TN 279 ASTING AND OUARR YING UC-NRLF WHALE'S SCIENTIFIC SirJ, BURG0] : Bart. REESE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. eceive J Sfe Dece ^Accessions No. / / 3j&O> CLns No. o Foundations and Concrete Work. E. DOBSON . 1/6 Pneumatics. C. TOMLINSON 1/6 Land & Engineering Surveying. T. BAKER . . 2/- MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, &c. Engineering Drawing. J. MAXTON . . . . 3/6 Fuels, Analysis and Valuation. H. J. PHILLIPS . 2/- Fuel. C. W. WILLIAMS & D. K. CLARK . . .3/6 Boilermaker's Assistant. J. COURTNEY . . . 2/- Boilermaker's Ready Reckoner. J. COURTNEY . 4/- Boilermaker's Ready Reckoner and Assistant . . 7/- Steam Boilers. R. ARMSTRONG 1/6 Steam and Machinery Management. M. P. BALE. 2/6 Steam and the Steam Engine. D. K. CLARK . . 3/6 Steam Engine, Theory of. T. BAKER . . . 1/6 Steam Engine. Dr. LARDNER 1/6 Locomotive Engines. G. D. DEMPSEY& D.K.CLARK . 3/- Locomotive Engine Driving. M. REYNOLDS . . 3/6 Stationary Engine Driving. M. REYNOLDS . . 3/6 Model Locomotive Engineer. M. REYNOLDS . . 3/6 Modern Workshop Practice. J. G. WINTON . . 3/6 Mechanical Engineering. F. CAMPIN . . . . 2/6 Details of Machinery. F. CAMPIN . . . . 3/- Elementary Marine Engineering. J. S. BREWER . 1/6 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, 7, Stationers' Hall Court, EX:. WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL SERIES. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, &c. eontd. Sewing Machinery. J. W. URQUHART . . . . 2/- Power of Water. J. GLYNN 2/- Power in Motion. J. ARMOUR 2/- Iron and Heat. J. ARMOUR 2/6 Mechanism and Machines. T. BAKER & J. NASMYTH 2/6 Mechanics. C. TOMLINSON 1/6 Cranes and Machinery. J. GLYNN . . . . 1/6 Smithy and Forge. W. J. E. CRANE . . .2/6 Sheet-Metal Worker's Guide. W. J. E. CRANE . . 1/6 MINING & METALLURGY. Mineralogy. A. RAMSAY 3/6 Coal and Coal Mining. Sir W. W. SMYTH . . . 3/6 Metallurgy of Iron. H. BAUERMAN . . . 5/- Mineral Surveyor's Guide. "W. LINTERN . . . 3/6 Slate and Slate Quarrying. D. C. DAVIES . . 3/- Mining and Quarrying. J. H. COLLINS . . . 1/6 Subterraneous Surveying. T. FENWICK & T. BAKER 2/6 Mining Tools. W. MORGANS 2/6 Plates to ditto. 4to 4/6 Physical Geology. PORTLOCK & TATE . . . 2/- Historical Geology. R. TATE 2/6 The above 2 vols., bound 1 together .... 4/6 Electro-Metallurgy. A. WATT 3/6 NAVIGATION, SHIPBUILDING, &c. Navigation. J. GREENWOOD & W. H. ROSSER . . 2/6 Practical Navigation. GREENWOOD, ROSSER & LAW . y/- Navigation and Nautical Astronomy. J. R. YOUNG 2/6 Mathematical & Nautical Tables. LAW & YOUNG . 4/- Masting and Rigging. R. KIPPING . . . . 2/- Sails and Sailmaking. R. KIPPING . . . .2/6 Marine Engines. R. MURRAY & G. CARLISLE . . 4/6 Iron Ship-Building. J. GRANTHAM . . * . . 4/- Naval Architecture. J. PEAKE 3/6 Ships, Construction of. H. A. SOMMERFELDT . . 1/6 Plates to ditto, 4to 7/6 Ships and Boats. W. BLAND 1/6 C ROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON, 7, Stationers' Hall Court, E.G. WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL SERIES. AGRICULTURE & GARDENING. Fertilisers & Feeding Stuffs. DR. B. DYER . . i/- Draining and Embanking. PROF. J. SCOTT . .1/6 Irrigation and Water Supply. PROF. J. SCOTT . . 1/6 Farm Roads, Fences, and Gates. PROF. J. SCOTT . 1/6 Farm Buildings. PROF. J. SCOTT 2/- Barn Implements and Machines. PROF. J. SCOTT . 2/- Field Implements and Machines. PROF. J. SCOTT . 2/- Agricultural Surveying. PROF. J. SCOTT . . .1/6 The above 7 vols., bound together . . . I2/- Farm Management. R. S. BURN . . . .2/6 Landed Estates Management. R. S. BURN . . 2/6 Farm & Landed Estates Management. R. S. BURN 6/~ Farming Soils, Manures, and Crops. R. S. BURN 2/- Farming Outlines Farming Economy. R.S.BURN $/- Farming Oatt I e, Sheep, and Horses. R. S. BURN 2/6 Farming Dairy, Pigs, and Poultry. R. S. BURN . 2/- Farm ing Sewage & Irrigation. R. S. BURN . . 2/6 The above 5 vols., bound together . . . . I2/- Book-keeping for Farmers. J. M. WOODMAN . 2/6 Ready Reckoner for Land. A. ARMAN . . . 2/- Miller's & Farmer's Ready Reckoner , . . 2/- Hay and Straw Measurer. J. STEELE . . . . 2/- Meat Production. J. EWART 2/6 The Sheep. W. C. SPOONER 3/6 Multum-in-Parvo Gardening. S. WOOD . . . i/- Forcing Garden. S. WOOD 3/6 Market and Kitchen Gardening. C. W. SHAW . 3/- Kitchen Gardening. G. M. F. GLENNY. . . . 1/6 Cottage Gardening. E. HOBDAY . . . .1/6 Garden Receipts. C. W. QUIN 1/6 Potatoes : How to Grow. J. PINK . . . . 2/- Culture of Fruit Trees. M. Du BREUIL . . . 3/6 Tree Planter & Plant Propagator. S. WOOD . 2/- Tree Pruner. S. WOOD 1/6 Tree Planter, Propagator, & Pruner. S. WOOD . 3/6 Grafting and Budding. C. BALTET .... 2/6 Bees for Pleasure & Profit. G. G. SAMSON . . i/- CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, 7, Stationers' Hall Court, E.G. A TREATISE ON THE BLASTING AND QUARRYING I OF STONE FOR BUILDING AND OTHER PURPOSES WITH THE CONSTITUENTS AND ANALYSES OF GRANITE, SLATE LIMESTONE, AND SANDSTONE TO WHICH IS ADDED SOME REMARKS ON THE BLOWING UP OF BRIDGES BY GEN. SIR JOHN BURGOYNE, BART., K.C.B. (fiftitum LONDON CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL 1895 *. ADVERTISEMENT. THE importance of blasting, almost the only im- provement which modern science has placed at the disposal of the quarry man to lessen his toil, has already exhausted several editions of this treatise ; and the practical knowledge brought to bear on the subject by General Burgoyne, which it communi- cates, is so highly appreciated by all connected with stone and slate quarries, that a reissue of the treatise is again called for. To the fifth edition an Appendix was added by Mr. Weale, containing some account of the failure of the attempts to blow up the unfinished bridge of Pesth by the Austrians in 1848 ; and of a like unsuccessful attempt by the same to blow up the bridge over the Ticino, near Magenta, in 1859. The first was communicated by the late Mr. William Tierney Clark, the engineer of the bridge ; and the second is from the pen of General Burgoyne. Mr. Weale also added the parliamentary speech of Captain Vernon when calling the attention of IV AD V E RTISEM EN T. the House of Commons to the " Services of the Royal Engineers in the Crimea." That speech will ever be read with interest as a tribute justly paid to the skill and discernment of General Burgoyne during that campaign, more particularly as regards the siege of Sebastopol. By way of Appendix Mr. Mallet has added a note upon " Mechanical Rock-boring and Cutting," as pursued at the Mont Cenis Tunnel, now in progress, and upon " Rock-hewing Machinery" employed upon various coal-seams in the north, and at the Holy head Quarries, where the rock is quartzite. To this edition a general Index is also now added. January, 1868. CONTENTS. PART I. QUAEEYING AND BLASTING EOCKS. PAUI INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS . ... . . 1 BORING THE HOLES ^ Y 2 Results in Granite Quarries at Dalkey, 2. Churn Jumpers, 3. Boring with Augers, 4. German Boring Apparatus, 5. Position of the Holes, 5. Line of Least Resistance, 5. Charge of Powder required, 6. Best Positions in which to operate on the Rock, 9. Instance of the Force of Powder at Dunmore East, near Waterford, 14. Table of Space occupied hy given Quantities of Powder, 16 THE POWDER AND THE CHARGE . : -- V ;s l ~* ... 17 Strength of Powder used, 17. Table of Comparative Results of different Qualities of Powder, 18. The Eprouvette Gun, 19. Table of Experiments on Powder by Bursting of Spherical Case Shells, 20. Advantages of Using Superior Powder, 21. Mixture of Sawdust with Powder, 22. Leaving an Air-space adjoining the Charge, 23. Mixing Quicklime with Powder, 24. Mode of operating on the Hard Limestone of Gibraltar, 25. LOADING .... Stf Ordinary Methods of Loading, 26. Marked Copper Measure* for Charges, and Copper Tubes and Funnels for Filling, 28. Tampinfr- bar to be tipped with Brass, 29. Vi CONTENTS. TASB THE TRAIN AND FIRING .......... 2S Safety Fuse, 30. Account of its Use at the Kingstown Harbour Works, and Description of the Invention, 30. Firing by a Voltaic Battery, 34. Mode of Lighting a Train in Shafts, 35. Means for preventing Small Stones flying about in Blasting, 35. Quarry Shields, 36. TAMPING Different Materials employed, 37. Experiments upon the Com- parative value of Sand and Clay for Tamping, 40. Experiments on Tamping with Packed Sand, 44. Sand Tamping inferior, or worthless, 45. Experiments with Tamping of Clay, broken Brick, and broken Stone, 47. Tamping Plugs, 50. Iron Plugs, 51. Objections to Plugs, 51. Pins and Cones, 52. Iron Cones and Arrows, 53. Experiments on Tamping with iron Plugs or Cones, 55. Conclusions from preceding Experiments, 59. TUNNELLING 60 Disadvantage of the work, 60. Mode of Proceeding, 61. A Good Record of Results of Working Tunnels much wanted, 62. Assumed Advantages of constructing Double Tunnels, 63. Denied, 64. Sinking Shafts, 66. Effects of Strata, 67. Drainage, 68. Venti- lation, 69. French Method of Ventilating Tunnels, 71. Cost of Tunnelling, 72. Cost of Road Tunnel at Drenodrohur, in Kerry, 72. Cost of Railway Tunnel at Liverpool, 73. APPENDIX ... 74 Mode adopted at Marseilles for enlarging inner End of Hole, 74. Patent for ditto to Baron de Liebhaber, 75. Blasting in the Jumna, and at Delhi, 76. Blasting Plymouth Limestone, 77 and 79. Quarrying the Granites of Aberdeen and Peterhead, 7b\ Implements and Cost at Plymouth Quarries, 79. SLATE QUARRYING ... .81 Geological Features of the Strata, 82. Quarries at Bangor, 82. French Slate Quarries, 83. Quarries in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, &c., 83. Slate hardened by Baking, 83, note. FIRING MINES BY VOLTAIC ELECTRICITY . . . . . .84 Removal of Round-Down Cliff at Dover, 84. Charges, 85. Chambers, Shafts, and Galleries, 85. Voltaic Batteries, Daniel 1'a, and Plate Batteries employed, 86. Cartridges, 87. Tamping, 87. The Firing and Results, 87. CONTENTS. PAET II. STONES USED IN BUILDING Division of Stones into Granite, Slates, Limestones, and Sand- stones, 89. Granite, 89. Constituents, and Districts where found, 89. I/em (Guernsey) Granite, 90. Table of Results of Wear of different Granites, 92. Table of Experiments on Crushing Granites, 94. Experiments upon Irish Granites, 95. Serpentine and Por- phyry, 95. Slate. Constituent Substances, 96. Districts where worked, 97. Irish Slates Results of Experiments, 97. Sandstones. Chemical Analysis, 97. Weight and Composition, 98. Mode of using and selecting best description for Building Purposes, 98. Examples of Durability of Sandstone Buildings. 99. Experiments upon Crushing Sandstones, 100. Limestones, 101. Analysis of Oolites and Limestones, 101. Weights of ditto, 101. Composition of ditto, 102. Analysis of Magnesiau Limestones, 102. Weights and Composition of ditto, 102. Buildings of Magnesian Limestone, 103. Buildings of Oolites and other Limestones, 103. Summary of Results upon Sandstones and Limestones, 105. DESTRUCTION OF BRIDGES IN SPAIN . . . . .107-114 Addenda by the Publisher Attempts made at Pesth in Hungary, 115117 Addenda Attempted destruction of the bridges over the Ticino at San Martino, near Magenta and Buffalora, &c. . . . 117 119 Services of the Royal Engineers in the Crimea, by Capt. L. Teruon 120 U7 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS, " Kudimentary Series," such as the one to which this volume belongs, perhaps no subject can be introduced with greater fitness than that of quarrying or stone-getting, * certainly one of the rudimentary arts connected equally with the duties of the engineer, the architect, and the practical builder. Any attempt to recount the history of the art would oblige us to extend our retrospect to a very early date, perhaps we should rather say to a dateless period ; to call to mind the structural wonders of Tyre, of Sidon, and of Thebes ; and to close the history with the confession that, however the mechanical modes of wielding the wrought masses may have received improvement in modern times, the primitive methods and tools of the quarry man and of the mason have, if we except the introduction of gunpowder, become no more altered in our hands than have the chiselled works of the ancient sculptors been surpassed by the productions of later ages. The one powerful assistant, however, to which we have referred, has been enlisted in the service of the quarry within a comparatively recent period, and its aid has certainly supplanted to a great extent the action of the wedge and the hammer. Without this valuable auxiliary, the work of separating large masses of stone from their native blocks or beds must have been infinitely more laborious, and have needed also a skill of no mean degree. The art of applying gunpowder to this purpose has, however, remained very nearly the ame since the first experimenter "jumped" and "charged" a bore in the stubborn rock, which till then had been attacked only with the chisel and the wedge, B >, QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. The implements employed for quarrying by mere manual labour are simply the sledge hammer or mallet, the borer or chisel, and the wedges, besides trucks, and such gearing as may be required to facilitate the removal of the blocks when detached. Of these, the only one which needs any description is the chisel, which is an iron rod with a steel cutting end, welded at one extremity, and flattened to a wedge- like form at the other. The implements used in blasting are of a similarly simple character, and consist of the borer or jumping tool, the scraper for clearing the hole of the chips produced, the claying bar for driving in dry clay if the hole be too damp for the immediate introduction of the charge, the needle, which is driven into the charge, and remains while the hole is filled up with stones, &c. ? so that, when ultimately withdrawn, a channel is preserved commu- nicating directly with the powder. "While the needle, which is a long thin copper rod, remains in its place, the space around it is filled up, by means of the tamping bar, with stones, &c. In the following paper, which is from the pen of Major- General Sir J. E. Burgoyne, we have a most useful collection of facts upon the subject of blasting, together with a complete account of the process and the materials employed, and several hints for the improvement of both, which we trust will receive all the attention due to their high authority and intrinsic practical value. The operations which constitute the entire process of blasting are, boring the holes, loading, and firing. BOEING THE HOLES. The best means of expediting the operation of blasting, would be by any contrivance that would render the boring of the holes more quickly executed. The ordinary implements used for this purpose are, the jumper or cutting-tool, the hammer, and the scraper. There is much discrepancy in the account given in different places, of the time required for boring holes ; arising from differences in the precise quality of the rock, the mode of working, and the different bases of calculation. The following, obtained from John Mac Mahon, Esq., of Dublin, is the result of some considerable experience in quarries of granite of good quality at Dalkey, in the neigh- bourhood of Dublin. QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. w 3-inch jumpers, used in boring holes from 9 to 15 feet deep ; 2 men striking, and 1 man holding and turning the jumper, bored on an average 4 feet in a day, or 5 feet with a 2^-inch jumper, which was frequently used for boring the same depth. <; 2i-inch jumper, for holes from 5 to 10 feet deep ; 3 men as above would bore on an average 6 feet each day. " 2-inch holes from 4 to 7 feet deep ; 3 men would bore 8 feet of such holes. " 1 1 -inch holes from 2 feet 6 inches to 6 feet; the 3 men bored 12 feet. " In working the two last classes, a strong boy will answer to turn the jumper instead of a man. " 1-inch jumper, for breaking the fragments of rock to smaller pieces ; 1 man bored 8 feet per day. " The waste of steel and iron was nearly as follows : a 3-inch jumper took for its bit 2 Ib. of steel, with which it would bore 16 feet, on being dressed or sharpened 18 times ; waste of iron L8 inches to each steeling, or 1J inch for each foot bored. 2-inch jumper took 1 J Ib. of steel. If -inch f Ib. 1-inch 3 oz. " They would all bore from 18 to 24 feet with each steeling, and require to be sharpened about once for every foot bored. " The weight of the hammers used in boring with each class of jumper was as follows : 18 Ib. hammers for 3-inch jumpers, 16 Ib. 2 J and 2J-inch, 14 Ib. 2 and If-inch, 5 to 7 Ib. 1-inch, used by one man. " Churn jumpers, so called from the manner in which they are worked, from 7 to 8 feet long, with a steel bit at each end ; general diameter, 1J to 11 -inch. Two men would bore with them about 16 feet per day." These last are much more efficient than those struck on the head with a hammer, and are sometimes used with a spring rod and line. They are applicable to holes that are vertical, or nearly so, and to rock that is not too hard : in the granite at Kingstown they were abandoned on account of the edges turning so fast, that the frequency of the necessary sharpenings gave the advantage to the use of the hammer: B2 4 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. where they can be used, the work will be performed at a far more rapid rate than even above mentioned. In boring artesian wells to great depths the application of the tool is entirely on this principle. A still quicker mode of boring would be by drilling the holes, if it were feasible. It has often been proposed, but the cutting edges of the tools will not stand in any kind of stone. Where charges have been exploded without blowing out the tamping,* it may be very desirable to bore the latter out for the purpose of introducing another charge ; in such case the hole need not be of the size of that originally made, as 1-inch bore will be adequate at any time. In clay tamping, a hole may be bored out with the jumper and hammer at the rate of about 26 minutes for 3 feet. Broken stone tamping will be bored out at the rate of 20 minutes for 3 feet. A very few trials were made to bore a hole through clay tamping with an auger ; the labour was less, as fewer men were necessary ; the time consumed was somewhat more, but the tool was capable of improvement, and the men were new to its use. It is conceived that augers, properly constructed, may be used to advantage in re-boring through clay tamping for successive blasts from the same hole, to the gain of a saving in time and labour, and avoiding the application of water, which is necessary with any kind of jumper. In case of a miss-fire it is a very dangerous practice to re-bore the hole, and has occasioned very many bad accidents ; it is very properly usually forbidden altogether. If the hole be vertical, or nearly so, and the needle or fuse hole can be cleared, so as to ensure a thorough wetting of the charge, by pouring water down, it might be done with safety ; but sometimes the very object of the quarry man is to save the powder, a very unworthy one for which to incur the great risk of killing or maiming two or three workmen. To prevent the loss of any large charge in this way, a hole is sometimes bored on one side, and within a few inches of the one that has failed, to the same depth as its charge, and being loaded and exploded, has had the effect of igniting the other also. * The " tamping " is the filling up of the hole in which the charge of powder, &c., is deposited. ED. QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. 5 An apparatus for boring to considerable depths Las recently been introduced into this country from mines in Germany* by Charles Vignoles, Esq., C.E., which it is believed* is far more efficient than any hitherto employed in Great Britain. This machinery has been in operation, it is believed, on the Manchester and Sheffield Railway, of which Mr. Vignoles was the engineer ; its direct application being to bore into and ascertain the precise qualities of the strata through which the great tunnel (3 miles in length) will be carried, which is to form the communication through the mountain ridge that divides the eastern and western inclines of England. The principal feature in the process is that the cutting tools are attached to a heavy weight, and worked by a rope, instead of by rods with screw joints. The rope is wound round a cylindrical roller by a winch, and there are several ingenious contrivances in the details and parts of the machinery, that tend to facilitate the operation. Upon the judicious selection of the position of the holes will in a great measure depend the useful effect of the blast ; but two leading errors are committed by quarrymen or miners in general, viz., selecting an injudicious position for the charge, by which the action of the powder is exerted in the direction of the opening where it was introduced ; and the adopting as a rule for the several charges, to fill a certain number of feet or inches of the hole bored, usually one- third of its depth, instead of employing given weights adapted to the lines of least resistance. The line of least resistance is that line by which the explosion of the powder will find the least opposition to its vent in the air. This need not necessarily be the shortest line to the surface ; as, for instance, a long line in earth may, from the same charge, afford less resistance than a shorter line in rock. Supposing the matter in which the explosion is to take place to be of uniform consistence in every direction, charges of powder to produce similar proportionate results ought to be as the cubes of the lines of least resistance, and not according to any fanciful depth of hole bored. Thus, if 4 ounces of powder would have a given effect * It is said that boring on a similar principle has been long used in China. 6 QUAERYJNG AND BLASTING HOCK&. upon a solid piece of rock of 2 feet thick to the surface, it ought to require 13 i ounces to produce the same effect upon a piece of similar rock 3 feet thick ; that is, Cube of 2-feet line of least resistance. Charge of powder in ounces. as 8 is to so is Cube of 3-feet line of least resistance. 27 to Charge in ounces. or, what is the same thing, half the cube of the line of least resistance expressed in feet, will, on this particular datum, be the charge in ounces, as follows : Lines of least resistance in feet. 1 . 2 3 5 6 7 8 Charge of powder Ib. oz. . o op . 4 . 13i . 2 . 3 14 . 6 12 . 10 Hi . 16 These quantities being of common merchants' blasting powder, will be found adequate for any rock of ordinary tenacity; but a precise datum should be ascer- tained by a few actual experiments on the parti- cular rock to be worked.f Thus, with a 2-feet line of least resistance (A to B, fig. 1), whether 4 ounces or 6 ounces, or 8 ounces, are requisite to produce a good effect; with 3-feet line of least resistance, 2%. i.-(Section.) whether 13 i ounces, or 18 ounces, or 27 ounces, &c. * To so small a quantity as ^ ounce a little excess might be added, but ounce, or ^ ounce more, will be sufficient. f In the granite quarries of Kingstown (near Dublin) these charges were sufficient to open the rock where there were no fissures, apparent weakness, or other advantage ; but where the line of least resistance was not that of the hole bored, the effect was either to bring it down, or only to crack it, according to the quality of the powder used. QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. ? On the results of these trials a scale may be adopted for guide in the service. With regard to the first error above mentioned, that of leaving the action of the powder to be exerted in the direction of the hole bored, one consequence is that, with small charges, commonly a part of the explosion finds compara- tively easy vent by that opening (in spite of the best tamping), and is wasted ; and it is only the excess that acts in producing the effect required on the rock ; whereas, if the explosion were forced through another direction, the whole of its power would be exerted beneficially. But the great objection is, that the rock is then so much more firmly bound all round the charge, as to oppose and lessen in a very great degree the extension of the effect of the explosion. It must be understood that, even although the line of least resistance should be in the direction of the hole bored, the depth of the hole will by no means be the measure by which the proportions of powder for the charge can be taken according to the abo^e rule, namely, as the cubes of the lines of least resistance. 1st, because the tamping, however good, or by whatever contrivance strengthened, cannot be equal in strength to the solid rock. 2ndly and chiefly, because of the various proportions of the entire depth of the hole occupied by different charges of powder : thus, i ounce of powder will occupy an insignificant proportion of the depth of even 1 foot of a 1-inch hole, and aho the 4 ounces for a 2-feet line of least resistance would fill only 2 inches of a 1-inch hole, and consequently occupy one-twelfth of the 2 feet, and leave 1 foot 10 inches of tamping; while the 13 i ounces for a 3-feet line of least resistance would occupy of a 1-inch hole above 6 inches, that is, more than one-sixth, and leave only 2 feet 6 inches of tamping, and consequently of resistance, such as it is. This might be remedied in one way, by applying holes of larger diameters for increasing charges, but, by so doing, an increased amount of the less resisting medium (the tamping) would be the consequence, which again renders the calculation, founded on a resistance of solid rock, incorrect. There is another reason why the powder is ill applied when the explosion takes place in the same line as the bore, which is, that it is placed longitudinally with the line of least resistance, aa at c, in fig. 2, and not perpendicular to it, as 3 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. at p ; when much extended, the elongated form in either is bad, but it is worst in the former case. Fig. 2. (Section.) When the common mode of blasting is adopted, a loud report is heard like a gun (louder in general in proportion to the less useful effect produced), and fragments of stone are frequently thrown to a considerable distance ; but when done judiciously, the report will be trifling, and the mass will be seen to be lifted, and thoroughly fractured, rent, or thrown over, without being forcibly projected. It is the irregularity and extent of the violent explosion following the ordinary process, that renders it so peculiarly difficult to form an accurate judgment on the proper charges for each circumstance ; the consequence is a practice purely empirical. The miner or quarryman will give as his rule either a proportionate depth of hole, or, aware how frequently that must prove erroneous, is driven to his usual answer, that he knows from the appearance of the situation, what to apply; that is, in fact, admitting that it is a matter of caprice, and provided a certain effect is produced, he is little aware how much time, powder, and labour, may have been wasted. It is difficult to make ordinary quarrymeri, or even over- seers, understand correctly the meaning of the lines of least resistance : after appearing tp comprehend it, they are frequently observed to confound it with the length of hole bored, or with some conceived necessary direction either vertical or horizontal. With respect to the second error mentioned, it can easily be shown how very erroneous must be the rule of measuring the charge by any given proportion of the depth of the hole, QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. 9 since the quantity of powder will in that case depend, not only on the depth, but also on its diameter, with which it can have no relation : thus, if a 6-feet hole is to be bored, it may be an act of chance or caprice whether a jumper of 1 |-inch gauge, or of 2 inches, or of 2^, were used ; whereas the third of the depth, or any given number of inches of the 2-inch, would hold very nearly double the quantity of powder that would be contained in the 1^-inch ; and of the 2-a--inch, one half more than in the 2, and nearly three times as much as in the 1. Such a rule also takes no account of the quality of the rock, which in reality will cause the greatest difference in the effect ; a given depth of hole being applied to hard or soft rock indiscriminately. Although some allowances may be made in extreme cases, yet it will be found in most books and papers on blasting rock, that a usual charge is one-third of the depth of the hole ; and the same will be found to be the actual prevalent practice. As to the experience by which it might be assumed, that the miners will modify this rule, and regulate the proper charges to give in each case, the value of such practice, unaided by better principles, must be small, where the results are so indistinct. A loud explosion takes place, and the rock is more or less separated, but no proof whatever is afforded that the charge has been precisely, or even nearly, what it should have been ; and being regulated by no rule (for in this case of leaving it to the miner's judgment, the only rule is abandoned), the experience, to be valuable, should be of precisely similar cases, whereas in blasting they are constantly varying, in size and depth of hole, and in many other circumstances. If the rock were uniform, and the application of the charge always in similar holes and situa- tions, a tolerable rule of thumb experience might perhaps be obtained ; but it is quite otherwise ; and among the circum- stances that must tend to perplex an ordinary miner workman, would be, that the true principle for charges is, as the cubes of the thickness of the resisting medium, but which he would certainly regulate by a much more gradual propor- tionate increase, such as doubling, trebling, or squaring at most. In order to quarry with good effect for saving labour and powder, an exposed front, either vertical or horizontal, should, if possible, be established on the rock on which to operate, B 3 10 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. principally to obtain a line of least resistance in a different direction from that of the hole bored. Thus, if a charge of powder were placed at p, fig. 2, with a line of least resistance to B, the explosion would force its way through at B, shatter and loosen the whole mass at D, and make cracks to a great extent towards E ; whereas if the hole had been bored direct from B to P, or as at c (as is usually practised by common quarry- men), the resistance being excessive in every direction, except in the direct line of the hole bored, it may be easily conceived that the same charge would produce far less effect. Or, to adopt a more practical illus- tration, suppose ledges of rock require to be cleared away to a certain level for a road, navigation, or other object ; instead of boring holes + + +, the effect would be far better by inclined holes, A, B, c, fig. 3, applied in suc- cession after the above-mentioned prin- ciple. Where there is a high face of rock, a system of undermining may be advantageously employed : thus a blast at A, fig. 4, would make an opening easy from c to D, and the mass E, if not shaken, which it probably would be, so as to be worked on with crow- bars and wedges, would be brought down by very slight subsequent blasts. When the rock is stratified, and in close parallel beds and seams, the holes should be bored in the direction of the joints, and the powder laid along them as at A, fig. 5, which will Ftg. 3. (Se< k ave mucn mO re effect in lifting jarge masses than if placed across the grain, and the operation of boring will be easier. The worst situation for re-entering angle, as at A, a charge of powder is in a fig. 6: the rock exerts such QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. 11 pressure all around it, that very little effect can be expected nor is the position much improved at B. Fig. 6. (Horizontal Section.) n QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. This situation of a re-entering angle occurs very frequently arj. should be avoided as much as possible. Thus a charge may be lodged in a hole o, fig. 7, having the same length of line of least resistance as at other holes, A or B ; but the effect of the explosion will begreatly reduced by the masses D,E. Pig. 7. (Plan.) An important illus- tration of this disad- vantageous position for the charge will be ex- perienced in cutting through any narrow con- fined space A, B, c, D, fig. 8, either horizon- tally, as in the first drift, or opening, all through a tunnel, or vertically, as in sinking a shaft : blasts at a, 5. or It may also be urged that there are cases where the system of working on a line of least resistance, different from that of the hole bored, cannot be followed ; such, for instance, as in sinking a shaft, or cutting the first drift-way of a gallery or tunnel. This is very true, and must cause such operations to be peculiarly costly and slow; and though the rule above recommended for regulating the charges would be inappli- cable, still that of taking any proportionate depth of the hole would be quite erroneous. The system to be adopted in such instances should be to apply the mode of tamping that would give the greatest possible resistance, and to endeavour to obtain by trials the amount of charge by weight that will barely disturb such tamping ; in this way the fall effect of the powder will act upon the rock, and where that is not very great, a second shot from the same hole will be sure to be very decisive. Among the cases not admitting of fixed rule, and where a great deal must depend upon the intelligence and experience of the directing quarry man, is that of irregularity of joints, or seams. * It will not have quite this effect, as the greater resistance on the side K, in the one case, will increase the effect towards c ; but that circumstance does not affect the general consideration of the principle here adverted to. 14 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. The following instance will explain this : A hole, A, B, fig. 10, of 4 inches diameter and 16 feet deep, was bored to the back of a projecting mass of granite, and 6 feet above a natural slide joint, as shown in the plan and section. Plan. Fig. 10. Section. Had there been no projection, nor any joint to afford an advantage, it would have required probably 182 Ib. of powder to break through a resistance of 18 feet ; but as it was cir- cumstanced, between 35 and 36 Ib. (occupying 7 feet of the hole) broke off and overturned an enormous mass c, cutting it down as shown by the dotted lines : the fragments of course were large, one piece containing 80 cubic yards ; and were very appropriate for cutting into ashlar of large dimensions. Another instance, tried at Dunmore East, near Waterford, may be given of the force of the action of powder, even in an open joint : the same experiment also incidentally serves to illustrate another object of inquiry. The rock was a very hard conglomerate, in fair parallel beds ; the surface was even ; the side H, H, fig. 11, had been already excavated ; there was a joint or bed, parallel to the surface, and 7 feet below it. A hole #, of 2 inches diameter and 6 feet deep, had been loaded with 1 Ib. 14 oz. of powder, (15 inches), and made a straight crack c c, and to &, of 14 feet long, and down to the bed. QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. 15 /* Fly. 11. (Plan.) A trial was then made, whether openings might not be directed to particular lines : 13 plug holes were drilled along the line + 4- -H 8 inches deep and 1J inch diameter ; a 21 -inch hole was then bore*d at 5, to a depth of 5 feet 10 inches, and loaded with 4 Ib. (2 feet) of powder : when fired, the line was opened very nearly along the line of the plug-holes ; the separation did not exceed half an inch. The hole b was then cleared out, and loaded with 8 Ib. of powder, and the explosion sent the whole mass forward upwards of 2 feet without any new fracture ; the cubic contents of the mass being 663 feet, weighing about 51 tons. In most extensive quarries of stone, much of the practice must depend upon the intelligence with which advantage is taken of the position and nature of the joints and fissures : still many errors are committed from a want of knowledge of the best application of powder to a perfectly solid mass ; and in cases where the mass to be removed is small, or the openings to be made, confined, but little advantage can be gained by the joints, and the application should be chiefly to given charges for lines of least resistance. The advantage obtained by joints is one reason for rather reducing the calculated amount of charges, particularly in large explosions ; because, although nothing that is not perceptible can well augment the force of resistance, fissures or joints that may not be seen on the surface may have the eifect of reducing it. It would be of much advantage, in many cases, if the powder could be placed in a more compact form, than 16 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. occupying a considerable length of a hole of comparatively small diameter : the position it must assume in these holes is generally unfavourable for producing the best effect, and in some cases renders it impossible to apply so large a charge as would be desirable ; but no practical mode of enlarging the space at the bottom of the hole has yet been contrived, except perhaps by successive explosions from the same, as practised at Gibraltar.* It may be assumed that 1 Ib. of powder loosely poured but not shaken or compressed, will occupy about 30 cubic inches; a cubic foot weighs consequently aboot 571 Ib., although different quantities are given in different tables of specific gravity : if close shaken, powder will go into a smaller compass. The following Table from Colonel Pasley's (now Major- G-en. Sir Chas. Pasley, K.C.B.) Memoranda on Mining will give the means of calculating the space occupied by aiv given quantity of powder in round holes of different sizes from 1 to 6 inches : Diameter of the hole. Powder contained in one inch of hole. Powder contained in one foot of hole. Depth of hole to con- tain 1 Ib. of powder. Inches. Ib. oz. Ib. oz. Inches. 