllqua subordmatione et de re praeterita : Quern ardorem stiidii censetis fuisse in ArchimedS, qui, dum in pulvere quaedam descrlbit attentius, ne patriam quidem captam esse senserit? 154. Conjunctio excidit aliquando: Philosophiae servias oportet (supple ut). Quaeram justum sit necne poema (supple utrum). Partem opere in tan to, sineret dolor, Icare, haberes (supple si). 155. De Consecutione Temporum ea est regiila, ut Prl- maria Primarils subordmentiir, Historica Historicls. Exempla ex Syntax! repetantur. REGULAE SUBSIDIARIAE DE CONGRUENTIA. 156. (1) Adjectiva pro SubstantTvis ponuntur : Multa pauperl desunt, avdro omriid. (2) Infimtiva pro Substan ti vis ponuntur : Vlverc est veil ere. (3) Clausiilae pro SubstantTvis ponuntur : Credibile est omnm consilio fieri. 157. Impersonalis Verb! Nominativiis non exstat, nisi si Infimtlvum vel Clausula est : Pudet eum fact! (i.e. pudor pudet). Quid agitiir? S tat UP (i.e. statw fit). Taedet eadem audlre millies. Magni interest ut te mdeam. 158. Vox intelligitur omissa per Ellipsm : Nihil bonum nisi quod honestum (bis intellige est). Perfundor gelida (intellige aqua). 159. Congruentia variatur per Attractionem : N5n omnis error stultitia est dlcendd. Thebae, quod Boeotiae caput est. 1GO. Congruentfa cum sensu fit per Synesin, praesertirn apiid poetas : Subeunt Tegeaea juventus . . . auxilio tardl. Ubi est is s c e 1 ii s, qul me perdidit ? 91 PROSODIAE COMPENDIUM. 161. De Syllabarum Quant! tate disserit, Et de Metrorum legibus, Prosodia. DE SYLLABARUM QUANTITATE. EEGULAE QUANTITATIS GENERALES. 1 62. 1. Omnis Diphthongus contractaque Syllaba longa est. 2. Dant Derlvatls proprium Primaria tempus. 3. Praevia vocali vocalis corripletur. 4. Vocalis fit longa situ, cui consona substat Altera post unam ; ut tristts : seu vpce in eadem J sub it, re, aut z ; sic Ajdx, axis, Amazon. a. Vocalis diibTa est, quamvis brevis ipsa siia vi, Quam sequitur, liquida subjuncta, consona muta : . Sic recte lugubre melos Tel lugubre dices. b. N post g longara dat semper : ut agnus et ignis. Nee minus m post g ; teg-men quod monstrat et dgmen. DE QUANTITATE SYLLABARUM FINALIUM. 103. 1. Pleraque produces Monosyllaba, qualia me, ver. 2. PrvodTicuntiir m A ; fmstra, contraque, pardque. a. Acciisativos et casus excipe Rectos : Carmind Musa canit ; resonant AmarylUda silvae. 3. E brevis in fine est : sic leg$, timete, cdrere. 4. Producuntur In / : dlci, plebtque, dolique. 5. Producuntur in 0: virgo, multoc[ue, juvoque. 6. Producuntur m U: sic tu, dictucpie, dmque. 7. Y brevis in fine est : sic dant chelff, Tlphy, poetae. 8. In C producuntur, iit illlc (excTpe donee). 9. Corripe in Z, Z>, T: sic Hannibal, illud, amavit. 10. N brevis in fine est : sunt testes Ilwn, agmen. 92 PROSODIAE COMPENDIUM. 11. R brevis in fine est: ceu calcar, amaUtur, Hector. 12. Prodiicuntur In As : ut terras atque Menalcds. 13. Producuntur In Es, ut sedes atque videres. 14. Is brevis in fine est: ceu dlceris, utilis, ensis. a. Obliqui casus plurales exeipmntur, Ut terns, vobls ; etiam persona secunda In priino niimero Quartae Praesentis, iit audls: Composita a vis, sis : mails, nollsqne, vellsque. 15. Producuntur In Os: utventos atque sdcerdds. 16. Us brevis in fine est : testes olus, intus, dmdmus. a. Hinc Quartae casus contractos excipe, ut artus : Et queis crescentis longa est penultima casus, Ut tellus incusque, juventus atque senectus. 17. Ys brevis in fine est: testes chelijs, Othrijs, rlnys. Obs. Mos regit Auctorum tempus, si regula defit. DE METRORUM LEGIBUS. DEFINITIONES. 164. Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur Iambus . . *> Quod si longa brevi praecesserit, ille Trocheus . - ^ Spondeus bmls fertur consistere longls Dactjlus efFIcItur longa brevlbusque duabus . . - - ^ DE SCANSIONE ET FlGURIS SCANSIONIS. 165. 1. Scanslo, | quam varl|a con|cinnant | arte Fijgurae, Distrlbu|it Verjsum | pro ratijone Pe|dum. 2. A. Vocalem elldet Synaloepha in llmlte vocis, Si Vocalis erit subnexae in llmlne vocis ; 'PhylM dm' \ anf dli\as. (pro Phyllidti, dmo, ante.) 3. B. Ecthlipsis Vocalem atque m de llmlte trudet, Si Vocalis erit subnexae in llmlne vocis ; 4 cu\rds homin? \ quanf \ est in \ rebus m\ane. (pro Jwmimtm, quantum.) a. Extrema in dublls cense tur syllaba versus. DE VOCUJVI DIFFERENTIA. 93 166. VERSUS MEMORIALES DE YOCUM DIFFERENTIA. I. In siluls deer est : equus deer (Mympia vincit. Voce canes ; due eja canes, nisi tempora canes. Cldvd ferit : cldvas firmat ; cldvisque recludit. Ut placeas comitl, mores comes indue comes. Comoedl scenam, comedones quaerite cenam. Consule doctor^ ; sic tu tibi consults ipsl. Bellandi cupido nocuit sua saepe cupido. Carmina dlcuntur. Domino dum templa dicantur. Solvere diffldit, nodum qul diffidit ense. Uxorm ducit vir ; nubit sponsa marlto. Educat hie catiilos, ut mox educat in apros. Si tibi non est aes, es inops, et pinguia non es. Fallit saepe /return placido mmis aequore /return. Sol nubesfugdt, etjugit irreparabile tempus. Per quod quis peccat, per idem mox plectitur Idem DifFicilis labor est, cujus sub pondere labor. Frons pueri est levis, levis autem lingua puellae. In cam pis le pores, in librls quaere lepores. Non licet asse mihl, qui me non asse licetur. Mdlo ego maid mea bona quam maid frangere mala. Merx venit, mercesque venit quaeslta labore. Mulcet amans placidam, dum mulget, Silvia vaccam. Feceris ofHcium, miserls si miseris aera. Nltere, parve puer, cupies qulcumque nitere. Oblitd quae fuco rubet, est oblltd decorl. Occidit ille dolo turpT, quern occldit amlcus. Os (oris) mandat, sed os (ossis) manditur ore. Uxoris pdrere et pdrere, pdrdre marlti est. Pdrenles pueri facmnt gaudere pdrentes. Lude pild : pilum torque tur : plld columna est. Pro reti et legione pldga est; pro verbere pldga. Sunt elves urbis populus ; sed populus arbor. Prord prior, puppis pars postera, at Ima cdrina. Spondet vas (vadis), at vds (vdsis) contlnet escam. Vas caput, at nummos tantum praes praestat ainlce. Si citus Ire veils, veils opus omnibus uti est. 94 PROSODIAE COMPENDIUM. II. Fide, sed ante vide : qmfidit, nee bene vidit, Fallitur : ipse vide ne capiare fide. Consortes for tuna eadem, socws labor Idem, Unum collegds eificit officmm : At caros facmnt schola, ludus, mensa, saddles ; Sulcus agrl lira est : dat lyrd tacta modos. Ne sit securuSj qui non est tutus ab hoste ; Ad flumen rlpds, ad mare lltus habes. Sunt aetate senes ; veteres vixere priores : Quod non est Simula dissimuloqiiQ quod est. Anne novl quid habes ? Almm pete : nil ego novt. Quod minime refert garrulus ille refert. Si qua forte sedes, atque est tibi commoda sedes, Ilia sede sede ; nee mini cede loco. (ENGLISH OF NOUNS, 2530.) [ 25.] (1) Silver, gold, iron, 'plebeian-order, justice, spring, time, death, blood, childhood. (2) Ghosts, children, household-gods, riches, cradle, trifles, thanks, arms, functions, huts, feast of Flora. [ 26.] (5) Artificer, worker, guest, seer, new-comer, witness, citizen, inhabitant, parent, priest (oz priestess), guardian, avenger, young man (or woman), infant, informer, judge, heir, companion, guide, chief, burgess, husband (or wife), hostage, bird, interpreter, author, exile, ox (or cow), deer, molt, tiger, crane, dog, snake, serpent, swine. [ 28.] Paunch, bear-constellation, canvas, distaff, ground, vine-leaf, winnowing -fan, pear-tree, sapphire, sea, poison, common-folk* [ 29.] I. (1) Spade, order, pirate, hinge, margin, (2) Weevil, bat, poniard, staff, butterfly, ternion, sice. (3) Echo, flesh. (4) Tree, surface (or sea), marble (or sea), heart. (5) Whetstone, dowry. (6) Osier, maple, stripe, spring, truffle, teat (or fertility), carcase, pepper, journey, poppy. (7) Fetter, mat, reward, sheaf, rest, crop, copper. II. (1) River, axle, stalk, hill, hind-leg, hair, bundle, bellows, bludgeon, fire, circle (or world), sword, bread, fish, doorpost, month, brand, talon, canal, lever, worm, birthday, stone, blood, cucumber, dust, nets, ghosts, dormouse. (2) Path, thorn, rope, end, collar, cinder. (3) Adamant, elephant, male, giant, as, bail, vessel. (4) Shears, law, death, furniture, pumice, tih, bolt, basalt, sorrel. (5) Arch, phoenix, cup. (6) Fountain, mountain, iron, dropsy, griffin, bridge, cable, torrent, tooth, client, one- third-part, trident, west, east. (7) Boar-pig, scimetar. III. (1) Bran, turtle-dove, vulture, thief. (2) Slavery, youth, virtue, safety, old-age, land, anvil, marsh. (3) Beast. (4) Hare, mouse. (5) Mullet, consul, salt, sun, boxer. (6) Kid- ney, spleen, comb, dolphin, woodcock. (7) Gorgon, linen, kingfisher. [ 30.] Tribe, needle, porch, house, daughter-in-law, mother-in-law, old-woman t Ides, hand. 95 FIKST MEMORIAL SYNTAX, ON AGREEMENT. THE FOUR GENERAL EULES. [ 88.] I. A Verb Finite agrees with the Nominative of its Subject in Number and Person : Magister docet. The master teaches. Libri leguntur. Books are read. TUddces: nos discimus. Thou teachest: we learn. Discere est utile. To learn is useful. [89.] II. An Adjective agrees in Gender, Number, and Case with that to which it is in attribution : Vir bonus ille bonam hanc uxorem habet. That good man has this good wife. Hi run do pullis suls or bat a queritur. The swallow bereft of its young complains. Carl sunt parentes; earnest patria. Dear are parents, dear is country. Pueri discendo f mnt doctl. Boys by learning become learned. [ 90.] III. A Substantive agrees in Case with that to which it ig in apposition : Nos pilert patrem Lo Ilium imitabimiir. We boys will imitate our father Lollius. Eifodmntur opes, irritdmentd malorum, Riches are dug out, incentives of evil. Spes est expectdtw bom. Hope is the expectation of good. Syllaba longa brevi subjects vocatiir f ambus. A long syllable following a short is called Iambus. $?> FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. [ 91.] IV. A lielaiive agrees with its Antecedent in Gender, Number, and Person ; but in Case belongs to its own clause : Deum veneramur qm nos creavit. We worship God, who created us. Amiciis est, quern amamus, a quo amamiir. A friend is one whom we love, by whom we are loved. Amo te, mater, quae me a mas. Hove you, mother, who love me. ON THE COMPOSITE SUBJECT. [ 92. J With a Composite Subject Plural words agree : Veneno absumpti sunt Hannibal et Philopoemen. Hannibal and Philopoemen were cut off by poison. 1. If the Persons differ, Verbs agree with the Prior Person : * Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus. If you and Tullia are well, I and Cicero are well. 2. When the Genders differ, Adjectives agree with the Mas- culine rather than with the Feminine : Pater mihi et mater mortui sunt. My father and mother are dead. a. If the things are lifeless, the Attributes are often Neuter : Divitiae, deciis, gloria in ociilis sita sunt. Riches, honour, glory, are placed before our eyes. ON CASES. ON THE CASES OF SUBJECT AND COMPLEMENT. [ 93.] 1. The Subject of a Finite Verb is a Nominative : Anni fuglunt. Years flee. (2) The Subject of an Infinitive is put in the Accusative : Constat annos fugere. I Scimus annos fugere. It is agreed that years flee. \ We know that years fee. [ 94.] Copulative Verbs, whether Finite or Infinitive, generally have a Complement agreeing with the Subject: Vita est somnium. Nemo nascitiir sapiens. Life is a dream. Vita dicitiir e s s e somnium. Life is said to be a dream. Nobody is born wise. Nemo potest nasci sapiens. Nobody can be born wise. * The First Person is considered Prior to the Second, the Second to the Third. THE ACCUSATIVE. 97 Aiunt vltar/i esse somnium. They say that life is a dream. Constat nemmem nasci sapientem. It is agreed that nobody is born wise, a. The Construction of Accusative with Infinitive is called Oblique (Indirect) Enunciation. ON THE ACCUSATIVE. [ 95.] The Accusative is the Case of the Nearer Object. It has also the power of limiting. I. THE ACCUSATIVE OF THE OBJECT. [ 96.] Transitive Verbs govern an Accusative of the Object: Mater alit pullos. The mother nourishes the young ones. In primis venerare Deum. In the first place worship God. [ 97.] Intransitive Verbs take an Accusative of kindred meaning : Duram servlt servitutcm. He serves a hard slavery. Claudius dltam lusit. Claudius played hazard. [ 98.] Some Verbs, especially those of asking and teach- ing, admit two Accusatives, one of the Thing, the other of the Person : Nunquam dlvitids deos rogavi. Never asked I of the gods riches. Quid nunc te litter as doc earn ? Why now should I teach you letters ? [ 9.] Factitive Verbs, that is, of making, calling, think' ing, and the like, have two Accusatives, one of the Object, the other of the Complement : Te facimus, Fortiina, dearn. We make thee, Fortune, a qoddcss. Romulus urbem suam Romam Yocavi't, Romulus called his city Home. F 98 FIKST MEMORIAL SYNTAX, II. THE ACCUSATIVE OF LIMITATION. [ 100.] The Accusative of Respect is joined to Verbs and Adjectives, especially in poetry : T r e m i t artils. N u d a e sunt laeeridb. He trembles in his limbs. \ They are bare as to the arms. [ 101.] The Place, Whither one goes, is put in the Accu- sative ; and without a Preposition, if it is either the name of a town, or domus (liome), rus (country} : Regiilus Carthdgmem red lit. Regulus returned to Carthage. Vos Ite domum: ego rus ibo. Go ye home: I will go into the country. [ 102.] (1) The Duration of Time is put in the Ac- cusative : Pericles quadrdgintd annos praefuit Atliems. Pericles led Athens forty years. (2) The Measure of Space is put in the Accusative : Erant muri Babylonia ducenos pedes alti. The walls of Babylon were two hundred feet high. [ 103.] Many Prepositions govern an Accusative Case (see the list, 83). ON THE DATIVE. [ 104.] The Dative is the Case of the Recipient or Remoter Object. 105. I. Words which carry their meaning over to a. Remoter Object are called Trajective, and include many Adjectives, Adverbs, and Verbs, more rarely Substantives, by which is implied (1) Nearness or (2) Demonstration, (3) Grati- fication or (4) Dominion ; and any notion contrary to these. 106. Trajective Words take a Dative when the meanings implied are (1) Nearness and its contraries : Est finitimiis drdtdrl poet a. A poet is near akin to an orator. Nil fiiit unquam sic impar sibi. Nothing was ever so unequal to itself. Congriienter naturae \ivendum est. We should live agreeably to nature. THE DATIVE. 