GB UC-NRLF $B SEM ET5 ffiOLOGICAL SUHYEY. til ia •iSM i:. 1^ \ ;;■■■ .. . ?■••■ ■ >., i •^ ENGLAND AND WALES. THE WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE (INCLUDING THE ISLE OP WIGHT), WITH EECORDS OF SINKINGS AND BORINGS. BY WILLIAM WHITAKER, BA., F.R.S., WITH C0NTBIBUTI0N8 BY HUGH ROBERT MILL, D.Sc, LL.D., W. MATTHEWS, M.lNST. C.E., AND J. C. THRESH, M.D., D.Sc, D.P.H. PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COJIMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY'S TREASURY. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, By darling & SON, Ltd., 34-40, Bacon Street, E. And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, 12, 13, and 14, Long Acre, London ; W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Ltd., 2, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh ; HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., Grafton Street, Dublin ; From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any Bookseller, from T. Fisher Unwin. 1, Adelphi Terrace, London, W.O., who is the Sole Wholesale Agent to the Trade outside the County of London. 1910. Price Five Shillings. EXCHANGE MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOCtICAL SUKVEY. ENCxLAND AND WALES, THE WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE (INCLUDING THE ISLE OF WIGHT), WITH RECORDS OF SINKINGS AND BORINGS. BY WILLIAM WHITAKER, B.A., F.R.S., WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY HUGH ROBERT MILL, D.Sc, LL.D., S'^'^ y W. MATTHEWS, M.lNST. C.E., ^^ ' ^ ^ AND J. C. THRESH, M.D., D.Sc, D.P.H. PUELISIIED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY'S TREASURY. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, By DARLING & SON, Ltd., 34-40, Bacon Street, E. And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, 12, 18, and H, Long Acre, London; W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Ltd., 2, St. Andrew Square, Edinburoh ; HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., Grafton Street, Dublin ; From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or throuj^h any Bookseller, from T. Fisher Unwin. 1, Adelphi Terrace, London, W.C. wao i? the Sole Wholesale Agent to the Trade outside the County of Londrn. 1910. Price Five SliiJllngs, EXCHANGK lU PREFACE. This is the eighth of the series of County Memoirs dealing with the water-supply derived from underground sources. We are indebted for its preparation mainly to Mr. Whitaker. Dr. Mill contributes a useful chapter and map illustrating the distribution of rainfall, Mr. Matthews furnishes a map of underground Water- contours in the valleys of the Test and Itchen wdth an explanation, besides other notes, and Dr. Thresh has supplied us with a great number of detailed analyses of water. In the preparation of the volume the various sources of published matter have been utilised, such as Geological Survey Memoirs, Reports of the Local Government Board, various books, papers in Scientific Journals, &c. By far the greater part of the descrip- tion of springs and bournes has been derived from the papers of the late T. W. Shore. A large amount of new matter also has been included, and in this engineers, well-sinkers and others have given much information. The assistance also rendered by chemists, medical officers, business- firms and private persons is duly acknowledged under various headings. To the Local Government Board through Dr. H. Franklin Parsons we are indebted for much information in the possession of that Board. Mr. H. L. Whitaker has helped greatly in the preparation of the MS. and the correction of proofs, and is chiefly responsible for the Index. el. J. H. TEALL, Director. Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, London, 19th February, 1910. (14524—17.) Wt. 19927— r>, 500. r./l(). D & S. .313853 CONTENTS. Page. Preface, by the Director iii Intro uucTOKY. General Remarks. Geological Formations. Water- bearing Formations 1 Rainfall, by Dr. H. R. Mill 9 Springs , .^ 18 Intermittent Streams. General Remarks. Rivers flowing southward to the Sea. Streams flowing northward to the Thames 24 Supplies from Springs 38 Supplies from Wells 44 Contamination of Water 48 Underground Water-levels in the Chalk in the Valleys of the Test and of the Itchen. By W. Matthews 52 Wells and Borings for Water. Mainland 54 „ „ Isle of Wight 146 Borings NOT FOR Water (Mainland, Isle of Wight) ... 172 Analyses of Spring-waters (Mainland, Isle of Wight) 178 „ Well-waters (Mainland) 189 (Isle of Wight) 213 Bibliography. (Geological Survey Works. Reports of the Local Government Board. Books, Papers, &c.) 227 Addenda (Springs, Analyses, Country Supplies, Wells) 233 Index 243 ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Rainfall Map of Hampshire At End of Volume. 2. Map of the Valleys of the Test and Itchen, showing the position of Wells and the Contour-lines in the Surface of the Underground Water, by Mr. W. Matthews At End of Volume. iNTRODUCTOKr. General Remarks. Hampshire is in a somewhat peculiar position amongst English counties, in that a large part of it, the Isle of Wight, is distinctly separated from the rest by a marked natural feature, a fairly broad and deep channel of tidal water, part of the sea, and not a mere river-estuary. This natural division has led to a division for many administrative purposes, and it will be followed in this Memoir, as far as regards the detailed description of wells and waterworks, which are more or less of an administrative character. On the other hand, the general remarks will refer to the county as a whole, for geologically the Isle of Wight is connected with the mainland (though the connection is an undersea one) and does not form a distinct area, except of course at the surface. Geology is not merely skin-deep, but deals with deep-seated connection, and markedly so in the case of underground water. In another point also, I believe, Hampshire is unique amongst the counties. Some of its supply, though but a very Fmall amount, is actually got from walls in the sea, the forts in the Spithead channel having deep borings for their supply. We have, therefore, a third territorial (or rather marine) division between the mainland and the Isle of Wight, and linking those two together, as far as water-supply is concerned. In the matter of water-supply, Hampshire is notable for possessing the largest spring-supply in the kingdom, that of the Borough of Portsmouth Water Co. Although the springs arc supplemented by borings, yet as these are in the basins from which the springs How, or close to them, they are really only artificial enlarge- m.ents of the springs. This supply is unique amongst large water- undertakings. As far as I know, there is no other case of a very large supply derived wholly from springs. It is, moreover, the largest in the county, and indeed in Southern England, with the exception of London and Bristol. All other large supplies in the county are got by means of under- ground work ; but from 1851 to 1888 Southampton, the second in size of Hampshire towns, got its supply from the Kiver Itchen. Bournemouth, the third town, used to get its supply from shallow intakes close to the River Stour, which was practically a river- supply ; but this town has now turned to a well-source in another county, though still keeping the older supply. Chris tchurch, how- ever, takes its supply from the River Avon, though an attempt has been made to get a well-supply. From the point of view of water-supply Portsmouth is the chief town of Hampshire, its population of over 211,000 placing it as the second of southern towns (after Brisiol), of course leaving London and its contiguous boroughs out of consideration. Although the population of the three contiguous Devonshire towns, Plymouth, Devonport, and Stonehouse, slightly exceeds this figure (being over 218,000), the comparison is hardly fair, and to 2 ''-%ATEK S^riPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. make it SO the population of Goeport should be added to that of Portsmouth, which gives a total of 243,000. Southampton is the only other Hampshire place that comes in the list of what were lately known as " large towns," that is, towns with a population of over 100,000, its present record being over 122,000, or about 80 more than the record for Plymouth by itself. Here again, however, there is a populous area contiguous to but outside the borough. Brighton is the only other southern town (outside London, &c.) which exceeds Southampton in population, and so the latter ranks as fourth, though strictly it should give place to Plymouth, &c. and sink to the fifth place. Bournemouth, with over 70,000 people, is the only other town in the county to reach a population of 50,000, so as to be placed amongst the "76 great towns" of which the weekly death- rate is regularly returned by the Kegistrar- General. It also has a large contiguous population just over the county-border, in Dorset. Of towns with over 10,000 there are Aldershot (35,000), Gosport (over 31,000), Winchester (over 21,000), Itchen (=WooU ston, &c., adjoining Southampton, over 16,000), Farnborough (14,000), Eastleigh (nearly 13,000), Basingstoke (11,000), and in the Isle of Wight, Newport (over 11,000), and Kyde (11,000). The above figures have kindly been given by the Registrar- General. They are estimated for the middle of the year 1908, and so are probably slightly less than the present population. Of course estimates so far removed from a census must be taken with caution. I have omitted the odd hundreds, therefore. Of course areas of population, such as those above given, are rarely coterminous with areas of water-supply. In some cases, as for instance Southampton, the whole town is not supplied by one water-authority ; but this is not the usual difference, for generally the waterworks of a large place supply neighbouring tracts, as Portsmouth supplies Havant. Any town getting its supply from a distance is usually (and rightly) put under the obligation of supply- ing at a reasonable rate places through which its mains pass, or in which it has works, and by this means a supply is sometimes given to villages that are too small to get an independent supply. We have in Hampshire a good example of a Company with widely extended limbs, giving a supply to towns and villages, including part of Southampton and the whole of the populated area roimd that town, with excellent results. This has led to the closure of many local wells, some of which may have been defective from a sanitary point of view, whilst others, though yielding good water, were troublesome or expensive to work and to keep in order. Keference is made, of course, to the South Hants. Water Co. In another part of the county a large district is included in the area of supply of the Frimley and Farnborough Company. Geological Formations. Hampshire is based on two of the great series of sedimentary rocks, the Tertiary and the Cretaceous, the former comprising on the north a small part of the London Basin and in the central and southern parts a great tract of what is known as the Hampshire Basin <5E0L0GiCAL P'ORMATIONS. 3 though it extends eastward and westward from the county. The Cretaceous beds rise up between the two basins, and also on the south of the Hampshire Basin, chiefly in the Isle of Wight. Of the Tertiary beds, Hampshire has the most complete series of any county, being the only one in which the great Fluviomarine Series (above the Barton Beds) occurs. It fails only indeed in the absence of the highest beds, the Pliocene (Crag) of the Eastern Counties and of the lowest bed of all, the Thanet Sand : both of them, however, are comparatively thin, at the most. The Cretaceous beds also are very well represented (although the base is not seen) and the county ranks among the highest in this respect, the coast-sections of the Lower Greensand in the Isle of Wight being the best display of that varying formation which we have. Of course there are also sheets and scatterings of various surface- deposits restiug irregularly on any of the Tertiary or Cretaceous beds ; but amongst them the Glacial Drift does not figure, as far as we know. What age may some day be assigned to the patches of old gravel on the hills one cannot foresee. These may be Glacial or Pre-Glacial in age. The following is a list of the geological formations of the county, from the top downward : — ( Blown Sand. ( Shingle. ("Tufa. < Peat. ( Alluvium. Raised Beach (Portsdown). ( Brickearth. ( Gravel and Sand. ( Clay with Flints, and Loam, or Tertiary ^ Debris. ( Angular Gravel of the Downs (in I. Wight). Hill or Plateau Gravel and Sand (Brick- earth above, rarely). C Hamstead or Hemstead Beds. < Bembridge Beds, with Limestone. I Osborne and Headon Beds, with Limestone, f Upper Bagshot, or Barton, Sand. I Barton Clay. -{ Bracklesham Beds. I Lower Bagshot Pebble Beds, l^ „ ,, Sands. London Clay. ( Pebble Beds [possibly Blackheath]. I Woolwich and Reading Beds, f Upper Chalk, with Chalk Rock at the base. I Middle Chalk, with Melbourne Rock at the Recent (Marine or Shore) Alluvial Beds River or Valley Drift Deposits of doubtful age, on the Chalk Older Drift, of doubtful age ... Oligocene Tertiaries. Eocene Tertiaries. Fluviomarine Series. Bagshot Series. Lower London Tertiaries. Upper Cretaceous. Lower Cretaceous. Chalk. Upper Greensand. Lower Greensand. I j Lower Chalk. I Chalk Marl, with Chloritic Marl at the base. { Chert Beds. I Freestone and Soft Sands. Gault. r Folkestone Beds, -J Sandgate Beds. ( Hythe Beds. Wealden Beds, or Weald Clay and Hastings Sands. Upper Greensand and Gault now grouped as Solboraian. 4 WAtiSR SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Ill the Isle of Wight the divisions of the Lower Cretaceous beds are as follows : — r Carstone. Lower ) Sandrock Beds. Greensaiid. j Ferruginous Sands. ( Atherfield Clay, with Perna Beds. C Shales. Wealden. < Sandstone. ( Variegated Clays. The Wealden beds therefore are the oldest that come to the surface in Hampshire, and I do not know of any direct evidence to show what formation comes next beneath ; but there is little doubt that the Purbeck Beds range under the sea from Dorsetshire to the Isle of Wight. In the north-western part of the county, whilst we may fairly assume that the Upper Greensand, the highest formation seen, will rest on Gault, we have little ground for speculation as to what would be found beneath the Gault. As to the extension or otherwise of Lower Jurassic and of all older rocks under Hampshire we have no evidence, no ground for speculation : there is an absence of deep borings in those parts where (geologically) they are most wanted. M^ater-bearing Formations. Blown Sand and Shingle. Of these highly permeable beds there is no broad spread in the county ; so that they may be disregarded as a source of supply. Drijt. The various gravels and sands of this Series are also very permeable and sometimes they occur over large tracts ; but they are nowhere of great thickness and therefore do not afford storage on anything but a small scale. They are also liable to pollution from the surface. However, where a goodly area can be brought under contribution and can also be protected from pollution, a supply may be got, at all events enough for small local needs. Where these beds rest on another permeable formation, of course water goes through them and gets considerable filtration in so doing. Where they rest on clay, springs are often thrown out at the junction, if it is on a downward slope. I believe that West Cowes is the only town that gets a supply from a terrace of gravel, though now not exclusively. Bournemouth used to get its supply through gravel abutting on a river. Fluviomarine Series, There are occasional sandy beds and lime- stones, from which small springs may flow and from which small local supplies may be got : but the Series as a whole may be passed over as of no importance. Bagsliot Series. This is of more importance, from a water point of view. The top division, being mostly all sand, is permeable, and sometimes may yield a moderate amount of water. There are also sands in the Bracklesham Beds, sometimes of fair thickness, though hardly of constant occurrence. The bottom division, largely con- sisting of sand (and wholly so in many parts) forms a water-bearing bed : the pebbles at the to}), which are of very local occurrence, going with the sand. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. 5 Lower London Tertiavies. Where there are sands or pebble-beds small supplies may be found ; but as a whole the Series is clayey. Chalks This is the great water-yielding formation of this county, as of the whole south-eastern tract of England. From its general breadth of outcrop it is well adapted for collecting the rainfall in large quantity, and from its thickness it is well fitted for storage. In the northern half of Hampshire we have the broadest tract of bare Chalk in the Kingdom, right across the county, from the border of Wiltshire on the west to that of Surrey on the east. We have also the greatest thickness of the Chalk known (calculated at over 1700 feet) ; but this is in the Isle of Wight, where, from the high dip of the beds, the outcrop is in great part very narrow. The thickness elsewhere however is great, as may be\seen from the one boring that nearly pierces the Chalk from top to bottom, at Southampton Common {see p. 127), where the thickness is over 850 feet, whilst at Portsmouth {see p. 118) a boring has passed through some 626 feet, apparently all belonging to the Upper Chalk. The Chalk is not strictly a very permeable formation, that is to say, no very great amount of water filters through between the particles. The water is mainly distributed by means of the vertical or nearly vertical planes of jointing which cut across the rock in various directions : where these fissures open out at all there may be large quantities of water passing along them, and the way to ensure a large supply therefore is to carry out works in such way as to cut as many fissures as possible, that is by horizontal extension below the plane of saturation, or water-table ; in other words to drive galleries. There is also sometimes a fiow along planes of bedding, and where there arc clayey layers, as is often the case at the base of the Middle Chalk and in the Lower Chalk, this may be considerable. As a rule, however, there seems to be communi- cation throughout the formation, and the hindrance to downward percolation is more or less local. Mr. W. R. Baldwin-Wiseman has lately given some in- teresting particulars as to the structure of various rocks in relation to the flow of water ihrough them, and amongst these rocks Hampshire Chalk is included. In his earlier paper^ he deals with the fiow of water through samples of the rocks under various pressures, and he finds that " with the chalk a peculiar phenomenon occurs : with the Mottis- font chalk there is a steady decrease of flow^ per unit pressure between 5 lbs. and 20 lbs. per square inch, succeeded by a steady increase between 20 lbs. and the pressure under which it failed ; with the Micheldever chalk there is a small increase between 5 lbs, and 10 lbs. per square inch, followed by a decrease between 10 lbs. and 15 lbs. . . . succeeded by another small increase between 15 lbs. and 20 lbs. . . . which in turn gives place to a continuous decrease until the load of rupture is reached. The probable explanation of this phenomenon is that the flow increases with the pressure up to a critical velocity, beyond which any increase of pressure is expended in eddies and in the enlargement of the pores." Proc, Inst, Civ. Eng. 1906, vol clxv. 6 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. The following is the loss of pressure in a six-inch block of Micheldever chalk under a surface-pressure of 40 lbs. per square inch, expressed as a percentage of the surface-pressure. Between surface and one inch down 7 1 inch and 2 inches „ 2 inches 3 „ 4 „ 5 „ 3-7 6-3 5-2 8- 70-8 From this " it appears that water experiences little difficulty in obtaining ingress to chalk but considerable resistance to its egress. Disregarding the eft'ect of cushioning air, which only operates when chalk is more or less thoroughly depleted of its water, the capillarity of the chalk appears to accelerate the inflow of water and to impede its discharge, although it assists in the desiccation of the chalk by evaporation when the chalk is more or less fully charged with water." He found that " two upper chalk specimens, from Mottisfont and Micheldever, contained 2*86 and 2*92 gallons per cubic foot respectively," and he conducted experiments on immersion which resulted in " proving conclusively the obstructive action of air in the pores," against the passage of water. " Not only does the air in the interstices offer resistance to the inflow of water, but once in the rock mass it will cause or tend to cause instability of water- level, since it is much more susceptible to variations of pressure and temperature than the interstitial water." The Mottisfont chalk was got at the Abbey, some distance below the surface ; the Micheldever chalk from the eastern side of the line at the southern end of the railway-tunnel, about 100 feet below the surface. The flow in gallons per hour per square foot of exposed surface, in specimens six inches thick, was as follows : — Lbs. per square in. Feet of Water. A tmosphere. Mottisfont. Micheldever. 5 11^59 •34 •247 •277 10 23-08 •68 •43 •564 15 34-61 1-02 •613 -83 20 46-15 1-36 •795 1-117 25 57-69 1-7 1-01 1-341 30 69-23 2-04 1-268 1-596 35 80-77 2-38 1-655 1-851 40 92-31 2-72 2-085 The following figures are also from test-pieces six inches thick, the net volume of each being 'SOS cubic feet, various other particulars being given. Mottisfont. Micheldever. Mean diameter of constituent particles, in inches -0088 ^0058 Total volume of pores, in cubic feet ^18 •I 84 Other tables are given, showing the quantity of absorption, the rate of drying, etc., and some particulars of the supplies for Ryde, Frimley and Southampton. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The following particulars are from Mr. Bald win- Wiseman's later paper.^ Rate of Absorption of Water by Chalk, the Water absorbed expressed as a Percentage of the volume of the stone. Continuous immersion in w.ater at atmospheric pressure. Hours immersion. Mottisfont. Micheldever. 1 2 1 2 •6 36-26 35-41 .39-77 .36-13 1- 36-53 35-81 40-23 36-49 4-5 36-96 36-61 40-29 36-99 47- 39-51 38-16 42-39 38-88 Maximum saturation 45-86 — 46-79 — Weight of Chalk, dry 34-65 36-34 113-94 18715 The following figures are for specimens of chalk six inches thick : — Percentage porosity, Mottisfont 45-86 Micheldever 46-79 Gallons stored when charged „ 1-43 „ 1-46 Figures of discharge under various pressures are also given. The plate is a sketch-map showing the sub-surface water-levels in the Chalk, chiefly in Dorset and WiUs., but also along the south- eastern border of Hants., from a little north of Fordingbridge, by Ringwood. The 50 and 100 feet underground contours are however barely extended into the county. Information collected by Mr. C. E. Hawkins and Mr. H. J. O. White concerning the wells in the Chalk-area of sheet 284 of the Geological Survey Map goes to show that the underground water- planc "there lies generally between 270 and 300 feet above Ordnance Datum, but is rather higher (315 to 320 feet) beneath the summit of the southern range of downs, about Farleigh Wallop and Herriard. A comparison of the height of the water-table in the w ells in the latter part of the Chalk country with the height of the nearest springs at the Eocene boundary to the north, shows that the (under) ground water surface has a northward gradient varying from 10 to 20 feet per mile " (Geology of Basingstoke, p. 105). Upper Greensand. — This formation is not without importance in the matter of water in Hampshire, where it is ever present at the base of the Chalk, and, on the south (in the Isle of Wight) is of considerable thii^kness. It is from the water passing down through the sandstone and sand to the underlying impermeable clay of the Gault and then flowing out as springs along the cliffs that there has come about the great landslip, known as the Underclifi", at and near Ventnor. Here for a length of some miles along the coast and a breadth of sometimes about half a mile, the whole of the wonder- fully irregular surface consists of slipped and fallen material, a witness to the power of undergroimd water as an aid to the shifting of rocks in mass. I do not know of any large supply that is got from the Upper Greensand, which is suited rather for a number of small supplies, its outcrop being narrow. ^ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1907, vol. Ixiii., pp. 83, 88. 8 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE, Lower Greensand. — This is the second water-bearing formation of Hampshire ; but it is of far more varying structure and changing character than the Chalk. In the mainland part of the county the Folkestone Beds at the top are mostly sand and very permeable. The next division, the Sandgate Beds, is either clayey or contains clayey beds, with others of a sandy nature, and therefore divides the water in the Folkestone Beds from that in the Hythe Beds beneath, which are also mainly sandy. The Atherfield Clay, at the base, for present purposes goes with the underlying Weald Clay. The only outcrop on the mainland is at the eastern side of the county. In treating of this Mr. J. Lucas has remarked : — " At Lyss there is a dome of water in the Folkestone sands culminating at 238 feet, at Greatham another at 253 feet ; while a strong ridge shedding south-west to the Kother basin, and north-west to the Wey, runs north-west and south-east through Oakhanger, Blackmoor and Woolmer Pond to Weaver's Down, rising from 250 feet at Oakhanger to about 320 feet at Weaver's Down. The 250-feet contour [of underground water] sweeps round Oakhanger, and then runs as an artesian contour in a south-easterly direction for 3 miles to the Farnham Road at the northern boundary of Greatham parish . . . Woolmer Pond is in the anomalous position of being on the subterranean watershed ridge ... In the Sandgate beds there are many shallow wells . . . The 250-feet contour [of underground water] of the Hythe beds water system is artesian under the Sandgate beds from Stanford for 3 miles south- west by south to a mile east of Lyss."^ Table 1 of this paper notes many wells in the tract described, but without any geologic information. The heights above Ordnance Datum, the depths of the wells and the water-levels above Ordnance Datum are given. The wells are entered under Greatham (3) Woolmer Forest (?2), Selborne (4), Bramshot and Liphook (6), Hogmoor, Headley (2), Arford (2), Greyshott (2), Hearn (8) and Kingsley. The plate is a map, with sites of wells and underground water-contours from 220 to 280 feet, at intervals of 10 feet, and at 300 feet. In the Isle of Wight, where the whole Series varies from 400 to 800 feet in thickness, all the beds, down to the Atherfield Clay, form one great water-bearing deposit, being permeable, except for sundry local layers of clay. 1 Proc. List, a E., 1880, vol. Ixi., pt. iii RAINFALL. (Plate L) BY HUGH ROBERT MILL, D.Sc, LL.D. Director of the British Rainfall Organization. The accompanying map, showing the average distribution of rainfall over Hampshire, has been prepared in the same manner as the maps of Kent and Sussex, which it continues towards the west. The data from which it has been compiled were collected annually from the observers and published in " British Rainfall " after being subjected to critical examination. In order that the map may be strictly comparable with those already published the same period of 35 years (1868-1902) has been adopted for the calculation of the average, although data down to 1907 computed to the longer period have been utilized in some instances of short records. Within Hampshire, or on its borders, there arc continuous records of rain- fall extending over 35 years at 14 stations. The mean values of these are of course available for placing on the map without modification ; but in order to get the best possible distribution of stations it was necessary to make use of 148 shorter records in the county. The mean of the short records was in each case corrected to its probable value for 35 years by comparison with the long records running through the whole period. For this purpose the total rainfall for each year for each of the long records was calculated as a percentage of the average of 35 years, and these were combined in four groups representing respectively the Southern Plain, the Valleys of the Test and Itchin, the Uplands, and the Northern Plain. Each group as given in Table I. represents the variation of rainfall from year to year in the part of the county to which it refers. The fifth column in the Table, giving the mean of the four preceding columns, is the best possible index of the variation of rainfall over Hampshire as a whole, and, for convenience, it is extended to include 1 907. It will be noticed that the seven years 1868-1874 had a mean rainfall exactly equal to the average of 35 years, though containing both the wettest and the driest year of the 35. For nine consecu- tive years, 1875 to 1883, the annual rainfall was never below the average and the mean of the nine years showed an excess of nearly 12 per cent. Finally it will be seen that from 1888 to 1905 there was a regular succession of one wet year followed by two dry years and for the 15 years 1888-1902 the mean annual rainfall was 5^ per cent, below the average. These periods occur fairly uniformly over the whole of the South East of England at least. The wettest year of the 35 was, as in most parts of the country, 1872, when there was an excess of 36 per cent; but 1903, as in most parts of the South of England, prov^ed still wetter with 43 per cent, excess. The driest year was 1870 when there was a deficiency of 24 per cent., although 1887, which was the driest year in most parts of the country, came very little behind, with a deficiency of 23 per cent. The various short records were corrected to the long-period average by the ratios holding good for the group nearest them, or in some cases by the mean ratio of some stations in one group and 10 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. some in another. As the rainfall of any one year may be raised at any one station as much as 6 per cent, by a single very heavy thunder-shower, which might not reach adjacent stations, it is obvious that the computed average of a very short record cannot be viewed as of equal certainty with the computed average of a record of say 15 years or more, and consequently more w^eight was attached in constructing the map to the figures resulting from the longer records. As the rainfall of one period of 35 years probably does not differ by more than 2 per cent, from that of any other period of 35 years the figures as computed may be looked upon as expressing the normal rainfall of each station. It is possible that some of the records may be affected by some error due to faulty construction or exposure of the rain-gauge employed, and several have not been utilized because this has been found to be the case ; but taken as a whole I am satisfied that the records are trustworthy. The distribution of the stations, dependent as that is on the position of the residences of those inhabitants whose tastes incline them to make meteorological observations, left something to desire ; but it w^as at least as satisfactory as in Sussex, and more so than in many counties. It was found most convenient to plot the figures and draw the isohyetal lines on a map on the scale of 4 miles to an inch, from which the map now published is reduced. The range of rainfall made it possible to draw isohyetals at intervals of 2^ inches of rain from 25 to 35 inches, and it is probable that in no part of the county is the average rainfall so low as 24 inches or so high as 38, in other words the range is probably not more than 14 inches. The following Table gives separately the areas of the different zones of average annual rainfall in the Isle of Wight and in the mainland portion of the county : — Isle of Wight. Zone. Square Miles. Per Cent, of General Rainfall Total Area. of Zone. 27-5 to 30 inches ... 30 ,. 32-5 „ Above 32-5 „ 37-4 78-6 31-5 25-4 53-3 21-3 29*1 inches. 31-2 ., 33-0 „ Total ... 147-5 - ■ This indicates a general average rainfall of 31*1 inches for the island. Mainland portion of Hampshire. Zone. Square Miles. Greneral Rainfall of Zone. Below 25 inches 25 to 27-5 „ 27-5 „ 30 „ 325 „ Above 30 32-5 35 35 14-7 115-9 331-2 665-8 280-6 106-4 24-5 inches 26 6 „ 29-2 „ 311 „ 33-4 „ 35-3 „ Total 1,514-6 RAINFALL. 11 This indicates a general average rainfall of 31'0 inches, practically the same as that of the Isle of Wight. The figures may also be presented in a combined form to take account of the whole of Hampshire. Hampshire (including hie of Wight). Zone. Area. Square Miles. Per Cent, of Area. General RainfaU of Zone. Below 25 inches 25 to 27-5 „ 27-5 „ 30 30 „ 32-5 „ 32-5 „ 35 Above 35 „ 14-7 115-9 368-6 744-4 312-1 106-4 1,662-1 •9 6-9 ^ 22-2 44-8 18-8 6-4 24-5 inches. 266 „ 29-2 „ 3M „ 33-3 „ 35-3 „ Total ... This corresponds to a general rainfall of 31*0 inches for the whole county. Applying to this figure the percentages of the extreme years as given in Table I. we have for the 35 years 1868-1902, 1868-1902. Average general rainfall of Hampshire 31-0 inches. 1872. Maximum general rainfall of Hampshire ... ... 42-16 „ 1870. Minimum general rainfall of Hampshire 23*56 ,, 1887-1889. Driest 3 years mean general rainfall of Hampshire 2737 „ In 1903, outside the period for which the averages are calculated, the rainfall was greater than in 1872 and the highest general rain- fall (»n record took place, the value being 44*33 inches. The distribution of raiiifall in the Isle of Wight is exactly what might be expected from its position and configuration. The rain- fall is least round the coast and greatest on the high land which occupies the southern half of the island. Few records exist within the area with more than 32*5 inches of rain ; but it does not seem probable that the fall reaches 35 inches at any point. The mainland portion of the county presents some peculiarities which give rise to a little anxiety as to the character of a few of the records ; but the most careful enquiry fails to show any reason for distrusting the observations and the lines have been drawn on the map in conformity with them even where they differ from the figures suggested by the general configuration of the land. The driest part of Hampshire is, as might be expected, the extreme north-east, where a small portion in the low-lying valley of the Loddon, draining to the Thames, has less than 25 inches. This is followed on the south by a strip of country reaching as far as Basingstoke with less than 275 inches, and a narrow belt in the valley of the Test with less than 30 inches reaches as far as Romsey. It would naturally be expected that this low rainfall should prevail down the river valley to Southampton Water and join that of the coastal plain, but this does not appear to be the case. It is true thjtt the strip with over 30 inches which runs across 14524 B 12 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Southampton Water from the New Forest to the South Downs has really very little more than 30 inches in its driest part, and the dry strip running from the north very little less than 30 inches in any part, so that the contrast produced by the lines on the map is much more decided than it is in nature. There seems to be no doubt that a lower rainfall prevails along the shores of the Solent and Spithead, and this dry belt is widest to the east of Southampton Water. Both on the west, from Bournemouth to Hurst Castle, and on the east, from Gosport to Hayling Island, the rainfall is less than 27*5 inches ; but does not appear to be anywhere so low as 25 inches. The isohyetal line of 32*5 inches calls attention to three separate areas of relatively high rainfall situated respectively in the north, in the south-west and in the east of the county. The northern area is part of a small patch on the high land surrounding Wallbury Hill. The south-western area practically includes the whole of the New Forest, and it is somewhat remarkable to find that it extends as far to the south-east as the Beaulieu River on ground that is considerably less than 100 feet above sea-level. The very moderate elevation of the greater part of the area of the New Forest raises the question as to whether the high rainfall may be to some extent a result of the large area of tree-clad country directly exposed to the south-westerly wind. On the eastern side of Southampton Water, sheltered from the prevailing wind by the New Forest, the rainfall is just over 30 inches, and where the sheltering effect of the Isle of Wight comes into play it is markedly The eastern area of high rainfall includes the whole of the high land which unites the North and South Downs, and the area with more than 35 inches is continuous with that which extends along the South Downs eastward to the Arun. The number of stations is not sufficient to allow the exact adjustment of rainfall to configura- tion to be ascertained, but speaking generally the 32'5-inch isohyetal keeps close to the contour-line of 200 feet in the south, from Row- lands Castle to Droxford ; thence it runs at first north-westward then eastward and northward approximately along the contour-line of 400 feet, but although the ridge continues with a higher elevation as a well-marked feature to Aldershot, the isohyetal turns across it abruptly (as does the 30 inch isohyetal about 3 miles farther on) and sweeps back to the boundary of the county at an altitude some- times less than 250 feet on the eastern margin of the ridge. This appears to show that where the prevailing wind blows approximately along the axis of the high ground the maximum precipitation takes place in a comparatively short distance, leaving the more distant hills drier than those of lower elevation to windward. There is obviously not room for this effect to appear when the ridge runs transversely to the prevailing wind as in the case of the South Downs. The 35 inch isohyetal inside this is nearly parallel to it at a distance of about 2 or 3 miles. It is interesting to notice that while rainfall of more than 35 inches does not extend along the high ground to the north-west beyond Alton, it extends over a con- siderable area of low ground on the east, to and beyond Petersfield, KAII^FALL. 13 where the elevation is only 200 feet. It is possible that the area on the South Downs in Sussex, with 37*5 inches or more, may extend across the boundary into Hampshire, but there is no direct evidence, and the indications which exist point the other way. The highest rainfall, as a rule, occurs on the outcrops of the Chalk or of the Greensand, the Tertiary deposits have, as a rule, the lowest rainfall, except in the case of the New Forest, to which attention has already been drawn. Table 2 gives the total annual rainfall at a number of representa- tive stations selected from those used in compiling the map. The data given are the height of the receiving surface^ of the rain-gauge above ground, the height of the station above sea-level, the period during which the observations were carried on, the length of the record, the arithmetical mean rainfall for the actual record, the group in Table 1 by the ratios in which the reduction of short records to the 35 years' average was made, the computed average and the computed average corrected for the height of the rain- gauge above ground. The correction last mentioned is only im- portant when the rain-gauge, in addition to being high, is also exposed to the wind, and in one case the correction is not applied, as the position of the gauge was considered too sheltered to justify it. Table 3 gives the monthly rainfall at five representative stations. In selecting these it is necessary to consider length of record in the first place, as the range of rainfall in a month may be very great. Months have occurred in England when no rain was measured, and in the 35 years under consideration the rainfall of a particular month at one or other of the five stations has been more than three times the average fall, and it might conceivably be still greater. Hence it is evident that to secure the same degree of stability in an average for monthly rainfall as the 35 -year period gives for annual rainfall, it would be necessary to utilise a much longer record, perhaps as much as a century. To secure a fair representation of the west of Hampshire it was found necessary to make use of Landford, a station in the extreme east of Wiltshire. The month with absolutely least rainfall was February, 1891, when at one of the five stations there was no rain, and the average for the five was only '05 inch. Curiously enough, the month with absolutely the most rainfall in the period was October in the same year, when at one station 10*56 inches of rain fell, and the average for the five stations was 9 '23 inches. For the sake of comparison the average rainfall for each month at each of the five stations is set out as a percentage of the annual total, and the mean of the five presents the best view of the proportion of the annual rainfall which falls in Hampshire for each month. It is at once apparent that the three driest months are those of Spring (March, April and May) with practically 6*2 per cent, of the annual fall each. Of these three April is the driest by a shade. The last three months of the year are the wettest, being the only ones with more than 10 per cent., and October is easily the wettest with 1 1*5 per cent, of the annual fall. In the six driest months (February to July UH^i — B2 14 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. inclusive) 41 per cent, of the annual rain falls, and in the six wettest months (August to January) 59 per cent. Hampshire, in common with the greater part of England and Wales, has October as the wettest month ; but it is interesting to observe that it occupies an intermediate position between the East Coast counties, like Lincolnshire, which have a second maximum of rainfall in July or August, and the West Coast counties, where there is a second maximum of rainfall in December or January. In extreme instances of both types the summer or the winter maximum may be greater than the autumnal maximum which is common to the three types. TABLE 1. Hampshire Rainfall Average for 35 years, 1868-1902 -= 100. Year. Group A. Southern Plain. Group B. Valleys of Test and Itchin. Group C. Uplands. Group D. Northern Plain. Mean for Hampshire. 1868 Ill 110 Ill 112 Ill 1869 101 99 101 100 100 1870 77 80 79 70 76 1871 99 99 96 88 96 1872 137 141 137 131 136 1873 93 93 88 88 91 1874 96 96 92 84 92 1875 111 115 117 126 117 1876 112 113 115 123 116 1877 124 123 125 120 123 1878 97 102 97 103 100 1879 120 118 120 130 122 1880 108 106 111 121 111 • 1881 103 99 101 100 101 1882 111 113 118 117 115 1883 99 101 100 99 100 1884 84 82 83 84 83 1885 99 100 101 104 101 1886 114 113 110 113 113 1887 76 75 79 80 1 77 1888 101 105 102 101 102 1889 87 83 87 88 86 1890 86 86 82 82 84 1891 126 126 122 122 124 1892 82 80 81 86 82 1893 80 78 80 77 79 1894 122 117 120 123 121 1895 95 93 93 95 94 1896 91 90 94 91 91 1897 105 106 102 97 103 1898 86 85 84 8t 85 1899 88 91 92 88 90 1900 103 106 107 98 103 1901 87 88 87 85 87 1902 89 88 86 90 88 1903 136 140 143 153 143 1904 100 102 97 95 99 1905 84 87 89 94 88 1906 107 107 105 103 106 1907 98 102 104 106 102 ftAlNt'ALL. 15 TABLE 2. Average Rainfall — Hampshire. Station. Me of Wight. Ventnor Consumption Hos- pital Carisbrook, Eowborough .. Totland Bay Osborne Mainland. Bournemouth, Bath Road . Christchurch, Mudeford Lymington, Wainsford Hayling Island Porchester Emsworth, Kedlands . . Burley Cadland Lyndhurst, Cuffnells .. Southampton, Ordnance Sur- vey Office. Bishops Waltham, Swanmore House. Horndean, St. Catherines . . Fordingbridge, Wood Green Otterbourne W. W., Shaw- ford. East Meon, Westbury House West Dean Winchester, Harestock Swarraton Qrayshott Alton, Ashdell .. Farnham, The Bourne Vicar age (Surrey). Andover, Red Rice Longparish Tidworth House Basingstoke, Chapel Hill Hartley Wintney Kingsclere Buttermere (Wilts) .. Heckfleld, Park Corner Height above Ft. in. 9 1 1 1 7 1 2 1 5 8, 1 3 6 1 7 1 2 1 8 1 1 2 3 A 9" 3 1 2 Ft. 81 193 85< ill i 172 121 15 58 10 90 20O 52 79 390 417 140 113 137 250 304 310 860 396 I 433! 308 277 210 357 328 222 327 847 257 ^ fl qd' a s © § Period £ "^J •§ S >, of i .a ^ g 5^1 Observation. o a 3 hi . ■*^ O Q--WI-I 55 < o o 1872-1907 36 1893-1905 8 1890-1907 18 1868-1902 35 1898-1907 10 1879-1900 22 1868-1883 16 1890—1904 15 1890-1907 18 1884-1907 24 1901-1907 7 1868-1902 35 ( 1891-1896 [ 1903-1907 . 11 1868-1902 35 1868-1902 35 1883-1904 22 1875-1900 26 1892-1907 16 1895-1907 13 / 1868-1879 \ 1 1886-1907 r 34 1868-1898 31 1880-1903 24 1876-1907 32 1898-1907 10 1868-1902 35 1878-1906 29 1868-1885 18 1883-1906 24 1886-1907 2'^ 1870-1906 37 1887-1907 21 1897-1907 11 1882-1907 26 1868-1902 35 In. 29*48 31-76 27-48 28-22 29-97 26-63 30-13 24-85 25-95 28-45 33-76 32-46 34-11 30-56 31-10 33-04 31-06 26-50 33-85 28-96 34-70 31-27 30-84 32-61 27-25 31-06 27-98 29-83 27-78 25-26 30-38 3201 24-31 a>*^ o O In. A. 29-2 A. 32-9 A. 28-0 — 28-2 A. 30-6 A. 27-0 A. 28-4 A. 25-3 A. 26-5 A. 29-4 A. 33-7 32-5 A. 33-5 - 30-6 — 31-1 A. 34-0 A. 30 9 B. 27-2 C. 34-3 • 28-9 C. 34-4 H. 31-9 B. 30-8 C. 32-8 — 33-1 CD. 27-4 B. 29-6 B. 28-8 C. 30-6 C. 27-6 D. 26-0 C. 30-5 C. 32-7 — 24-3 In. 29-2t 32-9 28-0 28-2 30 6 27-0 28-4 25-3 S6-0 29-4 33-7 32-5t 33-5 30-6 31-1 34-0 30 9 27-2 35-3 34*4 31-9 30-8 32-8 33-9 27-4 29-6 28-8 30-6 27-6 260 31-1 34-0 24-3 * Alderbury only, t Not corrected for height above ground. iii WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. < « OQ >> TtT hj ^ w % ''^^• t^ O r-l CO CO CO t^ C^ CO CTS 05 C75 CS t>- ,- r^ CO CX) CO CO o CO o CO T-H CO 00 T-H C5 -* i T-H 1-< GO oo GO oo GO T-H CO 0:1 CO T-H a:) 00 T-H T— t 00 T-H CO O CO CO "■: CO CM CO CO ib ' '^ (M CO CO Oi CO T-H -rtl "^ 10 Oi CO •^4*<»bcbcbt>-ocboo T-H»T-HiO '*a50oa5T-tcoc^t>--^04i-H T-H f.-4 (M CO CO CO CO '^ GO CO CO CO UO CT> VO ^ cn CO 2?^ CTj CTS t- t- «) CD crs GO r^ r- .05 GO aj 00 GO 00 CO 00 00 00 on 00 CO >H^ r-H T-H T-t T-H T-l T-H T-H T-H T-H t^ ^ O '^ T-H rH O •^ O -rfi T-H (M CO T-H O CD CO '^ CO t>. -^ CO CO t>- ^HOr-icococoocooor^oco i:«coa5a:>ait^r^aiGOO"iC5t-i>- .OOCOCOODGOCOOOOOGOGOCOOO ^^ ^^^^^T-HrHrH--HrH^ ^H !>• O r^ T-H c^ cj 1- O CJi t>- CO . <3^ CO O CO 00 CO >H ^ ^ rH ,-H T-. 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CO 1—1 t^ CO CM o eS i> oo Oi r^ on r^ h- rrs OS OS r^ I>. l>. ^ H QO 00 1—1 oo 1—1 oo oo T-H 00 00 oo 1—1 oo T-l 00 1—1 CO tH 00 1—1 ^ 1—1 "^ lO 01 o o CM '^ r^ CO Cv-5 lO S r^"* CO o CO OS ^ o O (M o CO CO o .2.;- CO CO Tf( ^ CO CO CO 00 OS r^ 00 oo '* S)-^ . lO t>. 00 TO CO CO ^ CO 'rhi o OS OS .sS Ol OS o (fj (M 00 (M OS CM CO CO CO CO CO <1!^ 1 •-9 1 t 1 >» a s •-9 -t3 OQ 1 2 s a, 1 o t-t 1 i •1 18 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. SPRINGS. We are dealing with a county that abounds in springs. Very many of these are of considerable volume, and groups of them give rise to the chief rivers. So intimately connected, indeed, are the springs and streams, that most of the former are more con- veniently noticed in connection with the bournes, or intermittent stream?, in which Hampshire is so rich. To describe all the various other springs would involve so much work as seriously to delay this Memoir. The following pages must therefore be taken merely as samples, and those chiefly from published sources, notably from papers by Mr. T. W. Shore, who spent much time along our Hampshire rivers and in antiquarian research over the county. The great springs, of courvse, rise from the Chalk, and most of these will be described further on (pp. 24-37). Of the bourne- springs we have a full account ; but various sandy formations also have their springs. In the following pages, however, no strati- graphic classification is attempted, and we start with some general remarks by Mr. Shore on the subject of holy wells. In the concluding part of his paper, " Springs and Streams of Hampshire," ^ Mr. Shore says, " I wish to draw attention to several considerations connected with springs and streams of some antiquarian and scientific interest. First, reverence was anciently paid to springs and wells in both Pagan and Christian times. Well worship can be traced from the most remote antiquity . . It appears to have been common both to the pagan Celts and Saxons. After the Saxon Christian conversion, it was difficult to put down this well worship . . What could not be suppressed in regard to the worship or reverence for springs and wells, appears at last to have been sanctioned under the patronage of the saints, and we have St. Clare's well, St. Mary's well, St. Boniface's well, and St. Lawrence's well . . and others remaining as examples of such holy wells. Secondly, we have traces in Hampshire of the ancient reverence of the Komans for springs and wells." But I doubt whether the frequent occurrence of the remains of Roman buildings near springs goes to prove this : rather does it show that the Romans, like other people, saw the advantage of a water-supply near at hand. " Another consideration worthy of note is that the sites of some of our ancient Hampshire churches appear to have been selected in reference to the sources of streams," and this is a pity, as many a stream has been polluted at its source by the establishment of a graveyard. Not a few lioly wells are in this position. The subject is further referred to in a paper on " Wishing Wells," in which Mr. T. W. Shore has made the following remarks^ : — " There can be little doubt that the wishing wells are survivals of the medigsval holy wells. In Hampshire and the Isle of Wight we have a considerable number of wells and springs ^ Papers Hants. Field Club, 1891, vol. ii, pt. i, pp. 56, 57. 2 Shore Memorial Volume, pt. i. Hants. Field Club, 1908 (from Hants, Independent, 1887), pp. 99-101. SPRINGS. 19 which had a sanctity in previous centuries, and which have, or had, a ' Folk-lore ' of their own down to this century. First in point of interest among these is St. Boniface well, at Bonchurch . . Another ancient holy well in the Isle of Wight is St. Lawrence well . ." " On the mainland we have St. Clare's well, near Soberton, St. Mary's well, at Sheet, near Petersfield, and the holy bourn and spring at Holybourn, near Alton. These I take to be genuine, examples of the mediaaval holy well . ." " It is not possible to fully understand the hold which the holy wells of the middle ages had in the popular imagination, without going back to pre-Christian days, when the ancients, far and wide, paid divine honour to certain springs and sources of great rivers.' " Besides these wells and springs . . whose ancient names still survive, we have in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight many other springs which were much frequented down to the end cf last century for curative purposes in certain disorders. These were probably reputed holy wells in the middle ages, certainly ' Wishing wells ' as far as those who frequented them were concerned. Among these were Irons well, or the Lepers' well, at Fritham, in the New Forest, a chalybeate spring at Shanklin, Sandrock spring, near Chale, Tatter's well at Stanpit, near Christchurch, said to have been noted for its efficacy in weakness of sight, one of the springs at Bedhampton, the strongly chalybeate spring on the north of the old church at Botley, formerly in much repute, a spring near Buckland Rings, Lymington, and a mineral spring at Swathling, near Southampton, formerly resorted to for disorders of the eyes, but now gone for ever, through the necessary excavation made many years ago for the main service pipes of the Southampton Water Works." " About half-a-mile south of Tangley, on the north-west border of Hampshire, is the hamlet of Waterswell Cross, a name probably derived from a cross in ancient days placed over a well in a dry chalk country . ." " Our modern investigation of these springs shows us that they are all, or nearly all, chalybeate . . and that they issue from the tertiary or greensand geological formations." " The water from . . the Lepers' well . . Fritham was . . analysed by Mr. Brierly . . and it was found that the small proportion of iron which it contained, and which is rapidly deposited by oxidation close to the spring, is the only special chemical character the water possesses." The following two paragraphs, by Mr. C. Reid, are from the Memoir on the Geology of Ringwood (1902) : — " Though powerful springs are thrown out at points where Chalk at a low level is overlapped by impervious Eocene strata, these springs have not been utilised for the supply of the towns, wells being dug everywhere. Taking the springs in order, the most copious will be found at Burgate, where the Avon finally passes from Chalk to Tertiary strata. Then following the escarpment towards the south-west we find Sagles Spring, in a similar position in the small valley below Rockbourne. The next valley shows similar springs below South Damerham." 20 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. " Throughout the Tertiary area, though there is a great deal of swampy and boggy land, the water is generally given out as a ' soak ' over a considerable area, not as clearly defined springs. There are some good springs, however, one of the best being given out in the valley north of Rockford Common, apparently from a sand which rests on the impervious glauconitic clay near the base of the Bracklesham Series. About this level a good deal of water oozes out in other places. Nearly all the springs from the Tertiary strata are more or less ferruginous ; those from the Chalk are hard from the dissolved carbonate of lime ; the gravel springs vary considerably in quality, and tend to fail in dry seasons." In 1897 Mr. H. Guillaume gave me the following information about a spring that once flowed in Bitterne Park, near South- ampton : — The spring was in an old gravel-pit in Middenbury Lane, opposite Middenbury Castle, and about 200 feet above sea-level. It ran perpetually and the water was very chalybeate. When the new road was made the spring was buried, but pipes were laid to give exit to the water. Analysis showed that the water contained over 5 grains of iron soluble, per gallon, 4 J grains insoluble, and a large amount of sodium-chloride. He believed that the spring did not come from the gravel, but from the clay beneath. He sunk several shallow wells and amongst them one near to and above the spring, which passed through the following beds, the water from the lowest of which was said to come out warm : — Ordinary clay 12 1 3^ Blue impervious clay 12> n , Brown irony clay, with a little white sand 6 J After describing the springs and bournes of the Test, down to Mottisfont (see post), Mr. Shore goes on to say^ " The remaining tributaries of the Test are . . . chiefly fed by springs in the Tertiary beds . . . The water from the Tertiary springs is not so clear and sparkling as that from the chalk springs," and it "also in many instances contains some little trace of iron, which that from the chalk does not." Of Tadbourne Lake (p. 29), he adds that "another source of this stream is from the springs at Ampfield . . . about 230 feet above the sea." These are from Tertiary beds. " On the west slope of Toot-hill (north-eastward of Nursling) a spring occurs at 150 feet in elevation, which sends out a stream which flows past Ashfield to the Test." "The Ouse or Blackwater, which has its source in Wiltshire, near Whiteparish, at the junction of the chalk with the lower Tertiary beds, enters the county at " Plaitford. " It is increased by springs along its course, and also by the Cadnam water which . . . has one of its sources in the wet wood, fuU of springs on the slope north of Castle Malwood . . ." " Another stream, which gives Millbrook its name, has its sources above Shirley, one branch, the Holly brook, being supplied by rather fitful springs near Chilworth, the highest source being about ^ Papers Hants. Field Club, 1891, vol. ii., pt. 1, pp. 41, 42, 44. Springs. 21 240 feet, and another branch, the Tanner's brook, having one of its sources at the Bedwell spring 100 feet above the sea, a little south of Rownhams." " A permanent spring about a mile south of Hursley is at Ladwell 209 feet above the sea . . . The water from it now supplies the mansion in Hurslej Park." At Huntbourn, 2^ miles S.S.E. of Soberton, there is a spring, just within the border of the Reading Beds, the water of which probably rises up from the Chalk. It was sluggish when I saw it, in August 1903. In the main valley, just above Spurlings (and about a mile north- north-eastward of St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Fareham) there seemed to be a spring, in the water (June, 1903). At OfFwell Farm, Southwick, there is a well-marked spring close to the outcrop of the Chalk. Of course, all the farm-buildings have been placed above it. I believe that the flow fluctuates very much. There is a moated enclosure (? and old fish-pond) a little north- eastward, the western and southern ditches of which were dry when I was there (June 9, 1903) ; but there was a spring at the south- eastern corner and there was a strong flow along the ditch through the little wood eastward ; however, Mr. Hildred told me that this was dry some time after. It seemed as if there was some slight outburst from the top of the Reading Beds and the base of the London Clay. I was told that there was sometimes an outbreak of water at Newbarn, nearly three quarters of a mile south-eastward of Southwick church, in two places, north and east of the house. There is a spring near the outcrop of the Reading Beds south-east of the church (? Widley) over IJ miles eastward. At Rowlands Castle there seems to be a swallow-hole just S.W. of Stansted Cottage, and at the south-eastern corner of " The Forest," there is a spring, the water of which speedily sinks into a swallow-hole, a very short way to the N.E. North-westward of this is a line of swallow-holes, marked as such on the Ordnance Map (Hants. 68, S.E.). The great quantity of water flowing out from the Chalk, at its junction with the Tertiary beds, from Bedhampton through Havant and Warblington, eastward to the county-boundary at Emsworth, and thence further eastward in Sussex has long been commented on. The springs at the first place are taken for the supply of Portsmouth, as also some of those at Havant (see pp. 38-40) ; but there are still others at the latter place, which are used for other purposes. The quantity and the origin of this large outflow of water have given rise to some speculation, and whilst great exaggeration has not been wanting as to the amount, views of a still wilder kind have been brought forward as to the source from which the water comes. Mr. G. W. EwENS^ gave the total flow of the Bedhampton springs as no less than 87,450,000 gallons a day, the Havant town- springs as 9,000,000 (apparently not the whole of the springs here), the Langbourne springs as the same, two springs at Warblington as 4,500,000, and the whole available quantity of the springs in this district as 134,850,000 gallons a day! No wonder then that he ' Royal Commission on Water Supply. Report, 1869, pp. 224-228. 22 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. suggested this, at that time, as a supply for London ! There must have been some mistake in these gaugings. With figures like these before us (and they have been repeated, if not exceeded) it is no wonder, perhaps, that suggestions of a very dis- tant source for the water have been brought forward, and I have seen one to the effect that it must have come from somewhere in France ! Whilst however the above figures are beyond the facts there is no doubt that a very large amount of water flows out from this long set of springs, many millions of gallons a day, and there is at first sight some difficulty in accounting for it. Clearly the eastern part of Portsdown is not a large enough gathering ground to account for all the water of the neighbouring springs at Bedhampton, and the western part of that comparatively small outcrop of Chalk would not contribute. All the other springs are away from Portsdown. Clearly we must look to some greater source, and there is really only one available, that is the much broader outcrop of the Chalk northward of the Tertiary area. That the water is not derived from the various creeks &c. southward of the line of springs is shown by two facts, that it is not salt and that the outflows are above the level of the sea. The wonderful thing is that the water should find its way through deep-seated Chalk, below a trough of Tertiary beds. That trough however is both narrower and shallower than is the case westward of Havant and we must suppose that there are sets of marked fissures or channels giving a fairly free communication from north to south. The following notes, on springs not elsewhere mentioned in this Memoir, are by Mr. H, J. O. White (Geology of Basingstoke, pp. 104-107) : — From the Upper Greensand near Bentley there are a few springs, mostly small. The principal seems to be the one a quarter of a mile west of Froyle Mill. " North of Froyle a strong spring from the Lower Chalk forms the Ryebridge-Brook," eastward of the village. There are springs from the top of the Chalk at Wolverton and Ewhurst (feeding the Enborne) and at Sherborne St. John (feeding the Loddon). The basement-bed of the London Clay has inconsiderable springs. Many small springs occur at the edge of the Bagshot Sand. The Bracklesham Beds furnish few marked springs, but water leaks out in boggy ground on the slopes. The following four paragraphs, by Dr. A. Strahan, on springs in the Isle of Wight, are from the Memoir on that tract (1889). One of the most noticeable features in connection with the outcrop of the Gault, is the copious supply of water which it throws out nearly all round the southern Downs of the Island. The greater part of the strata over-lying this clay being of a permeable nature, the rainfall is absorbed by them, and is thrown out in a line of springs along the top of the first impermeable bed it encounters. The springs are of course most copious along the hill-sides where the Gault is at the lowest level, the underground water naturally moving down the dip-slope of the beds ; but, the dip being very gentle, there are springs along nearly the whole Gault outcrop. The most copious occur at Wydcombe, Bierley (utilised for the Niton and Whitwell Water- works). Niton, Whit- well, south and south-east of Wroxall, and in Greatwood Copse SPRINGS. 