BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 HF 
 ^<S6 AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 
 
 yC-NRLF 
 
 ^B 2flo ^3^ 
 
 M. WEBSTER JENKINSON 
 
 Chartered flccountant, Sheffield. 
 
 PRICE ONE SHILLING NET. 
 
 ,^ London : 
 
 Qir\ Gee & Co., I*rinters and Publishers, 34 Moorgate Street, E.G. 
 
 m 
 
 1905- 
 
ACCOUNTANCY BOOKS 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 University of California. 
 
 Class 
 
 ed 
 
 US 
 
 rts 
 ck 
 of 
 
 JSt 
 
 sr. 
 
 he 
 
 gciicicvi v-umciiia vji Liic ]jfijjei Hic ucsigueu luuie cbpcuiiniy lo iiieei Liie ic;4uiiciiiciltS 
 
 of Accountant Students, and especially Examination Candidates. A concise 
 summary of the effect of all Important Legal Decisions appears in each number. 
 At least one original Article appears in each issue dealing with some matter of 
 interest to Accountant Students. The lectures delivered to the various Students' 
 Societies are also reproduced. Arrangements have been made for a Serial Com- 
 petition, and a prize awarded to the best Answers given on Questions of general 
 interest. The Volume commences in May each year. 
 
 Vols. I. to XII., Bound Half -Calf, Gold Lettered, Price 7s. 6d. net each, or 72/- for the 
 set of twelve ; XIII. to XXI., 8s. 6d. net each. 
 
 ACCOUNTANTS LIBRARY, THE. Under the above 
 
 heading a series of handbooks upon systems of Bookkeeping suitable for all 
 classes of undertakings is being issued. The books are published at a uniform 
 price of 3s. 6d. net, with the exception of a few " Double Numbers," for which the 
 price is 5s. To Subscribers these are published at the special rate of 2S. 6d. per 
 volume (3s. 9^. per " Double " volume). Subscriptions can still be received at this 
 reduced rate by those desirous of obtaining the whole Series, but the back volumes 
 must be paid for en bloc. Subscribers who may not wish to acquire the whole of 
 the back volumes may, however, commence their Subscription with Vol. XXL 
 A list of Volumes already published, and Subscription Order Form, will be supplied 
 post free on application. 
 
 ACCOUNTANT'S ASSISTANT, THE. i6o pages. Price 
 
 6s. net. By Thomas Beckett. This Work is an Index to the Accountancy 
 Lectures and Leading Articles printed in The Accountant, The Accountants' 
 Journal, The Transactions of the Various Students' Societies, and other 
 Periodicals, during the last' 30 years of the Nineteenth Century, to which is added 
 a List of the principal Treatises now in use on each of the 117 Subjects affecting 
 Accountancy. The Work will be in Daily Requisition in Accountants' Offices. 
 
 ACCOUNTANTS' (CHARTERED) CHARGES. (Third 
 
 Revised and Enlarged Edition.) Price los. 6d. net. By Fras. W. Pixley, F.C.A., 
 
 Barrister-at-Law. 
 One of the great wants of Members of the Profession is a Standard work of the Charges 
 of Chartered Accountants, to which they can refer their clients, when asked either to quote 
 a fee for future services or to support an account of Charges already rendered. This 
 work contains the Scale of Charges which prevails amongst the leading practising London 
 Chartered Accountants for Auditing, making Investigations, &c. — The Charges of 
 Liquidators. — The Charges of Special Managers and Trustees in Bankruptcy, Receivers 
 in Chancery, &c. — The Charges for Assisting Debtors and Directors of Companies in 
 Liquidation in the preparation of the Statement of Affairs.— The Charges of Arbitrators, 
 Witnesses, &c. 
 
 ACCOUNTANTS' DIARY (Yearly), ruled, &c. Prices from 
 
 IS. 6d. to los. — Editions Nos. i, 2, 3 and 3A are specially Ruled and Headed accord- 
 ing to the Pattern approved by most practising Accountants. All Editions except 
 t he 15. 6d. contai n a Dir ectory of Accountants and much useful information. 
 
 QATALOGUE OP BOOKS FREE. 
 
ACCOUNTANCY BOOKS. 
 
 ACCOUNTANT'S AND BOOKKEEPER'S YADE-MECUM. Price 
 
 7S. 6d. net. By G, E. Stuart Whatley, Accountant (Exam. Inst. C.A.). 
 The Work consists of a Series of short and Concise Articles upon Capital and 
 Revenue Expenditure, Revenue Accounts, Deficiency Accounts, Depreciation, Reserve 
 and Sinking Funds, Adjustment of Partnership Accounts, Joint Stock Companies' 
 Accounts, Tabular Bookkeeping, Hotel and Theatre Accounts, and other matters not 
 generally dealt with in existing Works on Bookkeeping, together with useful Forms and 
 Directions. 
 
 ACCOUNTANTS' MANUAL, ' published biennially, with 
 
 Index. Subscription 3s. 6d. per annum. Vols. I., II., III., IV., V., VI., VII., VIII., 
 
 and IX., now ready, price 12s. 6d. each (except Vol. III., los. 6d.) or 905. the set. 
 
 Also issued in parts every June and December, price 2s. 6d. each. 
 
 The only complete and full set of Answers to the Questions set at the Institute of 
 
 Chartered Accountants' Examinations, dating from December 1884. These Answers 
 
 are designed to give the fullest and most reliable information on each question asked, 
 
 and are compiled with a view to lasting reference. 
 
 ACCOUNTANT'S COMPENDIUM, THE. Second 
 
 Edition. Price 21s. net. (Medium Svo, 570 pages). Containing in the form of 
 a Lexicon a digest of the subjects of Examination prescribed by the Institute of 
 Chartered Accountants in England and Wales and many other matters. By 
 Sidney Stanley Dawson, FC.A., F.C.I.S.. F.S.S. Scope of Work:— 
 Accountancy (generally). Actuarial Matters, Administration of Assets, Adminis- 
 trators, Agency, Apportionment, Arbitrations and Awards,* Arithmetical Questions, 
 Arrangements with Creditors, Auditing, Banking, Bankruptcy, Bills of Exchange, 
 Bills of Sale, Bookkeeping, Branch Accounts, Building Societies, Capital and 
 Income Questions, Carriage, Cheques, Company Law and Practice (Formation, 
 Management, and Winding-up), Contracts (generally). Contributory, Death Duties, 
 Debentures, Deeds of Arrangement, Departmental Accounts, Depreciation, 
 Directors, Economic Questions, Equation of Payments, Executorship Accounts, 
 Executorship Law, Factors, Foreign Exchanges, Goodwill, Guarantee, Hire- Purchase 
 Agreements, Income Tax, Infant, Insurance, Interest (Questions involving), 
 Investigations, Lien, Limitation of Actions, Liquidators, Manufacturers' Accounts, 
 Mercantile Law (Generally), Official Receivers, Partnership, Pledge, Profit, Profit 
 and Loss Account, Profits Available for Dividend, Promissory Notes, Receivers, 
 Reserves and Reserve Funds, Sale of Goods, Savings Banks, Secretarial 
 Matters, Self-Balancing Ledgers, Shipping, Single and Double Account, Single 
 and Double Entry, Sinking Funds, Slip Bookkeeping, Stock Exchange Terms, 
 Stock-in-Trade (Questions affecting). Trustees, Trustees in Bankruptcy, Wills, 
 &c., &c. 
 
 ADVANCED ACCOUNTING. About 400 pages. Price 21s. 
 
 net. By Lawrence R. Dicksee, M.Com., F.C.A., Professor of Accounting at 
 the University of Birmingham (Author of " Auditing," " Bookkeeping for 
 Accountant Students," &c.) 
 This work will be found of the greatest value to Candidates for the Final Examin- 
 ation of the Institute, and to all serious Students of Accounts. In addition to an 
 exhaustive treatment of the subject from an Accountant's point of view, an Appendix 
 is included, which has been written by J. E. G. de Montmorency, B.A., LL.B. 
 (Cantab), of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law, dealing with the law relating to 
 accounts, and the requirements of the Courts and of lawyers in connection therewith. 
 
 ANTE-AUDIT. Price, is. each, net; 55.6^. |-dozen copies ; 
 
 los. I dozen copies. Being the Auditor's Instructions to his Client's Book- 
 keeping Staff. Issued in connection with the series of Audit Note-Books. 
 Nos. I, 2, and 3. 
 It is intended that this book shall be given by the Auditor to the Bookkeeper in 
 cases where it has not been customary for the Accounts to be audited (more especially, 
 perhaps, in small businesses), and where, not infrequently, the Accounts are being 
 kept in a way that does not permit of the Auditor's duties being performed without a 
 needless drain upon his time and patience. 
 
 AUDIT NOTE-BOOK. Nos. I. & II., Price 6d. (net) each, 
 
 5s. per dozen. 40/- per hundred. Issued in two Series, viz. : — 
 No. I — Suitable for a Monthly Audit. 
 
 No. 2 — Suitable for a Quarterly or Half-yearly Audit. Name and address printed 
 on Covers free on orders of 100 or more copies. 
 
 SPECIAL TERMS FOR PUBIilSHING AUTHORS' WORKS 
 
GEE & CO., PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS, 
 
 AUDIT NOTE-BOOK No. 3. New and Enlarged Edition. 
 
 (For Important Audits.) loo pages, Foolscap 4to. Price 2S. per copy, 20s. per 
 dozen, or 70s. for 50 copies, and £5 10s. for 100 copies. Name and address 
 printed on cover if 50 or more copies are ordered. 
 
 AUDITING. A Practical Manual for Auditors. Sixth Edition. 
 Over 900 pages. Price 21s. net. By Lawrence R. Dicksee, M.Com., F.C.A. 
 
 A Nev^ and Enlarged Edition of this Standard Work has now been issued. The 
 text has been thoroughly revised, in part re-written, and brought entirely up to date. 
 The Work now consists of upwards 900 pages, medium 8vo, being 100 pages more 
 than the previous Edition, of which 50 are devoted to additions to the body of the 
 work, and 50 to Reports of Cases. 
 
 The Legal Decisions referred to in the Work are brought up to October 1904. 
 
 Special attention has been devoted in this Edition to the Accounts of Local 
 Authorities and their Audit, Depreciation, Sinking Funds, &c. 
 
 BANKRUPTCY. Second and enlarged Edition. Price ys. 6d. 
 
 net. By T. M. Stevens, D.C.L., Barrister-at-Law. 
 A demand has arisen for a short work on the above, which, whilst treating the subject 
 from a legal point of view, will still be of use mainly to Chartered Accountants and 
 others. The general outlines of the subject, i.e., the text of the Acts, as explained by 
 leading cases, is what is wanted, and what this work has endeavoured to give. 
 
 THE BANKRUPTCY TRUSTEE'S ESTATE BOOK. 
 
 Second Edition. Price 4s, net. 
 
 Compiled by Lawrence R. Dicksee, M.Com., F.C.A. Author of " Auditing," &c. 
 
 This Book contains the whole of the information likely to be required by Trustees 
 in Bankruptcy in such a form that in conjunction with the " Record Book " it provides 
 a complete statement of all the facts relating to any particular estate, entirely doing 
 away with the necessity for memorandum and loose sheets, which are so frequently lost. 
 
