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 Osl^ndunt tern 4 ouem ta/i/um rata Sup r^7nL< 
 \Ifu7icJa/ter7i accuTnule/ii cl£riu,etfunaar inanL 
 jMuncrt. .
 
 Roma Antique Not it i a : 
 
 OR, THE 
 
 ANTIQUITIES 
 
 O F 
 
 ROME. 
 
 In TWO PARTS. ^ 
 
 I. A Short HISTORY of the Rife^ Progrefs^ and 
 
 Decay of the C o m M O n-W E A l t H. 
 
 II. A Defcription of the CITY: An Account of 
 the Religion^ Civil Govery?ment and Art of War\ with the 
 Remarkable Cufioms and Ceremonies^ Publick-diiidi Private . 
 
 With Copper C U T T S of the Principal Buildings, &c. 
 
 To which are prefix'd Two ESSAYS; concerning the 
 Roman Learning, and the Roman Education. 
 
 By BASIL KENNETT, of C.C.C. Oxon, 
 
 Nee dejinat unquam 
 
 'Tecum Grata loqui^ tecum Romana vetujlas. Claudlan. 
 
 The E I G H T H EDITION. 
 L O N D O N: 
 
 Printed for D. Brown, J. Knapton, R. Knaplock, J. Sprint, 
 D. Midwinter, J. Tonfon, R. Robinfon, IV. and J. innys 
 J. shorn, and t. Longman. MDCCXXVI.
 
 STACK ANNEX 
 
 ^34
 
 To His Highness the 
 
 Duke <?/^ Gloucester. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 |A (ages of ffh and Honour y 
 A \QM there is not One by which 
 Your Highness hath 
 t^^S given greater^ Encourage- 
 ment to the Hopes of thefe 
 Kingdoms, than by a furprizing Curiofi- 
 ty, and impatient Defire of Knowledge. 
 For the fatisfying of fo Generous Inclina- 
 tions, Your Highness cannot but feek 
 an early Acquaintance with the Roman 
 
 a 3 State
 
 fhe Epijik Dedicatory. 
 
 State. It mull needs pleafe You, Sir, 
 to undcrftand the Conftitution of that 
 People, before You appear the Rival of 
 their Glory : And the firft Steps to both 
 thefe Attainments will be alike uneafie. 
 Many Fatigues are to be undergone ere 
 You furpafs them in Ad;ion and Con- 
 dud : And in the fame Manner, before 
 You are introduced into the more delight- 
 ful Scenes of their Policy and Govern- 
 ment, Your Highness fliould beyzr/? 
 prefented with the rougher Profped: of 
 their Cuiloms and Ceremonies. 
 
 For Your Direction in fo Noble (tho' 
 intricate) a Path of Ancient Story, Your 
 Highness is defir'd to accept this fmall 
 Endeavour j no otherwife than You vvouid 
 a few Shadows, or a little Model, to give 
 You, SiR^ the firft Notion of fome ad- 
 mir'd Pidure, or fome magnificent Build- 
 ing, 
 
 There
 
 I'he Epijlle Dedicatory. 
 
 There isoneCuftom which, I make 
 myfelf believe, Your Highness will 
 read with lome Pleafure • I mean, Sir, the 
 Trojan Game, a Martial Exercife, per- 
 form'd by the Youth of the firft Qua'icy 
 in RomCy under (iich a Captain as Your- 
 self : and deriving its Original from 
 young Afcanius j whom I need not fear to 
 mention as Your Precedent, fince You 
 have already honour'd him with Your 
 Imitation. 
 
 It may be expeded, perhaps, that out 
 of the many Illuftrious Romans ^ I fhould 
 here propofe to Your Highness fome 
 oftheraoft Celebrated Examples of Vtrtue 
 and great Atchtevements. But this would 
 prove a needlefs Piece of Service • fince 
 You cannot mifs. Your Way in the 
 Purfuit of the Ftrjl^ while Your High- 
 ness goes on, like the Trojan Prince, 
 
 Matre Dea monfirante Viam, 
 
 a 4 And
 
 The Epifik Dedicatory: 
 
 And to the Second^ the fliort Advice 
 which that Hero gave his Son, will 
 engage You as the Higheft Motive : 
 
 *— -7^, animo repetentem exempla tuorum^ 
 Et Pater JEne^s ^Avunculus excitet Hedon 
 
 / amy S I R, 
 
 Your Highness's 
 
 Mojl Humble y and 
 
 Mojl Obedient Servant ^ 
 
 Bafil Kennett.
 
 THE 
 
 P R E F A C 
 
 ^^^^HE ^fefulnefs offuch a T)ejign as this 
 'W^ i^% ^^^ ^^//^^ like to be caWd in quefiion^ I 
 fe:^Lii am oblig'dno farther than to give a Jhort 
 ^&5^S Hiftory of what Attempts have hitherto 
 been made of the fame Mature ^ withfome Account 
 of the prefent Undertaking. 
 
 Not to make a Catalogue of the many TraBson 
 
 particular Subjects of Roman Antiquities^ the 
 
 Two Authors moft in ufe for this Knowledge are 
 
 Rofmus and Godwin ; the firft as a full Syftem^ 
 
 the other as an Abridgment or Compendium. We 
 
 have nothing more compleat than Rofinus taken 
 
 all together : But he will appear very deficient in 
 
 many Toints^ if compard with other Learned 
 
 Men^ who have labour d in the adorning fome one 
 
 *Part of his General Subje^i. Thus., I believe^ his 
 
 Book of War has fcarce been look'd into fince the 
 
 T^ublijhing of LipfiusV admirable Comment on Po- 
 
 lybius. His Accounts of the Habits^ Senate^ Laws 
 
 arid Funerals^ will never befet in Competition with 
 
 the more accurate Tieces of Ferrarius and Rubc- 
 
 nius, of Paulus Manutius and Kirchinan. Not 
 
 to urge that the Names, the Money, the Private 
 
 Games, with fever al lejfer Topic ks^ are entirely 
 
 omitted ; and many more fubftantial Cufto^ns but 
 
 lightly touclfd. The Paralipomena ^/Dempfter, 
 
 which
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 which are added in the beft Editions^ under the 
 Name of Notes on this Author^ fiem, for the mofi 
 J^artj barely a Tranfcrift of Common Places ga- 
 ther d from the Clajficks and other IVr iters ^ with 
 little Connecf ion; and therefore though theyferve, 
 now and then, for a Supplement to Rofinus, yet 
 ^tis impojjlble they fmuldbc very infrvMive. 
 
 GodwinV Anthologia (which we nfually meet 
 with in our Schools,) befides that it wants all the 
 Advantages which we have received from the 
 Learned within the fe Three fcore Tears, is fijhort 
 a7td unfit is fa&ory in Subjehs of the greateji Con- 
 fe que nee; fo crowded wit hThrafis, which are to 
 be found in all our TJiBionaries ; fo ftujf'd with 
 longTa(fagesofL.-:X\n, untranfated-, has fo little 
 Method, and runsfo dry and heavy in the Reading, 
 that I fancy, 'tis a general IFifi, itwereexchangd 
 for fomething elfe in the fame Kind, of greater 
 ^fe, and more agreeable Entertainment . 
 
 For Cantelius dc Romana Republica, To me the 
 I^^AXXXlfcems ve?y unhappy, that by /pending half his 
 Book in giving us a long Relation of the Roman 
 Wars, Battels, deaths, &c. which mo If T^erfons 
 would rather learn from the Original Hiftoriansy 
 he has fo ftraiteiid himfelfin the remaining 'Bart^ 
 as topafs for no extraordinary Epitomizer. Be- 
 fides that hecaiitfpare Room tofet down one Word 
 of Authority for what he fays. 
 
 As for thcfe Baiters : The Two EiTavs of the 
 Roman Learning andEdtication^are, Ithink,what 
 has not been before attempted in any Language ; 
 and on that Account will be the more eafily par- 
 
 dond^
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 doited, if not the better accepted In the J For Id. The 
 Compendious Hifiory of the Rife^ Trogrefs^ and 
 T)ecay of the State., has this at leaf to fay for itfelf 
 That it carries its o'uaji Credentials along iL'ith it^ 
 in conftant References to the Ancient Writers, 
 I will not here compofe a Table of Contents for the 
 Second Part, which has run ont intofeich length, as 
 to make the Body of the Work ; only I may hint, in 
 a Word or two, that the many Omifpons <?/Horinus 
 <^W Godwin are largely fupp lied, and fear ce any 
 Thing material {that I know of) pafs'd by. That 
 the City, with the famous Stru^ltires of all fi^^ts, 
 are defer ib'd from the Relations of Eye-JVitneffes, 
 and Authors of Credit : That the Laws which oc- 
 cur in the befl Clajficks, and often prove a great 
 Hindrance to the Reader, are difpos'd nndcr pro- 
 per Heads in a very convenient Manner ; and the 
 trneft Accounts of their Import, and the Time 
 when they were made, colle Bed from the mop ap- 
 proved Commentators, and from the admir dTrea- 
 tife of Manutius : That in fome StibjeBs it was 
 thought proper to follow (for the mofi part,) one 
 particular Author, who had managd his Province 
 with univerfal Approbation ; As Sigonius in the 
 Comitia and the Judgments : Lipfius in the Arc 
 of War, in the Gladiators, and in the Names : 
 Kirchman in the Funerals, and Brerevvcod in the 
 Account of the Money : That the curious Remarks 
 tf/'Scaliger, Cafaubon, Graevius, Monfieur and Ma- 
 dam Dacier are inferted on many Occafions ; /;/ 
 Jhort, That no Tains or Charges have been fpard, 
 which might render the Attempt truly ferviceabky 
 
 to
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 to the good End for which 'twas dejignedy the 
 Tleafnre and Benefit of the Reader. 
 
 The great IncorreBnefs of the Second Edition 
 was occafiond by the Hajie, andthe Neceffities^ of 
 the then unfortunate Troprietor ; from whom no 
 fight of the Sheets could be obtain d^ till the whole 
 was fo dijhonourably finijh'd. Tet the necejfary 
 Alterations and Additions , before given in^ were 
 tnferted in their T* laces. It was and is with all 
 Gratitude acknowledgd^ that the be ft part of this 
 Affifiance hath been afforded by the late Noble Col- 
 lehions of the excellent Graevius ; a Catalogue of 
 which is here fubjoind. The Compiler wijhes it 
 may be imputed-, not to Idlenefs, but to 'TDeJign^ 
 that he bath borrow' d only a ^Kxl^ from thatliX^z- 
 fury. For intending an Abridgment, not a full 
 Body, he thought it alike unreafonable, either to 
 fwellthe Bulk above the Name and 'Vfe^ or to for- 
 bear fuch Improvements^ as could fear ce in Ho- 
 nefty be denied: Either to burthen the Reader for 
 the BookfellerV Advantage, <?r, under a Tretence 
 of Q:-dXm% the former^ to injure both. This new 
 Jmpreffion has not only been amended by a careful 
 Supervifal.^ but adorn d by the Beauty of the Let^ 
 ter^ and of the additional Sculptures. But the 
 chief Recommendation of the IDefign is owing to 
 the favourable Acceptance^ and kind Encourage- 
 ment of private ^erfons^ and of Societies^ ^fp^- 
 € tally of a Royal and mo ft Flonriftoing Seminary^ to 
 which our Thanks can be return d in no better 
 Wifljes^ than that it may for ever continue in the 
 fame happy State^ and under the like prudefit Go^ 
 vernment and DireEiion, 
 
 C O N^
 
 CONTENT 
 
 Two Previous Eflays, viz. 
 Essay I. Of the Roman Learning. 
 Essay II. Of the Roman Education. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 The Original, Growth, and Decay of the 
 Roman Common-Wealth. 
 
 CHAP. I. Of the Building of the Qity. Page i 
 Chap. II. Of the Roman Affairs under the Kings, 
 
 p. 4 
 
 Chap. III. Of the Roman Affairs^ from the beginning 
 
 of the Confular Government^ to the fir fi Punick War. 
 
 p. 6 
 
 Chap. IV. Of the Roman Affairs^ from the beginning of 
 
 the firfl Punick War^ to the firjt Triumvirate, p. i o 
 
 Chap. V. Of the Roman Affairs^ from the beginning 
 
 of the firft Triumvirate, to the end of the iivche 
 
 Csefars. />• 14 
 
 Chap. VI. Of the Roman Affairs from Domitian to ths 
 
 end of Gonftantine;/j£' Great. p. zi 
 
 Chap. VII. Of the Roman Affairs from Conflantine 
 
 the Great to the I'aking «'/Rome i^_^ Qdoacer, and the 
 
 fitiin of the ^jTefian Empire, p. 26 
 
 PART
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 
 PART II. BOOK I. 
 
 Of the City. 
 
 H A P. I. Of the Pomoerium, and of the Form and 
 Bignefs of the City, accoiding to the feven Hills, p. ip 
 Chap. II. Of the Di'uijion of the City into Tribes and 
 
 Regions 'y and of the Gates and Bridges. /*• H 
 
 Chap. III. Of the Places of IVorJInp-, particularly of the 
 
 Temples and Luci. P- l^ 
 
 Chap. ly. Of the Theatres, Amphitheatres, Circo's, 
 
 Nanmachi^, Odea, Stadia, and Xyfti, and of the 
 
 Campus Martius. /*• 45 
 
 Chap. V. Of the Curia;, Senacula, BafiliciE, Fora and 
 
 Comitium. p. 47 
 
 Chap. VI. Of the Portico's, Arches, Columns and 
 
 Trophies. /'•ft 
 
 Chap. VII. 0///^^ Bagnio's, Nymphsea, Aqucedufo, 
 
 Cloaca:, and Pubhck-Ways. p. y6 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 Of the Religion of the Romans. 
 
