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GIFT OF . 
 
 
UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT ^ 
 
 FOUNDER^S DAY 
 MAY \, J897 
 
GENERAL IRA ALLEN. 
 
UnivGrsitv of VcrmoRt 
 
 rOUNDEP'S DAY 
 
 V\m I, 1597 
 
 ADDRESSES 
 
 BY 
 
 PCRLCY ORNAN RSY, 1595 
 
 GEORGE NAYNARD HOGAN, 1597 
 
 AND 
 
 PROEESSOR DAVIS RICH DEWEY, Ph. D., 1579 
 
 WITH THE SONG AND ODES WRITTEN TOR 
 THE OCCASION 
 
 Printed by the Free Press Association 
 
 Burlington, Vermont 
 
 1897 
 
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The observance of Founder's Day was first proposed in June 
 1892. The first of May, being the birthday of Ira Allen, the 
 day also on which he set out on his critical and dangerous but 
 successful embassy from the infant Republic of Vermont to the 
 British authorities in Canada, and at the same time an imme- 
 morial Spring Festival almost universally recognized, seemed 
 an auspicious date for such a college holiday. 
 
 At the next meeting of the Trustees of the University, in 
 June 1893, the suggestion was adopted, and the first celebration 
 was held in the Library in 1894, the Rev. B. H. Byington, 
 D. D., of the class of 1852, reading an address on The Puritans, 
 their Character, Customs and Influence, and the Glee Club sing- 
 ing (with other pieces) the Hymnus Bucharisticus, which for 
 several hundred years has been sung at Oxford at five o'clock on 
 May Day morning. The audience filled the large north- hall of 
 the building. 
 
 In 1895 the holiday was observed in the Chapel, addresses 
 being presented by Carroll Warren Doten, 1895, Charles Bthaa 
 Allen, 1896, and Professor J. B. Goodrich, 1853. 
 
 In 1896 the undergraduates were represented by Blwin 
 Leroy Ingalls, 1896, and John Stephen Buttles, 1897, and an ex- 
 cellent address on The Small College was given by the Hon. 
 D. P. Kingsley, of the class of 1881. This was printed in the 
 Cynzc of Ma.y i8th, and in the Daily Free Press of May 19th. 
 [Copies may still be had by applying to the Secretary of the 
 Faculty.] 
 
 The Proceedings of Founder's Day, 1897, are herewith pre- 
 sented in full, that the Alumni may understand what the new 
 holiday means and what use is made of it. The new festival is 
 believed to have passed the stage of experiment, the public 
 exercises having attracted large and interested audiences. The 
 themes discussed are meant to combine topics both of local and 
 of general interest. 
 

 U. V. M. 
 
 FOUNDER^S DAY 
 
 MAY I, 1897 
 
 1. Organ Voluntary, Frank Roland Jewett, 1899. 
 
 2. PsALTKR, Psalm 44, read responsively. 
 
 3. Hymn 745, God Bless our Native Ivand, sung to the 
 
 tune America. 
 
 4. Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. J. Isham Bliss, D. D., 1852. 
 . 5. Address by PerlEy Orman Ray, 1898. 
 
 6. Ode, by the Glee Club. 
 
 7. Address by George Maynard Hogan, 1897. 
 
 8. Song, by Glee Club and Students. 
 
 9. Oration by Professor Davis Rich Dewey, 1879, 
 
 of the Mass. Institute of Technology. 
 
 10. Latin Ode, Glee Club and Students. 
 
 11. Benediction by the Chaplain. 
 
 The likeness of Ira Allen prefixed to this pamphlet is re- 
 produced from an engraving which may be seen in Volume II 
 of the Collections of the Vermont Historical Society. This is 
 a fairly satisfactory representation of the only likeness known 
 to exist, — a miniature portrait made probably in Paris about 
 1800 (?), and now in the possession of a grand-daughter of Gen- 
 eral Allen, residing in Lexington, Mass. 
 
 The University owes it to his memory, and to itself, to 
 place on the walls of the Library or Chapel, without further 
 delay, a worthy portrait of its principal Founder. This was 
 proposed five years ago. Why should not such a portrait be 
 arranged for at once ? 
 
5 
 
 The University of Vermont in the Civil War 
 
 Mr. President, Frieiids ajid Fellow Students : 
 
 The founder of our University, Ira Allen, whose natal day 
 we celebrate, was more than a statesman, a diplomat. He was 
 a soldier. Not only at Ticonderoga by the side of his brother 
 Ethan, but later as Major General of the Vermont militia, he 
 displayed tireless energy and ceaseless activity. In truth, 
 '^eternal vigilance" was the price Vermont had to pay for her 
 liberty. 
 
 Upon the coat of arms of our State are inscribed the words, 
 ''Freedom and Ufiity.'' While Ira Allen fought for Vermont's 
 freedom from New York, New Hampshire and England, at a 
 later period the University which he founded gave many of her 
 dearest sons for the preservation of our national unity. To the 
 part the University had in the Civil War t invite your attention. 
 
 It is exceedingly difficult to put together with any sem- 
 blance of unity the facts connected with this theme. It is hard 
 even to get hold of the facts themselves ; they have to be pick- 
 ed up, here a little and there a little, and we must trust to imag- 
 ination to fill in the details. 
 
 The University, as such, attracted little more than local at- 
 tention during the war. Students and alumni who enlisted 
 formed no distinctive military organization, but were scattered 
 among different companies and regiments. 
 
 To appreciate best the active part which the College men 
 took in the war, we must try to get behind the scenes, and enter, 
 if we can, into the spirit of the times. I wish the years could 
 be rolled back, just to give us a momentary glimpse, if not 
 more, of the College boys before the war. We of this genera- 
 tion are apt to think of the young men of those dark days as a 
 little above the ordinary students of today ; as men somewhat 
 overshadowed by Puritanism ; as men devoid of the keen sensa- 
 tions and bubbling life to which we often give such boisterous 
 
6 
 
 expression. We are prone to imagine that they were men formed 
 in a sterner mould, more mibending and dignified, less excita- 
 ble, men upon whom our most cherished pleasures exerted little 
 charm or none at all. 
 
 But while it is true that those were dark days just before 
 the war, we have no reason to believe that the College boys of 
 that time were very different from those of to-day. They were 
 pleased with many of the same pleasures ; stirred by the same 
 sentiments and passions ; burning with the same patriotism that 
 now lies dormant within us. 
 
 And so, if we can put ourselves to ever so little a degree in 
 their places this morning ; mingle with them ; find out what 
 they were thinking about; and feel, never so faintly, what they 
 felt ; if we can do this, the part our Alumni played in the war 
 will come home to us with far more force. 
 
 It would be impossible for a body of young men so open to 
 impression as are college students, not to be profoundly stirred 
 by the events just preceding the war. What were those events? 
 The class of '6i had entered as freshmen in 1857. In this very 
 year the United States Supreme Court handed down the famous 
 Dred Scott decision. The next year the I<incoln and Douglass 
 debates attracted national attention. In '59, just a short time 
 after College opened, came the bewildering and astounding news 
 of John Brown's capture of Harper's Ferry, followed by that of 
 his trial and execution. The summer and autumn of i860 wit- 
 nessed that memorable presidential campaign with its burning 
 issues. We hear very little of torch-light processions, of big 
 bon-fires and of tin-horn demonstrations. A seriousness comes 
 over young and old, for grave questions are to be decided. 
 The College boys had two literary societies and in these all the 
 issues of the day were hotly debated. Were not those the days 
 of Phillips and Sumner ? With their parents during the summer 
 vacation the students must have talked over the grave political 
 questions. They caught something of the seriousness of the 
 times ; they felt to some degree the momentousness of the 
 issues at stake. 
 