99 Praesentia confer praeteritls. Compare present things with past. Nee tamen ignorat quid distent aera luplnis, And yet he is not ignorant how coins differ from lupins. (2) Demonstration and its contraries: Die mihi, Damoeta, ciijum peciis? Tell me, Damoetas, whose flock (is this) ? Anguis Sullae apparuit immolanti. A snake appeared to Sulla while sacrificing. Hand cuiquam in diibio erat bellum imminere. It was not doubtful to any one that war was imminent. (3) Gratification and its contraries : Patriae sit id one us, utilis agrls. Let him be serviceable to his country, useful to the lands. Turba gravis pact placidaeque inimica qui'etl. A crowd oppressive to peace and unfriendly to calm rest. Quod alii donat sibi detrahit. What he gives to another, he withdraws from himself* Lucem redde tiiae, dux bone, patriae. Restore light to thy country, good chief, Nobis spon det fortuna salutem. Fortune guarantees safety to us. Ne lib eat tibi quod nemmi licet. Let not (that) please thee which is lawful to no man. P a r c e pio gen eri. Spare a pious race. Succensere nefas patriae. It is impious to be wroth with one's country. R e s i s t e n d u m est appefitibus. We should resist our passions. (4) Dominion and its contraries : Sapiens, sibi qui imperiosus. The wise man (is he) who (is) lord over himself. Omnibus supplex est. He is suppliant to all. Imperat ant serrit collecta pecuma cuique* Amassed money sways or serves every man. Mundiis Deo paret, et huic oboediunt maria terraeque. The universe obeys God, and seas and lands hearken to Him. a. Among Trajective words are many Verbs compounded with Particles, such as bene (well)) male (ill), satis (enough), F2 100 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. re, ad, ante, con, in, inter, de> ob, sub, super, post, and prae : Ceterls satisfacio semper, miJu nunquam. / satisfy others always, myself never. Sicilia quondam Italiae adhaesit. Sicily once was attached to Italy. Gigantes bellum dls intulerunt. The giants waged war on the gods. Anatum ova gallmls supponimiis. We place eggs of ducks under hens. 107. II. A Dative can be added anywhere with a certain notion of Advantage or Disadvantage : Esto, ut nunc multi, dives tibi, pauper amicls. Be, as many are now, rich for thyself, poor for friends. Niima virgmes Vestae legit. Numa chose virgins for Vesta. Venus nupsit Vulcdno. Venus wedded Vulcan (lit. veiled herself for Vulcan). Philosophiae semper v a c o. I always am at leisure for philosophy. a. Refer here the Dative of the Pronoun, which is called the Ethic Dative : Quid mihi Celsiis agit ? What (is) my Celsus doing ? b. Sum with its compounds, except possum, takes a Dative : Sum tibi Mercurius. / am to thee Mercury. Vir mihi semper abest. My husband is always absent from me. c. Est, sunt, with a Dative, often imply having : E s t homirii cum Deo similitude. Man has a resemblance to God. Sunt nobls mitia poma. We have mellow apples. d. The same Dative is joined to Participles and Participials of the Passive Voice, especially to Gerundives : Magnus civis obit et formidatiis fkhonl. A great citizen is dead, and one dreaded by Otho. Multis ille boms flebilis occidit. He died a cause of weeping to many good men. Legendae sunt puerls Aesopi fabulae. The fables of Msop are to be read by boys. THE ABLATIVE. 101 108. III. A Dative of the Purpose is used as a Comple- ment, a Dative of the Kecipient being often added : Nimia fiducia cdldmitdti solet esse. Too much confidence is wont to be a calamity. Exitw est avidum mare nautis. ; ; ;. ; > The greedy sea is a destruction to sailor s\ ! \ ,' y . ''* i 109. IV. A Dative of the Complement; is; ^ised ,by, 4-ty traction, especially in expressions of )iamitig>.. , * .' ' '>>'; '\ ;' Liciiit Themistocli esse otwso. It was lawful for Themistocles to be at leisure. Huic ego die! nomen Trinummo faciam. To this day I will give the name Trinummus. ON THE ABLATIVE. [ 110.] The Ablative is the Case of circumstances which attend action, and limit it adverbially. It defines also Time and Place. [ 111.] I. Ablative of Cause : Dderunt peccare boni virtutis amore. The good hate to sin from love of virtue. Coeptis immambiis effera Dido. Dido wild with horrid purposes. [ 112.] II. Ablative of the Instrument: Hi jacults, ill! certant defendere saxis. These strive to defend with javelins, those with stones. [113.] III. Ablative of Manner: Injuria fit duobus modis, ant w aut fraudc. Wrong is done in two manners, either by force or by fraud. [ 114.] IV. Ablative of Condition: Pace tua cum Thaide colloquar. With your leave I will converse with Thais. Homo mea sententid prudentissimiis est. He is a man in my opinion very prudent. [ 115.] Y. Ablative of Quality, with Epithet : Qua facie fuit, cui dedisti symbolum ? Of what aspect was he to whom you gave the ticketl Senex promissd barbd, horrenti cdpillo. An old man with long beard and rough hair. 102 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. [ 116.] VI. Ablative of Respect: Angor ammo. I am distressed in mind. Eniiius ingeriio maximus, arte rudis. Enntui, -mi^r.ty in genius, in art (is) rude. [ 117. J VIL Ablative of Price : Ego wpem "Qrvpo non emo. i 'buy not hope at a cost. Quod non opiis est, asse carum est. What is not needful is dear at a penny. [ 118.] VIII. Ablative of Measure : Longum scsqttipcdc, la turn pede est. It is a foot and a half long, a foot wide. Sol multis partibus m a j 6 r est quam lima. The sun is many times larger than the moon. Tanto pessimus omnium poeta, Quanto i\a optimus omnium pair onus. By so much the worst poet of all, As you (are) the best patron of all. [ 119.] IX. Ablative of Matter: Cibiis eorum lacte, cdseo, came c o n s t a t. Their food consists of milk, cheese, and flesh. a. These words govern an Ablative: (1) The Verbs fungor (perform), iriior (en/og), utor (use), vescor (eat), potior (get possession of), dignor (deem worthy). (2) The Adjectives dignus (worthy), indignus (unworthy), contentus (content), fretus (relying), praeditus (endued). (3) The Substantives tfpus (need), usus (use) : (1) Fungar vice cotis. 7 will perform the function of a whetstone. Hannibal, cum 'victoria posset uti, frui maliiit. Hannibal, when he might have used his victory, preferred to enjoy it. Hex impius auro vi potitur. 133. The impious king gets possession of the gold by force. (2) Dignum laude virum Musa vetatmori. A man worthy of praise the Muse forbids to die. (3) Ubi res adsunt, quid opiis est verbis? When things are present, what need is there of tvords? Usus est filio vlgintl minis. My son needs twenty minas. THE ABLATIVE, 103 b. Most Adjectives and Verbs of abounding or wanting, en- riching or depriving, take an Ablative ; many also a Genitive . Amor et melle et fellc est fecundissimiis. Love is very fruitful both in honey and gall. Nunquam animus motu vaciius est. The mind is never void of motion. Vis consili expers mole riiit siia. Force devoid of counsel falls by its own weight. Mancipiis lociiples eget aeris Cappadocurn rex. The king of the Cappadocians, rich in slaves, lacks coin. Vac are culpd maximum est solatium. To be free from blame is a very great comfort. [120.] X. The Ablative of Time answers the questions: When ? Within what time ? How long before or after ? Hieme omma bella conquiescunt. In winter all wars rest. Quidqmd est biduo sciemus. Whatever there is we shall know in two days. Homerus annis multls fiiit ante Romnlum. Homer was many years before Romulus. [121.] XI. A. The Ablative of Place is put without a Preposition, when the question is, By ivhat road ? Ibam forte Via Sacra. I was going by chance on the Sacred Road. B. The Ablative is often without a Preposition when the question is, Where ? especially if it is the name of a town, or if it stands with an Epithet. Philippus Neapoli est, Lentiiliis PuteoUs. Philippus is at Naples, Lentulus at Putcoli. Tabernae tola uric clauduntiir. The shops are closed in the whole city. a. Singular names of towns of the first and second Declen- sion define the place of station by cases in ae, i : Quid Romae faciam ? What can I do at Romel Is habitat Milefi. He dwells at Miletus. b. Like these are hiimi (on the ground), domi (at home), belli, militiae (at the ivars), ruri (in the country) : Caesaris virtus doml miZittaegue cognita est. Caesar's virtue was known at home and at the wars. 104 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. C. The Ablative of a town is without a Preposition, when the question is, Whence ? Demaratus fugit Corintho. Demaratus fled from Corinth. a. So domo (from home), rure (from the country). On the Accusative of Place Whither, see 101. [122.] XII. Various Prepositions govern an Ablative. (See the list, 83). a. Prepositions, even when compounded, govern an Abla- tive, especially ab, de, ex : Quinctiiis dictdturd se abdicavit. Quinctius resigned the dictatorship. Detrudunt naves scopulo. They thrust off the ships from the rock. b. The Ablative of the Agent takes the Preposition a, ab : Laudatiir ab his, culpatur ab Hits. He is praised by these, he is blamed by those. [ 123.] XIII. The Ablative of Separation and Origin is joined also without a Preposition to Verbs and Participles: Cedes coemptis saltibus et domo. You will retire from purchased glades and mansion. Pelope natiis, Tantalo prognatus est. He was born of Ptlops, descended from Tantalus. [ 124.] XIV. Ablative of the Thing Compared : (1) For quam (than) with Nominative : Nihil est a ma bill us virtute. Nothing is more amiable than virtue. V Hi us argentum est auro, virtutibus aurum. Silver is less valuable than gold, gold than virtues. (2) For quam with Accusative : PutS mortem dedecore leviorem. / think death easier than disgrace. Neminem Lycurgo utiliorem Sparta genuit. Sparta produced no man more serviceable than Lycurgus. [ 125.] XV 7 ". A Substantive combines with a Participle in the Ablative which is called Absolute : Regibus exactis consoles creati sunt. Kings having been driven out, consuls were elected. THE GENITIVE. 105 a. For the Participle is often substituted another Substan- tive, or an Adjective : Nil desperandum Teucro duce et auspice Teucro. There must be no despair with Teucer for leader, and Teucer for omen-giver. Natus est Augustus consuHbus Cicerone et Antonio. Augustus was born when Cicero and Antonius were consuls. Jamque cmis, wvis fratribiis, Hector erat. And now Hector was ashes, his brothers being alive. Quid dicam, hdc jiiventute?' What can I say, when our young men are of this stamp 1 ON THE GENITIVE. [ 126.] The Genitive, the Case of the Proprietor, gene- rally defines Nouns subjectively or objectively. A. THE SUBJECTIVE GENITIVE. [ 127.] I. Genitive of the Author and Possessor : Polycleti sign a plane perfecta sunt. Polycletus's statues are quite perfect. Singulorum opes sunt divitiae civitatis. The resources of individuals are the riches of the state. Omnia, quae muUeris file runt, viri fiunt. All things, which were the woman's, become the husband" s. a statua dicebatiir esse Myronis. That statue was said to be Myro's. a. Sometimes the Genitive depends on a word omitted. Hectons Andromache (supple uxor). Hector's Andromache (supply wife). Ventum erat ad Testae (supple templum). We had come to Vesta's (supply temple"). b. A Genitive so stands that nature, token , function, or duty, can be supplied. Cujusvis hominis est errare. It is in any man's nature to err. Est adolescentis majores natu vereri. The young man's duty is to reverence elders. Tempori cedere habetur sapientis. To yield to occasion is held a wise man 1 s fuiKtfon* 106 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. [ 128.] II. Genitive of Quality, with Epithet. Ingenul vultus puer ingvnutqae pudoris. A boy of high-bred countenance and high-bred modesty, Claudius or at sornni brevissiml. Claudius was (a man) of very brief slumber. a. The Elliptic Genitives may be remarked : parvl (of small wortli), minoris (of less value), minimi (of very little worth), magnl (of great price), pluris (of more value), pluriml, (of high value), tanti (of so great price), quanti (of what price), maxim! (of very great price), to which supply pretii: Voluptatem virtus minimi facit. Virtue makes pleasure of very small account. Emit hortos tanti quanti Pythms voliiit, He bought the pleasure-ground at such price as Pythius wanted. [ 129.] III. Interest (it imports), refert (it concerns), admit a Genitive : Interest omnium recte facer e. It imports all men to act rightly. Refert compositions quae quibiis anteponas. It concerns arrangement what things you place before what. a. The same Verbs instead of the Genitives of Pronouns use the Possessive Cases, mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, cuja, agreeing with re : Et tua et mea interest te valere. It imports both your weal and mine, that you be well. Quid nostra id refert? What (does) that concern us? [ 130.] IY. A Genitive of the Thing Distributed is joined to Partitive words, which, as far as may be, take the Gender of the Genitive : Elephanto beludrum est null a prudentior. Of beasts, none is more sagacious than the elephant. Homini uni animantmm luctiis est datiis. To man alone of animals sorrow has been given. Sulla centum viginti suorum amlsit. Sulla lost a hundred and twenty of his men. Major Neronum mox grave praelium commisit. The elder of the Neros ere long fought a severe battle. Gallorum fortissim! sunt Belgae. The Belgae are bravest of the Gauls, THE GENITIVE. 107 Nemo mortatium omnibus hoiis sapit. Of mortals nobody is wise at all hours. Piscium f e m i n a e majores sunt quam mares. Of fishes the females (are) larger than the males. Sequimur te, s a n c t e deorum. We follow thce, holy one of gods. Hoc ad te minime omnium pertinet. r l his belongs to thee least of all men. a. Nostrum (of us), vestrum (of you), follow Partitives : Te venire uterque nostrum cupit. Each of us desires that you come. [ !31.] V. A Genitive of the Tiling Measured is joined to Words of Quantity and Neuter Adjectives : Satis eloquenttae, sapientiae parum est. He has enough eloquence, too little wisdom. All quid pristmi roboris conservat. He keeps something of his old strength. Quantum nummorum, tan turn fidei est. There is the same amount of credit as of money, B. THE OBJECTIVE GENITIVE. [ 132.] I. A Genitive is joined objectively to Substan- tives, Adjectives, or Participles, which have a certain tran- sitive force, especially if they signify skillj care, desire, or whatever is contrary to these. Insitus est menti cognitwins amor. Love of knowledge is implanted in the mind. Difficilis est cur a rerum alicnarum. Hard is the care of other people's affairs. Tempus edax rerum est. Time is consumer of things. Corpus p a 1 1 e n s Imdiae fiiit . His body was capable of enduring inanition. C o n s c i a mens recti est. The mind is conscious of rectitude. Imperitiis morum fiiit. He was unskilled in manners. Avida est periculi virtus. Valour is greedy of danger. Animus fiiit alwni appetens, sul p r o f u s u s. His mind was desirous of another's ^wealth), lavish of his o:vn. 108 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. a. Mel, till, siil, nostrl, vestri, are put objectively; meus, tuus, suus, noster, Tester, subjectively : NicTas tua sm memoria delectatur. Nicias is charmed with your recollection of him. (a) A Subjective Genitive understood in a Possessive Pro- noun admits a Genitive agreeing with it : Respublica mea uniils opera salva erat. The state was saved by my single exertion. Aves fetus adultos suae ipsorum fiduciae permittunt. Birds entrust grown nestlings to their own self-reliance. [ 138.] II. A Genitive is joined to Verbs and Adjectives which signify power and impotence, inculpation, innocence, condemnation, acquittal, memory and forgetfulness : (1) Roman! sign drum potiti sunt. 119 a. The Romans gained the standards. Ira est impotens sm. Anger is incapable of self-restraint. (2) Fraterm est sanguiriis in sons. He is innocent of a brother s blood. Reus est injuridrum. He is arraigned of injurious acts. (8) Petilliiis furti absolutus est. Petillius was acquitted of theft. Condemnamus haruspices stultitiae. We condemn soothsayers (as guilty) of folly. (4) Res adversae admonent nos relig^dnum. Adversity reminds us of religious duties. Omnes immemorem beneficu oderunt. All men hate one unmindful of a kindness. a. Memim, remmiscor, recordor (/ remember), obllviscor (/ forget), admit Genitive or Accusative : Jiibet mortis te meminisse Deus. God oids thee remember death. Dulces moriens reminiscitiir Argds. Dying he remembers sweet Argos. [ 134.] III. Piget (it irks), pudet (it shames), paenitet {it repents), taedet (it disgusts), and miseret {it moves pity), Impersonal Verbs, take a Genitive with an Accusative : Mise.ret te aliorum: tul nee miseret nee pudet. Thou pitiest others, for thyself without pity or shame. Eos partim scelerum, partim meptidrum paenitet. They repent, some of their crimes, others of their follies, THE VERB INFINITE. 