23 near Shanklin. The natural spring which formerly issued at the last-mentioned locality was utilised for the Shanklin Water-works, the supply of water having been somewhat increased by driving a heading into the hill along the junction of the Upper Greensand and Gault. Ventnor is supplied by a spring issuing from the same strata, and met with in driving the railway tunnel. Several springs take their rise in the same neighbourhood, and were formerly used to drive a mill in Ventnor Cove. Along the central chain of hills the springs are less frequent, owing to the steep inward dip of the strata. But a fine spring issues at Bottlehole Well near Brixton, and another, issuing, however, in the Upper Greensand, gives its name to the village of Shorwell. About Chillerton and Gatcombe, where the dip is very gentle, numerous springs rise along the sides, and particularly at the heads of, the valleys. At Knighton there are good springs [from the base of the Chalk and from the Upper Greensand], which, supplemented by a well, are ' used for the supply of Ryde. On the very steep slope of chalk over Ventnor a small spring rises, known as St. Boniface's Well. It was remarked by Sir H. ^Englefield that "a spring at this height, is a most remarkable circumstance, and the only instance of the kind in the whole island. It indicates some stratum within the hill differing from the chalk, which certainly would let the water sink through its substance here, as it does everywhere else." This spring occurs at about the height at which it may be calculated that the Melbourn Rock and Belemnitella Marl should occur. A Report by Mr. F. Newman to the Public Works Committee of the Ryde Corporation gives the following figures of guagings : — Upper spring at Chillerton ... 30,000 gallons a day. Spring at Wroxhall 120,000 „ „ Spring near Span 110,000 „ „ By collecting all the springs at Chillerton about three times the quantity above noted could be got. To these may be added the following : — Mr. W. Topley has noted a spring from the Upper Greensand nearly half a mile south of Luccomb Farm, north of Bonchurch, which is 339 feet above Ordnance Datum ; whilst another, in the garden at the farm and 321 feet above Ordnance Datum seems to be from near the top of the Gault. A third, in the parish of Shanklin, nearly half a mile north of the farm, is from Upper Greensand. In the wood just westward of the Ashey Waterworks (Ryde) there used to be a spring from the Chalk, probably intermittent ; but this has ceased to exist, presumably as a result of the pumping. A chalybeate spring is marked on the Ordnance Map (Hants. Sheet 100), about halfway between Blackgang Chine and Rocken End. It is in the parish of Chale, and was described by Dr. Berger to Dr. Marcet.^ It is about 130 feet above the sea, and was said to flow at the rate of two or three hogsheads a day (? 100 to 150 gallons). It issues from a bed of loose sandstone, and is of interest only from its highly ferruginous character {see p. 185). Trans. Geol. Soc, 1811, vol. i, pp. 215-217. 24 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. INTERMITTENT STREAMS. General Remarks. The phenomena of bournes, or intermittent streams, are now well understood, and attention has lately been drawn to them in a Geological Survey Memoir.^ Hampshire abounds in them and Mr. T. W. Shore did much good work in recording these flows in the county ; so that I am able to use his words in this general description. My old friend had a keen interest in the subject of springs and streams, not only from a scientific but also from an antiquarian stand-point. The first of his papers to be quoted has only lately been published in a permanent form and is concerned with Prehistoric Earthworks and Tumuli.^ The publication in question is a well-deserved tribute from the Hampshire Field Club to its founder, who was also its Organizing Secretary for many years. Of the three others associated with Mr. Shore in starting this successful Society I am proud to be one. " In the situation of some of the Celtic tumuli in this county I think we may find a trace of the reverence of the Celts for water sources." " In Hampshire, Celtic tumuli are found in some instances just above the permanent water sources, and in others just above the occasional water sources. The occasional water sources are those which give rise to chalk bourns, which are a marked feature in the physical geology of chalk districts. The bourn is a stream which does not always flow. Usually it is dry during the summer and autumn months, depending on the rainfall. When the rainfall has been great the line (plane) of saturation in the chalk rises higher than at other times, and the bourn springs then begin to flow. If the rainfall has only been moderate in amount the lower springs only flow, but if it has been great, the line (plane) of saturation rises and causes the water to flow out from springs higher up the bourn, and in very wet seasons much higher up. These phenomena in our Hampshire valleys must have been as well-known to the Celts as to ourselves. Whatever their opinions may have been on the origin of these springs, and whether they reasoned about them or not, they must have known the facts. Some of the occasional springs flow only once in ten or even in twenty years, and in some instances the sites of these remarkable springs . . were chosen by the Celts for the burial places of those whose remains they wished to honour by rearing tumuli over them. This is the case at the Seven Barrows between Whitchurch and Newbury. For many years in succession you may pass through the little village of Litchfield near these barrows, and see that the water course along the village street is quite dry, but occasionally after long intervals, it is a roaring little torrent, and its highest occasional source is close to the Seven Barrows . . . Many other instances exist in the county of barrows near occasional bourn springs, such as the case of a barrow at Penton Mewsey, and in other instances where groups of barrows ^ The Water Supply of Kent, 1908, pp. 54-63. 2 Shore Memorial Volume, pt. i. Hants. Field Club, 1908, p. 109. Pages quoted lH-113. Paper reprinted from the Hampshire Observer, 1892, INTERMITTENT STREAMS. 25 exist. There is another group of Seven Barrows about two miles west of Stockbridge^ near the head of one of the small lateral valleys of the Wallop stream, a branch of the Test and near an occasional water source. Another group of a similar kind exists at South Tidworth, also near the head or watershed of a lateral valley from which water must flow in very w^et seasons into the Bourn rivulet close by, which is one of the most remarkable bourns in England. The remains of another group of barrows exists near Bramdean and Hinton Ampner, near the site of a bourn spring, which is one of the occasional sources of the Itchen." " The custom of burial near springs both occasional and permanent has survived in some instances in this »county until our time . . . Hambledon affords a good example. The village is situated at the head of a dry chalk valley and is the occasional source of a bourn." One or more of the springs " rises quite close to or from the churchyard itself ... At Itchenswell and Mapledurwell springs rise close to the churchyard. ... A sluggish spring which in ancient times had a reputed curative property ... is situated close to the old church of Botley, and the stream at Holybourn near Alton rises in considerable volume from the church yard itself.',' This partnership of springs and churchyard is however not to be commended from a utilitarian point of view. It is the Chalk which is most noted for the phenomena of inter- mittent springs, and the following descriptions are almost wholly confined to the Chalk-streams. The details to be given are chiefly from another paper by Mr. Shore, which gives an elaborate account of the Hampshire streams, based on observations extending over several years of his life in Hampshire.^ His remarks refer to both springs and bournes ; and it is con- venient now to keep them together, as in the original, as far as regards the Chalk. It will be noticed that Mr. Shore uses the apt term " occasional sources " for the parts where streams break out only at comparatively rare intervals. His accounts are now reproduced, nearly always in his own words, but in a rearranged form and with some additions, mere verbal ones being put in brackets. The rearrangement consists chiefly in putting the streams in a certain order, taking firstly those which flow southward, to the sea, and then those which flow northward, to the Thames, in each case working from west to east. Tributaries are arranged from above downward. ♦ I had the pleasure of visiting many of the places mentioned in the following pages with Mr. Shore, and am the more glad to make use of his work. Rivers flowing Southward, to the Sea. There are eight of these and they include all the chief Hampshire streams. All but three are wholly in Hampshire, the Avon starting as a Wiltshire stream, the Test having some tributaries from that ' Papers Hants. Field Club, 1891, vol. ii., pt. i., pp. 33-58. The qugtations from this paper ruD on to p. 37. 26 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. county (though the main stream is all in Hampshire) and the Rother having only its head-waters in the county, whence it flows through Sussex. The Avon and its Tributaries. On pp. 44-46 of Mr. Shore's paper we have the following remarks, partly referring to the neighbouring county of Wilts, and to a tract not covered by a Geological Survey Memoir : — " The Avon is but partly a Hampshire stream. ... Of its three main branches . . . one, the Collingbourn, enters this county at the Hampshire Cross, South Tidworth. . . . This stream is very fitful, and is, perhaps, more peculiar than any of the chalk streams I have mentioned. Beyond the limit of Hampshire, at Collingbourn Ducis, the stream may always be seen flowing, not usually of great volume. . . . Its source appears to be further north, towards the Upper Greensand outcrop . . . and it flows over some drift or alluvium, or other bed impervious to water (or water-logged ?), until it reaches some bare (or gravel-capped) part of the chalk south of Collingbourn Ducis. There in ordinary seasons the Collingbourn takes its leave of the upper world and disappears below. You may follow its course . . . for miles. There you may see just beyond the Hampshire border a dry water- course . . with footbridges, and sluices, and all other conveniences for a flow of water, but the water level is usually far below. Some surface water may not unfrequently be seen under the bridge at North Tidworth, but the stream only comes up in wet seasons. At the Hampshire Cross the water in the wells is often 60 feet below the surface, which is the level (of the surface) at Cholderton," some four miles southward. Mr. F. J. Bennett has remarked of a short dry tributary- valley, on the west : — [nearly] " two miles south of Sidbury Hill and south of the Seven Barrows there is a well-marked bourne- hole."i Continuing from Mr. Shore's paper : — " Between South Tid- worth and Shipton Bellinger the bed of the stream is commonly a green sward, and it may be mown or grazed, for grass and wild flowers grow in it. The village road at Shipton is the course of the stream . . . and near the church the dry watercourse is bridged over. . . . Just where the course of the stream leaves Hampshire at Cholderton, at an elevation of 299 feet, the water rises in considerable volume, and the Collingbourn further on flows above ground," and in Wiltshire. " The Avon enters Hampshire . . . south of Downton, and the smaller streams it receives from our county are, with one exception, from the Tertiary formations. . The exception is the Sweetford water, which . . . flows through Rockbourne." " The usual sources of this stream are from springs at about 186 feet. The level in the village is about 169 feet, and the stream is occasionally so great in volume as to flood the road, so that a high pathway has been constructed at its side below the village." ^ The Geology of the Country south and east of Devizes (Sheet 282), 1905, p. 54. INTERMITTENT STREAMS. 27 An error seems to have crept into Mr. Shore's paper, when he speaks of the Ashford Water as a New Forest stream from Tertiary beds, for, unless the name has been wrongly marked on the Ordnance Map (Sheet 314), it joins the Avon on the west, with the Sweetford Water, at Fordingbridge. Moreover, its source, under the name of Allen River, is from the Chalk at Martin, across the border, in Wiltshire. The Test and its Tributaries, This, the chief of Hampshire rivers, is described on pp. 36-41 of Mr. Shore's paper. " The main stream of the Test flows from Polhampton, and its highest permanent spring is at Ashe, about 300 feet above the sea level. . . . The watercourse at Church Oakley is an example of one of the peculiarities of our Hampshire streams. Some of these streams are shy, for after flowing a little way above ground in a rather undecided manner, they simply disappear into the chalk beneath and flow underground. This is the case at Church Oakley. In very wet seasons indeed a stream flows all the way from Oakley, past Dean Church to Polhampton, but commonly, although it may be seen at Oakley, it disappears, and the water swells the great springs at Polhampton. Oakley is 365 feet and Polhampton 300 feet above the sea level . . . and there are many springs along the line of the Test below it, past Overton, Laverstoke, and Freefolk." In speaking of the Test, Mr. H. J. O. White says, " In the wet year of 1881 it rose at Spring Pond . . three furlongs south- west of darken Green. Mr. C. E. Hawkins ascertained that the ground-water was approximately 20 feet below the surface when he visited the spot (? summer of 1891).^" "These springs usually 'rise 'either in November or in December, and it has been noticed that if they rise in November they flow stronger in May . . . than they otherwise do. The Laverstoke springs are at elevations of from about 245 to 274 feet. At Southington the springs are about 268 feet in height. The course of the river seems to be along a continuous line of springs. This course through Laverstoke Park was diverted, but the line of springs remains, and the land which formed the bottom of the ancient stream course is always wet from this cause." . . . " A small stream from the north of Whitchurch rises near Cold Henley at about 280 feet, and higher up is St. Paul's Wood, which must be an occasional source when the chalk is much saturated " (Paul = the Celtic pwl probably). " The St. Mary Bourne stream, which joins the Test at Hurst- bourn Priors, has its usual source at Upton, about 368 feet in elevation, and at Hurstbourn Tarrant, 325 feet. In very wet seasons the Swift river, as it is here called from its rapid flow, rises at Vernham Dean, 433 feet above the sea. These springs about Hurstbourn Tarrant arrested the attention of Cobbett, who mentions them in his ' Kural Rides,' and describes them as dry from August * The Geology of the Country around Basingstoke, page 105. 14524—5, 3, 3, 2. 28 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. to nearly March ' when the water boils up in thousands of places m the meadows.' . . If you visit the village of St. Mary Bourne late in the summer the stream there will usually be found almost stagnant." "In the low lying meadows at Longparish and Wherwell are great springs. Wherwell, locally pronounced Horrel or Horwell, derives its name from its hoar, or ancient springs or wells. The springs here rise at about 152 feet . . ." "The Micheldever stream, which joins the Test before the j auction with the Anton (near Bransbury), is supplied by springs which may be seen among the watercress beds near Northbrook, a little north of Micheldever village, and by the footpath to East Stratton. These springs in very rainy seasons produce great volumes of water, which flood the road. The name Miceldever in Doomsday Book means ' much water.' The highest occasional source of the stream is at the south of Stratton Park (near the Tertiary outlier). It receives a branch which is fed by the springs about Bullington, the highest of which is near the Stockbridge and Basingstoke road, at an elevation of about 217 feet." " The Anton (tributary), which flows past Andover, rises near that town in various springs, those near Water-lane towards East Anton, being about 200 feet above the sea. The springs at Charlton have about the same elevation, and those at Penton Mewsey about 234 feet. This is the highest visible source of the Anton, but there can be little doubt that the Penton Mewsey springs are connected with the phenomenon which occurs in wet seasons at Appleshaw. When the chalk is much saturated a stream rises at Redenham about 308 feet in elevation, and flows through Appleshaw village 300 feet, where you may see water-courses, generally dry, alongside of the village road. The stream flows south towards Wey Hill, to a level of 283 feet, where the road begins to rise, and here the water is absorbed by the chalk and disappears, flowing below Ramridge Park, and probably east of Wey Hill, but underground, until it reaches the water course at or near Penton Mewsey. The Pill brook, which joins the Anton . . a mile below Andover, has its source near Kimpton 274 feet . . receiving a branch from the Thrunton springs 260 feet in eleva- tion." Whether anything in the nature of intermittence occurs in this stream is not said however ; but it is likely. " Near Horsebridge (Bossington) the Test is joined by the Wallop stream . . The highest source of the Wallop stream is above the village of Over Wallop, where springs occur in the fields, but in the latter part of the summer the brook which is seen along the roadside is dry. The highest occasional source of the stream is near Castle Farm . . 300 feet in elevation . . Springs occur along the course of this stream, through Broughton to Bossington." " The Sombourn . . has its source usually in and near Tanner's Pond, east of King's Sombourn, 119 feet in elevation. The springs are flowing in April, but the stream above the village is dry in September. In very wet seasons this stream rises at Ashley a mile and a half to the east, and on higher ground. This has happened on' three occasions since 1851." INTERMITTENT STREAMS. 29 " The Dean . . stream, which flows into the Test near Mottisfont, is fed by springs from the chalk in the valley of West Dean (just in Wiltshire), at about 126 feet in elevation. Its occasional sources are in Wiltshire further to the west, and it receives smaller streams from occasional sources about East and West Tytherley (at the northern outcrop of the Chalk) . . Near Dembridge farm there are springs at about 86 feet in elevation . . On the line of junction of the chalk with the Reading beds at Mottisfont occurs a spring of remarkable interest. It is undoubtedly the ' font ' which partly gives the village its name, and is one of the most beautiful springs in the county. This . . ' font ' is on the lawn of Mottisfont House ; it is a well, perhaps, 10 feet deep and 4 or 5 feet wide, full of water as clear as crystal, ever flowing and yielding, perhaps, two million gallons of water daily . . ." " Tadbourne Lake, a stream which joins the Test at Romsey, has one of its sources in a spring near Pucknall (by Braishfield), 113 feet in elevation, where the chalk crops out." The Itchen and its Tributaries. The Itchen is of course a tributary of the Test ; but in tidal water, and therefore for present purposes, which are of a distinctly freshwater character, may be treated as a separate river. Continuing from Mr. Shore's paper (pp. 42-44) we come to what may be called the three-headed Chalk-stream of the Itchen, the northern part from the Candover valley, the eastern being the Aire, and the southern the name-stream. Of this last Mr. Shore says : — " A little to the north of Kelmeston is a pool in a little field by the road side, where you may drink at the head-water of the Itchen. This spring head is about 247 feet above the sea, and is the usual highest source of the stream, but its occasional source in very wet seasons is higher up at an elevation of about 300 feet, not far from Kilmeston church . . A little stream . . rises at Bramdean at about 260 feet in elevation. Springs and wells, which sometimes overflow, occur along its course to Cheriton." The following three paragraphs which go into more details are from a later paper by Mr. Shore. ^ " Cheriton is a place of springs . . East, south, and west of these water sources for eight or more miles, no permanent springs are found. On the east, the long valley in which Bramdean is situated may be traversed until the water parting of the river basin of the Itchen and that of the Rother, is met with . . This valley is one of those dry upper valleys above the permanent springs which commonly occur in chalk and limestone districts." " The system of water drainage in the dry valleys near Cheriton is a system of soakage and swallow holes. In wet seasons, and particularly in rainy winters, plenty of water may be seen flowing down the little channels from the higher ground to the hollows where the porous chalk absorbs it. It is not often that much of * The Physical Geology . . of the Neighbourhood of Cheriton. Papers Hampsh. Field Club, 1900, vol. iv, pt. ii, p. 137. 14524 2 30 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. this water may be observed flowing along the usually dry water courses, but the water goes, as certainly as if it flowed above ground, to feed the springs at and near Cheriton. At rare intervals the water flowing beneath the surface down the Bramdean t alley rises in a great spring a little west of the village (of Bramdean), and flows along the bourn channel. Some springs in very wet seasons have been known to burst out not far from Woodcote (just above Bramdean). The bourn spring west of Bramdean, is one of the most interesting of Hampshire springs. Only some- times is it a spring ; much more often it is a swallow hole. It is easy to understand that the underground channel from which the water rises when the chalk is saturated with water and the water level consequently high, is capable of forming a channel through which the water can sink when the chalk is dry and the water level is low . . ." " The water of these (Cheriton) springs being derived from the chalk is of a temperature of about 50° Fah., and this is the normal temperature, both in summer and winter . . It is owing to this that the water above such springs never freezes. These springs usually flow the strongest at the latter part of the winter or in the early spring, depending on the period of the autumn or winter rain. They do not rise the strongest just after the rain, but some weeks after a rainy period. This is owing to the slow action of the chalk in first absorbing, and afterwards giving out the water which falls upon it." Turning again to the older paper of Mr. Shore's, in speaking of the Aire branch of the 1 tchen he says : — " The stream from Bishop's Sutton flows from springs at Water- lane, 264 feet above the sea. This stream is also increased in volume by an occasional supply from the lower part of Ropley, which is 70 to 120 feet above the level of the springs at Bishop's Sutton . . A stream from Bighton rises near Drayton farm at about 280 feet above the sea . . Its occasional highest source is in Well Copse . . 350 feet in elevation." An older observer, Col. Gr. Greenwood, noted in 1864, in a letter to the Hampshire Chronicle,^ that " the springs about Bishop's Sutton, Bighton, and Hinton, which are among the earliest sources of the I tchen, have been for some time dying off ; and I imagine we must expect this dying off of springs to progress down the valley." Returning to Mr. Shore, " Alresford pond, made by Bishop de Lucy, in the twelfth century . . was constructed by a great embankment being projected across the valley . . In some parts of this valley the chalk is covered only by a few inches of soil, and so as the water was made to rise in the pond the action of the chalk at the western part of it made it difficult to keep all the water in, except when the chalk in very wet seasons was saturated. Conse- quently a swallow hole limits the holding capacity of the pond, and it has been calculated that more water leaves the pond by the swallowing action of the chalk beneath than by the natural overflow. The level of the embankment is 233 feet, while the river about ^ Reprinted in his "River Terraces," 1864, 8° Lond. p. 61. INTERMITTENT STREAMS. 31 one mile below is only 185 feet in elevation ; so that there is a considerable fall to allow this underground drainage to act." The following later note is by Mr. H. J. O. White (Geology of Basingstoke, 1909, p. 105) : — " At long intervals the Candover branch of the Itchen rises near Preston House, south of Axford. Both syllables of the name of the latter place indicate the former presence of a stieam still higher up the Axford valley, but the writer was assured by an old resident in the neighbourhood that no bourne had flowed at Axford for at least sixty years, though melting snow had been known to cause floods there. The average level of the ground-water at Preston Candover and Axford is said to be about 30 feet below the surface in the bottom' of the valley." And now we again take up Mr. Shore's paper. " The Candover stream, the longest of the tributaries of the Itchen, rises from a spring at Chilton Candover 300 feet above the sea. . . In wet seasons the stream rises at Preston Candover at an elevation of 324 feet. There can be little doubt, also, that it receives an underground supply occasionally from a higher source still, for Anton, 361 feet above the sea, lies higher up the valley. . . Several old roads converge here, more or less water tracks in wet seasons, and the chalk lies so near the surface (with still more permeable gravel along the bottom of the valley) that the drainage of this part of the valley is easily absorbed, and no doubt helps to swell the stream below." " After leaving the neighbourhood of Alresford the Itchen receives no considerable tributary, except that from Headbourn Worthy, until it reaches the Tertiary country . . . but many springs occur along the course of the stream. . . . One of these springs near Wharf Mill, Winchester, has been utilized for centuries for a water supply to Winchester College, and it still supplies the Warden's house, the Brewery, and the inner quadrangle of the College. A little rivulet formerly flowed past Fulflood farm to the east part of the city ditch at Winchester, and thence along the south wall to the Itchen. The deep railway cutting east of the barracks marks the line of this ditch, but goes much below its former level, and the rivulet has consequently ceased to flow. North of Brambridge springs may be observed in the bed of the water courses n(^ar the river. . . . The Otterbourn has its source in the Poleshole spring, which has been lately utilized for watercress growing. About half a mile to the west of this spring is the Otterbourn swallow hole, which receives the water that flows from the direction of Hursley, along the channels by the side of the lane past Silkstead farm. This swallow hole, as well as the Poleshole spring, occurs at the junction of the Reading beds with the chalk. The volume of water from the direction of Hursley is sometimes very great. In 1775 this village was flooded through the bursting out of chalk springs after a very wet season." The Poleshole springs usually break out in the higher part of the Watercress Bed and just above. " Bow Lake stream, which joins the Itchen north of Bishopstoke, has its main source in the chalk springs near Upham, 200 feet above the sea. Another branch of this stream rises north of Hensting, when the spring? flow there, which they do not always. Vf ater 32 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. channels may be seen along the roadway at Hensting, 109 feet above the sea, from which the water flows to Fisher's pond, the springs near the upper end of which are always active. The highest occasional source of the stream is in Water lane, near Owlsbury, 306 feet." The Hamhle, Of this stream Mr. Shore speaks on pp. 55, 56 of his paper. " The Hamble has its chief sources near Bishop's Waltham. The springs to the north of the town are in the chalk at an elevation of about 128 feet. Those near Waterlane farm are about 134 feet. A branch stream joins the Hamble south of Bishop's Waltham from Stokes lane, south of Upham, the water source being about 150 feet " (above the sea). Other streams flow from The Moors, south-east of the town, " the elevation . . . being about 100 feet. Another stream flows to the river from the direction of Swanmore," but this is mainly the drainage of the Tertiary tract, as also are other tributaries lower down. " The Lower Bagshot . . . has a number of springs at its base, which supply rivulets." I examined the springs at the Moors in October 1898 and again in August 1903. They are within the area of the Reading Beds ; but the water must come up from the Chalk. The springs can mostly be seen by following the edge of the marshland. At its western end, close to the footpath, there is a large collection of bubbling springs or " sand-boils," so called from the rapid throwing up of the sand at the bottom of the water. There are springs at the re-entering angles of the northern border of the marsh, and in a small basin in the middle of its eastern border is another set of bubbling springs. Nearly a quarter of a mile eastward (a little south of Suetts Farm) are other springs, once used for a watercress- bed, and still further east by Newlands Lane are some fluctuating outflows. Most of these springs are practically shown on the six- inch Ordnance Map (58, S.E. and 59 S.W., Revised 1895), though the word spring is nowhere engraved. In the main valley, in October 1898, the channel of the westerly branch was dry from Waterlane Farm to just below Northbrook Farm ; but there was water in the other branch by the road a little east of Northbrook Farm, and it supplied a watercress-bed. The Meon or Titchfield River, Continuing from Mr. Shore's paper (p. 55), this stream " is in some respects unlike any other in Hampshire. It has its highest permanent sources about a mile south of East Meon, where its spring head may be seen in the chalk, about 400 feet above the sea. About half-a-mile to the east is another spring at about the same elevation, which gives off" a stream called the Oxenbourn. . . . These are our highest chalk springs in Hampshire." Here one may interpose an older notice of this stream and its temporary disappearance, by CoL. G. Greenwood.^ " The stream which usually runs through Westmeon . . . has for many weeks entirely disappeared, so that there is no running water between Westbury Pond and Warnford Pond. Though ^ Letter to the Ilamjjshire Chronicle, 1864. Reprinted in his " River Terraces," of the same year, pp. 69, 70. INTBRMrTTENT STREAMS. 33 above Westmeon three mills are worked . . . these mills are worked ' by spells,' as they say — that is as often as they can get water enough. . . . But below Drayton the water sinks away into ' swallow-holes.' I have observed two of these swallow-holes just below Westbury Ponds. Probably the water reappears at Warnford Pond, around and just below which the springs are strong enough to form a river at once. . . . The two highest springs above Eastmeon are the Oxenbourne spring, and the other ' Spring- head,' above Fairfield Mill. ... I imagine, however, that both these springs are just dying off, and all the springs and wells above Warnford and Westmeon may probably go dry." "There is a common belief that wind makes the springs rise. But . . . the springs are strong or weak directly as the quantity of rain. ... As the past drought has caused our present low springs, so after very rainy seasons, what we call our Lavants (^Labens) run. . . . That is, springs burst forth in the valleys many miles above what are considered as the perenniel springs. This happened here last after the very rainy winter of 1852-3." Mr. H. W. Trinder, writing of West Meon,says : "The river here is small and intermittent in summer. Hence it is called . . . ' The Bourne.' " {Papers Hants Field Club, 1907, Vol. vi, pt. i, p. 74). Much lower down the valley, to return to Mr. Shore, " south of Soberton, not far from the stream, is a pool or well called St. Clare's well ( ? a spring just above St. Clair's Farm) w^hich was probably in ancient time one of our holy wells. The springs near Wickham are caused by the London clay outcrop from beneath the Lower Bagshot sands. . . . Further on, the Meon again meets with . . , another chalk outcrop, the western part of the Portsdown ridge. . . . Here the stream is increased in volume by great springs about 35 feet above the sea at Great Fontley, and near Little Fontley farm. These old place names have been derived from the springs." The Wallington River. Mr. Shore, on pp. 54, ^5 of his paper says of this stream : " It derives its supply chiefly from the Tertiary formations ... on the north of Portsdown hill, and you may stand on the bridge at Southwick, and see the stream either in great volume or at other times almost dry, depending on the period of the year and the season," as would be expected with a stream largely dependent on the drainage of a clay-country. " A branch . . . has its sources ... a few miles north of . . . Southwick . . . Its highest occasional source in wet seasons is at Hambledon (in the Chalk-tract). In 1879 a great 'lavant ' occurred at Hambledon ; the water rose in all the low-lying parts of the little town, and springs broke out in all directions ... as high up the village as the churchyard." I was at Hambledon in May 1905 and then found a dribble of water through the village from above Fairfield House (the north- eastern end of the village) down to the Smithy (at its south-w^estern end, about half a mile from the church), the water being more pronounced from below Hambledon House to the fork of the roads. Below the Smithy there was no water for some way. 34 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. The Huvant Stream, On page 54 of his paper Mr. Shore says : " ISI o permanent stream flows through this valley, but eastward of the village (of Chalton) a remarkable ' lavant ' occurs. This lavant is a flow of water from springs in the chalk of an uncertain and intermittent nature, which occur in the winter or early spring, depending on the time and degree of the winter rainfall and the consequent saturation of the chalk. The lavant springs occur at varying elevations, depending on the nature of the season ; the higher the lavant, the greater is the flow of water ; " but there seems to be some slip in saying that it " finds its way into Chichester harbour, near Emsworth," it would seem to flow rather to Havant than to the Ems River. The head of this stream, that is the highest part of the bourne- rise, is at the north-western corner of Idsworth Old Park. The Rother. The following remarks are from pp. 52-54 of Mr. Shore's paper. " In the eastern part of Hampshire, north of Petersfield, . . . the high, well-wooded hills or hangers are partly those of the Upper Greensand, and the vales at their feet are chiefly formed of the Gault clay. It is on the lower slopes of these Upper Greensand hills that the springs which feed some of the branches of the Kother occur ... In very wet seasons, when the Upper Greensand hills are saturated, the Gault . . . becomes slippery from the great flow of water, so that landslips have occasionally occurred . . . One of the branches of the Rother has its sources near Empshott and Hawkley. The springs near here have an elevation of about 300 feet . . . The Ashford stream, another of the tributaries of the Rother, has its source on the slopes of Ashford hill . . . 400 feet above the sea." " The Griddle stream . . . has its sources in springs near the Upper Greensand outcrop to the east of East Meon." " South of Petersfield the streams which flow to the Rother are fed by springs from the chalk . . . One of these streams has its sources in the springs about Buriton . . . from 255 to 300 feet in elevation." Wh^re the Rother leaves Hampshire " the springs have an elevation of about 170 feet. Near here, in St. Mary's Well Hanger, is St. Mary's well (spring?) 172 feet above the sea." Streams flowing northward to the Thames. Of these three streams the upper parts only are in Hampshire, except in the case of the short Enborne, which however passes out of the county before it flows into the Kennet. The Enborne. This, which for the greater part of its course is the border between Hampshire and Berkshire, is chiefly a Tertiary stream ; but it is partly of Cretaceous origin, and Mr. Shore says of it (on p. 50 of the paper quoted) : " From the vale of Kingsclere the l^NIVERSITY ^UFORN^ INTERMITTENT STREAMS. 35 Enborne receives two lesser streams which rise from springs of much interest. One of these, the Kingsclere stream, rises at the spring head a short distance south of Kingsclere, at an elevation of about 350 feet, and close to the Upper Greensand outcrop. Occasional springs also occur up to 372 feet, or higher." This then is an Upper Greensand stream at its start. " The Itchingswell spring (Ecchinswell of the newer map), from which the other stream is chiefly supplied, occurs at the junction of the chalk with the Reading beds. This spring has an elevation of 335 feet, and is near to the site of the old church and graveyard . . . The occasional sources of water . . . are higher up towards Ladle Hill, from the northern slopes of which the water course is either through Sidmonton Park to Itchingswell, or along the road at the western extremity of the park, where a very deep channel, dry in summer, may be seen near the Burghclere road. The Itchenswell spring forms a small rivulet of considerable volume at its source." The course from the Avest of Sydmonton Park, above alluded to, would seem to lead northward to the Chalk-spring named Hockley's Hole, at the junction with the Reading Beds a little east of the railway, which source of the Enborne has escaped notice in the above-quoted paper. The Loddon and its Tjihutaries. Mr. H. J. 0. White records the highest rising point of this river, saying " the Loddon occasionally rises in a field east of Cross way Farm, near Worting," (Geology of Basingstoke). Of this river Mr. Shore treats on pp. 48, 49 of his paper. I add some notes from visits of my own, in later years : — " The main stream rises about a mile west of Basingstoke, at an elevation of about 265 feet." This is at West Ham House, whence, for three-quarters of a mile or so the stream is very small, but increases as it passes through the town, below which " it is largely increased in volume . . by the great flow of water from the springs, which may be seen near the upper road between Basing- stoke and Old Basing. These springs are in the chalk, and have an elevation of about 263 feet. An occasional source of water flowing down to the level of these springs is in Spring Wood, Hackwood Park, 330 feet in elevation." The chief springs are in the small side-valley of Basingstoke Common, and, in the parish of Basing, in another small side-valley just to the east, and in the main valley at and below the combined junctions of these side-valleys. " The Lyde . . tributary stream, has its chief source in the great springs at Andwell Moor at an elevation of about 237 feet," as well as from springs in the marsh a little westward, between the two main roads. But this group of springs is not the head of the stream, one branch of which seems to rise at Moorham's Farm, in the valley to the south-west, whilst the other "branch of this stream has its source at Maplederwell. . . The spring is in the chalk close to the churchyard, about 242 feet in elevation, but the flow is very uncertain. In wet seasons the stream rises half a mile 36 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. higher up^ and the water makes a channel for itself across the fields. Some years ago . . it was stated . , that the Maple- derwell stream yielded 1,800,000 gallons of water a day. This perhaps it does in March, hut in the latter part of a fairly dry summer it does not yield a pint, and the watercress at the spring head is barely kept alive." But "the Lyde at Andwell carries away some millions of gallons of water daily." " The Weybrook, which is one of its (the Loddon's) tributaries, has its spring head at the junction of the chalk and Reading beds, a little west of the church at Sherborne St. John, the elevation of the spring being about 256 feet. It flows at once in considerable volume." The longer branch of this tributary starting from Ramsdell, further westward, seems to consist only of the drainage from the Tertiary })eds. " The Whitewater springs (probably the chief tributary from the Chalk) are at Bidden Water about a mile south of Greywell, the elevation being 268 feet. Its highest occasional source is . . towards Upton Grey. The springs . . yield many million gallons of water a day." I examined this watercourse early in the spring of 1908 ; but unfortunately have lost my notes. Springs can be seen at various places from Bidden Water downward to Greywell. A branch, not alluded to by Mr. Shore, starts in the valley by Hill Side Farm, just E.S.E. of Odiham. " A branch of the Whitewater rises at Ashley head spring, close to Crondall, about 273 feet above the sea. It flows north, joining another stream from near Itchel (also in Crondall parish), 265 feet. These streams have their sources at or near the outcrop of the chalk." The first spring is in a small basin in the Chalk ; the second set of springs, named Itchell Mill Springs on the six-inch Ordnance Map, is about a third of a mile north of Itchell House. On a visit to Crondall in August, 1889, I was told that in winter water breaks out in the valley to the south-west. The Wey and its Tributaries. Continuing from Mr. Shore's paper (pp. 50-52) : " The highest geological formation which supplies the Wey is the Chalk, and the lowest is the Lower Greensand." The high springs of the Alton branch, from the Lower and Middle Chalk, just west of Alton "at Willhall [? Wellhall] have an elevation of about 360 feet. King's Pond, near the railway station, is supplied by springs south of the town. . . The Alton springs yield a very great volume of water." By the eastern end of Alton this branch '• receives an occasional source in a stream which in wet seasons flows from the Upper Greensand at West Worldham (a little S. W. of West Worldham, but not on the newer Ordnance Map), down one of the most interesting waterways in the county, called Water Lane, which is at times both a lane and a water-course." At Holybourne is another Lower Chalk spring and very short water-course. " The spring has an elevation of about 350 feet, and is close to the churchyard. Formerly, the water issued from its INTERMITTENT STREAMS. 37 natural spring almost opposite the west door of the church, and about 20 yards from it ; but when the churchyard was enlarged, the spring head and stream were culverted for about 30 or 40 yards to the pond, which adjoins the churchyard wall, and in which the . . Holybourne now rises." " The southern branch of the Wey . . enters our county from Sussex, and it forms the boundary of the two counties in Hammer bottom (west of Haslemere). . . The springs in Hammer bottom (from Hythe Beds) have an elevation of 400 feet." The neighbourhood of Bramshott " is a country of springs, the most interesting of which are in the beautiful glen scenery of Wagner's (Waggoners) Wells, at an elevation of from 400 to 500 feet," in a tributary-valley on the right, aUo in the Hythe Beds. On the left, at Lindford, other tributaries, forming the Hollywater, join, and " one of these streams flows, except in dry seasons, from Woolmer pond." The short tributary from Headley, where there is " at the part called Arford, plenty of water and springs at an elevation of about 255 feet," joins the main stream on the right bank just north of the village. " Another branch of the southern Wey is the Oakhanger, which has its source at the well head (spring) at Selborne, 415 feet above the sea, at the outcrop of the Upper Greensand." It is to be wished that the streams of the Isle of Wight may be as carefully chronicled as those pf the mainland have been by Mr. Shore. Mr. T. Hennell has given the following gaugings of springs feeding the Loddon and the Whitewater, made in the autumn of 1866: Greywell, 2,500,000 gallons a day; Mapledurwell, 1,980,000 ; Newram (a name given on the old Ordnance Map, sheet 12, to the springs half-way between Basingstoke and Basing), 4,500,000.* * Royal Commission on Water Supply. Minutes of Evidence, p. 117. Fol. Lond., 1869. 38 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. SUPPLIES FEOM SPRINGS. Water is of course taken from springs for small local supplies in many places ; but there are also public supplies which get their water from springs or by development of springs, either in part or whoUy. Though there are not many such yet amongst them is the largest supply in the county, that of the Portsmouth Company, which is moreover the largest spring-supply in the kingdom. Portsmouth and District Supply. So important are the Portsmouth Waterworks, on which the great dockyard, as well as other naval and military establishments depend for their supply, that they may well be described before passing on to the smaller works. The following account is based on a pamphlet printed by the Company in 1889, on the Report of Dr. T. Thomson (L.Gr.B. 1897), from which several quotations are made, on later information given by the Engineer, Mr. H. Ashley and on some other sources, besides my own personal knowledge. The first step for a public supply was taken in 1741 by Mr. T. Smith, who got power to use springs in Farlington Marshes ; but nothing was done for 30 or 40 years, when Mr. P. Taylor took the first practical step by digging a well in Crookhorn Copse, about five miles north-eastward of Portsmouth and by driving a tunnel into Portsdown Hill in the same neighbourhood. Enough water however was not got and the scheme was abandoned. In 1809 the Farlington Waterworks Co. was established, taking over the powers got by Mr. Smith, and it made a pumping station in the Farlington Marshes, from the springs in which a supply was started in 1811. In 1809 the Portsea Island Waterworks Co. was also established and started a competing supply, from a well at Brunswick Road, Landport, even then a populous place. In 1840 the two companies combined, as the Portsmouth and Farlington Waterworks Co. ; but their long rivalry had impaired their resources and they failed in sufficiently extending the works. In 1857 the old company was bought up by the present one, the Borough of Portsmouth Waterworks Co. The population of Portsmouth and its immediate surroundings, not then included in the borough, was about 98,000 and the total supply about 500,000 gallons a day ; many houses getting water from wells in their back- yards, often dangerously near to cess-pits and other possible sources of pollution. The new Company continued to use the Farlington springs (a little northward of the railway about half a mile south-westward of the church) ; but the Landport well was not used. Soon after its establishment the Company purchased some of the springs at Havant and then supplied the borough from this source in 1860. The Havant works (close to the springs) were enlarged and from time to time other springs were purchased, at Havant and at Bedhampton. In 1889 a second pumping station was established SPRING SUPPLIES. 39 at the latter place, close to the additional springs that had been acquired, and various additional works have been done since, in- cluding short cylinders or borings in some of the springs. Thus at the Railway Spring, just within the southern border of the London Brighton and South Coast line, westward of the Bedhampton Works, a cylinder was driven down, in gravel, to a depth of about 18 feet ; whilst at East Bidbury Spring, just to the north, a boring was made, in the middle of the spring-pond, through gravel (below the water), to a depth of 7 feet below the surface of the water, then through 29 feet of " chalk marl and stones " (the reconstructed material at the top of the Chalk which often occurs hereabout), and then through 82 feet of chalk and flints, or 118 feet in all. I have seen the water flowing over the top of the bore-pipe, some inches above the level of the water in the spring-pond, and a like thing occurs in other cases. The following is a description of the works as they were in 1896, 7. (From Dr. Thomson's Report, L. G. B.) At the Havant Works there are several springs within the Company's property of about seven acres. " As they rise many of these springs are impounded in open collecting basins, through the floor of which they bubble up, while others are conveyed in open conduits from their point of origin to these collecting basins. Collecting basins as well as conduits are lined at the sides with stones, set in cement. Their bases are formed by the Chalk and Chalk-gravel. . . All the springs, conduits, and collecting basins within the enclosure are surrounded by a trench of puddled clay. . . This puddle trench is constructed of ... a red clay of impervious character derived from the Reading Beds." With an average breadth of three feet the trench " is said to have been everywhere carried down into the hard Chalk or into clay, which is stated to have been encountered at some points. . . The depth ... is said to range between 10 and 30 feet." Two other springs, outside the puddle-trench and south-west of the enclosure are also used. In one, about 150 yards from the enclosure, the water " is received as it comes to the surface in a small collecting basin, of which the sides are lined with brick and stone set in cement. The second, really a group of springs is a little eastward and rather nearer than the enclosure, and its water is received in a small collecting basin through the floor of which the springs bubble up. The walls . . . are formed by brick and stone in cement, and . . . are surrounded on all sides by a trench of puddled clay some 3 feet in thickness, and carried down . . . 8 or 10 feet from the surface of the ground into the Chalk." The Bedhampton Works, by the Hermitage Stream " take their supply from the St. Chads Well, Blue Hole, and Bedhampton Springs. These springs have been opened out ; while the channels along which they flow have been cleared out and the water in them dammed back by weirs, so as to form collecting basins. These basins are unlined and unprotected." Though the two Works are each complete in themselves, they are so connected that water from either can be pumped by the engines at the other. Other springs then owned by the Company but not used have since been brought into use. The Havant and Bedhampton Springs belonging to the Company "are estimated as yielding about 15,000,000 gallons per day. Of these . . . probably about 9,000,000 are furnished by the springs utilised by the Company " (in 1897). Pumping from both or either of the works "goes on daily . . and the average supply drawn from the combined source amounts to about 7,000,000 gallons daily." At the Farlington Works is a set of springs, mostly eastward of the engine-house, over ground a quarter of a mile or more in length. The water has no exit at the surface but flows into a pumping well, about 15 feet deep. The amount formerly taken from these springs, by the Farlington Water Co., is said to have been 500,000 gallons daily. CMr. H. Ashley gives it as only from 150,000 to 200,000.) This supply has been given up. 40 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. The following springs were taken in later : — North or East Bidbury in August, 1898, South or West Bidbury in the month after, Little Blue Hole in August, 1901, and the Railway Spring in August, 1902. The total minimum yield of the four being nearly 3,000,000 gallons a day. There are also the Church springs (2 sets), south of the engine-house, and Wyatt's spring, in the Upper Bedhampton Mill Pond. The winter of 1879, 1880 is said to have given the lowest gaugings of the springs. A table of gaugings of the Company's springs, at Havant and Bedhampton, taken once a week, from 4th April, 1905, to 20th March, 1906, shows that the amount varied from 11,800,000 gallons on 4th December, 1905, to 21,000,000 on 20th February, 1906. Only twice was the amount below 12,000,000, and six times it was 20 or more. The level of the springs is about 18 feet above Ordnance Datum. From a |able showing periods of great consumption, from 16th January, 1901, to 3rd September, 1902, we learn that in the week ending r2th July, 1901, the supply reached a daily average of 9,113,000 gallons. The following particulars are gleaned from the Water Works Directory, 1909. Besides the Borough of Portsmouth (equal the whole of Portsea) the following places are in the area of supply :— Bedhampton, Cosham, Drayton, Emsworth, Farlington, Havant, New Brighton, Purbrook, Red Hill, Warblington, Waterloo and Wymering. The yearly supply is 2,866,930,121 gallons and the average daily consumption is 24^ gallons a head (for domestic purposes only). For analyses of the waters of these springs see pp. 179-184. Aldershot Camp. The former supply of this great military station was from a set of springs flowing into Bourley Bottom. These springs are for the most part just within the county-boundary and two only start some yards across it, in Surrey. The water comes from the gravel of the hill-top and from the underlying Upper Bagshot Sand, being thrown out by the clayey Bracklesham Beds beneath. Collected by a great number of channels it is led into reservoirs, the highest just below the 500 feet contour on the map and the lowest a little below the 400 feet contour. The scheme is a good example of the collection of water from surface-beds in an uninhabited area ; but the collecting ground is comparatively small, and with the increase of the demand for water it became needful to look for another supply. Now the Camp depends for its water on the Aldershot and Farnborough Companies. From a Report made by Lord Belhaven (then Lt.-Col. A. C. Hamilton, R.E.) in 1884 we learn that the supply was uncertain because in dry seasons it was inadequate to the requirements and that the water was of inferior quality, as being unfit for use unless filtered. At the time the Permanent Barracks and the South Camp were wholly supplied from this source and it had been lately extended to part of the North Camp. Except for this the North Camp was dependent on wells, some of which had been reported as unfit for use ; but others apparently yielded wholesome water. The five reservoirs have a total capacity of 41,727,585 gallons ; it was impossible to prevent an accumulation of vegetable debris from collecting in them. The following particulars as to the character of the Bourley waters are taken from an Appendix to this Report, by the Professor of Hygiene at Netley (De Chaumont). The samples were taken from the reservoirs on 5th July, 1883! Reservoir No. 2. Slightly coloured ; clear ; slight sediment ; good lustre ; good taste ; no smell ; Microscopic characters. A desmid, a few particles of soot, minute infusoria, vegetable debris. Remarks. Unfit for drinking without filtration. SPRING SUPPLIES. 41 Reservoir No. 5. Slightly coloured ; clear ; slight sediment ; good lustre ; good taste ; no smell. Microscopic characters. Mineral grit. Remarks. Usable, but would be improved by filtration. Aldershot Town. At first the supply here seems to have been somewhat of the nature of a spring-supply, being derived from a very shallow source. According to Dr. Reece, in his Report on the Urban District (L.G.B. 1889). " At one time, some years ago, the company procured their supply of water from the gravel strata at the southern part of the district, but owing to the increase of the Town, and, to a certain extent, the difficulty of ensuring the gathering ground from pollution " this was given up and the well-supply was established. Bournemouth. In its early days, when this was but a small place, the water-supply was got from springs. See p. 68. Hartley Wintney. The public supply, according to Dr. Low (Report, L.G.B. 1907) is " derived from upland springs and upland surface water in an unpopulated part of the district. . . Some of the water is peaty." For an analysis of the water see p. 179. Lymington. Particulars from the Water Works Directory, 1907. Works established 1883. Surface-springs, from gravel (? near Ampress). Yearly supply 28,500,000 gallons. Maximum days' consumption 90,000. According to the same work, 1909, the yearly supply was 27,769,500 in 1908, and the maximum day's consumption (August) was 102,000 gallons. An analysis of the water is given on p. 179, and an account of a well here on p. 105. Southampton. In earlj days an approach to a public supply was got from springs from the gravel. Of these there are two remaining, small medieval buildings from which the supply was taken ; one is on the west of Hill Lane, near Spring Hill, and the other on the northern side of Commercial Road, by the footpath east of the church, north-eastward of Southampton West Station. The following particulars are from a paper by Mr. W, Matthews : — ' " The Waterworks of Southampton have a history going back to a more remote date than can probably be ascribed to any other such undertaking in this country, it being recorded that on June 16th, 1290 (Edward I.), one Nicholas de Shislee granted to the Friars Minor the right to take water from a spring at Colwell (= Spring Hill) to Achard's Bridge, and thence by the King's highway to their church in the town of Southampton. It is further recorded that upon the Feast of the Purification, 1310 (Edward II.) the Friars granted the use of the water to the town. On October 3rd, 1420 (Henry V.) they conveyed to the Mayor and Community of Southampton all their rights and title in the springs, conduit, and pipes, and the waterworks of the town have ever since, for a period of 478 years, remained in their possession," "On June 1st, 1515 (Henry VIII.), another spring at Lobery Mead (now Grosvenor-square) was presented to the town by John Flemynge. The water * Trans. Brit. Assoc. Waterworks, Eng., 1899, vol. iii., pp. 180, 181, 42 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. was led to a water-house (which until recently could be seen in Waterhouse- lane), and thence to the still existing house, which was quite close to it. From this water-house lead pipes conveyed the water to the town, and, together with sundry wells of a purely local character, including the Houndwell Well . . . constituted the water supply until 1803." Later the supply was got from springs on the Common, by drains cut across that place, and of varying depth (from 10 to 20 feet), the water being collected into reservoirs, two of which still remain, as ornamental ponds. Mr. Matthews tells us, in the paper above quoted, that No. 1 reservoir was made about 1804, the water being collected by earthenware pipes and conveyed to the town by a line of elm-pipes. The reservoir has been abandoned and the banks have been levelled down. No. 2 reservoir was made about 1811 and No. 3 about 1832. This water was used till 1852. In the Isle o£ Wight there are also some public supplies that are or were taken from springs to some extent, and probably many- springs are used privately. Carisbrook. Part of the Newport supply was got from springs, near by the wells at the works at the eastern end of the village (see p. 150). The following information is taken from Dr. T. Thomson's Report to the Local Government Board on Newport, 1895. The springs that form the low level service rise (from the Chalk) through a " thin layer of soil to the ground surface and are with one exception impounded at the points where they rise in a reservoir. . . . The one exception . . . consists of a spring which rises to the surface in an adjacent field at a point some 60 feet to the east of the reservoir, to which its waters are conducted." The amount got is unknown. East Cowes. In 1891 I found that the supply was practically from springs, being got by drains cut through the gravel of the high ground, supplemented from a well, in the Osborne and Headon Beds, between 40 and 50 feet deep, at Mr. Brading's (Clarence Road ?) over a quarter of a mile south of the Floating Bridge. At that time I recommended an extension of the gravel-supply. Newchurch. Knighton. Ryde Waterworks. Geol. Map 331, new ser. At the Knighton Works springs from the base of the Chalk and from the Upper Greensand are taken. The chief spring is from the Chalk at the northern end of the reservoir, and there are probably others at various places round that reservoir. Mr. W. Matthews tells me that this supply is to be increased by means of headings driven into the hill. Lord Alverstone's Waterworks get their supply from Lower Greensand springs. See p. 185. Shanklin. These works get their supply partly from springs. See pp. 1G3, 1G4. Totland. Water Co., 1883. From the Water Works Directory, 1909. The source of supply is springs at Headon. The water is of moderate hardness and great organic purity. It is filtered through gravel beds. SPRING SUPPLIES. 43 Ventnor. Water Co., 1886. From the Water Works Directory, 1909. The source of supply is* springs from the Chalk (by the railway-station) The water is excellent, and its hardness, after treatment 4'4°. The places in the area supplied are Bonchurch, St. Lawrence and Ventnor. West Cowes. Geol. Map 330, new ser. Some time ago the whole supply was got from what may be called artificial springs. The gravel-tract of Broadfields, southward of the town, from Moor Green to the cross roads west of Northwood Cottage, is trenched across, and the water drawn off to the reservoir. The following particulars are from the Water Works Directory, 1909, p. 88. — Estimated quantity available in a year 16 million gallons. Estimated daily discharge at points of collection, maximum 400,000 gallons, minimum 5,000, average 50,000. There is also a well-supply. See pp. 164-166. 