It was indeed a time full of apprehension. Had not the 
 South threatened to secede if Lincoln was elected ? He ought 
 to be elected ; would he be ? If he should be, would the South 
 dare fulfill its threat ? If it did secede, what then ? Civil war ? 
 ]Sjo — don't speak of that. But something, no one could tell just 
 what, but a vague something — terrible, appalling — was felt to 
 be just ahead. The sky was lowering. The fate of the nation 
 was trembling in the balance. 
 
 Election Day came at last. In the evening as the returns 
 came in, the town hall was thronged. After a time it became 
 evident to the almost breathless multitude that Lincoln was 
 elected. Stirring speeches followed and the College Glee club 
 thrilled the audience with their patriotic songs. 
 
 On the twentieth of the next December, South Carolina 
 seceded, quickly followed by Georgia and the other Southern 
 States. The South was making good its threat. All eyes, all 
 hearts turned instinctively toward Mr. Lincoln and anxiously 
 awaited his inauguration. The local paper of February 9, 186 1, 
 came out with an editorial headed in large type : "A Great 
 Humiliation or a Great War. Which is Before Us ; or is 
 Neither?" And that is the uncertainty which was perplexing 
 almost every northern mind. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated the next month. Events now 
 crowd one another in rapid succession up to April 12th. On 
 that morning the news was flashed over the whole country that 
 Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor had been fired upon ; and the 
 next day, that it had surrendered to the Secessionists. The 
 efifect of that news can better be imagined than described. Says 
 Dr. Holland : ''Such a universal burst of patriotic indigna- 
 tion as ran over the North has never been witnessed. It swept 
 away all party lines as if it had been flame and they had been 
 flax." 
 
 Rebellion had culminated in open war. " War has begun, ' ' 
 was repeated on every side. On April 15th came the call for 
 troops: "the alarm bell of battle clanged its call to arms." 
 The students at this time merged with the town in several mass 
 
8 
 
 meetings. There was little demonstration; but a profound 
 solemnity, a deep unutterable indignation. ''The red wrath of 
 war was lighting its camp-fires." 
 
 See the little groups of students here and there about the 
 College. Chum seeks chum. The boys seem to grow old. 
 Something is on their minds. What earnest self-questionings in 
 the quiet of one's own room ! What letters those students must 
 have written home ; to read one would tell us what all were 
 feeling or passing through. In those young hearts are fought 
 battles of which the story will never be written. It is the sacri- 
 fice of long cherished ambitions and ideals, to suffer, to endure 
 the privations, hardships, distress of war; and, what is hardest 
 for a young man to contemplate, to die if need be, far away 
 from home and loved ones, alone, unknown, unfamed. Yet, 
 however obscurely, would not that be dying in the path of duty? 
 But that was glorious, that was true renown, to die in war, 
 defending the imperilled liberties of one's fatherland — to die on 
 the altar of one's country — yes, they could do that, and they 
 would, if duty called. 
 
 So nigh is grandeur to our dust. 
 
 So near is God to man. 
 When duty whispers low, Thoti must, 
 
 The youth replies, I can. 
 
 Perhaps it was just then, in those days that were trying 
 men's souls, that the example of our Founder and his illustrious 
 brother made the sacrifice easier for some. 
 
 Just ten days after the firing on Sumter an interesting event 
 occurred. I quote from the Free Press of April 23rd : 
 
 "PATRIOTISM OF THE UNIVERSITY." 
 
 " An interesting scene transpired in the University Chapel 
 yesterday afternoon. After the customary rhetorical exercises 
 the students were requested to remain and were addressed by 
 President Pease. He told them, as we are informed, that there 
 was probably no present need for them to march to the support 
 of the Government; but in expectation of a time when they 
 would be needed, he advised them to form a military company 
 
among themselves, and familiarize themselves with the drill and 
 use of arms. These sentiments, with an eloquent allusion to the 
 flag of the Union which will float in a day or two from a flag 
 staff which is to be raised from the, dome of the college build- 
 ing, were received with tremendous applause by the students 
 who are almost to a man burning to volunteer. ' ' The flag-rais- 
 ing mentioned occurred the next day. A University company 
 was soon formed with George A. French, '6i, Captain ; Charles 
 Work, '6i, First Lieutenant; and J. M. Poland, '62, Second 
 Lieutenant. Drills took place regularly. 
 
 On April 28th a new military company was formed in the 
 town, known as the " Vermont Guard," afterwards as Company 
 G of the Second Vermont. John T. Drew, then a junior in col- 
 lege, was elected captain. His company is described as an 
 unusually fine one ; nineteen of the men were over six feet tall. 
 
 Thirty-six years ago to-morrow the first company left Bur- 
 lington for Rutland, whence the First Vermont Regiment started 
 for Washington. The departure of course called forth the whole 
 town. There were several speeches, and we read that the Hon. 
 Daniel Roberts and a chorus of College and town men sang 
 " The Star Spangled Banner" with fine effect. 
 
 To what extent was the University represented in the War ? 
 What proportion of the students volunteered ? The catalogue of 
 1862-63 gives us some interesting facts in answer to the latter 
 question. The then Senior class in the Academic Department, 
 the class of '63, had seventeen members, six of whom enrolled 
 as volunteers. The Junior Class, or class of '64, had eleven 
 volunteers out of twenty-two members ; the class of '65, with 
 sixteen members, sent eight volunteers : these two classes gave 
 half their numbers. The class of '66, with ten members, fur- 
 nished three volunteers. Total Academic students, sixty-five ; 
 volunteers, twenty-eight, or forty-three per cent of the total 
 enrolment. 
 
 In answer to the former question. To what extent was the 
 University represented in the War ? it is almost impossible to get 
 complete data. However, we can point out one hundred and 
 forty Academic and thirty-four Medical graduates and students 
 
10 
 
 in the service. Of these, nine were in the Confederate army; 
 one of these became a Captain, another a Major, and a third, 
 Major-General. As these nine were mostly from Southern 
 homes, we must in all fairness ascribe to them the same con- 
 scientiousness in fighting for their states that impelled our men 
 to stand for the Union. 
 
 What sort of soldiers did our alumni make ? Excellent ; 
 first-class. lyisten : We can point out two Brevet Brigadier 
 Generals, E. W. Smith, '52, and J. R. Levvis, 60 . besides nine 
 Colonels and I^ieutenant-Colonels ; twenty-two Captains ; ten 
 First-Lieutenants, and a total of those rising above the rank of 
 private of eighty-six, or eighty -five per cent of the Academic 
 volunteers. In addition there were six Chaplains and forty-two 
 Surgeons. Six were taken prisoners and fifteen were killed or 
 died in service. 
 
 Could the story of their gallant deeds be written in detail 
 it would be one of marvelous interest and inspiration. In years 
 teeming with acts of heroism no inconsiderable number of such 
 acts are linked with the names of our alumni. Against 
 no one of them has the finger of reproach been raised, or the 
 charge that he quailed in the hour of trial. One and all deserve 
 our grateful, loving, enduring remembrance, for they *' actually 
 stood in death's highway, that the Republic might be saved." 
 