 CHAP. I. Of the Religion and MoraHty of the 
 Romans in general. p. 6\ 
 
 Chap. il. Of the Lupcrci, Lupercalia, ^c. Of theVo' 
 titii and Pinarii ; and of the Arval Brothers, p. 64. 
 Chap. III. Of the Augurs, Auguries, ^c. p. 67 
 
 Chap. IV. Of the Arufpices and Poncifices. p. 6p 
 
 Chap. V. Of the Flamines, Rex Sacrorum, Salii, Fe- 
 ciales and Sodales. P-7^ 
 
 Chap. VI. Of the Veftals, p. 77 
 
 Chap-
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Chap. VII. Of the Duumviri, Decemviri andQmndt- 
 
 cemviri, Keepers of the Sibylline J^Fritings^ and of the 
 
 Corybantes vr Pricfis ofCyhcle^andtbe Epulones./J.yp 
 
 Chap. VIII. Of the R.om^n Sacrifces. p. 84 
 
 Chap. IX. Of the Roman Tear. p. 85 
 
 Chap. X. Of the Dijiintlion of the Roman Days. /». 89 
 
 Chap. XI. Of the Kalends^ Nones and Ides. p. pi 
 
 Chap. XII. Uhe mofi remarkable Fefiivals of theR.om^ns, 
 
 as they Jiand in the Kalendar. p. 92, 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 Of the Chil Government of the Romans. 
 
 CHAP. I. Of the general Diviftons of the People, p. 9J 
 Chap. II. Of the Senate. p. loi 
 
 Chap. HI. Of the general Divijiom of the MagfftrateSy 
 
 and the Candidates for Offices. P- ^^f 
 
 Chap. IV. Of the Consuls. p. 107 
 
 Chap. V. Of the Didator, and his MaJIer of the Horfe. 
 
 p. I op 
 Chap. VI. 0//i?^ PriEtors. p. i\i 
 
 Chap. VII. Of the Cenfors. p. iiz 
 
 Chap. VIII. O///:?^ Quasftors. p. 114 
 
 Chap. IX. Of the Tribunes of the People. p. 1 1 f 
 
 Chap. X. Of the iEdiles. ^.116 
 
 Chap. XI. Of the Decemviri. P- '^'^7 
 
 Chap.XU. TribuniMilitumConfukriPoteftate./j.iip 
 Chap. XIII. Civil Offices of lefs Note, or of lefs frequent 
 
 Occun'encein Author s^and of the Ptihlkk Servants, p.izo 
 Chap. XIV. Of the Provincial Magif rates -, and firfi of 
 
 the Proconfuls. p. 1 24 
 
 Chap. XV. Of the Provincial Praetors jW Propr^tors, 
 
 $hs Lcgati, Qu^eitors and Proqujeftors. pi ^7 
 
 Chap.
 
 CONTENTS, 
 
 Ghap. XVI. Of the Comitia. p. laJ 
 
 Chap. XVII. Of the Roman Judgments-^ and firji of 
 
 Private Judgments. P- ^^^ 
 
 Chap. XVUI. Of Publick Judgments. /'• ^37 
 
 Chap. XIX. Judgments of the whole People: p. 141 
 Chap, XX. Of the Roman Punifhments. p. 14^ 
 
 Chap. XXI. Of the Roman Laws in general, p. 148 
 Chap. XXII. Of the Laws in particular -y and firfi of 
 
 thofc relating to Religion. p. ij'o 
 
 Chap. XXIII. Laws relating to the Rights and Privi- 
 leges of the Roman Citizens. p. ifz 
 Chap. XXIV. Laws concerning Meetings^ 8cc. p. i^^ 
 Chap. XXV. Laws relating to the Senate. p. if 6 
 Chap. XXVI. Laws relating to the Magiflrates. p. 157 
 Chap. XXVI f. Laws relating to Publick ConfiitutionSy 
 
 Laws and Privileges. p. 160 
 
 Chap. XXVIII. Laws relating to the Provinces and the 
 
 Governours of them. p. 161 
 
 Chap. XXIX. Leges Agrari^, or Laws relating to Di' 
 
 vifions of Lands among the People. P' ^^^ 
 
 Chap. XXX. Laws relating to Corn. p. i6<^ 
 
 Chap. XXXI. Laws for the regulating Expences. p. 166 
 Chap. XXXII. L^wi' relating to :\dartial J fairs, p. 168 
 Chap. XXXIII. DeTuteliSjoriL^wj concerning TVard- 
 
 flnps. p. i(Sp 
 
 Chap. XXXIV. Laws concerning Wills,^ Heirs andLe^ 
 
 gacies. p- 170 
 
 Chap. XXXV. Laws concerning Money ^ ^fi^yy ^c. ibid. 
 Chap. XXXVI. Laws concerning the Judges, p. 171 
 Chap. XXXVII. Laws relating to Judgments, p. 175 
 Chap. XXXVIII. Laws relating to Crimes. ibid. 
 
 Chap. XXXIX. Mifcelkny La-WS not fpoken of under 
 
 the general Heads, p. 1 80 
 
 BOOK
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 The Roman Art of TVar, 
 
 CHAP. I. The Levies of the Roman Foot. Page 185 
 Chap. II. Levy and Review of the Cavalry, p. i8f 
 Chap. III. The Military Oath, and the Levies of the 
 Confederates. p. 188 
 
 Chap. IV. Of the Evocati. p. 189 
 
 Chap. V. Of the fe-veral Kinds of the Roman Foot 5 
 and their Divifton into Manipuli, Cohorts and Le- 
 gions. />. ipo 
 Ghap. VI. The Divifion of the Cavalry ^ and of the 
 Allies. p. i5ji 
 Chap. VII. The Offices in //^^ Roman Army : And^firfl^ 
 Of the Centurions and Tribunes j with the Commanders 
 of the Horfe., and of the Confederate Forces. />• IPJ 
 Chap. VIII. Of the Legati, and the Imper^itor, or Ge- 
 neral, p. 196 
 Chap. IX. Of the Roman Arms and Weapons, p. ipp 
 Chap. X. The Order of the Roman Army drawn up in 
 Battalia. P- 2.0^ 
 Chap. XI. The Enftgns and Colours; the Mufick-^ the 
 IVord in Engagements j the Harangues of the Gene- 
 ral, p. 207 
 Chap. XII. The Form and Divifion of the Romapi. 
 Camp. p. zio 
 Chap. XIII. Of the Duties^ Works and Exercifes of the 
 Soldiers. p. ziz 
 Chap. XIV. Of the Soldiers Pay. p. 214 
 Chap. XV. Of the Military PunifJjmcnts. />• iip 
 Chap. XVI. Of the Military Rewards. p. Izq 
 Chap. XVII. The Roman Way of declaring War^ and 
 of making Leagues. p. 219 
 
 b Chap.
 
 C O N T E N t S. 
 
 Chap. XVIII. The Roman Method of treating the Peo* 
 pie they conquer' d-y ivith the Conjiitution of the Colo- 
 nic, Municipia, Prefefturx, and Provinces, p. 2^1 
 
 Chap. XIX. The Roman IVay of taking Towns^ with 
 the mofi remarkable Inventions and Engines made ufe of 
 in their Sieges. P- ^^f 
 
 Chap. XX. The Naval Affairs of the Romans. />. 159 
 
 BOOK V. 
 
 J Mtfcellany Ctifloms of the Romans. 
 
 CHAP. I. Of the private Sports and Games, p. 247 
 Chap. II. Of the Circenftan Shows ', and firfl of the 
 Pentathlum^ the Chariot Races, the Ludus-Trojar, 
 and the Pyrrhica Saltatio. p. if s 
 
 Chap. III. Of the Shows of wild Beafls^ and of the 
 Naumachiae. p. 26^ 
 
 Chap. IV. O//^^ Gladiators. p. 270 
 
 Chap. V. Of the Ludi-Sc enici, or Stage- Plays ^ 
 and firfl., Of the Satyres, and the Mimick- Pieces-, with 
 the Rife and Advances of ftich Entertainments among 
 the Romans. p. 282 
 
 Chap. VI. 0/?/j^ Roman Tragedy and Comedy, p. 286 
 Chap. VII. Of the [acred, votive and funeral Games, 
 
 p. 2p<5 
 Chap. VIII. Of the Roman Hahit. p. 306 
 
 Chap. IX. Of the Roman Marriages. p. 326 
 
 Chap. X. Of the R.oman Funerals. ^-^34 
 
 Chap. XI. Of the Roman Entertainments. p. 35f 
 
 Chap. XII. Of the Roman Names. p. 370 
 
 Chap. XIII. Of the Roman Money. p. 372 
 
 INDEX Rerum Sc Verborum. 
 
 ESSAY
 
 i^g3tBg!gKg<i^»^»gg>aiMCiBawiiBJ8p>iiB^ 
 
 ESSAY I. 
 
 Of the Roman Learnt. 
 
 HOEVER confiders the itrange Beginning of 
 the Roman State, the Frame and Conltitution on 
 which it was firlt fettled, together with the Qua- 
 lity of the original Members, will think it no 
 Wonder that the People, in that early Age, fhou'd 
 have a kind of Fiercenefs, or rather Wildnefs in 
 their Temper, utterly averfc to every thing that was polite and 
 agreeable. This favage Difpofition by degrees turn'd into a 
 tigid Severity, which encourag'd them to rely foiely on the 
 Force of their Native Virtue and Honour, v/ithout being be- 
 holden to the Advantage of Art, for the Improvement of their 
 RealbUj or for the Affiftance of their Courage. Hence a Groff- 
 nefs of Invention pafs'd current with them for Wit, and Stu- 
 dy was look'd on as an unmanly Labour :Efpecially while thef 
 found, that their exad Difcipline and unconquer'd Rcfolution, 
 render'd them Mafters of Nations much m.ore knowing than 
 themfelves. All this is frankly acknowledg'd by their own 
 Authors : LiteriC in homine Romano go for a Wonder with 
 T^nlly .{a). And Firgil^ in a Reign when all the Civility and 
 Learning of the World were tranfplanted to Rome, chufeth to 
 make the Arts of Government and War the diftinguilhing Ex- 
 cellencies of his Country-men. 
 
 Excudent alii fpiranfia moUius ara. 
 
 Credo equidem : vivos ducc/it de marmore valtfis ; 
 
 Orabunt caufas melius ; coelique meatus 
 
 Defer ibent radio, ^ furgentia fydera dicent i 
 
 T/z regere imperio populos, Romaae, memento: 
 
 (<») £>« A^4r, Dtor, lib. i. Dt Sok^ht. 
 
 h z 
 
 m
 
 ii E S S Ar \. 
 
 Hcc tibi erunt artes : paci^^fue imponere morem '. 
 Parcere fuljedis^ ^ debellare juperbos {a). 
 
 Others fhal! beft infpire the mimick Brafs, 
 
 Or out of IVlarble carve a living Face; 
 
 Plead Avith more Force, and trace the heavenly Roads, 
 
 Dcfcribing the wide Empire of the Gods : 
 
 The w^andring Stars to fleady Rules confine, 
 
 And teach expcding Mortals when they'll fliine. 
 
 Thee Heavens, brave Roman^ form'd for high Command, 
 
 Be thefe thy Arts, from thy vidorious Hand 
 
 To make glad Nations own their Peace beftow'd, 
 
 To fpare the Suppliant, and pull down the Proud. 
 
 The Reafon which Horace gives for the flow Advances of 
 Poefy, will hold in every other Part of polite Learning. 
 
 Serus cn'irn Gracis admovit acumina chartis (b). 
 
 Their little Acquaintance with the fine Wits of Greece^ who 
 had fettled the Staple of Arts and Learning in that Country, 
 depriv'd them of an Opportunity to cultivate and beautify thetr 
 Genius, which was form'd by Nature capable of the higheft 
 Attainments. Some kind of Poetry, indeed, they had in their 
 rultick Times ; but then the Verfes were fuch rude doggrel 
 Stuff, as old Knn'tHs defcribcs : 
 
 — Quales Fdun't latefque canebant^ 
 
 Quom nequc Mufarum fcopiiLs qaifquam fuperdrat., ,.(j, 
 
 Nee didi Jliidtofus erat. . ^ 
 
 Cfccro is inclin'd to think, That the old Romans might prd- 
 bably have gain'd fome little Knowledge inPhilofophy from the 
 Inftrudtions of Fythaji^oras^ the fiimous Author of the Ital'ick 
 Seft, who flourifli'd in Italy about the fame time as the Tar- 
 quins were cxpelTd the City. But the antient Cultom of Sing- 
 ing to the Flute the Praifes of famous Men at great Entertain- 
 ments, is the only Relique he can find of this Doftrine, which 
 was deliver'd in Poetical Numbers [c). ■>'' 
 
 Their Intercourfc with Greece begun upon their undertaking 
 the Defence of that Country, againft Phtiip of Macedon^ who 
 had a Defign on its Liberty, about the Year ofRor^ef^s; when, 
 according to their ufualPradice, under the Name of Deliverers, 
 
 {«) .^neid. 6. ip) Lib. 2, ppjft, I . {c) Ckcro Jy.p. S«<f/?. lib. 4. 
 
 they
 
 Of the Roman Learning. \\i 
 
 ^ey made themfelves rather the Mafters of that People. And 
 then, 
 
 Gracia c'apta ferum vitiorcm cepitj ^ arfes 
 Intulit agreJJi Latio (a) , 
 
 The greateft Number of eminent Poets, efpccially Dramatic 
 Writers, flourifli'd between the End of the Firft and the Third 
 Pit'rjic Wars ; or from the Year of the City 5-1 1 to 607. The mod 
 conlidcrable were Livhis AKcironicus^ N^vvias^ Enmus^ Pacu- 
 TiMS^ Accius^ CaciUits^ Plauins^ Afranins^ Terence and huciltus. 
 -And therefore //omft' means only the firlt P«/v/V War, when 
 he fays, 
 
 Eii pojl Pimica bella quietus qudrere coepit -nz-ll o'' 
 Quid Sophocles, cjf Thefpis cf TEfchylus tittle ferrent : 
 Tentai,it quoque rem ji d'tgnc verier e p'^Jf^t (b). 
 
 The Studies of Philofophy and Rhetoric never madenny tolcra^ 
 ble Progrefs before the Arrival of thez/f/j./z.^^j-, who in the Year 
 pf Rome 586 or 5-87, to the Number of a Thonfand, or more, 
 were fent for out of their own Country, where they had fl.ewn 
 themfelves difafteded to theRoma?ts^i\nd were difpers'd in Rvc- 
 ral Parts of Italy. Among the(e was the famous Polybius the 
 Megalopolitan^ whofe great Parrs and Learning not only gain'd 
 him the entire Friendfhip of Scipio ALmylianus and L<clius^ two 
 of the greateft Romans in that Age, but procur'd too the Releafe 
 .of all his Countrymen that remain'd after fome Years Exile. 
 