109 [ 135.] IV. Misereor, miseresco {I pity), take a Genitive; miseror, commiseror (/ compassionate), an Accusative : Arcadii, quaeso, miserescite regis. Pity, 1 pray, the Arcadian king. Sortem miseratur imquam. He compassionates the unjust fate. [ 136.] VI. The Genitive is freely used by poets. But aeger animl (sick at heart), animi pendeo (/ leaver in mind), and the like, appear even in prose. ON CASES OUT OF THE SENTENCE. [ 137.] The Vocative stands out of the Sentence either without an Interjection or with an Interjection : Oro te, fill (vel flU). I pray thee t son (or, son). [ 138.] The Nominative and the Accusative are used in Exclamations either without an Interjection or with an In- terjection : (1) Lifandum! Unutterable! (2) Me miser um ! Wretched me ! Ecce nova turbo, ! Lo, a new disturbance ! E n quattuor dras ! Lo, four altars! [ 139.] So the Dative is put with hei (alas!), vae (woe!) . Hei miseromihi! I Vae victis! Alas wretched me! Woe to the vanquished! ON TPIE VERB INFINITE. [ 140.] I. The Infinitive stands 1. Substantively, for Nominative or Accusative: (1) Inmdere non cadit in sapientem. Envying happens not to a wise man. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. Dying for country is sweet and comely. (2) Mori nemo sapiens misernm dixerit. $o wise man will call it miserable to die. 110 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. 2. Predicatively, in narration, for a Finite Verb : Multi sequi, fugere, ocddz, capl. Many were folloiving, flying, being slain, being captured. 3. Obliquely, with Accusative of the Subject. See 91. 4. Carrying on the construction of a Verb or Adjective : Solent dm cogitarv (\m magna volunt gereru. They are wont to reflect long who wish to perform great things, Patriae diceris esse pater. Thou art said to be father of thy country. Ludum insolentem ludere per tin ax. Persisting to play an insolent game. [ 141.] II. Gerunds and Supines are the Cases of the In-, finitive. 1. The Accusative of the Gerund is joined to Prepositions : Ad bene vlvcndum breve tempiis satis est. For living well a short time is sufficient. 2. The Genitive of the Gerund is joined to Substantives and Adjectives: Ars scribendi discitiir. The art of writing is learnt. Ciipidus audicndi est. He is desirous of hearing. 3. The Dative of the Gerund is joined to Nouns and Verbs : Par est dissercndo. Pie is competent for arguing. Dat operam legendo. He pays attention to reading. 4. The Ablative of the Gerund is of cause or manner, or i* joined to a Preposition : Fiigiendo vincimus. De pugnando deliberant. We conquer by flying. They 'deliberate about fighting. 5. The Supine in urn is an Accusative after Verbs of mo- tion : Ltisum it Maecenas, dormltum ego. Mcscenas goes to play, I to sleep. a. Iii with the Supine forms the Infinitive of the Future Passive : Audierat non datum iri filio nxorem siio. He had heard (that there was') no intention (non hi) to give a wife to his son. 6. The Supine in u is for an Ablative of Respect: Foednm dictu est. Nefas vlsil est. It is horrible to state. It is impious to view. THE VERB INFINITE. Ill [ 142.] III. The Infinitive, with Gerund, Participles, and Supine in um, governs the same Cases as the Verb Finite : Ciipio satis fa cere reipublicac. 1 desire to satisfy the commonwealth. Cupidus sum satis fa ciendi relpublicae. I am desirous of satisfying the commonwealth. A n si omnes immane nefds ausoqne potiti. All dared monstrous impiety, and achieved their daring. Ast ego non Grails servltnm mdtribus ibo. But I will not go to be a slave to Greek matrons. [ 143.] In Transitive Gerunds the Gerundive Attrac- tion is more usual; the rule for which construction is the following : The Object is attracted to the Case of the Gerund, the Gerund to the Number and Gender of the Object : Brutus in liberandd patrid est interfectus. Brutus was slain in freeing his country. HI septemyiri fuerunt agris dividends. These were the seven commissioners for dividing lands. [ 144.] IV. 1. The Impersonal Gerundive construction implies necessity, principally in Intransitive Verbs : Bibendum est. One must drink. Eundum erit. One will (have) to go. a. To this may be joined a Dative, more rarely an Ab- lative with a, db : Bibendum est nobis. We must drink. Vobis eundum erit. You will (have) to go. 1. And any other Case governed by the Verb : Clvibus est a robis consulendum. You must consult for the citizens. Suo cinque judicw est u t e n d u m. Each must use his own judgment. Eudoxiis opinatiir Chaldaeis mirnme esse credendum. Eudoxus thinks that astrologers should by no means be believed. 2. The Attributive construction of the Gerundive implies necessity, in Transitive Verbs : Deiis et diUgendus est nobis et timcndus. God is both to be loved and feared by us. Non tangenda rates transiliunt vada. Barks o'erleap the shallows (which should) not be meddled with. 112 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. ON THE PRONOUN. [ 145.] Se, suiis, Reflexive Pronouns, are referred to the Subject of the principal Sentence, provided it be of the third Person : Sentit animus se vl sud moveri. The mind feels (that) it is moved by its own force. a. Reflexives can be referred to the Object, if that reference involves no ambiguity : Scipionem impellit ostentatio sui. Ostentation of self sways Scipio. Apibiis fructum restituo suum. 1 restore to the bees their produce. Mors sua quemque manet. His death awaits every man. ON SOME PARTICLES. [ 146.] Many Conjunctions annex like words to like : Miratur portas strepitum^we et strata viarum. He marvels at the gates and the noise and the pavements of the streets. Virtus nee eripi nee surripi potest. Virtue can neither be torn away nor stolen. N em in em sapientiorem piito quam Socratem. / deem no man wiser than Socrates. Omne solum forti patria est, ut piscibiis aequor. Every soil is a country to the brave man, as the sea to fishes. [147.] Ne prohibitive is used with an Imperative or Conjunctive Mood : nedum (not to say, much less), utinani ( that), O si, ut for utinam, with a Conjunctive : Ne qua meis esto dictis mora. Let there be no delay to my orders. Ne culpam in me contuleris. Lay not the fault on me. Neu desint epiilis rosae. And (let) roses not be wanting to the feasij. RULES ON THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 113 Mortalia facta peribunt, Kedum sermonum stet honos et gratia vivax. Mortal deeds will perish, much less (can} the honour and popu- larity of literary works stand permanent, fftinam minus vitae ciipidi fuissemus. Would that we had been less fond of life. si urnam argent! fors quae mihi monstret! if some chance would show me a pot of silver! tft ilium di deaeque perdant. 2 wish that the gods and goddesses may destroy him. OUTLINE OF EULES ON THE SUBJUNCTIVE. [ 148.] The Conjunctive Mood is used, purely, in various senses : but, if it is subjoined to another Verb, it is called Subjunctive. [ 149.] Pronouns and Particles, which question indirectly, require a Subjunctive : Ipse quis sit, utrum sit, an non sit, id quoque nescit. He knows not even this, who himself is, whether he is, or is not. Such Interrogatives are : Quantus (how great) Cur (why) Uter (which of two) Qualis (of what sort) Quis (who or what) Quot (how many) Quotus (which, in order of number) Unde (whence) Ubi (where or when) Quoties (how often) Quare (wherefore) Quam (how) Quomodo (how) Num, ne (whether) Ut (how) An, utrum (whether). Quando (when) [ 150.] The Eelative qui, with its Particles, ub! (where, when, &c.), unde (ivhence), &c., in its simple sense, takes an Indicative ; if there is implied in it since, although, in order that, or such that, a Subjunctive: MTseret tui me, qui hunc facias inimicum tibi. / pity you, since you make this man your foe. Litteras misi quibiis et pldcdrem eiim et monerem. I sent a letter wherewith I might pacify and admonish him. QuTs est qui non oderit proterram pueritiam? Who is there that hates not saucy boyhood ? Digna res est ubi nervos intcndds. The matter is worthy (that) you devote your energies to it. 114 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. [ 151.] A Relative or Conjunction, if it is subordinate to Oratio Obliqua, either actual or virtual, requires a Subjunctive. Enniiis non censet lugendam esse mortem, quam ma- in ortalitas consequdtur. Ennius considers that death (ought} not to be mourned, which immortality succeeds. Socrates accusatus est quod corrumperet juventutem. Socrates was accused (on the charge) that he corrupted youth. a. A Conjunctive Mood often has a Subjunctive in sub- ordination to it. Clamant omnes : praestaret quod recepisset. All cry out, he shoidd perform what he had undertaken. [ 152.] Of Conjunctions governing* Moods there are. three Classes : I. The First Class consists of those Conjunctions, to which the Subjunctive is appropriate : (1) CONSECUTIVE : Ut (so that) Qum (but that) (2) FINAL: Ut (in order that) Ne (lest, that . . . not) Quo (in order that) Quommiis (but that) (4) CONDITIONAL: Bum \ Modo I (provided that) Dummodo J (5) CONCESSIVE: Licet "I Quam vis [ (although) Ut j (6) COMPARATIVE: Tanquam ) Veliit, ceu [ (as if) Quasi, &c.j (3) CAUSAL: Quum (since) II. The Second Class consists of those Conjunctions, to which the Indicative is appropriate, unless they are sub- ordinate to Oratio Obliqua, either actual or virtual. (1) CAUSAL: Quod, quia (because) Quoniam (since) Quandoquidem (since) Siquidem (inasmuch as) (2) TEMPORAL: Quando, quum, iibi (when) Ut (when, since) Quoties (as often as) Simiil (as soon as) Post-quam (after that) Dum } Donee I (whilst, as long as) Quoad J (3) CONCESSIVE: Quamquam (although, how- ever) Utiit (however) * When \ye speak of Moods being governed by Conjunctions, we mean only that certain Conjunctions are used, always or in certain senses, v/ith certain Moods. The reason of Mood is independent of Conjunctions ; but Conjunctions distinguish the relations of Clauses more fully, as Prepositions distinguish the relations of Nouns. LATIN IDIOMS. 115 III. The Third Class consists of those Conjunctions which either the Indicative or the Subjunctive follows, according as the matter expressed is fact or contingency. (1) TEMPORAL: SIVE : Dum, donee, quoad (until) Ante-quam Prius-quam 1 (before that) (2) CONDITIONAL AND CONCES- Nisi (unless) Etsi, etiamsi (although^ even if) a. [ 153.] Idioms of the Latin language are: (1) Quum (when) followed by a Subjunctive of the Im- perfect or Pluperfect. Zenonem, quum Athenis essem, audiebam frequenter. I of fen used to hear Zeno, when 1 was at Athens. Decessit Agesilaus quum in portum venisset. Agesilaus died, when he had come into harbour. (2) Dum (whilst), followed by an Indicative Present, even in oblique subordination, and concerning a past circumstance : Quern ardor em stiidii censetis fiiisse in Archimede, qui, dum in pulvere quaedam describlt attentius, ne patriam quidem captam esse senserit? What ardour of study think ye there was in Archimedes, who, whilst drawing some figures in the dust with peculiar at- tention, did not perceive even that his country was captured ? b. [ 154.] A Conjunction is sometimes understood. Philosophiae servias oportet. It behoves (that you) be a servant to philosophy (supply ut). Quaeram justum sit necne poema. / will inquire (whether) it be a true poem or not (supply utrum). Part-em opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Tcare, haberes. Thou, Icarus, wouldst have a share in this great work, did grief allow (supply si). c. [ 155.] The Eule for the Consecution of Tenses is, that Primary Tenses are subordinated to Primary, Historic to Historic. ( 48). Examples may be looked out from the Syntax. 116 FIRST MEMORIAL SYNTAX. SUPPLEMENTARY RULES OF AGREEMENT. [ 156.] (1) Adjectives are put for Substantives : Multa pauperl desunt, avdro omnia. Many things are wanting to the poor man, to the miser all things. (2) Infinitives are put for Substantives : Vivere est vcilere. To live is to be well. (3) Clauses are put for Substantives : Credibfle est omnid consilio fieri. It is probable that all things happen by design. [ 157.] The Nominative of an Impersonal Verb is not apparent unless it be an Infinitive or a Clause : Pudet eum fact! (i.e. pudor pudet). He is ashamed of the act. Quid agitiir? Stdtur (i.e. statw fit). What is being done 1 There is a stand-still. Taedet eadem audire millies. To hear the same things a thousand times is tedious. Magm interest ut te videam. It is of great importance that I should see you. [158.] A Word is understood when omitted by the figure Ellipsis : Nihil bonum nisi quod honestum (understand est twice). Nothing is good but what is morally right. Perfundor gelid a (understand aqua). 1 bathe myself with cold water. [ 159.] Agreement is varied by the figure called Attrac- tion : N6n omnis error stultitia est dicenda. Not every error must be called folly. T h e b a e, quod Boeotiae c a p ii t est. Thebes, which is the capital of Boeotia. [ 160.] Agreement with the meaning takes place by the figure called Synesis, especially in poetry : Subeunt Tegeaea juventus auxilio tardi. The youth of Tegea come slow to the succour. Ubi est is seel us, qui me perdldit ? Where is that villain, who has ruined me? 117 OUTLINE OF PROSODY. [ 161.] Prosody treats of the quantity of syllables and of the laws of metre. ON THE QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES. GENERAL RULES OF QUANTITY. [ 162.] 1. Every diphthong and contracted syllable is long. 2. Primitives give their own quantity to their derivatives. 3. A vowel coming before a vowel will be short. 4. Any vowel becomes long by Position, which two consonants follow, as tristis : or which in the same word j follows or a: or z : so Ajax t axis, Amazon. 5. A vowel, though short by its own power, is doubtful if a mute consonant with a liquid after it follows ; thus you will say rightly (lugiibre melos) a mournful melody, or lugubre. a. Gn always makes a long syllable, as agnus andigwti: and like wise gm ; which tegmen and dgmen shew. ON THE QUANTITY OF FINAL SYLLABLES. [ 163.] 1. Most words of one syllable are long, as me, ver. 2. Words ending in A are long: frustrd, and contra, and para, a. Except Accusative and Nominative Cases : (Musd) the Muse sings (carmind) songs : the woods resound (Amaryllida) Amaryllis. 3. E final is short : as lege, timcte, carere. [ 1G2.] i. Examples: heu ; c5Yge = cogo. Except prae before a vowel, as prageuntem. 2. Examples : pomum, pomarium ; salix, salicetum. Exceptions are numerous, as h5mo, humanus ; nubo, pronuba ; notus, cognltus. 