14524 44 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. SUPPLIES FROM WELLS. By far the greater number of the public suppHes of the county is got by means of wells, and the same is the case with supplies for manufactories of all kinds, for institutions and for houses. The tendency, too, is for the well-supplies to increase, at the expense of other sources ; thus Southampton was once supplied from a stream, and Aldershot camp from a set of springs. Whilst the former place has now the largest well-supply in the county, the latter has had to go to local companies to cope with its greatly increased needs. Bournemouth is another case in point, and Poole, just across the border, in Dorset, is following suit. All the large towns get their supply from the Chalk, either wholly or in part, the chief supply from other sources being that of Ryde, and in this case the Chalk contributes. Dr. BuLSTRODE, in a Report upon the Isle of Wight (L.G.B. 1905), makes the following remarks, which it is very satisfactory to note : " In the matter of water supply . . . the Rural District Council has merited . . ; the gratitude of the public. It is true that the fact that many of the villages are well supplied with water is due in no small measure to the facilities afforded by Nature and to the public-spirited action of certain of the large landowners. But when allowance has been made for these two factors there still remains much which must be placed unreservedly to the credit of the District Council." He then draws attention to the fact that places in the northern part of the island get their supply from the southern or central parts (where the water-bearing formations crop out), giving as examples Ryde and St. Helens, Newport, Shalfieet and Newbridge (these two getting their supply from the Chalk at Shalcombe), Yarmouth and Freshwater. " The water supply of Newchurch is derived from the private supply of Lord Alverstone," and the mains of the Newport and Ryde supplies have been extended to various villages. " But . . . there are still many places ... in need of an adequate supply of wholesome water . . . mention may be made of Brading, Godshill, and Rookley ... of Chillerton, Gatcombe, Shorwell, Atherfield, Thorley and Yaverland." " In each of these places the water supply is eminently unsatis- factory, being derived from shallow wells in objectionable positions, and altogether imperfectly protected against surface washings and soakings. In some instances . . . the inhabitants are com- pelled, especially in summer, to go long distances for their drinking water ; and . . , there are still places where the inhabitants drink from streams which are obviously liable to pollution." Notable Wells. The following wells are of note from the geologic considerations appended to each. Besides those mentioned there are many which show the depth, through Tertiary beds, to the Chalk. Those of the mainland are noticed first. Bentley. Shows a great thickness of (Jault, ? over 370 feet. WELL SUPPLIES. 45 Boldre. Lady Cross. Gives details of the Headon Beds in the New Forest. Christchurch. Proves the depth through Drift and Bracklesham and Bagshot Beds, to the London Clay (? 380 feet) and then, through London Clay and Reading Beds, to the Chalk (824 feet). Dlbden. Shows a great thickness of Barton Clay (349 feet). Farnhorough. Passes through Upper Bagshot Sand, Bracklesham Beds and Lower Bagshot Sand, to London Clay, 228 feet. Fordmgbridge. The gasworks-well shows a thinning of the London Clay (? to 124 feet). Gosport. Haslar. Details of Tertiary beds. (Hard to classify the beds). The Victualling Yard well proves the thickness of the Bagshot Sand and of the London Clay (31 and over 336 feet). Bury Cross, Waterworks, No. 1 Well, gives details of the Bracklesham Beds (294 feet thick) and shows that the Bagshot Sand is only 26 feet thick (in No. 2 apparently it is .only 17). No. 3 passes through Bracklesham Beds, Bagshot Sand (25 feet), London Clay (•<27 feet) and Reading Beds (100 feet), not reaching the Chalk at 747 feet. llavant. Wells show the varying depth to Chalk, resulting from the northerly dip, whilst those of Ilayling Island show the like from the southerly dip, on the other side of the rise. Hythe. Gives details of Barton and Bracklesham Beds. Lymington. Shows the thickness of the Barton Sand and of the Barton Clay. Milton^ near Lymington. Gives details of Headon Beds and Barton Beds. Netley. Gives details of the Bracklesham Beds. Portsmouth. The deep boring at the Dockyard goes through 288 feet of London Clay and 119 of Reading Beds, to the Chalk, and then over 626 feet into the last. Other wells show the varying nature of the Tertiary beds in different parts of the town and the varying depth to the Chalk, owing to the southerly dip. Southampton. The boring on the Common is the deepest in the county, beginning in Bracklesham Beds, it passes through Bagshot Sand (32 feet), London Clay (301 feet) and Reading Beds (85 feet), reaching the Chalk at 464 feet and then going down more than 850 into that rock. As with Portsmouth, though to a less extent, other wells show the variations in the Tertiary beds and in the depth to the Chalk at different places. Steep Mill. Shows the Gault to be 236 feet thick. Swanwlck. One of the borings shows that the depth to the Chalk is very much greater than had been expected, and that therefore there must be an error in the Geological Survey Map, 315, new series. According to this map there should be but little London Clay here, instead of about the full thickness, and the depth to the Chalk should not be more than 150 feet, instead of 425. Probably there is some fault or other local disturbance. (Jpham. A very peculiar section. Can it be on the line of some disturbance ? In the Isle of Wight the following may be noted as of geologic interest : — Bemhridge. The boring at Steyne goes through the Bembridge Marls and Limestone (? 145 feet), the Osborne and Upper Headon, the Middle and Lower Headon Beds (in all 311 feet) and the Barton Sands (244 feet), to the Barton Clay. Brading. The Harbour Farm boring also gives details of the Osborne and Headon Beds. Newport. The wells at iVTews' Brewery, the Gasworks and the West Medina Cement Works, pass from the Hamstead through the Bembridge Beds and the Upper Headon Beds into the Middle Headon Beds. The well at the Isle of Wight Union passes through all these beds and the Lower Headon Beds to the Barton Sand. St. Helens. No. 2, goes from the Hamstead Beds through the Bembridge Marls and Limestone (134 feet) to the Osborne Beds. Ventnor. Isolation^Hospital. Seems to be an example of a well made in a slipped mass of rock. West Cowes. The Waterworks Well starts in Hamstead Beds and passes through Bembridge Marls and Limestone (125 feet), Osborne Beds (103 feet) and Upper and Middle Headon Beds (to 169 feet). 14524 D 2 46^ WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Wootton. The Beach Lane well ranges from the Hamstead Beds, through Bembridge Marls and Limestone (118 feet) and Osborne Beds (about 117 feet) into Headon Beds. The Spithead Defences Wells are notable as showing a considerable thickness of Recent Marine Deposits (70 and 90 feet) and of Bracklesham Beds (471 and 451 feet). Turning now to wells that are specially important as regards their supply we have the following on the mainland : — Aldershot. Waterworks. An example of a large supply from a set of wells and borings through some thickness of Tertiary beds into the Chalk. Alton. A well getting its supply apparently from Lower Chalk and Upper Greensand. Alverstoke. The Foxbury Works of the Gosport Company are of interest from the fact that over-pumping resulted in the drawing in of salt water {see pp. 48-50). Braishfield. Cases of overflow from borings driven through Tertiary beds into the Chalk. Christchurch. The West Hants well is a case of overflow from the Chalk beneath a very great depth (824 feet) of Tertiary beds. Farnborough. An example of a public supply got from the Bagshot Beds. Gosport. Bury Cross Waterworks. An example of a public supply from Bracklesham and Bagshot Beds, probably with some addition (in one boring) from very deep-seated Chalk. Other Gosport wells also get a supply from the former source. Herriard. An illustration of change of water-level brought about by pumping. Hursley, A private supply, to an estate, extended to a village. Netley. The hospital gets a supply from Bracklesham and Bagshot Beds. Otterhourne. Southampton Waterworks. Notable as getting a very large supply from the Chalk and also for perhaps the largest and most up-to-date softening works in the kingdom. Peter sfield. Supply from Lower Greensand. Waterworks and others. Portsmouth. Some of the wells get a supply from Bracklesham and Bagshot Beds ; some from the Chalk. In most cases I believe the yield is small. Some wells reach Chalk at a great depth. Soberton. The Gosport Company get a large supply from a well sunk through a small amount of Gravel and Reading Beds (51 feet) into the Chalk. Southampton. Various wells get water from Bracklesham and Bagshot Beds ; others are continued downward into the Chalk, but without satisfactory results. Timsbury and Twyford. The South Hants Water Company get a large supply from the Chalk, for a wide-spread district. With softening works. Wimborne. The Waterworks for Bournemouth get a large supply from the Chalk, in Dorsetshire, replacing the old supply. The Isle of Wight wells that are notable in the matter of supply are as follows : — Carisbrook. Newport Waterworks get a good supply from the Chalk. Knighton. The Ryde Waterworks get a large supply from the Lower Green- sand (borings), with some addition from the Upper Greensand and the base of the Chalk (springs). Newport. Four deep borings seem to get their water from the Headon Beds ; but that at the Gasworks goes through to the Barton Sand. West Cowes. The old supply is of interest as an illustration of getting water from a spread of gravel. The waterworks-well taps Bembridge Beds, and Osborne and Headon Beds, as also does the Woodvale well. At the Spithead Defences the borings at the Horse Sand and Neman Forts get their supply from Bracklesham Beds. WELL SUPPLIES. 47 New Wells. The following wells on the mainland are now noticed in detail for the first time and so may be described as new : — Aldershot (Nos. 8, 9), Alton (No. 2), Andover (3 wells), Basing (2 wells), Bas- ingstoke (Nos. 2, 4), Bentley (both), Bishopstoke, Bishops Waltham (Nos. 2, 3), Blendworth, Boldre (2 wells), Botley, Bournemouth (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8), Cather- ington (all three), Cheriton, Christchurch, Cliddesden, Cranbourne, Crondall (all 4), Droxford (2 wells), East Meon, East Tisted, Eastleigh, East Worldham, Ellisfield, Emsworth (all), Ewhurst (No. 1), Fareham Asylum, Fawley, Ford- ingbridge (No. 4), Frensham, Froyle, Fyfield, Gosport (Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7), Greywell, Hambledon (3 wells), Havant (Nos. 4, 5), Hayling Island (Nos. 4, 5, 7,), Herriard (4 wells), Hursley, Kingsclere (No. 4), Lockerley (Nos. 1. 2), Lymington. Marchwood, Odiham, Owslebury, Petersfield (Nos. 1, 3, 4, G, 7, 8, 9, 12, and 2 borings of No. 2), Pilcot (No. 2), Porchester, Portsmouth or Portsea (Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12), Ramsdell, Ringwood (2 wells), Romsey, Ropley, Rotherwick (No. 2), Selborne, Sherfield (No. 3), Shidfield, Soberton (2 wells), Southampton (Nos. 4, 7), South Stoneham, Steep (Nos. 1, 3), Strat- field Saye (Nos. 1, 2), Swanwick (all three),' Sway (both), Twyford (South Hants Works), Weston, Weyhill, Wickham (No. 2), Winchfield (Nos. 2, 3), Wootton St. Lawrence, Yately, also Daneshill. Also, in Addenda, Alverstoke, Hambledon (2), Titchfield. The following wells in the Isle of Wight are also new : — Bembridge (No. 2), Brading, Chale, Freshwater, Newport (Nos. 2, 3), New- town, Ryde (No. 1), Shalfleet, Shanklin, Ventnor (Hospital), West Cowes (No. 2), Wootton (No. 9). Also, in Addenda, East Cowes. 48 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. CONTAMINATION OF WATER. Various notes on this subject will be found in the accounts of some of the wells (see Index) ; but there is one kind of contamina- tion of water common to all coastal counties. It is often found that wells near to the sea or tidal waters are liable to draw in salt water. Such wells may yield good water, even though its level varies with the rise and fall of the tide, until pumping takes out more fresh water than Nature is bringing to the site, and so makes room for the incoming of salt water. The Rev. J. C. Clutterbuck, speaking of infiltration of sea- water at Haslar, said: ''After carefully examining the water in the surface gravel, into which some of the wells of the hospital were sunk, he ascertained, that the salt water came through a bed of sand beneath the subjacent clay, into which the tidal water found its way, from an artificial, and not from a natural, cause. Many of the wells in Portsmouth were tidal." ^ One of the most interesting cases of infiltration that I know of occurred at the Fox bury Works of the Gosport Water Company (see pp. 60, 189-191). That site was selected for new works as being perhaps the only one, within the Company's then district, at which it was likely that success would attend the sinking of a well into the Chalk, though at the time it was foreseen that excessive pumping might result in drawing in salt water. The result of the work justified the selection of the site, a good supply being got ; but salt water was drawn in after a time, far sooner indeed than had been thought for, and in the end a new source of supply, far outside the Company's district, had to be got. Directly the evil became manifest a careful watch was kept, and from the records supplied we have a full account of the case, with its various unexpected and sometimes apparently contradictory occurrences. In the first place we have a Report by Mr. E. T. Hildred, the engineer, on November 4th, 1902, published in the Portsmouth Times, August 29th, 1903, with the following information (some- what rearranged). On October 15th he made a verbal report to a special committee of the Company, and, having made the needful arrangements, on the afternoon of that day he went along the whole length of the headings, so as to take samples of water for analysis, from each of the fissures contributing to the supply. The analyses that had been made show the gradual but unmistakable change for the worse in the water, as below : — 1897. Chlorine, in grains per gallon, 23. Hardness 20° 1898. „ „ „ 26 „ 18-8° 1899. „ „ „ 1900. 1901. 1902: 266 21 31 26 33-9 24 45 35 *In discussion, Proc. Inst. C. E., 1860, vol. xix., pp. 32, 33. CONTAMINATION OF WATER- 40 The samples taken on October 15th (1902) were tested by Dr. J. C. Thresh, with the following general results : — Water in Bulk. Eastern Heading. Chlorine, in grains per gallon, 62. Hardness 52"5° Western „ „ „ „ 26-6 „ 25-2° Rising Main „ „ „ 45*6 „ 35° These figures fairly agree with those of similar samples taken in August, 1902 Water from Fissures. Eastern Heading, from the well eastward. Fissures 1, 2, 3, 4. Chlorine, in grains per gallon, 4S. Hardness 33° Fissure 5 „ „ „ 50 „ 37-5° „ 6 „ „ „ 86 „ 67*2° Western Heading, from the well westward. Fissure 1 omitted, its yield being very small. „ ,2. Chlorine, in grains per gallon, 36'4. Hardness 29*4° „ 3 „ „ „ 27-7 „ 25-8° These results show that the waters from the western heading were of better quality than those fiom the eastern (the chlorine and hardness of the former not being greater than in some deep-seated Chalk-supplies) and that the easterly waters contain chlorine in excess and are very hard, those from fissures 5 and 6 certainly pointing to infiltration of salt water. Mr. Hildred therefore advised that the eastern supply should be cut off by dams, and that the western heading should be extended, in the hope of getting better water : advice that was agreed with by Dr. Thresh, and later on by myself, in consultation with Mr. Hildred, as after- wards noted in a Report on March 27, 1903, in which I advised that borings should be made in the western heading. On April 16, 1903, I went down with Mr. Hildred and walked along the galleries. I noticed that one spring in the western gallery was the most effective in adding to the supply. The water came in partly from the bottom of the gallery, with a rise so strong as to force up the water above the level of that flowing along the floor, but partly also by an issue from the roof and side. The two flows seemed to come from one and the same fissure, extending across the gallery, and consequently they had been taken as one spring, the combined water being tested for chlorine. It occurred to me that it might be worth while to test the waters of the top and bottom flows separately, but without expecting any appreciable diflference. The result, however, was that the difference was great, to our astonishment. If the infiltration of brackish water came from above, as would have been expected, it would seem that the top flow should have been more salt than the bottom one, which rose from below ; but the reverse was the case. Details of this, from Mr. Hildred, are given further on, with other evidence of increase of saltness with increase of depth. The public, not unnaturally, got somewhat alarmed by the increase in the saltness of the supply. Meetings were held in 1903, and the local newspapers had frequent references to the subject, of course with some needless alarms thrown in. so WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHlJtE. In the later part of 1902 I had a set of letters from Mr. E. T. HiLDRED on the subject, from which the following facts are noted : — It was not until the installation (in 1902) of new pumping plant that he was able to exhaust the water to below the headings, and on doing this he found that the supplies from the eastern and western adits were very unlike in character, there being a difference of 36 grains of clilorine per gallon and of 27*3° of hardness. When first enabled to lower the water-level in the well to any extent the chlorine rapidly decreased ; but this was not maintained with more continuous exhaustion. In April 1903 Mr. Hildred took six samples of water from the two springs at the end of the western heading (which I had examined with him the day before), at low, mid and high tide, with the following remarkable results as to the quantity of chlorine, in grains per gallon ; — Low tide ... Bottom spring ... 38*4 ... Side spring ... 31-4 Mid tide ... „ ... 39-2 ... „ ... 24-8 High tide ... „ ... 40*8 ... „ ... 24 4 Showing a contrary effect of the rise of the tide on the two contiguous springs. A few days later, the headings having been driven further (in all 90 feet of extension), in dry chalk, and a boring having been made to 50 feet below the heading, at 49 feet a large flow of water was tapped, but this was still worse as regards chlorine, which reached 60 grains a gallon. Early in May the gallery had been pushed still further westward (130 feet of extension), but only two very small flows were found, and the water was good. Later a second boring was made to 85 feet below the heading. This tapped a small flow at 60 feet, or a little below the level at which the earlier boring yielded bad water, and the water was fairly good, with only 17 grains of chlorine to the gallon, but with a good deal of sediment (sand and chalk). The variations in the waters from different parts of the works, and even from contiguous outflows, that have been described are very perplexing, nor is it easy to understand how the salt water gets into the well in such quantity, the tidal channel in the neigh- bourhood being in Reading Beds and London Clay. The fact however remains that the supply is contaminated by salt water and so it has had to be abandoned, being replaced from the inland works near Wickham (see p. 126). I had also the advantage of examining a curious case of pollution, at the Freshwater Waterworks, for details of which I have to thank Mr. E. T. Hildred and Dr. Groves- In October 1901 the employees of the Eural District Council threw from buckets a large quantity of weed-destroyer along the road that goes in front of the works. " After the heavy rains which followed, a quantity of the solution, which contained a noxious matter, percolated through the soil and chalk fissures into the springs from which the Company derives its supply . . A report by Drs. Attfield and Thresh ... on a sample of water taken on the 11th inst. from the well . . shows that the water was CONTAMINATION OF WATER. 51 of the highest purity before the weed-destroyer was used " (Letters from the Company to the Council in the Isle of Wight County Press, 2 Nov., 1901). The slightest possible trace of arsenic was found in the water by Dr. Groves, who thought that the weed- killer found its way into the main and not into the well. I visited the site soon after and found that the well was unprotected from such an assault. There was also some infiltration of salt water into the well ; but this seems not to have been noticed until after the episode of the weed-killer. From the position of the well it is clear that heavy pumping might draw in salt water. Mr. G. W. Long, the Secretary of the Company, drew my attention to the fact that there seemed to be two different wateis in the well, at top and at bottom, and on Feb. 8th, 1902, Mr. Hildred had 3 samples of water taken, A from the bottom of the well, B from the water-level (5J feet above the bottom of the well while pumping) and C from a ditch in the marsh, with the following curious result, in grains per gallon : — - A. B. C. Chlorine Common salt Hardness 86-1 143 23° 101 16-8 9-8° 527 88 22° The difference between the waters from the top and bottom of the well is surprising, and the bottom-water is worse than the water from the marsh. Mr. Hildred believed that " through many years the samples taken for analysis have given misleading results because they have always been taken from the top water-level in the well " and he thought " that with the pump-section at the bottom of the well a great proportion of sea-water is drawn in." He advocated the driving of a gallery into the hill, eastward, which has been done, and in May, 1903, I heard from him that the water had got right again, the chlorine never exceeding 8 grains a gallon, as against from 60 to 80 before the extension had been carried out. In November 1909 Mr. Hildred again wrote to me and said that continuous pumping since 1903 had resulted in the character of the water getting gradually worse, until in August 1909 the chlorine had risen to about 85 grains to the gallon. In September the new supply, from a well at Shalcombe, came into work, and in November 1909 the water at Freshwater Gate was again good ; showing that the trouble was owing to the exhaustion of the water, by pumping. 52 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSnlUE. UNDERGROUND WATER-LEVELS IN THE CHALK IN THE VALLEYS OF THE TEST AND OF THE ITCHEN. (Plate II.) By W. Matthews, M.Inst. G.E. The data from which the Table and Map have been compiled were collected between 1884 and 1899, many of the wells having been gauged throughout that period. The number increased as time went on, and the observations were reduced to a system of monthly records of those in the more accessible places, and of bi-monthly records of those more remote. The gaugings have been continued down to the present time ; but a fair average of the seasonal variations is obtainable from the data collected between 1884 and 1899. These variations range from about 5 feet, in wells in the low ground, to as much as 63 feet in the case of wells sunk at the higher elevations. The maxima were recorded in December 1891, and the minima in November 1893. The primary object of the observations has been to observe the effect produced by pumping large quantities of water at the pumping-stations of the Southampton Corporation and of the South Hants. WMer Company. The positions of both are indicated on the map. Some wells, notably those near Kings Somborne, were only under observation for a short period in 1899 for special purposes ; hence the levels in February of that year have been tabulated as giving the largest possible number of records. At this date the wells were within 15 per cent, of their maxima, taking the whole range as being 100. The map showing the probable contours of the water-levels in the Chalk was partly compiled in 1897, and extended up the Test Valley in 1899. In its compilation use was made of the gaugings of a large number of wells not shown thereon and only observed for a short time. Where the gaps were great the contour-lines have been plotted by enclosing the area between three or four wells in a semi-rectangle or triangle, and computing the levels on the cross-lines connecting the wells. At the same time regard was paid to the surface-contours of the land, which, although not coinciding with the water-contours, have, in general, a distinct relation to them. It will be found that the well-levels do not in all cases correspond with the positions of the contours, which were plotted rather from average-levels than from those obtained at the date named in the Table. For it was found that the variations in rise and fall are by no means synchronous, even over comparatively short distances, especially near the outcrop, where the Chalk in places appears to be somewhat puddled by the infiltration of clay from the Tertiary beds. The contours will obviously be moving with the seasonal and other variations in the water-levels and those represented on the map can only be taken as showing average and approximate levels. tJKDERGROUND WATfiR-LEVBLS, 5Z Explanation of Plate II. The Tertiary area is shewn by stippling. The remainder of the map is mainly occupied by Chalk. Reference. Surface Water Level, 1 Surface Water Level, Surface Water Level, No. of Level Feb. 1899, No. of Level above Ordnance Datum. Feb. 1899, No. of Level Feb. 1899, WeU. above Ordnance Datum. above Ordnance Latum. Well. above Ordnance Datum. i Well. 1 above Ordnance Datum. above Ordnance Datum. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. 1 187-9 147-7 30 196-5 122-2 59 123-8 87-3 2 192-9 131-1 31 346-3 119-5 60 158-3 94-3 3 157-9 120-5 32 250-3 124-6 61 244-3 97-7 4 144-7 89-5 33 292-0 157-4 62 126-0 85-6 5 119-0 90-9 34 192-5 127-3 63 122-0 81-9 6 82-7 78-4 35 172-7 121-1 64 210-4 94-5 7 108-6 81-9 36 136-3 117-9 65 312-2 173-9 8 158-3 88-9 37 325-8 141-7 66 227-2 186-8 9 120-8 107-5 38 326-9 177-2 67 318-0 229-1 10 146-1 136-3 39 184-2 144-7 68 189-8 146-2 11 140-6 128-5 40 314-4 129-6 69 156-6 121-1 12 131-9 102-5 41 196-9 116-9 70 175-3 1311 13 1G6-2 129-3 42 167-5 134-6 71 114-6 107-4 14 241-5 132-1 43 188-9 128-4 72 309-7 180-3 15 171-3 131-6 44 158-6 115-6 73 245-5 191-3 16 114-9 111-7 45 375-2 211-5 74 405-0 254-3 17 131-3 108-1 46 449-3 282-8 75 333-8 223-0 18 12-2-2 111-3 47 308-0 211-3 76 297-6 235-4 19 11 0-0 105-1 48 260-5 181-9 77 415-6 3150 20 146-2 114-8 40 240-3 112-0 78 331-3 247-6 21 137-1 106-5 50 153-3 93-4 79 331-6 252-3 22 101-7 95-5 51 114-3 104-3 80 327-0 258-7 23 29-2-5 135-2 52 159-3 99-7 81 378-0 265-3 24 144-6 91-2 53 136-9 94-0 82 517-0 255-7 25 95-2 88-4 54 126-6 90-5 83 291-4 243-7 26 90-1 77-7 55 105-2 84-8 84 283-3 222-8 27 82-0 66-2 56 215-2 89-8 r Gaugings 28 211-4 113-4 57 154-3 88-2 85 129-3) ceased 29 280-8 128-5 58 81-0 78-3 86 278-31 before 1899. '34 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. WELLS AND BORINGS FOR WATER, MAINLAND. Aldershot. Ordn. Map 285 new ser. Geol. Map 8/ 1. D. Lines, South Camp. 1856. Communicated by the War Office. Partly published by Capt. H. Gt. Lyons, Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc, Vol. xliii, p. 434. About 320 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft about 34 feet, the rest bored. Water rose to 48^ feet from the surface. [ Bracklesham Beds] [Lower Bagshot Beds] f Yellow loam I Green sand Grey sand -{ Mixed green sand Dark green sand I Streaky blue clay [.Blue clay [? Bracklesham or ( Black sand Lower Bagshot] ( Blue clay f Mixed sand Stone [? only at bottom of bed] Mixed sand Mixed clay and sand Blue clay Yellow clay Sand and rock Mixed sand -{ Blue clay Green sand Red sand Mixed sand Light-coloured sand Blue clay ... Mixed clay Mixed sand , Mixed clay and sand f Blue clay Stone [? only at bottom of bed] Blue clay Pebbles Blue clay Pebbles Blue clay ... Pebbles Blue clay Yellow stone Blue clay, streaked Blue clay , Blue clay, streaked Blue clay ., . Pebbles ... (.Blue clay [? sand at bottom] with water There is a difficulty in defining the formations, and the occurrence of in the London Clay of this district is peculiar. Another boring of the like depth at the Commissariat Supply Depot- were unsuccessful in getting a supply. [London Clay] Thickness. Feet. Depth. Feet. 15^ . 121 10 15^ 28 38 61 : I' 44| 46 49 4 53 15 68 20 88 22 110 4 114 1 115 8 123 6 129 1 130 5 135 1 136 1 137 5 142 1 143 5 148 2 150 . , 4 154 2 156 6 162 6 168 7 175 17 192 14 206 1 207 15 222 1 223 2 225 2 227 22 249 2 251 67 318 17 335 8 343 89 432 1 433 r 671 500i pebbles Both WELLS. MAINLAND. ^6 Aldershot—con^. 2. High Street, Messrs. Gale and Poldem, about 100 yards W. of the Railway Station, adjoining the Goods Yard. 1897. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutclipf. Some signs of water in the last few feet of the Chalk, about 70 feet down. Water only rose to 5 Blue clay ( Black pebbles and clay The old boring was made with gas-pipes of 4 inches diameter, which were damaged some 200 feet down and had to be cut through. Old borehole f Shelling out [London Clay]^ Blue clay ... Blue sandy clay .Green and grey sandy clay Mottled clay ... Grey sandstone Mottled clay Buff clayey sand Fine grey blowing sand [specimen from 380i feet, sharp buff sand] Dark sandy clay ... Hard grey sand Hard grey sandy clay Dark clay Tough greyish sandy clay Blue clay ... ... Blue sandy clay ... Green and grey sand Green sandy clay Green sandy clay and pebbles ... Green sandy clay f Chalk and flints j Soft clay-like chalk Soft chalk and occasional small 6 inches of flint at the base Soft clay-like chalk and occasional flints [Reading Beds, 76i feet.] '^ [Upper Chalk, 52i feet.] i; flints. ckness . Depth. Feet. Feet. — 217 33 ' 250 20 270 m 338i 2i 341 4 345 23i 368i U 370 i 370i 10 380^ 4i 385 li 386i 2i 389 2i 39U 6i 398 4f 402J i 403 3i 406J 5i 412 2i 414J 2 416i 5 42U h 422 U 438 23 461 13 474 3. Aldershot Place. Communicated by Mr. J. F. Fairbank, C.E. No. 1. Less than a quarter of a mile a little E. of N. of the house. About 260 feet above Ordnance Datum. Thickness. Feet. 4 4 ... 142 5 Soil, &c. [London Clay, 151 feet] [Reading Beds, 39 feet.] {Yellow clay Blue clay ... Green sand [basement-bed ?] ... ''Blue clay Mottled blue and red clay Mottled white and red clay Mottled blue red and white clay Mottled dark blue and red clay Mottled blue and white clay ... Mottled blue clay Yellow red and blue clay Yellow and red clay Yellow and dark red clay , Mottled clay , ..0 y 12 Depth. Feet. 4 8 150 155 167 5 172 1 173 1 174 20 194 56 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Aldershot— <^o^^. No. 2. About a sixth of a mile a little N. of E. of the house. 245 feet above Ordnance Datum. Soil » Gravel. Flint and clay mixed .. [London Clay, about 66 feet.] [Reading Beds, about 76 feet.] Thickness. Ft. Ins. .. 1 ..5 .. 61 [Upper Chalk, about 69^ feet.] ' Blue clay Blue sandy clay, rather green [basement- bed ?] 4 10 Dark brown and blue clay 7 4 Blue and red clay, the red rather sandy 7 3 Light-blue clay, mixed with lilac-coloured 2 6 Blue and pink clay ... ... ... 2 6 Yellow clay 8 2 Blue and red clay 4 11 Blue and brown mottled clay 7 4 Red clay 1 Brown clay ... ... ... ... 3 Light-blue and brown clay 6 9 -{ Blue clay ... . 2 9 Dark clay 3 1 Black smutty earth 1 8 Dark clay 1 10 Blue clay 4 3 Blue and red clay 1 Blue clay ... ... 1 1 Dark sandy clay ... 1 5 Green sand 5 3 Dark sand 1 5 t Light-green clay mixed with chalk ... 1 8 f Chalk and flints 12 8 I Chalk 56 11 Depth. Ft. Ins. 1 6 67 71 10 79 2 86 5 88 11 91 5 99 7 104 6 111 10 112 10 115 10 122 7 125 4 128 5 130 1 131 11 136 2 137 2 138 3 139 8 144 11 146 4 148 160 8 217 7 4. Waterworks, Southern side of Boxall's Lane, half a mile S.W. of St. Michael's Church. 1878. About 250 feet above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by the Aldershot Gas and Water Company. A second boring about 'iQ feet off. The water-level the same in both 2 inches and 16 feet 3 inches below the surface), and not lowered by pumping. Daily yield about 220,000 gallons (? more). Thickness. Feet. Gravel and yellow clay [? weathered London clay] ... 17 r Blue clay 110 < Red and yellow dirty clay, with soft ( iron [basement-bed ?] 7 f Pot clay 5 Light-red dirty clay with sand ... 7 Light-red clay with sand 23 (b) Light-coloured pure sand ... 5 I (6) Dark clay, with thin beds of sand 6 L (c) Light and dark sandy clay ... 13 Water at a depth of 211 feet 46i Another account differs in some details, thus — (a) Grouped as light-red dirty clay, with soft iron... 30 (6) Grouped as pure white clay lOi (c) Grouped as dark sandy clay ... 13^ [London Clay] [Reading Beds, 59 feet.] Chalk with flints. (14 feet 24 hours Depth. Feet. 17 127 134 139 146 169 174 180 193 239^ Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 25 25 95 120 6 126 6 132 18 150 5 155 8 163 1 164 .13 177 9 186 2 188 8^ 196i 1 197i 152 350 WELLS. MAINLAND. 57 Aldershot— con^. 5. Waterworks. Second Boring. 1881. (? 8 or 10 feet of shaft.) Loam and red-grey gravel ( Blue clay, with claystone, from 84 to [London Clay, ) 85 feet down 107 feet.] ) rn 4.K^i/Sand -I ( [Basement-bed] (g^^^^^^^j^^U^ f Mottled clay Coloured [mottled] sandy clays Grey loamy sand rT> J- 15 J Grey and brown sand [Readmg Beds, , ^^(^^ ^^^^ 65i feet.] pj^^ ^j^^ I Black sandy clay Live green sand [Pebbles Chalk with flints 6. Waterworks. On the Eastern side of the Railway and the Southern side of Boxhall's Lane, South of the Town. Borings 3—6 ; 1884, and later. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutclifp. __3 4 5 6 F. Gravel and sand London Clay Woolwich and Reading Beds .. Thanet Sand [?] To Chalk Chalk and flints Water-level 23 feet down in 3 ; 15 feet in 4 ; 14 feet in 5 ; 22 feet in 6. Messrs. Le Grand and Sutclifp make the figures of Borings 1 and 2 slightly different from those of the more detailed versions already published, and they are said to enter Thanet Sand, the presence of which formation here is unlikely. 7. Waterworks. 1896.? Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co, Two boreholes of 8^ inches diameter, within 40 feet of each other, give precisely the same section. Water-level 30i feet down. Supply 10,000 gallons an hour. [Drift] {Eaiir" B lue [London ] clay r Mottled clay I Claystone Sandstone [Reading Beds I |-4;;; 60 feet.] -«. jj^jj,^ /,^y I Stone ... I Green sand t Sandstone Chalk and flints At a visit to Aldershot in May, 1898, 1 learnt that there are 9 wells and borings at these works. Also that the original water-level was 1 1 feet down, that it was lowered by pumping to 36 feet down, and that a gallery connects all the wells, its bottom being 50 feet down. The supply in 1898 was at the rate of 1,100,000 gallons a day. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. ... 14i 13,^ 14 16i ... 103i 94^ 92 105 eds ... 68 72 63 68 ... 9 7 10 9 195 187 179 1981 ... 45 38 101 52i Total 240 225 280 251 Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. — 8 10 18 126 144 25 169 2 171 4 175 8 183 9 192 4 196 ^ 196i 6i 203 1 204 52 256 58 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Aldershot— con^. 8. Waterworks. Later date. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler 40 feet of 11^ inch tubes, 6 feet down, and 200 feet of the surface. Water-level, 28 feet down. Mould ... Gravel and a little clay- Blue clay and Co. 10 inch tubes level with [London Clay.] [Reading Beds, 65^ feet.] Blue clay, claystones, and sandstones Blue clay TDead sand [? Basement-bed] < Conglomerate ... (Dead sand ' Mottled clay ... Mottled clay and dead green^sand ... Dead green sand Light-green sand Dark grey sand and fossil wood Black clay (^ Hard green sand [Upper] .Chalk and flints ^ Thickness. Feet. 2 8 43 15 52 5 1 2^ 23 8^ 11 3 3 8 9 106 For an analysis of the water, see p. 189. 9. Messrs. Simmonds, Millers. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. 20 feet of 10 inch tubes, 4 feet down. 160 feet of 8| inch tubes, 3 415 feet of 7i inch tubes level with the surface. Water-level, 54 feet down. Supply, 1,400 gallons an hour. Thickness. Feet. Made ground 3 [Drift] Loamy sand and ballast [gravel] ... 9 r Blue clay and claystones. Pebbles I and shells ... 221 ^ Sandy clay 40 Blue clay and claystones 64 Green loamy sand [? Basement-bedJ 2 Red mottled clay 12 Grey mottled clay 10 Red mottled clay and stones 15 Green loamy sand 16 Dark clay and peat 11 Mottled clay 4 Green loamy sand 2 Sandstone ... ,.. 4 Loamy sand and shells 10 [Upper] Chalk and flints 257 [London Clay.] [Reading Beds, 84 feet.] Depth. Feet. 2 10 53 68 120 125 126 128^ 15U 160"" 171 174 177 185 194 300 feet down. Depth. Feet. 3 12 233 273 337 339 351 361 376 392 403 407 409 413 423 680 Dr. Reece, in his Report on the Urban District of Aldershot (L.G.B. 1899), " It is said that even after heavy pumping the water has never been known to sink below 38 feet from the surface." " The number of houses supplied from (private) wells is becoming insignifi- cant . . Such private wells as came under inspection are all constructed after the same principle, and differed only in depth and in the degree to which they are liable to pollution. They are dry-steined surface wells . . Most of them were imperfectly protected against surface drainage . . and often the well was so surrounded with organically polluted soil as to render the water almost certainly liable to gross pollution." Of this sort of thing examples are noted, and many of the wells have been condemned by the Council. According to the Water Works Directory, 1907, the town, camp, and the village of Tongham are supplied, and the yearly supply was 364,420,000 gallons, or practically a million gallons a day. The same work for 1909 gives the yearly- supply as 378,032,000 gallons. WELLS. MAINLAND. 59 Alton. Geol. Map 300, new ser. 1. Local Board Well, near the Stables at Ashdell. 1882. From a memorandum of the late Mr. W. Curtis, communicated by Mr. F. Crowley, and from specimens and notes from the latter (1885). Shaft 160 feet, bored 400. Before boring there was often 32 to 33 feet of water in the well ; but this was soon pumped out, and the quantity gradually decreased. Now (1882?) there is 17 feet of water, which is not lowered much by pumping, and very soon fills up again. Information from Mr. J. Mansergh (1889) gives the following particulars : — Surface 457 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 321^ feet [? above O.D.], 60,000 gallons a day pumped, from the Chalk, without lowering the level of the water. No water got in the bore-hole, which was carried to the depth of 570 feet. Shaft 146^ feet. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Well dug [chalk] — 140 Lower chalk I gg 208 Grey chalk ) Chalk marl 50 or perhaps 80 258? Chloritic marl 10 „ 15 268? Malm rock [Upper GreensandJ ... ... ... 80 348 Gault 150 498 Gault (? partly hard Lower Greensand) ... 42 540 A specimen, marked 185 (meaning 185 feet down the bore), is grey hard sandy marl, like Malm rock. A specimen marked 360 in grey clay (Gault). According to the Water Works Directory, 1907, the area supplied is Alton only and the Princess Louise Hospital. (In the same work for 1909, Cripples' Home and College is the name given.) The yearly supply is 60 million gallons. According to Mr. J. H. Spicer (Land, March, 1881), there is "at the Alton Paper Mills, an artesian well, 249 feet deep, which has for the last twenty years produced an unfailing supply of water." 2. Beechmount. 1905. Boring, made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Water-level, 116 feet down. Yield 360 gallons an hour. Lower Chalk, 150 feet. Alverstoke. Geol. Maps 316, 331, new ser. ... 1. Fort Elson. From information given by Major Lovell, R.E., to the late Mr. Bristow Well in the brickfield. Sea-water broke in at the depth of 40 feet below high water mark, and the stopping-out of it gave much trouble. [London Clay, C London clay and hard black silt (with ?part < water) Reading Beds.] ( [Not accounted for] about f Red and white mottled clay ... Pale blue clay, slightly mott'ed with red I Very sandy and ? laminated yellow clay [Reading Beds,] ^ Ditto, gradually getting more sandy I Sand (or sand and clay), with water I [thickness not stated ; but this, ? with L other beds, must be] 62 230 Chalk with a good supply of water. 14524 B Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. . 112 112 b 18 130 10 140 I 1 141 6 147 21 168 60 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. AlYemtoke—coriL Elson Fort. No. 3 Well. Shaft 40 feet, the rest bored. Water came in sparingly the first week, in consequence of the pipes having much sand in them, but it came in more freely after the sand had been pumped away. Mould [London Clay.] f Yellow clay I Hard blue clay ^ Light-brown soft sandstone. I Hard blue clay 1^ Shelly rock ( Dirty brown sand ) Dark blue sand Thickness. Depth Ft. In. Ft. In. 10 1 6 7 ... 65 G 72 6 1 2 73 8 ... 26 4 100 10 100 10 4 104 10 5 2 110 [Reading Beds.] Mr. C. E. Hawkins suggests that the sand in the second section may belong to the basement-bed of the London Clay, and that the 18 feet not accounted for in the first section, or, at all events, some of it, is probably similar sand. 2. FoxBURY, about U miles S.S.W. of the Point. For GospoRT Waterworks, 1897. Communicated by Mr. P. Smith, Engineer to the Waterworks Co. 28 feet above Ordnance I)atum. Shaft of 9 feet diameter, lined with brickwork for about 52 feet, and with iron cylinders from the depth of 24 feet 4 inches to 82 feet 7 inches. Then of 11 feet diameter, lined with brickwork to the depth of 168 feet 4 inches. Headings, 6 feet high by 4 broad, with their bases at the depth of 214 feet, one to the N.E. for 523 feet, another to the S.W. for 564 feet. These were extended later. Soil [London Clay, 64 feet.] f Clay with race ... I Stiff brown clay -^ Stiff black clay, with a bed of stone, 22 to 22i feet down Clay, loam and water ( Light-brown sand 3 Grey sand, pyrites and peat ... j Stamshaw [mottled] clay ( Clay, flints and very hard stone Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet 1 1 8 9 7 16 at 33 49 16 65 5 70 10 80 78 158 6 164 591 223f [Reading Beds, 97 feet.] Chalk ... A full description of these works has been given by Mr. E. T. Hildred, in the Trans. Assoc. Waterworks Engineers^ 1898, vol. iii., pp. 127-155, from which we learn that the yield is at the rate of 1,000,000 gallons a day, that the chalk throughout was dense and hard, with but few flints, and that the joint-fissures are at irregular and long distances apart. Water in the Chalk first met with at the depth of 198 feet ; but the bulk comes from the headings. For analyses of the water see pp. 189-191. Also pp. 48-50. Andover. Geol. Map 283, new ser. 1. Railway Station (Junction?). For Messrs. Watson and Co. 1881 ? Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Gkand and Sutcliff. Water-level 52 feet down (July). Chalk and flints, 92 feet. WELLS. MAINLAND. 61 Andover— con^. 2. Waterworks. 1891? Communicated by Messrs. G. Isler and Co. Shaft 93 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 68 feet down. Supply abundant. Chalk and flints (flints for 3 feet at top part of boring), 157 feet. The Water Works Directory, 1909, gives the yearly supply as 30 million gallons. According to Mr. Crawford, a well here has been carried to the depth of 920 feet in chalk and flints, the water-level being 52 feet down. [? Some mistake.] For an analysis of the water, see p. 192. 3. Boring (? site). Made and communicated by Mr. F. W. Ockenden, 1905. 210 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level, 3 feet above the surface. A good supply. Sand, gravel, and chalk ... ^^ ) gg £ . Soft chalk, very few flints 59 ) Ashmansworth. Geol. Map 283, new ser. Lower Manor Farm. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Broadhurst (Memoir on the Geology of Andover). G50 feet above Ordnance Datum. 12 feet of water. (Upper and Middle Chalk.) Soft chalk 300 feet. Basing^. Geol. Map 284, new ser. 1. Grange. Mr. H. Barton. Made and communicated by Mr. F. W. Ockenden. Water-level, 2 feet down. Well sunk 22 jog. , Bored. Very soft chalk -j^]^^^^^- 2. Hodd's Farm. Mr. E. Wigg. Made and communicated by Mr. F. W. Ockenden. No water. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Well sunk in sand and clay (the rest bored) 30 30 Sand 40 70 Mottled clay 6 76 Dark green sand ... ... ... ... 5 81 Soft chalk 84 165 Basingstoke. Geol. Map 284, new ser. Waterworks. 1. The old Pumping Station is in the north-eastern part of the town, just south of the railway. Top of coping (2^ feet above ground) being 268 feet above Ordnance Datum. The following notes are from Dr. Farrar's Report to the Local Government Board, 1905. Made to supply a Seed Mill and taken over by a Water Company, which worked both the mill and the town-supply. Abandoned by the Corporation on the completion of the West Ham Works. 14524 B 2 62 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Basingstoke— con^. Well, in chalk with flints, of 4 feet diameter for 12 feet, then belled out, for a further depth of 6 feet, to a diameter of 10 feet, in which it continues through open chalk for 12 feet (= 30 feet in all). Heading at the bottom 9| feet by 6, for 54 feet in a northerly direction, when it branches, one branch running 45 feet in a westerly, the other 75 feet in a north-easterly direction. The great bulk of the water comes through a fissure (? bedding-plane) round the well about 25 feet below the ground-level. This well was sunk in 18G0. Before 1894 it was connected with a second well, 33 feet to the south, which did not reach the water-bearing plane of the older well, its principal supply coming through a fissure (? bedding-plane) corresponding to a flint-layer in the older well. The heading continues 15 feet further south. It was found that surface-water frequently, especially in wet v/eather, came in through this southern heading, and that the water in the original well was at times discoloured and turbid. Analysis showed that the water was then highly polluted with organic matter, much of animal origin, and the water was pro- nounced dangerous. In 1894, therefore, the supply from the second well was cut off by a brick wall 3 feet thick, built across the heading and reaching 4 feet on either side and up to the ground. After this disconnection the supply in the older well recovered its good quality. Dr. Farrar found, however, that a considerable volume of water was pouring into the older well through two pipes in the chalk, with diameters of nearly three inches, one on each side of the southern heading and near the disconnecting wall. These opened out of a fissure 7 feet above the bottom of the well, and the water from them left the chalk brown and discoloured, whilst that from the main fissure below was unstained ; from which he concludes that subsoil water of a contaminating character may reach this well. The water-level here rose to 251 feet above Ordnance Datum. After 6 hours pumping it fell to within a foot of the bottom of the well. When pumping ceased the level rose at the rate of 2 feet an hour. (In 1900 the average daily supply was 363,000 gallons.) 2. Trial well in Sherborne Bottom, north of the town, a little W.N.W. of North Ham, 294 feet above Ordnance Datum. I believe that this has since been taken for the supply of a large public institution near by. Water-level nearly 261 feet above Ordnance Datum. Square shaft, 63 feet ? Particulars taken on the spot, 1895. Loamy wash, to 7 feet or so. Chalk, broken up a long way down. At about 20 feet down a marked layer of flints on both E. and W. showing a northerly dip of over 5°. On October 30, 1894, there were 26 feet of water in the well ; on January 10, 1895, 35i feet ; on August 17, 25| feet ; and on October 8, 24 feet. 3. Trial works S.S.W. of the town. See Cliddesden, p. 73. 4. West Ham Works. Between the Alton Light Railway and the London and Fouth Western Railway, north-westward of the town. 1906. From Report by F. R. Phipps, the Borough Engineer. 310 feet above Ordnance Datum. A well, 60 feet deep, in chalk, and 11 feet in diameter in the clear, the top 32 feet being lined with blue bricks in cement, with 1 inch cement-backing. The tests below were made from February 22 to March 7, 1905. Yield, in 14 days' pumping, 12,662,720 gallons, giving an average of 904,480 a day. Rest-level of water at starting, 381 feet down. Level of water at finish, 50^ feet down. (Water lowered about 12 feet.) Level of water 1 hour after pumping stopped, 42 feet down. (Recovery = about 8^ feet.) Level of water 24 hours after pumping stopped, 40^ feet down. (Recovery = about 10 feet.) Level of water 8 days after pumping stopped, 38j feet down. (Recovery complete.) According to Dr. Farrar's Report there are two headings, 6 by 5^ feet, each reaching 49 feet in a north-easterly and in a south-westerly direction. It is proposed to use the Cliddesden well as supplementary to this. The Water Works Directory, 1909, gives the yearly supply as 162,055,000 gallons. For analyses of the waters of 1 and 4, see pp. 192, 193. WELLS. M A I N L A N D.^^^;;^ 0^5^*»!w 63 Bentley. (^^'^^RSl Geol. Map 284, new ser.^^^ ^^ 1. Bury Court. 1901. ^••'^Sgg^ Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Inflow, 249 gallons an hour. Rest water-level about 220 feet above Ordnance Datum. ^ Dug well [? old, the rest bored] [Gault.] Clay. Traces of greensand at 428 feet I Running sand ... [Lower ) Blue clay Greensand.] 1 Running sand and clay ' Running ^and ... The old well is probably for the most part in Upper Greensan'l, but some little way into the Gault. The thickness of the latter is about the highest record. 2. Holt Hatch. 1901. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Shaft 100 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 128i feet down. Gault and Lower Greensand, 261 i feet. Bishopstoke. Geol. Map 315, new ser. Brambridge Lodge. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. Lined with 160 feet of tubes 5 inches in diameter from 24 feet down. Water-level 41 feet 2 inches down. hicknes! 3. Depth. Feet. Feet. — 60 373 433 7 440 2 442 8 450 ai 461 Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. Dug well ,,, ... ,,, 71 6 Black clay ... 10 81 6 f Red mottled clay 32 113 6 Brown clay 6 119 6 Red mottled clay 7 126 6 Light brown clay 4 130 6 [Reading Beds, Black Clay 10 140 6 99i feet.] Red mottled clay 2 142 6 Light-blue clay... 16 158 6 Light-brown clay 21 179 6 1 Blue clay 1 180 6 L Red flints 6 181 r Chalk and flints 20 201 1 Chalk 10 201 10 [Upper Chalk, j Flints 1 202 10 92f feet.] ^ Chalk 40 242 10 Flints , Grey chalk 1 243 10 , 30 273 10 Bishops Waltham. Geol. Map 316, new ser. 1. Oaklands. On the western side of the road, and just S. of Lockham Wood, over a mile N.E. of Botley Station. 1894. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Water stands 77 feet down. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. [Drift.] Gravel and loam 4 4 [Bracklesham j Sand with clay, mixed ... 40 44 Beds.] I Hard black clay 56 100 Black [Bagshot] sand 14 114 64 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Bishops Waltham—cont. 2. SwANMORE Park, E.S.E. of the town. 1877. Sunk and communicated by Mr. R. B. Paten. Shaft 250 feet, the rest bored. Chalk and flints 462 feet. 3. Waterworks. In a Chalk-pit about a third of a mile northward of the Church. 1863. From information on the spot, 1899. Supply 12 or 13 million gallons a year. Two wells, about 20 feet apart, joined by a gallery, ia Chalk. Under the engiae it is about 28 feet to water, and there is 7^ feet of water, which ia pumped down 1^ feet. Engine pumps about 60,000 gallons in 10 hours. Blendworth. Geol. Map 316, new ser. Id worth Waterworks. Western side of Dirty Lane close to its junction with Woodhouse Lane, N.W. of Rowlands Castle Station, 1897. About 200 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Well of 6 feet diameter, to 250 feet. Boring of 12 inches diameter to 50 feet deeper. Two headings each 65 feet long, 6 high and 5 broad, at 240 feet. Water-level 105 feet down. Yield 4,000 gallons an hour. Upper Chalk, 300 feet. Boldre. Geol. Map 330, new ser. 1. Ladycross Lodge, New Forest. Just N. of Beaulieu Heath, 1899. Made and communicated by Messrs. Merry weather a brackets by C. Reid, from specimens. Plateau Gravel. Made earth Gravel with water Blue marl Cherry-coloured marl [red and brown mottled] Marl and shell White rock [earthy limestone, smooth- grained] Marl and shell Black mud Sand with water Marl and shell Sand with water I Marl and shell [green and brown marl Headon Beds, -{ at 152 ; grey loamy sand with Oslrea vectensis at 157 ; black unctuous clay with Cytherea iiicrassata at 162. Shells, no depth marked, C. incras- sata, CarcUta, Cyrena obovata, Valuta gemi7iata, PL hantotie?islSf Cer. con- cavum.'] ... ... ... ... Loam and shells with water Marl and sand [mottled green and brown marl and streaks of white sand] Black sooty loam, or carbonaceous L wood Barton Sands. Sand with water ... N.W. part of nd Sons. Notes in Thickness. Ft. Ins. 2 7 13 Depth. Ft. Ins. 2 9 22 2 21 24 45 1 38 3 2 34 9 3 46 84 84 3 86 3 121 121 3 44 1 165 6 167 9 176 1 14 177 191 WELLS. MAINLAND. 65 Boldie—conL 2. Loyal (or Lisle) Court Farm (E. of Lymington). ? 1900. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. Water-level varies from 27 to 32 feet down. Soil ... [Drift.] [Headon Beds, 351 feet.] f Gravel \ Sandy gravel ... f Light-blue clay and shells j Fine grey sand J Fine grey sand and bands of ] clay ... Mottled sandy clay mottled [Barton Sands 871 feet.] L Dark blue sandy clay f Grey sand Fine grey blowing sand and shell ... Fine grey sand and bands of sandy clay (1-2 inches thick, 6-10 inches apart) ^ Fine grey blowing sand Fine grey sand and bands of blue sandy clay I Fine grey blowing sand I Grey sandstone [^ Fine grey blowing sand For an analysis of the water, see p. 193. ? Botley. Geol. Map 316, new ser. KiTNOCKS. ? 1898. ? About 130 feet above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by Mr. C. Conway. Shaft, of 6 feet diameter, 28 feet. The rest bored, 3 inches diameter. Thickness. Ft. Thickness . Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. 1 1 2 3 3 3 15 9 19 10 6 29 6 2 31 6 8 6 40 12 6 52 6 2 3 54 9 7 3 62 23 6 85 6 5 90 6 14 6 105 5 110 26 5 136 5 3 136 8 5 10 142 6 Soil [Bracklesham Beds.] f Yellow clay I Dark red clay '{ Blue clay ... I Dark green or black sand, very hard but (^ fine (drying to light-grey) 3 20 2 58 Depth. Ft. 3 23 25 83 89 Bournemouth. Geol. Map 329, new ser. 1. BoscoMBE. Messrs. Parsons Dairy Co. Made and communicated (1901) by Messrs. Isler and Co. 125 feet of tubes, of 4 inches diameter, 5 feet down. Water-level, 110 feet down. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Made ground 3 3 [Gravel.] Ballast 27 30 ' Red sand ... 10 40 Very fine red sand I 10 50 Grey marl ... 10 60 Dead grey sand 16 76 [Bagshot Beds.] ^ Fine grey sand Fine red sand 4 80 20 100 Dead grey sand 3 103 Live grey sand 14 117 Dead grey sand 8 125 ^ Live grey sand 32 157 66 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. BovLTiiemouth—cont. 2. BoscoMBE. For Messrs. Isaac and Co., Dairymen, Christchurch Road. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. Lined with 100 feet of 5-inch tubes from 6 feet down ; 300 feet of 4 -inch tubes from 5 feet down ; and 15 feet of 3-inch tubes from 300 feet down. Water-level, 104 feet down. Supply, 1,200 gallons per hour. Thickness. Depth. [Gravel.] [? All Bagshot Beds.] Ballast f Light-coloured sands Light-coloured running sands .. Light-coloured sands Gravel and sands... Light-coloured sands Brown sandy clay Light-coloured clay Light-coloured sands Brown clay - Light-coloured sands Light-coloured clay Light-coloured sands Light-coloured clay Running sands Light-coloured sandy clay Running sands Brown clay Running sands . Brown clay ... 3. BoscoMBE. BoscoMBE and Bournemouth Laundries Co. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. Lined with 10 feet of 10-inch tubes from 7 feet down. Feet. Feet. 13 13 6 19 7 26 22 48 13 61 9 70 42 112 16 128 8 136 m 148i 7 155^ 1 156i 18^ 175 11 186 24 210 11 221 37^ 258^ 24i 283 32 315 1 316 260 „ 5 53 „ 3 Water-level 108 feet down. 5> J) " V „ 226 „ Supply 2,844 gallons per hour. Made ground [Gravel.] [? All Bagshot Beds.] Ballast ... ... Yellow sand Hard dark clay Light-coloured sand and clay Light-coloured coarse sand Light-coloured hard clay Light-coloured coarse sand Light-coloured coarse sand and pebbles Light-coloured clay Light-coloured sand Dark fine sand and wood Dark sand Dark sand and clay Dark fine running sand... Dark sand and clay Dark sand Fine running sand Fine running sand, dark !Sand and clay Light-coloured running sand Sandy clay Light-coloured sand Fine light-coloured running sand Dark clay Sand Sand, light-coloured Dark sand and clay Light- coloured sand ickness J. Depth. Feet. Feet. 2 2 9 11 4 15 23 38 10 48 6 54 1 55 14 69 6 75 3 78 47 125 2 127 8 135 1 136 6 142 3 145 5 150 20 170 8 178 1 179 21 200 15 215 25 240 9 249 17 266 1 267 18 285 1 286 2 288 WELLS. MAINLAND. or Bournemouth— con/^. 4. Electric Power Station. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. Lined with 40 feet of 10- inch tubes. 270 ,; 7i- and 43 „ 6 , Water-level 100 feet down. of which 30 feet are perforated. [? All Bagshot Beds.] Thickness, Depth. Feet. Feet. 7 7 6 13 5 18 4 22 ^8 30 12 42 15 57 7 64 21 85 15 100 7 107 52 159 51 210 15 225 13 238 5 243 16.i 259^ m 272 10 282 17 299 3 302 2 304 [Gravel.] Ballast ... ... f Light-coloured sand Yellow sand Light-coloured sand and clay ... Running sand Light-coloured clay and sand ... Dark clay and sand Dark grey sand Hard light-coloured sand Light-coloured coarse sand Dark fine sand and wood Dark fine sand Dark running sand Sand and clay Running sand ... Sand and clay Coarse light-coloured sand Light-coloured hard clay Light-coloured sand Light-coloured running sand ... Hard dark clay ... Light-coloured running sand .... 5. Mont Dore. 1888. Made and communicated by Mr. J. M'William. Shaft, the last 25 feet with iron cylinders. The well holds about 9,900 gallons of water, and it took two steam-pumps, working night and day, to keep the water down. Thickness. Depth. Feet. ' Loam and sand mixed Light-yellow or buff, compact clean sand, with layers of dark red sand or fine gravel Loose yellow sand [Bagshot Beds.] ■<| Hard blue clay, with here and there a layer of light-yellow sand Sand Blue clay ... ... ... ... about Hard sand, overlying the water- [ stratum nearly 10 55 For an analysis of the water see p. 194. 6. A few hundred yards west of Moredown Church. Boring. 1896. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Abandoned. No water. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 19 19 15 34 11 45 36 81 Feet. 4 Feet. 4 20 4 24 28 10 or2i 5 38 40+ 45+ [Drift.] Flints, sand and gravel C Running sand . . . [Bagshot Beds.] ^ Clay ... ( Sand and hard rock 3knesg . Depth. eet. Feet. : ^ 1^ 3 H 8 m n 14 i Uk 2 Uh 2i 19 1 20 5i 2bh 2i 28 5 33 4 37 9i 46i 2i 49 2 51 3i 54i 6i 61 5 66 1 67 8 75 5 80 68 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Bournemouth— con^. 7. Water Works. 1876. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. S. F. Baker and Sons. f White sand I Yellow loam [?Drift.] -350 feet. Chalk 322J 2. On the western side of the high road from Blendworth to Waterloo near the 9th milestone. From information on the ground. Well for four houses, with independent pumps. To Chalk [through Reading Beds] 90 KgQ ^^^ Chalk t.. 70) Near by, to the west, was a boring to the Chalk, for the reception of the sewage, after it had passed through a septic tank. 3. On the western side of the same road a little to the S.W. (about half a mile S.W. of Merchistoun Hall). 1904. Three borings, made and commanicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Dug to 12 feet. No water. Reading clay ... ^ ni teet. Chalk 49 j Cheriton. Geol. Map. 300, new ser. Tube-well, where the first springs rise. 1898. Communicated by the owner, Mr. T. B. Grin ham. 240 feet above sea -level. Water rose to within about 3 feet of the ground. Gravel ... ^ 1 105 feet Chalk, with occasional thin layers of flint ICO ) An excavation was made for 3 feet, to allow the water to run, the top of the pipe being driven down that distance. The water overflowed for about a week, and then sunk lower down the pipe. 72 WATER StrPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Christchurch. Geol. Map 329, new ser. 1. The following particulars of the water-supply of this town are taken from Dr. St. (x. Mivart's Report to the Local Government Board, 1899. Interesting as a record of former evils. It was believed that out of 900 inhabited houses 575 were supplied from wells, public or private, while 319 were connected with the mains of the West Hants. Water Co., a number that was increasing. Five wells were used for public supply, a sixth, in that part of the main street called Bargates, having been closed as contaminated. None of these wells are over 20 feet deep ; they are as follows : — Railway Inn Well. — Beneath the roadway of the main thoroughfare ; about 16 feet deep. High Street Well. — Probably about 14 feet deep. For analysis, see p. 195. Church Street Well. — Beneath the main roadway; said to be about 20 feet deep. Pit Well.