 Moft of that Company, tho' not equal to Polybius^ yet being 
 the principal Members of the chief Cities in Greece^ brought 
 away a great Siiare of the Politenefs and refin'd Arts of that 
 Country ; And being now reduc'd to a State of Life, which 
 took from them all Thoughts ot Publick Aftion, they apply'd 
 tnemfelves wholly to the Purfuit of Letters, as well to divert 
 the fad Reflexions on their IJanitlnnent, a> ro improve and cul- 
 tivate their iVlind {c). 
 
 In a few Years their Examples and Inurudions had wrought 
 fuch a itrauge Converlion in the Roman Youth, that the Senate 
 fearing lert the antient Difciplinc fnon'd by this means be cor- 
 rupted, and the Minds of the People foftcn'd and enervated by 
 Study, confulted how lo put a Stop to this Vein of Pclitcnefs, 
 fo contrary to the rough and warlike Difpolitions of their 
 
 j;<j) Lib. 2. Epift. T, (L) Ibid, (c) Vid. Caf«,itbi:i. dironol. ad Folyib. ir Carr.- 
 TJunr. .'.d iucian, de Gmmmttt, 
 
 h 3 Auiceftors
 
 iv E s s ^ r i. 
 
 Anceflors. To this Purpofe we meet with a Decree bearing 
 Date in the Confulfhip of C. Fannius Strabo and M. Valer'tui 
 Mejala, A. U. C, 5-92; by which it appears, that whereas Mar- 
 cus Pomponius the Praetor had made a Report p) the Senate a-- 
 bout the thilofofhers and Rhetoricians^ the Fathers dtd hereby 
 order the aforefaid Prstor to take Cognizance of the Buftnefs^ 
 and to fujfer no fuch Men in Rome (a). 
 
 The eager Pafllon for Learning, which this Prohibition had 
 in foine meafure allay'd, broke out with greater Heat and Force 
 about (ixteen Years after, upon this famous Occafion, as the 
 Story may be made up out of feveral Authors (b). .? 
 
 The Athenians having plunder'd Oropus a City of Boeotia^i\\Q 
 Inhabitants made their Complaint at Rome; the Romans refer- 
 ring the Cafe to the Judgment of the Sicyonians^a Mv.lct of 5'00 
 Talents was impos'd on the Athenian State. Upon this Account 
 it was refolv'd,that CommilTioners fhould be fent to the Roman 
 Senate, to procure a Mitigation of the Fine. The Perfons pitch'd 
 on for this Service were CarneaJes the Academick^ Diogenes 
 the Stoick, and Critolaus the Peripatetkk. About the Time of 
 their coming, Authors are very h'ttle agreed; but Petavius and 
 Cafauhon f^x it in the ^\\ Hundred and Third Year after the 
 Building of Rome. Moft of the ftudious Youths immediately 
 waited on the old Gentlemen at their Arrival, and heard them 
 difcourfe frequently, with Admiration. It happen'd too, that 
 they had each of them a different Way in their Harangues ; for 
 the Eloquence ofCarnead^s was Violent and Rapid, Critolaus's 
 Neat and Smooth, that o( Diogenes Modd\ and Sober. Carneader 
 one Day held a full and accurate Difpute concerning Juftice; 
 the next Day he refuted all that he had faid before, by a Train 
 of contrary Arguments, and quite took away the Virtue that he 
 feem'd fo firmly to have eftablifn'd. This he did to (hew his 
 Faculty of confuting all manner of pofitive Aflertions ; for he was 
 the Founder of the Second Academy.^ a SeS which denied that any 
 Thing was to be perceiv'd or underftood in the World, and fo 
 introduc'd an univerfal Sufpenfion of Aflent. It foon flew about 
 the City that a certain Grecian (by whom they meant Carneades) 
 carrying all before him, had imprefs'd fo llrange a Love upon the 
 young Men, that quitting all their Pleafures and Paftimes, they 
 run mad, as it were, after Philofophy. This to the Generality of 
 People was a very pleafaut Sight, and they rejoic'd extreamly 
 
 a) S*teten. de CLtr. Cramrta:. cap. I. ^. Celt, lib, ly. cap. ir, (6) Plut, 
 Cat. major. .A. Cell. lib. 7. cap, 14. MtKrel: Sat. I. cap. I5. 
 
 ^ !^ntn«s- to
 
 Of the KouA^i LearniHg. v 
 
 to find their Sons welcome the Grecian Literature in fo kind a 
 Manner. But old Ctf^o the Cenfor took it much to Heart, fearing 
 left the Youth being diverted by fuch Entertainments, Ihou'd 
 prefer the Glory of Speaking, to that of Adiing. So that, the 
 Fame of the Philofophers increafing every Day, he refolv'd to fend 
 them packing as foonaspoflible. With this Deiign, coming into 
 the Senate, he accus'd theMagiftratesfor not giving the Ambaf- 
 iadors a fpecdier Difpatch; they being Perfons who cou'd eafily 
 pcrfuade the People to whatever they pleas'd. He advis'd 
 therefore, that in all hafte fomething fnou'd be concluded on, 
 that being fent home to their own Schools, they might declaim 
 to the Grecian Children; and the Roman Youth might beol^edi- 
 ent to their own Laws and Governors, as formerly. ' "'■.''"*''';: 
 
 The fame grave Difciplinarian, to fright his Son from ahy 
 Thing of the Gracians^ us'd to pronounce, like the Voice of an 
 Oracle, in a harfhcr and louder Tone than ordinary, That the 
 Romans wou'd certainly be dejlroyed^ when fhey began once to he 
 infededwith Greek. But 'tis very likely, that he afterwards alter'd 
 his Mind; fince his learning Greek in his old Age is a known 
 Story; and depends on good Authority (a). The Lord Bacon 
 lays, ""Tvjas a judgmem upon hirn^ for his former Blafphemies (b) . 
 
 The Amballadors, upon the Motion of Cato^ had a quick 
 DifmilTion, but left fo happy an Inclination in the young Gen- 
 tlemen to Philofophy and good Letters, that they gre\y_ every 
 Day more enamour'd of Study; and (hew'd as much Diligence 
 in their Purfuits of Knowledge, as they have ever done In their 
 Applications to War. ■' ..^ 
 
 in the Year of the City 608 or 609, Greece, which had fif'^^^ 
 therto retain'd forae Diadow of Liberty, tho' it had been a lorigj' 
 while at the /Jo;wrt»; Command, was, upon fome flight OccalToii,^ 
 enter'd v^'ith an Army under L. Mummius, and rcduc'd to x'h'e^ 
 common State of the other conqucr'd Nations. This Exploit' 
 happening in the very fame Year that Carthage was dcitroy'a by 
 P.Scipio .^mylianus, it will be very pleafant toobfervc thediftc- 
 rent Genius ot the two Commanders, who had the Honour of 
 thefeAtchievements; and to feehowPolitenefs, and the ancient: 
 Simplicity, were now at Strife in Rome. Mmnmlns was fo tar 
 unskill'd in the curious Inventions of Art, that after the taking^ 
 of Corinth.^ v/hen a great Number of admirable Pitlurcs aiid'- 
 Statues, by the bcft Mafters, came into his Hands, he tald 
 
 («) Cctro Academ. i. DiStneR. 2*f.inc},iUn. I»Jl. lib. u. c.ip, u. (i) Ad- 
 vancement of Learning, Sitk. I, 
 
 b 4 tbc
 
 vi E S S AY \. 
 
 the Servants that were to carry them into ItaJy^ If they lojl any 
 by the IVay^ they poii'd certainly find hirn nevj ones in their 
 Jioom (a). 
 
 Siipio on the other Hand, to the Courage and Virtue of an- 
 cient Heroes, hadjoin'dn profound Knowledge of the Science^, 
 with all the Graces and Ornaments of Wit. His Patronage was 
 cour ed by every one that made any Figure in Learning. Pa- 
 ?7iCtius^ whom TuUy calls the Prince of the Stoicks, and the in- 
 comparable H'ftorian PolybtHs^ were his Bofom-Fi iends, the Af- 
 fiftiirs of his Studies at home, andtheconftantCompanicns of his 
 JlxpedicionsC^'j. To which may be added the Remark of a very 
 great Man, That he pafs''d the [oft Hours of his Life in the Con- 
 'ver Cation 0/ Terence, andwas thought to have a Part in the Com- 
 pq/ition of his Comediei (c). 
 
 Thchigheft Pitch of the Roryian Grandeur, in the Time of the 
 Common-wealth, is thought to have been concluded before the 
 final ReduSion of Carthage and of Greece (d) ; and the common 
 Reafon affign'd for its Decay, is, that ///'/■'<?«j being now become 
 the Mart of the World, for Wit and Breeding, imported the 
 i\rts of Debauchery, among her more Noble Produ6tions, to 
 Rome; and maintain'd their Luxury, as well as their Studies and 
 Converfation, at her Charge. But however their ancient Prowefs 
 might decline, it's certain the Conqueil of the great Empire 
 of Scie.^ce^ was now carried on more vigoroufly than ever. The 
 Tide of Learning and Humanity run every Day with greater 
 Force, and, after the famous Cato^ fcarce met with any to oppole 
 it. Between this Period, and the Death of Sylla ffcarce Se- 
 venty Years,) the moft renown'd Orators Crajfus and Jntony^ 
 rul'd the Fom-m^ who were fucceeded by Sulptdus^ Cottn^ Hor- 
 
 •wrote about the Time of the Jugarthme War) as he excell'd 
 cve\M\\eGnecian'D\i!Q\^\QSO'i Eptcuru!^ in explaining and defend- 
 ing his Doctrine, fo he directs us where to begin, in fixing the 
 Height and Purity of the Rouum Pcef^/ and Style {e). Philofo- 
 phers were now in univerfal Honour :ind Requeft, being invited 
 from al! Parts for i\\t Education and Inilrudion of young No- 
 blemen, and for Advice and Alfiftance of the greatelt Minillers 
 
 {a) Veil. Paurc. lib. 7. cap. 13. (b) lb. (() ShWil/. Tm^h's Mifcell. P. z. 
 Effay 4. (,f) VisJ. Cafai'.hn. Chretith^. ad PoiyL. (() Sir WilU Tcmplc'i MiJ:el. 
 
 P. 2. tiTajr I. 
 
 of
 
 Of theKouMi Learning, vii 
 
 ^i State. And what is mod furpiizing, Arts and Civility were 
 rather encouraged than frighted away by the Wars, and the 
 Mnfes, h"ke their Patronefs Minerva^ had very often their Refi- 
 dence in the Camp. Sylla himfelf wrote Two and Twenty Books 
 of Memoirs ( J j, and' contributed in an extraordinary manner, to 
 the Advancement of Knowledge, by traufporting to Rome the 
 Famous hhrny oi /Ipelliconxht Peripatetic^ in which were moll 
 oi Arijlotte and Theophraftm\ Works, which had been long un- 
 known to the greatell Part of their Followers (b). 
 
 iy/Z^'s Rival, Mar'tusy was the only Man of Note, in that Age, 
 who retain 'd the old Sournefs and unpolidi'd Manner of the firit 
 Romans. He indeed wou'd nev r ftudy Greek^ nor fuffer that 
 Language to be ufed in any Matters of Confequence ; as think- 
 ing it ridiculous to beftow Time in that Learning, the Teach- 
 ers whereof were little better than Slaves {c). 
 
 But then Luciillus^ who fucceded S^'lJr in the Military Glory, 
 as to Matters of Learning was much his Superior. In his Youth 
 he had fo abfolute a Command of the Two only Tongues then 
 in Requcft, that upon a Project of compiling an HiTtory, he 
 fairly took his Chance, whether he lliou'd write in Greek ovLa- 
 //a/, in Profe, or Vcrfe. And after all his Feats of Arms in the 
 jMithridatick War, when he was depriv'd of his Command by 
 the prevailing Fadion of Pompc)\ the great Employment of his 
 Privacy and Retreat, was the promoting of Knowledge. With 
 this Delign he built a Library, furnifli'd it with a vaft Num- 
 ber of Books fairly tranfcrib'd, and made it free to all Comers. 
 Ihe Walks and Schools, which herais'dnearthe Library, were 
 always full of Gr.ccians^ who retiring hither from Bufinefs, divert- 
 ed one another with Conferences and Debates, in the fame man- 
 ner as was us'd in their own Country; making Advantage of 
 Friendly Coiwerfation, toward the Improvement of their Under- 
 llandings. Luculhis himfelf often liudicd there, fometimcs dif- 
 puting with the Learned Men, and fometimes giving his Advice 
 ni Matters of State, to thofe that delircd it; tho' he meddled 
 with no publick BulineG in Perfon. He was very well vers'd 
 in all the Seds of Philofophy, bur adher'd clofely to the old 
 Academy, whereas his Friend C.v<:r& was a great Stickler for the 
 New. Hence it is that we find the latter Book of the Aca- 
 demic Qnefiions infcrib'd Luculiiis ; where that great Man is 
 brought in defending the Opinions of his Sed {d). 
 
 {a) Pltitarchus in Sylla. (/-} ibid. & Strabs, lib. 13. (f) Piutarch. in Mans- 
 ('^) Pltitanhns in LwuUns, 
 
 The
 
 Tiii ESSAY I, 
 
 The whole Majefty of Language, and Height of Eloquence, 
 fhone out, as it were, all at once, in Tully\ fo that Pater cuius 
 has well obfcrv'd, DeleSiari ante eum paucijfimis^ mirari ■veri 
 iteminempojfis^ ntfiaut ab illo vifum^ aut qui ilium viderit (a). 
 
 Perhaps the fame Remark will hold good in his Philofophy ; 
 or, at leaft, with refpcft to his PredecelTors, the latter Study 
 will yield him an equal Praife with the former. For to handle 
 this Subject in Z,^j';« Profe, was purely a new Province referv'd 
 for his Management, and left untouch'd 'till that Time by the 
 Ivcarned. Thus much he lets us know in fcvcral Parts of his 
 Works, particularly in his Proem to the Tufculan Queftions; 
 where at the fame time he gives us a (hort Account of the Progrefs 
 and Advances of Arts among the Romans^ infinitely worth the 
 tranfcribing- Meiim femper judicium fuit^^z. It was always my 
 Opinion^ fays he, That either our Country-men have been more 
 happy m their Inventions of every kind^ than ^^^ Greeks ; cr^ That 
 ihey have made a vajl Improvement in whatever they borrow'' d from 
 that Nation^ and thought worth their while to poUJh and refine. 
 For as to the Condu6i of Life^ and the Rulesof Breeding and Be- 
 haviour^ together with the Management of Family Concerns^ we are 
 Majlers of more Exa^nefs^ and have a much gentiler Air. If we 
 afcend to the Governing and Regulating of Pnblick States., our 
 Anceftors may jajlly claim the Preference in this part ofWifdom^ 
 on Account of their admirable haws andlnfiitutions. In military 
 Affairs vje have made a more confiderable Advance., than any 
 before us., which is owing no lefs to our Difcipline, than to our 
 Native Bravery. 
 