3. Examples : principium, prohibe. (H is regarded as a breathing only, and not taken into account in Prosody.) Many Greek exceptions ; as Chaonis, Aeneas, Clio, Myrtous, Enyo. Some Latin, as, diei, Pompei ; aulai, eheu ; flo (except before er, as fieri) ; Doubtful : fidei, Diana ; Gen. in ius, as illius. [ 163.] i. Exceptions : words in 1, b, d, t, as v61, sub, id, et, stet. Also ?s and its compounds, as, ades ; que, re, ne interrogative ; nee, an, In, per, t5r, vlr, cor, 6s (ossis), f&c, fer, bis, Is, els, quls. z. a. Most Vocatives in a are short ; as Oresta ; also eja, ita, quia. 3. Except Cases of the 1st and 5th Declension, as Thisfce, specie; their Deri- vatives, as quare, hodie ; Imperatives Sing, of the 2nd Conj., as aude (but cave is doubtful). Adverbs derived from Adjectives ; as,misere : also forme, fere, ohe, f&me. 118 COMPENDIUM OF PROSODY. 4. Words in I are long ; did and plell and doll. 5. Words in are long ; virgo and multo and juvo. 6. Words in U are long, so tu and dictu and dm. 7. Y final is short ; thus poets have chdy, Tiphy. 8. Words in C are long, as illlc, except donee. 9. Shorten words in L, D, T ; thus Hannibal, illud, amavit. 10. N final is short, Ilion, agmen, are instances. 11. K final is short; as calcar, amabitur, Hector. 12. Words in As are long; as terras and Menalcds. 13. Words in Es are long; as sedes and videres. 14. Is final is short ; as diceris, utitis, ensts. a. The Oblique Cases Plural are excepted, as terns, vobls ; also the Second Person Singular, Present Tense, of the Fourth Conjugation, as audis ; the compounds of vis, sis ; malls, noils, and veils. 15. Words in Os are long, as ventos and sacerdos. 16. Us final is short: olus, intus, amamus, are instances. a. Except from this rule the contracted cases of the Fourth Declen- sion, as artus ; and words which, increasing, have long penult ; as tcllus and incus, juventus and senectus. 17. Ys final is short : chdys, Othrys, Erinys, are instances. a. The custom of Authors governs Quantity, if a rule is wanting. ON THE LAWS OF METEE. [ 164.J A long syllable following a short is called Iambus (^~)' but if a long syllable goes before a short one, that is a Trochee (- w) : a Spondee will consist of two long syllables ( ) ; a Dactyl is formed by a long and two short syllables (- ^ ^). ON SCANSION AND FIGURES OF SCANSION. [ 165.] 1. Scansion, which Figures adjust by various art, distri- butes a Verse according to Feet. 4. Exceptions are: Greek Datives and Vocatives, as ThyrsidT, Chlorl; also sicubl, necubY, nisT, quasi. But mitu, tibY, sibT, ubf, ib?, are doubtful. 5. The quantity of words in 0, especially Verbs and Proper Names, fluctuates. Oblique Cases, and Adverbs in O derived from Adjectives, have o long, except cit5. Modo and its Compounds, ego, duo, octo, scio, nescio, have 5 short : inimo, puto, doubtful. 10. Exceptions : many Greek words, as Hymen, Ammon. IT. Exceptions : many Greek words, as crater, aer. 12. Exceptions: Greek cases of Third Declension, as Areas, lampadas. Also anas, a duck. 13. Exceptions: Greek Plurals increasing; as, Troades: also penes; and some Singular Nouns which increase short, as seges. 14. a. Gratis, forls, are long : and Substantives which increase long, as Samnis, Simois. Bis of the Future and Perfect in Verbs is doubtful, as fecens. 15. Some Greek words in os (o?) are short, as ArgSs, epos. 1 6. a. Some words from the Greek in us are long, as Sapphus, Melampus, lesus, LAWS OF METRfc. 119 2. Synaloeplia (Elision) will cut off a Vowel at the end of a word, if there be a vowel at the beginning of the next word: PhyllicP am* ant;' alias, for Phyllida amo ante alias. 3. Ecthlipsis will cut off a Vowel and m from the end, if there be a Vowel at the beginning of the next word : curas homiri, quant' cst in rebus inane, for hominum, quantum. a. The last syllable of a Terse is counted doubtful. [ 166.] I. The maple is in the woods; the spirited horse wins the Olympia. You will sing with your voice : up, lead dogs, unless you are white on the temples. A club strikes ; a nail holds firm, and a key opens. To please a companion, put on, as a companion, affable manners. Comedians, seek the stage ; messmates, seek supper. Con- sult teachers, so you consult for yourself. Often has his own desire injured one desirous of war. Songs are recited, while temples are dedicated to the Lord. He trusted not to untie, who severed the knot with a sword. The man leads a wife ; the bride veils for a husband. This man trains dogs to take them out soon against boars. If you have not money, you are destitute, and eat not delicacies. The sea often de- ceives one who relies too much on the clear surface. The sun chases the clouds, and irrecoverable time flies. By what a man sins, by the same the same man is soon punished. It is a difficult labour under the weight of which I sink. The boy's forehead is smooth, but the girl's tongue light. Seek hares in plains, elegancies in books. I bid not a penny for him who bids not a penny for me. I had rather break with my jaw good apples than bad. Merchandise is sold, and reward comes gained by toil. Silvia strokes lovingly, while she milks, her gentle cow. You will have done a duty, if you have sent coins to the wretched. Strive, little boy, whoever shalt desire to shine. She who is red, smeared with paint, is forgetful of decenc}'. He fell by base treachery, whom a friend killed. A mouth commands, but a bone is eaten with the mouth. It is a wife's part to bring forth and obey, a husband's to procure. Obedient children make parents rejoice. Play at ball : a javelin is hurled ; pila is a pillar. Plug a is for a net and a country ; pldga for a blow. People are the citizens of a city : but poplar is a tree. The prow is the front (of a ship), the stern the hind part, and the keel the lowest. A bail promises, but a vessel contains food. A bail kindly assures the person, but a surety money only. If you wish to go quick, you have need to use all the sails. II. Trust, but first see ,- he who trusts, and has not well seen, is deceived : see lest you be inveigled by trust. The same fortune makes partners ; the same toil comrades ; one duty colleagues : but school, play, the table, make dear companions. Lira is the furrow of a field : lyra (the lyre) touched utters notes. Let him not be secure, who is not safe from the enemy : you have banks by a river, shore by the sea. Men are old by time; ancients lived formerly: I feign what is not, and dis- semble what is. Have you any news? Seek another: I know nothing. That chatterer relates what matters little. If perchance you sit any- where, and the seat is convenient to you, sit in that seat : nor give up the place to me. JL20 APPENDIX. I. NOTES ON ETYMOLOGY. I. NOUNS. A. Substantives: FIRST DECLENSION*. a. The old Genitive ending as remains in familias : as, pater- (mater-) familias, father (mother) of a family. b. The Gen. in ai is found in epic and comic poetry : as, aquai. c. Nouns which form Gen. PL in urn, instead of arum, are (1) Pa- tronymics : as, Aeneades ; (2) Some names of people, as Lapitha ; (3) Compounds with -cola, -gena, as caelicola, terrigena ; (4) Drachma, amphora. d. Nouns like Dea, with Dat. Abl. PL abus, are some of those which correspond to Masculine Nouns in us : as, filia, nata, liberta, mula, &c. SECOND DECLENSION. a. Nouns declined like filius are genius, familiar spirit, and Latin Proper Names in ius, as Mercurius, Laelius. b. The Gen. n was often contracted into I. Virgil and Horace use I ; Ovid writes ii. c. The Gen. PL in um for orum appears in (1) names of coins, weights, measures, and trades: as, nummus, sestertius, medimnus, modius, talentum, faber. So, denum talentum ; praefectus fabrum. (2) Some names of people: as, Argivus, Danaus. Poets often use it in words of short penult, as virum for virorum. d. Greek Nouns in os, m. and /., have Ace. on or um : as, Delos ; Ace. Delon or Delum. Nouns in on, n. t are like bellum in all but N. V. A. Sing. ; as, Pelion. e. Pelagus, sea, virus, poison, being Neuter, have Ace. and Voc. the same as Nom. Vulgus, common people, is Masculine or Neuter, and has -um or -us in Ace. These three Nouns have no Plural. THIRD DECLENSION. a. Variant Consonant Nouns : Old man, Swine, Ox or cow, Jupiter, m. c. c. m. (a) N. V. Senex Sus Bos Juppiter Ace. Sen- Su- Bov- Jov- em Gen. Sen- Su- Bov- Jov- Xs Dat, Sen- Su- Bov- Jov- I Abl. Sen- Su- Bov- Jov- N. V. A. Sen- Su- Bov- es Gen. Sen- Su- um D. Abl. Sen- ttms NOUNS. 121 Sus has Dat. Abl. PL subus or suibus : bos has Gen. Pl.bouin, Dat. Abl. bobus or bubus. Her, journey, n. ; Gen. itiner-is, etc. Jecur, liver, n. ; Gen. jecoris orjecinor-is, etc. Supellex, furniture, f . ; Ace. supellectilem, etc. (b) Parisyllable Nouns, declined like Consonant Nouns, are : (1) the syncopated words, pater, mater, frater, accipiter; (2) canis, juvenis, yates, volucris. b. Variant I-Nouns : (a) Impari syllable I-Nouns, like dens, are: (1) Nouns with Stem ending in two Consonants, except lynx ; (2) the words, glis, lis, mas, mus, nix (nivis), strix, with faux and vis. (b) Nouns like tussis are: sitis, thirst, f. ; amussis, carpenter's rule, f. ; with a few more. Also names of rivers, as Tiberis, Tiber, m.; of towns, as Hispalis, Seville, f. (c) Like da vis : classis, fleet, f.; febris, fever ; messis, har- vest ; navis, ship, f. ; puppis, stern, f., and a few others. Restis, rope,/., Abl. e; securis, axe,f., Abl. i only. (d) Like canal is are Adjectival Nouns: as, aedilis,ra. (e) Like imber are: uter, bladder; venter, belly, m. ; linter, boat,f. c. Greek Consonant -Nouns form Ace. Sing, in a or em', Ace. Plur. usually in as: Gigas, giant, m. gigant- a, em as Lampas, torch, f. lampad- a, em as Crater, bowl, m. crater- a, em as Aer, air, m. aer- . a, em as So, Nais, Naiad, f. Naid- a, em as Heros, hero, m. hero- a, em as Erinys, fury, f. Eriny- a as (a) Greek Nouns in is, ys, have Voc. i, y : as, Par!, Nai, Eriny. (b) Greek I-Nouns have Nom. is, f. ; Voc. i ; Ace. in or im; Gen. eos; Dat. Abl. i : as, poesis, poetry. (c) The following are Heteroclite Masculine forms of Proper Names : Nom. Voc. Ace. G en. Dat. Abl. 1. eus eu eum, ea el eos el, ei, eo eo 2. es, eiis e, eu em, en, ea is ei, i, eos i e 3 es e, es em, en is I i e, e 4. es es em, ea is i i e 5. es e, es em, en, eta IS etis i, eti e, ete Examples. 1. Orpheus, Peleus. 2. Achilles, Ulixes (e'lis). 3. So- crates, Thucydides. 4. Eteocles, Pericles. 5. Chremes, Thales. FOURTH DECLENSION. a. The Nouns which prefer iibus to ibiis in Dat. Abl. PI. are Di- gyllables in cus : as, arcus, bow : also, tribus, tribe ; partus, birth; artus (Plur.), limbs; and veru, spit, N. b. Poets often contract ui into u : as, Parce metu. VIRG. G 122 NOTES ON ETYMOLOGY. FIFTH DECLENSION. a. Dies, day, and res, thing, are the only Nouns which form the in- creasing Cases in the Plural. Most have no Plural at all. b. Poets contract ei into e : as, Constantis juvenem fide. Hor. c. Fidei generally has e short : so rei, spei. d. Respublica, commonwealth, declines both elements : Ace. rempubli- cam, Gen. reipublicae, etc. So jusjurandum, oath-, Gen. jurisjurandi,etc. ANOMALOUS SUBSTANTIVES. a. The chief Nouns, Plural only (besides those named 25), are : DECL. 1. /. Deliciae, delight Nonae, Nones Epulae, feast , Nundmae, market-day ~E,xseq\ua,e, funeral rites Nuptiae, bridal Feriae, holidays Reliquiae, remnant Insidiae, ambush Tenebrae, darkness Kalendae, Calends Athenae, Athens Minae, threats Thebae, Thebes DECL. 2. Fasti, annals Delphi Gabii DECL. 3. Fores, door, f. Moenia, town walls, n. DECL. 4. Artus, limbs, m. Idus, Ides, f. b. The most important Nouns which change meaning in Plural are: DECL. 1. Copia, plenty, f. Copiae, forces DECL. 2. Ludus, play, m. Ludi, public games DECL. 3. Aedes, temple, f. Aedes, house c. Add to Defective Nouns : b. Mane, morning, Nom. Ace. Abl. Sing. c. Fas, right; nefas, wrong-, instar, likeness; nihil, nothing; necesse, necessity; opus, need: Nom. Ace. Sing. d. Fors, chance ; Abl. S. forte, by chance. e. Sponte, by one's own choice. B. Adjectives : a. Like melior are declined Comparatives. Vetus (veteR-), ancient, has the same endings as melior in the Oblique Cases and Plural. b. Like felix, Adjectives in ax, ix, ox, ux. c. Like in gens, Adjectives in -ns, -rs, -ex; also locuples (locuplet-), wealthy ; par (par-) with its compounds. Present Participles have Abl. S. i, when used as Epithets ; otherwise e : with occasional exception. d. Like acer, Adjectives of the Second Class in -cer, -ster; also celeber, renowned ; saldber, healthful. e. Abl. S. I, Gen. PI. um ; no Neut. PI. Nom. Ace. : inop-s, desti- tute ; vigiL, wakeful ; memoB, mindful ;. degenen, degenerate ; uben, fruitful, /. Abl. S. e, Gen. PL um ; no Neut. PL : ales (alit-), winged ; dives (divit-), rich; sospes (sospit-), safe; superstes (superstit-), surviving; compos (compot-), possessing ; impos (impot-), not possessing; deses, reses (desid-, resid-), inactive ; paupeR, poor ; pubeE, of age. NOUNS. 123 C. Pronouns : a. The suffixes -met, -te, -pte, -ce, strengthen various Pronouns. (a) Met may be joined 1. to ego and its cases, except Gen. Plur.: as, egomet, I my self \ 2. to the cases of tu, except Nom. Sing.: as, yosmet, ye yourselves; 3. to se and its cases, except sui: as, sibimet; 4. to the cases of suus : as, suamet facta. (b) Te is joined to tu : as tute ; also, tutemet, thou thyself. (c) Pte is joined especially to the Abl. Sing, of the Possessive Pronouns : as, meopte consiiio, by my advice. (d) C e is joined to the Demonstratives : as, huncce, hujusce. For Ulece, istece, are written illic, istic, which may be declined, Sing. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. istic istaec istuc istice istaece istace Ace. istuuc istanc istuc istosce istasce istace Gen. istiusce, etc. istorumce, etc. b. From the Possessives noster, vester, cujus, are derived : Nostr-as (at-), of our country. I Cuj-as (at-), of what country. Vestr-as (at-), of your country. \ D. Derived Nouns. 1. Substantiva Mobilia have a Feminine as well as a Masculine form : a. Many 0-Nouns have a Feminine A-Noun formed by changing us into d : agnus, lamb ; asinus, ass ; cervus, stag ; deus, god ; dominus, lord; equus, horse; famulus, house-ser van t ; films, son; libertus, f reed- man ; lupus, wolf; maritus, husband ; mulus, mule ; natus, son ; servus, slave ; sponsus, bridegroom ; ursus, bear, &c. Fern, agna, asina, &c. Avus, grandfather, has avia; gallus, cock, gallina; caper, he-goat, capra and capella; puer, boy, puella; magister, minister, change ter into tra ; poeta, poet, poetria ; citharista, harper, citharistria. Taurus, bull, has vacca, cow ; verna, born-slave, has ancilla, maid- servant. b. Consonant-Nouns, verbal, in tor, sor, often have a Feminine trix : as, ultor, avenger, ultrix ; victor, conqueror, victrix ; tonsor, barber, ton- strix. Some forms in trix are found as Adjectives : as, arma victricia, victorious arms. c. Caupo, vintner (3), has Fern, copa (1); cliens, client (3), clienta (1); fidicen, lute-player (3), fidicina (1); tiblcen, flute-player (3), tibi- cina (1) ; leo, lion (3), leaena or lea (1). d. Gentile names : as, Ores, Cretan (3), Cressa (1); Laco, Lacedae- monian (3), Lacaena (1); Libys, Libyan (3), Libyssa (1); Phoenix, Phoenician (3), Phoenissa (1); Thrax, Thracian (3), Threissa(l); Tros, Trojan (3) Troas (3), &c. e. Nepos, grandson (3), has Fern, neptis (3); aries, ram (3), ovis, ewe (3) ; vir, man (2), mulier, woman (3) ; gener, son in-law (2), nurus (4); socer, father-in-law (2), socrus (4); senex, old man (3), anus (4). Note. Nouns having only one Gender for both sexes are called Epicoena (ftriKoiva) : as, passer, sparrow, m. ; vulpes,/o.r, f. Sex must be expressed, if need- ful, by the words mas, f emina : as, vulpes mas, a dog- fox, G2 124 NOTES ON ETYMOLOGY. 