 Some fifteen years ago the alumni placed in our Chapel 
 that marble tablet bearing this inscription : ''In grateful and per- 
 petual memory of the Alumni of this University, who in defense 
 of the native land of us all, faced death in Civil war." 
 
 As four weeks hence Memorial Day again comes round, 
 ought it not to come to us of the University with more signifi- 
 cance than ever before ? Shall we not see in it something more 
 than a holiday, a day in which we have a personal interest, a day 
 in which our thoughts shall turn back as never before to those 
 of our elder brothers, who, "rather than survive their im- 
 periled liberties," ''sought death in Civil War." And as year 
 by year we see going about from grave to grave of their com- 
 rades, the old soldiers who yet linger with us, shall not our 
 thoughts revert to our Founder, who fought for the freedom of 
 the State, and to our Alumni who battled for the Unity of the 
 
 Nation ? 
 
 PERI.KY Orman Ray, 1898 
 
11 
 
 ENGLISH ODE 
 
 Tune- -Die Wachtam Rhein. 
 
 1. To thee, far-sighted patriot, 
 Neglected oft, but not forgot. 
 Our thoughts revert again to-day 
 From out their tame accustomed way. 
 
 A leader in that dauntless band, 
 Thou didst not shrink, or fear to stand 
 Firm for thy native land 
 
 In conflict's night, 
 Trusting God's mighty hand 
 To guard the right. 
 
 2. The shackles of unrighteous rule 
 
 Were snapped, and soon in church and school 
 Fair lyearning claimed the auspicious hour, 
 The guardian of our peace and power. 
 So Freedom's spirit perished not 
 But flourished by thy fruitful thought; 
 For through thy toil was wrought 
 
 Our College name. 
 And to this altar brought 
 The kindling flame. 
 
 3. Thj' spirit knew misfortune's ways, 
 But still through all those anxious days 
 Hope ne'er withheld her cheering beam. 
 But shed her splendor on thy dream. 
 
 Banished, despoiled of thine estate, 
 Victim of selfish greed and hate, 
 Naught could 'st thou be but great. 
 
 Whole-souled and true, 
 Still seeking for thy State 
 Some good to do. 
 
 4. So now to-day assembled here. 
 
 Thy work we praise, thy name revere, 
 And hand it on this natal morn. 
 To generations yet unborn : 
 
 And high on Honor's fadeless page 
 Inscribe it, that each future age 
 
 May read how thou did'st wage 
 
 Stern strife with want. 
 To win this heritage 
 Of fair Vermont. 
 
 Leon Ernest Daniei^s, 1899 
 
12 
 
 Some Advantages that May be Derived from a Coi,lege 
 
 Education 
 
 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemeji : 
 
 I propose to speak of some of the advantages that may be 
 derived from a College education. As I am nearing the com- 
 pletion of my course here, I feel myself better qualified to dis- 
 cuss this topic than any other equally appropriate. What I 
 may say will be mainly gleanings from the field of my own 
 personal experience in the hope to appeal more strongly to those 
 of you who are closely connected with this institution. And in 
 speaking of this theme I deem myself fortunate that I speak to 
 friends at once appreciative and indulgent. 
 
 It seems to me one might make a threefold division of the 
 advantages of a College education : First, the advantages which 
 are Intellectual ; second, those which are Practical ; third, those 
 which are Social. Let us consider each of these in turn — and 
 first : the Intellectual benefit that may be acquired. 
 
 I am sure most of you will assent when I say that the aim 
 of a College course has been and is to make thinkers rather than 
 scholars. To bring out in each student his own latent mental 
 qualities, to train him to use books for himself, to teach him 
 how to gather information, how to use it, and how to think. 
 Individual independence of the mind, then, is one of the incal- 
 culable advantages to be derived from a College course. 
 
 This is illustrated by the experience of a majority, at least, 
 of those who enter for the first time upon a collegiate course of 
 training. When the average youth enters College he does not 
 know how to study, how to think, in the true sense. In the 
 preparatory school his studying was done under the watchful eye 
 of his teacher, and with certain iron-clad rules staring him in the 
 face having their attendant rewards and penalties; and these too 
 often constituted the impelling motive for his mental effort. 
 Once in College, however, the student finds himself free from 
 the necessary, but none the less hampering shackles of the pre- 
 
13 
 
 paratory school. He is allowed the privilege, and assumes the 
 responsibility, of selecting, to a large extent, his own subjects, 
 and for the first time in his life is placed where, if he chooses 
 to do his work at all, he studies for study's sake and for the ben- 
 efit he may personally derive from it. Thus it is, that from the 
 very outset a College student is thrown more or less upon his 
 own resources, is forced to become independent, to think for 
 himself, and so learns to study in the true sense of the word. 
 This independent studying, this independent thinking, pursued 
 for the sake of the personal benefit that may accure therefrom, 
 and pursued for that only, devoid of all baneful, narrow and 
 sordid ambition for marks or special honors, is to me the great- 
 est possible intellectual advantage afforded by a College edu- 
 cation. 
 
 The experience of those who have gone before us is proof 
 positive that it is not necessarily the man who ranks high as a 
 scholar who accomplishes the greatest good for society, but 
 rather, the man who can think for himself, who can originate, 
 who can solve problems in his own brain. Therefore, the 
 college which sends out, instead of mere scholars, the most 
 men who have been taught to think, accomplishes the greatest 
 good and most nearly fulfils its complete mission. 
 
 From my own experience, I can say without an instant's 
 hesitation that a large part of the book-knowledge I have 
 learned here has already been forgotten, and I expect to forget 
 still more of it as time goes on. I apprehend there is not a 
 single college graduate who could not truthfully make a similar 
 statement, unless his special line of work has been such as to 
 keep alive the various branches of study pursued. But the fact 
 that this is the invariable result does not detract one single 
 iota from the intellectual advantage gained by pursuing these 
 same studies; for in forgetting the mere substance of a book, 
 the student, we trust, does not forget that which is of infinitely 
 greater importance, viz : the principles by which he mastered 
 its contents and the discipline experienced by the steady appli- 
 cation and labor he found necessary to put upon it. 
 
u 
 
 In other words, the student who at the close of his course 
 has learned to study and think for himself is the one who leaves 
 college with the best possible intellectual equipment, for, 
 though he have but little technical knowledge at his command, 
 be has acquired that power by which in later life he can work 
 out for himself the endless number of problems that will be 
 presented to him. 
 
 Akin to this mental independence — unquestionably the most 
 important intellectual advantage college affords — two other 
 qualities of mind occur to me as being of great value, both of 
 which may be fostered and developed in college. One is the 
 attribute of mind that leads a student into healthy competition 
 with his classmates; the other, the power to estimate his own 
 abilities. 
 
 There is this much to be said of the first, that every student 
 is called upon to enter, more or less, into contest with his 
 fellows in every direction, on the athletic field as well as in the 
 class room. As a consequence of this, it is reasonable to assume 
 that when he goes into active life outside the college and finds 
 himself matched with new men and strange circumstances, the 
 thought that he has already experienced a kind of competition 
 with the best minds in his college, and done his part, will prove 
 to be to him a most valuable source of courage and strength. 
 His advantage rests in the fact that he has found profit, not so 
 much in striving to surpass a less fortunate class- man, as in striv- 
 ing to surpass his own record. By this competition his intel- 
 lectual faculties will have been made keener, and will have re- 
 ceived an impetus which it is impossible to overestimate*. He 
 will have had, to some extent at least, opportunity to appre- 
 ciate what are his weak points, and what his strong ones, and 
 this leads me to the last intellectual advantage of which I have 
 time to speak. 
 