— In the centre of a small unpaved square down to which the ground slopes from the roadway, said to be about 9 feet deep. A sewer is said to pass close by. Tutton's Well. — In the suburban quarter, Stanpit, in a little open patch of grass-land sloping down to a creek : 45 feet above high-water mark ; said to be fed by a strong spring. " But though the public wells are unsatisfactory, the private shallow dry-steined wells are still more so. Sunk in gravel or alluvial soil, it is difficult to see how they can fail to become contaminated. The ground around them, or in their neigh- bourhood, has for years been polluted by leakage from cesspools (now nearly all abolished), while filth of all kinds thrown upon or dug into the surrounding ground undoubtedly soaks into them." A few notable examples are given. The West Hants. Co. was then giving a supply from the River Avon, with filtration. Several analyses of this water are given in the Report. 2. West Hants. Water Company. 1906 ? Boring made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. Combined from two accounts. 40 feet of 15i-inch pipes level with the surface ; 405 feet of 10-inch pipes, 3 feet down ; 830 of 7T-inch pipes, 4 feet above the surface. Yery strong springs 209 feet down. Pumped at the rate of over 25,000 gallons an hour (from bore of 10 inches diameter) ; but the water contained iron and so had to be shut off. Overflows during the night. Made ground [Drift ] [Bracklesham and Bagshot Beds.] (Ballast [gravel] Red running sand Grey sand and ballast [gravel] f Sandy clay Grey running sand Sandy clay Running sand and layers of clay Grey running sand and lignite Sandy clay Fine running sand Clay and peat Running sand and lignite Sandy clay Running sand and lignite Soft sandstone Running sand and lignite Sandy clay Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 5 5 17 22 G 28 3 31 4 35 14 49 3 52 28 80 18 98 10 108 39 147 2 149 51 200 5 205 2 207 3 210 7 217 4 221 WELLS. MAINLAND. 73 Christchurch— con^. [Bracklesham and Bagahot Beds] — cont. Thickness. Feet. 8 11 [London Clay, 325 feet.] [Reading Beds, 98 feet.] Depth. Feet. 229 240 ( Running sand, lignite and sandstone... Hard, dry sandy clay (? and sandstone) Running sand, layers of lignite and sandstone 38 278 Soft sandy clay (? and stone) 15 293 Hard sandy clay 9 Pi02 Running sand, layers of clay, stone and lignite 10 312 Clay,layers of coat'sesand and sandstone 28 340 Running sand and lignite 12 352 Mottled sandy clay '8 360 Running sand and lignite 21 381 Sandy clay 10 391 (^ Running sand and lignite 10 401 f Sandy clay 13 414 Hard rock 3 417 Sandy clay, stone and lignite 6 423 Sandy clay 7 430 Sandy clay and stone 8 438 Loamy sand 12 450 Fine running sand and lignite 32 482 Sandy clay 7 489 Hard brown clay ... 20 509 Fine running sand and lignite ... 27 536 Soft sandy clay 11 547 Running sand, clay and pebbles ... 13^ 560i Hard rock U 562 Loamy sand ... 37 599 Clay, claystones, shells and pebbles ... 112 711 Green sandy clay 15 726 Red mottled clay 3 729 Soft sandstone 4 733 Sandy clay, mottled, with clay-stones... 49 782 Sand 21 803 L Sandy clay 21 824 Chalk and layers of sand ... 97 921 Another account differs as to the lowest four layers of the Reading Beds, giving them as follows : — Feet. 47 5 12 27 Sandy mottled clay, &c. Sandy clay and sand ... Sand Sandy clay According to the Water Works Directory, 1907, the supply was then got from the River Avon. The places supplied were Bournemouth (? small part), Burton, Christchurch, Everton, Highcliffe Milton, Hordle, Iford, Jumpers, Keyhaven, Milford, Mudeford, New Milton, Pennington, Southbourne and Ward ; and the quantity supplied was 78 million gallons a year. In the same work of 1903 this last has risen to 85 millions. Cliddesden. Geol. Map 284, new ser. 1, Works for Basingstoke Water-supply, about half-a-mile south-westward of the church. 1903. Over 474 feet above Ordnance Datum. Information chiefly from Mr. F. S. Courtney. Shaft and galleries, total length of the latter, 200 yards : one gallery at 228 feet down (apparently 460 feet long), one at 250 (77i feet), one at 264 (50 feet), and one at 270 (12 feet). 74 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Cliddesden—cont Water (little) began at 200 feet. Most water at 225. Water-level about 286 i feet above Ordnance Datum. In the Chalk throughout. Total depth 275 feet. Chalk, with flints down to about 245 feet, when there was hard semi-crystalline chalk. ^ At 249 feet, a thin clayey bed. At 264 feet, a gray clayey bed, 6 or 8 inches thick. In November 1903, with the galleries finished, the yield was only a little over 5,000 gallons an hour, practically the whole of which was got within 120 feet of the well. 2. Old Swallick House. About a third of a mile N.W. of Winslade Church Information got by Mr. C. E. Hawkins. Almost 420 feet above Ordnance Datum. About 14 feet of water. The water-level does not vary much and there is plenty of water when other wells are nearly dry. A later gauging, by Mr. F. S. Courtney, makes the water-level about 137^ feet down. Chalk 156 feet. Combe. Geol. Map 283, new ser. Village Well. From the Memoir on the Geology of Andover, 1908. Chalk (Middle and Lower), 201 feet. Cranbourne. Geol. Map 314, new ser. Boring of 6 inches diameter, made and communicated by Mr. F. W. Ockenden 157 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level, 3 feet above surface. Yield, good. Soft chalk, the top part almost like sand 50 ) ^ . ^ p . Chalk a little harder with few flints ... 6 1 P ^ ^ ^^^^• Crondall. Geol. Map 284, new ser. 1. Frimley Farnborough and Wey Valley Waterworks. Itchell Pumping Station. About 261 feet above Ordnance Datum. Two borings. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. No. 1. Lined with 80 feet of tubes, of 6 inches diameter, 45 feet down. No. 2. Lined with 120 feet of tubes, of 6 inches diameter, 48 feet down. Water-level 5i feet down. Supply 4,000 gallons an hour [?from No. 1 only]. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Dug well [chiefly London Clay] — 50 rT> A- ^n^^ if Mottled clay 48 98 [ReadmgBeds.]|gj^^^l^y .f. 12 110 Chalk 54(No. l),185(No.2). 164(No.l),295(No.2). The trial -boring showed rock at the base of the London Clay, which reached to 47 feet down, giving a thickness of 63 feet to the Reading Beds. A tracing, communicated by Mr. A. C. Pain (1901) shows 3 bore-holes with the following depths : — No. 1, 157 feet 10 inches. No. 2, 194 feet 6 inches. No. 3, 126 feet. The lowest 5 feet of the shaft is shown as an iron cylinder and the bore-pipes rise to about 3, 7 and 4 feet up in the well. There was a fissure at 150 feet. From Mr. R. Nunn I learn that there was very little increase in water below 185 feet. WELLS. MAINLAND. 75 Crondall— con^. 2. Trial-boring near Mill Lane,, a sixth of a mile S. of Bowerhurst Farm. Information from Mr. A. C. Pain. Nearly 278 feet above Ordnance Datum. London Clay ... 32") Reading Beds ... 75 [ 164 feet. Chalk 57J 3. Redpields, nearly three-quarters of a mile east of north from the church. 1899. About 300 feet (or a little more) above Ordnance Datum ? Made and communicated by Messrs. LeGrand and Sutcliff. Water-level varied in working from 50 to 80 feet or more. No supply. Thickness. Depth. Feet. f Red clay Gravel Red clay Blue clay Clay and pebbles Blue clay r-Roco ( Blueclay, green sand and shells ment-'b''^'''"^^'^"^ ^ bed 1 ) ^^®y ^^^^ L ^^^-J (Sandstone "" Mottled clay [London Clay.] ^ [Reading Beds, 68^ feet.] [Upper Chalk.] Yellow sand Blue clay ... Mottled clay Mottled clay, and sand and shells [? oysters] / Grey chalk (no flints) ... 1 Chalk and flints 20 7i 137i 2i 68 1 7 1 2i 37i 3 7 13 8 25 191 Feet. 20 20J 28 165J 168 236 237 244 245 247i 285 288 295 308 316 341 532 There being no gravel mapped here, one must conclude that the six inches of that material near the top is either in a pipe or is a pebbly bed in the London Clay, of which latter an example occurs lower down. 4. Trial-well for the War Department, Heath Lane, E. of the village. A little S. of the lane, and nearly a sixth of a mile westward of the pottery. Reading Beds ... 17 } . .7 . . Chalk 130 P^'*^®^* On going down this well in 1888, after the water had been pumped down to within about three feet of the bottom, I found that below the steining (carried into the looser chalk at top) the whole of the chalk was compact and not broken up by joints, so that there was no definite outflow of water, only a gentle oozing out through the body of the rock. There were but few flints. At a visit in the beginning of August, 1889, after a long season of dry weather, the water in some of the wells in the village, above the level of the spring (see p. 36), stood at about 20 feet down, and I was told that in winter it rose close to the surface, so that it could be got by dipping. Dibden. Geol. Map 315. Windmill House. A little south-westward of Langdown Windmill and southward of Baker's Farm. 1892, Over 100 feet above Ordnance Datum (? 105 or more). Made and communicated by Messrs. A. Williams and Co. (notes from specimens in brackets). Shaft 13 feet, the rest bored. Unsuccessful, 14524 F 76 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. BiMen—cont. Before getting through the rock, at 445 feet, the water-level was 172 feet down. Later on it rose slightly, to 160 and then to 150. Thickness. Depth. [Drift.] [Barton Sand, 72 feet.] Feet. 19 5 Feet. 19 24 33 5 34 10 81 21 6 12 2 57 62 9G lOG 187 208 214 226 228 /Gravel -. i. Gravel and sand Sand (at 44 feet, fine buff sand, with some bits of greenish grey sand). Water at 44 feet Running sand Blue sand. A little water, exhausted by 4 hours' pumping at the rate of 300 gallons an hour ; brackish and of bad smell ' Blue sandy clay ... Blue clay (some greenish-grey clay, with bits of shell. Stiff grey clay, with bits of shell at 138 feet. The like at 154, but a trifle sandy) Sandy clay Black sand (specimen of greenish sandy clay or clayey sand) ... Green loamy clay and black sand [Barton Clay, -( Dark green sand 349 feet.] Dark green loamy clay. (At 347 grey clay, with a few small bits of shell. At 350 grey and slightly greenish-grey clay and sandy clay. At 390-400 grey slightly sandy clay, with broken shells and some green sand. At 444 brownish -grey clay with bits of shells. Hard sandstone at the bottom 5 L feet.) 217 f Light-green loamy clay (greenish sand [? Barton or slightly clayey, with broken shell, Bracklesham J^ top 10 feet) Beds.] Light-green loamy cl ly with rock _ Dark green loamy clay ... There is an older well at Langdown Mill, about 45 feet deep, with the water- level about 39 feet down, which was the same as in the above boring in June, 1891. This water is also slightly brackish, and with a disagreeable smell and taste. Droxford. Geol. Map 316, new ser. 1. Holywell. 1902. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Lined with 103 feet of tubes of 41 inches 445 25 470 4 474 26 500 Well 82 feet, the rest bored. diameter. Water-level 80 feet down. Reading Beds 82\.pnn^. [Upper] Chalk and flints 100/ ^^"^ *®®** 2. Railway Station. Well 64 feet in chalk. Dunley, near Litchfield. Geol. Map 283, new ser. Made and communicated by Mr. Broadhurst. From the Memoir on the Geology of Andover, 1908. 1. At Cottages, 400 feet above Ordnance Datum. (Upper and Middle) Chalk and few flints, 129 feet. WELLS. MAINLAND. 77 BvLiilej—oont 2. Manor House. 1 2 feet of water. (Upper and Middle) Chalk, with hard bed and Chalk Rock 12 feet down, 210 feet. East Dean. Geol. Map 299, new ser. HOLBURY Mill. In the garden between the buildings and the road. Probably about 110 feet above Ordnance Datura. Made and communicated by Mr. James Grace. Bored throughout. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. London Clay ... 43 43 Clay [Reading Beds] 77 120 Chalk 60 180 I was told that oyster-shells were found at the base of the Reading Beds. Eastleig-h. Geol. Map 315, new ser. For Mr. Pember, Eastleigh Park. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. Lined with 340 feet of 4-inch tubes from 8 feet down. Water level 95 feet down. Dug Well [London Clay.] Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. ... ... ..• — 12 relay 168 180 < Sand and clay 36 216 ( Clay 25 241 fSand and clay 55 296 1 Mottled clay 9 H05 < Sand 11 316 Sand and clay ... 17 333 Sand 6 339 Chalk and flints ... 3 342 Chalk 156 498 [Reading Beds, 98 feet.] [Upper Chalk.] The division between the London Clay and the Reading Beds is doubtful. East Meon. Geol. Map 316, new ser. CooMBE Bottom, south-west of the village. From Messrs. Duke and Ockenden, August, 1896. Well in the Chalk, 50 feet deep, with 6 feet of water. East Tisted. Geol. Map 300, new ser. Rotherfield Park. Boring made and communicated (1901) by Messrs. Isler and Co. Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet Old well [? Upper and Middle Chalk] ... — 284 (Chalk 18 302 [? Middle Chalk.] -! Grey chalk ... 39 341 ( Chalk and rock ... 27 368 The last two depths are given as 365 and 392, so, perhaps, the grey chalk is 63 feet thick. U524 F « 78 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. 2 2 6 8 14 22 158 180 1 181 46 227 East Wellow. Geol. Map 315, new ser. Embley Park. Made and communicated by Mr. J. Grace. Water, at 180 feet, rose 8 feet above the ground. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Soil Gravel [?Bagshot.] Loamy sand [LondonClayO {^:b\ts[iXeme.;tBed] [? Reading Beds.] Sand with water If the above interpretation of the beds is right, the London Clay is thinner than one would have expected. East Worldham ? Geol. Map 300, new ser. Mr. John Baigent's. 1905. Communicated by him. rSoftrock 10 < Alternate layers of hard and soft rock 60 ? (.Black rock 15?, About 28 feet of water (January, 1905), which was increasing at the rate of about 20 inches a day. Eling. Geol. Map 315, new ser. 1. Langley Manor, Hunter's Hill. 1887. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Isler. Notes from specimens and from Mr. T. Lloyd (of Winchester). Water-level about 80 feet down. After pumping for lowered below 100, quickly returning to the natural level, hour. [Upper Greensand.] 1} 85 feet, 9 hours could not be Yield, 300 gallons an grey Old dug well (cylinders since carried down to 96 feet, by Mr. James Grace) Clay Blue sandy marl [specimen of clay, with greenish sand] ... Stiff blue clay ... Sandy blue clay... Stiff clay Sandy marl [specimens of green-grey clayey sand or sandy clay] ... Stone [specimen of hard calcareous clay] Sand [specimens of green-grey clayey sand or sandy clay, with bits of shell at 136 and 148 ; then specimen [Barton and of green -grey clay] Bracklesham <{ Sandy clay Beds.] Sand Stiff sandy clay [specimen of fine greenish-grey clayey sand at 178 ; of green sandy clay at 200 ; of brown -grey clay at 204 ; and of dull brownish clay, with a little greenish sand, at 205] Stiff clay Stiff sandy clay [specimens of brown- grey clay, with shells, at 213 and 218 ; of greenish-grey sand, with shells, at 223 ; and of brown clay, with shells, at 226 and 231, the latter tough] Thickness. Depth. ' Feet. Feet. 28 7 35 39 74 . ■ 8 82 4 86 12 98 27 125 126 31 157 1 158 7 165 40 6 23 205 211 234 WELLS. MAINLAND. 79 ISiiing-^ont, Thickness. Feet. Depth. Feet. f Stiff green sand [specimens of brownish [Barton and and greenish sandy clay, clayey sand hJracklesham -{ and sand, often with shells, down to Beds] — cont. 300. A four-inch bed of sandstone L at 285] 76 310 Mr. T. Lloyd told me that after the slight earthquake-shock felt here on May 31st, 1889, large quantities of sand came up with the water, so as to cut out the leathers, which had to be replaced, and then to stop the supply. Before this the water had been free from sand for months. 2. Oakhurst, close to Woodlands (described as Bartley in paper on Hampshire Wells). Communicated by Mr. BLATCm. Over 60 feet in hard clay ; yellowish at top, the rest blue. EUisfield. Gael. Map 284, new ser. WiDMOOR (Rectory), about a third of a mile E.S.E. of the church. 635^ feet above Ordnance Datum. Well 317 feet. Boring 70. Water-level 378i feet above Ordnance Datum (August, 1903) ; unusually high. When the well was first made it is said that there was only 35 feet of water in it. Amount drawn about 1,000 gallons a day, with a maximum, on a hot summer's day, of between 2,000 and 3,000. The first 20 feet clay, the rest chalk. The above information from Mr. A. P. Morris. I have seen the following specimens, August, 1 903 : — White chalk (5 specimens) from 30 to 190 feet. Layer of brown clay at 200. White chalk, (?) gritty, rather hard, at 230. „ „ partly pale greyish, gritty, at 264. „ „ in lumps, with pale grey between, at 290. Grey chalk, with very little white and hard, at 320. The specimen from 290 feet is suggestive of Melbourn Rock. Emsworth. Geol. Map 316, new ser. 1. For Mr. J. Hales. 1898. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Shaft 30 feet. Boring to 170. 144i feet of tube standing 22 feet up in the well. Water-level 7 feet down. Rock at 152 feet, with water underneath. 2. Mount Pleasant. 1898. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden Shaft 33 feet. Bored to 75. Water-level 39 feet down. 3. The Laundry, New Brighton, N. of the town. 1906. Boring, made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Water-level 20 feet down. Blue London Clay, with layers of rock 26 and 28 feet down, and one 6 inches thick at the base f Mottled clay Clay and sand Red clay Mottled clay ... ^ Clay and gravel Chalk and flints Reading Beds. Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. eet ... 75^ 75i 29i 105 34 139 11 150 28 178 7 185 73 258 80 WATER SUPPLY OP HAMPSHIRE. Ewhurst, north-westward of Basingstoke. Geol. Map 284, new ser. 1. FOSCOTT Fakm, north-west of the church. Information got by Mr. J. H. Blake. Well dry at Christmas, 1890. No water until after the melting of the heavy fall of snow in March, 1891. . London Clay, Reading Beds and Chalk, 135 feet ? 2. Farm near the Church. Section given to Sir J. Prestwich, "from recollection by the man who had made it a few years previously." iQuart. Jour?i. Geol. Soc, vol. x., pp. 96, 97) and MS. He adds that " there is apparently some mistake in the measurements, although I believe the order of succession and the occurrence of lignite to be correct." Thickness. Depth. [Reading Beds.] Chalk... f Red and blue mottled clay I Blue clay with pebbles j Black clay with small oyster-shells i A bright ore (iron-pyrites) I Coal (lignite) L Green sand and gravel (flint-pebbles) Feet. Feet. 20 20 15 35 15 50 3 53 7 60 2 62 17 79 Eyeworth. Geol. Map 314, new ser. ScHULTZE Gunpowder Co.'s Works, about 6 miles N.W. of Lyndhurst. 1888. From specimens taken at every 10 feet of depth, and from information from Mr. R. W. S. Griffith, Manager. Shallow pit and then a boring to 200 feet. Yery small supply of water, which rose some 60 feet (? more), but was pumped down in a few hours. A little later about 6 feet was silted up. 1. Blackish-brown loamy earth (alluvial wash). 2. Pale brownish or buff clay, slightly sandy. 3. Dull brown (greyish) clay, or sandy clay. 4. Fine clayey green sand. 5. Brownish -grey sandy clay. 6. Greenish-grey sandy clay or clayey sand. 7. Calcareous stone (2 to 3 feet) and impure pyrites [? in sand or clayj. 8. Fine green sandy clay or clayey sand. 9. Light-grey sandy clay. 10. „ „ more sandy. 1 1 . Pale brownish-grey clay. 12. Light-grey clean sand, blowing ; gave water at first. 13. Dark grey sand, drying compact. 14. Pale brownish-grey sandy clay, with vegetable matter. 15. Sand, like 13, but of a lighter colour. 16. Sandy clay, like 14. 17. Sand, like 15. 18. Pale clay, almost a pipe-clay. 19. Light-brownish-grey sand, with pieces of vegetable matter (lignite). 20. Said to be like 19. A heap, by the boring, full of pieces of lignite. Faccombe. Geol. Map 283, new ser. From the Memoir on the Geology of Andover^ 1908. 1. In THE Village. 750 feet above Ordnance Datum. (Upper and Middle Chalk, 314 feet.) [? All Bracklesham Beds.] WELLS. MAINLAND. 81 Fsiccombe— con t. 2. Netherton. 447 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water rose 50 feet. (Upper and Middle) Chalk, 240 feet. Fareham. Geol. Map 316, new ser. 1. Fort Fareham. Five wells. From information at the Royal Engineers' Office, Milldam, Portsmouth. All the water from a bed of greenish sand [at bottom]. Chalk not touched. 1. 200 feet deep. The sand 16 feet thick.^ 2. 188i ,; „ 6i 3. 210 „ „ 8 „ 4. 220 „ „ 7 Carried 2 feet into red clay beneath the sand. 5. 229 feet deep. The sand 5^ feet thick. Carried li feet into red clay beneath the sand. It looks as if the sand were either the bottom of the London Clay or the top of the Reading Beds, the red clay being probably red mottled plastic clay. 2. Lower Quay. Fareham Mill Co. A few feet above high water. Mr. E. T. HiLDRED tells me that there is a shaft of 30 feet, the rest being bored, and that the supply has greatly fallen (November, 1898). He believes that the water comes chiefly from sand of the Reading Beds, as a great deal of sand was being pumped, A slight subsidence had occurred close by. To Chalk ... 141 ) .... Chalk ... 300 f 44iieet. 3. Knowle. Hampshire Lunatic Asylum. The former supply was from a well 120 feet deep, in Chalk, at the Asylum. Pumps 100 feet down. Heading never finished, because of the inflow of water. 3,000 gallons an hour pumped, for 12 hours ; and 6,000 gallons an hour for 6 hours. Water has once risen above the pumps. There is generally 6 feet or so of water, which is pumped down to about 3 feet. Newer Works. On the left bank of the valley, about half-a-mile S.S.W. of the Asylum, and a little S.E. of Fontley Farm. Communicated by Mr. W. Matthews. 108 feet above Ordnance Datum. Rest-level of the water 84 feet above Ordnance Datum. Well 62 feet deep, 7 feet diameter and lined with brickwork for 31 feet, the rest of 6 feet diameter and unlined. Heading 40 feet long, from the bottom of the well, giving a yield of 6,090 gallons an hour. An additional heading, 50 feet long, made in 1891, increased the yield to 7,000 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Soil 2 2 (Reading clay 18 20 [Reading Beds.] < Grey clay 1 21 ( Flints and stones 2 23 [Upper Chalk.] | ^^^[j^"^^^^^' "^'^^ ^'^''' ^* ""^^^ ^°^ ^^°*' 3^ H 4. Waterworks. Wells 50 feet deep, with adits in chalk. At foot of Portsdown Hills. Yield 18,000 gallons an hour. The Water Works Directory, 1909, gives the yearly supply as 97,235,000 gallons, and the maximum day's supply (June 1908), as 314,500 gallons. For an analysis of the water, see p. 196. 82 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. rarnborough. Ordn. Map 285, new ser. Geol. Map 8. Waterworks. Western side of Alexandra Road, just S.E. of Alma Cottages. 1884. About 260 feet above Ordnance Datum. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Tilley & Sons, and from specimens (to 185 feet). Water-level 23 feet down, until 29th July, 1884, when it was pumped down to 41 feet, and the fixed level was then reduced to 29 feet. [Upper Bagshot Sand, 128i feet.] [Bracklesham Beds, 31 i feet.] [Lower Bagshot Sand, 62 feet.] Gravel (8 feet and iron-bound, in a trial-boring) f Brown loamy sand, rather coarse Buff sand rather coarse and water ... Yellow clayey sand, fine Green loam (turning grey when drier) Fine green sand and water (turning grey when drier) ^Light-grey fine sand and water ' Dark grey clay, with some large flint pebbles Green-grey loam -{ Flint pebbles, in green-grey clayey sand Green-grey loam and sand, with pebbles... ' Fine grey sand, with water (? and loam) Green sand and water Green sand, with thin layers of clay ... Strong green loam, with layers of clay t. Green sand and water London Clay The divisions of the Bagshot Series are hard to make out, and the thickness given to the Upper division is more than one would expect ; but some of the specimens looked like Bracklesham Beds, the green being an evanescent colour, from dampness. The Lower Bagshot Sand, on the other hand, is thinner than one would expect. Whether the bed described as London Clay is all truly so may also be a question, and some of it may turn out to belong to the loamy passage-beds from the sand into the clay. According to a MS. note left by Sir J. Prestwich, a well at the railway- station passed through 30 feet of fine white sand and 6 J feet of dark blue sand, to green sand. Fawley. Geol. Map 330, new ser. Stone Point, by the Solent. From a note by Mr. H. W. Bristow. icknes 3. Depth. ^eet. Feet. 7 7 33 40 33 73 8 81 12 93 29 122 13^ 135i f 136i 17 153i 3i 1561 10 1661 22 1881 22 2101 3 2131 12 2251 3 2281 31 2591 9 feet above Datum. Shingle ... Various coloured clays.. Sand 2U 110 6 1374 feet. rordingbridge. Geol. Map 314, new ser. 1. Bower Wood. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs. [Plateau.] Gravel [BagshotBeas.] { ^^{.7,1^,^ B;k-d [London Clay.] I Black clay I Yellow sand 4 20 36 8 2j 70 feet WELLS. MAINLAND. 83 Foidinghiidge—cont, 2. Gasworks. By the stream at the western end of the town. 1887. Bored by Messrs. TiLLEY. From E. Westlake's ' Geology of Fordingbridge,' 28. 88 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water from the sand at 125 feet rose to 13 feet above the ground. Soil. Black mould River Gravel. Broken subangular gravel in a good deal of sand Bagshot. Fine grey quartz-sand, clayey in places f Grey sandy clay... Sand and pebbles Hard stiff clay Sand, with pebbles at the base Sandy clay Septaria, containing fossils, Turritella imbi'icataria, &c. Clay Hard stone Dark clay Dark clay with shells, probably Pliola- domya ... Dark bluish clay Hard stone Dark bluish clay, with a few small pebbles, Cardita planicosta, Rostel- laria lucida, Turritella imbricataria Hard stone Clay Brown clay, very hard and compact ... Septaria Sand and clay, with water under the stone Sand and water Sandy clay Sand, shale, and pebbles (basement- bed?) " Light-grey clay laminated with grey sand Greenish - brown loam with a little glauconitic sand and lignite Buff-coloured calcareous stone, 4 inches Light-brown clay Brown clay f Whitish-grey or pale green clay, with occasional I streaks of red I Light-grey pipe-clay J Red clay ' Yellow clay, greyer towards the base Dark brown or chocolate- London Clay, 118^ feet. Reading Beds, 73^ feet. Mottled clays, 31 feet. kness. Depth Feet. Feet. 2 2 12 14 6 20 8 28 ' 2 30 10 40 4 44 6 50 1 51 8 59 1 60 7 67 3 70 14 84 i 84i 7 9U i 92 8 100 4 104 U 105i 20 125^ 3 128i 7 135i 3 im 6 144^ lU 156 i 156^ 3! 160 2 162 14 176 1 177 3 180 or coloured clay Purple clay streaked with ochre r Pale buff-coloured marl ... Marl, ) White highly calcareous marl 9 feet, y Pale green or olive-coloured ' marl with calcareous lumps Greensand (glauconitic quartz and iron grains with oyster-shells) 181 190 193 196 200 202 10 Chalk 7 On this section Mr. C. Re id has made the following remarks Westlake's classification gives to the London Clay a thickness of 118 feet ; but it is possible that strata both higher and lower should be included in that 212 219 Mr. E. 84 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Foidinghndge—cont. division. I should be inclined to class the beds marked as doubtful with the Basement-bed, making the London Clay 136 feet thick. Pebble-beds in this district occur at so many horizons that they cannot be taken as marking lines of division ; in this section at least four are found. Glauconitic sand, also, in the Reading Series of this area seems to be confined to the base of the deposit, though it is common throughout the London Clay." (Memoir on the Geology of Ringwood, p. 16.) There seems, however, to be some misapprehension ; the beds marked by Mr. Westlake as doubtful are included by him in the London Clay. To give the London Clay the thickness suggested that formation must be carried two steps lower, to the depth of 156 feet, and this would make the Reading Beds only about 53 feet thick, which seems too small for this neighbourhood. Mr. West lake's classification agrees in that matter with the one previously given by me in my paper on Hampshire Wells (with less detail than above). But the account of the section that I had did not suggest Bagshot Sand, and so the London Clay was given six feet more at top. 3. li miles north of the town. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs. Water, 2 feet. Oravel ^ I Rf^ fppf Black clay full of oyster-shells [Reading Beds] 26 ) "^^ ^®^^- 4. Sandle Heath [? Sandhill, W. of the town]. Boring made and communicated by Mr. F. W. Ockenden. 200 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level, 75 feet down. Yield plentiful. Mixed sands and clays. Some of the sands very deep ) green 140 V 285 feet. Chalk, very soft, with a few flints , ... 145 J Frensham, near. Ordn. Map 301, new ser. Geol. Map 8. Near Batt's Corner, S.W. of Dockenfields Farm. Mr. G. C. A. Jonson's. 1899. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutclipf. Water-level 85 feet down (February). r^ , , T r Brown clay [Gault.] (e^^n __/ __ ( Brown loamy sand [Folkestone Beds.] I Brown sand ... (Live sand Frimley and Farnborough Company. The following particulars are taken from the Water Works Directory, 1907 :— Hampshire places within the area of control (besides Frimley and other places in Surrey and others in Berkshire) Blackwater, Cove, Crondall, Crookham, Farnborough, Fleet, Hawley Minley, Odiham, Winchfield, and Yately. The sources of supply included surface-springs from the Bagshofc Sand at Frimley (? Surrey) and the yield from these in 1906 was 96,516,356 gallons, that from wells being 183,832 000. The same work of 1909 gives these figures as 105,035,000 and 169,368,000 in 1908, and the average day's consumption as 751,789 gallons. The spring- water is about 3i° of hardness, and the well-water from 18° to 21°. See also Crondall and Farnborough. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 11 11 61 72 5 77 m 89^ 18 107J WELLS. MAINLAND. 85 Froyle. Geol. Map 284, new ser. Lower Froyle, north of the main village. Mr. Burningham's. 1908. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Chalk (marl) Grey chalk 63 M4 1 feet. Grey chalk (plastic) Fyfield. 1881. Geol. Map 283, new ser. Water-level, 55 feet down. Chalk and flints, 90 feet. Gosport. Geol. Map 331, new ser. 1. Blockhouse Fokt. 1848. Information from the Contractor's notes, made when doing the work, communicated with other notes by Mr. J. Carrdthers (then of Haslar). About 13 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 19 feet, the rest bored. Good water found in the bottom sand. In 1884 the bore was sounded to 247 feet and cleaned down to 287, but it again filled up to 281. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. ( Shingle 40 40 Brown and greenish-blue sand,and oyster- shells 9 Fine shingle 21 I' Sand and alternate layers of clay and gravel (in the upper part), and blue clay and green sand (in the lower and main part) ... ... ... ... 46 Stiff blue clay 22 Blackish-green sand, with slightly brackish water 20 158 I Stiff blue clay 66 224 t Clay and sand 52 276 [? Brack lesham or Bagshot Beds.] Clean sand 24 800 The account given by Major-Gen. Portlock, in 1850 (Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublhi, vol. iv., p. 247), differs much from the above. He makes the oyster- shells 50 feet down and, very naturally, classes the clays beneath the later deposits as London Clay, Brack lesham Beds not having been then invented. 2. Gosport Brewery Co., Haslar Stree'I'. 1896. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutclifp. Water-level, 17^ feet down. [Shore Deposits.] [Bracklesham Beds.] 49 70 116 138 Soil [River Drift.] [?A11 Bracklesham Beds.] Gravel and sand , Brown loamy clay Blue sandy clay ... Sand and clay Running sand .., Sandy clay Sandy clay with stones ... Sandy clay Sand, pebbles and lignite Sand Live sand with peat and wood [lignite] Clay Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 2 2 7 9 9^ m 4i 23 50 73 20 93 17 110 26 136 27 163 17 180 40 220 22 242 1 243 86 WATER SUPPLY OP HAMPSHIRE. Gosport— C^^^. 3. Haslar Hospital. Well and boring at the wash-house. 1858. Communicated by Messrs. Easton and Amos (and from specimens, from a larger well, from 138|^ feet down) ? later extension. Mould [River Drift.] [Bracklesham Beds, 284^ feet.] Clay ... Gravel, the lowest 9 feet red fRock Light-coloured clay Light blue clay , Dark silty soil ... ... Running silty soil Yellow sand Grey sand Iron-grey sand, to bottom of old bore, a mixed sort of silty soil Sand (1382^ buff ; 139| rather darker ; 142^ greenish-grey, all fine and full of dark grains ; 145^ greenish-grey sandy clay) Sandy clay and shale (148| greenish sand ; 151 greenish sand, a little darker, partly clayey) Green sand (153 feet 10 inches greenish sand ; 155 feet 2 inches brownish- grey clay with greenish sand ; 156 brownish-grey clay, laminated ; 158 brownish clay ; 159 buff clayey sand) Clay (160 brownish sandy clay, with grey sand ; 161 grey sandy clay, with sand ; 162 brownish and greenish clayey sand and sandy clay, ?with traces of decomposed shells : 163 ^ greenish-grey sandy clay, ? traces of shells ; 164 and 166 grey sandy clay, traces of shells ; 167 brownish sandy clay ; 168i and 169i brownish clay ; 1 72 brownish-grey clay ; 1 75 brownish- grey and greenish-grey sandy clay, with shells ; 178 greenish-grey sandy clay, with shells ; 179 grey sandy clay, ? with decomposed shells ; 180 greenish-grey sandy clay ; 182i grey clayey sand ; 183^ brownish clay ; 184|^ greenish-grey clayey sand, a bit of shell) Sandy clay (186| greenish-grey clayey sand ; 188 grey sandy clay ; 190 greenish -grey clay, with brown specks ; 192 greenish-grey sandy clay) Clay (194, 195, 196 greenish-grey sandy clay, the last with vegetable remains, and with many white acicular crystals weathered out on the surface) Sandy clay (197 grey ; 199 greenish grey ; 200 grey, all with traces of vegetable remains and a few crystals, as above) Sandy clay, peaty (201 i and 202^ grey, the former with a few crystals, as above ; 203^ and 204^ greenish-grey, with traces of plants) lickness Depth. Pt. Ins. Ft. Ins 2 6 2 6 2 4 6 27 31 6 2 33 6 6 39 6 4 43 6 8 51 6 5 56 6 4 60 6 6 66 6 71 6 138 10 3 148 3 3 3 151 6 8 4 159 10 25 2 185 7 9 192 9 3 3 196 5 201 4 205 WELLS. MAINLAND. 87 Qosvoit—cont. Thickness. Ft. Ins. Depth. Ft. Ins. [Bracklesham Beds, 2841 feet]— con^ [Bagshot Sand.] 218 221 224 239 246 256 f Sandy clay (206i greenish-grey ; 208, 209, 210, 212 sands all fine and greenish -grey, some slightly clayey) 7 6 212 6 Hard sand (215 and 218 grey and clayey). First spring 5 6 Sandy clay 3 Hard sand 3 Greensand (225 green-grey ; 228 grey ; 233 green-grey; 234 and 237 brownish clay) , 15 Stiff clay (240 brownish clay, with greenish sand) 7 Sandy clay (250 grey ; 255 brownish clay) 10 Stiff clay (260 and 265 brownish and partly sandy ; 270 alternations of grey sandy clay and brown clay : 275 grey sandy clay ; 279 brown sandy clay, with green-grey sand) 25 281 Sandy clay (283 green-grey sand and brown clay ; 284 and 285 brownish clay, partly sandy) 5 Clay and green sand 3 Clay (290 brown, with green-grey sand) 2 Clay and green sand (292 and 295 brownish clay, or with a little sand or partly sandy) 5 Clay (300 and 302 brownish, partly sandy) 12 Clay and pebbles (310 brownish sandy clay, with flint pebbles; 31U, 314, 316 fine buff sand, slightly clayey ; the last compacted, with a flint pebble ; also brown clay) 8 316 ' Water strata (318 fine buff sand, com- pacted, ? slightly clayey, with a flint pebble ; 319 like above, with flint pebbles) 8 Green sand and black [flint] pebbles ... 1 Greensand (326 fine buff sand ; ? 328 and 33 H buff compacted sand, the latter clayey) 7 Peat [lignite] mixed with pyrites ... Loamy sand (334^ buff compacted sand ; 336 dark sandy earth, with bits of lignite, crystals (?from decomposed pyrites) and strong smell) 8 340 6 4. Messrs. Mumby & Co., Mineral Water Works. Communicated by Messrs. W. Hill & Co. 286 289 291 296 308 324 325 332 332 6 [Bracklesham Beds.] ' Clays and sand Green sand and water Clay Green sand Light-coloured sand Blue clay ... , ... Sandy clay Blue clay , Blue clay and pyrites kness Depth. eet. Feet. 55 55 12 67 I 68 4 72 4 76 11 87 22 109 16 125 14 139 88 WATER SUPPLY OP HAMPSHIRE. [Lower Bagshot Beds, 34 ft.] Gosport— con^. r Black pebbles I Green sand and water -{ Black pebbles and sand ... I Green sand and water ... t Sand and water ... Sandy clay Stiff sandy clay Stiff clay and pebbles, with some pyrites Shale Light-coloured sand and water (ferru- ginous) Stiff clay [London Clay.] •<{ Clay and shells Stiff clay Dark sand, with shells and clay Clay Clay-stone Blue sandy clay Stiff blue clay, with a layer of pyrites 1 at 330 feet Thickness. Feet. 1 8 3 11 11 15 1 1 21 30 1 27 4 18 1 12 48 Depth. Feet. 140 148 151 162 173 188 196 197 198 219 249 250 277 281 299 300 312 360 Messrs. Hill classed the beds down to 281 feet as Bracklesham and Lower Bagshot, but the sandy London Clay clearly ranges up to 173 feet. For an analysis of the water, see p. 197. [River Drift.] [Bracklesham Beds.] [? Bagshot.] [? London.] 5. New Barracks. Gravel and sand r Blue clay < Black sand ( Sandy blue clay Light-coloured sand, with pebbles and water ... Blue clay (? to sand and pebbles, and springs) Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 28 28 18 46 n 47^ 72i 120 20 80 140 220 6. Royal Clarence Victualling Yard. From a section at Haslar Hospital (and from specimens). Shaft about 50 feet, plugged for about 6 feet, the rest bored. Measurements from the floor-level of the engine-house. Major-Gen. Portlock gave an account of tins section in 1850 (Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, vol. iv., p. 245), in much less detail. He says that an abundant spring was met with at a depth of 312 feet. [River Drift.] [Bracklesham Beds, 35f feet.] [Bagshot.] [London Clay, 336f feet.] Gravel ( Yellow clay ) Silty clay (?) ) Silt, &c. ... ( Pebbles ... Sand f Silt, &c. ... I Yellow clay ■{ Clay and sand I Sand, with water L Clay Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 4 4 llf 15f 16 311 6 371 2 391 31 701 U 72 7 79 15 94 3 97 77 174 WELLS. MAINLAND. 89 [London Clay, 33GI feet]— cow^ Gtos^oit—cont. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. [Reading Beds.] clay at 408 and 410) Shells, &c Clay and sand Clay Sand (fine buff loose sand, with bits of shell, at 309) Clay and sand (brown-grey clayey sand and sandy clay at 312. Brown-grey or grey sand at 315, 317, 320, 323, 326, 329, 331 (with bits of fossil- iferous stone) ; all these fine com- pacted, to some extent clayey, and much alike) ... Clay (brown-grey compact sand at 337 ; brown clay, often with bits of shell or of stone or with pyrites, at 343, 351, 352i, 355, 357, 371, 375, 377, 379 (six inches of stone), 381, 385, 389 ; brown sandy clay at 390 ; brown- grey clay at 406 and 407) Stamshaw clay (red and grey mottled 3 16 100 16 177 193 293 309 22 331 76i 2^ 407i 410 7. Sea Horse Brewery. 1909. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutclifp and from Messrs. Biden and Co. When the boring had reached 312i feet down the water-level varied between 14 to 18 feet down. [River Drift.] [Bracklesham Beds.] [Bracklesham and Bagshot Beds.] 9 10 2 55 2 [London Clay.] - Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. r Gravel 10 10 < Sand, gravel and clay ... 6 16 ( Sand and gravel ... 19 r Sandy clay 16 Light-blue gandy clay ... 9 J Sandy clay j Stone Blue sandy clay I Sandy clay and pebbles... Sand 12 Pebbles and clay ... 1 Sand 11 '] Hard sand 20 I Sandy clay ... ... 14 I. Sand and water 23 fClay 2 Blue clay 14 Hard sandy clay ... ^20 9 Clay stone (?) 11 Sandy clay 23 4 Clay stone (?) 5 10 Dark greenish loamy sand 8 4 283 Clay stone (?) 7 283 Grey sandy clay 17 301 Loamy sand ... ... 1 6 303 t Sandy clay 10 313 35 51 60 69 10 70 125 127 139 140 151 171 185 208 210 224 244 9 245 8 269 274 10 2 9 9 3 3 An analysis of the water is given on p. 197. An old well here is said to be 164 feet deep. The water in it became brackish. 90 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Gosport— con^. 8. GospoRT Waterworks. Bury Cross. There are four wells here. No. 1 is the most easterly, in the eastern Engine House. No. 2 is close by, to the N.W., just outside the Engine House. No. 3 is merely a pumping shaft, by the western Engine House. No. 4 is further west, by the north-western corner of the field beyond the works. The water from No. 2 flows into No. 1 by a pipe. Nos. 1, 8 and 4 are connected by a conduit at the base of the shafts. Total supply, in 1885, about 300,000 gallons a day. A brick shaft, 100 feet deep and 40 feet in diameter, was sunk later (1889 V), so that 400,000 gallons would collect in it during the night, then enough for the next day's wants. For analysis of the water see p. 198. No. 1 Well. J. PiLBROW, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvi., pp. 447-449 (1860). Cor- rections and additions from the Waterworks Company, and from specimens kept in their office. Shaft 10 feet. Large cylinders to a depth of 83 feet, smaller to about 110 (? rather less). The rest bored. Water originally rose to 9 feet below the surface. Would rise to about 25 feet from the surface when the supply was got from here ; but was pumped down to about 80 feet, and never left to rise higher than to about 35. Quality good. Yield only tested to about 500,000 gallons a day, at about 70 feet from the the surface. In 1885 about 7,000 gallons an hour pumped. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. [River Drift, 9i feet.] [Bracklesham Beds, about 294 feet.] C Soil (specimen of brown loam) \ Gravel ' Mottled clay (specimen brown and grey, and sandy) Blue clay, with sand and pyrites. Water at a depth of 25 feet. (Speci- mens of brown laminated sandy clay, of dark grey ditto, and of brownish sandy clay) Light-coloured sand, with pyrites and small shells (specimen of grey clayey sand with small Ostrea) Sand and shells. At 52 feet more loamy and full of shells. List of fossils by Prof. Morris, given. Water increasing just below 45 feet. (Specimen of sand with green grains and Nummulites) Greensand (specimen with shells) Greensand, lighter in colour (specimen finer and with shells) Lighi-green sand (specimen of compact clayey grey sand) Light-coloured sand (specimen of green- grey sand with shells) Clay and sand Sand and shells, compact and full of shells at 86 feet (specimens of grey sand, with Cardita and Turritella) ... Sand, shingle and shells (specimen of grey sand with Cardita) Laminated clay (specimen, marked 104, of brown-grey clay with sand-partings) 1 6 8 2 3 1 6 9 6 11 9 15 6 27 3 10 33 1 34 2 2 9 67 70 3 5 75 5 80 3 1 83 84 11 95 9 104 2 9 106 9 WELLS. MAINLAND. 91 Gosport— con^. [Bracklesham Beds about 294 ieet]—conL [Lower Bagshot.] [London Clay.] Blue clay and sand (specimen of brown- grey laminated clay at 108, and of brown clay below) ... Black peat, woody (specimens of peat with brown clay) Stiff blue and green clay (specimen brown) Blue clay and sand (specimen brown) Dark sand and water (specimen of grey sand, coarser than any other, the rest being all fine) Blue clay and sand (specimen brown) Green sand (specimen with bits of clay) Stiff blue clay (specimen brown, with a little 8and, ? trace of shell) Dark green sand, with peat clay and pyrites (specimen of brown -grey compact sand with peaty streaks) ... Green sand and water (specimen of fine light-coloured sand with dark grains)... * Blue[light-coloured]clay and sand[48] Clay, sand and shells ... Blue [light-brown] clay and [green] sand. At 290i feet hard blue clay Blue clay and black [flint] pebbles ... Blue clay, crusty [no record of this in another account] Light-coloured sand [cla'yey at the bottom] and water Sandy clay and black pebbles Hard clay [these two together, in specimens, as clay, the depth being made 331 1 feet] Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. 11 6 4 6 16 12 6 2 8 1 1 118 3 122 9 138 9 151 3 153 3 161 4 162 4 21 5 183 9 18 201 9 20 49 1 6 3 222 271 272 3 6 6 27 3 6 300 303 9 303 9 26 329 9 1 3 331 2 3 333 3 *From this point the specimens differ slightly from the published account, and the version in square brackets is taken from them ; but of course it does not follow that the whole of each bed was like the specimen. It should be noted th^t specimens of bluish-grey clays, &c., are liable to turn brown after long exposure. Hence, probably, some of the differences in the above account. The Rev. O. Fisher (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xviii, p. 76), from an examination of the specimens, when fairly fresh, gave the following abstract : — Laminated clay, weathered, at a depth of 1 1 feet 9 inches. Laminated clay and dark sand, at 37 feet 3 inches. Nuinmulina Icevigata bed at 67 feet 3 inches. Very green sand, with a few specimens of N. Icevigata^ at 75 feet. Turritella bed, a conglomerate of shells, with Cardita planicosta, at 95 feet. Cardita bed ; shells rather smaller at 104 feet. Shaly and peaty clays at 109 feet. He remarked : " I should say that the water was obtained in the London Clay series, and that the Bracklesham Beds ended at a depth of 201 feet 9 inches. The green sand (with water), 20 feet 6 inches thick, would then belong to the Lower Bagshot sands." I think, however, that the Bracklesham Be„^y„i„g-;;^^ ■- :" ^ ( Gravel and sand mixed with clay f Sandy clay I Blue clay, very hard [London Clay.] -{ Brown clay, very hard I Blue clay, very hard l^ Green sandy clay There is much difficulty in classifying the beds. Feet. Feet 16 16 15 31 25 56 23 79 1 80 2 82 12 94 51 145 34 179 8 187 21 208 4 212 98 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE Ea.jling—cont. 7. Stoke. Near North Hayling Station. 1905. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Shaft 14 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 10 feet down. Clay and gravel ... 14 ) Soft chalk and flints 6 ]- 65 feet. Hard chalk ... 45 J Headley. Ordn. Map 301, new ser. Geol. Map 8. 1-3 Headley Park. Borings. Made and communicated by Messrs. Legrand and Sutclifp. (Remarks in brackets, in the first, from an account given by Mr. E. E. Berry.) With some additional information from Sir R. S. Wright. 1. A boring of 5 inches diameter. (About 30 feet S.S.E. of Park Mill ; 1^ miles N. of Headley Church. About 200 feet above Ordnance Datum.) Water overflowed. Thickness. Feet. 1 Top ground [Folkestone Beds.] < Crey sand ("Yellow loamy sandstone Peat (peaty sand) Very green sand, and a little clay Blue sandy clay (tenacious, watertight), and layers of sandstone (a layer, very hard, green, about 3 inches thick) ... (Loose blowing) grey sand [Sandgate Beds.] [? Hythe Beds.] 2. A boring of 16 inches diameter, 10 feet S.S.E. of No. 1. Water-levcl a foot down, June. Thickness. Ft. In. 21 16 about 1888. Depth Feet. 1 3 5 8 13 34 50 1889. Depth. Ft. In. Top ground [? Drift.] [Folkestone Beds.] ( Brown sand I Gravel Brown and green sand, mixed ' Dark clay and sand ... Sandstone and clay Sandstone rock Green sand and stone t Green sand with water [? Hythe Beds.] Hard rock [Sandgate Beds.] - 1 1 3 5 6 8 2 11 7 1 2 5 10 16 24 26 38 45 45 3. A boring of 16 inches diameter, about 40 feet N.E. of No. 1. 1889. Water-level a foot down, August. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. p Drift 1 i Peat and sand ^* '-■ I Sand, clay and stones r Hard, dead sand Sandstone-rock I Grey sand and stone Green sand and water Hard green sand and water Hard sandstone-rock t Blowing sand, to rock No. 2 is in constant use, and in 7 or 8 years (always running free) has varied very slightly in yield, giving 50 gallons in about 52 or 53 seconds, with a nearly constant temperature of about 5r. No. 3 runs wholly to waste, and seems to yield about the same as No. 2. (1895.) [Folkestone Beds.] No. 1 is now stopped. 5 5 3 18 2 20 3 23 7i 30^ 3i 34 5^ 39^ 31 43 3 46 WELLS. MAINLAND. 99 Eesidlej—conL According to a note in the Daily News, 20th July, 1888, at the first, water rose to 9 feet above the surface, which is 210 feet above Ordnance Datum, at first at the rate of about 200 tons a day, but increasing to that of 290. Upon the tube being cut down 2i feet the overflow increased to 480 tons, or 110,000 gallons, daily. The water has been analysed and found to be of the finest quality. 4. 170 yards north of the church tower. For Mr. Delamotte. 1888. Communicated by Prof. T. R. Jones. Shaft throughout, with 3 feet of water when digging was left off. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Brickwork ... — 8 f White sand ... ... ' 16 24 Rock ... 2 26 [Lower Green- White sand ... M 34 sand (Hythe ^ Rock 3 37 Beds).] White sand ... 12 49 Three pieces [? beds] of rock 7 56 L White sand. with water... 19 75 The sand between the layers of stone is so hard ? IS to be a soft stone. Herriard. Geol. Map 284, new ser. Four wells on the estate. All in Chalk. 1. Hurst Well. 561 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 227 feet down (? 1899) 274 feet deep. 2. Lee Farm Well. 510i feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 228 feet down (? 1899). 234 feet deep. 3. Park Farm Well. 500 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 210 feet down. 220 feet deep. 4. Stables Well. 592^ feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 290 feet down. Originally only 314 feet deep. Before 1892 water drawn up by bucket. In 1893 pumps set up. In seasons of drought the supply was inadequate (for house, gardens, stables, farm and cottages dependent on this well). In 1895 the shaft was deepened 26 feet (to 340) and a boring of 82 feet was made, giving a total depth of 422 feet. Said to be about 250 feet in Upper Uhalk, the rest in Middle. After the deepening and regular pumping the wells at Lee Farm and Park Farm gave out, and had to be deepened (to above figures ?). Later Weston Corbett well gave similar evidence of the lowering of the water-level, and also had to be deepened. More recently no less than eight wells at Tun worth had to be sunk deeper into the Chalk for the same reason. Two of the above wells are within a mile of the Herriard well. The above information is from a Report made for the purpose of an arbitra- tion between the Estate and the Basingstoke and Alton Light Railway Co. in 1899, and communicated to me. In my own Report on the subject I remarked that Herriard is on the water- shed between the Loddon, on the north, and the Itchen and the Wey, on the i-outh. It is on the high ground of the Chalk and on a tract from which water flows, chiefly perhaps northward or north-eastward (to the springs of Basing, 100 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. ^ "ReinsLid—cont. Nately and Greywell). In such a position a well is more likely to be affected by other wells than in the lower tracts, where there is more water ; and it is likely to be affected from a greater distance. Highclere. Geol. Map 283, new ser. From the Memoir on the Geology of Andover, 1908. Nos. 1-4, 7-22 made and communicated by Mr. Broadhurst. 1. Balls Cottages. 420 feet above Ordnance Datum. (Bracklesham Beds.) Sand, 30 feet. 2. Bottle Row. 401 feet above Ordnance Datum. (Bagshot Beds, Lower.) Blue clay, 45 feet. 3. Caernarvon Arms, opposite to. 550 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water rose 15 feet. (Bagshot Beds, Lower.) | ^^^/^^ Jq } ^^^ *^®*- 4. Carpenter's Arms, near. 476 feet above Ordnance Datum. Good water. (Bracklesham Beds.) Loamy sand, 45 feet. 5. Church Lane Lodge. Chalk with flints, 130 feet. 6. Dod's Farm. 370 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water rose to the surface. r Brown clay ... 3 ) (Bagshot Beds, Lower.) < Sand 10 V20 feet. ( Dark clay, to sand 7 j 7. Highclere Farm. 430 feet above Ordnance Datum. (Bagshot Beds, Lower.) Brown and red clay, 15 feet. 8. Highclere Park. Headstock Lodge. 380 feet above Ordnance Datum. (Bagshot Beds, Lower.) Blue clay, 45 feet. 9, 10. Highclere Park. Keeper's House and London Lodge, 450 feet and 506 feet above Ordnance Datum. (Bracklesham Beds.) Sand, 50 feet and 100 feet. 11. Pound Street, at cross-roads. 397 feet above Ordnance Datum. Gravel. Clayey, boggy soil (Bagshot Beds, Lower) 20 feet. 12. Pound Street, Treasurer's Hill. 458 feet above Ordnance Datum. 30 feet. Gravel 5\ (Bracklesham Beds.) Sand 25 / 13. Ridgemoor Farm. 450 feet above Ordnance Datum (?). (Bagshot Beds, Lower.) Sand, 30 feet. WELLS. MAINLAND. , ., , ,, ,101 Highclere— con^. 14. Spring Lane. (Lower Bagshot.) Blue clay, 40 feet. 15. Close by the last, near Wellhouse Farm. 376 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water not good. (Bagshot Beds.) | f^^J ^^^^ [sO feet. 16. Tot Hill Farm. 430 feet above Ordnance Datum. Gravel, 15 feet. 17. Close by the last. Gravel ^^ I of; f f Sand (Bracklesham Beds) 15 f ^^ ^^^^^ 18, 19. West Street and West Strklt Farm. (?) 430 feet and 450 feet above Ordnance Datum. (Bracklesham Beds.) Sand, 30 feet and 350 feet. [There must be some error in the latter (?) 35 feet.] 20. Cottage half-way between Tot Hill Bridge and the Railway Station. Gravel ^0\.f. o , Sand (Bracklesham Beds) 35 / *^ ^®®^- 21. House a quarter of a mile north of the Church. (Lower Bagshot.) Sand, 45 feet. 22. Between Maple House and Highclere Street Farm. 482 feet above Ordnance Datum. Gravel (Bagshot Beds, Lower.) Blue clay 20 J- 130 feet. (Bagshot Beds and Loudon Clay.) Black clay and shells ... 10J ... 20}. 13 ills 100 J Hursley. Geol. Map 299, new ser. The Park. Communicated by Mr. W. Matthews. House. Home Farm. 1908. Feet. Feet. Surface above Ordnance Datum 200 210 Depth of well (all in Chalk) 144 500 Rest-level of water, below the ground ... ... 100 110 Gallons pumped per hour, practically without drop in the water-level 1,500 2,500 The water is used for the house, farms and the bulk of the houses in the village. Messrs. Duke and Ockenden describe the farm-well as a shaft of 118 feet and the rest bored (1908). Beds of flints occurred at 395 and 494 feet down. The boring is lined with 8-inch tubes to the depth of 159 feet. The water- level is 100 feet down. Hurstbourne Tarrant. Geol, Map 283, new ser. (From Memoir thereon.) CowDOWN Farm, N.E. of Upton, 450 feet above Ordnance Datum. (Upper and Middle Chalk.) Soft chalk with flints, 165 feet. 102 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. [Barton Beds and Bracklesham Beds.] 8 10 17 2 1 [Specimens of grey more or less sandy clay] lU [Specimens of grey and greenish rather sandy J 22 19 3 1 3 Depth. Feet. 8 18 35 37 38 40 4 44 r 3 47 3 50 1 51 2 53 3 56 11 67 ? U 68i 9 77i Hythe. Geol. Map 315, new ser. WiNTERTON Hall, N.W. of house (in field). 1885. Communicated by Mr. Gr. F, L. Giles, and from specimens. Field overflowed by high water spring tides (reclaimed land ?). Water, from the last bed but one, rises to the top of the bore-pipe and cannot be lowered more than 40 feet. Thickness. Feet. [Alluvium.] Yellow clay [Drift.] Yellow gravel, very compact f Blue clay [specimens of grey clay, rather sandy] Sandy blue clay "i [Specimens of C > rather sandy grey < Green sand ...J clay.] (, Blue clay. [Specimens, 39-41, grey sandy clay] Green sand ; great quantity of water. [Specimens, 42-44, fine grey clayey sand] Blue clay Blue clay with sand Blue clay Blue clay with sand Green sand Blue clay with sand Blue clay with much sand Blue clay with sand Green sand. [Specimens of fine clayey sand] ... Blue clay with sand. [Specimens, 80- 85, 87, 88, grey sandy clay; 86, 89-91, grey clayey sand] Hard blue clay. [Specimens 92, 93, grey sandy clay ; 94 grey clayey sand ; 95 green-grey sand] Hard blue clay. [Specimens of grey clay] ... Hard blue clay with sand. [Specimens of grey, partly greenish, clay, some rather sandy] Hard blue clay. [Specimens of grey clay, some slightly sandy, some slightly greenish] Hard blue clay with sand. [Specimens grey clay] Blue sandy clay ^ [Specimens, C Blue sand with > grey and greenish < very little clay J sandy clay] ( Blue sand with more clay. [Specimen brownish] Hard blue clay, very^ little sand Hard blue clay, with sand Hard blue clay, less ^ clays, more ^ sand, and with a or less mass of stone ... with green | Hard blue clay ... J grains] [ Hard blue clay with a few small pieces of shell. [Specimens of greenish-grey and brownish clays, some sandy] ... m 91 95 101 123 142 145 146 149 150 153 156 157 159 168 WELLS. MAINLAND. 103 Rjthe—conL Very hard brownish Ira- f Thickness. Depth clay, with a few ^f^^Z^' \ ^^'- 4}' [ clays, with <' a little green sand at 176] [Specimens of brownish with green sand at 183] shells I "" """"" I 6 Green sandy clay I ^^^7?].!^'*^ < 2 Brown mottled clay, with a few small shells Green sand with streaks of clay, and a few small shells C with green ^ 4 [Barton Beds Blue sandy clay ... ) sand at 183] ( 1 and J Hard brownish-blue clay. [Specimens Bracklesham [ of brownish and slightly greenish Beds] — cont. sandy clay] ... ... ... ... 3 Green sandy clay, with fragments of shells, [Specimens greenish-grey]... 2 Very hard blue clay, with a little sand, and fragments of shells. [Specimens of greenish -grey sandy clay, at 191, 192, 193] 3 Green sandy clay 5 Green sand, with a large quantity of fresh water 3 Green sand, with more clay 1 It is hard to make a division between the Barton Beds and the Bracklesham Beds. Idworth Waterworks, see Blendworth. Kingsclere. Geol. Map 283, new ser. The first three from the Memoir on th«^. Geology of Andover, 1908. 1. Field Barn Farm, on the main road, about three-quarters of a mile southward of the town. Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. W. Ockenden, of Kingsclere. Shaft 37 feet, the rest bored. » Thickness. Feet. 174 176 180 184 185 188 190 193 198 201 202 rChalk Lower Chalk. < Hard chalk ( Soft chalk mixed with clay Upper j Rock-beds (glauconitic marl) Greensand, ( Darker sandy clay 37 5 25 26 Depth. Feet. 37 42 G7 93 2. Park House, on the main road, about half a mile southward of the town. 1890. Information from Mr. C. Garrett, of Kingsclere. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Grey chalk 15 or 20] * [Upper C Green sand and sandstone 25 „ 30 > 63 Greensand.] | Sand with beds of very hard stone 18 J As Mr. Jukes-Browne remarks, the well can hardly be at the house, which is on the sand and not on the chalk. He suggests that it may be at the farm to the south. [?--No. 1.] 3. Stanton's Farm, about three-quarters of a mile north-westward of the town. Also from Mr. Ockenden. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Well (? in London Clay) — 34 r Mixed sand ... 25 59 Reading Beds. < Bright yellow sand 5 64 I Darker sand ... 4 68 104 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. KingSGlere—cont. 4. Bungalow, east of the Mill. 1907. Made and communicated by Messrs. Allsebrook and Co., and Mr. H. J. 0. White (who has added notes, in these brackets). Water-level at first 20 feet down, but when the boring had reached the depth of 34 feet the level fell to 27i feet, where it remained. Ample supply. About 362 feet above Ordnance Datum. Chalk ... 18) (Melbourn Rock.) Very hard chalk (sub -nodular) 2 > 70 feet. Chalk-marl (sample much like Belemnite Marl) ... 50 J ,5. " The deepest well in the Chalk (in map 284) appears to be that at Freemantle Park Farm, north-west of Hannington : this was 347 feet in the spring of 1908, when it was about to be deepened." Information from Dr. F. P. Joscelyne (Geology of Basingstoke). Linkenholt. Geol. Map 283, new ser. Manor Farm. From the Memoir on the Geology of Andover, 1908. Well made and communicated by Mr. C. Alderman, of Little Down. 650 feet above Ordnance Datum. 20 feet of water. (Upper and Middle) Chalk, 291 feet. The well at Little Down, given in the Memoir as in this parish, is really in Vernhams Dean, which see. Lockerley. Geol. Map 299, new ser. 1. Canefield Farm. Made and communicated by Messrs. Dcke and Ockenden. Plenty of water. [Reading j Dug well [? old] 40 Beds.] ( Mottled clay and sand, about Chalk 2. Carter's Clay. No water. Well sunk in sand and clay (the rest bored) f Sharp white sand rT>.„-,. „ I Black clay •^ ijn^ -{ Mixed sand and clay «eas.j j jyj^jttig^j jjiay t Dark green sand Soft chalk 3. The Mill. On the northern side of the stream, for the supply of Lockerley Hall, About 95 feet above Ordnance Datum. Information from Mr. Dalgety (from memory). Shaft about 50 feet. Boring about 150 feet, some way into the Chalk. Water overflows, and is pumped down 12 feet, beyond which it has not been lowered. ; 12 W( ) feet. 18J Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 1 — 40 5 45 10 55 27 82 15 97 * 2 99 133 232 (said to be 234 feet deep.) Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 3 3 ^ 4 7 3 10 5 15 29 44 23 67 53 120 WELLS. MAINLAND. 105 Lymington. Geol. Map 330, new ser. Waterworks. Ampress, north of the town. 1908. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. About 1 1 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water overflowed, but was lowered to 42 feet below the surface by pumping, returning to the original level after pumping had ceased for 16 hours. Yield, as found by continuous pumping for 14 days, 264,000 gallons a day. (Information from the Local Government Board.) Made ground r Ballast [? River Drift] ^ Barton sand ( Large [coarse ] grav el n> 4. o ^ f Barton sand ^""Ktf «-n running sand J (Loamy sand Barton CJay. With claystone, from 1 27 to 128 and from 251 to 25U feet down 227 347 [? Bracklesham ( Sand and pebbles 1 or 11 ? 348 or 358 Beds] IGreysand llorl? 359 Mr. W. Matthews tells me that 9,000 gallons an hour were pumped at 36i feet, 10,000 at 40^ and 11,000 at 45, and that sand comes up. The supply has been from springs, see p. 41. According to the Water Works Directory, 1909, the water overflowed 2 feet above the surface at the rate of 1 ,800 gallons an hour. Lyndhurst. Geol. Map 315, new ser. Boring communicated by Messrs. A. Williams & Co. Water-level, 6 feet down. Yield, 900 gallons an hour. [Barton Sand, Upper Bagshot of old map]. [Barton Clay.] ( Blue clay and sandstone 6 125 For an analysis of the water, see p. 198. Marchwood. Geol. Map 315, new ser. Camp Field, on the Marsh W. of " Inner Marsh " of six-inch Map 65, S.W. 1907. From Lieut. 0. H. Hanson, R.N.V.R. A well about 10 feet deep yielded an abundant supply, and the water had no unpleasant taste. In 1908 the water was very unpalatable, and it was suggested that water had soaked in from the ditch in the Inner Marsh. The well was filled up, and a tube-well was driven 50 yards nearer to Cracknore Hard. The water from this looked turbid, but was delicious to drink. In 1909 another tube was driven about 80 feet west, and the water from this tastes of iron. Both tubes go down about 8 to 12 feet. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Live yellow sand 21 21 Dead sand 4 25 J Live sand 1 Blue dead sand 4 29 22 51 Dead sand and shells ... [Dead sand 38 89 7 96 r Sandy blue clay 5 101 ) Brown clay and shells... 4 105 j Blue clay and shells ... 14 119 106 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. 4 4 27 31 250 281 2i 283i 17 300 i Michelmersh. Geol. Map 299, new ser. E. Spon. " Water Supply. The Present Practice of Sinking and Boring Wells," pp. 176, 177. 