2. Deminutives are Derived Nouns which express smallness. Deminutives are formed, chiefly, in M. 1. -iilus 2. -olus 3. -ellus 4. -culus 1. riv-ulus, streamlet 2. fili-olus, little son 3. ag-ellus, small field 4. fl.os-cu\u.s, floweret F -ula -ola -ella -ciila cist-ula, small chest capre-ola, young roe pat-ella, saucer parti-cula, particle N. -ulum -olum -ellum -culum scut-ulum, small shield savi-olum, kiss lab-ellum, lip munus- culum, little pre- sent. Adjectives are also diminished : as, parvulus, pallidulus, misellus. 3. Patronymica are Personal Names, derived from a parent or ancestor. Masc. ades, Aeneades, son of Aeneas, ides, Tyndarides Tyndarus. ides, Nelides Neleus. lades Thestiades Thestius. Fern. is, Tyndaris, daughter of Tyndarus. eis, Neleis, ,, Neleus. as, Thestias, Thestius. And some others. II. COMPOSITION OF VERBS. A. CHANGES OF PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION. (1) A, ab = A before m, v: as, amitto, avoco. Abs before c, t: as, abscedo, absterreo. As before p : as, asporto. Au before/: as, aufero, aufugio. But abfui, abfore. Ab before other letters : as, abeo, abdo. (2) Ad remains before 5, d, h, j, m, v, and vowels: as, adbibo, addo, adhibeo, adjicio, admitto, advoco, adeo. becomes a- before gn, sc, sp : as, agnosco, ascendo, aspicio. is assimilated before other letters: as, affero, appono, assisto. (3) Con- (for cum), in-, are written com-, im-, before p, b, m : as, compare, combibo, immitto. are assimilated before /, r : as, colludo, irruo. Con- becomes co- before vowels, h, and gn: as, coeo, coheres, cognosco. So ignosco. Note comedo, comburo. Con-, in-, remain before other consonants: as, ccnfero, induce. (4) Ob, sub, are assimilated before c,g,p,f: as, occurro, oppono, suppono. So summoveo. Except suscipio, suscito, suspendo, suspicio. They remain before other letters. Except ostendo, sustineo, sustollo, sustuli, surripio. Note omitto. COMPOSITION OF VERBS. 125 (5) E, ex, are assimilated before/: as, effero. Ex before vowels, h, c, q, p, s, t: as, exeo, exhibeo, excedo, exquiro, expello, exstruo,* extraho. E before others: as, educo, evoco. (6) Trans becomes tra before d, j, n: as, trado, trajicio, trano. Tran- before s : as, transcribe. (7) Dis- is assimilated before/: as, differo. Remains before gutturals, labials, t, j, and s with vowel : as, discerpo, dispello, distraho, disjicio, dissero. But dijudico. Di- before s with consonant, and before other consonants: as, distringo, diruo. Not used before vowels. But dir-ibeo for dis-hibeo, dir- imo for dis-imo. (8) Be- se- add d in reddo, redeo, redhibeo, redimo, redoleo, seditio. B. VOWEL-CHANGE IN COMPOSITION. a. Verbs weakening a into e in all forms of their compounds : (1) damnare, jactare, lactare, patrare, sacrare, tractare ; (2) arcere; (3) -candere, carpere, scandere, spargere, gradi, pati; (4) farcire, partiri. b. Verbs weakening a into u in all forms: (1) calcare, saltare; (3) quatere, (-cutere, -cussi, -cussum). c. Verbs weakening ae into I in all forms : (3) caedere (-cidi, -cisum), laedere (-Hdere, -lisi, -lisum), quaerere (-quirere, -qul- sivi, -quisitum). d. Verb weakening au into u in all forms : (3) claudere (-cludere, -clusi, -cliisum). e. Verb weakening au into d in all forms : (3) plaudere (-plodere, -plosi, -plosum). Exc. applaudere. /. Verbs weakening a into i in all forms : (2) habere, latere, placere, tacere; (3) sapere, statuere. Exc. complacere, perplacere. g. Verbs which vary the Vowel in the forms of compounds : (a) a x ?", e, a : (3) agere (-igere, -egi, -actum), frangere (-frin- gere, -fregi, -fractum), pangere (-pingere, -pegi ? -pactum). Exc. circum-, peragere (-egi, -actum), cogere (co-egi, -actum), degere (degi), satagere (sategi), repangere. (b) a x i, i, a : (3) cadere (-cidere, -cidi), tangere (-tingere, -tigi, -tactum). (c) a x , ?', e: (3) canere (-cinere, -cinui, -centum), rapere (-ripere, -ripiii, -reptum). (d)a*i,e,e: (3) capere (-cipere, -cepi, -ceptum), facere (-ficere, -feci, -fectum), jacere (-jicere, -jeci, -jectum), lacere (-licere, -lexi, -lectum). Exc. benefacere and many other compounds of facere (-facere, -feci, -factum), elicere, elicui, elicitum. (e} a x i, i, u : (4) salire (-sillre, -silui, -sultum). (/) a x z, c : (2) fateri (-fiteri, -fessus) ; (3) apisci (-ipisci, -eptus). * The Greek form ec (e) must be assumed when expeoto, exul, &c., are written for ec-specto, ec-sul, &c. 126 NOTES ON ETYMOLOGY. (g) e x i, i, e: (2) tenere (-tinere, -tinui, -tentum). (h) exi, e, e: (2) sedere (-sidere, -sedi, -sessum) ; (3) regere (-rigere, -rexi, -rectum), specere (-spicere, -spexi, -spec- turn), premere (-primere, -pressi, -pressum), emere (-imere, -emi, -emptum), legere (-ligere, -legi, -lectum). Exc. circum sedere, pergere (perrexi, perrectum), surgere (sur- rexi, surrectum) ; co-, per-, inter- (-emere, -emi, -emp- - turn). Also sublegere (-legi, -lectum), di-ligere, neg-, in- tellegere (-lexi, -lectum). These four last are from legere, to choose. The compounds of legere, to read, are per-, prae-, re- (-legere, -legi, -lectum). EXAMPLES OF COMPOUND VERBS. a. (1) Condemn o, condemn Objecto, cast forward (3) Delecto, delight Impetro, obtainfyj ask- g. (a) (3) Consecro, consecrate Obtrecto, disparage ()(^) (2) Coerceo, confine (3) Incendo, set on fire (c) (3) Excerpo, cull Ascendo, climb (d) (3) Dispergo, disperse Progredior, go forward Perpetior, endure (4) Infercio, stuff in (e) (4) Di sperti or, distribute (/) ( 2 ) b. (1) Proculco, trample down (3) Insulto, insult, leap on (g} (2) (3) Decutio, shake down (h) (2) c. (3) Occldo, kill (3) Collido, dash together Acquire, acquire d.(3) Include, shut in e. (3) Explode, stamp off f. (2) Prohibeo, prohibit Displiceo, displease Conticeo, be silent Desipio, be silly Kestituo, restore Abigo, drive away Refringo, beat back Impingo, knock against Occido, die Attingo, reach Succino, sing low Diripio, tear asunder Decipio, deceive Efficio, effect Ejicio, cast out Allicio, allure Circumsilio, leap round Diffiteor, disown Adi pis cor, acquire Abstineo, abstain Praesideo, preside Porrigo, stretch Transpicio, look through Opprimo, weigh down Eximo, take out Colligo, collect Diligo, love Perlego, read through Note. The Compounds of Yerbs which reduplicate the Perfect omit the Reduplication in their Perfects, except those of disco, posco, curro, do, sto. III. CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS AND PARTICLES. The full series comprises 1 Interrogativum ; 2 Demonstrativa ; 3 Relativum ; 4 Indefinita; 5 Universalia. These last are subdivisible under several heads. In the following list the dual series (uter, &c.) is marked *. PRONOVNS. 1 Quis ? qui ? who ? what ? Idem, the same *Uter ? which of two ? Alius, another 2 Is, ille, iste, that *Alter, the one, the other Hie, this 3 Qui, who CORRELATIVE PARTICLES. 127 4 Quis, qui, any^ one b. Quivis, quilibet, any you will Aliquis, aliqui ) *Utervis, uterlibet, which you Quispiam will Quisquam, ullus, any at all c. Quisque, each (of several) Quidam, a certain one Omnes, universi, all *Alteruter, one or other *Uterque, each (of two) 5 a. Quisquis, quicumque, whoso- *Ambo, both ever, whatsoever d. Nemo, nullus, no one, none *Uteruter, utercumque, which- *Neuter, neither soever ADVERBS OF PLACE WHERE. 1 XJbi? where? 5 a. Ubiubi, ubicumque, where- *Utrobi? in which place? soever 2 Ibi, illic, istic, there b. Ubivis, ubilibet, where you Hie, here will Ibidem, in the same place c. Ubique, everywhere Alibi, elsewhere *Utrobique, in both places 3 Ubi, where d. Nusquam, nowhere 4 Ubi,alicubi,uspiam, anywhere *Neutrobi, in neither place Usquam, anywhere at all AH.VERBS OF PLACE WHITHER. 1 Quo ? whither ? Quoquam, any whither at all *Utro ? to which place ? 5 a. Quoquo, quocumque, whithcr- 2 Eo, illuc, istuc, thither soever Hue, hither b. Quovis, quolibet, whither you Eodem, to the same place will Alio, to another place c. *Utroque, to each place 3 Quo, whither d, *Neutro, to neither place. 4 Quo, aliquo, quopiam, any- whither ADVERBS OF PLACE WHENCE. 1 TJnde, whence ? 5 a. Undeunde, Undecumque, 2 Inde, illinc, istinc, thence from whatever side Hinc, hence b. Undevis, undelibet, from Indidem, from the same side what side you will Aliunde, from another side c. Undique,/ro;?i every side 3 Unde, whence *Utrinque, from each side^ 4 Unde, alicunde, from some side ADVERBS OF TIME WHEX. 1 Quando ? ubi ? when ? 4 Quando, aliquando, ever 2 Turn, tune, then Unquam, ever at all Nunc, jam, now 5 a. Quandocumque, whensoever Simul, at the same time c. Quandoque, at any time Alias, at another time Semper, always 3 Quum, ubi, when d. Nunquam, never t So qua, in what direction ? ea, hac, alia, qua, aliqua, quaqua, &c. quorsum, whither war dl illorsum, aliquorsum,&c. See the series of qualis, quantus, quot, 38 (9), 128 NOTES ON ETYMOLOGY. ADVERBS OF NUMBER. 1 Quoties ? how often ? 4 Aliquoties, several times 2 Toties, so often 5 a. Quotiescumque, how often 3 Quoties, (as often) as soever ADVERBS OF MANNER. 1 Quomodo ? quemadmodum ? 3 Quomodo, quemadmodum, ut ? quam ? how ? ut, as 2 Ita, sic, tarn, so Ac, atque, quam, as, than Item, itidem, in like manner 5 a. Utut, utcumque, quam- Aliter, secus, otherwise quam, however ADVERBS OF CAUSE. 1 Cur? quare? why? wherefore? 2 Ideo, propterea, idcirco, on that account 3 Cur, quare, why, quod, quia, because CORRELATION BETWEEN A DEMONSTRATIVE ADVERB AND A CONJUNCTION APPEARS ALSO IN (1) Consecutive Construction : 2 Usque, eo, &c., solong, $c. 2. Adeo, ita, sic, tarn, tan- 3 Dum, donee, quoad, until turn, Sac., so, so much, $c. (4) Conditional Construction: 3. Ut, ut non, ut nihil, ut 2 Modo, tantum, tantummo- nemo, &c., that, fyc. do, only, c. (2) Final Construction: 3 Si, if (or omitting si) 2. Idcirco, ideo, &c.,./br the (5) Concessive Construction: purpose, fyc. 2 Tamen, yet, nevertheless 3. Ut, ne, ut ne, nequis, &c., 3 Etsi, etiamsi, quamquam, that, Sfc. quam vis, &c., although, $c. (3) Temporal Construction : (6) Comparative Construction : 2. Turn, tune, then 2 Ita, perinde, proinde, simi- 3. Quum, when liter, itidem, just so, $c. 2. Interea, meantime 3 Quasi, ac si, ut si, &c., as 3. Dum, whilst if, $c. IV. NUMERALS, MONEY, TIME. A. NUMERALS. a. The Cardinal Numbers are those on which the other Numerals hinge (cardo, hinge). Unus is used in the Plural with Substantives 'Plural only': as, una castra, one camp. But for higher numbers the Distributives are used : as, bina castra, two camps. . Ordinal Numerals denote numerical rank (ordo) : primus, first, &c. c. Distributive Numerals denote so many each or at each time! as, Sexageni caedunt singulos, sixty men neat each (centurion). TAG. Poets often use them for the Cardinal Numbers. c?. Numeral Adverbs denote the number of times that anything happens or is done: semel, once ; bis, twice ; &c. NUMERALS. 129 Roman Symbols. Cardinalia. Ordinalia. Distributiva. Adverbia. I. unus primus singuli semel II. duo secundus or alter bini bis III. tres tertius terni or trini ter IV. quattuor quartus quaterni quater V. quinque quintus quini quinquies VI. sex sextus seni sexies VII. septem Septimus septeni septies VIII. octo octavus octoni octies IX. novem nonus noveni novies X. decem decimus deni decies XI. undecim undecimus undeni undecies XII. duodecim duodecimus duodeni duodecies XIII. tredecim tertius decimus terni deni tredecies XVIII. duode viginti duodevicesimus duodeviceni duodevicies XIX. undeviginti undevicesimus undeviceni undevicies XX. viginti vicesimus viceni vicies XXI. junus et vi-'j ( 1 ginti or vi- j | primus et vice-^j simus or vice- r viceni singuli f semel et vi- * cies ginti unus simus primus ' XXX. triginta tricesimus triceni tricies XL. quadraginta quadragesimus quadrageni quadragies L. quinquaginta quinquagesimus quinquageni quinquagies LX. sexaginta sexagesimus sexageni sexagies LXX. septuaginta septuagesimus septuageni septuagies LXXX. octoginta octogesimus octogeni octogies XC. nonaginta nonagesimus nonageni nonagies C. centum centesimus centeni centies cc. ducenti ducentesimus duceni ducenties DorlQ. quingenti quingentesimus quingeni quingenties VIorClQ. mille millesimus singula millia millies MM. duo millia bis millesimus bina millia bis millies e. The General Rules for writing Compound Numbers, Cardinal, Or- dinal, and Distributive, are as follows : (1) In Compound Numbers less than 20, either the smaller number without et precedes the larger or the larger with et precedes the smaller: as, Nos Tyndaritani in septemdecim populis Siciliae numeramur, we of Tyndaris are reckoned among the 17 nations of Sicily. Cic. Roscius fundos decem et tres reliquit, Poscius left 13 farms. Cic. Licet dicere decimus et Septimus pro septimus decimus. PRISC. (2) In Compound Numbers above 20, either the smaller number with et comes first, or the larger without et : as, Romulus septem et triginta regnavit annos, Romulus reigned 37 years. Cic. D<"i! : eF triceni bini viris attribuuntur, to men are assigned 32 teeth. PLIX. (3) In Compound Numbers above 100, the larger with or without et generally precedes the smaller: as,Leontinus Gorgias centum et septem complevit annos, Gorgias of Leontini completed 107 years. Cic. Olym- piade c ent.es i ma quarta-decima Lysippus fuit, Lysippus lived in the 114th Olympiad. PLIN. (4) The thousands are expressed either by prefixing the numeral G 3 130 NOTES ON ETYMOLOGY. Adverbs bis, ter, &c., to mille (chiefly in poetry), or by prefixing the Cardinal Numbers to millia : as, duo millia, tria millia, &c. Millia is generally followed by a Genitive : but if smaller numbers intervene between millia and the Substantive, the latter will often stand in the same case as the Numeral: as, Tria millia et septingenti pedites ierunt, 3700 infantry marched. Liv. (5) The Numbers above 100, 000 are expressed by the Numeral Adverbs joined to centum millia or centena millia, as stated in the following passage : Non erat apud antiques numerus ultra centum millia ; itaque et hodie multiplicantur haec, ut decies centena millia aut saepius dicantur. PUN. f. Unus is often used in Compound Numbers for primus. g. The Numbers compounded with 8 and 9 are commonly expressed by a subtraction of duo and unus from the next multiple of 10 : as, duodeviginti (duodevicesimus), 18; undeviginti (undevicesimus), 19; duodetriginta (duodetricesimus), 28; undetriginta (undetricesimus), 29 ; &c., &c.: duodecentum (duodecentesimus), 98; undecentum (unde- centesimus), 99. B. MONEY. a. The As (Libra), or pound of 12 ounces (nnoiae), was thus divided : Uncia = 1 oz. or of the As. Septunx = 7 oz. or T 7 ~of the As. Sextans =2 i Bes =8 Quadrans =3 J ,, Dodrans =9 f ,, Triens =4 | Dextans =10 | Quincunx =5 JL Deunx =11 II Semissis =6 ,, i b. Unciae usurae = T \ per cent, per month = 1 per cent, per annum. Sextantes = | ,, =2 etc. etc. etc. Asses usurae = 1 per cent, per month = 12 per cent, per annum. Asses usurae were also called centesimae ; and binae centesimae = 2 per cent, per month = 24 per cent., &c. Unciarium fenus was 1 uncia yearly per as = 8| per cent, per annum. c. Heres ex asse . . . means heir to the whole estate. Heres ex semisse, or . . "1 , . , , Heres ex dimidia parte . / " heir to i of the estate ' etc. etc. d. The Sestertius (Nummus), or Sesterce, was a silver coin equal to 2 asses, being \ of the Denarius (coin of 10 asses). Its symbol is HS. The Sestertium ( = 1000 sestertii) was not a coin, but a sum, and is only used in the Plural Number. Sestertia, in the Plural (also represented by HS.) joined with the Cardinal or Distributive Numbers, denotes so many lOOOnumi sestertii. The Numeral Adverbs, joined with (or understanding) sestertii (Gen. Sing.), sestertium, or HS., denote so many 100,000 sestertii: Thus HS.X = Sestertii decem, 10 sesterces. HS.X = Sestertia decem, 10,000 sesterces. S.X- Sestertium decies, 1,000,000 sesterces. TIME. 131 C. TIME. THE KOMAN CALENDAR. Every Roman month had three chief days : Kalondae (Calends), Nonae (Nones), Idus (Ides). The Calends were always the 1st day of the month ; the Nones were usually on the 5th ; the Ides on the 13th ; but in four months the Nones were on the 7th, the Ides on the 15th. March, May, July, October ; these are they Make Nones the 7th, Ides the 15th day. These three days, the Calends, Nones, and Ides, were taken as points, from which the other days were counted backwards. That is, the Romans did not say, such and such a day after, &c., but such and such a day before the Calends, or Nones, or Ides. The rules are: (1) For days before the Calends subtract the day of the month from the number of days in the month increased by two; (2) For days before the Nones or Ides subtract from the day on which they fall, increased by one. Examples. May 31, Pridio Kalendas Junias. 