A 1 8 3 LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ THE RECORD OF THE ROTAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1897 89; LONDON : HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE, printers in (Drbtmtrg to Tjcr ^tajcstj). 1897, No. 1. LONDON : HARRISON AND SONS, POINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY, ST. MARTIN'S LANE. Q 4i PREFACE. THE present volume may be regarded as the complement of the ' Year-book ' published a few months ago. The information con- tained in the ' Year-book ' is liable to change, and it is proposed to issue a fresh edition of this every year as soon after the Anni- versary Meeting as possible. The present volume, which we have called ' The Kecord,' contains information, largely historical, such as will not need more than slight additions from time to time ; it is proposed to issue a new edition of this every few years, accord- ing as it may be found desirable. We very gladly take this opportunity of acknowledging the very great assistance given to us in the preparation both of this volume and of the ' Year-book ' by Mr. H. Eix, the late Assistant- Secretary of the Society. M. FOSTER, ^ vr T > r A. W. EUCKERJ CONTENTS. PAGE Some Account of the Foundation arid Early History of the Royal Society 1 Cbarta Prima, Prsesidi, Concilio, et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis Londini, a Rege Carolo Secundo concessa 19 First Charter, granted to the President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society of London, by King Charles the Second 31 Cbarta Secunda, Tisdem ab Eodem concessa 44 Second Charter, granted to the same by the same 58 Charta Tertia, lisdem ab Eodem concessa 73 Third Charter, granted to the same by the same 85 A License for Purchasing in Mortmain to the yearly value of One Thousand Pounds, granted by King George the First 97 A Note on the History of the Statutes of the Society The First Statutes 100 The Statutes from 1663 to 1752 100 The Statutes from 1752 to 1776 105 The Statutes from 1776 to 1847 Ill The Changes from 1847 to 1888 113 Benefactors of the Society ., 115 The Trusts of the Royal Society 120 Institutions upon which the Royal Society is represented 135 Other Public Functions performed by the Royal Society 136 Description of the Kew Observatory 137 The Botanic Gardens, Chelsea, formerly known as "The Physick Garden" 153 The Lawes Agricultural Trust 155 History of the Government Grant for Scientific Investigations I. " Government Grant " of 1000 a year 158 II. " Government Fund " of 4000 a year and "Government Grant " of 1000 a year 159 III. " Government Grant " of 4000 a year 161 The Publications of the Royal Society 164 The ' Philosophical Transactions ' 164 The ' Proceedings of the Royal Society ' 165 Catalogue of Scientific Papers 166 VI CONTENTS. PAGE The Library 168 Instruments and Historical Eelics in the Possession of the Koyal Society 171 List of Portraits and Busts in the Apartments of the Society 175 Catalogue of the Medals in the Possession of the Society 183 Presidents of the Royal Society 205 Treasurers of the Eoyal Society 211 Secretaries of the Eoyal Society 211 Foreign Secretaries of the Eoyal Society 213 Names of Persons to whom the Medals of the Eoval Society have been awarded Copley Medal 214 Eumford Medal , 216 Eoyal Medal 216 Davy Medal 218 Darwin Medal. . 218 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Plate 1. Portraits of Lord Brouncker, P.R.S., Sir Joseph Williamson, P.R.S., Sir Christopher Wren, P.E.S., and Sir John Hoskins, P.R.S to face p. 10 Plats 2. Portraits of Samuel Pepys, P.R.S., the Earl of Carbery, P.R.S., Henry Oldenburg, Sec. R.S., and the Hon. Robert Boyle, F.R.S to face p. 18 Arms of the Royal Society 14 Seal of the Royal Society , 99 The Rumford Medal 122 The Copley Medal 124 The Davy Medal 127 The Darwin Medal 130 The Buchanan Medal 132 The Royal Medal 133 View of Kew Observatory in 1891 138 Kew Observatory. Plan 1 140 Plan 2 , 145 Sir Isaac Newton's Reflecting Telescope 172 RECORD OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. SOME ACCOUNT OF THE FOUNDATION AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. The " first ground and foundation of the Royal Society " is given by Wallis* as follows : " About the year 1645, while I lived in London (at a time when, by our civil wars, academical studies were much interrupted in both our Universities), beside the conversation of divers eminent divines, as to matters theological, I had the opportunity of being acquainted with divers worthy persons, inquisitive into natural philosophy, and other parts of human learning ; and particularly of what hath been called the New Philosophy or Experimental Philosophy. We did by agree- ments, divers of us, meet weekly in London on a certain day [and hour, under a certain penalty, and a weekly contribution for the charge of experiments, with certain rules agreed upon amongst us],f to treat and discourse of such affairs ; of which number were Dr. John Wilkins (afterwards Bishop of Chester [then chaplain to the Prince Elector Palatine, in London]), Dr. Jonathan Goddard, Dr. George Ent, Dr. Glisson, Dr. Merret (Drs. in Physick), Mr. (Samuel Foster, then Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College, Mr. Theodore Haak$ (a German of the Palatinate, and then resident in London, who, I think, gave the first occasion, and first suggested those meetings), and many others. " These meetings we held sometimes at Dr. Goddard's lodgings in Wood Street (or some convenient place near), on occasion of his keep- * Dr. John Wallis, mathematician, b. 1616, d. 1703. The passage quoted is from his letter to Dr. Thomas Smith, dated January 29, 1696-7, published in Thomas Hearne's Appendix to his preface to ' Peter Langtoft's Chronicle,' vol. 1, p. 161, edit. London, 1725. f The passages in square brackets are taken from Wallis's ' A Defence of the Royal Society,' 1678. Misprinted Hank. B 2 Record of the Royal Society. ing an operator in his house for grinding glasses for telescopes and microscopes ; sometimes at a convenient place [The Bull Head] in Cheapside, and [in term-time] at Gresham College [at Mr. Foster's lecture (then Astronomer Professor there), and, after the lecture ended, repaired, sometimes to Mr. Foster's lodgings, sometimes to some other place not far distant] . " Our business was (precluding matters of theology and state affairs) to discourse and consider of Philosophical Enquiries, and such as related thereunto : as Physick, Anatomy, Geometry, Astronomy, Navi- gation, Staticks, Magneticks, Chymiclts, Mechanicks, and natural Experi- ments ; with the state of these studies, as then cultivated at home and abroad. We then discoursed of the circulation of the blood, the valves in the veins, the vence lactece, the lymphatick vessels, the Copernican hypothesis, the nature of comets and new stars, the satellites of Jupiter, the oval shape (as it then appeared) of Saturn, the spots in the sun, and its turning on its own axis, the inequalities and selenography of the Moon, the several phases of Venus and Mercury, the improvement of telescopes, and grinding of glasses for that purpose, the weight of air, the possibility or impossibility of vacuities and Nature's abhorrence thereof, the Torri- cellian experiment in quicksilver, the descent of heavy bodies, and the degrees of acceleration therein ; and divers other things of like nature. Some of which were then but new discoveries, and others not so generally known and embraced as now they are, with other things appertaining to what hath been called The New Philosophy, which from the times of Galileo at Florence, and Sir Francis Bacon (Lord Verulam) in England, hath been much cultivated in Italy, France, Germany, and other parts abroad, as well as with us in England. "About the year 1648, 1649, some of our company being removed to Oxford (first Dr. Wilkins, then I, and soon after Dr. Goddard) our company divided. Those in London continued to meet there as before (and we with them, when we had occasion to be there), and those of us at Oxford, with Dr. Ward (since Bishop of Salisbury), Dr. Ralph Bathurst (now President of Trinity College in Oxford), Dr. Petty (since Sir William Petty), Dr. Willis (then an eminent physician in Oxford), and divers others, continued such meetings in Oxford, and brought these studies into fashion there ; meeting first at Dr. Petty's lodgings (in an apothecarie's house), because of the convenience of inspecting drugs, and the like, as there was occasion ; and after his remove to- Ireland (though not so constantly) at the lodgings of Dr. Wilkins, then Warden of Wadham College, and after his removal to Trinity College in Cambridge, at the lodgings of the Honourable Mr. Robert Boyle, then resident for divers years in Oxford." It is to this private Society, meeting partly in London, partly at Oxford, that Boyle most probably refers when, in his letters to Mons. Marcombes (October 22, 1646), to Francis Talleiits (February 20, Foundation and Early History. 3 1646-47), and to Samuel Hartlib (May 8, 1647), he speaks of "The Invisible College."* The Oxford Society became in 1651 the Philosophical Society of Oxford, of which meetings continued to be held at irregular intervals until 1690 when they ceased. The London Society continued to meet until about the year 1658, " usually at Gresham College, at the Wednesday's and Thursday's lectures of Dr. Wren and Mr. Rook, where there joined with them several eminent persons of their com- mon acquaintance : The Lord Viscount Brouncker, the now Lord Brereton, Sir Paul Neil, Mr. John Evelyn, Mr. Henshaw, Mr. Slingsby, Dr. Timothy Clarke, Dr. Ent, Mr. Ball, Mr. Hill, Dr. Crone, and diverse other gentlemen, whose inclinations lay the same way. This custom was observed once, if not twice, a week in term-time ; till they were scattered by the miserable distractions of that fatal year ; till the continuance of their meetings there might have made them run the hazard of the fate of Archimedes : for then the place of their meeting was made a quarter for soldiers.'^ In 1660 the meetings at Gresham College were revived, and on the 28th November in that year the first Journal-book of the Society was opened with the following entry : "Memorandum that Novemb. 28, 1660, These persons following, according to the usuall custom of most of them, rnett together at Gresham Colledge to heare Mr. Wren's lecture, viz. The Lord Brouncker, Mr. Boyle, Mr. Bruce, Sir Robert Moray, Sir Paul Neile, Dr. Wilkins, Dr. Goddard, Dr. Petty, Mr. Ball, Mr. Rooke, Mr. Wren, Mr. Hill. And after the lecture was ended, they did, accord- ing to the usual manner, withdrawe for niutuall converse. Where amongst other matters that were discoursed of, something was offered about a designe of founding a Colledge for the promoting of Physico-Mathemafcicall Experimentall Learning. And because they had these frequent occasions of meeting with one another, it was proposed that some course might be thought of, to improve this meet- ing to a more regular way of debating things, and according to the manner in other country es, where there were voluntary associations of men in academies, for the advancement of various parts of learn- ing, so they might doe something answerable here for the promoting of experimentall philosophy. "In order to which, it was agreed that this Company would con- tinue their weekly meeting on Wednesday, at 3 of the clock in the tearme time, at Mr. Rooke's chamber at Gresham Colledge ; in the vacation, at Mr. Ball's chamber in the Temple. And towards the defraying of occasionall expenses, every one should, at his first ad- * Sprat's 'Life of the Honourable Eobert Boyle,' prefixed to Boyle's 'Works/ folio, London, 1744, pp. 17, 20, 24. f Sprat's ' History of the Eoyal Society ' (1734), p. 57. B 2 4 Record of the Royal Society. mission, pay downe ten shillings, and besides engage to pay one shilling weekly, whether present or absent, whilest he shall please to keep his relation to this Company. At this Meeting Dr. Wilkins was appointed to the chaire, Mr. Ball to be Treasurer, and Mr. Croone, though ahsent, was named for Register. " And to the end that they might the better be enabled to make a conjecture of how many the elected number of this Society should consist, therefore it was desired that a list might be taken of the names of such persons as were known to those present, whom they judged willing and fit to joyne with them in their design e, who, if they should desire it, might be admitted before any other."* Upon which this following Catalogue was offered : Lord Hatton. Mr. Povey. Dr. Coxe. Mr. Robert Boyle. Mr. Wilde. Dr. Merrett. Mr. Jones. Dr. Baines. Dr. Whistler. Mr. Coventry. Dr. Wren. Dr. Clarke. Mr. Brereton. Mr. Smith. Dr. Bathurst. Sir Kenelme Digby. Mr. Ashmole. Dr. Cowley.f Sir Ant. Morgan. Mr. Newburg. Dr. Willis. Mr. John Vaughan. Dr. Ward. Dr. Henshaw. Mr. Evelyn. Dr. Wallis. Dr. Pfinch. Mr. Rawlins. Dr. Glisson. Mr. Austen. Mr. Matthew Wren. Dr. Bates. Mr. Oldenburg. Mr. Slingsby. Dr. Ent. Mr. Pett. Mr. Henshaw. Dr. Scarburgh. Mr. Croone. Mr. Denham. Dr. Phrasier. On the following Wednesday, being the 5th December, a Meeting was held, of which the following is recorded in the Journal-book : " Sir R/obert Moray brought iii word from the court, that the King had been acquainted with the designe of this Meeting. And he did well approve of it, and would be ready to give encouragement to it." " It was ordered that Mr. Wren be desired to prepare against the next meeting for the Pendulum Experiment. " That Mr. Croone be desired to looke out for some discreet person skilled in short-hand writing, to be an amanuensis. " It was then agreed that the number be not increased, but by consent of the Society who have already subscribed their names : till such time as the orders for the constitution be settled. " That any three or more of this company (whose occasions will permit them,) are desired to meete as a Committee, at 3 of the ' Journal-book,' vol. 1, p. 1. t He had been created M.D. at Oxford, Dec. 2, 1657. Wood, ' Fas. Oxon.' Foinidation and Early History. 5 clock on Fryday, to consult about such orders in reference to the constitution, as they shall think fitt to offer to the whole company, and so to adjourne de die in diem." Under the above date of the 5th Dec. 1660, the first page of the Journal-book contains the following obligation : " Wee whose names are underwritten, doe consent and agree that wee will meet together weekely (if not hindered by necessary occa- sions), to consult and debate concerning the promoting of experi- mental! learning. And that each of us will allowe one shilling weekely, towards the defraying of occasional! charges. Provided that if any one or more of us shall thinke fitt at any time to with- drawe, he or they shall, after notice thereof given to the Company at a meeting, be freed from this obligation for the future." To this are attached the signatures of all those persons comprised in the Catalogue of names prepared at the meeting on the 28th of November, as also of seventy-three others, who were subsequently elected into the Society, as may be seen in the Journal-book. On the 12th December another Meeting was held. The following is the entry in the Journal-book : " It was referred to my Lord Brouncker, Sir Robert Moray, Sir Paul Neil, Mr. Matthew Wren, Dr. Goddard, and Mr. Christopher Wren, to consult about a convenient place for the weekly meeting of the Society. "It was then voted that no person shall be admitted into the Society without scrutiny, excepting only such as are of the degree of Barons or above. " Sir Kenelme Digby, Mr. Austen, and Dr. Bates, were then by vote chosen into the Society. " That the stated number of this Society be five and fifty. That twenty-one of the stated number of this Society be the quorum for Elections. " That any person of the degree of Baron or above may be ad- mitted as supernumerary s, if they shall desire it, and will conforme themselves to such orders as are or shall be established. " Whereas it was suggested at the Committee that the Colledge of Physitians would afford convenient accommodation for the meeting of this Society ; uppon supposition that it be graunted and accepted of, it was thought reasonable, that any of the Poll owes of the said Col- ledge, if they shall desire it, be likewise admitted as Supernumerarys, they submitting to the Lawes of the Society, both as to the pay at their admission, and the weekly allowance ; as likewise the particular works or tasks that may be allotted to them. " That the Publick Professors of Mathematicks, Physick, and Natural! Philosophy, of both Universitys, have the same priviledge with the Colledge of Physitians, they paying as others at their 6 Record of the Royal Society. admission, and contributing their weekely allowance and assistance, when their occasions do permitt them to be in London. " That the quorum of this Society be nine for all matters excepting the Businesse of Elections. " Concerning the Manner of Elect i " That no man shall be elected the same day he is proposed. That at the least twenty-one shall be present at each election. " That the Amanuensis doe provide severall little scroles of paper of an equall length and breadth, in number double to the Society present. One half e of them shall be marked with a crosse, and being roled up shall be lay'd in a heap on the table, the other halfe shall be marked with cyphers, and being roled up shall be lay'd in another heap. Every person coming in his order shall take from each heap a role, and thro we which he please privately into an urne, and the other into a boxe. Then the Director, and two others of the Society, openly numbering the crossed roles in the urn, shall accordingly pronounce the election. " That if two-thirds of the present number do consent uppon any scrutiny, that election to be good, and not otherwise. " Concerning the Officers and Servants of the Society. " The standing Officers of this Society to be three, that is to say, a President or Director, a Treasurer, and a Register. The President to be chosen monthly. "The Treasurer to continue one yeare, as also the Register. " That there be likewise two servants belonging to this Society, an Amanuensis, and an Operator. " That the Treasurer doe every quarter give in an account of the Stock in his hand, and all disbursements made to the President or Director, and any three others to be appointed by the Society : who are to report it to the Society. " That any bill of charges brought in by the Amanuensis and Operator, and subscribed by the President and Register for any experiment made, and subscribed by the Curators of the experiment, or the major part of them, be a sufficient warrant to the Treasurer for the payment of that sum. " That the Register provide three bookes, one for the statutes and names of the Society, another for experiments and the result of debates : and a third for occasionall orders. " That the salary of the Amanuensis be 40Z. per annum, and his pay for particular business at the ordinary rate, either by the sheet or otherwise, as the President and Register can best agree with him. " That the salary of the Operator be foure pounds by the yeare, Foundation and Early History. 7 and for any other service, as the Curators who employ him shall judge reasonable. " That at every meeting, three or more of the Society be desired that they would please to be reporters for that meeting, to sitt at table with the Register and take notes of all that shall be mate- rially offered to the Society and debated in it, who together may form a report against the next meeting to be filed by the Register. " When the admission-money comes to 20Z., then to stop." At a subsequent meeting, held December 19, 1660, it was " ordered that the next meeting should be at Gresham Colledge, and so from weeke to weeke till further order," the suggestion that the Society should meet at the College of Physicians being given up. On the 6th March, 1660-61, Sir Robert Moray (one of the Privy Council and of great influence with the King) was chosen President, and 011 April 10th was re-elected ** for an other month." It would appear that some time previous to 16th October, 1661, the Society had petitioned His Majesty to incorporate them, for 011 that day "Sir Robert Moray acquainted the Society that liee and Sr. Paul Neile kiss'd the King's hands in the Company's Name, and is intreated by them to return most humble thancks to His Majesty for the Reference he was pleased to graunt of their Petition : and to this favour and honour hee was pleased to offer of him selfe to bee enter'd one of the Society." The Charter of Incorporation (see p. 19) passed the Great Seal on the loth July, 1662. This is, therefore, the date of the beginning of the Royal Society. The Charter was read before the Society on the 13th August of the same year, and on the 29th the President, Council, and Fellows went to Whitehall and returned their thanks to His Majesty. The first Charter, however, did not give the Fellows all the privi- leges which they desired, and, representations having been made, a second Charter (see p. 44), supplying the desired privileges, and re- taining all the clauses of incorporation contained in the first Charter, passed the Great Seal on the 22nd of April, 1663, and was read before the Society on the 13th May following. In 1669 a third Charter (see p. 73) was given, but this does little more than grant io the Society lands in Chelsea (the Chelsea College), and while con- firming the powers given by the second Charter makes some slight changes. It is practically the second Charter which ensures the Society its privileges, and by which the Society has since been, and continues to be, governed. The list* of the President and Council, named by the second Charter, and of the Fellows nominated by them, is as follows : * Reprinted from Thomson's * History of the Royal Society.' 1675. George Bate, M.D. Foundation and Early History. BOEN. Jan. 25, 1640 1619 1617 1615 1631 1618 1621 1620 1615 July 18, 1635 DIED. 1614 Dec. 7, 1637 1622 Aug. 18, 1707 1 I 1707 j Nov. 11, 1671 j 1690 Oct. 12, 1684 : 1676 1680 Nov. 23, 1684 Mar. 28, 1669 1701 Jan. 6 ; 1689 1673 Sept, 5, 1680 Oct. 14,1677 April 18, 1674 1670 1673 Jan. 24, 1697 1690 Mar. 3, 1702 1680 1678 1695 1695 Dec. 15, 1681 Aug. 25, 1670 Oct. 31, 1679 William Lord Cavendish afterwards Duke of Devonshire. Walter Charleton, M.D. Edward Cotton, D.D., Archdeacon of Cornwall. Daniel Colwall, Esq. John Clayton, Esq. afterwards Sir John Clayton, Kt. Thomas Coxe, M.D. William Croone, M.D. John Earl of Crawford and Lindsay. Henry Marquis of Dorchester. William Earl of Devonshire. Sir John Denham, Knight of the Bath. Mr. John Dryden, the poet. Seth Lord Bishop of Exeter afterwards of Salis- bury. Andrew Ellis, Esq. Sir Francis Feane, Knight of the Bath. Sir John Finch, Kt. Mons. Le Febure. Francis Glisson, M.D. John Grraunt, Esq. Christopher Lord Hatton. Charles Howard, Esq. William Hoare, M.D. Sir Kobert Harley, Kt. Nathaniel Henshaw, M.D. James Hayes, Esq. afterwards Kt. William Holder, D.D. Theodore Haake, Esq. William Hammond, Esq. John Hoskyns, Esq. afterwards Bart. Kobert Hooke, M. A. afterwards LL.D. Richard Jones, Esq. afterwards Earl of Kane- laugh. Alexander Earl of Kincardin. Sir Andrew King, Kt. John Lord Lucas. James Long, Esq. afterwards Bart. Anthony Lowther, Esq. John Lord Yiscount Massarene. Sir Anthony Morgan, Kt. Christopher Merret, M.D. James Earl of Northampton. Sir Thomas Nott, Kt. expelled Nov. 18, 1675. William Neile, Esq. Jaspar Needham, M.D. Sir William Persall, Kt. Sir Eichard Powle, Knight of the Bath. 10 Record of the Royal Society. BOKN. Mar. 1, 1610 July 27, 1625 1618 1636 1636 1616 1606 1631 1636 1682 June 1714 Dec. 12, 1685 Dec. 24, 1686 May 28, 1672 July 26, 1693 | April 12, 1678 j Sept. 11, 1702 May 20,1718 Dec. 29, 1707 1703 Oct. 31,1687 Sept. 3,1701 July 3, 1672 Oct. 20, 1632 ! Feb. 25, 1723 1615 April 14, 1629 -Sept. 17, 1615 May 11, 1684 Dec. 15, 1679 Dec. 4, 1679 1695 April 9, 1670 Sir Robert Paston, Knight of the Bath afterwards Earl of Yarmouth. Sir Peter Pett, Kt. expelled Nov. 18, 1675. Walter Pope, M.D. John Pell, D.D. Peter Pett, Esq. Henry Powle, Esq. Thomas Povey, Esq. Henry Proby, Esq. Philip Packer, Esq. William Quatremaine, M.D. Edward Earl of Sandwich. Sir James Shaen, Kt. Charles Scarburgh, M.D. afterwards Sir C. Sear- burgh, Ivt. Thomas Stanley, Esq. G-eorge Smyth, M.D. Alex. Stanhope, Esq. withdrawn Mar. 8, 1681. Robert Southwell, Esq.- afterwards Sir Robert Southwell, Kt. William Schroter, Esq. Thomas Sprat, M.A. afterwards D.D. and Bishop of Rochester. Christopher Terne, M.D. Samuel Tuke, Esq. afterwards Kt. Cornelius Vermuyden, Esq. afterwards Kt. Sir Cyril Wyche, Kt. Sir Peter Wyche, Kt. John Wallis, D.D. Edmund Waller, Esq. Joseph Williamson, Esq. afterwards Kt. Francis Willughby, Esq. William Winde, Esq. John Winthrop, Esq. Thomas Wren, M.D. Christopher Wren, LL.D. afterwards Kt. Edmund Wylde, Esq. Daniel Whistler, M.D. Sir Edward Bysshe, Kt. Sir John Birkenhead, Kt. Mons. Christian Huygens, of Zulichem. Mons. Samuel Sorbiere. The second Charter, confirmed on this point by the third, provides for a Council of twenty-one (the President or his Deputy being always one), of whom ten are to be changed each year on St. Andrew's Day. The election of the Council, the President, the Treasurer, and the two Secretaries is placed in the hands of the President, Council, d Royal Society. Foundation and Early History. 11 and Fellows, as is also the reception and admission of members. But, otherwise, " the making of laws, statutes, and ordinances, and the transaction of all matters relating to management of the Society and its affairs " is entrusted to the President and Council alone. Hence by the Charter, the Bye Laws, or Statutes, as they are called, by which the Society is governed, are made and changed by the Presi- dent and Council alone, the Fellows at large having no voice in the matter. At p. 100 will be found a Note on the Statutes, which gives a brief history of the successive changes in the internal administra- tion by the President and Council from the foundation of the Society to recent times ; it is unnecessary to repeat these here. Attention, however, may be called to the fact that, as is stated in that Note, the printing of the ' Philosophical Transactions,' which was begun in 1665, the first number appearing on Monday, March 6, 1664-5, was at first "the single act of the respective Secretaries" (being, in fact, in the first instance a speculation on the part of Renry Oldenburg), though a certain supervision was exercised by the President and Council. This system was continued through 46 volumes consisting of 496 numbers. With the 47th volume, published in 1753 (the publication in numbers was thenceforward discontinued) the publication was placed by new Statutes directly in the hands of the President and Council, a Committee of Papers being established. In addition to the ' Philosophical Transactions,' the Society, having powers by their Charter to appoint a printer and engraver, published or sanctioned the publication of separate works on Natural Know- ledge. Among the works which received their imprimatur are the following : Hooke, Robert, ' Micrographia : or some Physiological Descrip- tions of Minute Bodies made by Magnifying Glasses.' Folio. London 1665. Graunt, John, ' Natural and political Observations . . . made upon the Bills of Mortality, with reference to the Government, Religion, Trade, Growth, Air, Diseases, and the several changes of the City [of London].' (3rd edition, enlarged.) Svo. London 1665. Sprat, Thomas, ' The History of the Royal Society of London for the improving of Natural Knowledge.' 4to. London 1667. Malpighi, Marcello, ' Dissertatio epistolica de Bombyce ; Societati Regia3 Londini dicata.' 4to. Londini 1669. Holder, William, ' Elements of Speech ; with an Appendix, con- cerning persons Deaf and Dumb.' Svo. London 1669. Evelyn, John, ' Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees.' Folio. London 1670. Horrocks, Jeremiah, ' Opera posthunia.' 4to. Londini 1673. Malpighi, Marcello, ' Auatome Plantartim,' Folio. Londini 1675. 12 Record of the Royal Society. Willughby, Francis, ' Ornithologist libri tres ; totam opus recog- novit, digessit, supplevit Joannes Raiug.' Folio. Londini 1676. Evelyn John, ' A Philosophical Discourse of Earth, relating to the Culture and Improvement of it for Vegetation. . . .' 8vo. London 1676. * Philosophical Collections ' [by Robert Hooke].* 4to. London 1679-82. * Lectiones Cutlerianae, or a Collection of Lectures : Physical, Mechanical, Geographical, and Astronomical. . . .' 4to. London 1679. Also several separate Tracts, by Robert Hooke. 4to. 1679-82. Papin, Denis, 'A New Digester, or Engine for softning Bones.' 4to. London 1681. Grew, Nehemiah, ' Musseum Regalis Societatis : or a Catalogue and Description of the Natural and Artificial Rarities belonging to the Society, and preserved at Gresham Colledge.' Folio. London 1681. Grew, Nehemiah, ' The Anatomy of Plants. With an Idea of a Philosophical History of Plants, and several other Lectures read before the Royal Society.' Folio. London 1682. Ray, John, * Historia Plantarum, species hactenus editas aliasque insuper multas noviter inventas et descriptas complectens . . . .' Folio. Londini 1686-88. Flamsteed, John, ' Tide-table for 1687.' Papin, Denis, ' A continuation of the New Digester of Bones ; together with some improvements and new uses of the air-pump.' 4to. London 1687. Newton, Isaac, ' PhilosophiEef Naturalis Principia Mathematical Autore Is. Newton. Imprimatur : S. Pepys, Reg. Soc. Praises. Julii 5, 1686. 4to. Londini 1687. Malpighi, Marcello, ' Opera Posthuma.' Folio. Londini 1697. ' Commercium Epistolicum D. Johannis Collins, et aliorum de Analysi promota : jussu Societatis Regioe in lucem editum.' 4to. Londini 1712. * " Ordered and desired That Mr. Hooke may publish (as he hath now declared he is ready to doe) a sheet or two every fortnight of such Phylosophicall matters as he shall meet with from his Correspond 13 , not making use of any thing conteind in the Register Books without the leave of the Councei and Author." Council Minutes, July 3, 1679. f "Ordered That Mr. Newton's book be printed forthwith in a quarto of a fair letter." Journal-look, May 19, 1686. " Ordered that Mr. Newton's book be printed, and that E. Halley shall undertake the business of looking after it, and printing it at his own charge, which he engaged to do." Council Minutes, June 2, 1686. " Ordered that the President be desired to licence Mr. Newton's book entituled ' Philosophise naturalis prineipia mathematical and dedicated to the Society." Council Minutes, June 30, 1686. Foundation and Early History. 13 As has been shown above, the Society, at and before its incorpora- tion, held its meetings at Gresham College. After June 28, 1665, the meetings were for a while discontinued, on account of the plague, and the seventh and eighth numbers of the ' Philosophical Trans- actions ' were printed at Oxford. On March 14, 16656, the meetings were resumed at Gresham College, but in September of the same year the Great Fire in London again interrupted them. The meetings due on September 5 and 12 were not held, and though the Society seems to have met on September 19 and some following weeks at Dr. Pope's lodging, or in other rooms in Gresham College, it left the College, which, on account of the fire, was much occupied by merchants, and in January 9, 1666-7, met at Arundel House, in the Strand, originally the Bishop of Bath's Palace, at the site now occu- pied by Arundel and Norfolk Street ; here rooms had been placed at the disposal of the Society by Mr. Henry Howard. At Arundel House the meetings continued to be held regularly, with an interruption from May to October, 1667, caused by the arrest and detention in the Tower, on suspicion of treasonable prac- tices, of Henry Oldenburg, one of the secretaries, until December, 1673, when the Society once more returned to Gresham College, though for some little time the meetings appear to have been occa- sionally held at Arundel House. Under the presidency of Isaac Newton, an anxiety that the Society should possess a house of its own became very marked, and in 1710 a house in Crane Court, in Fleet Street, having been purchased on borrowed money, the Society met there on November 8. Here they continued for the greater part of the century, indeed until November 30, 1780, when, Sir Joseph Banks being president, they took possession of rooms in Somerset House, which had been placed at their disposal by the Government. The Society remained in Somerset House until 1857. In that year the apartments were required for Government offices, and the Society was temporarily transferred to that part of Burlington House which is now occupied by the offices of the Royal Academy of Arts. The new wings and the gateway were subsequently added, and in 1873 the Society took up its permanent quarters in the east wing, which it still occupies. The second Charter gave the President, Council, and Fellows the same right " to demand and receive the bodies of executed criminals, and to anatomize them as the College of Physicians, and the Company of Surgeons of London use or enjoy." On January 20, 1663-4, at a meeting of the Council, " The general and particular Warrants to demand Bodies for dissection, drawn up by S r Anthony Morgan were read and approved." The original copy of this general Warrant, signed by Lord Brouncker, is preserved in the Archives of the Society. 14 Record of the Royal Society. The privilege appears to have been exercised for a time with con- siderable vigour, Dr. Charleton being appointed, by a Resolution of April 20th in the same year, " to have the care of Dissecting Bodies for one year." But although there are several entries in the Council Minutes relating to Anatomical Experiments, and in June, 1668, Henry Howard, afterwards sixth Duke of Norfolk, gave the Society a room in Arundel House for that purpose, no clear reference AEMS or THE ROYAL SOCIETT. to the privilege in question has been found later than the Minute of August 29, 1666, when it was ordered " That an Amanuensis should make a Copy of the W r arrant for demanding a Body for dis- section, to be performed in Gresham College by some of the Fellows of the Society at their own charges." Ultimately it fell wholly into abeyance. The second Charter also granted the Society the use of arms, and in August, 1663, Charles II presented the Society with the mace, Foundation and Early Plistory. 15 which is still in their possession, the warrant for which is dated May 23, 1663.* After the Incorporation, the now Royal Society conducted its meetings very much as they had been conducted while it was yet a private Society. What was the character of the meetings at that time may be learnt from the following record of the fourth meeting after the one at which the charter was read, copied from the Journal- book : September 10th, 1662. " Mersennus, his account of the tenacity of cylindricall bodies was read by Mr. Croone, to whome the prosecution of that matter by con- sulting GalilsBO, was referred when the translation of that Italian treatise wherein he handleth of this subject shall bee printed. " It was order'd, that, at the next meeting Experiments should bee made with wires of severall matters of ye same size, silver, copper, iron, &c., to see what weight will breake them ; the curator is Mr. Croone. " The reading of the french manuscript brought in by Sr. Robert Moray about taking heights and distances by catoptricks was differred till the description of the instrument should come. " Dr. Goddard made an experiment concerning the force that presseth the aire into lesse dimensions ; and it was found, that twelve- ounces did contract Y V part of Aire. The quantity of Air is wanting, " My Lord Brouncker was desired to send his Glass to Dr. Goddard, to make further experiments about the force of pressing aire into less dimensions. " Dr. Wren was put in mind to prosecute Mr. Rook's observations concerning the motions of the satellites of Jupiter. "Dr. Charleton read an Essay of his, concerning the velocity of sounds, direct and reflexe, and was desired to prosecute this matter ; and to bring his discourse again next day to bee enter'd. "Dr. Goddard made the Experiment to show how much aire a man's lungs may hold, by sucking up water into a separating glasse after the lungs have been well emptied of Aire. Severall persons of the Society trying it, some sucked up in one suction about three pintes of water, one six, another eight pintes and three quarters, &c. Here was observed the variety of whistles or tones, which ye water made at. the severall hights, in falling out of the glasse again. " Mr. Evelyn's experiment was brought in of Animal engrafting, and in particular of making a Cock spur grow on a Cock's head. " It was discoursed whether there bee any such thing as sexes in- * The legend that this mace of the Society was 'the " bauble " turned out of the House of Commons by Oliver Cromwell has been exposed by Weld, ' Hist. Koy. Soc.,' vol. 1, p. 152, &c. 16 Record of the Royal Society. trees and other plants ; some instances were brought of Palme trees, plum trees, hollies, Ash trees, Quinces, pionies, &c., wherein a differ- ence was said to be found, either in their bearing of fruit or in their hardnesse and softness, or in their medicall operations : some said that the difference which is in trees as to fertility or sterility may be made by ingrafting. "Mention was made by Sr. Rob. Moray of a French Gentleman who having been some while since in England, and present at a meeting of the Society, discoursed that the nature of all trees was to run altogether to wood, which was changed by a certaine way of cutting them, whereby they were made against their nature to beare fruit, and that according as this cutting was done with more, or lesse, skill the more or less fruitfnll the tree would bee. " A proposition was offered by Sr, Robert Moray about the planting of Timber in England and the preserving of what is now growing. " Mr. Boyle shew'd a Puppey in a certaine liquour, wherein it had been preserved during all the hott months of the Summer, though in a broken and unsealed glasse. "Sir James Shaen proposed a CancTraate by Sr. Rob. Moray." It is evident that one most important feature of a meeting was the performing of experiments before the members. Tn the warrant issued in 1663, ordering the mace to be made for the Royal Society, the Society is spoken of as " for the improving of Natural. Knowledge by experiments." The experiment was performed for and by itself, and not merely, as now, in illustration of a " paper communicated." Papers were read then as now; but the reading of such papers formed only a part, and by no means a great part, of the business of the meeting. Much time was spent in discussing the bearings of such experiments as were shown, and in devising other experiments to be shown at some subsequent meeting, or in instituting investiga- tions to be carried out in divers places and under various circum- stances. And from the very first much of the energy of the Society was spent in foreign correspondence, in giving information or advice upon inquiries reaching them, in seeking news, or in instigating researches in foreign places. The Letter-books of the Society contain very many letters between the Society and various learned bodies and individuals abroad; the first Letter-book begins with one dated 22nd July, 1661 (that is, before the incorporation of the Society), and addressed by the then President, Sir Robert Moray, to one Monsieur de Monmort, requesting the interchange of scientific com- munications. Monsieur de Monmort appears to have been the patron of science at whose house in Paris there assembled that small body of savants who later, in 1666, were incorporated as the " Academic des Sciences." Foundation and Early History. 17 The importance of the experiments carried out at the meetings is shown by the Society early availing itself of the power granted to it by the Charter of " appointing two or more curators of experiments," and appointing to this office Robert Hooke, who had been the assistant to Boyle, admitting him at the same time as a Fellow of the Society. He was elected Curator to the Society on January 11, 1664-65, " for perpetuity, with a salary of 30 a year, pro tempore," apart- ments being assigned to him for residence. He held the appoint- ment concurrently with the secretaryship, to which he was elected in 1677. In 1684 Papin was chosen joint Curator with Hooke, and con- tinued so until 1687, when he became Professor at Marburg. Both Hooke and Papin were very active in providing experiments to be shown at the meetings. There appear to have been additional Curators for special depart- ments, besides the general Curatorship of Robert Hooke. Thus, in November, 1667, Dr. Lomer was appointed " Curator in Anatomical Experiments." In April, 1672, Dr. Grew was appointed "to be a Curator to the Royal Society for the Anatomy of Plants for a year, upon subscriptions amounting to 50, to be made by such members of the Society as should be willing to contribute thereto," and in December of that year the Council promised to " recommend him to the Society, to continue him another year, if the subscribers would please to continue their contributions." Whether he was actually continued does not appear. It will also be noticed that in the account of the meeting of September 10, 1662, given above, Mr. Croone is named as the Curator of a special series of experiments. On February 27, 1683-84, "Mr. Hally was desired to bring in experiments at the meetings of the Society in the manner of a Curator, and he should be considered for it as others had been. He was desired to proceed first upon magnetism, which he promised to doe." On May 27, 1685, Mr. Molt was " imployed in making the chymicai operations," and in 1707 Dr. Douglas and Mr. Hawksbee were simi- larly employed to prepare experiments, and were paid for so doing, but do not appear to have borne the title of Curator. Dr. Desaguliers, however, seems to have borne the title. He was elected a Fellow on July 15, 1714, and was excused his fees, on account of his usefulness in the Curatorship. Some of the experiments were instituted at the instigation of King Charles II ; and in the early days the Society seems often to have prepared experiments at its meeting, hoping, but in many instances in vain, that the King would do them the honour to witness them. C 18 Record of the Royal Society. In order to carry out their inquiries and investigations more efficiently, the Society not only appointed special committees to make inquiries concerning and to report on particular questions, as, for instance, when Sir John Lawson desired that a Committee might be appointed "to examine Mr. Greatrix's Diving-instrument, or to direct a good way for staying under water for a considerable time, to lay the foundation of the mole at Tangier" (Council Minutes, January 13, 1663), but also instituted permanent Committees, each to take charge of some special branch of Natural Knowledge. Thus, in the first year after the second Charter, on March 30th, 1664, the following eight Committees were appointed : " 1. Mechanical. To consider of and improve all Mechanical Inventions. [69 names.] 2. Astronomical and Optical. [15 names.] 3. Anatomical. All the Physitians of the Society, Mr. Boyle, Dr. Wilkins, Mr. Hook. 4. Chymical. Duke of Buckingham, Mr. Boyle, Sr. Kenelme Digby, Mr. Charles Howard, Mr. Henshaw, Mr. Le Febure, Sr. Robert Paston, All the Physitians of the Society. 5. Georgical. [32 names.] 6. For Histories of Trades. [35 names.] 7. For Collecting all the Pheenomena of Nature hitherto observed, and all Experiments made and recorded. [21 names.] 8. For Correspondence. [20 names.]"* As will be seen from the Note on the Statutes, the time of the weekly meetings of the Society was fixed, at first in 1663, to be on Wednesday at 2 P.M., but the hour was soon, in July of the same y(3ar. changed to 3 P.M. In 1776 the time of the meeting is fixed as Thursday at 6 P.M., but between this and the above date were changes from Wednesday to Thursday and back again, and from 3 P.M. to 4 P.M., and again to 6 P.M. Since 1710 the meetings have been on Thursdays, the hour being changed in 1780 from 6 to 8 P.M., about 1831 to 8.30 P.M., and in 1880 to 4 30 P.M. *%* The portraits of the six early Presidents given in Plates 1 and 2 are from negatives kindly lent bj the Editor of the ' Leisure Hour.' A nearly complete series of portraits of the Presidents, mostly from pictures in the possession of the Society, is given in the July number of that periodical for 1896. The portraits of Boyle and Oldenburg are from photographs made for this ' Eecord ' from paintings in the apartments of the Society. * MS. Journal-book, vol. 2, fol. 61. Royal Society. Plate 2. <7 19 CHARTA PRIMA,* Praesidi, Concilio, et Sodalibus REGALIS SOCTE- TATIS Londini, a Rege CAROLO SEC UNDO concessa, A.D. MDCLXII. CAROLUS SECUNDUS, Dei gratia Angliae Scotiae Franciae et Hiberniae Rex, Fidei Defensor, etc., omnibus, ad quos praeseutes Literae pervenerint, salntem. Diu multurnque apud nos statuimus, ut imperil fines, sic etiam artes atque scientlas ipsas promovere. Favemus itaque omnibus disciplinis ; particulari autem gratia in- dulgemus philosophicis studiis, praesertim iis, quae solidis experiments conantur aut novam extundere pliiiosophiam, aut expolire veterem. Ut igitur inclarescant apud nostros liujusmodi studia, quae nusquam terrarum adhuc satis omicuerunt, utque nos tandem universus literarum orbis lion solum fidei defensorem, sed etiam veritatis omnimodae et cultorem ubique et patronum, semper agnoscat : Sciatis, quod nos de gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa scientia et mero rnotu iiostris ordinavimus constituimus concessimus et declaravimus, ac per praesentes pro nobis lieredibus et successoribus nostris ordinamus constitui- mns concedimus et declaramus, quod de caetero in per- petuum erit Societas, de Praesidentet Concilio et Soda- libus consistens, quae vocabitur et nuncupabitur Recall's incorporation, . . n and Corporate hocietas ; Et eandem Societatem, per nomen Praesidis Name. Concilii et Sodalium Regalis Societatis, unum corpus corporatum et politicum in re facto et nomine realiter et ad plenum, pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris, facimus ordinamus creamus et constituimus per prae- sentes, et quod per idem nomen habeant successionem per- petuam ; Et quod ipsi et eorumsuccessores (quorum studia appiicaiida sunt ad rerum naturalium artiumque utilium * The Latin text of the Charters here given has been printed from the transcript in Weld's 'History of the Eojal Society,' after careful collation with the enrolments at the Public Record Office, by Mr. E. E. G-. Kirk, Record Agent. Several corrections have been made, but for convenience' sake Weld's extensions of the abbreviations used in the original have been retained. f Sic. c 2 20 Record of the Royal Society. Capacity to pur- chase ; and to grant; to sue and be sued ; to have a Com- mon Seal, alter- able at pleasure. scientias experimenter urn fide ulterius promovendas), per idem nomen Praesidis Concilii et Sodalium Regalis Socie- tatis praedictae, sint et erunt perpetuis futuris temporibus personae habiles et in lege capaces ad habendum per- quirendum percipiendum et possidendam terras et tene- menta prata pascua pasturas libertates privilegia fran- chesias jurisdictions et hereditamenta quaecunque sibi et successoribus sais in feodo et perpetuitate, vel pro termino vitae vitarum vel annorurn, sen aliter quocunque modo, ac etiam bona et catalla, ac omnes alias res, cujus- cuiique fuerint generis naturae speciei sive qualitatis ; Necnon ad dandum concedendum dimittendum et assig- nandum eadem terras tenementa et hereditamenta, bonaet catalla, et omnia facta et res necessarias faciendum et ex- equendum de et concernentia eisdem,* per nomen prae- dictum ; Et quod per nomen Praesidis Concilii et Sodalium Regalis Societatis praedictae placitare et implacitari, respondere et responderi, defendere et defendi de caetero in perpetuum valeant et possint, in quibuscunque Curiis placeis et locis, et coram quibuscunque Judicibus et Justi- cariis et aliis personis et officiariis nostris heredum et suc- cessorum iiostrorum, in omnibus et singulis actionibus placitis sectis querelis causis materiis rebus et demandis quibuscunque, cujuscunque sint aut erunt generis naturae vel speciei, eisdem modo et forma, prout aliqui ligei nostri intra hoc Regnum nostrum Angliae, personae habiles et in lege capaces, aut ut aliquod corpus corpora- turn vel politicum intra hoc Regnum nostrum Angliae, habere perquirere recipere possidere, dare et concedere, placitare et implacitari, respondere et responderi, de- fendere vel defendi valeant et possint, valeat et possit; Et quod iidem Praeses Concilium et Sodales Regalis Societatis praedictae et successores sui habeant in per- petuum Commune Sigillum, pro causis et negotiis suis et successorum suorum quibuscunque agendis deserviturum ; et quod bexie liceat et licebit eisdem Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, et successoribus suis pro tempore existentibus, Sigillum illud de tempore in tempus frangere mutare et de novo facere, prout eis melius fore videbitur expediri. Et, quod intentio nostra regia meliorem sortiatur effectum, ac pro bono regimiiie et gubernatione praedictae Regalis Societatis de tempore in tempns, volumus, ac per praesentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris * S-ie. C/iarta Prima. 