 College does give a man some idea of his own abilities, 
 some idea of what he is good for. Is not this an intellectual 
 advantage ? It is most often while in college that one makes 
 his choice of life-work. To have had a mental training that 
 
15 
 
 will help to guide him aright in this direction means not only 
 bread and butter, but a much higher degree of success. 
 
 Thus it is that in college a student is given practice in 
 studying in the true sense, in thinking independently, in accom- 
 plishing this amid a crowd of conflicting engagements, and 
 finally he is endowed with the power to appreciate in part his 
 own abilities. These it must certainly be said, are the lasting 
 intellectual advantages gained by a collegiate course of train- 
 ing. 
 
 When a man leaves college, then, he should not be, and 
 cannot be a scholar, but rather, one in whom scholarly aspira- 
 tions have been quickened, and scholarly impulses aroused. 
 
 Apart from the intellectual side of college life, however, 
 there is also a practical side which is of fully equal advantage 
 to the student. 
 
 It is a great thing to be able to loaf well — it softens the 
 manners and does not allow them to be fierce — and there is no 
 better place on the face of the earth where one may learn loaf- 
 ing to a higher degree of perfection than in college, and I am 
 stili speaking from experience. Laziness is a sin which besets 
 the college as easily as it does the individual, but I venture to 
 say that hundreds of men have received their first impulse for 
 downright, hard, persistent and absorbing work in this very col- 
 lege, and have thus laid the foundations for the best things that 
 life can ofi^er. Since the test applied in the^life of the world is 
 not What does a fellow know ? but What can he do ? Could the 
 practical character of the training which a college gives be evi- 
 denced in a more conspicious way than by the fact that it may 
 be made a place of training for hard work? 
 
 Again. Plenty of experience in practical affairs of the 
 world is placed at the disposal of the college student who is 
 willing to assume duties other than those which are merely in- 
 tellectual. It happens not infrequently that a shy, diffident, re- 
 served student, who as a schoolboy had been absorbed in his 
 books and had few companions, when he has responsibility put 
 upon him, for the first time, loses his shyness, gains confidence 
 
V . 16 
 
 in himself, and becomes the efficient chairman of some com- 
 mittee, editor-in chief of his college paper, the president or 
 leader of some active college organization. The diffident boy 
 has developed into the capable college man with the ability 
 " to bring things to pass." He has become a much more valu- 
 able member of society for his experience obtained in this 
 phase of his college work. 
 
 If figures do not lie, it can be shown by statistics that the 
 college-bred man has a tremendous practical advantage in the 
 race for business position, even when his special preparation 
 may seem to have little direct reference to his appointment, or 
 business position. 
 
 So it is that college not only aims to make, but may suc- 
 ceed in making, its students capable and self-reliant, in giving 
 them the power of accomplishing whatever they undertake, in 
 making them constructive in their work rather than merely 
 imitative. 
 
 But if, in enumerating some of the advantages afforded by 
 a course of training in college — such as the intellectual and the 
 practical — one fails to include those advantages which ma>i be 
 called social, he falls far short of doing justice to an institution 
 worthy to bear the name of college. He neglects to note the 
 most lasting of all the benefits derived from a college education. 
 In speaking of the social side of college life, I do not wish to 
 be understood as referring, necessarily, to receptions, balls, and 
 theatre parties, but rather to what is even more important than 
 any of these — the influence, the spirit, the sentiment exerted 
 by the daily intercourse of student with student. 
 
 The remark is often made, and with telling force, that the 
 students are educated as much by each other as by the professors. 
 Whether this ought to be the case, may be open to question, 
 yet it must certainly be said that every single college man will 
 secretly acknowledge if not openly, that the power of personal- 
 ity is by far superior in importance to the power of instruction. 
 In other words, that one's personality far exceeds in influence 
 his mental attainments. It is not too much to say that a pleas- 
 
17 
 
 ing personality, witli the necessary attributes of mind that al- 
 ways accompany it, is much more to be envied, is much more 
 to be desired and cultivated, than the most profound intellect 
 that lacks such personality. 
 
 If one thing more than any other has been indelibly im- 
 pressed upon my mind during my course, it is a conviction of the 
 baneful effects that come from magnifying the intellectual at 
 the expense of the practical and social ends of education. For 
 it is the social life that brings out the student's personality. 
 Without a strong, pleasing personality he is utterly unable to 
 cope with the great world outside. He may become the veriest 
 book- worm, and still know absolutely nothing of the affairs of 
 life. "While he may acquire information, he will never be a 
 scholar, and can never be a cultured gentleman. 
 
 Now how does college help to give one this personality ? 
 In a sense, college is a world by itself — it is the greater world 
 in embryo. Upon entering it one finds himself thrown in with 
 all sorts and conditions of men — rich men, poor men, selfish 
 men, unselfish men ; men who have high ideas of life and work, 
 men who, unfortunately, have not these ideas. For four years 
 he is to live with, be identified with, associated with, all these 
 conflicting temperaments and various faculties. He is, there- 
 fore, compelled to learn how to make friends, how to keep friends. 
 He is to learn how to treat his enemies, if he have any ; how 
 to get on with men, and still preserve his own individuality. 
 He is to learn, as never before, the necessity for, and the power 
 of, tact. And finally, he is to learn that those of the older 
 students who rise to places of trust and confidence, who exert 
 the best and strongest influence; that those among the pro- 
 fessors who are the most popular, respected and beloved, are 
 always and everywhere those who have, perhaps, no extraordi- 
 nary intellectual power, but who have a wholesome, hale and 
 hearty, 2Ln6i pleasing personality. 
 
 It is because the social intercourse of student with student 
 may develop this power of personality, that I count the result 
 of the social side of college life the very best of its contribu- 
 
V- 18 
 
 tions to a liberal education. It is only by means of one's own 
 personality that he can ever hope to influence or instruct others 
 with any lasting benefit. It is never to be forgotten that it is 
 humanity that educates humanity, personality that disciplines 
 personality. 
 
 But a pleasing personality is by no means all that the social 
 life of college gives to the student who mingles with his fel- 
 lows. It strengthens his sympathies, it widens his outlook upon 
 the facts of life. In short, it is the social life which accom- 
 plishes what may be said to be embodied in the general broad- 
 ening, deepening and enriching of character, — all that which 
 may be so much more easily felt than expressed. 
 
 In the college world, as in the greater world outside, life 
 may be to the student what he chooses to make it. It may be 
 good or bad, pure or vile, worth while or not worth while. 
 Obviously the moral strain is great. If, however, a man dis- 
 ciplines himself to make a clean record in the social life of his 
 college, is not this a fair guarantee that he will do the same in 
 his later life ? 
 
 The influence of students is constantly recognized in respect 
 to its less favorable aspects, but I think it is not so often recog- 
 nized in respect to its higher and nobler relations. Of this a 
 word seems necessary. 
 