 BOOKKEEPING FOR COMPANY SECRETARIES. 
 
 Third Edition. Price 3s. 6d. net. By Lawrence R. Dicksee, M.Com., F.C.A. 
 This Work (which is founded upon a course of lectures delivered under the 
 auspices of the Council of the Institute of Secretaries) deals very fully with those 
 questions in relation to Bookkeeping, a knowledge of which is essential upon the 
 part of every Company Secretary. It will, therefore, be found of the greatest value 
 to all who occupy — or expect to occupy — that position, and also to all Accountant 
 Students. 
 
 BOOKKEEPING FOR ACCOUNTANT STUDENTS. 
 
 Fourth Edition. Complete, with Index, 105. 6d. net. By Lawrence R. Dicksee, 
 
 M.Com., F.C.A. (of the firm of Sellars, Dicksee & Co.) 
 Contains a full and complete explanation of the Theory of Double Entry, and is 
 supplemented by copious Exercises and Questions that combine to make it a work of 
 the highest educational value. 
 
 BOOKKEEPING EXeIeICISES for Accountant Students 
 
 Demy 8vo, about 96 pages. Price 3s. 6d. By Lawrence R. Dicksee, 
 M.Com., F.C.A., Author of " Auditing," " Bookkeeping for Accountant Students." 
 " Bookkeeping for Company Secretaries," &c. 
 
 COMPANY-SECRETARY, THE. Fourth Edition. Price 
 
 25s. net. (Foolscap folio.) By W. H. Fox, Chartered Accountant. Containing 
 a Full Description of the Duties of the Company-Secretary, together with an 
 APPENDIX of FORMS and PRECEDENTS. 
 
 COST ACCOUNTS: AN EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES AND 
 A GUIDE TO PRACTICE Price 5s. net. By L. Whittem 
 Hawkins, Chartered Accountant. 
 
 Contains an explanation of the general principles governing the ascertainment of 
 manufacturing cost, with full and lucid instructions for the practical application of 
 those principles, and is illustrated by an Explanatory Diagram, a Set of Forms, and 
 a Worked Example. 
 
 The Forms are specially bound in a novel and ingenious manner, so that, while 
 forming part of the volume, they are contained in a smaller book which can be 
 opened out to lie side by side with the text. This method affords a facility and 
 convenience in reference which cannot be obtained in any other way. 
 
 34 MOORGATE STREET, LONDON, E.G. 
 
BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 
 
 M. ^A^EBSTER JENKINSON. 
 
 or THF 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 or 
 
tf?'?M 
 
 ^'■».'£RAL 
 
OF THE ^ 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 
 
 By M. WEBSTER JENKINSON. 
 (Chartered Accountant, Sheffield.) 
 
 There are certain essentials to success in every business. 
 
 Primarily there is needed an intimate knowledge of the 
 trade and the conditions under which it is carried on, 
 together with a certain amount of foresight as to the 
 requirements of the public. 
 
 Sufficient capital is also indispensable, so that goods may 
 be purchased in the best markets, and the trader not handi- 
 capped in his choice through being compelled to deal 
 with certain large creditors, who otherwise would press 
 for immediate payment ; whilst among the other factors 
 which contribute to the attainment of the object in view a 
 foremost place must be accorded the system upon which 
 the books are kept. 
 
 The law of many countries makes it imperative for 
 traders to keep proper books of account, but the Legis- 
 lature of this country practically leaves the matter to th& 
 
 156152 
 
4 BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS , 
 
 discretion of those engaged in business, with a result that 
 a large proportion of traders are never in a position to 
 ascertain their financial position until too late, for, as the 
 Inspector-General in Bankruptcy stated in a recent Report, 
 nearly 70 per cent, of bankrupts who apply for their dis- 
 charge have not kept any proper record of their business 
 dealings. Perhaps the desire to keep down expenses is the 
 cause of this negligence in accounting, as traders do not 
 care to incur any cost for which a direct advantage is not 
 immediately apparent, but if the books be originally 
 framed in a systematic and correct manner, the little 
 extra labour involved will be more than repaid by the 
 beneficial results obtained. 
 
 The system should be such that a complete and correct 
 record may be obtained of every transaction, so that refer- 
 ence may easily be made on subsequent occasions ; whilst 
 it is essential that the trader may know not only the result 
 of his trading for one particular period, but also how the 
 profit made has been earned, or where the loss incurred 
 has taken place. He must also be able to ascertain the 
 true position of affairs, so that he may know the extent of 
 his liabilities and the amount of capital at his command 
 for enlarging the scope of his operations. 
 
 Of course, it is not possible to lay down any hard and 
 fast rules, as the system adopted will vary according to 
 the particular requirements of each case, but it must be as 
 simple as possible, for books are to be framed for the busi- 
 ness, and not businesses for a set of books. 
 
 Nevertheless, the value and importance of accurate 
 bookkeeping cannot be overstated, as it is the only way 
 whereby a proper check can be kept on employes, or mis- 
 takes in the conduct of the business localised and remedied 
 for the future, and without a thorough knowledge of the 
 details it is impossible to cut down expenses on anything 
 like a systematic and proper basis. 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. j 
 
 Among the many benefits to be gained may be mentioned 
 the following : — 
 
 (i) The advantage of knowing the exact financial 
 position from time to time, and the detection of 
 leakages. 
 
 (2) The possibility of preparing proper accounts for the 
 
 Surveyor of Taxes, and thus avoiding an over 
 assessment of income-tax. 
 
 (3) The ability to present reliable accounts to an 
 
 intending purchaser of the business, who naturally 
 is willing to pay a better price if assured that the 
 profit earned is actually as much as stated. 
 
 (4) The prevention of errors, thus avoiding sales being 
 
 made and not charged to the customer, or accounts 
 being paid twice over. 
 
 (5) The advantage to be derived from a complete record 
 
 of transactions, thus facilitating references as to 
 prices, &c. 
 
 (6) The benefits of an analysis of expenditure that will 
 
 indicate where economies can best be effected, 
 and the advantages to be gained from the ability 
 to compare the expenditure of one year with that 
 of another. 
 
 In devising accounts for a grocer and provision dealer 
 it is necessary to formulate two distinct systems, the one 
 being especially suitable for the requirements of the trader 
 who has only one shop and keeps his own books, and the 
 other being adapted for larger concerns with branch 
 establishments. 
 
 On the present occasion it is only intended to deal with 
 the accounts of the former, and consequently the strictest 
 economy of labour will be aimed at in the system to be 
 described. Alternative modes of recording the transactions 
 
O BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GR0C;ERS 
 
 will be given, and the trader must himself select the 
 method which he considers most convenient for his 
 requirements, but this is merely a question of detail, and 
 in nowise affects the ultimate results to be obtained. 
 
 Sales. 
 
 The orthodox method is to enter each sale in a Day 
 Book and post the entry to the account of the customer 
 in the Sales Ledger, the pages being added to ascertain 
 the total sales for the week or month. 
 
 This system is, however, laborious if the transactions 
 are numerous, and there are various ways in which a 
 saving of clerical work can be effected. 
 
 The Duplicate Invoice System is very suitable for a busi- 
 ness doing a fair amount of credit trade. 
 
 A carbon duplicate is obtained of every invoice, thus 
 obviating the necessity of copying the details into the 
 Day Book, and the posting to the Ledger is made direct 
 from the duplicates, which are numbered consecutively. 
 
 Each day the total of each invoice is entered in a Sum- 
 mary Book, which enables the total sales to be ascertained. 
 
 If any classification of the sales be desired the various 
 items can be dissected by means of analytical columns 
 in the Summary Book. 
 
 For small tradesmen, however, who only have a few 
 credit sales, most of which will probably be paid at the 
 end of the week, a simple and economical device, called 
 the "Small Accounts Keeper," has recently been pro- 
 duced by the Trading and Manufacturing Co., Lim., 
 Temple Bar House, Fleet Street, E.G., of which an 
 illustration is here given. 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 
 
8 BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 It consists of a substantially made file, having a patent 
 swing twin-arch clip, fixed on a wood back, with indexing 
 divisional sheets for each letter. 
 
 At the beginning of the week, when, say. Smith obtains 
 some goods, the particulars are entered on a bill the same 
 size as the file, and preferably in duplicate, and the file 
 opened at letter "S," and the bill put in. 
 
 When Smith orders further goods an additional entry 
 is made on the bill without removing it from the file ; 
 and when he desires to pay, the account is ready, and can 
 be removed and presented to him immediatel}^ the dupli- 
 cate remaining to afford particulars of the sale. 
 
 The totals are then entered in a Summary Book, as 
 already described. 
 
 Combined Day Book and Ledger. — Another method by 
 which the posting from the Day Book to the Ledger can be 
 avoided is to enter all transactions direct into the Ledger, 
 full details of the entries being there given. 
 
 This system is particularly convenient for a Pass Book 
 trade, as the items can be copied into the Pass Book 
 without the labour involved in turning up the items in a 
 Day Book. 
 
 Form No. i is adapted fox weekly customers, the 
 accounts of, say, three persons being shown on one page, 
 which is headed with the week, and space provided for the 
 transactions of each day. The amount of each invoice is 
 entered in the Amount column when the goods are sent 
 out, full particulars being given, and any cash received is 
 posted from the Cash Book in the Cash column. 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMKN. 
 
 
 sj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^t; 
 
 
 ■-^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^• 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 =■1 
 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 •« 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 J3 
 
 
 ^5 
 
 "hJ 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 uoi 
 
 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 •« 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 cu 
 
 
 
 </» 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 s 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 c 
 
 
 S 
 < 
 
 '-f? 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 i . 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 J£ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^" § 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 C) s 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 g :> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 a: ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 o ^ 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 
 
 •-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft: 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 — < 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 •X 
 
 CL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (U 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tj "^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 V 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ss 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <o lO 
 
 S£ 
 
 ■<» 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ s 
 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 
 
 1" 
 
 I§t3 
 
 ^ O 
 
 do 
 
 »^ 
 
 
 
 
 •S^n• 
 
 CJ{« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <u^{ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^•^ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u, K 
 
 6 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l3 
 
 fc 
 
 f"! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c^ 
 
 ■w* 
 
 •Q^j- s °° ^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ■^J- 
 
 
 C) 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 co^O ■<3- »- '- 
 
 ■^ 
 
 >1- 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 r>s 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 ^■^i O '=^ C> 
 
 ,», 
 
 ,^ 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 <^ 
 
 
 
 
 i£ 
 
 •T2 'q-to (O «0 <0 
 
 
 
 
 
 «i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 6 1 
 
 1 
 
 »-*2 C<2. 1 C) O C 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 -OS 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 a. 
 
 ^Sj«, 5, 'S:2s3;«£,5o «^ 
 
 
 <s 
 
 
 :^ 
 
 
 « O t«, S'S^.^«3bo-~ <s^ 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 cq^-, lij OooktO^ t*^ cq 
 
 
 
 
 oo<2> c^^^o^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ »C <M C^l CM <N 
 
 
 
 
 ■-^ o 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
lO BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 At the end of the week each account is added and the 
 balance transferred to another page, the total sales for the 
 week being shown at the bottom, of the page and entered 
 in a Summary Book. 
 