21 concedimus eisdem Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Socie- tatis Regalis praedictae et successoribus suis, quod de caetero in perpetuum Concilium praedictum erit et con- sistet ex viginti et una personis (quarum Praesidem The Council to i \ TTIJ_ * i i consist of 21 (of semper unum esse volumus) ; Et quod omnes et smgulae whom the Presi- aliae personae quae intra unum mensem proximum sequen- J^J to be alwa J' s tem post datum praesentium per Praesidem et Concilium, The Fellows to be , . . , ,. -p, .-. />.! i chosen in the first et in omni tempore sequenti per Praesidem Concilium et month, by the Sodales, in eandem Societatem accipientur et admittentur at Membra Regalis Societatis praedictae, et in Registro per ipsos conservando annotatae fuerint, erunt vocabun- Council, and . _ rellows. tur et nuncupabuntur Sodales Regalis Societatis prae- dictae : quos, quanto eminentius omnis generis doctrinae bonarumque literarum studio clarescant, quanto ardentius liujusce Societatis honorem studia et emolumentum* promoveri cupiant, quanto vitae integritate morumque pro- bitate ac pietate emineant, et fidelitate animique erga nos Coronam et dignitatem nostram sincere affectu polleant, eo magis idoneos et dignos, qui in Sodalium ejusdem Societatis numerum adsciscantur, omnino censeri volumus. Et, pro meliori executione voluntatis at concessionis nostrae in hac parte, assignavimus nominavimus consti- tuimus et fecimns, ac per praesentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris assignamus nominanius constitui- mus etfacimus, praedilectum et fidelem nobis Willielmum, Yicecomitem Brouncker, Cancellarium praecbarissimae wniiam, vis- .... -n /-i i i e count Brouncker, consorti nostrae iieginac C-atnennae, lore et esse primum to be the first et modernum Praesidem Regalis Societatis praedictae; r volentes quod praedictus Willielmus,Vicecomes Brouncker, to hold tin st. in officio Praesidis Regalis Societatis praedictae a datu next"! he sSn praesentium usque ad festum Sancti Andreae proximum seqnens post datum praesentium continuabit, et quousque unus alius de Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae pro sworn; tempore existente ad officium illud debito modo electus praefectus et juratus fuerit, juxta ordinationem et provi- sionem in his praesentibus inferius expressam et declara- tam (si praedictus Willielmus, Yicecomes Brouncker, tarn diu vixerit) ; sacramento corporali in omnibus et per but first to be omnia officium illud tangentia bene et fideliter exequen- dum, secundutn veram iiitentionem harum praesentium, c coram praedilecto et perquam fideli Consanguineo et Con- siliario nostro Edwardo, Comite Clarendon, Cancellario nostro Angliae, prius praestito : cui quidem Edwardo, Comiti Clarendon, Cancellario nostro praedicto, sacra- * Or emolument a. Record of t/ie Royal Society. President's The first Council named ; to continue as above, unless amoved for just cause; but first to take, before the Presi- dent, the like oath as his, mutatis mutandis. mentum pvaedicturn administrare plenam potestatem ct authoritatem damns et concedimus, in haec vtrba se- queritia, viz. : J, William, Viscount Brouncker, doe promise to deale faith ftdlie and honestlie in all things belonging to the trust committed to mee as President of this Roy all Societie, during my employment in that capacitie. So helpe me God! Assign avimus etiam constituimus et fecimns, ac per praesentes pro nobis heredibus efc successoribus nostris facimus, dilectos nobis et fideles Roberta m Moray, Militem, ununi a Secretioribus nostris Conciliis in Regno nostro Scotiae, Robertum Boyle, Armigerum, Willielmuni Brereton, Armigerum, iilinm prirnogenitum Baronis de Brereton, Kenelm. Digby, Militem, praecliarissimae matri nostrae Mariae Reginae Cancellarium, Paulum Neile, Mili- tem, ununi Generosorum Canierae privatae nostrae, Henri- cum Slingesby, Armigerum, alium Generosorum prae- dictae privatae Gamete nostrae, Willielmum Petty, Mili- tem, Jobannem Wallis, in Theologia Doctorem, Timotbeum Clarke, in Medicinis Doctorem et unum Medicorum nostrorum, Johannem Wilkins, in Theologia Doctorem, Georgium Ent, in Medicinis Doctorem, Willielmum Aer- skine, unum a Poculis nostris, Jonathan. Goddard, in Me- dicinis Doctorem et Professorem Collegii de Gresbam, Christopherum Wren, in Medicinis Doctorem, Saville Astronomiae Professorem in Academia nostra Oxoniensi, Willielmum Balle, Armigerum, Matthaeum Wren, Armige- rum, Johannem Evelyn, Armigerum, Thomamllenshawe, Armigeram, Dudley Palmer, de Greys Inn in comitatu nostro Middlesexiae, Armigerum, et Henricum Oldenburg, Armigerum, una cum Praeside praedicto, fore et esse primos et modernos viginti et unum de Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae ; continuandos in eisdem officiis a datu praesentium usque ad praedictum festum Sancti Andreae Apostoli proximum sequens, et deiiide, quousque aliae idoneae personae et habiles et sufficientes in officia praedicta electae praefectae et juratae fuerint (si tarn diu vixerint, aut pro aliqua justa et rationabili causa non amotae* fuerint) ; sacramentis corporalibus coram Prae- side praedictae Regalis Societatis, ad officia sua bene et fideliterin omnibus efc per omnia officia ilia tangentia exe- quenda, prius praestaiidis, secundum formam et effectum praedicti sacramenti, mutatis mutandis, Praesidi Regalis Societatis praedictae per Cancellarium nostrum Angliae administrandi (cui quidem Praesidi pro tempore existenti * Sic. Charta Prima. 23 sacramenta praedicta administrare plenam potesfcafcem et authoritatem pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris damns et concedimus per praesentes) : Et quod eaedem personae sic, ut praefertur, ad Concilium praedictae Regalis Societatis electae praefectae et juratae, et in posterum eligendae praeficiendae et jurandae de tempore in tempus, eruut et existent auxiliantes consnlentes et assistentes in omnibus materiis rebus et negotiis raeliorem regulationem gubernationem et directionem praedictae Regalis Societatis, et cujuslibet Membri ejusdem, tangen- tibus seu concernentibus. Et ulterius volumus, ac per praesentes pro nobis here- dibus et successoribus nostris concedimus praefatis Prae- The President, Council, and Fel- sidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae et lows (of whom M . the President to successoribus snis, quod Fraeses Concilium et Sodales be one), to elect, Regalis Societatis praedictae pro tempore existerites (quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem unum esse councntobePre- volumus) de tempore in tempus perpetuis futuris tern- poribus potestatem et authoritatem habeant et habebunt nor amoved, tm .the next St. An- nominandi et eligfencli, et quod elie;ere et nommare possint drew'a Day, and ,., . i. .' . j- A till another shall et valeant, quohbet anno in praedicto testo bancti Andreae, be chosen ; unum de Concilio praedictae Regalis Societatis pro tempore existente, qui sit et erit Praeses Regalis Socie- tatis praedictae usque ad f estum Sancti Andreae Apostoli more of them> exinde proxirnuni sequens (si tarn diu vixerit, aut interim pro aliqua justa et rationabili causa non amotus fuerit), et exinde, quousque unus alius in officium Praesidis Regalis Societatis praedictae electus praefectus et nominatus fuerit; quodque ille, postquam sic, ut praefertur, electus et nomiuatus fuerit in officium Praesidis Regalis Socie- tatis praedictae, antequam ad officium illud admittatur, sacramentum corporale coram Concilio ejusdem Regalis Societatis, aut aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, ad officium illud recte bene et fideliter in omnibus officium illud tangentibus exequendum praestabit, secundum formam et effectum praedicti sacramenti, mutatis mutan- dis ; (cui quidem Concilio, aut aliquibus septem vel piuribus eorum, sacramentnm praedictum administrare pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris plenarn potestatem et authoritatem de tempore in tempus, quoties- cunque necessarium fuerit, damus et concedimus per praesentes ;) et quod post hujusmodi sacramentum sic, ut praefertur, praestitum, officium Praesidis Regalis Socie- tatis praedictae usque ad festum Sancti Andreae Apostoli On the Death or . ^ . ., -n, . A motion of a Pre- exmde proximum sequens exequi valeat et possit : Hit si sident, the Coun- 24 Record of the Royal Society. cii and Fellows, contigerit Praesidem Regalis Societatis praedictae pro inoroof^hein^are tempore existentem, aliquo tempore quamdiu fuerit in out el o e t c th a e n coun- officio Praesidis ejusdem Regalis Societatis, obire vel ab cii: who is to officio suo amoveri. quod tune et toties bene liceat et licebit hold, during the l residue of the Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalia Societatis, vel year (being first L ' sworn), and until aliquibus septem vel plunbus eorum (quorum Praesidem* chosen and Concilii praedicti ad talcm electionem semper unum esse volumus), alium de praedicto numero Concilii praedicti in Praesidem Regalis Societatis praedictae eligere et praeficere ; et quod ille sic electus et praefectus officium illud habeat et exerceat durante residue ejusdem anni, et quousque alius ad officium illud debito modo electus et juratus fuerit, sacramento corporal! in forma ultime specificata prius praestando; et sic toties quoties casus sic acciderit. if any of the Et ulterius volumus, quod quandocunque contigerit ali- Coundl die, or be IT T /-i i -n T o -> amoved, or retire quem vel aliquos de Lonciho Regans feoctetatis praedictae a1notFon\shereby P r tempore existente mori, vel ab officio illo amoveri, vel SdentM^Coui^ decedere, (quos quidem de Concilio Regalis Societatis of l them a;J whe P reof P rae dictae et eorum quemlibet pro male se gerendis aut the President to aliqua alia rationabili causa amobiles esse volumus, ad be one); thePre- sidem, Council, beneplacitum Praesidis et caeterorum de Concilio prae- and Fellows, or ,.. .^. .. ^ . .,, the major part of dicto superviventium et in omcio illo remanentium, vel denTtobeone)! niajoris partis eorundem, quorum Praesidem pro tempore vacancy out o? existentem unum esse volumus,) quod tune et toties bene the ectcd B shan d ^ ceat et licebit praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus hold (being first Re^alis Societatis praedictae, vel maiori parti eorundem sworn) till the e ' . J . next St. Andrew's (quorum Jrraesidem llee'alis bocietatis praedictae r>ro Day, and till an- . , ,. other Election. tempore existentem unum esse volumus), unum ahum vel plures alios de Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, loco sive locis ipsius vel ipsorum sic mortuorum dece- dentium vel amotorum, ad supplendum praedictum nu- merum viginti et unius personarum de Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae, nominare eligere et praeficere ; et quod ille sive illi sic in officio illo electi et praefecti idem officium habeat et habeant usque ad festum Saiicti An- dreae Apostoli tune proximum sequens, et exinde, quous- que unus alius vel plures alii electus praefectus et nominatus fuerit, electi praefecti et nominati fuerint ; sacramento corporali ad officium illud in omnibus et per oninia officinm illud tangentia coram Praeside efc Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae, vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eoruin pro tempore existentibus, bene et fide- * Sic. The deceased or removed President could not take part in the election of his successor. Cf. the second Charter. Charta Prirna. , 25 liter exequendum, secundum veram intentionem prae- sentiurn, prius praestando. Et ulterius volumus, ac per praesentes pro nobis here- on every St. An- dibus et successoribus nostris concedimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalis Socie- tatis et successoribus suis, quod ipsi et successores sui quolibet anno, in praedicto festo Saucti Andreae Apostoli, plenam potestatem et autlioritatem habeant et habebunt eligendi noininaiidi praeficiendi et mutandi decem de Soda- libus Regalis Societatis praedictae, ad supplendum loca et officia decem praedicti numeri vigiiiti et unius de Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae ; quoniam regiam volun- tatem iiostram esse declaramus, et per praesentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris concedimus, quod decem de Concilio praedicto, et non amplius, per Prae- sidem Concilium et Sodales Regalis Societatis praedictae arinuatim mutati et amoti fuerint. Volumus etiam, et pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris concedimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Soda- libus praedictae Regalis Societatis et successoribus suis, quod si contigerit Praesidem ejnsdem Regalis Societatis pro tempore existentem aegritudine vel infirmitate, de- tiiieri, vel in servitio nostro heredum vel successorum nostrorum versari, vel aliter esse occupatum, ita quod necessariis negotiis ejusdem Regalis Societatis officium Praesidis tangentibus attendere non poterit ; quod tune et toties bene liceat et licebit eidem Praesidi sic detento The President versato vel occupato unum de Concilio praedictae Regalis SuTof the'coun- Societatis pro tempore existente, fore et esse Deputatum ejusdem Praesidis, nominare et appunctuare ; qui quidem who may act as Deputatus, in officio Deputati Praesidis praedicti sic faciendus et constituendus, sit et erit Depntatus ejusdem Praesidis, de tempore in tempus, toties quoties praedictus Council to be so. Praeses sic abesse contigerit, durante toto tempore, quo praedictus Praeses in officio Praesidis continuaverit ; nisi interim praedictns Praeses Regalis Societatis praedictae pro tempore existens unum alium de praedicto Concilio ems Deputatum fecerit et constituent : Et quod quilibet Such Deputy . J . -j. ma y inthcPre- hujusmodi Deputatus praedicti Praesidis, sic ut prae- sident's absence, fertur fiendus* et constituendus, omnia et singula, quae he himself could ad officium Praesidis praedictae Regalis Societatis per- do if present. tinent seu pertinere debent, vel per praedictum Prae- sidem virtute harurn Literarum nostrarum Patentium limitata et appunctuata fore* facienda et exequenda, de * Sic. Record of the Royal Society. But lie must first be sworn before the Council, or seven or more of them. The President, Council, and Fel- lows may have one Treasurer, two Secretaries, a Clerk, and two .Serjeants at Mace : who are all to be sworn before the President and Council, or any seven or mere of thtm. William Balle ap- pointed Treasurer, John W ilk ins and Henry Olden- burg Secretaries. tempore in teuipus, toties quo ties praedictus Praeses sie abesse contigerit, durante tali tempore, quo Deputatus praedicti Praesidis contmuavcrit, facere et exequi valeat et possit, vigore harum Literarum nostrarnm Patentium, adeo plene libere et integre, ac in tarn amplis modo et forma, prout Praeses praedictus, si praesens esset, ilia facere et exequi valeret et posset ; Sacramento corporate super sancta Dei Evangelia in forma et effectu ultime specificatis per hujusmodi Deputatum ad omnia et sin- gula, quae ad officium Praesidis pertinent, beiie et fidelitcr exequenda, coram praefato Concilio praedictae Regalis Societatis, vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, priiis praestando ; et sic toties quoties casus sic acciderit : cui quidem Concilio vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum pro tempore existentibus, sacramentum praedictum ad- ministrare potestatem et autlioritatem, quoties casus sic acciderit, damus e^ concedimus per praesentes, absque aliquo brevi commissione sive ulteriori warranto in ea parte a nobis beredibus vel successoribus nostris pro- curando seu obtinendo. Et ulterius volumus, ac per praesentes pro nobis here- dibus et successoribus nostris concedimus praefatis Prae- sidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae et successoribus suis, quod ipsi et successores sui de caetero in perpetuum habeant et habebunt unum Thesaurarium, duos Secretaries, unum Clericurn, et duos Servientes ad Clavas, qui de tempore in tempus super Praesidem atten- dant ; quodque praedicti Thesaurarius Secretarii Clericus et Servientes ad Clavas eligendi et nominandi, antequam ad ofBcia sua separalia et respectiva exequenda admit- tantur, sacramenta sua corporalia in forma et effectu ultime specificatis, coram Praeside et Concilio ejusdem Regalis Societatis, aut aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, [ad] officia sua separalia et respectiva in omnibus iila tangentibus recte bene et fideliter exequenda prae- stabunt ; et quod post hujusmodi sacramenta sic, ut praefertur, praestita, officia sua respectiva, exereeant et utantur ; quibus quidem Praesidi et Concilio, aut aliqui- bus septem vel pluribus eorum, sacramenta praedicta de tempore in tempus administrare praedictis separalibus et respectivis officiariis et successoribus suis plenam potes- tatem et autlioritatem damus et concedimus per praesentes : Et assignavimus nominavimus elegimus creavimus consti- tuimus et fecimus, ac per praesentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris assignamus nominamus eligimus Charta Prima. 27 creamus constituimus et facimus, dilectos subditos nostros Willielmum Balle, Armigerum, fore et esse primum et modernum Thesaurarium ; et praedictum* Johannem Wilkins et Henricum Oldenburg fore et esse primes et modernos Secretaries praedictae Regalis Societatis ; con- tinuandos in eisdem officiis usque ad praedictum festum Sancti Andreae Apostoli proximum sequens post datum And on every St. n ,\ , , Andrew's day praesentium : Qnodqne de teaipore in tempus et ad omnia yearly (unless it tempera, in praedicto festo Sancti Andreae Apostoli (si non fuerit dies Dominicus, et si fuerit dies Dominicus, tune die proxime sequenti), Praeses Concilium et Sodales praedictae Regalis Societatis pro tempore existentes, be one), are to " . r eh ct others in the aut maior pars eorundem (quorum Praesidem pro tempore Office* of Tm- . . 1 v v , , -, . surer, Secre- existentem unum esse volumus), aiios pro bos et discretes taries, cierk, and vires, de tempore in tempus, in Thesaurarium, Secre- tarios, Clerieum, et Servientes ad Clavas praedictae Regalis Societatis eligere nominare et praeficere valeant et possint ; quodque illi, qui in separalia et respective officia praedicta sic, ut praefertur, electi praefecti et jurati fuerint, officia ilia respectiva exercere et gaudere possint et valeant usque ad praedictum festum Sancti Andreae extunc proximum sequens, sacramentis snis prae- dictis sic, ut praefertur, prius praestandis ; et sic toties quoties casus sic acciderit : Et si contigerit aliquem vel aliquos officiariorum praedictorurn eiusdem Regalis Socie- And if any of ,. ,. i i oc ,- vj them die or be tatis obire, vel ab omens suis respectivis amoveri, quod amoved, the like tune et toties bene liceafc et licebit Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalis Societatis, vel raajori parti eorundem (quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem unum esse volumus), alium vel alios inofficium sive officia others shall be ailiy elected and illarum person&rum sic defunctnrum sive amotarum sworn. eligere et praeficere ; et quod ille sive illi sic electus et prae- fectus electi et praefecti officia praedicta respectiva habeat et exerceat habeant et exerceant durante residue ejusdem anni, et quousque alius sive alii ad officia ilia respectiva debito mode electus et juratus fnerit, electi et jurati fuerint ; et sic toties quoties casus sic acciderit. Et insuper volumus, ac de gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa scientia et mero motu nostris concedimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae et successoribus suis, quod Praeses et Concilium prae- The President r . and Council, and dictae Regalis bocietatis pro tempore existentes, et major the major part of iV i i them (of whom pars corundum (quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem the President to unum esse volumus), pariter congregare et assemblare * Sic. 28 Record of the Royal Society. piace or Hail i P oss i n t e ^ valeant in collegio sive alio publico loco sive London, or with- aula intra Civitatem nostram London, vel in aliquo alio in ten miles of it: , . . . ,. and make Laws, loco convenience intra decem milharia ejusdem Crvitatis uostrae ; et quod ipsi sic congregati et assemblati habebunt i a eiatSgto h the 8 et nabeanfc plenam authoritatem potestatem et facul- tatem de tempore in tempus condendi constitueiidi ordi- nandi faciendi et stabiliendi hujusmodi leges statuta jura ordinationes et constitution's, quae eis, aut eorum majori parti, bona salubria utilia honesta et necessaria juxta eorum sanas discretiones fore videbuntur, et orunia quae- cunque alia negotiis et rebus Regalis Societatis praedictae spectantia* agendi et faciendi : quae omnia et singnla leges statuta jura ordinationes et constitutiones sic ut praefertur facienda volumus, et per praesentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris firmiter injungendo praecipimus et mandamus, quod de tempore in tempus inviolabiliter obsejj^ata fuerint, secundum tenorem et effectum eorundem ; ita tamen, quod praedicta leges statuta jura ordinationes et constitutiones sic ut prae- fertur facienda, et eorum quaelibet, sint rationabilia, et non sint repugnantia nee contraria legibus consuetudinibus juribus sive statutis hujus Regiii nostri Angliae. p ow ev is given to Et ulterius de ampliori gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa Feiimv^to ap-" d sc i ent i a et mero motu nostris dedimus et concessimus, ac printe"oPrJn re ^ er P raesen ^ es P ro n bis heredibus et successoribus nostris era, and one or damus et concedimus, praefatis Conciiio et Sodalibus prae- more Engraver or n . -^ .. . , . Engravers; and dictae Kegalis bocietatis et successoribus suis, plenam by writing under potestatem et authoritatem de tempore in tempus eligendi SeaifaSi"iSncd nominandi et constituendi unum vel plures Typographos to 'prinf^ch 6 " 111 sive Im P r essores, et Chalcographos seu Sculptores ; et ipsi things (touching vel ipsis per scriptum Communi Siffillo praedictae Bcoralis or concerning the . / . . , Society) as shall bocietatis sigillatum, et manu Praesidis pro tempore exis- be given them in . charge by the tentis signatum, lacultatem concedendi, ut imprimant talia counci^'o^any 1>e s materias et negotia praedictam [Eegalemjf ISocietatem tnTm(ofwhom 0f taiigenfcia vel concernentia, qualia praedictis Typographo be e one)" dent t0 Tel I m P r essori, Chalcographo vel Sculptori, vel Typo- graphis vel Impressoribus, Chalcographis vel Sculptori- bus, de tempore in tempus per Praesidem et Concilium praedictae JElegalis Societatis, vel aliquos septem vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem unum esse volumus), commissa fuerint ; sacramentis suis They must be corporalibus, antequam ad officia sua exercenda admit- the President !md ^ an tur, coram Praeside et Conciiio pro tempore existen- * Sic. f From the Patent Koll. Charta Prima. 29 tibnp, vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, in forma Council, or any et effectu ultime specificatis, prius praestandis : quibus thlm. r quidem Praesidi et Concilio, vel aliquibus septem vel pluri- bus eorum, sacramenta.praedicta administrareplenam potes- tatem et authoritatem damns et concedimus per praesentos. Et ulteriiis, quod praedicti Praeses Concilium ctSodales The game Right praedictae Regalis Societatis in philosophicis suis studiis meliorem sortiantur effectum, de ampliori gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa scientia et mere motu nostris dedimus mina . ls ' i8 given tO tills oOC16ty, HS et concessimns, ac per praesentes pro nobis heredibus et the College of . , Physicians and successoribus nostris damus et concedimus, praedictis the corporation Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalis Socie- LonEnave or tatis et snccessoribus suis, quod ipsi et successores sui de U8e ' tempore in tempus habeant et habebunt plenam potes- tatem et authoritatem de tempore in tempus, et ad talia tempestiva tempora, secundum eorum discretionem, re- quircre capere et recipere cadavera talium personarum, quae mortem manu carnificis passae fuerunt, et ea anato- mizare, in tarn amplis modo et forma, et ad omnes intentiones et proposita, prout Collegium Medicorum et Corporatio Chirurgorum Civitatis nostrae London eisdem cadaveribns usi vel gavisi fuerunt, aut uti vel gaudere valeant et possint. Et ulterius, pro melioratione experimentorum artium et Licence to hold a scientiarum praedictae Regalis Societatis, de abundantiori spomtence,on e gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa scientia et mero motu nostris dedimus et concessimus, ac per praesentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris damus et con- s ,osof cedimus, praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus prae- Letters seaied -,. , -,,, ,. ,->, . . .. ., . r , . with the Common dictae Kegalis bocietatis et successoribus suis, quod ipsi seaiofiheSo- et successores sui de tempore in tempus habeant et habe- bunt plenam potestatem et autboritatem, per literas vel JJ epistolas, sub manu praedicti Praesidis in praesentia Concilii, vel aliquorum septem vel plurium eorum, et in nomine Regalis Societatis, ac Communi Sigillo suo prae- dicto sigillatas, mutuis intelligentiis fruentur* et notitiis cum omnibns et omnimodis personis peregrinis et alienis, utrum privatis vel collegiatis, corporatis vel politicis, absque aliqua molestatioiie interruptione vel inquietatione quacunque : Proviso tamen, quod haec indulgentia nostra sic ut praefertur concessa ad ulteriorem non extendatur usum, quam particulare beneficium et interesse praedictae Regalis Societatis in materiis seu rebus philosophicis mathematicis aut mechanicis. * Sic, forfruendi. 30 Record of the Royal Society. Licence to build a College or Col- leges in London, MUes of' London. if any Abuses or shall while living: afterwards by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor, Lord e T?easurer, 5ie V two e secre 1 - d tariesof state for or fourormoie'of General Clauses. Et ulterius dedimus efc concessiraus, ac per praesentes . ., f . , pro iiobis neredibus et successoribus nostris damiis et concediraus, praefafcis Praesidi Concilio efc Sodalibus Regalis Sociefcatis praedictae efc successoribus snis plenam potestafcem efc authoritatem erigendi aedificandi efc exfcrnendi, aufc erigt aedificari efc exfcrui facieodi vel causandi, infcva Civitafcem nostram London, vel decem rnilliaria ejnsdem, unum vel plura Collegium vel Collegia cujuscunque modi vel qualitatis, pro habitatione assembla- tione et congregatione praedictorum Praesidis Concilii et Sodalium praedicfcae Regalis Societafcis et successorum suorum, negofcia sua efc alias res eandem Regaleni Socie- tatem concernentia ad ordinaudum efc disponendum. Et ulterius volumus, ac per praesentes pro nobis liere- dibus efc successoribus nosti'is ordinamus constitaimus efc appuncfcuamus, quod si aliqui abusus vel discrepantiae in posterum orientut efc accident de gubernafcione aut aliis rebus vel iiesrofciis praedicfcae Regalis Societatis, undo . \ ,.,... eiusdem constitnfcioni stabihmini et sfcudioram progressui * . ... n - T vel rebus et negotiis aliqna interafcur injuna vel impedi- mentum ; quod tune efc totie.s per praesentes pro nobis heredibus et suceessoribus nostris [ordinamus]* aufcliori- ^amus nominamus assignamus et constituimus praefafcum praedilectum efc perquam fidelem Consangnineum et Con- ciliarhim nostrum Edwardum, Comitem Clarendon, Can- cellarium nostrum Regni iiostri Angliae, per seipsum durante vita sua, efc post ejus mortem tune Archiepiscopum Cantuariensem, Cancellarium vel Custodem Magni Sigilli Angliae, Thesaurarium Angliae, Episcopurn Londinensem, Custodem Privati Sigilli, efc duos Principales Secretaries, pro tempore existentes, aut aliquos quatuor vel plures eorum, easdom discrepantias et abusus reco.nciliare com- ponere et reducere. Et ulterius volumus, ac per praesentes pro nobis here- dibus et successoribus uostris firmiter injungendo prae- cipimus et mandamus omnibus et singulis Justiciariis Majoribus Aldermannis Vicecomitibus Ballivis Con- sfcabulariis efc aliis officiariis ministris efc subditis iiosfcris heredum efc successornm nosfcrorum quibuscunque, quod de tempore in tempus sint auxiliantes et assistentes prae- dictis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societafcis praedictae et successoribus suis in omnibus et per omnia, secandum veram interitionem liarum Literarum nostrarum Pateiitium. * From the Patent Eoll. First Charter. 31 E6 quod expressa mentio de vero valore annuo vel de <3ertitudine praemissorum sive eoram alicujus, aut de aliis donis sive coiicessionibus per nos seu per aliquem pro- o-enitorum. sive praedecessorum nostrorum praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Recalls Societatis ante haec tempora factis, in praesentibus minime facta existit ; .aut aliquo statute actu ordinatione provisione proclama- iione sive restrictione in contrarium iude antehac habito facto edito ordinato sive proviso, aut aliqua alia re causa vel materia quacunque, in aliquo non obstante. In cujus rei testimoriiuni has Literas nostras fieri fecimus Patentes. TESTE Me ipso, apud Westinonasterium, quinto c sut.'d ; which by actual experiments attempt either to shape out a new philosophy or to perfect the old. In order, there- fore, that such studies, which have not hitherto been sufficiently brilliant in any part of the world, may shine conspicuously amongst our people, and that at length the whole world of letters may always recognise us not only as the Defender of the Faith, but also as the universal lover and patron of every kind of truth : Know ye that we, of our special grace and of our certain knowledge and mere motion, have ordained, estab- lished, granted, and declared, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do ordain, establish, grant, and declare, that from henceforth for ever there shall be a Society, consisting of a President, Council, and Fellows, which shall be called and named The Royal Society ; And for us, our heirs, and successors we do make, ordain, create, and constitute by these presents the same Society, by the name of T^e President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society, one body corporate and politic in fact, deed, and name, really and fully, and that by the same name they may have perpetual succession ; and that they and their successors (whose studies are to be applied to further promoting by the authority of experiments the sciences of natural things and of useful arts), by the same name of The President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, may and shall be in all future times persons able and capable in law to have, acquire, receive, and possess lands and tenements, meadows, feedings, pastures, liberties, privileges, franchises, juris- dictions, and hereditaments whatsoever, to themselves and their successors in fee and perpetuity, or for term of life, lives, or years, or otherwise in whatsoever manner, and also goods and chattels, and all other things, of whatsoever kind, nature, sort, or quality they may be ; and also to give, grant, demise, and assign the same lands, tenements, and hereditaments, goods and chattels, and to do and execute all acts and things necessary of and concerning the same, by the name aforesaid ; And that by the name of The President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid they may henceforth for ever be able and have power to plead and be impleaded, to answer and be answered, to defend and be defended, in whatsoever Courts and places, and before whatsoever Judges and Justices and other persons and officers of us, our heirs, and successors, in all and singular actions, First Charter. 33 pleas, suits, plaints, causes, matters, things, and demands whatsoever, of whatsoever kind, nature, or sort they may or shall be, in the same manner and form as any of our lieges within this our Realm of England, being per- sons able and capable in law, or as any body corporate or politic within this our Realm of England, may be able and have power to have, acquire, receive, possess, give, and grant, to plead and be impleaded, to answer and be answered, to defend or be defended; And that the same President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and their successors, may have for and to have a ever a Common Seal, to serve for transacting the causes aitenddeatpb* and affairs whatsoever of them and their successors; sure ' and that it may and shall be good and lawful to the same President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors for the time being, to break, change, and make anew that Seal from time to time, according as it shall seem most expedient to them. And that oar royal intention may obtain the better effect, and for the good rule and government of the afore- said Royal Society from time to time, we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do grant to the same President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors, that henceforth for ever the Council aforesaid shall be and consist of twenty-one persons (of whom we will the President to be The Council to always one) ; And that all and singular other persons who whom the Presi- wifchiii one month next following after the date of these Jj*. tobealwa3r8 presents shall be recoived and admitted by the Presi- . * The Fellows to lie dent and Council, and in all time following by the Pre- chosen in the ftwt sident, Council, and Fellows, into the same Society, as President and Members of the Royal Society aforesaid, and shall have that month, by been noted in the Register by them to be kept, shall be gt and shall be called and named Fellows of the Royal Society Fellows aforesaid : whom, the more eminently they are distin- guished for the study of every kind of learning and good letters, the more ardently they desire to promote the honour, studies, and advantage of this Society, the more they are noted for integrity of life, uprightness of character, and piety, and excel in fidelity and affection of mind towards us, our Crown, and dignity, the more we wish them to be especially deemed fitting and worthy of being admitted into the number of the Fellows of the same Society. And for the better execution of our will and grant D 34 Record of the Royal Society. William, Vis- oountBrouneker, to be the first President ; to hold till St. Andrew's Day next (if he shall so long live), and till another out of the Council be I'hosen and sworn; but first to be sworn before the Lord Chan- cellor. The President's Oath. ''V first Council named; in this behalf, we have assigned, nominated, constituted, and made, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do assign, nominate, constitute, and make, our very well-beloved and trusty William, Viscount Brouncker, Chancellor to our very dear consort, Queen Catherine, to be and become the first and present President of the Royal Society aforesaid ; willing that the aforesaid Wil- liam, Viscount Brouncker, shall continue in the office of President of the Royal Society aforesaid from the date of these presents until the feast of St. Andrew next following after the date of these presents, and until one other of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being shall have been elected, appointed, and sworn to that office in due manner, according to the ordi- nance and provision below in these presents expressed and declared (if the aforesaid William, Viscount Brouncker, shall live so lorn*) ; having first taken a corporal oath well and faithfully to execute his office in and by all things touching that office, according to the true intention of these presents, before our very well- beloved and very trusty Cousin and Councillor Edward, Earl of Clarendon, our Chancellor of England: to which same Edward, Earl of Clarendon, our Chancellor aforesaid, we give and grant full power and authority, to administer the oath aforesaid in these words following, that is to say : I, William, Viscount Brouncker, do promise to deal faithfully and honestly in all things belonging to the trust committed to me as President of this Royal Society, during niy employment in that capacity. So help me God ! We have also assigned, constituted, arid made, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do make, our beloved and trusty Robert Moray, Knight, one of our Privy Council in our Realm of Scotland ; Robert Boyle, Esquire ; William Brereton, Esquire, eldest son of the Baron, de Brereton ; Kenelin Digby, Knight, Chancellor to our very dear mother, Queen Maria ; Paul Neile, Knight, one of tbe Gentlemen of our Privy Chamber; Henry Slingesby, Esquire, another of the Gentlemen of our aforesaid Privy Chamber ; William Petty, Knight ; John Wallis, Doctor in Divinity ; Timothy Clarke, Doctor in Medicine and one of our Physicians ; John Wilkins, Doctor in Divinity ; George Ent, Doctor in Medicine ; William Aerskine, one of our Cup-bearers ; Jonathan Goddard, Doctor in Medicine and Professor of Gresharn College ; Christopher Wren, Doctor in Medicine, Saville First Charter. 35 Professor of Astronomy in our University of Oxford ; William Balle, Esquire; Matthew Wren, Esquire; John Evelyn, Esquire; Thomas Henshawe, Esquire; Dudley Palmer, of Grrey's Inn, in our County of Middlesex, Esquire ; and Henry Oldenburg, Esquire, together with the President aforesaid, to be and become the first and present twenty-one of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid; to be continued in the same offices from th,e to continue as date of these presents until the aforesaid feast of Saint above ' u ' lless 1 m amoved for just Andrew the Apostle next following, and thenceforth until cause; other fitting and able and sufficient persons shall have been elected, appointed, and sworn into the offices aforesaid (if they shall live so long, or shall not have been amoved but first to take, for any just and reasonable cause) ; first taking corporal ^ntteiS**~ oaths before the President of the aforesaid Royal Society, *^as his, well and faithfully to execute their offices in and by all mutandis, things touching those offices, according to the form and effect of the aforesaid oath, mutatis mutandis, to be administered to the President of the Royal Society afore- said by our Chancellor of England ; (to which same President for the time being, for us, our heirs, and suc- cessors, we give and grant by these presents full power and authority to administer the oaths aforesaid ;) And that the same persons, so as it is aforesaid elected, ap- pointed, and sworn, and hereafter to be elected, appointed, and sworn from time to time, to the Council of the afore- said Royal Society, shall be and become aiding, coun- selling, and assistant in all matters, business, and affairs touching or concerning the better regulation, government, and direction of the aforesaid Royal Society, and of every Member of the same. And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do grant to the aforesaid President, The President. Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors, that the President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being: annually, on st. J J 3 Andrew's Day, (of whom we will the President for the time being 1 to one out of the ....... Council to be Pro- be one) may and shall have from time to time in all sideut: who is to (.,,. f TJI-J_J_ j j hold, if not dead iuture times for ever power and authority to nominate and no v amoved, tin elect, and that they may be able and have power to elect SSifS^vI and and nominate, every year, on the aforesaid feast of St. jJSJjSfT' 111 " 11 Andrew, one of the Council of the aforesaid Roval Society h^'ina- first *'.:';, . taken che Oath for the time being, who may and shall be President of the before the Coun- Royal Society aforesaid until the feast of St. Andrew the more uf them. Apostle thereafter next following (if he shall live so long, D 2 36 Record of the Royal Society. or shall not be amoved meanwhile for any just and reasonable cause), and thenceforth until another shall have been elected, appointed, and nominated to the office of President of the Koyal Society aforesaid ; and that he, after that he shall so have been elected and nominated, as it is aforesaid, to the office of President of the Royal Society aforesaid, before he be admitted to that office, shall take a corporal oath before the Council of the same Royal Society, or any seven or more of them, rightly, well, and faithfully to execute that office in all things touching that office, according to the form and effect of the afore- said oath, mutatis 'mutandis (to which same Council, or to any seven or more of them, we give and grant by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors, full power and authority to administer the aforesaid oath from time to time, as often as it shall be necessary) ; and that after having so taker^such oath, as it is aforesaid, he may be able and have power to execute the office of President of the Royal Society aforesaid until the feast of St. Andrew the Apostle thereafter next following ; And if it shall On the Death or happen that the President of the Royal Society aforesaid A motion of a Pre- rr . . ' * sidcnt, the Conn- for the time being, at any time, so long as he shall be in or any seven or the office of President of the same Royal Society, shall die to elect another, or be amoved from his office, that then and so often it and shall be good and lawful to the Council and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society, or to any seven and unil or more ^ them (of whom we will the President of the another be Council aforesaid to be always one at such an election),* sworn. to elect and appoint another of the aforesaid number of the Council aforesaid as President of the Royal Society aforesaid ; and that he so elected and appointed may have and exercise that office during the residue of the same year, and until another shall have been in due manner elected and sworn to that office, first taking a corporal oath in the form last specified ; and so as often as the case shall so happen. if any of the And further we will, that whenever it shall happen for retire that any one or any of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being shall die, or be amoved from given to the Pre- that office, or retire (which same [members! of the sident and Coun- v . L cii or major part Council of the Royal Society aforesaid, and every one of of them, whereof , J . . '_ _ . J the President to them, we will to be amoveable for misbehaviour or any siden? Counc^T other reasonable cause, at the good pleasure of the Presi- and Fellows, or * So in the original j see p. 24. First Charter. 37 dent and of the rest of the Council aforesaid surviving the major part of and remaining in that office, or of the major part of the same, of whom we will the President for the time being S to be one), that then and so often it may and shall be good and lawful to the aforesaid President, Council, and hold ^ ein s first T.I ii f ,-, TI n sworn) till the r allows ot the Jttoyal bociety atoresaid, or to the major next st. Andrew's part of the same (of whom we will the President of the other Election! 111 Hoyal Society aforesaid for the time being to be one), to nominate, elect, and appoint one other or several others of the Fellows of the Eoyal Society aforesaid, in the place or places of him or them so dead, retired, or amoved, to fill up the aforesaid number of twenty-one persons of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid ; and that he or they so elected and appointed in that office may have the same office until the feast of St. Andrew the Apostle then next following, and thenceforth until one other or several others shall have been elected, appointed, and nominated ; first taking a corporal oath before the Pre- sident and Council of the Royal Society aforesaid, or any seven or more of them for the time being, well and faith- fully to execute that office in and by all things touching that office, according to the true intention of these presents. And further we will, and by these presents for us, our on every St. An- heirs, and successors do grant to the aforesaid Presi- dent, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society, and to their successors, that they and their successors, every year, on the aforesaid feast of St. Andrew the Apostle, may and shall have full power and authority to elect, nominate, appoint, and change ten of the Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, to fill up the places and offices of ten of the aforesaid number of twenty-one of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid ; for we do declare it to be our roval pleasure, arid by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors we do grant, that ten of the aforesaid Council, and no more, shall be annually changed and amoved by the President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid. We will also, and for us, our heirs, and successors do grant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society, and to their successors, that if it shall happen that the President of the same Royal Society for the time being is detained by sickness or in- firmity, or is employed in the service of us, our heirs, or successors, or is otherwise occupied, so that he shall not 38 Record of the Royal Society. . The Pre.- ident may appoint one out of the Coun- cil to be his Deputy : who may act as such during his absence ; unless he appoint some other out of the Council to be so. Such Deputy may, in the Pre- sident's absence, do all acts that he himself could do if present. But he must first be sworn before the Council, or seven or more of them. The T resident, Council, and Fel- lows, may have one Treasurer, two Secretaries, a be able to attend to the necessary affairs of the same Royal Society touching the office of President, that then and so often it may and shall be good and lawful to the same President so detained, employed, or occupied, to nominate and appoint one of the Council of the aforesaid Royal Society for the time being to be and become the Deputy of the same President; which same Deputy, so to be made and appointed in the office of Deputy of the President aforesaid, may and shall be the Deputy of the same Presi- dent from time to time, as often as the aforesaid President shall happen to be so absent, during the whole time in which the aforesaid President shall continue in the office of President; unless in the meanwhile the aforesaid Pre- sident of the Koyal Society aforesaid for the time being shall have made and appointed one other of the aforesaid Council his Deputy ; And that every such Deputy of the aforesaid Present so to be made and appointed, as it is aforesaid, may be able and have power to do and execute all and singular things which pertain or ought to pertain to the office of President of the aforesaid Royal Society, or which are limited and appointed to be done and executed by the aforesaid President, by virtue of these our Letters Patent, from time to time, as often as the aforesaid President shall so happen to be absent, during such time as he shall continue the Deputy of the aforesaid President, by force of these our Letters Patent, as fully, freely, and Avholly, and in as ample manner and form, as the aforesaid President, if he were present, would be able and have power and do and execute those things ; a corporal oath first to be taken by such Deputy upon the holy Gospels of God, in the form and effect last specified, well and faithfully to execute all and singular things which pertain to the office of President, before the afore- said Council of the aforesaid Royal Society, or any seven or more of them ; and so as often as the case shall so happen : to which same Council, or to any seven or more of them, for the time being, we do give and grant by these presents power and authority to administer the oath aforesaid as often as the case shall so happen, without procuring or obtaining any writ, commission, or further warrant in that behalf from us, our heirs, or successors. And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do grant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors, that they and their successors henceforth First Charter. 