 ^Tis true., Greece has always had the Renown beyond us for 
 their Attainments in every part of Learning., and it was an eafy 
 Matter to conquer., when they met with no Oppofition. Poetry^ 
 the mofl ancient fort of Writing., had but a late Reception among 
 lis: For Livius Andronicus /'r^/c-wi^^'^ ^/x firfl Dramatick Piece^ 
 5'io fit fhould be ^i^) Tears after the Building o/Rome, in the 
 Confullhip of C. Claudius, Son to Appius Cscus, and M. 
 Tuditanus, a Tear before the Birth of Ennius, who is Senior t-o 
 Plautus and Nsevius 
 
 As he goes on, he attributes the flow Progrefs of Poefy, itf* 
 the Want of due Reward and Incouragement, and tells us, that 
 in a publick Oration of Cato^s, it was objeded as a Reproach 
 ito Marcus Nobiltor., that he had carried the Poet £»«/'»/ with him 
 not ALtoUa^ when he went to refide there as Governor. That 
 
 {a) Hifi. lib. I. Ci»p. 17. 
 
 there-
 
 Of the Ro M A N Learning. ix 
 
 ihcre was no Part of the Mathematkh fwhich the Grcvcians 
 efteem'd fo honourable a Study,) of Ufe in Rome^ but the bare 
 Pradiceof Meafuring, and catting Accompt. For Oratory, he 
 oblervcs, that the Romans embrac'd this very foon, but at firft 
 without the Advantages of a learned Inftitution; which were 
 afterwards added with fo much Succefs, as to fet them on equal 
 Terms with the moll eloquent Mailers of Greece : J3ut that 
 Philofophy had lain negleSed'till that Time, and had met with 
 no eminent Author to adorn it in the Latin Tongue. This 
 therefore he profefleth to undertake as his proper Office ; and 
 how happily he fucceeded in the Attempt, his Works on that* 
 Subje6l will be a lading Argument. ? 
 
 If we compare Tully with his Friend Atticus^ we find thcnn 
 both together anfwering the two excellent Ends of Philofophy, 
 the Service of the Publick, and the private Eafe and Tranquillity 
 of an inoffenfive Life. The former direfted all his Studies to 
 Adion, in the Defence of the Common-wealth, and the oppofing 
 all Defigns on its Liberty. The latter, by never entring the 
 Scene of Bufinefs, made himfelf equally honoured and court- 
 ed by all Parties, from Sylla^ to Augujlus Cafar. The one 
 gain'd to himfelf more Glory, the other more hearty Love and 
 Efteem; and I believe mod Perfons wou'd be inclin'd to fol- 
 low Atticus^ and to commend Cicero. 
 
 CraJ/us, Potnpey^ Antony., Cafar., Cato., and Brutus., who 
 made fuch a Noife in the World, almofl all at the lame Time, 
 were the moll refin'd Scholars of their Age. The three firft 
 indeed confin'd thcmfelves to the Pradice of Eloquence, 'till 
 they were wholly diverted by the ProfelTion of Arms. But the 
 three laft, as they out-fhone the former in Oratory, fo they had 
 made much greater Advances in the other Parts of Humane 
 Learning. Poetry and Philofophy were the Diverfion of 
 Cafar^ leifure Hours; and his Hiftory will be the Model of 
 good Language, as long as himfelf is the Example of great 
 Atchievements. 
 
 The whole Condud of Cato\ Life, fliews him a greater 
 Stoic than the moft rigid ProfefTors of that Sed; or, however 
 they might equal him in Knowledge, 'tis certain he (ham'd 
 them in Pradice. 
 
 Brutus had been a Hearer of all the Seds of Philofophcrs, 
 and made fome Proficiency in every one. When a Soldier 
 under Pompey.^ m the Civil- Wnrs, all the Time that he was ill 
 the Camp, except what he fpent in the General's Company, 
 Ije employ'd in Reading, and Study. And the very Day before 
 
 the
 
 £ E S S jIY \. 
 
 the decifive Battle at Pharfal:a^ tho' it was then the Middle of 
 Summer, and the Camp under many Inconvcniencies, and he 
 himfelf extremely harrafs'd and out of Order ; yet while others 
 were either laid down to flcep, or taken up with Apprchenfions 
 about the IflTue of the Fight, he fpent all his Time, 'till the 
 Evening, in writing an Epitome of Fulybius (a). 
 
 It's univerfally known, that the /2o;».'j/; Literature, as well as 
 Empire, was in its higliett Afcendant under Augufius. All the 
 delicate Fruits tranfplanted from Greece^ were now in their 
 Bloflbm, being chcrifh'd by the Calmnefs of the Seafon, and 
 cultivated by the Hand of an Emperor. 
 
 I have often v/ondcr'd that M«:cenas fhou'd all along carry 
 ^v/ay the folp Honour oi encouraging '.he Wit and Knowledge 
 of this Reign ; when it feems probable that he afted only in 
 imitation ot' his Mailer; as the Humours of l-*rinces commonly 
 determine the Inclinations of their Favourites. The quite con^ 
 trary happen'd to the other great Minifter /^g-r/yY'-*; the Glory 
 of his Exploits was refcrr'd co the Emperor, while the Empe- 
 ror's Bounty advanced M.vcenas^s Elteem. And indeed, the 
 Celebration of Augujlus^s Triumphs, and the Panegyricks on 
 his Piety, were fufficient to fet him out in the molt taking 
 Colours : But had Maecenas been denied the fhining Charafter 
 of a Patron, he might have roU'd on in Silence among Epicurns^z 
 ^erd, and we fhould fcarce have feen him drawn by the Poets 
 Hands, unlefs in the fame Pofture as Silenus. 
 
 Inflatum hejlerm venas^ tit femper^ laccho: 
 Serta procnl capiti tantum delapfa jacebant^ 
 Kt gravis attritd pcndebat cantharus aafd (b). 
 
 /J 
 But whoever of the Two was the nobler Patron, Auguflus 
 muft be acknowledg'd to have been the greater Scholar. And 
 for Proof, we need go no farther than 6'//(?^i//2/?/;, who has fpent no 
 Icfs than Six Chapters on the Learning of this Emperor. His 
 prodigious Induftry in the Study of Eloquence, and liberal Arts; 
 his Labour in comp'.fiiig every Thing that he fpoke in Publick, 
 tho' he had a very good l'\iculty at extempore Harangues ; his 
 polite and clean Style; his accurate Knowledge of the GraciaK. 
 Literature, by the Afliflance of their beft Mailers of Rhetoric 
 and Philofophy ; the Thirteen Books of the Hiftory of his 
 
 («) PlAtarci. in Brut. (l>) Virgil. Eclog. 6. 
 
 own
 
 Of the Roman Learning. xi 
 
 own Life i his Exhortation to Philofophy, with fcveral other 
 Works in Profe; his Book of Hexameters, and another of Epi- 
 grams, all confidcr'd together, may equal him with the moil 
 learned Princes in Story. 
 
 Being thus arriv'd at the higheft Point of the Roman Attain- 
 ments, it cannot be unpleafant to look about us, and to take a 
 fhort Survey of the Produ61:ions in every Kind. Eloquence in- 
 deed will appear at fomc Diftance, rather in the Auguflan Age, 
 than in Augujius'% Reign, ending in Cicero^ at the Dilfolution 
 of the Common -wealth. Not that his Death was properly the 
 Ruin of his ProfelTion ; for the Philofopher might have liv'd 
 much longer ; and yet the Orator have been gone ; when once 
 the ancient Liberty was taken av/ay, which infpir'd him with 
 all his lofty Thoughts, and was the very Soul of his Harangues, 
 But then the Bounds of Hiftory and Poefy were fix'd under the 
 Emperor's Protediiion, \isLtv'j^ Virgil^ and Horace. And if we 
 defire a View of Philofophy, the Two Poets will account for 
 that, as well as for their own Province. 
 
 I think none will deny Horace theElogy given him by a cele- 
 brated Writer, ^that he was the greateji Majler of Life., and of 
 true Senfe in the CondtiB of it {a). Efpecially fince the Author 
 of that Judgment is one of thofe whom f had he liv'd then) 
 Horace himlelf wou'd have willingly chofe for his Judge; and 
 inferted in that fhort Catalogue of Men of Wit and Honour, 
 whom he defired (hould approve his Labours (b). 
 
 Whether or no the common Saying be true, that if all Arts 
 and Sciences were lolt, they might be found in Vkgil.^ it's plain 
 he div'd very deep into the Mydcries of natural Science, which 
 he fets forth in all its Ornaments, in fcveral parts of his fublime 
 Work. And in that admirable place of his Second Georgtc, 
 when he expreffeth, in a fort of Tranfport, his Inclinations to 
 Poefy, he feems to direft its whole End towards the Specula- 
 tions of the Philofophers, and to make the Mufes Hand-m.aids 
 to Nature. 
 
 Me vcrdprimum dulcet ante omnia Mtff,^., 
 Qfiarum facra fero ingent: pcrcufj'us arnore., 
 Accipiant., coelique vias ^ fydern rnonjlrent^ 
 Dejeihis folis zarios^ Lunaque laborcs : 
 
 (<i) Sir Will. Ttmpk's MifcelUr,, P. 2. Efljy i. {i) Book i. Sar, 10. 
 
 U.K.dt
 
 xii E s s A r I. 
 
 Uitde tremor terris, qua vi maria aha tumefcant 
 Ob'tcibus ruptis^ rurfufquc in feipfa refidant : 
 Quid tantum Oceano properent fe tingere foles 
 Hyberni : vel quce tardis mora noiiibus obftet. 
 
 For we, the firft Defire, which does controul 
 All the inferior Wheels that move my Soul, 
 Is, that the Mufe me her High-prieft would make ; 
 Into her holy Scenes of Myftery take, 
 And open there, to my Mind's purged Eye, 
 Thofe Wonders which to Senfe the Gods deny: 
 How in the Moon fuch Change of Shapes is found ; 
 The Moon, the changing World's eternal Bound : 
 What fhakes the folid Earth : What ftrong Difcafe 
 Dares trouble the far Centre's ancient Eafe : 
 What makes the Sea retreat, and what advance; 
 Varieties too regular for Chance : 
 What drives the Chariot on of Winter's Light, 
 And flops the laxy Waggon, of the Night. 
 
 [Mr. Cowley, 
 
 After Auguftm^ the Roman Mufes, as well as the Eagles,- 
 fioop'd from their former Height ; and, perhaps, one of ihefe 
 Misfortunes might be a neceliary Confequence of the other. I 
 am very forry when 1 find either of them attributed to the 
 Change of Government, and the Settlement of the Monarchy: 
 For had the Maxims and the Example of Augujlus been purfu'd 
 by his Succellbrs, the Empire, in all probability, might have 
 been much more Glorious than the Common-wealth. But 
 while a new Scheme of Politicks was introduc'd by Tiberius^ 
 and the Cafars began to aft what the Tarquins wou'd have 
 been alham'd of, the Learning might very well be corrupted, 
 together with the Manners and the Difcipline, and all beyond 
 any Hopes of a Recovery. 
 
 It cannot be deny'd, that fomc of the word Princes were the 
 mofl: paffionate Aftedlers of Learning, particularly Tiberius, 
 Claudtus^ and Nero : But this rather deterr'd other Men from 
 fuch Attempts, than eucourag'd them in their Purfuits ; while 
 an applauded Scholar was as much envied, as a ^rtunate 
 Commander; and a Rival in Wit, accounted as dangerous as 
 a Contender for the En)pire : The firft being certainly the more 
 hard Combatant, who dai'd challenge his Mafters at their 
 own Weapons. 
 
 6 Whateves
 
 Of the Roman Learning, xiii 
 
 Whatever Eflays were made to recover the langui'Oiing Arts 
 under Vefpafiatt^ Titus and Domitian (for this laft too was an 
 Incourager of Poefy, tho' he banilh'd the Philofophers,) fcarcc 
 ferv'd to any better Purpofe, than to demonftrate the poor 
 Succefs of Study and AppKcation, while the ancient Genius 
 was wanting. 
 
 In the fix next Reigns immediately following Domitian^ 
 Learning feems to have enjoy'd a Sort of lucid Interval, and 
 the banilh'd Favourite was again admitted to the Court, being 
 highly countenanced and applauded by the bed Set of Princes 
 Rome ever faw. 
 
 Not to enquire after the Produ£tions of the other Reigns, the 
 ufeful Labours of T'acitus^ Suetonius^ and Pliny ytmior^ wDl 
 make the Government of 7r<«/^» more famous than all his Feats 
 of Arms. If they are lefs happy in their Language than the 
 Ancients, in other Refpeds, perhaps, they have over-match'd 
 them : The Hiftorians in the Delicacy of their Politicks, and 
 the^ (incere Truth of their Relations ; and the Orator in his 
 Wit and good Senfe. If we add tothcfe Plutarch^ who wrote 
 moft of his Works in Rome^ and was honoured by Trajan with 
 the Confulfhip ; and Quindilian^ who flourifli'd a very little 
 Time before; they may pafs for the Twilight of Learning af- 
 ter the Sun-fet of the Auguftan Age; or rather be refembled to 
 a glimmering Taper, which cafts a double Light when it's juft 
 on the Point of expiring. 
 
 'Tis an Obfervation of S ir William T'emple^ That all the L atift 
 Books, which we have 'till the Endof 7rrt;«», and all the Greek 
 tin the End of Marcus Antoninus^ have a true and very efti' 
 mahle Value ; but that all written fince that Time, owe their 
 Price purely to our Curiofity, and not their own Worth and 
 Excellence. 
 
 But the Purity of the Tongue was long before corrupted, 
 and ended, in Sir William T'emple''s Judgment, with Velleim 
 Paterculus^ under 'Tiberius. The Reafon he affigns for this 
 Decay, is, the ftrange Refort of the ruder Nations to Rome.^ 
 after the Conqueft of their own Country. 
 