 If the accounts are numerous the labour involved in 
 transferring the weekly balances makes the system too 
 cumbrous, and in such cases Form z is more suitable, a 
 separate page being used for each customer, and the 
 transfer to the Summary Book being only made monthly 
 or quarterly. 
 
 Each transaction is entered in detail, the balance being 
 extended so that the total amount owing by each customer 
 may be seen at a glance from time to time. 
 
 The total of the Sales column shows the sales for the 
 month or quarter, and this amount is transferred to the 
 Summary Book, the balance owing being carried down to 
 the next month or quarter. 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 c 
 a> 
 
 
 < 
 
 h4 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 Q 
 
 u 
 
 7. 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 "A 
 
 > 
 
 O 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 >- 
 
 
 <: 
 
 a 
 
 « 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 •-1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 S 
 
 g 
 
 ^ 
 
 x« 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 LL 
 
 X 
 
 < 
 
 ■^ -1- VO N o o o 
 
 j^O MO o o o 
 
 o ^ o 
 
 o o o 
 
 
 -^ woo 
 
 U3 CO o-l ro 
 
 ^ o 
 o o 
 
 oh 4m 
 
 "*" lO ~!~ " 
 o ^^o 
 
 C l-i S ,n 
 
 (/) ^ n! Cud 
 
 UHHW 
 
 
BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 The Summary Book would be ruled as follows: — 
 
 Form 3. 
 
 Summary for month ending 30 November 1905. 
 
 Fo. 
 
 Name 
 
 Balance at 
 
 com'ence- 
 
 ment of 
 
 month 
 
 Total Sales 
 for 
 
 Month 
 
 Balances 
 
 Cash and Carried 
 
 Returns ; Forward 
 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 
 Thomas Smith .. 
 John Brown 
 H. Adams . . . . 
 &c. &c. 
 
 £ s d 
 
 16 4 
 
 1 5 
 349 
 
 £ s d 
 I 10 
 
 I 10 
 
 268 
 
 £ s d 
 
 17 4 
 
 1 5 
 300 
 
 £ s d 
 
 19 10 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 II 5 
 
 
 £"84 10 8 
 
 £121 3 6 
 
 £114 9 II £91 4 3 
 
 
 
 G.L. II 
 
 1 
 
 The total sales for the month would be posted to the 
 credit of Sales Account in the General Ledger, as explained 
 hereafter. 
 
 If the first two columns be added together, the total will 
 agree with that of the other two columns, thus proving the 
 clerical accuracy of the Sales Book ; whilst another advan- 
 tage of extracting the balances as well as the sales is to 
 furnish the trader with the amount outstanding at the end 
 of each month, and the individual liability of each of 
 his customers, so that he may see if any accounts are 
 growing too large, and be able to press for payment 
 
 where necessary. 
 
 Cask Book. 
 
 In every system of bookkeeping the Cash Book plays the 
 
 most important part, and therefore it is very necessary that 
 
 it be properly written up and regularly balanced, if errors 
 
 are to be avoided. 
 
 If the transactions are numerous, in order to facilitate 
 the writing up, a Rough Cash Book or Till Book will be 
 kept, in which all accounts received will be entered at 
 the time, being copied into the General Cash Book at the 
 end of the dav. 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 
 
 
 •a 
 
 in 
 
 1 
 
 T3 
 ■J) 
 
 Discount 
 
 in 
 
 6 
 
 , 
 
 i-i 
 
 I-I 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 tn 
 
 1 
 
 TS 
 
 s. 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 Q 
 
 ! 
 
 d 
 
 
 j3 
 "a 
 
 i>i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 
 c 
 
 "3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 S 
 
 
 Z 
 
 < 
 
 ^ 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 cu 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 0!! 
 [I. 
 
 < 
 
 
 a: 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 
 ° 
 
 
 
 U] 
 
 
 <U^ 
 
 -C » 
 
 IS 
 
 t/: 
 
 -2 & 
 
 
 C/3 ><! 
 
 
 w 
 
 ^^ 
 
 CO 
 
 
 ^ s 
 
 T3 
 
 tCT3 n 
 
 
 SS& 
 
 (T, 
 
 o --- 
 
 
 ^ e^ 
 
 "^ 
 
 2 « 
 
 •o 
 
 
 C/) 
 
 :h^ 
 
 
 
 '-t? 
 
 <u 
 
 n- 
 
 tic 
 
 
 .2 
 
 
 
 >/l 
 
 u 
 
 
 a! 
 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
 tn 
 
 
 dj 
 
 t: 
 
 -? rt 
 
 
 <3l 
 
 X 
 
 £ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 [/: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 '■mJ 
 
 ON 
 
 
 •J.OA 
 
 / 
 
 c/) 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 CU 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 t: 
 
 c 
 
 
 o 
 
 a-. 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 < 
 
 ^' 
 
 •t^J 
 
 
 •fT'D 
 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 S > 
 
 
 
 
 rt'C 
 
 
 Qg 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 15 
 
 Form 4 is a convenient ruling for a General Cash Book, 
 columns being provided for Discount, Cash, and Bank, 
 thus obviating the necessity of posting the bank transac- 
 tions to a Ledger Account. 
 
 A Petty Cash Book would also be kept, the petty cashier 
 being started with a round sum at the commencement, 
 and a cheque drawn each week for the actual amount of 
 the disbursements. 
 
 For a small business, however, the Cash Book can be 
 so ruled to show at a glance the analysis of the receipts 
 and payments, and if this form be adopted it is not neces- 
 sary to post the various items to Ledger Accounts, the 
 totals only of the various columns being transferred to 
 the General Ledger at the end of each month or quarter. 
 
 The rulings can be altered according to requirements, 
 but the following pattern will explain the method : — 
 
i6 
 
 BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 
 •COO 
 
 to o o 
 
 V^VD 00 
 
 o o 
 
 o 
 
 o o 
 
 ^o • 
 
 VO 
 
 • o o 
 
 mvo 
 
 VO 
 
 w o 
 
 O O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O O 
 
 o 
 
 : ° : 
 
 TfVO 
 
 lO 
 
 <^ 
 
 o o 
 
 
 1>!J>IJ 
 
 CO a js 
 
 rt u tn rt en tn 
 
 _< c« „ njU 
 
 S rt g S rtQ u! rt'^ rt a «QQ oS 
 
 cm -en S r- rn 
 "3 12 c's'S^Q 
 
 & ts s e 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 
 
 17 
 
 
 u 
 
 OS 
 D 
 H 
 
 H 
 z 
 
 u 
 
 0. 
 
 x 
 W 
 
 b. 
 
 
 i 
 
 < 
 
 z 
 
 <: 
 
 
 
 i2 
 
 n 
 
 i 
 
 
 - 
 
 c 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 it 
 
 -a 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 73 00 
 t« mo 
 ^ 00 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 -O 
 
 : : : 
 
 
 
 VO 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 ;? 
 
 
 -O 
 
 ^ * * ■ ' 
 
 H 
 
 u 
 
 s 
 
 Tf 
 
 J3 
 
 IS 
 
 
 T3 ° 
 «1 . . • . . 
 
 ^ - ' * 
 
 
 < 
 
 m 
 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 < 
 
 73 
 (fl . . . -"J- . ... 
 
 
 
 «l 
 
 ^ 
 
 J5 : : : % : : : : 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 ■< 
 
 03 
 
 •a 00 
 
 in ^ "OO ■* _ 
 S^2" ' vo « ■ 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 •OOO 00 000 
 
 "^ . ° " . . "* .*° _ vo M CO 
 ^ '"VO • •;h_ -VOO • Mcoco O) 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ON JaqonoA 
 
 '-f? 
 
 
 
 o\ 
 
 
 i2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 By Rice & Co.— Cheque . . 
 
 » Eggs 
 
 „ Bank 
 
 „ District and Poor Rate 
 
 to 25th Mar.— Cheque 
 » Rent to 29th Sept. Do. 
 
 „ Bank 
 
 „ Grind & Mix, Lim.— 
 
 Cheque 
 
 „ Bank 
 
 „ Yeast 
 
 „ Cash from Bank 
 
 ,/ Sundry Payments as 
 
 per Book 
 
 ;Sr:: :: :: 
 
 „ Cash in hand— 
 
 £42 
 730 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 0} 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 N a a a mvo a tsaaa aaa 
 
 
 
 
l8 BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 The two Cash columns (Nos. 6 and ii) show the total 
 cash received and paid away, and the Bank columns (7 
 and 12) record the payments into and out of bank. 
 
 The first entry will be the amount of cash actually in 
 hand and at bank. 
 
 As the Sales Accounts are received from customers the 
 amount is entered in the Cash column under " Customers' 
 Accounts," the discount being shown in the column pro- 
 vided for the purpose. Any returns can also be put 
 through the "Discounts" column, but, if numerous, it is 
 better to use a separate Returns Book. 
 
 At the end of the day the Cash Sales will be entered 
 (Column 5) and the total amount taken placed in the Cash 
 column, together with any private receipts, which will be 
 entered separately. 
 
 It is by far the best plan to pay the whole of the takings 
 direct into the bank, Cash being credited and Bank debited 
 with the sum paid in. 
 
 Payments out of cash will be entered in the Cash 
 column, a record being kept in a memorandum book of 
 petty disbursements — such as Carriage, Stamps, &c., the 
 totals being passed through the Cash Book weekly. 
 
 Any cheques given in payment of accounts are placed 
 direct to the credit of the bank, and cheques drawn for 
 " Selves " will be credited to the Bank and debited to Cash. 
 
 At the end of the week the Cash columns are added, and 
 the balance, which must agree with the amount actually 
 in hand, carried down. It is usual to only balance the 
 Bank columns monthly or half-yearly. 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 
 
 '9 
 
 The payments, instead of being posted to Ledger 
 Accounts, will be analysed under their respective head- 
 ings, the posting to the Bought Book being made from 
 Column 13. 
 
 These analytical columns will be added monthly and 
 posted to the General Ledger, as explained hereafter. 
 
 If a large credit trade is done, the Duplicate Receipt 
 Book can be made to serve the purpose of an Accounts 
 Received Book. Each receipt will be numbered consecu- 
 tively, and a carbon duplicate obtained, the postings to 
 the Ledger being made from these duplicates, and the 
 total amount only of each day's takings entered in the 
 Cash Book. 
 
 The following form will explain the idea 
 
 Form 7. Original Receipts. 
 
 (10 on a page.) 
 
 No. 56 
 
 No. 51 
 
 
 21st November 1905 
 
 Received from 
 
 Received from Mr. Smith 
 
 pound shillings 
 
 One pound six shillings and two 
 
 pence. 
 
 
 pence. 
 
 
 T"*i<;r'nnnf 
 
 Cash 
 
 
 
 Discount 
 
 £ s d 
 
 Cash 
 £ s d 
 
 £ s d 
 
 i s d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 016 
 
 I 6 2 
 
 
 
 
 ' ' 
 
 No. 57 
 
 No. 52 
 
bookkeeping for retail grocers 
 Duplicate. 
 