39 for ever may and shall have one Treasurer, two Secretaries, cierk, and twc. one Clerk, and two Serjeants-at-Mace, who may from time Mace : to time attend upon the President; and that the afore- said Treasurer, Secretaries, Clerk, and Serjeants-at-Mace, to be elected and nominated, before they be admitted to execute their several and respective offices, shall take their corporal oaths in the form and effect last specified, who are a n to i><- before the President and Council of the same Royal Society, or any seven or more of them, rightly, well, and faithfully to execute their several and respective offices them - in all things touching the same ; and that after having so taken such oaths, as it is aforesaid, they may exercise and use their respective offices ; to which same Presi- dent and Council, or to any seven or more of them, we do give and grant by these presents full power and authority to administer the oaths aforesaid from time to time to the aforesaid several and respective officers and their suc- cessors : And we have assigned, nominated, chosen, created, appointed, and made, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do assign, nominate, choose, create, appoint, and make, our beloved subjects William Balle, wmiamBaiieap- Esquire, to be and become the first and present Trea- -Ssurcr, John surer, and the aforesaid John Wilkins and Henry Homy oiden- Oldenburg to be and become the first and present bur Secretaries. Secretaries, of the aforesaid Royal Society; to be con- tinued in the same offices until the aforesaid feast of St. Andrew the Apostle next following after the date of these presents : And that from time to time and at all times on the aforesaid feast of Saint Andrew the Apostle President, coun- (unless it shall be Sunday, and if it be Sunday, then on or the major part the day next following) the President, Council, and Fellows ?he President to of the aforesaid Royal Society for the time being, or the major part of the same (of whom we will the President for the time being to be one), may be able and have power to g^ a ' n ^ e a ' ' and elect, nominate, and appoint other upright and discreet Mace : who, after rr being sworn, are men, from time to time, as Treasurer, Secretaries, Clerk, to officiate till the and Serjeants-at-Mace of the aforesaid Royal Society ; and Andrew's Day. that those who shall so have been elected, appointed, and .sworn to the aforesaid several and respective offices, as it is aforesaid, may be able and have power to exercise and enjoy those respective offices until the aforesaid feast of St. Andrew then next following, their aforesaid oaths, as it is aforesaid, first to be taken; and so as often as the case shall so happen : And if it shall happen that any one or any of the officers aforesaid of the same 40 Record of the Royal Society. And if any of Royal Society shall die, or be amoved from their re- them die or be . . , 11,11 -i Pl , i i T*. amoved, the like spective omces, that then and so often it may and sha!2 madeof others he good and lawful to the President, Council, and Fellows pSffor^he 1 " of the aforesaid Royal Society, or to the major part of the ea? U Lid tm same ( of wnom we wil1 tne President for the time being to others shall be fe e one), to elect and appoint another or others to the office- duly elected and " sworn. or omces or those persons so deceased or amoved ; and that he or they so elected and appointed may have and' exercise the respective offices aforesaid during the residue- of the same year, and until another or others shall have- been in due manner elected and sworn to those respective offices ; and so as often as the case shall so happen. And moreover we will, and of our special grace and of our certain knowledge and mere motion do grant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the The President Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors, that the rh n e d ma"or c part r of President and^ouncil of the aforesaid Royal Society for them (of whom the time being, and the maior part of the same (of whom the President to J r be one), may meet we will the President for the time being to be one), may in a College or other public be able and have power to meet together and assemble London, or within in a College or other public place or Hall within our City aridmaie^aws. ^ London, or in any other convenient place within dinanSs, a an d ddt ten miles of om% same Cit 7 5 and that they so met aii other things together and assembled shall and may have full autho- relating to the m & . J affairs of the So- rity, power, and faculty from time to time to draw up, con- stitute, ordain, make, and establish such laws, statutes, acts, ordinances, and constitutions as shall seem to them, or to the major part of them, to be good, wholesome, useful, honourable, and necessary, according to their sound discretions, and to do and perform all other things whatsoever belonging to the affairs and matters of the Royal Society aforesaid ; all and singular which laws r statutes, acts, ordinances, and constitutions so to be made as it is aforesaid, we will, and by these presents for us y our heirs, and successors, firmly enjoining, do order and command, that they shall be inviolably observed from time to time, according to the tenor and effect of the same r so nevertheless that the aforesaid laws, statutes, acts, ordinances, and constitutions so to be made as it is afore- said, and every one of them, be reasonable, and not repugnant or contrary to the laws, customs, acts, or statutes of this our Realm of England. Power is given to And further, of our more ample special grace and of our FeiiowTto ap- nd certain knowledge and mere motion, we have given and g rante d, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and First Charter. 41 successors do give and grant to the aforesaid Council ers, and one or and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society, and to their successors, full power and authority from time to time to by^riti elect, nominate, and appoint one or more Typographers or Printers, and Chalcographers or Engravers, and to grant by the president, to him or them, by a writing, sealed with the Common Seal things (touching of the aforesaid Royal Society, and signed by the hand goc^t^asshaii 8 of the President for the time being, faculty to print such Sta?b$S? in things, matters, and affairs touching or concerning the councfi?OTany aforesaid [Royal] Society, as shall have been committed to thlm(of whom f the aforesaid Typographer or Printer, Chalcographer or the President to Engraver, or Typographers or Printers, Chalcographers or Engravers, from time to time, by the President and Council of the aforesaid Royal Society, or any seven or more of them (of whom we will the President for the time being to be one) ; their corporal oaths first to be taken, before they be admitted to exercise their offices, before the President and Council for the time being, Theymustrje or any seven or more of them, in the form and effect first sworn before J the President and last specified; to which same President and Council, or to Council, or any . seven or more of any seven or more or them, we do give and grant by these them. presents full power and authority to administer the oaths aforesaid. And further, in order that the aforesaid President, The same Right Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society may ceive, and uto- obtain the better effect in their philosophical studies, of our more ample special grace and of our certain knowledge and mere motion, we have given and granted, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors, do give and grant, to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the London have or aforesaid Royal Society, and to their successors, that they and their successors from time to time may and shall have full power and authority from time to time, and at such* seasonable times, according to their discretion, to require, take, and receive the bodies of such persons as have suffered death by the hand of the executioner, and to anatomize them, in such ample form and manner, and to all intents and purposes, as the College of Physicians and the Corporation of Surgeons of our City of London have used or enjoyed, or may be able and have power to use or enjoy, the same bodies. And further, for the improvement of the experiments, arts, and sciences of the aforesaid Royal Society, of jur more abundant special grace and of our certain know- * So in the original. 42 Record of the Royal Society. Licence to hold a Literary Corre- spondence, on Philosophical, Mathematical, or Mechanical Sub- jects, with all sorts of Foreigners; by Letters sealed with the Common Seal of the So- ciety, and signed by the President in the presence of the Council or any seven or more of them. Licence to build a College or Col- leges in London, or within ten miles of London. If any Abuses or Differences arise, they shall be reformed and settled by the Lord Chancellor Clarendon alone, while living; afterwards by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor, or K eeper, the Lord Treasurer, the Bishop of London, the Lord Privy Seal, and the two Secre- taries of State for ledge and mere motion, we have given and granted, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do give and grant, to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society, and to their suc- cessors, that they and their successors from time to time may and shall have full power and authority, by letters or epistles under the hand of the aforesaid President, in the presence of the Council, or of any seven or more of them, and in the name of the Royal Society, and sealed with their Common Seal aforesaid, to enjoy mutual intel- ligence and knowledge with all and all manner of strangers and foreigners, whether private or collegiate, corporate or politic, without any molestation, interruption, or dis- turbance whatsoever: Provided nevertheless, that this our indulgence, so granted as it is aforesaid, be not extended to further use than the particular benefit and interest of ^e aforesaid Royal Society in matters or things philosophical, mathematical, or mechanical. And further we have given and granted, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do give and grant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors, full power and authority to erect, build, and construct, or to make or cause to be erected, built, and constructed, within our City of London, or ten miles of the same, one or more College or Colleges, of whatsoever kind or quality, for the habitation, assembly, and meeting of the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society, and of their successors, for the ordering and arranging of their affairs and other matters concerning the same Royal Society. And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do ordain, constitute, and appoint, that if any .abuses or differences hereafter shall arise and happen concerning the government or other matters or affairs of the aforesaid Royal Society, whereby any injury or hindrance may be done to the constitution, stability, and progress of the studies, or to the matters and affairs, of the same ; that then and so often, by these presents, for us, our heirs, and successors, we do authorise, [ordain,] nominate, assign, and appoint our aforesaid very well-beloved and very trusty Cousin and Councillor Edward, Earl of Clarendon, our Chancellor of our Realm of England, by himself during his life, and, after his death, then the Archbishop of Canterbury, the First Charter. 43 Chancellor or Keeper of the Great Seal of England, the time being, the Treasurer of England, the Bishop of London, the t^ m Keeper of the Privy Seal, and the two Principal Secre- taries for the time being, or any four or more of them, to reconcile, compose, and adjust the same differences and abuses. And farther we will, and by these presents, for us, General Clauses, our heirs, and successors, firmly enjoining, do order and command all and singular the Justices, Mayors, Aldermen, Sheriffs, Bailiffs, Constables, and other officers, ministers, and subjects whomsoever of us, our heirs, and successors, that they be from time to time aiding and assistant to the ' aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors, in and by all things, according to the true intention of these our Letters Patent. Although express mention of the true yearly value or of the certainty of the premises, or of any of them, or of other gifts or grants before these times made by us or by any of our progenitors or predecessors to the afore- said President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society, is not made in these presents; or any statute, act, ordinance, provision, proclamation, or restriction to the contrary thereof heretofore had, made, enacted, ordained, or pro- vided, or any other thing, cause, or matter whatsoever, in any wise notwithstanding. In witness whereof we have caused these our Letters to be made Patent. Witness Ourself, at Westminster, the fifteenth day of July, in the fourteenth year of our reign. By the King himself. HOWARD. CHAKTA SECUNDA, lisdem ab eodem concessa, A.D. MDCLXIIL Name - Patron. Capacity CAROLUS SECUNDUS, Dei gratia Angliae Scotiae Franciae et Hiberniae Rex, Fidei Defense r, etc., omnibus ad qnos hae Literae nostrae Patentes pervenerint, salutem. Din multinnque apud nos statuimus, ut imperii fines, sic etiam artes atque scientias ipsas promovere. Favemus itaque omnibus disciplinis ; particular! autem gratia in- dulgemus phjlpsophicis studiis, praesertim iis, quae solidis experirnentis conantur aut novam extundere philosophiam, aut expolire veterem. Ut igitur inclarescant apud nostros hujusmodi studia, quae nusquam terrarum ad hue satis emicuerunt, utque nos tandem universus literarnm orbis non solum fidei defensorem, sed etiam veritatis omnimodae et cultorem ubique et patron um, semper agnoscat : Sciatis, quod nos de gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa scientia et mero motu nostris ordinavimus constituimus et concessimus, ac per presentes pro nobis heredibus et suc- cessoribus nostris ordinamus constituimus et concedimus, quod de caetero in perpetuum erit Societas, de Praeside Concilio et Sodalibus consistens, qui voeabuntur et nun- cupabuntur Praeses Concilium et Sodales Regalis Socie- ^- a ^ s Londini pro Scientia natural! promovenda (cujus quidem Societatis nos ipsos Fundatorem et Patronum per praeseutes declaramus) ; Et eandem Societatem, per nomen Praesidis Concilii et Sodalium Regalis Societatis Londini pro Scientia naturali promovenda, unum corpus corpora- tarn et politicum in re facto et nomine realiter et ad plenum pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris facimus ordi- iiamus creamus et constituimus per praesentes, et quod per idem nomen habeant successionem perpetuam ; Et quod ipsi et eorum successores (quorum studia ad rerum naturalium artiumque utilium scientias experimentorum fide ulterius promo vendas, in Dei Creatoris gloriam et generis bumani commodum, applicanda sunt), per idem nomen Praesidis Concilii et Sodalium Regalis Societatis to pur- Londini pro Scientia naturali promovenda, sint et erunt perpetuis futuris temporibus personae habiles et in lege- Charta Secunda. 45 capaces ad habendiim perquirendum percipiendum et pos- sidendum terras [et]* tenementa prata pascua pasturas libertates privilegia franchesias jurisdiction.es et heredita- menta quaecunque sibi et successoribus suis in feodo et perpetuitate, vel pro termino vitae vitarum vel annorum, sen aliter quocunque modo, ac etiam bona et catalla, ac omnes alias res, cujuscunque fuerint generis naturae speciei sive qualitatis (Statuto de alienatione in manum mortuam non obstante) ; Necnon ad dandum concedendum [dimit- tendum]* et assignandum eadeni terras tenementa et and to grant hereditaments, bona et catalla, et omnia facta et res necessarias faciendum et exequendum de et concernentia eadem, per nomen praedictum ; Et quod per nomen Praesidis Concilii et Sodalium Regalis Societatis Londini to sue and be pro Scientia naturali promovenda praedictnm placitare sued; et implacitari, respondere et responderi, defendere et defendi de caefcero in perpetuum valeant et possint, in quibuscunque Curiis placeis et locis, et coram quibus- cunque Judicibus et Justiciariis et aliis personis et offici- ariis nostris heredum et successorum nostrorum, in omnibus et singulis actionibus, turn realibus, turn per- sonalibus, placitis sectis querelis cansis materiis rebus et demandis quibuscunque, cujuscunque aint aufc erunt generis naturae vel speciei, eisdem modo et forma, prout aliqui ligei nostri intra hoc Regnum nostrum Angliae, persoiiae habiles et in lege capaces, aut ut aliquod corpus corporatum vel politicum intra hoc Regnum nostrum Angliae, ha here perquirere recipere possidere dare et concedere, placitare et implacitari, respondere et responderi, defendere vel defendi valeant et possint, valeat et possit ; Et quod and to have a iidem Praeses Concilium et Sodales Regalis Societatis alterable at ' praedictae et successores sui habeant in perpetuum Com- mune Sigillum, pro causis et negotiis suis et successorum suorum quibuscunque agendis deserviturum ; et quodbene liceat et licebit eisdem Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, et successoribus suis pro tempore existentibus, Sigillum illud de tempore in iempus frangere mutare et de novo facere, prout eis melius fore videbitur expediri. Damus insuper et concedimus per praesentes Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, Grant of Arms, . r . ' viz. Argent, m a eoruinque in perpetuum successoribus, in iavoris nostri Canton Dexter ^ . , . ... ... the three Lions of regii erga ipsos nostraeque de ipsis peculians existimatioms England : and praesenti et faturis aetatibus testimonium, haec honoris and Supporters. * From the Patent Boll. 46 Record of the Royal Society. The Council shall consist of Twenty- one (of whom the President or his Deputy shall he always one). All other persons who shall be re- ceived and admit- ted as Members, by the President and Council, or any eleven or more of them (of whom, &c.) or by two thirds or more of those Eleven or more, n-'dliin two months; and at all times after those two months, by the President, Coun- cil, and Fellows, or by any Twenty-one or more of them (of whom the Presi- dent or his De- puty to be one), or by two third parts or more of the said Twenty- one or more ; and shall be regis- tered ; shall be oalled Fellows of the said Royal Society, for life, unless regularly amoved. insignia sequentia, viz. : In Parmae argenteae angulo dextro tres leones nostros Anglicos ; et pro Cristo galeam corona nosculis infcerstincta adornatam, cui supereminet aquila nativi coloris, altero pede scutum leonibus nostris insignitum tenens ; Telamoiies scutarios, duos canes sagaces albos, colla coronis cinctos (prout in raargine luculentius videre est*) : a praedictis Praeside Concilio et Sodalibris ipsorumque successoribus, pront feretf occasio, in perpetuum gestanda producenda^ possidenda. Et, quod intentio nostra regia meliorem sortiatur effectum, ac pro bono regimine et gubernatione praedictae Regalis Societatis de terapore in tempus, volumus, ac per praesentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris con- cedimus eisdem Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Societatis Regalis praedictae, et successoribus suis, quod de caetero in perpetuum^Concilium praedictum erit et consistet ex viginti et una personis (quarum Praesidern pro tempore existeiiten), vel ejus Deputatum, semper unum esse volumus) ; Et quod omnes et singulae aliae personae, quae intra duos menses proximo sequentes post datum praesentium per Praesidem et Concilium, vel per aliquos undecim vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro tem- pore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum, semper unum esse volumus), vel per duas tertias paries vel plures praedicto- rum undecim vel plurium, et in omni tempore sequent! per Praesidem Concilium et Sodales, sive per aliquos viginti et unum vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum, semper unum esse volumus), sive per duas tertias partes vel plures praedictorum viginti et unius vel plurium, in eandem Societatem accipientur et admittentur ut Membra Regalis Societatis praedictae, et in Registro per ipsos conservando aimotatae fnerint, erunt vocabuntur et nuncu- pabuntur Sodales Regalis Societatis praedictae, quamdiu vixerint, nisi ob causam aliquam rationabilem, secundum Statuta Regalis Societatis praedictae conclenda, quemvis eorum amoveri contigerit : quos quanto eminent! us omnis generis doctrinae bonarumque literarum studio clarescant, quanto ardentius hujusce Societatis lionorem studia et emolumentumjl promoveri cupiant, quanto vitae integritate morumque probitate ac pietate emineant, et fidelitats * A. representation of the Arms appears on the first skin of the Charter. f This word is omitted from the Patent Roll. I Sic. " Q.uas " in the Eoll. || Or emolumenta. Char to, Secunda. 47 animiqne erga nos Coronam et dignitatem nostram sin- cere affectu polleant, eo magis idoneos et dignos, qui in Sodalium ejusdem Societatis numerum adsciscantur, om- nino censeri volumus. Et, pro meliori execntione voluntatis et concessionis nostrae in hac parte, assignavimus nominavimus consti- tuimus et fecimus, ac per praesentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris assignamus nominamus consti- tuimiis et facimus, praedilecfcum et fide! em nobis Williel- mum, Vicecomitem Brouncker, Cancellarium praecharis- . ~ ,, . Viscount Broun c- simae Consortis nostrae iiegmae Uatharmae, esse prirnum ker named to be et modernum Praesidem Regalis Societatis praedictae ; a^nt- to continue volentes quod praedictus Willielmus, Yicecomes Brouncker, It. 1 in officio Praesidis Regalis Societatis praedictae, a data Draesentium usque ad festum Sancti Andreae proximum the Council) . r , should be chosen sequentem post datum praesentium, continuabit, et and sworn. quousque unus alius de Concilio Regalis Societatis prae- dictae pro tempore existente ad omciurn illud debito modo electus praefectus et juratus fuerit, juxta ordina- tionein et provigionem in his praesentibus inferius expres- sam et declaratam (si praedictus Willielmus, Vicecomes Brouncker, tarn diu vixerit) ; sacramento corporali in He himself to be . n , i * ., first sworn in bc- omnibus et per omnia ofhcium ilmd tangentia bene et fore the Lord ndeliter exequendum, secundum veram intentionem harurn praesentium, coram praedilecto et perquam fideli Con- sanguineo et Consiliario nostro Edwardo, Comite Claren- don, Cancellario nostro Angliae, prius praestito (cui quidem Edwardo, Corniti Clarendon, Cancellario nostro praedicto, sacramentum praedictum administrare plenam potestatem et autnoritatem damus et concedimus), in haec verba seqaentia,viz.: J, William, Viscount Brouncker, doe promise The Presidents to deale faithfully and honestly in all things belonging to the Oath< trust committed to me as President of the Royall Society of London for improving naturall Knowledge, dureing my employment in that capacity. 80 help me God ! Assignavimus etiam constituimus et f ecimus, ac per prae- The flrst council sentes pro nobis lieredibus et successoribus nostris facimus, named - dilectos nobis et fideles Robertum Moray, Militem, unum a Secretioribus nostris Conciliis in Regno nostro Scotiae, R.obertum Boyle, Armigerum, Willielinum Brereton, Armi- gerum, filium primogenitum Baronis de Brereton, Kenel- mum Digby, Militem, praecliarissirnae matri nostrae Mariae Reginae Cancellarium, Grilbertum Talbot,* Militem, Joca- * Sir Grilbert Talbot and Mr. Hill were not in the first Charter : they supply the vacancies of Dr. Wallis and Dr. Wren. 48 Record of the Royal Society. To continue till next St. Andrew's Day, and till others shall be elected and sworn, unless amoved for just cause ; having first taken, be- fore the Presi- dent, the like Oath as he tooK, mutatis mu- tandis. The President, Council, and Fel- lows, or any nine lium nostrorum Thesaurarium, Paulum Neile, Militem, unum Ostiariorum Camerae privatae nostrae, Henricum Slingesby, Armigerum, unum Generosorum praedictae privatae Camerae nostrae, Willielmum Petty, Militem, Timotheum Clarke, in Medicinis Doctorem et unum Medi- corum nostrorum, Johannem Wilkins, in Theologia Doc- torem, Georgium Erit, in Medicinis Doctorem, Williel- mum Aerskine, unum a Poculis nostris, Jonathan. God- dard, in Medicinis Doctorem et Professorem Collegii de Gresham, Willielmum Balle, Armigerum, Matthaeuni Wren, Armigerum, Johannem Evelyn, Armigerum, Thomam Hen- shaw, Armigerum, Dudley Palmer, de Greys Inn in comi- tatu nostro Middlesexiae, Armigerum, Abrahamum Hill, de London, Armigerum, et Henricum Oldenburg, Armige- rtim, una cum Praeside praedicto, fore et esse primes et modernos viginti et unum de Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae ; continuandos in officiis Concilii praedicti a datu praesentium usque ad prae- dictum festum Saiicti Andreae Apostoli proximum se- quentem, et deinde, quousque aliae idonae personae et habiles et sufficientes in officia praedicta electae praefectae et juratae fuerint (si tam diu vixerint, aut pro aliqua justa et* rationabili causa non amotae fuerint) ; sacramentis corporalibus coram Praeside pro tempore existente prae- dictae Regalis Societatis, ad omcia sua bene et fideliter in omnibus et per omnia omcia ilia tangentia exequenda, prius praestandis, secundum f ormam et effectum praedicti sacramenti, mutatis mutandis, Praesidi Regalis Societatis praedictae per Cancellarium nostrum Angliae adminis- trandi (cui quid em Praesidi pro tempore existenti sacra- menta praedicta administrare personis praedictis, et aliis quibuscunque in posterum de tempore in tempus in Con- cilium praedictum eligendis, plenam potestatem et autho- ritatem pro no bis heredibus et successoribus nostris damus et concedimus per praesentes) : Et quod eaedem personae sic, ut praefertur, ad Concilium praedictae Regalis So- cietatis electae praefectae et juratae, et in posterum eli- gendae praeficiendae et jurandae de tempore in tempus, erunt et existent auxiliantes consulentes et assistentes in omnibus materiis rebus et negotiis meliores regula- tionem gubernationem et directionem praedictae Regalis Societatis, et cujuslibet Membri ejusdem, tangentibus seu concernentibus. Concedimus etiam Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Socie- * " Aut " in the Patent Koll ; but see p. 22. Charta Secunda. 49 tatis praedictae, et eorum in perpetuum successoribus, quod or more of them ipsi et successors eorurn, seu aliqui novem vel plures <3orum (quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum, semper uiium esse volumus), conventus ^IIM on thin ten sen cougregationes de seipsis pro experimentorum et rerum natural ium cognitione et iudagine, aliisque negotiis ad Societatem praedictam spectantibus, quoties et quando opus fuerit, licite facere et liabere possint in collegio sive .ttula sive alio loco commodo intra Civitatem nostram Londini, vel [in]* aliquo alio loco comrnodo intra decem milliaria ab eadem Civitate nostra. Et ulterius volumus, ac per praesentes pro nobis here- The President dibus et successoribus iiostris concedimus praefatis , ounci| : and *"ei- lows, or any Praesid] Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis prae- Thirty-one or ,. , ., . .. " more of them (of dictae, et successoribus suis, quod Praeses Concilium et whom the rresi- Sodales Begalis Societatis praedictae pro ternpore exis- puty to be S one), teiites, sive aliqui triginta et uiius vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro tempore existeatem, vel ejus Deputatum, unum esse volumus), seu major pars praedic- Andrew ' s Da 7i tornm triginta et unius vel plurium, de tempore in tempus one of the coun- cil to be their perpetuia futuris temporibus potestatem et authoritatem President, who habeant et habebuiit nominandi et eligendi, et quod eligere " et uominarc possint et valeant, quolibet anno, in praedicto losto Saiicti Andreae, unum de Concilio praedictae Regalis Societatis pro tempore existente, qui sit et erit Praeses lico-alis Societatis praedictae usque ad festum Sancti in before the .. AJ.I--I Council, or any Anclreae Apostoli exinde proximum sequentem. (si tarn Seven or more of din vixerit, ant interim pro aliqua justa et rationabili causa non amotus fuerit), et exinde quousque unus alius in officium Praesidis Regalis Societatis praedictae electus praefectus et nominatus fuerit ; quodque ille postquam .sic ut praefertur electus et noniinatus fuerit in officium Praesidia Regalis Societatis praedictae, antequam ad omcium illud admittatur, sacramentum corporal e coram Concilio ojusdem Regalis Societatis, aut aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, ad officium illud recte bene et fideliter in omnibus officium illud tangentibus exequendum prae- stabit, secuiidum formam et effectum praedicti saci'amenti, mutatis mutandis ; (cui quidem Concilio, aut aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, sacramentum praedictum administrare, pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris, plcuam potestatem et authoritatem de tempore in tempus, quotiescunqne Praesidem eligere opus fuerit, damus et <3oncedinius per praesentes ;) et quod post Imjusmodi * From the Patent Eoll. 50 Record of the Royal Society. on the Death or president, or if he retire, the Council or any of thlmmay" e ' Pre?idem h outo? the person chosen by them, or the major part of them, being sworn, shall hold during the resi- and until another on the Death, Amotion, or re- tirementofanyof the Council, (who arc hereby made the President, Council, and Fellows, or any Twenty-one or more of them (of whom, &c.) or the major part of -u<[ the person or persons elected shall hold, (bein the n 8 ex?st'. } " be eiected Sha11 sacramentum sic ut praefertur praestitum, officium Prae- sidis Regalis Societatis praedictae usque ad festum Sancti Andreae Apostoli exinde proximum sequentem exequi valeat et possit : Et si continent Praesidem Reofalis Socie- , . A -, . . . . , . l tatis praedictae pro toinpore existentem aliquo tempore, quamdiu fuerit in officio Praesidis ejusdem Regalis Socie- tatis, obire, decedere, vel ab officio suo amoveri, quod tunc et to ^ es ^ene li ceat et Hcebit Concilio Regalis Socie- tatis praedictae, eorumque in perpetuum successoribus, \, .*.' i i V sive ahquibus undecini vel pluribus eoruni, convenire vel ..,.,._ n ... ,~ congrcgan ad eligendum unum de praedicto nnrnero Lon- cilii praedicti in Praesidem Regalis Societatis praedictae ; e ^ quod ille, qui per Concilium praedictum, vel per prae- dictos undecim vel plures, vel per majorem partem prae- dictorum undecim et plurium, electus fuerit et juratus, ut praefertulSf* officium illud habeat et exerceat durante residue ejusdem anni, et quousque alius ad officium illud debito modo electus et juratus fuerit, sacramento corporali in forma supra specificata prius praestando ; et sic toties quoties casus sic acciderit. Efc ulterius volumus, quod quandocunque contie^erit . n aliquem vel aliquos de Concilio R-egalis Societatis prae- _. , . . , , ^ . M1 clictae pro tempore existente mori, vel ab omcio illo amoveri, vel decedere; quos quidem de Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae et eorum quemlibet pro male se g-erendis aut aliqua alia rationabili causa amobiles esse volumus, ad beneplacitum Praesidis et caeterorum de Concilio praedicto (quorum Praesidem pro tempore exis- , . -,-. , i \ i tentem, vel ejus Ueputatum, unum esse voJumus), vel majoris partis eorundem ; quod tune et toties bene liceat efc HdeHt praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, eorumque in perpetuum successori- bus, vel aliquibus viginti uni vel pluribus eorundem * a -n T c^-^i' T^ (quorum Praesidem. Ivegalis bocietatis praedictae pro tempore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum, unum esse volumus), vel major! parti praedictorum viginti et unius ve ^ pl^rium, unum alium vel plures alios de Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, loco sive locis ipsius vel ipsorum sic mortuorum decedentium vel amotorum, ad supplendum praedictum numerum viginti et unius person- arum de Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae, nominare eligere et praeficere ; et quod ille sive illi sic in officio illo electi et praefecti idem officium liabeat et habeant usque ad festum Sancti Andreae Apostoli tune proximum sequentem, et exixide quousque unus alius vel plures alii Charta Secunda. 51 elect us praefectus et nominatus fuerit, elect! praefecti et nominatifuerint ; sacramento corporal! ad officinm illud in omnibus et per omnia offioium ill ad tangentia, coram Praeside et Concilio Begalis Societatis praedictae, vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum (quorum Praesidem pro tempo-re existentem, vel ejus Deputation, semper unum esse volumus), bene et fideliter exequendum, secundum veram intentionem praesentium, prius praestando. Et ulterius volumus, ac per praesentes pro nobis here- On st. Andrew's dibus et successoribus nostris concedimus praefatis Prae- council '(an/no sidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalis Societatis, et successoribus suis,*quodipsi et successores sui, sive aliqui trig-intact uuus vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro or noy Thirty-one . x or more or them tempore existentem, vel ems Deputatum, semper unum (of whom the Pre- v . . ,. , , . . , , sident or his De- esse volumus), sive major pars praedictorum trigmta et puty always to i>e unius vel plurium, quolibet anno, in praedicto festo Sancti Andreae Apostoli, plenam potestatem et authoritatem liabeant et habebunt eligendi nominandi praeficiendi et rnutandi 'decem de Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, ad supplendum loca et offioia decem praedicti immeri viginti et unius de Concilio Begalis Societatis praedictae ; quoniam regiam voluntatem nostram esse declaramus, ac per praesentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris concedimus, quod decem de Concilio praedicto, et non amplius, per Praesidem Concilium et Sodales Kegalis Societatis praedictae annuatim rnutati et amoti fuerint. Yolumus etiam, et pro nobis heredibus et successoribus The President , ,. -!/-. ! , ri -i T m& y appoint One nostris concedimus praetatis Praesidt Concilio et feodali- out of the Council bus praedictae Begalis Societatis, et successoribus suis in perpetuum, quod si contigerit Praesidem ejusdem Begalis Societatis pro tempore existentem aegritudine vel infirmi- tate detineri, vel in servitio nostro heredum vel succes- sorum nostrorum versari, vel aliter esse occupatum, ita quod necessariis negotiis ejusdem Begalis Societatis officium Praesidis tangenfcibus attendere non poterit, quod tune et toties bene liceat et licebit eidem Praesidi sic deterito versato vel occupato ununi de Con- cilio praedictae Begalis Societatis pro tempore existente, fore et esse Deputatum ejusdem Praesidis, nominare et who may act as ff T\ suc " m his ab- appnnctuare : qui quidem Deputatus, in omcio Ueputati sence, unless the r . A . President make Praesidis praedicti sic faciendus et constituendus, sit et some other DC- erit Deputatus ejusdem Praesidis, de tempore in tempus, council? toties quoties praedictus Praeses sic abesse contigerit, durante toto tempore, quo praedictus Praeses in omcio * " Imperpetintm," in the Patent/ Koll. E 2 52 Record of the Royal Society. The Deputy may, Praesidis continuaverit, nisi interim praedictus Praeses in the absence of -i- T ci i i , the President, do Regans Societatis praedictae pro tempore existens unum hVmS could do alium de praedicto Concilio ejus Deputatum fecerifc et constitiierit ; Et quod quilibet hujusmodi Deputatns prae- dicti Praesidis, sic ut praefertnr faciendus et constituen- dus, omnia et singula, quae ad officium Praesidis prae- dictae Regalis Societatis pertinent sen pertinere debent, vel per praedictum Praesidem virtute liarum Literarum iiostrarum Pateiitium limitata et appunctuata fore* faci- enda et exequenda, de tempore in tempus, toties quoties praedictus Praeses sic abesse contigerit, durante tali tem- pore, quo Deputatus praedicti Praesidis continuaverit, facere et exequi valeat et possit, vigore harum Literarum iiostrarum Patentium, adeo plene libere et integre, ac in tarn amj^s modo et forma, prout Praeses praedictus, si praesens esset, ilia facere et exequi valeret et posset; But he must first sacramento corporal! super sancta Dei Evangfelia in forma be sworn before L . P the Council, or et eftectu supra specificatis per hujusmodi Deputatuni, Seven or more of T . , , ~, . - . , . . . them. ad omnia et singula, quae ad omcium Praesidis pertinent beiio et fideliter exequenda, coram praefato Concilio praedictae Regalis Societatis, vel aliquibus septemt vel pluribus eorum, prius praestando ; et sic toties quoties casus sic accident ; ciii quidem Concilio vel aliquibus sep- tem vel pluribus eorum pro tempore existente,* sacramen- tum praedictum administrare potestatem et authoritatem, quoties casus sic acciderit, damns ct concedimus per prae- sentes, absque brevi commissione .sive ulteriori warranto in ea parte a nobis lieredibus vel successoribus nostris procurando sen obtinendo. The Society may Et ulterius volum.us, a,c per pracsentes pro nobis here- t wo secretaries, ' dibus et successoribus nostris concedimus praefatis Prae- s idi Concilio et Social ibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, et sn ccessoribus suis, quod ipsi et successores sui de caetero Serjeants at Mace |n perpetuum habeant et habebunt unum Thesaurarium, to attend upon J the President. duos Secretaries, Curatores expenmentorum duos vel All these arc to be i /-n i i n i j. i T\ Deputy, in the (quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem, vel ejus De- putatum, unum esse volumus), sive major pars praedic- them" and^the' * orum novem vel plurium, de tempore in tempus habeant et habebunt plenam potestatem et authoritatem per Semmda 57 literas vel epistolns, snb maun praedicti Praesidis vel ejus Depiitati, in praesentia Concilii vel aliquorum septem vel plnrinm eorum, et in nomine Regalis Societatis, mutnis intelligentiis fruentur* et negotiisf ciim omnibns et omnimodis peregrinis et alienis, ntrnm privatis vel col- legiatis, corporatis vel politicis, absqne aliqna molesta- tione interrnptione vel inqnietate* quaciinqne : Proviso tamen, qnod haec mdulgentia nostra sic, nb praefertur, concessa ad nlteriorem non extendatnr nsnm, qnam particnlare beneficinm et interesse praedictae Regalis Societatis in materiis sen rebns philosophicis mathematicis ant mechanicis. Et ulterins dedimus et concessimns, ac per praesentes Licence given to pro xiobis heredibns et successoribns nostris damns et con- Council, and Fei- cedimns, praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, et snccessoribus snis in perpetnnm, ^aj or part of 6 sive Praesidi et Concilio Regalis Societatis praedictae vel majori parti eornm, plenam potestatem et anthoritatem leges in London, erigendi aedificandi et extrnendi, ant erigi aedincari et miles of it. extrni faciendi vel cansandi, intra Civitatem nostram Lon- dini, vel decem milliaria ab eadem, nnnm vel plura Col- leginna vel Collegia cnjnscnnque modi et qualitatis, pro habitatione assemblatione et congregatione praedictomm Praesidis Concilii et Sodalinm. praedictae Regalis So- cietatis et snccessorum snornm, ad negotia sua et alias res eandem Regalem Societatem concernentia ordinanda et disponenda. Et ulterius volumus, ac per praesentes pro nobis here- if any abuses -,.-. ., . . ,. ... . , shall happen, or dibns et snccessoribns nostris ordinamns constitnimns et differences arise, appnnctnamns, qnod si aliqni abnsns vel discrepantiae in posternm orientnr et accident de gnbernatione ant aliis rebns vel negotiis praedictae Regalis Societatis, nnde einsdem constitntioni stabilimini et stndiornm progressni living; and afte J _ . j "is death by the vel rebns et negotiis aliqna inreratnr ininria vel impedi- Archbishop of v , " 1-1 Canterbury, the meiitnm ; qnod tnnc et toties per praesentes pro no bis nere- chancellor or dibns et snccessoribns nostris anthorizamns nominamns et constitnimns praefatnm praedilectum et perqiiam fidelem Consangninenm et Conciliarinm nostrum Edwardnm, Comitem de Clarendon, Cancellarium nostrnm Regni nos- taries, for the , . . . . . . . time being, or tri A.ngliae, per seipsnm durante vita sna, et post ejns any four or more mortem, tnnc Arcniepiscopnm Cantnariensem, Cancel- larinm vel Cnstodem Magni Sigilli Angliae, Thesanrarinm Angliae, Castodem Privati Sigilli, Episcopnm Londinen- * Sic. f In the first Charter, " notitiis" 58 Record of the Royal Society. sem, et duos Principales Secretaries pro tempore exis- tentes, aut aliquos quatuor vel plures eorum, easdem dis- crepantias et abusus reconciliare coniponere et reducere. General Clauses. Efc ulterius volumus, ac per praesentes pro iiobis here- dibus et successoribus nostris firmiter injungendo prae- cipimus et mandamus omnibus et singulis Justitiariis Majoribus Aldermannis Viceeomitibus Ballivis Consta- bulariis et aliis officiariis miriistris et subditis nostris hereduin et successorum nostrorum quibuscunque, quod de tempore in ternpus sint auxiliantes et assistentes prae- dictis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Kegalis Societatis praedictae, eorumque in perpetuum successoribus, in omni- bus et per omnia, secundum veram interitionem harum Literarum nostrarum Patentium. Eo quod expressa mentio de vero valore aniiuo vel de certitudinS%)raemissorum sive eorum alicujus, aut de aliis donis sive concessionibus per nos seu per aliquem pro- genitorum sive praedecessorum nostrorum praefatis Prae- sidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae ante liaec tempora factis, in praesentibus minime facta existit : aut aliquo statute actu ordinatioiie provisione pro- clamatione sive restrictione in contrarium inde anteliac habito facto edito ordinato sive proviso, aut aliqua alia re causa vel materia quacuiique, in aliquo non obstante. In cujus rei testimonium has Literas nostras fieri feci- mus Patentes. TESTE Me ipso, apud Westmonasterium, vicesimo securido die Aprilis, anno regni nostri decimo qainto.* Per breve de Privato Sigillo. HOWAED. SECOND CHARTER, Granted by the same to the same, A.D. 1663. Charles the Second, by the grace of God" King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c., to all to whom these our Letters Patent shall come, greeting. * This Charter is on four skins of vellum ; and, like the first, contains some very fine ornamented capital letters. The Arms of the Society, coloured, appear on the first skin. Second Charter. 59 We have long and fully resolved with Ourself to extend not only the boundaries of the Empire, but also the very arts and sciences. Therefore we look with favour upon all forms of learning, but with particular grace we encourage philosophical studies, especially those which by actual experiments attempt either to shape out a new philosophy or to perfect the old. In order, therefore, that such studies, which have not hitherto been suffi- ciently brilliant in any part of the world, may shine conspicuously amongst our people, and that at length tho whole world of letters may always recognise us not only as the Defender of the Faith, but also as the universal lover and patron of every kind of truth : Know ye that we, of our special grace and of our certain knowledge and mere motion, have ordained, established, and granted, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do ordain, establish, and grant, that incorporation henceforth for ever there shall be a Society consisting of x! im e? lp( a President, Council, and Fellows, who shall be called and named The President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for promoting Natural Know- ledge (of Avhich same Society we by these presents declare Ourself Founder and Patron); And by these presents The King himself for us, our heirs, and successors we do make, ordain, create, patron. and constitute the same Society, by the name of The Presi- dent, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for promoting Natural Knowledge, one body corporate and politic, in fact, deed, and name, really and fully, and that by the same name they may have perpetual succes- sion ; And that they and their successors (whose studies are to be applied to further promoting by the authority of experiments the sciences of natural things and of useful arts, to the glory of God the Creator, and the advantage of the human race), by the same name of The President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for promoting Natural Knowledge, may and shall be in all future times persons able and capable in law to have, capacity to pur- acquire, receive, and possess lands [and] tenements, mea- c dows, feedings, pastures, liberties, privileges, franchises, jurisdictions, and hereditaments whatsoever to them and their successors in fee and perpetuity, or for term of life, lives, or years, or otherwise in whatsoever manner, and also goods and chattels, and all other things, of what- soever kind, nature, sort, or quality they may be (the Statute concerning alienation in mortmain notwithstaiid- 60 Record of the Royal Society. and to grant; ing); and also to give, grant, [demise,] and assign the same lands, tenements, and hereditaments, goods and chattels, and to do and execute all acts and things necessary of and concerning the same, by the name aforesaid; And that by the name of The President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for promoting Natural Knowledge aforesaid, they may to sue and be henceforth for ever be able and have power to plead and be impleaded, to answer and be answered, to defend and be defended, in whatsoever Courts and places, and before whatsoever Judges, Justices, and other persons and officers of us, our heirs, and successors, in all and singular actions, both real and personal, pleas, suits, plaints, causes, matters, things, and demands whatsoever, of whatsoever kind, nature, or sort they may or shall be, in the sam^feianner and form as any of our lieges within this our Realm of England, being persons able and capable in law, or as any body corporate or politic within this our Realm of England, may be able and have power to have, acquire, receive, possess, give, and grant, to plead and be impleaded, to answer and be answered, to defend or be defended ; And that the same President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid and their successors and to have a for ever may have a Common Seal, to serve for transact- aitei-abie at ea ' ing all causes and affairs whatsoever of them and their successors ; and that it may and shall be good and lawful to the same President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors for the time being, to break, change, and make anew that Seal from time to time, as it shall seem most expedient to them. Grant of Arms, We give and grant moreover by these presents to the ' Dexter 1 * President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors for ever, in testimony lso of a Crest, o f our rO yal favour towards them, and of our peculiar and Supporters. esteem for them, to the present and future ages, ther-e following blazons of honour, that is to say : in the canton dexter of a Shield argent three of our English Lions, and for a Crest a helmet adorned with a crown chequered with florets, which is surmounted by an eagle of natural colour, holding with one foot a shield emblazoned with our lions ; Supporters of the shield, two keen-scented white hounds, the necks surrounded by crowns (as is to be seen more clearly in the margin) ; to be borne, ex- hibited, and possessed for ever by the aforesaid President, Second Charter. 