8vo. Lond. 1875. Ed. 2 (1885), pp. 221, 222. Shaft 400 feet [but the total only 300i]. Water rose 19 feet in the shaft, and is abundant. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Surface soil Dark clay [Reading Beds J ... Chalk Calcareous sand Upper Greensand This section is impossible. The whole thickness of the Chalk would have to be pierced before reaching the Upper Greensand, and that thickness is probably 800 feet at least. It should be noted that the bed classed as Upper Greensand is undescribed, and therefore we are given no reason for such classification. I have no doubt but that the bed in question is simply a hard layer in the Upper Chalk. No further particulars are procurable. Milton, near Lymington. Geol. Map 330, new ser. Waterworks. Close to the Railway Station. 1892. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliffe, Notes in square brackets from specimens examined by Clement Re id. Water-level 17 to 36 feet down, during boring. No supply. r Well (undescribed), the rest bored ... Bricks and rubbish at the bottom of the well Clay and shells (Cerithium, Cyrena) ... Light-green sandy clay [not sandy] ... Grey sand and brown clay Dark grey sand and shells Clay [light-green] Mottled clay and sand ... Blue clay... Stone Blue clay Sandstone Blowing sand Light-blue clay [greenish with whitish concretions] ... Wood and " stuff " ( [Mead End Bed ?]. Sand, shells and mundic (blackish) Dead grey sand ... [Becton Bunny / Blue clay and shells Bed?] ...1 Blue clay Grey sandy clay Live grey sand ... ^ [Chama Beds ?]. Grey clay [soft] ... 'Blue clay Stone and shells [septaria? J Blue clay and shells [Corbula at 230 ft. 4 in. and 250 ft.] Blue clay and sand [green] Brown clay Blue clay " Blue, green and grey sand Rock Blue sandy clay Brown sandy clay [Headon Beds.] [Barton Sand.] [Barton Clay.] [? Barton and Bracklesham Beds.] ^hicl rness 3. Depth Ft. Ins Ft. Ins. - - 24 2 26 2 28 5 33 10 43 11 54 6 60 6 66 17 6 83 6 3 83 9 3 9 87 6 2 89 6 18 6 108 12 120 1 6 121 6 2 6 124 19 143 9 152 6 158 6 164 28 192 34 6 226 6 2 8 229 2 1 2 230 4 68 8 299 9 308 29 337 14 6 351 6 17 6 369 6 369 6 20 6 390 4 6 394 6 WfeLLS. MAINLAND. 107 Monk Sherborne. Geol. Map 284, new ser. The Rectory (within 10 feet of the eastern wall). 1887. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand & Sdtclipf. Shaft 30 feet, the rest bored. T lickness. Depth Feet. Feet. [London Cay] { S^^ ^l^^f 30 5 30 35 f Mottled clay ... 25 60 bTteet.J J Hard clay 16 14^ 76 85i '100 L Black sand 2 102 Chalk and flints 28 130 An analysis of the water is given on p. 199 Netley. Royal Victoria Hospital. Geol. Map 315, new ser. Sections from A. Beamish, Lieut. R.E., dated 1867 (and 1869 ?), with further information from Major NixoN, R.E. (1886). 1. North Wing. Shaft 40 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 16 feet down. (Figures in brackets from another account, by Major R. Bullen, R.E.) Gravel [Bracklesham Beds.] f Hardened sand (29) Mottled sandy clay (11 feet 9 inches) Hard olay Greenish -yellow sand Light-coloured clay Light-grey clay Hard clay ^ Sand and clay, with fossils Coarse grit sand ... — Fine running sand Dark chocolate-coloured sand... Grey sand, full of shells (11)... Mottled sand, with clay and shells (9) Dark green sand, mixed with clay L (21 feet 1 inch) 20 180 2. South Wing (850 feet from the above). Thickness. Depth. Ft. in. Ft. in. ltol6 6 16 6 ... 37 2 53 8 3S) 1 9 55 5 ... 1 56 5 ... 27 83 5 ... 6 89 5 ... 11 100 5 ... 5 105 5 ... 11 116 5 ... 9 125 5 ... 6 131 5 ... 7 6 138 11 ... 11 1 150 9) 10 160 Shaft 37 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 16 feet down. [Bracklesham Beds.] f Brickearth Green sand Hard clay Green clay and small shells Dark brown clay Rather stiff green clay and large shells Green clay, with fossils? Greenish sand ... Stiff clay, with bed of white sand Stiff clay Very stiff clay ^ Green sand An analysis of the water is given on p. 199. Thickness. Feet. 0^ 5 1 ^ 4 9 6 89 12 12 20 15 Depth. Feet. Oh 5* Gl 9 13 22 28 117 129 Ul 161 176 14524 108 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. T^etlej—cont. 3. Laundry Well. Shaft 45 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 14 feet down. Not observed [Bracklesham Beds.] [Lower Bagshot Beds.] Sand Stiff grey clay, with pieces of black turfy material Dark greyish or greenish slightly loamy sand ... Dark-green sand Dark-grey sand, with shelly particles Light-grey and greenish sand Grey mottled clay Chocolate-coloured loamy sand Black turfy soil Coarse light-grey crystalline sand Stiff clay Chocolate-coloured loamy sand Fine yellow quicksand Black turfy soil Dark-grey sand .. . Dark loamy sand Clay Black turfy soil Dark stiff clay Stiff blue clay Mottled clay Greenish sand Hardened sand ... Light-greenish sand Light-brown and grey stiff clay Grey sand Stiff clay Light-green sand, with pieces of hardened yellow sand Stiff light -blue clay Hard black clay Stiff dark clay ... Black [flint] pebbles Light-green sand Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 60 20 80 9 89 36 125 21 146 4 150 10 160 7 167 3 170 2h 172i n 182 5 187 3 190 3 193 3^ 196,^ H 201 1 202 H 206i 1 207^ ^ 211 8 219 18 237 15 252 1 253 4 257 16 273 2 275 H 276| 13| 290 20 310 1 311 9 320 8 328 3 331 Gravel [Bracklesham Beds.] North Stoneham. Geol. Map. 315 new ser. 1. Red Lodge, Bassett. Communicated by Mr. W. E. Darwin. Sand White clay White sand Brown clay Black clay Brown sand, with water Black clay or mud (offensive).., Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 11 11 3 14 4 18 8 26 15 41 9 50 9 59 4 63 WELLS. MAINLAND 109 North Stonehaja—conL 2. Red Lodge Nursery, Bassett. Close to the house. From a drawing in the possession of the Corporation of Southampton. 230 feet above high water level. Shaft, the rest bored ... about — Yellow sand Blue clay Black sand and clay Nursling. Geol. Map. 315 new ser. Railway Station. ? 1884. Information from Mr. J. Drage, Local Engineer, L. & S. W. R. Also from J. W. Elwes, Geol Mag. 1884, dec. iii., vol. i., p. 549. Thickness. Feet. h Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. — 50 10 60 26 86 20 106 Soil Gravel 7J 91 Depth. Feet. i 71 C Dark slate-coloured loamy sand [London Clay.] < Layer of shells [in stone. Specimens at ( the Hartley College] Oi 17f The last bed Mr. Elwes describes as a "sandy bed with hardened blocks containing Pectunculus brevirostris, Rostellaria lucida, Cancellaria Iceviuscula, Turritella sulclfera ; the blocks closely resemble the well-known Bognor rock." Odiham. Geol. Map. 284 new ser. For Messrs. Helliss, Builders. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. Lined with 145 feet of 5*inch tubes from 4 feet down. Water-level 36 feet down. [Dug well, 3 feet 9 inches broad Blue clay Green sand and clay [? basement-bed] f Brown clay Green sand Brown clay Mottled clay ... Light-coloured sand and clay Light-grey sand ... Blue clay Running sand Blue clay Black peat t Green sand and pebbles [Upper.] Chalk Otterbourne. Geol. Map. 299 new ser. Southampton Waterworks. About 90 feet above Ordnance Datum. Chiefly from various papers and records by Mr. W. Matthews, with some notes from Mr. C. H. Roberts. A trial-boring of 3 inches diameter was first made, and water was found at the depth of 20 feet. It was lowered 3 feet by pumping at the rate of 3,000 [London Clay.] [Reading Beds 72 feet.] ckness Depth ^eet. Feet. — 60 4 64 10 74 13 87 3 90 10 100 9 109 9 118 5 123 8 131 6 137 6 143 1 144 2 146 57 203 14524 H 2 no WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. OtteThovLine—cont. gallons an hour, the normal height being quickly regained on cessation of pumping. The section was as follows : — Thickness. Depth. Feet. 15^ Feet. 2i 18 Soil, &c Chalk, hard and dry, without flints Chalk, white and fairly firm, with occasional flints, one layer, at 65 feet, li feet thick... 67 85 Chalk, white and pasty, with a few flints ... 20 105 Two borings of 12 inches diameter were then made, each 50 feet from the small boring, all in line parallel to the line of outcrop of the Chalk. Pumping from both was carried on day and night for sixteen days and the mean discharge was 20,960 gallons an hour, with a loss of head of 9*62 feet, the water-level in the small boring being lowered 2*92 feet. Afterward the water rose rapidly to the normal level, which here has little seasonal variation. Permanent works were then started, by the boring of two wells of 6 feet diameter and IH feet apart from centre to centre, to a depth of 100 feet, or of 72 feet from the floor of the pump-chamber^ The more easterly of these is on the site of the small trial-boring. Later on galleries were driven, and these have been extended at various times. A short one runs westward and a little eastward from the well and a very long one starts from the eastern end of this, just outside the engine-house, runs irregularly northward to within a very little of the middle part of the southern border of Sparrowgrove Copse and then turns W.N.W., near to the waterworks- road, to a point a little beyond the north-western corner of Oakwood Copse. The level of the floor of the headings varies from 33^ feet above Ordnance Datum at the wells to 41 i at the end. Two additional pumping-wells have been made, on the west of the others, and the supply has been extended to meet the increased demand. The rest -level of the water is 72i feet above Ordnance Datum. Table showing the Yield, Extent of the Works, &c., over 20 years. Amount Average Average Rainfall, Pumped in Daily Water-level, Year. in the Year, Supply, in infeet above Extent of Works Inches. inMiliions Thousands Ordnance of Grallons. uf Gallons. Datum. ? 1889 836-9 2,292 ) 1890 — 815-7 2,235 V 2 wells. 1891 — 830-5 2,275 J 1892 1893 1894 22-75 23-7 34-38 895 998-3 976-7 2.452 2,735 2,676 = [ 2 wells and 400 feet j of headings. 1895 22-8 997-4 2,733 — ) 1896 23-3 1,049-8 2,868 58-5 f 4 wells and 700 feet 1897 29- 1,066-9 2,921 52-6 C of headings. 1898 23-7 1,116-6 3,059 40-6 ) 1899 22-9 1,210-7 3,317 43-2 ^4 wells and 1,160 feet J of headings. 1900 28-2 1,175-4 3,211 44- 1901 1902 27-5 25-2 1,373-9 1,293-8 3,764 3544 40-3 44- 1 4 wells and 1,960 feet 1903 39-1 1,295-1 3,548 42- I of headings. 1904 26-9 1,326-4 3,621 40-8 4 wells and 3,000 feet 1905 22-4 1,330-2 3,658 45-2 >^ of headings. 1906 1907 26-6 25-6 1,164-6 1.1992 3,190 3,285 50-4 48-4 1 4 wells and 4,020 feet 1908 23-6 1,296-6 3,542 44-7 j of headings. 1909 31-14 1,329-8 3,641 J The great increase in 1901 was owing chiefly to very great consumption for docks and railways during the South African War. WELLS. MAINLAND. in Otterbourne — cont. Table showing the Maximum Yield per Day, due to the making of Wells and Headings, and the falling off in quantity afterwards. Date. No. of Wells. Feet of Headings. Gallons of Water. 1889 2 1,700,000 1892 2 400 2,850,000 1895 700 4,000,000 June, 1898 700 3,000,000 January, 1899 ... 1,160 3,600,000 July, 1900 ... 1,160 3,300,000 October, 1901 ... 1,960 ^ 3,910,000 October, 1903 ... 1,960 3,600,000 July, 1905 4,020 4,293,000 December, 1909 4,020 4,120,000 According to the Waterworks Directory, 1909, the estimated population supplied was 82,000 (in 1908), the area of supply being the Borough of Southampton before the Extension Order of 1895 (the added areas are supplied by the South Hants. Water Co.), and the maximum day's consumption was 4,526,000 gallons in July. Analyses of the water are given on pp. 200, 201. Owslebury. Geol. Maps. 299, 315, new ser. Maxwell Hall, southward of the village, 1908. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Shaft 95 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 89 feet down. Chalk 198 feet. For an analysis of water from another well in this parish see p. 202. Petersfield. Geol. Maps. 300, 316 new ser. 1. Bedales School. Boring, made and communicated by Mr. F. W. Ockenden. Thickness. Depth. Lower G reensand. Feet. Feet. 6 6 25 31 6 37 98 135 Sandy loam Yellow sand (some water) Black clay ( Sand beds Some of these beds very irony and hard. 2. Borough Farm Brewery, from 300 to 400 yards S. of the Railway Station, and on the eastern side of the railway. Communicated by Mr. T. Amey. Water at 37 feet, good for brewing. Sand chokes the tubes. Water from the lowest sand is impure, but does for cooling. r Shaft, then a tube driven f Rich loam I Mixed clay, sand and gravel ■{ Clean sand ; then thin course of runnmg I sand t Clean sand with some very green grains [Folkestone Beds.] [Sandgate Beds, 27 feet.] ( Blue clay 3 Sand and small [fine] gravel [? broken \ up stone] ... ... ( Hard blue clay 3kness. Depth. eet. Feet. — 20 2 22 7 29 17 46 23 69 4^ 73i 7 80A m 106 Il2 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Petersfield—con^. Another boring made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. 1898. Lined with 56 feet of 6-inch tubes from 18 feet below the surface and with 124 feet of 4-inch tubes from 21 feet. Water-level, 34 feet down. • T] Feet. Feet. Thickness. Depth. Well [? old] — 26 fSand 14 40 { Live sand ... 8 48 I Sandy clay ... 20^ 68^ I Blue clay 15 83i [Lower Groensaud.] - Mixture of brown clay and sand Brown clay and sand ... Mixture of brown clay and sand, with nodules of blue clay (septaria in MS. book) Blue clay and sand Light-brown clay, very sandy Brown clay, less sandy ... Brown clay and shells ... Brown clay, with a slight mixture of sand ... ... Dark brown clay, 6 inches or more of stone at base Brown clay, 6 inches or more of stone at base Blue clay and nodules ... Blue clay, nodules and shells ... Dark brown very stiff clay (shelly in MS. book) Clay and large nodules ... Stiff blue clay Sand united with pyrites Blue clay, with 3 inches or more of clay- stone and metal [pyrites] at base ... Blue clay, bottom 6 inches with nodules Blue clay, with 3 inches or more stone at base ... Blue clay, with 3 inches or more stone at base ... ... Blue clay, with 3 inches or more of clay-stone (and shells?) at base Blue clay ... Blue clay and pebbles Blue clay Blue clay, sand and pebbles Pebbles ... ••• Hard stone (? sand) Very hard fine sand Very hard stone, with fossils Very hard fine sand Blue clay, with shells Blue clay [London Clay, 288i feet.] Feet. Feet. 6i 6i 4 lOi 6i 151 14i 30 3i 33i 18 5U 9J 6U lOi 7U 7 78i 2U 101 7h 108^ 2 110^ 5i 10 1 81 1 1 6^ m 3 1151 1251 1261 135i 136i 137i 138 144^ 145 157i m 1761 If nsh 4 182i U 1831 3i 187 i 187^ 1 188i 1 189i 5 194i 15i 210 1 211 6i 217^ 5 222i 4 226i 118 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Portsmouth—con^. Thickness. Feet. ... 2 [London Clay 288i feet]— cont [Reading Beds, 119 feet.] Chalk, 6261 feet. 3 II 2i 171 201 6 2 37 16 6 2 2i 12 4 141 8 31 10 1 7 Depth. Feet. 228^ 23U 233i f Blue clay, rather sandy ' ... Blue clay ... Blue clay, with a mixture of sand Btiff blue clay, with a foot hard clay- stone at base -{ Blue clay, with 9 inches stone at base... Blue clay, with 3 inches or more stone at base Blue clay, with 6 inches hard clay-stone at base Blue clay ... f Mixture of blue clay, sand and mottled clay Mottled clay Mottled clay, much redder Mixture of blue, brown and red clay ... Mixture of blue, dark brown and red clay ■^ Mixture of the like, more red Mottled blue clay Blue, red and yellow clay Red and blue clay, mostly red Blue and red clay, mostly blue Blue, red and yellow clay Mixture of brown clay and chalk Flints Chalk, bluish Chalk. Flints at 997, 1,001 • 1,007 (6 feet) and at bottom (5 feet) 619| 1.034i 6. Gasworks. N. of the town. 1902. Water got 5 feet down in the Chalk. Yield about 36,000 gallons 2351 253i 2611 282i 288^ 290^ 327i 343i 349i 35U 354 366 370 3841 3921 396i 406^ 407^ 414^ New well an hour. To bottom of mottled clay 25 \ rjQ n , Chalk 45 j 7. Great Salterns, ^ mile S. of Saltern House. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Dcke and Ockenden. [London Clay.] {Reading Beds, 116 feet?] Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 104 104 and ... 4 108 22 130 7 137 29 166 7 173 27 200 8 208 11 219 5 224 206 430 Hard blue clay I Hard blue clay and running sand Red and mottled clay Rock and sand ... Red and mottled clay Sandy clay Red and mottled clay Clay and sand ... Running sand ... 1^ Hard rock Chalk and flints, with a little water ... 8. Lion Brewery, Landport. On the western side of the London Road, just north of Kingston Crescent. 1886. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. A tube-well of 6 inches diameter. No supply from the Chalk. The tubes were withdrawn into the Reading Beds. Thickness. Ft. Ins, f Made ground and clay Mixed clay Blue clay [Drift and London Clay.] [ Basement- f ^^een «and and shells ... Ko/1 1 "{ Sandstone. Water rose ^®^*-' ( to 58 feet down 53 3 41 1 Depth Ft. Ins. 53 56 97 98 6 98 6 WELLS. MAINLAND 119 Portsmouth— con^. '' Red mottled clay. Spring at 104 feet, which overflowed into well Yellow mottled clay Sandy clay Sand [Reading Beds, . Sand and mundic [pyrites] 106^ feet.] ' Sandstone Light-blue clay ... Brown sandy clay Blue mottled clay Red mottled clay t Red bastard clay f Flints I Hard chalk and flints Hard chalk I Hard stone Chalk and flints ... [Upper Chalk, I Hard chalk 227^ feet.] ^ Chalk and flints ... Hard chalk and flints Chalk and flints ... Chalk rock Chalk Chalk and flints, with flint at 401 to [ 401^ feet 39 2 432 6 9. Milton, Portsmouth Lunatic Asylum. 1885. Made and communicated by Mr, W. Hill, of Gosport. Cylinders 48 feet, the rest bored. Greatest height of water 1 1 feet down. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. .' 11 6 110 . 19 129 . 12 141 . 11 152 . 7 159 . 3 162 . 4 166 . 5 171 . 4 175 . 5 ISO . 25 205 . 3 6 208 6 . 1 6 210 . 2 212 . 1 213 . 88 6 301 6 . 7 308 6 . 19 6 328 . 15 6 343 6 . 47 6 391 . 1 4 392 4 . 1 393 4 Mould varying up to [London Clay, 290f feet.] ( Brickearth [? Drift.] < White running sand ( Ordinary gravel ' Blue bine clay Hard sandstone [? septaria] ... Blue clay and sand mixed Hard blue clay Hard clay -boulder [? septaria] Hard blue clay Black sand Hard sand-boulder [? septaria] Dark green sand with water Hard boulder [? septaria] Hard blue clay Rock with metal [pyrites] Stiff light-red clay Pipe-clay Brown clay, resembling brickearth ... ' Light-red clay, with layer of sand 3 to 4 inches thick ... ... ... 6| Black loamy sand 5i [Reading Beds, . Dark red clay ... ... 2f 98ffeet.] ] Grey clay ... ... 3i Red plastic clay 75| Hard stone If Plastic clay and stones 3 Chalk, with occasional bands of flints ... 177 Except for the occurrence of " ordinary gravel " beneath the white sand one would certainly class the latter as Bagshot. Perhaps the names, &c., of the two beds have been transposed by accident. Thickness. Feet. u 5 29 2i 42i 3 23 82 Oi 8 3^ 3 22 n 78i H lOi n 10 Depth. Feet. 1 6 35 37i 80 83 106 188 188i 196i 200 203 225 226i 305 306i 316i 318i 328i 335 3m 343 346i 422i 424 427 604 120 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. [Bracklesham and Bagshot Beds.] [London Clay, 300 feet.] Portsmouth— con^. 10. PoRTSEA Lines, Curtain to the right of Townsend Bastion. 1849. From Mr. H. W. Bristow's notes. Another account varies slightly in the figures and gives less details in the Reading Beds. [Drift.] Red and white gravel with sand ' Yellow clay Blue sandy clay Red sand Blue sandy clay Fine blue sand Fine blue sand, more clayey Blue clay Sand with pebbles ^ Green sand ' Blue clay (a stone was met with 3 to 4 feet from bottom) ... Blue clay, more sandy ... London blue clay London blue clay, shells London blue clay Sand with pebbles Green sand Blue clay (stone at 364 feet, 367 feet 6 inches, 378 feet) Flint _ Red clay with pebbles Red mottled clay A more sandy bed Red mottled clay Black mottled clay Red mottled clay Yellow mottled clay Red mottled clay More sandy Red mottled clay _ Marl with pebbles and flint Chalk, a fissure or spring 564 to 564^ feet down An account of one of the Government wells in Ports6a was given by Maj.-Gen. Portlock in 1850 {Journ. Geol. Soc. DuUin, vol. iv., p. 248) ; but it is difficult to make out to which of the above it refers ; probably however to that at Townsend Bastion. It makes the depth to the Chalk 610 feet, which does not agree with any of the sections. I have seen a large collection of specimens, but with no locality, at the Royal Engineers Office, Milldam, Portsmouth, which probably came from a Portsmouth well. They range in depth from 75 to 523i feet, and are all of Tertiary beds. Presumably these also are from the Townsend Bastion. 11. SouTHSEA Brewery, Mr. LoNa's. New well, 1887. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. Shaft 19 feet, the rest bored. Water-level, at rest, 61 feet down. Supply, through a 4-inch pump long, 18 gallons a minute. Made ground and gravel ' Blue clay Light-coloured sandy clay Greenish sand, with little water. Blue clay with stones Green live sand Tough blue clay . Clay and pebbles ... ,., [Reading Beds, 126 feet.] ;kness. Depth eet. Feet 7 7 10 17 4 21 5 26 6 32 28 60 10 70 20 90 2 92 14 106 64 170 10 180 60 240 H 24U 5U 293 2 295 40 335 69i 404i li 406 3 409 48 457^ H 459 24 483 2 485 4 489 U 490i 18 508i 2 510J 15 525^ 10 535i 70 605i 60 feet [Bracklesham Beds.] Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. .. 19 19 .. 37 56 .. 36i m 9 lOU .. 3i 105 .. 22 127 .. 6U 188i 3 191i WELLS. MAINLAND. 121 [? Bracklesham Beds.] [Lower Bagshot Sand.] [London Clay.] Portsmouth— con/. f Sand, with water, no supply [=:brackish ?] }witl no [= with water, f supply S " h]( brack is! Loamy sand Live sand, with mundic [pyrites] Coarse sand Live sand ^ Sandy clay and pebbles . f Tough clay, stony... Very hard stone ... Green sand, with bands shells : with water : [=brackish] ■{ Tough sandy clay ... Tough blue clay Sandy clay, with bands of stones Sand, with mundic and shells [Speci mens of sandy limestone, with Pectun cuius, about 443, and of pyrites] Thickness. Feet. 39 24 of stone and ) supply 3i 3^ 1 42 2 28i 33i 28 29^ 20 Depth. Feet. 208 247 271 274 i 278 279 321 323 35U 385 413 442i 462i 12. Young's Brewery. About half a mile E. of the Dockyard. 1902. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. No water. [Diift.] Clay and gravel rCIay [London Clay] Rock Sand intermixed with little soak- water Clay and sand Clay Hard rock Clay clay. Very Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 14 14 48 62 3 65 5 70 6 76 11 87 n 88i 72i 161 Ramsdell. East of the church. Geol. Map 284, new ser. Information got by Mr. J. H. Blake. Lower Bagshot Beds, 2^ feet. Ringwood. Geol. Maps 314, 329 new ser. 1. St. Ives District, just N. of church, westward of the town. Sunk by Messrs. Grace. Communicated by Mr. T. H. Russell. Water-level, 96 feet down. [Drift.] [Bracklesham Beds.] Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 'Soil ] Sand and peat " 9i 9i Gravel J ■ Fine sand varying in colour from light- yellow to almost white 35 44^ j Buff -coloured clay with some sand ... h 45 ] Coarser sand, pale yellow 12 57 1 Pebbles, white throughout and mostly [^ 1 to li inches long ... ... .♦. 1 58 122 WATER SUPPLY OP HAMPSHIRE. [Bagshot Beds.] Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 2 60 clay. 3 63 clay, with 14 77 ming 23 100 r ... 1 101 80 20 103 183 203 Ringwood— con^. ' Pale buff clay with some sand Red-yellow sand and some Retains water Alternating layers of sand and changing from red to brown increase of depth Grey sand moderately fine, becoming whiter and finer Black compressed vegetable matter Pale yellow sand (with 7 feet of water ; but only 2 feet after 21 months) ... Grey sand, moderately fine, becoming finer and whiter Grey sand mixed with clay and much black matter ... Masses of cemented sand, grey and black ... Grey sand Clay with some sand ... Grey sand, fine ... Sandy clay Grey sand Dark grey sharp sand ... Stiff clay Sharp grey sand, varying in tint Grey clay slightly sandy Pine grey sand Bluish clay Brown clay Rock of cemented sand-grains (^ Fine grey sand, water-bearing Perhaps the Bracklesham Beds should be taken lower ? to 101 feet, other hand perhaps London Clay may have been reached. 2. St. Leonards Poultry Farm. 3i miles from Ringwood Station (possibly in Dorsetshire). On the Wimborne Road, Communicated by Mr. W. M. Bell, the proprietor. Rough account of section from memory. The pump brought up a great amount of sand, containing black lumps [? lignite], small lumps of stone with a metallic glint [? pyrites] and occasional pieces of shell or lime. The water rises to within 4i feet of the surface. In the summer of 1907 8,000 oallons a day were pumped for 3 weeks and the water came more freely than ever. When the pump is working the water overflows (if allowed) through a 4 inch pipe 6 feet above ground at the rate of about 1,200 gallons per hour, but the average consumption is about 1,000 gallons a day. The water contains iron, the amount being very variable. Mr. Bell adds, in a letter of September 1909, that the boring is of 4 inches diameter, the tubes reaching 187 feet down, then open to about 200 feet ; and that he can get from 1,200 to 1,500 gallons an hour at about 6 feet down. When the army was manoeuvring here he supplied the troops at the rate of 10,000 gallons a day for 27 days, and had to pump only about eight hours a day. At the end of that time the flow was if anything stronger than before. Feet. Practically all sand, most of it running 27 Light-coloured clay ... ... about 30 Sand ... 20 or 30 Clay 20 to 30 Sand 60 or 80 Then at the depth of 185 feet a hard bed "was reached which buckled the tubes. An analysis of the water is given on p. 204, 10 213 30 243 12 255 28 283 20 303 3 306 20 326 h 326i 2H 351 16 367 2 369 14 383 15 398 i 398i 71 406 01 feet. On the WELLS. MAINLAND. 123 Rockbourne. Geol. Map 314, new ser. 1. Down Farm, near Knap Barrow. Sunk by Mr. Ho BBS. 5 feet water. - Gravel ... 6 | .. n. Chalk ... 8 I ^^ *^^^- 2. Pebble Pit Cottage. Sunk by Mr. Hobbs. 3 feet of water. Sandy loain, with pebbles [Reading Beds] 20 \ r q p , Chalk... ... .♦. ... ... ... 30 j 3. Cottage, -^ mile east-north-east of West Park Farm. Sand ... 10 V Bluish loam ^ | Glauconitic loam with Ostrea hellovaciua > 13 yZl feet. hovodi hy Ph,ola(Udpr(/> ... ... j | Chalk 4J Romsey, Geol. Map 299, new ser. The Brewery. New Well. 1900. Communicated by Mr. W. Matthews. About 48 feet above Ordnance Datum. A boring, with a four-inch pipe, to the depth of 450 feet. Water rose to 60 feet above the surface. 3,000 gallons an hour pumped, and the well always full to the top. There are also older wells. Ropiey. Geol. Map 300, new ser. Pahkes Farm. 1907. . Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Shaft 184 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 183 feet down. Chalk and flints 244 feet. Rotherwick. - Geol. Map 284, new ser 1, In his Report on the Hartley Wintney Rural District (L.G.B., 1907) Dr. J, S. Low says : — " At Rotherwick . . there are dangerously polluted wells. The Medical Officer of Health has recently tested 20 samples of well water here . . and he has found that all were more or less polluted. With the object of confirming his results, 9 samples of well water were submitted to the County Analyst, who judged that 8 of them were so impure as to be unfit for drinking purposes. . . The dangerous character of the present water supply can hardly be overestimated." 2. Tvlney Hall. ISOl. Made and communicated by Messrs. Margrett and Allsebrook (and with note, in brackets, from Prof. T. R. Jones). Shaft 48 feet, the rest bored. Tubed to 455 feet from the surface. Water-level 45 feet down. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Lower Bagshot Sands about 15 15 London Clay , 241 256 Reading Beds „ 80 336 Chalk with flints (with slushy white chalky stuff, about 520 feet down) 258 594 14524 I 124 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Salisbury. Geol. Map 315, new ser. In WiNNARDS Copse, Holly Hill (now Salisbury Court), 1898. From notes and samples communicated by Messrs. Dunn and Booth. classification and the notes on samples (in brackets) by C. Reid. Surface about 102 feet above Ordnance Datum. "Water-level 78 feet down. Sand flows in and chokes the bore. The Drift. Bracklesham Beds. Bagshot Sands. matter at Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. U U 2i 4 2 6 3 9 2^ lU 6i 18 5^ 23i 3^ 27 6 33 2i 35^ 17i 53 2i 55^ 2i 58 13 71 5 76 7i 83i m 94 30i 124^ 17^ 142 19 161 18^ 179i 1 180i /Mould 1 Earthy gravel f Mottled red and grey clay White clay Orange sandy clay Green sand Dark green sand Dark green loamy sand ... Mixed sand and clay, green Dark blue-green sandy clay Grey loamy sand Dark grey clay and sand Grey sand Brown clay Brown and white mottled clay. Black carbonaceous clay Dark grey clay with vegetable Dark grey loamy sand ... Hard black and grey loam Green loamy sand (glauconitic) r Green sand (no glauconite) pyrites < base ( Brown sandy clay No fossils were observed, and the division between Bracklesham and Bagshot is not clear. The strata below 53 feet resemble the lowest and sparingly fossi- liferous part of the Bracklesham Series in Sussex. — C.R. Selborne. Geol. Map 300, new ser. Nearly two miles west of Blackmoor House. 1 904 ? Made and communicated by Mr. F. W. Ockenden. Shaft 82 feet, the rest bored. Water in the sand 82 feet down. No trace of any since. Upper Greensand, about 98 feet. Gault Clay (samples from 350 and 399 feet seen by Mr. H. B. Woodv^ard). Several hard layers. About 301 feet. Mr. Woodward remarks that this is ahead of the estimate of the combined Upper Greensand and Gault in this part (280 feet). According to Mr. J. W. Titt, further boring, to the depth of 42H feet, reached Lower Greensand. Gilbert White says " Our wells, at an average, run to about sixty-three feet, and when sunk to that depth seldom fail ; but produce a fine limpid water, soft to the taste, and much commended by those who drink the pure element, but which does not lather well with soap." Natural History of Selborfie, 1789. Letter 1 to T. Pennant. Sherfield-upon-Loddon. Geol. Map 284, new ser. 1. The Rev. G. A. Barker's. ? Sherfield Hill, south-westward of the village, about five-eighths of a mile north of Basing Lodge Farm and half a mile east of Four Lanes Farm. 1906. Made and communicated by G. A llsebrook and Co. Ground-level about 222 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water rose about 12 feet above ground. Well, 15 feet ; the rest bored. WELLS. MAINLAND. 125 [London Clay, 128 feet.] Sherfield— con^. Yield, between 200 and 235 feet down, about 100 gallons per hour. At 235 feet down, 500 gallons per hour. When finished (1906), the yield was 1,000 gallons per hour, most of which came from a bed of flints, 248 feet down. The water overflowed and rose to about 12 feet above ground. r f Brown and blue clay ... Blue and brown clay Blue clay Black, water-worn gravel (small flint pebbles) with water -=( Blue clay ... Loamy sand Blue sandy clay Blue clay Brown sandy clay ^ Clay, green sand, and shells 'Sand (water rose to within 2 feet of the surface) Sand and bands of mottled clay Sand ... Sand and bands of clay Sand Mottled clay Grey sand and pyrites ... t Green sand and green-coated flints [Upper] Chalk 2. LONGBRIDGE MiLL. By the river, N.N.E. of the village. 1891. Communicated by Mr. C. Lethbrilge. Dug 10 feet, the rest bored. Water, from the depth of 297 feet, overflowed, at the rate of about 7,600 gallons in 24 hours. (Dec, 1890.) Mr. J. H. Blake was told that the water rose 9 feet above the ground. The water was lost by absorption, when the well was deepened. Thickness. Ft. In. [Reading Beds, GSh feet.] 3kness Depth. ^eet. Feet. 15 15 3 18 9 27 3i 30^ 3 33i 7 AOh 20 60^ 5U 112 2 114 14 128 4 132 5 137 17 154 4 158 lOi 168i 20^ 189 5 194 2i 196i 53i 250 Gravelly 5 Depth. Ft. In. 5 165 170 1 10 171 10 91 2 263 25 288 {) 7 295 2 297 Sandy clay, with 4 or 5 thin beds of white hard stuff, something like chalk, from 3 to 8 inches thick [septaria]... [London Clay.] ■{ Rock. Saline spring at the base, yield- ing, at the surface, 1,728, gallons in 24 hours .. ^ Black stiff clay ... [? London Clay or Reading Beds] Red clay [? brown] ... ro T> J. u J TGreensand [? Basement-bed I tt„„j „4.^„^ f T /I n J ilfJ-^d stone tT^^-t^^-^S J Sandstone. Water increased suddenly or Readmg Beds.] ^ and enormously f Clay. Bored into for holding the silt, I and lost the water. Filled in with [V Reading Beds.] <( rammed clay, and the water recovered J Bed which took away the wattr [pre- (^ sumably dry sand]. It is difficult to make out the division between the London Clay and the Reading Beds. 3. Sherfield Hall. 1903. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Shaft 83 feet, the rest bored. Water-level 40 feet down. Good supply from sand, at the bottom, London Clay and Reading Beds, 223 feet. H524 ^ 12 4 6 301 6 4 305 6 126 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. [Bracklesham Beds, 23 feet..] ? + 21 (to top?) 3knesg ^eet. . Depth Feet. — 21 2 23 9 32 8 40 2 2 42 44 15 59 10^ 69i Shidfield or Shedfield. Geol. Map 316, new ser. Capt. M. Nicholl's. House marked " Parsonage " on the map. 1893. Communicated by Mr. W. Matthews (and from specimens). Water-level 13 feet down. r Old brick-lined weir (the rest bored and tubed, 3 inches diameter) fYery sandy grey clay (fine buff and pale grey sand) Very sandy yellow clay (fine pale brownish and grey sand) Rather sandy blue clay (fine orange- -; brown isand, a little grey) Sandy orange-coloured clay (fine grey sand) ... Blue sandy clay (fine grey sand) Blue clay (clayey sand) with nodules of pyrites and traces of pebbles [Bagshot Sand] Grey sandstone (? fine buff sand), with a few black pebbles at top ? Deepened to 81 feet. The site is mapped as on Bagshot Sand, and it certainly seemed to be so on the ground. Foi an analysis of the water see p. 204. Soberton. Geol. Map 316, new ser. 1. MiSLiNGFORD. London and South-Western Railway's Goods Depot 1903. Made and communicated by Messrs. Ddke and Ockenden. Lined for 99 feet, with tubes of 4^ inches diameter. Water-level 15f feet down. Good supply. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. [Drift.] Clay and ballast ... 9 9 [Reading Beds.] I i:f,'^?fl1l] % 7, Chalk and flints 44 150 2. GospoRT Waterworks Co. 1903. Trial-boring. Communicated by Mr. E. T. Hildred. 126 feet above Ordnance Datum. Hole 5 feet deep, the rest bored, with tubes of 6 inches diameter to 63 feet down. First rest-level of water 15 feet down. In December, 1903, lOf feet down. After a 48 hours' test th) water-level was lowered 21 J feet, 3,600 gallons an hour being pumped. Brown clay and flints fMobtledclay Mottled sandy clay Dark blue sandy clay Light-red sandy clay Green sand and pebbles ^ Light-coloured sandy clay and flints f Chalk, soft , Chalk, with flints every 4 to 6 feet Chalk, with a 9 inch band of flints at top (from which water rose), 4 inch bands at 151 and 154 feet, 6 inch bands at 16 H feet and 164 feet, and a 3 inch band at 167 feet 41 171 [Reading Beds.] [Upper Chalk.] Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 7 7 5 12 22 34 41 m 5i 44 3 47 4 51 9 60 70 130 WELLS. MAIiJLAND. 127 Soheiton—cont. The pumping well is oval, 11 x 9 feet, and 155 feet deep. Lined with bricks in cement to 48 feet. It is about 1 55 feet from the trial-boring, and at 48 feet down 4 feet of chalk-rock capped the ordinary chalk. This shaft was practically dry until the rock was reached, when the water rose to the same level as in the boring. There is a heading 385 feet long. Yield If million gallons a day. For an analysis of the water see p. 205. Somerley. Geol. Map 314, new ser. Dairy. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs. 4 feet of water. Gravel 20\,o. . Light-coloured sand [Bagshot] 22 j*"^ ^^^^* Southampton. Geol. Map 315, new ser. In the Memoir on the Geology of Southampton by some mischance some of my notes of the wells were passed over. In consequence, some particulars were omitted, and now some differences appear in the accounts. 1. Common. Deep boring for the water-supply of the town. 1838-1851. About 140 feet above Ordnance Datum. Details of the beds from W. Ranger's " Report to the Local Board of Health, Southampton, on the various sources of Water Supply," 1851, plate ; with corrections from a large drawing in the possession of the Corporation. Shaft and cylinders 563 feet the rest bored. Water-level 40 feet down (1882). Yield, in September, 1851, 130.000 gallons a day. Measurements from top of brickwork, which was about 2^ feet above the original surface of the ground. Brickwork Soil ... [Bracklesham Sand and water ... Sand Sandy clay , Watery sand Clay Sandy clay, with clay-loam and water... Crust of hard sand Beds, 41 feet.] j Clay with pyrites j Sandy clay I Sandy, coloured clay and petrified wood Hard clay' Sand Stiff clay, with veins of sand and much L water ... f Sharp sand, with pebbles and petrified wood [Bagshot J Crust of hard sand Beds, 32i feet.] 1 Sandy clay [?firm sand] I Sand, with pebbles t Running sand, very watery f Dry sand, with shells I Hard, dead sand, full of pebbles and [London Clay, j shells 301 feet.] "I Hard, dead sand, with pieces of wood I Hard stone, with shells, pebbles, and t water 1 86 jkness Depth ^eet. Feet, — 2h 2 4^ 6 lOh 2h 13 U m 3 Ilk 5 22i 3i 26 i 26i 4 30i 3i 34 2 36 4 40 3 43 2h 45i 7 52i i 53 23 76 I 77 1 78 2 80 4 84 1 85 128 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. [London Clay, 301 feet] — cont. [Reading Beds, 85 feet.] [Chalk, 859^ feet. ? Should be 853.] Southampton—con^. f Dead sand, full of shells Very watery sand Dead sand, with pebbles in top foot ... Sandy clay and shells Hard, jointed clay, rather watery Rather sandy clay Yery hard, dead sand, full of shells and pebbles Hard stone, full of pebbles, shells and water ... Very sandy clay, with shells, wood, &c. Rather sandy clay, with a thin vein of watery sand at bottom Rather sandy clay, with shells... Clay, with more sand, shells, and pebbles... Hard, dead sand and shells. 9 inch bed of stone, with water under, 10 feet down Dead sand, with many shells. 15 inch layer of stone, 8 feet down Stone, with shells Sandy clay. Spring of water a foot down. Large stone on one side over 3 feet down. 6 inch layer of pebbles at bottom Sandy clay, with a variety of shells. Petrified wood at about 218-222 ... Clay, with many shells. A foot layer of stone 6 feet down... Hard clay, with shells Clay, with shells. A foot layer of stone 6 feet down Sand, with pebbles Watery sand Stone Dead sand .. Running sand, very watery Rather sandy clay, with shells. 18 inch layer of stone about 85, feet down ... Rather sandy clay, with 9 inch layers of stone, one at top, another 9 inches below this Pieces of petri6ed wood Sandy clay, with a 15 inch layer of hard ^ sand 4 feet down Plastic clay. Beds of various colours... Plastic clay, with chalk [? calcareous concretions] ... Plastic clay Green sand, with veins of clay ) Green sand, with pebbles V Green sand, flints, and chalk J ' Chalk, with flints Chalk, with flint Chalk, with flint, and brown Chalk, with flint, light-coloured, and very free ... Chalk, with flint, blue and cloggy Chalk, dark blue, with flints and sponges Chalk, dark blue, with veins of clay ... Chalk, dark blue, very cloggy Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. If 871 i 88 3 91 12 103 i 103i H 110 8i im n 1191 6i 126 9 135 2 137 20 Uh 140 160 13^ 6 173^ 179i 16^ 196 44 240 40 3 280 283 20i 2 &h 3i 1 2 303i 305i 312 315i 316i 318i 353 7 1 360 361 18 72 379 451 3 6 454 460 4 464 sm 3^ 19 127Hi 1280 1299 H 2 2 4i 1300i 1315 1317 1319 ]323i WELLS. MAINLAND. 129 Southampton— ^0^^- The details of the Chalk are not given in the drawing in the possession of the Corporation, and there must be some slight error in the thicknesses, as the total depth is only 1,317 feet. The divisions between the Bracklesham and the Bagshot Beds, and between the latter and the London Clay can hardly be made with certainty, and the occurrence of fossils in what seems to be the top part of the last formation is unusual. The " hard " and " dead " sand in this formation is, perhaps, loam, for the most part, or, at all events, clayey sand. In the Memoir on the Geology of Southampton (1902) two other versions of this well are given, varying in details. I am inclined to take the above, derived from the earliest printed account and from the Corporation record, although it may err in giving a few feet in excess of the total depth. Messrs. Shore and Westlake make the total depth 1,317 feet. Their paper gives the following further particulars : — Most of the water seems to come from the Chalk. Before the boring was begun (1842) 20,000 gallons a day were raised. Tn 1844, after considerable progress with the boring, this increased to 50,000. Details of the construction of the well and boring are given by J. R. Keele Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1846, sections, pp. 52-56, and in a drawing by W. Matthews, Proc. hist. C.E., vol. xc, pi. 1. An analysis of the water is given on p. 206. For Southampton Waterworks see also Otterboume. 2. Docks. Now included in the southern end of the Western Graving Dock, on the southern side of the old open dock. 1846. T. W. Shore, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1883, pp. 152, 153. Some further parti- culars from the London and South Western Railway Co. Shaft and cylinders, the latter decreasing from about 6 to 5 feet in diameter, 65 feet (Messrs. Docwra say 76). The rest bored, decreasing from 2 feet diameter. Water-level, 11 feet down. Pumps [? pumped] 20 feet down. Water-level kept about 2 feet higher [? after pumping ceased.] A great quantity of water found 22 feet down [? in gravel] and 40 feet down. Influx of sand into cylinders at 46 feet. Sand forced up nearly 80 feet, in the 2 feet boring pipes as soon as the tubes reached the depth of 136 feet, when there was a sudden influx of water. Made ground Not accounted for [? Alluvium and gravel] ( Blue clay [Bracklesham ) Sand Beds.] j Not described ( Very hard blue clay I Dark green sand, with water [Bagshot Sand J ^i^^® whitish running sand, with water and partly j Mass of stone \ London Clay?] ( Not described / f Light-brownish clay, with sand and occasional fragments of stone Bluish clay Hard blue clay, with a little sand Hard blue clay, with broken shells ... r? London Clay, Hard lead-coloured clay, with a little lhnfoof.nrrr.nrp1^ Sand, whcU dry Hard lead-coloured clay Hard blue clay, with a little sand Hard bluish clay Hard lead-coloured clay, with pyrites Very hard dense lead-coloured clay ... i^ Hard clay, with pyrites lUO feet or more.] jkness . Depth. ^eet. Feet. 10 10 20 30 10 40 10 50 58 108 27 135 5 140 16 156 28 184 11 195 5 200 15 215 1 216 14? . 230 20? 250 5 255 5 260 5 265 5 270 2 272 130 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Southampton- con^. [ ?London Clay 190 feet or more] -< — cont. ' Hard dense clav, with sand and whitish fragments of half -formed nodules.. Hard clay , Dense hard clay, with a 6-inch layer of stone at about 302 Fine dense sand Black pebbles Fine hard sand, with a little clay Black pebbles ,.. Light-coloured sand Hard sand Sandy clay Hard sand, with clay Clay, with sand .. . Clay, with less sand Clay Sandy clay Clay ... The classification is by no means safe. It may be that the Bracklesham Beds go as far down as 313 feet, the sandy top of the London Clay beginning at 340. The base of the Bracklesham Beds ought certainly to be deeper here than at the Railway Station, a third of a mile N.W. {see pp. 131, 132). A note from Messrs. Docwra as to a well at Southampton Docks gives 110 feet of sand and shingle, beneath 10 feet of water, and then blue clay, to running sand, at 220 feet. As there are two wells at the Docks this may refer to the other (at the former Sugar Factory, at the northern edge of the Docks and just W. of the Royal Mail Company's Factory), about a third of a mile northward of the one above described. The shaft, I am told, is about 40 feet deep and the boring goes to the depth of 220 feet. Here too there was an influx of sand. Analyses of the water from one of the wells at the Docks are given on p. 200. Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 4 276 16 292 21 313 3 316 2 318 3 321 1 322 1 323 7? 330 6? 336 4? 340 2 342 8 350 3 353 2 355 19 374 3. Forder's Brewery, between High Street and French Street. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. Supply 1,000 gallons an hour. Water overflows. 1895. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Well (the rest bored) — 40 [River] Gravel 2 42 ' Green sand 16 58 , . Green sand and marl 3 61 Green sand 7 68 "Bracklesham Beds, 131 feet.] ^ Green sand and clay 5 73 Green sand and shells 6 79 Clay and sand ... 6 85 Clay 9 94 ^ Brown clay 79 173 Brown [Bagshot] s. mds 9 182 4. French Street, Messrs. Thomas and Mo watt, western side, a little S. of St. Michael's Church. 1902. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co., with some notes from Mr. li. GUILLAUME. About 30 feet above sea-level. At 200 feet, no supply ; but at 220 a bountiful one (6,500 gallons an hour) of potable twater. A great quantity of sand was brought up during 3 weeks' pumping (January, 1903), and then the water began to get clear. Water-level about 22 feet down [when the work was finished] and the supply 6,500 gallons an hour. 180 feet of tubes, of IH inches diameter, 11 feet from the surface, and 40 feet, of 10 inches diameter, 180 feet from the surface, of which latter 30 feet are perforated. WELLS. MAINLAN -cont Southampton The above refer to the boring at the depth of 222 feet. a water-level of 27 i feet down ; but no supply. Subsoil Fine shingle 131 work gave Thickness, Ft. Ins. [Bracklesham Beds.] f Brown Ic amy clay Black clay Light-coloured sand Dark sandy clay Light-brown sand Light-green sand Dark-green sand Black clay with shells Pyrites ... Light-grey clay Light-grey sand Brown clay Pyrites Black sand ... ... Light-grey sand Light-blue clay Sand (? with pyrites) Clay and sand ... L Sand [Bagshot Sand] | g^nd ^'''^..^'^^^!!. f Clay and ballast Blue clay ... Sand and pebbles, with 4 inches of rock at the bottom Hard brown loam Red marl Brown clay Brown clay-rock Rock Rock and pebbles Sand and clay ... Blue clay Clay and sand Loamy clay Clay and pebbles Clay and shells ... Loamy clay Clay and pebbles Hard blue clay ... Loamy clay Loamy clay and sand ^ Clay and sand [London Clay, 105i feet.] 13 2 5 10 2 15 6 10 10 10 1 84 1 11 1 7 16 3 15 3 22 18 27 5 34 3 (') 3 1 2 4 6 7 2 3 4 1 2 11 3 4 Depth. Ft. Ins. 13 15 20 30 32 47 53 63 73 83 84 168 169 180 181 188 204 207 222 225 247 267 292 297 331 334 335 342 345 346 346 347 349 353 3^^9 366 368 371 375 376 378 390 393 397 5. London and South Western Railway, Terminus. 1840. T. W. Shore. Rep. Brit. xUsoc. for 1883, p. 152. With some further particulars from the Railway Company. Shaft and cylinders, decreasing from about 8 to 5 feet in diameter. The rest bored, the last course of piping, by which water is admitted, being 6 feet of copper-tube, l^i inches in diameter, with small holes. Turf, mud and shingly gravel (new made soil) r A 11 • n S Whitish clay and stones .. [Alluvium.] I Whitish clay - - [River Drift.] j Gravel, with clay Yellow gravel, with water Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 8 8 2 10 15 132 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Southampton- -cont. [Bracklesham Beds 162i feet.] Green sand, with water Blue [? green] sand, with Venericardium and 2\irritella at about 24 feet Blue sand, like indigo Blue [? green] sand Slate-coloured sand Bluish-green sand, with shells and water Slate-coloured clay Slate-coloured clay, with sand ... Blue clay Dark-blue clay Dark-blue clay, with sand Bluish sand, with brackish water Clay, with siand ... Bluish sand, with water Black sand, with water Green sand, with water Blue clay, with sand Light-bluish clay, with sand Light-blue clay, with little sand Blue clay Dark-blue [? wet] sand ... Dark-blue coarse sand, with water Coarse white sand, with water ... According to Mr. G. L. F. Giles, the Blue sand with 220 feet and then the White sand with water begins. 6. NoRTHAM. Site not given. Ranger. Report to the Local Board of Health, on the Various Sources of Water Supply. 1851. Plate. [Bagshot Sand W. I, Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 5 20 n 10 30 5 35 5 40 5 45 er 10 55 5 60 4 64 6 70 10 80 2 82 10 92 35 127 3 130 2 132 5 137 10 147 23 170 5 175 2i 177i 2i 180 2 182 38 220 water goes down to Thickness . Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Tns. Vegetable earth [soil &c.] 9 9 Gravel ... 7 16 Sand 7 23 Clay 6 29 Very hard light-coloured clay 3 32 Sand, with a little clay . 8 40 Dark clay 1 , 41 Coarse sand, with much water 2 43 Fine sand 1 44 Sand, with veins of white clay 8 52 Sand, with a little water 18 70 Sandy clay, with black pebbles 14 84 Light-coloured rather sandy clay 6 90 Dark clay, with sand 15 105 Black pebbles, with much water 6 105 6 Sandy clay 10 6 116 Sand, with shells and pebbles 34 150 Sandy clay 4 8 154 8 Limestone and shells ... 10 155 6 Hard sandy clay 1 3 156 9 Very hard limestone 1 4 158 1 Hard sandy clay 2 160 1 Hard stone 1 10 161 11 Veins of barytes [? pyrites] with hard sandy clay 3 2 165 1 Sandy clay, with a little water 5 2 170 3 Hard limestone 4 10 175 1 Shells and sandy clay ... 3 10 178 11 Sand, with shells and soft clay 4 182 11 Very hard stone 2 2 185 1 Very hard dark sandy clay 10 10 195 11 Small black pebbles 1 196 11 WELLS. MAINLAND. 133 Southampton- -cont. Thickness. Ft. Ins. Depth. Ft. Ins. Limestone 1 3 198 2 Very hard dark clay ... - 3 9 201 11 Hard stone 3? 202 2 Dark hard rather sandy clay 10 8 212 10 Hard sandy clay with shells 3 21510 Stone, with shells 3 216 1 Hard clay 9 225 1 Hard clay, with veins of sand 9 6 234 7 Sandstone 2 1 236 8 Very hard clay 9 2 245 10 Sandstone 1 1 246 11 Very sandy hard clay 3 11 250 10 Barytes [? pyrites] 2 251 Hard dark clay 17 10 268 10 Shells, stone, and hard clay 3 271 10 Very hard stone 5 272 3 Hard clay 18 7 290 10 Hard stone 8 291 6 Sandy clay 21 4 312 10 Hard stone, with pebbles 14 6 327 4 Hard limestone 1 10 329 2 Fine sand 7 8 836 10 Sandy clay 11 347 10 Limestone 10 348 8 Fine hard dark clay 27 8 376 4 The depth is given as 376 feet 6 inches. In the absence of information as to the precise site it is difficult to classify the beds. According to the Rev. J. S. Davies (History of Southampton, 1883) there were two deep wells at Northam. Others have been made since. 7. Northam. A bore-hole for the Southampton Gas Light and Coke Company. Just north of No. 9 Gasholder. 1904 ? Made and communicated by Mr. J. Grace (Notes from specimens in brackets). Tube for lOU feet. Water rose to 13 feet below the surface. Made ground [out of gasholder] [River Drift.] [ Brack lesham Beds.] Thickness Depth. Feet. Feet. 8 8 2 10 11 21 4 25 6 31 8 39 4 43 36 79 U 80i . 22i 103 ( Loam \ Gravel f Loamy sand (grey loam) I Sandy clay (clayey sand at 25 feet) J Stiff blue clay (sandy clay) j Dark clayey sand (rather greenish) I Sharp sand with water LClay with (flint) pebbles [Bagshot Sand.] Sharp grey sand with water An estimation of the chlorine in the water is given on p. 206. 8. Northam Lead Works (Messrs. James and Rosewall). At the corner of Clarence Street and George Street, northward of the Northam School Bo&rd. 1896. About 10 or 12 feet above Ordnance Datum. Bored and Communicated by Messrs. Legrand and Sutcliff, and from a few specimens, the account with which differed somewhat from the following : — Water rose to 7i feet above the ground. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. D ug well [brickearth and gravel. Mr. James says clay for about 10 feet] — 17 Gravel, said to have been put in the well 3 20 I Sandy gravel. Specimen shows a mix- t ture of grey sand and gravel ... 2i 22i [River Drift.] 134 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Southampton— ^'cn^. FBracklesham Beds.] [Bagshot Sand.] [Bagshot Sand or London Clay.] [London Clay. All the specimens dried hard.] Thickness. Feet. 1 34 Depth. Feet. 23i 26 60 f Loamy sand (specimen grey loam) ... \ Grey sand [? clayey] fLive grey sand (specimen sharp sand) Live grey sand and pebbles (specimen sharp sand, with black flint pebbles) ( Live grey sand (specimen, apparently I from this, grey loam) f Dark grey loamy sand (specimen loam) Sandy clay (specimen brownish-grey) I Hard blue sandy clay Hard sandy clay Sandy clay and shells (specimens brownish-grey, shells broken) Sandy clay Sandstone-rock (specimen septarian limestone) Sandy clay (specimen brownish -grey) Rock (specimen septarian limestone) Sandy clay Stone [septaria] _ Sandy clay 9. St. Paul's Church (near). Mr. From a drawing in the possession of 60 feet above high-water level. Thickness. Feet. about — 'ellow sand Blue sand ... Black sand and clay (? The total should be 50, in which case the shaft is probably only 14 feet.) 10. Shirley Road, eastern side, northward of the Board School. Hayward's Nursery, 1895 ? Information from Mr. H. G. Vacher. No spring found, only soakage water, easily pumped dry in summer. Gravel about 6 ) ovj p. [Bracklesham Beds.] Blackish sandy clay 24 j 11. Three Fields Lane. Messrs. Drivers, northern end, close to Marsh Lane, 1900. Made and communicated by Messrs. Legrand and Sutclifp. 12 feet above Ordnance Datum. "Water rises to 8 feet below the surface at times ; but the level varies considerably with the work (November, when 183 feet down). Shaft, the rest bored [Bracklesham Beds.] 27i 13 4 5 13 5 22 1 8i 8 20i U 15i Payne's Well, the Corporation. 12 10 20 66i 94 107 111 116 129 134 156 157 165^ 168^ 189 IdOh 206 Depth. Feet. 22 34 44 64 Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Well (old), the resi : bored ... '' Sandy clay and mundic — 22 (pyrites) 73 95 Clayey sand 3 98 Sandy clay 10 108 I^andy clay and stones 14 122 Hard sandy clay and stones ... 18 140 [Bracklesham Very hard clay 13 153 Beds.] Green sandy clay n 154i Hard clay u 156 Live grey sand . 2i - 158^ Sand and loam 7^ 166 Loamy sand, stones, and clay 17 183 Hard clay 7 190 , Hard clay, stones (? pebbles) 3 193 WELLS. MAINLAND. 135 Southampton— 50^ t. Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 'Blowing sand ... ... • 3 196 Blowing sand with pebbles . 1 197 ^ Blowing sand ... ... 6 203 1 Sand ... 14 217 1^ Loamy sand ... ... 6 223 Dark sandy clay ... 9 232 ification given by Mr . C. Reid in the Memoir o [Bagshot Sand 30 feet.] [London.] Geology of Southampton (p. 64). He classes as Bagshot Sand up to 156 feet ; but I have no doubt that the pebbles below 190 feet belong to the bed that constantly marks the base of the Bracklesham Beds here. He takes the London Clay up to 196 feet, in which again I differ. There are some small differences of details in the two versions. 12. Victoria Brewery, Commercial Road (Northern side). About 27 feet above Ordnance Datum, at the entrance. Two old wells, communicated by Mr. Barlow. A large one in the field westward of the northern end of the brewery. 1871 Shaft 28 feet, bored to 113. Clay with occasional sand. 4 inches of hard smut at 90 feet. A smaller well, southward, close to the western side of the brewery. Shaft 42 feet, bore-hole 73 more. Water-level 14 feet down. White sand touched, whence water rose quickly. Trial-boring, made and communicated by Messrs. Legrand and Sutcliff. (Notes in these brackets from specimens). 1896. Water rose 8 feet above the ground. Mr. Barlow reports that a supply at the rate of 12 gallons a minute was got at 287 feet. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Made ground [stony soil] Red mottled sandy clay (brown and green -grey) Green mottled sandy clay (grey) Sandy clay (grey) Sand and clay (grey) Clay with little sand (grey) Live sand, with clay (fine grey sand) ... Clay and sand (grey sandy clay) Clay and stones (pyrites and small nodules) Clay and sand (greenish -grey clayey sand and sandy clay) ... Very fine sand and clay (dark brownish-grey clayey sand, damp) Coarse sand (grey sharp sand, with lumps of clay and bits of lignite) Brown clay, little sand and peat (sand of the colour of coffee- grounds when damp) Brown clay and black pebbles (flint) Greenish clay and sand Greenish clay and shells Greenish clay and sand ... Greenish clay (black flint) pebbles and shells ... Greenish sand and clay (In the top 2 feet a bit of fossil wood and some small patches of green earth. The green colour is throughout, not from grains of glauconite) Brown and green clay, sand and shells Brown clay and sand, with 4 inches of claystone at top and 2 at base Brown clay, sand and shells 6 6 5 11 4 15 15 30 60 90 11 101 lU 112rl m 134 1 135 7 142 149 157 17 174 h 174^ 18i 193 3 196 15 211 2 213 17 230 2 232 5^- 237i 12i 250 Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 2 252 11 263 If 264f ... 15i 280 6 286 9 295 to the Bracklesham 136 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Southampton— co^^. Rock ... Clay, sand and shells Rock Clay, sand and shells, with 4 inches of rock 10 feet down Clay and sand Greenish sand and pebbles Apparently everything below the made ground belongs Beds. South Hants. Water Company. Works established, 1876. Yearly supply 620 million gallons (Water Works Directory, 1907). 680,219,460 (Directory, 1909). Mr. W. Matthews tells me that the following places are supplied : — Bishop- stoke, Bitterne, Brockenhurst, Bursledon, Chandlersford, Chilworth, Compton, Eastleigh, Eling, Fairoak, Houndsdown, Itchen, Loperwood, Lyndhurst, Michelmersh, Netley, North Baddesley, North Stoneham, Nursling, Otterbourne, Pitt, Romsey, Shawford, Sholing, Southampton (part : Bassett, Bitterne Park, Freemantle, Hampton Park, Millbrook and Shirley), South Stoneham, Swayth- ling, Thornhill, Timsbury, Totton, Twyford, West End, Woodlands and Woolston. Analyses of the waters are given on pp. 207-209. See Timsbury and Twyford. South Stoneham. Geol. Map 315, new ser. Workhouse, West End. 1885. Communicated by Mr. A. J. Brown. Feet. Gravel 6 Clay 3 Thin layer of ironstone ... — Sand about 26 Mr. Jukes-Browne writes that the well was deepened and then a boring made to the depth of 70 feet, without getting water, and that another boring, made in the same well, 34 feet deep, got plenty of water. Steep. Geol. Map 300, new ser. 1. Made in 1903. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Bored 140 feet. Atherfield Clay at the bottom. Water-level 84 feet down. 2. Under Stoner Hill. Trial-work for the supply of Petersfield ; abandoned ? about 1886. About 380 feet above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by Mr. W. B. Kinsey. Shaft of 60 feet, through Upper Greensand, then a boring of 10 feet. Heading 45 feet long, a little W. of N . For 26 feet the rock very close, and with very little water ; beyond this more fissured and with a little water ; fissures at right angles. Mr. C. E. Hawkins thinks that the boring must be in the marl forming the base of the Upper Greensand. Yield 1,000 gallons a day. WELLS. MAINLAND. 137 Steep— con^. 3. Steep Mill Waterworks. 1904? Communicated by Messrs. Docwra. Shaft 75 feet, with gallery, the rest bored. Water-level, at rest, 5U feet down. Well soon pumped dry. [S„rface.Beas.]||t,,,y-,j,i„Vs ickness Depth. Feet. Feet. 3 3 2 5 88 93 9 102 132 234 3 237 f 2371 31 24U H 24S 1 247 f Gault, with occasional nodules Gault, sandy FGault ' ^^^^* oAii f^r.1 1 H Dark-green sandy clay 23bifeet.] ] Grey sandstone ... I Sandy clay and bands of greenish sand- i, stone f Greenish-grey sand and thin bands of [? Folkestone J ^ sandstone and pebbles Beds! "^ Green clayey sand '■^ I Greenish-grey sand and bands of clay t and pebbles 3 250 This section seems to start a little way below the top of the Gault, the total thickness of which formation here would therefore be over 250 feet, probably. Stratfield Saye. Geol. Map 268, new ser. 1. Milton's Farm. Bored and communicated by Mr. Edward Margrett (of Reading). About 190 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water rose to 40 feet from the surface. London Clay 295 [?] ) Reading Beds 40 [?] V 365 feet. Chalk ... 30 J Mr. J. H. Blake, who got this section, thinks that the Reading Beds must be thicker and the London Clay thinner, judging by the section at the Rectory, where the former are over 51 feet without being bottomed. 2. The Rectory. 1898. ? About 165 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated (to Mr. J, H. Blake) by Mr. A. Callas, of Reading. Shaft 34 feet, the rest bored. Water rose to within 19 feet of the surface. It lowered to 60 feet, and takes a long time to rise again, the supply being small. Thickness. Depth. Feet Feet Well (? old), the rest bored — 34 f Clay, with stone [septaria] at 60 to 60i, 115 to 115f , 123 to 123i, 143 to 143^, 149 to 149J, and 154 to 1541 feet ... 120| 154| Pebble-bed I 155i Clay 49i 205 f Black sand, shells and rRa«ar,,or,f I ^^tcr 3 208 [Basement-^ g^^^^ 1 209 ^^^•-1 I Green and black sand ... 5 214 t L Sandstone f 214| rvf A- Tt A ( Mottled clay and loam llj 226 [iieading I5eds, ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ j-^^l^ ^^^^^ ^^^ 3 229 01 4 teet.j ^ Mottled clay, brown sand and water ... 37i 266i 3. Writing of a well at Stratfield Saye, the Rev. J. C. Clutterbuck says that the depth to the Chalk was 300 feet, and that the water rose to within 20 feet of the surface. {Journ. R. Agric. Soc, ser. 2, vol. i, p. 280.) [London Clay.] 138 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Swanwick. Greol. Map 315, new ser. 1 Cold East (Mr. Montefiore's), beyond Laundry, near the bottom of the valley, about a third of a mile W.N.W. of the Railway Station. 1904. Water-level 45 feet down. No supply got. 100 feet of tubes of 7i inches, diameter, 450 feet of 6 inches level with surface. Thickness. Depth. Old boring [London Clay.] [Reading Beds.] Chalk Mr. J. H. Bltzard says that at 402 feet sand with very small shells was struck, and at 420 feet sand with small white particles. 2. Cold East, near the house, 1903. Boring made and communicated by Messrs, Isler and Co. 50 feet of tubes of 7^ inches diameter, 8i feet down ; 200 feet of 6 inches diameter, 7 feet down ; 31 feet of 5 inches diameter (perforated), 201 feet down. Standing water-level 85 feet down. Running water-level 118 feet. Supply, 1,200 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. [Drift] ^-"-"-^ ' '-" : : Feet. Feet. Blue clay Light-coloured sand ... Blue clay Light-coloured sand ... 16 38 48 10 200 216 254 302 312 f Mottled clay \ Hard light-coloured stone 90 23 258 402 425 683 Ballast [gravel] 8i 8- Sand u 10 Dry loam 5 15 Sandy clay 12 27 Blue clay, with rock at 64f| to 65 62 89 Blue sandy clay 59 148 Blue clay 45 193 Sandy loam 31 224 Blue clay 12 236 Sandy loam 2 238 It is difficult to classify the beds ; from 10 to 89 feet may be Bracklesham, the rest may be Bagshot, and from 148 feet down may be London Clay. On the other hand, all below 10 feet may be Bracklesham, 3. Messrs. Raikes and Cogswell. 