 There is a certain institution in the social life of every col- 
 lege whose whole object and aim, whose every principle, is 
 such as to call forth in each member his noblest purposes and 
 highest aspirations. It is that part of college life about which 
 cluster the tenderest memories, the most sacred associations. 
 For it, one's dreams of college reputation, his selfish pride, his 
 deep-uttered vows to win a name for himself have all been 
 sobered into affection ; have all blended into that glow of feel- 
 ing which finds its center, and hope, and joy, in the Fraternity. 
 For it is here, in this home life of the college, that one learns 
 to surrender himself to the good of those to whom he has pledged 
 what is nearest and dearest to him. It is here that one learns 
 to make the interests and honor of his friends, the interests and 
 
19 
 
 honor of himself. Here, as nowhere else, the power of 
 personal influence is manifest. And, as it is in such a social 
 institution as his own fraternity that for each student may first 
 be born that larger, broader, fraternal feeling which marks col- 
 lege life as most beautiful the world over, so it is that the 
 greater fraternity of the one college body may likewise come to 
 be the source of those elevating, ennobling influences of true 
 college loyalty, college spirit, college friendship — qualities 
 which as long as life endures will never cease to be an inspira- 
 tion and a lasting help to every college graduate. 
 
 In conclusion, then, we see some of the advantages which the 
 college may give a student if he will but let it. It may develop 
 in him an independence of thought, of study, of action; it may 
 give him a better, truer estimate of his own abilities. He may 
 gain the practical advantages that come from steady application 
 to hard work ; he may reap 'the practical benefits from an ex- 
 perience in getting on with men. And finally, last and best of 
 all, he may have developed in him not only a cultured, pleas- 
 ing personality that will commend itself to every stranger, but 
 he may have developed also those refining sentiments of honor 
 and manliness which come only from the uplifting influences of 
 high-minded companionship ; he may appreciate as never be- 
 fore ''the loyalty, valor and truth Of the friendships that hallow 
 the season of youth." 
 
 Thus it is that the college pours oil, as it were, into the 
 lamp of character, and makes its light more radiant, and more 
 lasting. 
 
 George Maynard Hog an, 1897 
 
^ 20 
 
 SONG 
 
 Air— Nellie Gray. 
 
 1. When the golden blush of morning spreads its radiance o'er 
 
 the sky, 
 And each dew-drop seems a bright and sparkling gem, 
 And the gently breathing ijephyr stirs the silver boughs on 
 
 high, 
 Thei]^we'll sing to our dear old U. V. M. 
 
 CHORUS. 
 
 Then we'll sing the glad refrain, 
 
 Let it echo once again. 
 
 And we'll sing it with a will forevermore ; 
 
 For we're singing of the praises of our dear old U. V. M. 
 
 May they echo from the mountains to the shore ! 
 
 2. When athwart the eastern mountains spreads the sunset's 
 
 golden glow. 
 And the sun is slowly sinking to his rest. 
 And across the ancient campus creep the evening shadows 
 
 low, 
 And the silver lake is glistening in the west ; 
 
 CHORUS. 
 
 3. Like a gleam of happy sunshine in this world of care and woe. 
 
 Like a star that flashes brightly o'er its ways, 
 Far across the fields of memory from the years of long ago 
 Shines the lustre of our happy college days. 
 
 CHORUS. 
 
 4. When at last the voyage ceases and we stand upon the shore, 
 
 And the shadows gather thick upon the main. 
 Then we'll think with fond remembrance of our college 
 days once more, 
 And we'll long for the dear old U. V. M. 
 
 CHORUS. 
 
 Frank Roi^and Jkwktt, 1899 
 
 [It is often asked what the mysterious letters "U. V. M." 
 stand for. The explanation is this : In the early days of the 
 University the name of the institution was sometimes latinized 
 as Universitas Viridhcm Montmm.'\ 
 
21 
 
 The InterdepKndency of Modern Communities 
 Fellow Students and Friends : 
 
 The last time that I delivered an oration was nearly eighteen 
 years ago when I stood upon the platform of the Howard Opera 
 House upon the occasion of receiving the degree of Bachelor of 
 Arts. Since that day I have not been called upon for an ora- 
 tion. All that I can hope to do now is to make a brief address 
 which I trust may be in keeping with this most fitting celebra- 
 tion. I shall not, however, dwell long upon the past, or upon the 
 history of our State and the University. A great man or a great 
 occasion can serve no better purpose than to furnish us with a 
 text for the future. 
 
 It has been frequently remarked that there is more State 
 pride among the sons of Vermont than is to be found among the 
 offspring of any other commonwealth. So, too, we alumni have 
 a peculiar pride in our loved University, and if we chance to be 
 at once the sons of Vermont and alumni of the University, this 
 double pride becomes a rich heritage, a precious memory. We 
 love our college not only for her own sake, but also because she 
 is set upon a hill in a commonwealth crowded with historic 
 memories of a unique civil life. 
 
 This combination of sentiment, — a love for a college, and a 
 love for a commonwealth, is more distinct, so far as I am aware, 
 among the alumni of Vermont than elsewhere. We love to 
 think that our State had its origin in pioneers who preferred 
 hardships of unconquered nature to the more comfortable homes 
 of commerce on the seaboard, or to a life in the well settled 
 agricultural towns in the interior of Connecticut and Massachu- 
 setts ; who were the offspring of separatism in the church ; who 
 dared to maintain independence not only of the mother country, 
 but also of the sister colonies to the East and the West. We 
 love our State none the less because there is a tradition of tur- 
 bulence and outlawry associated with our youth. Our incon- 
 sistent characters, even that of the insolent Matthew Lyon 
 imprisoned under the alien and sedition laws, have a sympathet- 
 
22 
 
 ic interest for us which we cannot explain, save that in some 
 way they appear to be an expression of our independent feel- 
 ing. To us there appears no incongruity in the almost unique 
 action of [our State in making the Masonic question a funda- 
 mental issue in a political election. So, too, we prize the simple 
 history and character of our college ; we love to think that we 
 were once the seat of an interpretation of philosophic thought, 
 unappreciated if not unknown in other intellectual centers of 
 this country. 
 
 If I had the opportunity, I should enjoy dwelling at length 
 upon some of these conditions and characteristics which have 
 given this distinctive quality to our State, but in thus referring 
 to these characteristics of our commonwealth I do not intend to 
 enter upon a eulogy of the accomplishments of this state, or 
 of the quiet, silent, but forceful work of our University. My 
 thought is in another direction, and I trust that this will not ap- 
 pear to be an inappropriate occasion to dwell for a few moments 
 upon certain forces at work at the present time throughout the 
 world, which are tending to make much of this history of our 
 loved State, and to a certain extent, the annals of our college, 
 even more of a legend than it is to-day. This past indeed should 
 be more than a legend; it should be a cherished archive, pre- 
 served with solicitous care, for its relations to the present are 
 growing dimmer and dimmer. 
 
 Among the many changes which are taking place at the 
 present time, there are two important facts to be noted ; one is 
 the growing interdependency of different sections of the coun- 
 try ; and the other is its counterpart, an increasing tendency 
 towards uniformity in the characteristics of our population re- 
 garded as a whole. 
 