 Discount 
 
 Cash 
 
 
 
 Discount 
 
 Cash 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 j 
 
 © 
 
 51 
 
 V i2oy sm 
 
 One 
 
 Nov 
 
 ith 
 
 six 
 
 
 
 em 
 
 I 
 
 be 
 6 
 
 r 
 
 tw 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 © 
 
 52 
 
 ^"^ 22nd 
 
 I i6i / Jon 
 
 Nov 
 es 
 
 four 
 
 
 
 em 
 
 2 
 
 be 
 
 2 
 
 r 
 
 eig 
 
 2 
 
 ht 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 All cash payments should, if possible, be made out of 
 a round sum kept in hand, and not out of the till, all 
 takings being paid direct into the bank, and accounts paid 
 by cheque wherever practicable. 
 
 It is a very wise precaution to balance the cash daily, 
 the amount being entered in a book kept for the purpose, 
 so that, if the cash at the end of the week does not balance, 
 the errors can be more easily traced. 
 Purchases. 
 
 Invoices for goods purchased should, when received, 
 be checked off with the goods, prices compared, and 
 initialled, any overcharges or trade discounts being 
 deducted in red ink. 
 
 It is also very desirable that a Goods Inwards Book be 
 used, and particulars of all goods received entered 
 im.mediately upon receipt. 
 
 In a large business a Purchase Journal (Form 8) should 
 be kept, in which will be entered not only the invoices for 
 goods, but also those for expenses, an account being 
 opened for each creditor in the Bought Ledger, to which 
 the various amounts will be credited, the items being 
 analysed in the Purchase Journal in the respective columns 
 to which they belong. 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 "XS 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 o 
 
 tn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 < 
 
 «H? 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 < 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <D 
 
 
 
 
 JZ 
 
 o c 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 ^ a;! 
 
 73 
 
 
 -lis 
 
 CO 
 
 
 !- rt5 a 
 
 
 t 1 
 
 X ^^ 
 
 ^H? 
 
 
 
 T! 
 
 
 fe-o 
 
 
 1 
 
 -C o 
 
 U5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Oo 
 
 <-^J 
 
 1 
 
 </> 
 
 'O 
 
 
 > s 
 
 
 
 S.2 
 
 (A 
 
 1 
 
 0-1.2 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 ^i 
 
 
 </) 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 'O 
 
 
 'u 
 
 
 
 
 (fl 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 '-^^ 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 S>IDES 
 
 
 
 JO -ON 
 
 
 
 c^-^ 
 
 13 
 
 
 ill 
 
 en 
 
 
 <^6 
 
 S^ 
 
 
 •od -pai 1 
 
 <j) 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 "3 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 -0 
 
 
 
 Oh 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 
 a! 
 
 
 
 x: 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 1- 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Dh 
 
 
 
 z: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "C 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 •ON 
 
 
 
 90IOAUT 
 
 
 
 (U 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
BOOKKEEPING KOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 The invoices should be numbered and filed, or posted in 
 a Guard Book in numerical order. 
 
 Sometimes the use of the Journai is dispensed with, the 
 posting being made direct from the invoice, the various 
 accounts being analysed on the opposite page of the Guard 
 Book. 
 
 Form 9. 
 
 Guard Book. 
 
 
 
 
 Fo. 
 
 Bought 
 Ledger 
 
 Analysis 
 
 
 Invoice 
 
 
 £ s d 
 
 
 
 
 
 Invoice 
 
 
 
 
 Invoice 
 
 
 
 &c. 
 
 
 For a small business, however, where the analysed form 
 of Cash Book is adopted, it is only necessary to pass 
 invoices for goods through the Goods Bought Book, and 
 this can be made to serve the purpose of both Journal 
 and Ledger. 
 
 All invoices should be filed immediately on receipt, 
 and at the end of the month, or earlier, if paid before that 
 time, the whole of each firm's invoices should be fastened 
 together with a paper clip and the statement attached. 
 
 The total amount can then be entered in the Goods 
 Bought Book, the following being a convenient ruling for 
 a moderately sized retail business. 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 T3 000 
 cf, CO 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 73 
 
 1 
 
 a: : 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 -0 
 t^ 
 
 
 
 'O 0000000 
 
 <n 0000 mmoo 
 
 93 
 
 vS vo vo vo >3 >8 VO 
 
 
 vo comooo 
 
 M N N CO M M CO 
 
 > 
 
 
 1 
 < 
 
 TS 0000 
 
 cfl : ! ; ° 2 I ^^ ° 
 
 J2 
 
 'OO-^OOOO 00 000 
 OT CO • «nao • U-. m 
 
 t^O t^O 00 ■* -* W HI M W 
 
 1 
 
 
 §2228 ::::::: 
 
 
 ^: :::::::::: : 
 
 i-i 
 
 °222gjHhc^s 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 
 : : : : : S : : : : : : 
 
 <^ . . 
 
 0) ■ • r; • • • 
 
 S CO 
 
 u So ^^ 
 
 90IOAUI 
 JO -ON 
 
 < :a ::;;;'::; 
 
 
 s 
 
 
24 BOOKKEEPING FOR RKTAII, GROCERS 
 
 Although a little more work, it is better to show the 
 amount of each invoice, this being given in the Details 
 column, and the total carried out into the Amount column. 
 
 When paid, the cash will be posted from the Cash Book 
 (Form 6, Column 13), any discount or allowance being 
 shown in the column provided. 
 
 At the end of the month the Amount column is added 
 to ascertain the total goods purchased, whilst the amount 
 owing is, of course, apparent from day to day. 
 
 If an analysis of the purchases be desired, columns 
 similar to those in Form S can be added and the invoices 
 dissected. 
 
 Returns should be entered in red ink in the Cash 
 column, and deducted from the total purchases at the end 
 of the month. 
 
 Sacks. 
 
 If sacks are charged and not allowed for until the Sack 
 Tickets are presented, by means of the columns provided 
 in the form given a continuous check can be kept. 
 
 The total amount of the invoice, including the charge 
 for sacks, will be entered in the Amount column, and the 
 number of sacks in the " Sacks now charged " column. 
 
 When returned, the number sent back should be entered 
 in a Memorandum Book, a page being used for each 
 miller, and the number of the Sack Ticket also given. 
 
 When allowed for, the total amount of the tickets and 
 number of sacks should be crossed off in the Memorandum 
 Book and entered in the Sacks Allowed column, being part 
 of the credit that settles the corresponding invoices. 
 
 The balance should then be carried forward to the next 
 invoice in the Sacks-Balance column. 
 
 This balance will consist of sacks in hand, sent to 
 customers, or returned and not allowed for, and in this 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. . 25 
 
 way it is possible to tell if any are missing, effectually 
 preventing Sack Tickets being lost and never claimed. 
 
 If an ordinary Bought Ledger be used, the best manner 
 to deal with sacks is to place the number charged in an 
 inside column on the credit side of the Ledger Account, 
 and the number returned in an inside column on the 
 debit ; then, when allowed for, mark off against the sacks 
 Teturned the date when allowed by the miller. 
 
 By this method any sacks in the inner column not 
 marked off have to be allowed at the next settlement, the 
 difference between the two columns giving the number 
 of sacks in hand. 
 
 For a small retail trader the only books required in 
 addition to a General Ledger are, therefore — 
 
 (i) Analysed Cash Book (Form 6), 
 
 (2) Goods Bought Book (Form 10), 
 
 unless he sells on credit, when he must adopt some system 
 to record his sales. 
 
 For a larger business the following books will be 
 needed : — 
 
 (i) Sales Day Book and Ledger (or some alternative 
 method of recording sales. See pp. 6 to 12, 
 and Forms i, 2, and 3). 
 
 (2) Purchase Journal and Ledger, or combined book 
 
 (Forms 8, g, and 10), 
 
 (3) General Cash Book (Form 4). 
 
 (4) Petty Cash Book (Form 5). 
 
 The trader who adopts one of these systems is then in 
 a position to ascertain at any time — 
 
 (i) Total Credit Sales, from Day Book 01 Summary. 
 (2) Total Cash Sales, from Cash Book. 
 
26 . BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 (3) Total Allowances to Customers, from Returns Book 
 
 or Cash Book. 
 
 (4) Total Goods Purchased, from Purchase Journal or 
 
 Goods Bought Book. 
 
 (5) Total Allowances by Creditors from Cash Book or 
 
 Goods Bought Book, if Form 10 be adopted. 
 
 (6) Total Expenses, sub-divided according to require- 
 
 ments from Analysed Cash Book, or, in case of 
 larger trader, from Purchase Journal and Cash 
 Book. 
 
 (7) Total Debts due by Customers, from Sales Ledger. 
 
 (8) Total Creditors, from Bought Ledger or Goods 
 
 Bought Book. 
 
 (9) Total Drawings, from Cash Book. 
 
 (10) Cash at Bank or in hand, from Cash Book. 
 
 Stock should be taken every year, and in some cases it 
 is desirable to keep a Stock Book, all goods bought being 
 shown at both cost and selling prices. 
 
 Then if the Purchases, less Returns, calculated at selling 
 prices, be added to the stock at the commencement, also 
 'taken at selling price, and the actual sales deducted, the 
 balance should equal the stock on hand valued on the 
 same basis. 
 
 As, however, goods are not sold at a uniform price, this 
 method is by no means an infallible check, but after it has 
 been in operation for some time an average rate of differ- 
 ences is obtained, and when this discrepancy is allowed for 
 the results will prove better than theoretically would 
 appear at first sight. 
 
 We will now assume that the trader obtains the neces- 
 sary books, and desires to commence the new system on 
 the ist January. 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. ^ 27 
 
 The first step is to take, stock, or estimate the value at 
 the 31st December, after which he must prepare schedules 
 of his assets and liabilities. 
 
 Lists will be made of — 
 
 (i> Stock-in-trade as taken or estimated. 
 
 (2) Fixtures and Fittings. 
 
 (3) Horses, Carts, and Harness. 
 
 (4) Sundry Debtors, showing any doubtful debts. 
 
 (5) Balance at bank and Cash in hand. 
 
 (6) Sundry Creditors. 
 
 (7) Apportionments of payments in advance or provision 
 
 for expenses accrued due. 
 
 Having obtained these particulars an opening Balance 
 Sheet will be prepared in the General Ledger, the balance 
 of which represents the capital of the trader at the 
 31st December. ' 
 
 This Balance Sheet may be assumed to be as follows : — 
 
28 
 
 BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 (2 
 
 u 
 
 •a 
 
 ^ S 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 o 
 
 X) o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 VO O 
 
 ■+ 
 
 o 
 
 r 
 
 2 
 
 in 
 
 o o» 
 
 o o 
 
 
 o oo 
 
 O ^n 
 
 
 ro O w 
 
 r 
 
 
 o 
 
 ■j^o 
 
 ^.S 
 
 I— 1 in >o m CQ M 
 
 ^"^ 
 
 
 i^tt;>5 
 
 S '^ o 9 
 
 §•5 S S 
 
 S rt S OJ 
 
 ME 
 
 O ro 
 VO « 
 
 o o o 
 
 O O VO 
 O N o 
 
 J J m vn m 
 
 EQO *^ " " 
 
 •^^ 
 
 1-1 « 
 ■^ V o 
 
 ^ » 0) cfl •> 
 
AND OTHER TRADKSMEN. 
 