61 Council and Fellows, and their successors, as occasion shall serve. And that our royal intention may obtain the better effect, and for the good rule and government of the aforesaid Royal Society from time to time, we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do The Council shall grant to the same President, Council, and Fellows of the one1ofwhom nty " Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors, that Ss Deputy ^11 henceforth for ever the Council aforesaid shall be and be alwa>s one)< consist of twenty-one persons (of whom we will the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be always one) ; And that all and singular other persons who within AH other persons two months next following after the date of these presents shall be received and admitted into the same Society as Members of the Royal Society aforesaid, by the President and Council, or by any eleven or more of them fof more of them (of J J . . v whom, &c.) or by whom we will the President lor the time being, or his two-thirds or , , , . - more of those Deputy, to be always one), or by two third parts or more Eleven or more, of the aforesaid eleven or more, and in all time following months^and at by the President, Council, and Fellows, or by any twenty-one or more of them (of whom we will the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be always one), or by two third parts or more of the aforesaid twentv- Twenty-one or i in i i > i Ji T* , more of them (of one or more, and shall have been noted in the rxegister whom the Presi- by them to be kept, shall be, be called, and be named pu ?y to be 3 one), Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, as long as they paS or more of shall live, unless it shall happen that any one of them be amoved for any reasonable cause, according to the Statutes of the Royal Society aforesaid, which are to be drawn up : called Fellows of J \ ,. . . _ . ' the said Royal whom, the more eminently they are distinguished for the Society, tor life, study of every kind of learning and good letters, the more ardently they desire to promote the honour, studies, and advantage of this Society, the more they are noted for integrity of life, uprightness of character, and piety, and excel in fidelity and affection of mind towards us, our Crown, and dignity, the more we wish them to be especially deemed fitting and worthy of being admitted into the number of the Fellows of the same Society. And for the better execution of our will and grant in this behalf, we have assigned, nominated, constituted, and made, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and suc- cessors do assign, nominate, constitute, and make, our very well-beloved and trusty William, Viscount Brouncker t Chancellor of our very dear consort Queen Catharine, to W niiam be the first and present President of the Royal Society Record of the Royal Society. the first Presi- dent ; to continm so till the next St. Andrew's Day, and till another (out of the Council) should be choker and sworn. He himself to be first sworn in he- fore the Lord Chancellor. The President's Oath, The first Council named. a foresaid ; willing that the aforesaid William, Viscount Brouncker, shall continue in the office of President of the Royal Society aforesaid from the date of these presents until the feast of St. Andrew next following after the date of these presents, and until one other of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being shall have been elected, appointed, and sworn to that office in due manner, according to the ordinance and provision below in these presents expressed and declared (if the aforesaid William, Viscount Brouncker, shall live so long) ; having first taken a corporal oath well and faithfully to execute [his office] in and by all things touching that office, according to the true intention of these presents, before our very well- beloved and very trusty Cousin and Councillor Edward, Earl of Clarendon, our Chancellor of England : to which same Edwfflid, Earl of Clarendon, our Chancellor afore- said, we give and grant full power and authority to administer the oath aforesaid in these words following r that is to say : I, William, Viscount Brouncker, do promise to deal faithfully and honestly in all things belonging to the- trust committed to me, as President of the Royal Society of London for improving Natural Knowledge, during my employment in that capacity. So help me God ! We have also assigned, constituted, and made, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do make, cur beloved and trusty Robert Moray, Knight, one of our Privy Council in our Realm of Scotland ; Robert Boyle, Esquire ; William Brereton, Esquire, eldest son of the Baron de Brereton ; Kenelm Digby, Knight, Chancellor to our very dear mother, Queen Maria ; Gilbert Talbot, Knight, Treasurer of our Jewels; Paul Neile, Knight, one of the Ushers of our Privy Chamber ; Henry Slingesby, Esquire, one of the Gentlemen of oar aforesaid Privy Chamber ; William Petty, Knight ; Timothy Clarke, Doctor in Medicine and one of our Physicians; John Wilkins, Doctor in Divinity ; George Ent, Doctor in Medicine ; William Aerskine, one of our Cup-bearers ; Jonathan Goddard, Doctor in Medicine and Professor of Gresham College; William Balle, Esquire; Matthew Wren, Esquire ; John Evelyn, Esquire ; Thomas Henshaw, Esquire; Dudley Palmer, of Grey's Inn, in our County of Middlesex, Esquire ; Abraham Hill, of London, Esquire ; and Henry Oldenburg, Esquire, together with the Presi- dent afoi-esaid, to be and become the first and present Second Charter. 63 twenty-one of the Council and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid; to be continued in their offices of the TO continue tin Council aforesaid from the date of these presents until Day, and tm the aforesaid feast of St. Andrew the Apostle next follow- elected and ing, and thenceforth until other fitting and able and suffi- amo've cient persons shall have been elected, appointed, and sworn into the offices aforesaid (if they shall live so long, or * or n 3 t th ^ f ~ shall not have been amoved for any just and reasonable Oath as he took, cause) ; first taking corporal oaths before the President tandis. for the time being of the aforesaid Royal Society, well and faithfully to execute their offices in and by all things touching those offices, according to the form and effect of the aforesaid oath, mutatis mutandis, to be administered to the President of the Royal Society aforesaid by our Chancellor of England; (to which same President for the time being, for us, our heirs, and successors, we give and grant by these presents full power and authority to administer the oaths aforesaid to the aforesaid persons, and to any others whomsoever hereafter from time to time to be elected into the Council aforesaid) ; And that the same persons, so as it is aforesaid elected, appointed, and sworn, and hereafter to be elected, appointed, and sworn from time to time, to the Council of the aforesaid Royal Society, shall be and become aiding, counselling, and assistant in all matters, business, and affairs touch- ing or concerning the better regulation, government, and direction of the aforesaid Royal Society, and of every Member of the same. We also grant to the President, Council, and Fellows The President, ., P i c< j_ JJ.J.L' Council, and Fel- of the aforesaid Society, and to their successors tor ever, lows, or any nine that they and their successors, or any nine or more of them (of whom we will the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be always one), may be able lawfully to make and hold assemblies or meetings of themselves miles of it. for the examination and investigation of experiments and of natural things, and for other affairs belonging to the Society aforesaid, as often as and whenever it shall be needful, in a College or Hall or other convenient place within our City of London, or in any other convenient place within ten miles of our same City. And further we will, and by these presents for us, our The President, ., ,. .- -[- .- , Council, and Fel- heirs, and successors, do grant to tlie aioresaid President, i ow s, or any Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors, that the President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being, or any Record of the Royal Society. of such Thirty- one or more, may upon every St. Andrew's Day, annually, elect one of the Coun- cil to be their President, who shall continue so, (if not dead or amoved,) till the next St. Andrew's Day, and till another shall be elected ; having first been sworn in before the Council, or any Seven or more of them. On the Death or Amotion of a President, or if he retire, the Council or any Eleven or more of them may meet to choose a President out of the Council: and rhe person chosen by them, or the injor part of them, being .sworn, shall hold during the resi- due of the year, and until another shall be elected and sworn. thirty-one or more of them (of whom we will the Presi- dent for the time being, or his Deputy, to be one), or the major part of the aforesaid thirty-one or more, may and shall have from time to time in all future times for ever power and authority to nominate and elect, and that they may be able and have power to elect and nominate, every year, on the aforesaid feast of St. Andrew, one of the Council of the aforesaid Royal Society for the time being, who may and shall be President of the Royal Society aforesaid until the feast of St. Andrew the Apostle thereafter next following (if he shall live so long, or shall not be amoved meanwhile for any just and reasonable cause), and thenceforth until another shall have been elected, appointed, and nominated to the office of President of the Royal Society aforesaid ; and that he, after that i^g shall so have been elected and nominated, as it is aforesaid, to the office of President of the Royal Society aforesaid, before he be admitted to that office, shall take a corporal oath before the Council of the same Royal Society, or any seven or more of them, rightly, well, and faithfully to execute that office in all things touching that office, according to the form and effect of the afore- said oath, mutatis mutandis (to which same Council, or to any seven or more of them, we give and grant by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors full power and authority to administer the oath aforesaid from time to time, as often as it shall be needful to elect a President) ; and that after having so taken such oath, as it is afore- said, he may be able and have power to execute the office of President of the Royal Society aforesaid until the feast of St. Andrew the Apostle thereafter next following ; And if it shall happen that the President of the Royal Society for the time being, at any tinje, so long as he shall be in the office of President of the same Royal Society, shall die, retire, or be amoved from his office, that then and so often it may and shall be good and lawful to the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their suc- cessors for ever, or to any eleven or more of them, to assemble or meet for the election of one of the aforesaid number of the Council aforesaid as President of the Royal Society aforesaid ; and that he who shall have been elected and sworn by the Council aforesaid, or by the aforesaid eleven or more, or by the major part of the aforesaid eleven and more, as it is aforesaid, may have and exercise that office during the residue of the same year, and until Second Charter. 65 another shall have been in due manner elected and sworn to that office, first taking a corporal oath in the form above specified; and so as often as the case shall so happen. And further we will, that whenever it shall happen On the Death, that any one or any of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being shall die, or be amoved from Se heTby 1 mlJ'e that office, or retire (which same [members] of the p]'JJit by the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid, and every one of Council for suf- ,, . . , , i . ficient cause,) them, we will to be amovable tor misbehaviour or the President, any other reasonable cause, at the good pleasure of the Fellows' or any President and of the rest of the Council aforesaid, of whom we will the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be one, or of the major part of the same), Twenty-one that then and so often it may and shall be good and supply the va- lawful to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows amongst the of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors for the person or ever, or to any twenty-one or more of the same (of whom we will the President of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being, or his Deputy, to be one), or to the raaior part of the aforesaid twenty-one or more, to iiomi- or others sha11 J be elected. nate, elect, and appoint one other or several others of the Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, in the place or places of him or them so dead, retired, or amoved, to fill up the aforesaid number of twenty-one persons of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid ; and that he or they so elected and appointed in that office may have the same office until the feast of St. Andrew the Apostle then next following, and thenceforth until one other or several others shall have been elected, appointed, and nominated ; first taking a corporal oath before the President and Council of the Royal Society aforesaid, or any seven or more of them (of whom we will the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be always one), well and faithfully to execute that office in and by all things touching that office, according to the true intention of these presents. And further we will, and by these presents for us our On St. Andrew's , . , , , i /. i -rk j Da y> Ten f the neirs, and successors do grant to the aforesaid .President, Council (and no Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society, and change" bythe to their successors [for ever] , that they and their successors, or any thirty-one or more of them (of whom we will the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be always (of whom the Pn- i . " sident or his De- one), or the manor part of the aforesaid thirty-one or more, puty always to be . , pou A T ii A J.T one,) or the major every year, on the aforesaid teast ot bt. Andrew tne Apostle, part of such F 66 Record of the Royal Society. Thirty-one or The President ou^fheCounci tobehisDeputy who may act as sence, unless the some 1 other De- Council! fthe The Deputy may, in the absence of the President, do himself could do may and shall have full power and authority to elect, nominate, appoint, and change ten of the Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, to fill up the places and offices of ten of the aforesaid number of twenty-one of the Council of the Royal Society aforesaid ; for we do declare ifc to be our royal pleasure, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors we do grant, that ten of the aforesaid Council, and no more, shall be annually changed and amoved by the President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid. We will also, and for us, our heirs, and successors do grant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the a f oresaid Royal Society, and to their successors for ever, that if it shall happen that the President of the same Royal Society for the time being is detained by sickness or infirnrHjr, or is employed in the service of us, our heirs, or successors, or is otherwise occupied, so that he shall not be able to attend to the necessary affairs of the same Royal Society touching the office of President, that then and so often it may and shall be good and lawful to the same President so detained, employed or occupied, to nominate and appoint one of the Council of the aforesaid Royal Society for the time being to be and become the Deputy of the same President ; which same Deputy, so to be made and appointed in the office of Deputy of the President aforesaid, may and shall be the Deputy of the same President from time to time, as often as the aforesaid President shall happen to be so absent, during the whole time in which the aforesaid President shall continue in the office of President ; unless in the mean- while the aforesaid President of the Royal Society afore- said for the time being shall have made and appointed one other of the aforesaid Council his Deputy ; And that every such Deputy of the aforesaid President so to be made and appointed, as it is aforesaid, may be able and have power o (j o an( j execute all and singular things which pertain or ^ . ought to pertain to the office of President of the aforesaid Royal Society, or which are limited and appointed to be done and executed by the aforesaid President, by virtue of these our Letters Patent, from time to time, as often as the aforesaid President shall happen to be so absent, during such time as he shall continue the Deputy of the aforesaid President, by force of these our Letters Patent, as fully, freely, and wholly, and in as ample manner and form, as the aforesaid President, if he were present, would Second Charter. 67 be able and have power to do and execute those things ; But he must first a corporal oath, first to be taken by such Deputy upon theCouncif, or 6 the holy Gospels of God, in the form and effect above r m re f specified, well and faithfully to execute all and singular things which pertain to the office of President, before the aforesaid Council of the aforesaid Royal Society, or any seven or more of them ; and so often as the case shall so happen : to which same Council, or to any seven or more of them, for the time being, we do give and grant by these presents, power and authority to administer the oath aforesaid, as often as the case shall so happen, without procuring or obtaining a writ, commission, or further warrant in that behalf from us, our heirs, or successors. And further we will, and by these presents for us, The Society may our heirs, and successors do grant to the aforesaid Presi- two Secretaries 6 , ' dent, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors, that they and their successors henceforth for ever may and shall have one Treasurer, Serjeants-at-Mace ' to attend upon two Secretaries, two or more Curators of Experiments, the President. All these are to be one Clerk or more, and moreover two berjeants-at-Mace, chosen and who may from time to time attend upon the President ; president, Coun- and that the aforesaid Treasurer, Secretaries, Curators, or any Thirty-one Clerk or Clerks, and Serjeants-at-Mace, to be elected and r f nominated by the President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, or by any thirty-one or more of one,) or by the them (of whom we will the President for the time being, such Thirty-one i . -r^ , N iii pjiOr more : and or his Deputy, to be one), or by the major part 01 the they must be aforesaid thirty-one or more, before they be admitted to execute their special* and respective offices, shall take their corporal oaths in the form and effect above specified, seven or more of before the President, or his Deputy, and the Council of the same Royal Society, or any seven or more of them, rightly, well, and faithfully to execute their several and respective offices in all things touching the same; and that after having so taken such oaths, as it is afore- said, they may exercise and use their respective offices ; to which same President and Council, or to any seven or more of them, we do give and grant by these presents full power and authority to administer the oaths aforesaid from time to time to the aforesaid several and respective officers and their successors : And we have assigned, nominated, The first Trea- chosen, created, appointed, and made, and by these and also the two presents for us, our heirs, and successors do assign, * So in the original ; qu. several. F 2 68 Record of the Royal Society. On every St. Andrew's Day, (unless it be Sun- day, and then on the next day), the President, Council, and Fellows, or any Thirty-one or more of them ( f whom J -: tne President or citation being always first made or all the Members of the his Deputy to be ., f . T . j. i \ one), may meet Council aforesaid to extraordinary meetings), or any nine in London or or more of them (of whom we will the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be one), may be able and have power both to meet together and assemble in a College or l hem > m w make Laws, Statutes, Hall or other convenient place within our City of London, and ordinances, . * 'and transact all or in any other convenient place within ten miles or our matters relating same City ; and that they so met together and assembled, or the major part of them, shall and may have full authority, power, and faculty from time to time to draw up, con- evai statute, ordain, make, and establish such laws, statutes, acts, ordinances, and constitutions as shall seem to them, or able, andnotcon- triiry to Law. to the major part of them, to be good, wholesome, useful, honourable, and necessary, according to their sound dis- cretions, for the better government, regulation, and direc- tion of the Royal Society aforesaid, and of every Member of the same, and to do and perform all things belonging to the government, matters, goods, faculties, rents, lands, tenements, hereditaments, and affairs of the Royal Society aforesaid; all and singular which laws, statutes, acts, ordi- nances, and constitutions so to be made as it is aforesaid, we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and suc- cessors, firmly enjoining, do order and command, that they shall be inviolably observed from time to time, according to the tenor and effect of the same : so nevertheless, that the aforesaid laws, statutes, acts, ordinances, and con- stitutions so to be made as it is aforesaid, and every one of them, be reasonable, and not repugnant or contrary to the laws, customs, acts, or statutes of this our Realm of England. 70 Record of the Royal Society. The President, And further, of our more ample special grace and of lows, or any our certain knowledge and mere motion, we have given moreS "them^of an( l granted, and by these presents for us, our heirs, de h ntorWs PrCS1 " an( ^ successors do give and grant to the aforesaid Deputy to be President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal always one,) or the major part Society, and to their successors for ever, or to any twenty - of such Twenty- , / \ -n JT T> -i j < one or more, may one or more ot them (or whom we will the President for Stater or more, tne ^ me being, or his Deputy, to be always one), or to tne ma j or P art of tne aforesaid twenty-one or more, full under P ower an( ^ authority f rom time to time to elect, nominate, the Common Seal, a nd appoint one or more Typographers or Printers, and the President, to Chalcographers or Engravers, and to grant to him or print such things ., , ... ? , .., ., .- ot T c ,1 (touching or con- them, by a writing sealed with the uommon oeal ot the aforesaid Royal Society, and signed by the hand of the t 8 hem mfiTarge President for the time being, faculty to print such things, ma ^^ ers aM ^ affairs touching or concerning the aforesaid any Seven or Royal Society, as shall have been committed to the afore- more of them (of .* _ J ' . whom the Presi- said Typographer or Printer, Chalcographer or Engraver, puty to be one,) or Typographers or Printers, Chalcographers or Engravers, par\ h ofuch r from time to time, by the President and Council of the Tiiey n must be 6 ' aforesaid Royal Society, or any seven or more of them (of th?Pre8id\n ef re wnom we w ^ ^he President for the time being, or his and Council, or Deputy, to be one), or by the maior part of the aforesaid Seven or more of ' '. J * r them. seven or more ; their corporal oaths first to be taken, before they be admitted to exercise their offices, before the Pre- sident and Council for the time being, or any seven or more of them, in the form and effect last specified ; to which same President and Council, or to any seven or more of them, we do give and grant by these presents full power and authority to administer the oaths aforesaid. The President, And further, in order that the aforesaid President, SwTdi any Nine Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society may S who e mf&o m obtain the better success in their philosophical studies, of or the major part our more ample special ffrace and of our certain know- ot such Nine or . more, shall have ledge and mere motion, we have sriven and granted, and the same Right ,7, - . . to demand and by these presents tor us, our heirs, and successors do give 7 and grant, to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows ^ ^ e aforesaid Royal Society, and to their successors for ever > ^ na ^ they and their successors, or any nine or more ^ tnem f whom we will the President for the time clans and the being, or his Deputy, to be one), or the maior part of Company of Sur- .. * ' , . geons of London the aforesaid nine or more, may and shall have from time to time full power and authority to require, take, and receive from time to time, and at such seasonable times, according to their discretion, by their assign or assigns Second Charter. 71 the bodies of such persons as have suffered death by the hand of the executioner, and to anatomize them, in as ample manner and form, and to all intents and purposes, as the President of the College of Physicians and the Company of Surgeons of our City of London (by whatsoever names the two aforesaid corporations shall have been distinguished) have used or enjoyed, or may be able and have power to use and enjoy, the same bodies. And further, for the improvement of the experiments, Licence is given arts, and sciences of the aforesaid Royal Society, of our more abundant special grace and of our certain knowledge and mere motion, we have given and granted, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do give n Philosophical . Mathematical, 01 and grant, to the aforesaid President, Council, and Mechanical Sub- Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society, and to their sorts'of Foreign successors for ever, that they and their successors, or any nine or more of them (of whom we will the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be one), or the maior part of the aforesaid nine or more, may and shall Seven or more of J * . . them, and in the have from time to time full power and authority, by letters name of the or epistles under the hand of the aforesaid President or his Deputy, in the presence of the Council, or of any seven or more of them, and in the name of the Royal Society, to enjoy mutual intelligence and affairs with all and all manner of strangers and foreigners, whether private or collegiate, corporate or politic, without any molestation, interruption, or disturbance whatsoever : Provided never- theless, that this our indulgence, so granted as it is aforesaid, be not extended to further use than the par- ticular benefit and interest of the aforesaid Royal Society in matters or things philosophical, mathematical, or mechanical. And further we have given and granted, and by these Licence given to m -/ . the President, presents for us, our heirs, and successors do give council, and Fei- and grant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their sue- cessors for ever, or to the President and Council of the Royal Society aforesaid, or the major part of them, full power and authority to erect, build, and construct, or to miles of it. make or cause to be erected, built, or constructed, within our City of London, or ten miles of the same, one or more College or Colleges, of whatsoever kind or quality, for the habitation, assembly, and meeting of the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society, and of their successors, for the ordering and 72 Record of the Royal Society. arranging of their affairs and other matters concerning the same Royal Society. if any abuses And farther we will, and by these presents for us, shall happen, or * differences arise, our heirs, and successors do ordain, constitute, and ap- formed and set,- point, that if any abuses or differences hereafter shall of 6 ciarend 6 on ar arise and happen concerning the government or other matters or affairs of the aforesaid Royal Society, whereby death a !> d the erhis an y i n j ur y or hindrance may be done to the constitu- Archbishop f tion, stability, and progress of the studies, or to the Canterbury, the . Chancellor or matters and affairs, of the same; that then and so oiten, Keeper of the .1 , Great Seal, the by these presents, lor us, our heirs, and successors, we do authorise, nominate, assign, and appoint our afore- said very well-beloved and very trusty Cousin and taries for the Councillor Edward, Earl of Clarendon, our Chancel- time being, or any four or more ] or o f O ur Realm of England, by himself during his life, andy^fter his death, then the Archbishop of Canter- bury, the Chancellor or Keeper of the Great Seal of England, the Treasurer of England, the Keeper of the Privy Seal, the Bishop of London, and the two Principal Secretaries for the time being, or any four or more of them, to reconcile, compose, and adjust the same differ- ences and abuses. General Clauses. And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors, firmly enjoining, do order and com- mand all and singular the Justices, Mayors, Aldermen, Sheriffs, Bailiffs, Constables, and other officers, ministers, and subjects whomsoever of us, our heirs, and successors, that they be from time to time aiding and assistant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, and to their successors for ever, in and by all things, according to the true intention of these our Letters Patent. Although express mention of the true yearly value or of the certainty of the premises, or of any of them, or of other gifts or grants before these times made by us or by any of our progenitors or predecessors to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, is not made in these presents; or any statute, act, ordinance, provision, proclamation, or restriction to the contrary thereof heretofore had, made, enacted, ordained, or provided, or any other thing, cause, or matter whatsoever, in any wise notwith- standing. In witness whereof we have caused these our Letters to be made Patent. Witness Ourself, at Westminster, Chart a Tertia. 73 the twenty- second day of April, in the fifteenth year of our reign. By writ of Privy Seal. HOWARD. CHAKTA TERTIA,* lisdem ab eodem concessa, A.D. MDCLXIX. CAROLUS SECUNDUS, Dei gratia Angliae Scotiae Franciae et Hiberniae Rex, Fidei Defensor, etc., omnibus ad quos hae Literae nostrae Patentes pervenerint, salutem. Sciatis, quod nos de gratia nostra speciali ac ex certa scientia et mero motu nostris dedimus et concessimus, ac per praesentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris damus et concedimus, dilectis et fidelibus nostris Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis Londini pro Scientia naturali promo venda, et successoribus suis in per- petuum, Totam illam peciam terrae arabilis vocatam Teamshott, continentem per aestimationem viginti acras, Grant of Lands jacentem inter viam nostram ducentem a Westmonasterio versus Chelsey ei pai-te boreali et occidental^ eb peciam prati continentem per aestimationem quatuor acras, par- cellam octodecim acrarnm prati nuper in tenura Comitis Nottingham! se vel assignatorum suorum, ex parte australi, ac clausum prati vocatum Stony Bridge Close ex parte ori en- tali, et peciam terrae arabilis nuper in occupatione Thomae Evans vel assignatorum suorum ex parte occidental], per particulare inde mentionatam esse annualis redditus sive valoris viginti trium solidorum et quatuor denariorum ; Necnoii totum iliud praedictum clausnm prati vocatum Stony Bridge Close, continens per aestimationem quatuor acras, nuper in occupatione Johannis Deakes vel assigna- torum suorum, jacens inter rivum vocatum le Common Sewer ex parte orientali, et praedictam peciam terrae vocatam Teamshott ex parte occidental], et pontem vocatum Stony Bridge ex parte boreali, per particulare inde men- tionatum esse annualis redditus sive valoris viginti solid- orum ; N"ecnon to tarn illam unam peciam terrae arabilis * The warrant for this Charter is preserved among the State Papers. It is dated May 24, 1667. 74 Record of the Royal Society, in communi campo vocato East Field, continentem per aestimationem tres acras, nuper in occupatione Thomae Frances vel assignatorum suorum, jacentem inter prae- dictani peciam terrae vocatam Teamshott ex parte orientali. peciam terrae arabilis nuper in ternira Comitis Lincolnise vel assignatorum suorum ex parte occidental!, par- cel! am prati de Earles Court land ex parte australi, et viam nostram ducentem a Westmonasterio versus Chelsey praedictam ex parte boreali et occidental!, per particu- lare inde mentionatam esse annualis redditus sive valoris quatuor solidorum ; (quae quidem praemissa sunt aut olim fuerunt parcella terrae nostrae in Chelsey, existentis par- cellae terrae Dominicalis Manerii de Chelsey praedicta, ac nuper fuerunt parcella possessionum Johannis, nuper Ducis Northumbriae, et quae nuper per praecharissimum avum nOfrfcrum beatae memoriae Jacobum Begem per Literas suas Patentes, gerentes datum apud Westmona- sterium, octavo die Maii, anno regni sui Angliae octavo et Scotiae quadragesimo tertio, concessa fuerunt aut men- tionata esse concessa Praeposito et Sociis Collegii Regis Jacobi in Chelsey prope London, ex fundatione ejusdem Jacobi, Regis Angliae, et successoribus suis in perpetuum, tenenda de praefato Jacobo Rege, ut de Manerio suo de East Greenwich, in comitatu Cantiae, per fidelitatem tantum, in libero et communi soccagio, et non in capite, nee per servitium militare ;) Ac etiam omnia et singula domus aedificia structuras boscos subboscos arbores, ac totam terram fundum et solum eorundem boscorum sub- boscorum et arborum, ac omnia alia jura jurisdictiones franchesias privilegia libertates proficua commoditates advantagia emolumenta et hereditamenta nostra quae- cunque, cum eorum pertinentiis universis, cujuscunque sint generis naturae seu speciei, seii quibuscunque nomini- bus sciantur censeantur nuiicupentur seu cognoscantur, situata jacentia et existentia, provenientia crescentia reno- vantia sive emergentia, infra comitatum villas campos loca sive hameletta praedicta, vel alibi ubicunque, prae- dictis terris et caeteris praemissis vel alicui inde parcellae quoquo modo spectantia ; Necnon reversionem et rever- siones omnium et siiigulorum praemissorum superius per praesentes praeconcessorum, et cujuslibet inde parcellae, dependentes vel expectantes de in vel super aliquam dimissionem vel concessionem pro termino vel terminis vitae vel vitarum vel annorum, aut aliter, de praemissis superius per praesentes praeconcessis seu de aliqua inde Charta Tertia. 75 parcella quoquo xnodo factam, existentem de recordo vel non de recordo ; Necnon omnia et singula redditus et annualia proficua quaecunque reservata super quibus- cunque dimissionibus vel concessionibus de et super praemissis per- praesentes praeconcessis, vel de et super aliqua inde parcella. Dedimus etiam et concessimus, ac per praesentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus notris damus et con- cedimus, praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis Londini pro scientia natural! promo venda, et successoribus suis in perpetuum, quod ipsi et eorum suc- cessores de caetero in perpetuum habeant teneant et gaudeant, ac habere tenere et gaudere valeant et possint, infra praemissa superius per praesentes praeconcessa, ac infra quamlibet inde parcellam, tot tanta talia eadem hujusmodi et consimilia jura jurisdictiones libertates francliesias consuetudines privilegia proficua commodi- tates advantagia emolumenta et hereditamenta quae- cunque, quot quanta qualia et quae, ac adeo plene libere et integre, ac in tarn amplis modo et forma, prout prae- dictus Johannes, nuper Dux Northumbriae, aut praedictus Praepositus et Socii Collegii Regis Jacobi in Chelsey prope London, ex fundatione ejusdem Jacobi, Regis Angliae, aut aliquis alius sive aliqui alii, praedicta terras tenementa et caetera praemissa cum suis pertinentiis, aut aliquain inde parcellani, unquam antehac habentes possidentes aut seisiti inde existentes, habens possidens aut seisitus inde existens, unquam habuerunt tenuerunt nsi vel gavisi fuerunt, habuit tenuit usus vel gavisus fuit, seu habere tenere uti vel gaudere debuerunt aut debuit, in prae- missis superius per praesentes praeconcessis, aut aliqua inde parcella, ratione vel praetextu alicujus chartae doni concessioiiis vel confirmationis per nos seu aliquem pro- genitorum vel antecessorum nostrorum, nuper Regum vel Reginarum Angliae, antehac habitae factae vel con- cessae seu contirmatae, aut ratione vel praetextu alicujus Actus Parliament! vel aliquorum Actuum Parlia- mentorum, aut ratione vel praetextu alicujus legitimae praescriptionis usus seu consuetudinis antehac habitae seu usitatae, aut aliter, quocunque legali modo jure seu tifculo ; ac adeo plerie libere et integre, ac in tarn amplis modo et forma, prout nos aut aliquis progenitorum vel antecessorum nostrorum, nuper Regum vel Reginarum Angliae, praedicta terras tenementa et caetera prae- missa, aut aliquam inde parcellam, habuimus et gavisi 7(> Record of the Royal Society. fuimns ant habuerunt et gavisi fnerunt, sen habere et gaud ere debuimus ant habere et gaudere debnerunt ant debnit. Damns nlterins, ac per praesentes pro nobis heredibus et snccessoribns nostris concedimns, pra'efatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibns Regalis Societatis Londiiii pro scientia natnrali promovenda, et eornm snccessoribns, omnia et singnla praemissa snperins per praesentes prae- concessa, cnm eornm pertinentiis nniversis, adeo plene libere et integre, ac in tarn amplis modo et forma, pront ea omnia et singnla praemissa, ant aliqna inde parcella, ad manns nostras, sen ad nianns aliqnornm progenitornm vel antecessornm nostrornm, nuper Regnm vel Reginarnm Angliae, ratione vel praetextn dissolntionis vel snrsnm redditioiiis alicnjns iraper monasterii prioratns sive hospi- talis, anlfcratione vel praetextn alicnjns Actns Parliamenti vel aliqnornm Actnnm Parliainentornm, anb ratione ali- cnjns attinctnrae sive forisfactnrae, ant ratione alicnjns excambii vel perqnisiti, ant alicnjns doni vel concessionis, ant ratione eschaetae, ant qnocnnqne alio legali modo jure sen titnlo, devenernnt sen deveiiire debnernnt, ac in immibns nostris jam existnnt sen existere debent vel debnerunt. Tenure. HABENDUM tenendum et gandendnm praedicta terras tenementa et hereditamenta, ac caetera omnia et singnla praemissa snperius per praesentes praeconcessa, cnm eornm pertinentiis universis, praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibns Regalis Societatis Londini pro scientia natnrali promovenda, et snccessoribns snis in perpetnnm ; Tenendnm de nobis heredibns et snccessoribns nostris, nt de Manerio nostro de East Greenwich, in comitatn nostro Cantiae, per fidelitatem tantnm, in libero et commnni Kent. soccagio, et non in capite, nee per servitinm militare ; Ac reddendo annnatim nobis heredibns et snccessoribns nostris de et pro praedicta terra arabili vocata Teamshott viginti tres solidos et qnatnor denarios, ac de et pro praedicto clanso prati vocato Stony Bridge Close, viginti solidos, ac de et pro praedicta pecia terrae arabilis in commnni campo vocato East. Field qnatnor solidos, legalis monetae Angliae, ad festa Sancti Michaelis Archangeli et Annnnciationis beatae Mariae Virginis, ad Receptam Scaccarii nostri Westmonasterii herednm et saccessornm nostrornm, sen ad manus Ballivornm sen Receptornm praemissonim pro tempore existentinm, per aeqaales por- tioues annnatim solvendos in perpetnnm. Charta Terlia. 77 Et ulterius de uberiori gratia nostra special iac ex cerfca Exonerations, scientia et mero mot.u nostris volumus, ac per praeseiites 3 lut ' pro nobis lieredibus et successoribus nostris concedinius praefatis Presidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae, et successoribus suis, quod nos lie redes et suc- cessores nostri de caetero iii perpetuum annuatim, et de temper e in tempus, exonerabinius acquietabinius et in- dempnes conserva.bimus tarn praefatos Praesidem Con- cilium et Sodales Regalis Societatis praedictae, et succes- sores suos, quam praedicta terras tenementa et caetera omnia et siiigula praemissasuperius expressa et specificata ac per praeseiites praeconcessa, et quamlibet inde parcellam, cum eorum pertinentiis universis, de et ab omnibus et omnimodis corrodiis redditibus feodis servitiis annuitatibus pension ibus portionibus ac denariorum sutnmis ac oneri- bus quibuscunque de praemissis seu aliqua inde parcella nobis lieredibus vel successoribus nostris exeunt! bus vel solvendis, vel superinde versus nos heredes vel succes- sores nostros oneratis vel oiierandis; praeterquam de redditibus servitiis et tenuris superius in his praesentibus nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris reservatis, ac praeterquam de dimissionibus et concessiouibus de prae- missis seu de aliqua inde parcella antehac factis, ac con- ventionibus et coiiditionibus in eisdem existentibus, ac coiiventionibus et oneribus, quae aliquis firmarius seu aliqui firmarii praemissorum ration e iiidenturarum et dimissionum suarum facere et exonerare tenetur seu teiientur. Yolumus etiam, ac per praesentes pro nobis heredibus et successoribus nostris firmiter injungendo praecipimus tarn Commissionariis pro Thesauro iiostro, Thesaurario, Came- rario, Subthesaurario, et Baronibus Scaccarii nostri here- dum et successorum nostroruni pro tempore existentibus, quam omnibus et siiigulis Auditoribus et aliis officiariis et ministris nostris heredum et successorum nostroruni quibuscunque pro tempore existentibus, quod ipsi et eoruni quilibet, super solam demon strationem harum Literarum nostrarum Patentium, vel Irrotulameiiti earundem, absque aliquo alio brevi seu warranto a nobis heredibus vel succes- soribus nostris quoquo modo impetraiido seu prosequeiido, plenam integram debitamque allocationem et exonera- tionem manifestam de et ab omnibus et omnimodis hujus- modi corrodiis redditibus feodis pensionibus portionibus et denariorum summis ac oneribus quibuscunque (praeter- quam do servitiis redditibus tenuris ac arreragiis redclitus 78 Record of the Royal Society. ac caeteris praemissis in his praesentibus, ut praefertur, reservatis, et per praefatos Praesidem Concilium et Sodales Regalis Sociefcatis praedictae et successores suos solubili- bus fiendis* sen performandis) de praemissis per prae- sentes praeconcessis, sen de aliqna inde parte vel parcella, nobis heredibus vel snccessoribns nostris exenntibus seu solvendis, vel superinde versus nos heredes "vel succes- sores nostros oneratis seu onerandis, praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae et successoribus suis facient, et de tempore in tempus fieri causabunt : Et hae Literae nostrae Patentes, vel Irrotula- mentum earundum, erunt de tempore in tempus tarn dictis Commissionariis pro Thesauro nostro, Thesaurario, Cancellario,f et Baronibus Scaccarii nostri heredum. et suc- cessorum nostrorum pro tempore existentibus, quam omni- bus efc s*ftgulis Auditoribus, et aliis officiariis et ministris nostris heredum et successorum nostrorum quibuscunque pro tempore existentibus, sufficiens warrantum et exone- ratio in hac parte. Recital of some Et cum nos per Literas nostras Patentes, gerentes datum Second Charter, apud Westmonasterium, vicesimo secundo die Aprilis, anno regni nostri decimo quinto, Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus Regalis Societatis praedictae factas, inter alia concessimus praefatis Praesidi Concilio et Sodalibus praedictae Regalis Societatis, et successoribus suis in perpetuum, quod si con- tigerit Praesidem ejusdem Regalis Societatis pro tempore existentem aegritudine vel innrmitate detineri, vel in ser- vitio nostro heredum vel successorum nostrorum versari, vel aliter esse occupatum, ita quod necessariis negotiis ejusdem Regalis Societatis officium Praesidis tangentibus attendere non poterit ; quod tune et toties bene liceat et licebit eidem Praesidi sic detento versato vel occupato unum de Concilio praedictae Regalis Societatis pro tem- pore existente, fore et esse Deputation, ejusdem Praesidis, nominare et appunctuare ; qui quidem Peputatus, in officio Depufcati Praesidis praedicti sic faciendus et con- stituendus, sit et esset Deputatus ejusdem Praesidis de tempore in tempus, toties quoties praedictus Praeses sic abesse contigerit, durante toto tempore, quo praedictus Praeses in officio Praesidis continuaverit, nisi interim praedictus Praeses Regalis Societatis praedictae pro tempore existens unum alium de praedicto Concilio ejus Deputatum fecerit et constituent ; Et quod quilibet * Sic. f Sic ; see above. Charta Tertia. 79 hujusmodi Deputatus praedicti Praesidis, sic ut praefertur faciendus et constituendus, omnia et singula quae ad officium Praesidis praedictae Regalis Societatis pertinent sea pertinere debent, vel per praedictum Praesidem virtute istarum Literarum nostraram Patentium limitata et appunctuata fore* facienda et exequenda, de tempore in tempus, toties quoties praedictus Praeses sic abesse contigerit, durante tali tempore, quo Deputatus praedicti Praesidis continuaverit, facere et exequi valeat et possit, vigore istarum Literarum nostrarum Patentium, adeo plene libere et integre, ac in tarn amplis modo et forma, prout Praeses praedictus, si praesens esset, ilia facere et exequi valeat et possit ; sacramento corporal! super sancti Dei Evangelia, in forma et effectu in eisdem Literis nostris Patentibus specificatis, per hujusmodi Deputatum, ad omnia et singula quae ad officium Praesidis pertinent bene et fideliter exequenda, coram praefato Concilio praedictae Regalis Societatis vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum, prius praestando ; et sic toties quoties casus sic acciderit; cui quidem Concilio, vel aliquibus septem vel pluribus eorum pro tempore existentibus, sacra- mentum praedictum administrare potestatem et authori- tatem, quoties casus sic acciderit, dedimus et concessimus per easdem Literas nostras Patentes, absque brevi com- missione sive ulteriori warranto in ea parte a nobis here- dibus et successoribus nostris procurando seu obtinendo ; Ac quod ipsi et successores eorum, seu aliqui novem vel plures eorum (quorum Praesidem pro tempore existentem, vel ejus Deputatum, semper unum esse volumus), con- veiitus seu congregationes de seipsis pro experimentorum et rerum naturalium cognitione et indagine, aliisque negotiis ad Societatem praedictam spectantibus, quoties et quando opus fuerit, licite facere et habere possint in collegio sive aula sive alio loco commodo intra Civitatem nostram London, vel in aliqno alio loco commodo intra decem milliaria ab eadem Civitate nostra. Et cum diversa et varia res potestates libertates et it takes notice -P, . ., ,. that several Pow- pnvilegia in eisdetn Literis nostris ratentibus praelatis ers, granted by Piaesidi Concilio ac Sodalibus Regalis Societatis prae- cannot be" 1 dictae concessa, virtute istarum Literarum nostrarum Patentium, non sunt exercenda facienda performanda seu exequenda, nisi per praedictos Praesidem et Concilium, by vMue of that aut aliquos septem vel plures eorum ; Et cum ulterius per praeclictas Literas nostras Patentes pro nobis heredibus * Sic. 80 Record of the Royal Society. This Charter l* Society aforesaid, by virtue of those our Letters Patent, are not to be exercised, done, performed, or executed, unless by the aforesaid President and Council, or any J>y virtue of that seven or more of them : And whereas further, by our aforesaid Letters Patent, for us, our heirs, and successors we gave and granted to the aforesaid President and Council of the aforesaid Royal Society, and to their suc- cessors for ever, or to any twenty-one or more of them (of whom we will the President for the time being, or his 92 Record of the Royal Society. Deputy, to be always one), or to the major part of the aforesaid twenty- one or more, full power and authority from time to time to elect, nominate, and appoint one or more Typographers or Printers, and Chalcographers or Engravers, and to grant to him or them, by a writing sealed with the Common Seal of the aforesaid Royal Society, and signed by the hand of the President for the time being, faculty to print such things, matters, and affairs touching or concerning the aforesaid Royal Society as shall be committed to the aforesaid Typographer or Printer, Chalcographer or Engraver, or Typographers or Printers, Chalcographers, or Engravers, from time to- time, by the President and Council of the aforesaid Royal Society, or any seven or more of them (of whom we will the Presujent for the time being, or his Deputy, to be one), or by the major part of the aforesaid seven or more ; their corporal oaths to be first taken, before they be admitted to exercise their offices, before the President and Council for the time being, or any seven or more of them; to which same President and Council, or to any seven or more of them for the time being, we gave and granted by our aforesaid Letters Patent full power and authority to administer the oaths aforesaid ; as in our same Letters Patent, reference being had thereto, it is more fully shown and appears : This Charter di- We, of our more abundant special grace and of our rects that the President^ certain knowledge and mere motion, have given and granted, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and suc- cessors do give and grant, to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society, and to their successors for ever, that from henceforth for ever if it shall happen that the President of the same Royal Society for the time being is detained by sickness or infirmity, or is employed in the service of us, our heirs, or successors, or is otherwise occupied, so that he cannot attend to the necessary affairs of the same Royal Society touching the office of President ; that then and so often it may and shall be good and lawful to the same President, so being detained, employed, or occupied, to nominate and appoint one of the Council of the aforesaid Royal Society for the time being to be and become the Deputy of the same President; which same Deputy, so to be made and appointed in the office of Deputy of the President afore- said, may and shall be the Deputy of the same President from time to time, as often as it shall happen that the Third Charter. 