 It was not so long ago that it was possible for a section of 
 this country, a state, for example, to disregard national or in- 
 ternational conditions and maintain an isolated position in which 
 it might weave out its own fortunes undisturbed and undistract- 
 ed. Its material prosperity was dependent upon local rather 
 than upon national or world influences ; and in this self-suffi- 
 
23 
 
 ciency, it could develop its own mental, moral and industrial 
 traits. But those days are fleeting. The interrelations of the 
 world are becoming more and more complex ; the dependency 
 and interdependency of our interests are more and more 
 important and significant. The working out of this force 
 on a large scale I may illustrate by certain changes which 
 have taken place over long periods of time in the fields of com- 
 merce. The influence of the railroad, the telegraph, the tele- 
 phone and the steamship in opening different portions of the 
 whole country has often been dwelt upon, and has become a trite 
 subject for consideration. But the chief significance of these 
 changes is not merely in annihilating space and lessening time, 
 but in changing the very quality of commerce and the relations 
 of mankind. Commerce, or the interchange of commodities, 
 was until recently, for the most part in the luxuries, not the 
 necessaries of life. If the interchange were interrupted, the mass 
 of the people was but little disturbed. Take a glance at Rome 
 in the classic age. Who but the nobles or wealthy knights 
 were wont to purchase the calicoes or muslins of Malta, the 
 beautiful green marble of lyacedsemon, the byssinus resembling 
 cambric, selling for its weight in gold, from Elis ; the marble 
 from Paros ; the fine earthenware from Samos ; the wine and 
 vermilion from Galatia and Cappadocia ; the columns of stone 
 like alabaster from Phrygia ; the fine wool, black as jet, from 
 Laodicea ; the precious stones, fine resin, sweet oil and copper 
 from Cyprus ; the cedar, gum, balsam and alabaster from Pales- 
 tine ; feathers and ivory from Africa ; and the lead, iron, copper^ 
 silver and gold from Spain ? Nor was it the common people 
 who ate the cheese, geese, and salted pork from Gaul ; and the 
 salted tunni from Thrace ; or the honey from Attica. None but 
 matrons allied to rank and wealth wore the robes made of the 
 plant of which Virgil sings. ''Shall I sing," he says, *'of the 
 groves of Ethiopia, hoary with soft wool, and how the Seres 
 comb out the delicate fleece from among the leaves?" The list 
 is sufficient. The commons of Rome before the imperial era 
 
24 
 
 could have lived and died and been none the worse or wiser 
 if never a ship had anchored off the mouth of the Tiber. 
 
 Only gradually did commerce come to embrace the necessa- 
 ries of life. During the middle ages, the great bulk of the trade 
 was still in commodities for the rich. One of the charming es- 
 sayists of the Spectator, going astray from his customary confi- 
 dential and felicitous advice to female correspondents, into the 
 vulgar realm of trade, described the nature of the commercial 
 dependence which existed in his day, in the following manner ; 
 — and it will be observed how few of the commodities referred 
 to were purchased by the people at large : ''The fruits of Portu- 
 gal are corrected by the products of Barbadoes ; and the infusion 
 of a China plant is sweetened by the pith of an Indian cane. 
 The Philippine Islands give a flavor to the European bowls. The 
 single dress of a woman of quality is often the product of a hun- 
 dred climes. The muff and the fan come together from the dif- 
 ferent ends of the earth. The scarf is sent from the torrid zone 
 and the tippet from beneath the pole. The brocaded petticoat 
 rises out of the mines of Peru, and the diamond necklace out of 
 the bowels of Hindoostan. " 
 
 English bills of lading today tell altogether a different tale. 
 Wheat constitutes a sixth of the total value of the imports of 
 Great Britain ; cotton and wool in her clothing, another sixth ; 
 butter, eggs, sugar, tea and coffee about an eighth, and so we 
 might continue the classification to show that the great mass of 
 the commodities imported are finally consumed by the middle 
 and lower classes of society. 
 
 The commercial statistics of other nations testify to the 
 same general change. Of our exports, cotton constitutes more 
 than a fourth ; wheat, flour and corn another quarter ; bacon, 
 ham, lard, cheese and animals, an eighth. Commerce, indeed, 
 could never have expanded as it has, if it had not seized upon 
 the necessities of life as its opportunities. 
 
 Up to the third quarter of the last century England was 
 practically more than self-sufiicient in wheat and cattle. About 
 1770, however, England had to seek for foreign supplies. In 
 
25 
 
 fifty years this amounted to a large quantity, and by the 
 middle of this century one person in every five in England 
 lived on foreign grain. In 1879 Mr. Caird summed up the situ- 
 ation as follows : ** We now receive our bread in equal propor- 
 tions from our own fields and those of the stranger ; this country 
 thus derives from foreign lands not only half its bread and 
 nearly one-quarter of its dairy- produce, but almost the entire 
 commodities that may be further required by an increase in its 
 population. " 
 
 Last year England did not raise one-fourth of the wheat 
 which she required. Looking at the world at large, there is at 
 the present time, roughly speaking, a total product in wheat of 
 more than two thousand million of bushels, but what is more to 
 the point for our consideration, there is an annual transfer from 
 country to country of more than one-eighth of this total to sat- 
 isfy local wants. 
 
 Why was it that commerce was so largely restricted to lux- 
 uries ? There were reasons for it. National insecurity and fre- 
 quent war made it impossible that one nation should depend in 
 any essential degree upon another for the necessities of life. 
 National independence in former times was largely based upon 
 economic independence. A principality or a nation, to maintain 
 its sovereignty, must be self-contained, else she could be 
 starved into submission and thus conquered. A country 
 might, indeed, derive from other lands a small portion of 
 her staple food products, but she must nevertheless have within 
 her own borders the conditions which would make her self suffi- 
 cient within a short period. This argument of self-sufficiency 
 has been a favorite one of statesmen. It was so in the early 
 days of this republic. It was argued that in no respect with re- 
 gard to the necessities of life should the United States be de- 
 pendent upon Europe. 
 
 Now, however, with the rapid transportation, and the open- 
 ing up of new parts of the world for supplies, this argument has 
 not the force that it had in the past. The world is too 
 large for trade to be stopped by war. And so now 
 
26 
 
 we see countries which are far from self-sufficient. They 
 have dared to swing loose trom the basis of domes- 
 tic food supplies and rely upon alien sources for the very 
 necessities of life. A century ago it was computed that the 
 total trade in wheat was not over eleven million of dollars ; now 
 it is in the hundreds of millions. Formerly such a commercial 
 situation would have been regarded with the greatest alarm. 
 Now, it may be ''in every respect advantageous." 
 
 The significance of the illustration upon which I have 
 dwelt somewhat at length is patent to all. It is general and 
 universal in its application. It was not so many years ago that 
 Vermont was self-sufficient in a large degree in her food pro- 
 ducts, and being off the line of the greater transportation routes, 
 maintained for a longer period her economic independence than 
 did many other Eastern states. 
 
 We are not able to present statistics or accurate data which 
 will show just how large an amount of food products is im- 
 ported into this little State. We know, however, that even this 
 agricultural community has been sucked into the great stream 
 of exchange, swollen by the flood of production at the lowest 
 possible cost, a stream coming from hundreds or thousands of 
 miles away. 
 
 I may illustrate this further by examples of inter-depen- 
 dency in other parts of the world. The prosperity of England 
 is particularly dependent upon foreign enterprise. Capital goes 
 out from England to every part of the world and an industrial 
 disturbance not merely in an English colony, but in an indepen- 
 dent nation, is likely to have its reflex action in Great Britain. 
 For example, some years ago there was a rapid development in 
 the Argentine Republic ; harbors and docks, water works, 
 mining projects, railways, electrical enterprises, were equipped 
 from Great Britain. Numerous contracts were engaged in. A 
 crisis took place in Argentine affairs owing to an over-expan- 
 sion of credit and insecure finances. These enterprises came to 
 -an end and the engineering trades of Great Britain were pros- 
 trated. British industry was seriously influenced by the bank- 
 
27 
 
 ing crisis in Australia in 1893, which compelled the colonies to 
 restrict their purchases. The currency crisis of this country 
 four years ago reduced our purchases of British productions. 
 The closing of the Indian mints brought about a decrease in the 
 exports of British and Irish produce. England has thus been at 
 the mercy of storms generated in other climes. 
 