1900. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Water-level 85 feet down. Well, the rest bored 38 ) . 172 f Clay and sand 210 feet. ^eet. Feet. 1 1 4 5 6 11 6 17 12 29 1. 30 10 40 15 55 WELLS. MAINLAND. 139 Sway. Geol. Map 330, new ser. 1, Quake Lodge or Cookham Farm, North Sway, about half a mile N. of Sway Station. 1904. Communicated by Mr. H. St. Barbe. In field 17, Sheet 79, 12, Ordnance Map 25-in. scale. Thickness. Depth. Soil Gravel and subsoil Mottled clay White sandy marl Stiff mottled clay ... Grey sand Tawny sand ... ... Mottled clays, from olive green to grey Grey loamy sand, rapidly weathering white on exposure 118 173 No water met with after passing the sand 30 to 40 feet down, 2. For Mr. B. Hagen. 1896. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden Water-level 30 feet down. [Drift.] Gravel 81 r Sand and clay ... 40 [?HeadonBed..]j™tTd Z 5 ''""'• (Grey sand ... 1 Tangley. Geol. Map 283, new ser. (From the Memoir thereon, 1908.) The Foxhounds Inn, 550 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Mr. C. Alderman. Water burst through at the bottom. Soft (Upper) Chalk, with few flints, to rock, 240 feet. Timsbury. Geol. Map 299, new ser. South Hants Waterworks. Information from Mr. W. Matthews. Rest-level of water about 67 feet above Ordnance Datum. Supply, about IJ million gallons a day. An oval well 13 x 6i feet, and a circular well of 6 feet diameter, both 87 i feet deep, and connected at the bottom by a short heading. Surface level, 84^ feet above Ordnance Datum. Another circular well of 12 feet diameter, 100 feet deep, and connected by a heading about 80 feet long with the 6-foot well, near the bottom. Surface-level, 87 i feet above Ordnance Datum. About 660 feet of headings, at a depth of 70 feet, and 460 feet of headings, at a depth of 92 feet, are connected with the 12-foot well. The works are wholly in Upper Chalk. Mr. J. S. Burnett gave me the following records, in 1891. Rest-level of water, from 15 to 18 feet down. Yield, about 30,000 gallons an hour. Mr. W. E. Darwin told me that a bore-hole was made on the slope to the north, below the large reservoir at Michelmersh. It passed through 30 feet of clay and then 20 feet of sticky chalk. A deep boring was also made at the works. An analysis of the water is given on p. 207. 14524 K 140 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Titchfield. Geol. Map 316, new ser. 1. Dr. Hoare's Brewery, at the western end of the village. Made and communicated by Mr. W. Hill. Nearly 23^ feet above Ordnance Datum. Plenty of water, from above the London Clay. Good at first, but got unsatis- factory, probably from access of top water. Thickness. Depth. Shaft, the rest bored. Bore-pipe carried up more than half-way [? Bracklesham Beds.] [? Bagshot Band.] Feet. Feet. j Blue loamy sand [London Clay, 95 feet.] — 20 35 55 5 60 15 75 49 124 2 126 Blue clay Grey sand and black [liint] pebbles ... f. Blue clay, with claystone from 98 to 99 I Blue clay, with black [flint] pebbles ... -{ Blue clay, with 8 inches of very hard ,i». - I sandy clay at 135, and a little sandy L at 140 The Bagshot Sand seems to be unusually thin, and ought to be twice as thick. The layer of flint-pebbles in the London Clay agrees with what was seen in the railway-cutting between Titchfield and Fareham, where two such layers were seen, separated by a few feet of clay. 44 170 2. Stubbington House. Made and communicated by Mr. W. Hill. Cylinders 52i feet, the rest bored. Nearly 40 feet above Ordnance Datum. Good supply and of good quality. Mould [Drift, 8 feet.] [Bracklesham Beds, 163neet.] [Bagshot Sand, 25i feet.] [London Clay, 166 feet.] Brickearth Gravel Yellow sand Peat [lignite ?] Blue sandy clay Sand Sand and clay Hard clay Sandy clay Dark sand Sand and clay Sandy clay Hard blue clay Sandy clay Hard clay with shell, the bottom 2 feet, with black [flint] pebbles Sand and clay Sand Undescribed Fine sand, with water ... Hard blue clay. A little sandy at top. A foot of black [flint] pebbles at 236. A little sandy next below. With shells from 250 to 255. 8 inches of stone [septaria] at 272. 2 feet of black [flint] pebbles at the bottom Sandy clay Hard clay, with small shells. Black [flint] pebbles in the top 5 feet .,. Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. 2 2 5 7 3 10 3 13 .. n 14i .. 25i 40 1 41 8 49 .. u 50^ .. 19i 70 .. 30 100 .. 20 120 .. 13 133 .. 17 150 4 154 ..' 19^ 173^ .. 6^ 180 .. 14 194 1 195 4 199 88 10 6a 287 297 365 WELLS. MAINLAND. 141 Twyford. Geol. Map 299, new ser. South Hants Waterworks. Information from Mr. W. Matthews. (1909.) 125 feet above Ordnance Datum. Two wells, 24 feet apart, both 130 feet deep. Lined with iron-cylinders of 10 feet diameter for 45 feet ; the rest 9 feet and 8 feet in diameter unlined. All in Chalk. Connected by a heading 127 feet down. Rest-level of water, about 96 feet above Ordnance Datum. Yield, 830,000 gallons a day. For an analysis of the water see pp. 208, 209. Upham. Geol. Map 316, new ser. Wintershill House. 1891. Specimens and information from Messrs. Duke & Ockenden. Old well, and new boring. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. London Clay. Specimens of brownish-grey sandy clay and clay, from 73 to 172 feet, with carbonaceous matter at 150 and bit of pyrites at 170 ; buff calcareous earth at 181 ; grey clay at 186 190 190 f Mottled clays of various colours and tints (purplish, grey, brown, red, crimson, puce, maroon). Specimens at 196, 197, 201, 202, 207, 211, 212, 215, 216, 220 (last 6 a trifle sandy), 223, 226, 230, 236 (these 4 rather pure clays), 242 and 243 ; (pale-grey clayey sand, compacted), 250, 260 ... 74 ? 264 ' Pale greenish-grey slightly sandy clay, with whitish earth in part (which, with the clay near is calcareous), at ^ 264 ... 1? 265 Brownish and grey clay, with red' spots, bits of chalk (?) and of flint ; calcareous at 265 ... Specimens at 269, 274, 278 Cream - coloured calcareous earth. Specimen at 285 Light-brownish clay, calcareous, ? with wee bits of chalk ; specimens at 286, i ^qq 287, the latter more chalky Impure chalk, or chalk mixed with a little earth ; specimens at 290, 295, ^ 300,305 f Buff calcareous clay, with very small [Mixture of clay J bits of chalk ; and brown and buff with Chalk.] ] calcareous clay, with bits of chalk ; [_ specimens at 309 ... ... ...J The lower part of the section is very difficult to understand, there being no likeness to any of the older Tertiary beds, and the mixture with chalk bemg unique. Vernhams Dean. Geol. Map 283, new ser. The first three apparently in the village, in the valley-bottom. From the Memoir on the Geology of Andover, 1908 ; all made and communicated by Mr. C. Alderman. 1. In the Village. 440 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water rises to near the top, where the springs are, and have been known to overflow. Soft (Middle) Chalk, with few flints, 120 feet. 14524 ^ ^ [Reading Beds.] [Reading Beds with admixture of Chalk.] Chalk. [Mixture of Chalk with a little earth.] 142 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. 131 Vernhams Dean— con^. 2. Near the " George Inn." Sometimes runs and sometimes dry. Soft (Middle) Chalk, with few flints, 20 feet. 3. " New Inn," Woodside. 443 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water rises to 10 feet from the top when the springs are high. Soft (Middle) Chalk, with few flints, 138 feet. 4. Little Down, close to the Chapel. 650 feet above Ordnance Datum. Often dry. fChalk, with few flints... 120 feet. Upp'er Chalk, J |f j,'^''^ 252^ feet.) \i^^^,^;{^ LRock ... 5. Vernham Street. In the Village, 550 feet above Ordnance Datum. (Upper) Chalk, 210 feet. Weston. Geol. Map 315, new ser. By Woolston. Vicarage, by the Southern side of the Churchyard. Communicated by the Rev. G. W. Minns. About 75 feet above sea-level. Shaft 36 feet, the rest bored. Not successful. Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. Gravel 10? 10 { Loam, with 6 inches of sandy rock at [Bracklesham ) the base 26? 36 Beds.] J Blue stiff clay 8 44 (^ Sandy loam 6? 50 Weyhill. 1881. Geol. Map 283, new ser. From Messrs. Le Grand & Sutclipf. Water-level 35 feet down. Chalk and flints, 80 feet. Wickham. Geol. Map 316, new ser. 1. Cold Harbour, about | of a mile W.N.W. of the church. 1895. Made and communicated by Mr. Conway, of Wickham (through Mr. N. C. H. Nisbett). f Old well. Sandy bottom Sandy clay Sand, as above Red clay Blue clay with sandy veins Clay Clay, but more loamy and with large pebbles (2 or 3 inches diameter) ... Clay, as above, but browner, and with iron-pyrites Clay, as above, but with small pebbles Rather darker, with pebbles and sand L Clay, like the 27 feet bed, above Black [Bagshot] Sand, with irregular angular [?] pebbles. Water [Bracklesham Beds?] Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet, — 90 20 110 3 113 2 115 2 117 8 126 5 130 27 157 8 165 2 167 3 170 171 WELLS. MAINLAND. 143 Wickhsim—cont, 2. Mr. Murphy's. Made and communicated (1901) by Messrs. Isler and Co. 130 feet of tubes, of 4 inches diameter, 22 feet down. Water-level 102 feet down. Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. Well (?oId ; the rest bored) — 25 [London Clay.] { g'^"/, ^'^^^^^ '^'^^ 8 28 33 61 ' Mottled clay ... 10 71 Brown marl 17i 88i Dead green sand 6i 95 [Reading Beds, 102 feet.] Live sand Mottled clay ... 10 33i 105 138i Mottled clay and marl... 8i 147 Mottled clay m 159^ Green sand n 161 . Flints 2 163 ' Hard marl 2i 165i [Upper Chalk.] - Marl-rock n 167 Chalk and flints 38 205 Winchester. Geol. Map 399, new ser. Waterworks. 1847. Particulars from Water Works Directories, 1907 and 1909. Wells and borings in hard Chalk. Yearly supply 253,727,000 gallons (259 millions, in Directory of 1909). Maximum day's supply, in July 1906, 800,000. District of supply, besides the city, Avington, Headbourne Worthy, Itchen Abbas, Kingsworthy and Martyr Worthy. An analysis of the water is given on p. 210. Winchfield. Geol. Map 284, new ser. 1. Brewery (late Messrs. Cave's). B. Spon's " Present Practice of Sinking and Boring Wells," p. 180, London, 1875, ♦ Ed. 2 (1885), p. 236, and from Mr. T. Docwra. Shaft (and cylinders) 124| feet, the rest bored. Thickness. Feet. Made earth and soil ^ Gravel C Blue clay, with a bed of dead sand, ) 6 feet thick, 102| feet down ( [Basement-bed.] | Bk^Vpeb^^^^^^ C Coloured [mottled] clay ) Stone (septaria ?) y Coloured clay ( Coarse shifting sands 2. Brickyard, about a quarter of a mile S.S.W. of the railway station. Information got by Mr. J. H, Blake. About 5 feet of water. Little variation in level. Bracklesbam Beds. { ^^^ ^^ -^ ^^j^;^ 3, "-j ^t } ^^ feet. • A. great amount of information in this book was taken from a Geological Survey Memoir (vol. iv), but without further acknowledgment than as from a "Government Report." 350 Depth. Feet. 350 [London Clay,] [Reading Beds.] 3 353 2 355 5 360 2 362 22 384 7 391 144 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIJKE. Winchfield— con^. 3. London and South Western Railway, western end of Shapley Heath cutting. Information got by Mr. C. Reid. Lower Bagshot Beds. Fine sand, 25 feet. According to a MS. note left by Sir J. Prestwich a well here was 70 feet deep, in sand. Woodgreen (north-eastward of Fordingbridge). Geol. Map 314, new ser. Two wells. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Hobbs. 1. At eastern end of Common. 2i feet of water. G^ravel ^^ 1 35 feet Light-coloured sand [Bagshot]... 17) 2. At south-eastern end of Common. 3 feet of water. Gravel ... 13 ) oo fp^t Blue clay ... 9 | ^^ ^^eet. Wootton St. Lawrence. Geol. Map 284, new ser. Woodgreen Farm, Upper Wootton. Information got by Mr. C. E. Hawkins. Chalk 322 feet. About 17 feet of water. Yateley, Minley. Ordn. Map 285, new ser. Geol. Map 8. Light-coloured (buff) fine sand ?26 Darker and firmer sand ? 14 At 30-50 many lumps, same kind of sand, buff ; all clogged, as if clayey, but drying to sand. All about here coloured as Bracklesham Beds on the map ; but this looks more like Bagshot Sand. Locality dmibtful. Daneshill. Near Basingstoke. Mr. W. R. Hoare's. Made and communicated by Mr. F. W. Ockenden. [Reading Beds.] Chalk Well sunk in sand and clay (the rest bored) Mottled clay Dark green sand and chalk Thickness. Feet. 36 16 6 44 Depth. Feet. 36 52 58 102 Wimborne (Dorset). Geol. Map 329, new ser. Bournemouth Waterworks. 1. Trial-boring. Lined to 108i feet. 1895. F. S. Cripps, Water, vol. vii., 1906, pp. 265, 266. To chalk, through gravel, clay, sand and flints 101 ) 009 * + Chalk J22 j "^"^^ ^®®''- At the depth of 123i feet " it was found that the water when pumped out to a depth of 25 ft. from the surface took two and a-half hours to rise to the natural level, or about 4 ft. below the ground line. On reaching 173 ft. . . a pump was lowered to 105 ft., and the yield proved to be 103,500 gallons per day. The WELLS. MAINLAND. 145 Wimborne— con^. boring was then continued to the full depth. . . The pump was lowered to 200 ft., but it was found that by working the pump to its utmost capacity, the water could not be exhausted. The pump was after various experiments at different levels finally raised to 75 ft., where it just drew air when yielding about 220,000 gallons per day. From observations made during the boring into the chalk, it was concluded that the greatest . . increase in the yield, took place shortly before arriving at the full depth, the chalk removed appearfng to be much softer. This yield of nearly a quarter of a million gallons when pumping from a depth of less than 100 feet . . was considered eminently satisfactory, and indicated that a very plentiful supply . . was to be obtained by sinking a well and driving headings." 2. Well. Started 1896. Same authority, pp. 266-269. Cast iron cylinders 1 1 feet diameter to 62 feet, then 1 feet diameter ? to depth of 106 ; feet then 9 feet diameter to depth of 167 feet.' Well continued to depth of 210 feet. Then trial-boring of 6 inches diameter 45 feet further. Well finished 1899. Headings begun March 1899 at depth of 195 feet, about 6 feet high and 4 wide, to west and north-east. By end of June they were 800 feet long, with a yield of over li million gallons a day. Several short branch-headings were driven, where fissures appeared likely. These yielded a fair supply of water, which was much increased by the trial-boring, of 21 inches diameter, which was cut into by the western heading. From an examination of the beds as the headings proceeded it was inferred that at a higher level the chalk would be less compact and the fissures more open and frequent. Headings were started 155 feet down in July 1899. After driving 150 feet a large quantity of chalk fell in, at the end, and it was decided to run two headings, to the north-east and south-west, at a point 120 feet from the well. By November the upper headings were 786 feet long and the water from them was about 1,620,000 gallons a day. For the purpose of ventilating both sets of headings, two borings of 6 inches diameter were made, and these resulted in an extra yield. They were finished in January 1900. The north-eastern heading was then extended, and on March 15, the water in the well standing at 172 feet down, the yield was about 1,800,000 gallons a day. Both headings were then extended and three more borings were made, and finished on July 15. Ultimately Mr. Cripps estimated that the yield would be about 3,000,000 gallons a day. " Every time a breakdown occurred the water rose to within 4 ft. of the top of the well, and a curious phenomenon was observed at the unplugged boring No. 3. After the water had risen in the well to a certain height above the upper headings, water was ejected like a water spout to a height of about 40 ft. in the air from the borehole, and this would continue for about 10 minutes." [River Drift.] [? London Clay and Reading Beds, 84 feet.] [Upper Chalk.] ( Ballast \ Sand-ballast ' Coloured clay Yellow clay Blue clay ... Grey sand ... Blue clay ... Sandy blue clay Grey sand ... Flints Soft chalk ... Hard chalk, with flints at 18U to 182 Chalk Depth. Feet. 7h 121 22 30 37^ 42 46 56 96 961 256 An analysis of the water is given on p. 212. 146 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. WELLS AND BORINGS FOR WATER. ISLE OF WIGHT. The special Isle of Wight Map of the Geological Survey of course includes all these sites ; but some, in the northern and central parts of the island, are also in sheets 330 and 331 of the new series. In the latter case only are the maps entered under the names of places. Bembridge. Geol. Map 331, new ser. 1. Bembridge Hotel. R. F. Grantham. Trans. Surveyors' Inst., vol. xx., pt. v., p. 144, plate. (1888.) 231 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 70 feet, the rest bored. Water-level, 24^ feet down. Yield 2,200 gallons in 12 hours. [Bembridge and Osborne Series.] [Headon Beds.] Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. ' Brown and blue clay [no details] 70 70 Clay ... 5 75 Stone ... 2 77 Mixture of sand ... ... 12 89 Light-coloured sand ... 4 93 Stone ... 2i 95i Dead grey sand ... ... 4i 100 Coloured [mottled] clay ... 36 136 Stone ... ... 1 137 Blue clay with shells ... ... 10 147 ^ Blue clay with sand ... ... 3 150 ' Rock ... ... 2i 152i Green sand ... ... 3i 156 Clay and stone ... ... ... 5i 16U Green sand ... ... 1 162i Sandstone ... ... 2i 165 Green sand ... ... h 165^ White marl ... ... 3i 169 Green sand with clay ... ... 6 175 Purple clay ... ... 23 198 Clay and shells ... ... ... 22 220 Green clay ... ... ••• o 223 Small shells 7 230 Dark green clay ... ... ... 6 236 Light-coloured sand ... ... 6 242 Hard rock ... ... 21 2441 Sand ... ... 2i 247 Brown clay ... ... 2i 249^ Hard rock ... ... 3 252i Black clay and shells ... ... 4 256i Mixture of sand ... ... ... 2i 259 Light-coloured sand ... ... 4 263 L Rock ••• ... 1 264 The Bembridge Limestone was probably reached at about 35 feet, but no record has been kept of the beds passed through in the shaft. WELLS. ISLE OF WIGHT. 147 [? Bembridge Marls and Limestone.] Bembridge— con^. 2. Steyne House, Bembridge Cross. 1902. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. Water-level, 100 feet down. Brown clay Blue clay Sand and clay Brown mottled clay Black clay Light-brown rock Blue clay and shells Blue clay Blue mottled clay Red mottled clay Loamy clay ... Grey rock Red mottled clay Blue mottled clay Brown mottled clay Dark blue clay Grey rock Grey clay Black clay Blue rock ... Light-grey stone ^ Blue rock f Black clay Blue rock Black mottled clay Brown mottled clay Blue rock Red mottled clay Green clay Bembridge stone Green clay Red mottled clay Blue and red clay Brown clay ... Grey clay Green clay Light-coloured fine sand ... Blue clay Blue rock Brown mottled clay Red mottled clay Green clay ... Clay and shells Dark sand Blue mottled clay Red clay Blue clay Light-blue clay Dark-blue clay Brown rock ... Black clay Brown loamy clay and shells Black clay and shells ^ Blue clay f Sandy rock I Light-coloured clay ^ Sandy rock Blue rock [Osborne and Headon Beds, 311 feet.] [Barton Sands, 244 feet.] Light-coloured sandy rock Thickness. Depth Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. 4 4 4 8 6 8 6 15 6 24 8 32 6 32 6 3 35 6 5 40 6 46. 6 87 10 97 2 6 99 6 6 100 3 6 103 6 3 106 6 3 109 6 10 6 120 10 130 3 133 2 6 135 6 3 6 139 3 142 3 145 2 6 147 6 2 149 6 5 154 6 5 6 160 2 6 162 6 6 6 169 4 6 173 6 1 174 6 14 6 189 1 190 3 193 7 200 23 223 18 241 1 242 4 246 15 261 15 276 5 281 3 284 3 287 3 290 3 293 3 296 8 304 13 317 69 386 3 389 17 406 16 422 20 442 14 456 10 466 1 467 92 4 559 4 8 560 42 602 148 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Bemhiidge—conL [Barton Sands, 244 feet] — cont. [Barton.] f Blue sandy rock Grey sandy rock Sandy clay ... Light-coloured rock Light-coloured sand Dark blue clay Thickness . Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. 34 636 20 656 24 680 1 680 1 20 700 1 18 11 719 49. The inches in the The depth of the blue rock below 147i feet is given as 149. last three beds are given as 5, 5, 4, in the column for depths. Mr. C. Reid, who examined samples, feels doubts as to whether the marine Middle Headon has not replaced the Lower Headon, and whether the bottom bed is true Barton Clay. He would classify the beds as follows : — Bembridge Marl to 120 feet ; Bembridge Limestone to 139 ; Osborne and Upper Headon to 283 ; Middle Headon to 441 ; Lower Headon to 445 ; Barton Sand to 700 ; and Barton Clay. He also suggests that the great thickness of the formations may be owing to the site being in the curve of the beds toward Whitecliff Bay, where they are thinner (from squeezing?). 3. Waterworks. Home Farm, two-thirds of a mile N.W. of Bembridge Cross. 1904. Cylinders 20 feet, the rest bored and lined the whole depth, the pipes perforated from the bottom up to 455 feet from the surface. Bored by Mr. Thos. Parsons. Samples communicated to C. Reid. (The depths of these in brackets). Very good supply rising to within 6 inches of the surface. Pumping going on at the rate of 700 gallons an hour and could not get ahead of the water with the pumps in use (Jan. 5, 1891). [Bembridge Marls.] Mottled Clay (48, 50), [? part Alluvium] ... [Bembridge Limestone.] White shelly limestone (51) Loamy sand (52) Sand (56, 61) Calcareous grit (63^, 66, 71) Sand and sandstone with pyrites (74, 75, 76, 78, 89, 93) Mottled clays (95, 98) Calcareous sandstone, shelly ... Mottled clays (101, 104, 106, 107, 108, 115, 116, 117, 120, 124) Grey clay (125, 126) Brown earthy limestone [? nodule] (128) Light-grey shelly marl (129) Grey clay (136) Grey sand (140) Grey clay (141) Crushed ironstone or septarian nodule (145) Grey clay (145i, 146) Green and brown clays (147, 149, 150, 154, 155) White limestone (156) Green and brown clay (158^, 161, 162) Pinkish limestone (163) Green clay (164) Cream-coloured limestone (165) Light-green sandy clay (167) Green clay (169) Red clay (173) Green sandy marl (176) Calcareous sandstone or sandy lime- stone (176i) [Osborne and Headon Beds 250 feet.] 3kness Depth 'eet. Feet. 51 51 1 52 4 56 7i 63^- lOh 74 21 95 4 99 2 101 24 125 3 128 1 129 7 136 4 140 1 141 4 145 h 145i H 147 9 156 2i 158^ H 163 1 164 1 165 2 167 2 169 4 173 3 176 i 176^ L 177i WELLS. ISLE OF WIGHT. 149 [Osborne and Headon Beds 250 ieet]—cont. Yield. Bemhiidge—cont f Mottled clays (177i, 179, 182, 184, 186, 187) ... ... ..; ... Light-grey sandy marl Green clay Hard sandy and shelly limestone (? i seam) ... Greenish sandy clay (199) Brown shelly marl (202) Earthy limestone (205) Green and brown clay (206) ... Greenish shelly marl (206^) ... Brown earthy limestone (207 i) Pale green sandy marl (208) ... Shell-limestone (210) Green and brown shelly marls (221, 225, 226i, 227, 228, 229, 232, 233)... Whitish clay (234) Fine sand with shells (235) ... Blackish sandy clay with shells (236) Green and brown clay (237) ... Concretionary shelly limestone (242)... Calcareous sandstone (243) ... Buff sand (243i) Blackish purple clay (246) Mottled green and white sandy clay with shells (247) ... . Black shelly clay (249, 250, 251) Mottled green and brown clay (252) .. Black shelly clay (253) Mottled green and brown clay (253i) Green clayey sand (258) Fine grey sand (259 i) Grey shelly sand (261) Greenish sandy clay, Cytherea incrassata (269) Blackish clay and shells (270) Sandy clay and shells (274, 276, 280) Stiff blue clay, full of shells (282, 284, 286, 287) Grey sandy clay, full of shells (289) ... Hard grey sandy limestone and shells (concretion, 302) Boring made by Messrs. C. Isler and Co. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. A continuation of the above. 120,000 gallons per 24 hours pumping ; overflows when pumps are at rest, but reduced 40 feet by pumping. September, 1904. Thickness. Depth. Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. lOi ' 188 1 189 2 191 191 11 202 3 205 1 206 ^ 206i 1 207^ i 208 2 210 11 (?) 221 13 234 1 235 1 236 1 237 5 242 1 243 h 243i 2^ 246 1 247 2 249 3 252 1 253 i 253^ 4i 258 n 259i u 261 8 269 1 270 4 274 8 282 7 289 13 302 Ft. Ins. Ft. Tns. Existing borehole 300 300 Blue silt 9 309 Blue stone with shells 40 3 349 3 Green mottled clay ... 4 353 3 Stone and shells 2 6 355 9 Green mottled clay ... 18 373 9 Dark clay 2 6 376 3 Hard stone 14 6 390 9 •White sandstone 56 9 447 6 Sandy clay 1 6 449 Sandstone 45 494 Loamy green sand 22 3 516 3 * There seems to be some error here, the depth being given as 456i feet, and this addition of 9 feet continues downward, the total depth being given as 525i feet. 150 WATEK SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Bembiidge—cont. A number of shells obtained from this borehole were chiefly Cerithium elegam.—R. F. P. For an analysis of the water jee p. 213. Blading. Geol. Map 331, new ser. Isle of Wight Brewery Co. (late Yarbridge Steam Brewery.) 1898. Between the road and the railway, just S. of the road to Bembridge. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. The top is 6 feet below road-level. Dug well 17 feet. Bored to 134. Lined from the surface with 117 feet of tube, of 4i inches diameter. Water-level 14 feet down. Gault. Carstone, very little water. f Strata not known (the well I formerly gave the supply Thickness. Feet. Depth. Feet. in this to the brewery, but the supply gave out, in 1898 ?) 22 22 .Blue clay 6 28 ' Brownish-yellow clay with sand inter- mixed 20 48 I Blue clay with brown clay intermixed 10 58 Grey sand and clay ... ... ... 4 62 Yellow sand and clay 21(?31) 93 The dip is probably about 40°, and therefore the thickness of the beds is exaggerated. Lower beds not noted ? Carisbrook. Geol. Map 330, new ser. Newport Waterworks. About 58 feet above Ordnance Datum. Information from Dr. T. Thomson's Report on Newport, Local Government Board, 1895. At that time the supply was got from springs and from wells in the Chalk, at the eastern end of the village, the springs being near the wells {nee p. 42). There were two wells about 30 feet apart. The old well was sunk in 1876 and is 23 feet deep and 6 feet in diameter, with a bore-hole of 18 inches diameter to 20 feet further down. The new well, outside the engine-house, was sunk in 1891 and is 27 feet deep (the diameter decreasing from 8^ to 6J feet) with a boring to a further 80 feet, of 18 inches diameter for 30 feet, the rest of, 15 inches. The two wells are united by a syphon. The amount supplied from the wells averaged about 339,000 gallons a day in the week ending 4th November, 1894. When at the works I was told that the water was pumped down 10 feet, but soon rose again (to the surface) on the cessation of pumping, and that the supply was abundant. Dr. Thomson came to the conclusion that the water was liable to contamina- tion from cess-pits, &c., and from the mill-pond just above the works, the water of that pond being fouled in various ways. Such contamination was facilitated by the very small amount of protection that had been given to the wells. An experiment made by Mr. B. Latham about the end of November, 1894, showed that after " a considerable quantity of chloride of lithium was thrown into the mill-pond at various points . . lithium was found in the water of the low-level reservoir and in the water of the ' old well ' ; none was discovered in the water of the ' new well ' (protected by iron cylinders). . . It is evident, then, that water on or near the surface of the ground might gain access to at least two out of the three sources of Newport supply," the old well and the springs in the reservoir. WELLS. ISLE OF WIGHT. 151 Carisbrook— con^. According to the Water Works Directory, 1909, the maximum day's con- sumption is 750,000 gallons. For analyses of the water see p. 214. Ghale. For Public Supply. N.E. of the church. Communicated by the Local Government Board. About 500 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level, before pumping, over 461 feet above Ordnance Datum, after pumping about 455. Returned to original level in H hours after pumping ceased. Yield 12,000 gallons in 24 hours. Wells 47 and 49 feet in Upper Greensand. See also under Analyses, p. 215. . Cowes, see West Cowes. Freshwater. Geol. Map 330, new ser. 1. Golden Hill Fort. Communicated by Messrs. Docwra. Water-level, 95 feet down. 94 feet to bottom of shaft, the rest is bored. [Osborne Beds ? 74 feet.] [Headon Beds, 99 -i feet.] Light-red clay Light-coloured clay Dark red clay Yellow clay Red clay and shells Light-coloured stone Light-coloured loam Brown clay Light-coloured loam Light-blue clay Brown loam Light-blue clay and shells Blue mottled clay Rock and shells Shells Black sand and shells ... Light-red clay Dark-blue clay ... Light-blue clay Light-red clay Light-blue clay ^ Red mottled clay Brown clay and shells ... Light-coloured rock Light-coloured loam Light-blue clay and shells Blue clay Blue mottled clay (dark) Light-coloured loam Shells Blue clay and shells Rock and shells Blue clay and shells Shelly stone Light-coloured clay Feet All thin beds Thicker beds 44 y Thick beds 24 J^Thin beds 22 :::j Carried forward 96 152 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Freshwater—co^^. Brought forward " Mottled loam ...^ Green loam Brown loam ... Stone ... Green loam ... Sand-rock ... . Mottled loam Dark sand ... ^Moderately thick Brown sand and clay ... Brown clay and sand ... Brown sand ... Blue clay and sand ... Dark sand ... Blue loam ...J [Headon Beds, Black sand ...1 99i feet]— cow^. ' Dark sand ... Stone ... Blue clay ... Black sand ... Black sand and shells ... -Thinner beds Blue clay ... Black sand ... Sand ... Blue clay ... ... Yellow mottled clay ... (Bed, not named) ... Black clay ... ) Limestone Light-green clay ... ... ... .Thin beds ... ^ Dark green clay ... 1 Feet. 96 50 24 3i Total 173* Another account makes the depth to the water-level 85 feet, and the total depth 193J feet. 2. Freshwater and Yarmouth Waterworks. On the eastern side of the Afton road, by the edge of the Marsh, an eighth of a mile from the sea. Information from Mr. E. T. Hildred. Well in chalk, 13 feet 4 inches deep, and 12 feet in diameter. Water-level about the same as in the Marshland, which is influenced by the tide. See also pp. 50, 51, and for analyses, p. 217. Gatcombe ? Geol. Map 330, new ser. Lunatic Asylum. About 220 yards S.S.W. from centre of homestead. White- croft Farm, and therefore about two-thirds of a mile N.N.E. of church. About 120 feet above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by Mr. F. Newman. Cylinders to 75 feet. Large quantity of water found ; but it was thought well to cut off surface-water, and therefore a boring was made to the depth of 370 feet. A little water was found under a bed of black-clay and shingle (165 feet down), but none since. The great thickness of dark-blue and brown clays was notable. WELLS. ISLE OF WIGHT. 153 Godshill. Week's Farm. 1881. About 446 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutclipp. Water-level, 85^ feet down. Dug well [the rest bored]. Top ground f Rag stone ... I Free stone ... I Yellow sand I Green sand ... -{ Hard stone ... Green sand ... Sandstone ... Stone and sand Blue shale and stone Black shale Thickness. Ft. Ins. Depth Ft. Ins [Upper Greensand.] 14 14 34 7 2 2 6 7 31 6 10 4 6 10 2 10 25 39 73 ^80 83 86 92 99 130 [Gault.] Another account makes the depth 7 inches more, by additions of an inch and of six inches to the 3rd and 2nd beds from the base Haven Street. Geol. Map 331, new ser. 1. Longford House. From specimens communicated by Mr. Townend. (C. Reid.) Old well 100 feet (no record), the rest a 10-inch bore (on Parsons' system). At first yielded over 22,000 gallons a day, the water rising 12 feet above the ground. In July 1887 the water rose 9 feet above the ground after several hours pumping. In October 1887 the supply had fallen off greatly, the water not rising above the surface and being greatly lowered by pumping. The water is unpalatable and ferruginous. Temperature 55°. Old well (no record) ... Shelly blue and green clay Whitish marl Green clay White granular marl ... Shelly blue clay Hard and soft whitish marl , Black and green clay ... ^ Bluish-white very shelly marl Grit and rotten stone, with water Rock, very hard For analysis of the water see p. 218. Thickness. Ft. Ins. Hamstead Beds (perhaps 40 feet). and Bembridge Marls (about 120 feet). [Bembridge Limestone.] much 42 5 2 1 6 3 1 2 2 Depth. Ft. Ins. 100 142 147 149 150 156 160 161 164 164 167 2. Six chains north-west of the church. From specimens and notes communicated by Mr. Townend. (C. Reid.) Old well 30 feet, then bored to 378 feet. No water obtained. [The term " slipper " is probably used for damp clay or loam.] Feet. Hamstead Beds C Sand ) ^j^ ^^^ . ^^ ^^^^^^ _ ( about 20 and Bembridge < Clay ) ( about 10 Marls. i Shelly blue slipper at 130 to 208 Bembridge Limestone. Hard earthy limestone with Limnaea at 208 to 210 154 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Osborne Beds and Headon Beds. Haven Street— con^. Blue and black slipper Sand(?) Blue shelly slipper Mottled yellow and white marl Stiff red clay Shaly slipper Yellow and green slipper Reddish slipper Reddish marl ... Greenish slipper and clay Rock, light blue Hard green sandy marl ^ Spongy fine-grained grit Feet. to 230 at 249 at 264 at 278 280 to 286 290 to 320 at 330 at 343 at 350 at 357 at 366 at 368 at 378 Owing to the destruction of the fossils it is impossible to fix the limits of the different beds in this boring. The sand in the old well is the bed at the base of the Middle Hamstead Beds. The limnooan Limestone is apparently the Bembridge Limestone. The boundary between the Osborne and Headon Beds is uncertain. (C. Reid.) Newchurch. Geol. Map 331, new ser. Ryde Waterworks, Knighton. Established 1861. Borings, from information and specimens (in No. 1) communicated by Mr. F. Newman, Borough Engineer. 1. South-eastern part of the Pumping Station, about 130 yards south of Knighton Mill. 1885. About 46 feet above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 15 feet, the rest bored. Water at 53 feet, rose above the surface, but the tubes soon filled with sand. Water was again met with at 66 feet, and from this downward the sand was all wet. The greatest quantity was at 53 feet. Depth of Specimens in Feet. 9 10 [Alluvial Beds, about 12i feet.] [Carstone. Base uncertain, about 40 feet.] [Sandrock Series, about 57 feet +.] ' Dark-grey (blackish) sand, with plant-remains Grey and brown dirty sand Dry. Pieces of chalk, a little grey clay and pieces of flint Moist. Grey and brownish sandy clay, with green sand, plant-remains and bits of flint f Brown gritty sand Dry. Brownish -grey firm clayey sand Moist. Brownish-grey firm clayey sand. This and the above with small pieces of a more clayey character Moist. Brownish-grey clayey sand Brown clayey sand, with quartz grains and* small pebbles ; only slight differences the specimens Brown and grey clayey sand, like the above but finer, partly hard, with a trace of plant-remains Described as stony and with water at great pressure. Specimen brown firm clayey sand with quartz grains Dry. Grey and greenish-grey firm clayey sand Described as moist Greensand, as also are the beds below. Specimen grey and blackish firm clayey sand Grey firm clayey sand, with quartz grains and pebbles ,nd'T 11 12 12i 22 40 44 45,46 49,50 51 53 56 66 74 WELLS. ISLE OF WIGHT. 155 Newchurch— con^. f Greenish sand [Sandrock Series, | Green clayey sand about 57 feet +] ■{ Fine grey sand — cont. I Loose light-grey fine sand t Fine grey sand Depth of Specimens in Feet. 78 82 91 101 110 2. Just north of the Engine-house, 1885 About 45^ feet above Ordnance Datum Gault, to Lower Greensand, with water, 46 feet. The boring at the mill, of which a note follows this, is 185 feet to the north. The difference of level of the bottom of the Gault in the two borings shows a northerly dip of between 16° and 17°, supposing that the inclination is uniform : it probably increases northwards. 3. Boring in the Mill, 1885. Floor of mill 48 feet above Ordnance Datum. Gault, mixed with sand at 101 feet below the floor of the mill. At 120i feet a specimen of clayey sand, with clay and small pebbles [? junction of Gault and Lower Greensand]. Water flowed up from the bottom, and, at the surface, seemed to have some head. 4. Well made in 1899. Shaft about 60 feet, concrete about 4 feet. Total 65. Boring, of 18 inches diameter, to the depth of 102 feet. Water abundant. Overflows in winter. In summer, after pumping, rises to 6 feet below the ground. Lowest level pumped to, 41 feet down (at the rate of 450,000 gallons a day). All Gault clay, with a hard layer at the base, to Lower Greensand An older boring (1888 ?) said to be 606 feet deep and all in sand. ? Choked up, being of small diameter. For analysis of the Knighton water see p. 218. Newport. Geol. Map 330, new ser. 1. Anchor Brewery, 3 wells. Communicated by Mr. Lock. Ft. Ins. To rock 150 Rock ... 7 5 2. Gas Works. Communicated by Mr. H. J. Ibbetson. Notes on specimens (in brackets) by Mr. C. Reid, who also classified the beds. Made ground Hamstead and Bembridge Beds. Dark green clay Green and brown clay ... Dark green clay and thin beds of sandy limestone Fresh water marl Sandy limestone Shale ... ... Limestone (yellowish) Shale Sandy limestone Shale, thin beds of limestone Limestone ^ Very hard shale Thickness . Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins 12 12 46 58 14 72 16 88 21 6 109 6 2 111 6 14 6 126 2 6 128 6 15 6 144 5 149 15 6 164 6 2 166 6 2 6 169 14624 156 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Newport— con^. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. Middle Headon ? 69i feet ? Bembridge Limestone f Shale clay (hard) j Limestone (white) Osborne Beds. •{ Yery hard shale and clay with two I thin shell-beds t Mottled clay, red and blue f Hard blue clay ... Tough red clay ... Mottled clays, red, blue and yellow ... Rag rock Upper Headon. J Shelly limestone Mottled clay with thin green, yellow and red beds, limestone Blue clay, thin beds of rock ... Red clay (hard) Blue clay, thin bedded limestone f Mottled clay, red and blue, thin bedded limestone Limestone, grey Mottled clay, red and blue, thin beds of limestone Mottled clay, red and blue and marl ... Mottled clay, red and blue, limestone, thin beds Dark blue clay, limestone, thin beds ... -{ Rag rock... Hard blue clay ... Hard grey limestone with shale Clay (blue) with shells Limestone, grey, dark ... Hard blue clay and iron-pyrites Hard blue clay ... Limestone, very hard ... Green and blue shelly marl t Hard white and green shelly marl Hard green and brown mottled marl... Hard green marl G reen and brown sandy clay Greenish very sandy clay Fine sand with green specks ... Brown and blue mottled clay (speci- mens, green sandy clay at 469 feet ; hard brown and green marl at 470, 475, 478, and 482 feet) Sandy clay Lower Headon ? . Sandstone (specimen green and brown 75 feet. ^ marl, more sandy, at 485 i feet) ... Sandy clay (specimen green and white at 489 feet) Sandstone (specimen green sandy clay at 491 feet) Sandy clay (specimen green at 493ifeet) ... Very hard sandstone , Hard clay Sandy clay and rock (specimen green and white marl at 498 feet) r Sandy clay and rock, thin beds Barton Sand ' ^^^^ ^^^7) black (specimen 502 feet)... 14 feet. ' ^ Sandy clay (specimens, pale at 504 feet, I fine sand with black specks at I ? 512 feet) 6 175 19 194 8 202 24 6 226 6 67 6 294 11 305 5 6 310 6 18 328 6 5 3;^3 6 5 338 6 4 342 6 3 6 346 2 6 348 6 7 355 6 2 6 358 3 6 361 6 5 366 6 5 6 372 15 387 3 390 1 6 391 6 2 393 6 3 3 396 9 4 9 401 6 1 2 402 8 3 4 406 3 2 409 2 7 10 417 3 420 5 425 7 432 11 443 4 447 5 452 6 457 27 483 2 485 1 6 486 6 3 6 490 1 6 491 6 2 6 494 2 496 1 6 _ 497 6 6 498 2 500 4 504 8 512 WELLS. ISLE OF WIGHT, 157 Newport— con^. 3. Isle of Wight Union, on tl^ eastern side of the high road, north of the town. 1897. From section and samples communicated by Mr. John I. Barton to Mr. C. Reid. « Old well 260 feet, the rest bored. ' Yield about 50,000 gallons in 24 hours. Osborne Beds? 133 feet. Hamstead and Bembridge Beds ? Old well r Light-grey tough clay ... I Green shelly tough clay . Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. 5 5 15 20 6 20 6 4 6 25 8 25 8 54 4 80 . 9 80 9 , 8 3 89 • 7 96 : 3 96 3 7 96 10 1 6 98 4 6 8 105 i 5 120 24 144 8 152 8 160 ^ 5 165 11 6 176 6 20 196 6 14 6 211 9 220 15 235 10 245 4 249 11 260 162 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Rjde—conL 2. Waterworks. Information from the Waterworks Directory, 1909. Places within the area of control : — Ashey, Binstead, Haven Street, Hay lands, Ryde, St. Helens (including Carpenters, Sea Yiew, and Springvale). Quantity drawn yearly from surface-springs 104,200,700 gallons Quantity drawn yearly from deep wells ... 103,873,100 gallons Total 208,073,800 gallons But in addition to this 12,356,000 gallons a year are said to be supplied in bulk to other authorities. Maximum day's consumption 800,000 gallons : holiday season. Maximum day's consumption 500,000 gallons : normal. Maximum annual rainfall over drainage-area 40 inches ; minimum 25 ; average (over 10 years) 30. The Ashey Works are southward of the town, just west of Bloodstone Copse, and were established in 1855. There are two wells, in chalk, of 80 and 160 feet depth, connected by a heading. Dr. BuLSTRODE, in his Report of 1901, to the Local Government Board, makes the following remarks : — " The supply of water from this well is limited. During the winter months, the amount is sufficient to enable daily pumping to be resorted to, but during the remainder of the year weekly pumping is alone practicable. In winter, some 3,000,000 gallons are raised weekly ; in summer only 250,000." For an analysis of the water see pp. 219-221. See also Newchurch. St. Helens. Geol Map 331, new ser. 1. Nearly half a mile south-east of the church. Height about 150 feet above the sea. Sunk 15 feet, the rest bored. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Parsons. The classification by Mr. C. Reid Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Hamstead Beds ? Blue slipper, black at base 15 15 ' Green and brown clay 75 90 Stone (3 or 4 inches) — — Blue clay (shelly at 100 feet) ... . 11 101 Green clay 2 103 Green clay and marl 2 105 Green clay 3 108 Brown clay 2 110 Green clay 1 111 Mottled brown and green clay h llU Bembridge Marls, 118^ feet (?). Green clay Green marl i 2 112 114 Green clay Green stone 4 1 118 119 Dark marl and black clay 1 120 Green clay h 120i Green stone and clay ... 3i 1231 Brown carbonaceous clay 2i 126 Black shelly clay h 126A Black clay with Serpula i 127 Dark-green shelly clay with Cyrena . 3i 130i Black clay U 132 ^ Green clay and pyrites 2 134 Bembridge Limestone, -; 16 feet. ' Freestone Greenish grey clay Sandy clay ^ Freestone 5 4 4 3 139 143 147 150 WELLS. ISLE OF WIGHT. 163 St. Helens— co7it. Osborne Beds (St. Helen's Sands) 25^ feet. Thickness. Feet. 1 If If 1 3i 1 If U 6 5 Depth. Feet. 151 1521 154i 155i 159 160 1611 163 169 169i 174i 175i Perhaps f Dark green clay Very dark green clay ... Very dark green clay, sandy ... Dark green and brown clay ... Green sandy clay and sandstone Grit Fine-grained sandstone Blue sandstone ... Buff sandstone ... Rock Buff sandstone ... ^ Hard sandstone... No fossils from the first 15 feet could be found among the waste and no frag- ments of the Black Band. A thin black seam is said to have been through at 15 feet, but samples were only preserved below that depth, the first 133i feet is entirely in Bembridge Marls. (C. Reid.) 2. North-east of the station. Height about 5 feet above high-water. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Parsons (to C. Reid). Bembridge Marl. Blue marl with Ostrea vectensis, Cyrena ohovata, C obtusa, C. seitiistriata, Melania muricata^ Ceritliium mutahile, Serpula tenuis ... ... ... 28) Bembridge Limestone 9 > 48 feet. Osborne Beds. Blue and variously coloured clays ... 11 J In his Report of 1901 to the Local Government Board, Dr. Bulstrode makes the following remarks on the water-supply of the place : — "The water is still procured under eminently unsatisfactory and unsafe conditions. On St. Helens Green are numerous wells sunk, presumably in the gravel," and many of them were not protected from surface-pollution ; but this would be a temporary defect as " the Ryde water will shortly be in use over the whole of the St. Helens district." Shalfleet. Freshwater and Yarmouth Water Co., just north of Pond, Shalcombe Farm. 1909? Communicated by Mr. E. T. Hildred. 234 feet above Ordnance Datum. A well of 8 feet diameter, lined with brickwork, with perforations through the lowest 5 feet. Yield at exhaustion 19,000 gallons an hour. In November 1909, the water overflowed, following the abnormal rainfall, the level of the pond, not 20 feet away, being at the same time 2i to 3 feet lower than the water in the well. [Reading Beds.] Greeny-grey sandy clay 4 \ .^^ , - , Chalk with some flints ^7^ | ^14 teet. For an analysis of the water see p. 221. Shanklin. Geol. Map 331, new ser. Water Works. In the middle of Greatwood Copse, about half a mile south-westward of St. John's Church. Communicated by Mr. F. Newman. 416 feet above Ordnance Datum. Chief well 70 feet deep, the last 20 in close Gault [the rest in Upper Greensand]. Another well, a little south, at the end of the short southern gallery, 408 feet above Ordnance Datum, 54 feet deep. The first heading driven runs east-north-eastward from the chief well, for a short distance, with its floor 376 feet above Ordnance Datum. The second runs from the middle of the first for a short distance south-south-westward, to south of the chief well, with its floor 356 feet above Ordnance Datum. The third runs westward for a short distance from the chief well, with its floor 415 fee 164 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIKE. Shanklin— con^. above Ordnance Datum at the entrance. The fourth, or long heading, runs from near the end of the first irregularly westward to beneath the eastern edge of Shanklin Down, with its floor 425 feet above Ordnance Datum. [The last two apparently are driven from the open ground.] This is a composite supply, from wells and springs. According to the Water Works Directory, 1909, the works were established in 18ii3, and the maximum day's supply, in August and September, was 200,000 gallons. An analysis of the water is given on p. 225. Ventnor. Undercliff Isolation Hospital. 1903. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Water-level, when at rest, 208 feet down. Another account says 195. Thickness. Feet. 105 f Hard green shotterwit 11 I Grey freestone 8 Hard grey freestone ... ... ... 24 Hard green freestone ... ... ... 27 Green freestone ... ... ... ... 25 Black and grey freestone ... ... 30 Hard black freestone ... ... ... 6 Black bed and malm merging into blue slipper 12^ Chalk ... [Upper Greensand slipped mass.] < [Gault.] West Cowes. Geol. Map 330, new ser. 1. Egypt Point. Boring at, by Mr. Vignolles. 8 feet above datum-line. [Osborne Beds.] Clays of various colours, 94 feet. 2. The Briary, close to the Light-house. 1901 ? Made and communicated by Messrs. Merryweather. 30 feet above sea-level. Fairly good supply. Depth. Feet. 105 116 124 148 175 200 230 236 248i Thickne ss. Depth. Feet. Feet. Old well 44 Blue clay ... 35 79 Mottled clay 14 93 Blue clay ..'. 4 97 Mottled clay 10 107 Blue clay 11 118 Blue clay and shells 8 126 Blue clay 2 128 Clayey sand 9 137 Loamy sand 7 144 Mottled clay 6 150 Blue clay ... 62 212 Grey sand ... 2 214 3. Waterworks. 7 chains east of Broadfield . Height 167 feet above Ordnance Datum. From samples and measurements communicated by Mr. Atkey and Messrs. Tilley and Sons. The classification by C. Reid. Water, apparently from the sand at 321 feet, rose to 165 feet from surface. • Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins Drift gravel ... 10 10 f Greenish clay (disturbed on one side of the well and containing a drain at 23 feet) ... 13 23 Lower HamsteadJ Blue clay (a 2-inch i Beds, 29 feet. ] 30 feet) jeam of shells at ... 9 32 Flat cement-stone ... 6 32 6 Blue clay ... ... 5 6 38 ^ . Black shaly clay, . . .••J .. ... 1 39 WELLS. LSLE OF WIGHT. 165 West Gowes—cont. ( Blue and green clay. A shell-bed with Melania muricata at 40 feet. Rock with Melanopsis and Palvdina lenta at 61 feet Stone and a little water Bembridge Marls, J Blue and green clay 116 feet. 1 Cement-stone stone, 9 feet. Osborne Beds, 103^ feet. Upper Headon Beds, 53 i feet. Thick ness . Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft.] [ns 33 6 72 6 6 73 31 104 1 105 14 119 5 124 31 155 ' 5 160 2 162 2 164 36 200 30 230 21 251 6 251 6 1 252 6 14 266 6 1 267 6 21 288 6 1 289 6 3 292 6 6 293 28 321 7 328 Green shelly clay and shale with nodular stone at 110 feet. Yery shelly at 115 feet Green clay and stone (^ Blue clay (pyrites at 127 feet) ,> , J T • r Very hard freestone ^'?;'?f.!!'f',„'::r'"-^ White bed ( Black, brown and white clay ... f Red and green mottled clays ... Blue shell-marl I Green clay ^ Green clay, rather sandy Stone, and a little water I Dark green and brown mottled clay 1^ Stone f Mottled clay, with veins of sand and a little water Stone and a little water Blue clay... Stone and a little water Blue clay (fragments of shell at .320 feet) f Sand with shells and water (pumping from this spring dried the well at Woodvale) Green sandy clay and blue clay, full of Cyrena obovata and Melania muricata at 331 feet ; green and carbonaceous at 341 ; at 365 blue and very shelly, with Cytherea incrassata, Cyrena sp., Natica labellata^ Nematura parvula^ . Buccinum labiatum, Fish - otolith . (Venus Bed) ; at 375 green clay ■with- Natica^ Cerithiuin, &c. ; at 385 blue shelly clay ; at 400 hard clay ; at 414 green sandy clay full of fossils Middle Headon ,' (the following species were found in Beds, 116 feet. ^ the spoil-heap, so the exact depth to which they belong is uncertain, but lies between 414 and 420 feet — Ostrea ventilabrum^ Cardita simplex^ Cytherea . iucrassata, Cyrena obovata, C. deper- dita, Corbula cuspidata, C. pisum, Cancellaria elongata, Bicccinum labi- atum, Voluta geminata, Pleurotoma plebia, Rostellaria sp., Cerithium elegans, Natica labellata, Bidla sp., (B'rockenhurst Bed?)) 92 420 Grey shelly sand, Natica, Pleurotoma Nematura parvula, Planorbis, Cyrena, Potamomya 14 ^ Clay 3 For an analysis of the water, see p. 222. For the other source of supply, see p. 43. The following particulars from the Water Works Directory, 1909 established, 1845 : bought by the Council, 1859 Yearly supply 434 437 : — Works (from all 166 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. West Cowes—cont. sources) 94 million gallons. Daily supply 257,000 gallons. Maximum daily supply, in August, appparently only 20,000 gallons more [? some error]. The estimated quantity available in a year from deep wells is 150 million gallons. Maximum annual rainfall over drainage-area, 37*84 inches, in 1894. Minimum, 22-6 inches, in 1887. Average, 28-68 (1878-1897). Natural rest-level of water (in well), 158 feet down ; when pumping 400,000 gallons a day, 270 feet down. 4. WooDVALE. West of the town. 1885. From specimens communicated by Messrs. Addie, of Preston. The fossils determined by Mr. J. W. Elwes. The classification by Mr. C. Reid. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. f Whitish earth, calcareous Grey shelly clay. Melania muricata... Light-buff calcareous earth Grey clay with shells. Melania muri- cata Light-greenish-grey clay with some Bembridge 1 broken shells Beds. "I Grey and brownish clay I Dark-grey or blackish clay with some shells ... Dark- grey and brown clay (specimen from bottom). Melania muricata... Grey clay with some broken shells ... t Cream-coloured limestone f Light-grey clay, mottled brownish ... Puce and grey mottled clay ... Pale-grey clay (specimen marked 89)... Crimson and grey mottled clay Light-greenish and brownish clay (specimen marked 131) Grey clay with some very fine and soft sand? Grey clay, partly brownish (specimen from 138 feet) t Crimson, grey and brown mottled clay f Limestone ? nodular Pale greenish-grey clay Greenish-grey and puce mottled clay... Light-grey clay with some broken shells ... Grey clay with crushed shells. Pota- momya Grey clay with some broken shells ... I Calcareous nodule (?)... I Greenish-grey clay with broken shells (^ Stone (no specimen) ... Fine grey sand, with shells : Cerithium concavum (many), C. trizonatum?, Melania muricata^ Cyrena obovata^ Potamomya gregaria (? 2 vars.) Ostrea with Serpula Firm grey clayey sand with some shells, with water (? from rock at 272 feet), which rose to within t 136 feet of the surface Osborne Beds, 109 feet. 2 2 10 6 12 6 1 6 14 80 44 -2 46 15 61 2 63 3 66 9 75 4 3 79 3 8 87 3 2 89 3 2 91 3 42 133 3 2 135 3 2 137 3 Upper Headon Beds, 73 feet. 24 161 3 27 188 3 3 6 191 9 1,8 3 210 30 240 10 3 250 3 1 251 3 3 254 3 6 254 9 6 260 9 6 261 3 Middle Headon Beds, m feet. 9 270 3 4 6 274 9 This well was subsequently deepened to 437 feet, at which depth shelly sand occurred (perhaps representing the Headon Hill Sands), but no further details can be obtained. An analysis of the water is given on p. 223. WELLS. ISLE OF WIGHT. 167 Wootton. Geol. Map 331, new ser. 1. At Beech. Middle (Clay 36 Hamstead < Sand 5 Beds l^lay 3 The bed of sand corresponds with the one seen at Brannon's Cottage, and in the cutting above the station. C. Reid. J44 feet. 2. A quarter of a mile north of Beech. TGravel Drift. < Sand ( Loam and ironstone Good supply of water. 15 ? 15 V 34 feet. 15) Lower Hamstead Beds, about 110 feet. 40 50 Depth. Feet. 40 90 5 15 95 110 Bembridge Marls, about 115 feet. 3. Beech Lane. Six chains north of the station. From specimens communicated by Mr. Newbury, of Wootton, and notes and specimens communicated by Mr. Brown, of Tottenham, to Mr, C. Reid, who classified the beds. Water at 370 feet, rose to 100 feet from surface. Thickness. Feet. f Light-blue clay [no specimens] Clay [no specimens] ... ... about Dark-blue and carbonaceous clay, full of fossils. Paludina lenta, Hydrohia pupa^ II. Chasteliy Neritina tristis, Melania Forbesii, M. mwicata, 3Ielanopsis carinata^ M. suhulata, Plcmorbls, small sp., Cyrena semi- slriata^ Modiola Prestwichii I Clay ... ' Green clay &c. [specimens preserved are green clay at 114 feet, cement - stone and pyrites with Paludina and Melania turriiissima at 140 feet, grey clay at 143 feet, green clay at 155, 160, 166 feet, green and black clay at 169, 170 feet, green clay at 175, 180, 185 feet, bright-green clay at 206 feet] Bembridge Limestone [black clay and limestone at 228 feet] Osborne Beds, about 117 feet. [Red clay at 254 feet, red and green clay at 260, 265, 278, 285 feet, bright-green clay at 290 and 340 feet, red and green clay at 34 1 and 345 feet] Clay Rock White sand, very sharp. [Very fine brown sand at 370 feet] , ? [no record kept] The thicknesses are only approximate, as no complete record or series of specimens is available. Another memorandum gives 385 feet to sand with water, and a total depth of 420 feet. C. Reid. 4. Brannon's Cottage (close to). About 170 feet abpve the sea. From notes made during the excavation. C. Reid. Middle and Lower (?) Hamstead Beds. L Upper Headon Beds, 59 feet. 115 3 225 228 117 11 345 356 359i lOi 34 370 404 Thickness. De] pth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. ' Red and green clay ... ... 10 10 Sand ... ... 4 14 Green clay ... ... 10 24 Concretionary sandstone ... ... 8 24 8 Hard blue and green loamy clay ... 20 44 8 Ironstone with casts of L imnma ... 4 45 ^ Harder green and purple clay... ... 12 57 168 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Wootton—cont. 5. Briddlesford Lodge, in the middle of the farm-buildings. 181 feet above the sea. From notes made during the excavations. C. Reid. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. Drift Clayey gravel 4 6 4 6 jj r Yellow clay, much weathered 5 9 6 XT "+^^^^-R /q \ Dark-blue shelly clay, full of eritliium uamsteaa iseas. ^ pUcafum smd Melania mjfafa ... 10 10 6 Tv/r-jji ( Grrey loamy clay 10 116 TT ^^^ T. ^ \ Careen clay 8 6 20 Hamstead ileds. ( G^een clay with faint red mottling ... 3 6 23 6 6. Briddlesford Lodge. At the south-eastern corner of the farm-buildings. 190 feet above the sea. From notes made during the excavations. C. Reid. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. f Mottled light-grey and dark-red clay... 8 8 Yellow and brown mixed clay, perhaps I reconstructed shaly clay 2 10 I Greenish-blue clay ... ... ... 1 11 Middle? ! Tenacious blue clay 6 17 Hamstead Beds, j Sand-parting 1 17 1 I Reconstructed clay Oil 18 Mottled green and red clay, slightly I carbonaceous... ... ... ... 7 25 [^ Blue carbonaceous clay, full of Cfnio... 5 30 Though these two wells are only two chains apart the sections are quite different. No trace of the bed with Cerithium pUcatum could be found in the second. C. Reid. 7. Fernhill (five chains west of). ^ ... J Gravel 13") ^"^'^ (Sand 3 5^18 feet. Hamstead Beds. Clay 2 } 8. Whitehayes. From notes made during the excavation. C. Reid. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. f Yellow clay 10 10 Middle J Blue clay 3 13 Hamstead Beds. | Red clay li 14^ t Blue and yellow clay with turtle bones 3i 18 This well was unfinished at the time of the completion of the survey. 9. WooTTON Creek, western side of. About half a mile N.E. of St. Edmund's Church. Communicated by Mr. F. Newman, of Ryde. About 75 feet above Ordnance Datum. A little water oozed in 32 feet down (?in the bore). Well 70 feet. Bored to 147. 10 (? in Wootton Parish). Staplers. Farm west of the gravel-pits. » About 257 feet above the sea. From information supplied by the farmer. C. Reid. Drift Middle? Hamstead Beds. Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. Gravel U U f Blue clay ... ^ ., 1 Mottled clay J ^* 65^ Fine-grained hard concretionary sand- stone 2i 68 LClay 5 73 WELLS. SPITHEAD. 169 We may conclude the accounts of wells with the description of three belonging to the Spithead Defences, in the channel between the mainland and the Isle of Wight. The first two were communicated by Major E. A. Hewitt, E.E., to Mr. H. W. Bristow, and the fossils were determined by Mr. R. Etheridge. Horse Sand Fort. Surface of shoal, 24^ feet below high water of ordinary spring-tides Measurements from the Pump Room Floor, 3i feet above high water-level 6-foot Cylinders to 83 feet ; the rest bored. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. - 27f 5 32^ Recent Marine Deposits, 70i feet. Water, &c., to surface of shoal f Shingle and a little sand Natural concrete Clean shingle Moderately fine sand and occasional shingle, pieces of bark and branches of trees Shingle, sand and vegetable matter, the latter almost entirely compressing to centre dark band [shown on the drawing sent] Shingle, sand and shells Blue clay, shingle and sand Pure sand Blue clay Chalk-flints Shingle, sand and shells Rock t Flint-shingle and clean orange sand ... f Greenish-grey clay with slight sand and occasional flint-pebbles and stone ... Greenish -grey clay Greenish-grey clay and slightly more sand. Ostrea, Cardita planicosta ... Greenish -grey clay, less sand, no fossils Greenish-grey sandy clay Greenish -grey clay, no fossils Greenish -grey clay. Niimmulites, Cor- hula Brownish-grey clay. Nodules of siliceous sandstone full of glauconite at 335 feet. No fossils Fine clean greenish-grey and black sand. Cardita planicosta. Many nodules of sandstone and iron pyrites Grey rock. Pecten corneus, Cardium seniigranulatum Brownish-grey clay. Cardium semi- granulatum^ Pectunculus puhinatus, Pecten corneus Darker brownish-grey clay and flint- ' pebblies. Pectuncidus pulvinatus, Turritella imbricataria Yery fine greenish-grey and some orange sand, and flint-pebbles. Cardium seniigranulatum^ Pectun- culus^ Valuta, Turritella imbricataria, Fusus longcevus Greenish -grey sandy clay, slightly stratified Greenish-grey clay, with some sand, I slightly stratified. Cytherea suhery- [^ citioides, Pectunculus Bracklesham Beds, 4711 feet. Ef 18 15 50 20 12 4i 10 34i 24 m 8 581 5 (531 14 771 \ 78 1 79 i 79^ 2i 82 4 82i 151 98 45 143 25 168 37 205 30 235 20 255 18 273 288 338 358 359^ 37U 376 386 420i 444i 170 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Bracklesham Beds, 47 li feet — cont. Depth. Feet. 505 5321 533i 557i 5G0 567 569i Thickness. Feet. Greenish-grey sand - rock, numerous fossils. Nummulites... ... ... 2 Light-greenish-grey and black very fine quicksand. Cardita planicosta and Tz^rW^eZZa at 494 feet ... ... 58^ Rather darker green-grey sand with clay in lumps. Cytherea lucida, Corbula gallica, Cardita planicosta, Fusus pyrus ... ... ... ... 27f Dark-green band of sandstone and iron- pyrites... ... ... ... ... 2 Light - grey clean sand. Frequent nodules of iron-pyrites and pieces of lignite. Cardita planicosta ... ... 24 4 Brownish-grey sand and stratified clay with iron-pyrites 2i Brownish-grey clay, occasionally strati- fied and with vegetable impressions and plant-remains ... ... ... 7 Clean sharp light-grey (almost white) (^ sand. No fossils 2^ Noman Fort. Surface of shoal, 34 feet below high water. Measurements from Powder Magazine floor, 3i feet above high water. Water rose to 4 feet 4 inches below the Powder Magazine, or 10 inches below high water of ordinary spring-tides. The supply of water was as follows : — At 50 feet below Powder Magazine Floor, 10,800 gallons a day. At 100 feet below Powder Magazine Floor, 23,000 gallons a day. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Water, &c., to surface of shoal f Hard compact flint-shingle, bright sand, ^ I chalk stones. Isle of Wight stone, shells, &c. Jaw of Red Deer fifty feet down. Large flint-shingle, fine pale-yellow sand, shells, &c. ... ... ^ 90 Fine flint-shingle, coarse angular pale- | yellow sand. Remains of trees, shells, &c. Nassa reticulata, Trochus zizi- \^ phinus ... ... ... ... ...j " Grey sand with slight clay and occa- sional flint-shingle, shells, &c. Greenish-grey sandy clay. No fossils Green-grey clay. Cardita acuticosta, Astarte, Cytherea, Ostrea teneraf fragments Green-grey clay, fossils numerous. Indurated phosphatic nodules with Plicatula Green-grey clay, rather more sand, fossils Brown-grey clay, fossils. Conus, Turri- tella sulcifera, in sandy clay Brown-grey clay, slight sand, Pimia margaritacea, Corhula, Turritella sulcifera, Nummulites variolarius, Serpula, at 502 feet from sur- face ; at 506, Cardium semigranu- latum; at 510, Pecten corneus, Cytherea suberycinoides, Cardium Recent Marine Deposits. Bracklesham Beds. 28 111 130 43i 100 25i 37* 127^ 155i 167^ 297i 340^ 440i 466 (^ semigranulatum 47 513 WELLS. 