30, Ante diem tertium (a.d. III.) Kal. Jun. 11, ,, quintum (a.d. V.) Id. Mai. 2, ,, sextum (a.d. VI.) Non. Mai. fl MARTIUS, MAIUS, JULIUS, OCTO- BER, 31 Days. JANUARIUS,AUGUS- TUS, DECEMBER, 31 Days. APRILIS, JUNIUS, SEPTEMBER, NO- VEMBER, 30 Days. PEBRUARIUS, 28 Days in every fourth Year 29. 1 Kalendis Kalendis Kalendis > Kalendis 2 3 4 a.d. VI. ^ a.d. V. g a.d. IV. } g p a.d. IV. \ % a.d. III. \ Pridie j C-l a.d. IV. ) % a.d. III. \ Pridie J {3 r* a.d. IV. 1 a.d. III. Pridie j 53 5 a.d. III. 53 Noni s Nonis s Nonis 1 6 Pridie J w a.d. VIII. . a.d. VIII. a.d. VIII. x i ^ 7 Nonis i!! a.d. VII. } B a.d. VII. a.d. VII. ) r S* 8 a.d. VIII. . a.d. VI. CT3 a.d. VI. a.d. VI. 9 a.d. VII. ] a.d. V. V * a.d. V. S ^ a.d.V. Lj 10 a.d. VI. I , rt a.d. IV. ^ a.d. IV. S a.d. IV. M 11 a.d. V. )-, r^ a.d. III. t? a.d. III. fej a.d. III. 12 a.d. IV. ^ Q Pridie ' Pridie Pridie ; 18 a.d. III. o| Idibus Idibus Idibus 14 Pridie ' r a.d. XIX. \ ^ a.d. XVIII. \ V a.d. XVI. \ 15 Idibus a.d. XVIII. a.d. XVII. ., a.d. XV. 16 a.d. XVII. a.d. XVII. a.d. XVI. P a.d. XIV. 17 a.d. XVI. a.d. XVI. a.d. XV. a.d. XIII. 18 a.d. XV. ^ a.d. XV. *ri a.d. XIV. a.d. XII. 19 a.d. XIV. ^ a.d. XIV. cr a.d. XIII. a.d. XI. T. 1 20 a.d. XIII. a.d. XIII. a.d. XII. 1 a.d. X. r^ K 21 a.d. XII. C-l a.d. XII. a,d. XI. i a.d. IX. V g_ 22 a.d. XI. cP 5 a.d. XI. ? a.d. X. IB a.d. VIII. a * 23 a.d. X. "3 a.d. X. S 'C a.d. IX. S Q a.d. VII. w 24 a.d. IX. S >> a.d. IX. Is a.d. VIII. W * a.d. VI. 25 a.d. VIII. I s d a.d. VIII. W a.d. VII. a.d. V. 26 a.d. VII. 1-1 a.d. VII. ,._, a.d. VI. a.d. IV. 27 a.d. VI. M a.d. VI. P a.d. V. M a.d. III. 28 a.d. V. a.d. V. a.d. IV. S Pridie 29 a.d. IV. r 5 a.d. IV. a.d. III. 30 a.d. III. a.d. III. Pridie 31 Pridie I Pridie / [In Leap-year, Feb. 24th (a.d. VI. Kal. Mart.) was twice reckoned, hence this day was called DIES B.ISSEXTUS, and leap-year itself ANNUS BISSEXTUS.] 132 KOTES ON SYNTAX. A. Aulus C. GK Cn. Gn D. Decimus ' > Gaius ' > Gnaeus V. ABBREVIATIONS. (1) PRAENOMINA. K. Kaeso L. Lucius M. Marcus M'. Manius Mam. Mamercus P. Publius Q. Quintus S. (Sex.) Sextus Sei\ Servius Sp. Spurius T. Titus Ti. (Tib.) Tiberius. Note. A Roman of distinction had at least three names: the Praenomcn, individual name ; the Nomen, name showing the Gens or clan ; and the Cogno- men, surname showing the Familia or family. Thus, Lucius Jnnins Brutus expres- sed Lucius of the Gens Junia and Familia Brutorum. To these were sometimes added one or more Agnomina, titles either of honour (a? Africanus, Macedonicus, Magnus, &c.), or expressing that a person had been adopted from another Gens, as Aemilianus, applied to the younger Scipio Africanus, who was the son of L.' Paulus Aemilius, but adopted by a Scipio. The full name of the emperor Au- gustus (originally an Octavius) after he had been adopted by his uncle's will and adorned by the Senate with a title of honour, was Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus. A. I). Ante diem A. U. C. Anno urbis conditae Aed. Aedilis Cal. (Kal.) Calendae Cos. Consul Coss. Consules D. Divus Des. Designatus Eq. Rom. Equcs Ro- ma nus F. Filius (2) VARIA. HS. Sestertius, Ses- tertium Id. Idus Imp. Imperator L. Libra LL. Dupondius Non. Nonae 0. M. Optimus Ma- xim us P. C. Patres (et) Con- script! P. M. Pontifex Ma- ximus i P. R. Populus Roma- nus I PL Plebis I Proc. Proconsul | S. Senatus S. P. Q. R. Senatus Populusque Roma- nus S. C. Senatusconsultum S. D. P. Salutem dicit plurimam Tr. Tribunus. II. NOTES ON SYNTAX. I. AGREEMENT. 88-92. 156-180. A. The Subject (88) may be any Noun-term, 87. B. (1) The term Adjective ( 89) includes Participles and Adjectival Pronouns. (2) An Adjective agrees as Epithet with a Substantive: as Comple- ment with any Noun-term. !'3) Adjectives are used as Substantives ( 156) : 1. In the Masc. Sing. and PL, man or men being implied: as, amicus, a friend', sapiens, a wixe man ; stultus, a fool ; boni, good men ; multi, many ; ple- rique, most. 2. In the Neut. Sing, abstractly: as, Hone stum et utile, morality and expediency. Cic. Tristo lupus shibulis, the wolf is a bane to the stalls. VEBG. 3. In the Neut. PL, things being im- plied : as, multa, many things ; omnia, all things. AGREEMENT. 133 C. The term Substantive ( 90) includes all Noun-terms. A Sub- stantive may be in Apposition to any Noun-term, as Appositive Epithet or Complement. An Apposite usually agrees in Number also with its Noun, sometimes in Gender: as, Usus magister egregius. PLIN. Vita rustica parsimoniae magistra est. Cic. D. The use of the Eelative ( 91) may be illustrated by placing it between two Noun-terms, with the former of which it agrees in Gender, Number, and Person, with the latter in Case : as, (1) Vir quern virum vides rex est (Full Form). (2) Vir quern vides rex est (Usual Form). (3) ... quern virum vides rex est. (4) ... quern vides rex est. But it may refer to any Noun-term of any Person, as ego, nos, tu, vos, &C. E. Figures varying Agreement ( 1 08- 160) are : 1. Ellipsis, which omits words: (1) Pronouns, as Aiunt, they say\ (2) Substantives, as Falernum, Falernian (vinum, wine), gelida (aqua) cold water ; Ad Junonis, to Juno's (templum, temple). (3) Verbs, espe- cially the Copulants est, stint. See 158. The opposite of Ellipsis is Emphasis, which throws stress on words : as, Ego reges ejeei, vos tyrannos introducitis, / expelled kings, ye are bringing in tyrants. Liv. 2. Attraction, which removes Agreement from the usual word to some other : as, Amantinm irae amoris integratio est, the quarrels of lovers are the renewal of love. TER. ; where est agrees with the Com- plement integratio, not with the Subject iruo. 3. Synesis, which occurs when words have one Gender or Number in form, another in meaning, and when the construction is made to agree with the meaning: as, Capita conjurationis securi percussi sunt, the heads of the conspiracy ivere decapitated. Liv. Pars epulis onerant mensas, part load the tables with viands. VIRG. Singular Nouns with Plural sense, as pars, juventus, turba, multitude, nobilitas, plebs, populus, ci vitas, vulgus, etc., are called Collectiva, Colloctive Nouns, or Nouns of Multi tude. F. 1. A Composite Subject ( 92) is one which contains two or more Noun-terms. The rule holds good, whether the Nouns are linked by Conjunctions, or without Conjunctions (by Asyndeton), or united by the Preposition cum. So, Remo cum fratre Quirinus jura dabunt, Quirinus with his brother Remus will give laws. VIRG. 2. A Singular Verb may be used with a Composite Subject when the Nouns form one notion : as, Senatus populusque intelligit. Cic. 3. The Verb may agree with one of the Nouns, and be understood with the others : as, Convicta est Messalina et Silius, Messalina was con- victed, and iSilius. TAG. 4. As the first Person is prior to the second, and the second to the third, so the Masculine Gender is hold in Grammar superior to the feminine. (1.2.) (r. Upon Impersonal Verbs, see 157, also 75, &c. 134 NOTES ON SYNTAX. II. CASES OF SUBJECT AND COMPLEMENT. 93-94. A. These rules show (1) that the Subject of a Verb Finite is a Nomi- native ; (2) that the Subject of an Infinitive is an Accusative ; (3) that the Complement of a Copulative Verb, Finite or Infinitive, agrees, if a single Adjective, attributively with the Subject, if a single Substantive, appositively with the Subject, except in a few peculiar instances ( 108, 127). The Complement, in two examples of Rule 94, follows a Finite Copulative Verb, and agrees with a Nominative Subject; in two others it follows an Infinitive Copulative Verb, prolatively used, and agrees with a Nominative Subject ; in the last two it follows an Infini- tive Copulative Verb, obliquely used, and agrees with an Accusative Subject. B. The Verb sum may be completely Predicative, not Copulative, if it denotes absolute existence: as, Jam seges est, ubi Troja fuit, now corn is, where Troy was. Ov. III. THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. 9-5-103. A. When the Verb is Transitive ( 96), the construction is often without sense until a word is added to express that on which the Verb acts. This is called the Object (or Nearer Object), and stands in the Accusative Case. Thus Eomulus condidit, Romulus founded, is incomplete in sense until we add Komam, Rome. Transitive Verbs may be called Quid-Verbs. How to change a Transitive Active Sen- tence into Passive form, see XIV. E. 1. JB. (1) Transitive Verbs are sometimes used intransitively; as, Jam verterat fortuna, fortune had now turned. Liv. (2) More often In- transitive Verbs become transitive : as, Flet necem fili, he weeps for his son's death. (3) The Compound of an Intransitive Verb is often transitive: as, Hostes urbem circumsedent, the enemies surround the city. (4) Passive Verbs used reflexively sometimes become transitive, like Deponents : as, Exuitur cornua, she puts off her horns. Ov. Hence such constructions as Nodo sinus collecta fluentes, having gathered up in a knot her flowing folds. VIBG. C. The Verbs which take double Accusative (thing and person) ( 98) are doceo (and its compounds), rogo, interrogo, oro, exoro, posco, flagito, percontor, and, in Horace, lacesso. Sometimes celo, conceal. They may be called Quern-Quid Verbs. In Passive construction the Accusa- tive of the thing remains: Quid tu docearis a me litteras? why should you be taught letters by mel D. Factitive or Quid-Quale Verbs (99) are such as maybe said to make (facere) a thing to be of a certain character, by deed, word, or thought: as, (l)facio, efficio, reddo, praesto, creo, lego, eligo, &c. ; (2) dico, voco, memoro, praedico, nomino, nuncupo, declare, usurpo, appello, saluto, &c. ; (3) aestimo, numero, credo, existimo, puto, duco, judico, habeo, censeo, agnosco, invenio, reperio, deprehendo, &c., &c. They are the Active forms of those which in the Passive are Copulative Verbs. In their construction esse may be mentally supplied between the Object and Complement. Factitive Construction in the Passive becomes Copulative : Fis dea a nobis, Fortuna : A Romulo urbs sua Roma vpcata est, THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. 135 E. The Accusative of Respect or Nearer Description (100) is seldom used in prose, except when it contains Pronominal or semi-adverbial expressions: as, Illud doleo; Hoc laetor; Cetera assentior Crasso, in other things I agree with Crassus. Cic. F. (1) Many G-rammarians deem the original force of the Accusative Case to be, that it marks the limit or object of motion. 101. (2) The Prepositions in, ad, are generally used by prose writers, if motion to other places than towns or small islands is mentioned. IV, THE DATIVE CASE. 104-109. A. Words whose sense is incomplete without reference to a Eecipient (105) are called Trajective. Thus carus, dear, necessarily implies, dear to some one-, dare, to give, necessarily implies not only a thing given, but a person to whom it is given. Trajective words take a Dative of this object of reference. Verbs of this sort, if they take a Dative only (as parco, faveo, irascor, &c.), are purely Trajective or Cui-Verbs: if they take an Accusative also, they are Tr ajecti ve-Tr ansitive, or Cui- Quid Verbs, as do, narro, spondeo, &c. JB. The fundamental notion of the Dative (106) seems to be Nearness, with its opposite Remoteness. The First Class, then, of Trajective words is composed of those which contain the ideas of nearness and remoteness, presence and absence, affinity and non-affinity, custom and strangeness, fitness and unfitness, likeness and unliJceness, agreement and disagree- ment, union and disunion, comparison and contrast. Next, shewing and being shewn is the bringing near or being brought near to the eye, ear, or (generally) to the mind. Herein we include the Second Class, words of utterance and silence, narration and concealment, affirmation and denial, evidence and obscurity, persuasion and dissuasion. We are hence led on to the Third Class, a large body of words which express application or exhibition with the attendant notion of favour or dis- favour. These comprise words which express profit and harm, kind- ness and unkindness, bounty and stint, indulgence and grudging, help and obstruction, pleasing and displeasing, pardon and resentment, flat- tery and reviling, blessing and malediction, compliance and resistance, promise and menace, gift, loan, present, payment, dedication, find re- fusal ; deliver?