 Competition is quick to seize the smallest possible margin of 
 profit. This point of advantage may be in a distant land, and 
 we, the consumers, without a question transfer our allegiance 
 from our neighbor who grew our wheat and provided our beef 
 and mutton, to some stranger who lives no one knows where, if 
 we can thereby save a fraction of a cent. 
 
 And this world-wide competition will increase as rapidly in 
 the future as in the past. We are coming more and more to a 
 world -basis of industry ; and this means an upheaval, a wrench- 
 ing, and in many places, desolation, as for example, illustrated 
 in a city in Southern Kansas, a town having three lines of rail- 
 ways connecting it with the outside world, where the population 
 has declined from 2,021 in 1894 ^o 1,074 i^ 1896, and the prop- 
 erty valuation from $273,000 to $171,000. 
 
 There is an agricultural problem, and its explanation in a 
 large measure lies in the creation of a world market. The 
 struggle for the maintenance of our agricultural population will 
 be severe and painful. It can be lessened by education which 
 will enable every agricultural producer to seize the slightest 
 opportunity for self-help and enable him to adapt himself to 
 new conditions. 
 
 But not only in our production but in our savings of wealth 
 also do we find this interdependency of interests illustrated. 
 The aggregate resources of all the savings institutions and 
 trust companies in Vermont on June 30, 1896, was, if I read the 
 report of the Inspector of Finance aright, $34,991,346. Where 
 are these savings of Vermont invested ? Nearly one- 
 third, or $11,085,427 are invested in loans on mortgages or 
 real estate outside of this State, and for the most part in the 
 West. The prosperity of this State as far as these accumulated 
 
28 
 
 savings have gone, depends upon other portions of the country. 
 This is well known to all, and hardly needs further illustration. 
 A shock, a crisis, or a business depression may not make itself 
 felt in Vermont so acutely or so promptly, but the results are 
 sure to be felt ; and the happiness of many a family in this com- 
 monwealth has been disturbed by the working out of forces far 
 beyond its immediate control. 
 
 The values of invested securities are disturbed by the fluctu- 
 ations of war between Turkey and Greece — to us apparently, 
 as far as material forces go, an insignificant struggle, and yet 
 the value of your investment in an American railroad bond or 
 stock, or municipal or state security, is lessened by a Greek 
 victory and increased by that of Turkey. Why? So knit are 
 the financial interests of the world that the prospect of new in- 
 vestment securities, issued by a national government, would 
 bring into the market a new supply, which, under the law of 
 supply and demand, would decrease the value of the amount 
 already open for investment. From the standpoint of European 
 politics it is impolitic to let Greece go far in the path of success 
 to the injury of Turkey. This would start a general revolt 
 which would involve extensive interests. The powers would 
 be obliged to interfere ; this would require the borrowing of 
 money or the issuing of loans ; and a new supply would lessen 
 the value of all investment securities in the market. 
 
 There is another force which brings into prominence the 
 significance of the interdependency of the different sections of 
 our country in different parts of the world, — migration and im- 
 migration. I shall not dwell upon the causes of foreign immi- 
 gration in the past twent}' years ; or show how it differed in 
 kind from that of earlier years ; but if migration of the present 
 quality is to continue, for our own self-protection we shall be 
 more and more justified in showing a profound interest in the 
 uplifting of the lower classes of European nations. 
 
 But the growth of this interpendency within our own 
 country is illustrated in the facts of interstate migration. For 
 example, in 1890 the total number of persons living in the 
 
United States, born in; Vermont, was 422,359. Of these 295,- 
 625 lived in Vermont. There are 172,769, or nearly 41 per 
 cent, at the present time to be found living in other states and 
 territories of our own national union. They have gone out 
 from this environment to win their way to success or failure in 
 another environment. Of these, 13,439 have settled in Kan- 
 sas and westward; 11,354 have settled in Illinois; 9,452 in 
 Michigan; 9,397 in Wisconsin; 9,301 in Iowa; and 7,683 in 
 Minnesota. Nearly a quarter of this number have settled in the 
 large cities of the United States. For example, Boston has 
 3,998, Chicago, 3,285, the city of I^owell in Massachusetts 
 2,057, Worcester, 1971, New York, 1,808, Minneapolis, 1,722 
 and so on. 
 
 Of 88 students at the University of Vermont in the fair of 
 1889, whose present residence is known to the authorities 
 of our college, all but 8 came from Vermont: Of these 88, how- 
 ever, but one- fourth, or 22, settled in Vermont, and of these 
 22, 10 are in Burlington. Of the 88, 15 settled in New York 
 city. Vermont University is not merely a college for Vermont. 
 Her sons and daughters go elsewhere. 
 
 We see then that a population like that of Vermont is beset 
 by two powerful forces which are at work throughout the world 
 — the tendency toward a world-condition of industrial produc- 
 tion and commerce ; and secondly, the instability of the popu- 
 lation, — a tendency to move to manufacturing and commercial 
 centers where the margin of disadvantage is least, or the mar- 
 gin of advantage in the world's competition is greatest. This 
 analysis of what I conceive to be the condition not only of Ver- 
 mont, but of many other agricultural sections of our country has 
 not appeared, I trust, pedantic or over-labored. The reason- 
 ing, I believe, is close to the facts even if the illustra- 
 tions be not the most happy. He who works best for the future 
 of Vermont must take these forces into account and ask himself 
 how best shall this and the next generation be fitted for these 
 changing conditions. I am not here to express evil foreboding. 
 If Vermont could create what she has in the past, with little or 
 
30 
 
 no advantage in her favor, with no turn of the wheel of fortune 
 to pour wealth suddenly into her lap, with no prestige of the 
 great millionaire — if Vermont has been able to do what she has, 
 with a quiet, patient and intelligent shaping of her opportuni- 
 ties, there is no reason to fear for the future ; and yet to me 
 these reflections upon the future of the land of my birth and the 
 fortunes that it must meet, have for a long time been of interest; 
 and I therefore have endeavored in these few brief moments to' 
 present them. 
 
 But may I now call your attention to a few other consider- 
 ations connected with this subject of our interpendency. It is a 
 remarkable fact that while economic forces have with irresist- 
 ible power developed this condition, the intellect of man as ex- 
 pressed in political laws and enactments is blind to its existence 
 or thinks it can defeat its ends. lyCgislative enactment may 
 possibly defeat the immediate purposes of our great world force, 
 Cor human will is capable of any blunder whereby great suffer- 
 ing may be brought to mankind. Interpendency is becoming 
 the key-note of the world's situation, and yet for a moment con- 
 sider how little this is recognized in the three most important 
 <3uestions which are before the American people at the present 
 time. I refer to the tariff question ; second, to the currency 
 question ; and third, to the question of our political international 
 relations. 
 