1 0-419 5-028 38-197 U 0-942 11-304 16-976 2 1-676 1 4-112 9-549 2* 2-618 1 15-416 6-112 3 3-77 2 13-24 4-244 34 5-131 3 13-572 3-118 6-702 5 0-424 2-387 44 8-482 6 5-784 1-886 5 10-472 7 13-664 1-528 f* 12-671 9 8-052 1-263 6 15-08 11 4-96 1-061 ' In practice, the holes are somewhat irregular ; this table, however, will be sufficient to ascertain, nearly, the depth required for any charge. * In the Appendix will be found a memorandum by General Burgoyue on the use, at Marseilles, of nitric acid for the purpose of enlarging the inner end of the hole ; and also a brief description of a patent obtained by the Baron Liebhaber for an apparatus for this purpose. ED. QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. OF THE POWDER AND THE CHARGE. Gunpowder used for the blasting of rock is notoriously of inferior strength to that sold for sporting, or manufactured by Government for the army and navy ; and there is an impression (I believe nearly universal) that it is right that it should be so, not merely because pound for pound it is cheaper, but because it is thought to be positively better for the object, on account of its less rapid ignition, and assumed quality of giving what the miners call a heave. This opinion appears to be founded on a fallacy. Inferior powder cannot be used in war, or for sporting, without the disadvantage being immediately apparent; while in blasting it can be made to answer the purpose : this, with its comparative cheapness, has led, no doubt, to its being introduced and constantly made use of, without much investigation as to the policy of its employment in preferen/?a to a material of superior strength. The argument 'used in its favour is, that, by ignitinf slowly in comparison with the other, the power is mr,/a forcibly and efficiently applied for the required object, than by the rapid shock of the superior powder, such as is unde- niably requisite for impelling projectiles. This reasoning would seern to imply that the rock will be opened better by a force of pressure than by that of a sudden shock or How; which, however, may be disputed, even supposing, what is probably not the case, that the elastic vapour generated by either is the same. Rock being of a brittle nature, it is reasonable to suppose that the sudden violent shock would make more extensive cracks, which is the great object, than a more slow action. The following are the observations I have been able to collect on this head ; and they tend to confirm the impression of the good policy of employing stronger powder for blasting, even at increased prices : more research, however, would be necessary to establish the fact entirely, and to fix the relative value of each gradation in quality. Having procured from great contractors and respectable dealers eleven samples of Merchants' blasting powder, stated to be that of the principal manufacturers, they were analysed, proved with the eprouvette mortar and eprouvette gun, and compared by the bursting of shells : the results jsill be seen in the annexed tables. x^vTeSt f* UNIVJr. 18 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. 03 -g > r & 1 ? J S "I fi -i yfilfil * ||| 11| P | : w^o M P--^ g t < .^ /< . M J ,_^_^i. cp t- cp t- cb -^ OS O OO Oi O Oi OO O> 4H II rH (N rH Wi CO t~ OO (M CO ^ rH 13 g g 2krf 5 a d T 1 *""! >^ _^j * 1 1-3 a^8 gg g 9 2 1* ' B fl ^ 3 Cq I ^ "1 V 5 Si 3 I's I 1 ! 2! o ^ ^ 5 d ^ rtj JO ^ P O !- jj* o "1 e6 O cj cq 'D p 3 Jfl| ff 1 * 9 8 a 41 | O a llsl-sa 02 n3 B s "3 s 1 Jf ft ? S ^5 ^? ^J ^ 3 rg i 2 S^g ^^o^ o o o o d d d d d -c doT'^^S 11 ^ JO O O O ^ 3 fiifli!! r ^L r _!i-, r _!_^ r j! rl O K * ' gd q^->ags Description of tamping. ron cone 2^ inches, then broken stone (about inch cube) to top. ron cone 6 inches, then broken limestone to top. inches broken limestone, then iron cone, with broken stone to top. inches clay, then iron cone 6 inches long, l^f inches dia- meter at base, then sand to top. inches clay, then iron cone 54 inches, then broken granite to ton. 4 in. sand, then 4 in. clay, then iron cone 4 inches, with broken stone (about 18 inches) to top. feet fine sand, then iron cone wedged with 3 arrows f inch thick, then sand to top. 'recisely as the preceding, but with broken stone instead of sand. (__,(_! ^ V) 00 rH ib *. HP t> 5L> 3^,03 111 Odd > _o o o o O O O O 1 1 1 1 5*8, N N* S3 N N N N S3 *d 000 O O O [j 4 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. 57 y> con Stone and more fir intermixtu might prev side of the The sand co d mes ed, >et 2 inches broken li th fine sand intermix ne and 3 arrows, then d sand to top. I .^& o S ** i &- Sp^l 03 P -S _. d JS Q r I P OQ r*3 X rrt QJ -^ g r ^ ^ |4l^s Jltt^ 5'Md6 to to to "~* oS Hill I O N o c* O S N N O O or down the shaft, as the case may be. 3. By the limited space below, particularly as subject to the interruptions occasioned by the explosions, from which it is more difficult to obtain refuge. 4. By the probable necessity for increased artificial means of ventilation. 5. And principally, by the machinery and labour requisite to keep each distinct shaft, and the galleries connected with it, free from water. The expenses will be increased in proportion to the number of shafts ; and the number of shafts will be regulated by the time to which the execution of the tunnel is limited. Thus, if the nature of the rock and other circumstances are such, that the engineer cannot be sure of penetrating faster, at each head of driving the gallery, than 3 yards per week, if the tunnel is to be 2 miles long, and the period for its being opened three years from the commencement ; on these data 468 yards would be the amount that would be opened during three years in each head of working, requiring conse- quently between 7 and 8 heads for the whole, or three shafts, and the two ends. This, however, would be to suppose that the work commences at once from the bottom of each shaft : the time necessary for sinking the shafts, however, must be considered, which will consequently increase the necessary number of them. A good record of the actual result of working tunnels, with a minute detail of all particulars, is very much wanted as a guide for future operations. Many circumstances will have influence upon the dimen- sions to be given to tunnels ; if for a railway, the width of the locomotives and carriages, the height of the former, &c. Certain dimensions may be deemed fixed : for a railway, for instance, the height of the vertical side walls suppose 10 feet ; the space between the two tracks, and between each of them and the walls, suppose 16 feet in all ; besides the width of the track of this space, it might be better to diminish that in the QUAR.lt.YING AND BLASTING KOCKS. 63 middle, and to increase those on the sides, suppose 4 feet for the first, and 6 feet for each of the others, because 1. The side spaces would be more useful for gas or other pipes, or for lamps, or for drains, or for tools or materials during repairs. 2. It is the readiest and most natural position for any person to seek for refuge, should an engine or carriage pass while he may be in the tunnel. The roof should be as flat as the rock will admit to be secure, provided there be suffi- cient height for the engine up to a b, (fig. 18,) over each track- way. Some rocks will bear being cut to an almost straight horizontal roof; this will be par- ticularly the case where the strata are Fig. is. vertical, or nearly so : others require to be high and pointed ; when even that form shall be insufficient the very troublesome and costly expedient of lining with brick or masonry must be resorted to It has been sometimes proposed to construct a double, gallery for a tunnel ; one for the traffic in one direction, and the other for that in the opposite : the assumed advantages are 1. That a small roof may be more easily secured than a larger one. 2. That one line can be opened first, and the second worked out by degrees, and at leisure, without interrupting the traffic in the first. 3. That the cross traffic cannot at any time interfere, and that persons who may be accidentally in a gallery while an engine or carriage is about to pass, will find secure refuge in the other, or in the connecting passages. 4. That the subsequent repairs, &c., will be quite safe from any interference with the traffic, which would then be confined to the line not under repair. In chalk, a material that is easily worked and shaped, and in rocks like it, and in which a large roof may be of doubtful 64 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. stability, while a small one might be considered secure, this system would be most applicable; but I should think it objectionable in hard rocks requiring to be blasted. A single tunnel of 28 feet wide will afford as much useful accommodation as two of 18 feet wide each. Suppose the width of trackway to be 6 feet ; then, in either case, there would be a space of 6 feet between each trackway and the wall : but as it is proposed above to allow but 4 feet between the two trackways, it may be considered a more fair comparison to calculate each of the double galleries as only 16 feet wide. The comparison of the relative labour of opening either may be exhibited thus, bringing the two double gal- leries (which would be seve- ral feet asunder in practice) close together for the con- sideration of the question (fig. 19). The excavation will in quantity be probably about Fig. 19. the same, allowing for the connecting passages between the two smaller ones ; but the single will be much easier to work out, because the space to work upon will be larger. In the trimming work, which, after the first opening or driftway, is the most troublesome, the advantage is greatly in favour of the large gallery ; as in the one case there is the amount of trimming the lines F, L, E, and D, L, E, besides the connecting passages, to compare with i, B, K, which they much exceed. The single gallery will also require but one driftway ; the double, two, a point of great importance as regards labour and expense. The single also gives additional space and height at the roof, where it is very useful as a receptacle for the vapours of steam and smoke. It may be mentioned here, that the time and expense consumed in working out a shaft or gallery will be by no means increased in the direct proportion of its size. One of reduced dimensions would take very nearly the same time in excavating as a larger (unless the difference be excessive), and the expense per cube yard will decrease QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. 65 with the extent of opening, the first or driftway of a few feet in either case being by far the most costly.* Where a shaft or gallery is full large, there will be less occasion to be very particular in trimming the sides, by which much time and expense will be saved. With regard to the floor of a gallery, no particular nicety is required, except to take care to excavate enough : if ii should be more, it is of no consequence, as any hollows can be filled up without inconvenience, whereas in sides or roof any excess of rock removed may be troublesome to remedy. The only assumed advantage of the double gallery worthy of mention, to compensate for the above-stated points of inferiority, is that of the capability of opening them in succession, the second, during the operation, not interfering with the first ; but though it has an advantage in that respect, still it is apprehended that the difficulty of doubling the opening of a single gallery, one trackway being previously made good, would not be great. Should it for any rea- son be judged inexpe- dient to open a double line at once, the mode will be to open the driftway 1 (fig. 20), and then one of the sides 2, and then 3 on the same side, leaving the other portion4 for subsequent completion. The half tunnel 1, 2, 3, will be more easy to open than one of the double galleries, on ac- count of the less extent of nice trimming, &c., and the other half 4 will be far easier than the second small gallery. The only inconvenience of this proposed mode will be, the danger of incommoding the first line of railway by the mate- rials from the subsequent excavation ; but it is apprehended that with moderate precautions this need not be the case. The work will be gradually performed, the blasts not large ; Fig. 20. * An example of the relative expense of this, and of shafts, &c., will be found in the cost of the tunnel of Drenodrohur, page 73. 66 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. they may be always fired immediately after the passing of a train, and the line cleared of any little rubbish before the next shall arrive, and a proper system of signals established, by which every train at its entry may be assured that the line is clear. In the single tunnel, the lower end of the shafts will be in the middle, and form part of it ; whereas in the double, however arranged, the shafts cannot be so conveniently placed with reference to both galleries. SHAFTS. In sinking shafts, the work is much more disadvantageous than even in the galleries, on account of 1. The more limited space. 2. The more constrained position of the workmen. 3. The danger of anything, even small articles, falling down upon them. 4. The difficulty of applying any holes for blasting, but such as are vertical, or nearly so. 5. The immediate vicinity of the receptacle for the drainage water, from which it will be almost impossible to keep clear. It will be found more advantageous probably to sink shafts rather long and narrow (the length crossing the direction of the tunnel at right angles), than circular or square ; for instance, 16 feet by 9 feet may be better dimensions to give a shaft than 12 feet each way, provided always that the width is ample for working the buckets up and down. By this arrangement it will be easier to apply transverse bearers across the top for machinery ; the space for the workmen will be more convenient ; the pipes for drawing off the water, for ventilation, &c., will be more out of the way at one end, while the buckets for drawing men and materials, &c., up and down, may be at the other. The upper surface edge of each shaft must be thoroughly lined, and secured from the possibility of anything falling down ; the buckets and windlass of perfect description and arrangement to prevent such accidents, or the striking against each other in meeting, &c. It is in blasting at the bottom of shafts that the shields described in another part might, it is conceived, be more usefully applied than in any other situation. The holes will be vertical, the blasts small, the shield always close at hand, QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. 67 and the great labour and loss of time saved of removing the workmen to the top of the shaft at each blast. When the shaft is sunk to the depth of the driftway at the roof of the galleries, those driftways may be at once commenced to save time ; and the remainder of the shaft sunk while the gallery work is going on. EFFECTS OF STRATA. In stratified rocks, the direction of the strata in tunnel- ling will be of much importance. The most favourable would be vertical, and at right angles with the di- rection of the line of tun- nel, because when the drift A (fig. 21) is carried to sufficient extent, the holes for the subsequent blasts can be bored down the joints, and the explosion made to act in the most favourable manner. The same principle may be adopted where the strata may be inclined upwards from the miners, as at B (fig. 22), but it will be Fig. 21. (Longitudinal Section.) Fig. 22. (Longitudinal Section.) 68 QUAURYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. more difficult to work with advantage from the other end of the gallery c ; as, to follow the same principle, the rock will be always overhanging the workmen. If the strata he in horizontal beds, it will be worked upon by horizontal boring after the roof is entirely cleared out. A most unfavourable direction is when the work is proceed- ing in the same line with vertical strata, which will conse- quently always present their edges in front. In that case an open- ing should be carried down from top to bottom, either at one side at D (fig. 23), or in any other part, and then the holes bored down the strata as at A, or horizontally as at B; the whole roof, how- ever, and opening D, will be worked to much dis- advantage. Fig. 23. DBAINAGE. An adequate drain will be necessary through the whole length of any tunnel. A very favourable inclination for a gallery, as respects drainage, would be about 16 feet in a mile (1 in 330).* The drain will be larger or smaller according to the quantity of water which it may have to discharge, but at 1 in 330 the fall will be sufficiently considerable to render a very large drain probably unnecessary. In working the ascending galleries, either from the end or from a shaft, it will be quite easy to proceed so that there shall be always a natural drainage, at every period, to the receptacles from whence it will run off, or be pumped out, as the case may be. * Whether for ordinary road or railway, the incline in a tunnel should be easy ; as it would be peculiarly inconvenient in that particular part of a line to incur the risk of a stoppage in ascending, or of an accident in descending. QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. C9 i But in eacli descending gallery some little arrangement must be made to assist it. When the descending meets the ascending gallery, the whole of the drainage will be carried off by the latter ; till then, the following arrangement will be better than carrying pipes to the end of the gallery, as must be done if the inclination be steep. Suppose the descending gallery to be 440 yards in length before it is to meet the other ; this, at 16 feet to a mile, will give a perpendicular difference of level of 4 feet : as the gallery will be from 24 to 30 feet high, it is manifest that the far greater portion may have a regular natural drainage out, the same as an ascending gallery ; but by sinking a small well- hole at the bottom of the shaft, of 5 or 6 feet deep, from whence the pump may draw the water out, a drain may be cut to it from the very end of such descending gallery, as it progresses, that will carry off the water naturally from its very flour. That drain will form part of the regular longitudinal drain that must be made at all events, and the only additional labour will be in excavating the well in each shaft, which also might at any rate be desirable. When the tunnel or gallery is to be horizontal, as it must be for a canal, the drainage will be as described for the descending gallery. In deep sinkings, drainage is sometimes effected, or rather more usually assisted, by means of artesian wells or bore- holes sunk from lower levels of the surface ground, down to the lines of strata that shall descend from the works. Where the joints shall not be too close, and the distance not too great, the water will be drawn from the works by this self-acting drainage down to the level of the top of the artesian bore-hole ; or, practically, to nearly that level. VENTILATION. The difficulty of working galleries to any extent under ground is occasionally very great, for want of ventilation, or from the presence of foul air. The remedies are, either to force fresh air to the end of the work, or to draw the foul air off from thence, when the fresh air will rush into the vacuum : the latter is esteemed to be the more easily effected. In either case there must be an air-tight tube from the 70 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. fresh air to the part where the workmen are engaged : and the great difficulty must be to establish such a tube perfectly firm and perfectly air-tight. In operations on a small scale, such as military miners are engaged in, a small and light tubing is used, and the air forced in by a pair of smith's bellows, or others of about equal power ; but to work a gallery of some hundred yards long from the bottom of deep shafts will require tubing more substantial and of larger dimensions, with a continued force applied for exhausting the foul air ; or fresh air has frequently been introduced bv a fan-wheeL t'ig. -24. QUARRYING A*ND BLASTING ROCKS. 71 In a recent number of the Annales des Fonts et Chausees of France, there is an account of a simple contrivance which enabled the working of a shaft of 5 feet diameter, and 220 feet deep, to be continued after it had been interrupted by the constant collection of carbonic acid gas ; all the ordinary measures by bellows, &c., having proved quite ineffectual. A large tub A (fig. 24) was firmly placed on balks on a level with the top of the shaft, and filled with water to the level G, G. An air-tight pipe from the bottom of the shaft was brought through the tub A, and had its upper edge a very few inches above the water; it had a valve H on the top. A smaller tub B, reversed, was suspended within A, by the cords K K, which were made fast to the ends of the levers 1 1. B had a very short pipe at top, with a valve D. The tub B being allowed to descend by its own weight, the air within it was expelled through the opening D ; when again raised by pulling the handles attached to the ropes L L, the air was drawn up through the opening H, from the end of the descending tube, and by continuing this reciprocating action, a circulation was created at the very bottom of the shaft. No dimensions are given ; but it is conjectured that the lower tub A would be about 4 feet by 3 feet 6 inches, and the upper one B, about 3 feet by 3 feet. It was found capable of drawing off 4 cubic yards of air per minute. No additional men were employed to work it ; those at the top of the shaft, who got out the materials from the excavation, were only required to work this pump for about 5 minutes every hour, to keep the air perfectly good at the bottom. It is in fact an air-exhausting pump of large power and simple construction : if found useful, and required for regular service, it might no doubt be improved, and made more compact, portable, and easy of application. Instead of using a pump or manual labour for drawing the air from the ends of galleries, the upper ends of the tubes are sometimes made to communicate with a lire kept constantly burning, to which the tubes furnish exclusively the requisite air. Improved ventilation is said to be obtained by double galleries or driftways, with occasional air-holes connecting them. 72 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. The advantage in this respect can hardly be equal to the cost of carrying on the double opening, if not necessary for other objects. COST. No kind of work can be more variable in its cost than tunnelling, or driving galleries : so much will depend upon the quality of the rock, the depth at which the gallery is under ground, the facility of communication by more or less of confined galleries, shafts, &c., to and from the actual work, the amount of necessary ventilation, and the quantity of water to be drawn off, that the expense may vary from 2s. to 2, and much more, per cube yard. Where the rate is very heavy, it will probably be good economy to adopt the most refined improvements that will forward that portion of the operation which peculiarly leads to the extra expense. The following is the result of the cost of working out the road tunnel of Drenodrohur, between Ken mare and Glen- gariff, during 1836 and 1837, in the county of Kerry, under many favourable circumstances. The piercing of this tunnel, which was 582 feet in length, through the summit ridge of the mountain, saved an ascent, of which the perpendicular height was from 60 to 80 feet, which, reduced from a constant rise of 1000 feet on each side, was of much value. The rock was stratified, varying in character from a granular to a compact silicious, and to a common clay slate, intersected by veins of quartz. It was all hard, some of it exceedingly so. The strata in one direction were nearly vertical to the horizon, excepting occasional veins of a few feet in thickness, which were more inclined ; and in the other direction, nearly perpendicular to the line of the tunnel. The rise in the tunnel was from both ends, and at the rate of 1 in 100, forming a summit in the middle, which was consequently nearly 3 feet higher than the entrance. The passage, as commenced, was meant to be 18 feet wide and 18 feet high ; but subsequently, to save expense, the width of the roof or chord of the arch was reduced to from 15 to 17 feet, and the part below the arch to 12 feet. The arch stood perfectly without any support, although cut very flat, and with a rise or versed sine of only 2 feet. QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. 73 The cost of the different portions was as follows : The roof or arch was first cut out, and contained sectional areas at different parts of about 96 and 90 feet, comprising an excavation of about 2012 cube yards in the aggregate, and cost 6555 16$. Sd., being at the rate of about 6s. 6d. per cube yard. The body of the gallery under the arch contained sectiona? areas of about 204 and 144 feet, comprising an excavation of about 3493 cube yards, and cost 599 Is. lie?., being at the rate of about 3s. 5 id. per cube yard. A small shaft, 6 feet by 4 feet, was opened to the depth of 33 feet, containing about 29^ cube yards, and cost 32 2s. 10d., being at the rate of 1 Is. 10|d. per cube ~urd.* The average cost of tunnel alone per cube yard 4s. 6 \d. and shaft ... 4s. Sd. The material from the excavation was deposited in hollows near the entrance at each end. The total cost of tunnel and shaft 1287 Is. 5d., exclusive of some miners' cottages built, and a few such contingencies. HEADS OF EXPENSE. *. d. Labour . Miners and labourers 620 9 8 Smiths (including coals .... 73 3 3 Iron . . Steel . . Gunpowder Safety fuse 13,109 Ibs. at Is. Id. per Ib. . . . 92 16 6 321 Ibs. at 1*. per Ib 1610 7946 Ibs. at Is. per Ib 397 6 1745 coils, of 8 yards each, at la. 87 5 1287 1 5 At the railway tunnel at Liverpool, the excavation of the rock is stated to have cost 4s. per cube yard ; the material was a sandstone, and, as it required to be lined nearly throughout with brick- wall and arch, was not probably very hard. It would form a most useful guide to engineers, if record were kept, and made public, of all the particulars of the actual experience in tunnelling and driving galleries, and sinking shafts : it might be kept without difficulty, and be made to afford very useful checks on the works during the operation. J. P. B. * This shaft proved eventually of little or no use, and had better have been omitted. APPENDIX. IN the following Memorandum, Major- G-en. Sir John Burgoyne describes the mode in use at Marseilles for enlarging the inner end of the hole by means of the action of acid upon the calcareous rocks of that district. The process for blasting calcareous rocks at Marseilles is extremely simple ; it is merely to form a chamber or maga- zine at the bottom of the drift by means of dilute acid, so as to admit of a larger charge of powder being employed for the blast than is available in the ordinary mode of proceeding, the rock being of a calcareous nature. The apparatus was somewhat rude, but it appeared to answer its purpose very effectually. The rock was pierced in the usual way, by a 2i inch jumper, to the depth of 5 to 7 feet, generally in a slanting direction, according to the form and mass of the rock to be detached. They then introduced a copper pipe, the size of the bore, in the form sketched on the margin, and pressed the end A, which is open, down to the bottom of the hole, the orifice round the outside of the pipe at B being closed up tight with clay, so that no air could escape ; and the bent neck of the pipe c, which is open, hanging down- wards, with reference to the slope of the bore. Through the copper pipe at D was introduced a small leaden pipe, e, of about ^ inch diameter, formed with a funnel, f, at the top, and this passed down through the copper pipe to within about an inch of the bottom, the upper orifice of the copper tube round the leaden one at g being filled up with a packing of hemp. Matters being thus adjusted, dilute nitric acid was poured through the funnel and leaden pipe, and, on arriving at the bottom it produced effervescence, and at the end of a few minutes the frothy substance of the dissolved rock began to run out through the orifice of the bent tube at c. So long as they poured in the dilute acid at f this action continued, and, QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. whenever they considered from the quantity of substance delivered through the pipe that the internal chamber had become of sufficient magnitude to admit the quantity of gunpowder required, the pipes were withdrawn ; the hole very soon became dry enough, from the very action of the acid upon the limestone, to permit the chamber being charged without damage to the powder, and the blast was given in the usual w r ay. The time occupied would of course vary according to the size of chamber required. The foreman of the works informed me that he had succeeded in forming a chamber capable of holding 25 kilos, of powder (about 55 Ibs. English) in the space of 4 hours ; he showed an unwillingness to give me the proportions of acid that he used, or the nature of it, and I did not therefore press my questions, being satisfied by the vapour that it was nitric acid, and the strength of the mixture must in all cases vary according to the greater or less proportion of calcareous matter existent in the rock to be acted upon. This may at all times be determined in a few minutes by experiment upon pieces of the stone, with acids of different degrees of strength. They were blasting very large masses from the foot of the hill, on which the Fort of Notre Dame de la Garde stands, on the south side of the town, for the purpose, in the first place, of obtaining sites for building, and at the same time making use of the debris for forming the new port which is in progress, and the foreman assured me that this new process had operated a very large saving to the MM. Lerm, Freres, who are the parties that have brought it into action. In March, 1845, a patent was granted to William Joseph Conrad Marif, Baron de Liebhaber, of Paris, for " Improvements in blasting rocks and other mineral substances for mining and other purposes, and in ap- paratus to be used in such works." The in- ventor's mode of enlarging the inner end of 75 Fty 25. El 76 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. the hole was described to consist in dissolving a portion of the stone by means of muriatic or other acid, diluted with about three times its weight of water. A tube is inserted in the hole and externally sealed round at the lower end with some composition which shall prevent the froth or vapours from the acid passing between the outside of the tube and the inside of the hole bored in the rock. Within this tube there is a smaller tube, through which the acid passed into the hole. These tubes are bent over at the top, and terminate in a vessel containing the acid, and which vessel receives the froth that passes up between the pipes. The inner tube is bent upward at the lower end so as to prevent the froth passing through the stone. When the hole is sufficiently enlarged, the contents of the hole are removed by a siphon or pump before drying and charging with the powder. In addition to the important facts given by Gren. Burgoyne, the following regarding some operations in blasting in the Jumna and at Delhi, conducted by Lieut. Tremenheere, may be quoted as useful and interesting. For the purpose of blasting in order to improve the navigation of the Jumna, the jumpers used were 6 feet long, and 2 J inches in diameter ; the blasts 5 feet deep, and 4 feet from each other. The rate of boring varied from 2^ to 5 feet per day's work for 2 men. A double-headed jumper was used, to render the hole com- pletely circular for the reception of the canister, about 2-J- feet in length, and 2 inches in diameter, and filled two-thirds with powder and the rest with sand. The small tube reaching to the surface of the water contained quick match with a piece of slow match at the extremity. The canister, well greased, was placed in the hole without any additional tamping. At Delhi, the blasting was in dry rock, and, economy of powder being of more importance than economy of time, tamping was resorted to. For this a stiff red clay, slightly moistened, was employed, and the tamping bar was of wood, the priming wire of copper. Any dampness which might exist in the bore was obviated by a tube of coarse paper, greased on the outside. Fine mealed powder was used as priming, and a piece of port-fire for ignition. If the firing did not succeed, a fresh priming hole was bored in the tamping, or the mine abandoned. In large irregular masses of rock, the depth of the bore, or the intervals between the blasts, will generally represent the line of least resistance; and the following results were obtained in the rock at Delhi, which is hard quartz. The line of least resistance not exceeding QUARRYING AND BLASTING HOCKS. 77 1 foot, a charge of 2 oz. is sufficient ; the line not exceeding 4 feet, and the rock not being highly crystalline, 3 oz. per foot will be sufficient. The charges will vary with the tenacity of the rock, but the following may be a general guide : the line of least resistance being 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 feet, the charge will be 4, 8, 14, 20, 26, 36 ounces. On comparing the charges used at Delhi, where stiff clay was used as tamping, with those in the Jumna, where sand was used, the following table is the result : Line of least resistance. With clay tamping. With sand. 2 feet " , i. U ,"...-, , .,' 8 26'8 oz. 2| ,, . . . ' - t ., . 10 33-5 3 :., , V. .,.';. '.;, :., 12 40-2 4 , ;., -,;,. - -,'. ? a 20 53-6 The charges in the last column are to those in the second as 3 to 1, nearly ; they are not, however, given as the least required, but are those actually used.* In the neighbourhood of Plymouth, the limestone, with which that district abounds, is raised in solid masses, of from 3 to 10 tons' weight : it is used most extensively for building, and for lime manure. About 13 cubic feet weigh a ton. It is of a light blue or grey colour, generally free from metallic veins, but with some indications of manganese and ironstone, round pieces of the latter being found in clay beds, intermixed with the rock, and a vein of ironstone 4 inches thick at the surface of the rock, and dipping towards the south, has been opened. In the blasting of this stone, if a deep hole is required, a 2-inch jumper or bit is used for about 4 feet, and a If inch for the next 4 feet by one man ; then two men are employed with a If-inch to the depth of 14 feet, a If -inch to *the depth of 21 feet. A constant supply of water is required during the boring. The hole being well dried, about one- third is filled with powder, say 15 Ibs.; a needle is introduced as far as possible without driving it ; the hole is tamped with dry clay to the top, and then covered with a little wet clay to prevent any of the loose particles falling in when the needle is withdrawn. A reed filled with powder and split at the top, to prevent its falling to the bottom of the hole, is inserted, and a stone laid upon it ; the powder being ignited by a piece of touch-paper and a train, the reed flies to the bottom of * Report of Papers, Inst. Civ. Engineer*. 78 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. the hole, and ignites the main load. The rock is generally cracked and loosened to a considerable extent, if not thrown ; in that case the needle is driven through the tamping, and such a fresh charge is run through the needle-hole as may be requisite. From 6 to 8 tons of rock are generally blasted with 1 cwt. of powder. In July last, however, it was reported that with one charge of 1 cwt. of powder, in a hole 18 feet deep, no less than 1000 tons of the limestone rock, destined for the Plymouth Breakwater, were detached from their bed. We cannot answer for the entire truth of this report; but it is well known that, since the Breakwater quarries were opened in 1811, a great augmentation has been effected in the produce of the blasting there carried on. In blasting the white limestone of the Antrim coast, in the north of Ireland, it was found that one ounce of powder would rend 14*12 cubic feet of the stone, when in blocks ; but the same quantity rent only 11 '75 cubic feet of loose whinstone blocks. The specific gravity of the white limestone is nearly 276, of the whinstone or basalt about 3 20. The limestone is similar to the chalk of England, in the flints which it con- tains ; but it is exceedingly indurated. The induration may be estimated from the fact that two men will bore one foot in depth in half-an-hour, with jumpers from If to 2 inches in diameter. The following account of the method pursued in getting the valuable granites of Scotland is written by a gentleman of extensive practical knowledge of the subj< ct. The granite quarries of Aberdeen and Peterhead, in the north of Scotland, are comparatively inexhaustible, and the granite which they yield of excellent quality. The manner of extracting the rock in these quarries is by boring, and blasting it with gunpowder. In this process the quarry-men use the ordinary "jumpers," having a piece of steel welded to one end, and made with an edge similar to that of a stone- cutter's chisel, but much more obtuse. They are also made of different lengths the long ones to follow the short, as the boring proceeds. Three men are employed in this depart- ment of the work one sitting on the rock and turning the "jumper " round, while the other two strike alternately with hammers, each of which is about 12 Ibs. weight. These bores are sometimes from 12 to 16, and often 18 feet deep, by about 2\ inches in diameter; and, when charged arid fired, thf^v generally loosen a very great quantity of rock, but seldom ao much more than merely move it. "Bulling" ia qUARUYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. 79 then had recourse to, and this consists of filling all the perpendicular cracks or fissures, caused by the former opera- tion, with gunpowder, and firing it ; by which means the rock is shifted several inches from its bed, and often thrown some yards forward. The next process is to cut up the rock into the required scantlings, and this is done in the following manner: A number of holes are cut in a straight line, about 3 inches long, 2 deep, and 3 inches apart, each tapering towards the bottom, into which iron wedges are inserted, and struck with a heavy iron hammer, beginning at one end of the row and striking them from end to end until the block gives way. Cutting with " Plug and Feather " is also had recourse to when the block intended to be split is very deep and sup- posed to be beyond the power of the ordinary wedges. In this case a row of circular holes, about 1 inch in diameter, 5 or 6 inches deep, and 6 inches apart, are bored with a "jumper;" into each of these are put two "feathers" at opposite sides. (The "feathers," when in position, are merely inverted wedges, having circular backs, so as to fit to the curvature of the holes, the opposite sides being plain, to receive the wedges.) Between these " feathers " long wedges are then introduced, and driven, as in the former case, until the block is split asunder. In the Seventh Volume of the Professional Papers of the Corps of Eoyal Engineers,* Capt. Nelson, R.E., has re- corded some interesting and useful memoranda on the quar- rying of the Plymouth limestone ; from which paper some facts may be well quoted. This limestone is described as fine-grained and hard, abounding in organic remains, and varying in colour from light to dark grey. The tools used in these quarries consist of the "jumper," or " bit," from 8 to 30 feet in length, and from 1 to 2i inches in width ; the " pitching bar," from 6 to 8 feet long ; the " tamping bar," which is -f- inch diameter for 1|- inch bit; the "needle," which is from 3 to 13 feet in length ; and the " ripping " or "crow bar," from 6 to 14 feet long, and from 2^ to 3 inches square at the lower end. In addition to these the " feather and tearers " consist of a wedge about 6 inches long, 1 01 li inch square at one end and i inch square at the other end, and two thin wedges having one flat face and the other segmental ; so that the central "feather " with two " tearers," one on each side, serve to fill pretty well a round hole in the * Weale. 1845. 