/ and withdrawal ; faith and infidelity, trust and distrust, lawfulness and unlawfulness, ease and difficulty. There are yet a few words, which share something of the character of both the two last- mentioned classes, and may conveniently form a Fourth Class. These are words which express rule and subservience, command and obedience. C. The reason why many Verbs compounded with Particles (106 a.) become Trajective, is, that the Particle confers upon them one or other of the notions enumerated above : most frequently that of Nearness. D. The reason why a Dative of that /or which anything is or happens (Dativus Commodi vel Incommodi, 107) may be attached to almost any predication, is because almost any action or state may be attended with some result to some Recipient ; it may be for or against some one's interest ; in some way interesting to some one. Thusnubere means * to take the bridal veil/ and a bride is said, ' nubere viro,' ' to take the veil for her husband/ that is, ' to marry him.' Vacare means ' to be void/ pr ' empty;' hence, * to be disengaged for, 1 that is, ' to have leisure for */ 136 NOTES ON SYNTAX. as, vacare philosophiae. Such constructions are far-fetched examples of the Trajectiva Gratiae. Here, too, may be ranked the Dativus Ethicus, the Dative with sum, with Participles, Gerunds, &c. and perhaps the Dativus Rei pro Complemento. E. Some Adjectives in the classes named prefer the construction of ad with Accusative to that of the Dative : such are natus, aptus, utilis, idoneus, paratus, rudis, &c. as, Ad laudem et ad decus nati sumus, we are born to praise and glory. Cic. Others use in, erga, adversus : as, Acer in hostem, spirited against the foe. VIRG. Benignus erga te fui, / was kind towards you. PLAUT. Communis, proprius, affinis, similis, par, and some other Adjectives, take a Dative or a Genitive Case. F. Some Verbs belonging in sense to the classes named above (B) are Quid- Verbs, not Cui-Verbs, arid take Accusative and not Dative: as, juvo, jubeo, laedo, rego, guberno. Multos castra juvant, the camp delights many. Animum rege, rule the temper. HOB. Others use Dative or Accusative : as, tempero, moderor The construction of Verbs varies considerably, owing to the use of Prepositions and other causes. Thus we find donare alicui munus and donare aliquem mu- nere, invidere alicui, invidere rem alicui, invidere re aliquem. These varieties must be observed in reading. G. The English Prepositions chiefly used in rendering the Latin Da- tive are to and for. But after some Adjectives and Verbs (iratus, suc- censeo, &c.) with must be used ; after some Verbs (disto, aufero, &c.), from ; after many Compound Verbs, upon, into, or against. Others, as parco, placeo, displiceo, medeor, &c., are rendered without introducing an English Preposition. H. The Dative, after a Finite Passive Verb is rare: as, Non intellegor ulli, / am not understood by anybody. Ov. So is the Dative afrer a Verb of motion : as, It clamor caelo, a cry ascends to heaven. VIRG. V. THE ABLATIVE CASE. 110-125. A. When the Ablative stands without a Latin Preposition, it is ren- dered with the help of various English Prepositions; namely, I. Cause, by, for, from, through, with, at. II. Instrument, with, by. III. Manner : in, with, by. IV. Condition : with, in, upon. V. Quality : of, with. VI. Respect, in, by, with. VII. Value or Price : at, for, of, with. VIII. Measure : by, or no Preposition. IX. Matter: of, in, with, from, upon, for, or no Preposition. X. Time : at, in, within, or no Preposition. XI. A. Place by which: by, along, upon, through. B. Place where: at, in, upon (humi). G. Place from which: from. XII. (See Prepositions). XIII. Separation and Origin : from, of. XIV. Thing compared : than. B. The use of the Simple Ablative in most of these meanings is varied considerably by the introduction of Latin Prepositions. Thus Cause may be expressed by ab, de, ex, prae ; also by ob, per, propter, with Accusative. Agent requires a, ab; while Instrument is with- out Preposition. Manner without an Epithet requires 'cum,' (except in a few phrases, such as, vi, fraude, jure, injuria, ritu, silentio, arte, ordine, &c.). Thus, / speak with grief, or he writes with diligence, cannot be rendered dolore loquor, diligentia scribit, but cum dolore loquor (or dolens loquor), cum diligentia scribit (or diligenter scribit). THE ABLATIVE CASE. 137 If an Epithet is joined to this Ablative, the Preposition is often used, often omitted; and observation must determine the choice of con- struction : as, Cato summa contentione dixit, Cato spoke with the utmost energy. Cic. Magna cum cura atque diligentia scripsit, he wrote with great care and diligence. Cic. C. The Case of Quality, whether Ablative or Genitive, requires an Epithet. D. The Ablative of Price is used with Verbs and Adjectives implying sale, purchase, dearncss, cheapness, cost, &c. Muto, / change, may have Accusative of what is left, and Ablative of what is taken, or (in poetry) the converse. Thus mutare urbem exilio, and mutare urbe exilium may equally mean ' to quit the city and go into banishment? Pretio is often dropt: as, magno, dear; parvo, vili, cheap. E. The Ablative of Measure defines Verbs and Adjectives of Extent and Degree, especially Comparative and Superlative Words : and for this purpose in particular are used the Pronominal Ablatives hoc, eo, quo, altero, tanto, quanto, aliquanto : also paulo, multo, duplo, dimidio, nihilo, nimio, &c. : as, Quo plus habent, eo plus cupiunt, the more they have, the more they desire. F. The use of Prepositions in defining Time ( 120) is frequent: as, Sol binas in singulis annis reversiones facit, the sun makes two turns in each year. Cic. De die, before the close of day. De nocte, before the close of night. De multa nocte, long before the close of night. Sub ves- perum, on the approach of evening. Diem ex die expecto, / wait day after day. In is usually prefixed to an Ablative of time when a nume- ral Adverb is annexed: as. Quidam oves in anno bis tondent, some shear sheep twice a year. VARR. G. 1. Generally Place where ( 121 B.) is expressed with in: as, In portu navigo, / am sailing in harbour. SEN. In is omitted in certain phrases : as, loco (in the stead}, multis locis, pluribus locis, &c. ; hoc libro, alio libro, &c. ; terra marique ; or where totus is used : as, tota Asia, in all Asia, dextra (parte), on the right hand, laeva, sinistra, on the left hand. The poets are more free in the omission : as, Silvisque agrisque viisque corpora foeda jacent, in forests and fields and roads, lie revolting corpses. Ov. But this licence needs discrimination. When a work is quoted in is used : as, in Iliade Homeri ; in Andria Terentii ; in Gorgia Platonis; but when the author only is cited, apud', apud Homerum ; apud Terentium ; apud Platonem (in Homer, &c.). 2. That the seeming Genitive, Romae, Corinthi, &c., ( 121 B. a.) is not strictly such, was perceived by ancient Grammarians, who call it an Adverb. But if we notice that it ends in i, Romai (Romae), militiai (militiae) Mileti, domi, humi, belli ; and compare the old forms of place in the Third Declension ending in i, ruri, Lacedaemoni NEP. ; Cartha- gini Liv. ; Tiburi Cic., &c. ; we cannot doubt the original existence in the Latin language, as in the Sanskrit, of a Locative Case ending in i Singular, in s Plural. 3. Prepositions are much used with names of towns : as, In Epheso est. In Ephesum abii. Ex Epheso hue litteras misi, / sent a letter to this place from Ephesus. PLAUT. Has litteras a Brundisio dedit, this letter he dated from Brundisium. Cic. 138 NOTES ON SYNTAX. H. The usage of Verbs and Participles of Separation and Origin (123) must be carefully observed, some of them taking or omitting the Preposition in prose : as, arceo, cedo, moveo, pello, prohibeo, summoveo, removeo : others requiring a Preposition in prose, but not in poetry ; as, alieno, discedo, disjungo, dispello, disto, divello, repello, reporto, rejicio, segrego, secerno, separo, &c. The chief Participles are natus, prognatus, satus, cretus, creatus, editus, oriundus, &c. K. 1. The Case of the word with which the Ablative is compared (124) is much oftener a Nominative than an Accusative. In com- parison with other cases quam must be used : as, Nulli flebilior quam tibi, Vergili, to none more a cause of weeping than to thee, Vergilius. HOB. Flagiti magis nos pudet quam erroris, we are more ashamed of the crime than of the blunder. Cic. And, in general, for the sake of per- spicuity : as, Segnius homines bona quam mala sentiunt, men feel bless- ings less keenly than evils. Liv. 2. After plus, amplius, minus, an ellipse of quam often occurs before Numerals : as, Romani paulo plus sexcenti ceciderunt, of the Romans rather more than 600 fell. Lrv. Unus is omitted : as, Quinctius tecum plus annum vixit, Quinctius lived with you more than a year. Cic. L. 1. The Ablative Absolute ( 125) being an abridged Clause, the Participle may often be transformed into a Finite Verb with Con- junction. Thus, in the example, Regibus exactis = postquam reges exacti sunt. 2. A common instance of Substantive put Absolutely with Substan- tive is that of consule or consulibus: as, Caninio consule scito neminem prandisse, in the consulship of Caninius you must know that nobody dined. Cic. VI. THE GENITIVE CASE. 126-136. A. 1. The Genitive is Subjective when it limits a Noun like an Attribute ; Objective when it limits it like an Object. It is the same thing to say, Sullanus exercitus, or Sullae exercitus, the army of Sulla ; flamen Martialis, or flamen Martis, tJie priest of Mars ; on the other hand, cupido pecuniae is nearly the same as cupere pecuniam. But Adjectives are even used for the Objective Genitive : as, bellum regium for bellum contra regem ; timor externus for timor exterorum. So the Possessive Pronouns; as, Desiderium ve strum ferre non possum, I cannot bear the want of you. Cic. 'Native of a place' is expressed by an Adjective derived from the place : as, Dionysius Halicarnas- seus, for Dionysius Halicarnassi natus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus. 2. The Possessive Genitive is rendered in English either by of or the Genitive in 's : as, Philippi filius, ' son of Philip] or 'Philip's son.* 3. Instar (an undeclined Substantive meaning likeness) stands (with a Genitive) in apposition to a Substantive : as, Instar montis equum, a horse resembling a mountain, VIRG. B. (1) Some suppose interest to be for inter rem est, refert for rem fert, and mea, &c., to be corruptions of meam, &c. ( 129). (2) These Verbs may be qualified by the Genitives of Value, magni, parvi, pluris, tanti, quanti: as, Utriusque nostrum magni interest ut te videam, it is of great importance to both of us that I see you. Cic. THE GENITIVE CASE. 139 C. 1. The Genitivus Rei Distributae ( 130) and Genitivus Eei De- mensae ( 131) are so far the same, as that each is a divided whole ; but the former is numerically or quotatively divided, the latter quanti- tatively : the former is Plural unless it be a Collective Noun ; the latter usually, but not always, Singular. The Partitive words which distribute the former Genitive are (a) Pronominals : as, alius, alter, uter, uterque, utervis, uterlibet, ullus, nullus, nemo, plerique, multi, pauci, ceteri, reliqui, solus, qui, quis, quicumque, quisquis, quisque, unus- quisque, tot, quot, quctcumque, quotusquisque, quisnam, quisquam, ali- quis, quidam, quispiam, &c. (/3) Numerals, Cardinal and Ordinal : unus, primus : duo, secundus, &c. ; also princeps, medius. (7) Com- parative and Superlative Adjectives; the former distributing two things: as, Major Neronum ; or one class into two parts : as, Avium loquaciores, the noisier sort of birds. PLIN. Also Superlative Adverbs, in which Gender cannot appear. (5) Any Adjective, Participle, or Substantive which can imply a distributive meaning : as, Sancte deorum ; lecti juvenum; piscium feminae. 2. Partitives are sometimes attracted in Gender from the Genitive to the Subject: as, Indus est omnium fluminum maximus, the Indus is the largest of all rivers. Cic. Or varied by Synesis : asDulcissime rerum, dearest of beings. HOR. 3. A Collective Noun is distributed: as, Plato totius Graeciae doctissimus fuit, Plato was the most learned man of all Greece. Cic. 4. This Genitive forms a Complement: as, Fies nobilium tu quoque f ontium, thou too shalt become one of the renowned fountains. HOR. 5. Adverbs of Place, ubi, quo, eo, nusquam, &c. are Partitively used with the Genitives gentium, locorum, terrarum, &c. : as, Nusquam gentium, nowhere in the world. Liv. 6. Primus, ultimus, summus, imus, extremus, and other like Ad- jectives are used as Epithets with Partitive force: as, Prim a luce summus mons a Labieno tenebatur, at break of day the top of the mountain was occupied by Labienus. CAES. D. Among Quantitative words governing a Genitive (131) are, nihil, satis, affatim, abunde, nimis, partim, minus, minimum, parum, aliud, id, illud, hoc, idem, quod, quid, aliquid, quidquid, quidquam, multum, plus, plurimum, tantum, quantum, aliquantum, nimium, dimidium. They are usually rendered in English as agreeing with the thing measured : as, nimium pecuniae (too much money); nihil mali (no evil). They may also be followed by the Genitive of an Adjective of the Second Declen- sion ; but an Adjective of the Third is commonly put in the same Case with the word of Quantity : as, Ne quid falsi dicere audeas, ne quid veri non audeas, you should dare to say nothing false, nothing true not dare to say. Cic. Nee viget quicquam simile aut secundum, and no- thing exists like or in second rank. HOR. E. Among poetic Genitives ( 135) are these: (1) Cause: as, Lauda- bat leti juvenem, he praised the young man for his death. (2) Re- spect : as, seri studiorum, late in your studies. (3) Dominion: as, Daunus agrestium regnavit populorum, Daunus ruled over rustic tribes, &c. 140 NOTES ON SYNTAX. VII. THE VERB INFINITE. 140-144. A. The Infinitive used in direct predication ( 140, 2.) is called the Historic Infinitive. It appears in poetry as well as in prose narrative, () in passages descriptive of strong emotion ; (b) where various actions take place simultaneously or in immediate sequence ; (c) in actions in- terrupted, and from time to time repeated. It is analogous to the ellipse of the Copula ; in fact, both constructions occur together : as, Ceterum facies totius negoti varia, incerta, foeda atque miserabilis ; dispersi a suis pars cedere, alii insequi: neque signa neque ordines obser- vare: ubi quemque periculum ceperat, ibi resist ere ac propul- sare; arma, tela, equi, viri, hostes, cives permixti; nihil consilio neque imperio agi; fors omnia regere, now the aspect of the whole affair was confused, indecisive, shocking, and pitiable. Parties scattered from their comrades were some retiring, others advancing ; observing neither standards nor ranks ; where peril encountered each man, there was he resisting and repelling ; arms, darts, steeds, men, Joes, country- men were intermingled ; nothing was proceeding by counsel or command ; chance directed all. SALL. This Infinitive is not Present, but Im- perfect. B. 1. The Infinitive is called Prolative when it carries on the con- struction of Verbs which express ability, desire, custom, beginning, ceasing, seeming, being thought, being said, &c. ; as, possum, queo, nequeo, debeo, volo, nolo, malo, aveo, cupio, gestio, amo, soleo, coepi, incipio, statuo, pergo, conor, meditor, paro, cesso, desino, videor, putor, credor, feror, dicor, trador, memoror, &c. Among these Verbs, those which are Copu- lative (videor, credor, existimor, putor, dicor, narror, feror, trador, re- perior, arguor, &c.) are used personally with a Prolative Infinitive rather than impersonally with Accusative and Infinitive. Thus it is better Latin to say, Videtur errasse Cicero, than Videtur errasse Cicer- onem; Dicitur Homer us caecusfuisse, than DiciturHomerum caecum fuisse. The Participle Passive is often found in poetry after such Verbs with an ellipse of esse : as Fertur Prometheus coactus, &c., Prometheus is said to have been compelled, &c. HOR. The law of this construction should be carefully observed. 