 Thus the Gmls and Germans fiock'd in Multitudes both to 
 the Army and the City, after the Reducing of thofe Parts by 
 'Julius Ccefar., Augujius, and Tiberius ; as many Spaniards and 
 Syrians had done before, on the like Account : But the greatefl 
 Confluence of Foreigners foUow'd upon the V ivories of Tl-iS/.-?;; 
 in the £^7?, and his Efbblifhment of the Ttirce new Provinces, 
 Armenia^ AjJ'yria^ and Mepjptamia. And though Adrian vo- 
 
 luut^rilv
 
 xiv E S S AT f. 
 
 luntarily relinquifh'd thefe new AcquiTitions, yet fhe prodigi- 
 ous Swarms of the Natives, who had waited on his PredeccT- 
 fors Triumphs, were ftill oblig'd to live in Ror/7e^ in the Con- 
 dition of Slaves. 
 
 The greateft part of the facceeding Princes, who found itfo 
 hard an Enterprise to defend their own Territories, had little 
 Leifure or Concern to guard the PofTcffions of the MufeS. And 
 therefore Claudian in thofe Verfes of his Panegyric on Stilico^ 
 
 Hinc prifcce redeuat artes^ felicibus inde 
 Ingen'its aperitur iter^ defpeBaque Mufe 
 Colla levant ; 
 
 is guilty of a great Piece of Flattery, in making that Minifter 
 the Rettorer of polite Studies,when it is plain, that in his Time 
 ^under Honenus) were the laftStrugglings of the Roman State. 
 
 The Goths and Vandals., who foon carried all before them, 
 might eafily fright Learning and Sciences oft' the Stage, fince 
 they were already fo much out of Countenance; and thus 
 render the Conquerors of the Univerfe, as rough and illiterate 
 as their firlt Progenitors. 
 
 In this manner, the Inundations of the barbarous People 
 prov'd equally fatal to Arts and Empire; and Rome herfelf, 
 when ftie ceas'd to be the Miftrefs of the World, in a little 
 Time quite forgot to fpeak Latin. 
 
 &fe:^S^^^ 
 
 ESSAY
 
 [ XV ] 
 
 ESSAY II. 
 
 Of the Roman Education. 
 
 S an obvious Remark, that the ftrongeft Body 
 owes its Vigor, in a great meafure, to the very 
 ^ Milk it receiv'd in its Inflmcy, and to the firtl 
 ^M knitting of the Joints : That the moft ftately 
 1^^ Trees, and the faireft of Herbs and Flowers, are 
 beholden for their Shade and Beauty to the Hand 
 that firfl: fix'd them in an agreeable Soil : An Advantage, which 
 if they happen to want, they feldom fail to degenerate intoWild- 
 nefs, and to afliime a Nature quite different from their proper 
 Species. Every one knov/s how to apply the fame Obfervation 
 to Morals, who has the Senfeto difcoverit in Naturals. Hence 
 themoft renown'd People in Story, arethofewhofe Law-givers 
 thought it their nobleft and mofr important Work, to prefcribe 
 Rules for the early Inftitution of Youth. On this Bafis, Ly- 
 curgus founded the glorious Difcipline of the Spartans^ which 
 continu'd for Five Hundred Years, without any conliderable 
 Violation. The Indian Brachmans had a Strain beyond all the 
 IVitof Greece, beginning their Care of Mankind even before their 
 Birth J and employing much Thought and Diligence about the Diet 
 and Entertainment of their breeding Women ; fo far as to furnijb 
 themivith pleafant Imaginations.^ to compofe their Minds andtheir 
 Sleep with the bejl Temper^ during the Time that they carried 
 their Burthen (a). 
 
 Plutarch feverely reprehends the Condu6l of Numa., that in 
 his Settlement of the Roman State, he did not in the firft f'lace 
 
 W Sii WUl. Temple's Mifiell. P. z. ElTay i, 
 
 6 
 
 provid €»
 
 xvi ESSAY II. 
 
 provide and conftitute Rules for the Education of Children 5 
 and makes the Remifsnefs in this early Difcipline, the chief Caufe 
 of the fcditious and turbulent Temper of that People, and v/hat 
 contributcdhighlytotheRainof the Common- v/calth (a). Thus 
 much indeed feems to be agreed on by the latter Hiltorians, 
 That, in the loofer Times of the Empire, the fliameful Negli- 
 genceof Parents and Inftruftors, with its necelliryConfequence, 
 the Corruption and Decay of iVlorality, and good Letters, ftruck 
 a very great Blow towards the dillolving of that glorious fV 
 brick. But in the riling Ages of Romc^ wliile their Primitive 
 Integrity and Virtue flourifh'd with their Arms and Command, 
 the training up of Youth waslook'd on as a moll Sacred Duty; 
 and thty thought themfelves in the highefl: Manner oblig'd to 
 leave fit Succeflbrs to the Empire of the World. So that upon 
 a Ihort Survey of the whole Method of Difcipline from the 
 Birth to the Entrance on publick Bufinefs, they will appear fo 
 far to have exceeded the Wifdom and Care of other Nations, 
 as to contend for this Glory, even with the ancient Spartans^ 
 whom Plutarch has magnify'd fo much beyond them : Efpeci- 
 ally, if we agree with a great Judge, That the taking no Care 
 about the Learning, but only about the Lives and Manners of 
 Children, may bejuftly thought a Defed: in Lycurgus^ Inftitu- 
 tion {b). 
 
 Quindilian (or Tacitus) in the Dialogue de Oratoribtts^ gives 
 an excellent Account of the old Way of breeding Children, 
 and fets it off with great Advantage, by comparing it with the 
 Modern. 
 
 " As foonasthe Child w^as born, he was not given in Charge 
 " to an hir'd Nurfe, to live with her in fome pitiful Hole that 
 " ferv'd for her Lodgings ; but was brought up in the Lap and 
 " Bofom of the Mother, who reckon'd it among her chief Com- 
 " mendations, tokeeptheHoufe, and to attend on the Children. 
 '^ Some ancient Matron was pitch'd on out of the Neighbours, 
 *' whofe Life and Maimers rendered her worthy of that Office, 
 '' to whofe Care the Children of every E'amily were committed'; 
 *' before whom 'twas reckon'd the mofl; heinous Thing, in the 
 " World, tolpeakanillWord, ortodoanill Adlion, Norhad 
 *' flie an Eye only on their Inftruition, and the Bufinefs that 
 *' they were to follow, but with an equal Modefty and Gravity, 
 *' flie regulated their very Divertifements and Recreations. Thus 
 
 («) tint arch. Compar, o( Nmaa mi L}(»''g- (J>) Aich-Bifliop Tiliotfon's 
 S^fmon of Educitioft.
 
 Of the Roman Education* xvii 
 
 ** Cornelia^ /Jurelia and Att'ia^ Mothers to the Gracchi^ 'Julius 
 *' defar and Augujius^ are reported to have undertaken the 
 " Office of GovernefTes, and to have employ'd themfelves in 
 " the Education of Noblemens Children. The Stri6tnels and 
 " Severity of fuch an Jnltitution had this very good Defign, 
 " That the Mind being thus preferv'd in its primitive Inno- 
 •* cence and Integrity, and not debauch'd by ill Cuftom or ill 
 " Example, might apply itfelf v^ith the greatell Willingnefs to 
 " liberal Arts, and embrace them v^^ith all its Powers and Fa- 
 " culties. That, whether it was particularly inclin'd either 
 " to the Profeffion of Arms, or to the Underllanding of the 
 " Law, or to the Pra6tice of Eloquence; it might make that 
 *' its only Bufinefs, and greedily drink in the whole Knowledge 
 " of the favourite Study. 
 
 " But now the young Tnfant is given in Charge to fome poor 
 " GriC«.«« Wench, andoneortwoof the Serving-men, perhaps, 
 " are join'd in the Commiliion ; generally the meanelt and moft 
 *' ill-bred of the whole Pack, and fuch as are unfit for any fed" 
 " ousBulinefs. From the Stories and Tattleof fuch fine Gom- 
 " panions, the foft and tiexible Nature mull: take itsfirftlmpref^ 
 " fion and Bent. Over the whole Family there is not the leaft 
 " Care taken of what is faid or done before the Child ; while 
 *' the very Parents, inftead of inuring their dear little Ones to 
 " Virtue and Modefty, accuftom them, on the quite contrary, 
 " to Licencioufnefs and Wantonnefs, the natural Refult of 
 " which, is a fettled Impudence, and a Contempt of thofe 
 t( very Parents, and every Body elfe. 
 
 Thusaltho' the Care and Initruftionof Youth, among the old 
 Romans^ had been provided for by the Publick Laws, as in the 
 Spartan State, yet the voluntary Diligence of Parents would 
 have made all fuch Regulations liiperflnoas. 
 
 Among the Domelb'ck Cares, it will not be from the Purpofe 
 to take particular Notice of one, which requir'd little Trouble 
 or Difficulty, and yet prov'd as Beneficial and Serviceable as 
 any other Inltkution : I mean the ufing Children to fpeak the 
 Language purely at firft, by letting them hear nothing but the 
 truelt and moll proper Phrafe. By this only Advantage feveral 
 Perfons arriv'd at no ordinary Repute in the Forum^ who wers 
 lb unhappy as to want many other Qualifications. 
 
 TuUy fays that xhcGracchi were educated, non tarn in grew'to^ 
 quam in fermune Matris : And he reports oi C.Curio^ who was 
 xeckon'd the third Orator of his Time, that he underftood no 
 Poet, had read no Books of Eloquence, had made ooH^ftorical
 
 irvKi E S S AY Wr 
 
 Golleflions; and had no Knowledge of the PubHck or Private 
 Part of the Law. The only Thing which gain'd him his xApplaufe 
 •was a clean, fhining Phrafe, and a ludden Quicknels and Flu- 
 ency of Expreffion. 1 his he got purely by the Benefit of his Pri- 
 vate Education ; being us'd to luch a corred and polifli'd way 
 of fpeaking in theHoufc where he was brought up (a). 
 
 For Mailers, in the firrt Place, they had the Lheratores^ or 
 Te^lMyLAT.ra.'^ who taught the Children to w'rite and read : To 
 thel'e they were committed about the Age of Six or Seven 
 Years (h). JBeing come from under their Care, they were fent 
 to the Grammar Schools^ to learn the Art of fpeaking well, and 
 the underftanding of Authors: Or more frequently, in theHoufe 
 of great Men, Ibme eminent Grammarian was entertain'd for 
 that Employment. 
 ■ It is pleafant to confider, what Prudenoe was us'd in thefe~early 
 Years, to inftil into the Children's Minds, a Love and Inclination 
 to the Forum^ w' hence they were to exped the greateft Share of 
 their Honours and Preferments. For Cicero tells Atticus, in his 
 Second Book <^^ Lt;^//^ ax. That when they were Boys, they us'd 
 to learn the famous Laws of the Twelve Tables by Heart, in 
 the fame Manner as they did an excellent Poem. And Plutarch 
 relates in his Life of the younger Cato^ That the very Children 
 had a Play, in which they acted Pleadings of Caufes before 
 the Judges ; accuiing one another, and carrying the condemii'd 
 Party to Prifon. 
 
 The Mailers already mention'd, together with the InftruQors 
 in the feveral Sorts of manly Exercifes, for the improving of their 
 natural Strength and Force, do not properly deferve that Name, 
 if fet in View with the Rhetoricians and Philofophers ; who, af- 
 ter that Reafon had difplay'd her Faculties, and eftablifh'd her 
 Command, were employ'd to cultivate and adorn the Advan- 
 tages of Nature, and to give the lafl Hand toward the forming 
 of a Roman Citizen. Few Perfons made any great Figure on 
 the Scene of Adion in their own time, or in Hiftory after- 
 wares, who, belides the conilant frequenting of Publick Le- 
 dtures, did not keep with them in the Houfe fome eminent Pro- 
 fellor of Oratory or Wifdom. 
 
 I have often thought, That one main Reafon of the prodigious 
 Progrefs made by young GentUmen, under thefe Private Tu- 
 tors, was the perfedi Love and Endearment which we find 
 
 (t) Cic, m Brut. (t) Vid. Dacier ad HQrat, Sat, i. Lib. i. 
 
 to
 
 Of the R o M A N Education. xix 
 
 to have been between Mafter and Scholar, by which Means 
 Government and Inftru£tion proceeded in the fweetefl: and eafi- 
 efl: way. AH Perfons in tlie happy Ages of Rome had the fame 
 Honour and Relpeft for their Teachers, as Perfms had for his 
 Mafter, Comutus the Stoick^ to whom addrefling himfelf in his 
 fifth Satyr, he thus admirably defcribes his own Love and Piety 
 to his Governour, and the ftrid Friendship that was between 
 them : 
 
 Cumque iter amh'iguum efl^ iff vita nefcius error 
 
 Diducit trepidas rarnofa in cornptta rnentes^ 
 
 Me tibi fuppofui : teneros tit fufcipis nnnos 
 
 Socratico, Cornute, yz»« ; tunc failere [olers 
 
 Appojita intortos extendit regida mores ; 
 
 Kt premitur ratione animus^ vincique labor at ^ 
 
 Artificemque tno ducitfub pollice -vultum, 
 
 Tecum etenim longos r/iemini confirmere files ; 
 
 Et tecum primas epulis decerpere nodes. 
 
 JJnum opus., ^ requiem pariter difponimus ambo^ 
 
 Atque verecundd laxar/tus feria men fa. 
 
 Non equidem hoc dubites amborum focdere certo 
 
 Confentire dies, (jf ab uno fidere duci. 
 
 Hojira i}el aquali Jufpendit tempora libra 
 
 IP area tenax veri., feu nata fidehbus hora 
 
 Dividit in Geminos concordia fata duorum ; 
 
 Saturnumque gravem nofho Jove fregimus zma. 
 
 Nefcio quod, certe ejl quod me tibi temperat aflrurn. 
 