80 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. stone. The quarry-carts are short and very stoutly built, lined with strips 2-J- x % inch flat iron ; they carry from 1^ to If tons they are 4 feet long, 3 feet 6 inches wide at the hind end, and 3 feet 4 inches in front ; the sides about 1 foot inches high, and the front much higher ; they cost about 15Z. each, and, with repairs, will last nine years. The navi- gator-barrows, which are of the common pattern with wooden wheel, cost 10s. 6d. In the quarry, where they are used all day, and loaded and worked quietly, they are entirely of wood; but at the wharf, where the work is shorter and sharper, a body of plate iron is used on a wooden carriage. Iron carriages for the barrows would be more economical, but too heavy for the quarry-men. Iron wheels are considered too destructive to the planks. The barrows last from three to five months, according to the work, and without repairs. The planks, which are of yellow pine, and in the quarry generally about 25 feet by 14 inches by 2 inches, hooped and bolted, cost 4|d. per superficial foot. At the wharf the planks used are longer, broader, and thicker ; they last about six months. The " jumpers " cost 5d. per Ib. For the re- moval of heavy stones the " devil cart " is used ; this consists of a pair of large and strong wheels with a stout and well- braced axle, to which a long central pole is fixed ; the front and lower end of which is carried upon a small wheel or roller. To this cart the heavy stones are slung by double chains, one of which is attached to the hinder side of the axle, and the other to the pole as near to the axle as may be necessary, according to the dimensions of the stone carried. The quarry screw-jack is an implement of great power, re- sembling the ordinary tool of that name, but having a more extensive series of gearing within ; the winch is on a pinion of four teeth working a wheel of fourteen ; on this is another pinion of four teeth, working a wheel of eighteen, on which is a three-teethed pinion or triple stud engaged with the vertical ratchet. Capt. Nelson's memoranda refer to three quarries in the neighbourhood of Plymouth, in the two first of which the limestone is chiefly raised in blocks of from ^ to 1 cwt., either to be burned on the spot for lime, or shipped for different places in the neighbourhood for that purpose. The stone is likewise wrought for curb-stones and paving slabs, but cannot be got in masses large enough for wharf ashlar. In the third quarry the stone is raised in the largest blocks with heavy charges, and used for breakwaters and AND BLASTING BOCKS. 81 wharf ashlar. The largest block known to have been raised in this quarry weighed about 200 tons ; and so variable are the effects of blasting, that, on one occasion, upwards of 1000 tons were detached by a charge of 100 Ibs. of powder in a 30 feet hole. It is usually considered that, well stratified as the rock in this quarry is, where the mass to be raised is not jammed at the sides, and where the beds dip to the front of the quarry, a quarter of a pound of powder per ton will dislodge the block sufficiently. In quarry No. 1, one man raises 5 tons per day, besides loading and unloading the cart, and removing the rubbish produced 50 yards. Wages (in 1839 ?) 15s. per week, on piece work. In jumping, 16 feet, in four 4-feet holes, is considered a good day's work. Powder used, about 4 Ibs. for 16 tons ; one-fourth of the hole filled with the charge. In quarry No. 2, one man in one day (10 hours net time) will put down 20 feet with 1^-inch bit, or 15 feet with 2-inch bit ; depth of the charge from one- third to one-half that of the hole ; half a pound of powder allowed per cubic yard of solid rock. A man will turn out and break up for rubble stone 4 tons, or 56 cubic feet per day ; or 6 tons without breaking. When thus broken into pieces of from -J to f cwt. each, and delivered at the kiln (close to the quarry), he will break it up for burning at one load of 16 tons, or 224 cubic feet per day. In quarry No. 3, 20 feet of li to 1 J-inch bit is reckoned a good day's work, although one man puts down 30 feet, which is very unusual ; in deep holes, one man is employed for the first 6 feet, two for the next 10 ; and, after 16 feet, three men, provided the hole is not more than 10 or 12 out of the perpendicular ; if it is, even five or six men are put on after the first 15 feet. In such holes, it is usual to commence with a 2|-inch bit, and end with about If inch. In a 30 feet hole, 2-| inch in diameter, 25 Ibs. of powder are used for the first charge. If this does not succeed, it will, at all events, probably disturb the beds beneath sufficiently to allow space for the repetition of the blast, perhaps three or four times over, increasing somewhat every time before the final charge is introduced; as the block, if not well detached on all sides first, will be destroyed by the premature application of the full charge. SLATE QUARRYING. In order to understand the peculiar methods adopted in 82 QUARK YING AND BLASTING ROCKS. slate quarrying, it is necessary to refer to the distinguishing geological feature of the slate formation. Slate, besides being divided by fissures which form beds and joints to the masses, as is the case with all stratified materials, is divisible into laminae or plates of any required thickness, the direction of which laminaB is commonly vertical, or nearly so, but always oblique to, and never coincident with, either the beds or joints. This peculiarity of structure affords the means of splitting the slate and adapting it so suitably to the extensive purposes for which it is employed in great Britain, and, at the same time, determines the most convenient manner of quarrying to be by detaching the masses of slate vertically from the face of a trench or gullet. The cutting of this gullet into the side of the slate mountain is, therefore, the first operation in the working of the quarry. As the trench proceeds, and the height of the surface above becomes greater than convenient (say about 40 feet), a second trench is commenced above the other, and similarly carried onward into the mountain until the height above reaches a similar quantity, when a third trench is commenced, and so on. In the great slate quarries of Bangor,* sixteen of these stages are in progress together; the lower ones being gradually widened, by the getting of the slates, as the upper ones are advanced. In the upper part of the quarry, the slates are removed with crow-bars ; but the slates become harder as they are lower from the surface, and require the use of gun- powder to detach the main masses. The miners engaged in drilling the holes for the powder are suspended by ropes from the upper parts of the rock, and are liable to many and severe accidents. After the slates are detached by powder or otherwise, they consume considerable labour in splitting them with wedges and mallets into marketable sizes, and reducing them to the several sizes required for roofing and other purposes. The means of communication between the several stages or levels (each of which in the Bangor quarry * These quarries are about six miles south-east of Bangor, and are worked in the mountain called in Welsh Y Bron, a name signifying a breast or pap, and commonly given to any hill the contour of which has a flowing outline, free from abruptness. This mountain, Y Bron, is on the side of a deep valley, through which the river Ogwen flows towards Lavan Sands, where it falls into the sea nearly opposite Beaumaris. An interesting paper on these quarries, to which we are indebted in preparing this notice, is contained in the Quarterly Papers on Engineering, vol. iii., part 5. (Weale, 1845.) QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. 83 is about 40 feet high, or nearly 640 feet from bottom to top) are provided by self-acting inclined planes, of great extent, laid from each stage to the contiguous stages. On these planes rails are laid to facilitate the motion of the trucks in which the slate is conveyed. At the head of each plane, a drum and break-wheel are fixed to regulate the velocity of the descent of the loaded trucks towards the level below. From the quarry at Bangor the slates are conveyed upon a railway to the shipping-port, a distance of about seven miles. On the several stages long ranges of sheds are erected for the men employed in cutting and shaping the slates. The slates for roofing are merely split to the required thickness with long iron wedges, and then trimmed with the cutting knife, by being placed on a fixed steel edge. The dykes of greenstone, with which slate rocks are fre- quently traversed, are found to injure the slate, and destroy the cleavage of its structure for a considerable breadth. These dykes are usually removed by blasting, and form a very expensive impediment to the operations of the slate- miner. At the Bangor quarries, about 1000 men are commonly employed, and the profits are understood to amount to about 80,000 per annum. Some of the slate quarries of France are worked by sub- terranean galleries. In those of Eimogne the main gallery is about 400 feet long, with several lateral galleries, 200 feet in length, on each side of the main gallery. These galleries are about 60 feet high, and contain about 40 feet in height of good slate, the remainder consisting of quartz, or being injured by contact with volcanic substances. At Angers, in France, are other slate quarries, worked in open cuttings, and which afford blocks, of which most of the houses of that town are built. In the German States there are several slate quarries : at Eisleben, in Saxony ; at Ilmenau; Mansfield, in Thuringia; and at Pappenheim, in Franconia. Switzerland is said to possess no slate, except in the valley of Sern?t, in the Canton of Grlaris. Italy hab only one quarry, that at Lavagna, in Grenoa, the slate from which is used for lining the cisterns in which olive oil is kept.* * (Papers on Engineering, vol. iii., part 5.) The application of elate here stated in the text is a good proof of the close texture and comparative impermeability of slate. M. Vialet states that he is able to double the natural hardiness of this material by baking it in a brick 84 QUABRIING AXD BLASTING KOCKS. FLBING MINES BY VOLTAIC ELECTRICITY. The removal of a large mass of the chalk cliffs near Dover for the works of ihe South- Eastern Railway Company, by a grand blasting operation effected by three mines, simul- taneously fired by electrical communication, was a work of such surpassing magnitude, and so completely successful in its results, that a brief account of the arrangements made and effects produced may be suitably introduced in an Appendix to the valuable treatise of Sir J. F. Burgoyne. We have at the same time the greater pleasure and greater facility in doing this, because the operations have been so well described by the able officer under whose experience they were conducted,* and from whose description the following notice has been abridged. The Bound Down Cliff is situated 2 miles W. of Dover. Its summit is about 380 feet above high-water mark, and 70 feet above that of the Shakspeare Cliff, which is f of a mile nearer to the town. It is composed of a compact chalk, principally without flints, forming the lower bed of the chalk formation. The dip inclines from W. to E. about 40 feet in a mile. The base jutted out to seaward considerably beyond the general line of cliff" to the westward, under and along which (from the Abbott's Cliff Tunnel towards Folkestone) a distance of 2 miles of the South-Eastern Railway is passed on an open embankment, defended by a substantial retaining wall of concrete. The Shakspeare Tunnel (which forms the portion of the same line nearest to Dover) had been for some time completed, and its mouth or entrance from Folkestone is about 400 feet eastward of the central part of the base of Bound Down. This intervening point, of about 300 feet in length, was therefore to be passed either by a tunnel or an open cutting : the former had been commenced, and the preliminary driftway formed on the upper level, when heavy slips occurring on either side, which partially extended to the cliff in question, materially impaired its stability : the kiln till it assumes a red colour. Subject to the severe test of Brard's process (boiling in sulphate of soda), slate is found to betray no symptoms of decomposition. * Account of the Demolition and Removal by Blasting of a portion of the Hound Down Cliff, near Dover, in January, 1843. By Lieut. Hut- chinson, R.E. Prof. Papers of Royal Engineers, vol. vi. p. 188. ( WtaJe.} QUAllHYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. 85 idea of tunnelling was therefore abandoned, and it was determined to remove this point by blasting, and to continue the open railway and sea wall up to the mouth of the Shakspeare Tunnel. For this purpose the principle adopted was to employ large charges, placed a little above the in tended level of the railway, which, by blowing out the base of the cliff in their front, would cause the downfall of the superincumbent mass. The result fully justified the adoption of this method. The experience gained in the many and extensive mining operations on this line of railway led to the adoption of a charge in Ibs., bearing the proportion of -% of the cube of the line of least resistance in feet, corresponding with the rule laid down by Sir J. E. Burgoyne, and which had been found sufficient for the works at Dover for blasts with charges varying from 500 to 1200 Ibs. This calculation was therefore adopted in the present instance, and, as the length of face to be removed was great (300 feet) three charges were used, one in the centre at the back of the salient point, the, others at the distance of 70 feet on either side. From careful measurements the lines of least resistance were found to be Centre ... 72 feet to face of cliif. East and west . > - 56 ditto ditto. By calculation the quantity of powder required for the centre chamber was found to be 6750 Ibs., which was increased to 7500, to provide against contingencies. For each of the two end chambers an allowance of 5500 Ibs. was made, and thus the total quantity of powder became 7500 + 5500 -f 5500 = 18,500 Ibs., or about 8i tons. The preliminary driftway already mentioned was used for excavating to the chambers, being about 4 feet wide end 5 feet 6 inches high ; but, being cut on the upper level of the intended tunnel, it became necessary to sink shafts a depth of 17 feet to reach the lower level of the chambers 3 feet above that of the railway. These shafts were formed as truncated cones, 5 feet diameter at bottom, and 3 feet at top, thus affording additional security for the retention of the tamping. At the bottom of these shafts, galleries 5 feet 6 inches high were cut at right angles to the driftway, and continued to the points determined for the chambers. These branches also were made of a dove- tailed form, 2 feet wide at the shaft, and 4 feet 6 inches at the other extremity, to assist in securing the tamping. The 86 QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. chambers were excavated at right angles to the galleries, and of the following dimensions, viz.: Centre chamber . 13 ft. by 5 ft. 6 in. high, by 4 ft. 6 in. Two ends of do. . 10 ft. by 5 ft. 6 in. high, by 4 ft. The voltaic batteries consisted of fifty-four of Daniel!' s cylinders, being eighteen for each mine. These cylinders were made of sheet copper, 32 oz. to the superficial foot, 1 foot 10 inches long, and 3 inches diameter, placed in sets of six each, each set in a deal box 1 foot 4 inches by 1 foot, by 1 foot 9 inches high, with a lid 4 inches deep. The zinc rods were 1 foot 8 inches long, and f inch diameter. These batteries differ from the common plate-battery also in employing two liquids separated by a partition of animal membrane, or plaster of Paris. The liquid into which the zinc rod is plunged is sulphuric acid diluted with eight times its quantity of water. The liquid on the outside of the par- tition is a saturated solution of sulphate of copper. Besides the eighteen Daniell's cylinders, two plate-bat- teries were applied for each mine in order to guard against the injury which it appeared Daniell's apparatus was liable to by the low temperature of the season. In these plate- batteries the solution was weaker, being only 1 of the acid to 12 water. The plate-batteries were contained in boxes 3 feet 2 inches by 12 inches and 8 inches deep, of 1 inch deal, and each divid'ed into 20 cells 1| inch wide, by partitions of | inch deal, the cells being coated with a waterproof com- position of spirits of wine and sealing-wax. The 20 pairs of plates forming the series, each composed of a zinc plate f inch thick, in a rectangular case of copper 10 inches long, 1| inch wide, and 8 inches deep, without top or bottom, were united by stout copper wire attached to the zinc plate of one pair and the copper plate of the adjoining pair. For the purpose of firing, it was determined to use three sets of wires and three separate batteries. The total length of wire required was thus 6000 feet, being 2000 for each mine, and inch diameter. The wires were coated with a composition of pitch 8 to bees' -wax 1, and tallow 1, and covered with a coarse cotton tape, bound round while the composition was hot. The two wires thus prepared were insulated by being laid one on each side of a 1 inch rope, and overlaid by a stout packthread turned once round each wire at every coii. The whole was then bound over with 2 yarn-spun yarn, and finally coated with the same coinpo- QUARRYING AND BLASTING ROCKS. 87 sition of pitch, wax, and tallow. One man with a labourer prepared this wire at the rate of 6 feet per hour. The cartridges or bursting charges were made 9 inches long and 2 inches in diameter, the top and bottom being secured by cork bungs. The priming wires, T ^ of an inch in diameter, projected 1 foot 6 inches beyond the top. They were passed through a slip of wood If inch square and J inch thick, inserted at the centre of the tube, and their ends clenched on a circular plate If inches diameter, lying over the lower cork bung. The platinum wire was fixed half-way between the two. The powder, which was of the finest sporting quality, was poured in from the top. The upper bung, being in halves, one-half was removed for this purpose, and refixed when the tube was filled : the top and bottom were then coated with a waterproof composition. Two of these cartridges, after being tested by the galvano- meter, were attached to each of the conducting wires, the wires being perfectly insulated, and covered with spun yarn. The cartridges were extended to a distance of 3 feet apart, and buried in the centre tier of loose powder in the box. The wires were then carried from the chambers along grooves cut in the sides of the galleries, shafts, and driftway, and covered with wooden troughs. For the tamping, a dry wall was built in chalk across the end of each chamber, and the galleries and shafts were after- wards filled in with the same material, which was extended in the driftway to 10 feet on each side of the top of the shafts. The tamping occupied about twenty hours with four men to each mine. For containing the charges of powder, the deal cases were constructed within the chambers of the following dimen- sions : Boxes. Centre 11 ft. by 4 ft. 3 in. by 3 ft. 6 in. Ends 10 ft. by 2 ft. 8 in. by 3 ft. 3 in. The powder was deposited in the boxes, in bags holding 50 Ibs. each ; the tiers above the centre were placed with their mouths downwards, those below it with their mouths upwards. The circuit being completed at each battery by pre- arranged words of command, the mines were fired simulta- neously on the 26th January, 1843, at 2'20 P.M. The ignition was followed by a deep hollow sound, and the effect was described to resemble the appearance of the fall, or rather 88 STONES USED IN BUILDING. flowing, of lava from the side of a mountain, assuming a gently undulating wave-like motion, as the mass slid along the bottom and into the sea. The mass fell exactly as had been desired, and the quantity removed was estimated at more than 400,000 cubic yards, being a parallel mass or slice from the inclined face of the cliff, and averaging 380 feet in height by 80 feet in thickness, and 360 feet in length of face. The operation thus successfully conducted and completed, without the slightest accident, saved about 7000Z. to the South- Eastern Railway Company, and reflects the highest credit upon Lieut. Hutchinson, Messrs. Cubitt, Wright, and Hodges, and all other parties concerned. PAET II. STONES USED IN BUILDING. To the architect and the engineer, alike, is a knowledge of the materials which he has to emplo} r , or to deal with, of supreme importance. And, were it worth while to inquire the rank which each class of materials occupies in the scale of professional consideration, we should start upon the fact that those substances which, for their substantial properties and enduring character, are selected as the foundations and the exposed external parts of our buildings and structures, claim our first and most attentive examination, frequently, in- deed, local circumstances will define the limits within which the selection must be made ; but there are few, if there are any, cases in which the designer is altogether denied the privilege of selection ; while in many instances an acquaint- ance with the materials at his disposal will open a wide field for the exercise of his judgment in aiming at current economy and permanent preservation. In the few pages left to us in the present volume, we pro- pose to follow up the account given of the methods of getting or quarrying stones, &c., by describing the several properties of the leading classes of those materials which fit them for the purposes of construction, and which should lead to the adoption of one or other of them, according to the service tfcey may be required for. Without attempting to observe the classification laid down by geologists, we propose to treat of stones under the four STONES USED IN BUILDING. 89 general divisions of Granites, Slates, Limestones, and Sand- stones, including under each of these general heads such constituents or subordinate combinations of each as may appear essential to be noticed in this rudimentary outline of a really extensive and highly important department of practical science. GRANITE. This rock, which appears to have originally been a fused mass, and subsequently to have undergone the process of crystallisation, is of a granular structure, that is, consisting of separate grains of different substances, united, apparently, without the aid of any intermediate matter or cement. These substances are quartz, felspar, and mica, each of these being a compound. The infinite variety of proportions in which these several constituent elements are united in the mass, occasions the great diversities of colour and appearance of the several kinds of granite, and also affects in a much more important manner the enduring characteristics of this valu- able material. Thus its colour varies from light grey to a dark tint closely approaching black, and is to be found of all shades of red, and many green. Of the constituents of granite, quartz is a substance of a glassy appearance, and of a grey colour, and is composed of a metallic base silicitim and oxygen : felspar is also a crystalline substance, but com- monly opaque, of a yellowish or pink colour, composed of silicious and aluminous matter, with a small proportion of lime and potash; mica, a glittering substance, principally consists of clay and flint, with a little magnesia and oxide of iron. Instead of the mica, another substance, called horn- blende, is found in some granites : hornblende is a dark crys- talline substance, composed of flint, alumina, and magnesia, besides a large proportion of the black oxide of iron. Granites in which hornblende exists are sometimes called Syenite, having been first found in the island of Syene, in Egypt. A similar rock is found in Scotland, in Aberdeen, and in the Isle of Arran. Granite is found in mountain-chains, and usually in rugged outlines, in nearly all parts of Europe. In the Pyrenees it is found in masses of piles or columns. In Germany it forms the material of those famed scenes of supernatural tradition, the Brocken and the Hartz Mountains. Granite forms the bold ridges of Switzerland and the Savoy. In England, this valuable rock occurs in Devonshire and 90 STONES USED IN BUILDING. Cornwall, also in North Wales, Anglesea, the Malvern Hills in Worcestershire, Charnwood Forest in Leicestershire, and in Cumberland and Westmorland. Granite rises near the foot of Skiddaw in Cumberland, and there are masses of it on the banks of Ulswater. It is found in the mountains of Armagh and Wicklowin Ireland; and Mr. Bakewell supposes tli at the same formation of this rock, which occurs on the western side of England, is continued under the Irish Channel, or, if interrupted, it rises again in the Isle of Man, and in the counties of Dublin and Wicklow in Ireland. Granite blocks are found in the beds of some of the rivers in the north-west parts of Yorkshire, and in clay pits in Cheshire and Lancashire, at great distances from any quarries where the stone is obtainable. Most of the granite met with in Charnwood Forest is of the kind called Sienite, and already described. A continuation of the same description of rock appears upon the surface, near Bedworth, in Warwickshire. In the granite of Cornwall the felspar is usually white, but in the Scotch granite it is commonly red. Among the celebrated works of which granite forms the material, may be named the monuments of Ancient Egypt and of Thebes, the celebrated block used as a pedestal for the statue of Peter the Great in St. Petersburgh, the columns in the church of the Casan in the same city ; and in England the columns in the King's library in the Museum, and the bridges of London, &c., &c. Although all granites are similar in structure, the difference in the proportions of its constituent substances occasions great difference in its enduring and useful properties. Some varieties are exceedingly friable, and liable to decomposition, while others, including that known as Sienite, suffer but imperceptibly from moisture and the atmosphere. Some remarks upon the properties of a Sienite, the " Herm Granite " of Guernsey, published in the first volume of the Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers, may be here usefully quoted : " The Herm granite, as compared with Peterhead, and Moorstone from Devon or Cornwall, is a highly crystallised intermixture of felspar, quartz, and hornblende, with a small quantity of black mica, the first of these ingredients hard and sometimes transparent in a greater degree than that found in other British granites, the contact of the other substances perfect. It resists the effect of exposure to air, and does not easily disintegrate from the mass when mica STONES USED IN BUILDING. 91 does not prevail ; but, as this last is usually scarce in Guernsey granites, the mass is not deteriorated by its presence aa in the Brittany granites, where it abounds, decomposes, stains, and pervades the felspar, and finally destroys the adhesion of the component parts : vide the interior columns of St. Peter's Port church (Guernsey), which is built of it, for an instance. The quartz is in a smaller quantity, and somewhat darker than the felspar in colour : the grains are not large, but uniformly mixed with the other ingredients, The hornblende, which appears to supply the place of mica, is hard and crystallised in small prisms, rarely accompanied by chlorite : its dark colour gives the grayish tone to this granite, or when abundant forms the Hue granite of the Yale parish. This substance is essentially superior to mica in the formation and durability of granites for strength and re- sistance ; consequently its presence occasions more labour in working or facing the block, and its specific gravity is increased. The mica is inferior in quantity to the hornblende, and usually dispersed in small flakes in the mass ; it may, with chlorite, be considered rare." " The compact nature of a close-grained granite, such as the Vale and Herm stone, having the felspar highly crystal- lised and free from stained cracks, seems well calculated to resist the effect of air and water. When the exterior bruised surface of a block has been blown off, it is better disposed to resist decay ; if the surface blocks of the island are now examined after the lapse of ages, it will be found to have resisted the gradual disintegration of time in a superif- degree, when compared with large grained or porphyritic granite ; when exposed to water and air, there is no change beyond the polish resulting from friction of the elements. Among the symptoms of decay, disintegration prevails generally among granites, usually commencing with the decomposition of the mica ; its exfoliating deranges the cohesion of the grains, and it may be considered then to be the more frequent mode of decay." " The churches of the Yale and St. Sampson (Guernsey), although much of the materials are French and Alderney, bear many proofs of the above remarks : these erections date A.D. 1100 1150. The ancient buildings of decided Herm and Yale stone must be sought for among the old houses in the northern parishes of Guernsey, where they not only encounter the effect of air and water (rain), but the sea air and burning rays of the sun. Disintegration alone appears STONES \TSED IN BUILDING. going on by slow degrees, but in no case affecting the interior of the stone, and so gradual and general as not to deface the building materially ; indeed, the oldest proofs taken from door-posts, lintels, and arches, have scarcely lost their original sharpness or sculpture. The pier of St. Peter's Port and bridge of St. Sampson's may also be mentioned. " The shore rocks in like manner do not show any material change of surface by wearing ; where the force of the tide is strongest, a slight smoothness alone may be observed on the exterior, and' in many instances each substance possesses this polish without being levelled down to a face" " Yale stone on the northern point of Guernsey produces a. finer grained Sienite than Herm, more hornblende in it, and specific gravity greater. The Herm is somewhat larger grained, but equally good for every erection where durability is the chief point. The Gat-au-roque stone in the western part of Guernsey must be considered of a different structure to the above : it is a fair and good stone, and appears to last well ; its schistose texture must ally it to the gneiss series. In colour it is much the same as the blue granites, the felspar is brilliant and the hornblende prisms are well defined ; there is more chlorite in it, and it is easier to work." Erom the same volume, the following interesting results of experiments upon the relative wear of seven different kinds of granite and one whinstone are extracted, as peculiarly valuable in the choice of materials which will be exposed to similarly destructive forces. " TABLE showing the result of Experiments made under the direction of Mr. Walker, on the Wear of different Stones in the Tramway on the Commercial Road, London, from Nth March, 1830, to 2ith August, 1831, being a period of seventeen months. Name of stone. Sup. area in feet. Original weight. Loss of weight by wear. Loss per sup. foot. Relative losses. Guernsev 4734 cwt. qrs. Ibs. 7 1 12-75 Ibs. 4-50 Ibs. 0-951 1-000 Herni 5-250 7 3 24-25 5'50 1-048 1-102 ' Budle 6-336 9 50-75 7-75 1-223 1-286 Peterhead (blue) ... Hey tor 3-484 4-313 4 1 7-50 6 15-25 6-25 8-25 1-795 1-915 1-887 2-014 Aberdeen (red) Dctrtnioor . . 5-375 4-500 7 2 11-50 6 2 25-00 11-50 12-50 2-139 2-778 2-249 2-921 Aberdeen (blue) 4-823 6 2 16-00 14-75 3-058 3-216 STONES USED IN BUILDING. 9<3 " The Commercial Road stoneway, on which these experi- ments were made, consists of two parallel lines of rectangular tramstones, 18 inches wide by a foot deep, and jointed to each other endwise, for the wheels to travel on, with a common street pavement between for the horses. The tramstones subjected to experiment were laid in the gateway of the Limehouse turnpike, so as of necessity to be exposed to all the heavy traffic from the East and West India Docks. A similar set of experiments had previously been made in the same place, but for a shorter period (little more than four months), with, however, not very different results, as the following figures, corresponding with the column of " relative losses" in the foregoing table will show. " Guernsey . . TOGO Peterhead (blue) 1715 Budle . . . 1-040 Aberdeen (red) . 2-413 Herm . . . 1-156 Aberdeen (blue) 2'821 All the above stones are granites except the Budle, which is a species of whin from Northumberland, and they were all new pieces in each series of experiments." The relative hardness, or resistance to crushing, of the several kinds of granite in common use, is exhibited in the following Table of Experiments made with an hydrostatic press on specimens of the sizes stated in the Table. These experiments were made with a 12-inch press, the pump one inch diameter, and the lever 10 to 1 ; the me- chanical advantage therefore 144 x 10 = 1440 to 1. The weights on the lever were added by 7 Ibs. at a time ; each addition therefore equivalent to 1440 X 7 = 10,080 Ibs. or 4^- tons. In consequence of the smallness of the specimens, the press was filled with blocks to the required height, and with these the surplus effect of the lever was 44 Ibs. at 10 to 1, which strictly should be added to the pressure ; but, as the friction of the apparatus is equal to the effect of the lever, it is dispensed with in the calculation. The column containing the pressure per square inch required to produce a fracture gives the true value of the stone, as the weight that does so would possibly completely destroy the stone if allowed to remain on for a length of time. It should also be observed that, from the exceedingly short time allowed for the experiments, the results are probably too high. 94 STONES USKD IN BUILDING. I M< 7* os oo op cp EH cb 4* cb j ^ P<<~ gj i CO OO O .b- r-H Jt>- O O O O rH O O " ~i 'o ai T* *O *O OO *fip OO OO OO a gj fl cb co o cb oo 4* i . OO5 Ol>- OSOO QOt ^H oo CN cq cq \4 g OOO COO COCO (MrH OO "^^ r-f O - '* m EH ^"^ ^co -*co 4*c T^ R 100 STONES USED IN BUILDING. I* 1^ OQ CO CO CJ * G 3 Oi Oi o o ^ PH"^ CO CM rH 1 o3 <3 &l ft^oJ DC r-^-, r-^ ^-, r-^ "M ^5; ^SS O4 00 CO 3 51" & w rH ^ rH g A p S g-'SS OQ r-^ ^-, ^-, r-*-, S a o IO GO 5. Tamping described, 26, 37 ; boring out, 4 ; broken brick, 46 ; broker, stone, 46 ; materials for, 37 ; ob- servations on the materials most suitable for, 59 ; plugs, 50 ; results of experiments with plugs, 55 ; use of sand for, 38; experiments on the relative value of sand and clay for, 40 ; experiments on the value of packed sand for, 44; conclu- sions from ditto, 45. Ticino, attempted destruction of ths bridge over the, near Magenta, do- scribed, 117. Tools for blasting, 2 ; for quarrying. Train for firing charges, 29 Trains, firing, 34. Tremenhere, Lieut., blasting opera- tions in the Jumna and at Delhi, 76. Tunnelling: at Mont Cenis, 128 ; cost of, 72; cost of the road tunnel of Drenodrohur, 72 ; cost of the railway tunnel at Liverpool, 73; difficulties of, 60; dimen- sions of tunnels, 62 ; double tunnels, 63 ; comparison of the advantages of single and double tunnels, 64 ; drainage of tunnels, 68 ; effects of strata, 67 ; floors of tunnels, 65 ; form of roof of tun- nels, 63 ; incline of tunnels, 68 n. ; process of, 61 ; shafts, sinking, 66 ; arrangements for ditto, 66 ; dis- advantages of ditto, 66; ventila- tion of tunnels, 69 ; apparatus for the ventilation of tunnels, 71. Vale stone granite, described^ 92. Ventilation of tunnels, 69 ; apparatus for the, 71. Vernon, Captain, on the services of the Royal Engineers in the Crimea. 120. Vialet's method of hardening slute b} baking, 83 n. Vignole's boring apparatus, 5. Voltaic battery, firing trains with the, 34 ; firing mines by, 84. Water, absorption of, by Irish granite 95 ; blasting in deep, 32. Whetstone slate, 96. 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Fifth Edition. . . .1/6 Dictionary of the English Language, As Spoken and Written. Containing above 100,000 Words. By HYDE CLARKE, D.C.L 3/6 Complete with the GRAMMAR . . . 5/6 Composition and Punctuation, Familiarly Explained for those who have neglected the Study of Grammar. By JUSTIN BRENAN. i8th Edition \ JQ French Grammar. With Complete and Concise Rules on the Genders of French Nouns. By G. L. STRAUSS, Ph. D 1/6 French-English Dictionary. Comprising a large number of New Terms used in Engineering, Mining, &c. By ALFRED ELVVES 1/6 English-French Dictionary. By ALFRED ELWES 2/0 French Dictionary. The two Parts, as above, complete in One Vol 3/0 *** Or with the GRAMMAR, 4/6- French and English Phrase Book. Containing Introductory Lessons, with Translations, Vocabularies of Words, Collection of Phrases, and Easy Familiar Dialogues . . . .1/6 German Grammar. Adapted for English Students, from Heyse's Theoretical and Practical Grammar, by Dr. G. L. STRAUSS 1/6 German Triglot Dictionary. By N. E. S. A. HAMILTON. Part I. German-French-English. Part II. English-German- French. Part III. French-German-English . . 3/0 German Triglot Dictionary (As above). Together with German Grammar in One Volume . . 5/0 Italian Grammar Arranged in Twenty Lessons, with Exercises. By ALFRED ELWES . 1 /6 Italian Triglot Dictionary, Wherein the Genders of all the Italian and French Nouns are carefully noted down. By ALFRED ELWES. Vol. i. Italian-English-French . 2/6 Italian Triglot Dictionary. By ALFRED ELWES. Vol. 2. English- French-Italian . . . 2/6 Italian Triglot Dictionary. By ALFRED ELWES. Vol. 3. French-Jtalian-English . . . 2/6 Italian Triglot Dictionary (As above). In One Vol ... 7/6 Spanish Grammar. In a Simple and Practical Form. With Exercises. By ALFRED ELWES 1 /6 Spanish-English and English-Spanish Dictionary. Including a large number of Technical Terms used in Mining, Eng neering, &c., with the proper Accents and the Gender of every Noun. By ALFRED ELWES 4/0 V Or with the GRAMMAR, 6/0- 16 WEALE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERIES. Portuguese Grammar, In a Simple and Practical Form. With Exercises. By ALFRED ELWES 1/6 Portuguese -English and English -Portuguese Dic- tionary. Including a large number of Technical Terms used in Mining, Engineering, &c., with the proper Accents and the Gender of every Noun. By ALFRED ELWES. Third Edition, revised 5/0 %* Or with the GRAMMAR, 7/0- Animal Physics, Handbook of. By DIONYSIUS LARDNER, D.C.L. With 520 Illustrations. In One Vol. (732 pages), cloth boards .7/6 *** Sold also in Two Parts, as follows: ANIMAL PHYSICS. By Dr. LARDNER. Parti., Chapters I. VII. 4/Q ANIMAL PHYSICS. By Dr. LARDNER. Part II., Chapters VIII.- XVIII. 3/0 BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO. LD., PRINTERS, LONDON AND TONBRIDGE. 3AAJ.IUlN.EKb tA.L.L. UUUKA, I-UINIJUIM, r-.V^. September, 1896. CATALOGUE OF BOOKS INCLUDING NEW AND STANDARD WORKS IN ENGINEERING: CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND MARINE; ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING; MINING, METALLURGY; ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, INDUSTRIAL AND DECORATIVE ARTS; SCIENCE, TRADE AND MANUFACTURES; AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING; AUCTIONEERING, VALUING AND ESTATE AGENCY; LAW AND MISCELLANEOUS. PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. D. K. Clark' sPocJset-Book for Mechanical Engineers. THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK OF TA BLES, FORM ULM, R ULES AND DATA. A Handy Book of Reference for Daily Use in Engineering Practice. By D. KINNEAR CLARK, M.Inst.C.E., Author of "Railway Machinery," "Tramways," &c. Third Edition, Re- vised. Small 8vo, 700 pages, 6s. bound in flexible leather cover, rounded corners. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. MATHEMATICAL TABLES. MEASUREMENT OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS. ENGLISH WEIGHTJS AND MEASURES. FRENCH METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEA- SURES. FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. MONEYS. SPECIFIC GRAVITY, WEIGHT AND VOLUME. MANUFACTURED METALS. STEEL PIPES. BOLTS AND NUTS. SUNDRY ARTICLES IN WROUGHT AND CAST IRON, COPPER, BRASS, LEAD, TIN, ZINC. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. STRENGTH OF TIMBER. STRENGTH OF CAST IRON. STRENGTH OF WROUGHT IRON. STRENGTH OF STEEL. TENSILE STRENGTH OF COPPER, LEAD, ETC. RESISTANCE OF STONES AND OTHER BUILD- ING MATERIALS. RIVETED JOINTS IN BOILER PLATES. BOILER SHELLS WIRE ROPES AND HEMP ROPES. CHAINS AND CHAIN CABLES. FRAMING. HARDNESS OF METALS, ALLOYS AND STONES. LABOUR OF ANIMALS. MECHANICAL PRIN- CIPLES. GRAVITY AND FALL OF BODIES. ACCELERATING AND "RETARDING FORCES. MILL GEARING, SHAFTING, ETC. TRANSMISSION OF MOTIVE POWER. HEAT. COMBUSTION : FUELS. WARMING, VENTILATION, COOKING STOVES. STEAM. STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS. RAILWAYS. TRAMWAYS. STEAM SHIPS. PUMPING STEAM ENGINES AND PUMPS. COAL GAS, GAS ENGINES, ETC. AIR IN MOTION. COMPRESSED AIR. HOT AIR ENGINES. WATER POWER. SPEED OF CUTTING TOOLS. COLOURS. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " Mr Clark manifests what is an innate perception ot what is likely to be useful In a pocket- book, and he is really unrivalled in the art of condensation. Very frequently we find the informa tion on a given subject is supplied by giving a summary description of an experiment, and a state- ment of the results obtained. There is a very excellent steam table, occupying five and-a-balf pages ; and there are rules given for several calculations, which rules cannot be found in other pocket-books, as, for example, that on page 497, for getting at the quantity of water in the shape of priming in any k.iown weight of steam. It is very difficult t hit upon any mechanical engineer- in? subject concerning which this work supplies no information, and the excellent index at the end adds to its utility. In one word, it is an exceedingly handy and efficient tool, possessed of which the engineer will be saved many a wearisome calculation, or yet more wearisome hunt through various text-books and treatises, and, as such, we can heartily recommend it to our readers, who must not run away with the idea that Mr. Clark's Pocket-book is only Molesworth in another form. On the contrary, each contains what is not to be found in the other ; and Mr. Clark takes more room and deals at more length with many subjects than Molesworth possibly could." The Engineer. " It would be found difficult to compress more matter within a similar compass, or produce a book of 650 pages which should be more compact or convenient for pocket reference. . . . Will be appreciated by mechnaical engineers of all classes." Practical. Engineer. "Just the kind of work that practical men require to have near to them." English Mechanic. B 2 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. MR, HUTTON'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS. Handbook for Works' Managers. THE WORKS' MANAGER'S HANDBOOK OF MODERN RULES, TABLES, AND DATA. For Engineers, Millwrights, and Boiler Makers; Tool Makers, Machinists, and Metal Workers; Iron and Brass Founders, &c. By W. S. HUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Practical Engineer's Handbook." Fifth Edition, carefully Re- vised, with Additions. In One handsome Volume, medium 8vo, price 155. strongly bound. [Just published. 1ST The Author having compiled Rules and Data for his own use in a great variety of modern engineering work, and having found his notes extremely useful, decided to publish them revised to date believing that a practical work, suited to ihe DAILY REQUIREMENTS OF MODERN ENGINEERS, would be favourably received. In the Fourth Edition the First Section has been re-written and improved by the addition of numerous Illustrations and new matter relating to STEAM ENGINES and GAS ENGINES. The Second Section has been enlarged and Illustrated, and through- out the book a great number of emendations and alterations have been made, with the object of rendering the book more generally useful. %* OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. "The author treats every subject from the point of view of one who has collected workshop notes for application in workshop pract'^e, rather than from the theoretical or literary aspect. The volume contains a great deal or mat kiu-j of information which is gained only by practical experi- ence, and is seldom written in books. 1 ' Engineer. "The volume is an exceedingly useful one, brimful with engineers' notes, memoranda, and rules, and well worthy of being on every mechanical engineer's bookshelf." Mechanical World. " The information is precisely that likely to be required in practice. . . . The work forms a desirable addition to the library not only of the works' manager, but of anyone connected with general engineering." Alining Journal. "A formidable mass of facts and figures, readily accessible through an elaborate Index . . . Such a volume will be found absolutely necessary as a book of reference in all sorts of ' works ' connected with the metal trades." Ry land's Iron Trades Circular. " Brimful of useful information, stated in a concise form, Mr. Hutton's books have met a press- ing want among engineers. The book must prove extremely useful to every practical man possessing a copy." Practical Engineer. New Manual for Practical Engineers. THE PRACTICAL ENGINEER'S HAND-BOOK. Comprising a Treatise on Modern Engines and Boilers : Marine, Locomotive and Sta- tionary. And containing a large collection of Rules and Practical Data relating to recent Practice in Designing and Constructing all kinds of Engines, Bcilers, and other Engineering work. The whole constituting a comprehensive Key to the Board of Trade and other Examinations ioi Certi- ficates of Competency in Modern Mechanical Engineering. By WALTER S. HUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of " The Works' Manager's Handbook for Engineers," &c. With upwards of 370 Illustrations. Fifth Edition, Revised, with Additions. Medium 8vo, nearly 500 pp., price 185. Strongly bound. [Just published. tSs* This work is designed as a companion to the Author's "WORKS' MANAGER'S HAND-BOOK." It possesses many new and original features, and con- tains, like its predecessor, a quantity of matter not originally intended for publica- tion, but collected by the author for his own use in the construction of a great variety of MODERN ENGINEERING WORK. The information is given in a condensed and concise form, and is illustrated by upwards of 570 Woodcuts; and comprises a quantity of tabulated matter of great value to ml engaged in designing, constructing^^ estimating for ENGINES, BOILERS, and OTHER ENGINEERING WORK. %* OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " We have kept It at hand for several weeks, referring to it as occasion arose, and we have not on a smgie occasion consulted its pages without finding the information of which we were in quest. ' Athencr.uni, " A thoroughly good practical handbook, which no engineer can go through without learning something that will be of service to him." Marine Engineer. " An excellent book of reference for engineers, and a valuable text-book for students 01 engineering." Scsis-nian. "This valuable manual embodies the results and experience of the leading authorities on mechanical engineering." Building Netus. " The author has collected together a surprising quantity of rules and practical data, and has snown much judgment in the selections he has made. . . . There is no doubt that this book is one of the most useful of its kind published, and will be a very popular compendium." Engineer. " A mass of information, set down in simple language, and in such a form that it can be easily referred to at any time. The matter is uniformly good and well chosen and is greatly elucidated by the illustrations. The book will find its way on to most engineers' shelves, where it will rank as one of the most useful books of reference." Practical Engineer. " Full of useful information and should be found on the office shelf of all practical engli eers." English Mechanic. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. MR. MUTTON'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS continued. Practical Treatise on Modern Steam-Boilers. STEAM-BOILER CONSTRUCTION. A Practical Handbook ior Engineers, Boiler-Makers, and Steam Users. Containing a large Col- lection of Rules and Data relating to Recent Practice in the Design, Con- struction, and Working of all Kinds of Stationary, Locomotive, and Marine Steam-Boilers. By WALTER S. HUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook," "The Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c. With upwards of 300 Illustrations, Second Edition. Medium 8vo, i8s. cloth. 13" This work is issued in continuation of the Series of Handbooks written by the Author, viz; "THE WORKS' MANAGER'S HANDBOOK" and "THE PRACTI- CAL, ENGINEER'S HANDBOOK," which are so highly appreciated by Engineers for the practical nature of their information ; and is consequently written in the same style as those works. The Author believes that the concentration, in a convenient form for easy refer- ence, of such a large amoun-t of thoroughly practical information on Steam-Boilers, will be of considerable service to those for whom it is intended, and he trusts the booh may be deemed worthy of as favourable a reception as has been accorded to its Predecessors, %* OPINIONS OF THE PRESS, "Every detail, both In boiler design and management, is clearly laid before the reader. The volume shows that boiler construction has been reduced to the condition of one of the most exact sciences ; and such a book is of the utmost value to the fin de siecle Engineer and Works Manager. " Marine Engineer. " There has long been room for a modern handbook on steam boilers ; there is not that room now, because Mr. Hutton has filled it. It is a thoroughly practical book for those who are occu- pied in the construction, design, selection, or use of boilers." Engineer. " The book is of so important and comprehensive a character that it must find Its way Into the libraries of everyone interested in boiler using or boiler manufacture if they wish to be thoroughly informed. We strongly recommend the book for the intrinsic value of its contents." Machinery Market. " The value of this book can hardly be over-estimated The author's rules, formulae &c., arc all very fresh, and it is impossible to turn to the work and not find what you want. No practical engineer should be without it." Colliery Guardian. Hutton's "Modernised Templeton." THE PRACTICAL MECHANICS' WORKSHOP COM- PANION. Comprising a great variety of the most useful Rules and Formulae in Mechanical Science, with numerous Tables of Practical Data and Calcu- lated Results for Facilitating Mechanical Operations. By WILLIAM TEMPLE- TON, Author of "The Engineer's Practical Assistant," &c. &c. Seventeenth Edition, Revised, Mpdernised,_and considerably Enlarged by WALTER S. 1 for workshop or pocket wear and tear. *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " In its modernised form Hutton's ' Templeton 'should have a wide sale, for It contains nuuh raluable information which the mechanic will often find of use, and not a few tables and notes whicb he might look for in vain in other works. This modernised edition will be appreciated by all who have learned to value the original editions of ' Templeton.' ' English Mechanic. the every-day requirement* of engineers, millwrights, and the various trades connected with engineering and building. The new modernised edition is worth its weight in gold." Building Me-ws. (Second Notice.) "This well-known and largely- used book contains Information, brought up to date, of the sort so useful to the foreman and draughtsman. So much fresh information has been introduced as to constitute it practically a new book. It will be largely used in the office and workshop." Mechanical World. " The publishers wisely entrusted the task of revision of this popular, valuable, and useful book to Mr. Hutton, than whom a more competent man they could not have found." Iron. Temjjleton's Engineer's and Machinist's Assistant. THE ENGINEER'S, MILLWRIGHT'S, and MACHINIST'S PRACTICAL ASSISTANT. A collection of Useful Tables, Rules and Data. By WILLIAM THMPLETON. 7th Edition, with Additions. i8mo, zs. 6d. cloth. *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " Occupies a foremost place among books of this kind. A more suitable present to an appren- tice to any of the mechanical trades could not possibly be made." Building News. " A deservedly popular work. It should be in the ' drawer ' of every mechanic." English C&OSBY LOCH WOOD & SOti'S CATALOGUE. Foley's Office Reference Book for Mechanical Engineers. THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S REFERENCE BOOK, for Machine and Boiler Construction. In Two Parts. Part I. GENERAL ENGINEERING DATA. Part II. BOILER CONSTRUCTION. With 51 Plates and numerous Illustrations. By NELSON FOLEY. M.I.N.A. Second Edition, Revised throughout and much Enlarged. Folio, 3 35. net half-bound. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS, V' published. PART I. MEASURES. CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS, &c., SQUARES, CUBES, FOURTH POWERS. SQUARE AND CUBE ROOTS. SURFACE OF TUBES RECIPROCALS. LOGARITHMS. MENSURATION. SPE- CIFIC GRAVITIES AND WEIGHTS. WORK AND POWER. HEAT. COMBUS- TION. EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION. EXPANSION OF GASES. STEAM. STATIC FORCES. GRAVITATION AND ATTRACTION. MOTION AND COMPUTA- TION OF RESULTING FORCES. ACCU- MULATED WORK. CENTRE AND RADIUS OF GYRATION. MOMENT OF INERTIA. CENTRE OF OSCILLATION. ELEC- TRICITY. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. ELASTICITY. TEST SHEETS OF METALS. FRICTION. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. FLOW OF LIQUIDS. FLOW OF GASES. AIR PUMPS, SURFACE CON- DENSJRS, &c. SPEED OF STEAMSHIPS. PROPELLERS. CUTTING TOOLS. FLANGES. COPPER SHEETS AND TUBES. SCREWS, NUTS, BOLT HEADS, &c. VARIOUS RECIPES AND MISCEL- LANEOUS MATTER. WITH DIAGRAMS FOR VALVE-GEAR, BELTING AND ROPES, DISCHARGE AND SUCTION PIPES, SCREW PROPELLERS, AND COPPER PIPES, PART II. TREATING OF, POWER OF BOILERS. USEFUL RATIOS. NOTES ON CON- STRUCTION. CYLINDRICAL BOILER SHELLS. CIRCULAR FURNACES. FLAT PLATES. STAYS. GIRDERS. RIVETING. BOILER SETTING, CHIM- NEYS, AND MOUNTINGS. FUELS, &c. EXAMPLES OF BOILERS AND SPEEDS OF STEAMSHIPS. NOMINAL AND NORMAL HORSE POWER. SCREWS. HYDRAULIC TESTS. WITH DIAGRAMS FOR ALL BOILER CALCULATIONS AND DRAWINGS OF MANY VARIETIES OF BOILERS. *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " The book is one which every mechanical engineer may, with advantage to himself add to his library." Industries. " Mr. Foley is well fitted to compile such a work. . . . The diagrams are a great feature of the work. . . . Regarding the whole work, it may be very fairly stated that Mr. Foley has produced a volume which will undoubtedly fulfil the desire of the author and become indispen- sable to all mechanical engineers." Marine Engineer. " We have carefully examined this work, and pronounce it a most excellent reference book for the use of marine engineers." Journal of American Society of Naval Engineers. " A veritable monument of industry on the part of Mr. Foley, who has succeeded in producing what is simply invaluable to the engineering profession." Steamship. Coal and Speed Tables. A POCKET BOOK OF COAL AND SPEED TABLES, for Engineers and Steam-users. By NELSON FOLEY, Author of " The Mechanical Engineer's Reference Book," Pocket-size, 35. 6d. cloth. "These tables are designed to meet the requirements of every-day use ; they are of suffi- cient scope for most practical purposes, and may be commended to engineers and users of steam t'Iron. "This pocket-book well merits the attention of the practical engineer. Mr. Foley has com- piled a very useful set of tables, the information contained in which is frequently required by engineess, coal consumers and users of steam." Iron and Coal Trades Review. Steam, Engine. TEXT -BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE. With a Sup- plement on Gas Engines, and PART II. ON HEAT ENGINES. By T. M. GOODEVE, M.A,, Barrister-at-Law, Professor of Mechanics at the Royal College of Science, London; Author of "The Principles of Mechanics," "The Elements of Mechanism," &c. Twelfth Edition, Enlarged, With nu- merous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 6s. cloth. Professor Goodeve has given us a treatise on the steam engine which will bear comparison with anything written by Huxley or Maxwell, and we can award it no higher praise." Engineer. " Mr. Goodeve's text-book is a work of which every young engineer should possess himseU. nal. OF THE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING^ titf* I VjJB SJ5T Y Engines. ON GAS-ENGINES. With Appendix describing a Recent Engine with Tube Igniter, By T, M. GOODEVE, M.A. Crown 8vo, as. 6d. cloth. {.Just published. " LilTe all Mr. Goodeve's writings, the present Is no exception In point of general excellence It Is a valuable little volume." Mechanical World. Steam Engine Design. A HANDBOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE, with especial Reference to Small and Medium-sized Engines. For the Use of Engine- Makers, Mechanical Draughtsmen, Engineering Students and Users of Steam Power. By HERMAN HAEDER, C.E. English Edition, Re-edited by the Author from the Second German Edition, and Translated, with considerable Additions and Alterations, by H. H. P. POWLES, A.M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. With nearly 1,100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, gs. cloth. " A perfect encyclopaedia of the steam engine and its details, and one which must take a per- manent place in English drawing-offices and workshops." A Foreman Pattern-maker. "This is an excellent book, and should be in the hands of all who are interested in the con- struction and design of medium sized stationary engines. . . . A careful study of its contents and the arrangement of the sections leads to the conclusion that there is probably no other book like it in this country. The volume aims at showing the results of practical experience, and it certainly may claim a complete achievement of this idea." Nature. " There can be no question as to its value. We cordially commend it to all concerned in the design and construction of the steam engine." Mechanical world. Steam Boilers. A TREATISE ON STEAM BOILERS: Their Strength, Con- struction, and Economical Working. By ROBERT WILSON, C.E. Fifth Edition. i2mo, 6s. cloth. "The best treatise that has ever been published on steam boilers." Engineer. "The author shows himself perfect master of his subject, and we heartily recommend all em- ploying steam power to possess themselves of the work." Ry land's Iron Trade Circular. Boiler Chimneys. BOILER AND FACTORY CHIMNEYS; Their Draught-Power and Stability. With a Chapter on Lightning Conductors. By ROBERT WILSON, A. I. C.E. , Author of "A Treatise on Steam Boilers," &c, Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 3$. 6d. cloth. "A valuable contribution to the literature of scientific building." The Builder. Boiler Making. THE BOILER-MAKER'S READY RECKONER &> ASSIST. A NT. With Examples of Practical Geometry and Templating, for the Use of Platers, Smiths and Riveters. By JOHN COURTNEY, Edited by D. K. CLARK, M.I. C.E. Third Edition, 480 pp., with i4olllusts. Fcap. 8vo, 75. half-bound, " No workman or apprentice should be without this book." Iron Tiade Circular. Locomotive Engine Development. THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT. A Popular Treatise on the Gradual Improvements made in Railway Engines between 1803 and 1896. By CLEMENT E. STRETTON, C.E., Author of " Safe Railway Working," &c. Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With 120 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 3$. 6d. cloth gilt. [Just published. " Students of railway history and all who are interested in the evolution of the modern locomo- tive will find much to attract and entertain in this volume." The Times. "The author of this work is well known to the railway world, and no one probably has a better knowledge of the history and development of the locomotive. The volume before us should be of value to all connected with the railway system of this country." Nature. Estimating for Engineering Work, SON 'S CATALOGUE. Fire Engineering. FIRES, FIRE-ENGINES, AND FIRE-BRIGADES. With a History of Fire-Engines, their Construction, Use, and Management; Re- marks on Fire-Proof Buildings, and the Preservation of Life from Fire ; Statistics of the Fire Appliances in English Towns ; Foreign Fire Systems ; Hints on Fire Brigades, &c. &c. By CHARLES F. T. YOUNG, C.E. With numerous Illustrations. 544 pp., demy 8vo, i 45. cloth. " To those interested in the subject of fires and fire apparatus, we most heartily commend this book. It is the only English work we now have upon the subject." Engineering. Eoilermaking. PLATING AND BOILERMAKING : A Practical Handbook for Workshop Operations. By JOSEPH G. HORNER, A.M.I.M.E. (Foreman Pattern-Maker), Author of " Pattern Making,'' &c. 380 pages, with 338 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " The latest production from the pen of this writer is characterised by that evidence of close acquaintance with workshop methods which will render the book exceedingly acceptable to the practical hand. We have no hesitation in commending the work as a serviceable and practical handbook on a subject which has not hitherto received much attention from those qualified to deal with it in a satisfactory manner." Mechanical H'orlci. Engineering Construction. PATTERN -MAKING : A Practical Treatise, embracing the Main Types of Engineering Construction, and including Gearing, both Hand and Machine made, Engine Work, Sheaves and Pulleys, Pipes and Columns, Screws, Machine Parts, Pumps and Cocks, the Moulding of Patterns in Loam and Greensand, &c., together with the methods of Estimating the weight of Castings; to which is added an Appendix of Tables for Workshop Reference. By JOSEPH G. HORNER, A.M.I.M.E. (Foreman Pattern-Maker). Second Edition, thoroughly Revised and much Enlarged. With upwards ot 450 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. [Just published. "A well- written technical guide, evidently written by a man who understands and has prac- tised what he has written about. . . . We cordially recommend it to engineering students, young journeymen, and others desirous of being initiated into the mysteries of pattern-making." guilder. "More than 450 illustrations help to explain the text, which is, however, always clear and ex- plicit, thus rendering the work an excellent -vcidt -mecum for the apprentice who desires to become master of his trade." English Mechanic. Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering Terms. LOCKWOOD' S DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN THE PR A CTICE OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, embracing those current in the Drawing Office, Pattern Shop, Foundry, Fitting, Turning, Smith's and Boiler Shops, &c. &c. ; Comprising upwards of 6,000 Definitions. Edited by JOSEPH G. HORNER^ A.M.I.M.E. (Foreman Pattern-Maker), Author of" Pat- tern Making." Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. "Just the sort of handy dictionary required by the various trades engaged In mechanical en- gineering. The practical engineering pupil will find the book of great value in his studies, and every foreman engineer and mechanic should have a copy." Building News. " Not merely a dictionary, but, to a certain extent, also a most valuable guide. It strikes us as a happy idea to combine with a definition of the phrase useful information on the subject of which t treats." Machinery Market. Gearing. TOOTHED GEARING : A Practical Handbook for Offices and Workshops, By JOSEPH G. HORNER, A.M.I.M.E. (Foreman Pattern-Maker), Author of "Pattern Making," &c. With 184 Illustrations, Crown 8vo, 6s. cloth. [Just published. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. CHAP. I. PRINCIPLES. II. FORMA- TION OF TOOTH PROFILES. III. PRO- PORTIONS OF TEETH. IV. METHODS OF MAKING TOOTH FORMS. V. INVO- LUTE TEETH. VI. SOME SPECIAL TOOTH FORMS. VII. BEVEL WHEELS. VIII. SCREW GEARS. IX. WORM SKEW BEVELS. XII.. VARIABLE AND OTHER GEARS. XIII. DIAMETRICAL PITCH. XIV. THE ODONTOGRAPH. XV. PATTERN GEARS. XVI. MACHINE MOULDING GEARS. XVII. MACHINE CUT GEARS. XVIII. PROPORTION OF WHEELS. GEARS. X. HELICAL WHEELS. XI. " We must give the book our unqualified praise for its thoroughness of treatment, and we can heartily recommend it to all interested as the most practical book on the subject yet written. 1 ' Mechanical World. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. Stone-working Machinery. STONE-WORKING MACHINERY, and the Rapid and Economi- cal Conversion of Stone. With Hints on the Arrangement and Management of Stone Works. By M. Powis BALE, M.I.M.E. With Illusts. Crown 8vo, gs. "The book should be in the hands of every mason or student of stone-work." Colliery ' Guardian. " A capital handbook for all who manipulate stone for building or ornamental purposes." Machinery Market. Pump Construction and Management. PUMPS AND PUMPING : A Handbook for Pump Users. Being Notes on Selection, Construction and Management. By M. Powis BALE, M.I.M.E., Author of " Woodworking Machinery," " Saw Mills," &c. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 2S. 6d. cloth. "The matter is set forth as concisely as possible. In fact, condensation rather than diffusene' s has been the author's aim throughout ; yet he does not seem to have omitted anything likely to be Of use." Journal of Gas Lighting. " Thoroughly practical and simply and clearly written." Glasgow Herald. Milling Machinery, etc. MILLING MACHINES AND PROCESSES: A Practical Treatise on Shaping Metals by Rotary Cutters, including Information on Making and Grinding the Cutters. By PAUL N. HASLUCK, Author of" Lathe- work," " Handybooks for Handicrafts," &c. With upwards of 300 Engrav- ings, including numerous Drawings by the Author. Large crown 8vo, 352 pages, i2s. 6d. cloth. 1 A new departure in engineering literature. . . . We can recommend this work to all interested n milling- machines ; it is what it professes to be a practical treatise." Engineer. " A capital and reliable book, which will no doubt be of considerable service, both to those who are already acquainted with the process as well as to those who contemplate its adoption." Industrie;, Turning. LATHE-WORK : A Practical Treatise on the Tools, Appliances, and Processes employed in the Art of Turning. By PAUL N. HASLUCK. Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged Cr. 8vo, 55. cloth. "Written by a man who knows, not only how work ought to be done, but who also knows how to do it, and how to convey his knowledge to others. To all turners this book would be valuable, Engineering. " We can safely recommend the work to young engineers. To the amateur It will simply be in valuable. To the student it will convey a great deal of useful information." Engineer. Screiv-Cutting. SCREW THREADS: And Methods oj Producing Them. With Numerous Tables, and complete directions for using Screw-Cutting Lathes. By PAUL N. HASLUCK, Author of " Lathe- Work," &c. With Seventy-four Illustrations. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged, Waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d. cloth. " Full of useful information, hints and practical criticism. Taps, dies and screwlng-tools gene- rally are illustrated and their action described." Mechanical World. " It is a complete compendium of all the details of the screw cutting lathe ; In fact a multutn tnparvo on all the subjects it treats upon." Carpenter and Builder. Smith's Tables for Mechanics, etc. TABLES, MEMORANDA, AND CALCULATED RESULTS, FOR MECHANICS, ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, etc, Selected andArranged by FRANCIS SMITH. Sixth Edition, Revised, including ELECTRICAL TABLES, FORMULAE, and MEMORANDA. Waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d. limp leather. [Just published. " It would, perhaps, be as difficult to make a small pocket-book selection of uoces and formulae to suit ALL engineers as it would bo *o make a universal medicine ; but Mr. Smith's waistcoat- pocket collection may be looked upon as a successful attempt." Engineer. "The best example we have ever seen of 270 pages of useful matter packed Into the dlmen- slons of a card-case." Building News. "A veritaole pocket treasury of knowledge." Iron, French- English Glossary for Engineers, etc. A POCKET GLOSSARY of TECHNICAL TERMS: ENGLISH- FRENCH, FRENCH-ENGLISH ; with Tables suitable for the Architectural, Engineering, Manufacturing and Nautical Professions. By JOHN JAMES FLETCHER, Engineer and Surveyor. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, 200 pp. Waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d. limp leather. " It is a very great advantage for readers and correspondents in France and England to have CROSBY LOCKWOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. Year-Hook of Engineering Formula?, &c. THE ENGINEER'S YEAR-BOOK FOR 1896. Comprising Formulae, Rules, Tables, Data and Memoranda in Civil, Mechanical, Elec- trical, Marine and Mine Engineering. By H. R. KEMPE, A.M. Inst.C.E., M.I.E.E., Technical Officer of the Engineer-in-Chiet' s Office, General Post Office, London, Author of "A Handbook of Electrical Testing," "The Electrical Engineer's Pocket-Book," &c. With 800 Illustrations, specially Engraved for the work. Crown 8vo, 670 pages, 8s. leather. [Just published. " Represents an enormous quantity of work and forms a desirable book of reference." 7 he. Engineer. " The book is distinctly in advance of most similar publications in this country." Engineering. " This valuable and well-designed book of reference meets the demands of all descriptions ol engineers. " Saturday Review. "Teems with up-to-date information in every branch of engineering and construction.' Building Ne-ws. " The needs of the engineering profession could hardly be supplied in a more admirable, complete and convenient form. To say that it more than sustains all comparisons is praise of the highest sort, ard that may justly be said of it." Mining Journal. " There is certainly room for the new comer, which supplies explanations and directions, as well as formulae and tables. It deserves to become one of the most successful of the technical annuals. ' ' A rch itect. " Brings together with great skill all the technical information which an engineer has to use day by day. It is in every way admirably equipped, and is sure to prove successful." Scotsman. " The up-to-dateness of Mr. Kempe's compilation is a quality that will not be lost on the busy people for whom the work is intended." Glasgow Herald. Portable Engines. THE PORTABLE ENGINE; ITS CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT. A Practical Manual for Owners and Users of Steam Engines generally. By WILLIAM DYSON WANSBROUGH. With 90 Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, 3$. 6d. cloth. " This Is a work of value to those who use steam machinery. . . . Should be read by every- one who has a steam engine, on a farm or elsewhere." Mark Lane Express. " We cordially commend this work to buyers and owners 01 steam engines, and to those who have to do with their construction or use." Timber Trades Journal. " Such a general knowledge of the steam engine as Mr. Wansbrough furnishes to the reader siiould be acquired by all intelligent owners and others who use the steam engine. " Building JVe-U'S. " An excellent text-book of this useful form of engine. ' The Hints to Purchasers' contain a good deal of commonsense and practical wisdom." English Mechanic. Iron and Steel. "IRON AND STEEL " : A Work _f or the Forge, Foundry, Factory, and Office. Containing ready, useful, and trustworthy Information for Iron- masters and their Stock-taktrs ; Managers of Bar, Rail, Plate, and Sheet Rolling Mills ; Iron and Metal Founders ; Iron Ship and Bridge Builders ; Mechanical, Mining, and Consulting Engineers ; Architects, Contractors, Builders, and Professional Draughtsmen. By CHARLES HOARE, Author of "The Slide Rule," &c. Ninth Edition. 32mo, 6s. leather. " For comprehensiveness the book has not its equal." Iron. " One of the best of the pocket books." English Mechanic. "We cordially recommend this book to those engaged in considering the details of all kinds o iron and steel works." Naval Science. Elementary Mechanics. CONDENSED MECHA NICS. A Selection of Formula, Rules, Tables, and Data for the Use of Engineering Students, Science Classes, &c. In Accordance with the Requirements of the Science and Art Department. By W. G. CRAWFORD HUGHES, A.M.I.C.E. Crown 8vo, zs 6d. cloth. " The book is well fitted for those who are either confronted with practical problems in their work, or are preparing for examination and wish to refresh their knowledge by going through their formulae again." Marine Engineer. " It is well arranged, and meets the wants of those for whom it is intended." Rail-way Ne-ws, Steam. THE SAFE USE OF STEAM. Containing Rules for Un- professional Steam-users. By an ENGINEER. Seventh Edition. Sewed, 6d. " If steam-users would but learn this little book by heart, boiler explosions would beet me Sensations by their rarity." English Mechanic. Warming. HEATING BY HOT WATER; with Information and Sug- gestions on the best Methods of Heating Public, Private and Horticultural Buildings. By WALTER JONES. Second Edition. With 96 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, zs. 6d. net. 11 We confidently recommend all interested in heating by hot water to secure a copy of this valuable little treatise." The Plumber and Decorator* CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. Light Railways. LIGHT RAILWAYS FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM, INDIA, AND THE COLONIES : A Practical Handbook setting forth the Principles on which Light Railways should be Constructed, Worked and Financed; and detailing the cost of Construction, Equipment, Revenue, and Working Expences of Local Railways already established in the above- mentioned Countries, and in Belgium, France, Switzerland, &c. By JOHN CHARLES MACKAY, F.G.S., A.M.Inst.C.E. Illustrated with 40 Photographic Plates and other Diagrams. Medium 8vo, 155. cloth. [Just published. Exactly what has been long wanted, and sure to have a wide sale." Rail-way News. Water Supply and Water-Works. THE WATER SUPPLY OF TOWNS AND THE CON- STRUCTION OF WATER-WORKS: A Practical Treatise for the Use ot Engineers and Students of Engineering. By W. K. BURTON, A.M.InstC E., Professor of Sanitary Engineering in the Imperial University, Tokyo, Japan, and Consulting Engineer to the Tokyo Water-works. With an Appendix on The Effects of Earthquakes on Waterworks, by JOHN MILNE, F.R.S., Pro- fessor of Mining in the Imperial University of Japan. With numerous Plates and Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, 255. buckram. [Just published. " The whole art of waterworks construction is dealt with in a clear and comprehensive fashion in this handsome volume. . . . Mr. Burton's practical treatise shows in all its sections the fruit of independent study and individual experience. It is largely based upon his own practice in the branch of engineering of which it treats, and with such a basis a treatise can scarcely fail to be sug- gestive and useful." Saturday Re-view. ' Professor Burton's book is sure ot a warm welcome among engineers. It is written in clear and rigorous language and forms an exhaustive treatise on a branch of engineering the claims ol uhirh it would be difficult to over-estimate." Scotstttan. " The subjects seem to us to be ably discussed, with a practical aim to meet the requirements of all its probable readers. The volume is well got up, and the illustrations are excellent." The Lancet Water Supply of Cities and Towns. A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE on the WATER-SUPPLY OF CITIES AND TOWNS. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A-M.Inst.C.E., and M. Inst. M.E., Author of "Cast and Wrought Iron Bridge Construction," &c. &c. Illustrated with 50 Double Plates, i Single Plate, Coloured Frontispiece, and upwards of 250 Woodcuts, and containing 400 pages of Text. Imp. 4to. 6 6s. elegantly and substantially half-bound in morocco, " The most systematic and valuable work upon water supply hitherto produced In English or In any other language. . . . Mr. Humber's work is characterised almost throughout by an exhaustiveness much more distinctive of French and German than of English technical treatises. Engineer. " We can congratulate Mr. Humber on having been able to give so large an amount of infor- mation on a subject so important as the water supply of cities and towns. The plates, nity in number, are mostly drawings of executed works, and alone would have commanded the attention of every engineer whose practice may lie in this branch of the profession." Builder. Water Supply. RURAL WATER SUPPLY : A Practical Handbook on the Supply of Water and Construction of WaterworUsfor small Country Districts. By ALLAN GREENWELL, A.M.I. C.E., and W. T. CURRY, A.M.I. C.E., F.G.S. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. [Just published. " We conscientiously recommend it as a very useful book for those concerned in obtain- ing water for small districts, giving a great deal of practical information in a small compass." Kiiilder. " The volume contains valuable information upon all matters connected with water supply. . . It is full of details on points which are continually before waterworks' engineers." A/atnre. Hydraulic Tables. HYDRAULIC TABLES, CO-EFFICIENTS, and FORMULAE for finding the Discharge of Water from Orifices, Notches, Weirs, Pipes, and Rivers. By JOHN NEVILLE, Civil Engineer, M.R.I.A. Third Ed., carefully Revised, with considerable Additions. Numerous Illusts. Cr. 8vo, 145. cloth. "Alike valuable to students and engineers in practice ; its study will prevent the annoyance of avoidable failures, and assist them to select the readiest means of successfully carrying out any given work connected with hydraulic engineering." Mining Journal. It is, of all English books on the subject.the one nearest to completeness,". Architect. io CROSBY LOCK WOOD S* SON'S CATALOGUE, Hydraulics. HYDRA ULIC MANUAL. Consisting of Working Tables and Explanatory Text. Intended as a Guide in Hydraulic Calculations and Field Operations. By Lewis D'A. JACKSON, Author of " Aid to Survey Practice," " Modern Metrology,' 1 &c. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Large cr. 8vo, i6s. cl. " The author has had a wide experience in hydraulic engineering and has been a careful ob- server of the facts which have come under his notice, and from the great mass of material at his command he has constructed a manual which may be accepted as a trustworthy guide to this branch of the engineer's profession. We can heartily recommend this volume to all who desire to be acquainted with the latest development of this important subject." Engineering. " The standard-work in this department of mechanics." Scotsman. " The most useful feature of this work is its freedom from what Is superannuated, and Its thorough adoption of recent experiments ; the text is, in fact, in great part a short account of the great modern experiments." Nature. Water Storage, Conveyance, and Utilisation. WA TER ENGINEERING : A Practical Treatise on the Measure- ment, Storage, Conveyance, andUtilisation of Water for the Supply of Towns, for Mill Power, and for other Purposes. By CHARLES SLAGG, A. M.Inst.C.E., Author of "Sanitary Work in the Smaller Towns, and in Villages," &c. Second Edition. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 75. 6d. cloth. " As a small practical treatise on the water supply ol towns, and on some applications of water-power, the work is in many respects excellent." Engineering. " The author has collated the results deduced from the experiments of the most eminent authorities, and has presented them in a compact and practical form, accompanied by very clear and detailed explanations. . . . The application of water as a motive power is treated very carefully and exhaustively." Builder . "For anyone who desires to begin the study of hydraulics with a consideration of the practical applications of the science there is no better guide." Architect. Drainage. ON THE DRAINAGE OF LANDS, TOWNS, AND BUILD- INGS. By G. D. DEMPSEY, C.E., Author of " The Practical Railway En- gineer," &c. Revised, with large Additions on RECENT PRACTICE IN DRAINAGE ENGINEERING, by D. KINNEAR CLARK, M.Inst.C.E. Author ot "Tramways: Their Construction and Working," "A Manual of Rules. Tables, and Data for Mechanical Engineers," &c, Third : Edition, Small crown 8vo, 45. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " The new matter added to Mr. Dempsey's excellent work Is characterised by the comprehen- sive grasp and accuracy of detail for which the name of Mr. D. K. Clark is a sufficient voucher." " As a work on recent practice In drainage engineering, the book Is to be commended to all who are making that branch of engineering science their special study." Iron. " A comprehensive manual on drainage engineering, and a useful introduction to the student." Building News. River Engineering. RIVER BARS: The Causes of their Formation, and their Treat- ment by " Induced Tidal Scour; " with a Description of the Successful Re- duction by this Method of the Bar at Dublin. By I. J. MANN, Assist. Eng. to the Dublin Port and Docks Board. Royal 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. " We recommend all interested in harbour works and, indeed, those concerned In the Im- provements of rivers generally to read Mr. Mann's interesting work on the treatment of river bars." Engineer. Tramways and their Working. TRAMWAYS: THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING. Embracing a Comprehensive History of the System ; with an exhaustive Analysis of the various Modes of Traction, including Horse-Power, Steam, Cable Traction, Electric Traction, &c.; a Description of the Varieties of Roll- ing Stock ; and ample Details of Cost and Working Expenses. New Edition, Thoroughly Revised, and Including the Progress recently made in Tramway Construction, &G.&C. By D. KINNEAR CLARK. M.Inst.C.E. With numerous Illustrations and Folding Plates. In One Volume, 8vo, 780 pages, price 285., bound in buckram. [fust published. " All interested in tramways must refer to It, as all railway engineers have turned to the author's work ' Railway Machinery.'" Engineer. " An exhaustive and practical work on tramways, In which the history of this kind of locomo- tion, and a description and cost of the various modes of laying tramways, are to be found. **" The best form of rails, the best mode of construction, and the best mechanical appliance are so fairly indicated in the work under review, that any engineer aj?outto construct a tramway will be enabled at once to obtain the practical information which will be of most service to lum. slthentzum. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. n Student's Text-Book on Surveying. PRACTICAL SURVEYING: A Text-Book for Students pre- paring for Examination or tor Survey-work in the Colonies. By GEORGE W. USILL, A.M.I. C.H., Author of "The Statistics of the Water Supply of Great Britain." With Four Lithographic Plates and upwards of 330 Illustra- tions. Fourth Edition, Revised, including Tables of Natural Sines, Tan- gents, Secants, &c. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth ; or, on THIN PAPER, bound in limp leather, gilt edges, rounded corners, for pocket use, 125. 6d. "The best forms of instruments are described as to their construction, uses and modes of employment, and there are innumerable hints on work and equipment such as the author, in his experience as surveyor, draughtsman, and teacher, has found necessary, and which the student in his inexperience will find most serviceable." ttngineer. ".The latest treatise in the Hnglish language on surveying 1 , and we have no hesitation In say- Ing that the student will find "it a better guide than any of its predecessors .... Deserves to be recognised as the first book which should be put in the hands of a pupil of Civil Engineering, and every gentleman of education who sets out for the Colonies would find it well to have a copy." Architect. Survey Practice. AID TO SURVEY PRACTICE, for Reference in Surveying, Level- ling, and Setting-out ; and in Route Stirveys of Travellers by Land and Sea. With Tables, Illustrations, and Records. By Lowis D'A. JACKSON, A.M.I.C.E., Author of " Hydraulic Manual," "Modern Metrology," &c. Second Edition, Enlarged. Large crown 8vo, ias. 6d. cloth. " A valuable vade-mecum for the surveyor. We can recommend this book as containing an admirable supplement to the teaching of the accomplished surveyor." Athenaunt. " As a text- book we should advise all surveyors to place It in their libraries, and study well the matured instructions afforded in its pages." Colliery Guardian. " The author brings to his work a fortunate union of theory and practical experience which, aided by a clear and lucid style of writing, renders the book a very useful one." Builder. Surveying, Land and Marine. LAND AND MARINE SURVEYING, in Reference to the Pre- paration of Plans for Roads and Railways ; Canals, Rivers, Towns' Water Supplies; Docks and Harbours. With Description and Use of Surveying Instruments. By W. D. HASKOLL, C.E., Author of " Bridge and Viaduct Con- struction," &c. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. Large cr.8vo,gs. cl. " This book must prove of great value to the student. We have no hesitation in recommend- ing It, feeling assured that it will more than repay a careful study." Mechanical World. " A most useful and well arranged book. We can strongly recommena it as a carefully-written and valuable text-book. It enjoys a well-deserved repute among surveyors." Builder. " This volume cannot fail to prove of the utmost practical utility. It may be safely recommended to all students who aspire to become clean and expert surveyors." Mining Journal. Field-Book for Engineers. THE ENGINEER'S, MINING SURVEYOR'S, AND CON. TRACTOR'S FIELD-BOOK. Consisting of a Series of Tables, with Rules, Explanations of Systems, and use of Theodolite for Traverse Surveying and Plotting the Work with minute accuracy by means of Straight Edge and Set Square only ; Levelling with the Theodolite, Casting-out and Reducing Levels to Datum, and Plotting Sections in the ordinary manner; setting-out Curves with the Theodolite by Tangential Angles and Multiples, with Right and Left-hand Readings of the Instrument: Setting-out Curves without Theodolite, on the System of Tangential Angles by sets of Tangents and Off- sets ; and Earthwork Tables to 80 feet deep, calculated for every 6 inches in .depth. By W. D. HASKOLL, C.E. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, I2S. cloth. "The book is very handy; the separate tables of sines and tangents to every minute will make useful for many other purposes, the genuine traverse tables existing all the same." Athenceum. "Every person engaged in engineering field operations will estimate the importance of such a trork and the amount of valuable time which will be saved by reference to a set of reliable tables prepared with the accuracy and fulness of those given in this volume." Rail-way News. Levelling. A TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OP LEVELLING. Showing its Application to purposes of Railway and Civil Engineering, in the Construction of Roads; with Mr. TELFORD'S Rules for the same. By FREDERICK W. SIMMS, F.G.S., M.Inst.C.E, Seventh Edition, with the addition of LAW'S Practical Examples for Setting-out Railway Curves, and TRAUTWINE'S Field Practice of Laying-out Circular Curves. With 7 Plates and numerous Woodcuts. 8vo, 8s. 6d. cloth. V* TRAUTWINE on Curves may be had separate, 55. " The text-book on levelling in most of our engineering schools and colleges. . . . The publishers have rendered a substantial service to the profession, especially to the younper members, by bringing out the present edition of Mr. Simms's useful book "Engineer. CROSBY LOCK WOOD SON'S CATALOGUE. Trigonometrical Surveying. AN OUTLINE OF THE METHOD OF CONDUCTING A TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY, for the Formation of Geographical and Topographical Maps and Plans, Military Reconnaissance, Levelling, 6-c., with Useful Problems, Formulae, and Tables. By Lieut-General FROME, R.E. Fourth Edition, Revised and partly Re-written by Major General Sir CHARLES WARREN, G.C.M.G., R.E. With 19 Plates and 115 Woodcuts, Royal 8vo, i6s. cloth. "The simple fact that a fourth edition has been called for Is the best testimony to Its merits No words of praise from us can strengthen the position so well and so steadily maintained by this work. Sir Charles Warren has revised the entire work, and made such additions as were necessary to bring every portion of the contents up to the present date.'' Broad Arrow Curves, Tables for Setting-out. TABLES OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES AND MULTIPLES for Setting-out Curves from 5 to zoo Radius. By ALEXANDER BEAZELEY M.Inst.C.E. Fourth Edition. Printed on 48 Cards, and sold in a cloth box, waistcoat-pocket size, 35. 6d. " Each table is printed on a small card, which, being placed on the theodolite, leaves the hand free to manipulate the instrument no small advantage as regards the rapidity of work." Engineer \ "Very handy ; a man may know that all his day's work must fall on two of these cards, which he puts into his own card-case, and leaves the rest behind." A thenaum. Earthwork. HANDY GENERAL EARTHWORK TABLES. Giving the Contents in Cubic Yards of Centre and Slopes of Cuttings and Embank- ments from 3 inches to 80 feet in Depth of Height, for use with either 66 feet Chain or 100 feet Chain. By J. H. WATSON BUCK, M.Inst.C.E. On a Sheet mounted in cloth case, 35. 6d. [Just published. EartJnvork. EARTHWORK TABLES. Showing the Contents in Cubic Yards of Embankments, Cuttings, &c., of Heights or Depths up to an average of 80 feet. By JOSEPH BROADBENT, C.E., and FRANCIS CAMPIN, C.E. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. " The way in which accuracy Is attained, by a simple division of each cross section Into three elements, two in which are constant and one variable, is ingenious." Athenaeum. Measurement of. A MANUAL ON EARTHWORK. By ALEX. J. S. GRAHAM, C.E, With numerous Diagrams. Second Edition, i8mo, 2s. 6d. cloth, "A great amount of practical information, very admirably arranged, and available for rough estimates, as well,. as for the more exact calculations required in the engineer's and contractor's " , ,. offices. "Artizan. Tunnel Shafts. THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE TUNNEL SHAFTS: A Practical and Theoretical Essay. By J. H. WATSON BUCK, M.Inst.C.E., Resident Engineer, London and North- Western Railway. Illustrated with Folding Plates. Royal 8vo, 125. cloth. " Many of the methods given are of extreme practical value to the mason ; and the obsei vatloi on the form of arch, the rules for ordering the stone, and the construction of the templates will be lound of considerable use. We commend the book to the engineering profession." Building News. " Will be regarded by civil engineers as of the utmost value, and calculated to save much time and obviate many mistakes." Colliery Guardian, CIVIL ENGINEERING. SURVEYING, etc. 13 Oblique Bridges. A PR A CTICA LAND THEORETICA L ESS A Y ON OBLIQ UB BRIDGES. With 13 large Plates. By the late GEORGE WATSON BUCK, M.l.C.E. Fourth Edition, revised by his Son, J. H. WATSON BUCK, M.I.C.E. and with the addition of Description to Diagrams for Facilitating the Con- struction of Oblique Bridges, by W, H. BARLOW, M.I.C.E, Roy. 8vo, ias. cl. " The standard text-book for all engineers regarding skew arches Is Mr. Buck's treatise, and it would be impossible to consult a better." Engitieer. "Mr. Buck's treatise is recognised as a standard text-book, and his treatment has divested the iubject of many of the intricacies supposed to belong to it. As a guide to the engineer and archi- tect, on a confessedly difficult subject, Mr. Buck's work is unsurpassed." Building News, Cast and Wrought Iron Bridge Construction. A COMPLETE AND PRACTICAL TREATISE ON CAST AND WROUGHT IRON BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION, including Iron Foundations. In Three Parts Theoretical, Practical, and Descriptive. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A.M. Inst.C.E., and M.Inst.M.E. Third Edition, Re- vised and much improved, with 115 Double Plates (20 of which now first appear in this edition), and numerous Additions to the Text, ID Two Vols.i imp. 4to, 6 i6s. 6d. half-bound in morocco. ' ' A very valuable ontribution to the standard literature of civil engineering. In addition to ele /ations, plans and sections, large scale details are given which very much enhance the instruc- tive worth of those illustrations." Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal. Iron Bridges. IRON BRIDGES OF MODERATE SPAN : Their Construc- tion and Erection. By HAMILTON WELDON PENDRED, late Inspector of Ironwork to the Salford Corporation. With 40 Illustrations. lamo, as. cloth. " Students and engineers should obtain this book for constant and practical use." Colliery Guardian, Oblique Arches. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF OBLIQUE ARCHES. By JOHN HART, Third Edition, with Plates. Im- perial 8vo, 8s. cloth. Statics, Graphic and Analytic. GRAPHIC AND ANALYTIC STATICS, in their Practical Appli- cation to the Treatment of Stresses in Roofs, Solid Girders, Lattice, Bowstring and Suspension Bridges, Braced Iron Arches and Piers, and other Frameworks. By R. HUDSON GRAHAM, C.E. Containing Diagrams and Plates to Scale. With numerous Examples, many taken from existing Structures. Specially arranged for Class- work in Colleges and Universities, Second Edition, Re- vised and Enlarged. 8vo, i6s. cloth. " Mr. Graham's book will find a place wherever graphic and analytic statics are used or studied." Engineer. "The work Is excellent from a practical point of view, and has evidently been prepared with much care. The directions for working are ample, and are illustrated by an abundance of well- selected examples. It is an excellent text-book for the practical draughtsman." Athenccutn. Girders, Strength of. GRAPHIC TABLE FOR FACILITATING THE COMPUTA- TION OF THE WEIGHTS OF WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL GIRDERS, etc., for Parliamentary and other Estimates. By J. H, WATSON BUCK, M.Inst.C.E, On a Sheet, as. 6d. Strains, Calculation of. A HANDY BOOK FOR THE CALCULATION OF STRAINS IN GIRDERS ANDSIMILARSTRUCTURES,AND THEIR STRENGTH. Consisting of Formulae and Corresponding Diagrams, with numerous details for Practical Application, &c. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A-M. Inst.C.E., &c, Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, nearly 100 Woodcuts and 3 Plates, 75. 6d. cloth " The formulae are neatly expressed, and the diagrams good." Athenczum. " We heartily commend this really handy book to our engineer and architect readers." Eng lish Mechanic, 14 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. Trusses. TRUSSES OF WOOD AND IRON. Practical Applications of Sciencein Determining the Stresses, Breaking Weights, Safe Loads, Scantlings, and Details of Construction, with Complete Working Drawings. By WILLIAM GRIFFITHS, Surveyor, Assistant Master, Tranrnere School of Science and Art. Oblong 8vo, 45. 6d. cloth. " This handy little book enters so minutely Into every detail connected with the construction of roof trusses, that no student need be ignorant of these matters." Practical Engineer. Strains in Ironwork. THE STRAINS ON STRUCTURES OF IRONWORK; with Practical Remarks on Iron Construction. By F. W. SHEILDS, M.InstC.E, Second Edition, with 5 Plates. Royal 8vo, 55. cloth. " The student cannot find a better little book on this subject." Engineer. Barlow's Strenyt/1 of Materials, enlarged byHumber. A TREATISE ON THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS; with Rules for Application in Architecture, the Construction of Suspension Bridges, Railways, &c. By PETER BARLOW, F.R.S. A New Edition, Revised by his Sons, P. W. BARLOW, F.R.S., and W. H. BARLOW, F.R.S. ; to which are added, Experiments by HODGKINSON, FAIRBAIRN, and KIRKALDY ; and Formulae for Calculating Girders, &c. Arranged and Edited by WM.HUMBER, A-M.Inst.C.E. Demy 8vo, 400 pp., with 19 large Plates and numerous Wood- cuts, 1 8s. cloth. " Valuable alike to the student, tyro, and the experienced practitioner, It will always rank in future, as it has hitherto done, as the standard treatise on that particular subject." Engineer. " There is no greater authority than Barlow." Building News. " As a scientific work of the first class, it deserves a foremost place on the bookshelves of every civil engineer and practical mechanic." English Mechanic. Cast Iron and other Metals 9 Strength of. A PRACTICAL ESSAY ON THE STRENGTH OF CAST IKON AND OTHER METALS. By THOMAS TREDGOLD, C.E. Fifth Edition, including HODGKINSON'S Experimental Researches. 8vo, xas. cloth. Railway Working. SAFE RAILWAY WORKING. A Treatise on Railway Acci- dents: Their Cause and Prevention; with a Description of Modern Appliance* and Systems. By CLEMENT E. STRETTON, C.E. With Illustrations and To-oured Plates. Third Edition. Enlarged. Crown 8vo. 35. 6d. " A book for the engineer, the directors, the managers ; and, in short, all who wish for informa- tion en railway matters will find a perfect encyclopaedia in ' Safe Railway Working. 1 " Rail-way Review. 11 We commend the remarks on railway signalling to all railway managers, especially where a uniform code and practice is advocated.' Herepath's Railway Journal. "The author maybe congratulated on having collected, in a very convenient form, much valuable information on the principal questions affecting the safe working of railways." Rail- -way Engineer. Heat, Expansion by. EXPANSION OF STRUCTURES BY HEAT. By JOHN KEILY, C.E., late of the Indian Public Works and Victorian Railway Depart ments, Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. Section I. FORMULAS AND DATA, Section II. METAL BARS. Section III. SIMPLE FRAMES. Section IV. COMPLEX FRAMES AND PLATES. Section V. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. Section VI, MECHANICAL FORCE OF HEAT. Section VII. WORK OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION. Section VIII. SUSPENSION BRIDGES. Section IX. MASONRY STRUCTURES. " The aim the author has set before him, viz., to show the effects of heat upon metallic and other structures, is a laudable one, for this is a branch of physics upon which the engineer or archi- tect can find but little reliable and comprehensive data in books." Builder. "Whoever is concerned to know the effect of changes of temperature on such structures as suspension bridges and the like, could not do better than consult Mr. Keily's valuable and handy exposition of the geometrical principles involved in these changes." Scotsman. Field Fortification. A TREATISE ON FIELD FORTIFICATION, THE ATTACK OF FORTRESSES, MILITARY MINING, AND RECONNOITRING. By Colonel I. S. MACAULAY, late Professor of Fortification in the R.M.A., Wool- wich, Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo, with separate Atlas of 12 Plates, 125. cloth. CIVIL ENGINEERING SURVEYING, etc. MR, H UMBER'S GREAT WORK ON MODERN ENGINEERING, Complete in Four Volumes, imperial 4to, price 12 las., half-morocco, Each Volume sold separately as follows : A RECORD OF THE PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEER- ING. FIRST SERIES. Comprising Civil, Mechanical, Marine, Hydraulic, Railway, Bridge, and other Engineering Works, &c. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A-M.Inst.C.E., &c. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, drawn to a large scale, Photographic Portrait of John Hawkshaw, C.E., F.R.S., &c., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Specifications, &c., 3 3$. half-morocco. List of the Plates and Diagrams. Victoria Station and Roof, L. B. & S. C. R. (8 plates) ; Southport Pier (2 plates) ; Victoria station and Roof, L. C. & D. and G. * " " , & D. and G. W. R. (6 plates); Roof of Cremorne Music Hall; Bridge 'on, Dutch Thames, West London Extension Railway (S plates) ; Armour Plates : Suspension Bridge, Thames (4 plates); The Allen Engine; Sus- sion Bridge, Avr- '- -' ' "--' J [way (3 plates). pension Bridge, Avoa (3 plates) ; Underground over G. N. Railway ; Roof of Station, Dutch Railway Rhenish Rail (2 plates) ; Bridge over the " Handsomely lithographed and printed. It will find favour with many who desire to preserve In a permanent form copies of the plans and specifications prepared for the guidance o/ the con tractors for many important engineering works." Engineer. HUMBERTS PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING. SECOND SERIES. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of Robert Stephenson, C.E., M.P., F.R.S., &c., and copious descriptive Letter- press, Specifications, &c., "3 35. half-morocco. List of the Plates and Diagrams. and Abergavenny Railway; Ebbw Viaduct, Merthyr, Tredegar, and Abergavenny Rail- ray; College Wood Viaduct, Cornwall Rail- Blrkenhead Docks, Low Water Basin (15 plates); Charing Cross Station Roof, C. C. Railway (3 plates); Digswell Viaduct, Great Northern Railway ; Robbery Wood Viaduct, Great Northern Railway; Iron Permanent Way; Clydach Viaduct, Merthyr, Tredegar, way ; Dublin Winter Palace Roof (3 plates) ; Bridge over the Thames, L. C. & D. Railway (6 plates) ; Albert Harbour, Greenock (4 plates). " Mr. Humber has done the profession good and true service, by the fine collection of examples he has here brought before the profession and the public." Practical Mechanic's Journal. HUMBERTS PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING. THIRD SERIES. Imp. 4to, with 40 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of J. R. M'Clean, late Pres. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Specifications, &c. f 3 35. half-morocco, List of the Plates and Diagrams. MAIN DRAINAGE, METROPOLIS. North Side. Map showing Interception of Sewers ; Middle Level Sewer (2 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over River Lea (3 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over Marsh Lane, North Woolwich Railway, and Bow and Barking Railway June- tion ; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over Bow and Barking Railway (3 plates); Outfall Sewer, Bridge over East London Waterworks' Feeder (2 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Reservoir (2 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Tumbling Bay and Outlet ; Out- fall Sewer, Penstocks. Scuth Side. Outfall , . . Sewer, Bermondsey Branch (2 plates); Outfall Sewer, Reservoir and Outlet (4 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Filth Hoist ; Sections of Sewers (North , and South Sides). THAMES EMBANKMENT. Section of River Wall ; Steamboat Pier, Westminster (2 plates) : Landing Stairs between Charing Cross and Waterloo Bridges ; York Gate (2 plates) ; Over- flow and Outlet at Savoy Street Sewer (3 plates) ; Steamboat Pier, Waterloo Bridge (3 plates) ; Junction of Sewers, Plans and Sections ; Gullies, Plans and Sections; Rolling Stock Granite and Iron Forts. "The drawings lave a constantly increasing value, and whoever desires to possess clear repre- sentations of the two great works carried out by our Metropolitan Board will obtain Mr. Humber's rolume." Engineer. HUMBERTS PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING. FOURTH SERIES. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait ot John Fowler, late Pies. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Specifications, &c., 3 35. half-morocco. List of the Plates and Diagrams. Abbey Mills Pumping Station, Main Drain- Mesopotamia ; Viaduct over the River Wye, age, Metropolis (4 plates) ; Barrow Docks (< Midland Railway (3 plates) ; St. Germans Via* plates) ; Manquis Viaduct, Santiago and Val- duct, Cornwall Railway (2 plates) ; Wrought- paraiso Railway (2 plates) ; Adam's Locomo- Iron Cylinder for Diving Bell ; Millwall Docks tive, St. Helen's Canal Railway (2 plates) ; (6 plates) ; Milroy's Patent Excavator ; Metro- Cannon Street Station Roof, Charing Cross politan District Railway (6 plates) ; Harbours, Railway (3 plates) ; Road Bridge over the River Ports, and Breakwaters (3 plates). Moka (2 plates) ; Telegraphic Apparatus for "We gladly welcome another year's Issue of this valuable publication from the able pen of Mr. Humber. The accuracy and general excellence of this work are well known, while its useful ness in giving the measurements and details of some of the latest examples of engineering , as carried out by the most eminent men in the profession, cannot be too highly prized.." Artisan. 16 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. THE POPULAR WORKS OF MICHAEL REYNOLDS ("THE ENGINE DRIVER'S FRIEND"), Locomotive-Engine Driving. LOCOMOTIVE-ENGINE DRIVING : A Practical Manual for Engineers in charge of Locomotive Engines. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS, Member of the Society ot Engineers, formerly Locomotive Inspector L. B. and S. C. R, Ninth Edition. Including a KEY TO THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE. With Illus- trations and Portrait ot Author. Crown 8vo. 45. 6d. clotn. "Mr. Reynolds has supplied a want, and has supplied it -well. We can confidently recommend the book, not only to the practical driver, but to everyone who takes an interest in the perfonnane of locomotive engines." The Engineer. "Mr. Reynolds has opened a new chapter In the literature of the day. Of the practical utility of this admirable treatise, we have to speak in terms of warm commendation." Athenceurn. " Evidently the work ot one who knows his subject thoroughly." Rail-way Service Gazette. "Were the cautions and rules given in the book to become part of the every-day working of our engine-drivers, we might have fewer distressing accidents to deplore." -Scotsman. Stationary Engine Driving. STATIONARY ENGINE DRIVING : A Practical Manual for Engineers in charge of Stationary Engines. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Fifth Edition. Enlarged. With Plates and Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, 45. 6d. cloth. "The author is thoroughly acquainted with his subjects, and his advice on the various points treated is clear and practical. . . . He has produced a manual which is an exceedingly useful one for the class for whom it is specially intended." Engineering. " Our author leaves no stone unturned. He is determined that his readers shall not only know something about the stationary engine, but all about it." Engineer. "An engineman who has mastered the contents of Mr.Reynolds's book will require but Httle actut 1 experience with boilers and engines before he can be trusted to look after them." EnglishMechani- . The Engineer, Fireman, and Engine-Boy. THE MODEL LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER, FIREMAN, and ENGINE-BOY. Comprising a Historical Notice of the Pioneer Locomotive Engines and their Inventors. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Second Edition, with Revised Appendix. With numerous Illustrations and Portrait of George Stephenson. Crown 8vo, 45. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " From the technical knowledge of the author it will appeal to the railway man of to-day more forcibly than anything written by Dr. Smiles. . . . The volume contains information of a tech- nical kind, and facts that every driver should be familiar with." English Mechanic. "We should be glad to see this book in the possession of everyone in the kingdom who has ever laid, or is to lay, hands on a locomotive engine." Iron, Continuous Railway Brakes^ CONTINUOUS RAILWAY BRAKES : A Practical Treatise on the several Systems in Use in the United Kingdom ; their Construction and Performance. With copious Illustrations and numerous Tables. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Large crown 8vo, gs. cloth. " A popular explanation of the. different brakes. It will be of great assistance In forming public opinion, and will be studied with benefit by those who take an interest in the brake." English Mechanic. "Written with sufficient technical detail to enable the principle and relative connection of the various parts of each particular brake to be readily grasped." Mechanical World. Engine-Driving Life. ENGINE-DRIVING LIFE : Stirring Adventures and Incidents in the Lives of Locomotive-Engine Drivers. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Third and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, is. 6d. cloth. "From first to last perfectly fascinating. Wilkie Collins's most thrilling conceptions are thrown i >.ito the shade by true incidents, endless in their variety, related in every page." North British Mail. "Anyone who wishes to get a real insight into railway life cannot do better than read ' Engine- Driving Life' for himself ; and if he once take it up he will find that the author's enthusiasm and real love of the engine-driving profession will carry him on till he has read every page." Saturday Review. Pocket Companion for Enginemen. THE ENGINEMAN'S POCKET COMPANION AND PR AC- TICAL EDUCATOR FOR ENGINEMEN, BOILER ATTENDANTS, AND MECHANICS. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. With Forty-five Illustra- tions and numerous Diagrams. Third Edition, Revised. Royal i8mo, 35. 6d. t strongly bound for pocket wear. This admirable work is well suited to accomplish its object, being the honest workmanship of a competent engineer." Glasgow Herald. 4 A most meritorious work, giving in a succinct and practical form all the Information an engine- minder desirous of mastering the scientific principles of his daily calling would require." Tht 11 A boon to those who are striving to become efficient mechanics." DaUv Chroniclt* MARINE ENGINEERING, NAVIGATION, etc. 17 MARINE ENGINEERING, SHIPBUILDING, NAVIGATION, etc. Pocket-Book for Naval Architects and Shipbuilders) THE NAVAL ARCHITECT'S AND SHIPBUILDER'S POCKET-BOOK of Formula, Rules, and Tables, and MARINE ENGINEER'S AND SURVEYOR'S Handy Book of Reference. By CLEMENT MACKROW, Member of the Institution of Naval Architects, Naval Draughtsman. Sixth Edition, Revised. 700 pages, with upwards of 300 Illustrations Fcap., 12* 'fid. strongly bound in leather. [Just published. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. SIGNS AND SYMBOLS, DECIMAL FRAC- TIONS. TRIGONOMETRY. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. MENSURATION. CEN- TRES AND MOMENTS OF FIGURES. MOMENTS OF INERTIA AND RADII OF GYRATION. ALGEBRAICAL EXPRES- SIONS FOR SIMPSON'S RULES. ME- CHANICAL PRINCIPLES. CENTRE OF GRAVITY. LAWS OF MOTION. DIS- PLACEMENT, CENTRE OF BUOYANCY. CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF SHIP'S HULL. STABILITY CURVES AND METACEN- TRES. SEA AND SHALLOW-WATER WAVES. ROLLING OF SHIPS, PRO- PULSION AND RESISTANCE OF VESSELS. SPEED TRIALS. SAILING, CENTRE OF EFFORT. DISTANCES DOWN RIVERS, COAST LINES. STEERING AND RUD- DERS OF VESSELS. LAUNCHING CAL- CULATIONS AND VELOCITIES. WEIGHT OF MATERIAL AND GEAR. GUN PAR- TICULARS AND WEIGHT. STANDARD GAUGES. RIVETED JOINTS AND RIVET- ING. STRENGTH AND TESTS OF MATE- RIALS. BINDING AND SHEARING STRESSES, ETC. STRENGTH OF SHAFT- ING, PILLARS, WHEELS, ETC. HY- DRAULIC DATA, ETC. CONIC SECTIONS, CATENARIAN CURVES. MECHANICAL POWERS, WORK. BOARD OF TRADE REGULATIONS FOR BOILERS AND EN- GINES. BOARD OF TRADE REGULA- TIONS FOR SHIPS. LLOYD'S RULES FOR BOILERS. LLOYD'S WEIGHT OF CHAINS. LLOYD'S SCANTLINGS FOR SHIPS. DATA OF ENGINES AND VES- SELS. - SHIPS' FITTINGS AND TESTS. SEASONING PRESERVING TIMBER. MEASUREMENT OF TIMBER. ALLOYS, PAINTS, VARNISHES. DATA FOR STOWAGE. ADMIRALTY TRANSPORT REGULATIONS. RULES FOR HORSE- POWER, SCREW PROPELLERS, ETC. PERCENTAGES FOR BUTT STRAPS. ETC. PARTICULARS OF YACHTS. MASTING AND RIGGING VESSELS. DISTANCES OF FOREIGN PORTS. TONNAGE TABLES. VOCABULARY OF FRENCH AND ENGLISH TERMS. ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS. FOREIGN MONEY. DISCOUNT AND WAGE TABLES. USE- FUL NUMBERS AND READY RECKONERS TABLES OF CIRCULAR MEASURES. TABLES OF AREAS OF AND CIRCUM- FERENCES OF CIRCLES. TABLES OF AREAS OF SEGMENTS OF CIRCLES. TABLES OF SQUARES AND CUBES AN-D ROOTS OF NUMBERS. TABLES OF LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. TABLES OF HYPERBOLICLOGARITHMS. TABLES OF NATURAL SINES, TANGENTS, ETC. TABLES OF LOGARITHMIC SINES, TANGENTS, ETC, " In these days of advanced knowledge a work like this is of the greatest value. It contains a vast amount of information. We unhesitatingly say that it is the most valuable compilation for its specific purpose that has ever been printed. No naval architect, engineer, surveyor, or seaman, on shipbuilder, can afford to be without this work." Nautical Magazine, ld be used by all who are engaged in the construction or designs of vessels. . . . Wil o contain the most useful tables and formulae required by shipbuilders, carefully collecte est authorities, and put together in a popular and simple form." Engineer. professional shipbuilder has now, m a convenient and accessible form, reliable data fo ny of the numerous problems that present themselves in the course of his work." Iron. Will , . , "Should be used by all who are engaged in the construction or designs of vessels. be found to contain the most useful tables and formulae required by shipbuilders, carefully collected from the best authorities, and p " "The prof solving many of the numerous problems that pres . " There is no doubt that a pocket-book of this description must be a necessity in the ship- building trade. . . . The volume contains a mass of useful information clearly expressed and presented in a handy form." Marine Engineer. Marine Engineering. MARINE ENGINES AND STEAM VESSELS (A Treatise on). By ROBERT MURRAY, C.E. Eighth Edition, thoroughly Revised, with considerable Additions by the Author and by GEORGE CARLISLE, C.E., Senior Surveyor to the Board of Trade at Liverpool. i2mo, 55. cloth boards, " Well adapted to give the young steamship engineer or marine engine and boiler maker a general introduction into his practical work." Mechanical World ' ' We feel sure that this thoroughly revised edition will continue to be as popular in the future as it has been in the past, as, for its size, it contains more useful information than any similar treatise." Industries. . " As a compendious and useful guide to engineers of our mercantile and royal na^al services, we should say it cannot be surpassed." Building News. " The information given is both sound and sensible, and well qualified to direct young sea- going hands on the straight road to the extra chief's certificate. . . . Most useful to surveyrs, Inspectors, draughtsmen, and young engineers." Glasgow Herald. C 18 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. English-French Dictionary of Sea Terms. TECHNICAL DICTIONARY OF SEA TERMS, PHRASES AND WORDS USED IN THE ENGLISH & FRENCH LANGUAGES. (English-French, French-English). For the Use of Seamen, Engineers, Pilots, Ship-builders, Ship-owners and Ship-brokers. Compiled by W. PIRRIE, late of the African Steamship Company. Fcap. 8vo, 55. cloth limp. [Just published. " This volume will be highly appreciated by seamen, engineers, pilots, shipbuilders and ship- owners. It will be found wonderfully accurate and complete." Scots )>ian. " A very useful dictionary, which has long been wanted by French and English engineers, masters, officers and others." Shipping World. Pocket-Booh for Marine Engineers. A POCKET-BOOK OF USEFUL TABLES AND FOR. MULM FOR MARINE ENGINEERS. By FRANK PROCTOR, A.I.N.A. Third Edition. Royal 32010, leather, gilt edges, with strap, 45. "We recommend it to our readers as going far to supply a long-felt want." Naval Science. "A most useful companion to all marine engineers." United Service Gazette. Introduction to Marine Engineering. ELEMENTARY ENGINEERING: A Manual for Young Marine Engineers and Apprentices. In the Form of Questions and Answers on Metals, Alloys, Strength of Materials, Construction and Management ot Marine Engines and Boilers, Geometry, &c. &c. With an Appendix of Useful Tables. By JOHN SHERREN BREWER, Government Marine Surveyor, Hong- kong. Third Edition. Small crown 8vo, is. 6d. cloth. ' Contains much valuable information for the class for whom it is intended, especially in the chapters on the management of boilers and engines." Nautical Magazine. " A useful introduction to the more elaborate text-books." Scotsman. " To a student who has the requisite desire and resolve to attain a thorough knowledge, Mr. Brewer offers decidedly useful help." Athenteum. Navigation. PRACTICAL NAVIGATION. Consisting of THE SAILOR'S SEA-BOOK, by JAMES GREENWOOD and W. H. ROSSER : together with the requisite Mathematical and Nautical Tables for the Working of the Problems, by HENRY LAW, C.E., and Professor J. R. YOUNG. Illustrated. i2mo, 75. strongly half-bound. Sailmaking. THE ART AND SCIENCE OF SAILMAKING. By SAMUEL B. SADLER, Practical Sailmaker, late in the employment of Messrs. Ratsey and Lapthorne, of Cowes and Gosport, With Plates and other Illustrations. Small 4to, 125. 6d. cloth. " This work is very ably written, and is illustrated by diagrams and carefully- worked calcula- tions. The work should be in the hands of every sailmaker, whether employer or employed, as it cannot fail to assist them in the pursuit of their important avocations." Isle of Wight Herald. " This extremely practical work gives a complete education in all the branches of the manu- facture cutting out, roping, seaming, and goring. It is copiously illustrated, and will form a first- rate text-book and guide. "Portsmouth Times. " The author of this work has rendered a distinct service to all interested in the art of sail- making. The subject of which he treats is a congenial one. Mr. Sadler is a practical sailmaker and has devoted years of careful observation and study to the subject ; and the results of the experience thus gained he has set forth in the volume before us." Steamship. Chain Cables. CHAIN CABLES AND CHAINS. Comprising Sizes and Curves of Links, Studs, Sec., Iron for Cables and Chains, Chain Cable and Chain Making, Forming and Welding Links, Strength of Cables and Chains, Certificates for Cables, Marking Cables, Prices of Chain Cables and Chains, Historical Notes, Acts of Parliament, Statutory Tests, Charges for Testing, List of Manufacturers of Cables, &c. &c. By THOMAS W. TRAILL, F.E.R. N ., M.Inst. C.E., Engineer Surveyor in Chief, Board of Trade, Inspector of MINING AND METALLURGY. 