2. The construction of a Prolative Infinitive with Adjectives abounds in poetry, especially lyric; as, Audax omnia perpeti, bold to endure all things. HOR. Fruges consumere nati, born to consume the fruits. HOR. In the best prose it is used but with few words ; as, Paratus, assuetus, &c. ; but Tacitus adopts it freely. C. Under the Dative Gerund ( 141, 3.) note the phrase, non esse sol- vendo, to be insolvent ; and the use of the Dative Gerund and Gerundive in describing functions of office ; as, Triumviri agro dando, triumvirs for assigning land, &c. D. The Transitive Gerund is not always attracted ( 143): as, Efferor studio pat res vestros videndi, I am rapt with the desire of seeing your sires. Cic. Especially when a Neuter Pronoun or Adjective is the- Object: as, Pars honesti versatur in tribuendo suum cuiquo, one branch of morality lies in giving each his own. Cic. Parva non con- temnendo majores nostri maximam hanc rem fecerunt, by not despising small things our ancestors made this commonwealth very great. LTV. But, as a general rule, the Gerundive attraction is used. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. 141 VIII. THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. 145. A. Personal and Possessive Pronouns of the First and Second Per- sons may be used reflexively ; that is, they may be referred to a Subject of their own Person. But so and suus differ from the rest, inasmuch as they cannot be used unless there be a Noun of their own (the Third) Person, expressed or understood, to which they are referred. Although we can say amat me, he loves me; amat te, he loves thee; we cannot say, amo se, amas se, butamo eum, I love him; amas eum, thou lovest him; not culpo suum factum, but culpo ejus factum, I blame his deed. B. The reference of se or suus to the Object is not ambiguous (a) if the Pronoun is an adjunct to the Subject, as in the first and third ex- amples under 145, a. ; (b) if the Subject is not of the Third Person, as in the second example ; (. Quominus, quin, require special notice. (1) Quominus ( = ut eo minus) follows Verbs and Phrases expressing impediment. (2) Quin ( = qui non) follows Negative expressions and Interrogations. (3) Quin ( = quod non) follows Negative and Interroga- tive expressions of doubt, prevention, prohibition, &c. Examples; (1) Nihil obstat quominus earn, Nothing stops me from going. Per me stetit quominus ires, I was the cause of your not going. (2) Quis est quin float ? Who is there but weeps ? Nemo fuit quin fleret, There was none but wept. (3) Nihil dubito quin gaudeant, I have no doubt they rejoice. Nihil dubitabam quin gauderent, 2 had no doubt they rejoiced Quid causae est quin gaudeant ? What reason is there why they shall not rejoice! XIII. CONSECUTION OF TENSES. A. Examples of Consecution (see those in XI., XII ). I quid ajras, quid egeris, quid acturus sis. Quaeram I H Quaerebam \ Quaesivi [quid ageres, quid egisses, quid acturus esses. QuaesiveramJ ADDITAMENTA MEMORABILIA. 145 B. If the Perfect is Present-Past (/ have inquired}, it is strictly a Primary Tense, and should have Primary Consecution ; but Cicero generally constructs it, even in that sense, with Historic Consecution. XIV. ADDITAMENTA MEMORABILIA. A. Negatives : . a. Non, haud, deny: ne prohibits. Haud is chiefly used with Ad- jectives and Adverbs : as, res haud dubia ; haud temere, &c. And with a few Verbs : as, haud scio, haud dubito. b. Ne . . . quidem has the emphatic word or words between the Par- ticles : as, Ne tu quidem, not even you. Either the Verb precedes with another Negative : as, Non praetereundum est ne id quidem, even that should not be passed over. Cic. ; or it follows without one: as, Ne ad Catonem quidem provocabo, I will not appeal even to Cato. Cic. Ne- dum, with Subjunctive, shows that something is denied a fortiori, when compared with what was denied before. See 147. c. The Pronominal words quisquam, ullus, unquam, usquam, &c., are used with a Negative or Dubitative Particle : as, non, haud, si, num, &c., quisquam, ullus, &c. The Negative is contained in nemo (ne-homo), nullus (ne ullus), nunquam, nusquam, nequiquam, nequaquam, &c. d. In Negative Consecutive Clauses are used ut non, ut nemo, ut nullus, ut nunquam, ut nusquam, &c.; but in Final Clauses ne, ut ne, ne quis, ut ne quis, ne quando, ut ne quando, ne quo, ut ne quo, &c. e. Non quod (generally), non quo, non quin (always), take a Sub- junctive. /. For et nemo, write nee quisquam ; for et nihil, neque quicquam ; for et nullus, neque ullus ; for et nunquam, neque unquam, &c. ; for aio non, nego. g. Neque (nee) is used for et non, except when the negative emphasis falls on a single word : as, Quaestio difficilis est et non profutura. h. Non nihil, something; nihil non, everything; non nunquam, some- times ; nunquam non, always, &c. ; non potui non ire, I could not but go. 23. Single and Double Questions. a. Single : Nonne expects the answer Yes ; num, the answer No ; -ne is indifferent ; an often implies surprise, expecting a nega- tive answer. b. Double. The forms are : utrum an (or} num an (or) -ne an (or) an, anne (or). A negation in the second member is annon or necne. a. Qualis est tua mens? potesne dicere? What sort of thing is your mind ? can you tell ? Cic. An tu me tristem esse putas? Do you think I am downcastt PLAUT. Num negare audes ? Do you venture to deny ? Cic. Canis nonne similis lupo est ? Is not a dog like a wolf? Cic. b. Haec utrum abundantis an egentis signa sunt? Are these the tokens of one who abounds or lacks ? Cic. H 146 NOTES ON SYNTAX. Num. duas habetis patrias an est illapatriacommunis? Have you two countries, or is this your common country? Cic. Romamne venio an hie maneo an Arpinum fugio ? J90 / come to Rome, or stay here, or flee to Arpinum ? Cic. Quaeram justum sit necne poema, / will enquire whether it be a true poem or not. HOB. C. Prepositions : a. T en us follows its Case, which is often a Genitive : as, Tauro tenus, as far as Mount Taurus', nutricum tenus, as far as the breasts. b. Ante, circa, circum, circiter, citra, extra, infra, intra, juxta, pone, post, prope, supra, ultra, clam, coram, palam, super, subter, may be used as Adverbs. c. Among idiomatic Phrases formed by Prepositions, observe : (1) Ad : ad tempus, for a time ; ad multam noctem, till late at night ; ad unum, to a man ; ad tibiam canere, to sing to the flute; ad hoc, further- more ; ad extremum, at the last ; ad summum, in fine ; ad verbum, word for word ; ad unguem, to a nicety ; ad amussim, accurately ; ad decem annos, ten years hence ; servi ad remum, sla ves for rowing ; adjudices, before the judges ; insignis ad laudem, eminent in renown ; nihil ad te, nothing compared with you. (2) Per: per noctem, during the night; per litteras, by letter; per jocum, in jest; per deos te oro, I pray you by the gods; per me licet, I give leave ; res per se expetenda, a thing in itself desirable. (3) A, ab : a fronte, in the van; a tergo, in the rear; a millibus passuum duobus, two miles off; prope abest a mari, he is near the sea; philosophus a Platone, a Platonic philosopher ; hoc a me facit, this is on my side ; proximus a rege, next to the king ; ab animo aeger sum, I am sick at heart ; a doetrina instructus, well informed ; servus a pedibus, a footman; a manu, an amanuensis. (4) De: de nocte, in the night ; de die, in the daytime ; de meo, from my own purse ; de marmore, of marble ; de more, according to custom ; de industria, on purpose ; de novo, afresh ; justis de causis, for good reasons ; de Parthis triumphavit, he triumphed over the Parthians, (5) E, ex: diem ex die, day after day; ex pedibus laborat, he has the gout in his feet; e repub- lica,/0r the good of the state; heres ex asse, universal heir ; ex impro- viso, by surprise ; ex tempore, offhand ; e vestigio, suddenly ; e regione Massiliae, opposite Marseilles. (6) Prae: prae me beatus es, you are happy compared with me; prae dolor e tacet, he is silent from grief. (7) Pro: pro foribus, before the door; pro certo,./br a fact ; pro viribus, according to one's powers ; pro tua humanitate, such is your courtesy ; pro re nata, in existing circumstances; pro eo ac potui, according to my ability. (8) In: a. frumentum binis assibus in modium, corn at two asses a peck ; dormire in lucem, to slqep till daylight ; vocat me ad cenam in hortos in proximum diem, he invites me to dine the next day in his pleasure-grounds ; in hunc modum locutus est, he spoke in this wise ; in praesens, for the time being ; in horas, from hour to hour ; in aeternum, for ever ; in universum, generally ; in vicem, in turns. /8. in incerto, in doubt ; in praesenti, at this moment ; is in aere meo est, he is in my debt; hie non modo in aere alieno nullo, sed in suis numis multis est, this man is not only out of debt, but has much ready money of his own ; films in manu patris, a son in his father *s power ; in tua manu hoc est, this is in your power. ADDITAMENTA MEMORABILIA. 147 D. Participles: a. The Participles are important elements in Latin, as in Greek, con- struction. But the Latin language is less rich in Participles than the Greek. b. A Participle is the Attribute of one that acts, or has acted, or will act ; of one that is being acted on, or has been acted on, or will be acted on : to which we must add, of one that is meet for being acted on. A Greek Verb regularly and fully conjugated has Participles (in- cluding the Verbal in reos) representing all these categories ; but Latin Verbs with Active and Passive Conjugation have the first, third, fifth, and seventh (the Present Act., Future Act., Perfect Pass., and Gerun- dive) Participles, but want the second, fourth, and sixth, that is, the Perfect Active, Present Pass., and Future Pass. Participles. For the Gerundive must not be regarded as Future, though it may in some places contain the notion of future time. c. Deponent Verbs Intransitive have three Participles : Present and Future, both of which are Active in form and sense, and Perfect, which is Passive in form, but Active in sense: as, labor, labens, lapsurus, lapsus. To these, Transitive Deponents add the Gerundive in dus : as, patior, patiens, passurus, passus, patieudus. d. The want of a Perfect Participle Act., in Active Verbs, is sup- plied in Latin either by the Finite Verb Active, with Eelative or Par- ticle, or by an Ablative Absolute Passive: as, Tarquinium regem qui non tulerim, Sicinium feram ? Having refused to endure Tarquin as king, shall I endure Sicinius 1 Liv. Alexander, quum interemisset Clitum, vix a se manus abstinuit, Alexander -, having slain Clitus, hardly refrained from suicide. Cic. Pompeius, captis Hierosolymis, victor ex illo fano nihil attigit, Pompeius, having taken Jerusalem, in the very hour of victory, meddled with nothing belonging to that temple. Cic. e. The want of a Present Participle Passive is supplied by the Finite Passive Verb with Relative or Particle: as, Pueri, qui quum dum docentur, discunt = Greek ol TrcuSes 8:5cunc) sometimes takes the place of an Iambus, except in the two last feet. Scheme. 123 456 _ w _ Examples. Labfm|tur al|tis n In|terim | ripis | aquae. Camdi|a brevi|biis n im| plica |ta vi| peris. Positos|que ver]nas n dl|tis ex | amen | domus. The usual Caesura is after the first syllable of the third foot. Another, less usual, is after the first syllable of the fourth foot; as, Ibe|ricis | perus]te n fu|nibus | latus. The Trimeter may form a distinct measure. 152 NOTES ON PROSODY. (b) Iambic Dimeter. This Verse leaves out the third and fourth feet of the Trimeter, with which it is used to form an Iambic Distich ; as, Pater|na ru|ra bo|bus ex|ercet | siiis, S61u|tiis 6m|ni fe|nore. Horace uses this and also the single Trimeter in his Epodes. C. The Sapphic Stanza : This Stanza contains four lines. The three first are the same Verse repeated (Sapphicus Minor). The fourth is called Versus Adonius. Scheme. Example. 1. Oti|um di | vos rogat | in pa|tenti 2. Prensus | Aegae|6 simiil | atra | nubes 3. Condi|dit lu|nam neque | certa | fulgent 4. Sid era | nautis. D. The Alcaic Stanza : This Stanza contains four lines : of which the two first are similar. Scheme. 4. - Example. Eheu | fuga|ces | Postume | Postiimo Labun|tiir an|m | nee pie|tas moram BugTs | et m|stanti | senec|tae Aiferet | Indomi | taeque | morti. Models of the Sapphic and Alcaic Stanzas, with other Lyric Metres, are found in the Odes of Horace. Kules for their elegant construction are given in the Grammar. ''153 GLOSSARIUM GRAMMATiCUM. [N. E., Notes on Etymology. N. S., Notes on Syntax. N. P., Notes on Prosody. An Asterisk marks the new terms adopted in this Book.] A. Ablativus (auferre, to take away], the Ablative Case, so called from one of its uses (Departure). 110-125. See Case. Absolutus Ablativus (absolvere, to release} , the Ablative Absolute, be- cause it stands released, as it were, from government. 125. Accusativus (accusare, to accuse}, the Accusative Case, because the ac- cused is the Object of prosecution. Gr. cuTiarud) irruxns. 95. Activa Vox (agere, to do), the Active Voice of Verbs, expresses 'doing/ Adjectivum, Adjective (quod adjidtur Substantivo). Gr. iviQerov, epithet. 32, 87, 89. Adjectival Clauses. N. S. xn. Adverbial Clauses. N. S. xi. Adverbium, Adverb, 'quia ad Verbum est f Gr. brlpprtpa. 9,37,82. Alphabet, the Letters of a language, from Alpha, Beta (A, B), the two first letters in Greek, 1. *Annexive Relation, that by which one word is annexed to another, so as to take the same construction. 146. Anomala, Irregular Words, Gr. a*>cfyta\a (a, not ; fyxaXos, even). 25, 78. Apodosis (airoSiStWi, to render back), a Principal Sentence limited by a Clause called Protasis (wporcfwp, to stretch before). N. S. xi. .#. Appositum (apponere, to place beside), an Apposite, or Substantive placed beside another in Qualitative relation* 87, 90. See Attributum. Asyndeton (a, not, an impressed mark), usually means the last letter of the Stem of an inflected word. 11. Circumstantive Relation, the relation in which a Word or Phrase stands to the Verb when it modifies it adverbially. Such is that of Ad- verbs, Prepositions with their Cases, the Ablative Case always, the Accusative Case often. Clausula (claudere, to inclose), a Clause. This term is used to express any Subordinate Sentence. Co-ordinate Sentences are also called Clauses, but are not discussed in elementary Grammar. See Enthesis. Collectiva (colligere, to gather together), Collective Nouns or Nouns of Multitude. N. S. i. E. 3. Comparativa Clausula, a Comparative Clause : an Adverbial Clause in- troduced by quasi, tanquam, ut si, &c. 152. N. S. xi. * Complementum (complere, to complete), the Complement, that which completes the construction of a Simple Sentence, when its Verb is Copulative. 87,93. N.S. n. See Predicate. *Compositum Subjectum, a Composite Subject. 92. N. S. I. F. Concessiva Clausula (concedere, to grant), a Concessive Clause, an Ad- verbial Clause introduced by etsi, quamvis, &c. 152. N. S. xi. A. Conditionalis Clausula (conditio, a condition), the Protasis of a Condi- tional Sentence. 152. N.S. xi. B. Congruentia (congruere, to agree), Agreement. 88-92. Conjugatio (conjugare, to yoke together), the Flexion of Verbs. 11, 48. Conjunctio (conjungQTe, to unite). Conjunction. Gr. ffvvfieafjios. 85, 152. Conjunctivas Modus, Conjunctive Mood ; the Mood of contingent state- ment, used purely or subjurictively. 42, 65, 148. N. S. ix. Consecutio Temporum (consequi, to ensue), Consecution of Tenses. 155. N.S. xm. Consecutiva Clausula, a Consecutive Clause ; an Adverbial Clause de- noting consequence, introduced by ut, so that. 152. N.S. xi. A. Consonantes Litterae (consonare, to sound with), Consonants. 3. SCHEME OF THE CONSONANTS. MUTES LIQUIDS i SPIRANTS 6 49 1 DOUBLE 1 ^ * o o3 1 pa