8PITHEAD. 171 rock, BrackJesham Beds — cont. " Darker green-grey sandy clay .., Hard grey-green sandstone numerous fossils. Card'mm semi- granulatum, Cytherea suberycinoides, Cardita platiicosta, Turritella^ Fusus Pale green-grey sand, numerous fossils. Cardita planicosta, Turritella sulci- fera, Seraphs sp., Card'mm semigranu- latum, Pectunculus pulvmatus Brown-green clay, with slight sand in layers, chalk [weathered flint?] pebbles from 558-560 feet. Turritella imbricataria, Pectunculus pulvi7iatus, flint-pebbles Green-grey with some orange-coloured sand slightly stratified in places, Cerithium gigauteum, Turritella im- hV'd (*f1 f ft 7*7 ft Bottom of bore at 571 feet [? filled in]'. St. Helen's Fort. 1867. Thickness. Feet. 27 m L Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Docwra and Son. brackets from an account communicated by Mr. Mylne.) Bored throughout. Concrete Speckled sand Shingle and black pebbles Grey clay (yellow sandy clay, 57) Peat (black earth) Greenish sand (coarse green sand) Stones (flint gravel) Greenish clay and shells Pale green shell-marl (shelly clay) Green clay and shells (hard green clay) Claystone Grey clay and shells (brown shelly clay) Claystone Green clay and shells Stones Dark green clay and shells Claystone ... ... Green sand Green clay and pebbles Grey sand ... Mr. Mylne's account is as follows, below 149 feet. Thickness. Depth Depth. Feet. 540 541 550 57U 579 (The words in Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft Ins. — 19 3 22 15 37 54 91 2 93 7 100 2 102 15 117 13 130 10 140 6 140 6 9 149 6 4 149 10 1 6 151 4 4 151 8 2 6 154 2 10 155 7 162 2 164 6 170 :::} Feet. Feet. 154 162 168 170 Claystone Hard blue]clay Limestone ... | Green[clayey sand ) Dark blue clay ... 6 Dark sandy clay... 2 It is difficult to classify the beds. Down to 37 feet are Recent marine deposits. The following particulars'communicated by Mr. C. G. Vincent, 1891. Water said to have been got in stone below 150 feet : fresh, sweet, and rose to 2i feet below the level of High Water Ordinary Spring Tides at high tide, and 9i feet at low tide ; gave a supply of 120 gallons an hour at the depth of 27 feet below High Water Ordinary Spring Tides. After standing some time the water deposited considerable soft sediment, probably silty clay, and this filled the pipe 10 feet up in a year from the completion of the well in 1867 ; since then no accumulation. U624 M 172 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE TRIAL-BOKINGS, NOT FOE WATER. Of these the only one of special note, from its depth, is that on Keyhaven Marshes (Milford), which reaches through the Headon Beds well into the Barton Sand. Mainland. Bursledon. Geol. Map 315, new ser. Four borings along the centre-line of the Netley and Fareham Railway. Communicated by Mr. J. Drage (L. S. W. Co.'s District Engineer), 1886. A. On the mud-land on the right side of the Hamble River, a little eastward of the cross-roads (high-road). [Alluvium.] Soft dark alluvial soil Dark gravel, dirty C Soft yellow clay Dark blue clay ... [London Clay.] -j Hard dark blue clay Light-coloured compact ^ [?septaria] 1 27 Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 4 4 1 5 7 12 8 20 6 26 sandstone B. At the right edge of the Hamble River, a little E. of S. of the house named Maidenstone Heath. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. [Alluvium.] Soft dark alluvial soil 4 4 f Soft yellow clay ... 7 11 [London Clay.] ^ Dark blue clay ... 10 21 ( Hard dark blue clay... 20 41 G. Eastward of the middle of the river, S.E. of Maidenstone Heath. Thickness. Depth. [Alluvium.] -j Soft dark alluvial soil Soft yellow clay Gravel mixed with clay [London Cay.] {g^^tlSe Cay.:: Feet. 11 6 5 6 4 Feet. 11 17 22 28 32 D. Near edge of mud-land on the left side of the River Hamble eastward of C. (about a quarter of a mile W. of N. from Lower Swanwick). Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. [Alluvium.] [London Clay.] Mud 3 {Light-yellow clay ... 5 Dark blue clay ... 14 Hard dark blue clay 13 22 35 In a geological section across the River Hamble, on the tracing from which the above were taken, Mr. Drage regards all the yellow clay as a continuous mass, above the gravel of boring C. I am inclined to think, however, that except in that boring, it is merely the discoloured top of the London Clay. TRIAL BORINGS. 173 Christchurch. Geol. Map 329, new ser. Communicated by Mr. J. Drage of the L. S. W. Ry. Co. 1 . On the bank of the Avon, east of the station. Sand and gravel 20 feet. 2. On the eastern side of the Stour, on the railway half a mile from the station. Water-level 3 J feet down. Clay and peat... 10 ") Gravel and sand 6 > 18j feet. Black sand ... 2^ J 3. On the western side of the Stour, on the railway about half a mile from the station. Water-level about 1 foot down. Gravel 6 Light-coloured sandy clay ... 6 }■ 20i feet. Dark brown wet running sand 8i At this point rock or other hard material was met with but not entered. Uoi Gosport. Geol. Map 331, new ser. Royal Naval Hospital, Haslar. Shaft for lift. Information at the Hospital, 1886. Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. Gravel to below floor — 18 Clayey gravel 3 21 Light-brown clay 2 23 Gravel 1 24 Buff sandy clay ... ... ... ... ... I 25 Light-grey sandy clay, with pieces of shell (marine) in top 5 feet 9 34 Loamy gravel ... ... ... 3 37 Buff sandy clay or clayey sand 1 38 Hound, western side of Badnam Creek in the course of the Netley and Fareham Railway. Geol. Map 315, new ser. Soil C Dark peaty clay. r A ii„tt;„»v, 1 J Soft bluish sand [Alluvium.j ^ g^j^ light-blue clay, with yellowish Gravel [Bracklesham Beds.] streaks and a mixture of sand f Fine soft wet sand Soft yellowish sandy clay Stiff dark-blue clay Stiff blue clay of a lighter tint Bluish sandy clay . Strong blue clay Thickness. Feet. Depth Feet. 3 6 9 3 12 5i 3 m 18 21 2 23 3 26 7 33 4 37 UB24 M 2 174 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Hythe. Geol. Map 315, new ser. Eleven trial-borings on the mud in front of Winterton Hall, 1885? Communicated by Mr. G. F. L. Giles. ' Mud, thickening away from the shore ; a foot or 2 feet in three close to the shore, 5 to 25 feet in the rest, the furthest being about two-thirds of the way from high to low water mark. Peat, in three of the four outermost only (not the outermost, in which the mud rests on the gravel), 2 feet or 4 feet (in two). Clay, in two of the four outermost only ; 2 or 4 feet, in the former case doubtful and not pierced. Gravel, in all but one, 2 to 10 feet, not always pierced (not to S.E., where thickest). Clay, in five on N.W., 4 to 13 feet. Another boring on edge of marsh, near well. [Alluvium.] Michelmersh. Geol. Map 299, new ser. On the line of railway by the side of stream N.N.B. of Kimbridge Mill and i a mile E.S.E. of Mottisfont Station. Communicated by Mr. J. Drage of the L. S. W. Ry Peat Rough Gravel 4 M8 feet. Fine Gravel... 1} Co. Milford. Geol. Map 330, new ser. Keyhaven. At the edge of the Marsh, about two-thirds of a mile east of the village. Trial-boring, for the South Western and Isle of Wight Junction Railway, 1901 Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. Moisture in fine white live sand at 53 to 62 feet and in sandy loam at 101^ to 146 feet. Water in sand met with at 162 feet, rose to 2^ feet above the surface. Thickness. Depth Feet. Feet. [? Made ground.] Ballast 7 7 [Alluvium.] Mud 2 9 [Gravel.] Ballast 14 23 ^ Light-blue clay and shells 30 53 Fine white live sand and shells 9 62 Blue clay 2 64 Hard blue rock h m Sand-rock n 66 [Headon Beds.] Blue clay .,, 5 71 "^ Blue loamy clay 4 75 Black loamy clay and shells, sandy in places 11 86 Grey loam 12 98 Rock 1 981 ^ Grey loam 21 lOU ^ Sandy loam, hard in places ... m 142 [? Barton Sand.] ^ Sandy loam, more clayey 4 146 [ Clayey sand and shells 9 155 [? Becton Bunny ( 31ay.] Light-blue clay 11 166 Running sand ... 2 168 TRIAL BORINGS. 175 Millbrook. Geol. Map 315, new ser. Redbridge. East of the river and between the two railways. Communicated by Mr. J. Drage of the L. S. W. Ry. Co. Gravel 9i ) Hard light-coloured clay ... 25i >40 feet Clay and sand intermixed ... 5 j Portsmouth. SoUTHSEA. South Parade Pier. To test foundations. 1908. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Thickness Depth. Feet. Feet. Concrete and beach 2 2 Peat 7 9 Gravel 2 11 Clay 4 15 Shingle 4 19 Sand 6 25 Southampton. Geol. Map 315, new ser. 1. Chapel (a place on the right shore of the Itchen a little above the Floating Bridge). 1885. From specimens taken at intervals of a foot, communicated by Mr. Bennett, Borough Surveyor. Made ground and rubbish found at first. rn -fi- 1 5 Gravel, from 12 to 16 feet. f Loam, with sand and small stones, to 18 feet. [Bracklesham J Brown loam to 20 feet. Beds.] I Grey loam to 42 feet, more sandy in places (26, 28, 36, 40, t and 42 feet). • 2. On the right (western) bank of the Itchen, close to the Floating Bridge. (Dock-side) 1900? Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley. Trench already dug f Soft mud Blue clay PAii • Sandy clay ... ^tsflen' ^Cl-y and pebbles ... 10 reet.j p^^^^ I Sandy clay t Clay. and shells • ... [River Gravel, f Fine ballast 5 feet.] \ Coarse ballast [? Bracklesham Beds.] Sandy blue clay Thickness. Depth. Feet. Feet. 9 4 13 2 15 1 16 2 18 3 21 2 23 1 24 1 25 4 29 3 32 176 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Southampton—con^. 3. Gasworks. At N. corner of the Gas Co.'s land, N.B. of Northam Station. 1899. Mould... [River Drift.] [ Bracklesham Beds.] ( Dirty clay ( Gravel with clay f Blue clay I Very fine sand Sandy clay Hard blue clay Sandy clay Very fine sand Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. 24 29 17 6 37 40 41 6 4. Docks. For Messrs. Lacey, Sellor & Co. 1907. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. River-sand ... 28 Gravel '^ } 35 feet. Sway. Geol. Map 330, new ser. Two bores along the line of the railway. Communicated by Mr. J. Drage, of the L. S. W. Ry. Co. 1. About three-quarters of a mile south-westward of Lymingtou Junction. 2. About n Thickness. Feet. Depth. Feet. Soil 1 1 Loamy gravel ... Sandy gravel Marl 4 2 13 5 7 20 : miles south-westward of Lymington Thickness. Feet. Depth. Feet. Soil 1 1 Loamy gravel... Red gravel White sand ... 2 9 9 3 12 21 Titchfield. Geol. Map 316, new ser. Just west of the river and north-east of Segenworth, on the line of the railway. Communicated by Mr. J. Drage, of L. S. W. Ry. Co. Soil Light-coloured sandy clay Soft dark peaty clay Alluvial deposit, with sand and small shells Gravel Thickness. Feet. U 2i 4 2 4 Depth. Feet. n 4 8 10 14 TRIAL BORINGS. 177 Totton. Geol. Map 315, new ser. On the marsh just west of the river and north of the railway. Communicated by Mr, J, Drage, of the L. S. W. Ry. Co. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. Mud 6 6 6 6 Gravel 10 3 16 9 Sand 13 18 Hard light-coloured clay 4 2 22 2 Isle of Wight. Cowes. Trial-borings for Medina Tunnel, 1893. Geol. Map 330, new ser. Communicated by Mr. J. Russell. About 8 feet above Ordnance Datum. Western side of the Medina Gravel ... 23^ 55 feet Clay (alluvial) S2f^^^^^' Eastern side of the Medina. Soil and clay... Gravel r Clay (Osborne) Osborne Beds. -! Sand ( Clay (Osborne) r hickness. Depth, Feet. Feet. 5 5 8 13 23 36 1 37 18 55 178 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. ANALYSES OF SPRING-WATEES. Mainland. Barton-on-Sea. Spring on beach at foot of cliff opposite the Hotel. Made by Dr. J. C. Thresh. November, 1900. In parts per 100,000. Ca Mg Na CO3 SO4 CI NO3 Probable combinations. 6-6 •4 — 9-5 31 3-9 1- 6-3 9-5 Calcium carbonate... 15-8 •3 — — — •7 — — Calcium sulphate ... 1 — •4 — — 1-6 — — Magnesium sulphate 2 — — •4 — •8 — — Sodium sulphate ... 1-2 — — 2-55 — — 3-9 — Sodium chloride ... 6-45 — •4 Total i solid CO 1- Qstituei Sodium nitrate Silica, &c its dried at 180° C. ... 1-4 1-65 29-5 Bedhampton. (See Portsmouth). Bournemouth. Dr. J. C. Thresh. "The Examination of Waters and Water Supplies," 1904, pp. 306, 320, 321. Spring at base of Barton Beds, on the shore near Bournemouth. parts per 100,000. Ca 6-6 Mg •4 CO3 9-5 SO4 31 CI 3-9 NO3 1- 24-5 Probable saline constituents. Calcium carbonate .. Calcium sulphate .. Magnesium sulphate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate &c 15-8 1 1- I 2- 1-2 6-45 ^ parts per 100,000. 1-4 1-65 Total solids, dried at 180° C. 29*5 J ANALYSES. SPRING WATERS. 179 Hartley Wintney. {See p. 41). Source. Moorland gathering ground. By A. J. G. Lowe. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. In grains per gallon Total solids 5-5 Chlorine 1-6 Free ammonia •04 Albuminoid ammonia •02 Nitrites none. Nitrates small. Poisonous metals ... nil. Appearance yellowish. Some sediment. Smell none. If properly filtered, would be very good for drinking and other domestic purposes. Havant. {See also Portsmouth). Made by Dr. J. C. Thresh, March 1899. In parts per 100,000. Ca Mg Na CO3 SO4 CI NO3 9-45 •2 — 12^5 •5 \'bb 1-95 Probable Combinations. 8-3 •2 •6 •35 •2 •3 12-5 •5 •5 •6 •45 1-95 Calcium carbonate... Calcium sulphate ... Calcium nitrate Calcium chloride ... Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride ... Silica, &c 20-8 •7 2^55 •85 •8 •75 105 Total solid CO nstituei its dried at 180° C... 27-5 Hardness. Temporary 16^5°, permanent 3*5°, total 20". Organic ammonia (free ammonia, nil) •OOl Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C ^063 Nitrites Nil. Lymington. Public supply. {See p. 41). By the Jenner Institute. From Water Works Directories, 1907, 1909. In parts per 100,000. Dissolved solids 20^6 Chlorine 4*1 Alkalinity expressed as calcium carbonate 3^5 Free and saline ammonia ... ... ••• '001 Albuminoid ammonia '004 Nitrogen as nitrates (none as nitrites) '29 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate at 80° F. in 4 hours 009 Hardness 6*5°. From the later publication this analysis might be taken to refer also to the well-water. 180 WATER SUPPLY OP HAMPSHIRE. Portsmouth. Water Company's Springs at Havant and Bedhampton. (See pp. 21, 22, 38-40). Made by Dr. B. H. Mumby. Compiled from Appendix B in Dr. T. Thomson's Report (L.G.B.). 1897. 1886. 14 analyses (roughly monthly) gave the following results : — Grains per Gallon. Total solid residue ... varied from Chlorine Nitrogen as nitrates ... Total hardness Ammonia, free ... „ albuminoid ,, 20' 1 March and April to 21*3 Aug. and 25 on Dec. 30th. 1-5 March and July to 1*8 Dec. 30th. Not given. 15 Dec. 30th, 17 and 18 all the others. Parts per Million. Nil March to -06 Aug. „ Dec. 21st to -04 Jan. No mention of other details which are included in some subsequent years. 1887. 13 analyses (roughly monthly) gave the following results :— Grains per Gallon. Total solid residue ... varied Chlorine ... ... „ Nitrogen as nitrates ... „ Total hardness ... „ from J? 13-7 Aug. to 22 Jan. 3rd and Feb. •7 Aug. to 1-5 Jan. 17th. Not given. 16 Jan. 3rd, June, July to 18 Jan., Feb., March. Parts per Million. Ammonia, free ... „ „ albuminoid „ Nil May to '04 Sept. „ June to -04 April and May. No mention of other details which 1888. 14 analyses (roughly montl: are included in some subsequent years, ily) gave the following results : — Grains per Gallon. Total solid residue ... varied Chlorine „ Nitrogen as nitrates ... „ Total hardness ... „ from M » 18-3 March to 22 Dec. •6 Feb. and March to 1*3 April and June 18th. Not given. 14-4 June 8th to 16-4 Dec. Parts per Million. Ammonia, free ... „ „ albuminoid „ •01 Aug. and Sept. to 06 March and April. •01 May, Sept. and Dec. to ^04 March, June 8th, 14th, 28th and Oct. No mention of other details which are included in subsequent years. ANALYSES. SPRING WATERS. 181 Portsmouth— con^. 1889. 9 analyses from January to December gave the following results : — Grains per Gallon. Total solid residue ... Chlorine Nitrogen as nitrates ... Total hardness varied from 18-5 Feb. to 24 Aug. •1 Nov. to 1-3 June. •089 Aug. to 1-04 Feb. 14-3 April to 17-8 Aug. Parts per Million. Ammonia, free „ albuminoid Poisonous metals Nil Aug. to -06 June. •01 Aug. and Dec. to '04 Feb. and June. Absent throughout. No mention of other details included in subsequent years. 1890. 12 monthly analyses gave the following results : — Grains per Gallon. Total solid residue ... varied from Chlorine „ „ Nitrogen as nitrates ... „ „ Total hardness ... „ „ 16-1 Nov. to 22-4 Dec. and 30^8 in July. •8 July to 1-3 April and Sept. •07 Nov. to -38 June. 14-2 Nov. to 18^4 April. Parts per Million. Ammonia, free ... „ „ „ albuminoid „ „ Iron , Turbidity or otherwise one entry Nil May and Aug. to 06 Feb. •01 March to 08 Aug. A trace in July. J uly, considerable amount of sand. 1891. 12 monthly analyses gave the following results :— - Grains per Gallon. Total solid residue ... varied from Chlorine „ „ Nitrogen as nitrates ... ,, „ Total hardness ... „ „ 19-6 Feb. and Dec. to 24^5 Sept. M Jan., March and June to I'l July. •017 Feb. to ^134 Oct. 14^2 Feb. and June to 16-8 Dec. Parts per Million. Ammonia, free ... „ „ ,, albuminoid „ „ Turbidity or otherwise one entry Appearance „ Nil May to •OG Feb. „ Jan. and Aug. to 04 Feb. and Dec. Nov., turbid deposit of sand and infusoria. Dec, bright. 182 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Portsmouth—con^. 1892. 13 analyses (roughly monthly) gave the following results : — _____ Grains per Gallon. Total solid residue ... Chlorine Nitrogen as nitrates ... Total hardness varied from >> 'J one entry two entries two entries 18-5 Sept. to 21-4 Jan. and Dec. 1-1 March, June, Oct. to 1'4 Jan., April and May. •087 March and July to -9 Aug. 14-6 Sept. to 17-1 May. Parts per Million. Ammonia, free „ albuminoid Iron Turbidity Colour Nil May to '04 Nov. „ March to '05 Oct. Trace on May 14. June, slight deposit of sand. Dec, slightly turbid. Oct., clear greenish-grey. Dec, greenish. 1893. 12 monthly analyses gave the following results Grains per Gallon. Total solid residue ... varied from Chlorine ... ... „ „ Nitrogen as nitrates ... „ „ Total hardness ... „ „ 21 March to 23-9 Sept. M March, July and Nov. to 1*7 Sept. •04 Dec. to ^215 Oct. 15^6 Feb. to 18-7 May. Parts per Million. Ammonia, free ... „ „ „ albuminoid „ „ Turbidity or reverse... three entries Colour two entries Nil June, July, Nov. and Dec to •OS Oct. •01 Dec. to 08 March and June. Feb. and May, clear. Jan., slight deposit of sand. March, slightly turbid. March, greenish-brown. Aug., greenish- grey. The November sample was described as " pure.' 1894. 12 monthly analyses gave the following results : — , Grains per Gallon. Total solid residue ... varied from Chlorine „ „ Nitrogen as nitrates... „ „ Total hardness ... „ „ 20-6 April to 24-2 March. 1-1 April to 1-7 Aug. •093 Feb. to ^999 May. 15-1 Nov. to 17-2 July. Parts per Million. Ammonia, free ... „ „ „ albuminoid „ „ Turbidity three entries Colour „ „ Nil Jan., Feb., May and Sept. to -06 Oct. •01 Jan., April, May and June to •OG Dec. March, slight deposit of sand. Nov., turbid. Dec, slight deposit of sus- pended matter. May, slightly green. Nov., yellowish- brown. Dec, light grey. The May sample was described as " pure.' ANALYSES. SPRING WATERS. Portsmouth— con^. 1895. 13 analyses (roughly monthly) gave the following results 183 Grains per Gallon. Total solid residue ... Chlorine Nitrogen as nitrates ... Total hardness varied from » »5 20-3 April, Nov. and Dec. to 25-2 March. M June and Nov. to 17 Sept. •035 Jan. to '75 Aug. 15-4 Dec. to 16-6 Sept. Parts per Million. Ammonia, free „ albuminoid Turbidity or reverse... Colour Appearance Nil Feb. and Oct. to -04 April and Dec. „ Feb. to -04 March 28th. No deposit April, May, Aug. to slightly turbid. Greyish - blue, Jan. and Nov. Light- brown, March. Greyish-brown, Dec. Greyish or light-grey, April, May and Aug. Light-green, Oct. Clear, April, May, June, July, Aug., Sept. Brilliantly clear, Oct. The February sample is described as " remarkably free from organic matter." It may be useful to add an epitome of the monthly analyses, 1886-95. Grains per Gallon. Total solid residue ... varied from 13-7 Aug., 1887, to 25-2 March, 1895. Chlorine „ „ •1 Nov., 1889, to 1-8 Dec. 30, 1886. Nitrogen as nitrates \ (after 1888) .../ " •017 Feb., 1891, to 1-04 Feb., 1889. Total hardness ... „ „ 14-2 Nov., 1890, to 18*7 May, 1893. Parts per Million. Ammonia, free ... „ „ Nil March, 1886 May, 1887, Aug., 188,9 May and Aug., 1890, May, 1891, May, 1892, June, July, Nov., Dec, 1893. Jan., Feb., May, Sept., 1894, and Feb, and Oct., 1895, to '08 Oct., 1893. „ albuminoid „ „ Nil Dec. 21, 1886, June, 1887, Jan. and Aug., 1891, March, 1892, and Feb., 1895, to -08 Aug., 1890, and March and June, 1893. Turbidity or reverse Generally no mention, but occasionally a deposit is mentioned which is usually classed as sand. Nov., 1891, sand and infusoria. Appearance Generally no mention, only noted 1891 and 1895. Colour... Generally no mention, only 1892-1895. Iron A trace in July, 1890. 184 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Spring-waters, — From Rivers Pollution Commission. Sixth Report, 1874. Analyses by [Sir] B. Frankland and others. In parts per 100,000. 1 1 .2 a 1 1 'a 1 a ^1 lis 1 i <6 a 1 Hardness. a a a 3 H H o o "S ^ H O H PU H 111° 29-62 •053 •008 •397 •405 1-85 15-8 81 23-9 11-3° 30-34 •076 •Oil •379 •39 1-85 19-5 4.4 23-9 12*5° 38-8 •032 •008 •421 •429 5-55 19-5 5- 24-5 11-P 2848 •04 •007 •338 •345 1-85 17-3 6- 23-3 Remarks. Geologic forma- tion. Bedhampton. Springs. March 7, 1873 . . The Blue Hole Spring March 7, 1873. Farlington Waterworks. March 7, 1873 Havant. Springs supplying Ports- mouth. March 7, 1873. Clear and palatable. Chalk. Isle of Wight. Bembridge. Centurion's or St. Arian's Well. Over two-thirds of a mile N.N.E. of Yaverland Church. For the supply of Bembridge. Source. Well, 11 feet deep in Bembridge Limestone, at the spring. Made by Mr. R. A. Cripps. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. In grains per gallon. Total solids 53^ Chlorine 10^2 Ammonia •0007 „ albuminoid •0014 Nitrogen as nitrites none „ „ nitrates •12 Oxygen absorbed in 5 mins. none Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours •012 Hardness, temporary ... 21-1° „ permanent ... 9^4° total ... 30^5 Phosphoric acid ... merest trace Microscopic examination, some vegetable debris. Smell when heated, slightly earthy. May be safely used for drinking purposes. Free from sewage-pollution and poisonous metals. Hardness high, but mostly removable by boiling or by a simple softening process. During part of the year the water overflows ; at other times it has to be pumped. ANALYSES. SPRING WATERS. 185 Ghale. Chalybeate Spring (see p. 23). By Dr. A. Marcet, Trans. Geol. Soc, 1811, vol. i., pp. 213-248. No smell, except faintly chalybeate. Taste intensely chalybeate. Tempera- ture 51° F. Specific gravity (3 samples) 1-0083, 1-0072, 1-0069, average 1-0075. In grains per pint of 16 ounces (?a tenth of a gallon). Total solids, dried at 170° to 180° F. (varying results due, to some small extent, to variations of temperature), from 63*6 to 92 grains, average 80-5. The analysis of the residues made on a sample giving 86 grains of solids to the pint of 16 ounces. The following account compiled by H. L. Whitaker. The various constituents are returned as in their crystalline forms, and the aluminium- sulphate is assumed to be present as alum (though no potash was found), and thus high figures are got, the total solids coming to 107-4 instead of 86, When the aluminium-sulphate is estimated as such, instead of as alum, that figure is 89-1 ; the excess of this last figure over the 86 may be accounted for by the loss of water of crystallization in drying. The following figures are calculated from those given in this long and involved paper. Those given at the end and reprinted in the Isle of Wight Memoir are based on a calculation which gives the total solids as 107*4 instead of 86 : — Solids in a pint of 16 ounces? = jV gallon. Found by Evaporation. Estimated. Iron-sulphate (FeS04)... ... Anhydrous Aluminium-sulphate Calcium-sulphate Magnesium-sulphate Sodium-sulphate Sodium-chloride Silica Water of crystallization (theoretically 38*2, j but some expelled in drying) Total 20-7 8-2 8-1 2-1 7-1 4- •7 35-1 86- Crystalline 37-9 15-9 10-2 4-3 16-1 4- 7 89-1 The water gave off on boiling about a hundredth part of its volume of carbonic acid gas. Newchurch. Lord Alverstone's Waterworks, Source, Collecting drains laid 40 feet below surface of pasture land, in the Sand-rock beds of the Lower Greensand, Yield 20,000 gallons per 24 hours. Made by Dr. 0. Hehner, August 1900, Communicated by Dr, H. F. Parsons, In parts per 100,000. Chlorine Sulphuric acid Nitric „ Phosphoric „ Ammonia, free „ albuminoid Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 minutes, at 80^ 4 hours Total solids dried at 212° F Loss on ignition ... Total hardness ... ... Colour, none. Satisfactory in every respect. 4-2 4-04 •35 trace •001 •0047 F, •0124 •0296 ... 36- 3^44 ... 2V 1B6 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Shalfleet. Source. Springs from Chalk, Shalcombe. Close to the Waterworks Well. (See p. 163). Yield over 40,000 gallons per 24 hours. Made by Dr. O. Hehner, December 1900. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. In parts per 100,000. Chlorine Sulphuric acid Nitric „ Phosphoric „ Ammonia, free „ albuminoid Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 minutes at 80° F. „ „ „ 4 hours „ Total solids, dried at 212 ° F Loss on ignition Total hardness Appearance : — Very turbid from suspended chalk, but colourless after filtration. Total number of bacteria inl cubic centimetre, 1,980 „ „ growing in phenolised acid agar, none. The results of the chemical analysis are entirely satisfactory. The dissolved organic matter is low. No indication of pollution. Has the usual characters of a Chalk-supply. 3-6 •68 •37 none. •0045 •0039 •0228 •0476 26^64 224 16^6 Shanklin. Chalybeate water issues from the Lower Greensand here. The spring known as Shanklin Chalybeate Spa (Esplanade) was first noticed by Dr. Fraser, physician to Charles II. It has been analysed by Dr. A. H. Hassall, with the following result, in grains per gallon : — Chemical Composition. Total residue ... 23*46 Lime 5'64 Magnesia 1*9 Potash -25 Soda 2-01 Sulphuric acid ... 2*8 1 Chlorine 3'23 Iron 1-03 Silica 14 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites ... — Free ammonia ... — Organic nitrogen ... '01 Combined as follows : — Carbonate of lime 7*66 „ magnesia 2*35 „ protoxide of iron 2*13 Sulphate of lime 3^28 „ magnesia 1-32 Chloride of potassium ... ... "4 „ sodium 3*04 „ magnesium ... '85 Silica 1^4 Volatile and combustible matter "14 Hardness, 9*3°. ANALYSES. SPRING WATERS. 187 Totland Bay. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh, May 1909. Parts per 100,000 Ca Mg Na K CO3 SO4 CI NO3 9-5 •5 — trace. 12- 5-7 9-2 •6 8- 1-5 •5 6- •3 12- Tota 3-6 2- 1 solid 9-2 const •6 ituents Calcium carbonate „ sulphate... Magnesium „ Sodium chloride ... Potassium nitrate ... Silica, etc dried at 180° C. ... 20- 5-1 2-5 15 2 •9 •9 44-6 Free ammonia . 003 Organic ammonia '005 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C '025 Nitrites nil. Hardness : temporary 17°, permanent 8°, total 25° Ventnor. Wroxall.— Spring from Upper Greensand, 286 feet above Ordnance Datum. Yield 14,400 gallons a day (May, 1893). Made by Dr. 0. Hehner, September, 1893. Communicated by Dr. H. F Parsons. In parts per 100,000. Chlorine... . 11- Sulphuric acid . 2-24 Nitric „ •44 Phosphoric „ none Ammonia, free •0011 „ albuminoid •0059 Total solids 46^32 Loss on ignition 5-92 Total hardness ... 24 Slightly turbid from suspended mineral matter. No chemical trace of organic pollution and may be safely used for drinking. Somewhat high in dissolved mineral matter and slightly harder than is usual in water derived from the Green- sand, but will nevertheless be found a thoroughly satisfactory supply for all domestic purposes. OFTHt ^ 14524 N 188 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. a, H -?§ to p s- •pj^ox (-1 02 ft ft Q> ft i=l cS OS Q ^-2 C fl ^ 2 " 2 f-i c8 eS fl in^ "^ CO (>1 4j^ •c^uau'Bniiaj ■iCj'Biodraajj ■8niJ0iq;3 •Biuoraray •naSoj^^ijSj omisSiQ •noqj'BQ oiubSjo •ii^Tjndmi •9p'BJ§I!^U8(3 8in:).'BJ9dra8x r-, ^ t^ T-l CD CO :o C£> / b- TT 'Tt^ o t^ "^ lO t-o:> oc ^ CO CN T— ( T— 1 CO t^ CO I-- CO (N CO ■ CO CO ^- CO GO ■F— 1 tH T-i 2S as CO CO CO COCi 1— 1 1— f • 1— 1 1— t CO '-I CO o o o o CO o o o iC CO O T-H o o CO CO o:> o oo CO CO oo 00 CO O to o o oo ^ . Tj d ft a P3 ft o-*= X/1 fJH rt "^ O t-l ^ " ^5 Q QH 189 ANALYSIS OF WELL-WATERS.-MAINLAND. Aldershot. Water Company. {See pp. 56-58). Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. May In parts per 100,000. Total solid matter dried at 180° C Chlorine Nitric nitrogen Nitrites... Hardness : permanent 7, temporary 16, total Lead, copper, zinc, iron Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed at 98° F. in 3 hours Turbidity : slight white sediment. Colour : faint green tint. 1907. 39-4 2-4 •56 Nil. 23 Nil. •0004 :0036 •016 Odour, none. Alverstoke. FoxBURY Well. Gosport Water Company. (See p. 60). From a report by Dr. J. C. Thresh, in 1897 (? October). Three samples collected. 1 from rising main, which would represent the water then supplied. The bottom of the main being 200 feet down, it is clear that onfy water from the bottom of the well was pumped. 2 from surface of water in well, then about 80 feet down. 3, subsoil-water running in through an opening left in the brickwork about 10 feet down. Results, in grains per gallon. 1. 2. 3. Total solids ... 67 41 Nitric nitrogen ... •04 •2 •75 Nitric acid (NO3) ... ... •18 •9 3-37 Chlorine (=common salt) ... 22-4 (37) 15-8 (26-05) 4-4 (7^3) Nitrites... ••• ... none large traces traces Sodium carbonate ... ... trace trace trace Iron ,,, ,,, ,,, none minute trace — Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours •52 In 1 1-92 3arts per mill ion. Free ammonia •64 •48 •66 Organic ammonia no ne •04 •04 Results of microscopic examination : — 1. No deposit. 2. No living organisms observed, A little oxide of iron and a few vegetable fibres. 3. A little fine sand and clay. Physical characters. 1. Clear, bright, colourless. 2. Clear and slightly yellow. 3. Dull and turbid. Hardness. In 1 : total 15-5°, temporary 14^5°. In 2, -3° (all temporary). In 3, 5'5° (all temporary). 1 . A moderately hard water, of a high degree of organic purity. 2. Consists chiefly of subsoil-water. By standing in contact with the iron cylinders some of the nitrates have been reduced to nitrites and ammonia. No indications of sewage-pollution ; but the water is not of a high degree of organic purity. 3. A fair sample of subsoil-water which has been acted on by the iron with which it has been in contact. An undesirable addition. 14524 N 2 190 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Alverstoke— con^J. He concludes that the water of the well is good and that when the subsoil- water should be cut off (as was intended) it would be a safe supply. The subsoil-water that had already entered the well, being less dense than the water from the Chalk was floating as a layer at the top of the column of water. As the lowering of the water-level by pumping did not exceed 30 or 40 feet and the amount of subsoil-water was small, it had not yet appreciably affected the water below. The quantity of common salt is not in excess of that in certain Chalk- waters, notably from those got from a great depth. Two analyses made by Dr. J. C. Thresh. In parts per 100,000. 1. October, 1897. Ca Mg Na NH4 CO3 SO4 CI NO3 Probable Combinations. 6-6 1-3 — •07 12-4 7.4 32 •3 6-6 _ 9-9 Calcium carbonate... 16-5 — 1 — 2-5 — — — Magnesium „ 3-5 — •3 — — 1-2 — — „ sulphate 1-5 — 3 — 6-2 — — Sodium sulphate ... 9-2 — 20-8 — — 32 — „ chloride ... 52-8 -^ •1 ■~"~ ~ ~ •3 „ nitrate ... Silica, &c •4 3-1 Total solid constii uents c tried at 180° C. 87 Hardness : temporary 20'5, permanent 1*5, total 22 Free ammonia (no organic ammonia) '06 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C -054 Nitrites Nil. 2. September, 1899. Ca Mg Na CO3 SO4 CI NO3 7.7 2-9 — 1-9 26-1 41-4 •7 Probable Combinations, 1-25 6-45 2-65 •15 •1 26-7 1-9 15-5 10-6 •3 41-1 •7 Calcium carbonate ,, sulphate Magnesium „ „ nitrate* „ chloride Sodium chloride ... Silica, &c 3-15 21-95 13-25 -85 -4 67-8 2-2 Toi al solid s dried at 180° C 111-5 * Water combined with magnesium nitrate ? 1*95. Hardness : temporary 4°, permanent 28°, total 32° Free ammonia (organic ammonia, nil) ... -004 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. ... -003 Nitrites Nil. ANALYSES. WELL WATERS. MAINLAND. 191 Alverstoke— con^. Two analyses made by Dr. J. C. Thresh. May, 1903. (1) From boring 50 feet down in Western Adit. (2) From new fissure found in extension of West Heading. In parts per 100,000. (1) Ca Mg Na CO3 SO4 CI NO3 Probable Combinations. 11-9 4-2 — 15- 12-2 83-8 •29 10- 15- Calcium carbonate... 25- 1-9 — — — 4-55 — — „ sulphate ... 6-45 — 1-9 — — 7-65 — — Magnesium „ 9-55 — 2-3 — — — 6-8 — „ chloride 9^1 — — 50 — — 77- — Sodium chloride ... 127^ ~~~ •11 •29 „ nitrate ... Silica, &c •4 •5 Total solid cc nstitue ntsdriedatl80°C.... 178- (2) Ca 6-2 Mg Na CO3 SO4 2-5 15-6 5-6 CI NO3 22-5 •58 Probable Combinations, 6-2 2-5 27 14-6 •22 9-3 6^25 5-6 22-5 •58 Calcium carbonate. Magnesium „ . Sodium sulphate . „ chloride . „ nitrate Silica, &c Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 15^5 8^75 8-3 371 70^75 Hardness : temporary 20°, permanent 4°, total 24°. By Herbert Jackson. June, 1902. Communicated by Dr F. Parsons. Total solids Nitrates (no nitrites)... Chlorine „ as common salt Sulphates (as SOj) ... Ammonia, free „ organic or albuminoid Hardness (mainly temporary) 1 100-4 trace, | 41*5 ^grains per gallon, (nearly 70). | 6-5 J •52 parts per million. •05 „ 17^1 Physical characters, clear, colourless, tasteless, odourless. The analyst comments on the high common salt content, and assumes sea- water infiltration. Of the free ammonia, he says that the very high figure would indicate an objectionable amount of organic contamination if it were due to the bacterial decomposition of nitrogenous matter ; but the low (and constant) figure for albuminoid ammonia is reassuring. "From the extent and nature of the mineral constituents, the water cannot be described as a good one for drinking and domestic purposes." 192 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Andover. Public Supply {see p. 61). Made by Dr. J. C. Thresh. March, 1899. In parts per 100,000. Ca lO-l Mg Na CO3 12- 8-55 •35 1-2 •85 12-8 SO, CI 1-6 •3 1-3 NO., 3-7 Probable Combinations. — j Calcium carbonate... — I ,, sulphate ... 3"7 I ,, nitrate — I Magnesium chloride — j Sodium chloride ... Silica, &c Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 21-35 115 4-9 •4 215 2-05 32- Hardness : temporary, 17° ; permanent, 5|°. Total, 22|°. Organic ammonia (free ammonia, nil) ... -003 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. ... '022 Nitrites nil. Basingstoke, Town well (the old supply). 19th September, 1905. {See p. 61). By Mr. A. Angell. In Dr. R. Farrak's Report, 1905. Colourless at a depth of two feet. Smell, when heated, not noticeable. Appearance of residue after evaporation, clean and white. Bright and clear. A trace *of suspended matter. Residue on ignition, darkened very slightly, and emitted an odour of burning organic matter. Microscopic and biologic examination. A very small deposit. Some particles of organic debris, fungus, starch-grains, various fibres. Some bacteria. Chemical analysis, in parts per 100,000. Albuminoid ammonia (no free ammonia) "003 Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes at 80° F. '0045 „ 4 hours at 80° F. ... '0085 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites ... ... '46 Chlorine (=-= 1-98 common salt) 1*2 Phosphoric acid, slight trace ... ... — Total solids, dried at 212° F 32 Another analysis, of water taken on 11th October, 1905, apparently from the same source. By the Clincal Research Association, also from Dr. Farrar's Report, in which are some others. In parts per 100,000. Total solids, dried at 120° C 20*44 Combined chlorine (expressed as chloride of sodium, 1*65) 1- Nitrogen as nitrates (no nitrites) ... -6 Albuminoid ammonia (no saline) ... "0008 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C, ... '008 Hardness, 16-7°. The bacteriologic examination points to an extremely slight degree of sewage- pollution, inappreciable by chemical analysis. ANALYSES. WELL WATERS. MAINLAND. 193 Basingstoke— ^^^^• West Ham Works. {See p. 62). Analysis of water from new well after pumping 12,662,720 gallons in 14 days. Made by Mr. A. Angell. March, 1905. From thg Engineer's Report, and also in Water Works Directories, 1907, 1909. Physical Properties (all good). Colour in depth of 2 feet, smell when heated, suspended matter, all nil. Bright and clear. Appearance of residue after evaporation, clean and white. Chemical analysis. In parts per 100,000. Ammonia, albuminoid, none free -003 Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes at 80° F. ... ,, ,, after 96 hours incubation at * 80° F., trace in 4 hours at 80° F -02 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites '41 Chlorine (= common salt 1*98) ... ... ... 1*2 Phosphoric acid trace Total solids dried at 212° F 30-8 Hardness (Clark's scale). Total, 15° ; permanent, 4° ; removable by boiling, 11°. Behaviour of residue on ignition, satisfactory. Microscopical and biological examination. A few ordinary water-bacteria and minute particles of mineral matter. Bacteriological examination. MacConkey bile-salt-test. No acid. No gas. Number of colonies on gelatine (Room-temperature) 50 per cubic centimetre. A typical Chalk Water, the purest obtainable. A very excellent public supply. Boldre. Loyal Court Farm. 15 July, 1901. (See p. 65). By C. E. Cassal. Communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sotcliff. Appearance before filtration, opaque, brownish. Appearance after filtration, slightly cloudy, marked greenish-yellow. Odour and taste, not abnormal. Reaction, neutral. Permanent hardness 4. Temporary 9. Total 13. Total solid matters 23-6 parts per 100,000. Chlorine as chlorides (=4-12 chloride of sodium) ... 2*5 „ „ Saline ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... "666 parts per million. Organic „ -066 „ „ Oxygen absorbed from permanganate, 30° C. 4 hours, after filtration 1*353 „ „ No nitrogen as nitrates or nitrites, lead, or copper. Iron present in an insoluble form. Faint traces of phosphates. Appearance of solids on ignition, slight browning. Microscopic examination of suspended matters : Finely divided mineral matter ; a little broken down vegetable matter. " The results show that this sample represents a water which at the time of sampling contained only a small amount of nitrogenous organic matter. The water is, in all respects, far better than that which was previously analysed. . . . The amount of ' saline ammonia ' is very high and this fact requires to be satisfactorily accounted for before the water can be approved of." 194 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Bournemouth. 1. Well at the Mont Dore. {See p. 67). By A. KiNSEY-MoRGAN. 1889. Communicated by the Rev. J. H. Wanklyn, Appearance in two-foot tube, very pale straw-colour. No smell when heated to 100° F. Chlorine 4-75 Iron trace Nitrogen as nitrites ... ... ... '84 Free ammonia -0003 Albuminoid ammonia 'OOSS ^ u u J r 15 min. at 80° F. -002 Oxygen absorbed 1 4 j^^^^^ „ -026 Hardness, before boiling 6°, after 3*5° Total solid matter, dried at 220° F., 11-5 Microscopical examination : No traces of insect-organisms, of surface- pollution, or of vegetable decay. The deposit consists of ferruginous sand, white sand and clay, containing iron and silica. The water is free from contamination, and fit for all dietetic purposes. It is capable of dissolving iron ; it would attack and etch unprotected iron- work. In the analysis are entered : Phosphoric acid, none ; nitrites, none. 2. Waterworks. {See p. 68). Wells in Bagshot Beds. Water filtered. From Annual Report, Medical Officer of Health, for 1893. From main at drinking-fountain. Pier-approach. By Sir T. Stevenson. April, 1893. In grains per gallon. Total solid matters 18*48 Loss on ignition -84 Combined chlorine 1*26 Equal to common salt 2*08 Nitrogen as nitrates 0*02 Nitrites none Ammonia ... ... ... ... ... none Albuminoid or organic ammonia -005 Oxygen required to oxidise organic matter -03 Hardness 14-8° A pure, unpolluted water of excellent quality and moderate hardness. Sample direct from main at cabstand. Old Christchurch Road, Bournemouth. 26 October, 1893. By Prof. J. Attfield. October, 1893. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. In grains per gallon. Total suspended solid matter, dried at 250° F none „ dissolved „ „ „ 19 Ammoniacal matter, yielding 10 per cent, of nitrogen none Albuminoid organic matter, yielding 10 per cent, of nitrogen (equal to ammonia in parts per million, -03) -02 Nitrites... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... none Nitrates, containing 17 per cent, of nitrogen (equal to grains of nitrogen per gallon, -06) -35 Chlorides, containing 60 per cent, of chlorine (equal to grains of chlorine per gallon, 1*5) ... ... ... ... ... 2'5 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours '03 ANALYSES. WELL WATERS. MAINLAND. 195 Bournemouth— co/i^. Hardness reckoned as chalk grains or " degrees " : Removed by boiling, 10'5. Unaffected by boiling, 3*5. Total, 14. Lead or copper, none. Physical examination, satisfactory. Does not contain objectionable proportions of organic or inorganic matter. No excessive amount of hardness. Clear and bright, and of excellent quality for all drinking and general household-purposes. Burseldon. Made by Dr. J. C. Thresh. July, 1904. ' Chlorine ... ... Equivalent to chlorides (60 per cent. CI.) Nitric nitrogen Equivalent to nitrates (17 per cent. N.) Nitrites... ... ... Hardness ; permanent, 1° ; temporary, 4°; total, 5°. Organic ammonia (no free ammonia) Oxygen absorbed at 98° F. in 3 hours Clear ; faint yellow ; odourless. Grains per gallon. 2-5 4-2 •48 2 88 Nil •0035 •0154 Parts per 100,000. 3^6 6 •7 4-2 Nil 005 •022 Christchurch. 1. Well at Honeywood. Made by Dr. J. C. Thresh. September, 1903. Chlorine Equivalent to chlorides (60 per cent. CI.) Nitric nitrogen ... Equivalent to nitrates (17 per cent. N.)... Nitrites Hardness ; permanent, 3*2° ; temporary, 10*3 total, 13^5°. Organic ammonia (no free ammonia) Oxygen absorbed at 98° F. in 3 hours Dull ; faint yellow ; odourless. 2. Public Pump in High Street, near junction with Crisple Street. By Dr. A. DuPRE. 19 October, 1893. From Dr. Mivart's Report to the Local Government Board, 1899. See p. 72. Bright, pale yellowish. Inodorous. No deposit. No nitrous acid. A very large amount of phosphoric acid. Hardness before boiling, 21-6 , Clark ; after boiling, 12°. Grains per Parts per gallon. 100,000. 31 4-4 51 7.4 •16 •23 •96 1^4 Nil Nil •07 •01 •0448 •064 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate Total dry residue (pale brownish) . Chlorine Nitric acid Ammonia Albuminoid ammonia •09 56^84 9 73 6-99 j •0007 I •0093 j y? grains per gallon. The dry residue on ignition blackens very strongly, and burns off with some difficulty. 196 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Clapperton. Made by Dr. J. C. Thresh. March, 1899. In parts per 100,000. Ca Mg Na CO3 SO4 CI NO3 Probable Combinations. 8-4 •25 — 10^65 1-15 VQ 2-3 7-1 •5 •7 ■^ •55 10-65 — — — Calcium carbonate... 1-15 — — „ sulphate ... — — 2^3 „ nitrate ... — ^75 — Magnesium chloride — ^85 — Sodium chloride ... Silica, &c Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. ... 17-75 1^65 3 1- I'i 2-7 27-5 Hardness ; temporary 18°, permanent 5°, total 23° Organic ammonia (free ammonia, nil) ... ^003 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C, ... •126 Nitrites ... ... ... ... ... ... nij. Fareiiam. Waterworks. {See p. 81). By Prof. J. Attfield. September, 1897. Communicated by Dr. F. Parsons. In grains per gallon. Total suspended solid matter dried at 250° F „ dissolved „ „ „ „ Ammoniacal matter, yielding 10 per cent, of nitrogen (= ammonia per million, 0-02) ... Albuminoid organic matter, yielding 10 per cent, of nitrogen (= ammonia per million, "04) Nitrites Nitrates, containing 17 per cent, of nitrogen (= grains of nitrogen per gallon, -23) Chlorides, containing 60 per cent, of chlorine (= grains of chlorine per gallon, 1-8) Hardness, reckoned as chalk grains, or degrees, removed by boiling 10°, not removed by boiling 4°, total 14°. Lead or copper Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours Clear, bright, inodorous. Free from contamination, animal, vegetable, or mineral. Rather hard than soft, but not excessively so. Of good quality for all drinking purposes. none 29 •01 -02 none 1-4 3 none •05 Farnborough. Aldershot. North Camp. From an Appendix by the Professor of Hygiene, Netley (Prof. De Chaumont), in a Report by Lt.-Col. A C. Hamilton (Lord Belhaven) of May 22, 1884. 1. No. 2 Pump. Q Lines. 18 November, 1883. Colourless ; clear ; slight sediment ; good lustre ; good taste ; no smell. Microscopic characters. A few particles of sand. Remarks. An unsafe water. There is probable sewage-contamination. ANALYSES. WELL WaTEkS. MAINLAND. 197 Farnborough — oont. 2. No. 2 Pump. P Lines. 18 November, 1883. Colourless ; clear ; slight sediment ; good lustre ; good taste ; no smell. Microscopic characters. A few particles of sand. Remarks. An unsafe water. There is probable sewage contamination. 3. No. 1 Pillar Pump. Q Lines. Well, 20 feet deep. 19 January, 1884. Colourless ; clear ; very small sediment ; good lustre ; good taste ; no smell. Microscopic characters. Sediment very small, consisting of a few algoid cells and shreds of vegetable tissue, together with crystals of various forms. Remarks. But little improved since last analysis. Still remains a suspicious water, although evidence of active organic matter appears to be very slight. With so shallow a well there is little chance of improvement. If no other supply is obtainable, boiling and filtering before use for drinking purposes is recommended. 4. No. 1 Pillar Pump. P Lines. Well, 18 feet deep. 19 January, 1884. ' Colourless ; clear ; very small sediment ; good taste ; good lustre ; no smell. Microscopic characters. The sediment consists only of a few crystalline bodies. Remarks. As in 3. 5. No. 4 Well. Near the Hut Stables. 24 March, 1884. Colourless ; clear ; very small sediment ; good lustre ; good taste ; no smell. Microscopic characters. Sediment very small, consisting of a little vegetable debris and one small Rotifer. Remarks. Shows former contamination, but at present but little sign of active organic matter. Usable, but would be improved by filtration through a spongy iron filter. Gosport. 1. Mumby's Mineral Water Works. {See p. 87). By Prof. C. Heisch. In grains per gallon. Total solids (no loss on ignition) 17'85 Silica -3 Chlorine as chlorides ... ... 2'17 Sulphuric acid as sulphates ... 3 3(5 Carbonate of soda 2*6 Magnesia 1-21 A first-rate water, absolutely free from organic impurity, specially well adapted for the manufacture of mineral waters. No ammonia, albuminoid ammonia, nitrates or nitrites. Hardness (Clark's scale), 5°. Permanent hardness, 1°. 2. Sea Horse Brewery. {See p. 89). Communicated by Messrs. Bidex and Co. Two analyses by Dr. J. C. Thresh. October, 1908. No. 1, after 3 days pumping. No. 2, after 6 days pumping. In parts per 100,000. Total solid matter dried at 180° C Chlorine Equivalent to chlorides (60 per cent, chlorine) Nitric nitrogen Equivalent to nitrates (17 per cent, nitrogen) Nitrites Hardness — Permanent Temporary Total Iron Free ammonia Organic ammonia ... Oxygen absorbed at 98° F. in 3 hours No. 1. No. 2. 227 227-4 114 119- 190 198-3 •45 •75 2-7 4-5 Nil Nil 70° 70° 10° 10° 80° 80° •23 •15 •29 •264 •002 ; 003 •25 •22 198 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Gosport— c^n^. Turbidity : No. 1, opalescent, due to oxysalt of iron ; No, 2, decidedly opalescent, chiefly due to oxy-carbonate of iron. Colour : No. 1, yellow tint ; No. 2, yellowish. Odour : both none. These waters are practically identical. They contain so much salt and are so hard as to be useless for either domestic or manufacturing purposes. Continued pumping has affected no improvement. Both contain a little less salt than a sample taken on Aug. 26th, but more than one reported on July 30th. 3. Waterworks, Bury Cross ? {See pp. 90-93). Taken whilst the boring was in progress, 1886. By Mr. J. Brierley. No. 1 in May. No. 2 in September. In parts per 100,000. Free ammonia, no albuminoid ammonia Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites Total nitrogen Chlorine in chlorides Equal to common salt Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes at 80 „ „ „ 4 hours Volatile solids (including CO2) Fixed solids Total „ Iron Total hardness Fixed ,, Removable hardness ... Microscopic examination. No. 1, movingf organisms and vegetable cells. No. 2, satisfactory, no living organisms Physical characters ; copious clayey deposit. Colour, pale greenish-blue. Headbourne Worthy. Rectory. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh, February, 1906. In parts per 100,000. Total solid matter dried at 180° C 34-2 Chlorine 2' Nitric nitrogen 1'06 Nitrites Nil Hardness: permanent, 6*4 ; temporary, 16'4. Total 22-8 Lead, copper, zinc, iron Nil Free ammonia '0008 Organic ammonia '0048 Oxygen absorbed at 98° F. in 3 hours '0344 Turbidity, slight flocculent deposit. Colour, faint green tint. Odour, none. Lyndhurst. Boring for Waterworks. (See p. 105). Made and communicated by Mr. E. C. Berry. October, 1889. Parts per 100,000 (pounds per 10,000 gallons). Total solid matter 32-36 Chlorine ... ... ... 4*4 Sodium chloride (common salt) 7*25 Free ammonia -0202 Albuminoid ammonia '0056 Hardness, 9*5°. No. 1. No. 2. lonia . . . •1036 •1482 •0675 •1499 •1538 •2719 48^ 70-6 ... ... 79-2 11634 B0° F. ... none none ,, ... none •11425 12-2 14- 92-4 131-6 104^6 145^6 none traces 18° 23-89° 11° 14-6° 7° 9-29° ^ring organisms and vegetable ANALYSES. WELL WATERS. MAINLAND. 199 The amount of free ammonia is high ; but taking into consideration the source of the water, it is suitable for a town-supply. In order, however, to render it wholesome, and above suspicion, it would be advisable to subject the water to careful filtration through sand. The water is moderately soft and consequently good for washing purposes. Monk Sherborne. Rectory. {See p. 107). Two analyses by E. C. Berry. 1889. A, from well 30 feet deep in clay immediately previous to the boring through the clay into the chalk. B, from boring continued through clay into chalk. In grains per gallon. A. B. 80-5 7-372 , Very excessive •006 •013 Not given Solid ingredients ... Chlorine Oxidised nitrogen ... Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Metals. Iron 23*45 (principally chalk) •89 (indicative of sewage) Slight trace •003 •002 None Netley. Royal Victoria Hospital. From the deep well in the south wing {see p. 107). Sample drawn very soon after the boring was completed, November, 1887. Made and communicated by Surgeon A. M. Davies, Physical characters. Very slightly yellowish. Nearly colourless after 14 hours. Very slightly turbid. Very clear after 14 hours. Slight sediment. Lustre good. No taste or smell. Hardness, 10. Fixed, 6. Removable, 4. Quantitative examination. In parts per 100,000. Volatile matter ,.. 1*7 Chlorine 2^2 Calcium carbonate 2^6666 Fixed hard salts 6^ Sulphuric acid (SO4) ^ Alkaline carbonates ... ... ... | Sodium or other metal (combined with CI. or S04) not included in ^18^9334 fixed hard salts j Silica, aluminium, iron, &c. j Slight trace of magnesia and of phosphoric acid. Total solids (by evaporation) 31^5 Oxygen required for organic matter ^048 These, with the oxidisable organic [Free ammonia » ... '0584 matter are included in the < Nitric acid ^1152 volatile matter. ( Total nitrogen in nitrates ... "026 No albuminoid ammonia or nitrous acid. The sediment consists of sand and finely-divided clay, with a very few minute infusoria. The turbidity will probably disappear when the well is in good working order. There is a large amount of free ammonia, but this is often found in deep well- water. This water is of excellent quality. 200 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Otterbourne. Well of the Southampton Waterworks. In Chalk (see pp. 109-111). By J. Brierley. In parts per 100,000. Free ammonia " Albuminoid ammonia ... ... ... ... '001 Nitrogen, as nitrates and nitrites ... ... ... "581 Total nitrogen '5843 Chlorine as chlorides (equal to sodic chloride, 2'47) 1'6 Oxygen absorbed at 80° F none Yolatile solids (including CO2) 5'8 Fixed solids 32-4 Total solids, by evaporation ... ... ... ... 38*2 Total hardness, I6'57°. Fixed hardness, 2'32°. Removable hardness (by boiling), 14-27°, Clark's scale. Physical characters. — Very clear ; pale green ; no odour ; pleasant taste. Microscopic appearances.— Deposit almost entirely of calcareous matter, with a few vegetable cells. A first-class drinking water, remarkably free from organic matter. Another analysis by Dr. P. F. Frankland. In parts per 100,000. The figures in brackets are from a version of this analysis in the Water Works Directory, 1909. Unsoftened. Softened. Total solid matters 31-69 14-07 Organic carbon •024 •021 „ nitrogen -012 -013 Ammonia •005 (-001) •004 (-0007) Nitrogen, as nitrates and nitrites -365 •381 Total combined nitrogen -381 (-378) •397 (^294) Mineral analysis. Silica 1-02 •94 Iron and aluminic oxides (Fe^Os and Al.Os) •14 •11 Lime (calcic oxide, CaO) 14-53 4^42 Magnesia (ma,gnesic oxide, Mg 0) •25 •28 Soda (sodic oxide, NagO) ... 1-21 112 Sulphuric acid, SO3 -39 •45 Nitric acid, N2O5 1-41 Vil Chlorine 1-6 I'Q Carbonic acid, CO2 (calculated from carbonates of Mg and Ca) 10-64 2-64 31-19 13-03 liess oxygen for chlorine •36 •36 Total solid residue ... 30-83 12^67 Calcic carbonate 23-93 5-67 Magnesic carbonate -21 •29 Hardness, temporary ... 23°(16-1°) 5-6°(3-92°) permanent ... 2-7° (1-89°) 3°(2-13°) total .., 25-7°(17-99°) 8-6°(6-U5°) ANALYSES. WELL WAIERS. MAINLAND. 201 Otterbourne— con;^. Two analyses by Dr. J. C. Thresh. March, 1899. (1) Well-water before softening. (2) Well-water after softening. In parts per 100,000. (1) Ca Mg — ! OO3 j SO4 CI NO3 Probable Combinations. 1 10-05 15 — 13-2 •5 1-5 1-7 8-8 — — 132 — — Calcium carbonate... 22- •2 — — — •5 — — „ sulphate ... •7 •55 — — — — — 17 „ nitrate ... 2^25 •5 — — — — •9 — ,, chloride ... 1-4 — •15 — — — •45 — Magnesium „ •6 — •1 — •15 — Sodium „ Silica, &c •25 33 Total solid cc ►nstitue nts dried at 180° C ... 30^5 Hardness : Temporary, 18° ; permanent, 4°. Total 22° Organic ammonia (free ammonia, nil) ^003 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C -0084 Nitrites nil (2) Ca Mg — CO3 SO* CI NO3 'D'My-.KnKI^ i^^-r,n\^i-^^t 4-8 •2 — 6^ •6 r35 le 4- •25 •5 •2 •5 6^ •6 •6 •75 1-6 Calcium carbonate... „ sulphate ... „ nitrate ... Magnesium chloride Sodium „ Silica, &c 10^ •85 21 •8 125 2- Total solid CO nstitue its dried at 180° C. ... 17^ Hardness : Temporary, 6° ; permanent, 5°. Total 11° Organic ammonia (free ammonia, nil) ^002 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. '0105 Nitrites nil 202 WATEE SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Owslebury. Waterworks. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. ■ Thresh. March, 1899. In parts per 100,000. Hardness : Temporary, 14° ; permanent, 5°. Total 19° Organic ammonia (free ammonia, nil) -001 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C -029 Nitrites nil Petersfield. Ca Mg — CO3 SO4 CI NO3 Probable Combinations. 8-5 •125 — 11 •4 1-3 22 7-3 — — 11 — — — Calcium carbonate... 18^3 •15 — — — •4 — — „ sulphate ... •55 •7 — — — — 2-2 „ nitrate ... 2^9 •35 — — — — •65 — „ chloride ... 1- •125 — — — •4 — Magnesium „ •5 •15 •25 — Sodium „ Silica, &c •4 335 Total solid CO nstituei ats dried at 180° C. ... 27^ 1. Borough Farm and Brewery. (See pp. Ill, 112). Communicated by Mr. Amey. Analysis (partial) by E. R. Southly. July, 1884. Total solid residue dried at 212° F Nitric acid Ammonia, free „ albuminoid Oxygen consumed 15^75 grains per gallon. •69 •01 parts per million. •05 •017 „ 100,000 Slight but distinct blackening of residue on ignition. Microscopical examination : No moving organisms, but numerous particles of fibre (fibre explained by Mr. Amey as derived from joints in the pipes ; he says it soon disappears). Otherwise only some mineral particles. The analyst says that, apart from this fibre, the water is organically pure ; he also says it will probably be too soft for the purposes of the brewery, but that this can be easily put right. ANALYSES. WELL WATERS. MAINLAND. 203 Petersfield— ^on^. 2. Public Supply {see pp. 113, 114). Made by Dr. J. C. Thresh. February, 1900. In parts per 100,000. Ca Mg Fe — CO3 SO4 CI NO3 56 -7 •2 — 10-2 3 1-6 •09 JrroDaDle i^omDinations. 5-6 •7 •2 1-45 105 8-4 1-7 -2 3- 1-6 •09 Calcium carbonate ... Magnesium ,, Iron ,, Sodium sulphate ... „ chloride Traces of nitrates, &c. 14- 2-4 •4 4^45 2^65 •1 Tot al soli d cons tituen ts dried at 180° C. ... 24 Hardness: Temporary, 10° ; permanent, 7°. Total 17° Organic ammonia (free ammonia, nil) ... ..o -001 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C -01 Nitrites nil Porchester. AViCKER (? Wicor Farm, over a mile west of village). Communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Made by R. A. Cripps. March, 1904. Results in grams per gallon. Total solids 80 Chlorine 28-7 Albuminoid ammonia (no free ammonia) '0007 Nitrogen as nitrates (none as nitrites) ... '4 Total hardness (Clark's scale), 32'o°. Microscopic examination very satis- factory. " I am of opinion that this water is free from organic pollution, and that it may be safely used for drinking purposes. It is very hard, and contains a con- siderable proportion of dissolved saline matter." The first two figures seem to be somewhat suggestive of infiltration from tidal water.— W.W. Portsmouth. The Portsmouth Brewery (? Catherine Brewery of p. 1 15). Made by Dr. J. C. Thresh. March, 1899. In parts per 100,000. Ca Mg Na CO3 SO4 CI NO3 Probable Combinations. 7-5 3-5 — 11-95 16-2 49-3 •18 7-5 •3 3-2 1-65 32-05 -05 11-2 -7 12-8 3-4 i Total s 49-3 1 olid cor T8 istituen Calcium carbonate ... Magnesium „ sulphate Sodium sulphate ... „ chloride „ nitrate Silica, water f hydration, &c. ts dried at 180° C. ... 18-75 1- 16- 5-05 81-35 •25 5-6 128- Free ammonia (organic ammonia, nil) ... "088 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. ... '096 Nitrites trace Hardness, temporary 7*1, permanent 15-7. 145^4 204 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Ringwood. St. Leonard's Poultry Farm (see p. 122). Two analyses. June, 1906. Made and communicated by W. J. Dibdin. 1. From the top, after the well had been standing overnight. 2. From bottom of well (i.e., 160 feet down), after two or three hours' pumping. In grains per gallon. 1. 2. Total solids (in solution) „ appearance on ignition... Phosphoric acid Ammonia, free „ albuminoid Chlorine Oxygen absorbed from permanganate at 80° F. in 15 minutes Oxygen absorbed from permanganate at 80° F. in 4 hours Organic elements, carbon and nitrogen Nitrogen as nitrates ... Solids in suspension Poisonous metals Appearance Odour at 100° F Hardness, total and permanent Microscopic Examination. Nearly all oxide Nearly all of iron (rust) with greyish sand, a few sandy with fragments particles and a of lignite, little fine lignite. Bacteriologic Examination. Cultivation on gelatine plates ; colonies per cubic centimetre 299 Liquified Micro-filter, mm. per litre ... ... ... 250 200 Pathogenic organisms ... No gas-forming Same as 1 organisms ; no streptococci. Except for the oxide of iron (in suspension) in 1, and the clay and sand in 2, both are excellent soft waters, showing no sign of sewage-pollution. They are evidently from the Reading Beds, and it seems probable that going a little lower would reach a hard chalk-supply. After continued pumping the supply should become clear. 7-5. 7^5 Very slight Very slight blackening. blackening. None None •0017 •0017 . '0018 •002 12 1^25 •0238 •078 •0484 •1175 None None 6'b9 26-67 None None led, with oxide Opalescent, with of iron. clayey sand. None None 2^8° and 2-2° 2-7° and 2^3° Shedfield or Shidfield. The Parsonage House (see. p. 126). Made and communicated by T. P. Laws. In grains per gallon. Ammonia, free „ albuminoid «.. Sodium chloride Nitric anhydride (N2O5) Nitrous „ (N2O3) Oxygen required to oxidise organic matter at 85° F. : — In 15 minutes ... Total solid residue ... Hardness— Total 14-38°. Temporary l- •0014 •0105 6-31=chlorine 3-83. 9-363 None •1549. 34-44 In 3 hours -2421. Permanent 12^5 ANALYSES. WELL WATERS. MAINLAND. 205 Bacteria : — Growing in gelatine cultivating media, at 22° C, 164 (? per cubic centimetre). „ Agar ., „ 3G° C, 1 „ „ „ Microscopic and bacteriologic examinations, satisfactory. " Under ordinary circumstances the chemical analysis would condemn the water, and I am still inclined to think that although the geological formation may account for a great deal, the water supply is to some extent contaminated." [This most refer especially to the high Nitric Anhydride figure and to the Ammonia.] Sherfield. Hai.l. By R. A. Cripps, 1903. Communicated by Messi-s. Duke and Ockenden. Grains per gallon. Total solids '38 Chlorine 2*3 Ammonia (albuminoid ammonia, none) ... '0154 Nitrogen (as nitrites or nitrates) None Hardness (Clark's scale), 25-6°. Microscopic examination satisfactory. " This water is of excellent quality, but hard ; it may be safely used for drinking purposes." Soberton. GospoRT Waterworks {see p. 126). Made by Dr. J. C. Turesu. December, 1904 In parts per 100,000. Ca Mg — CO3 SO4 CI NO3 Probable Combinations. 1 10 -6 — 15-9 1-3 Vd •6 10 •4 •2 •2 1-2 15- •9 1 •5 1-9 •6 Calcium carbonate Magnesium „ „ sulphate Sodium sulphate ... „ chloride ... „ nitrate ... Silica, &c 25- 1-3 1- •7 31 •8 •7 T otal so] id cons tituents i dried at 180° C. ... 32-6 Hardness : temporary 21-5, permanent 3, total 24-5 ( = 15°, 2°, 17°). Free ammonia ... ... ... ... "001 Organic „ ... ... '001 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C '0115 Nitrites " Nil There is another analysis, but less detailed, in the Water Works Directories, 1907, 1909, with the results of bacteriologic axamination added, and the following remarks : — " The water is of exceptional organic purity. It is also free from all objectionable bacteria, and from bacteria indicating pollution." 