 29 
 
 The General Ledger will be divided into two parts, 
 separate books being often used, and the following 
 accounts will be opened : — 
 Private Ledger portion — 
 
 G.L. (i) Capital Account. 
 (10) Drawings Account. 
 (15) Fixtures and Fittings. 
 (20) Horses, Carts, and Harness. 
 (25) Stock-in-Trade. 
 Nominal Ledger portion — 
 G.L. (100) Credit Sales, 
 (no) Cash Sales. 
 (120) Goods Purchased. 
 (130') Salaries and Wages. 
 (135) Carriage. 
 
 (140) Horse Keep and Stable Expenses. 
 . (145) Rent, Rates, Insurance, Gas, and Water. 
 (150) Trade Expenses. 
 (155) Discounts and Allowances. 
 (160) Bad Debts. 
 
 (165) Bank Interest and Commission. 
 (170) Income-tax. 
 
 Strictly speaking, a Journal should be used for the open- 
 ing entries, but this may be dispensed with, and transfers 
 made direct to the various accounts from the opening 
 Balance Sheet. For example : — 
 
 Fixtures and F^ittings. 
 
 1905 
 Jan. I 
 
 Ifo. 
 
 £ s d 
 
 
 To value at I 
 
 
 
 this date as ! 
 
 
 j 
 
 estimated, 
 
 
 
 transferred 
 
 
 
 from Open- 
 
 
 
 ing Balance 
 
 
 
 Sheet . . 75 
 
 120 
 
 
 Fo. 
 
 £ s d 
 
3© BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 Similar entries will be made in their respective accounts 
 for Horses, Carts, and Harness, and Stack-in-Trade. 
 
 The amount of Sundry Debtors will equal the various 
 balances in the Sales Ledger, and the same applies to the 
 Sundry Creditors, which will be shown in detail in the 
 Bought Ledger. 
 
 The Cash at bank and in hand are the opening entries 
 in the Cash Book. 
 
 It will be observed that provision has been made for 
 Rent, Gas, and Water accrued ^due, and these amounts 
 must be credited to the Ledger Account, being a set-off 
 against the amounts subsequently paid. 
 
 The Rates, Insurance, and Telephone Rent have, how- 
 ever, been paid in advance, and the proportion unexpired 
 has to be debited, as the benefit will be received during 
 the coming year. 
 
 The provision for Doubtful Debts is credited to Bad 
 Debts Account, so that if these amounts are not recovered 
 the loss can be charged against the sum provided. 
 
 Having completed these entries, the Capital Account 
 will be credited with the surplus of assets over liabilities, 
 as shown by the Balance Sheet. 
 
 The various accounts in the Nominal Ledger portion of 
 the General Ledger are practically summaries of the 
 different items of income and expenditure composing the 
 Trading Account, to which the totals of the analytical 
 columns are posted. The following table indicates the 
 account to which the items will be posted. 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 
 
 31 
 
 Nature of Book from which 
 
 Item posting made 
 
 Credit vSales Sales Day Book or 
 
 Sales Summary 
 Book 
 Cash Salfs I Cash Book 
 
 Allowances to ^ Cash Book 
 Customers 
 
 Debit 
 
 or Account 
 
 Credit 
 
 Credit Credit Sales 
 
 Credit Cash Sales 
 Debit Discounts 
 
 and Allow- 
 ances 
 
 When 
 Posted 
 
 Weekly 
 
 Weekly 
 Monthly 
 
 Note: — If a Return Book be used, the total returns would be 
 posted to the debit of Sales Account. 
 
 Goods Pur- 
 
 Bought Book or 
 
 Debit 
 
 Goods Pur- 
 
 Monthly 
 
 chased 
 
 Purchase Journal 
 
 
 chased 
 
 
 Cash Purchases 
 
 Cash Book 
 
 Debit 
 
 Goods Pur- 
 chased 
 
 Monthly 
 
 or 
 Quart'rly 
 Monthly 
 
 Discounts and 
 
 Goods Bought Book 
 
 Credit 
 
 Discounts 
 
 Allowances 
 
 or Cash Book 
 
 
 and Allow- 
 
 
 made by 
 
 (Form 4) 
 
 
 ances 
 
 
 Creditors 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sacks returned 
 
 Goods Bought Book 
 or Returns Book 
 
 Credit 
 
 Goods Pur- 
 chased 
 
 Monthly 
 
 Expenses 
 
 *Cash Book 
 
 Debit 
 
 Various Ac- 
 counts in 
 Nominal 
 Ledger 
 according 
 to nature 
 
 *M'nthly 
 
 or 
 Quart'rly 
 
 Drawings 
 
 Cash Book 
 
 Debit 
 
 Drawings 
 Account 
 
 Monthly 
 
 or 
 Quart'rly 
 
 *Note: — If a General Cash Book (Form 4) and Purchase Journal 
 (Form 8) were used, the Expenses Accounts would be 
 posted from the separate items in the Cash Book, and 
 the totals of the analytical columns in the Purchase 
 Journal and Petty Cash Book (Form 5). 
 
 All additions having been made and postings completed, 
 at the end of the year the various debit and credit balances 
 will be extracted, and if no clerical errors have crept in 
 tha totals will agree. 
 
 Adjustments are then necessary for expenses accrued 
 due and payments in advance. Some prefer to open 
 Suspense Accounts and transfer these items, but the more 
 simple method is to merely debit or credit the amount 
 and bring it down as a balance. Any debts absolutely 
 irrecoverable should be written off to Bad Debts Account, 
 
32 BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 whilst a provision ought to be made for any balances 
 which are doubtful. 
 
 Depreciation has also to be provided for, the amount, 
 being credited to the asset and debited to the Trading 
 Account. 
 
 After these adjustments have been effected, the various 
 balances in the Nominal Ledger can be transferred to the 
 Trading and Profit and Loss Accounts, and a Balance 
 Sheet prepared. 
 
 The following specimen accounts will explain the 
 method described. 
 
UMWEP^SiTY 
 
 AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 
 
 33 
 
 
 >—,^, 
 
 73 00 O 
 
 
 ^2 
 
 « 
 
 fKlH 
 
 •■ 
 
 o ^ 
 
 g; 
 
 H ~ 
 
 t. 
 
 „ 
 
 
 lom 
 
 LL 
 
 &s 
 
 
 Q 
 
34 
 
 BOOKKEEIMNG FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 ^3 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 OO Tj- 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 „ „ 
 
 
 
 cyi 
 
 tN 
 
 
 
 
 
 -1 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 ■+tN, 
 
 
 
 -+ 
 
 tn 
 
 ■^fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~;" 
 
 
 
 u ".' 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 d, 
 
 
 
 
 &< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 Oao 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 O vo 
 
 
 >0 O VO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 N 
 
 o 
 
 
 <s 
 
 o 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■-fj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 S^ 
 
 • 
 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 
 8 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 -2 
 
 (/] 
 
 
 X 
 
 -< 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 _o 
 
 
 
 
 
 UJ 
 
 
 <u 
 
 tic 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ■> 
 
 0) S 
 
 rt 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 s 
 
 .£ 
 
 "5 
 
 
 
 
 '> 
 
 
 
 
 
 >1 
 
 
 
 
 a! 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 >^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >. 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 pa 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 lO 
 
 
 
 
 <rj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u^<^ 
 
 an 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 w ca 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■fl 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 D OOO 
 
 •* 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t/5 
 
 
 
 V. 
 
 3 COO 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 Oi 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 !^o^oo 
 
 OTO 
 
 
 ro 
 
 T^- 
 
 ■* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V? 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 n-i 
 
 N 
 
 rn 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 (I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o oo 
 
 
 
 
 
 o o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 OVO 
 
 
 
 
 
 o o 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ro o 
 
 ,_, 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 O m 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■H? 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 = 
 
 ' 
 
 = 
 
 Cj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 <2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 aJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rt 1 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 t; 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 s 
 
 = 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 <: 
 
 
 ., 
 
 H) 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 c 
 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _C 
 
 
 
 oi 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 C/l 
 
 
 tfl 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 <U 
 
 3 
 
 D 
 
 _aj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 1.^ 
 
 35 
 
 ? 
 
 'u 
 
 ' 
 
 = 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 a. 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 &, 
 
 
 
 
 ex 
 
 o 
 h 
 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 » 
 
 - 
 
 * 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 en 
 
 Jn 
 
 "^ 
 
 ?n 
 
 
 
 
 
 lo to 
 
 Id 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 35 
 
 The Drawings Account will be transferred to the debit 
 of the Capital Account, to which the profit earned as 
 shown by the Profit and Loss Account is credited. The 
 Stock at the ist January is debited to Trading Account, 
 the Stock as taken on 31st December 1905 being debited 
 to Stock Account and credited to the Trading Account. 
 
 The Trading and Profit and Loss Accounts and 
 Balance Sheet will then be as follow: — 
 
36 
 
 BOOKKKEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 vo ao 
 
 
 CO HI f 
 •u l^ m 
 
 M T)- 
 
 ro 
 
 
 >-' 
 
 
 
 30 VO 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 
 >nrx 
 
 <^ 
 
 
 row 
 
 VO 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 TSOO >o 
 
 M 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 O r^ >n Ti- en 
 
 30 VOVO 
 
 
 O O 
 
 
 invovo 
 
 CO 
 
 Tf 
 
 
 
 N « O « M 
 
 O O fx 
 
 
 o o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v^ O O 
 
 „ 
 
 \r) 
 
 ' 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t» 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P'~ 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 cj 
 
 
 ^s^ 
 
 6 
 
 If? 8 
 
 S" 
 
 vn 
 
 CO 
 
 K 
 
 ■T3 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 -a 
 
 
 ..'. 
 
 
 f- 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ t: • 
 
 « 0) c 
 
 
 -1 
 
 88 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 § 
 
 O 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 -rt «^w So 2.^ 
 
 to 
 
 rt rt nj 
 
 i 
 
 ft 
 
 It 
 
 ■J^O 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 y^Cjffi K HQ 
 
 CQffl 
 
 »~^ 
 
 
 cq 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 ^.. . .. 
 
 a a 
 
 a 
 
 
 ' 
 
 W M 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 
 
 >o CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 »0 ro 
 
 
 
 
 
 o\j: 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 ad 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 
 
 37 
 
 2 - 
 
 ns MM 
 
 CO 
 
 ! 
 
 (n -^O 
 
 -* 
 
 
 
 
 
 m T^ 
 
 Iv 
 
 
 ^ J? 
 
 ■^J 
 
 
 -a 
 
 - . . 1 
 
 ^ ■ ■ 
 
 ^ ^-: 
 
 o 
 
 bo • • 1 
 
 .c • • 1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 « 
 
 
 hi : : 
 
 5 v> 
 
 o 0) 
 
 «•. *-> 
 
 C.^ 03 
 
 « s c 
 
 
 
 CQ ra 
 
 =^ 
 
 a 
 
 
 ui<7 
 
 8>g 
 
 "Q 
 
 -O O fO 
 
 ro 
 
 
 w o -"i- 
 
 ■+ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^^^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 c? 
 
 
 -c 
 
 e/! . 
 
 «-« ' 
 
 hJ O 
 
 K. « 
 
 o" 
 
 . 1 *- . 
 