93 aforesaid President is so absent, during the whole time in which the aforesaid President shall continue in the office of President, even though in the meanwhile the Presi- dent of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being shall have made and appointed one other or several others of the aforesaid Council his Deputy and Deputies ; to which same President for the time being' we give and And it gives him . , . , . . express Power to grant by these presents tor us, our heirs, and successors appoint two or power and authority to make and appoint two or more of the aforesaid Council his Deputies, at one and the same t time, as often as it shall please him: And that every such Deputy and Deputies of the aforesaid President, so same Acts in hh as it is aforesaid to be made and appointed, may be able himself could do and have power to do and execute all and singular things which pertain or ought to pertain to the office of Presi- dent of the aforesaid Royal Society, or which are limited and appointed to be done and executed by the aforesaid President by virtue of our aforesaid Letters Patent or of these presents, from time to time, as often as it shall happen that the aforesaid President is so absent, during such time as the Deputy and Deputies of the aforesaid President shall continue, by force of these our Letters Patent, as fully, freely, and wholly, and in as ample manner and form, as the President aforesaid, if he were present, would be able and have power to do and execute the same : a corporal oath to be first taken upon the holy But they must J first be sworn be- Grospels of God, in the form and effect in our same fore the Council, Letters Patent specified, by such Deputy and Deputies, them. well and faithfully to execute all and singular things which pertain to the office of President, before the afore- said Council of the aforesaid Royal Society, or any five or more of them ; and so as often as the case shall so happen : to which same Council, or to any five or more of them for the time being, we give and grant by these presents, power, and authority to administer the oath aforesaid, as often as the case shall so happen, without procuring or obtaining a writ, commission, or further warrant in that behalf from us, our heirs, and successors : And further, that henceforth for ever they and their KSSdffiS!' successors, or anv nine or more of them (of whom we Council, and Fei- * . . lows, or any nine will the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to of them (of whom , j r the President or be always one), may be able lawfully to make and nave his Deputy to be assemblies or meetings of themselves for the examination and investigation of experiments and of natural things, and other affairs belonging to the Society aforesaid, as f ENGLAND. 94 Record of the Iloyal Society. All Powers, &c., which could not be exercised heretofore but by the President and Council, or seven or more of them, may for the future be exer- cised by the President and Council, or any five or more of them. For the future, the President may appoint one Printer or more, and one Engraver or more, and authorise him or them to print such things {touching or con- cerning the Royal Society) as shall be given to him or them in charge by the President and Council, or any Jive or more of "them (of whom the President or his Deputy to be one), or by the major part of such five or more. They must be first sworn before the President and Council, or any jive or more of them. General confir- matory Clause?. often as and whenever it shall be needful, in a College or Hall or other convenient place within our Realm of England : And further, that all and singular things, powers, liberties, and privileges in our aforesaid Letters Patent granted to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid, by virtue of those our Letters Patent, which are not to be exercised, done, per- formed, or executed save by the aforesaid President and Council, or any seven or more of them ; henceforth for ever may and shall be able to be exercised, done, per- formed, or executed by the aforesaid President and Council, or any five or more of them. And further, of our more abundant grace, we have given and granted, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do give and grant, to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the aforesaid Royal Society, and to their successors for ever, that henceforth for ever it may and shall be good and lawful to the President of the Royal Society aforesaid for the time being, from time to time, to elect, nominate, and appoint any Typographer or Printer, Typographers or Printers, and Chalcographer or Engraver, Chalcographers or En- gravers, and to grant to him or them faculty to print such things, matters, and affairs touching or concerning the aforesaid Royal Society as shall be committed to the afore- said Typographer or Printer, Chalcographer or Engraver, or Typographers or Printers, Chalcographers or Engra- vers, from time to time, by the President and Council of the aforesaid Royal Society, or any five or more of them (of whom we will the President for the time being, or his Deputy, to be one), or by the major part of the aforesaid five or more ; their corporal oaths to be first taken, before they be admitted to exercise their offices, before the Presi- dent and Council for the time being, or any five or more of them; and so as often as the case shall so happen : to which same President and Council for the time being, or to any five or more of them, we give and grant by these presents full power and authority to administer the oaths aforesaid. And further we will, and by these presents for us, our heirs, and successors do grant to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society aforesaid and to their successors, that these our Letters Patent, or the Enrolment of the same, shall stand and be in and by all Third Charter. 95 things good, firm, valid, sufficient, and effectual in law, to all respects, purposes, constructions, and intents, towards and against us, our heirs, and successors, as well in all our Courts as elsewhere within our realm of England, without any confirmations, licences, or tolera- tions from us, our heirs, or successors in any manner hereafter to be procured or obtained : Notwithstanding the badly naming or badly reciting, or not reciting, the aforesaid lands, tenements, and other the premises or any parcel thereof ; And notwithstand- ing the not finding an office or inquisition of the premises or of any parcel thereof, whereby our title ought to have been found before the making of these our Letters Patent ; And notwithstanding the badly reciting, or not reciting, any demise or grant made of the premises or of any parcel thereof, being of record or not of record ; And notwithstanding the badly naming or not naming any town, hamlet, parish, place, or county in which the pre- mises or any parcel thereof are or is ; And notwith- standing that full, true, and certain mention is not made of the names of the tenants, farmers, or occupiers of the premises or of any parcel thereof ; And notwithstanding any defects of the certainty, or computation, or declara- tion of the true yearly value of the premises or of any parcel thereof, or of the yearly rent reserved of and upon the premises, or of and upon any parcel thereof, in these our Letters Patent expressed and contained ; And not- withstanding the Statute made and enacted in the Par- liament of the Lord Henry the Sixth, late King of England, our progenitor, in the eighteenth year of his reign ; And notwithstanding any other defects in not certainly naming the nature, kind, sort, quantity, or quality of the premises or of any parcel thereof ; And notwithstanding the Statute concerning the not putting of lands and tenements to mortmain, or any statute, act, ordinance, proclamation, provision, or restriction to the contrary thereof heretofore had, made, enacted, ordained, or pro- vided, in anywise notwithstanding : SAVING, nevertheless, to Andrew Cole, Esquire, and to all other persons whom- soever, other than us, our heirs, and successors, such right, claim, interest, and demand whatsoever, as he or they or any one of them has or may have, or of right ought to have, of and in the premises or any part or parcel thereof. And further we will, and by these presents for us, our The 96 Record of the Royal Society. heirs, an( i successors do ordain, and firmly enjoining do the 0athof talrc comman( i, that the President of the Society aforesaid for obedience ana the the time being, and his Deputies, before he or any of tnacy, before the them be admitted to the execution of that office, shall or more of them, take, and each of them shall take, as well the corporal t P hdr a?ting oatll commonly called The Oath of Allegiance, as the corporal oath, commonly called The Oath of Supremacy, upon the holy Gospels of God, before the Council of the same Society, or any seven or more of them : to which same Council, or to any seven or more of them, we give and grant by these presents, for us, our heirs, and successors, full power and authority to administer the oaths aforesaid from time to time, whensoever it shall be needful. Provided always, and our Royal will and intention is, that the lands and premises aforesaid granted by these presents, as it is aforesaid, or any of them, shall not be alienated or sold to any person or persons whomsoever ; anything in these presents contained to the contrary thereof notwithstanding. Although express mention of the true yearly value or of the certainty of the premises or of any of them, or of other gifts or grants before these times made by us or by any of our progenitors or predecessors to the aforesaid President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society of London, and to their successors, is not made in these presents ; or any statute, act, ordinance, provision, procla- mation, or restriction to the contrary thereof heretofore had, made, enacted, ordained, or provided, or any other thing, cause, or matter whatsoever, in anywise notwith- standing. In witness whereof we have caused these our Letters to be made Patent. Witness Ourself, at Westminster, the eighth day of April, in the twenty-first year of our reign. By writ of Privy Seal. PIGOTT. License to purchase in Mortmain to 1000 yearly. 97 A LICENSE for purchasing in MORTMAIN to the yearly value of One Thousand Pounds, granted to the Pre- sident, Council, and Fellows of the EOYAL SOCIETY of London, by King GEORGE the FIKST, in the year MDCCXXV.* " GEORGE by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc., to all to whom these presents shall come, greeting. WHEREAS our trusty and well- beloved the President, Council, and Fellows, of the Royal Society of our City of London for improving natural knowledge, have by their Petition humbly represented unto us, that our late Royal Pre- decessor, King Charles the Second, by Letters Patents,f bearing date the Two-and-twentieth day of April, in the Fifteenth year of his reign, did ordain constitute and appoint the said Royal Society of London for improving natural knowledge, and did thereby grant them Licence to purchase in Mortmain ; that since the grant of the said Letters Patents, several well-disposed Persons have .devised and granted to the Petitioners, and their successors, divers lands and hereditaments, and given several sums of money to them, for the use of the said corporation ; that the Petitioners being desirous to invest the same money in the most durable manner, for the im- provement of the said corporation, have most humbly prayed us to grant to them our Royal Licence to hold and enjoy the lands and hereditaments, which have been devised and granted to them ; to purchase hold and enjoy to them, and their successors for ever, for the use and benefit of the said corporation, such manors, lands, tene- ments, and hereditaments, as they shall think fit to purchase, or shall receive by will, or any deed of conveyance, not exceeding the yearly value of One thousand pounds : We are graciously pleased to grant their request. KNOW YE therefore, that we, of our especial grace certain knowledge and meer motion, HAVE given and granted, and by these presents for us our heirs and successors DO give and grant, unto the President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Society of our city of London for improving natural knowledge aforesaid, and their successors, our especial Licence, full power, and lawful and absolute authority, to hold and enjoy the lands and hereditaments, which have been already devised or granted to the said corporation, as aforesaid ; and also to purchase acquire take hold and receive in * Keprinted from Weld's ' History of the Eoyal Society.' f So in the Original. 1)8 Record of the Royal Society. Mortmain, in perpetuity or otherwise, to or to the use of or in trust for them or their successors, for the use and benefit of the said corporation, from any person or persons, bodies politic and cor- porate, their heirs and successors respectively, such manors lands tenements rents or hereditaments, as they shall think fit to purchase, or shall receive by writ, or any deed of conveyance, not exceeding the yearly value of One thousand pounds above all charges and reprizes. AND we do hereby also for us our heirs and successors give and grant our especial Licence, full power, and lawful and absolute authority, to any person, or persons, bodies politic or cor- porate, their heirs and successors respectively, to grant, alien, sell, convey, and dispose of in Mortmain, in perpetuity or otherwise, to or to the use of or in trust for the President Council and Fellows of the Royal Society of our city of London for improving natural knowledge aforesaid, and their successors, any manors lands tene- ments rents or hereditaments whatsoever, not exceeding the yearly value of One thousand pounds. AND LASTLY, we do hereby, for us our heirs and successors, grant unto the President Council and Fellows of the Royal Society of our City of London for improv- ing natural knowledge aforesaid, and their successors, that these our Letters Patents, or the Inrollment or Exemplification thereof, shall be in and by all things good firm valid sufficient and effectual in the law, according to the true intent and meaning thereof ; NOT- WITHSTANDING the not rightly naming or describing any of the manor lands tenements rents or hereditaments already devised or granted to the said corporation, or to be granted devised aliened or disposed of in Mortmain to them, and their successors, in fee or otherwise, as aforesaid : or any other omission imperfection defect matter cause or thing whatsoever to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding. IN WITNESS whereof we have caused these our Letters to be made Patents. WITNESS Ourself at Westminster, the Seventeenth day of December, in the Eleventh year of our reign. " By writ of Privy Seal, " COCKS." Ts'OTE. An enrolment at the Record Office, of which the following is an abstract, recon- veys to King Charles II the three Closes granted by the third Charter. Close Roll, 33 Chas. II, Part 3. No. 3. (In English.) Indenture, 8 Feb., 34 Chas. II, 1681[-2], between the King's most excellent Majesty of the one part, and the President, Council, and Fellows of the Royal Note on the Third Charter. 99* Society (&c.) of the other part ; whereby (for 1,300Z.) the latter bargain and sell to the former "All that piece of arable land called Teamshott," &c , "all that aforesaid Close of meadow called Stonebridge Close," &c., "and also all that ono piece of arable land in a common field called Eastfeild," &c., which were granted by the King to the Society by letters patent 8 April, 21 Chas. II. SEAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. H 2. 100 Record of the Royal Society. A NOTE ON THE HISTORY OF THE STATUTES OF THE SOCIETY.* THE FIRST STATUTES. The second Charter, amending the first granted in 1662, having been granted April 22nd, 1663, the Statutes were drawn up in that year. A copy of them is published in Weld's * History of the Royal Society.' THE STATUTES TROM 1663 TO 1752. During the succeeding ninety years changes were from time to time made in the Statutes ; but no new version of the Statutes appears to have been drawn up until the year 1752.1 " The laws of the Royal Society, like those of other communities, were altered from time to time, until they appeared sufficient to embrace every contingency that might occur, while they held their meetings in Grresham College, which they continued to do for near the space of fifty years. But the arrangement of the Society's affairs being somewhat altered upon possessing a house of their own, it became necessary to make different establishments in many particu- lars and to alter and augment some of their Statutes. However, the greater part of them was still left in the original form, suited to the situation of the Society at Gresham College." (Preface to Statutes, Edition of 1776.) Between 1663 and 1752, the following seem to have been the most important changes. The Election of Fellows. In the original Statutes, Cap. VI, " Of the Election and Admission of Fellows." Sec. 1 provides that candidates be propounded at one meeting, and put to the vote at some other meeting at which twenty-one fellows (as prescribed by Charter) are present; but that every one of his Majesty's subjects having the title and place of Baron, or any higher title and place, and every one of his * Eeprinted with additions from ' Proceedings of the Royal Society,' vol. 50, p. 501. t The British. Museum contains a small 8vo edition, dated 1728, but this appears to be a verbatim copy of the Statutes of 1663, except that Cap. VI, Sec. 7, begins with the words "The admission of," instead of "The election and admission of." A Note on the History of the Statutes of the Society. 101 Majesty's Privy Council, may be propounded and put to the vote the same day. And Sec. 3 of the same chapter provides that " the name of every person propounded as a Candidate, together with the name of the Fellow proposing, shall be entered in the Journal-book;" by which it appears that " propounding" by one Fellow was sufficient. A 1682 ^ n l *^' now ever, the following was proposed on August 2, and passed 011 August 5 : " The Statute for Election of Fellows having by long Experience been found insufficient for bringing in persons qualifyed for the ends- of the Institution of the Royal Society, few balloting in the negative and presuming the person to be well known to the Member that Pro- poseth the Candidate, it is thought requisite by the Councell to propose this Statute following, " Every person that would propose a Candidate shall first give in his name to some of the Councell, that so in the next Councell it may bo discoursed viva voce whether the person is known to be so qualified as in probability to be usefull to the Society. And if the Councell return no other Answer but that they desire further time to be acquainted with the gentleman proposed, the Proposer is to take that for an Answer. And if they are well assured that the Candidate may be usefull to the Society then the Candidate shall be proposed at the next meeting of the Society and ballotted according to the Statute in that behalf, and shall immediately sign the usual Bond and pay his admission money upon his Admission." (Neither the Statutes of 1663, nor the Edition of 1752, make any mention of the " 13ond for the payment of the contribution ; " the words first occur in the Edition of 1776, but the actual Bonds preserved in the Archives of the Society date from January 1, 1674, onwards.) Ann 1728 In 1 728 ' Januarv 4th ( 1727 old st J le )' the following Statute was passed, that of 1682 being apparently repealed : " Every Person io be Elected Fellow of the Society shall first at a Meeting of the Society be propounded as a candidate to be approved by the Council, and shall be recommended by three members, one of which at least shall be a member of the Council, and one of them shall at the same Time mention and specify the qualification of the said Candidate. And afterwards such Person shall at another meeting of the Society (whereat there shall be a competent Number for making Elections) be referred back from the Council if approved, and shall then be propounded and put to the Vote for Election Saving and Excepting that it shall be free for every one of his Majesties Subjects who is a Peer or the son of a Peer of Great Britain or Ireland, and for every one of his Majesties Privy Council of either of the said kingdoms to bo propounded by any single Person and to be put to the Vote for Election on the same Day, there being present a competent Number for making Elections." 102 'Record of the Royal Society. This, however, was in turn, very soon, viz., in 1730, changed to the following form, all mention of Council being omitted from the Statute : " X. Every person to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, shall be propounded and recommended at a meeting of the Society by three or more Members ; who shall then deliver to one of the Secretaries a paper, signed by themselves with their own names, specifying the name, addition, profession, occupation, and chief qualifications ; the inventions, discoveries, works, writings, or other productions of the candidate for Election; as also notifying the usual place of his habitation. " A fair copy of which paper, with the date of the day when delivered, shall be fixed up in the common meeting room of the Society at ten several ordinary meetings, before the said candidate shall be put to the ballot : Saving and excepting, that it shall be free for every one of his Majesty's subjects, who is a Peer or the Son of a Peer of Great Britain or Ireland, and for every one of his Majesty's Privy council of either of the said Kingdoms, and for every foreign Prince or Ambassador, to be propounded by any single person, and to be put to the ballot for Election on the same day, there being present a competent number for making Elections." It appears in this form in the Edition of 1752 as Sec. 10 of Cap. VI. The Admission of Fellows. Ann. 1728. In 1728, also on January 4th, the two following Statutes were enacted : " II. Every Person who is a Foreigner and every one of his Majesties Subjects whose habitation or usual place of residence is at more than forty miles distance from London, shall be and be deemed as a Fellow of the Society immediately after he shall be Elected, and shall be registered in the Journal Book of the Society as such : Provided always, that no such person shall have liberty to Vote at any Election or meeting of the Society before he shall be qualified pursuant to the Statutes. And if he shall neglect so to qualify him- self the first time he conies to London when he may be present at a meeting of the Society and can be admitted ; his election shall be declared Void, and his Name shall be cancelled in the Register. " III. No Person shall be Proposed, Elected, or Admitted a Fellow of the Society upon St. Andrew's Day or the Day of the Anniversary meeting for Electing the Council and Officers." These appear in the Edition of 1752 as Sees. 8 and 9 respectively of Cap. VI. As far, then, as the election and admission of Fellows are concerned, no new Statutes were enacted in 1752; the Edition of that year A Note on the History of the Statutes of the Society. 103 -simply adds to the Statutes of 1663 the two enacted in 1727 and the one enacted in 1730. The Election of Council and Officers. Ann 1663 in the ori g inal Statutes, Cap. VII, " Of the Election of the Council and Officers " makes arrangements that the eleven members of the existing Council who are to be continued should first be determined, after that the ten new members, and finally the officers. The Statutes of 1752, reproduce the chapter in its original Ann 1735 ^ rm ^ "^ sections, with the addition of Sec. 13, enacted in 1735, which provides that in order to lessen the tediousness of the election, Fellows may give in at the same time three lists (1) of eleven old Members of Council to continue, (2) of ten new Members, (3) of Officers. The Philosophical Transactions. But the most important changes introduced in 1752, those which probably led to the issue of the new version of the Statutes in that year, AT|TI 1663 relate to the * Philosophical Transactions.' In the old Statutes, Cap. XIII, "Of the Printer to the Society," provides for the printing and binding of books, catalogues, and such other things by order of the Society or Council ; there are no other An 1665 P rov ^ s ^ ons as to publications. From time to time the Council, acting for the Society, gave the license or imprimatur of the Society to certain books. These were printed by the Society's printer, bat not at the cost of the Society ; nor were they published at the risk of the Society. The cost and risk was undertaken by the printer or by some other person or persons. The treatment of the ' Philosophical Transactions ' was at first somewhat similar. These were begun in 1665, but up to the 46th volume inclusive, published in 1749-50, " the printing of them was always, from time to time, the single act of the respective Secretaries " (Adv. to ' Philosophical Transactions,' vol. 47), though they were licensed by the Council. Thus with regard to the first number the Council (Minutes, March 1, 1664) ordered " that the Philosophical Transac- tions, to be composed by Mr. Oldenburg, be printed the first Munday of every month, if he have sufficient matter for it, and that that Tract be licensed by the Council of the Society, being first reviewed .by some of the Members of the same. And that the President be desired, now to Licence the first papers thereof, being written in four sheets in folio, to be printed by John Marty n and James Allestree." This practice of licensing was, up to 1752, continued with reference to those papers read before the Society which were published in the ' Transac- tions.' 104 Record of the Royal Society. A 1752 ~ was determined to place the publication of the ' Philosophical Transactions ' directly in the hands of the Council, and the Edition of the Statutes of 1752, while leaving Cap. XIII intact, adds the following two new chapters, enacted March 26th of that year : - Cap. XX, " Of the selecting of Papers laid before the Society, in order for Publication," establishes and lays down regulations for the " Committee of Papers." These regulations are almost verbatim the same as Sees. 1 to 4 of Cap. XIII, " Of the Publication of Papers," of the Statutes in force at the present time, except that the Quorum of the Committee of Papers is five, not seven, and a provision is con- tained that no entry in the Minute-book of the Committee is to be made of Papers " thought improper to be laid before the public." In the Statute in its original form the Committee " shall be at liberty to call in to their assistance . . . any other members of the Society who are knowing and well skilled in any particular branch of Science that shall happen to be the subject-matter of any paper which shall be then to come under their deliberation, "and almost the same words are retained in the Statutes at present in force. The custom of the Committee is now, and for a long time has been, to " call in to their assistance " two or more Fellows, by asking for written reports, and such Fellows so assisting are generally spoken of as "referees." Though the records of the Society show that even in the earliest days of the Society, communications made to the Society were fre- quently submitted to Fellows in order that their opinions thereon might be obtained, the earliest mention which has been found in the Ann 1780 Society's recoi> ds of a paper being technically "referred " is on May 25, 1780, when a paper by Mr. Ludlow was "referred" to Mr. Cavendish and Dr. Hutton. There does riot Ann 1831 a PP ear to ^ e a similar record until March 21, 1831, when a paper by Prof. Davy was referred to Mr. Faraday. By 1832, however, the practice of referring papers seems to have become- very common. For some time the name of the person (or persons). to whom the paper was referred is stated in the Minutes of the Committee of Papers, and in all these cases, including those just mentioned, the persons in question were members of the then Council. Very soon, however, the name was omitted, the entry being simply " referred." There seems to be no means of ascertaining when " referees " outside the Council were first had recourse to, or when the practice of written reports first began. Cap. XXI, " Of the manner of Publication of the Papers laid before the Society, and defraying the Expences thereof," provides for the printing and distribution of the ' Philosophical Transactions,' and. is to a large extent, even in its very words, the same as Sees. 5 to 9 of A. Note on the History of the Statutes of the Society. 105 Cap. XIII of the Statutes at present in force, the word " Clerk " being used where "Assistant Secretary" is now used. Payments by Fellows. In order to defray the additional expenses thus incurred by the- publication and gratis distribution to the Fellows of the ' Philosophi- cal Transactions,' the "admission-money" is by Sec. 2 of Cap. XXI raised from two guineas to five guineas. In Cap. Ill of the Statutes of 1663, " Of the Payments by the Fellows to the Society," the admission-money is fixed at forty shillings, and indeed, in the Edition of 1752, the same sum of forty shillings is retained in this Chapter* the error apparently escaping notice. The change from forty shillings to forty-two shillings (two guineas) seems to have taken place at some time in the interval. THE STATUTES FROM 1752 TO 1776. In 1774 and 1775, the Council were engaged in considering the Statutes, and in 1776 published a new Edition, containing several important changes. An interesting preface to this Edition (from which a quotation is given above), explains that in spite of large changes in the practices of the Society, the Statutes had been kept as far as possible in their original form ; and, indeed, the Statutes of 1752 differ from those of 1663 chiefly in the additions described above. In 1776, however, the Council determined to bring the Statutes into more strict conformity with the practice of the Society, and in consequence the Edition of 1776 differs widely from the two earlier versions. Five whole chapters are omitted, viz., Y, Of Experiments, and the Reports thereof; XI, Of Curators by Omce; XIII, Of the Printer to the Society ; XIV, Of Operators to the Society ; XVII, Of Bene- factors ; the twenty-one chapters of 1752 being thus reduced to sixteen. The preface explains how the changes in the Society had long rendered these Statutes unnecessary. The order of the several chapters is largely altered, the new arrangement adopted being that which has on the whole been followed in subsequent editions, and is still maintained. The Election of Fellows. The regulations for the election of Fellows remain on the ' 1776< whole the same, save that it is precisely stated that twenty-one is " the competent number " for making an election, a majority of two-thirds being necessary, and in the Statute relating to- what we now call the " privileged class," the words " Foreign Prince 106 Record of the Royal Society. or Ambassador" are replaced by the words "Foreign Sovereign Prince, or the son of a Sovereign Prince, or an Ambassador to the Court of Great Britain." Composition Fee. In the Edition of 1752, as stated above, no mention is made of any "bond" or "composition fee," but in the next year, 1753 (June 7), the Statute, Cap. YI, Sec. 8, concerning Foreigners and persons residing more than 40 miles from London, was repealed, and the following substituted : "That no one of his Majesties subjects, or any other person residing in his Majesties Dominions, who shall be elected a Fellow of the Society, shall be deemed an actual Fellow thereof, nor shall the name of any such person be Registered in the Journal Book, or printed in the List of Fellows of the Society, until such Person shall have paid his admission Fee, and given the usual Bond, or paid the Sum of Twenty-one pounds for the use of the Society in lieu of con- tributions : But that upon such payment or giving Bond as aforesaid, it shall be lawful for the Society to give leave for the name of any such person so elected as aforesaid to be entered in the Journal Book, and printed in the list of Fellows of the Society: Provided always that no such person shall have liberty to Yote at any Election or Meeting of the Society, before he shall be duly admitted a Fellow thereof pursuant to the former Statute." This is the first time that, the Statutes contain any reference to a composition fee. In 1766 (December 11) a Statute was passed increasing A-iiii, 1 /oo the composition fee from twenty to twenty-six guineas ; and the Statute of 1753 just quoted re-appears, with some slight changes, in the Edition of 1776 as Sec. 8 of Cap. I, the " sum of twenty-one pounds " being altered into " the sum appointed," and this the Chapter on payments by Fellows states to be twenty-six guineas. Foreign Members. The Statutes of 1776 contain, what the Statutes of 1752 and 1G63 do not, special regulations for Fellows " residing in foreign parts and not subjects of the British Dominions." So earlv as 1664 a Statute was passed providing that Ann. 1664. . . persons residing in .borraigne parts, who arc elected Ann. 1716. Fellows, should not pay fees; in 1716 a reference Ann. 1737. occurs to Foreigners who are Fellows ; and in 1737 a resolution of Council (which did not become a Statute) proposed that Foreigners resident in London might be on the Home List if they paid contributions. It would appear, therefore, in spite of no A Note on the History of the Statutes of the Society. 107 mention of the matter being made in 1752, that, from an early period, a distinction was made between Fellows who were Foreigners and others, and that the Fellows who were Foreigners did not, of neces- sity, pay contributions to the Society. In the Register of Fellows, however, at this date no distinction of any kind is made. It was apparently soon felt that the Foreign Members were too numerous and in some cases not of sufficient distinction ; for in 1761 (March 19) the Council, in order to ensure that "no persons residing in Foreign parts, not being subjects of the Crown of Great Britain, be elected Fellows unless their Qualifica- tions be very well known as well abroad as at home," enacted a Statute providing that in the case of such persons the certificate should be signed by at least "three Foreign Fellows," as well as at least "by three Fellows named in the Home List." And in 1 765 (December 19) on a proposal "to restrain the number of Foreign Members," it was resolved " that no Foreigner be proposed for election that is not known to the learned world, by some publication or invention which may enable the Society to form a judgment of his merit, and that till the number of Foreign Members be reduced to eighty, not more than two shall be admitted in one year." A special mode of procedure in the election of Foreigners as Fellows was, at the same time, resolved upon, providing for an election of two a year ; and a subsequent resolution (December 26) provides that Foreign Members paying contributions shall '"have their names printed in a.n alphabetical List next after that of the Home Members, as Foreign Members* contributing towards the expenses of the Society," and so distinct from "other Foreign Members" "who do not con- tribute." On January 16 of the next year the limitation to eighty was withdrawn, and the above resolutions were then embodied in the form of Statutes. These at the same time pro- vided that the new regulation should not extend to Foreign Princes or their sons, and gave permission to Foreigners resident in Great Britain to become Fellows in the usual way, which permission was Ann 1-69 exteilded on January 26, 1769, to Foreigners who had been resident in Great Britain for the space of six Ann. 1773. months. Soon after, namely on June 10, 1773, the word " Foreigner " appears in the " Register " for the first time, being placed after the names of Stehelin, Le Boy, and Le Due ; thenceforward it is used frequently. In the Edition of 1776 these regulations, in a somewhat modified form, are introduced as part of Sec. 8 of Cap. I ; the limitation to the election of two a year is omitted, and the certifi- cates, signed by at least three Fellows upon the Foreign List, and at * It may be remarked that in the early records of the Society the words " Member" and ".Fellow" appear to be used indiscriminately. 1 OcS Record of the Royal Society. least by three Fellows on the Home List", are directed to be suspended from the 30th November until the weekly Meeting on, or next after, the 17 30th May. Some years afterwards, however (March 8, 1787), this part of Sec. 8 was repealed, and a new Sec. 9 added which provides a somewhat complex mode of procedure in the election, under the title of " Foreign Members,"* of persons " who are neither natives nor inhabitants of his Majesty's dominions." The number is limited to 100. Certificates signed by six or more Fellows are to be presented at some meeting between Easter and the Anniver- sary. At a meeting immediately before the following Easter a selec- tion of candidates is to be made, and the candidates so selected are to- be balloted for at the next meeting immediately after Easter. These regulations are not, however, to apply to Sovereign Foreign Princes or their Sons, or to such Foreigners resident in great Britain as may desire to become Fellows in the usual way. The Officers of the Society, the Clerk, Librarian, cj'c. No changes are made in the Statutes of 1776 for the election of Council and Officers ; but to meet the changes in the contributions there are changes in the regulations for the Treasurer. There are also changes in the duties of the Secretaries, chiefly in reference to the Clerk and to the publication of the ' Philosophical Transactions.' Cap. X. provides regulations for the qualifications, mode of election, duties and remunerations of the Clerk, the Librarian, the Keeper of the Repository, and the House-Keeper. The Statutes of 1663 contain regulations for the Clerk,^ and prescribe clerkly duties for him ; and the Society had at first neither House-Keeper nor Librarian. A I7io When in. 1710 the Society moved to Crane Court, the office of House-Keeper was established ; but the then Clerk was made House-Keeper. As the Library and Repository were increased the offices of Librarian and Keeper of the Repository were established ; but both these offices were held by the Clerk, under supervision, during a certain period at all events, of Fellows chosen for that duty under the title of " Inspectors." But the Statutes of 1752 contain no regula- tions for these offices other than that of the Clerk, the Statutes con- cerning whom remain exactly the same as in 1663 ; and in spite of the A iwfi special regulations present in the edition of 1776, it appears that the Society had never more than one officer to carry out these several duties, and that he was called "the Clerk," until An 1823 a ^ a l a ^ er P ei> id (1823) the office of Clerk was abolished, and that of Assistant Secretary instituted. * Foreign Member as distinguished from Ftdloir. In the edition of 1776 and thenceforward the terru Member, as applied to an ordinary Fellow, is never used. A Note on the ffistory of the Statutes of the Society. KM) The Ordinary Meetings of the Society. nn 1776 In the edition f 1776 Ca P' XT > " Of tlie Ordinary Meetings of the Society," Sec. 1 provides that the ordinary Meetings should be held on " Thursdays, beginning at 6 p.m., and continue about an hour, as usual, at the discretion of the President." A n 1769 This Statute was passed in 1769. The Statutes of 1663 (IV, Sec. 1) provide that the & "1 ftft*^ " ordinary meetings should be held on *' Wednesday, begin- ning about three of the clock in the afternoon, and continuing until six, unless the major part of the Fellows present shall, for that time, resolve to rise sooner, or sit later." And the Statutes of ' 1752 reproduce exactly the Statute (TV, Sec. 1) of 1663. Nevertheless, the records of the Society show that the day and hour of the ordinary meeting were more than once changed in the interval, as they have been since. The following shows the changes and their respective dates up to the present time : 1663. On Wednesdays, at 2 p.m. July 1, 1663, changed to Wednesday, 3 to 6 p.m. Feb. 5, 1666 Thursday at 3 p.m. April 10, 1672 Wednesday. Oct. 30, 1674 Thursday at 3 p.m. Dec. 8, 1690 Wednesday 4 March 1, 1710 Thursday 4 April 20, 1769 Thursday 6 June 15, 1780 Thursday 8 (?) 1831 Thursday 8.30 p.m.* Feb. 19, 1880 Thursday , ? 4.30 The first Statute enacting that no meeting should be held Ann. 1831. . . ' . on certain days or in certain weeks was passed in Lool ; previously to that the Statutes simply said "upon Wednesday," or " upon Thursday." But the practice of having an Autumn recess was of much older date than this ; moreover, the Journal Book shows that from the earliest times it was customary to hold no meetings 011 Ash Wednesday and certain other holy days, and that in particular no meeting was held on the anniversary of the death of Charles I. In 1661 the Journal Book omits the date, January 30, without remark, although a meeting was due upon that day. On January 30, 1666, the Minute appears, ' This day being the Anniversary Fast-Day, there was no Meeting of the Society." In 1667, the entry is, " The Society met not, because of the solemne Fast." Similar entries occur in * Careful search lias failed to show when this change was made, but it was probably about this time. 110 Record of the Royal Society. subsequent years, the last being 011 January 30, 1834. After this data the custom was omitted. The Admission of Strangers to the Meetings of the Society. In the Statutes of 1752, any of His Maiesty's subiects Ann. 1752. , . J J ; . J having the title and place of a Baron, or having any higher title or place, are permitted to be present at the Meetings of the Society, "with the allowance of the President;" other persons may attend " upon leave obtained of the President and Fellows present." In 1776 the mention of titled persons is omitted, and the Statute simply provides for " strangers " being present. Ann. 1784. Some years later, viz., in 1784, a new section was added to Cap. XI as follows : "VI. That the meetings of the Society may not be wasted by unprofitable debates, contrary to the intent and meaning of the fifth section of this chapter, it is constituted, established, and ordained, that every motion or question, proposed to be ballotted for by the Society, shall be fairly transcribed OQ paper, and being' signed by six or more Fellows of the Society, it shall be by them delivered to one of the Secretaries at a meeting of the Society ; and shall thereupon be read immediately after the declaration of the Presents on the table ; and after being marked by the Secretary with the date of the day when delivered, it shall be fixed up in the common Meeting-room of the Society at the next ordinary Meeting ; and on the Meeting next following the same, it shall be put to the Ballot, unless those wha have signed it agree to withdraw it. " But nothing contained in this Statute is to be construed to extend to matters relative to elections, or the ordinary business of the Society." The motions or questions proposed to be " ballotted for " must therefore have had reference to matters of science. Publications, Records, and .Library. In Cap. XII, the quorum of the Committee of Papers is Ann. 1776. . , % ' . * raised irom live to seven, and the part 01 the Statute providing that there should be no entry of rejected papers is omitted. In Cap. XIII, " Of the Manner of Publication of the Papers laid before the Society," the word "Librarian" is substituted for that of " Clerk " ; also the period during which surplus copies not required by Fellows must remain before they are disposed of by the Council, is extended from one year (as in 1752) to five years. A Note on the History of the Statutes of the Society. Ill Ann 1776 Cap ' XIV " Of tlie Books and Papers of the Society," differs somewhat from the corresponding Cap. XYI, "Of the Books of the Society," in the Statutes of 1752. The copy of Statutes, the List of Benefactors, and the Register of Fellows is omitted from the Charter Book.* The Statute concerning the Register Books, containing- accounts of observations, experiments, &c., and the Statute concerning the Book of Letters, are omitted. Ann 17^6 ^ new ^tute (Sec. V) is introduced, to the effect that the original copy of every paper read at the Society shall be considered as the property of the Society ; and another (Sec. VI) provides for the care of the papers read. And, lastly, a new Statute (Sec. VII) introduces, for the first time, into the Statutes regulations concerning the use of the Library. The Library is to be open Tuesdays and Thursdays, from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m., and Fellows may, Tjy leave of the Society or of the Council, take out four volumes for six weeks. If these are printed books, the Fellow gives merely his note ; if MSS., a bond of 50 for each. THE STATUTES FKOM 1776 TO 1847. The Statutes 0/1819. The next edition appears to be that of 1819 ; it is, however, merely a reprint of that of 1776, with the additions of Cap. I, Sec. 9, as to Foreign Members, and Cap. XI, Sec. 6, as to the conduct of ordinary meetings, mentioned above (p. 108 and p. 110). The Statutes of 1823. Foreign Members ^ n ^ e nex ^ edition that of 1823 several impor- limited to fifty, tant changes are introduced. The number of selected by Council. Foreign Members is limited to fifty ; and " they are to be put in nomination as candidates at a meeting of the Council," instead of the previous complex procedure. The regulations for the election of the Council and officers are much simplified, but not mate- rially altered. Foreig-n A new Statute, Cap. IX, Sec. 4, institutes a new office, that Secretary, of the " Secretary for Foreign Correspondence." Since 1719 the proceeds of the bequest of Mr. Robert Keck had been " bestowed on some one of the Fellows " appointed " to carry 011 a foreign correspondence," but the Fellow performing these duties was * The Charter Book never did contain, as provided by tlie Statute, the Register of Fellows, but only their signatures. The Society possesses, however, a volume now called "The Register," which contains the names, with dates of election, of all the Fellows from the foundation of the Society up to the year 1875. Since that date the Register is continued in a second volume. 112 Record of the Royal Society. appointed by Council at their pleasure, and was styled Assistant to the Secretaries. The new Secretary for Foreign Correspondence was to rank with the two Principal Secretaries. Assistant The office of Clerk is abolished and that of Assistant Secretary. Secretary created. The old Statute relating to the Clerk is, in consequence, largely modified. The Assistant Secretary is made Librarian and Housekeeper, but all mention of the Keeper of the Repository disappears from the Statutes. The facilities for using the Library are increased. The annual contribution is raised from " a Contributions shilling a week," or thirteen shillings a quarter, to raised. " one pound a quarter," the admission fee from five guineas to ten pounds, and the composition fee from twenty-six guineas to forty pounds. The Statutes of 1831. The edition of 1831* contains a few changes which are of no great moment, and chiefly refer to payments (Cap. Ill), the "bond " being omitted. In 1831 the Statutes relating to the Assistant Secretary were amended, the separate regulations for Librarian and Housekeeper being omitted. In 1835, the then existing Statute, Cap. I, Sec. 5 (enacted in 1831), that "no election for Fellows, or for Foreign Members, shall take place excepting on the first ordinary meetings of the Society in December, February, April, and June " was repealed. The Statutes of 1840. In the next edition, 1840, the most notable change concerns the election of officers and Council. These are to be put in nomination by the President and Council, according to the plan at present in use. A new Chapter, " Of Special General Meetings of the Society " is added. The composition fee is raised to 60 in the case of Fellows elected after December 11, 1834, except such as have contributed papers to the ' Philosophical Transactions ;' the Statutes concerning publications are thrown into one chapter ; and some slight changes are made in the Statutes concerning the Treasurer and Secretaries. Cap. XI, " Of the ordinary Meetings of the Society," provides for the recess from the third Thursday in June to the third Thursday in November, and, as mentioned above, for the omission of meetings on certain days. With the important exception of those relating to the election of * One form of this Edition is simply a reprint of that of 1823, with an Appendix of amended Statutes. A Note on the History of the Statutes of the Society. 