 A tariff schedule is an instrument designed to control within 
 given limits international economic relations. It is a res- 
 olution to lessen interdependency which might be created under 
 free conditions. In many stages of a nation's development this 
 is desirable. But emphatic protest should be raised against the 
 frequent interference and disturbance of international relations. 
 
 The changes brought about by a tariff are hardly appre- 
 ciated, and particularly remiss are we to a consideration of the 
 promptness with which they come. Let me illustrate it by one 
 or two examples. First, the change in the tin plate industry of 
 South Wales caused by the McKinley tariff. The shipment to 
 the United States of tin plates formed about 70 per cent, of the 
 
31 
 
 whole exports of tin plate from that section, and about one-half 
 of its production, in the period just before the passage of 
 the McKinley tariff. By the adoption of that tariff thou- 
 sands of operatives were thrown out of employment in that 
 section of England, many of whom helped to aggravate the 
 problem of the unemployed in the great cities of England, and 
 others were led to transfer themselves and their families to 
 the seats of the industry in this country. 
 
 Another striking example of this influence of tariff upon 
 the industrial conditions of one locality was found in the recent 
 experience of Bradford, England, one of the greatest centers of 
 woolen manufacture, particularly worsteds. The United States 
 has constituted about one third of her market, and the active 
 employment of her machinery, it is said, depends upon a large 
 volume of American orders. ** It is generally agreed," says a 
 competent author, ''that on the passage of the McKinley tariff 
 of 1890, and through the business depression which preceded its 
 repeal, Bradford was the dullest and gloomiest town in England." 
 The following are the fluctuations in the exports of Bradford to 
 the United States in millions of dollars : 1890, 20 millions (note, 
 the McKinley tariff comes into operation) in 1891, 11. 6 millions ; 
 in 1894, 8.2 millions. And the tariff of 1894 changed conditions, 
 and the figures once more expand. 
 
 It will be impossible to take the tariff question entirely out 
 of politics. Nations will be less disposed to plunge into military 
 and naval struggle, so great is the expense of modern warfare, yet 
 international competition, national assertiveness and race rancor 
 will find their outlet in a commercial attack through a tariff. 
 Commercial warfare is likely to rule in the future. But we should 
 recognize the disaster this will bring. Competition aided by 
 the mechanical inventions of the age will penetrate every gap or 
 opening which the ingenuity of the legislator at the time has 
 been unable to close. It will, however, be impossible to pre 
 vent the establishment here or there in the industrial field of 
 close commercial ties, and yet we appear eager to cut apart 
 without a moment's warning these connecting links. 
 
32 
 
 A large part of this people believes that we can have a 
 national currency which has no relation to the monetary stand- 
 ards which have been established by the rest of the world ; we 
 should be independent in our unit. The delicate adjustments of 
 trade, the money market, finances, are lost sight of. It is not 
 seen that if we are to have a world commerce, we needs must 
 have a common par of exchange in order that this world-com- 
 merce may be carried on with the least possible friction. And 
 a gold standard, or a silver standard, if it be not a universal world 
 standard, is in so far defective. What is needed is a common 
 standard, not merely an American standard, not merely 
 the standard which England has, but a standard which the world 
 may have. 
 
 And so again in our international relations, we have seized 
 upon a doctrine justifiable to a certain degree from its historic as- 
 sociations, which would lead us to associate ourselves with the 
 political fortunes of countries with which we have little of this social 
 interdependence, whether it be in material goods, or in intellectual 
 or spiritual aspirations. With what countries should we seek 
 to ally ourselves and establish comity ? a choice which would 
 enable us to work together for common welfare ? We have made 
 the Atlantic ocean a barrier, and considered the great mountain 
 range which extends through Mexico, Central America, and along 
 the spine of South America, a bridge, and endeavored to mark 
 that out as the line along which our political interdependency 
 should be determined, although other forces have drawn us into 
 dependencies which defy political doctrine. The ocean should 
 not be a barrier, but a bridge, and by all the experience 
 in the past half century, we should be closer drawn to nations to 
 the East of us than to nations to the South of us. We may express 
 a sympathy and tender a helping hand when occasion ofi'ers, but 
 we should not permit ourselves to magnify relations which are of 
 less importance, at the expense of interdependency of ties which 
 can be made not only of importance to us as a nation, but of rnost 
 tremendous significance to the world as a civilizing factor. 
 
33 
 
 I am not referring here to sentimental considerations which 
 might justify our affection for mother, England, or a sympathy 
 with Greece, or pity toward Western Asia. I rely upon the argu- 
 ment of economic advantage. Our manufacturers, as well as our 
 consumers, have more interest in stable trade relations over the 
 sea than elsewhere. 
 
 No State then, no individual, can escape the results of this 
 overmastering force toward interdependency. Our Western lake 
 and Eastern river and mountain barriers cannot shut out this in- 
 vading force. It is our part, then, to prepare for as easy an ad- 
 justment as possible. 
 
 It is not without significance that our University is set upon 
 a hill. The vision has a wide sweep to a distant horizon and 
 from this summit we can look forth upon the world, beat- 
 ing with a quicker pulse, but behind is the same throbbing en- 
 gine that drives us all on and holds us to a common task. 
 
 The educational system of this commonwealth must there- 
 fore concern itself not only with the preparation of its youth for 
 absorption into its own community which will have to deal with 
 new forces, but it also must prepare its offspring for other en- 
 vironments, for other temptations and struggles. The student 
 may not know by actual contact the full significance of modern 
 immigration of a low and degraded standard, or of the slums of 
 the city, or of the complications of factory life or sweat shop, or 
 of the pressure of great corporations illustrated in unrighteous 
 legislation, or of the frequent failure of the individual who can- 
 not withstand the pressure of corporate competition. The stu- 
 dent born and bred in Vermont may not know the prejudiced 
 feeling or strenuous efforts of organized labor advocates ; he may 
 not hear the heated and bitter oratory of the agitator who has 
 committed himself to an economic scheme rather than to a 
 faith in the political institutions of our country. Of all this he 
 may be ignorant, but of these and similar conditions he cannot 
 remain ignorant long. They are part of his problem whether 
 he go to the larger centers of population or remain at home. 
 
34 
 
 He cannot escape their pressure. The forces of life are spin- 
 ning their web in every direction, and he is in the meshes. 
 
 Davis Rich Dewky, 1879 
 
 Professor in the Mass. Institute of Technology, Boston 
 
 LATIN ODE 
 
 Written— not to the Metre— but to the Tune, of "Integer vitae. 
 
 Iterum, fratres, rediit sollennis . 
 Auctoris nostri dies celebrandus 
 Et in memoriam et in spem perennem 
 Rerum maiorum. 
 
 Grates agamus rebus pro secundis 
 Adhuc expertis, nee ullo cessemus 
 Die conniti Deumque precari 
 
 Opem ut concedat. 
 
 Clarius semper altiusque micet 
 Lumen accensum centum abhinc annos 
 Utque a pharo radios diflfundat 
 
 Latins laetos. 
 
 Donee a fluvio usque ad lacum amoenum 
 Terra Viridium dulcis Clivorum 
 Plena sit luce honore veritate, — 
 
 Domus virtutum. 
 
 Semper ut vivat floreatque Mater 
 Nostra Benigna, mentes atque mores 
 Excolens civitatis ad honorem, 
 
 Deum rogemus. 
 
lU tiOOl 
 
 38.3362 
 
 S-C 
 
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 UNIVERSITV OF CAUFORNIA UBRARY