19 MINING jAND METALLURGY. Mining Machinery. MACHINERY FOR METALLIFEROUS MINES: A Practical Treatise for Mining Engineers, Metallurgists, and Managers of Mines. By E. HENRY DAVIES, M.E., F.G.S. Crown 8vo, 580 pp., with upwards of 300 Illustrations, 125. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " Mr. Davies, in this handsome volume, has done the advanced student and the manager of mines good service. Almost every kind of machinery in actual use is carefully described, and the woodcuts and plates are good." Athenceum. " From cover to cover the work exhibits all the same characteristics which excite the confi- dence and attract the attention of the student as he peruses the hrst page. The work may salely be recommended. By its publication the literature connected with the industry will be enriched, and the reputation of its author enhanced." Mining Journal. " Mr. Davies has endeavoured to bring before his readers the best of everything- in modern mining appliances. His work carries internal evidence of the author's impartiality, and this con- stitutes o.ie of the great merits of the book. Throughout his work the criticisms are ba^ed on his own or other reliable experience. 1 Iron and Steel Trades' Journal. "The worfc deals with nearly every class of machinery or apparatus likely to be met with or required in connection with metalliferous mining, and is one which we have every confidence in recommending." Practical hngineer. Metalliferous Minerals and Mining. A TREATISE ON METALLIFEROUS MINERALS AND MINING. By D. C. DAVIES, F.G.S. , Mining Engineer, &c., Author oi "A Treatise on Slate and Slate Quarrying." Fifth Edition, thoroughly Revised and much Enlarged, by his Son, E. HENRY DAVIES, M.E., F.G.S. With about 150 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 125. 6d. cloth. "Neither the practical miner nor the general reader interested In mines can have a better book for his companion and his guide." Mining- Journal. [Mining- World. "We are doing our readers a service in calling their attention to this valuable work." " A book that will uot only be useful to the geologist, the practical miner, and the metallurgist but also very interesting to the general public." Iron. " As a history of the present state of mining throughout the world this book has a real value and it supplies an actual want." Athenteum. Earthy Minerals and Mining. A TREATISE ON EARTHY & OTHER MINERALS AND MINING. By D. C. DAVIES, F.G.S., Author of " Metalliferous Minerals," Edition, re &c. Third Edition, revised and Enlarged, by his Son, E. HENRY M.E., F.G.S. With about 100 Illustration?. Crown 8vo, i2s. 6d. cloth. ' We do not remember to have met with any English work on mining matters that contains the same amount of information packed in equally convenient form." Academy. " We should be inclined to rank it as among the very best of the handy technical and trades manuals which have recently appeared." British Quarterly Review. Metalliferous Mining in the United Kingdom. BRITISH MINING : A Treatise on the History, Discovery, Practical Development, and Future Prospects of Metalliferous Mines in the United King- dom. By ROBERT HUNT, F.R.S., Editor of " Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines," &c. Upwards of 950 pp., with 230 Illustrations. Second Edition. Revised. Super-royal 8vo, 2 25. cloth. "One of the most valuable works of reference of modern times. Mr. Hunt, as Keeper of Mining Records of the United Kingdom, has had opportunities for such a task not enjoyed by anyone else and has evidently made the most ol them. . . . The language and style adopted are good, and the treatment of the various subjects laborious, conscientious, and scientific." Engineering; "The book is, in fact, a treasure-house of statistical information on mining subjects, and we know of no other work embodying so great a mass of matter of this kind. Were this the only merit of Mr. Hunt s volume, it would be sufficient to render it indispensable in the library of everyone interested in the development of the mining and metallurgical industries of this country. Athentzum. "A mass of Information not elsewhere available, and of the greatest value to those who may be Interested in our great mineral industries." Engineer. Underground Pumping Machinery. MINE DRAINAGE. Being a Complete and Practical Treatise on Direct-Acting Underground Steam Pumping Machinery, with a Descrip- tion of a large number of the best known Engines, their General Utility and the Special Sphere of their Action, the Mode of their Application, and their merits compared with other forms of Pumping Machinery, By STEPHEN MICHELL. 8vo, 155. cloth. "Will be highly esteemed by colliery owners and lessees, mining engineers, and students generally who require to be acquainted with the best means of securing the drainage of mines. It is a most valuable work, and stands almost alone in the literature of steam pumping machinery." Colliery Guardian. 'Much valuable Information Is given, so that the book Is thoroughly worthy of an extensive circulation amongst practical men and purchasers of machinery." Mining journal. 20 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON 'S CATALOGUE. Prospecting for Gold and other Metals. THE PROSPECTOR'S HANDBOOK: A Guide for the Pro- spector and Traveller in Search of Metal-Bearing or other Valuable Minerals. By J. W. ANDERSON, M.A. (Camb.), F.R.G.S., Author of "Fiji and New Caledonia." Sixth Edition, thoroughly Revised and much Enlarged. Small crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth ; or, 45. 6d. leather, pocket-book form, with tuck. [Just published. "Will supply a much felt want, especially among Colonists, In whose way are so otten thrown many mineralogical specimens the value of which it is difficult to determine. " Engineer. "How to find commercial minerals, and how to identify them when they are found, are the leading points to which attention is directed. The author has managed to pack as much practical detail into his pages as would supply material for a book three times its size." Mining- Journal. Mining Notes and Formulae. NOTES AND FORMULAE FOR MINING STUDENTS. By JOHN HERMAN MERIVALE, M.A., Certificated Colliery Manager, Professor of Mining in the Durham College of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Small crown 8vo, is. 6d. cloth. " Invaluable to anyone who is working up for an examination on mining subjects." Iron and Coal Trades Review. " The author has done his work In an exceedingly creditable manner, and has produced a book that will be of service to students, and those who are practically engaged in mining operations." Enginetr. Handy book for Miners. THE MINER'S HANDBOOK : A Handy Book of Reference on the Subjects of Mineral Deposits, Mining Operations, Ore Dressing, &c. For the Use of Students and others interested in Mining matters. Compiled by JOHN MILNE, F.R.S., Professor of Mining in the Imperial University of Japan, Revised Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 75. 6d. leather. [Just published. " Professor Milne's handbook is sure to be received with favour by all connected with mining, and will be extremely popular among students." Athentzum. Miners 9 and Metallurgists' PocJeet-Book. A POCKET-BOOK FOR MINERS AND METALLURGISTS. Comprising Rules, Formulae, Tables, and Notes, for Use in Field and Office Work. By F. DANVERS POWER, F.G.S., M.E. Fcap. 8vo, gs. leather. " This excellent book is an admirable example of its kind, and ought to find a large sale amongst English-speaking prospectors and mining engineers." Engin " A useful vade-mecum containing a mass of rules, formulae, tables, and vanous otner informa- tion, necessary for daily eference." Iron. Mineral Surveying and Valuing. THE MINERAL SURVEYOR AND VALUER'S COMPLETE GUIDE, comprising a Treatise on Improved Mining Surveying and the Valua* tion of Mining Properties, with New Traverse Tables. By WM. LINTERN. Third Edition, Enlarged. i2mo, 45. cloth. " A valuable and thoroughly trustworthy guide." Iron and Coal Trades Review. Asbestos and its Uses. ASBESTOS: Its Properties, Occurrence, and Uses. With some Account of the Mines of Italy and Canada. By RORERT H. JONES. With Eight Collotype Plates and other Illustrations. Crown 8vo, I2S. 6d. cloth. -"An interesting and invaluable work." Collierv Guardian. Iron, Metallurgy of. METALLURGY OF IRON. Containing History of Iron Manu- facture, Methods of Assay, and Analyses of Iron Ores, Processes of Manu- facture of Iron and Steel, &c. By H. BAUERMAN, F.G.S., A.R.S.M. With numerous Illustrations. Sixth Edition, Enlarged, rsmo, 55. 6d. cloth. " Carefully written, it has the merit of brevity and conciseness, as to less important points ; while all material matters are very fully and thoroughly entered into." standard. Slate Quarrying, &c. SLATE AND SLATE QUARRYING, Scientific, Practical and Commercial. By D. C. DAVIES, F.G.S., Mining Engineer, &c. With numerous Illustrations and Folding Plates. Third Edition, i2mo, 35. cloth. " One of the best and best-balanced treatises on a special subject that we have met with." MINING AND METALLURGY. 21 Colliery Management. THE COLLIERY MANAGER'S HANDBOOK: A Compre- hensive Treatise on the Laying-out and Working of Collieries, Designed as a Book of Reference for Colliery Managers, and for the Use of Coal-Mining Students preparing for First-class Certificates. By CALEB PAMELY, Mining Engineer and Surveyor; Member of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers; and Member of the South Wales Insti- tute of Mining Engineers. With nearly 700 Plans, Diagrams, and other Illustrations. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Medium 8vo, about 910 pages. Price i 55. stronglv bound. [Just published. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. THEPRIESTMAN OILENGINE; PETRO- GEOLOGY. SEARCH FOR COAL. MINERAL LEASES AND OTHER HOLD- INGS. SHAFT SINKING. FITTING UP THE SHAFT AND SURFACE ARRANGE- MENTS. STEAM BOILERS AND THEIR FITTINGS. TIMBERING AND WALLING. NARROW WORK AND METHODS OF WORKING. UNDERGROUND CONVEY- ANCE. DRAINAGE. THE GASES MET WITH IN MINES; VENTILATION. ON THE FRICTION OF AIR IN MINES. LEUM AND NATURAL GAS -SURVEYING AND PLANNING. LIGHTING; SAFETY LAMPS AND FIRE DAMP DETECTORS. SUNDRY AND INCIDENTAL OPERATIONS AND APPLIANCES. COLLIERY EXPLO- SIONS. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. Appendix: SUMMARY OF REPORT OF :.M. COMMISSIONERS ON ACCIDENTS IN MINES. A Pi H.M. "There can be no doubt that it is the best book on coal-mining." J. T. ROBSON, Esq., H.M.'s Inspector of Mines, South Wales District. " Mr. Pamely's work is eminently suited to the purpose for which it is intended being -clear, Interesting, exhaustive, rich in detail, and up to date, giving descriptions of the very latest machines in every department. ... A mining engineer could scarcely go wrong who followed this work." Colliery Guardian. "This is the most complete 'all round' work on coal-mining published in the English language. ... No library of coal-mining books is complete without it." Colliery Engineer (Scranton, Pa., U.S.A.). "Mr. Pamely's work is in all respects worthy of our admiration. No person in any responsible position connected with mines should be without a copy." Westminster Review. Goal and Iron. THE COAL AND IRON INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. Comprising a Description of the Coal Fields, and of the Principal Seams of Coal, with Returns of their Produce and its Distribu- tion, and Analyses of Special Varieties. Also an Account of the occurrence of Iron Ores in Veins or Seams ; Analyses of each Variety ; and a History ol the Rise and Progress of Pig Iron Manufacture. By RICHARD MEADE, Assistant Keeper of Mining Records. With Maps. 8vo, i 8s. cloth. " The book is one which must and a place on the shelves of all interested In coal and Iron production, and in the iron, steel, and other metallurgical Industries." Engineer. " Of this book we may unreservedly say that it is the best of its class which we have ever met. ... A book of reference which no one engaged in the iron or coal trades should omit from his library "Iron and Coal Trades Review. Coal Mining. COAL AND COAL MINING: A Rudimentary Treatise on. By the late Sir WARINGTON W. SKTYTH, M.A., F.R.S., Chief Inspector of the Mines of the Crown. Seventh Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With numerous Illustrations, izmo, 45. cloth boards. 1 As an outline is given of every known coal-field in this and other countries, as well as of the principal methods of working, the book will doubtless interest a very large number of readers." Mining Journal. Subterraneous Surveying. SUBTERRANEOUS SURVEYING, Elementary and Practical Treatise on, with and without the Magnetic Needle. By THOMAS FEN WICK Surveyor of Mines, and THOMAS BAKER, C.E. Illust. i2mo, 3$. cloth boards. Granite Quarrying. GRANITES AND OUR GRANITE INDUSTRIES. By GEORGE F. HARRIS, F.G.S., Membre de la Societe Beige de Geologie, Lee- turer on Economic Geology at the Birkbeck Institution, &c. With Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, 2S. 6d. cloth. " A clearly and well-written manual on the granite Industry." Scotsman. " An interesting work, which will be deservedly esteemed." Colliery Guardian. " An exceedingly interesting and valuable monograph on a subject which has hitherto received unaccountably little attention in the shape of systematic literary treatment." Scottish Leader. 22 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SOtt'S CATALOGUE. Gold, Metallurgy of. THE METALLURGY OF GOLD : A Practical Treatise on the Metallurgical Treatment of Gold-bearing Ores. Including the Processes of Concentration, Chlorination and Extraction by Cyanide, and the Assaying, Melting, and Kenning of Gold. By M. EISSLER, Mining Engineer and Metal- lurgical Chemist, torm^rlv Assistant Assayer of the U.S. Mint, San Fran- cisco. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. With about 250 Illustrations and numerous Folding Plates and Working Drawings. 8vo, i6s. cloth {.Just published. " This book thoroughly deserves its title of a Practical Treatise.' The whole process of gom milling, from the breaking of the quartz to the assay of the bullion, is described in clear and orderly narrative and with much, but not too much, fulness of detail." Saturday Review. " The work is a storehouse of information and valuable data, and we strongly recommend It to all professional men engaged in the gold-mining industry." Mining Journal. Gold Extraction* THE CYANIDE PROCESS OF GOLD EXTRACTION : and its Practical Application on the Witwatersrand Gold Fields in South Africa. by M. EISSLER, M.E., Mem. Inst. Mining and Metallurgy, Author of "The Metallurgy of Gold," &c. With Diagrams and Working Drawings. Large crown 8vo, /s. 6cL cloth. \Just published. " This book is just what was needed to acquaint mining- men with tfie actual working of a pro- cess which is not only the, most popular, but is* as a general rule, the most successful for the extrac- tion of gold from tailings." Mining Journal. " The work will prove invaluable to all interested in gold mining, whether metallurgists or as investors." Chemical News. Silver, Metallurgy of. THE METALLURGY OF SILVER : A Practical Treatise on the Amalgamation, Roasting, and Lixiviation of Silver Ores. Including the Assaying, Melting and Refining, of Silver Bullion. By M. EISSLER, Author of "The Metallurgy of Gold," &c, Third Edition, With 150 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, IDS. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " A practical treatise, and a technical work which we are convinced will supply a long-felt want amongst practical men, and at the same time be of value to students and others indirectly connected with the industries." Mining Journal. " From first to last the book is thoroughly sound and reliable." Colliery Guardian. "For chemists, practical miners, assayers, and investors alike, we do not know of any work on the subject so handy and yet so comprehensive." Glasgow Herald. Lead, Metallurgy of. THE METALLURGY OF ARGENTIFEROUS LEAD: A Practical Treatise on the Smelting of Silver-Lead Ores and the Refining of 'Lead Bullion. Including Reports on various Smelting Establishments and Descriptions of Modern Smelting Furnaces and Plants in Europe and America. By M. EISSLER, M.E., Author of "The Metallurgy of Gold," &c, Crown 8vo, 400 pp., with 183 Illustrations, 125. 6d. cloth. " The numerous metallurgical processes, which are fully and extensively treated of, embrace all the stages experienced in the passage of the lead from the various natural states to its issue from the refinery as an article of commerce." Practical Engineer. " The present volume fully maintains the reputation of the author. Those who wish to obtain a thorough insight into the present state of this industry cannot do better than read this volume, and all mining engineers cannot fail to find many useful hints and suggestions in it." Industries. " It is most carefully written and illustrated with capital drawings and diagrams. In fact, it is the work of an expert for experts, by whom it will be prized as an indispensable text-book." Bristol Mercury. Iron Mining. THE IRON ORES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND : Their Mrde of Occurrence, Age, and Origin, and the Methods of Searching for and Working them, with a Notice of some of the Iron Ores of Spain. By J. D. KENDALL, F.G.S., Mining Engineer. Crown 8vo, i6s. cloth. " The author has a thorough practical knowledge of his subject, and has supplemented a care- ful study of the available literature by unpublished information derived from his own observations. The result is a very useful volume which cannot fail to be of value to all interested in the iron industry of the country." Industries. " Mr. Kendall is a great authority on this subject and writes from personal observation. 1 Colliery Guardian. " Mr. Kendall s book is thoroughly well done. In it there are the outlines of the history of ore mining in every centre and there is everything that we want to know as to the character of the o res of each district, their commercial value and the cost of working them " Iron and Steel Trades Journal, ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 23 ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, etc. Dynamo Management. THE MANAGEMENT OF DYNAMOS: A Handy book of Theory and Practice for the Use of Mechanics, Engineers, Students and others in Charge of Dynamos. By G. W. LUMMIS PATERSON. With nume- rous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " An example which deserves to be taken as a model by other authors. The subject is treated in a manner which any intelligent man who is fit to be entrusted with charge of an engine should be able to understand. It is a useful book to all who make, tend or employ electric machinery." Architect. "A most satisfactory book from a practical point of view. We strongly commend it to the attention of every electrical engineering student." Daily Chronicle. Electrical Engineering. THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK OP MODERN RULES, FORMULA, TABLES, AND DATA. By H. R, KEMPE, M.Inst.E.E., A.M.Inst.C.E., Technical Officer, Postal Telegraphs, Author of "A Handbook of Electrical Testing," &c. Second Edition, thoroughly Revised, with Additions. Royal 32mo, oblong, 55. leather. "There is very little in the shape of formulae or data which the electrician is likely to want In a hurry which cannot be found in its pages." Practical Engineer. "A very useful book of reference for daily use in practical electrical engineering and Its rarious applications to the industries of the present day." Iron, " It is the best book of its kind." Electrical Engineer. "Well arranged and compact. The ' Electrical Engineer's Pocket-Book* Is a good one." Electrician. [ Re-view. "Strongly recommended to those engaged In the various electrical industries." Electrical Electric Lighting. ELECTRIC LIGHT FITTING : A Handbook for Working Electrical Engineers, embodying Practical Notes on Installation Manage- ment. By JOHN W. URQUHART, Electrician, Author of " Electric Light," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised, with Additional Chapters. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. " This volume deals with what may be termed the mechanics of electric lighting, and is addressed to men who are already engaged in the work or are training for it. The work traverses a greit deal of ground, and may be read as a sequel to the same author's useful work on ' Electric Light.' "Electrician. " The book is well worth the perusal of the workmen for whom it is written." Electrical Revie-w. " We have read this book with a good deal of pleasure. We believe that the book will be of us to practical workmen, who will not be alarmed by finding mathematical formulae which they are unable to understand." Electrical Plant. Electric Light. ELECTRIC LIGHT : Its Production and Use. Embodying Plain Directions for the Treatment of Dynamo-Electric Machines, Batteries, Accumulators, and Electric Lamps. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E., Author of "Electric Light Fitting," "Electroplating," &c. Fifth Edition, carefully Revised, with Large Additions and 145 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 75. 6J. cloth. " The whole ground of electric lighting is more or less covered and explained in a very cleat and concise manner." Ele.trical Review. "Contains a good deal of very interesting information, especially in the parts where the author gives dimensions and working costs." Electrical Engineer. " A miniature vade-mecum of the salient facts connected with the science of electric light- ing." Electrician. " You cannot have a better book than ' Electric Light.' by Urquhart."- Engineer. " The book is by far the best that we have yet met with on the subject." Athenezum. Construction of Dynamos. DYNAMO CONSTRUCTION : A Practical Handbook for the Use of Engineer Constructors and Electricians-in-Charge. Embracing Frame- work Building, Field Magnet and Armature Winding and Grouping, Com- pounding, &c. With Examples of leading English, American, and Conti- nental Dynamos and Motors. By J. W. URQUHART, Author of "Electric Light," " Electric Light Fitting," &c. Second Edition, Revised and En- larged. With 114 Illustrations. Crown 8vp, 75. 6d. cloth. [Just published. "Mr. Urquhart's book is the first one which deals with these matters In such a way that the engineering student can understand them. The book is very readable, and the author leads his readers up to difficult subjects by reasonably simple tests." Engineering Review. " The author deals with his subject in a style so popular as to make his volume a handbook of great practical value to engineer constructors and electricians in charge." Scotsman. "'Dynamo Construction' more than sustains the high character of the author's previous publications. It is sure to be widely read by the large and rapidly-increasing number of practica electricians." Glasgow Herald '. 34 CROSBY lOCRWOOD & SOWS CATALOGVR. New Dictionary of Electricity. THE STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. A Popu- lar Dictionary of Words and Terms Used in the Practice of Electrical Engi- neering. Containing upwards of 3,000 Definitions. By T. O'CONNOR SLOANE, A.M., Ph.D., Author of "The Arithmetic of Electricity," &c. Crown 8vo, 630 pp., 350 Illustrations, 75. 6d. cloth. [.Just published. " The work has many attractive features in it, and is beyond doubt, a well put together and useful publication. The amount of ground covered may be gathered from the fact that in the index about 5,000 references will be found. The inclusion of such comparatively modern words as ' impedence,' 'reluctance,' &c., shows that the author has desired to be up to date, and indeed there are other indications of carefulness of compilation. The work is one which does the author great credit and it should prove of great value, especially to'students." Electrical Review. Very complete and contains a large amount of useful information." Industries. " An encyclopaedia of electrical science in the compass of a dictionary. The information given is sound and clear. The book is well printed, well illustrated, and well up to date, and may Be confidently recommended." Builder. " The volume is excellently printed and illustrated, and should form part of the library of every one who is connected with electrical matters." Hard-ware Trade Journal. Electric Lighting of Ships. ELECTRIC SHIP.LIGHTING : A Handbook on the Practical Fitting and Running of Ship's Electrical Plant. For the Use of Shipowners and Builders, Marine Electricians, and Sea-going Engineers-in-Charge. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E. With 88 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 75. 6U. cloth. " The subject of ship electric lighting is one of vast importance in these days, and Mr. Urqu- hart is to be highly complimented for placing such a valuable work at the service of the practical marine electrician." The Steamship. " Distinctly a book which of its kind stands almost alone, and for which there should be a demand." Electrical Review. Country House Electric Lighting. ELECTRIC LIGHT FOR COUNTRY HOUSES : A Practical Handbook on the Erection and Running of Small Installations, with par- ticulars of the Cost of Plant and Working. By J. H. KNIGHT. Crown 8vo, is. wrapper. [.Just published. Electric Lighting. THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC LIGHT. ING. By ALAN A. CAMPBELL SWINTON, Associate I.E.E. Third Edition, Enlarged and Revised. With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, is. 6d. cloth. "Anyone who desires a short and thoroughly clear exposition of the elementary principles of electric-lighting cannot do better than read this little work.' Bradford Observer, Dynamic Electricity. THE ELEMENTS OF DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. By PHILIP ATKINSON, A.M., Ph.D., Author of "The Ele- ments of Electric Lighting," &c. Cr. 8vo, with 120 Illustrations, IDS. 6d. cl. Electric Motors, &c. THE ELECTRIC TRANSFORMATION OF POWER and its Application by the Electric Motor, including Electric Railway Construction. By P. ATKINSON, A.M., Ph.D., Author of " The Elements of Electric Light- ing," &c. With 96 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. Dynamo Construction. HO W^TO MA KEAD YNA MO : A Practical Treatise for A mateurs. Containing numerous Illustrations and Detailed Instructions for Construct- ing a Small Dynamo, to Produce the Electric Light. By ALFRED CROFTS. Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, zs. clotn. "The instructions given in this unpretentious little book are sufficiently clear and explicit to enable any amateur mechanic possessed of average skill and the usual tools to be found in au amateur's workshop, to build a practical dynamo machine." Electrician. Text Book of Electricity. THE STUDENTS TEXT-BOOK OF ELECTRICITY. By HENRY M. NOAD, F.R.S. 630 pages, with 470 Illustrations. Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, gj. cloth, [Just published. Electricity. A MANUAL OF ELECTRICITY : Including Galvanism, Mag. netism, Dia-Magnetistn, Electro-Dynamics. By HENRY M. NOAD, Ph D., F.R.S. Fourth Edition (1859). bvo, i 45. cloth. AtlCtilTECtU&E, BUtLDltfG, etc. 25 ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, etc. Building Construction. PRACTICAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION: A Handbook for Students Preparing for Examinations, and a Book of Reference for Persons Engaged in Building. By JOHN P. ALLEN, Surveyor, Lecturer on Building Construction at the Durham College of Science, Newcastle. Medium 8vo, 450 pages, with i,oco Illustrations. 125. 6d. cloth. [Just published. ' This volume is one of the most complete expositions of building construction we have seen. It contains all that is necessary to prepare students for the various examinations in building con- struction." Building News. " The author depends nearly as much on his diagrams as on his type. The pages suggest the hand of a man of experience in building operations and the volume must be a blessing to many teachers as well as to students. ' The Architect. " The work is sure to prove a formidable rival to great and small competitors alike, and bids fair to take a permanent place as a favourite students' text-book. The large number of illustra- tions deserve particular mention for the great merit they possess for purposes of reference, in ex- actly corresponding to convenient scales." Jour. lust. Brit. Archts. Masonry. PRACTICAL MASONRY : A Guide to the Art of Stone Cut- ting. Comprising the Construction, Setting-Ont, and Working of Stairs, Circular Work, Arches, Niches, Domes, Pendentives, Vaults, Tracery Win- dows, &c. For the Use of Students, Masons and other Workmen. By WILLIAM R. PURCHASE, Building Inspector to the Town of Hove. Royal 8vo, 134 pages, including 50 Lithographic Plates (about 400 separate Dia- grams), 75. 6d. cloth. [jfs published. " The illustrations are well thought out and clear. The volume places within reach of the pro- fessional mason many useful data for solving the problems which present themselves day by day.' The New Builder's Price Book, 1896. LOCKWOOD'S BUILDER'S PRICE BOOK FOR 1896. A Comprehensive Handbook of the Latest Prices and Data for Builders, Architects, Engineers, and Contractors. By FRANCIS T. W. MILLER, 800 closely-printed pages, crown 8vo, 4*. cloth. " This book is a very useful one, and should find a place In every English office connected with the building and engineering professions." Industries. " An excellent book of reference." Architect. " In its new and revised form this Price Book Is what a work of this kind should be compre- hensive, reliable, well arranged, legible, and well bound. 1 ' British Architect. New London ^Building Act, 1894. THE LONDON BUILDING ACT, 1894; with the By-Laws and Regulations oi the London County Council, and Introduction, Notes, Cases and Index. By ALEX. J. DAVID, B.A., LL.M, of the Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " To all architects and district surveyors and builders, Mr. David's manual will be welcome." Building NCTUS. "The volume will doubtless be eagerly consulted by the building fraternity." Illustrated Carpenter and Builder. Concrete. CONCRETE: ITS NATURE AND USES. A Book for Architects, Builders, Contractors, and Clerks of Works. By GEORGE L. SUTCLIFFE, A.R.I. B.A. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " The author treats a difficult subject in a lucid manner. The manual fills a long-felt gap. It careful and exhaustive ; equally useful as a student's guide and a architect's book of reference." Journal of Royal Institution of British Architects. " There is room for this new book, which will probably be for some time the standard work on the subject for a builder's purpose." Glasgow Herald. " A thoroughly useful and comprehensive work." British Aretiitect. Mechanics for Architects. THE MECHANICS OF ARCHITECTURE: A Treatise on Applied Mechanics, especially Adapted to the Use of Architects. By E. W. TARN, M.A., Author of " The Science of Building," &c. Second Edition, Enlarged. Illust. with 125 Diagrams. Cr. 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. [Just published, " The book is a very useful and helpful manual of architectural mechanics, and really contains sufficient to enable a careful and painstaking student to grasp the principles bearing upon the ma- jority of building problems. . . . Mr. Tarn has added, by this volume, to the debt of gratitude which is owing to him by architectural students for the many valuable works which he has pro- duced for their use." The Builder. " The mechanics in the volume are really mechanics, and are harmoniously wrought in with the distinctive professional manner proper to the subject. The Schoolmaster. 26 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. Designing Buildings. THE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS: Being Elementary Notes on the Planning, Sanitation and Ornamentive Formation of Structures, based on Modern Practice. Illustrated with Nine Folding Plates. By W. WOOD- LEY, Assistant Master, Metropolitan Drawing Classes, &c. 8vo, 6s. cloth. Sir Win. Chamber s's Treatise on Civil Architecture. THE DECORATIVE PART OF CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. By Sir WILLIAM CHAMBERS, F.R.S. With Portrait, Illustrations, Notes, and an Examination of Grecian Architecture, by JOSEPH GWILT, F.S.A. Revised and Edited by W. H. LEEDS. 66 Plates, 4to, 2is. cloth, Villa Architecture. A HANDY BOOK OF VILLA ARCHITECTURE: Being a Series of Designs for Villa Residences in various Styles. With Outline Specifications and Estimates. By C. WICKES, Architect, Author of "The Spires and Towers of England," &c. 61 Plates, 4to, i us. 6d. half-morocco. " The whole of the designs bear evidence of their being the work of an artistic architect, and they will prove very valuable and suggestive." Building News. Text-Book for Architects. THE ARCHITECT'S GUIDE: Being a Text-Booh of Useful Information for Architects, Engineers, Surveyors, Contractors, Clerks of Works, &c. By F. ROGERS. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. 11 As a text-book of useful information for architects, engineers, surveyors, &c., it would be hard to find a handier or more complete little volume." Standard. Linear Perspective. ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVE : The whole Course and Operations of the Draughtsman in Drawing a Large House in Linear Per- spective. Illustrated by 43 Folding Plates, By F. O, FERGUSON. Second Edition, Enlarged. 8vo, 35. 6d. boards. [Just published. " It is the most intelligible of the treatises on this ill treated subject that I have met with." E. INGRESS BELL, Esq., in the R.I.B.A. Journal. Architectural Drawing. PRACTICAL RULES ON DRA WING, for the Operative Builder and Young Student in Architecture. By G. PYNE. 14 Plates, 4to, 7s. 6d., bds. Vitruvius' Architectiire. THE ARCHITECTURE of MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO. Translated by JOSEPH GWILT, F.S.A. , F.R.A.S. New Edition, Revised by the Translator. With 23 Plates. Fcap. 8vo, 55. cloth. Designing, Pleasuring, and Valuing. THE STUDENT'S GUIDE to the PRACTICE of MEASUR- ING AND VALUING ARTIFICERS' WORK. Containing Directions for taking Dimensions, Abstracting the same, and bringing the Quantities into Bill, with Tables of Constants for Valuation of Labour, and for the Calcula- tion of Areas and Solidities ( Originally edited by EDWARD DOBSON, Architect. With Additions by E. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A. Sixth Edition. With 8 Plates and 63 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. "This edition will be found the most complete treatise on the principles of measuring and caluinir artificers' work that has yet been published." Building Nevus. Pocket Estimator and Technical Guide. THE POCKET TECHNICAL GUIDE, MEASURER, AND ESTIMATOR FOR BUILDERS AND SURVEYORS. Containing Tech- nical Directions for Measuring Work in all the Building Trades, Complete Specifications for Houses, Roads, and Drains, and an easy Method of Estimat- ing the parts of a Building collectively. By A.C.BEATON, Seventh Edit. Waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d. leather, gilt edges. " No builder, architect, surveyor, or valuer should be without his ' Beaton.' "Building News. Donaldson on Specifications. THE HANDBOOK OF SPECIFICATIONS; or, Practical Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder, in drawing up Specifications and Contracts for Works and Constructions. Illustrated by Precedents of Buildings actually executed by eminent Architects and En- gineers. By Professor T. L. DONALDSON, P. R.I.B.A., &c. New Edition. 8vo. with upwards of i.ooo pages of Text, and 33 Plates. i us. 6d. cloth. "Valuable as a record, and more valuable still as a book of precedents. . . . Suffice It to say that Donaldson's ' Handbook of Specifications ' must be bought by all architects." Builder, ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, etc. 27 Bartholomew and Rogers' Specifications. SPECIFICATIONS FOR PRACTICAL ARCHITECTURE. A Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder. With an Essay on the Structure and Science of Modern Buildings. Upon the Basis of the Work by ALFRED BARTHOLOMEW, thoroughly Revised, Corrected, and greatly added to by FREDERICK ROGERS, Architect. Third Edition, Revised, with Additions. With numerous Illustrations. Medium 8vo, 155. cloth. " The collection of specifications prepared by Mr. Rogers on the basis of Bartholomew's work is too well known to need any recommendation from us. It is one of the books with which every young architect must be equipped." Architect. Souse Building and Repairing. THE HOUSE-OWNER'S ESTIMATOR ; or, What will it Cost to Build, Alter, or Repair? A Price Book for Unprofessional People, as well as the Architectural Surveyor and Builder. By J. D. SIMON. Edited by F. T. W. MILLER, A.R.I. B. A. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. " In two years it will repay tts cost a Hundred times over." Field. Construction. THE SCIENCE OF BUILDING: An Elementary Treatise on the Principles of Construction. By E. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A., Architect. Third Edition. Revised and Enlarged. With 59 Engravings. Fcap. 8vo, 45, cl. A very valuable book, which we strongly recommend to all students." Builder. Building ; Civil and Ecclesiastical. A BOOK ON BUILDING, Civil and Ecclesiastical, including Church Restoration ; with the Theory of Domes and the Great Pyramid, &c. By Sir EDMUND BECKETT, Bart., LL.D., F.R.A.S. Fcap. 8vo, 55. cloth. " A book which Is always amusing and nearly always Instructive." Times. House Building. DWELLING HOUSES, THE ERECTION OF. Illustrated by a Perspective View, Plans, Elevations and Sections of a Pair of Semi- Detachedi Villas, with the Specification, Quantities and Estimates. By S. H. BROOKS, Architect. Seventh Edition, thoroughly Revised. i2mo, zs. 6d. cloth. \Just published. Sanitary Houses, etc. THE SANITARY ARRANGEMENT OF DWELLING- HOUSES: A Handbook for Householders and Owners of Houses. By A. J. WALLIS-TAYLER, A.M. Inst. C.E. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " This book will be largely read ; it will be of considerable service to the public. It is well arranged, easily read, and for the most part devoid of technical terms." Lancet. Ventilation of ^Buildings. VENTILATION. A Text Book to the Practice of the Art cj Ventilating Buildings. By W. P. BUCHAN, R.P. 12010, 45. cloth. " Contains a great amount of useful practical information, as thoroughly interesting as it is technically reliable." British Architect. TJie Art of Plumbing. PLUMBING. A Text Book to the Practice of the Art or Craft of the Plumber. By WILLIAM PATON BUCHAN, R.P. Sixth Edition. 45. cloth. "A text-book which may be safely put in the hands of every young plumber." Builder. Geometry for the Architect, Engineer, etc. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY, for the Architect, Engineer, and Mechanic. Giving Rules for the Delineation and Application of various Geometrical Lines, Figures and Curves. By E. W. TARN, M.A., Architect, 8vo, gs. cloth. " No book with the same objects In view has ever been published In which the clearness of the rules laid down and the illustrative diagrams have been so satisfactory." Scotsman. The Science of Geometry. THE GEOMETRY OF COMPASSES; or, Problems Resolved by the mere Description of Circles, and the use of Coloured Diagrams and Symbols, By OLIVER BYRNE. Coloured Plates. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. aS CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. CARPENTRY, TIMBER, etc. Tredgold's Carpentry, Revised & Enlarged by Tarn. THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY. A Treatise on the Pressure and Equilibrium of Timber Framing, the Resist- ance of Timber, and the Construction of Floors, Arches, Bridges, Roofs, Uniting Iron and Stone with Timber, &c. To which is added an Essay on the Nature and Properties oi Timber, &c., with Descriptions of the kinds and Stone, Illustiated. Seventh Edition, thoroughly revised and considerably enlarged by E. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A., Author of "The Science of Build- ing," &c. With 61 Plates, Portrait of the Author, and several Woodcuts, In One large Vol., 4to, pri^e i 55. cloth. " Ought to be in every architect's and every builder's library." Builder. " A work whose monumental excellence must commend it wherever skilful carpentry Is con- :erned. The author's principles are rather confirmed than impaired by time. The additional plates are of great intrinsic value." Building News. Carpentry. CARPENTRY AND JOINERY. The Elementary Principles of Carpentry. Chiefly composed from the Standard Work of THOMAS TREDGOLD, C.E. With Additions, and a TREATISE ON JOINERY by E. W. TARN, M.A. Fifth Edition, Revised and Extended. i2mo, 35. 6d. cloth. *** ATLAS of Thirty-five Plates to accompany and illustrate the foregoing book. With Descriptive Letterpress. 4to, 6s. cloth. " These two volumes form a complete treasury of carpentry and joinery, and should be in the hands of every carpenter and joiner in the empire." Iron. Woodworking Machinery. WOODWORKING MACHINERY : Its Rise, Progress, and Construction. With Hints on the Management of Saw Mills and the Economi- cal Conversion of Timber. Illustrated with Examples of Recent Designs by leading English, French, and American Engineers. By M. Powis BALE, A.M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E. Second Edition, Revised, with large Additions. Large crown 8vo, 440 pp., gs. cloth. [Just published. "Mr. Bale is evidently an expert on the subject and he has collected so much Information that the book is all-sufficient for builders and others engaged in the conversion of timber." Architect. "The most comprehensive compendium of wood- working machinery we have seen. The author is a thorough master of his subject." Building News. Saw Mills. SA W MILLS : Their Arrangement and Management, and the Economical Convei sion of Timber. (A Companion Volume to '* Woodwork- ing Machinery.") By M. Powis BALE. Crown 8vo, IDS. 6d. cloth. " The administration of a large sawing establishment Is discussed, and the subject examined from a financial standpoint. Hence the size, shape, order, and disposition of saw-mills and the like are gone into in detail, and the course of the timber is traced from its reception to its delivery In its converted state. We could not desire a more complete or practical treatise." Builder. Nicholson's Carpentry. THE CARPENTER'S NEW GUIDE ; or, Book of Lines for Car- penters ; comprising all the Elementary Principles essential for acquiring a knowledge of Carpentry. Founded on the late PETER NICHOLSON'S Standard Work. New Edition, Revised by A. ASHPITEL, F.S.A. With Practical Rules on Drawing, by G. PYNK. With 74 Plates, 4to, i is. cloth. Circular Work. CIRCULAR WORK IN CARPENTRY AND JOINERY: A Practical Treatise on Circular Work of Single and Double Curvature. By GEORGE COLLINGS. With Diagrams. Second Edit, izrno, as. 6d. cloth limp. " An excellent example of what a book of this kind should be. Cheap In price, clear In defini- tion and practical in the examples selected. " Builder. Handrailing. HANDRAILING COMPLETE IN EIGHT LESSONS. On the Square-Cut System. By J. S. GOLDTHORP, Teacher of Geometry and Building Construction at the Halifax Mechanic's Institute. With Eight Plates and over 150 Practical Exercises. 4to, 35. td. cloth. " Likely to be of considerable value to joiners and others who take a pride in good work we heartilv commend it to teachers and students." Timber Trades Journal. CARPENTRY, TIMBER, etc. 29 Handrailing and Stairbuildiny. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HANDRAILING : Showing New and Simple Methods tor Finding the Pitch of the Plank, Drawing the Moulds, Bevelling, Jointing-up, and Squaring the Wreath. By GEORGE COLLINGS. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, to which is added A TREATISE ON STAIRBUILDING. tamo, 2s. 6d. cloth limp. Will be found of practical utility In the execution of this difficult branch of jo'mery." Builder. " Almost every difficult phase of this somewhat intricate branch of joinery is elucidated by the aid of plates and explanatory letterpress." Furniture Gazette. Timber Merchant's Companion. THE TIMBER MERCHANT'S AND BUILDER'S COM- PANION. Containing New and Copious Tables of the Reduced Weight and Measurement of Deals and Battens, of all sizes, from One to a Thousand Pieces, and the relative Price that each size bears per Lineal Foot to any given Price per Petersburg Standard Hundred ; the Price per Cube Foot of Square Timber to any given Price per Load of 50 Feet ; the proportionate Value of Deals and Battens by the Standard, to Square Timber by the Load of 50 Feet ; the readiest mode of ascertaining the Price cf Scantling per Lineal Foot of any size, to any given Figure per Cube Foot, &c. &c. By WILLIAM DOWSING. Fourth Edition, Revised and Corrected. Cr.Svo, 35. cl, " Everything is as concise and clear as it can possibly be made. There can be no doubt that every timber merchant and builder ought to possess it." Hull Advertiser. " We are glad to see a fourth edition of these admirable tables, which for correctness and simplicity of arrangement leave nothing to be desired." Timber Trades Journal. Practical Timber Merchant. THE PRACTICAL TIMBER MERCHANT. Being a Guide for the use of Building Contractors, Surveyors, Builders, &c., comprising useful Tables for all purposes connected with the Timber Trade, Marks of Wood, Essay on the Strength of Timber, Remarks on the Growth of Timber, &c. By W. RICHARDSON. Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. "This handy manual contains much valuable information for the use of timber merchants, builders, foresters, and all others connected with the growth, sale, and manufacture of timber." Journal of Forestry. Packing-Case Makers, Tables for. PACKING-CASE TABLES ; showing the number of Super- ficial Feet in Boxes or Packing-Cases, from six inches square and upwards. By W. RICHARDSON, Timber Broker. Third Edition. Oblong 4to, 35. 6d. cl. " Invaluable labour-saving tables." Ironmonger. "Will save much labour and calculation." Grocer. Superficial Measurement. THE TRADESMAN'S GUIDE TO SUPERFICIAL MEA- SUREMENT. Tables calculated from i to 200 inches in length, by i to 108 inches in breadth. For the use of Architects, Surveyors, Engineers, Timber Merchants, Builders, &c. By JAMES HAWKINGS. Fourth Edition. Fcap., 35. 6d. cloth. " A useful collection of tables to facilitate rapid calculation of surfaces. The exact area of any surface of which the limits have been ascertained can be instantly determined. The book will be found of the greatest utility to all engaged in building operations." Scotsman. ' ' These tables will be found of great assistance to all who require to make calculations in super ficial measurement." English Mechanic. Forestry. THE ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY. Designed to afford In- formation concerning the Planting and Care of Forest Trees for Ornament or Profit, with Suggestions upon the Creation and Care of Woodlands. By F. B, HOUGH. Large crown 8vo, IDS. cloth. Timber Importer's Guide. THE TIMBER IMPORTER 'S, TIMBER MERCHANT'S, AND BUILDER'S STANDARD GUIDE. By RICHARD E. GRANDY. Compris- ing an Analysis of Deal Standards, Home and Foreign, with Comparative Values and Tabular Arrangements for fixing Net Landed Cost on Baltic and North American Deals, including all intermediate Expenses, Freight Insurance, &c. &c. Together with copious Information for the Retailer and Builder. Third Edition, Revised. i2mo, 2S. cloth limp. " Everything It pretends to be : built up gradually, it leads one from a forest to a treenail and throws in, as a makeweight, a host of material concerning bricks, columns, cisterns, &c.' English Mechanic. 30 CROSBY LOCKWOOD 6- SON'S CATALOGUE, DECORATIVE ARTS, etc. Woods and Marbles (Imitation of). SCHOOL OF PAINTING FOR THE IMITATION OF WOODS AND MARBLES, as Taught and Practised by A. R. VAN DER BURG and P. VAN DER BURG, Directors of the Rotterdam Painting Institution. Royal folio, i8i by 12$ in., Illustrated with 24 full-size Coloured Plates; also 12 plain Plates, comprising 154 Figures. Second and Cheaper Edition, Price i us. 64. List of Plates. i. Various Tools required for Wood Painting Finished Specimen 19. Mahogany : Specimens ;, 3. Walnut: Preliminary Stages of Graining of various Grains and Methods of Manipulation and Finished Specimen 4. Tools used for Marble Painting and Method of Manipulation 6. St. Remi Marble: Earlier Operations and Finished Specimen 7. Methods of Sketching different Grains, Knots, &c. 8, 9. Ash: Pre- liminary Stages and Finished Specimen 10. Methods of Sketching Marble Grains u, is. Breche Marble : Preliminary Stages of Working and Finished Specimen 13. Maple : Methods of Producing the different Grains 14, 15. Bird's- eye Maple: Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen 16. Methods of Sketching the dif- ferent Species of White Marble 17, 18. White Marble: Preliminary Stages of Process and , 21. Mahogany: Earlier Stages and Finished Specimen 22, 23, 24. Sienna Marble : Varieties of Grain, Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen 25, 26, 27. Juniper Wood : Methods of producing Grain, &c. : Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen 28, 29, 30. Vert de Mer Marble : Varieties of Grain and Methods of Working Unfinished and Finished Spec!- mens 31. 32. 33. Oak : Varieties of Grain, Tools Employed, and Methods of Manipulation, Pre- liminary Stages and Finished Specimen 34, 35, 36. Waulsort Marble: Varieties of Grain, Un- finished and Finished Specimens. " Those who desire to attain skill in the art of painting woods and marbles will find advantage in consulting this book. . . . Some of the Working Men's Clubs should give their young men the opportunity to study It." Builder. " A comprehensive guide to the art. The explanations of the processes, the manipulation and management of the colours, and the beautifully executed plates will not be the least valuable to the student who aims at making his work a faithful transcript of nature." Building News. House Decoration. ELEMENTARY DECORATION. A Guide to the Simpler Forms of Everyday Art. Together with PRACTICAL HOUSE DECORA- TION. By TAMES W. FACEY. With numerous Illustrations, In One Vol., 55. strongly naif- bound House Painting, Graining 9 etc. HOUSE PAINTING, GRAINING. MARBLING, AND SIGN WRITING, A Practical Manual of. By ELLIS A.DAVIDSON. Sixth Editior. With Coloured Plates and Wood Engravings. i2mo, 6s. cloth boards. " A mass of information, of use to the amateur and of value to the practical man." Eng.isJi Mechanic. Decorators, Receipts for. THE DECORATOR'S ASSISTANT: A Modern Guide to De- corative Artists and Amateurs, Painters, Writers, Gilders, &c. Containing upwards of 600 Receipts, Rules and Instructions ; with a variety of Informa- tion for General Work connected with every Class of Interior and Exterior Decorations, &c. Sixth Edition. 152 pp., crown bvo, is. in wrapper " Full of receipts of value to decorators, painters, gilders, &c. The book contains the gist of larger treatises on colour and technical processes. It would be difficult to meet with a work so full of varied information on the painter's art." Building News, Moyr Smith on Interior Decoration. ORNAMENTAL INTERIORS, ANCIENT AND MODERN. By J. MOYR SMITH. Super-royal 8vo, with 32 full-page Plates and numerous smaller Illustrations, handsomely bound in cloth, gilt top, price i8s. "The book Is weli Illustrated and handsomely got up, and contains some true criticism and a great many good examples of decorative treatment.''!^ Builder. DECORATIVE ARTS, etc. 31 British and Foreign Marbles. MARBLE DECORATION and the Terminology of British and Foreign Marbles. A Handbook for Students. By GEORGE H. BLAGROVE, Author of " Shoring and its Application," &c. With 28 Illustrations. Crown Svo, 35. 6d. cloth. 14 This most useful and much wanted handbook should be In the hands of every architect and builder." Building World. " A carefully and usefully written treatise ; the work is essentially practical." Scotsman. Marble Working, etc. MARBLE AND MARBLE WORKERS: A Handbook for Architects, Artists, Masons, and Students. By ARTHUR LEE, Author of " A Visit to Carrara," " The Working of Marble," &c. Small crown 8vo, 2S. cloth. A really valuable addition to the technical literature of architects and masons." Building News. DELAMOTTE'S WORKS ON ILLUMINATION AND ALPHABETS. A PRIMER OF THE ART OF ILLUMINATION, for the Use of Beginners : with a Rudimentary Treatise on the Art, Practical Directions for its Exercise, and Examples taken from Illuminated MSS., printed in Gold and Colours. By F. DELAMOTTE. New and Cheaper Edition. Small 4to, 6s. orua- mental boards. "The exan-ples of ancient MSS. recommended to the student, which, with much good sense, the author chooses from collections accessible to all, are selected with judgment and knowledge, 45 well as taste." Athenaum. ORNAMENTAL ALPHABETS, Ancient and Medieval, from the Eighth Century, with Numerals; including Gothic, Church-Text, large and small, German, Italian, Arabesque, Initials for Illumination, Monograms, Crosses, &c. &c., for the use of Architectural and Engineering Draughtsmen, Missal Painters, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, Engravers, Carvers, &c. &c. Collected and Engraved by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. New and Cheaper Edition. Royal Svo, oblong, as. 6d. ornamental boards. " For those who Insert enamelled sentences round gilded chalices, who blazon shop legends ovet shop-doors, who letter church walls with pithy sentences from the Decalogue, this book will be use- ful." Athenccum. EXAMPLES OF MODERN ALPHABETS, Plain and Ornamental; including German, Old English, Saxon, Italic, Perspective, Greek, Hebrew, Court Hand, Engrossing, Tuscan, Riband, Gothic, Rustic, and Arabesque; with several Original Designs, and an Analysis of the Roman and Old English Alphabets, large and small, and Numerals, for the use of Draughtsmen, Sur- veyors, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, Engravers, Carvers, &c. Collected and Engraved by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. New and Cheaper Edition. Royal 8vo, oblong, 2S. 6d. ornamental boards. 11 There Is comprised In It every possible shape into which the letters of the alphabet and numerals can be formed, and the talent which has been expended in the conception of the various plain and ornamental letters is wonderful." Standard. MEDIMVAL ALPHABETS AND INITIALS FOR ILLUMI- NATORS. By F. G. DELAMOTTE. Containing 21 Plates and Illuminated Title, printed in Gold and Colours. With an Introduction by J. WILLIS BROOKS. Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Small 4to, 45. ornamental boards. 14 A volume In which the letters of the alphabet come forth glorified in gilding and all the colours of the prism interwoven and intertwined and intermingled." Sun. THE EMBROIDERER'S BOOK OP DESIGN. Containing Initials, Emblems, Cyphers, Monograms, Ornamental Borders, Ecclesiastical Devices, Mediaeval and Modern Alphabets, and National Emblems. Col- lected by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. Oblong royal 8vo, is. 6d. ornamental wrapper. " The book will be of great assistance to ladles and young children who are endowed with the art of plying the needle in this most ornamental and useful pretty work." East Anglian Times. Wood Carving. INSTRUCTIONS IN WOOD-CARVING, for Amateurs; with Hints on Design. By A LADY. With Ten Plates. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown Svo, 2s. in emblematic wrapper. " The handicraft of the wood-carver, so well as a book can impart It, may be learnt from ' A Lady's' publication." Athenaunt, 32 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. NATURAL SCIENCE, etc. The Heavens and their Origin. THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE: Chapters on the Origin and Construction of the Heavens. By J. E. GORE, F.R.A.S, Illustrated by 6 Stellar Photographs and 12 Plates. 8vo, 165. cloth. " A valuable and lucid summary of recent astronomical theory, rendered more valuable and attractive by a series of stellar photographs and other illustrations." The Times. " In presenting a clear and concise account of the present state of our knowledge, Mr. Gore has made a valuable addition to the literature of the subject." Nature. " As interesting as a novel, and instructive withal ; the text being made still more luminous by Stellar photographs and other illustrations. . . . A most valuable book." Manchester Examiner " One of the finest works on astronomical science that has recently appeared in our language. Leeds Mercury. The Constellations. STAR GROUPS: A Student's Guide to the Constellations. By J. ELLARD GORE, F.R.A.S., M.R.I. A., &c., Author of " The Visible Universe," "The Scenery of the Heavens." With 30 Maps. Small 4to, 55. cloth, silvered. "A knowledge of the principal constellations visible in our latitudes may be easily acquired from the thirty maps and accompanying text contained in this work." Nature. " The volume contains thirty maps showing stars of the sixth magnitude the usual naked-eye limit-and each is accompanied by a brief commentary, adapted to facilitate recognition and bring to notice objects of special interest. For the purpose of a preliminary survey of the ' midnight pomp ' of the heavens, nothing could be better than a set of delineations averaging scarcely twenty square inches in area, and including nothing that cannot at once be identified." Saturday Re-view. " A very compact and handy guide to the constellations." Athenaeum. Astronomical Terms. AN ASTRONOMICAL GLOSSARY; or, Dictionary of Terms used in Astronomy. With Tables of Data and Lists of Remarkable and Interesting Celestial Objects. By J. ELLARD GORE, F.R.A.S., Author of " The Visible Universe," &c. Small crown 8vo, as. 6d. cloth. " A very useful little work for beginners in astronomy, and not to be despised by more ad- vanced students." The Times. " Astronomers of all kinds will be glad to have it for reference." Guardian. The Microscope. THE MICROSCOPE : Its Construction and Management, in- cluding Technique, Photo-micrography, and the Past and Future of the Microscope. By Dr. HENRI VAN HEURCK. Re-Edited and Augmented from the Fourth French Edition, and Translated by WYNNE E. BAXTER, F.G.S. 400 pages, with upwards of 250 Woodcuts. Imp. 8vo, 185. cloth. " A translation of a well-known work, at once popular and comprehensive." Times. " The translation is as felicitious as it is accurate." Nature. The Microscope. PHOTO-MICROGRAPHY. By Dr. H. VAN HEURCK. Extracted from the above Work. Royal 8vo, with Illustrations, is. sewed. Astronomy. ASTRONOMY. By the late Rev. ROBERT MAIN, F.R.S. Third Edition, Revised, by WM. T. LYNN, B. A., F.R.A.S., xarno, as. cloth. " A sound and simple treatise, and a capital book for beginners." Knowledge. Recent and Fossil Shells. A MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSC A : Being a Treatise on Recent and Fossil Shells. By S. P. WOODWARD, A.L.S,, F.G.S. With an Appendix on Recent and Fossil Conchological Discoveries, by RALPH TATE, A.L.S., F.G.S. With 23 Plates and upwards of 300 Woodcuts. Reprint of Fourth Edition, 1880. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. " A most valuable storehouse of conchologlcal and geological Information." Science Gossip. Geology and Genesis. THE TWIN RECORDS OF CREATION; or, Geology and Genesis : their Perfect Harmony and Wonderful Concord. By GEORGE W. VICTOR LE VATJX. Fcap. 8vo, 55. cloth. " A valuable contribution to the evidences of Revelation, and disposes very conclusively of the arguments of those who would set God's Works against God s Word. No real difficulty is shirked, and no sophistry is left unexposed. The Rock. Geology. RUDIMENTARY TREATISE ON GEOLOGY, PHYSICAL AND HISTORICAL. With especial reference to the British series of Rocks. By R. TATE, F.G.S. With 250 Illustrations, I2mo, 55. cloth boards. NATURAL SCIENCE, etc. 33 DR. LARDNER'S COURSE OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. HANDBOOK OF MECHANICS. Re- written and Enlarged by B. LOEWY, F.R.A.S. Post 8vo, 6s. cloth. "Mr. Loewy has carefully revised the book, and brought it up to modern requirements." Nature. HANDBOOK OF HYDROSTATICS & PNEUMATICS. Enlarged by B. LOEWY, F.R.A.S. Post 8vo, 55. cloth. "For those ' who desire to attain an accurate knowledge of physical science without the pro- found methods of mathematical investigation, ' this work is well adapted." Chemical News. HANDBOOK OF HEAT. Edited and almost entirely Re- written by BENJAMIN LOEWY, F.R.A.S., &c. Post 8vo f 6s, cloth. "The style is always clear and precise, and conveys Instruction without leaving any cloudiness or lurking doubts behind." Engineering. HANDBOOK OF OPTICS. By Dr. LARDNER. Edited by T. O. HARDING, B.A. Post 8vo, 55. cloth. " Written by an able scientific writer and beautifully illustrated." Mechanics Magazine. HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. By Dr. LARDNER. Edited by G. C. FOSTER, B.A. Post 8vo, 55. cloth. " The book could not have been entrusted to anyone better calculated to preserve the terse and lucid style of Lardner." Popular Science Review. HANDBOOK OF ASTRONOMY. By Dr. LARDNER. Fourth Edition by E. DUNKIN, F.R.A.S. Post 8vo, gs. 6d. cloth. 11 Probably no other book contains the same amount of information in so compendious and well- arranged a form certainly none at the price at which this is offered to the public." Athenecum. "We can do no other than pronounce this work a most valuable manual of astronomy, and we strongly recommend it to all who wish to acquire a general but at the same time correct acquaint* ance with this sublime science." Quarterly Journal of Science. DR. LARDNER'S MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART. THE MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART. Edited Dy Dr. LARDNER. With upwards of 1,200 Engravings on Wood. In 6 Double Volumes, i is. in a new and elegant cloth binding ; or handsomely bound in half-morocco, 315. 6d. " A cheap and interesting publication, alike informing and attractive. The papers combl; e subjects of importance and great scientific knowledge, considerable inductive powers, and a popular style of treatment." Spectator. The 'Museum of Science and Art' is the most valuable contribution that has ever been made to the Scientific Instruction f every class of society." Sir DAVID BREWSTBR, In the North British Review. *** Separate books formed from the above, fully Illustrated, suitable for Workmen's Libraries^ Science Classes, etc. Common Things Explained. The Microscope, is. cloth. Popular Geology, as. 6d. cloth. Popular Physics, as. 6d. cloth. Steam and its Uses. zs. cloth. Popular Astronomy. 4S.6rf.cloth. The Bee and White Ants. 2s.ck.-th The Electric Telegraph, is. Dr. Lardner's School Handbooks. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY FOR SCHOOLS. Fcap. 8vo, 35. td. " A very convenient class-book for junior students in private schools." British Quarterly Review. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOR SCHOOLS. Fcap. 8vo, 35. 6d. "Clearly written, well arranged, and excellently illustrated." Gardener's ChronicU. THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. By Dr. LARDNER. Re- vised by E. B. BRIGHT, F.R.A.S. Fcap. 8vo, as. 6d. cloth. " One of the most readable b^oks extant on the Electric Telegraph." Englii h Mechan.'c. 34 CROSBY LOCKWOQD & SON'S CATALOGUE. CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES, CHEMISTRY. Chemistry for Engineers, etc, ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY; A Practical Treatise for the Use of Analytical Chemists, Engineers, Iron Masters, Iron Founders, Students,, and others. Comprising Methods of Analysis and Valuation of the Principal Materials used in Engineering Work, with numerous Analyses,- Examples, and Suggestions. By H. JOSHUA PHILLIPS, F.I.C., F.C.S. formerly Analytical and Consulting Chemist to the Great Eastern Railway, Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 400 pp., with Illustra- tions, IDS. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " In this work the author has rendered no small service to a numerous body of practical men. , . . The analytical methods may be pronounced most satisfactory, being as accurate as the despatch required of engineering chemists permits." Chemical News. " The book will be very useful to those who require a handy and concise resume of approved methods of analysing and valuing metals, oils, fuels, &c. It is, in fact, a work for chemists, a guide to the routine of the engineering laboratory. . . . The book is full of good things. As a hand- book of technical analysis, it is very welcome." Builder. Explosives and Dangerous Goods. DANGEROUS GOODS : Their Sources and Properties, Modes of Storage, and Transport. With Notes and Comments on Accidents aris- ing therefrom, together with the Government and Railway Classifications, Acts of Parliament, &c. A Guide for the use of Government and Railway Officials, Steamship Owners, Insurance Companies and Manufacturers and users of Explosives and Dangerous Goods. By H. JOSHUA PHILLIPS, F.I.C., F.C.S. , Author of "Engineering Chemistry, &c." Crown 8vo, 350 pp., gs. cloth. [Just ready. Trade, Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, etc. A MANUAL OF THE ALKALI TRADE, including the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, Sulphate of Spda, and Bleaching Powder. By JOHN LOMAS, Alkali Manufacturer, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and London. With 232 Illustrations and Working Drawings, and containing 390 pages of Text. Second Edition, with Additions. Super-royal 8vo, i los. cloth. This book is written by a manufacturer for manufacturers. The working details of the most approved forms of apparatus are given, and these are accompanied by no less than 938 wood en- gravings, all of which may be used for the purposes of construction. Every step in the manu- facture is very fully described in this manual, and each improvement explained." Athenceum. The Elowpipe. THE BLOWPIPE IN CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, AND GEOLOGY. Containing all known Methods of Anhydrous Analysis, many Working Examples, and Instructions for Making Apparatus. By Lieut, - Colonel W. A. Ross, R.A., F.G.S. With 120 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. "The student who goes through the course of experimentation here laid down will gain a better insight into inorganic chemistry and mineralogy than if he had 'got up 1 any of the best text-books, and passed any number of examinations in their contents." Chemical News. Commercial Chemical Analysis. THE COMMERCIAL HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL ANA- LYSIS; or, Practical Instructions for the determination of the Intrinsic or Commercial Value of Substances used in Manufactures, in Trades, and in the Arts. By A. NORMANDY. New Edition, by H.M. Nc-AD.F.R.S. Crown 8vo, i2s. 6d. cloth. 11 We strongly recommend this book to our readers as a guide, alike indispensable to the housewife as to the pharmaceutical practitioner." Medical Times. Dye-Wares and Colours. THE MANUAL OF COLOURS AND DYE-WARES : Their Properties, Applications, Valuations, Impurities, and Sophistications. For the use of Dyers, Printers, Drysalters, Brokers, &c. By J. W. SLATER. Second Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. "A complete encyclopaedia of the materia tinctoria. The information given respecting each article is full and precise, and the methods of determining their value are given with clearness, and are practical as well as valuable." Chemist and Druggist. CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES, CHEMISTRY, etc. 35 Modern Brewing and Malting. A HANDYBOOK FOR BREWERS: Being a Practical Guide to the Art of Brewing and Malting. Embracing the Conclusions of Moders Research which bear upon the Practice of Brewing. By HERBERT EDWARDS WRIGHT, M.A Crown 8vo, 530 pp., 125. 6d, cloth. " May be consulted with advantage by the student who is preparing himself for examinational tests, while the scientific brewer will hnd in it a resume of all the most important discoveries of modern times. The work is written throughout in a clear and concise manner, and the author takes great care to discriminate between vague theories and well-established facts." Brewers' Journal. " We have great pleasure in recommending this handybook, and have no hesitation la saying that it is one of the best if not the best which has yet been written on the subject rf beer-brewing in this country, and it should have a place on the shelves of every brewer's library." The Brewer's Guardian. " Although the requirements of the student are primarily considered, an acquaintance of half- an-hour's duration cannot fail to impress the practical brewer with the sense of having found* trustworthy guide and practical counsellor in brewery matters." Chemical Trade Journal. Analysis and Valuation of Fuels. FUELS: SOLID, LIQUID, AND GASEOUS, Their Analysis and Valuation. For the Use of Chemists and Engineers. By H. J. PHILLIPS, F.C.S., formerly Analytical and Consulting Chemist to the Great Eastera Railway. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. " Ought to have its place in the laboratory of every metallurgical establishment, and wherever fuel is used on a large scale." Chemical News, " Cannot fail to be of wide interest, especially at the present time," Rail-way News* Pigments. THE ARTIST'S MANUAL OF PIGMENTS. Showing their Composition, Conditions of Permanency, Non-Permanency, and Adul- terations ; Effects in Combination with Each Other and with Vehicles , and the most Reliable Tests of Purity Together with the Science and Art Department's Examination Questions on Painting. By H. C. STANDACE. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, zs. 6d. cloth. " This work Is indeed multum-in-parTjo, and we can, with good conscience, recommend it to all who come in contact with pigments, whether as makers, dealers or users." Chemical Review. Gauging. Tables and Mules for Revenue Officers, Brewer 8 1 etc. A POCKET BOOK OF MENSURATION AND GAUGING: Containing Tables, Rules and Memoranda for Revenue Officers, Brewers^ Spirit Merchants, &c. By J. B. MANT (Inland Revenue). Second Editioo< Revised. i8mo, 45. leather. " This handy and useful book is adapted to the requirements of the Inland Revenue ment, and will be a favourite book of reference." Civilian. " Should be in the hands of every practical brewer." Srewers' Journal. INDUSTRIAL ARTS, TRADES, AND MANUFACTURES. Cotton Spinning. COTTON MANUFACTURE : A Manual of Practical Instruc tion in the Processes of Opening, Carding, Combing, Drawing, Doubling and Spinning of Cotton, the Methods of Dyeing, &c. For the Use of Opera- tives, Overlookers and Manufacturers. By JOHN LISTER, Technical In- structor, Pendleton. 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. [Just published. "This invaluable volume is a distinct advance in the literature of cotton manufacture," Machinery. " It is thoroughly reliable, fulfilling nearly all the requirements desired." Glasgow Herald, Flour Manufacture, Milling, etc. FLOUR MANUFACTURE: A Treatise on Milling Science and Practice. By FRIEDRICH KICK, Imperial Regierungsrath, Professor o Mechanical Technology in the Imperial German Polytechnic Institute, Prague. Translated from the Second Enlarged and Revised Edition witfc. Supplement. By H. H. P. POWLES, A.-M.Tnst.C.E. Nearly 400 pp. Illus- trated with 28 Folding Plates, and 167 Woodcuts. Royal 8vo, 255. cloth. " This valuable work Is, and will remain, the standard authority on the science of milling. . . The miller who has read and digested this work will have laid the foundation, so to speak, of a suo cessful career ; he will have acquired a number of general principles which he can proceed t apply. In this handsome yohime we at last have the accepted text-book of modern milling in good* soond English, which has little, if any, trace of the German idiom." The Miller. " The appearance of this celebrated work in English is very opportune, and British millers will, we are sure, not be slow in availing themselves of its pages." Millers' Gazette. 36 CROSBY LOCK WOOD < SON'S CATALOGUE. Agglutinants. CEMENTS, PASTES, GLUES AND GUMS: A Practical Guide to the Manufacture and Application of the various Agglutinants re- quired in the Building, Metal- Working, Wood-Working and Leather-Work- ing Trades, and for Workshop, Laboratory or Office Use. With upwards of 900 Recipes and Formulae. By H. C. STANDAGE, Chemist. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " We have pleasure in speaking favourably of this volume. So far as we have had experience, which is not inconsiderable, this manual is trustworthy." Athena-um. "As a revelation of what are considered trade secrets, this book will arouse an amount of suriosity among the large number of industries it touches." Daily Chronicle, " In this goodly collection of receipts it would be strange if a cement for any purpose cannot be found." Oil and Colourtnan's Journal. Soap-making. THE ART OF SOAP-MAKING: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, etc. Including many New Processes, and a Chapter on the Recovery of Glycerine from Waste Leys. By ALEXANDER WATT. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. clotb. "The work will prove very useful, not merely to the technological student, but to the practice 1 soap-boiler who wishes to understand the theory of his art." Chemical Netus. " A thoroughly practical treatise on an art which has almost no literature in our language. We congratulate the author on the success of his endeavour to nil a void in English technical litera- ture." Nature. JPaper Making. PRACTICAL PAPER-MAKING : A Manual for Paper-makers and Owners and Managers of Papar-Mills. With Tables. Calculations, &c. By G. CLAPPERTON, Paper-maker. With Illustrations of Fibres from Micro- Photographs. Crown 8vo, $s. cloth. [Just published. " The author caters for the requirements of responsible mill hands, apprentices, &c., whilst his manual will be found of great service to students of technology, as well as to veteran paper raakers and mill owners. The illustrations form an excellent feature." Paper Tra.ie Review. " We recommend everybody interested in the trade to get a copy of this thoroughly practical book." Paper Making. Paper Making. THE ART OF PAPER MAKING: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Paper from Rags, Esparto, Straw , and other Fibrous Materials. Including the Manufacture of Pulp from Wood Fibre, with a Description of the Machinery and Appliances used. To which are added Details of Processes for Recovering Soda from Waste Liquors. By ALEXANDER WATT, Author of " The Art of Soap-Making" With Illusts. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. *' It may be regarded as the standard work on the subject. The book Is full of valuable in- formation. The ' Art of Paper- making,' is in every respect a model of a text-book, either for a technical class or for the private student." Paper and Printing Tracks Journal. leather Manufacture. THE ART OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE. Being a Practical Handbook, in which the Operations of Tanning, Currying, and Leather Dressing are fully Described, and the Principles of Tanning Ex- plained, and many Recent Processes Introduced ; as also the Methods for She Estimation of Tannin, and a Description of the Arts of Glue Boiling, Gut Dressing, &c. By ALEXANDER WATT, Author of " Soap-Making," &c. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, gs. cloth. *' A sound, comprehensive treatise on tanning and its accessories. It is an eminently valuable production, which redounds to the credit of both author and publishers." Chemical Review, J&oot and Shoe Making. THE ART OF BOOT AND SHOE-MAKING. A Practical Handbook, including Measurement, Last-Fitting, Cutting-Out, Closing, and Making, with a Description of the most approved Machinery employed. By JOHN B. LENO, late Editor of St. Crispin, and The Boot and Shoe- Maker. I2mo, 2s. cloth limp. This excellent treatise is by far the best work ever written. The chapter on clicking, swich shows how waste may be prevented, will save fifty times the price of the book." Scottish Leather Trader. Wood Engraving. WOOD ENGRA VING ; A Practical and Easy Introduction to the Siudv of the Art. By WILLIAM NORMAN BROWN. Second Edition. With numerous Illustrations. i2mo, is. 6d. cloth limp. " The book Is clear and complete, and will be useful to anyone wanting to understand the first ctereeits of the beautiful art of wood engraving." Graphic. INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. Watch Adjusting. THE WATCH ADJUSTER'S MANUAL: A Practical Guide for the Watch and Chronometer Adjuster in Making, Springing, Timing and Adjusting for Isochronism, Positions and Temperatures. By C. E. FRITTS. 370 pages, with Illustrations, 8vo, i6s. cloth. [Just published* Horology. A TREATISE ON MODERN HOROLOGY, in Theory and Prac- tice. Translated from the French of CLAUDIUS SAUNIER, ex-Director of the School of Horology at Ma9on, by JULIEN TRIPPLIN, F.R.A.S., Besancoa Watch Manufactuier, and EDWARD RIGG, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint With 78 Woodcuts and 22 Coloured Copper Plates. Second Edition, Super- royal 8vo, 2 2s. cloth ; 2 IDS. half-call. " There is no horological work in the English language at all to be compared to this produc- tion of M. Saunier's for clearness and completeness. It is alike good as a guide for the student and as a reference for the experienced horologist and skilled workman." Horological " . . " The latest, the most complete, and the most reliable of those literary productions to whlck Continental watchmakers are indebted for the mechanical superiority over their English brethren In fact, the Book of Books, is M. Saunier's 'Treatise.'" Watchmaker t Jeweller and Sillier smith* Watchmaking. THE WATCHMAKER'S HANDBOOK. Intended as a Work- shop Companion for those engaged in Watchmaking and the Allied Mechani- cal Arts. Translated from the French of CLAUDIUS SAUNIER, and consider*- ably enlarged by JULIEN TRIPPLIN, F.R.A.S., Vice-President of the Horological Institute, and EDWARD RIGG, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. With numerous Woodcuts and 14 Copper Plates. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 9$. cloth. " Each part is truly a treatise In Itself. The arrangement Is good and the language Is clear and concise. It is an admirable guide for the young watchmaker." Engineering* " It Is impossible to speak too highly of its excellence. It fulfils every requirement In a hand- book Intended for the use ot a workman. Should be found in every workshop." Watch w*rf Clockmaker. " This book contains an immense number of practical details bearing on the daily occupation of a watchmaker." Watchmaker and Metalworker (Chicago). Watches and Timekeepers. A HISTORY OF WATCHES AND OTHER TIMEKEEPERS. By JAMES F. KENDAL, M.B.H.Inst. is. 6d. boards ; or 2s. td. cloth gilt. "Mr. Kendal's book, for its size, is the best which has yet appeared on this subject in tie* English language." Industries. " Open the book where you may, there is interesting matter in it concerning the ingenious devices of the ancient or modern horologer. The subject is treated in a liberal and entertaining spirit, as might be expected of a historian who is a master of the craft." Saturday Review. Electrolysis of Gold, Silver 9 Copper, etc. ELECTRO-DEPOSITION : A Practical Treatise on the Electrolysis of Gold, Silver, Copper, Nickel, and other Metals and A I oys. With descrip- tions oi Voltaic Batteries, Magneto and Dynamo-Electric Machines, Ther- mopiles, and of the Materials and Processes used in every Department of the Art, and several Chapters on Electro-Metallurgy. By ALEXANDER WATT, Author of "Electro- Metallurgy," &c, Third Edition, Revised. Crowa 8vo, gs. cloth. "Eminently a book for the practical worker in electro-deposition. It contains practical descriptions of methods, processes and materials as actually pursued and used in the workshop." Engineer. Electro-Metallurgy. ELECTRO-MET A LL URG Y ; Practically Treated. By ALEXANDER WATT, Author of " Electro-Deposition," &c Tenth Edition, including the most recent Processes. i2mo, 45. cloth boards. "From this book both amateur and artisan may learn everything necessary for the suciessfii prosecution of electroplating." Iron, Working in Gold. THE JEWELLERS ASSISTANT IN THE ART OF WORK- ING IN GOLD : A Practical Treatise for Masters and Workmen, Compiled from the Experience of Thirty Years' Workshop Practice. By GEORGE E. GEE, Author of "The Goldsmith's Handbook," &c. Cr. 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. " This manual of technical education is apparently destined to be a valuable auxiliary to-a handicraft which is certainly capable of great improvement." The Times. " Very useful in the workshop, as the knowledge is practical, having been acquired byloog experience, and all the recipes and directions are guaranteed to be successful." Jeweller -au2 Metalworker. 3$ CROSBY LOCK WOOD S> SON'S CATALOGUE. Electroplating. ELECTROPLATING: A Practical Handbook on the Deposi- tion of Copper, Silver, Nickel, Gold, Aluminium, Brass, Platinum, &c. &c. With Descriptions of the Chemicals, Materials, Batteries, and Dynamo Machines used in the Art. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E., Author of " Electric Light," &c. Third Edition, with Additions. Crown 8vo. 55. cloth. "An excellent practical manual." Engineering, 04 An excellent work, giving the newest information." Horological Journal. Mlectrotyping. ELECTROTYPING : The Reproduction and Multiplication of Print- ing Surfaces and Works of Art by the Electro-deposition of Metals. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. " The book Is thoroughly practical. The reader Is, therefore, conducted through the leading lawi of electricity, then through the metals used by electrotypers, the apparatus, and the depositing Successes, up to the final preparation of the work." Art Journal. Goldsmiths' Work. THE GOLDSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By GEORGE E. GEE, Jeweller, &c. Third Edition, considerably Enlarged. I2mo, 35. 6d. cl. bds. "A good, sound educator, which will be accepted as an authority." Horological Joio-nal. Silversmiths' Work. THE SILVERSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By GEORGE E. GEE, Jeweller, &c. Second Edition, Revised. i2mo, 35. 6d. cloth. " The chief merit of the work is its practical character. . . The workers In the trade will speedily discover its merits when they sit down to study it." English. Mechanic. *** The above two works together, strongly half-bound^ price 75. Sheet Metal Working, THE SHEET METAL WORKER'S INSTRUCTOR: For Zinc, Sheet Iron, Copper, and Tin Plate Workers. Containing Rules for describing the Patterns required in the Different Branches of the Trade. By R. H. WARN, Tin Plate Worker. With Thirty-two Plates. 8vo, ;s. 6d. cl. Bread and Biscuit Baking. THE BREAD AND BISCUIT BAKER'S AND SUGAR- .BOILER'S ASSISTANT. Including a large variety of Modern Recipes. By ROBERT WELLS, Practical Baker. Crown 8vo, zs. cloth. M A large number of wrinkles for the ordinary cook, as well as the baker." Saturday Rez'icw. Confectionery for Hotels and Restaurants. JHE PASTRYCOOK AND CONFECTIONER'S GUIDE. For Hotels, Restaurants and the Trade in general, adapted also for Family Use. By ROBERT WELLS. Crown 8vo, 25. cloth. M We cannot speak too highly of this really excellent work. In these days of keen competition OBI readers cannot do better than purchase this book." Bakers' Times. Ornamental Confectionery. ORNAMENTAL CONFECTIONERY: A Guide for Bakers, Confectioners and Pastrycooks ; including a variety of Modern Recipes, and Remarks on Decorative and Coloured Work. With 129 Original Designs. By ROBERT WELLS. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 55. "A valuable work, practical, and should be in the hands of every baker and confectioner. The Bfastratlve designs are alone worth treble the amount charged for the whole work.''- Bakers' Times. flour Confectionery. THE MODERN FLOUR CONFECTIONER. Wholesale and Retail. Containing a large Collection of Recipes for Cheap Cakes, Biscuits, &c. With Remarks on the Ingredients used in their Manufacture. By R. WELLS. Crown 8vo, 2s. cloth ' The work is of a decidedly practical character, and In every recipe regard is had to economi- cal working." North British Daily Mail. laundry Work. LA UN DRY MANAGEMENT. A Handbook for Use in Private and Public Laundries, Including Descriptive Accounts of Modern Machinery and Appliances for Laundry Work. By the EDITOR of " The Laundry Journal." Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6^. cloth. " This book should certainly occupy an honoured place on the shelves of all housekeepers vie wish to keep themselves au courant of the newest appliances and methods." The Queen. INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 39 HANDYBOOKS FOR HANDICRAFTS. By PAUL N. HASLUCK, EDITOR OF " WORK" (NEW SERIES); AUTHOR OF "LATHEWORK," "MILLING MACHINES," &c. Crown 8vo, 144 pages, cloth, price is. each. 13* These HANDYBOOKS have been written to supply information for WORKMEN, STUDENTS, and AMATEURS in the several Handicrafts, on the actual PRACTICE o/ the WORKSHOP, and are intended to convey in plain language TECHNICAL KNOW- LEDGE of the several CRAFTS. In describing the processes employed, and the manipu- lation of material, workshop terms are tised ; workshop practice is fully explained; and the text is freely illustrated with' drawings of modern tools, appliances, and processes. THE METAL TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual for Workers at the Foot-Lathe. With over 100 Illustrations. Price is. " The book will be of service alike to the amateur and the artisan turner. It displays thorough knowledge of the subject." Scotsman. THE WOOD TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual for Workers at the Lathe. With over 100 Illustrations. Price is. "We recommend the book to young turners and amateurs. A multitude of workmen have hitherto sought in vain for a manual of this special industry." Mechanical World. THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Cleaning^ Repairing, and Adjusting. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Price is. "We strongly advise all young persons connected with the watch trade to acquire and study this Inexpensive work."Cter&emvett Chronicle. THE PATTERN MAKER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on the Construction of Patterns for Founders, With upwards of ico Illustrations. Price is. " A most valuable, if not indispensable, manual for the pattern maker." Knowledge. THE MECHANICS WORKSHOP HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Mechanical Manipulation. Embracing Information on various Handicraft Processes, with Useful Notes and Miscellaneous Memoranda, Comprising about 200 Subjects. Price is. " A very clever and useful book, whica should be found in every workshop ; and it should certainly find a place in all technical schools." Saturday Review. THE MODEL ENGINEER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on the Construction of Model Steam Engines. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Price is. " Mr. Hasluck has produced a very good little book." Builder. fHE CLOCK JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing, and Adjusting. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Price is. 11 It is of inestimable service to those commencing the trade." Coventry Standard. THE CABINET WORKER'S HANDYBOOK: A Practical Manual on the Tools, Materials, Appliances, and Processes employed in Cabinet Work. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Price is. " Mr. Hasluck's thoroughgoing little Handybook is amongst the most practical guides we have seen for beginners in cabinet-work." Saturday Review. THE WOODWORKER'S HANDYBOOK OF MANUAL IN- STRUCTION. Embracing Information on the Tools, Materials, Appliances and Processes employed in Woodworking. With 104 Illustrations. Price is [Just published. THE METALWORKER'S HANDYBOOK. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. [/ preparation. *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " Written by a man who knows, not only how work ought to be done, but how to do it, and how to con ey his knowledge to others." Engineering. " Mr. Hasluck writes admirably, and gives complete instructions." Engineer. " Mr. Hasluck combines the experience of a practical teacher with the manipulative skill and scientific knowledge of processes of the trained mechanician, and the manuals are marvels of what can be produced at a popular price." Schoolmaster. " Helpful to workmen of all ages and degrees of experience." Daily Chronicle, " Practical, sensible, and remarkably cheap." Jout nal of Edueation. " Concise, clear and practical." Saturday Review. 40 CROSBY LOCKWOOD 6- SON'S CATALOGUE. COMMERCE, COUNTING-HOUSE WORK, TABLES, etc. Commercial French. A NEW BOOK OF COMMERCIAL FRENCH: Grammar- Vocabulary Correspondence Commercial Documents Geography Arithmetic Lexicon. By P. CARROUE, Professor in the City High School- J. B. Say (Paris). Crown 8vo, 45. 6d. cloth. [Jwsf published Commercial Education. LESSONS IN COMMERCE. By Professor R. GAMBARO, of the Royal High Commercial School at Genoa. Edited and Revised by JAMES GAULT, Professor of Commerce and Commercial Law in King's College, London. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 35. 6rf. cloth. [Just published. " The publishers of this work have rendered considerable service to the cause of commercia education by the opportune production of this volume. . . . The work is peculiarly acceptable to English readers and an admirable addition to existing class-books. In a phrase, we think the work attains its object in furnishing a brief account of those laws and customs of British trade with which the commercial man interested therein should be familiar." Chamber of Co m^nerce Journal " An invaluable guide in the hands of those who are preparing for a commercial career." Counting House Foreign Commercial Correspondence. THE FOREIGN COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENT: Being Aids to Commercial Correspondence in Five Languages English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish. Bv CONRAD E. BAKER, Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. ' 'Whoever wishes to correspond in all the languages mentioned by Mr. Baker cannot do better than study this work, the materials of which are excellent and conveniently arranged. They consist not of entire specimen letters but what are far more useful- short passages, sentences, or phrases expressing the same general idea in various forms." Athentzum. "A careful examination has convinced us that it is unusually complete; well arranged, and reliable. The book Is a thoroughly good one." Schoolmaster. Accounts for Manufacturers. FACTORY ACCOUNTS: Their Principles and Practice. A Handbook for Accountants and Manufacturers, with Appendices on the No- menclature of Machine Details ; the Income Tax Acts ; the Rating of Fac- tories ; Fire and Boiler Insurance; the Factory and Workshop Acts ; &c. including also a Glossary of Terms and a large number of Specimen Rulings. By EMILE GARCKE and J. M. FELLS. Fourth Edition, Revised and En- larged. Demy 8vo, 250 pages, 6s. strongly bound. 11 A very Interesting description of the requirements of Factory Accounts. . . . the principle Of assimilating the Factory Accounts to the general.commercial books Is one which we thoroughly agree with." Accountants' Journal. " Characterised by extreme thoroughness. There are few owners of factories who would not derive great benefit from the perusal of this most admirable work." Local Government Chronicle. Modern Metrical Units and Systems. MODERN METROLOGY: A Manual of the Metrical Units " We recommend the work to all interested in the practical reform of our weights and mea- sures." Nature. The Metric System and the British Standards. A SERIES OF METRIC TABLES, in which the British Stand- ard Measures and Weights are compared with those of the Metric System at present' in Use on the Continent. By C. H. DOWLING, C.E. 8vo, los. 6d. strongly bound "Mr. Bowling's Tables are well put together as a ready-reckoner for the conversion of one system Into the &C&&t"Athenaum. Iron Shipbuilders 9 and Merchants 9 Weight Tables. IRON -PLATE WEIGHT TABLES: For Iron Shipbuilders, Engineers, and Iron Merchants. Containing the Calculated Weights ol up- wards of 150,000 diflerent sizes of Iron Plates, from i foot by 6 in. by J in. to 10 feet by 5 feet by i in. Worked out on the basis of 40 Ibs. to the square foot of Iron of i inch in thickness. Carefully compiled and thoroughly Re- vised by H. BURLINSON and W. H. SIMPSON. Oblong 4to, 255. half-bound. "This work will be found of great utility. The authors have had much practical experience of what is wanting In making estimates; and the use of the book Mill save much time In making elaborate calculations." English Mechanic. COMMERCE, COUNTING-HOUSE WORK, TABLES, etc. 41 Chadwick's Calculator for Numbers and Weights Combined. THE NUMBER, WEIGHT, AND FRACTIONAL CALCU- LATOR, Containing upwards of 250,000 Separate Calculations, showing at a glance the value at 422 different rates, ranging from rii tn <* a Penny to 205, each, or per cwt., and 20 per ton, of any number or articles consecu- tively, from i to 470. Any number of cwts., qrs., and Ibs., from i cwt. to 470 cw ts. Any number of tons, cwts., qrs., and Ibs.. from i to 1,000 tons. By WILLIAM CHADWICK, Public Accountant. Third Edition, Revised and Im- proved. 8vo,i8s., strongly bound for Office wear and tear. f&~ Is adapted for the use of Accountants and Auditors, Railway Companies? Canal Companies, Shippers, Shipping Agents, General Carriers, etc, Ironfounders, Brassfottnders, Metal Merchants, Iron Manufacturers, Ironmongers, Engineers,. Machinists, Boiler Makers, Millwtights, Roofing, Bridge and Girder Makers, Colliery' Proprietors, etc. Timber Merchants, Builders, Contractors, Architects, Surveyors, Auctioneers, Valuers, Brokers, Mill Owners and Manufacturers, Mill Furnishers*. Merchants, and General Wholesale Tradesmen. Also for the Apportionment o Mileage Charges for Railway Traffic. " It is as easy of reference for any answer or any number of answers as a dictionary, and the references are even more quickly made. For making up accounts or estimates the book must prove invaluable to ali who have any considerable quantity of calculatioms involving price and? measure in any combination to do." Engineer. Harben's Comprehensive Weight Calculator. THE WEIGHT CALCULATOR. Being a Series of Tables upon a New and Comprehensive Plan, exhibiting at One Reference the exact Value of any Weight from i Ib. to 15 tons, at 300 Progressive Rates, from id, to 1685. per cwt., and containing 186,000 Direct Answers, which, with their Combinations, consisting of a single addition (mostly to be performed at sight), will afford an aggregate of 10,266,000 Answers ; the whole being calcu- lated and designed to ensure correctness and promote despatch. By HENRY HARBEN, Accountant. Fourth Edition, carefully Corrected, Royal 8vo : . i 53. strongly half- bound. " A practical and useful work of reference for men of business generally ; It is the best of the kind we have seen." Ironmonger, "Of priceless value to business men. It Is a necessary book In all mercantile offices. fi:ld Independent. Harben's Comprehensive Discount Guide. THE DISCOUNT GUIDE. Comprising several Series of Tables for the use of Merchants, Manufacturers, Ironmongers, and others, by which may be ascertained the exact Profit arising from any mode of using Discounts, either in the Purchase or Sale of Goods, and the method of either Altering a Rate of Discount or Advancing a Price, so as to produce, by one operation, a sum that will realise any required profit after allowing one or more Discounts : to which are added Tables of Profit or Advance from i| to 90 per cent., Tables of Discount from i to g8| per cent., and Tables of Com- mission, &c., from | to 10 per cent. By HENRY HARBEN, Accountant. New Edition, Revised and Corrected Demy 8vo, 544 pp., 1 55. half-bound. "A book such as this can only be appreciated by business men, to whom the saving of time means saving of money. We have the high authority of Professor J. R. Young that the tables throughout the work are constructed upon strictly accurate principles. The work is a model of typographical clearness, and must prove of great value to merchants, manufacturers, and general traders." British Trade Journal, Neiv Wages Calculator. TABLES OF WAGES at 54, 52, 50 and 48 Hours per Week. Showing the Amounts of Wages from One-quarter-of-an hour to Sixty-four hours in each case at Rates of Wages advancing by One Shilling from 45. ta 55s. per week. By THOS. GARBUTT, Accountant. Square crown 8vo, 6s. half-bound. [Just published f Iron and Metal Trades 9 Calculator. THE IRON AND METAL TRADES' COMPANION. For expeditiously ascertaining the Value of any Goods bought or sold by Weight, trom is. per cwt. to 1125. per swt., and from one farthing per pound tc one shilling per pound. By THOMAS DOWNIE. 396 pp., gs. leather. " A most useful set of tables ; nothing like them before existed." Building Newt. "Although specially adapted to the iron and metal trades, the tables will be found useful in. > every other business in which merchandise is bought and sold by weight." Rail-way Newt. 42 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. "DIRECT CALCULATOR S," By M. B. COTSWORTH, of Holgate, York. QUICKEST AND MOST ACCURATE MEANS OF CALCULATION KNOWN. XNSURE ACCURACY and SPEED WITH EASE, SAVE TIME and MONEY. Accounts may be charged out or checked by these means in about one third he time required by ordinary methods of calculation. These unrivalled " Calculators " have very clear and original contrivances for instantly finding the exact answer, by its fixed position, without even sighting the top or side of the page. They are varied in arrange- ment to suit the special need of each particular trade. All the leading firms now use Calculators, even where they employ experts. N.B. Indicator letters in brackets should be quoted. *' RAILWAY 6- TRADERS' CALCULATOR " (R. & T.) los. 6d. Including Scale of Charges for Small Parcels by Merchandise Trains. ---- P er Ale, &c., Weight Calculators." " DIRECT CALCULATOR (I R) " including all the above except " Calculating Tables." 75. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (A)" by 4<*., 2$. each opening, exact pence to 405. per ton. 55. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (B) " by id., 45. each opening, exact pence to 405. per ton. 45. 6d. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (C) " by id. (with Cwts. and Qrs. to nearest farthing), to 405. per ton. 45. 6d. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (Ds) " by id. gradations. (Single Tons to 50 Tons, then by fifties to 1,000 Tons, with Cwts. values below in exact pence payable, fractions of \d. and upwards being counted as id. 6s. 6a. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (D) " has from 1,000 to 10,000 Tons in addition to the (Ds) Calculator. 75. 6d. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (Es) " by id. gradations. (As (D) to 1,000 Tons, with Cwts. and Qrs. values shown separately to the nearest farthing). 55. 6d. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (E) " has from 1,000 to 10,000 Tons in addition to the (Es) Calculator. 6s. 6d. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (F) " by id., as. each opening, exact pence to 405. per ton. 45. 6d. " DIRECT CALCULATOR (G) " by id., is. each opening ; 6 in. by 9 in. Nearest \d. Indexed (G I) 35. 6d. zs. 6d. " DIRECT CALCULATOR (H) " by id., is. each opening ; 6 in. by 9 in. To exact pence. Indexed (H I) 35. 6d. 2s. 6d. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (K)" Showing Values of Tons, Cwts. and Qrs. in even pence (fractions of id. as id.), for the Retail Coal Trade. 45. 6d. RAILWAY AND TIMBER TRADES MEASURER AND CAL- of an inch, quarter girth. Weights from UUDIC reet sianaarus, aupciuuia Feet, and Stone to Weights Running Feet from lengths of Deals- Standard Multipliers Timber Measures Customs Regulations, &c. 3*. 6r. AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. 43 AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, etc. Dr. Fream's New Edition of "The Standard Treatise on Agriculture." THE COMPLETE GRAZIER, and FARMER'S and CATTLE- BREEDER'S ASSISTANT: A Compendium of Husbandry. Originally Written by WILLIAM YOUATT. Thirteenth Edition, entirely Re-written, considerably Enlarged, and brought up to the Present Requirements of Agricultural Practice, by WILLIAM FREAM, LL.D., Steven Lecturer in the University of Edinburgh, Author of "The Elements of Agriculture," &c. Royal 8vo, 1,100 pp., with over 450 Illustrations. i us. 6d. strongly and handsomely bound. EXTRACT FROM PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISEMENT. " A treatise that made its original appearance in the first decade of the century, and that enters upon its Thirteenth Edition before the century has run its course, has undoubtedly established its position as a work of permanent value. . . The phenomenal progress of the last dozen years in the Practice and Science of Farming has rendered it necessary, however, that the volume should be re-written and for this undertaking the publishers were fortunate enough to secure the services of Dr. FREAM, whose high attainments in all matters pertaining to agriculture have been so emphatically recognised by the highest professional and official authorities. In carrying out his editorial duties, Dr. FREAM has been favoured with valuable contributions by Prof. J WORTLEY AXE, Mr. E. BROWN, Dr. BERNARD DYER, Mr. w. J. MALDEN, Mr. R. H. REW Prof. SHELDON, Mr. J. SINCLAIR, Mr. SANDERS SPENCER, and others. " As regards the illustrations of the work, no pains have been spaied to make them as repre- sentative and characteristic as possible, so as to be practically useful to the Farmer and Grazier." SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. BOOK I. ON THE VARIETIES, BREED- ING, REARING, FATTENING, AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE. BOOK II. ON THE ECONOMY AND MAN- AGEMENT OF THE DAIRY. BOOK III. ON THE BREEDING, REAR- ING, AND MANAGEMENT OF HORSES. BOOK IV. ON THE BREEDING, REAR- BOOK VII. ON THE BREEDING, REAR- ING, AND MANAGEMENT OF POULTRY, BOOK VIII. ON FARM OFFICES AND IMPLEMENTS OF HUSBANDRY. BOOK IX. ON THE CULTURE AND MAN- AGEMENT OF GRASS LANDS. BOOK X. ON THE CULTIVATION AND APPLICATION OF GRASSES, PULSE, ING, AND FATTENING OF SHEEP. AND ROOTS. BOOK V. ON THE BREEDING, REARING, ! BOOK XL ON MANURES AND THEIR AND FATTENING OF SWINE. BOOK VI. ON THE DISEASES OF LIVE STOCK. APPLICATION TOGRASS LAND&CROPS BOOK XII. MONTHLY CALENDARS OF FARMWORK. *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS ON THE NEW EDITION. " Dr. Fream is to be congratulated on the successful attempt he has made to give us a vrork which will at once become the standard classic of the farm practice of the country. We believe that it will be found that it has no compeer among the n.any works at present in existence. . . . The illustrations are admirable, while the frontispiece, which represents the well-known bull, New Year's Gift, bred by the Queen, is a work of art." The Times. " The book must be recognised as occupying the proud position of the most exhaustive work freference in the English language on the subject with which it deals."- Athe nceum. " The most comprehensive guide to modern farm practice that exists in the English language to-day. . . . The book is one that ought to be on every farm and in t he library of every land- owner." Mark Lane Express. " In point of exhaustiveness and accuracy the work will certainly hold a pre-eminent and unique position among books dealing with scientific agricultural practice. It is, in fact, an agri- cultural library of itself."- North British Agriculturist. " A compendium of authoritative and well-ordered knowledge on every conceivable branch of the work of the live Stock farmer ; probably without an equal in this or any other country." Yorkshire Post. British Farm Live Stock. FARM LIVE STOCK OF GREAT BRITAIN. By ROBERT WALLACE, F.L.S., F.R.S.E., &c., Professor of Agriculture and Rural Eco- nomy in the University of Edinburgh. Third Edition, thoroughly Revised and considerably Enlarged. With over 120 Phototypes of Prize Stock. Demy 8vo, 384 pp., with 79 Plates and Maps, 125. 6d. cloth. "A really complete wpik on the history, breeds, and management of the farm stock of Great Britain, and one which is likely to find its way to the shelves of every country gentleman's library." The Times. " The latest edition of ' Farm Live Stock of Great Britain ' is a production to be proud of, and Its issue not the least of the services which its author has rendered to agricultural science." Scottish Farmer, " The book is very attractive . . . and we can scarcely imagine the existence of a farmer who would not like to have a copy of this beautiful work." Mark Lane Express. " A work which will long be regarded as a standard authority whenever a concise history and description of the breeds of live stock in the British Isles is required." Berts Weekly Messenger. 44 CROS&Y LOOK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. Dairy Farming. BRITISH DAIRYING. A Handy Volume on the Work of the Dairy-Farm. For the Use of^Technical Instruction Classes, Students in " We confidently recommend it as a text-book on dairy farming-." Agricultural Gazette. " Probably the best half-crown manual on dairy work that has yet been produced." North British Agriculturist. " It is the soundest little work we have yet seen on the subject." The Times. Dairy Manual. MILK, CHEESE AND BUTTER: A Practical Handbook on their Properties and the Processes of their Production, including a Chapter on Cream and the Methods of its Separation from Milk. By JOHN OLIVER, late Principal of the Western Dairy Institute, Berkeley. With Coloured Plates and 200 Illusts. Crown 8vo, 75.6^. cloth. [_Just published. " An exhaustive and masterly production. It may be cordially recommended to all students and practitioners of dairy science." A'.S. Agriculturist* " We strongly recommend this very comprehensive nd carefully- written book to dairy -farmers and students of dairying. It is a distinct acquisition to the library of the agricultuiist." Agricul- tural Gazette. Agricultural Facts and Figures. NOTE-BOOK OF AGRICULTURAL FACTS AND FIGURES FOR FARMERS AND FARM STUDENTS. By PRIMROSE McCoNN^LL, B.Sc. Fifth Edition. Royal 321110, roan, gilt edges, with band, 45. " Literally teems with information, and we can cordially recommend it to all connected with agriculture." North British Agriculturist. Small Farming. SYSTEMATIC SMALL FARMING; or, The Lessons of my Farm. Being an Introduction to Modern Farm Practice for Small Farmers. By R. SCOTT BURN. With numerous Illustrations, crown 8vo, 6s. cloth. "This is the completest book of its class we have seen, and one which every amateur farmci will read with pleasure and accept as a guide. "Field. Modern Farming. OUTLINES OF MODERN FARMING. By R. SCOTT BURN. Soils, Manures, and Crops Farming and Farming Economy Cattle, Sheep, and Horses Management of Dairy, Pigs, and Poultry Utilisation of Town-Sewage, Irrigation, &c. Sixth Edition. In One Vol., 1,250 pp., half- bound, profusely Illustrated, I2S. " The aim of the author has been to make his work at once comprehensive and trustworthy and he has succeeded to a degree which entitles him to much credit." Morning Advertiser. Agricultural Engineering. FARM ENGINEERING, THE COMPLETE TEXT -BOOK OF. Comprising Draining and Embanking; Irrigation and Water Supply; Farm Roads, Fences, and Gates ; Farm Buildings ; Barn Implements and Ma- chines ; Field Implements and Machines ; Agricultural Surveying, &c. By Prof JOHN SCOTT. 1,150 pages, half-bound, with over 600 Illustrations, I2s. "Written with great care, as well as with knowledge and ability. The author has done his work well ; we have found him a very trustworthy guide wherever we have tested his statements, The volume will be of great value to agricultural students," Mark Lane Express. Agricultural Text-Book. THE FIELDS OF GREAT BRITAIN : A Text-Book of Agriculture, adapted to the Syllabus of the Science and Art Department. For Elementary and Advanced Students. By HUGH CLEMENTS (Board of Trade). Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. i8mo, zs. 6d. cloth "A most comprehensive volume, giving a mass of information." Agricultural Economist. "It is a long time since we have seen a book which has pleased us more, or which contain! such a vast and useful fund of knowledge." Educational Times. Tables for Farmers, etc. TABLES, MEMORANDA, AND CALCULATED RESULTS for Farmers. Graziers, Agricultural Students, Surveyors, Land A gents, Auc- tioneers, etc. With a New System of Farm Book-keeping. By SIDNEY FRAN- CIS. Third Edition, Revised. 272 pp., waistcoat pocket size, 15. 6d. leather. " Weighing less than i oz., and occupying no more space than a match box, It contains a mass of facts and calculations which has never before, in suck handy form, been obtainable. Every operation on the farm is dealt with. The work may be taken as thoroughly accurate, the whole of the tables having been revised by Dr. Fream. We cordially recoitmend it." Bell's Weekly Messenger. AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING, *c. 45 Artificial Manures and Foods. FERTILISERS AND FEEDING STUFFS : Their Proper- ties and Uses. A Handbook for the Practical Farmer. By BERNARD DYER, D.Se. (Lond.) With the Text of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act of 1893, the Regulations and Forms of the Board of Agriculture and Notes on the'Act by A. J. DAVID, B.A., LL.M., of the Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law. Crown 8vo, 120 pages, is. cloth. [Just published. " An excellent shillings worth. Dr. Dyer has done farmers gocd service in pladng at their dis- posa so much useful information in so intelligible a form." The Titnes. The Management of Bees. BEES FOR PLEASURE AND PROFIT: A Guide to the Manipulation of Bees, the Production of Honey, and the General Manage- ment of the Apiary. By G. GORDON SAMSON. Crown 8vo, is. cloth. " The intending bee-keeper will find exactly the kind of information required to enable him to make a successful start with his hives. The author is a thoroughly competent teacher, and his book may be commended." Morning- Post. JFarm and Estate Book-keeping. BOOK-KEEPING FOR FARMERS < ESTATE OWNERS. A Practical Treatise, presenting, in Three Plans, a System adapted for all Classes of Farms. By JOHNSON M. WOODMAN, Chartered Accountant. Second Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth boards ; or 2s. 6d. cloth limp. ' The volume is a capital study of a most important subject." Agricultural Gazette. The young farmer, land agent, and surveyor will find Mr. Woodman's treatise mere than tepay its cost and study.'' Building Xe-ws. Farm Account Book. WOODMAN'S YEARLY FARM ACCOUNT BOOK. Giving a Weekly Labour Account and Diary, and showing the Income and Expen- diture under each Department of Crops, Live Stock, Dairy, &c. &c. With Valuation, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet at the end of the Year. By JOHNSON M. WOODMAN, Chartered Accountant, Author of " Book- keeping for Farmers." Folio, 75. 6d. half bound. [culture "Contains every requisite form for keeping farm accounts readily and accurately." Agri> Early Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables. THE FORCING GARDEN ; or, How to Grow Early Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables. With Plans and Estimates for Building Glass- houses, Pits, and Frames. By SAMUEL WOOD. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth, " A good book, and fairly fills a place that was in some degree vacant. The book is written with great care, and contains a great deal of valuable teaching." Gardeners' Magazine. Good Gardening. A PLAIN GUIDE TO GOOD GARDENING ; or, How to Grow Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers. By S. WOOD. Fourth Edition, with con- siderable Additions, &c., and numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cl. " A very good book, and one to be highly recommended as a practical guide. The practical directions are excellent." Athenaum. "Maybe recommended to young gardeners, cottagers, and specially to amateurs, for the plain, simple, and trustworthy information it gives on common matters too often neglected," Gardeners' Chronicle. Gainful Gardening. MULTUM-IN-PARVO GARDENING: or, How to make One Acre of Land produce 620 a-year by the Cultivation of Fruits and Vegetables ; also, How to Grow Flowers in Three Glass Houses, so as to realise 176 per annum clear Profit. By SAMUEL WOOD, Author of "Good Gardening, 1 ' &c. Fifth and Cheaper Edition, Revised, with Additions. Crown 8vo, is. sewed. "We are bound to recommend it as not only suited to the case of the amateur and gentleman's ..gardener, but to the market grower." Gardeners' Magazine. Gardening for Ladies. THE LADIES' MULTUM-IN-PARVO FLOWER GARDEN, and Amateurs' Complete Guide. With Iliusts. By S. WOOD. Cr.8vo, 35. 6d. cl. Receipts for Gardeners. GARDEN RECEIPTS. Edited by CHARLES W. QUIN. i2mo, is. 6d. cloth limp. Market Gardening. MARKET AND KITCHEN GARDENING. By Contributors to "The Garden." Compiled by C. W. SHAW, late Editor of "Gardening Illustrated." izmo 35. 6d. cloth boards. 46 CROSBY LOCK WOOD 6- SON'S CATALOGUE. AUCTIONEERING, VALUING, LAND SURVEYING ESTATE AGENCY, etc. Auctioneer's Assistant. THE APPRAISER, A UCTIONEER, BROKER, HOUSE AND ESTATE AGENT AND VALUER'S POCKET ASSISTANT, for the Valua- tion for Purchase, Sale, or Renewal of Leases, Annuities and Reversions, an<3 of property generally; with Prices for Inventories, &c. By JOHN WHEELER Valuer, &c. Sixth Edition, Re-written and greatly extended by C. N ORRIS, Surveyor, Valuer, &c. Royal 32010, 55. cloth. " A neat and. concise book of reference, containing an admirable and clearly-arranged list of prices for inventories, and a very practical guide to determine the value of furniture, &c." Standard, " Contains a large quantity of varied and useful information as to the valuation for purchase, sale, or renewal of leases, annuities and reversions, and of property generally, with prices foi Inventories, and a guide to determine the value of interior fittings and other effects." Builder. Auctioneering. AUCTIONEERS: THEIR DUTIES AND LIABILITIES. A Manual of Instruction and Counsel for the Young Auctioneer. By ROBERT SQUIBBS, Auctioneer. Second Edition, Revised and partly Re- written. Demy 8vo, las. 6d. cloth. *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " The standard text-book on the topics of which it treats." Athen&um. " The work is one of general excellent character, and gives much information in a compen- dious and satisfactory form." Builder. " May be recommended as giving a great deal of information on the law relating to auctioneers, in a very readable form." La-w Journal. " Auctioneers may be congratulated on having so pleasing a writer to minister to their special needs." SWttrftorj' Journal. "Every auctioneer ought to possess a copy of this excellent work." Ironmonger. " Of great value to the profession. . . . We readily welcome this book from the fact that li treats the subject in a manner somewhat new to the profession." Estates Gazette. Inwood's Estate Tables. TABLES FOR THE PURCHASING OF ESTATES, Freehold, Copyhold, or Leasehold; Annuities, Advowsons, etc., and for the Renewing of Leases held under Cathedral Churches, Colleges, or other Corporate bodies for Terms of Years certain, and for Lives ; also for Valuing Reversionary Estates, Deterred Annuities, Next Presentations, &c. ; together with SMART'S Five Tables of Compound Interest, and an Extension of the same to Lower and Intermediate Rates. By W. INWOOD. 24th Edition, with considerable Additions, and new and valuable Tables of Logarithms for the more Difficult Computations of the Interest of Money, Discount, Annuities, &c. , by M. FEDOR THOMAN, of the Societe Credit Mobilier ot Paris. Crown 8vo, 8s. cloth. "Those Interested in the purchase and sale of estates, and In the adjustment of compensation cases, as well as in transactions in annuities, life insurances, &c., will find the present edition of eminent service." Engineering. " ' Inwood's Tables ' still maintain a most enviable reputat.on. The new Issue has been enriched by arge additional contributions by M. Fedor Thoman, whose carefully arranged Tables cannot fail to be of the utmost utility." Mining Journal. Agricultural Valuer's Assistant. THE AGRICULTURAL VALUER'S ASSISTANT. A Prac- tical Handbook on the Valuation of Landed Estates ; including Rules and Data for Measuring and Estimating the Contents, Weights, and Values of Agricultural Produce and Timber, and the Values of Feeding Stuffs, Manures, and Labour; with Forms of Tenant-Right-Valuations, Lists of Local Agricultural Customs, Scales of Compensation under the Agricultural Holdings Act, &c. &c. By TOM BRIGHT, Agricultural Surveyor. Second Edition, much Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. " Full of tables and examples in connection with the valuation of tenant-right, estates, labour, contents, and weights of timber, and farm produce of all kinds." Agricultural Gazette. " An eminently practical handbook, full of practical tables and data of undoubted interest and value to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing valuations of all kinds." Farmer. Plantations and Underwoods. POLE PLANTATIONS AND UNDERWOODS: A Practical Handbook on Estimating the Cost of Forming, Renovating, Improving, and Grubbing Plantations and Underwoods, their Valuation for Purposes ot Transfer, Rental, Sale, or Assessment. By TOM BRIGHT, Author of "The Agricultural Valuer s Assistant," &c. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. "To valuers, foresters and agents it will be a welcome aid." North British Agriculturist. "We 11 calculated to assist the valuer in the discharge of his duties, and of undoubted interest and use both to surveyors and auctioneers in preparing valuations of all kinds." Kent Herafa. AUCTIONEERING, VALUING, LAND SURVEYING, eU. 47 Hudson's Land Valuer's Focket-Book. 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