 I O (D I 
 
 -^Zm 
 
 « s 
 
 rt.5 <u 
 
 u^5 
 
 >^ o •-' 
 
 a z o 
 
 hZ --^ 
 
 <u^ C<S 
 
 com 
 rans 
 cou 
 Pro 
 
 £h 
 
 ° - i 
 
 ^ 
 
 „ 
 
 tn^ 
 
 §^S 
 
 "Q 
 
 
 ! 
 
38 
 
 BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 o t^ 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 M O 
 
 ^ o 
 
 o o 
 
 M O 
 
 o OX) 
 
 "-) O i£> 
 NOW 
 
 
 vT'-^ 
 
 "O CO 
 
 ■ s »- 
 
 . O n! 
 
 ■.OP- 
 
 qs 
 
 ^^'-l 
 
 o o o 
 o o t^ 
 
 O to o 
 
 
 
 O 0) 
 
 m 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 39 
 
 Iticotne-tax. 
 
 The neglect to keep proper accounts is, generally speak- 
 ing, the chief reason why so many traders are over 
 assessed, for the Surveyors are always willing to treat the 
 taxpayer in the fairest possible manner if returns are 
 furnished that can be relied upon as correct. • 
 
 The Government year for income-tax purposes ends on 
 the 5th April, and the basis of assessment is the average 
 profit of three years preceding that date, so that if the 
 trader makes up his books to the 31st December the 
 return for 1905-6 will be the average profit for the three 
 years ending 31st December 1902, 1903, and 1904. 
 
 If the business has been commenced within the three 
 years an average is taken from the date of commencing 
 same. 
 
 It must always be remembered that certain deductions 
 which are made before the profit earned by a business can 
 be ascertained, are not allowed by the Commissioners. 
 
 This, at first sight, may seem strange, but it must be 
 borne in mind that it is the income of the individual, 
 and not of the business, that is really taxed, the income of 
 the business being assessed in order that the principle of 
 taxing income at its source may be carried out. 
 
 If the following list of deductions not allowed be 
 examined the equity of this arrangement will be apparent, 
 as to allow such deductions would be unfair to taxpayers 
 whose incomes were derived from other sources. 
 
 The deductions not allowable are: — 
 
 (i) Any loss not connected with or arising out of trade, 
 such as losses made through speculations in shares 
 or property. 
 
 (2) Withdrawals of Capital or Investments. 
 
40 BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 (3) Expenditure on improvements, or sums written off 
 
 for depreciation, although an amount, generally 
 not exceeding 5 per cent., will as a rule be allowed 
 for wear and tear of plant and machinery, whilst 
 all repairs are chargeable. 
 
 (4) Disbursements not connected with trade, such as 
 
 voluntary subscriptions. 
 
 (5) Interest on Capital, or annual interests or payments 
 
 out of profits on which tax should be deducted on 
 making the payment. 
 
 (6) Partners' Salaries, as these are part of the income 
 
 of the partners. 
 (7* Reserves for Bad Debts, although debts actually 
 bad or doubtful may be charged. 
 
 (8) Losses recoverable under a contract of insurance. 
 
 (9) Household Expenses. 
 
 (10) Income-tax. 
 
 (11) Losses by fire, excepting damage to stock. 
 
 (12) Preliminary Expenses incurred in the flotation of a 
 
 company. 
 
 If the taxpayer resides on his business premises he can 
 only charge two-thirds of the net annual value as rent, 
 and the rates, gas, and water must also be apportioned. 
 
 If, however, he is occupier of his own premises, he is 
 entitled to charge the net assessment under Schedule A, 
 or two-thirds of such am^ount if he resides on the 
 premises. 
 
 In the case of a firm it is often desirable for the partners 
 to be separately assessed, so that they may obtain the 
 benefits of the abatements on incomes under ;!^7oo, whilst 
 claim can also be made for life insurance premiums pay- 
 able to a British oflice not exceeding one-sixth of the total 
 assessable income, although this latter does not reduce the 
 income for the purpose of obtaining abatement. 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 4! 
 
 The exemptions and abatements made are as follow: — 
 
 Income 
 
 Abatement 
 
 If the Income from all sources 
 does not exceed 3^160 per annum 
 
 Exceeding £160 and under £400 . . 
 
 H 400 „ 500 . . 
 
 H 500 „ 600 . . 
 
 „ 600 „ 700 . . 
 Over £700 
 
 No Tax payable. 
 
 £^60. 
 
 150. 
 
 120. 
 70. 
 No Abatement. 
 
 The income from all sources, whether taxed or not, 
 must be stated in the form to be filled up claiming abate- 
 ment, and the income of the wife must be included, unless 
 she carries on a business separate from her husband and 
 the total joint earnings do not exceed ;^5oo, in which case 
 they may claim to be separately assessed. 
 
 If the taxpayer does not make a return, or if the Com- 
 missioners are dissatisfied with the amount of his return, 
 the Commissioners will themselves assess him at the 
 amount they consider reasonable. 
 
 In that case the taxpayer, as soon as he receives notice 
 of the assessment, should, if he so wishes, appeal at once, 
 by giving notice of his intention to the Surveyor of Taxes 
 within ten days, and must then appear before the Com- 
 missioners at the time and place fixed for the hearing of 
 th<^ appeal, and produce a detailed statement of accounts 
 to substantiate his claim. 
 
 Usually if the taxpayer calls upon the Surveyor and 
 submits accounts the assessment will be reduced to the 
 correct amount, and attendance before the Commissioners 
 excused. 
 
 If, however, notice of appeal be not given within the 
 requisite time, or if at the end of the year the trader finds 
 his profits have fallen short, he may claim repayment of 
 the tax overpaid. Claims for repayment under Schedule 
 
42 BOOKKEEPING FOR RETAIL GROCERS 
 
 D must be made within, or at the end of, the year of 
 assessment, although claims for repayment where tax has 
 been paid by deduction, and the taxpayer is entitled to 
 exemption or abatement, or for life insurance premiums, 
 may be made within three years after the end of the year 
 in respect of which the tax was paid. In the case of 
 claims under Section 133 of the 1842 Act, repayment will 
 only be made if the profits of the year of assessment are 
 less than the profits for one year on a three years' 
 average, including the year of assessment. 
 
 Strictly speaking, if the new average is less than the 
 actual profits earned, no claim can be made, but in practice 
 the authorities make a concession, and allow the assess- 
 ment to be reduced either to the actual profit or the new 
 average, whichever is the greater. 
 
 Further relief is also granted under Section 23 of the 
 Customs and Inland Revenue Act, 1890, for the taxpayer 
 can, by giving notice of appeal within six months after 
 the year of assessment, set off any loss under one schedule, 
 or in one business, against a profit under another schedule 
 or in another business, and can claim repayment where 
 necessary to the extent of the loss, provided such claim 
 does not exceed the tax paid. 
 
 Income-tax is generally unpopular, but the taxpayer is 
 the one who is most to blame. The Surveyor is usually 
 regarded as an enemy instead of a friend ; and if the 
 persons called upon to bear their burden of State expendi- 
 ture would only take him into their confidence, and supply 
 him with the accounts he requires, they would find him 
 only too willing to settle the assessment at the correct 
 figure. 
 
 The taxpayer who has not submitted accounts has no 
 real cause to grumble if the Commissioners will not 
 accept his return, for the provisions of the income-tax 
 laws are so complicated that a great number of persons who 
 
AND OTHER TRADESMEN. 43 
 
 honestly believe they have made correct returns have failed 
 to do so from wrong ideas of what deductions can legally 
 be made from the gross income. 
 
 And, on the other hand, many traders to-day are paying 
 far more than their fair share of the tax, merely through 
 neglect to keep a correct record of their transactions. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 In these days of keen competition no trader can afford 
 not to keep proper books. 
 
 If, as he hopes, his business is to increase, he must 
 know his financial position before he can launch out in a 
 larger way. 
 
 Unless he can prepare a Trading Account he is also 
 unable to tell whether he is making the gross profit which 
 he thinks he ought to earn ; whilst without a systematic 
 record of expenses it is often difficult to know where to 
 effect economies. 
 
 The method described is only intended for a small or 
 m.oderately sized shop. The larger trader must have 
 further details ; he must departmentalise, so that he can 
 locate weak spots ; he must prepare statistical records, so 
 that he can compare the percentages of one period with 
 another ; he must be able by means of his system of book- 
 keeping to check the various employes who are not always 
 under his personal supervision. 
 
 Although a properly ruled set of books may entail a little 
 extra cost at the outset, yet this should not deter any business 
 man from spending a few shillings on books that may save 
 hira pounds, whilst the results obtainable will amply repay 
 him for the time occupied. 
 
 >^ or THE 
 
 UNWERS 
 
 OF 
 
 CAf irc 
 
INDEX. 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 A 
 
 
 Accounts Received Book . . 
 
 . . 19, 20 
 
 Advantages of Correct Bookkeeping 
 
 5 
 
 Analysed Cash Book 
 
 .. 15-19 
 
 Appeals for Repayment of Income-Tax 
 
 . . 40-42 
 
 Apportionments for Rates, &c. 
 
 .. 30, 31 
 
 Assessment for Income-Tax 
 
 .. 39-42 
 
 B 
 
 
 Bad Debts 
 
 .. 31,32 
 
 Balance Sheet . . . . . . . . 2 
 
 7. 28, 38 
 
 Bank Account . . 
 
 13, 15-18 
 
 Books required . . 
 
 25 
 
 C 
 
 
 Cash Book 
 
 . . 12-20 
 
 „ „ Petty 
 
 .. 14. 15 
 
 „ Rough 
 
 12 
 
 ,, Purchases .. . . .. .. i 
 
 4. 15, 31 
 
 ,, Sales 
 
 . . 18. 31 
 
 Credit Sales 
 
 6-12, 33 
 
 Combined Day Book and Ledger , . 
 
 .. 8-11 
 
 D 
 
 
 Day Book 
 
 6 
 
 „ ,, Combined, and Ledger . . 
 
 .. 8-11 
 
 Deductions not allowed for Income-Tax 
 
 . . 39. 40 
 
 Depreciation 
 
 32 
 
 Discount .. .. .. .. 15,26,31 
 
 Drawings 
 
 • •35 
 
 Duplicate Invoice System 
 
 E 
 Essentials to Business Success 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 Expenses 
 
 20, 29-31 
 
 „ accrued due 
 
 .. 30, 31 
 
46 
 
 General Ledger . . 
 Goods Bought Book 
 , , Inward Book 
 Guard Book 
 
 Horses, Carts, and Harness 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 G 
 
 Impersonal Accounts 
 
 .. 
 
 Income-Tax 
 
 
 Invoices 
 
 .. 
 
 
 N 
 
 Nominal Ledger.. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 O 
 
 Opening Entries . . 
 
 .. 
 
 
 P 
 
 Payments in Advance 
 
 
 Petty Cash Book.. 
 
 .. 
 
 Posting Table . . 
 
 
 Profit and Loss Account 
 
 
 Purchase Journal 
 
 .. 
 
 Purchases, Method of Recording 
 
 Rent, Rates, Insurance, &c. 
 Results obtainable under System 
 Returns.. 
 