 Juft at the Age when Manhood fet me free, 
 I then depos'd my felf, and left the Reins to thee : 
 On thy wife Bofom I repos'd my Head, 
 And by my better Socrates was bred. 
 Then thy ftraight Rule fet Virtue in my Sight, 
 The crooked Line reforming by the Right. 
 My Reafon took the Bent of thy Command ; 
 Was form'd and polifh'd by thy skilful Hand. 
 Long Summer-days thy Precepts I rehearfc. 
 And Winter-nights were fhorl in our Converfe. 
 One was our Labour, one was our Repofe ; 
 One frugal Supper did our Studies clofe. 
 Sure on our Birth fome friendly Planet Ihone, 
 And as our Souls, our Horofcope was one : 
 
 c 3 Whether
 
 tx E s s ^r n. 
 
 Whether the mounting Twins did Heaven adOrK-, 
 Or with the i'i(:ng Balance we were born. 
 Both have the fame ImpreiTion from above. 
 And both have Sat urn % Rage, repell'd by y.ove. 
 What Star i know not, but fome Star I find, 
 Has giv'n thee an Afcendant o'er my Mind. 
 
 [Mf . Dryden. 
 
 Nor was the Reverence paid by the Publick to the Informers 
 of Youth, lefs Remarkable than the Efteem and Duty of their 
 Scholars. Which makes Juve-aal break out into that elegant 
 Rapture: 
 
 D'ti majnrurn umhris teyiuem l^ fv/ie ponder e terram^ 
 Spirantcfque crocos^ CJ* in urnd perpetHHm ver^ 
 Qui prceceptorern faniii voluere parentis s 
 
 Ejfe loco {a). 
 
 In Peace, ye Shades of our great Grandfires, reft; 
 No heavy Earth your facred Bones moleft. 
 Eternal Springs and rifing Flower^ adora 
 T'he Reliques of each venerable Urn : 
 Vv'ho pious Reverence to their Tutors paid, 
 As Parents honour'd, and as Gods obeyM. 
 
 [Mr. Charles Dry den. 
 
 At the Age of Seventeen Years, the young Gentlemen, when 
 they put on the -maMly Gown^ were brought in a folemn Man- 
 ner to the Foriim^ and enter'd in the Study of Pleading : Not 
 only if theydciign'd to make this their chief ProfelTion, but altho' 
 their Inclinations lay rather to the Camp. For we fcarce meet 
 ■with any famious Captain who was not a good Speaker; or any 
 eminent Orator, who had not ferv'd fome Time in the Army. 
 Thus it was rcquifite for al! Perfons, W'ho had any Thoughts of 
 rifing in the World, to make a good Appearance, both at the 
 Bar, and in the Field; becaufe, if the Succefs of their Valour 
 and Conduft fhou'd advance them to an,y confiderable Port, it 
 wou'd have prov'd almofi impoHible, without the Advantage of 
 Eloquence, to maintain their Authority with the Senate and 
 People : Or, if the Force of their Oratory fhou'd in time procure 
 
 them
 
 Of the Roman Education. xxi 
 
 them the honourable Office of Prator or Confu!^ they would 
 not have been in a Capacity to undertake the Government of 
 the Provinces, (which fell to their Share at the Expiration of 
 thofe Employmentsj without fome Experience in military Com- 
 mand. 
 
 Yet becaufe the Profeffion of Arms was an Art which woii'd 
 eafily givethem an Opportunity of iignalixingthemfelves, and in 
 which they wou'dalmoft naturally excell, as Uccalionsfhould be 
 afterwards offer'd for their Service ; their whole Application 
 and Endeavours were dircdcd at prefent to the Study of Law 
 and Rhetorick, as the Foundations of their future Grandeur. 
 Or, perhaps, they, now and then, made a Campaign, as well 
 for a Diverfion from feveral Labours, as for their improvement 
 in martial Difcipline. 
 
 In the Dialogue de Oraiorih»s, we have avcryraod Account 
 of this Admiffion of young Gentlemen to the Fomm^ and of 
 the Neceffity of fuch a Courfein the Common-wealth ; which 
 coming from fo great aMafter, cannot fail to be very pertinent 
 and inltrudlive. 
 
 " Among our Anceftors, fays the Author, the Youth who was 
 " delign'd for the Forum^ and the Pradiceof Eloquence, being 
 " now furnifh'd with the Liberal Arts, and the Advantage of a 
 *' Domeftick Inftitution, was brought by his Father, or near Rela- 
 " tions, to the moil celebrated Orator in the City. Him heus'd 
 " conftantly to attend, and to be always prefent at his Perform- 
 " ance of any Kind, either injudicial Matters, or in the ordinary 
 *f AlTemblies of the People : So that by this Means he learn'd to 
 *' engage in the Laurels and Contentions of the Bar, and to ap- 
 *-' prove himfelf a Man at Arms, in the Wars of the Pleaders. 
 
 ^' For in that ancient Conftitution of a mix*d State, when the 
 " Differences were never referr'd to one fupream Perfon, the 
 " Orators determin'd Matters as they pleas'd, by prevailing on 
 " the Minds of the ignorant Multitude. Hence came the Am^ 
 " bition of popular Applaufe: Hence thegreat Variety of Laws 
 " and Decrees : Hence the tedious Speeches and Harangues of the 
 " Magiftrates, fometimcs cirry'd on whole Nights in the Rofira : 
 " Hence the frequent Indidtment and Impleading of the powerful 
 " Criminals, and the expofing of Houfes to trie Violence and 
 ''*• Fury of the Rabble: Hence theFadions of the Nobility, and 
 " the conftaut Heats and Bickerings between the Senate and 
 " People. All which, tho'in a great meafure they diftradled the 
 " Common- wealth, yet had this good Eff^dl, that thcyexercis'd 
 " and improv d the Eloquence of thofe Times, by propofing 
 
 c 4 " thQ
 
 xxii E S S AT \l. 
 
 *' the highefl Rewards to that Study. Becaufe the moreexcel- 
 *' lent any Perfonappear'd in the Art of Speaking, the moreea- 
 *' fily he arriv'd at Honours and Employments ; the more he 
 *' furpafs'd his CoUegue in the fame Office, the greater was his 
 *' Favour with the leading Men of the City, his Authority with 
 *' the Senate, and his Renown and Efteem among the Commons. 
 " Thefe Men were courted and waited on by Clients even of 
 " Foreign Nations : Thefe, when they undertook the Com- 
 *' mand of Provinces, the very Magiftrates reverenc'd at their 
 *' Departure, and ador'd at their Return; Thefe the higheftOf- 
 " fices of Prators or Confnl feem'd to require, and call for, and 
 *' court their Acceptance : Thefe, when in a Private Station, 
 *' abated very little of their Authority, while they guided both 
 " the Senate and the People by their Counfel. For they took 
 *' this for an infallible Maxim, That without Eloquence 'twas 
 " impoflible either to attain or to defend a confiderableTruftin 
 " the Common- wealth : And no Wonder, when they were 
 *' drawn to Bufinefs, even againft their Will, and compell'd to 
 ** fhew their Parts in Publick. When 'twas reckon'd but an 
 *' ordinary Matter to deliver one's Opinion in fhort before the 
 *' Senate, unlefs a Man cou'd maintain and improve it with the 
 " engaging Ornaments of Wit and Elegance. When if they 
 *' had contrafted any Envy or Sufpicion, they were to anfwer 
 " the Accufer's Charge in Perfon. When they cou'd not fo much 
 *' as give their Evidence, as to publick Matters, in Writing; but 
 " were oblig'd to appear in Court, and to deliver it with their 
 *' own Mouth. So that there was not only a vafl: Encourage- 
 " ment, but even a NecelTity of Eloquence: To be a fine Speaker 
 *' was counted Brave and Glorious ; on the other hand, to adl 
 " only Q.r/zutePerfo ft, on the Publick Stage, was Scandalous and 
 " Reproachful. And thus a Senfe of Honour, and Defire of 
 " avoiding Infamy, was a main Incitement to their Endeavours 
 " in thefe Studies; left they (hou'd be reckon'd am.ong the Cli- 
 " ents, father than among the Patrons ; left the numerous De- 
 " pendances tranfmitted to them from their Anceftors, Ihou'd 
 " now at laftpafs into other Families, for want of an able Sup- 
 " porter; left, like a fort of ufelefs and unprofitable Creatures, 
 " they Ihou'd either be fruftrated in their Pretenfions to Honour 
 " and Preferments, or elfe difgracethemfelves and their Office, 
 '' by the Mifcarriages of their Adminiftration. 
 
 Crajfus and Antonius^ the Two chief Managers of the Dif- 
 courfe in Tully*% firft Book de Oratore^ are reprefented as very 
 oppofite in their. Judgments, concerning the neceflary Improve- 
 ments
 
 Of the Roman Education, xxiii 
 
 ments of an accomplilli'd Orator. The former denies any Per- 
 ibn the Honour of this Name, who does not pofTefs in fome 
 Degree, all the Qualities, both native and acquir'd, that enter 
 into theCompofcition of a general Scholar. The Force of his 
 Argument lies in this, That an Orator ought to be able to de- 
 liver himfelf copioufly on all manner of Subje£l:s; and he does 
 not fee how any one can anfwer this Charader, without fome 
 Excellency in all the Myfteries of Arts and Learning, as well as 
 in the happy Endowments of Nature. Yet he would not have 
 thefe Acquifitions fit fo loofe about him, as to be laid open 
 to the Bottom on every Occafion ; but that ('as a great Man 
 exprefleth \t) they fhould rather be enamelled in his Mind^ than 
 embofs'd upon it. That, as the Criticks in Gates and Geflures 
 will ealily difcover by the Comportment of a Man's Body, 
 whether he has learn'd to dance, though he does not pra6iifehis 
 Art in his ordinary Motion : So an Orator when he delivers 
 himfelf on any Subjedl, will eafily make it appear, whether 
 he has a full Underllanding of the particular Art or Faculty 
 on which the Caufe depends, though he does not difcourfe of 
 it in the Manner of a Philofopher, or a Mechanick. Antonitis 
 on the other hand, refleding on the Shortnefs of Human Life, 
 and how great a Part of it is commonly taken up in the Attain- 
 ment of but a few Parts of Knowledge, is inclin'd to believe, 
 that Oratory does not require the accelTary Attendance of its 
 Sifter Arts ; but that a Man may be able to profecute a 
 Theme of any Kind, without a Train of Sciences, and the 
 Advantages of a learned Inftitution. That, as few Perfons are 
 to feek in the Cultivating of their Land, or the Contrivance 
 and Elegance of their Gardens, though they never read Cato de 
 Re Rujiica^ or Mago the Carthaginian: So an Orator may 
 harangue with a great deal of Reafon and Truth on a Sub- 
 je£t taken from any Part of Knowledge, without any farther 
 Acquaintance with the nicer Speculations, than his common 
 Senfe and Underftanding, improv'd by Experience, and Con- 
 verfation, fhall lead him. " For who ever (fays he) when he 
 *' comes to move the Affeflions of the Judges or People, ftops 
 " at this, that he hath not Philofophy enough to dive into the 
 " firft Springs of the Paffions, and to difcover their various 
 " Natures and Operations ? Befides, at this Rate we muft quite 
 " lay afide the Way of railing Pity in the Audience, by repre- 
 " fentingtheMiferyof adiftrefs'dParty,ordefcribing ('perhaps) 
 " the Slavery which hQ endures : When Philofophy tells us, 
 
 ' That
 
 xxiv E S S A 7" II. 
 
 *' That a good Man can never be miferable, and, that Virtue 
 f is always abfolutely free- 
 Now as Cicero^ without doubt, fat himfelf for the Pidure, 
 ■which, in Crajjus's Name, he there draws of an Orator, and 
 therefore (Irengthens his Arguments by his own Example as well 
 as his Judgment; fo Aafonitts^ in the next Dialogue, does not 
 flick to own, than his former Allertion was rather taken up for 
 the Sake of d'lfputing and encountering his Rival, than to 
 deliver the juft Sentiments of his Mind. And therefore the 
 gentile Education in the politer Ages of Rome^ being wholly 
 direfted to the Bar, it fcems probable, that no Part of ufeful 
 Knowledge was omitted, for the improving and adorning of 
 the main Study ; and that all the other Arts were courted, 
 though not with an equal Paffion. And upon the Whole it 
 appears, that a ftrange Affiduity, and unvireary'd Application, 
 were the very Life and Soul of their Defigns. When their 
 Hiftorians defcribe an extraordinary Man, this always enters 
 into his Charadter as an eflential Part of it, that he was incre- 
 dihili wdufiria^ dili^ejttia fingular't ; oj incredible Indujlry^ of 
 fingular Diligence (a), hnd Cato in Salluji tells the Senate, 
 That 'twas not the Arms fo much as the Induflry of their An- 
 cefrors which advanc'd the Grandeur of Rome : So that the 
 Founders and Regulators of this State, in makir:g Diligence 
 and Labour neceuary Qualifications of a Citizen, took the 
 fame Courfe as the Poets will have Jupiter to have thought 
 on, when he fuccceded to the Government over the Primitive 
 Mortals : 
 
 -Pater ipfe coJend 
 
 Haud facile m ejje viam voluit; primttfque per artem 
 Movit agros, curis acuens mortalia corda^ 
 Nee iorpere gravi pajfusffia regna veterno (b). 
 
 To confirm the Opinion of their extream Induftry and per- 
 petual Study and Labour, it may not feem impertinent to in- 
 ftance in the Three common Exercifes of Tranflating, De- 
 claiming, and Reciting. 
 
 Tranflation the ancient Orators of Rome look'd on as a moft 
 ufeful, though a mod laborious Employment. All Perfons that 
 
 (*) Archbifiiop TilUtfofi's Sermon of Education. (l>) Virg. Ges>g. i. 
 
 6 apply'd
 
 Of the Roman Education, xxv 
 
 apply'd themfclves to the Bar, propos'd commonly fome one 
 Orator of Greece for their conllant Pattern ; either Lyfias^ Hy~ 
 perides^ Demojihenes^ ox Mfchwes^ as their Genius wasinclin'd. 
 Him they continually (tudy'd, and to render themfelves r,bfo- 
 lutely Mailers of his Excellencies,wcre always making him fpeak 
 their own Tongue, l^his Cicero^ Qu'wStilian^ and Plrfiyjimior, 
 injoin as an indifpenfible Duty, in order to the acquiring any 
 Talent in Eloquence. And the firft of thefe great Men, 
 belides his many Verlions of the Orators for his private Ufe, 
 oblig'd the Publick with the Tranflation of feveral Parts of 
 Plato and Xem^hon in Profe, and of Homer and Aratus in 
 Verfe. 
 