113 Fellows, the Statutes of this edition are very like those at present in force. The Statutes of 1847. Verj soon after, however, viz., in 1846, a Committee of Council was appointed to consider the mode of Election of Fellows, with the result that in 1847 new Statutes were enacted, regulating the Election of fifteen Fellows annually, according to the plan at present in use. These Statutes mark an epoch in the history of the Society. The Changes from 1847 to 1888. The most notable changes which have since then been enacted or proposed are as follows : On "November 3rd, 1864, the repeal of the Statute relating to the admission of strangers to the meetings was moved, but negatived ; and again, on March 21st, 1867, a proposal that the public be ad- mitted to the Ordinary Meetings of the Society was negatived. In 1865 the privileged class (Cap. I, Sec. 4) was extended to include Foreign Sovereign Princes and their sons. In 1866 the practice of paying for a proportional part of the year was abolished, and the annual payment was made one in advance. In 1871 a new Statute was enacted prohibiting the payment of dividends to Fellows. On October 30th, 1873, upon a motion to assimilate the mode of election of the Privileged Class to that of Ordinary Fellows, to place in the hands of the Council the selection of such candidates, and to require "evidence of ascertained special power and disposition to forward the aims of the Society from exceptional, personal, or official advantages of position, or of great eminence in any branch of learn- ing, instead of any qualification based only on accident of lineage or of political status," the Statute concerned was referred to the con- sideration of a Committee, and on April 23rd, 1874, the Statute in its existing form was enacted. On December 17th of same year, 1874, a Committee was appointed to consider the election of candidates for Fellowship, which Com- mittee presented, on November 30th, 1875, a long report giving reasons why no changes should be made. In 1878-9 changes were made in the payment of fees. In 1879 the Statutes relating to Foreign Members were altered to their present form. In 1880 (February 19) the hour of meeting was changed from the evening to the afternoon. In 1885 the time during which the Library is open to Fellows was extended. In 1888 the Statute, Cap. XI, Sec. 2, was altered to admit of an i 114 Record of the Royal Society. Ordinary Meeting being held on the day of Election of Fellows, and Statute, Cap. XIII, Sec. 7, was altered to allow Fellows to receive their copies of the ' Philosophical Transactions ' upon a request in writing. In 1891 a new edition of the Statutes was published containing, among other smaller changes made in that year, the following more important ones : 1 11 Chapter XI power was given to the Council to omit weekly meetings with a view to increase, when desirable, the Christmas and Easter recess, and greater freedom was allowed in the conduct of the weekly meetings. In Chapter XIII certain changes were introduced in the hope of expediting the publication of papers. A new chapter (XVI).. was added in order to insert a Statute passed in 1871 prohibiting dividends to Fellows. In 1896 changes were again made, some in Chapter XI " Of the Meetings of the Society," but more in Chapter XIII " Of the Publica- tion of Papers." Both these chapters, especially the latter, were simplified, some of the regulations previously existing as statutes being withdrawn from the Statutes and embodied in " Standing Orders." In respect to " publication," the main change effected was the institution of Sectional Committees to assist the Council sitting as a Committeee of Papers or otherwise, with regard to the publica- tion of papers and other matters. In the first days of the Society several Committees were formed to take charge of the several branches of science as well as for special objects; but these, after a while, and apparently after a short while, ceased to exist. On May 31, 1838, " Scientific Committees " to assist the Council were again established, but these were found not to work satisfactorily, and on December 20, 1849, were abolished. The Standing Orders adopted at the time of the change of the Statutes in 1896 will be found in the 'Year-book.' 115 BENEFACTORS OF THE SOCIETY. At a Meeting of Council holden December 14, 1663, it was " Ordered, that the Secretary bring in a list of the Names of all the Benefactors to the Society, together with their Donations, and the time when they presented them. " Ordered, that the Benefactors be registered in loose vellum sheets." Similar orders were made on December 3, 1674, on April 27, 1682, a iid on several subsequent dates. Unfortunately these early lists of Benefactors are not now extant, and no list drawn up at the present day can pretend to be complete. The subjoined list is compiled principally by aid of the Index to the MS. Council Minutes, and is complete only in respect of benefactions of 50 and upwards there recorded. The dates given are, in most cases, those of the Council Meetings in the minutes of which the gifts are recorded. Many more names would be added if the lists of subscribers to special funds were consulted, but in these cases only the names of the founders of such funds are here given. KING CHARLES II. 1662. August 13. Granted to the Society a Charter of Incorpora- tion. 1663. August 3. Presented the Society with a mace of silver, richly gilt, weighing 190 oz. avoirdupois. 1667. September 27. Granted the Society Chelsea College and lands. The College was conveyed to the Society by Royal Patent dated April 8, 1669. KING GEORGE III. 1768. March 24. Ordered the sum of 4000 clear of fees to be paid to the Society, to enable them to send expeditions to observe the Transit of Venus. The surplus left, after paying all the expenses connected with the expeditions, was ordered by the King to be carried to the credit of the Society. KING GEORGE IY. 1825. December 15. Founded two Gold Medals of the value of Fifty guineas each (see Royal Medals, p. 132). KING WILLIAM IV. 1833. March 28. The grant of two Royal Medals restored. i 2 116 Record of the Royal Society. QUEEN VICTORIA. 1838. July 5. The grant of two Royal Medals continued. 1663. December 14. W. Balle. Gift of 100 and u an iron Chest having three Locks and Keyes." This chest is still in use. 1664. June 22. Sir John Cutler. Settled an annual stipend of 50 a year upon Robert Hooke, for a Lectureship, empower- ing the President, Council, and Fellows of the Society to appoint the subjects and number of lectures. 1665-6. February 21. Daniel Colwall. Gift of 100. " Voted, that the Fifty pounds in cash ; that were formerly presented by Mr. Colwall, be delivered out, to be added to another Fifty pounds presented by the same, to pay for the Collection of Rarities, formerly belonging to Mr. Hubbard." 1666-7. January 2. Henry Howard (afterwards sixth Duke of Norfolk). Gift to the Society of "the Library of Arundel House, to dispose thereof as their property" (see p. 168). The Society " ordered that Mr. Howard should be registered as a benefactor." 1673. November 27. Dr. Wilkins, Bishop of Chester. Bequest of 400, invested January 21, 1674-5. in a Fee Farm Rent at Lewes. 1685. November 11. Samuel Pepys. A gift of 50, " to be laid out as the Council shall judge most convenient." The money was used to pay for 50 Plates to Willughby's ' Historia Piscium.' 17081718. Sir Isaac Newton. 190. At the Meeting of % Council on January 21, 1707, the President, Sir Isaac Newton, " proposed to the Councill of the Society that if they would please to accept of free Gifts, of about or 20 pounds, from 10 any of their members, English or Foreigners, to be paid after the death of the Donors, for promoting Natural Philosophy, he had a prospect of obtaining some such Gifts ; and the Councill agreed to accept of them with thanks." At the meeting on January 12, 1708-9, the President gave the Society twenty pounds instead of the like sume he intended after his death ; which was order'd to be put up by itself, and to be subject to such End or Benefaction as the President shall direct. On December 14, 1710, " the President acquainted the Councill that he would give towards the easing of the Debt of y e Society for y e House [in Crane Court], besides the twenty pounds he had reserved, One Hundred Pounds." On November 6, 1718, "the Treasurer acquainted the Council that Sir Isaac Newton had lately paid him as a Gift to the Society seventy pounds." Benefactors. 117 1709. February 23. Dame Mary Sadleir, Relict of Dr. William Croone. Founded the Croonian Lecture (see p. 126) by bequest of One Fifth of the Clear Bent of a house at the corner of Lambeth Hill, for that purpose. 1710. March 17. Lord Halifax. 100. 1710. December 14. Dr. Hans Sloane, Secretary R.S. 100. 1710. December 14. Alexander Pitfield, Treasurer R.S. 100. 1711. May 30. R. Balle. 50. 1711. June 26. T. Isted. 50. 1711. June 26. Sir David Hamilton. 50. 1712. April 8. Richard Waller. 100. Waller built the " Repository " for the Society at a cost of 400 and accepted 300 as payment in full, on. condition that he should be registered as a benefactor. 1716. July 5. Francis Aston. Bequest of an estate at Mabel- thorpe, in Lincolnshire, consisting of 55 acres, 2 roods, and 2 perches, and " half the overplus of his estate above Debts and Legacies," realising 445 Os. 7d. 1717. June 20. Sir Godfrey Copley, Bart. 100 in trust for the Royal Society, "to be laid out in experiments, or otherwise, for the benefit thereof, as they shall direct and appoint." The will was dated October 14, 1704, and proved in the Pre- rogative Court, April 11, 1709; first applied to the purchase of a medal in 1736 (see p. 124). 1717. October 24. S. Hill. 50. 1717. October 24. Thomas Paget, D.D. Bequest of two houses in Coleman Street, worth about 100 per annum. 1719. October 26. Robert Keck. Bequest of 500 to the Society " to support their forreign correspondence." 1741. December 16. Martin Folkes. 100, as a present to the Society " to assist them in the present low state of their Revenue." 1754. November 14. Samuel Hickman. Bequest of 100. 1754. November 21. Martin Folkes. Bequest of 200 in money and a portrait of Lord Bacon. 1769. February 2. Robert Smith, D.D. Bequest of 100. 1775. Henry Baker. Bequest of 100, the interest to be applied for an oration or discourse in Natural History or Experi- mental Philosophy (see Bakerian Lecture, p. 124). 1786. July 27. Earl Stanhope. Bequest of 500. 1796. May 5. William Benson Earle. Bequest of 210 "for the purchase of Books for the Society's Library." 1796. November 24. Count Rumford. Gilt of 1000 stock to found the Rumford Medals (see p. 123). 1828. December 11. William Hyde Wollaston, M.D. Gift of 118 Record of the Royal Society. 2000 3 per cent. Consols, to be called the Donation Fund, the dividends to be applied in promoting experimental researches (see p. 121). 1828. December 11. Davies Gilbert. Gift of 1000 to the Donation Fund. 1829. January 22. J. Gnillemand. Gift of 100 to the Donation Fund. 1839. March 7. Sir Clifton Wintringham. Bequest of 1,200 3 per cent. Consolidated Bank Annuities, for the annual award of a Silver Cup to the Author of the most satisfactory Experi- mental Examination of one of certain subjects (see p. 125.) 1843. November 30. Edwin Hill Handley. Bequest of 6,378 19*. Founder of the Handley Fund (see p. 128). 1843. November 30. Thomas Botfield. Bequeathed " such a sum of money, by way of donation, as would have been payable if he had been made a Life Member " of the Royal Society. (60.) 1854. June 29. B. Oliveira. Gift of 50 for the Promotion of Science. 1864. October 27. Beriah Botfield. Bequest of 70. 1865. December 21. B. Oliveira. Bequest of 4,000, reduced after a chancery suit to 1,506 17s. Id. (Minutes, October 28, 1869). This was applied to the construction of the Telescope afterwards lent to Dr. Huggins. 1869. April 22. Dr. John Davy, bequeathed the Service of Plate presented to Sir Humphry Davy for the invention of the Safety Lamp, in fulfilment of Sir H. Davy's intentions, to be melted down and sold, in order from the proceeds to found a medal (see p. 128). It produced 736 85. od. 1871. June 15. John Peter Gassiot. Securities representing 10,000 "given to the Royal Society upon Trust, for the purpose of assisting in carrying on and continuing magnetical and meteorological observations .... in the Kew Observa- tory " (seep. 128). 1873. October 30. E. H. Sterling. " Donation of 100 to the funds of the Society." 1874. June 18. Sir Francis Ronalds. Bequest of 500 "for the Augmentation of the Wollaston [Donation] Fund " (see p. 121). 1874. October 29. Henry Dircks. Bequest of one-fourth of his residue, amounting (see Minutes, May 18, 1876) to 878 125. IQd. 1875. November 30. Sir Charles Wheatstone. Bequest of 500 for the Donation Fund, and several portraits. 1876. February 17. T. J. Phillips Jodrell. Gift of 6,000 to be Benefactors. 119 applied in any manner " most conducive to the encourage- ment, among our countrymen, of original research in the Physical Sciences " (see p. 129). 1877. (President's Address, 'Roy. Soc. Proc.,' vol. 26, p. 429). A sum of 500 contributed anonymously by five Fellows to the Society's funds. 1879. January 16. Sir Joseph Whitworth. Gift of 2000 to the Fee Reduction Fund. Sir William (now Lord) Armstrong. Gift of 1000 to the Fee Reduction Fund. 1878. April 11. James Young. A donation of 1,000, " for the general purposes of the Society." This donation was devoted to the "Publication Fund " (June 27, 1878), afterwards merged in the Fee Reduction Fund (November 7, 1878). 1879. February 27. Sydney Ellis. " An unconditional bequest to the Society of 1,000." 1879. April 24. Sir Walter Calverley Trevelyan, Bart. Bequest of 1,500, to the Society, "the interest to be applied to the promotion of scientific research." 1880. December 16. Miss H. E. Pipe. Gift of 105 in aid of the publication of Mr. W. K. Parker's papers. 1881. March 24. Sir Joseph Copley, Bart. Gift of 1666 135. 4cZ. 3 per cent. Consols, " to provide in perpetuity a yearly bonus of 50 to be given to the recipient of the Copley Medal." 1884. January 17. Sir William Siemens. Bequest of 1,000 free of legacy duty, to the Scientific Relief Fund. 1884. October 30. G. Bentham. Bequest of 1000 to the Scientific Relief Fund; afterwards reduced to 567 by an informality in the will. 1885. April 23. James Budgett. Gift of 100 in aid of the publication of Professor W. K. Parker's Researches. 1886. February 18. Dr. Ludwig Mond. Donation of 500 guineas to the Scientific Relief Fund. 1886. November 30. Sir William G. (now Lord) Armstrong. Donation of 7,800 to the Scientific Relief Fund (see p. 120). 1888. March 15. Dr. J. F. Main. A telescope and the piers built for it at St. Moritz. 1891. February 19. Henry Bowman Brady. Bequest of all his books and papers relating to the Protozoa, and 300 free of duty, upon trust for the purchase of works on the same or kindred subjects. 1891. October 29. His Excellency Dr. Robert Halliday Gunning gave the Society his bond for 1000 to found the Gunning Fund (see p. 131). 1893. May 18. Earl of Derby. Bequest of 2,000. Record of the Royal Society. 1892. December 8. Dr. Ludwig Mond. Gift of 2,000 " to assist in carrying on the Catalogue of Scientific Papers." 1894. June 21. Dr. Ludwig Mond. Contribution towards the Cost of the Subject Index to the Catalogue of Scientific Papers. " One-half of the total expenditure in excess of the sum of 1,500 available for this purpose out of the 2,000 already placed at the disposal of the Society [see above], pro- vided the Society or others are willing to contribute the remainder of such sum." THE TRUSTS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY.* The following succinct account of the various trusts which the Society administers, their origin and progress, the application of the income of the funds, and their present financial position, follows the order in which the trusts are arranged on the annual balance sheet of the Society. Full particulars of capital, income, and expenditure in each case are clearly given in that sheet (see 'Year-book'). A larger amount of detail as to the foundation of the older funds will be found in Weld's ' History of the Royal Society,' and in an anniversary address delivered by the late Mr. Spottiswoode, as treasurer, in 1874. No. 1. THE SCIENTIFIC RELIEF FUND. This most excellent and valuable institution originated in the year 1859, in a proposition of Mr. J. P. Gassiot that a fund of this kind should b^ founded for the aid of such scientific men, or their families, as may from time to time require assistance. A circular announcing the project was issued by the Society, in May, 1859, and by the following July 2500 had been subscribed. By the end of 1864, the amount of 5000 had been reached, and by 1 868 the fund consisted of 6052 17s. 8d., New 3 per cent. Annuities. Until 1884 the amount remained stationary at a little under 6500, but legacies, from the late Sir W. Siemens, of 1000, and from Mr. JBentham, of about 500, gave it a sensible help. In November, 1885, however, a noble offer was made by Sir William, now Lord Armstrong, to present a sum of about 6500 to the fund on the understanding that an equal sum should be raised by subscription, and further that the fund might be used in cases of urgent necessity for the remission of the fees of Fellows. Although by the beginning of 1887 it was not found possible to * Keprinted in the main from a paper by Sir John Evans, K.C.B., Treasurer R.S., in ' Eoy. Soc. Proc.,' vol. 57, p. 202. The Trusts. 121 raise more than about 4200 by subscription, Lord Armstrong, in February, 1887, munificently increased his contribution to 7800, so that in all 12,000 were added to the fund. Since that date about 800 more have accrued from bequests from Mr. H. B. Brady and others, and from donations. The permanent invested capital of the fund now consists of 6000 London and North- Western Railway 4 per cent. Guaranteed Stock ; 7200 Great Northern Eailway 3 per cent. Debenture Stock ; and 4340 South Eastern Railway 5 per cent. Debenture Stock ; producing an income of about 670. The administration of the fund is entrusted to a committee con- sisting of ten members of whom two retire annually, and applications for grants are made through the Presidents of chartered and incor- porated scientific societies, under regulations which will be found in the ' Year-book of the Royal Society.' No. 2. THE DONATION FUND, In 1828 the late William Hyde Wollaston, M.D., at one time President of the Society, gave the sum of 2000 3 per cent. Consols, to be called the Donation Fund, the dividends to be applied from time to time in promoting experimental researches, or in rewarding those by whom such researches may have been made, or in such other manner as shall appear to the President and Council for the time being most conducive to the interests of the Society in particular, or of science in general. The application of the funds extends to indi- viduals of all countries, but not to members of the Council of the Society. The dividends are not to be hoarded parsimoniously, but expended liberally. About 1400 more were contributed to the fund by Dr. Davies Gilbert (who gave 1000) and others. In 1874 and 1875 two legacies of 500 each were received from Sir Francis Ronalds, F.R.S., and Sir Charles Wheatstone, F.R.S., and the fund for some years consisted of 6339 Consols, which in 1888 was con- verted into 5030 Great Northern Railway Perpetual 4 per cent. Guaranteed Stock, producing an income of about 200 per annum. In the year 1879 the late Sir Walter C. Trevelyan bequeathed a sum of 1500, the interest to be applied in the promotion of scientific rasearch. This was invested in the purchase of 1396 Great Northern Railway 4 per cent. Debenture Stock, now converted into 1861 6s. 8d. 3 per cent. Debenture Stock, and forms practically a part of the Donation Fund. The interest of the Jodrell Fund is also transferred to it (see No. 11, p. 129), so that the annual income is about 390. 122 Record of the Royal Society. THE KUMFOED MEDAL (p. 123). The Trusts. 123 No. 3. THE RUMFORD FUND. Count Rumford, in a letter to Sir Joseph Banks, dated 12tli July, 1796, informed him, as president of the Society, that he had pur- chased and transferred 1000 Stock in the funds of this country, to the end that the interest of the same should be given once every second year as a premium to the author of the most important dis- covery or useful improvement which shall be made or published by printing, or in any way made known to the public in any part of Europe during tbe preceding two years on heat or on light, the pre- ference always being given to such discoveries as shall, in the opinion of the President and Council, tend most to promote the good of mankind. The premium is to take the form of two medals, the one of gold and the other of silver, to be together of the value of two years' interest on the 1000, or 60 sterling. In case of there being no new discovery in heat or light during any term of years which, in the opinion of the President and Council, is of sufficient importance to deserve the premium, direction is given to invest its value in the purchase of additional stock in the English Funds, and the interest of this additional capital is to be given in money, with the two medals, at each succeeding adjudication. In a subsequent letter, Count Rumford suggests that the premium should be limited to new discoveries tending to improve the theories of fire, of heat, of light, and of colours, and to new inventions and contrivances by which the generation, and preservation, and management of heat and of light may be facilitated. Chemical discoveries and improvements in optics, so far as they answer any of these conditions, are to be within the limits of the premium, but the Count wishes especially to encourage such practical improvements in the management of heat and light as tend directly and powerfully to increase the enjoyments and comforts of life, especially in the lower and more numerous classes of society. The first recipient of the medals was Count Rumford himself. Previously to 1846 it was not unfrequently the case that no medal was adjudicated for four years. Indeed between 1818 and 1832 the only recipient was M. Fresnel. As a consequence the invested funds have increased to 2,367 2s. 6d., but the interest is now only 2| per cent., and will in 1903 be only 2J per cent. A bonus on the conversion of the Stock, including an additional quarter's interest, and some returned income tax have been recently added to capital. The annual income is at present about 65, and the sum of money that accompanies the medals about 70. No. 4. BAKERIAN AND COPLEY MEDAL FUND. There has for many years been only one amalgamated fund for these two objects. Through successive accumulations, owing in part 124 Record of the Royal Society. THE COPLEY MEDAL. to no medal having been awarded in some years, ifc now consists of 403 9s. 8d. New 2| per cent. Consols. The Eakerian Lecture originated in 1775, through a bequest of Mr. Henry Baker, F.R.S., of 100, for an oration or discourse, to be spoken or read yearly by some one of the Fellows of the Society, on such part of natural history or experimental philosophy, at such time and in snch manner as the President and Council of the Society for the time being shall please to order and appoint. In case no lecture be given, there is a pain of forfeiture attached to the bequest. The payment to the lecturer has for many years been a fixed sum of 4. The Copley Medal, which has long been regarded as the highest scientific distinction that the Royal Society can bestow, originated in a legacy of 100 from Sir Godfrey Copley, Bart., F.R.S., received in 1709. The testator directed that this sum should be laid out in experiments or otherwise for the benefit of the Society, as they shall direct and appoint. For many years the interest of the fund was paid to Dr. Desaguliers, Curator to the Society,* for various experi- ments made before them, but in 1736 Martin Folkes, who subse- quently became President of the Society, proposed to render Sir Godfrey Copley's donation more beneficial than at that time it was. His suggestion was that instead of the annual experiment, " a medal or other honorary prize should be bestowed on the person whose experiment should be best approved, by which means he apprehended a laudable emulation might be excited among men of genius to try their invention, who, in all probability, may never be moved for the sake of lucre." Eventually, in 1736, it was resolved that a medal of the value of 5, to bear the arms of the Society, should be awarded to the author of the most important scientific discovery or contribu- tion to science by experiment or otherwise. The weight of the medal was fixed at 1 oz. 2 dwts. of fine gold. In 1831 it was resolved * See ante, p. 17. The Trusts. 125 that the Copley Medal shall be awarded to the living author of such philosophical research, either published or communicated to the Society, as may appear to the Council to be deserving of that honour. The particulars of the subject of the research are to be specified in the award, and there is to be no limitation as to the period when the research was made, or the country to which the author may belong. Owing to the payments for the lecture and the medal being some- what less than the dividends received, a balance has gradually accumulated in favour of the fund, amounting to over 100. This, however, is now being gradually reduced, for in the year 1881, Sir Joseph Copley, Bart., transferred to the Society a sum of 1666 13s. 4tZ. 3 per cent. Consols, " to provide in perpetuity a yearly bonus of 50, to be given to the recipient of the Copley Medal." So long as the interest was at 3 per cent., the income of 50 was produced, but now that it is reduced to 2J per cent., with the near prospect of falling to 2J per cent., it is insufficient for the gift. So long, how- ever, as there has been a balance in hand in favour of the fund, the Council has thought well to fulfil Sir Joseph Copley's liberal intention. No. 5. THE KECK BEQUEST. In the year 1719 a bequest of 500 was received from Mr. Robert Keck, who directed that the profits arising from it were "to be bestowed on some one of the Fellows, whom they shall appoint to carry on a foreign correspondence." For many years this bequest was merged in the general funds of the Society, and the proceeds applied towards the payment of the Foreign Secretary. In 1881 it was again made to appear as a separate trust fund, and 666 13 Cambridge University Lowndean Professorship of Astro- noray^nd Geometry (Elector). PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Governing bodies of : Charterhouse. Professor G. H. Darwin. Mar. 14, 1895. Christ's Hospital. Professor Armstrong. Jan. 16, 1896. Dulwich College. Professor G. C. Foster. Jan. 19, 1893. Eton College. Sir H. E. Eoscoe. Dec, 20, 1888. Harrow School. Sir A. Geikie. June 16, 1892. Rugby School. Professor Riicker. Mar. 10, 1892. Shrewsbury School. Dr. Pye-Smith. July 7, 1887. Westminster School. Professor Bonney. Oct. 27, 1881. Winchester College. Rev. Professor Price. Oct. 26, 1881. OTHER INSTITUTIONS. Athenseum Club (Committee). The President. Ex ojfficio. British Institute of Preventive May 18,1893. Medicine. British Museum (Trustee). && ojfficio. City and Guilds of London ., Institute (Governor). Hunterian Museum (Trustee). Imperial Institute. Sir J. Evans, K.C.B. Nov. 30, 1893. Sir John Soane's Museum. Professor Church. Jan. 28, 1897. The President of the Royal Society is also ex officio an honorary Member of the Royal Irish Academy. 136 Record of the Royal Society. OTHER PUBLIC FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY THE ROYAL SOCIETY. 1. Government Grant for Scientific Investigations. Administrators. For the History of this Grant see p. 158 ; for the Regulations see 'Year-book/ p. 74. 2. Kew Observatory, Lessees under the Crown and Trustees of an endowment by the late J. P. Gassiot for the purposes of the Observatory. (See p. 137.) 3. Lawes Agricultural Trust. Electors of four members of the Managing Committee. (See p. 155.) 4. Meteorological Council. Nominators. The Council is the official descendant of the Meteorological Department of the Board of Trade, the history of which is given in the Keport by the Committee of Inquiry nominated by the Royal Society, the Board of Trade, and the Admiralty respectively, which was printed and presented to Parliament in 1866. This Department was superseded in 1867 by the Meteorological Committee of the Royal Society. In 1877 the Committee transferred their charge to the Meteorological Council as now constituted, The Council is a paid body, and consists of a chairman and four members, nominated by the President and Council of the Royal Society, and approved by the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, with the Hydrographer of the Admiralty as an official member. The following are the present members : Lieufc.-General Strachey, R.E., F.R.S. (Chairman). Mr. Alexander Buchan. Professor G. H. Darwin, F.R.S. Mr. F. Galton, F.R.S. Admiral W. J. L. Wharton, F.R.S., Hydrographer of the Admiralty. Mr. R. H. Scott, F.R.S. (Secretary). 5. Physick Garden of Chelsea. The history of the early connection of the Physick Garden with the Royal Society will be found at p. 153. At present the Society has only a reversionary interest in the garden. 6. Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Visitors. The Royal Society were appointed visitors and directors in 1710, a function which they continued to perform until the accession of King William IV, when, by the new warrant then issued, the President and six of the Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society were added to the list. The following constitute the existing Board of Visitors : Description of the Kew Observatory. 137 The President of the Koyal Society Lord Lister. The President of the Eoyal Astronomical Society Dr. A. A. Common. f Professor W. G-. Adams. Kev. Professor B. Price. Nominated as Fellows of the Eoyal j Lord Eayleigh. Society j Eari of Eosse. I Professor Eiicker. (^Professor Sir G-. Or. Stokes, Bart. r Professor Sir R, S. Ball. *r i * Trees. O 10 20 O 4 of Met. Committee,' 1869, p. 36, and * B. A. Report for 1869,' Trans, of Sections, p. 52). The check gauge (7) is of the ordinary Meteoro- logical Office pattern. The receiving surfaces of the rain gauges are 21 inches above the surface of the ground. The diameter of the Beckley gauge is 11 inches, that of the check gauge 8 inches. On a stand (8) a little to the north of the rain gauges are some L 146 . Record of the Royal Society. black bulb maximum thermometers in vacuo. On the grass near the stand are minimum thermometers of various kinds. These several thermometers are read daily at 10 A.M. Eye observations of the amount of sky covered by clouds, with the nature of the clouds and apparent directions of motion, are taken daily at 10 A.M., noon, 2 P.M., 4 P.M., and 10 P.M. The scale used is for a perfectly clear sky, 10 for a completely clouded one. Surrounding the garden is grass land, fnlly 5 acres in extent, which was added to the Observatory holding leased from the Crown in 1894. It is enclosed within a 6-foot park paling. Verification Work. This work took its origin at tbe middle of the present century in the want then felt in England for magnetic and meteorological instru- ments of greater accuracy and trustworthiness than those previously in use. It rapidly expanded, and in the natural process of growth has come to include the examination of instruments and appliances whose connexion with magnetism and meteorology is remote. Magnetic Instruments. One of the most important branches of the verification work is the determination of the constants of magnetic instruments. A considerable proportion of the magnetometers and inclinometers hitherto used in magnetic surveys have been examined at the Observatory. Since the construction of the magnetographs, in 1856, twenty-one Observatories have been supplied with similar instruments, and the majority of these had been previously tried at Kew. Thermometers. In 1850 a standard thermometer, verified, it appears, by Regnault, was obtained from Paris, along with a dividing engine and other necessary apparatus for calibrating and examining thermometers. Within a few years from that date, in addition to verification work, a large number of standard thermometers had been made. The construction of these thermometers still forms a part of the Observatory work, although not to such a large extent as was formerly the case. Since 1850 over 700 standard thermometers have been made up, of which fully 600 have been issued to other Observa- tories, physical investigators, and instrument makers. At first the thermometers verified were intended almost exclusively for meteorological work. Towards the middle of the decade 1860- 1870, however, clinical thermometers began to be verified, and in the course of a few years the number of thermometers increased beyond the capabilities of the simple testing apparatus originally in use. To meet the exigencies of the case an apparatus was designed by Mr. F. Galton, which allowed of the nearly simultaneous comparison of a large number of thermometers at any specified temperature Description of the Kew Observatory. 147 between the free/ing and boiling points of water. This apparatus is still employed for ordinary meteorological instruments, a second smaller one of similar type being now devoted almost exclusively to clinical thermometers. For temperatures below the freezing point of water, down to 12 F. or lower, use is made of freezing mixtures ; and a considerable number of minimum thermometers are tested annually at the ireezing point of mercury, which is reached by the aid of compressed carbonic acid gas. For temperatures above the boiling point of water corrections are .at present obtained by means of calibration; but experiments are in progress which aim at replacing or extending the results so obtained by direct observations in molten metal, or some other suitable medium. In 1878 a hydraulic press was erected for testing deep-sea thermo- meters mainly on behalf of the Admiralty under pressures similar to those they experience at great depths. In the same year the practice was introduced of etching a distinguishing mark a mono- gram of KO on ordinary thermometers, whose errors do not exceed certain limits. Barometers. The testing of mercury barometers dates from 1853, and comprises the ordinary patterns used both on land, and sea. There has been no such development of numbers here as has occurred in the case of thermometers ; but, on the whole, only a slight in- crease. The testing of aneroid barometers was instituted considerably more recently, but in this case the number tested annually has shown a considerable rise. Hydrometers. The testing of hydrometers also dates from 1853. .At first the examination was practically limited to hydrometers intended for ocean meteorology, but of late years there have been a large number intended for commercial and excise purposes. Anemometers. These instruments are tried on a staging erected on the observatory roof, at such a height as to place them on a level with the standard Robinson anemometer. The records of each in- dividual anemometer are compared with those of the standard for a sufficient variety of wind velocities. Rain Gauges. Ordinary rain gauges have the mean diameters of their receiving surfaces measured, and the necessary corrections determined to the rainfall recorded. More complicated gauges of the self-recording pattern are set up in the neighbourhood of the standard Beckley gauge, and their records over a considerable time compared with those of the standard. Sunshine Recorders. Only a small number of these instruments have been examined. The method of testing comprises an examina- tion into the proper working of the instrument, and a comparison L 2 1 48 Record of the Royal Society. of its record with that of the standard " Campbell-Stokes " instru- ment. Theodolites. The number of theodolites tested is also compara- tively small, though it apparently tends to increase. These instru- ments are examined for their optical qualities and accuracy of graduation. Sextants. The original testing apparatus was designed by Mr. F. Galton in 1862, and was succeeded in 1866 by a more elaborate apparatus designed by Mr. T. Cooke. In 1888 the Admiralty made a regulation that all sextants used by cadets of H.M. Navy must be certificated at Kew. Sextant shades are separately examined by means of a special apparatus already alluded to. Compasses. Prior to 1890 only a small number of compasses were verified, and these consisted mainly of small azimuth compasses for use by travellers. Of late years a very considerable number of ships' compasses have been examined. During the present year the test for ships' compasses has been revised and extended, with the assist- ance of Captain Creak, F.B.S., of the Hydrographic Department, so* as to bring it more into line with the Admiralty test, and with the scientific requirements of the day. Telescopes and Binoculars. The testing of navy telescopes and binoculars, on behalf of the Admiralty, was undertaken in 1889, andi a good deal of similar work has since then been also performed for instrument makers and private persons. Lenses. Since 1891 photographic lenses have been tested, with the aid of the apparatus devised by Major L. Darwin, to which reference has already been made. This departure has, however, met with somewhat limited public recognition, little over 100 lenses having been as yet sent for examination. These are included under the heading " Miscellaneous " in the subsequent table. Watches and Chronometers. The rating of watches was commenced in 1884, the system of verification following pretty closely that pre- viously adopted at Geneva. Three classes of certificates, A, B, C> are issued A denoting the highest grade according to the severity of the test for which the watch is entered; and an annual list is- published of those watches which obtain 80 per cent, and upwards o full marks in the competition for a class A certificate. The number of watches tested annually has fluctuated considerably, a maximum of 1,521 having been reached in 1893. Of late years the tendency has been to a reduction in the numbers entered for the lower classes,. B and C, of certificates, and an increase in the number entered for class A. The rating of marine chronometers commenced in 1886. Two classes of certificates, A and B, of which A is the higher, are granted to instruments sent for the ordinary trials. In answer to special Description of the Kew Observatory. 149 applications, more prolonged trials on the Greenwich system have been carried out for the Italian and Portuguese Governments. Other Miscellaneous Forms. In addition to the above classes of instruments, a considerable variety of other forms have been tested, amongst which may be mentioned barographs, thermographs, air meters, artificial horizons, and rain measures. The following table (p. 150) gives particulars as to the numbers of the several forms of instruments which have been examined at the Observatory since 1853. Experimental Work. In addition to experimental work initiated by the Committee or the Meteorological Office, investigations are carried out at the Observatory on behalf of societies or individuals who have obtained the approval by the Committee of the particular research, and who undertake to defray the expense either from their own private resources or from grants voted by public bodies. A long list of original papers bearing on work done at Kew will be found in an appendix to the ' History of the Observatory,' by Mr. R. H. Scott [' Proc. Roy. Soc.,' 1885, pp. 7784 (pp. 4148 of separate off-print)]. Here reference will only be made to a few of the researches and developments which were of special novelty at the time, or have since become intimately associated with the name of the Observatory. Self-recording Apparatus. As early as 1843 Sir F. Ronalds, at that time Superintendent, seems to have had a species of self-recording electrometer in regular action. In 1845 he carried out a large num- ber of experiments in photography, and, within a year or two from that date, a barograph and an electrograph, recording photographi- cally, appear to have been in use. In 1851 a six months' trial of a photographic magaetograph was in progress. The present Kew pattern magnetograph is a modification erected in 1856 by Mr. Welsh, Sir F. Ronalds' successor. Balloon Ascents. In 1852 Mr. Welsh made several balloon ascents, in which a large number of meteorological observations were taken at different heights up to 22,000 feet ( 4 Phil. Trans.,' 1853, p. 311). Sun-spot Observations. In 1856 the photoheliograph was erected, and the observations of sun-spots, &c., made with it, formed the basis of a number of papers by Mr. De la Rue, Professor Balfour Stewart, and others in the ' Phil. Trans.,' ' Proc. Roy. Soc.,' ' Phil. Mag.,' &c., from 1565 onwards. Atmospheric Electricity. In 1861, the water-dropper invented by Lord Kelvin then Professor William Thomson came into operation, and in 1868 the results on Atmospheric Electricity obtained with it 150 Record of the Royal Society* .2 be iO I I sl !l .S fl S ^ a o ^ S - , to Hx 3 ~o 1 1 X 8 I 05 X a H rH *" -X I 1 S 02 3 8 | 1 ^" cc IQ a CO CD 0> o CO Oi II CO CO .2 E 1 I 1 1 1 CXJ E O 1 o 13 1 j 1 S rH X * 1 I 1 1 2 S o " 8 o 1 1 I I CO rH CO J C CO CO CO CD "o M H X X X 1 S Hx Description of the Kew Observatory. 151 were discussed by Professor Everett (' Phil. Trans.' for 1868, p. 347, and elsewhere). A more recent discusssion by the late Superinten- dent, Mr. Whipple, occurs in the ' B.A. Report ' for 1881, p. 443. Terrestrial Magnetism. In 1859 71 General Sabine, the then Chairman of the Kew Committee, contributed to the Royal Society a number of papers based on the Kew magnetograph results, dealing inter alia with the phenomena of magnetic storms. Therm ometry. In 1863 Professor Balfour Stewart, then Superin- tendent, made a large number of experiments with the air thermo- meter ('Phil. Trans.,' 1863, pp. 425435). He found for the mean coefficient of expansion of air between and 100 C. the value G'0036728, while for the freezing point of mercury on the scale of the air thermometer he found 37'93 F. or 38'85 C. Pendulum Observations. In 1865 experiments were made by Captain Basevi with pendulums, subsequently used for geodetic work in India. Similar experiments have since been carried out on several occasions (see General J. T. Walker in the ' Phil. Trans.' Series A, for 1890, p. 537). Variations of Temperature, <^c., with Height. During the years 1873-4-5 an extensive series of experiments were conducted for the Meteorological Office on variations of temperature and humidity with height above the ground. Thermometers were exposed in screens of the same pattern at three different heights, the highest 129 feet from the ground, on the ornamental pagoda in the Royal Gardens, Kew, the requisite permission having been obtained from H.M. Office of Works and the Director of the Gardens. Throughout the greater part of the time readings were taken thrice daily. The results, and their relation to those deduced from a similar research made by Dr. Wild at Pulkowa, were discussed by Mr. R. H. Scott (' Quarterly Weather Reports of the Meteorological Office,' 1876, A PP .,pp. [20]-[37]). Anemometry. In 1874, at the suggestion of Mr. R. H. Scott, a series of comparisons were made of anemometers of different pat- terns. The principal experiments were carried out at the Crystal Palace by Mr. Jeffery and Mr. Whipple, the instruments being mounted on a steam merry-go-round. This was driven at various velocities up to 30 miles an hour. The bearing of the results on the questions of the existence and magnitude of a constant "factor" for the Robinson cup anemometer was discussed by Professor Stokes in 1881 ('Roy. Soc. Proc.,' vol. 32, p. 170). Cloud Measurements. In 1885, after numerous preliminary experi- ments which originated in 1878, two cameras were erected, one on the Observatory roof, the other at a horizontal distance of 800 yds., and a series of observations begun to determine the heights and velocities of clouds. The original observations dealt with clouds at 152 Record of the Royal Society. all altitudes, but later observations were confined to tlie zenith. Some of the results were discussed by General Strachey and Mr. Whipple in 1891 (* Roy. Soc. Proc.,' vol. 49, p. 467). Recent Experimental Work. Of the experimental work done in recent years, or now in process of execution, it would be premature to speak at length. Aneroid Barometers. Experiments have for some time been directed to an elucidation of the elastic phenomena presented by aneroid barometers under varying pressures, with a view to render- ing the results obtained under one definite set of conditions at the Observatory more serviceable under the varied conditions which occur in nature. Atmospheric Electricity. At intervals during the last two years, observations have been taken of atmospheric electricity at a variety of points near the Observatory. One of their principal objects is to investigate the extent to which the results may be influenced by peculiarities in the pattern of the recording apparatus or in the circumstances of its immediate environment (' Boy. Soc. Proc.,' vol. 60, 1896, p. 96). Electrical Resistance Thermometers. Within the last year a series of experiments have been commenced with electrical resistance ther- mometers. The object is to test their suitability as instruments of precision in scientific research, and also their convenience for the ordinary observer and manufacturer. For meteorologists, the suitability of resistance thermometers for the measurement of earth temperatures is a matter of considerable importance. To investigate this, two resistance thermometers of a pattern devised by Professor Callendar and Mr. E. H. Griffiths have been buried near the Observatory, along with a delicate platinum resistance thermometer, and an elaborate comparison is being made. Instruction to Observers. There is one other sphere of usefulness for the Observatory to which reference should be made, viz., that of a school of instruction. Not a few members of the staffs of other British and Colonial Obser- vatories have received preliminary instruction at Kew ; and the taking of magnetic observations has been studied there by a con- siderable number of officers of H.M. Navy and others intending to proceed on exploratory voyages. The plans accompanying this description of the Observatory were drawn by Mr. B. S. Whipple, son of the late Superintendent, who likewise gave valuable assistance in the compilation. The Botanic Gardens, Chelsea. 