 S 
 
 Sacks .. 
 
 Sales, Method of Recording 
 
 Small Accounts Keeper . . 
 
 Stock .. 
 
 System to be desired 
 
 Table showing Postings . . 
 Trading Account 
 
 PAGE 
 
 29 
 23 
 20 
 22 
 
 30 
 
 29. 30 
 39-43 
 20-24 
 
 29-32 
 
 29. 30 
 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 20, 
 
 21 
 
 
 20 
 
 -24 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 25, 
 
 26 
 
 
 18. 
 
 24 
 
 
 24, 
 
 25 
 
 
 6 
 
 -12 
 
 
 
 6-8 
 
 26, 
 
 27. 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 35. 
 
 36 
 
 Value of Correct Bookkeeping 
 
47 
 
 LIST OF FORMS. 
 
 Book and Ledger, Weekly 
 Book and Ledger, Monthly 
 
 FORM 
 NO. 
 
 1 Combined Day 
 
 Customers' 
 
 2 Combined Day 
 
 Customers' 
 
 3 Summary Book 
 
 4 Cash Book . . 
 
 5 Petty Cash Book 
 
 6 Analysed Cash Book 
 
 7 Duplicate Accounts Received Book 
 
 8 Purchase Journal 
 
 9 Guard Book . . 
 
 10 Goods Bought Book . . 
 
 11 Opening Balance Sheet 
 
 12 Credit Sales Account.. 
 
 13 Rent, Rates, Insurance, Gas, and Water 
 
 14 Trading and Profit and Loss Accounts 
 
 15 Balance Sheet 
 
 II 
 12 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 16. 17 
 
 19, 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 28 
 
 33 
 34 
 37 
 38 
 
 36, 
 
1906. 
 
 Accountancy and 
 Law Publications. 
 
 Accountant, The. Weekly 
 
 Per annum post free, (U.K.) 
 
 do. do. Foreign ... 
 
 Binding Cases 
 File Cases 
 
 Accountants* Journal. Monthly 
 
 ,, Per annum (U.K.) 
 
 ,, do. Foreign 
 
 ,, Binding Cases 
 
 and Bookkeeper's Vade-Mecum. 
 
 (Whatley) 
 
 Assistant. (Beckett) 
 
 Code ... ... ... ... doz. 
 
 Compendium. (Dawson) (2nd Edition) 
 
 Diary. I. (poolscap 1 day to page) 
 
 II. ( „ 2 „ ) 
 
 III. ( „ 3 „ ) ... 
 
 III.A ( „ 3 >, ) 
 
 „IV.&IV.F.(8vo I „ ) 
 
 V. ( „ 2 „ ) ... 
 
 Manual. Vols. I. to IX. ... each 
 
 Vol. Ill 
 
 ,, The set of 9 Vols 
 
 Advanced Accounting. (Dicksee) 
 
 Agricultural Accounts. (Meats) 
 
 Ante-Audit each 
 
 l-doz. 
 
 doz. 
 
 Pub. 
 Price 
 
 NET. 
 
 - 6 
 
 24/- 
 26/- 
 2/6 
 Sl6 
 -9 
 7/6 
 8/6 
 2/6 
 
 7/6 
 6/- 
 
 5/- 
 21/- 
 
 8- 
 3/6 
 1/6 
 
 2/- 
 5/- 
 2/6 
 
 12/6 
 
 10/6 
 90/- 
 21/- 
 
 5/- 
 i/- 
 5/6 
 10/- 
 
 Auctioneers* Accounts. 
 Audit Note Books I. & II 
 III 
 
 (Dicksee) 
 ., each -6 ; 
 
 doz 
 each 
 
 5/- ; 
 
 2/-; 
 
 100 
 
 doz. 
 
 3/6 
 
 40/- 
 
 20/- 
 
 Auditing. (Dicksee) (6th Edition) . 
 Australian Mining Companies 
 
 (Godden & Robertson) 
 
 50 70/-; 100 
 Accounts. 
 
 110/- 
 
 21/- 
 
 3/6 
 
 
 
 GEE & CO., 34 MOORQATE ST., LONDON, B.C. 
 
QEE 6c CO., PUBLISHERS, 
 
 Bank Bookkeeping and Accounts. 
 
 (Meelboom) (2nd Edition) ... 
 
 Bankruptcy. (Stevens) (2nd Edition) 
 
 ,, Time Table. 
 
 ,, Trustee's Estate Book. 
 
 (Dicksee) ... each 4/- ; doz. 
 
 ,, Trustees, Liquidators, and 
 
 Receivers, Law of. 
 
 (Willson) (2nd Edition) 
 
 Bookkeeping:, Antiquity of. (Heaps) 
 
 Elementary. (Day) 
 
 Elements of. (Streeter) 
 
 Exercises. (Dicksee) 
 
 for Accountant Students. (Dicksee) 
 
 ,, Company Secretaries. (Dicksee) 
 
 ,, Publishers. (Allen) 
 
 ,, Retail Traders. (Findlay) 
 ,, ,, Record Book. 
 
 (Findlay) 
 
 ,, Solicitors. (Hodsoll) 
 
 ,, Technical Classes and Schools. 
 
 (Clarke) 
 
 ,, ,, Principles of. (Carlill) 
 
 Brickmakers' Accounts. (Fox) 
 
 Builders' Accounts. (Walbank) (2nd Edition) ... 
 Building Societies' Accounts. (Grant-Smith) 
 ,, Society Table and Loan Calculations. 
 
 (Johnson.) ... 
 
 Chartered Accountants' Charges. (Pixley) (3rd 
 
 Edition) 
 
 Companies Act, 1900. (Reid) 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Duties of Auditors under 
 
 Company Secretary. (Fox) (4th Edition) 
 
 ,, Winding-up Time Table 
 
 Compendium, Accountant's. (Dawson) (2nd Edition) 
 Co-operative Societies' Accounts. (Sugden) 
 Cost Accounts (Hawkins) 
 
 ,, ,, of an Engineer and Ironfounder. 
 
 (Best) 
 
 Cotton Spinners' Accounts. (Moss) 
 
 Pub. 
 Price 
 
 NET. 
 
 5/- 
 7/6 
 
 -16 
 
 40/- 
 
 7/6 
 ■/- 
 i/- 
 1/6 
 
 3/6 
 
 10/6 
 
 3/6 
 
 2/6 
 
 3/- 
 
 4/- 
 3/6 
 
 2/6 
 3/6 
 3/6 
 3/6 
 3/6 
 
 i/- 
 
 10/6 
 
 >/- 
 ■/- 
 
 25/- 
 -/6 
 
 21/- 
 
 S/- 
 5/- 
 
 2/6 
 
 5'- 
 
 34 MOORQATE ST., LONDON, E.C. 
 
QBE & CO., PUBLISHERS, 
 
 Dairy Accounts. (Rowland) 
 
 Depreciation, Reserves, and Reserve Funds 
 
 (Dicksee) 
 
 Tables. (Dicksee) 
 
 Drapers* Accounts. (Richardson) 
 
 Electric Lighting Accounts. (Johnson) 
 
 Engineers' and Shipbuilders* Accounts. (Burton) 
 
 Errors in Balancing. (2nd Edition) 
 
 Examination Guide, Intermediate. (Nixon) 
 
 ,, ,, Final. (Nixon) 
 
 ,, Papers (Questions & Answers) June 
 
 and December in each year, each .. 
 Examinations, Chartered Accountants*, How 
 
 to Prepare for. (Carlill) 
 
 Executorship Accounts. (Whinney) (2nd Edition) 
 
 ,, ,, (Caldicott) (3rd Edition) 
 
 ,, ,, Student*s Guide to 
 
 (Carter) 
 Factory Accounts. (Garcke & Fells) (5th Edition) 
 Farm Accounts. (Woodman) 
 Fishing Industry Accounts. (Williamson) 
 
 Forms of Accounts. (Johnston) 
 
 Fraud in Accounts 
 
 Friendly Societies' Accounts. (Furnival Jones) . 
 
 Gas Accounts 
 
 Goodwill. (Dicksee) (2nd Edition) ... 
 Grain, Hay, &c.. Accounts. (Johnson) 
 
 Hire-Purchase Wagon Trade, 6i:c., Bookkeeping 
 
 and Accounts for. (Johnson) 
 
 Hotel Accounts. (Dicksee) ... ■ 
 
 Income Tax Practice, Guide to. (Murray & Carter) 
 (4th Edition) 
 
 Insurance Companies* Accounts. (Tyler) 
 
 Inwood*s Tables . . 
 
 Jewellers* Accounts. (Allen Edwards) 
 
 Laundry Accounts. (Livesey) 
 
 Lexicon for Trustees in Bankruptcy, &c 
 
 Bound Boards. (Dawson) ... 
 List of Members. (Institute of Chartered Accountants) 
 
 Pub. 
 Price 
 
 NET. 
 
 3/6 
 
 3,6 
 
 ■/- 
 3/6 
 
 5/- 
 3/6 
 
 3,6 
 
 5,'- 
 
 26 
 
 1/6 
 7/6 
 3/6 
 
 3/6 
 
 7/6 
 
 i/- 
 36 
 
 2/6 
 
 3/6 
 
 5/- 
 
 s/- 
 
 3/6 
 3/6 
 
 1/6 
 3/6 
 
 10/- 
 10/6 
 
 8/- 
 
 s/- 
 
 3/6 
 
 3/6 
 
 2/- 
 
 34 MOORQATE ST., LONDON, E.C. 
 
GEE & CO., PUBLISHERS, 
 
 Pub. 
 Price 
 
 Medical Practitioners' Accounts. (May) ... 
 
 Metric System. (Streeter) 
 
 Mineral Water Manufacturers' Accounts. (Lund 
 
 & Richardson) ... 
 Multiple-Shop Accounts. (Hazelip) 
 
 Municipal Accounts. (AUcock) 
 
 ,, Finance for Students 
 
 ,, Internal Audit. (Collins) 
 Newspaper Accounts. (Norton & Feasey) 
 
 Partnership Accounts. (Child) 
 
 Pawnbrokers' Accounts. (Thornton & May) 
 Polytechnic Accounts. (Calder Marshall) 
 Printers' Accounts. (Lakin-Smith) 
 Professional Accountants. (Worthington) 
 
 Publishers' Accounts. (Allen) 
 
 Quarry Accounts. (Ibotson) 
 
 Retail Traders, Account Book for. (Day) 
 Rig-hts and Duties of Trustees, Liquidators, and 
 
 Receivers, Chart of the. (Willson) 
 
 Shipping Accounts. (Daly) 
 
 Shopkeepers' Accounts. (Quin) (2nd Edition) 
 
 Solicitors' Accounts. (Dicksee) 
 
 Stamp Duties and Receipts, Handbook to 
 
 (Lakin-Smith) ... 
 