 As to Declaiming, This was not only the main Thing, at 
 which they labour'd under the Mailers of Rhetorick, but what 
 they pradlis'd long after they undertook real Caufes, and had 
 gain'd a confiderable Name in the Forum. Suetonius in his 
 Book of Famous Rhetoricians , tells us, That Cicero declaimed in 
 Greek''t\\\ he waselefted Pr^^or,andinLfl^;» 'till near his Death. 
 That Pompey the Great, juft at the breaking out of the Civil 
 War, refum'd his old Exercife of Declaiming, that he might the 
 mere eafily be able to deal with Curio, who undertook the 
 Defence of Ccefar^s Caufe, in his Publick Harangues. That 
 Marc Antony and Augujlus did not lay aiide this Cuftom, even 
 when they were engag'd in the Siege of Mutina : And, That 
 Nero was not only conftant at his Declamations, while in a 
 private Station, but for the firft Year after his Advancement to 
 the Empire. 
 
 It is worth Remarking, That the Subjeft of thefe old 
 Declamations was not a meet fanfiful Thefis, but a Cafe 
 which might probably be brought into the Courts of Ju- 
 dicature. The contrary Pradlice, which crep'd into fome 
 Schools after the Augujlan Age, to the great debafing of 
 Eloquence, is what Petronius inveighs fo fcverely againft, 
 in the beginning of his Satyricon^ in a flrain fo Elegant 
 that it wou'd lofe a great Part of the Grace and Spirit in any 
 Tranflation. 
 
 When I fpeak of Recitation, I intend not to infift on the 
 Publick Performances of the Poets in that Kind, for which 
 Purpofe they commonly borrow'd the Houfe of fome of their 
 Nobleft Patrons, and carry'd on the whole Matter before a vaft 
 Concourfe of People, and with Abundance of Ceremony. For, 
 confidering the ordinary Circumrtances of Men of that Pro- 
 feffion, this may be thought not fo much the Eftedl: of an 
 
 induftri-
 
 xxvi ESSAY II. 
 
 induftrious Temper, as the necelTary way of raifing a Name 
 among the Wits, and getting a tolerable Livelihood. And 'tis 
 evident, that under fome Princes, the mod celebrated of this 
 Tribe, for all their Trouble and Pains in proclaiming their Parts 
 to the Multitude, cou'd hardly keep themfelves fiom flarving, 
 as Juvenal obferves of Statins ; 
 
 Sed cum fregit fnhfellia verfu^ 
 
 Efuritf intadam Paridi fii/i vendit Agaven 
 
 I wou'd mean therefore, the Rehearfal of all Manner of 
 Compofitions in Profe or Verfe, perform'd by Men of fome 
 Rank and Quality, before they oblig'd the World with their 
 Publication. This was ordinarily done in a Meeting of Friends 
 and Acquaintance, and now and then with the Admiflionof a 
 more numerous Audience. The Defign they chiefly aim'd at, 
 was the Corredion and JmprovemeRt of the Piece. For the 
 Author having a greater Awe and Concern upon him on thefe 
 Occafions than at other Times, muft needs take more Notice 
 of every Word and Sentence, while he fpoke them before the 
 Company, than he did in the Gompofure, or in the common 
 SupervifaL Befides, he had the Advantage of all his Friends 
 Judgments, whether intimated to him afterwards in private Con- 
 ference, or tacitly declar'd at the Recital by their Looks and 
 Nods, with many other Tokens of Diflike or Approbation. 
 In the fuller Auditories, he had the Benefit of feeing what took 
 or what did not take with the People; whofe common Suffrage 
 was of fo great Authority, in this Cafe, that Po-mponius SecuuduSj 
 a celebrated Author of Tragedies, when he confulted with his 
 Friends about the polifliing any of his Writings, if they hap- 
 pen'd to differ in their Opinion, about the Elegance, Juftnefs, 
 and Propriety of any Thought or Expreffion, us'd always to 
 fay, yID POPULUM PROFOCO, I APPEAL 
 TO THE PEOPLE, as the befl Deciders of the Con- 
 troverfy U). 
 
 The Example of younger Pl'my in this Praflice is very ob- 
 fervable, and the Account which we have of it is given us by 
 hinifelf. / omit ffays hej no Way or Method that may feem 
 prefer for CorreSiion : And fir fi, 1 take afirid View of what I 
 
 (4) Plin.Lih. 7. Epift. 17^
 
 Of the Roman Education, xxvii 
 
 ^ave ivritten^ and conjider thoroughly of the whole Piece. In the 
 next Placcy I read it over to two or three Friends^ And [oon 
 after [end it to others for the Benefit of their Obfervations. If 
 I am in any doubt concerning their Criticifms^ I take in the 
 AJJiflance of one or two befides myfelf to judge and debate the 
 Matter. Laji of all., I recite before a greater Number : And 
 this if the Time that I furnip myfelf with the fevereji Emen- 
 dations (a). 
 
 It might be a farther Pleafure on this Subjeft, to defcribe the 
 whole Inllitution and Courfe of Study of the moft famous Ro- 
 mans^ with their gradual Advances to thofe Virtues and Attain- 
 ments, which we (till admire in their Story. But the Account 
 which Ctcero gives of himfelf in his Brutus., and fome Hints 
 from other Parts of his Works, will excufe, if not command, 
 the Omiflion of all the reft. And it is no ordinary Happinefs, 
 that we are oblig'd with the Hiftory of that excellent Perfon 
 from his own Hand, whom we muft certainly pitch upon for 
 the firft and greateft Example, if we were beholden only to the 
 Relations of other Men. 
 
 For fome Time after his Admiffion to the Forum., he was a 
 conftant Auditor of the beft Pleaders, whenever they fpoke in 
 Publick : Every Day he fpent feveral Hours in writing, reading 
 and improving his Invention; befides theExercifes he perform'd 
 in the Art of Oratory. For the Knowledge of the Civil Law, 
 he apply'd himfelf with all imaginable Diligence to Q^ Sdsvola, 
 the moft celebrated Profeflbr of that Science; who, tho' he did 
 not make it his Bufinefs to procure Scholars, yet was very rea- 
 dy and willing to alTift fuch Perfons in this Study as dcfir'd his 
 Advice and Diredions, 'Twas to this Scamla that Cicero^s 
 Father, when he put him on his Manly Gown, committed his 
 Son, with a ftridi Charge never to ftir from him, but on ex- 
 traordinary Accounts. 
 
 _ About the 19th Year of his Age, in the Heat of the Conten- 
 tion between Marius and Sylla., when the Courts of Judicature 
 were fhut up, and all Things in Confufion; Philo., the Prince of 
 the Academy., leaving Athens^ on Occafion of the Mithridatick 
 War, took up his Refidence in Rome. Cicero wholly refign'd 
 himfelf to his Inftitution, having now fix'd the Bent of his 
 Thoughts and Inclinations to Philofophy, to which he gave the 
 
 (a) Plin. Lib. 7' Epift« 17. 
 
 more
 
 xxviii ESSAY 11. 
 
 moire diligent Attendance, becaufe the Diftradions of the Time 
 gave him little Reafon to hope that the judicial Procefs, ?.nd the 
 regular Courfe of the Laws, wou'd ever be rcftor'd to their 
 former Vigor. Yet not entirely to forfake his Oratory, at the 
 fame Time he made his Applications to Mclo the Rhodian^ a 
 famous Pleader and Mafter of Rhetotick. 
 
 Sylla being now the fecond Time advanc'd againft Mithrl- 
 dates^ the City was not much difturb'd with Arms for three 
 Years together. During this Interval, Cicero^ with unweary'd 
 Diligence, made his Advances Day and Night in all manner 
 of Learning ; having now the Benefit of a new Inftrudor, 
 Diodotus the Stotc^ who liv'd and dy'd in his Houfe. To this 
 Mafter,beiides his Improvoment in other ufeful Parts of Know- 
 ledge, he was particularly oblig'd for keeping him continually 
 exercis'd in Logiek, which he calls a concife and compa6i Kind 
 of Eloquence. 
 
 But tho' engag'd at the fame Time in fo many and fuch dif- 
 ferent Faculties, he let no Day flip without fome Performance 
 in Oratory: Declaiming conftantly with the bed Antagonifts 
 he cou'd light on among the Students. In this Exercife he did 
 not ftick to any one Language, but fometimes made ufe of 
 Latin., fometimes of Gr^^^; and indeed more frequently of the 
 latter; either becaufe the Beauties and Ornaments of the Greek 
 Style, would by this Means grow fo natural as eafily to be imi- 
 tated in his own Tongue : Or becaufe his Grecian Mafters 
 wou'd not be fuch proper Judges of his Style and Method, nor 
 io well able to correft his Failures, if he delivered himfelf in 
 any other than their Native Language. 
 
 Upon Syllah vidorious Return and his Settlement of the 
 Common-wealth, the Lawyers recover'd their Pratlice, and the 
 ordinary Courfe of Judicial Matters was reviv'd. And then it 
 was that Cicero came to the Bar, and undertook the Patronage 
 of Publick and Private Caufes. His firll Oration in a Ptitf- 
 lick Judgment., was the Defence of Sextus Rojiius., profecuted 
 by no lefs a Man than the Didator himfclt, which was the 
 Reafon that none of the old ftanch Advocates dar'd appear 
 in his behalf Cicero carry'd the Caufe, to his great Honour, 
 being now about Six or Seven and Twenty : And having 
 behav'd himfelf fo remarkably well in his firlt Enterprize, 
 there was no Bulinefs thought too weighty or difficult for hiu 
 Management. 
 
 He found himfelf at this Time to labour under a very weak 
 Conftitution, to which was added the Natural Default in his 
 
 Malis.
 
 Of the Roman Education, xxiX 
 
 Make of a long and thin Neck : So that in Probability the la- 
 bour and liraining of the Body requir'd in an Orator, cou'd not 
 confift but with manifeft Danger of his Life. This was efpe- 
 cially to be fear'd in him, becaufe he was obferv'd in his 
 Pleadings to keep his Voice always at the higheft Pitch in a- 
 moft vehement and impetuous Tone, and at the fame time to 
 ufe a proportionable Violence in his Gefture and Adion. Upon 
 this Confideration the Phyficians, and his neareft Friends, were 
 continually urging him to lay afide all Thoughts of a Profeffion 
 which appear'd fo extreamly prejudicial to his Health. But 
 Cicero fliew'd himfelf equally inflexible to the Advice of the one, 
 and to the Entreaties of the other; and declar'd his Refolution 
 rather to run the Rifque of any Danger that might happen, than 
 deprive himfelf of the Glory which he might jultly challenge 
 from the Bar. 
 
 Confirming himfelf in this Determination, he began to think, 
 that upon altering his Mode of fpeaking, and bringing his Voice 
 down to a lower and more moderate Key, he might abate con- 
 fiderably of the Heat and Fury which now tranfported him, 
 and by that means avoid the Damage which feem'd now to 
 threaten his Defign. 
 
 For the effeding of the Cure he concluded on a Journey 
 into Greece : And fo, after he had made his Name very confide- 
 rable in the Forum, by two Years pleading, he left the City. 
 Being arriv'd at Athens,\\t took up his Refidence for fix Months 
 with the Philofopher Attkus, the wifefl: and moft noble Afier- 
 tor of the old Academy : And here under the Direction of the 
 
 freateft Mafter, he renew'd his Acquaintance with that Part of 
 ^earning, which had been the conftant Entertainment of his 
 Youth, at the fame time performing his Exercifes in Orato- 
 ry under the Care of Demetrius the Syrian^ an eminent Pro- 
 fefibr of the Art of Speaking. After "this he made a Circuit 
 round all Afia, with leveral of the moft celebrated Orators and 
 Rhetoricians, who voluntarily oficr'd him their Company. 
 
 But now fatisfy'd with all thcfe Advantages, he fail'd to Rhodes^ 
 and there entred himfelf once more among the Scholars of the 
 famous Molo, whom he had formerly heard at Rome: One that 
 befides his admirable Talent at pleading, and penning, had a pe* 
 culiar Happinefs in marking and correding the Defaults in a^y 
 Performance. 'Twas to his Inftitution that Cicero gratefully ac- 
 knowledges he ow'd the retrenching of his Juvenile Heat and 
 unbounded Freedom of Thought, which did not confift with 
 the juft Rules of an «xa6t and fevere Method. 
 
 Returniiij
 
 ESSAY II. 
 
 3CXX 
 
 Returning to Rome^ after two Years Abfence, he appeared 
 quite another Man : For his Body, ftrengthen'd by Exercife, 
 was come to a tolerable Habit : His Way of Speaking feem'd 
 to have grown cool ; and his Voice was rendred much eafier 
 to himfelf, and much fweeter to the Audience. Thus, about 
 the one and thirtieth Year of his Age, he arriv'd at that full 
 Perfedion, which had fo long taken up his whole Wifhes and 
 Endeavours, and which has been, ever fince, the Admiration, 
 or Envy, of the World. 
 
 THE
 
 THE 
 
 Antiquities of RO M E, 
 
 -- , I, n ■ — 
 
 PARTI B O O K I. 
 
 The Original, Growth, and Decay of the 
 Roman Common-Wealth, 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Of the Building of the City. 
 
 lH I L E we view the Original of States and 
 ^^ Kingdoms fchcmoft delightful and furpri- 
 2^ zing Part of Hiftory,j we eaiilydifcern, as 
 " tberirftandfaircftProfpea, the Rife of the 
 Jevjifh and lioman Common- wealths : Of 
 which, as the former had the Honour al- 
 ways to be efteem'd the Favourite of Hea- 
 ven, and the peculiar Care of Divine Pro- 
 vidence; fo the other had very good Pre- 
 tenfionsto ftyie herfelf the Darling of Fortune; whofeem'd to 
 exprefs a more than ordinary FondneCs for this her youngeft 
 Daughter, as if file had defign'd the three former Monarchies 
 purely for a Foil to fet oft' this latter. Their own Hiftorians 
 rarely begin without a fit of Wonder; and, before they pro- 
 ceed to delineate the Glorious Scene, give themfclves the Liberty 
 of (landing dill Tome Time, to admire at a Diftancc. 
 