14524 2 206 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Southampton. 1. Deep Well on the Common (see pp. 127-129). By J. H. RoBSON, Quart. Journ. Cliem. Soc, 1852, vol. iv., pp. 7-12. Apparently from a sample taken before the boring was finished, the total depth being given as 1,280 feet. The boring is said to yield a mean supply of 125,000 gallons a day. Temperature of the water 63° F. (31° C), that of the air being 57° F. (28° C). Specific gravity r00223. Reaction acid. Fixed residue, 91*175 grains a gallon. The following figures are the mean of two llr»n observations. In grains per lion. Carbonate of protoxide o : iron . •434 Carbonate of lime . . . ,, .. 9-618 Carbonate of magnesia .. .. 3-696 Phosphate of lime... .. -8736 Sulphate of lime ... .. .. 3-059 Chloride of magnesium .. .. 2-576 Sulphate of potash ,. .. 2-737 Chloride of sodium .. .. 62-804 Silica .. •931 Organic matter .. .. 4-9 The amount of common salt is notable, as it cannot come from tidal water It is an example of what often occurs in deep seated waters. 2. Docks, near the Sugar House (see pp. 129, 130). For boiler-purposes. By G. R. Barrel, May, 1896 ? Communicated by Mr. W. R. Galbraith Silica Carbonate of lime •981 . 4-48 1 „ „ magnesia .. Total incrusting solids .. Non-incrusting „ . 1-68 ! Grains 7-14 'per gallon . 4-06 Total . 11-2 J A first class or very good water for steam-boilers. Another analysis by and from same, April, 1896 : — Ammonia ^0063^ ), albuminoid ... -0049 | Qj.^^^^ Oxygen consumed by organic matter :— ^ _ „ In 15 minutes -0084 | P®^ ^^^^^''• In 4 hours •0168J Indicated degree of impurity as per scale following = -112 : — Water-scale : — under "25 is a 1st class water. „ -4 „ 2nd „ over '4: is an undrinkable-water. 4. Gas Works (see p. 133). A chlorine-estimation by Mr. J. Brierley, January, 1904. Chlorides =^- 47-09 grains per gallon (the usual quantity in river- waters not tidal and not fouled by chemical manufacturers is about 3 grains per gallon). ANALYSES. WELL WATERS. MAINLAND. 207 South Hants. Water Works. Pumping Stations, Twyford and Timsbury (combined). From Annual Report for 1903, of Medical Officer of Health for New Forest Rural District. Made by Messrs. Ogsj'ON and Moore. In grains per gallon. Containing- Reservoir. Well (? which). Total solids 14-7 25-76 Chlorine 1-3 1-22 Sulphuric acid •48 •52 Nitric acid •76 •76 Lime 4-34 10^36 Magnesia •55 •52 Hardness — * Total 8^5° 18-5° Permanent 3-S° 3^8° Ammonia, free nil nil Albuminoid ... •01 trace Appearance ... bright l)right. These analyses clearly indicate an excellent and pure water. The differences in solids, lime, and hardness, are due to the water in the reservoir having been softened. See also Timsbury J^md Twyford nt^'^t below. Timsbury. South Hants Water Co. (see p. 139). From Dr. Bulstrodk's Report on the Itchen Urban District (L.(i.B, 19U4). Made by Messrs. Ogston and Moore. Well. Reservoir. Dec. 7, Jan., Dec 7, Jan., 1903. 1904. 1903. 1904. Total solids ... grains per gallon 26-32 26-18 14- 13^72 Chlorine ... „ 1-3 13 1-25 1-25 Sulphuric acid „ -53 -5 •55 •48 Nitric acid ... „ •76 •7 •76 •7 Lime ... „ 10-36 10-36 4-2 4-06 Magnesia' ... „ -57 -55 •55 •5 Hardness, total . 18-5 18-5 8^5 8^5 „ permanent.. . 3-9 3-9 3^8 3^9 Ini )arts per million. Ammonia, free nil ■ -012 nil •006 „ albuminoid ... nil •008 •01 •006 Appearance ... . bright bright bright with slight bright, no deposit ou deposit. standing. The difference between the water from the well and that from the reservoir is due to the latter having been softened. All are very satisfactory as regards organic purity 208 WATEH SUI>PLY of HAMPSmilliJ. Twyford. South Hants Water Co. (see p. 141). Prom Dr. Bulstrode's Report on the Itchen Urban District (L.G.B. 1904). Made by Messrs. Ogston and Moore. Well. Reservoir. Dec. 7, 1903. Jan., 1904. Dec. 7, . 1903. Jan., 1904. Total solids ... grains per gallon 21-91 20-86 12-25 10-29 Chlorine ... „ „ •9 •98 •9 •98 Sulphuric acid „ „ •43 •38 •33 •28 Nitric acid ... „ „ •97 •97 •97 •97 I^inie „ 7-84 742 3-22 2-66 Magnesia ... „ „ •45 •4 •4 -35 Hardness, total 14-6 14-2 5-5 5- „ permanent... 3-8 3-6 3-7 3-5 Jn parts per million. Ammonia, free „ albuminoid Appearance ... nil •009 bright with slight de- posit after some days. nil •02 bright. The difference between the water from the well and that from the reservoir is due to the softening of the latter. The reservoir- water of January, 1904, had been further softened than that of December, 1903. A 11 are very satisfactory as regards organic purity. From a paper by Mr. B. Latham, "Plumbism due to Electrolysis," Tra7is. Brit. Assoc. Waterworks Eng., vol. x, p. 145. 1906. A case of lead-poisoning occurred at Twyford and lead was found in the Company's water. The water in question came from a chalk-well at Twyford, and was softened with lime (to 4° or 5°) by Haines' method. ANALYSES. WELL WATERS. MAINLAND. 209 Twjfoid—cont. The following are analyses, before the discovery of lead in the water, made by Messrs. Ogston and Mooke. In grains per gallon (except ammonias). September 4, 1905. October 7, 1905. Well Softened Well Softened water. water. water. water. Total solids 19-81 11-34 19-46 10^5 Chlorine 1 1 1 1 Sulphuric acid •38 •36 •33 •38 Nitric acid 1-08 1-08 1-08 1^08 Lime 7-56 3^15 7-42 266 Magnesia 4 •42 •35 •4 Hardness, total 13-16 5-2 12^83 4-7 „ permanent 3- 3- 3^ 2^9 In parts per million. Ammonia, free „ albuminoid... Appearance, in all, bright. nil •008 The poisoning-case occurred in October, 1905, and the water from the cottage where the case occurred was found to contain ^14 grains of lead per gallon. However, the water both softened and unsoftened, was found to dissolve no lead in 24 hours. But after 48 hours there was the faintest trace (inestimatable). The supply-pipe to the cottage was found to be pure lead and the tests were made with pure lead. Upon "composition" pipe the water had no action. Similar experiments made with New River Company's water (? for this purpose equivalent to South Hants Co. unsoftened water) in each case showed strong evidence of lead having been dissolved. The analysts' conclusions were that the presence of lead to the extent of -14 grains per gallon could not be due to ordinary solution. Mr. Latham, on examination of the site, reported that the solution of lead was due to electrolytic action while the water was passing the engine-house and storage-batteries used for the electric lighting of Twyford Lodge. The analysts also reported that a white powder on the inner surface of the lead service-pipe was carbonate of lead. Also that the old lead pipe gave a greater amount of lead to the water than similar new piping. They then passed an electric current through water contained in the pipe, allowing the action to go on over night, and they found the activity (of the water for lead-solvency) had increased from ^005 to ^03, that white patches formed on the pipe and that a white powdery substance floated on the water. The floating powdery substance was found to be carbonate of lead, and " we have no doubt the white patches are also carbonate of lead.'' This confirms Mr. Latham's conclusion that the lead-solution was due to electrolysis. Further confirmation was supplied by Dr. Roberts (Medical Officer of Health to the Winchester Rural District Council) who found a feeble electric current coming from the tap in the cottage, and also in other parts of the Company's district. Messrs. Lucas and Dyke, electrical engineers, found a leakage into the lead pipe amounting to 1*8 volts, and the analysts found that this current produced in four hours a water containing ^07 grains of lead per gallon, and that running the experiment all night did not add to this figure. This proportion of lead is amply sufficient to cause lead-poisoning. 210 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. [The length of lead piping in question was 200 or 300 yards, and the houses supplied were Twyford Lodge and then two cottages. The engine (if steam) at Twyford Lodge and the greater domestic consumption would ensure circulation in the portion up to Twyford Lodge, but there would be stagnation and ample time for electrolytic or other action in the pipe to the cottages.] Winchester. 1. Public Supply (see p. 143). Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh, April, 1899. In parts per 100,000. Ca Mg — ■CO3 SO4 CI NO3 9-5 •3 — 11-7 •65 •17 4^45 Ir^roDaDle i^omoinaiiuus. 7-8 •25 1-45 •3 •5 11-7 •65 Total ~9 •8 solid CO 4-45 nstitue Calcium carbonate... „ sulphate ... „ nitrate Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride ... Silica, etc nts dried at 180° C... 19^5 •9 5-9 1-2 1-3 •7 29^5 Hardness : temporary, 10° ; permanent, 4°. Total 14° Free ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ... '001 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... ... '002 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. ... ,.. '014 Nitrites Nil. 2. House Well. 3. Well at Cottage. Two analyses by Dr. J. C. Thresh, February, 1905. In parts per 100,000. 3. Total solid matter dried at 180° C. Chlorine 8^7 15 Equivalent to chlorides (60 per cent. CI.) 14-4 25 Nitric nitrogen 23 •057 Equivalent to nitrates (17 per cent. N.) 13-2 •34 Nitrites none none Hardness, permanent 4° 3° „ temporary 20° 11-5° „ total 24° 14-5° Lead, copper, zinc, iron none none Free ammonia •008 •018 Organic ammonia •008 •006 Oxygen absorbed at 98° F. in 3 hours... •032 •018 Turbidity clear dull Colour very faint yellow yellow ANALYSES. WELL WATERS. MAINLAND. 211 a m ^ -tJ ITS -+3 J -^(^ J Q S Q ,£3 03 5q - t- CO OS >o CO CO t- CO t- CO -^ CO T— 1 CO OS lO 1— ( CO !>• '^ t- V* GO iO ^ 05 r(< »:- o o »— 1 ■sa!^i.i(^i^ put? o a Binoraray M } -naSoi!^!^ diubSiq (M O o o 0> CO T-l OC ^ o •uoqjTJQ oiubSiq •iC^^undrai 'ojni^iijadraax QO OS UO T-. CO 1-1 o »b o .1-1 s_i i pL. O 2q eS CO S OC QJ 1-1 212 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHlHE. Wimbourne. Bournemouth Waterworks (see pp. 144, 145). Though the site is in Dorset, the supply is for Hampshire, and so may be noticed here. Made by Dr. J. C. Thresh. February, 1904. In parts per 100,000. Ca Mg — CO3 SO4 CI NO3 Probable combinations. 9-3 1-25 — 15-3 2-8 2-4 •1 9-3 f Te 13-95 1-35 2-8 Total 2-4 solid CO nstituei Calcium carbonate... Magnesium carbonate Magnesium sulphate Sodium chloride ... Nitrates, &c. its dried at 180° C. ... 23-25 1-9 3-5 4- 1-35 34- Hardness. Temporary 18°, permanent 7"", total 25° Free ammonia -0044 Organic ammonia -0008 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C -0224 Nitrites nil. The analysis given in the Water Works Directory, 1907, is presumably of mixed waters, or from the old source of supply, though made in March, 190'"/, as it differs considerably from the above. 213 ANALYSES OF WELL-WATERS. ISLE OF WIGHT. Bembridge. Waterworks (see pp. 148, 149). Made by Dr. Otto Hehnek. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. In parts per 100,000. Chlorine 31 Sulphuric acid "68 Nitric acid ... ... ... ... ... ... ... '22 Phosphoric acid ... ... ... ... ... ... trace Ammonia, free ... ... ... ... ... •0235 „ albuminoid '0049 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 mins. at 80° F. '0416 „ „ „ „ „ 4 hours „ „ 0952 Total solids dried at 212° F. 20-4 Loss on ignition ... ... ... ... 2*8 Appearance of solids on heating ... ... ... ... charred Total hardness 11 Colour, very faint yellow. Dr. Hehner speaks of the above analysis as referring to a sample from a well 475 feet deep. Sample received 8th September, 1904, and was still turbid on the 14th. The turbidity is due to sand-particles and indicates that the water has not assumed normal conditions. The mineral contents are very satisfactory. Saline matters in solution are low, and the hardness is consequently slight ; but not so slight as to lead to an attack on lead pipes, and containing sufficient lime-salts for the purposes of the human frame. Calbourne. Waterworks. Source. Trial well, 18 feet deep, in chalk. Yield. 100 gallons per minute. Made by Dr. O. Hehner. June, 1904. Communicated by Dr. H, F. Parsons. In parts per 100,000. Chlorine Sulphuric acid ... Nitric acid Ammonia, free „ albuminoid Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 mins. at 80* 4 hours „ F. 3 •46 1-08 •0019 •0032 •0152 •026 236 2^8 no change 16 Total solids dried at 212° F. Loss on ignition Appearance of solids on heating Total hardness Total number of bacteria per cubic centimetre, 88 ; growing at blood-heat 15 ; growing in phenolides acid agar, none. Perfectly clear, and showed the faint blue tinge of pure water. Perfectly satisfactory, chemically and bacterially. Contains very little organic matter in solution and shows no sign of animal impurities. Contains very little dissolved mineral matter and is therefore not unduly hard. In every respect satisfactory ; quite suitable for drinking and all domestic purposes. 214 WATER SUPPLY OP HAMPSHIRE. Carisbrook. 1. Newport Waterworks {see p. 150). By Messrs. Allen and Hanbiiry. From Dr. T. Thomson's Report to the Local Government Board, on Newport, 1895. 1 from the new well. 2 from the old well. 3 from the low level reservoir. Colour in 2 feet tube. Pale blue and clear in all three. Suspended matter, smell, when heated to 100 F. and tasto. None in all three. Analyses, in grains per gallon 3. Total solid matter Loss on ignition Total mineral matter Chlorine as sodium-chloride ... Nitrogen as ammonia „ ,, albuminoid ammonia ... ,, „ nitrates ... Oxygen absorbed from permanganate potash at 80° F. in two minutes ... Ditto, in 4 hours of 21 2-7 18-3 3-44 •0013 •0005 ■2912 none •0241 21 3-5 17-5 3-44 •0016 •0005 •2481 none •0126 20^3 4^9 15-4 344 •0007 •0005 •3718 none •0126 Hardness before boiling 11° in all three, after boiling 3^5° in all three. Lead, copper, iron, phosphoric acid, none in all three. All are described as good water. Other analyses, of water taken from taps or hydrants, are given, Bacteriologie examination, by Dr. Klein. New well. In addition to the ordinary water bacteria one colony presented a suspicious appearance, but it was found to be neither bacillus coli mmnmnis nor the bacillus of enteric fever. Old well. A good many colonies of protem vulgaris in addition to the ordinary water-bacteria. On a later sample bacillus fluorescens putidm was observed. Low level reservoir. Besides ordinary water-bacteria there were proteus vulgaris^ bacillus fluoresces putidus and a few colonies of a gas-forming bacillus of the coli group. A later analyses from the Annual Report of the Medical Officer of Health for Newport Borough. 1903. Made by " The Clinical Research Association.' Dr. H. F. Parsons. Communicated by In grains per gallon. Total solids (dried at 120° C.) Combined chlorine „ ,, expressed as sodium chloride Nitrogen as nitrates Nitrites Ammonia, saline ... „ albuminoid Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. ... Total hardness Lead or copper Organically very pure. Moderately hard. Excellent for dietetic use. . 17^85 . 2-4 e 396 •19 nil nil •0013 •007 . 133 nil ANALYSES. WELL WATERS. ISLE OF WIGHT. 215 Mineral matter Volatile , , Chlorine Total hardness 1-6 I Total solid matter 42* Carisbrook— con^. 2. Well at the Castle in Chalk. By H. Grimshaw. 1878. Sample taken, 19th April ; but not opened or interfered with until September. Water when taken very bright and clear, free from sediment, without odour, and of fresh and sparkling taste, free from carbonic acid or other gas. Well said to be 240 feet deep. W hen the bottle was opened there was a strong smell of sulphuretted hydrogen and a strong reaction for that gas was obtained. The analytical data, as far as possible from the quantity of water, were as follows, in grains per gallon. 22-4 19- 4-5 12-3 Magnesia hardness f-? The residue on heating blackened very much and gave off an unpleasant odour. The peculiarity is " the production of sulphuretted hydrogen, on standing for some time . . . out of contact with the atmosphere. On leaving a small portion of the water in the bottle again corked up for some time the presence of sulphuretted hydrogen was not exhibited. This production of sulphuretted hydrogen proceeds undoubtedly from the reduction of the sulphates contained in the water by the excess of organic matter." He adds that it is " a most unfit water for potable purposes." Chale. Waterworks {.see ip. 151). Source. — Adits 18-33 feet below the surface in Upper Greensand, St. Catherines Down, under arable land, growing turnips and leguminous crops ; but not manured except by feeding sheep on it. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Two analyses by Dr. O. Heiiner. 1. May 16, 1901. 2. July 16, 1901. In parts per 100,000. Chlorine Sulphuric acid Nitric „ Phosphoric acid Ammonia, free ... „ albuminoid ... Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 minutes at80°F Ditto in 4 hours at 80° F Total solids dried at 212° F Loss on ignition Appearance of solids on heating Total hardness ... Colour in two foot tube Bacterioscopic examinations. Total number of bacteria per cubic centimetre Sewage-bacteria Growing at blood-heat in neutral agar i> „ ,, „ acid „ ... ... ,, U Remarks (1). In present condition unfit for public supply for the following reasons : — Free and albuminoid ammonia, rather higher than in a normal water ; the " heavy trace " of phospheric acid ; it has more oxidisable organic matter than a pure Greensand-water should have ; it swarms with bacteria (though none are traceable to sewage). The condition of the water would be intelligible if the well were a new one. (1). (2). 7-1 7^4 2-04 2-08 Ml 1-41 heavy trace faint trace •0052 •002 •0084 •01 •0244 •0176 •0504 •0364 42-24 43-2 4-4 3^6 no visible slight change change. 25^ 24 bright, clear blue and and distinctl) r clear. blue. (1). (2). countless 37 none not given not given 20 . 216 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. The analyist recommends prolonged pumping and rigorous exclusion of surface-water. Remarks (2). [Presumably advice regarding (I) had been carried out.] Some chemical and profound bacterial change since I6th May previous. The • ammonia, oxidisable matter and phospheric acid are materially lower. Bacteria reduced from (per cubic centimetre) " countless " to 37. " For a greensand water the supply contains even now a rather higher pro- portion of albuminous matter (as measured by the albuminoid ammonia), than should be expected, but otherwise no fault can be^f ound." Provided the surface- water is excluded this figure may continue to improve. " The water can now, in my opinion, be safely used for drinking and for all domestic purposes." Cowes (? East or West). Boring for the Urban District Council. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. January, 1907. In parts per 100,000. Total solid matter dried at 180° C. ... 29- Chlorine Nitric nitrogen Nitrites Hardness, permanent 12, temporary 8, total Lead, copper, zinc, iron Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed at 98° F. in 3 hours Turbidity, slight. Colour, slight yellowish. •03 nil 20 Slight trace of iron •1124 •0046 •093 Odour, none. East Cowes. Bore-hole made in 1904 in Bembridge, Osborne, and Headon Beds. Two analyses by Dr. Harland. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. 1. 14 May, 1904. Yield at 105 feet, 7,000 gallons an hour. 2. 28 June, 1904. At 107 fest a copious supply (28,140 gallons per hour) burst into the well. Appearance Colours (after settlement) Taste, smell Hardness (by soap) Calcium carbonate Magnesium sulphate „ nitrate Sodium chloride Loss on ignition Total dissolved solids Lead, copper, iron- Phosphoric acid Nitrogen as ammonia „ albuminoid ammonia „ nitrites ,, nitrates Oxygen absorbed by organic matter in 15 mins. Ditto in 4 hours ... Microscopical examination 1 2. turbid (see remarks). pale blue — none none 20° 22° In grains per gallon. not given 19^56 ?5 4-61 » •53 8^ (= Chlorine 8^19 4-88). not given 2^81 35 35^7 nil nil J) » •0016 •0019 •0006 •0016 nil nil •112 •1008 •0084 •0056 •014 •0123 Deposit entirely Deposit entirely siliceous par- mineral matter ticles. (clay and sand) ANALYSES. WELL WATERS. ISLE OF WIGHT. 217 Remarks. — Both are practically identical, showing constancy of com- position. Both show no sign of organic pollution, and are quite satisfactory except as regards Chlorine (Sodium Chloride) and hardness, which are slightly high. In 2 (presumably also in 1) the hardness is mainly due to calcium carbonate, and is therefore removable by boiling. The turbidity (due to mineral matter) will probably disappear as pumping proceeds, or can in any case be removed by settlement. Both satisfactory for drinking and general domestic use. Freshwater. Waterworks (Old), (seep. 152). By Dr. O. Hehner. In parts per 100,000. 1. 3. Chlorine Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Phosphoric acid Free ammonia... Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 mins. at 80° F Ditto in 4 hours Total solids dried at 212° F Loss on ignition Appearance of solids on heating Total hardness Colour in two foot stratum 82-4 10-2 •93 none •0016 •0036 18^8 2-48 •94 none •0015 •0048 I 82-3 10-16 •9 none •0017 •0037 •02 ^016 •OlS •05 ^034 ^048 194 59^76 194 19^6 7-2 192 no visible change 50^6 I 20 I 50 all faint greenish colour, clear I I 1 and 3 are identical in composition. Both are high in chlorides (824 parts chlorine = 135 8 parts of sodium chloride). Both strongly brackish They show no indication of pollution with sewage or other animal matter. They would be perfectly suitable for drinking but for the sea-water infiltration, to which also the high degree of hardness must be largely due. The sea-water infiltration is in no way injurious to health, but the supply must be highly inconvenient, especially for cooking and washing. 2 contains far less sea-water, but, nevertheless, the amount of chlorides is far larger than it should be in good drinking water. Otherwise it is pure and unpolluted. It is far the best of the three waters. All three appear to be the same water mixed with different proportions of sea-water. Another analysis made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh. January, 1905. In parts per 100,000. Ca Mg — CO3 SO4 CI NO3 7^9 2- _ 10^1 4.4 21 ' irrobable Combinations. 6^7 12 •4 1^6 10^6 •4 10^1 2-9 15 Total 4^65 16-35 solid c( 1 )nstitu€ Calcium carbonate... „ sulphate ... Magnesium sulphate ., chloride Sodium chloride ... „ nitrate nts dried at 180° C. 16^8 4^1 1^9 6^25 26-95 r4 57-4 218 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Haven Street. Longford House {see p. 153). Analysis of sample of water taken 13th August, 1887. Total solids 25- g] ^ains Chlorine ... 2-5 V Free ammonia •063 •} Albuminoid ammonia •0014 )> Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites •03228 ?» 1. 2. 24 3-8 192 196 •27 •26 not given nil. •00 10 •0082 0:>7l •003 •0032 •0134 — •0348 25^2 20-8 2-56 24 15° 168° none faint blue ated with lime, to Newchurch. Ryde Waterworks, Knighton {see pp. 154, 155). Two analyses. 1. Mill well, February, 1900. 2. Mill well and new boring, June, 1900, after filtration. Made by Dr. O. Heuner. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. In parts per 100,000. Chlorine ... Sulphuric acid Nitric „ Phosphoric acid ... Ammonia free ... „ albuminoid ... Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 minutes at 80° F. „ „ „ „ 4 hours Total solids, dried at 212° F Loss on ignition ... Total hardness Colour , 1. "Is water of excellent quality." It is to be remove iron. 2. Contained a considerable quantity of oxide of iron in suspension. The amount of oxidisable organic matter is minute. No indication of sewage or other organic pollution. When freed from the oxide of iron above mentioned will be satisfactory in every way [This to be done with lime, see above.] " This supply is of excellent quality." Newport. Two wells at Isle of Wight County Lunatic Asylum. Two analyses communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. 1. Well and borehole, total depth 160 feet, in Lower Greensand under 20 feet of clay (Gault). Made by Dr. 0. Hehner. 2. New Well. Well and boring 525 feet in Lower Greensand. Yield 28,746 gallons per day after 14 days' pumping. Made by Mr. W. D. Severn. Both in parts per 100,000. 1 (and 2 in brackets where similar denojnination is used). Chlorine 2^25 (2-6) Sulphuric acid 2^72 Nitric „ 2-43 Phosphoric acid trace. Ammonia, free '0018 (•OOU) „ albuminoid ^0042 00016) Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 minutes at 80° F. ^0052 „ „ M 4 hours „ „ ^0146 Total solids.. 16^88 (21^8) Loss on ignition ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2' Hardness ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4^9 Remarkably free from organic matter and shows no chemical sign of pollution with sewerage or animal matter. Exceedingly soft ; perfectly pure. ANALYSES. WELL WATERS. ISLE OF WIGHT, 219 Newport— con^. 2 (figures in brackets are similiar items of 1). Colour in two foot tube, practically none. Deposit and odour none. well aerated. 2-6 (2-25) •005 nil •0014 (-0018) •0016 (-0042) 21^8 (16-88) •0034 Taste pleasant ; almost perfectly bright Chlorine ... ... Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites Poisonous metals ... Ammonia saline „ albuminoid Total solids Oxygen absorbed from permanganate at 80° F. Bacteria. 280 per cubic centimetre on nutrient gelatine at 20-22° C. 25 „ „ „ liquefying. Only three species, perfectly well known and harmless. Cultures in various media, detailed in a former report, showed no suspicious forms. No gas-producing forms noted. Newtown. Source. Well 84 feet deep in ? Hamstead Beds. Yield inadequate. Made by Dr. O. Hehner, May, 1894. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. In parts per 100,000. Chlorine 29-65 Sulphuric acid 28-08 Nitric ,, none Phospheric acid very faint trace Ammonia, free ^3583 [?] „ albuminoid ... ^0088 Total solids 121-76 Loss on ignition ... ... 15-84 The above analysis shows, as far as chemical analysis can show, freedom from sewage-pollution, and the water may therefore be safely used for drinking. But the mineral matters, mainly sulphates and chlorides of sodium and calcium, are so high as to render it extremely undesirable for all domestic purposes. Good drinking water should not contain much more than 20 parts per 100,000 of mineral matters, while the total solids of this water amount to four times that quantity. If a better supply can be obtained, Dr. Hehner strongly recommends that the water be not used as an every day supply. Ryde. AsHEY Waterworks. Well in chalk {see p. 162). Made by Dr. 0. Hehner. 1900. 1 in January, 2 in February, 3 and 4 in July (3 after filtration). Results in parts per 100,000. (1.) (2.) (3.) (4.) Chlorine 2-7 2-8 3-8 31 Sulphuric acid 1-76 1-52 1-98 1-2 Nitric acid 1-93 1-66 •26 -33 Phosphoric acid faint trace faint trace none — Free ammonia -0019 -0034 -0032 -0108 Albumenoid ammonia ... •0048 -0044 -003 -0037 Oxygen absorbed from permanga- nate of potash in 15 minutes. -0078 •012 -U134 •0124 Ditto in 4 hours (both at 80° F.) -0188 -0192 -0345 -0272 Total solids dried at 212° F. ... 30-8 32 26-8 22-8 Loss on ignition 3-12 2-8 2-4 2-56 Hardness 21-3° 20-.2° 16-8° 15 4° 1452 (1.) (4. •9 •6G 7-27 5-76 •22 •32 11-2 7-82 •53 •57 1^85 2-41 28-36 22-17 •6 •7 220 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Colour in two foot tube, faint greenish in No. 1, greenish-blue in No. 2. Number of bacterial organisms per cubic centimetre (in No. 1) 650. Bacteria capable of growing at blood heat in neutral agar 2. Ditto in acid phenolided agar 1. In two cases the following further information is given : — Silica i. Carbonic acid ... ... ... Oxide of iron Lime Magnesia Soda Total (with top 3 items given above) Less oxygen for chlorine Total dissolved mineral matter ... 27^76 21-47 The mineral constituents, of these two, are present probably in the form of the following salts : — (1.) (4.) Sodium chloride 3-48 4-55 Calcium chloride '92 '54 „ sulphate 299 2-03 „ nitrate 2^94 '5 „ carbonate 15-2 11-68 Magnesium „ 1^11 1-19 Silica -9 -QQ Oxide of iron -22 -32 27-76 21-47 Speaking of No. 1, Dr. Hehner says : " Organically the supply is of great purity. The proportion of dissolved mineral constituents is moderate, but the amount of . . . calcium carbonate is now somewhat greater, and the hardness con- sequently somewhat higher, than it was in July, 1899. In one respect the water has undergone a change for the worse ... At that time the amount of nitric acid was very small . . . only -16 parts per 100,000 ... As nitric acid is a product of oxidation of animal organic matter I cannot but look with suspicion upon this change, in spite of the organic purity of the present sample. Whatever impurity has meantime found its way into the well has become oxidised, but has left its traces behind. This change for the worse is also shown by the bacterioscopic results. The total number of bacteria has increased from 39 to 650 per cubic centimetre, and although, with a single exception, these bacteria belong to a perfectly harmless class, the change is so serious that I would strongly re- commend an immediate enquiry into the causes of the alteration. [Such enquiry has been made.] In its present condition the water may almost certainly be used with perfect safety ; but any notable alteration in the com- position of a public supply is an indication that surface-water can, under some conditions, find its way into the well." Of No. 2 he says : " The proportion of organic matter, though not large, is greater than I would expect in a water coming from a well 60 feet in depth. This and the faint trace of phosphoric acid . . . make me suspect that there must be some surface-water mixed with that coming from the bottom." Curiously the water from the reservoir is better than that from the well. On No. 3 the following remarks are made : " The water as received contained in suspension a considerable amount of oxide of iron. The above results are obtained . . . after filtration ... The composition ... is in every way satis- factory . . . and there is no indication whatever of sewage or other organic pollution." As to No. 4 we are told : " The composition ... is quite satisfactory. There is ... an unusually high proportion of free ammonia, but this is evidently ANALYSES. WELL WATERS. ISLfi OF WIGHT. 221 derived from mineral sources and not from organic pollution. The proportion of oxidisable organic matter is quite small and the amounts of chlorides, sulphates and nitrates such as are present naturally in the pure . . . water of the district." In the Water Works Directory, 1909, an analysis of the Ryde water is given ; but the source is not specified ; it may be from the mixed waters of Ashey and Knighton. Shalfleet. Freshwater and Yarmouth Water Company, Shalcombe. {See p. 163). Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh, May 1909. In parts per 100,000. Ca Mg Na CO3 SO4 CI NO3 7-6 Too small to estimate. — 10-7 -9 3-8 1-5 irroDaDie vyomDinaiiou». 7-2 •4 — 2-5 •5 10-7 Tot •9 al soli 3-8 d cons 1-5 tituen Calcium carbonate ... „ sulphate ... Sodium chloride „ nitrate Trace of magnesia, etc. ts dried at 180^ C. ... 17-9 1-3 6-3 2- •1 27-6 Free ammonia '0006 Organic „ . ... -0032 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C... ... Nitrites Hardness. — Temporary 15°, permanent 3°, Total 18° The water contains no objectionable saline matter and is practically fr6e from organic matter. Is admirably adapted for a public supply. The sample was taken during the construction of the well. Ventnor. Waterworks. Source, from Chalk. From Annual Report of Medical Officer of Health for Yentnor, 1897. Made by Dr. 0. Hehner, October, 1897. In parts per 100,000. Chlorine ... 3-3 Sulphuric acid - 1* Nitric acid "38 Phosphoric acid ... ... ... ... None. Ammonia, free "001 „ albuminoid ... ... ... '0033 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 minutes at 80° F -0049 Ditto in 4 hours at 80° F '006, Total solids 35'12 Loss on ignition ... ., 1*6 H52i P 222 WATEK SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. Colour in two-foot tube, faintly bluish. Of excellent quality. Organic matter practically absent, and the figures are those of a perfectly pure, and unpolluted water. The figures are identical with those of an analysis of the same supply made 17 years before (1880). Only deep seated waters show this remarkable constancy. West Cowes. 1. Waterworks, east of Broadfield (see pp. 164-166). An analysis by Professor J. Attfield, F.R.S. (November, 18S7) of the spring at 320 feet gave the following results : — Total suspended solid matter, dried at 250° F. Total dissolved solid matter, dried at 250° F. Ammonia (Equal to ammonia per million, 1'). Albuminoid organic matter, yielding 10 per cent, of nitrogen ... (Equal to ammonia per million, '02). Nitrites Nitrates containing 17 per cent, of nitrogen ... (Equal to grains of nitrogen per gallon, "06). Chlorides containing 60 per cent, of chlorine (Equal to grains of chlorine per gallon, 1-9). Hardness, reckoned as chalk-grains or " degrees" : all removed by ebullition Lead or copper ... Oxygen absorbed in three hours Physical examination after subsidence satisfactory. Grains per gallon. None after subsidence. 17- •07 •01 None. •35 3-2 10- None. •02 Well at Broadfield. Waterworks 167^4 feet above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 158 feet down. Water from Barton Sand, by two borings, 468 and 530 feet deep. Trial-bore carried to 718 feet. Made and communicated by Dr. J. C. Thresh, February 1902. In parts per 100,000. Ca Mg Na CO3 SO4 CI NO3 Probable combinations. 5-9 ro6 — 12-3 3-75 2- •3 5^9 8-85 Calcium carbonate... 14-75 — 1-06 — 2-65 — — — Magnesium „ 3-71 — •6 •8 — — — Sodium „ 1-4 — — 1-8 — 3^75 „ sulphate 5-55 — 1-3 — 2- „ chloride 3-3 — — •1 — — — •3 „ nitrate Silica, &c. ... •4 •05 r ""otal solid con stituent s, dried at 180° C. ... 2716 Free ammonia "0864 Organic ammonia ^002 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. Nil. Nitrites ,„ ,.. ... „ ANALYSES. WELL WATERS. ISLE OF WIGHt. 223 West Cowes—cont. 2. WooDVALE {see p. 166) Four analyses by Dr. J. C. Brown, of Liverpool, 1885. In parts per 100,000. 1. 2. 3. 4. Solid matter in solution Organic carbon ) „ nitrogen ... j Ammonia „ from organic matter* Nitrogen as nitrates Combined chlorine 121-6 Con- siderable quantities. -008 -044 2-92 17-75 33-6 Con- siderable quantities. •002 •033 4-26 49-2 Con- siderable quantities. •005 -038 •262 7^8 49 Large quantities. •013 •058 •371 8-52 Hardness 63° 17^4° 26° 25-7° • By distillation with alkaline permanganate. 1. This water is excessively impure, and quite unfit for any purpose except irrigation or watering streets. 2. Slight deposit, and contains Rotifera. This sample is not of high quality ; but if surface-water could be excluded it might be passable. 3. This sample is not good for domestic use. 4. This sample is quite unfit for use. (A.) (B.) 20^ 26 1-04 1-04 Analysis of and reports on water from Woodvale. By Prof. Attfielp, A. 5 November and B. 17 December, 1885. One gallon contains the following number of grains of the respective sub- stances : — Total solid matter, dried at 212° F Ammoniacal matter, yielding 10 per cent, of N.... (^ ammonia per million, 1-77). Albuminoid organic matter, yielding 10 per cent, of N. ... ... , (= ammonia per million, -14 and -12). Chlorides, containing 60 per cent, of chlorine (= grains of chlorine per gallon) Hardness, reckoned as chalk-grains or "degrees ' Removed by ebullition Unaffected by „ -08 5-8 3-5 6 2 4 •07 3-5 21 7 3 4 A. This water contains excess of dissolved organic (animal or vegetable) matter, and large numbers of living organisms. It is therefore not well suited for drinking purposes. It contains but little salt, and not much mineral matter. It is quite a soft water. The source of the organic matter is probably the nine-feet layer of shells above the bed of sand from which the sample, according to my instructions, was drawn. B. This water has not improved in quality since it was analysed a month ago. It contains as much ammoniacal matter as ever ; it contains as much or a little more organic matter ; but especially it is less well aerated than when last examined, indeed it now has a distinctly unpleasant flavour and odour. In my opinion exposure to the air in tanks or other reservoirs would remove perhaps wholly remove, its present objectionable characters. 224 WATER SUPPLY OF HAAlPSHlltE. West Cowes— con^. Another analysis by Prof. J. Attfield, January, 1886. This sample of water though not of the best quality is fairly potable. Like many waters from recently made wells it is slightly turbid, but the turbidity is only due to traces of ordinary mineral matter which soon subsides. It has neither objectionable flavour nor odour. In bulk it has a faint yellowish tinge. Analytical data, in grains per gallon. Total solid matter, dried at 212" F ... 24- Ammoniacal matter, yielding 10 per cent, of nitrogen (equal to ammonia per million 1-2) •? Albuminoid organic matter, yielding 10 per cent, of nitrogen (equal to ammonia per million '085) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... '05 Nitrates (no nitrites), containing 17 per cent, of nitrogen (equal to nitrogen -33) ... 1-9 Chlorides, containing 60 per cent, of chlorine (equal to chlorine 2*2) ... 3*7 Hardness, removed by ebullition 1°, unaffected 4°, total 5°. This sample, after being occasionally shaken with air and then allowed to rest for two days, has become beautifully bright without abnormal odour or colour, and pleasant to the taste. It still contains the somewhat unusual proportion of ammoniacal matter observed in all the samples, which is doubtless derived from the shelly layer described. Wootton Common. Well 8 feet deep in stiff yellow clay over Bembridge clay. Made by Dr. 0. Hehner, February, 1901. Communicated by Dr. H. E. Parsons. In parts per 100,000. Chlorine 3'95 Sulphuric acid ... 5*92 Nitric acid 2*02 Phosphoric acid none Ammonia, free ... ... ... ... ... '0115 „ albuminoid , ... '0062 Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 minutes at 80° F. -016 „ „ „ „ „ 4 hours ,, „ -0408 Total solids dried at 212° F 2576 Loss on ignition ... ... ... ... ... 4* Total hardness ... ... 10*1 Appearance of solids on heating, charred. Appearance in 2-foot tube, colour- less, some ferruginous deposit. Dr. Hehner remarks to the following effect : — Has the characters of a surface-water. Is soft ; contains a moderate amount of organic matter in solution, partly of animal origin, but is not sewage- polluted, taking sewage to mean human sewage. As far as he can say from the analysis the supply is slightly contaminated with manure. It is impossible to say upon chemical evidence alone whether the water can safely be used for drinking. Generally speaking he distrusts a water supply liable to be polluted by drainage matters, and would not advise any public authority to sanction such a supply for public use. ANALYSES. WELL WATERS. ISLE OF WIGHT. 225 Wroxall (? Ventnor Parish). 1 . Waterworks for village, near Wroxall Cross Farm. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. Source. Trial-hole in Upper Greensand. Yield 645 gallons an hour, June, 1896. Made by Dr. O. Hehner, May, 1896. The sample was slightly turbid and was filtered through filter-paper for this analysis. After filtration there were still traces of clay in suspension, and one of the items given below (silica) is for that reason a trifle too high. In parts per 100,000. Chlorine 2'9 Sulphuric acid 2*06 Nitric acid '5 Phosphoric acid none Carbonic acid (combined) ... ... ... ' ... 6*5 Silica (see remarks above) 1"76 Oxide of iron and alumina '68 Lime 8-53 Magnesia '83 Sodium ... 2-81 Subtract oxygen for chlorine Total dissolved mineral matters Mineral matter directly estimated Loss on ignition Ammonia, free ,, albuminoid Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 15 minutes at 80° F. „ „ „ „ „ 4 hours „ „ Mineral constituents, probably combined as follows : — Sodium chloride ... ... ... „ sulphate Calcium „ „ nitrate „ carbonate Magnesium carbonate ... ... ... Silica (with trace of clay) Oxide of iron and alumina 26-57 •65 25-92 26- 1-52 •0004 •0041 •0252 •0696 4^78 •64 2-89 •76 12-67 l-li •68 25-92 Hardness: permanent, 2-6 ; temporary, 14^7. Total 17-3 The proportion of dissolved mineral matter is moderate, one half of it being chalk (calcium-carbonate). Minerally it is typical of the water from the Southern Isle of Wight Downs. Moderately hard. Organically very pure. Chemical traces of sewage are absent. An excellent water, well adapted for drinking and all domestic purposes. 2. SiiANKLiN Waterworks (see p. 163). Source. Trial-shafts in Upper Greensand at Cross Meadow. 295 to 309 feet above Ordnance Datum. Mnde by Dr. P. Frankland, July, 1896. Communicated by Dr. H. F. Parsons. In parts per 100,000. Total solid matters 32*8 Organic carbon ... ... ... *052 Ammonia ... ... ... ... trace Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites '247 Organic nitrogen ... ... ... -012 Total combined nitrogen ... '259 Chlorine 3^3 Hardness, temporary 18*1 „ permanent 3^4 „ total 21-5 Very slightly turbid ; palatable. No poisonous metals. 226 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. ^ 1 CO o r^ S fj o eS ?S o ;^ g: s d o ^ ff « o Ph ^ ;:^ ^ r — 1 00 r/> 1 1 ^ ^ ;^ R^ ^ B M o P^ (S 13 ^ OS o •s ^ ^ § i "TlJ m :: a g 2 S g a S pE^ »-l o .2 s * o 1—1 'I . 1 O c3 ^ ' " .. ^.....N.,... .,., O Ph Hi 0) ^^ OJrSrri : '^ ::*.::::: : 'd t ■ ^■ ' lllll -s rO c3 w 5 lU a •^ ^ XJ « ^ .o § :S N J f3 O) .^ !3 0) Q H>- H> > flH m C5 t- ^+1 -ti T* COCOCO00-*t^-*00 CO •I^;ox CI*,, O 00 00^ CO -+IO00-+iCOt-l-.'+t CO i cOr^-*r^ CO 'zi •f^ueu'Baijaj O la to CO (M t>. ■* QO GO (M OS t- C^ (N -* w l-H OS CO QO t- GO CO O CO O 1-H rH O O i-H b- •AivsodrnQj, CO -* f-l r-t oo CI C0 i-H CO r-l (M (M'*Cl CO CO r^r-i?ocO(M'Or-ieo i^ OCO»^ CO CO rH -2 Carisbrook. In castle, an old poll 240 feet deep. Mar. 8 Osborne. m ^ 1 1 Water-supply to OsborD Mar. 8, 1873. Trial-well, Dec. 13, 187 „ No. 1, Jan. No. 2, „ „ No. 3, Feb. „ No. 4, Jan. No. 5, „ No. 6, Albert Cottage, Feb. 18 Ventnor. Waterworks, near railw Nov. 16, 1872. ^co f^ .2 ^ ■ BlBLIOGRAtmr. 227 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Geological Survey Works. Maps. 1. Sheets of the original series. An inch to a mile. 8. Most of the W. margin. Aldershot, Farnborough. By F. Drew and T. R. PoLWHELE. 1862. Drift added, by F. J. Bennett and C. E. Hawkins. 1887. 9. Small N.VV. corner. By F. Drew. 1854. 10. Isle of Wight and nearest part of mainland. By H. W. Bristow and W. T. Aveline. 1856. 11. All but most of E. margin. Bishops Waltham, f'areham, Gosport, Havant, Lymington, Petersfield, Portsmouth, Romsey, Southampton, West Cowes, Winchester. By H. W. Bristow and F. Drew. 1858. 12. All but N. and N.W. margins. Alresford, Alton, Andover, Basingstoke, Kingsclere, Odiham, Stockbridge, Whitchurch. By W. T. Aveline, H. W. Bristow and R. Trench. 1860. 14. S. half of E. margin. By W. T. Aveline. 1857. 15. S.IC. part and rest of h;. margin. Ringwood, part of New Forest. By H. W. BrioTOw and J. Trimmer. 1856. 16. N.E. part. Christchurch, Alum Bay. By H. W. Bristow and J. Trimmer. 1855. 2. Sheets of the New Series Map. An inch to a mile. 267. E. part of S. margin. By F. J. Bennett. 1898. 268. S. margin. By F. J. Bennetp and J. H. Blake. 1898. 282. Very small part on E. margin. By F. J. Bennett. 1899. 283. Greater part. Andover, Whitchurch. By F. J. Bennett and C. E Hawkins. 1898. 284. All but about a square mile. Basingstoke, Odiham. By F. J. Bennett, J. H. Blake and 0. E. Hawkins. 1897. 298. Only a small fraction of a square mile. 1 903. 2J9. All but W. margin. Stockbridge, Winchester. By W. Whitaker and C. E. Hawkins. 1896. 300. All but S.E. corner. Alresford, Alton, Petersfield By C. E. Hawkins. 1898. 314. Most of E. half. Fordingbridge, Ringwood. By C. Reid and F. J. Bennett. 1902. 315. All but N.W. corner. Botley, Eastleigh, Romsey, Southampton, part of New Forest. By W. Whitaker and C. Reid. 1899. 316. All but E. part. Bishops Waltham, Emsworth, Fareham, Havant. By W. Whitaker, C. Reid and C. E. Hawkins. 1900. 329. E. half. Bournemouth, Christchurch. By C. Reid. 1895. 330. Cowes, Lymington, Newport, Yarmouth. By C. Reid and A. Strahan. 1893. 331. All but N.E. corner. Gosport, Portsmouth, Ryde. By C. Reid and A. Strahan. 1893 (? 1898). The Isle of Wight also published in 1888, as one separate sheet, Tertiary part by C. Reid ; Cretaceous part by A. Strahan. 3. Sheets of the Index Map. Four miles to an inch. 11. S.E. part. Alresford, Alton, Andover, Basingstoke, Bishops Waltham? Kingsclere, Romsey, Stockbridge, Whitchurch, Winchester. 1895, 12. S. part of E. margin. Aldershot, Petersfield. 1895. 14. E. part. Christchurch, Fareham, Gosport, Havant, Lymington, Ports- mouth, Ringwood, Southampton, Isle of Wight. 1892. 15. Very small piece on W. 1889. 4. New Index Map. Four miles to an inch. Sheet 23, middle part. Bournemouth, Christchurch, Gosport, Lymington, Portsmouth, Isle of Wight. 1907. 228 WATER SUPPLY OJ^ HAMPSItlRJa. Sheet 19, part. Aldershot, Alton, Andover, Basingstoke, Fareham, Kings- clere, Petersfield, Kingwood, Romsey, Southampton, Winchester. 1908. Sheets of Horizontal Sections, Scale, 6 inches to a mile. 47. Sections across the Isle of Wight. By H. W. Bristow. 1858. Revised in 1870. Re-drawn, by C. Reid and A. Strahan. 1889. 80. Sections from . . . Browndown, near Gosport . . . across the Chalk [to beyond Overton Station] . By H. W. Bristow. 1870. 81 Top line (continuation of Sheet 80). From White Hill, near Kingsclere [to the Enborne]. By H. W. Bristow. 1870. Vertical Section, Sheet 25. Sections of the Tertiary Strata of the Isle of Wight. By H. W. Bristow. 1858. - Memoirs, 1856. On the Tertiary Fluvio-marine Formation of the Isle of Wight. By E. Forbes (notes by H. W. Bristow and others). Pp. xviii., 162 ; 7 plates. 1859. Explanation of the Vertical Sections of the Tertiary Strata of the Isle of Wight. Sheet 25. By H. W. Bristow. Pp. 8. „ Explanation of Sections across the Isle of Wight, from North to South. Sheet 47. By H. W. Bristow. Pp. 9. New Ed., 1891. By C. Reid and A. Strahan. P. 6. 1862. The Geology of Parts of Berkshire and Hampshire (Sheet 12). By H. W. Bristow. „ The Geology of the Isle of Wight. By H. W. Bristow. Pp. xix., 138 ; 7 plates. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, by C. Reid and A. Strahan. Pp. xv., 352 ; 5 plates. 1889. 1872. The Geology of the London Basin. . . . The Chalk and the Eocene Beds of the Southern and Western Tracts. By W. Whitaker (and H. W. Bristow). 1875. The Geology of the Weald. By W. Topley (notes by others). 1898. The Geology of the Country around Bpurnemouth. By C. Reid. Pp. iv., 12. 1900. The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain. Vol. i. The Gault and Upper Greensand of England. By A. J. Jukes-Browne (Chap, vii,, Hamp- shire. Chap, ix., Isle of Wight). 1902. The Geology of the Country around Southampton. By C. Reid (and W. Whitaker). Pp. iv., 70. „ The Geology of the Country around Ringwood. By C. Reid (and others). Pp. iv., 62. 1903. The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain. Vol. ii. The Lower and Middle Chalk of England. By A. J. Jukes-Browne. Hampshire, Chaps, v., xxix. Isle of Wight, Chaps, vii., xxxi. „ The Geology of the Country around Reading. By J. H. Blake. Edited by H. W. MoNCKTON. Very small part. 1904. The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain. Vol. iii. The Upper Chalk of England. By A. J. Jukes-Browne. Hants, chaps, v., xiv. Isle of Wight, chap. vii. 1905. The Geology of the Country South and East of Devizes. By A. J. Jukes-Browne. Very small part. 1907. The Geology of the Country around Hungerford and Newbury. By H. J. 0. White. Very small part. 1908. The Geology of the Country around Andover. By A. J. Jukes-Browne (and others). Pp. v., 67. 1909. The Geology of the Country around Basingstoke. By H. J. 0. White. Pp. v., 119. BiBLtOGRAPHY. ^29 Reports of the Local Government Board. 1884. Blaxall, Dr. — Report ... on the prevalence of Diphtheria in the Rural Sanitary District of Kingsclere. Pp. 11. Paksons, Dr. H. F. Report ... on outbreaks of Diphtheria at Hambledon and other places in the Droxford Rural Sanitary District. Pp. 7. 1887. Power, W. H. Report ... on the Outbreak of Diphtheria at York Town and Camberley ... in the Farnham Rural Sanitary District. No. 13. Pp. 13. (Water Supply, p. 3.) 1889. Spear, Joun. Report . . . upon the Prevalence of Diphtheria in the Fareham Registration District. . . . No. 41. Pp. 10. 1893. Sweeting, Dr. R. D. Report ... on the circumstances attending recent prevalence of Fatal Diphtheria in the Alton Registration Sub-District. No. 72. Pp. 8. 1895. Thomson, Dr. Theodore. Report . . . on an Epidemic of Enteric Fever in the Borough of Newport. . . . No. 93. Pp. 22, many plates. (Water Supply, &c., pp. 10-17. Analyses, &c., 20-22.) 1897. Thomson, Dr. Theodore. Report ... on the Conditions, Topographical, Geological, and Sanitary, of the Havant Districts ... in their Relation with the Sources of the Borough of Portsmouth Company's Water Supply. With a Memorandum on the Geology of the Neighbourhood of Havant, in connection with the Water Supply of Portsmouth by W. Whitaker. No. 122. Pp. 29, 4 plates. 1899. Mivart, Dr. F. St. G. Report ... on the Sanitary Circumstances and Administration of the Borough of Christchurch. No. 135. Pp. 23, map. (Water Supply, pp. 3-5. Analysis, p. 13. W. Hants Water Co., river supply, Pp. 14-23.) Reece, Dr. R. J. Report ... on the General Sanitary Circumstances and Administration of the Urban District of Aldershot. . . . No. 144. Pp. 35, 3 charts. (Water Supply, pp. 4, 5.) 1901. BuLSTRODE, Dr. H. T. Report upon the Sanitary Circumstances of the Urban District of St. Helens, Isle of Wight. No. 160. Pp. 6. (Water Supply, p. 2.) 1902, Mair, Dr. L. W. D. Report . . . upon a prevalence of Throat-Illness in and near the Ditcham Park Estate, in the Catherington and Petersfield Rural Districts, Hampshire. No. 175. Pp. 9. 1903. BuLSTRODF, Dr. H. T. Report . . . upon alleged Oyster-borne Enteric Fever and other Illness following the Mayoral Banquets at Winchester and Southampton . . . and . . . elsewhere. . . . [From Emsworth.l No. 185. Pp. 47, map. 1904. BuLSTRODE, Dr. H. T. Report . . . upon Sanitary Administration in the Itchen Urban District . . . No. 199. Pp. 18. (Water Supply, pp. 3, 4, 12. Analyses of South Hants Water, pp. 17, 18.) 230 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. 1905. BuLSTRODE, Dr. H. T. Report . . . upon the Sanitary State and Admin- istration of the Isle of Wight Rural District. No. 219. Pp.21. (Water Supply, pp. 4-6.) Farrar, Dr. R. Report . . . upon an outbreak of Enteric Fever in the Borough of Basingstoke. No. 221 . Pp. 32, chart and map. (Water Supply, pp. 1-6. Analyses, pp. 22-27.) 1907. Low, Dr. J. S. Report . . . upon the Sanitary Circumstances and Admin- istration of the Hartley Wintney Rural District. No. 288. Pp. 16. (Water Supply, pp. 3-5.) Books, Papers, etc., referring to the Waters and Water Supply of Hampshire. 1738? Cooke, B. An Observation of an extraordinary Damp in a Well in the Isle of Wight. PhlL Trans., vol. xl., no. 450, p. 379. 1811. Marcet, Dr. A. A Chemical Account of an Aluminous Chalybeate Spring in the Isle of Wight. Trans. Geol. Soc, vol. i., pp. 213-222. 1844. BuCKLAND, Rev. Prof. W. Address to the Mayor and Members of the Artesian Well Committee of Southampton. 8". Southampton. 1847. Keele, J. R. On the Artesian Well on the Southampton Common. Rej). Brit. Assoc, for 1846, Sections, p. 52. Mantell, Dr. Q. A. Geological Excursions round the Isle of Wight. . . . (Wells, Southampton, pp. 87, 88.) 8^ London. Ed.2inl851. 1850. Ranger, W. Report to the General Board of Health on a Preliminary Inquiry into the . . . Supply of Water ... of the Borough of Southampton (Note of Wells). 8". London. 1851. Ranger, W. Report to the Local Board of Health, Southampton, on the Yarious Sources of Water Supply. 8°. Soutlianipton. 1852. RoBSON, J. H. Analysis of the Water of the Artesian Well, Southampton. Quart. Journ. Cheni. Soc, vol. iv., pp. 7-12. Report of the Town Committee, Appointed at the Public Meeting, held at the Guildhall, Southampton . . . comprising ... an Appendix on the Artesian Well (contains letters and Report by W. Ranger). 8". Southampton. 1860. Pilbrow, J. On a Well-section near Gosport. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvi., p. 447. 1864. Greenwood, Col. G. Our Springs, Streams, and Wells. Hampshire Chronicle, November. Reprinted in his "River Terraces," pp. 69-71. 8°. London. 1869. Royal Commission on Water Supply. Minutes of Evidence. T. Hennell, pp. 115-118, G. W. Ewens, pp. 224-228. 1871. Meyer, C. J. A. On Lower Tertiary Deposits recently exposed at Portsmouth (Well-sections, pp. 80-82, table). Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 74. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 231 1875. VoELCKER, Dr. A. On the Composition and Properties of Drinking- Water and Water used for General Purposes. Journ. R. Agric. Soc.^ ser. 2, vol. xi., p. 127. 1878. WiGNER, G. W. The Water Supply of Sea-Side Watering Places . . . Being a series of Reports . , . published in the " Sanitary Record '' during 1877-78. 8". Lo7id. Also, in shorter form, as " Sea-Side Water . . . ." 8". Lond. 1879. Grimshaw, H. On a Peculiar Feature in the Water of the Well, in Carisbrooke Castle, I. of Wight. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. if/-, vol. iii., pp. 175-179. HiLDRED, E. T. The Water Supply of Gosport. Ihid., pp. 127-155. Matthews, W. Southampton Corporation Waterworks. Ibid., pp. 180-186. Smith, H. R. Borough of Portsmouth Waterworks, Ibid., pp. 187-190. Whitaker, W. Hampshire Well Sections [Second Paper]. Papem Hants. Field Club, vol. iv., pt. i., pp. 21-45. 1900. Barrett, Prof. W. F. On the so-called Divining Rod. Proc. Soc. Psych. i^g.sem'c/^, pt. xxxviii., p. 129 (Shanklin, pp. 164-171, Wootton, 328, 329, Arreton, 329-331). Shore, T. W. The Physical Geology ... of the Neighbourhood of Cheriton (Springs and Swallow-holes, pp. 140-143). Papers Hants. Field Club, vol. iv., pt. ii., p. 137. 1903. (Gosport Water Supply). Reference to the Supply from Foxbury are given in Portsmouth Times, January 24 (Meeting of Ratepayers Association) ; Southern Daily Mail, August 14 (Analyses by Dr. Stevenson, H, Jackson, R. T. Hewlett and Clinical Research Association) ; Ibid., August 17 (Long letter by Dr. W. Reid). Portsmouth Times, August 29 (Meeting of the Water Company. Reports by E. T. Hildred and W. Whitaker). Presumably there were other references. 1904. Thresh, Dr. J. C, The Examination of Waters and Water Supplies. 8°. Lond. 1906. Baldwin-Wiseman, W. R. The Flow of Underground Water. Proc. Inst. C.E., vol. clxv., pp. 309-352. Cripps, F. S. a few Notes on the Water Supply of Bournemouth. Water, vol. viii., pp. 265-271. Ogston, G. H., and — . Moore. Analysis of Twyford Water, in B. Latham's Paper " Plumbism due to Electrolysis." Trans. Brit. Assoc. Water., Eng., vol. X., p. 145. 1907. Baldwin-Wiseman, W. R. The Influence of Pressure and Porosity on the Motion of Sub-Surface Water. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. Ixiii., p. 80, plate V. (Hants, pp. 82, 83, 89, 90, 96 and plate.) 1909? Lyster, Dr. R. A. Hampshire County Council. Annual Report of the County Medical Officer, for the year 1908. Fol. Portsmouth. (Water, chiefly Rural Districts, pp. 7-10.) 233 ADDENDA. Springs and BoupwNes. Writing of Selborne Gilbert White says : — " At each end of the village . . . arises a small rivulet : that at the north-west end frequently fails : but the other is a fine perennial spring little influenced by drought or wet seasons, called Well-head. This breaks out of some high grounds joining to Nore Hill, a noble chalk promontory, remarkable for sending forth two streams into two different seas." And he adds, in a footnote : — " This spring jiroduced, September 14, 1781, after a severe hot summer, and a preceding dry spring and winter, nine gallons of water in a minute. . . . At this time many of the wells failed, and all the ponds in the vales were dry." (Natural History of Selborne, 1789, Letter 1, to T. Pennant.) Mr. W. Matthews, with whom I lately visited Twyford, has sent the following note on a small and usually dry Chalk valley, which is tributary to the valley of the Itchen, on its left or eastern side: — " A bourne breaks out on the side of the road from Twyford to Hazely Down, first appearing at a point about 300 yards (eastward) from the Dolphin Inn at Twyford, and thence advancing up the valley, as the saturation-level rises, for a further distance of 400 yards after a very wet season." " In March, 1899, the roadway was submerged for a considerable distance, the water overflowed from the wells at the cottages on the southern side of the road, and the fields near Bourne Lane were flooded." " The bourne was flowing in the early months of 1900, 1904, and 1906, It broke out early in January of this year (1910), and is still rising (February 16). It starts at a level of 93 feet or thereabout above Ordnance Datum." Analyses op Well-waters. The following analyses of waters, mostly from shallow wells, in and around Portsmouth, have been contributed, after this Memoir was set up in pages, by Dr. A. N. Eraser, Medical Oflficer of that borough, and by Mr. F. W. F. Arnaud, the Public Analyst : — Botley. KiTNOCKS, CORBRIDGE. Two analyses made and communicated by F. W. F. Arnaud. In parts per 100,000. Source (and Remarks, &c. i 3 1 11 i 31 ■3. At; II 5^ Ammonia. 1 Date). Free. Albumi- noid. Old well, 20 feet deep. (16 March, 1903.) Clear, colourless, no suspended matter, slight charring and fuming on ig- nition. 51-57 7-67 1-43 16-6 •0612 •0001 •0095 New well, 26 feet deep. (17 March, 1903.) As above 44-14 9-28 l-3o 16-4 •0274 - •0014 •0062 234 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. By Cosham. PoRTSDOWN Hill. F. W. F. Arnaud, 26 February, 1907. In parts per 100,000. Shallow well. Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Chlorine Nitrogen as nitrates ... Nitrites Total solid residue ... Fareham. The Mount. •05 •01 5-8 •04 Present 47 i Made and communicated by F. W. F. Arnaud. In parts per 100,000. Total solids ... ... ... ... 104 Chlorine... ... ... ... ... 29-3 Nitrogen as aitrates and nitrites Traces. Nitrites ... ... ... ... ... Present. Magnesia ... ... ... ... Present. Hardness ... 23-2 Considerable charring and objectionable odour on ignition. Hambledon. Denmead. Two Analyses, made and communicated by F . W. F. Arnaud. In parts per 100,000. 1. Shallow well. 2. Well, 112 feet deep (28 September, 1908 ) (28 October, 1908.) Free ammonia -018 Nil. Albuminoid ammonia... -012 •002 Chlorine 21-6 2-2 Nitrogen as nitrates ... -08 •23 Total solid residue 249 40 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. — •056 No. 1 very hard. Hayling Island. Three analyses made and communicated by F. ' W. F. Arnaud and In parts per 100,000. Remarks, &c. i 3 § . • lO Oi 00 CD -* CD Oi CD tr- io OO 8 ^ CD f-i -^ - rt ^ n3 o Qj a> '^^ S: be a a (D J T) n3 (XI (X> i-cj n3 fl fl a, Qj n3 CO . t/2 C3 X3 f3 m m xn -tj 2^2 0) a o f3 o O k^ 0) -s.a ■ o -s.S I ^ .^ - o ;=i o w.s v^-cD wrq a ^^ 03 CO c (M «2 _ bo O s <=> ee o fl CcD-^wrS a w S Q :5 O ^ CO 02 H? 1^ ANALYSES. 237 as -rti «o i—t CO to OI o o o • rH (M o o 9 o

• 00 CO CD (N 1-H GO ^ §5 00 o CO 00 t* - Oi t>- (N CO CO 1—1 ■^ o oo CO 0) -+J -+3 5^ fen ^ /•^ 1--1 •»— I Q^ .1—1 Q ^'S::^ fH O <4-l c3 rQ ,P >0 q-l r^ 2? « ^ S h o iS fe.t: ^ij S 5 •-^ r^ >* fe- =^ 1^ 1^ -M &I-M t> (U 02 C> O -tf bo 5.S fl « fcl 2 o -S efH ^ • CO n-( o o o9' 14524 '^ S 03 03 1—1 GO S.2=o p4 5-11 03 ,,-^ I III O Q 2 238 WATER SUPPLY OF HAMPSHIRE. '^ ^ g ^ s 1 Present Faint trace 1 -»1 ll <1 o o 74 ^ fS CO -3 RHYL, ABERGELE, and COLWYN. By A. StrahaN. Notes by R. H. TIDDEMAN,. Is. 6i, ^ (Parts by C. E. De Range.) 4s. Qd. ; With additions by A. StrahAN. 3s. FLINT, MOLD, and RUTHIN. By A. STRAHAN. Supplevient 2d. PRESCOT, LANCASHIRE. By E. HULL. (8rd Ed.) CHESTER. ByA. StrahaN. 2s. STOCKPORT, MACCLESFIELD, CONGLETON & LEEK. By E. HULL & A. H. GREEN. 4s. PARTS of NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, YORKSHIRE, and DERBYSHIRE. (2nd Ed.) By W. T. AVELINE. Is. _; PARTS of NOTTINGHAMSHIRE and DERBYSHIRE. By W. T. AVELINE. (2nd Ed.) U. LINCOLN. By W. A. E . USSHER, A. J. Jukes-Browne, and A. STRAHAN. 3s. EAST LINCOLNSHIRE. By A. J. Jukes-BROWNE. 3s. 6d. N. LINCOLNSHIRE and S. YORKSHIRE. By W. A. E. UsSHER [and Others]. 2s. WAKEFIELD and PONTEFRACT. By A, H. GREEN. Qd. BaRNSLEY. ByA. H.Green. M. SOUTHPORT, LYTHAM, and SOUTH SHORE. By G. E. DE RANGE. 6d, COUNTRY between LIVERPOOIi and SOUTHPORT. By C. E. De RANGE. M, SOUTHERN PART of the FURNESS DISTRICT in N. .LANCASHIRE. By W, T. AVELINE. M. COUNTRY between BLACKPOOL and FLEETWOOD. By C. E. DE RANGE. 6d BRADFORD and SKIPTON. By J. R. DAKYNS, C. FOX-STBANQWAYS, R. RuSSELL, and W. H. DALTON. 6rf. COUNTRY between YORK and MALTON. By C. FOX-STRANQWATS. Is. M. QOUNTRY between YORK and HULL. By J. R. DAKYNS, C. Fox-STRANGWAYS, and A. C. G. CAMERON. Is. M. DRIFFIELD. By J. R. DAKYNS and 0. FOX-STRANGWAYS. M. BRIDLINGTON BAY. By J. R. DAKYlVS and C. Fox-STRANGWAYS. Is. SCARBOROUGH and FLAMBOROUGH HEAD. Bv 0. Fox-STRANGWAYS. (2nd Ed.) 4s. M. NORTHALLERTON and THIRSK. By C, FOX-StRANGWAYS, A. C. G. CAMERON, and G. BARROW. Ih.M. ESKDALE, ROSEDALE, &c. By C. Fox-STRANGWAYS. C. Reid, and G. BARROW. Is. 6d. NEW MALTON, PICKERING, and HELMSLEY. By 0. Fox-STRANGWAYS. Is. MALLERSTANG. By J. R. DAKYNS, R. H. TIDDEMAN [and Others]. 3s. M. INGLEBOROUGH. Bv J. R. DAKYNS, R. H. TIDDEMAN, W. GUNN, and A. STRAHAN. 2s. KENDAL. By W. T. AVELINE and T. McK, HUGHES. (2nd Ed.) By A. STRAHAN. 2s. APPLEBY, ULLSWATER, &c. By J. R. DAKYNS, R. H, TIDDEMAN, and J. G. GOOD- GHILD. Is. 6rf. NORTH CLEVELAND. By G. BARROW. Is. U. CARLISLE. By T. V. HOLMES. Is. 3d. CHEVIOT HILLS. By 0. T. Clough. Is. 6d. PLASHETTSand KIELDER. By C. T. OlougH. Is. OTTERBURN and ELSDON. By HUGH MILLER. 2s. U. NORHAM and TWEEDMOUTH. By W. GUNN. M. COAST SOUTH of BERWIOK-ON-TWEED. ByW.GUNN. M. WOOLER and COLDSTREAM, By W. GUNN and C. T. ClouqH. Is. 6d. BELFORD, HOLY ID. and FARNE ISLANDS. By W. GUNN. 2s. U. GENERAL MEMOIRS. These include the Annual Summarv of Progress and Monographs on Pliocene, Cretaceous, and Jurassic Rocks, &c. DISTRICT MEMOIRS. Of these some deal with the Coalfields of Yorkshire, East Somersetshire and Bristol, Warwickshire. Lfticestershire and South Derbyshire, North Staffordshire and South Wales. Others are des'criptive of definite districts whose limits do not correspond with those of the one-inch map.