 Stockbrokers' Accounts. (Callaway) 
 
 Student's Guide to Accountancy 
 
 Theatre Accounts. (Chantrey) 
 
 Timber Merchants' Accounts. (Smith) 
 
 Tramway Accounts. (McColl) 
 
 Trial Balance Book, **Handy" each -/6; doz 
 
 Trustees, Chart of the Rights and Duties of. (Willson) 
 
 ,, Liquidators, and Receivers, Accounts 
 
 of. (Dawson) 
 ,, Liquidators, and Receivers, Law of 
 (Willson) (2nd Edition) 
 Underwriters' Accounts. (Spicer & Pegler) 
 Vade-Mecum, Accountant's and Bookkeeper's 
 
 (Whatley) 
 
 Van de Linde's Bookkeeping. (2nd Edition) 
 
 Water Companies' Accounts. (Key) 
 
 Wine and Spirit Merchants' Accounts. (Sabin) .. 
 
 34 MOORQATE ST., LONDON, E.C. 
 
ACCOUNTANCY BOOKS. 
 
 COST ACCOUNTS OF AN ENGINEER AND IRON- 
 FOUNDER, THE. Price 2s. 6d. net. By J. W. Best, 
 
 F.C.A. The first portion deals with the Engineering and the second with the 
 Foundry Department, and numerous forms of books and accounts are given and 
 explained. 
 
 COMPARATIVE DEPRECIATION TABLES. Price 
 
 IS. net. By Lawrence R. Dicksee, M.Com., F.C.A. 
 Containing a full set of Tables, showing the practical effect of providing for depre- 
 ciation on the Fixed Instalment and the Fixed Percentage methods, and discussing 
 their respective advantages. 
 
 DEPRECIATION, RESERVES, AND RESERVE 
 FUNDS. Price 35. 6d. net. 80 pages. By Lawrence R. 
 Dicksee, M.Com., F.C.A. 
 This Work— which is Vol. XXVI. of " The Accountants' Library" series- 
 deals fully and impartially with the most Debatable and Important Subjects in 
 connection with Accounts. 
 
 It is divided into Twelve Chapters, with a Complete Index, and is the most 
 Exhaustive Work upon the subject that has yet been issued. 
 
 ELECTRIC LIGHTING ACCOUNTS. Price 5s. net. 
 
 Over 140 pages. By George Johnson, F.S.S., F.C.I.S. 
 This Work— which forms Vol. XXIX. of " The Accountants' Library "—deals very 
 fully with the Accounts of Electric Lighting Companies. It is divided into i8 
 Chapters, and contains a set of pro forma transactions. With a complete 
 index. 
 
 EXAMINATION GUIDES.— INTERMEDIATE AND 
 FINAL. Price 3s. 6d. and 5s. net respectively. By John 
 G. Nixon, Junr., A.C.A. 
 These Books have been compiled in order to provide Accountant Students with 
 a series of the Questions actually set at the Examinations of the Institute. 
 
 The Questions and Exercises include practically all those set from December 
 1893 to June 1903, and have been divided into sections. They have been arranged, 
 according to subject, in alphabetical order; the dates when they were set being 
 also given. 
 
 EXECUTORSHIP LAW AND ACCOUNTS, Second 
 
 Edition. Price ^s. 6d. Revised and brought up to date by Frederick Whinney, 
 Junr., B.A., Barrister-at-Law, assisted by Arthur P. Van Neck, M.A., 
 Barrister-at-Law. 
 Containing an Epitome of a Will and a Set of Executorship Accounts. By Arthur 
 F. Whinney, F.C.A. 
 
 EXECUTORSHIP ACCOUNTS. Third Edition. Price 
 
 3s. 6d. net. Revised under the FINANCE ACT and brought up to date. By 
 O. H. Caldicott, F.C.A. Containing a COMPLETE SET of TRUST 
 ACCOUNTS with explanatory text. 
 
 EXECUTORSHIP ACCOUNTS, STUDENT'S GUIDE TO. About 
 
 124 pages. Price 3s. 6d. net. By Roger N. Carter, F.C.A. (Senior Honours 
 Institute Examination, June 1893), Joint Author with Mr. Adam Murray, F.C.A., 
 of "A Guide to Income-Tax Practice." 
 
 FRAUD IN ACCOUNTS. Price 3s. 6d. This Work deals 
 
 with the methods of circumventing Frauds on the part of both Employees 
 and Directors, and shows how they may be detected at an early date. 
 
 GAS ACCOUNTS (Vol. VII. of "The Accountants' 
 
 Library.") By the Editor. Price5s.net. 
 This Work — which comprises 128 pages — deals fully with the Accounts of all classes 
 of Gas undertakings. It contains an Introduction and Seven Chapters, and a Full 
 Index is appended. 
 
 AUTHORS' WORKS PRINTED AND PUBLISHED. 
 
INCO 
 
 Edit 
 
 ROG 
 
 Contaii 
 tions as 
 Appeals 
 ment; ar- 
 of the Ac 
 
 JEW 
 TR 
 
 By i 
 
 This Vj 
 
 Jewellers"' 
 
 specially 
 
 In the_ 
 
 of leadin 
 
 MUN 
 
 In this 
 Account: 
 
 MUN- 
 
 This V 
 publishe 
 Account 
 It is wf 
 examina 
 to suppl;- 
 
 MUR 
 
 This - 
 Officers, 
 member 
 
 PAR 
 
 The prih 
 
 The ] 
 
 Dee 
 
 Th€" 
 
 PUB 
 
 This ~ 
 the me 
 tion wi 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS 
 
 WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETTURN 
 THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY 
 WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH 
 DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY 
 OVERDUE. 
 
 OCT 
 
 7 1934 
 
 7T 
 
 19:< 
 
 £ iV!ar'49'^ 
 
 LD 21-100m-7,*33 
 
 Fourth 
 luRKAY and 
 
 ax; Instruc- 
 
 1 support of 
 
 1 and Abate- 
 
 dconstruction 
 
 >^DRED 
 
 _3 55. net. 
 
 , and Retail 
 "fifty Forms, 
 
 _ie assistance 
 Birmingham. 
 
 200 pages. 
 
 If Municipal 
 Bd are given. 
 
 -5. Price 
 
 -nee has been 
 Dn Municipal 
 xaminations. 
 ■■)erience and 
 nd to be able 
 
 ;s. ^d. net. 
 
 -pal Financial 
 antancy, and 
 al Accounts. 
 
 Price 
 
 Act and the 
 ransactions — 
 
 Clakei^ce 
 
 Ing Business, 
 3d in connec- 
 
 RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF TRUSTEES, LIQUIDATORS, AND 
 RECEIVERS, CHART OF THE. Price 15. net. By W. R. 
 
 WiLLSON, B.A., Barrister-at-Law. 
 This Chart, which gives at a glance a bird's-eye view of the leading features of 
 the offices of Trustees in Bankruptcy, Liquidators, and Receivers, is specially 
 designed for the purpose of assisting Accountant Students either by way of an 
 introduction to or a summary of the important subjects with which it deals. It is 
 intended to be hung up in some place where it may from time to time catch the 
 Student's eye, and in that way imperceptibly, and without effort, impress .on his mind 
 aa outline of the Rights and Duties. 
 
 34 MOORGATE STREET, LONDON, E.G. 
 
Y5 I644S 
 
 ACCOUNTANCY BOOKS. 
 SOLICITORS' ACCOUNTS. Price 35. 6d. net. By 
 
 Lawrence R. Dicksee, M.Com,, F.C.A. 
 This Volume is designed to meet the requirements of either large or small 
 practices. The system of Accounts advocated is clearly described, and numerous 
 alternative methods, suitable under various circumstances, are fully dealt with. The 
 work contains a fully worked out set of pro forma transactions, illustrating the correct 
 method of keeping each book described. 
 
 STAMP DUTIES & RECEIPTS, HAND-BOOK TO. 
 
 Price2s.6rf.net. 52 pages. By H. Lakin-Smith, A.C.A. 
 The Book contains a full discourse upon " Receipts," particulars of the duties and 
 fees payable upon the Registration of Companies, the Death Duties, and, generally, 
 the rates and particulars of all the more important Stamp Duties now in force. 
 
 STOCKBROKERS' ACCOUNT^/ Price 35 6d. net. 
 
 By W. D. Callaway, CharK / :countant. 
 
 The unique system of Dealing and Accoun/ / corams on the London Stock 
 
 Exchange is fully explained in this book, w^ ontalns a Glossary of Stock 
 
 Exchange Words and Phrases, a compreb and an Appendix. 
 
 STUDENT'S GUIDE 1 JNTANCY, THE. 
 
 Price ' 
 
 This Work gives a description of fered by Accountancy as a 
 
 profession, and the best means of sp hereto, and points out to the 
 
 Student the means of employing tb cles to the best advantage. 
 
 TRAMWAY BOOK LCCOUNTS. Price 
 
 los. 6d. net. By Donal' .ation Tramways). Vol. XV. 
 
 (Triple Number) of ' -rary." 
 
 This Work is based r up-to-date methods in operation 
 
 in the Glasgow Corpo' * f^ft^ ^!^ *^^*'' ^'^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^ considerable 
 
 service to Tramway |^tJO-l-^ ed in Tramways both here and in 
 
 America. The ent>- Ll'Tj* JTy Qi/^ ^^ clearly and fully described, and 
 
 facsimiles of - ' ♦' /[ f s^ C^ KY-j aended are given. 
 
 TRIA ^ vOOK, THE " HANDY. ' 
 
 > V "*" i 5s. per doz. 
 
 Tip a view to meeting the modern demand for 
 
 eflV the Counting House. The Account Headings 
 
 a/ / -. allowed for extraordinary Headings, so that all 
 
 ti./ ^ — ^..oci.o ci jrerfect Balance is to fill in the figures. The scheme 
 
 of arrangement is sufficiently wide to embrace all kinds of Businesses, and the 
 method adopted is simplicity itself. 
 
 TRUSTEES IN BANKRUPTCY AND LIQUIDATORS OF 
 COMPANIES, A LEXICON FOR. Price 3s. U, net. By 
 
 Sidney Stanley Dawson, F.C.A., Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, 
 
 (of the firm of Dawson, Langley & Chevalier, Liverpool). Author of "The 
 
 Accountant's Compendium." 
 
 There is no other existing work dealing exclusively with the Rights and Duties of 
 
 Trustees in Bankruptcy and Liquidators of Companies to which Practitioners can 
 
 refer for detailed information upon the numerous points which arise in connection 
 
 with these offices. Authority is quoted for practically every line in the work. 
 
 TRUSTEES IN BANKRUPTCY, LIQUIDATORS 
 AND RECEIVERS, THE LAW OF. 2nd Edition. 
 
 Revised and Enlarged. Price los. net. By W. R. Willson, B.A. Oxon., and 
 of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law. Being a succinct statement of the law 
 on those subjects as established by the latest Statutes and Decisions, written 
 analytically for Students with a view to the Examinations of the Institute and 
 Society of Accountants; with a large Chart illustrating the leading features of 
 the offices of Trustees, Liquidators, and Receivers. 
 
 WATER COMPANIES' ACCOUNTS. Over 80 pages. 
 
 Price 35. 6d. By Frank Key, A.S.A.A. 
 This Work— which forms Vol. XIX. of "The Accountants' Library" series- 
 deals at length with the Accounts of Water Companies, and describes the various 
 necessary books. The system advocated is illustrated by full pro forma Accounts, 
 and extracts from the Acts of 1847 and 1902 are appended. 
 
 AUTHORS' WORKS PRINTED AND PUBUISHBD.