153 For further particulars, especially of the early history of the Observatory, the reader should refer to ' The History of the Kew Observatory,' by Mr. R. H. Scott, F.R.S., already mentioned. CHARLES CHREE, Stiperintendeni. THE BOTANIC GARDENS, CHELSEA, FORMERLY KNOWN AS " THE PHYSICK GARDEN." In February, 1721 (1722 new style) Sir Hans Sloane by a deed, one part of which is in the possession of the Society, granted unto and to the use of the Society of Apothecaries for ever, subject to a yearly rent of 5 and to certain conditions, a plot of ground formerly leased to that Society by Lord Cheyne, and known as " The Physick Garden." The most important condition is "" That the Garden should at all times hereafter be continued as a Physick Garden " by the Society of Apothecaries, which shall yearly present to the Royal Society " fifty specimens or samples of distinct plants, well dryed and preserved, and which grew in the said Garden the same year, together with their respective names or reputed names, and so as the specimens or samples of such plants be different, or specifically distinct, and no one offered twice, until the compleat number of two thousand plants have been delivered." The deed further provides that if these conditions be not fulfilled, or if the Society shall at any time convert the Garden into buildings for habitations or for any other uses save as a Physic Garden, Sir Hans Sloane, his heirs and assigns, may enter and hold the premises in trust for the Royal Society, which, however, must pay the said rent, and in like manner deliver fifty plants from the Gardens annually to the College of Physicians, and if the Royal Society fail to comply, the Gardens are to be held in trust for the College of Physicians, subject to the same conditions as those originally imposed on the Society of Apothecaries. The deed recites that the Society of Apothecaries had "lately resolved upon and sett apart an annuall summe for the maintaining of the ' Garden ' forever," a consideration for the Grant which is not mentioned in the abstract of the Deed published in the ' Memoirs of the Botanic Garden at Chelsea,' by Mr. Henry Field and Dr. R. H. Sernple, printed in 1878. The Society of Apothecaries duly presented in each year fifty 154 Record of the Royal Society. distinct plants to the Royal Society np to 1762, when the tale of two- thousand was completed. After that year plants were still pre- sented up to 1774, when a total of 2,550 plants was attained, and from that date the records of the Royal Society appear to contain no entry concerning the Garden until the year 1861, when the Society of 'Apothecaries, having expressed to the President of the Royal Society their intention of relieving themselves of the responsibility of maintaining the Botanic Gardens at Chelsea, and the matter having been referred to a Committee, the following Minute of Coun- cil appears in reply to an enquiry from the Society of Apothecaries- as to the decision. of the Council : " Oct. 24, 1861. Resolved that thanks be returned to the Master and Wardens of the Society of Apothecaries for their obliging com- munication, and that they be informed that the President and Council of the Royal Society do not feel in a position to take any steps in the matter referred to, until they receive notice of proceedings on the part of the Heirs of Sir Hans Sloane consequent on the determi- nation of the Society of Apothecaries." The Garden is said to have contained three acres one rood and thirty-five perches of ground, but this area appears to have been exclusive of the foreshore of the River Thames. In the ' Memoirs r already mentioned (p. 88) it is stated that so long ago as 1707 directions were given for wharfing the Garden towards the river,, and that a similar order was made in 1728. In 1771 an emba.nk- menb was made at an expense of about 400. " This embankment was designed only in order to recover ground which had originally belonged to the Garden, but had in process of time been washed away by the river." In 1870 the Chelsea Embankment was constructed, and, as the 'Memoirs ' state, the Apothecaries' Society, " as tenants of the Chel- sea Garden," lost their immediate access to the river and sacrificed their portion of the foreshore, while a road intervened between the garden and the river. As compensation, a handsome wall, railing,, and entrance gates facing the Embankment were built by the Board of Works. It is further stated in the ' Memoirs ' that a strip of reclaimed land has " been thrown in with the older portion since the construc- tion of the new river-side embankment." In 1890 the Society had some correspondence with the Society of Apothecaries on occasion of a proposal that the Gardens should be sold for building purposes ; but the proposal was abandoned. The Lawes Agricultural Trust. 155 THE LAWES AGRICULTURAL TRUST.* MR. (now SIR) JOHN BENNET LAWES was the founder of the Roth- amsted Experimental Station. He commenced experiments with different manuring substances, first with plants in pots, and after- wards in the field, soon after entering into possession of his hereditary property at Rothamstedf in 1834. At the outset the researches of De Saussure on vegetation chiefly guided him. Of all the experi- ments so made, those in which the neutral phosphate of lime, in. bones, bone-ash, and apatite, was rendered soluble by means of sul- phuric acid, and the mixture applied for root-crops, gave the most striking results. The results obtained on a small scale in 1837, 1838,. and 1839, were such as to lead to more extensive trials in the field in 1840 and 1841, and subsequently. In 1843, more systematic field experiments were commenced; and a barn, which had previously been partially applied to laboratory purposes, became almost exclusively devoted to agricultural investi- gations. The foundation of the Bot hams ted Experimental Station may be said to date from that time (1843). The Rothamsted station has from the commencement been entirely disconnected from any external organisation, and has been maintained entirely at the cost of Sir John Lawes. Within the last few years he has further set apart a sum of 100,000, the Laboratory, and certain areas of land, for the continuance of the investigations after his death. In February, 1889, Trustees were appointed, and the necessary Trust Deed was executed ; and in accordance with the provisions of the Deed, a Committee of Management was soon afterwards appointed, and entered upon its duties. The Trustees are : Sir JOHN LTJBBOCK, Bart., F.E.S. | LORD WALSINGHAM, F.R.S. Sir JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., Treasurer of the Royal Society. The Committee consists of nine Members, who are at present : Sir JOHN EVANS, Treas. R.S. (Chairman) -> Nominated by : Dr. HUGO MULLEB, F.R.S. (Treasurer) I The Eoyal gockity Professor M. FOSTER, Sec. R.S j W. T. THISELTON DYER, Esq., C.M.GK, F.K.S.. . . J * This statement is abridged from the Rothamsted " Memoranda " for 1896. f Rothamsted is in Hertfordshire, twenty-five miles from London, on the Mid- land Railway; Station, Harpenden. Postal address Rothamsted, St. Albans. Telegraphic address Harpenden. 356 Record of the Royal Society. Professor H. E. ARMSTRONG, LL.D., F.R.S The Chemical Society. WILLIAM CARRTJTHERS, Esq., F.R.S The Linnean Society. Sir JOHN H. THOROLD, Bart., LL.D > The Eoyal Agricultural Viscount EMLYN* J Society of England. And Sir J. B. LAWES himself. The Secretary to the Committee is Mr. HERBERT Rix, B.A. From June 1843, up to the present time, Dr. (now Sir) J. Henry 'Gilbert has been associated with Sir John Bennet Lawes in the con- duct of the experiments, and has had the direction of the laboratory. In 1854-5 a new laboratory was built, by public subscription of agriculturists, and was presented to Sir John Lawes in July 1855, from which date the old barn-laboratory was abandoned, and the new one has been occupied. The staff usually consists of one to three chemists, two or three general assistants, two to four computers and record-keepers, a laboratory man and other helps. A botanical assistant has also occa- sionally been employed, with from three to six boys under him. The field experiments, and occasionally feeding experiments, also employ a considerable but a very variable number of agricultural labourers. There is now a collection of more than 40,000 bottles of samples of experimentally grown vegetable produce, of animal products, of ashes, or of soils, besides some thousands of samples not in bottles ; and, the Laboratory having become very inconveniently full, a new detached building a " Sample House " was erected in the autumn of 1888, comprising two large rooms for the storing of specimens, and for some processes of preparation, and also a drying room. The investigations may be classed under two heads : I. Field Experiments, Experiments on Vegetation, 8fc. The general scope and plan of the field experiments has been to grow some of the most important crops of rotation, each separately, year after year, for many years in succession on the same land, with- out manure, with farmyard manure, and with a great variety of chemical manures ; the same description of manure being, as a rule, applied year after year on the same plot. Experiments on an actual course of rotation, without mamire, and with different manures, have also been made. II. Experiments on Animals, fyc. Experiments with the animals of the farm were commenced early in 1847, and have been continued, at intervals, nearly up to the pre- sent time. * Vice Charles Whitehead, Esq., resigned in 1896. The Lawes Agricultural Trust. 157 The following points have been investigated : 1. The amount of food, and of its several constituents, consumed in relation to a given live-weight of animal within a given time. 2. The amount of food, and of its several constituents, consumed to produce a given amount of increase in live- weight. 3. The proportion, and relative development, of the different organs or parts of different animals. 4. The proximate and ultimate composition of the animals in different conditions as to age and fatness, and the probable composi- tion of their increase in live-weight during the fattening process. o. The composition of the solid and liquid excreta (the manure) in relation to that of the food consumed. 6. The loss or expenditure of constituents by respiration and the cutaneous exhalations that is, in the mere sustenance of the living meat-and-manure-making machine. 7. The yield of milk in relation to the food consumed to produce it ; and the influence of different descriptions of food, on the quantity, and on the composition, of the milk. On July 29, 1893, the jubilee of the Rotharnsted experiments was celebrated at a meeting held at Harpenden and presided over by the President of the Board of Agriculture. A granite boulder, with a suitable inscription, was erected in front of the laboratory, a portrait of Sir John Lawes, painted by Mr. Hubert Herkomer, was presented to him, and framed and illuminated addresses of congratulation, signed by the Prince of Wales on behalf of the subscribers to the fund, were presented to Sir John Lawes and Dr. Gilbert. A piece of plate was also presented to Dr. Gilbert, upon whom her Majesty the Queen subsequently conferred the honour of knighthood. Addresses from a number of scientific and agricultural societies, both English and foreign, were presented. The subscribers to the Jubilee Fund included societies and individuals in the United Kingdom, Austral- asia, Canada, India, Mauritius, Austria, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, Switzerland, and the United States of America. A T .B. It is requested that those wishing to inspect the experiments will give notice, either by letter or telegram, to Sir John B. Lawes, Bart. (Eothamsted, St. Albans), or to Sir J. Henry Gilbert (Harpenden), as to the time of their intended visit. Communications for the Committee should be addressed to Herbert Eix, Esq., B.A., Secretary to the Lawes Trust Committee, Koyal Society, Burlington House, London, W. 158 Record of the Royal Society. HISTORY OF THE GOVERNMENT GRANT FOR SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS. I. " GOVERNMENT GRANT " OF 1000 PER ANNUM. For the origin of the annual Parliamentary Grant for "scientific investigations," it is necessary to go back to the year 1849. On November 16 of that year, a letter addressed confidentially by Lord John Russell to th^ late Earl of Rosse was read to the Council, together with the draft of Lord Rosse's reply, and on December 20 a Committee, consisting of the Lord Chief Baron, Professor Owen, Sir Roderick Murcbison, Dr. Miller, and the officers, was appointed " to consider and report to the Council respecting the application of the proposed Grant by Her Majesty's Government for the promotion of scientific inquiries." This Committee presented their Report to the Council on March 7, 1850, recommending that " First, and chiefly, the Grant be awarded in aid of private individual scientific investigation. " Secondly, in aid of the calculation and scientific reduction of masses of accumulated observations. " Thirdly, in aid of astronomical, meteorological, and other obser- vations, which may be assisted by the purchase and employment of new instruments. " Fourthly, and subordinately to the purposes above named, in aid of such other scientific objects as may, from time to time, appear to be of sufficient interest, although not coming under any of the foregoing heads." The Report, from which the foregoing is quoted, was adopted and a "*' Committee of Recommendations " appointed. The sum granted by the Government and administered by that Committee was 1000. On January 6, 1851, Lord John Russell wrote to the President informing him that he should ' set apart one thousand pounds, from the fund for Special Service, to be applied by the Council of the Royal Society in the same manner as the Grant made for scientific pui'poses last year." The same sum was granted in 1852, 1853, and .1854, bat, upon the President applying in 1855, "for the annual Grant of 1000," he was informed by a letter from H.M. Treasury that these Grants were special, and that the limited amount of the fund from which they had been made would not admit of "an annual Grant to the Royal Society," but it was suggested History of the Government Grant. that a Parliamentary vote for the amount of the Grant might be taken. In their reply the Council, while accepting the latter suggestion emphasised the fact that the Government Grant was not "a grant to the Royal Society," but " a contribution on the part of the nation towards the promotion of science generally in the United Kingdom," and that the Council regarded themselves " as Trustees of the Grant, and accountable to the public for its due administration as long as it should be continued." From that time to the year 1881 the sum of 1000 was annually voted by Parliament for the promotion of science in the United Kingdom, and was administered by the Council of the Society upon the advice of a Committee consisting of the Members of the Council) twenty-one Fellows, not members of the Council, and the Presidents of the Chemical, Geological, Linnean, and Royal Astronomical Societies (Council Minutes, Jan. 27, 1859). This Committee was at first appointed triennially, but after 1862 annually. II. "GOVERNMENT FUND" OF 4000 A YEAR AND "GOVERNMENT GRANT" OF 1000 A YEAR. In July, 1856, the attention of the Council wa^s Called to a motion which had been made in the House of Commons for the appointment of a Committee to consider the question, whether any measures could be adopted by the Government or Parliament that would improve the position of science or its cultivators in this country, and it was agreed that as the appointment of the Committee had been deferred until the next Session of Parliament with a view of permitting the question to be meanwhile maturely considered by scientific men, it was expedient that the subject should receive the early attention of the Council. The Government Grant Committee were, therefore, requested to draw up a Report containing such suggestions as might occur to them, :and present it to the Council after the recess. This Report was presented on January 15, 1857, and contained numerous suggestions^ one of which was " That the sum placed at the disposal of the Royal Society for the advancement of science be not necessarily limited to the annual Grant of 1000, when on any occasion special reasons may be signed for an additional sum." No such increase of the Grant was made, however, until nearly 20 years later, when (on April 29, 1876) a letter was received from the Lord President of the Council proposing " that further aid should be given to research by according permission to the Government Grant Committee to recommend in certain cases the payment of personal allowances to gentlemen during the time they are engaged in their 160 Record of the Royal Society. investigations ; that a sum of 5,000, including the above-mentioned 1000, should be taken annually ; that the Royal Society should be invited to aid Her Majesty's Government with their advice and assistance in its appropriation and expenditure, and as to the sums to be granted in each case, reporting annually to the Lords of the Committee of Council on Education on the progress made and the desirability or non-desirability of renewing the Grant ; and that this- experiment should be tried for five years." The Lord President further proposed that " the administration and expenditure of the Grant, and accountability for it, should be vested in the Science and Art Department, that all instruments purchased for investigations should be left in its charge when no longer required," and that the presidents of certain societies " should be ex-officio members of the Government Grant Committee." After some correspondence, it was finally agreed that the Grant of 1000 should remain as before, and that a vote of 4000 should be taken on the conditions expressed in the Lord President's letter. For five years these two Grants ran concurrently, the Grant of 1000 being known as " The Government Grant," and the Grant of 4000 as " The Government Fund." Four Sub-Committees were appointed to consider applications and report upon them to the General Committee, namely: A. Mathematics, Physics, and Astronomy. B. Biology. C. Chemistry. D. General Purposes. The General Committee, which was now called the Government Fund Committee, was constituted in the same way as before, with the addi- tion of several more ex-officio members, the Presidents of the following* Societies now forming the ex-officio list : The Royal Society of Edin- burgh, Royal Irish Academy, Royal Astronomical Society, Mathe- matical Society, Chemical Society, Linnean Society, Zoological Society, Geological Society, Physical Society, Institution of Civil Engineers, Institute of Mechanical Engineers, General Council of Medical Education, Royal College of Physicians, Royal College of Surgeons, and British Association. It was further agreed on Novem- ber 30, 1877, that the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Royal Irish Academy should each send an additional representative besides- the President. The Committee, thus constituted, reported to the Council, with whom lay the final decision upon the recommendations. On January 11, 1877, the Council received and adopted a code of Regulations which had been drawn up by Sub- Committee .D. To these the Council, on their own initiative, added the further Rule : " That no proposition or application involving a Grant to an existing History of the Government Grant. 161 Member of the Committee be entertained." At the next meeting it was reported that two Members of the Government Fund Committee had resigned their seats, as they intended to make applications ; and that as one of them was an ex-officio Member, the Education Depart- ment had been consulted as to the manner in which the Lords of the Committee of Council on Education would wish the place of a Member ex officio who resigned to be supplied. The Secretary of the Department, in reply, while indicating the way in which this should be done, stated that their Lordships trusted that this self-denying ordinance had not been adopted under any misapprehension of their own views or wishes. " They desire, it may be clearly understood, that they had no wish to impose such a rule as that stated in your letter. On the contrary while fully appreciating the motives which probably induced the Royal Society to impose it they cannot but express the regret which they would feel if it should lead to the loss of the services of some of the most active and distinguished men of science in aid of the distribution of a Grant which, being of a new and tentative character, peculiarly requires the support of those in whose judgment and knowledge the country would place the greatest reliance." The rule in question was not, however, at that time reversed. The assignments recommended were each year submitted to the Science and Art Department for approval, and the question of the nature of the vouchers to be rendered having been raised, it was decided that " the receipt of the gentlemen to whom the payments are made will be accepted as a sufficient voucher, without receipts for all the details of the expenditure." In the following year (1878) a difficulty began to be experienced by the Department in ascertaining when the investigations were completed, and when the instruments used in the investigations should be called in, and a letter was addressed to the Royal Society upon the subject. A circular was in consequence drawn up by the Society, requesting all who had received Grants to give account of their instruments, and the information thus obtained was com- municated to the Department. The process of obtaining full and accurate account of instruments, and the question of when to call them in, have always been matters of some difficulty, which of late have been somewhat more successfully met by an annual return, which every grantee is required to make, and the information thus obtained is embodied in a Schedule of Instruments which was com- menced in 1883. III. GOVERNMENT GRANT OF 4000 A YEAR, The Fund of 4000 a year (which had hitherto run concurrently with the Government Grant of 1000) having been initiated as a M Record of the Royal Society. five years' experiment, a letter was addressed early in 1881 by the Science and Art Department to the Secretary of the Royal Society reminding him that the five years would soon come to an end, and asking for a Report upon the results of the experiment. A " Report by the President and Council " was accordingly drawn up, in which, after reciting the constitution and Regulations of the Fund, they furnished a table of the five years' Grants, with the following totals for the whole period : Number of Applications, 417. Total Amount applied for, 50,401. Number of Applications recommended, 190. Amount for Personal Allowance, 7,800. Amount for Non- Personal Expenses, 11,800. Number of Grants above 100, 98. below 100, 92. The report suggests that if unused balances, instead of reverting* to the Treasury, "could be reserved and kept in hand, provision might be made for some larger purposes than those to which the Fund has hitherto been devoted;" and with respect to personal grants, while it does not suggest that these should be entirely discon- tinued, it does not recommend " the present method of administering them." Some correspondence between the Treasury, the Committee of Council on Education, and the Royal Society ensued, and it was finally agreed (March, 1882), (1) that the Grant, of 1000, which had hitherto been provided under the Vote for Learned Societies, should be discontinued; (2) that the 4000 which had for the previous five years been provided under the Vote for the Science and Art Department should be replaced by a like sum " as a Grant in aid of the Royal Society;" (3) that this Grant should be managed by a reconstituted Government Grant Committee, and should be " primarily applicable to non-personal payments," but that the Com- mittee should be "at liberty to recomo end occasional personal pay- ments from it, which, however, would only be made with the express sanction of the Treasury, obtained in every case; " (4) that accounts and vouchers of the expenditure should be rendered as in the case of the Grant for Meteorological purposes, the money being issued by the Treasury "only upon satisfactory evidence that previous grants had been spent to a sufficient extent, and that no excessive balance was being accumulated over a series of years." In the correspondence concerning details which followed this general arrangement the Council again insisted, as they had clone in 1855, that the Grant was not a Grant to the R >yal Society, but to Science. " With regard to the title under which the Vote is pro- posed, to be made," wrote the President, " inasmuch as the Society History of the Government Grant. 163 derives no pecuniary benefit from the Grant, but in administering it undertakes an onerous and difficult task, the President and Council would be glad if the terms could be so modified as to prevent any misapprehension with regard to this point on the part of the public." The Secretary of the Treasury, in his reply, called attention to the fact that " a Grant in aid means a Grant of which the detailed expenditure is not subject to the same detailed appropriation as the expenditure of an ordinary Grant," and that this was " the reason for using the expression here." Ultimately, in a Treasury Letter dated April 8, 1882, it was agreed that the estimate should be submitted to Parliament in the following terms : " A. Royal Society. Grant for Scientific Investigations undertaken with the sanction of a Committee appointed for the purpose." The question of detailed vouchers was authoritatively settled by the above-quoted letter, dated March 24, 1882, a decision which was confirmed by a letter dated May 7, 1885. The constitution of the Government Grant General Committee under the new scheme was identical with that of the Government Fund Committee which it superseded, but the Sub- Committees under this scheme were : A. Mathematics, Physics, and Astronomy. B. Biology and Geology. C. Chemistry and Mineralogy. D. For the revision of Personal Grants, recommended by the other Sub-Committees. The Code of Regulations adopted at this time was amended and consolidated on December 6, 1883 ; and in January, 1887, Sub- Committees A and C were combined into one Sub- Committee, called 41 A C." In 1888 the Regulations were again under consideration, and on July 5 of that year a code, which is in the main the same as that now in force (see 'Year-book'), was adopted, and communicated to Her Majesty's Treasury, by whom it was approved. In the letter accompanying this code, the Secretary drew the attention of My Lords to the fact that, whereas in 1882 their Lordships had laid it down that " no excessive balance was to be accumulated over a series of- years," the Secretary of the Treasury had in 1885 stated, in answer to an appeal for a Grant in aid of observing the Solar Eclipse of 1886, that u My Lords desire to keep State aid to scientific investigations as much as possible within the limits of the 4000 per annuJi annually placed by Parliament at the disposal of the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society." M 2 164 Record of the Komi Society. The Secretary explained that it was in consequence of the desire thus expressed by their Lordships that it was now proposed to establish a Reserve Fund, not at any time to exceed 2000. The Secretary farther drew attention to the substitution of several relatively small Boards for the previous large Sub-Committees ; to the rule admitting* extended Grants ; to the special precautions under which personal Grants would be made, and which their Lordships would probably consider obviated the necessity of submitting each Grant for their Lordships' approval ; and to the additions to the ex-officio list. In 1894 the Council at the instance of the General Committe& asked Her Majesty's Treasury to increase the amount of the Grant, but without success. Some few amendments have been made in the Regulations since 1888. In March, 1894, Instructions for the Government Grant Boards were drawn up, and in February, 1895, Instructions for a Committee appointed for the purpose of administering a Grant. These will all be found in the * Year-book.' THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. The current publications of the Society are three: the 'Philo- sophical Transactions' (4to), the 'Proceedings' (8vo), and the 4 Catalogue of Scientific Papers ' (4to), to which must be added the ' List of Fellows ' (4to), and ' The Year-Book of the Royal Society ' (8vo), the first number of which for the session 1896-7 has been recently published. Besides these serials, monographs are occasion- ally issued by the Society, such as the * Observations of the Inter- national Polar Expeditions, 1882-3- -Fort Rae,' published in 1886; ; The Eruption of Krakatoa, and Subsequent Phenomena,' edited by G. J. Symoiis, F.R.S., .&c., published in 1888 ; and ' A Monograph of the Horny Sponges,' by Dr. R. von Lendenfeld, published in 1889. THE * PHILOSOPHICAL TKANSACTIONS.' Some account of the origin of the ' Philosophical Transactions ' has- already been given in the introductory sketch of the " Foundation and Early History of the Society" (p. 11). The original form was a small quarto with the title ' Philosophical Transactions : giving some Accompt of the present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the, Ingenious in many considerable parts of the world.' In 1792 a The Publications of the Royal Society. 165 larger quarto was introduced, and has been continued down to the present time. From 1887 the 4 Transactions' have been divided into two series : Series A, containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical character; and Series B, containing Papers of a Biological character. The papers which they comprise have also since 1875 been published in separate form. The volumes for 1817, 1818, 1820-22, are out of print ; with these exceptions all the volumes since 1800 may still be obtained at prices which are advertised each year on the wrapper of the * List of Fellows.' When the * Transactions ' in stock exceed 100, those preceding the last five years may be purchased by Fellows at one-third of the advertised price. THE ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY.' At a meeting of Council on May 10, 1832, it was " Resolved That the printing of the Abstracts of such papers as have been printed in the * Philosophical Transactions ' from the year 1800 inclusive be proceeded in ; and that the Treasurer and Secretaries be requested to superintend the printing of the Abstracts." The first volume of these Abstracts, comprising the years 1800 to 1814, was published the same year, and the Abstracts for the years 1815 to 1830 in the year following. Up to this point the series presents merely a collection of abstracts, arranged in the order of the full papers as they had been issued in the ' Philosophical Transactions ; ' but with the third volume a new order was adopted, the Abstracts being arranged under meetings and following the order in which the papers were read, and each meeting being headed by a brief account of the business which preceded the reading of the papers. The "short" title, in fact, becomes from this rime onwards ' Proceedings of the Royal Society,' but the title page .still stands, * Abstracts of the Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions,' a description which is not strictly accurate since, even so early in the series as the third volume, many Abstracts were pub- lished of papers which never appeared in the ' Philosophical Trans- actions.' With the seventh volume (1854-55). a still further change began. Many papers were published in full in this and the subsequent volumes which were not published in the ' Philosopical Transactions ' at all. These papers were for many years only the briefer or less im- portant communications, the more bulky or more valuable papers being reserved for the quarto form. In time even this distinction became less marked, some papers of great importance appearing only in the * Proceedings.' In this connection, it may be noted that the Statute (('hap. Ill, 5), which stands in the edition of 1871 and previous edi- tions, privileging " All who have become Fellows of the Society after 166 Record of the Royal Society. December the llth, 1834, and who have contributed a paper, which has been printed in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' " to compound for their annual contributions for the sum of Forty Pounds, instead of Sixty Pounds, disappears in the next edition ; and in the year 1887 a further remnant of the distinction disappears by the removal from the List of Fellows of the marginal letter P, which had hitherto been placed against the names of those Fellows who had contributed a paper to the ' Philosophical Transactions.' At the present time the * Proceedings of the Royal Society ' has reached the sixtieth volume. All the volumes are still in print except vols. 7, 9, 10, 14, and 15, and are sold at a uniform price of 21s. per volume, no reduction being made to the Fellows of the Society. CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS.* The Royal Society's ' Catalogue of Scientific Papers,' is the outcome of a movement which dates back nearly forty years. At the Glasgow meeting of the British Association which was held in 1855, a communication from Professor Henry, of Washington, was read, " containing a proposal for the publication of [a catalogue of] philo- sophical memoirs scattered throughout the Transactions of Societies in Europe and America, with the offer of co-operation on the part of the Smithsonian Institute.'* This proposal was referred to a Com- mittee consisting of Mr. Cayley, Mr. Grant, and Professor (now Sir George Gabriel) Stokes ; and their report was presented next year at the Cheltenham meeting of the Association. The scheme set forth in this report was that of a catalogue embracing only the mathematical and physical sciences, but comprising a subject catalogue as well as a catalogue according to the names of authors. There were to be paid editors, " familiar with the several great branches respectively of the sciences to which the catalogue relates," and the work was to include, besides Transactions and Proceedings of Societies, journals, ephemerides, volumes of observations, and " other collections not coming under any of the preceding heads." In this form the scheme came came before the Royal Society in March, 1857, General Sabine having requested, on the part of the British Association, the co-operation of the Society in the under- taking. The scheme, after discussion, was narrowed to a manuscript catalogue, the question of printing being deferred ; it was to be a catalogue of periodical works in the Royal Society's library only; the suggested American co-operation, moreover, was dispensed with, and the work undertaken at the Society's own charge. In one im- portant respect, however, the scheme was greatly widened, for the idea of confining the catalogue to the mathematical and physical * Eeprinted in part from ' Nature,' vol. 45, p. 338. The Publications of the Royal Society. 167 sciences, which had been put forward in the report fco the British Association, was abandoned, and it was decided " that all the sciences should be comprehended." The tentative restrictions were, of course, finally relaxed. It was resolved to extend the indexing to works in other libraries not contained in the library of the Royal Society ; and in 1864, when the question of printing had to be determined, it was decided to offer the Catalogue to Government for publication. The cost to the Society of compiling the material for the first series of the Catalogue was considerable, and many of the Fellows had spent no small amount of time, not only in superintending the progress of the work at home, but in corresponding with Academies abroad, with the view of making the list of serials to be catalogued as complete as might be. It was therefore with some reason that the Lords of the Treasury, in resolving to priut the Catalogue at the public expense, stated that they had regard " to the importance of the work, with reference to the promo- tion of scientific knowledge generally, to the high authority of the source from which it comes, and to the labour gratuitously given by members of the Royal Society for its production." The printing of this first series of the Catalogue covering the scientific serials from the year 1800 to 1863, was commenced by the Stationery Office in 1866, seven Fellows of the Royal Society undertaking to read the proof-sheets gratuitously. The sixth and last volume of the series, completing the alphabet, was issued in 1872. An additional decade of serials, embracing the years 1864-73, containing about 99,000 titles, and filling two additional quarto volumes (vols. 7 and 8), was completed in January 1876, and pub- lished by Her Majesty's Stationery Office in 1879. But when the next decade neared completion it was found, that, even keeping the Catalogue on the old lines, and making no considerable addition to the number of serials catalogued, ten years of memoirs, which formerly filled two volumes, would now fill three ; and an additional difficulty arose from the fact that the Treasury now informed the Society that the " ' Catalogue of Scientific Papers ' would not be continued as a publication of the Stationery Office." Parliament voted, however, a gift towards the charges of publication, and a portion of this gift, supplemented by the Royal Society's own funds, was devoted to the issue of vol. 9, which the Cambridge University Press, aided by a subsidy from the Society, published in 1891. The question how to meet the expense of future volumes was, however, still an unsolved problem until in December, 1892, Dr. Ludwig Mond made the Society the handsome donation of 2000 to assist in carrying on the Catalogue and Index. Partly by aid of this gift, vol. 10 was published in 1894, and vol. 11, completing the decade 187483, last year. 168 Record of the Royal Society. In addition to the foregoing, the President and Council have determined to issue a supplementary volume, in which will be catalogued all the most important papers that have appeared from 1800 to 1883 in periodicals not hitherto indexed, and the copy for this volume is now in an advanced stage of preparation. The work for the decade 1883-94 has also made some progress. The question of a Subject Catalogue has been often considered, and the Society have actually on foot a Subject Index to the existing Catalogue. The preliminary preparation of the copy, involving the reduction of all the titles to one language, is now far advanced, and the scheme of classification is under consideration. A portion of Dr. Ludwig Mond's gift, which has been mentioned above, is devoted to this branch, of the work, and in June, 1894, he supplemented this important aid by the still more munificent promise to contribute one-half of the total expenditure upon the Index in excess of that portion of his former gift already devoted to this purpose, provided the Society or others are willing to contribute the remainder of such sum (see p. 120). By this means the Index to the Catalogue will doubtless in due time become an accomplished fact, and thus the whole series from 1800 to 1883, under Authors and Subjects, be com- pleted. And the Society looks forward to being able to continue the whole work up to the year 1900, at which date it is to be hoped that an international organization, the consideration of which was the subject of an international conference held at the instance of the Royal Society in July of last year, may take it up. THE LIBRARY. On the 2nd January, 1666-7, Mr. Henry Howard (afterwards sixth Duke of Norfolk) presented the Royal Society with "the Library of Arundel House, to dispose thereof as their property, desiring only that in case the Society should come to faile, it might return to Arundel House ; and that this inscription, Ex dono Henrici Howard Norfolciensis, might be put upon every book given them." "The Society," it is added, "received this noble donation with all thankfullnesse, and ordered that Mr. Howard should be registered as a benefactor." This gift may be regarded as the nucleus of the Society's Library. A considerable part of the Arundel Library came originally from the collection of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, a portion of The Library. 16V* which, after his death, passed into the possession of the celebrated Bilibald Pirckheimer, of Nuremberg, who died in 1530. This portion was purchased by Howard's grandfather, Thomas, Earl of Arundel, during his embassy at Vienna ; and it consisted of a great number of printed books and many rare and valuable manuscripts.* It may be mentioned that several of the books, which are still in the Society's possession, contain Bilibald Pirckheimer's book-plate, designed by Albrecht Diirer. An entry in the Council Minutes of May 18, 1681, shows that the Arundel Library was at that time kept separate from the other books, and it probably remained so for many years. The volumes were afterwards, however, distributed according to subjects, and in process of time many were disposed of. Sales of books were made in 1713. 1745, and at subsequent dates. On June 20, 1872, the Council, 011 the recommendation of the Library Committee, resolved " to dispose of superfluous books from the collection of works on * Miscellaneous Literature, " and these probably included many 'Arundel books.' The most valuable of the printed books of purely literary interest retained by the Society were in 1883 collected together, under the superintendence of the Treasurer, Sir John Evans, in a case made for the purpose. They include a copy of Caxton's Chaucer, and two volumes, printed on vellum, by Fust and Schoeffer, named the * Liber Sextus Decretalium cum glossis ' (A.D. 1465), and Cicero's * Officia fc Paradoxa ' (A.D. 1466) ; a very perfect example of Albrecht Diirer's ' Historia Marise, Passio Domini, et Apocalipsis,' in one volume (A.D. 1511); a copy of the 'Nuremburg Chronicle'; a very fine copy of ' Euclidis Elementa,' Editio Princeps (Venetiis. Ratdolt, 1482) with illuminated initials: a number of Editiones Principes of the Latin Classics, including many Aldines, a large col- lection of Luther's and of scarce Reformation tracts, and many other works of literary or typographical interest. The bulk of the Aruudel Manuscripts was sold to the Trustees of the British Museum in 1830 for the sum of 3559, the proceeds being devoted to the purchase of scientific books ; these Manuscripts a.re still kept in the British Museum as a separate collection. A catalogue of all the manuscripts and printed books originally given to the Society by Henry Howard of Norfolk was printed in 1681, and a copy of the same is in the Society's Library. The scientific books in the Library probably number about 60,000 volumes. In the purchase of books, special attention has for many years past been paid to scientific serials ; and the collection of Journals and of the Transactions of Scientific Societies is now a very large one. The Council annually votes a sum of 400 for the purchase and binding of books. * Weld's ' History,' TO!. 1. p. 196. 170 Record of the Royal Society. A Catalogue of the Scientific Books in two octavo volumes is on sale. Part 1 (1881) containing Transactions, Journals, &c., 5s. ; Part II (1883), General Science, 15s. A reduction on these prices is made to Fellows. A List of Additions to the Library made during the year will be found in the ' Year-book.' The Regulations for the use of the Library are contained in Statutes, Chap. XIV, 711 (see ' Year-book '); but the Council have under consideration the issue of more detailed Standing Orders. The books lent out are called in by order of Council usually once a year, at the beginning of the Long Vacation ; and, during the month of August, no book is allowed to leave the house, though the Library is kept open for purposes of reference. Besides the printed books, the Library contains a rich collection of scientiBc correspondence, official records, and other manuscripts, including the original MS., with Newton's autograph corrections, from which the first edition of the * Principia. ' was printed ; the celebrated MS. volume of the ' Commercium Epistolicum,' relating to the Leibnitz-Newton controversy on the priority of the invention of fluxions ; the MS. of John Aubrey's ' Memoires of Naturall Remarques in the County of Wilts,' written in 1685 ; a collection of over 300 letters by Leeuwenhoek ; a collection of letters and manu- scripts by Malpighi ; a collection of letters by Henry Oldenburgh and Dr. J. Beale written to Robert Boyle ; Henry Oldenburgh's commonplace book containing drafts of his letters to Milton and to Robert Boyle ; the autograph MS. of Wallis's * Treatise on Logic,' published in the folio edition of his works ; a large album containing original letters, portraits, and other memorials of Joseph Priestley, collected by James Yates, &c. Many of the manuscripts and most of the MS. letters are given in the ' Catalogue of Miscel- laneous Manuscripts,' compiled by the late J. 0. Halliwell-Phillipps, P.R.S., in 1840, which is on sale (price 2s.). Among the series not there catalogued are 'The Boyle Papers,' bound in fifty- three volumes, the ' Letter Books,' containing copies of the early scientific correspondence from the foundation of the Society to the end of the 17th century, the * Register Book ' of the Royal Society, containing copies of scientific memoirs communicated to the Society from 1661 to 1738, in twenty-one volumes; the 'Journal Book,' containing minutes of the Society's meetings from 1660 to the present time ; the ' Council Minutes ' from the foundation of the Society ; and a series of guard-books, containing the original MSS. of early memoirs communicated to the Society, arranged under sub- jects. The MSS. of the ' Philosophical Transactions ' and ' Proceed- ings,' and the papers read before the Society but not published, are bound into volumes and preserved for reference, as, also, are the " Certificates of Candidature," in which the qualifications of candi- Instruments and Historical Relics. 171 dates are stated, and to which the signatures of supporters are attached. All the above-mentioned MSS., and others not here specified, are open to the inspection of Fellows, but the loan of them is exclusively vested in the Council. INSTRUMENTS AND HISTORICAL RELICS IN THE POSSESSION OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. RELICS OF SIR ISAAC NEWTON. 1. Solar Dial cut in stone, made by the hand of Sir Isaac Newton when a boy, taken out in 1844 from the wall of the Manor House at Woolsthorpe, in which he was born, and presented the same year to the Royal Society by the Rev. Chas. Tumor, F.R.S., to whose family the house belonged. 2. Two rules made of the wood of Sir Isaac Newton's apple tree at Woolsthorpe. Presented by Rev. GTias. Tumor, F.R.S. 3. Original Reflecting Telescope of Sir Isaac Newton, made with his own hands, in 1671. (' Phil. Trans.,' vol. 7. p. 4004.) Presented to the Royal Society by Messrs. Heath and Wing, Math. Inst. Makers, Strand, London ; Feb. 6, 1766. 4 parts. 4. The MS. of the 'Principia,' from which the First Edition was printed, with autograph corrections by Sir Isaac Newton. 5. An autograph order, dated July 27, 1720, addressed by Sir Isaac Newton to Dr. John Francis Ffouquier, directing him to apply certain sums belonging to Newton in purchasing, on Newton's account, South Sea Stock. Presented by Dr. Wollaston, P.R.S. 6. The original mask of Newton's face, which belonged to Roubiliac, from the cast taken after death. Presented in 1839 by Prof. Hunter Christie, Sec. R.S. 7. Sir Isaac Newton's Watch. 8. A lock of Sir I. Newton's Hair. Presented by Henry Garling, Oct. 25, 1847. 9. Armchair, formerly belonging to Sir Isaac Newton. Bequeathed in 1812 to Richard Saumarez. Bequeathed to the Royal Society in 1891 by the late Mr. Thomas Kerslake, of Clevedon. OTHER RELICS AND INSTRUMENTS. 1. Air-pump, with double barrel. Presented to the Royal Society by the Hon. Robert Boyle, in 1662. 172 Record o) the Royal Society. SIR ISAAC NEWTON'S REFLECTING TELESCOPE. 2. Sir William Potty's Double-bottomed boat. " Upon the reading of a letter, sent out of Ireland to the Secretary, con- cerning the expectation, which the Committee, that heretofore had given the Society an Account of S r "William Petty's new ship, did entertain for hearing the sense of the Society thereupon, it was " Ordered, That the Committtee should be put in minde by the Secretary that the Matter of Navigation, being a State-concerne, was not proper to be managed by the Society ; And that S r "William Petty, for his private satisfaction, may, when he pleases, have the sense (if he hath it not already) of particular Members of the Society, concerning his new Invention." Council Minutes, May 27, 1663. " The Papers of the next Philosophical Transactions, having been con- sidered of, and the account therein given concerning the Structure and Advantages of S r William Petty's Double-bottom'd ship ; it was resolved, that the publication of them should be differed, till his Ma'? had been made acquainted with the particulars therein, relating to the said ship." Council Minutes, April 26, 1665. Instruments and Historical Relics. 173 3. Open Cistern Mercurial Barometer, by Ramsden. 1 Phil. Trans.,' 1776, p. 383. 4. Open Cistern Mercurial Barometer, by Newman, under the direc- tion of Mr. Daniell. ' Meteorological Essays.' 5. Open Cistern Mercurial Barometer, by Newman, under the direc- tion of Sir H. Davy, with an Iron Plunging Cylinder, compen- sating for difference of capacities. 6. Mercurial Standard Thermometer, by Dollond. Brass divided scale, 23^ inches long, with divisions extending from 20 below, to 535 above zero, Fahrenheit. 7. Mercurial Standard Thermometer, by Troughton and Simms. Brass divided scale, 15 inches long; divisions from zero to 215 F. 8. Wedgwood's Pyrometer; or Thermometer for measuring high degrees of heat. 66 parts. ' Phil. Trans.,' 1782, p. 305 ; 1784, p. 358 ; 1786, p. 390. 9. Captain Kater's Hygrometer, by Robinson. 10. Jones's Hygrometer, with the stem bent at an acute angle. ' Phil. Trans.,' 1826, p. 53. 11. Hydrometer, by Fordyce. 12. Huygens's Aerial Telescope. (1) An object-glass of 122 feet focal length, with an eye-glass of 6 inches, and original appara- tus for adjustment, made by Huygens, and presented by him to the Royal Society in 1691. (2) The apparatus for using Huygens's object-glass, >12 parts, constructed by Hooke. (3) Additional apparatus, by Dr. Pound. Presented by Dr. Bradley. (4) Ditto, by Mr. Cavendish. 13. An Object-glass by Huygens, of 170 feet focal length. Presented to the Royal Society by Sir Isaac Neivton, P.R.S. 14. An Object-glass by Huygens, with two eye-glasses by Scarlet, for a Telescope of 210 feet. Presented by the Rev. Gilbert Burnet, M.A., F.R.S., in 1724. 15. An Object-glass (Venetian), of 90 feet focal length: which belonged to Flamsteed. Presented to the Royal Society by James Hodgson, F.R.S., in 1737. 16. A 10-inch Protractpr, by Ramsden ; with vernier to 1'. 17. Convertible Pendulum of Captain Kater; with the Agate Planes. The basis of the present system of British Weights and Measures. ' Phil. Trans.,' 1818, p. 37. 18. Copy of the Imperial Standard Yard, by Dollond. ' Phil. Trans.,' 1831, p. 345. 174 Record of the Royal Society. 1 9. A brass standard of Length, marked Exch r . Standard, Hen. VII. 1490. Exch r . Standard, Eiiz. 1588. 20. Trigonometer, by Bowles. 4 parts. 21. Repeating Circle, of one foot diameter, by Troughton. Employed by Captain Kater at the principal Stations of the Trigono- metrical Survey. ' Phil. Trans.,' 1819, p. 339. 22. Chronometer, by Arnold. 28. Chronometer, by Arnold. Both these Chronometers accompanied Captain Cook on Ids second and third Voyages. 24. A 12-inch Dipping Needle, by Nairne and Blunt. 2 parts. ' Phil. Trans.,' 1776, p. 395. 25. A 12-inch Variation Needle. Ibid., p. 385. 26. A Magnetic Variation Needle, with Vernier Microscopes, by Jones ; for making observations 011 the influence of the Aurora Borealis upon the Magnetic Needle. 27. Dr. Gowin Knight's Battery of Magnets. Presented to the Royal Society by Dr. John Fothergill in 1776. Re-arranged in 1828 by Captain Beaufort and Mr. Barlow. 28. Armed Loadstone. Grew's ''Catalogue of Rarities" (p. 364) mentions an Orbicular Load- stone, or Ter[r~]ella, given by Sir Christopher Wren, the size of which, so far as the stone is concerned, agrees with the above ; it is conjectured that it may be the same. 21). A Galvanic Battery, made by Dr. Wollaston, in a tailor's thimble. Presented to the Royal Society by Sir A. W. Franks, June 28, 1879. In a letter to the late William Spottiswoode, P.R.S., which accompanied this present, Sir (then Mr.) Augustus Wollaston Franks says that this little battery was given by his godfather, Dr. Wollaston, to his mother then Miss Sebright. See also an anecdote about this battery in Weld's ' History of the Rojal Society,' vol. 2, p. 309. 30. Dr. Priestley's Electrical Machine. 81. Curioun Steel Callipers for very accurate measurement, by Paull of Geneva: 1777. 82. Rowning's Universal Constructor of Equations. ' Phil. Trans.,' 1770, p. 240. 83. The original model for Davy's Safety Lamp. And other Instrnments of less interest. List of Portraits and Busts. 175 [ST OF PORTRAITS AND BUSTS IN THE APARTMENTS OF THE SOCIETY*. * # * Where the entries after a name are incomplete, particulars are wanting. Subject. Description. Painter, Engraver, or Sculptor. Donor. Date of gift. 1. Amici, Giovanni Bat- Photograph . . . Sir C. Wheatstone, 1876 tista F.R.S. 2. Arnott, Neil, F.R.S. . . Crayon drawing Mrs. Carpenter . . Mrs. Arnott 1874 ! 3. Arundel, Thomas How- Oil painting. .. T.Murray Sir Isaac Newton, ard, Earl of P.R.S. 4. Aston, Francis, Sec. Ditto . . . . : F. Kerseboom R.S. 1 5. Bacon. Sir Francis, Ditto . . . . , P. van Somer, on Martin Folkes, 1754 , Lord Chancellor | panel Esq., P.R.S. 6. Baily, Francis, F.R.S. . Mezzotinto en- T. Lupton, after Rev. R. Sheep- 1846 7. Banks, Sir Joseph, graving T. Phillips, R.A. Oil painting . . j T. Phillips, R.A. . . shanks Don Jose de Men- 1818 Bart, P.E.S. 1 doza y Rios 8. Ditto Marble bust . . j Sir F. Chantrey, Sir F. Chantrey, 1819 R.A. R.A. 9. Barrow, Sir John, Bart., Oil painting . . S. Pearce J. Barrow, Esq., 1866 F.R.S. F.R.S. 0. Bavaria, Charles Theo- Ditto .. Duke of Bavaria . . 1785 dore, Duke of 11. Birch, Thomas, D.D., Ditto . . . . J. Wills F.R.S. 12. Boyle, Hon. Robert, Ditto . . . . F. Kerseboom . . Executors of Mr. 1692 F.R.S. Boyle L3. Ditto Ditto . . . . Sir G. Kneller . . Sir C. Wheatstone, 1876 F.R.S. 14. Ditto Ditto 5. Bradley, James, D.D., Ditto . . . . J. Richardson Rev. Peach 1790 F.R.S. 16. Brahe, Tycho Ditto . . . . M. J. Mierevelt 17. Brodie, Sir Benjamin Ditto .. .. A. Thompson, after Sir B. C. Brodie, 1873 C., Bart., P.R.S. G. F. Watts, R.A. Bart. L8. Ditto Plaster bust . . Original model of Sir B. C. Brodie, 1867 the bust by Bart. W. Behnes .9. Brouncker, Tiscount, Oil painting . . Sir P. Lely Viscount Brouncker P.R.S. 1 20. Buchanan, George . . Ditto .. F. Pourbus, Sen.. . T. Povey, Esq. 21. Buckland, Rev. Mezzotinto en- S. Cousins, R.A., Sir C. Wheatstone, 1876 William, F.R.S. graving after T. Phillips, F.R.S. R.A. 22. Buissiere, Paul, For. Oil painting . . T. Gainsborough Peter Buissiere, Mem. R.S. (?) Esq., F.R.S. Reprinted from the 'Proceedings of the Royal Society,' vol. 50, with additions. 17b Record of the Royal Society. Subject. Description. Painter, Engraver, or Sculptor. Donor. Date ofgitt. 23. Burney, Dr., F.R.S. . . Plaster bust ... 24. Burrow, Sir James, Oil painting . , J. B. Van Loo . . Sir J. Burrow . . 1777 P.E.S. 25. Chandler, Samuel, Oil painting. M. Chamberlain . . Executors of Mr. 1781 D.D., F.R.S. John Chandler, F.R.S. 26. Chardin, Sir John, Ditto . . G. Handford, Esq. 1887 F.R.S. 27. Charles II., King, Ditto .. Sir P. Lely Founder and Patron 28. Ditto .. Marble bust . . J. Nollekens Ordered by the 1779 Council R.S. 29. Children, John George, Oil painting . . S. Fearce(P) * .. Dr. J, E. Gray, 1873 Sec. E S. F.R.S. 30. Clift, William, F.R.S. . Ditto .. H. Schmidt Mrs. Owen 1858 31. Colwall, Daniel, F.R.S. Ditto .. .. D. Colwall, Esq. . . t 32. Combe, Taylor, Sec. Ditto .. Joseph (?) J Dr. J. E. Gray, 1873 R.S. F.R.S. 33. Copernicus, Nicholas . . Ditto (on panel) Lorman of Berlin, Dr. Wolf.. 1776 from an original portrait (see ' Phil. Trans.,' vol. Ixvii, p. 33) 34. Cuvier, Georges Bronze bust .. P. J. David, Esq. 35. Dalton, John, F.R.S.. . Oil painting . . B. R. Faulkner . . A Memorial Com- 1841 mittee 36. Darwin, Charles, F.R.S. Etching P. Rajon, after W. W. Ouless, R.A. 37. Ditto Photograph .. Major Darwin 1887 (small oval) 38. Ditto Bronze medal- Allan Wyon lion 39. Darwin, Erasmus, Medallion, in . J. Evans, Esq., F.R.S. Wedgwood Treas. R.S. 40. Davy, Sir Humphry, Oil painting . . Sir T. Lawrence, Lady Davy 1829 Bart,, P.R.S. P.R.A. 41. Ditto Photograph of W. J. Henwood, 1873 the statue at Esq., F.R.S. Penzance ^2. Ditto Wax medallion J. Tayler 43. De la Beche, Sir Henry Mezzotiuto en- W. Walker, after Sir C. Wheatstone, 1876 Thomas, F.R.S. graving H. P. Bone F.R.S. * The portrait of Mr. Children was long in his possession, and given to me by him wheii 1 left the British Museum. I have failed as yet in getting any clue as to the painter of the pictur I have an idea that it was Mr. Pearce, who afterwards painted the Arctic people. (Letter froi the donor, Aug. 4, 1873.) f Included in a list printed in 1834. . J f i he portrait of Mr. Combe was given to me by Mr. Charles Tooke, his nephew, the son < his sister and T Tooke, Esq., the author of ' Prices.' Mr. Combe married the daughter ( Dr. E. W. Gray, Sec. R.S., my uncle. I believe the portrait is by Joseph, who painted all tl family. (Letter from donor, Aug., 1873.) List of Portraits and Ihtsts. 177 Subject. Description. Painter, Engraver, or Sculptor. Donor. Date of gift. 44. Derharo, Eev. William, Oil painting . . G. White . . G. Scott, Esq. * D.D., F.E.S. 45. Descartes, Eene Ditto .. .. F.Hals .. Dr. Maty 1776 45a. Dollond, George, Marble bust . . ' Garland A. W. Dolland, 1894 F.K.S. Esq. 46. Dollond, John, F.E.S. Oil painting . . W. F. Withering- G. Dollond, Esq., 1842 ton, E.A. F.E.S. 47. Ditto Marble bust . . Garland G. Dollond, Esq., 1843 F.E.S. 8. Euler, Leonard . . Plaster medal- lion i9. Evans, John, Treas. Bronze medal- John Evans, Esq. 1889 E.S. lion >0. Evelyn, John, Sec. E.S. Oil painting . . F. Kerseboom (?) Mrs. Evelyn >] . Fairbairn, Sir William, Ditto .. B. E. Faulkner . . Sir W. Fairbairn.. 1874 F.E.S. >2. Ditto Marble bust . . P. Park T. Fairbairn, Esq. 1862 >3. Falconer, Hugh, F.E.S. Ditto .. T.Butler .. A Memorial Com- 1866 mittee 54. Faraday, Michael, Oil painting . . A. Blaikley (paint- J. P. Gassiot, Esq., 1873 F.E.S. ed between 1851 F.E.S. and 1855) >5. Ditto Mezzotinto en- S. Cousins, E.A., J. P. Gassiot, Esq., 1876 graving after H. W. F.E.S. Pickersgill, E.A. 16. Ditto Lithograph .. Sir C. Wheatstone, 1876 F.E.S. 17. Ditto Marble bust . . M. Noble .. H. Bence Jones, 1873 Esq., F.E.S. >8. Ditto Plaster bust .. J. H. Foley, E.A. Purchased by the 1885 Council, E.S. >9. Flam steed, Eev. John, Oil painting T. Gibson . . . . John Belchier, Esq. [1785t] F.E.S. 10. Ditto Ditto .. T. Gibson (?) * >1. Folkes, -Martin, P.E.S. Ditto .. W. Hogarth Martin Folkes, Esq. 12. Ditto Plaster bust . . .. Earl Stanhope . . 1871 >3. Fontenelle, Bernard le Oil painting . . H. Eigaud. . Dr. Maty, F.E.S.. . 1776 Bovier de, For. Mem. E.S. 14. Forbes, Edward, F.E.S. Plaster bust . . J. G. Lough Miss Lough-Bishop 1889 15. Franklin, Benjamin, Oil painting . . .. Caleb Whitefoord, 1790 F.E.S. Esq. 6. Ditto Plaster bust . . Earl Stanhope 1871 7. Franklin, Sir John, F.E.S. Lithograph . . J. H. Maguire, after Negelin Sir C. Wheatstone, F.E.S. 1876 * Included in a list printed in 1834. f The date of a reference to the gift (Council Minutes, vol. 7, p. 231). 178 Record of the Royal Society. Subject. Description. Painter, Engraver, or Sculptor. Donor. ~ Date 68. Gale, Thomas, D.D., Oil painting . . J. Riley (?) * Sec. R.S. 69. Galileo Galilei Ditto .. After J. Suster- Purchased mans 70. Gassendi, Pierre Ditto .. Dr. Paget, F.R.S. * ! 71. George III., King, Marble bust . . J. Nollekens Ordered by the 1773 Patron Council R.S. 72. Gilbert, Davies, P.K.S. Oil painting . . T. Phillips, R.A. . . | Davies Gilbert, Esq. 1834 1 73. Ditto Marble bust . . R. Westmacott. The Baroness 1844 R.A. Basset 74. Graham, Thomas, Mezzotinto en- J. Faed, after J. Sir C. Wheatstone, 1876 ; F.R.S, graving G. Gilbert F.R.S. 75. Gray, Edward Whit- Oil painting . . Sir A. Calcott, R.A. Sir A. Calcott . . 1830 taker, Sec. E.S. 76. Gray, John Edward, Ditto .. Mrs. Carpenter . . The Botanical 1859 F.R.S. Society 77. Haak, Theodore, F.R.S. Ditto .. J. Richardson 78. Haller. Albert von, For. Ditto C. von Stoppelaer. . Dr. Sharpey, 1H77 Mem. R.S. F.R.S. 78a. Ditto Ditto .. Sir J. Paget, F.R.S. 1892 79. Halley, Edmund, Sec. Ditto .. M. Dahl (?) * R.S. 80. Ditto Ditto T. Murray (?) # 81. Harvey, William, M.D. Ditto De Reyn . . . . Dr. Mappletorf * 82. Herschel, Sir John Oil painting . . C. A. Jensen . . John Evans, Esq., 1877 F.W., Bart., F.R.S. Treas. R.S. 83. Hey, William, F.R.S... 84. Hobbes, Thomas 85. Ditto 86. Holland, Sir Henry, Plaster bust . . Oil painting . . Ditto .. Lithograph (Chanti-ey executed a marble bust from this plaster) W. Dobsonf After W. Dobson Rev. J. B. Reade, F.R.S. Dr. Paget, F.R.S. (?) , Sir C. Wheatstone, 1864 1876 F.R.S. F.R.S. 87. Holman, Lieut. James, Oil painting .. G. Chinnery .. Bequeathed by 1858 F.R.S. Lieut. Holman 88. Home, Sir, Everard, Ditto .. T. Phillips, R.A. . . Sir E. Home, Bart. Bart., P.R.S. 89. Hood, Thomas Plaster bust . , E. Davis E. Davis, Esq. 1867 90. Hooker, Sir Joseph Oil painting . . Hon. J. Collier From sixty-eight 1881 Dalton, P.R.S. 91. Humboldt. F. H. Alex- ander von, For. Mem. R.S. Bronze statu- ette Fellows, R.S. 92. Hunter, John, F.R.S. Oil painting . . R. HomeJ. . . . ! Sir E. Home, Bart. 1850 * Included is a list printed in 1834. f See Aubrey's ' Letters written by Eminent Persons,' vol. 2, Part II, p. 682, where lie ment a portrait of Hobbes by J. B. Gaspars as presented to the Society. J The dog in this picture is mentioned in ' Phil. Trans.,' vol. 77, p. 257. JList of Portraits and Busts. 179 Subject. Description. Painter, Engraver, or Sculptor. Donor. Date of gift. 93. Huxliam, John, M.D., Oil painting . T. Eennel.. F.E.S. i O Esq., F.E.S. 94. Huxley, Thomas Etching (re- L. Flemeng, after Fine Art Society . . 1885 Henry, P.E.S. marque proof ) Hon. J. Collier 95. Joule, James Prescott, Oil painting . . Hon. J. Collier . . From a number of 1883 F.E.S. Fellows, E.S. 9oa. Ditto .. Plaster bust . . B. A. Joule, Esq. . 1893 96. Jurin, James, M.D., Oil painting . . 1 t Eev. W. A. Totton 1868 Sec. E.S. 97. Laplace, Pierre Simon Plaster bust . . cle, For. Mem. E.S. 98. Leibnitz, Gottfried Oil painting . . . . Dr. Wilson 1883 Wilhelru, For. Mem. E,S. 99. Liebig, Justus von Photograph . . .. Sir C. Wheatstoue, 1876 For. Mem. E.S. F.E.S. 100. Locke, John, F.E.S.. . Oil painting . . After Sir G. J. Belchier, Esq. . . 1785 Knelier L01. Lvell, Sir Charles, Marble bust . . W. Theed, after Leonard Lyell, 1878 F.E.S. J. Gibson, E.A. Esq. L02. Macclesfield, Earl of, Oil painting . . T. Hudson (?) . . Earl of Maccles- 1754 P.E.S. field 103. M'Culloch, John, Ditto .. B. E. Faulkner . . Bequeathed by M.D., F.E.S, Mrs. M'Culloch 104. Malpighi, Marcello, Ditto .. A. M. Tobar Signer Malpighi For. Mem. E.S. 105. Mantell, Gideon Al- Ditto .. J. J. Masquerier . . W. Mantell, Esq.. . 1859 gernon, F.E.S. .06. Maskelyne, JSTevil, Ditto .. A. Vanderburgh . . Mrs. Mervin Storey D.D., F.E.S. .07. Moivre, Abraham de, Ditto .. J. Highmore E. Wortley Mon- F.E.S. LOS. Moll, Lithograph H, W. Couwenberg tague, Esq. Sir C. Wheatstone, 1876 F.E.S. 109. More, Henry, D.D., Oil painting . . Sir P. Lely Dr. Paget, F.E.S. F.E.S. L10. Murchison, Sir Eode- Mezzotinto en- W. Walker, after Sir C. Wheatstone, 1876 rick Impey, F.E.S. graving W. H. Pickers- F.E.S. gill, E.A. ill. Newton, Sir Isaac, Oil painting . . C. Jervas Sir I. Newton P.E.S. L12. Ditto .. Ditto .. J. Vanderbank* . . C. B. Vignoles, 1841 Esq., F.E.S. L13. Ditto .. Ditto .. J. Vanderbank . . Martin Folkes, Esq., P.E.S. 114. Ditto .. Mezzotinto en- J. Faber, after E. Mallet, Esq. . . 1882 graving Vanderbank L15. Ditto .. O O Ditto. After Vanderbank Eev. J. A. Edleston 1851 116. Ditto .. Steel engraving T. O. Barlow, E.A., Dr. S. Crompton . . 1866 after Sir G. Knelier 117. Ditto .. Pencil drawing (signed D. L. Marchant) Painted the year before Newton died. 180 liecord of the Royal Society. Subject. Description. Painter, Engraver, or Sculptor. Donor. Date of gift. 118. .Newton, Sir Isaac, Lithograph . . Baldrey, after Eev. C. Tumor, 1850 P.E.S. L. F. Eoubiliac's F.E.S. statue at Trinity College, Cam- bridge 119. Ditto .. Marble bust . . L. F. Eoubiliac F1785*] 120. Ditto .. Plaster statu- W. Theed . . J. Winter, Esq. 1858 ette 121. Ditto .. Ditto .. H. J. Jones, after L. F. Eoubiliac's statue at Trinity College, Cam- bridge 122. Northampton, Spen- Oil painting . . T. Phillips, E.A. . . Marquess of North- cer J. A. Compton, ampton Marquess of, P.E.S. 123. Oersted,JensChristian, Plaster bust . . Bissen, of Copen- Miss Harmer 1864 For. Mem. B.S. hagen 124. Oldenburg, Henry, Oil painting . . J. van Cleef Purchased Sec. K.S. 125. Pa get, Sir James, Steel engraving T. O. Barlow, E.A., T. O. Barlow, Esq. 1875 Bart., F.E.S. after J. E. Mil- lais, E.A. 126. Paget, Thomas, D.D.. Ditto .. Mary Beale (?) t 127. Peacock, G-eorge, Dean Oil painting . . D. Y. Blakiston . . A Committee of I860 of Ely, F.E.S. Subscribers 128. Pepys, Samuel, P.E.S. Ditto .. Sir G. Kneller . . S. Pepys, Esq. 129. Pirogoff, . . Photograph 130. Price, Eichard, D.D. Oil painting .. B. West,P.E.A. .. Bequeathed by A. 1876 F.E.S. Morgan, Esq., F.E.S. 131. Priestley, Joseph, Photograph . . Sir C. Wheatstone, 1876 F.E.S: (from a por- F.E.S. trait) 132. Pringle, Sir John, Oil painting . . Sir J. Eeynolcls, Sir J. Pringle 1777 F.K.S. P.E.A. 133. Eamsden, Jesse, F.E.S Ditto .. E. Home Sir E. Home, Bart. 1850 134. Eennell, James Major, Wax relief .. Hagbolt Sir J. D. Hooker, 1890 F.E.S. F.E.S. 135. Ditto .. Porcelain me- dallion 136. Eonalds, Sir Francis, Plaster bust . . j E. Davis S. Carter, Esq. . . 1871 F.E.S. 137. Eoss, Sir James Clark, Lithograph . . After Negelen Lieut.-Col. Sabine. 1846 E.N., F.E.S. 138. Eosse, William Par- Oil painting . . J. Catterson Smith Earl of Eosse 1860 sons, Earl of, F.E.S 139. Sabine, General Sir Ditto .. S. Pearce Mrs. Sabine 1866 Edward, P.E.S. * The date of a reference to the gift (Council Minutes, vol. 7, p. 231). f Included in a list printed in 1834. List of Portraits and Busts. 181 Subject. Description. Painter, Engraver, or Sculptor. Donor. Date of gift. 140. Sabine, General Sir Marble bust . . J. Durham J. P. Gassiot, Esq., 1860 Edward, P.R.S. F.E.S. 141. Schelling, Friedrich W T . J. von Lithograph . . T. Handley, Esq.. . 1846 142. Schumacher, Heinrich Oil painting . . H. Wolf .. H. Wolf, Esq. Christian, For. Mern. E.S. 143. Sedgwick,Eev.Adam, Mezzotinto en- S. Cousins, after T. Sir C. Wheatstone, 1876 F.E.S. graving Phillips, E.A. F.E.S. 144. Sloane, Sir Hans, Oil painting . . Sir G. Kneller . . Sir Hans Sloane Bart, P.E.S. 145. Smeaton,John,F.R.S. Ditto .. Mather Brown . . A. Aubert, Esq., * F.E.S. 146. Ditto .. Ditto .. J. Richardson . . | Ditto . . . . * 147. Smith, Henry John Marble bust . . J. E. Boehm, E.A. A Committee of i 1885 Stephen, F.E.S. 148. Somers, John, Lord Oil painting . . (a Replica) Sir G. Kneller . . Subscribers Sir J. Jekyll Chancellor, P.R.S. 149. Somerville, Mrs. Marble bust . . Sir F. Chantrcy, H.E.H. the Duke of 1842 E.A. Sussex and other subscribers 150. Southwell, Sir Robert, Oil painting . . Sir G. Kneller . . Sir 11. Southwell P.R.S. 151. Spelman, Sir Henry. . Ditto .. D. Mytens 152. Spottiswoode, William, Oil painting . . Hon. J. Collier . . ! A Committee of P.E.S. Subscribers 153. Spratt, Thomas,Bishop Wood engrav- M. V. Gucht, after Dr. Eldridge Spratt 1880 of Rochester, F.E.S. ing Sir P. Lely 154. Stephenson, Robert, Steel engraving F. Holl, after G. ; Institution of Civil 1861 F.E.S. Eichmond Engineers 155. Stokes, Sir G-eorge Gabriel, Bart., P.E.S. Oil painting . . H. Herkomer, E.A. Several Fellows of the Eoyal Society 1891 156. Sturm, John Christo- Ditto .. Heyman Dullaert. . T. Haak, Esq., pher F.E.S. 157. Sussex, H.E.H. the Ditto .. T. Phillips, E.A. . . The Duke of Sus- Duke of, P.E.S. sex 158. Taylor, Brook, Sec. Ditto .. A. Eamsay . . \ Sir W. Young, E.S. Bart., F.E.S. 159. Ditto .. Autotype, after Prof. A. G. Green- 1889 an original hill, F.E.S. picture in the possession of Lady Young 160. Viviani, Vincentio, Oil painting . . .. Dr. Wilson 1883 For. Mem. E.S. 161. Waller, Eichard, Sec. Ditto .. T. Murray E. Waller, Esq. . . 1711 E.S. 162. Wallis, John, D.D., Ditto .. G. Soest .. Mrs. Wallis F.E.S. 163. Watson, Sir William, Ditto .. L. F. Abbot Sir W. Watson M.D., F.E.S. 164. Watt, James, F.E.S.. Marble bust . . J.Hofferman, after Watt, Esq. 1813 Sir F. Chantrey, E.A. * Included in list printed in 1834. 182 Record of the lioyal Society. Subject. Description. Painter, Engraver, or Sculptor. Donor. . . Date of gift. 165. Wheatstone, Sir Oil painting . . C. Martin . . . . Sir C. Wheatstone 1876 Charles, F.E.S. 166. Wilkins, John, Bishop Ditto . . . . Mary Beale * of Chester, Sec. E.S. 167. Williamson, Sir Ditto .. Sir G-. Kneller . . Sir J. Williamson Joseph, P.E.S. 168. Wollaston, William Oil painting . . J. Jackson, E.A. . . Family of Dr. Hyde, M.D., P.E.S. Wollaston 169. Worcester, Edward Steel engraving W. Faithorne H. Dircks, Esq. . . 1864 Somerset, 2nd Mar- quess of 170. Wren, Sir Christopher, P.E.S. Oil painting . . Sir P. Lely (? Sir G-. Kneller) S.Wren, Esq. .. * 171. Young, Thomas, M.D., Ditto .- H. P. Briggs, E.A., Hudson Gurney, 1842 F.E.S. after Sir T. Law- Esq. rence, P.E.A. * Included in list printed in 1834. MISCELLANEOUS. Subject. Description, or Sculptor. Donor. I Date I of gift 1. Representing a Deputa- Oil painting tion from the Council ' of the Eoyal Society consisting of the Pre- sident (Lord Wrottes- ley), Mr. Grove, and Mr. Gassiot to Mr. Faraday to urge him to accept the Presi- , dentship, May, 1857 2. Manor House, Wools- ! Ditto thorpe, the birthplace j of Sir Isaac Newton 3. Ditto, from another j Ditto point of view 4. Village Church, Wools- j Ditto thorpe E. Armitage, E.A. J. P. Gassiot, Esq., : 1878 F.E.S. Eev. C. Tumor, F.E.S. Eev. C. Turnor, F.E.S. Eev. C. Turnor, F.E.S. NOTE. In addition to the framed engraved portraits, all of which are included in the abov list, the Eoyal Society possesses a large collection arranged in portfolios ; and a number c photographs of Fellows. Catalogue of the Medah. 183 CATALOGUE OF THE MEDALS IN THE POSSESSION OF THE SOCIETY. * # * The sizes of the Medals described in the Catalogue are given in inches and decimals. 1. Amsterdam. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. Medal founded by M. Hoeufft, 1837, a gold example of which is awarded annually for a Latin poem. Poetry, holding in one hand a lyre, with the other places a laurel wreath upon the head of a poet who holds a scroll on which is inscribed CERTAMINA POETiCA. Both are standing. Legend. CERTAMINA POESEOS LATINAE. Exergue. J. P. MENGER. F. Reverse. Within a laurel wreath, ACADEMIA REGIA DISCIPLINARVM NEDERLANDICA. Exergue. LEGATO IACOBI HENRICI HOEVFFT. 2-96. &. 2. Baglivi, Giorgio, F.R.S. Bust of Baglivi, r., hair curly, in plain falling collar, doublet buttoned, and cloak, Leg. G. BAGLIVUS. MED . IN . ROM . ARCHIL . P . ET . SOC . REG . LOND . COLL . Behind s . v. Rev. A tripod encircled .by a snake, between a mortar, retort and other implements of medicine, &c. Leg. VNAM . FACIEMVS . VTRAMQVE. Ex. MDCCIIII. 1*55. M. 3. Baly, William. Bust of Baly, Z., almost facing, open shirt. Leg. IN HONOREM GULIELMI BALY M.D. OB T '. 1861. Below, J. S. WYON SC. Rev. Representation of the facade of the Royal College of Physicians. Inscribed around, OB PHYSIOLOGIAM FELICITER EXCULTAM. Below, SIB R. SMIRKE R.A. ARCH T ' j J. S. & A. B. WYON SC. Ex. COLL . REG . MED . LOND. 2'28. M. 4. Batavia. Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. Medal struck in celebration of the cen- ! tenary of the Society, 1778-1878. Within a wreath of tropical flowers, SOCTETAS . ART . SCIENT . BAT . IN . MEMO- RIAM . i . SAEC . FEL . CLAVSi . Below wreath, CH . WIENER . BRUXELLES. Inscribed within a border, A . D . YIII . K . MAI ; MDCCLXXYIII-MDCCCLXXVIII. Rev. A cocoa-nut tree (Cocos nucifera, Linn.) with outlines of Java mountains behind, and inscribed within a border, the motto, TEN NUTTE VAN *T GEMEEN.BATAVIA'S GENOOTSCHAP. 2-89. IE. 184 Record of the Royal Society. 5. Becquerel, Antoine Cesar, For. Mem. R.S. Head of Bec- querel, Z., bare, hair short. Leg. ANTOINE CE"SAR BECQUEREL MEMBRE L'ACADE"MIE DBS SCIENCES. 'Below, ALPHE"E DUBOIS. Rev. Spaced on the field, OFFERT LE 13 AVRIL 1874 A L'ILLUSTRE DOYEN DES PHYSICIENS PAR SES CONFRERES PAR SES AMIS ET PAR SES ADMIRATEURS. 2'0. JE. 6. Beneden, Pierre J. van, For. Mem. R. S. Arms of the Uni- versity of Lou vain with crest and supporters, and the motto, IN FIDE CONSTANS. Below, J. WIENER. Rev. Inscription spaced on the field, civi svo PRJECLARO P. J. VAN BENEDEN PER ANNOS XL . IN UNIV . LOVAN . DOCENTI SCIENTIIS NATURALIBUS DOCT1SSIMO CIVITAS MECHLINIENSIS DEDICAVIT A a MDCCCLXXVII. 1'98. JE. 7. Head of Yan Beneden, Z., hair long, bearded. Below, ED . GEERTS . F. Rev. Above, branches of laurel and palm intertwined with scroll inscribed PAL^ONTOLOGIA . ANATOMIA . ZOOLOGIA. Inscription below, VIRO DOCTISSIMO ET CELEBERRIMO P. J. VAN BENEDEN PER DECEM JAM LUSTRA IN UNIVERSITATE CATHOLICA LOVANIENSI PROFESSORI . MDCCCXXXVI-MDCCCLXXXVI 2' 18. JE. 8. Berzelius, Jons Jakob, For. Mem. R.S. Bust of Berzelius, r., hair short, bare. Leg. JACOBUS BERZELTUS . NAT . MDCCLXXIX . DEN . MDCCCXLVIII. Rev. Fame flying towards Night, who is seated, her left arm rests on a sphinx, and near are emblems of the sciences. In- scribed around, APERIT AENIGMATA CONDITA LUSTEAT ; right and left, C . G . OVARNSTROM . INV. P . H . LUNDGREN FEC. Ex. SOC10 LONGE NOBILISSIMO PER ANNOS XXX SECRETARIO ACAD . REG . SCIENT . SVEC. 2'22. JR. Bigsby, John Jeremiah, F.R.S. See London, Geological Society. Black, Joseph. See Glasgow, University. 9. Brahe, Tycho. Bust of Brahe, r., hair short, in richly embroi- dered doublet and mantle ; round the neck a chain, to which a medallion portrait is attached. Leg. TYCHO BRAKE". Below, ROGAT . E. Rev. Inscription, spaced on the field, NATUS ELSINBURGHI IN SCANIA AN . M.D.XLV . OBIIT AN . M.DC.I. SERIES NUMISMATICA TJNIVERSALIS VIRORUM ILLUSTRIUM. M.D.CCC.XXV. DURAND EDIDIT. 1-64. JE. 10. Brussels. Acad&nie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres. Medal celebrating the 100th anniversary of the foundation of the Academy by the Empress Maria Theresia. Bust of Maria Theresia, L, hair in short curls, wearing bandeau decorated with pearls, drapery falling from the head fastened at the Catalogue of the Medals. 185 breast with brooch ; in low richly embroidered gown, and mantle fastened with jewel on the shoulder. Leg. IMP. MARIA THERESIA . ACAD . CONDIT. Below, B D U V. Rev. Inscription, spaced on the field, ACADEMIA SCIENT . LIT . ET . ART . BELGICA AB . AVG . IMP . MARIA . THERESIA ANNO . MDCCLXXII . INST1TVTA A . GVILIELMO . I . REGE - AVGYSTO ANNO . MDCCCXVI . EESTITVTA A . LEOPOLDO . I . REGE . AVG . ANNO . MDCCCXLY . AVCTA FESTA . SAECVLAEIA . AGIT ANNO . MDCCCLXXII. 2'0. JE. Buchanan, Sir George, F.R.S. See London, Royal Society. 11. Canning, George, F.R.S. Head of Canning, Z., top of head bare. Behind, CANNING. On truncation, A. j. STOTHARD D. ; below, F. L. CHANTREY . R A. D. Rev. Clio, looking to r., leans in almost upright position against low pillar, on which rests her left hand with scroll bearing legend, TO GREAT MEN ; in right hand a pen. Below, PUB D BY S PARKER LONDON. MDCCCXXVII. Right and left, A. J. STOTHARD F. T. STOTHAHD R.A. D. 2'46. -33. 12. Challenger Medal. Bust of Athena, Z., near her an owl, and behind, forming a background, the terrestrial globe. In the Held right and left appears a dolphin, and Neptune, who holds a trident and dredge. Below, two mermaids support a scroll on which is inscribed YOYAGE OF H-M-S. CHALLENGER 1872-76. Rev. The genius of the " Challenger " Expedition represented by a Knight in armour, who throws down his gauntlet to the sea. Inscribed around on a scroll, one end of which passes round a trident behind the figure, EEPOET ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE CHALLENGER EXPEDITION 1886-95. Cast. 2*87. M. This medal was founded to commemorate the work connected with the " Challenger" Expedition. It was presented by Dr. John Murray, F.R.S., to the naval officers and members of the civilian staff of the Expedition, to contributors of memoirs, and to other persons who took part in the promotion of the Expedition, or the publication of the scientific results. 13. Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of, F.R.S. Bust of the Earl, Z., hair long, in coat, riband, and star of the Garter. Leg. PHILIPPUS STANHOPE. Below, i. A. DASSIER . F. Rev. Within an ornamental border, COMES BE CHESTERFIELD . MDCCXLIII. 2'15. JS. 14. Christiania. K. Norske Frederiks Universitet. Within a laurel wreath the inscription ACADEMIAE REGIAE NORY . FR1DERTCIANAE SACRA SEMISECULARIA D . II SEPTBR . MDCCCLXI. 186 Record of the Royal Society. Rev* Mercury seated, wearing Phrygian cap, offers drink to a lion out of a patera. Inscribed around, EX HAUSTL' OLYMPICO VALENTIOR. Ex. G . LOOS D . KULLEICH F. 1*67. GILT.. 15. [Christiania.] K. Norske Frederiks Universitet. Medal founded 1872, on the occasion of the celebration of the union of Norway as one Kingdom one thousand years prior. A female figure representing Norway is seated to Z., helmeted, hair long ; in right hand a spear, the left rests on the Norwegian shield. A mantle fastened at the throat with a brooch is thrown back, disclosing a vest of mail with waistbelt. Alongside the shield a stone, inscribed M[JLLE] ANNI. Leg. TEMPORI SVPERSTES. Ex. MDCCCLXXII. Below, MIDDELTHUN . INV : CONRADSEN SCULP. Rev. Within an olive wreath, REGNI NORVEGICI ANNVM MILLESIMVM PIA CELEBRAT VXIVERSITAS REGIA FREDERl- ClAXA. 2'08. 35. 16. - - K. Norske Frederiks Universitet. Medal founded 1873, on the occasion of the crowningof King Oscar II. Busts conjoined, r., of Oscar II. of Sweden and Norway, and Sophia his Queen, both crowned. He wears a mantle fastened with a pin ; she, a necklace. Leg. OSCAR n ET SOPHIA NOR. .STJEC. REX ET REGINA MDCCCLXXIII. On truncation, G . LOOS D. On the rim, w . KULLRICH F. Rev. Clio, seated, holding a scroll and pen. Around, an olive wreath. Leg. VETAT MORI. Below, u . R . F . [Universitas Regia Fredericiana.] On the rim, E. WEIGAKD FEC. T68. M.. 17. K. Norske Frederiks Universitet. Busts- conjoined, r., of Charles XV. of Sweden and Norway, and Louisa his Queen, both crowned. He wears a mantle fastened with a pin ; she, a necklace. Leg. CAROLUS ET LOUISA NORV. SVEC. REX ET REGixA. Below, G. LOOS DiR, On the rim, SCITXITZSPANN FEC. Rev. The goddess Athena, standing to r., reading a scroll ; on her breast the head of Medusa. To the right of the figure an owl flying to front. Inscription, within a border, VOVENS ET MEMOR. UNIYERSITAS REGIA FREDERICIANA. 1'68. M.. Clarke, Rev. William Bran white, F.R.S. See Sydney, Royal Society of New South Wales. 18. Combe, Taylor, F.R.S. Head of Combe, Z., bare, hair short. On truncation, w. j. TAYLOR . F. Below, PISTRUCCI D. Rev. Within a laurel wreath the inscription, TAYLOR COMBE M.A. SEC . ROY . SOC . DIRECT . SOC . ANT . KEEPER OF COINS & ANTIQUITIES BRITISH MUSEUM DIED 1826 AGED 52. 1-78. 2E. Catalogue of tit e Medals. 187 Mr. Combe \\as Secretary of the Royal Society 1812-24. Pistrucci's original plaster model for this medal was presented to the British Museum by Dr. John Gray, F.B.S. 19. Conduit, John, F.R.S. Bust of Conduit, r., hair short, neck bare, in mantle, fastened with brooch on the shoulder. Leg. JOHANNES CONDUITT . REI . MONET I PR.EF : Below, TANNER . LONDINI . F. Rev. Truth introduces Conduit to Hampden holding a staff surmounted by a cap of Liberty, a stork at his feet, and to Newton, seated, resting his hand on a slab, on which is a diagram of the planetary system. Leg. MEMORES FECERE MERENDO. Ex. M.DCC.XXXVII 2'2G. M. Conduit succeeded Sir Isaac Newton, who was his uncle by marriage, as Master of the Mint. 20. Copenhagen. Universitet. Medal struck in celebration of the 400th anniversary. Busts conjoined, r., of Christian L (founder) and Christian IX., the one wearing a cap and falling collar, the other bare. Leg. CHRISTIANAS I . CHRISTIANVS ix . MDCCCLXXIX. On truncation, H. CONRADSEN. Eev. Denmark seated, Z., laureate, and clad in loose draperies, clasps the extended hand of the goddess Athena standing, who- holds an owl, on her breast the head of Medusa. The- left hand of Denmark rests upon the Danish shield (three crowned lions, and nine hearts). Inscription, QVATTVOR EXEGIT SPERAT NOVA SAECVLA VIVAX. Ex. VNIVERSITAS HAVNIENSIS. T86. JE. 21. Copernicus, Nicholas. Bust of Copernicus, Z., hair long, in coat and fur vest. Leg. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS. Below, PETIT F. Rev. Inscription, spaced on the face, NATUS TORUNII IN PRUSSIA AN.M.CCCC.LXXIII . OBIIT AN.M.D.XLIII. 8EEIES NUMISMATICA UNIVEESALIS VIBOBTTM ILLUSTEIUM. M.DCCC.XVI1I. DTTEAND EDIDIT. 1'6. M. Copley Medal. See London, Royal Society. 22. Czuczor, Gergely, and Janos Fogarasi. Busts conjoined, Z., hair short, both bare. Leg. CZUCZOR GERGELY FOGARASI JANOS. Below, C. RADNITZKI. Eev. Inscription, A MAGYAR NYELV SZ^TARA BEFEJEZESE"NEK EMLE"KEUL A MAGYAR TUDOMANYOS AKADEMIA MDCCCLXXEV. 1-68. GILT. This medal was struck in commemoration of the completion of their great dictionary of the Hungarian language. 23. Darwin, Charles, F.R.S. Medallic Portrait. Cast. Bust of 188 Record of the Royal Society. Darwin, Z., hair and beard long, crown of head bare. Leg. On sunk band, CHARLES DARWIN 1881. Below, A . L . [A. Legros.] Rev. Plain. 4'5. M. Darwin Medal. See London, Royal Society. Davy Medal. See London, Royal Society. 24. Descartes, Ren6. Bust of Descartes, r., hair long, in plain falling collar and closely buttoned doublet. Leg. RENE DESCARTES. Below, GALLE F. Rev. inscription, spaced on the face, NE" A LA HEYE EN TOURAINE EN M.D.XCVI. MORT EN M.DC.L. GALEEIE METALLIQUB DBS GRANDS HOMMES FBAN^AIS. 1819. 1'6. JE. 25. Doncaster. Horticultural Society. Bust of Linnaeus, r., hair short, in vest and cravat, with loose mantle. ' On the breast a sprig of Linncea borealis. Leg. DONCASTER HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1835. CAROLUS LINNAEUS. Below bust, J. B. Rev. Within a wreath of flowers, the arms and crest of Don- caster. 2'1. M. 26. Donders, Franz Cornells, For. Mem. R.S. Medal struck in honour of his Jubilee, celebrated at "Utrecht in 1888. Head of Donders, r., bare, hair short. Leg. FRANCISCVS CORNELIVS DONDERS. D . XXVII MAII A . MDCCCXVIII MDCCCLXXXVIII. Below truncation, L. JUNGER . D. J. p. M. MENGER . F. Rev. Within an olive wreath, PER VARIAS GENTES ILLVSTRIS BATAVI ADMIRATIONS JVNCTI. Inscribed around, IN MEMORIAM DIEI QVO CONDITVM PIVM CORPVS IPS1VS NOMINE 1NSIGNE. Below, w. SCHAMMER. F. 2 f 6. m. 27. Edinburgh. Royal Society. The Keith Prize Medal. Bust of John Napier of Merchiston (the inventor of logarithms), Z., hair long, in ruff and close-fitting doublet. Leg. IOANNES NEPERUS DE MERCHISTON. Below, C. F. CARTER SCULP. Rev. Within a laurel wreath, INGENII FELICITER EXCULTI PREMIUM KEITHIANUM. Leg. SOC . REG : EDIX : ADJUDICAYIT . 175. JE. Evans, John, F.R.S. See London, Numismatic Society. Fogarasi, J. See Czuczor and Fogarasi. 28. Folkes, Martin, P.R.S. Bust of Folkes, r., hair short, cap on head, in loose robe. Leg. MARTINUS FOLKES ARM B - Below, JA. . ANT . DASSIER. Rev. Within an ornamental compartment, SOCIETATIS REGALIS LONDINI SODALIS . M.DCC.XL. 2'15. JE. Folkes was President of the Hoyal Society for 11 years, having been elected in 1741. Catalogue of the Medals. 1S9 1 29. Freind, John, F.R.S. Bast of Freind, Z., hair long, no drapery. Leg. IOAXNES . FREIND . COLL . MED . LOND . KT . REG . s . s . On truncation, s v. Rev. An ancient and a modern physician meeting and grasping right hands ; between them, on the ground, are herbs, book, crucible, &c. Leg. MEDICINA . VETVS . ET . NOVA. Ex. VNAM FACIMVS VTRAMQVE. SV. 2'26. M. 30. Galileo Galilei. Bast of Galileo, r., hair short, bearded, wearing ruff and doublet. Leg. GALIL^EUS GALILEI. Below, GAYRARD F. Rev. Inscription, spaced on the field, NATUS PISIS IN ITALIA . AN . M.D.LXIV . OBIIT AN . M.DG.XLII. SERIES NUMISMATICS TJNIVEKSALIS VIROEUM ILLUSTRIUM. M.DCCC. XVIII. DUE AND EDIDT. 1-6. vE. 31. Gauss, Carl Priedrich, For. Mem. R.S. Bast of Gauss r r., bare, hair long. Leg. CAROLVS FRIDERICVS GAVSS . NAT . MDCCLXXVII APR . XXX OB . MDCCCLV FEB . XXIII. Below, BREHMER . F. Rev. Within an ivy wreath, GEORGIVS v REX HANNOVERAE MATHEMATICORVM PRINCIPI. Inscribed around, ACADEMIAE SVAE GEORGIAE AVGVSTAE DECORI AETERNO. Below wreath a star. 2-75. JR. 32. [Gauss, Carl Friedrich.] Another copy. 2'75. &. 33. Glasgow. University. Bust of Joseph Black, Z., hair long, and tied behind, in coat and cravat. Leg. JOSEPHUS BLACK MDCCXXIII . MDCCXCIX. On trancation, N. MACPHAIL . sc. Rev. Inscription, spaced on the field, in AOADEM . GLASGUENS FACULTATE MEDICA DISCIPVLUS INGENIO AC LABORE INSIGNIS PRCEMIUM HOCCE MERITO CONSECUTUS EST. 2' 76. JE. A medical class medal of the University of Glasgow, where Dr. Black had been a professor. 34. Gray, John Edward, F.R.S., and Maria E. Gray. Busts conjoined, r., of Gray and Mrs. Gray. He, bare, hair short ; she wears cap and dress with ribbon round the neck. Behind busts, in the field, I.E. g M . E . GRAY. Below, G. G. ADAMS . sc. 1863. " Rev. Within an olive wreath, TRUST IN THE LORD AND DO- GOOD. 2'26. ^s. The Society possesses two copies of this medal. 35. Haidinger, Wilhelm, For. Mem. R.S. Head of Haidinger, r., hair short. Leg. WILHELM HAIDINGER. Below, K. LANGE. Rev. In reilef, the Eastern hemisphere, around which are the- signs of the zodiac. Leg. Inscribed within a border, NIK ERMUDET STILLE STEHEN . MDCCCVI. 2'52. JE. 190 Record of the Royal Society. 36. Halley, Edmund, F.R.S. Bust of Halley, r., hair long, in loose mantle trimmed with fur. Leg. EDMUXDUS HALLEY . A . DASSIER . F. Rev. Within an ornamental border, at the top part a festoon of flowers under a winged cherub, ASTRONOMUS REGIS MAGXJB BRITAXXIvE. MDCCXL1V. 2' 15. JS. Halley was Secretary of the Royal Society, 1713-21. 37. Hamilton, Sir William, P.R.S. Bust of Hamilton, Z., hair long and tied with ribbon. On coat the decoration of a Knight Commander of the Bath. Inscribed around, GVL . HAMILTON . EQVES . EX . ORD . BALX . SR & AS. Rev. The representation of a Greek vase in relief. Inscribed around, LUCI . & . LITERLS . RESTITUIT. Cast. 4'25. . 38. Hansteen, Christopher, For. Mem. R.S. Bust of Hansteen, Z., bare, hair short. Leg. CHRISTOPHORO HANSTEEX. Below, B. BERGSLIEX. P. Rev. Within a wreath of oak and olive, the inscription, SPLEXDET IN ORBE DECUS ; above, a star. Inscribed around, SOLEXXIA SEMISECULAR1A GRATULA1TR . I7XIV : REG : FRED : MDCCCLVI. 1-5. JE. 39. Heidelberg. Universitat. Medal in celebration of the 500th anniversary of the University. Bust of Frederick of Baden, Protector of the University, Z., bearded, in uniform, with decoration, and loose mantle trimmed with ermine. Leg. FRIDERICVS . D . G . BADAKVM . M . DVX . RECTOR . HEID . PER?. Below, SCHWEXZER. Rev. The Genius of Heidelberg standing and facing, her hands resting, on either side, 011 oval panels, bearing, on left, the bust of the Elector Kupert, r., founder of the University, 1356 ; on right, bust of the Elector Charles Frederick, Z., who reconstituted the same in 1803. Jewelled scrolls carried from the base of each panel terminate with a laurel and palm branch. The central figure has long flowing hair, and wears loose drapery which leaves the arms bare ; in left hand a laurel branch ; her feet in sandals ; at the girdle of her waist the arms of Baden. In the distance, in low relief, the Castle of Heidelberg. Leg. Inscribed w r ithin a border, VXIVERSITAS . HE1DELBERGEXSIS . A '. RVPERTO . COXDITA . A . CAROLO . FRIDERICO . INSTAVRATA. In the exergue, on a scrolled panel, .SAECVLVM . SEXTVM . PIE . AVSPICATVR . A . D . MDCCCLXXXVL Below, H . Brouncker, William, Lord Viscount, early connection with the Society . . 3, 5, 8, 15 Biographical Note 205 Buchanan Medal Fund, History of the 131 Burlington House, the Society moves to > 13 Burrow, James. Biographical Note 207 Busts in the Apartments of the Society, List of 175 Cambridge University, Professorship at, in the election of which the Society is represented 135 Carbery, John, Earl of. Biographical Note 206 Catalogue of Scientific Papers, History of the 166 Charles II approves the Design of the Society 4 becomes a Member of the Society 7 grants a Charter of Incorporation < . 7 gives the Society a Mace < 14 Experiments instituted at the Instigation of 17 Reconveyance to, of the three Closes granted by the Third Charter. . 98 1220 INDEX. PAGE Charter of Incorporation granted by Charles II 7 read before the Society 7 a second, granted 7 a third, granted 7 Latin Text of the First , 19 English Translation of the First 31 Latin Text of the Second , , . . 44 - English Translation of the Second 58 Latin Text' of the Third 73 English Translation of the Third. . . , , 85 Note to the Third 98 Charter-book, Contents of the Ill Chelsea Gardens. See Botanic Gardens, Chelsea. Clerk, History of the Statutes relating to the 108 Office of, abolished 112 Committee of Papers. See Papers. Committees, List of, in Special Branches of Science, appointed in 1664. . . 18 Sectional, Institution of 114 Composition Fee, History of Statutes relating to the 106, 112 Copley Medal, Names of Persons to whom the, has been awarded 214 Fund, History of the 123 Correspondence, Foreign, of the Society in its early days 16 Council. See President and Council. and Officers, History of Statutes relating to the Election of 103, 111, 112 Crane Court, a House in, purchased for the Society 13 Croonian Lecture Fund, History of the 126 Curators of Experiments , 6 to the Society, Account of early 17 Darwin Medal, Names of Persons to whom the, has been awarded 218 Memorial Fund, History of the 129 Davy, Sir Humphry. Biographical Note 208 Medal Fund, History of the 128 Names of Persons to whom the, has been awarded 218 Donation Fund, History of the 121 Election of Council and Officers, History of Statutes relating to the .... 103, 112 of Fellows, Original Regulations concerning 6 of Fellows, History of Statutes relating to the 100, 105, 112, 113 of Foreign Members, History of Statutes relating to the 112 Experiments, a feature of the Society's early meetings 16 Fee Reduction Fund, History of the 129 Fellows, Admission of, History of Statutes relating to the 102 Fellows, Election of, History of Statutes relating to the 100, 105, 112, 113 Fellows, Payments by, History of Statutes relating to 105 Folkes, Martin. Biographical note 207 Foreign Members, History of Statutes relating to 106, 111, 112, 113 Number of, limited to fifty Ill Secretaries of the Society, List of the 213 Secretary, History of Statutes relating to the Ill INDEX. 221 PAGE Foundation of the Eoyal Society, some account of the 1 Functions, Public, performed by the Society 136 Gassiot Trust, History of the 128 Gilbert, Davies. Biographical Note 208 Government Fund of 4,000, History of the 15 Grant for Scientific Investigations, History of the 158 of 1,000, History of the 158 of 4,000, History of the 161 Greenwich Observatory, Board of Visitors to 137 Connection of the Koyal Society with * 136 Gresham College , 2, 3, 7 Gunning Fund, History of the 131 Halifax, Earl of. See Montague. Handley Fund, History of the 128 Historical Eelics in the Possession of the Society 171 History of the Eoyal Society, Some Account of the Foundation and Early 1 of the Statutes, a Note on the 100 Hooke, Eobert, an Original Member of the Society 9 his ' Micrographia ' published 11 his ' Philosophical Collections ' published 12 and footnote appointed Curator , 17 Hooker, Sir Joseph. Biographical Note . . . . 210 Hoskins, Sir John, Early Connection with the Society 9' Biographical Note 205 House-keeper, History of the Statutes relating to the 108 Howard, Henry. See Norfolk. Huxley, Thomas Henry. Biographical Note 210 Institutions upon which the Society is represented 135 Instruments in the Possession of the Society , 171 Invisible College, The 3 Jodrell Fund, History of the 129' Joule Memorial Fund, History of the 130 Journal-book of the Society commenced 3 Keck Bequest, History of the , 125 Proceeds of, how applied Ill Keeper of the Eepository, History of the Statutes relating to the 108 Kelvin, Lord. Biographical Note 210 Kew Committee, List of the 138 Observatory, Connection of the Eoyal Society with 138 Description of the 139 History of the 137 Eelation of the, to the Meteorological Office 139- Lawes Agricultural Trust, History of the , 155 Committee, List of the 155 222 INDEX. PAGE Letter-books of the Society 16 Librarian, History of the Statutes relating to the 108 Library, History of tha 168 History of Statutes relating to the e 110, 112, 113 License for purchasing in Mortmain, Text of the Society's 97 Lister, Lord. Biographical note , 211 Macclesfield, G-eorge, Earl of. Biographical note 207 Mace of the Royal Society e 14 Manuscripts in the possession of the Society 170 Medals in the possession of the Society, Catalogue of the -. 183 of the Royal Society, Names of persons to whom the, have been awarded 214 Meetings of the Society, character of the early, exemplified 15 where formerly held 1, 3, 7, 13 when formerly held 18, 109, 112 History of the Statutes relating to the 109, 112, 114 History of Statutes relating to hour of 113 History of Statutes relating to 'Admission of Strangers to .... 110 Members of the Society, original, chosen by the Council under the Second Charter 8 Meteorological Council, Connection of the Royal Society with the 136 List of the 136 Office, Relation of the, to Kew Observatory 139 "Montague, Charles. Biographical note 206 Mortmain, Text of the Society's License for purchasing in 97 Morton, James, Earl of. Biographical note 207 ^Newton, Sir Isaac, his ' Principia ' published 12 (footnote) President of the Society. Biographical Note 206 Gifts from, to the Society 116 Relics of, in the possession of the Society 171 Norfolk, Henry Howard, afterwards Duke of, places rooms at the disposal of the Society 13, 14 Northampton, the Marquis of. Biographical note 209 Obligation, original, signed by Members 5 Officers and Council, History of Statutes relating to the election of.. 103, 111, 112 Officers of the Society, History of Statutes relating to the 108 Original regulations concerning the 6 'Oldenburg, Henry, appointed Secretary 8 imprisoned in the Tower 13 Operator, original office of 6 Ordinary Meetings. See Meetings. Oxford Meetings for " Philosophical Enquiries " 2 the Philosophical Society of 3 University, Professorships at, in the election of which the Royal Society is represented 135 Papers, Committee of, History of Regulations for the 104, 110 Payments by Fellows, History of the Statutes relating to 105 INDEX. 223 PAGE Pembroke, Thomas, Earl of. Biographical Note 206 Pepys, Samuel, a Benefactor of the Society 116 Biographical Note 205 Philosophical Society of Oxford, the 3 " Philosophical Transactions," History of the ' 164 History of Statutes relating to the 103, 110 origin of the 11 Physick Garden. See Botanic Gardens, Chelsea. Portraits and Busts in the Apartments of the Society 175 President, Original Regulations concerning the 6 and Council, the list of the, named by the Second Charter 7 , their constitution under the Charters 10 Presidents of the Society, List of, with Biographical Notes 205 Pringle, Sir John. Biographical Note 207 Privileged Class, History of Statutes relating to the Election of Mem- bers of the 113 " Proceedings " of the Society, History of the 165 Public Functions performed by the Royal Society 136 Schools, Representatives of the Royal Society upon the Governing Bodies of 135 Publications, early, of the Society 11 of the Society, History of the 164 History of Statutes relating to the 110 Records of the Society, History of Statutes relating to the 110 Referees, History of Regulations relating to 104 Register of Fellows, its contents Ill (footnote) Registrar, original Office of ., 6 Relics in the possession of the Society 171 Repository, Office of Keeper of the, established 108 Representatives of the Society upon various Institutions 135 Rosse, Earl of. Biographical Note 209 Rothamsted Experimental Station, History of the 155 Royal Medal, Names of Persons to whom the, has been awarded 216 Medals, History of the 132 Royal Observatory, Greenwich, Connection of the Royal Society with the 136 Board of Visitors to the 137 Hoyal Society, Arms of the 14 Benefactors of the 115 Charters of the 19 Foreign Secretaries of the 213 Foundation and Early History of the 1 Library of the 168 Medals of the, Names of those who have received 214 Original Members of the 8 - Presidents of the 205 Public Functions performed by the 136 Publications of the 164 Representatives of the, upon various Institutions 135 Secretaries of the 211 Statutes of the, Note on the History of the 100 224 INDEX. PAGE Koyal Society, Treasurers of the ' 211 Trusts of the , . 120 Kumford Fund, History of the 123 Medal, Names of Persons to whom the, has been awarded 216 Sabine, Sir Edward. Biographical Note 209 Scientific Kelief Fund, History of the 120 Secretaries of the Society, List, of the 211 Foreign, of the Society, List of the 213 Sectional Committees, Institution of 114 Sloane, Sir Hans. Biographical Note 206 Somers, John, Lord. Biographical Note 206 Somerset House, the Society moves to 13 Southwell, Sir- Robert. Biographical Note 206 Spottiswoode, William. Biographical Note 210 Standard Weights and Measures, the Royal Society custodians of 137 Statutes, the original 5 History of the, from 1663 to 1752 100 from 1752 to 1776 105 from 1776 to 1847 Ill Statutes made and changed by the President and Council alone 11 of the Society, a Note on the History of the 100 Stokes, Sir G-. G-. Biographical Note 210 Strangers, History of the Statutes relating to the Admission of, to Meetings 110, 113 Sussex, the Duke of. Biographical Note 208 Treasurer, original Regulations concerning the 6 Treasurers of the Society, List of the 211 Trusts of the Society 120 Universities, Representatives of the Society at the 135 Visitors to the Meetings. See Strangers. Wallis, Dr. John, his account of the Foundation of the Royal Society. ... 1 Weights and Measures, Standard, the Royal Society custodians of 137 West, James. Biographical Note 207 Williamson, Sir Joseph, early connection with the Society 10 Biographical Note 205 Wintringham Fund, History of the 125 Wollaston, William Hyde. Biographical Note 208 Works, early, published by the Royal Society 11 Wren, Sir Christopher, early connection with the Society 3, 10, 15 - Biographical Note 205 Wrottesley, Lord. Biographical Note 209 Wyche, Sir Cyril, early connection with the Society 10 Biographical Note 205 HAEKISON AND SONS, PKINTEES IN ORDINAEY TO HEK MAJESTY, ST. MAETIN'S LANE. THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ SCIENCE LIBRARY This book is due on the last DATE stamped below. To renew by phone, call 459-2050. Books not returned or renewed within 14 days after due date are subject to billing. Series 2477 fffflo D TORED AT NRLF 041 .L83 Sci 3 2106 00226 4643