 For the Founder of the City and Repuhlick, Authors have long 
 finceagreedoni?5»7«/.-,'j. Son of Rhea Sylvia^ and Defccndant of 
 JErKa^iy from whomhi^ Pedigree mav be thus ia fiiort deriv'd: 
 
 A UpoR
 
 2 The Rife and Progrefs Part L 
 
 Upon the final Ruin and Definition of Troy by the Gracians, 
 JEneas^ with a fmall number of Followers, had the good fortune 
 to fccure himfelf by flight. His Efcape was very muchcounte- 
 nanc'd by the Enemy, inafmuch asuponalloccafions he had ex- 
 prefs'd his Inclinations to a Peace, and to the reftoring of //e/r», 
 the unhappy caufe of the Mifchief. Sailing thus from Troy^ 
 after a tedious Voyage, and great variety of Adventures, he ar- 
 riv'd at laft at Latinm^ a part of Italy fo call'd a latencb^ or 
 from lying h'td\ being the Place that Saturn had chofefor his Re- 
 tirement, when expell'd the Kingdom of Crete by his rebellious 
 Son Jupiter. Here applying himfelf to the King of the Country, 
 at that Time Latinfts^ he obtain'd his only Daughter, Lavinia., 
 in Marriage; and upon the Death of his Father-in-Law was left 
 in PofTeffion of the Crown. He remov'd the imperial Seat from 
 LaureKtum to Laviniuyn^ a City which he had built himfelf in 
 Honour of his Wife; and upon his Deceafe foon after, the Right 
 of Succeflion relied in Afcaniu!; whether his Son by a former 
 Wife, and the fame he brought with him from 7'ro)', or another 
 of that Name, which he had by Lavinia^ Livy leaves undeter- 
 minM. Afcanius being under Age, the Government was intrulled 
 in the Hands oi Lavinia: But, as foon as he was grownup, he 
 left his Mother in PofTeffion of Lavinium\ and removing with 
 part of the Men, laid the Foundation of a new City, along the 
 lide of the Mountain Albanus ; call'd from thence Longa Alba. 
 After him, by a Succeffion of Eleven Princes, the Kingdom 
 devolv'd at laft to Procas. Procas at his Death left two Sons, 
 Numitor and Amulius ; of whom Amulms over -reaching his elder 
 Brother, oblig'd him to quit his Claim to the Crown, which he 
 thereupon fecur'd to himfelf; and to prevent all difturbance that 
 might probably arife to him or his Poflerity from the elder Fa- 
 mily, makingaway with all the Males, heconftrain'd iV«?«;Ws 
 only Daughter, Khea Sylvia., to take on her the Habit of a Ve- 
 ftal, and confequently a Vow of perpetual Virginity. However, 
 the Princefs was foon after found with Child, and deliver'd of 
 two Boys, Romulus and Remus. The Tyrant being acquainted 
 with the Truth, immediately condemn'd hisNeicc to (Irait Im- 
 prifonment, and the Infants to be expos'd, or carry'd and left in 
 a ftrange Place, where 'twas very improbable they fhould meet 
 with any relief The Servant, who had the Care of this inhuman 
 Office, left the Children at the bottom of a Tree, by the Bank 
 of the River Tiber. In this fad Condition, they were cafually 
 difcover'd by Faujlulus., the King's Shepherd ; who being wholly 
 ignorant of the Plot, took the Intant-i up, and carry'd them 
 
 I home
 
 Book I. of the KoMAii Empire, 3 
 
 home to his Wife Laure;itia, to be nurs'd with his own Chil- 
 dren (a). This Wife of his had formerly been a common Pro- 
 ftitute, caird in Latin Lupa; which Word lignifying likcwife a 
 She- Wolf, gave Occafion to the Story of their being nurs'd by 
 fuch a Beall ; though fome take the Word always in a literal 
 Senfe, and maintain that they really fublilkd fbme time, by fuck- 
 ing this Creature, before they had the good Fortune to bereliev'd 
 by Fauflalus (b). The Boys, as they grew up, difcovering the 
 natural greatnefs of their Minds and Thoughts, addi6led them- 
 felves to the generous Exercifes of Hunting, Racing, taking of 
 Robbers, and fuch-like ; and always cxprefs'd a great Dcfire of 
 engaging in any Enterprize that appear'd hazardous and no- 
 ble (c). Now there happening a Quarrel betwixt the Herdfmen 
 of iV"/ifw/Vor and Ainulins^ the former lighting cafually on Remus y 
 brought him before their Mailer to be examin'd. Nmmtor^ learn- 
 ing from his own Mouth the ftrange Circumfrance of his Edu- 
 cation and Fortune, eafily guels'd him to be one of his Grand- 
 Sons, who had been c^pofed. He was foon confirmed in this 
 Conjedure, upon the Arrival of faujhilus and Rcm:il7is\ when 
 the whole Brrmefs being laid open, uponconlultation had, gain- 
 ing over to their Party a fufficient Number of the difaffeded 
 Citizens, they contrived to furprize Amnlius^ and re-ellablifli Nu- 
 mitor. ThisDeiign was foon after very happily put in Execution, 
 the Tyrant flain, and the old Kingrellored to a full Enjoyment 
 of the Crown {d). The young Princes had no foonerre-feated 
 their Grand-father in his Throne, but they began to think of 
 procuring one for themfelves. They had higher Thoughts than 
 to take up with the Reverfion of a Kingdom ; and were unwil- 
 ling to live in Alba^ becaufe they could not Govern there: So 
 taking with them their Fofter-Father, and what others they could 
 get together, they began the Foundation of a New City, in the 
 fame Place where, in their Infancy, fey had been brought up {e). 
 Thefirft Walls were fcarce finiCh'd, when, upon a flight Quar- 
 rel, the Occafion of which is varioufly reported by HiftorianS, 
 the younger Brother had the Misfortune to be flain. Thus the 
 whole Power came into /?.?//?jj7//j's Hands ; who carrying on the 
 remainder of the Work, gave the City a Nameinallufion to his 
 own, and hath been ever accounted the Founder and Patron of 
 the Roman Common-wealth. 
 
 {a) Livy, lib. I. (b) S&e Denpjfe/s SQtcsio\->fiunsh \niiqmt\tslik f. 
 
 cap. I. (c) PlutnTcli ill the Life of %am»ins. (a) Ji:d, and Lity., lib.-'^'m 
 (e) Plutarch isbcfoici and Zriz-/, lib, i. 
 
 A 2 CHAP.
 
 The Rife and Progrefs Part 1. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 Of the Roma n Jffairs under the Kings. 
 
 THE \vitty Hiftorinii (a) had very good Rcafon to entitle 
 the Reign of the Kings, the Infancy of Rowe ; for 'tis cer- 
 tain, that under them llie was hardly able ro nnd her own Legs, 
 •and at the bell had but a very feeble JVlotion. The greatelt 
 part of RomiilHs\ T'ime was taken up in making Laws and Regu- 
 lations for the Common- wealth : Three of his State Defigns, I 
 mean the /Jfyhm^ the Rape of the Sabine \^irgins, and his Way 
 of treating fhofe few whom he conquered, as they far exceeded 
 the Politicks of thofe Times, fo they contributed, in an extra- 
 ordinary degree, to the Advancement of the New Empire. But 
 then Nuyau's, long Reign ferved only for the Ellablifliment of 
 Prielh and Religious Orders ; and in thole Three and Forty 
 Years (t-j, Rome gain'd not fo much as one Foot of Ground. 
 'TuUhs Hofiiltus was wholly employ'din converting his Subje61s 
 from the pleafing Amufen-.ents of Supcrllition, to the rougher 
 Inditution ot Martial Difciplinc : Yet we find nothing memo- 
 rable related of his Conqucils; only that after a long and dubi- 
 ous War, the ^07/A'WJ- entirely ruin'd their Old Mother Alha (c). 
 After him, A>;c:is Marcius^ laying alide all Thoughts of extend- 
 ing the Bounds of the Empire, apply'd himlclf wholly to 
 ihengthen and beautify the City (d) ; and elkemi'd the Corn- 
 mod ioufnefs and Magnifkence ot that, the nobleft Defign he 
 could poflibly be engag'd in. Tur^niniui Prifcas, tho' not al- 
 together lb quiet as his Prcdecefibr, yet confulted very little 
 elle belidcs the Dignity of the Senate, and the Majcfly of the 
 Government; for the Encreafe of which, he appointed the 
 Ornaments and Badges of the fcveral Officers, to diftin^uini 
 them from, the Common People (e). A more peaceful Tem- 
 per appeared in Sentus ItilHiss^ whofe principal Study was 
 to have an exacl Account of the Eftates of the Romans ; and 
 according to thole, to divide them into Tribes, (f) that fo 
 they might contribute with JuUice and Proportion to the Publick 
 Expences of the State. Tarjuin the Proud^ tho' perhaps more 
 
 (j) Fiary.i in thc Preface to hisHiflory. (b) PlKt.iTcolnxht Lihof Nitma. 
 (^) FloTU!, 1. I. cap. J. {^d) Idfm, \. i. cap. 4, (<■) Idem, I. i. cap. 5. 
 
 (/■) Ft<irn!, I. T. cap. C, 
 
 I engaged
 
 Book I. of the Roma n Empire. 5 
 
 engaged in Wars than any of his Predeceflbrs (a)^ yet had in his 
 Nature fuch a ftrange Compofition of the mod extravagant 
 Vices, as muft neccilarily have prov'd fital to the growing 
 Tyranny. And had not the Death of the unfortunate Z//fr<://^ 
 adminiftred to the People an Opportunity of Liberty, yet a flir 
 (lighter Matter would have ferv'd them for a fpecious Reafon, 
 to endeavour the Allcrtion of their Rights. However on this 
 ^Accident, all were fuddenly tranfported with fuch a Mixture of 
 Fury and Compaffion, that under the Condudt of Brutus and 
 CoUatinus^ to whom the dying Lady had recommended the Re- 
 venge of her injur'd Honour (b)^ rufhing immediately upon the 
 Tyrant, they expcll'd him and his whole Family. A new Form 
 of Government was now refolv'd on ; and becaufe to live under 
 adivided Power, carry'd fomething of Complacency in the Pro- 
 fped (c), they unanimoufly conferr'd the Supreme Command 
 on the two generous Afllrtors of their Liberties {d). Thus 
 ended the Royal Adminillration, after it had continu'd about 
 two hundred and fifty Years. 
 
 Florus^ in hi« Rcx^edions on this firft Age of Rome^ can't 
 forbear applauding the happy Fate of his Country, that it 
 fhould be blefs'd, in that weak Age, with a Siicceflion of 
 Princes fo fortunately different in their Aims andDefigns ; as if 
 Heaven had purpofely adapted them to the feveral Fxigencies 
 of the State (e). And the famous Machiavel is of the fame O- 
 pinion (/). But a judicious Author {g) hath lately obferv'd, 
 that this difference of Genius in the Kings, was fo far from pro- 
 curing any Advantage to iht Roman People, that their fmallEn- 
 creafe, under that Government, is referrableto no other Caufe. 
 However, thus far we are allur'd, that thofe feven Princes left 
 behind them a Dominion of no larger Extent than that of Par^ 
 ma^ or Mantua^ at prefent. 
 
 {a) Sec Florus, 1. l, cap. 7. (b) Idem, lib. I. cap. 9. (c) Plutarch 
 
 in the Life of PopUctla. (d) Ibid. & Florus, lib. I. cap. 9. (e) Idem, 
 
 cap. 8. (/) MachiavtPs Difcourfes on Livy, lib. 2. cap. 12. (£) 
 
 Monfieur St. Eurernont's Refleftions on the Genius of the %oman Peoples 
 £ap. I. 
 
 A 5 CHAP.
 
 6 The Rife and Progrefs Part 1} 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Of the Roman JffaWs,^ from the Beginning of the Con- 
 fular Go'vernment^ to the firfi Punicl-P'ar. 
 
 nPHE Tyrant was no fooner expell'd, but, as it ufally hap- 
 -*• pens, there v/as great plotring and deligningfor his Reftau- 
 ration. Among feveral other young Noblemen, Br»{ush\stwo 
 Sons had ingag'd themfelvcs in the AfTociation : ButtheConfpi- 
 racy being happily difcovcr'd. and the Traytors brought before 
 theConfuls, in order to their Panifhment, Sr«/'a'jonly addrelilng 
 himfelf to his Sons, and demanding whether they had any De- 
 fence to make agauift the Indidment, upon their Silence, or- 
 der'd them immediately to be Beheaded ; and flaying himfelf to 
 lee the Execution, committed the reft to the Judgment of his Col- 
 league (a). No Adion among the Old Romans has made a 
 greater Noife than this. 'Twould be exceeding difficult to deter- 
 mine, whether it proceeded from a Motion of Heroick Virtue ; 
 or the Hardnefs of a cruel or unnatural Humour; or whether 
 Ambition had not as great a Share in it as either. But tho' the 
 Flame was fo happily ftifled within the City, it foon broke out 
 with greater Fury abroad; For Tcirqitin was not only receiv'd 
 with all imaginable Kindnefs and Refpedby the Neighbouring 
 States, but fupplied too with all Necelfaries, in order to the Re- 
 covery of his Dominions. The moll powerful Prince in Italy 
 was at that Time Por/f;?;?<^, King of //«'^r^(r;rt, or Tufcany; who 
 not content tofurnifh him vvith the fame Supplies as the reft, ap- 
 proach'd with anumerous Army, inhislkhalf, to the very Walls 
 of Rome (/?). The City was in great Hazard of being taken, 
 when an Admiration of the Virtue and gallant Difpoiition of the 
 Romans^ induc'd the Bc(ieger to a Peace (c). The moft remark- 
 able Inftances of this extraordinary Courage, wereCcif/tr, Mu~ 
 tius^ and Clai'.-a. CoUes., when the Romur/s were beaten back in 
 an unfortunate Sally, and the Enemy made good their Purfuit to 
 the very Bridge, only ;vith the Alliftance of two Pcrfons, de- 
 fended it againft their v/hole Power, 'till his own Party broke it 
 dov/n behind ; and then cad himlcif in his Armour into thcRi- 
 
 (i() Plntarcb, in vita Pi>l>'<-'^''^- (i>) AUe/n, C' Flarui.lWl, I. (f) Plut. 
 
 inP'fliifol, 
 
 ver.
 
 Book I. of the RoiMAN Empire. y 
 
 ver, and fwam over to the other fide (a). Mutius having fail'd 
 in an Attempt upon Pc'r/fw^a'sPerfon, and being brought before 
 the King to be examin'd, thruft his Right-hand, which had com- 
 mitted the Miftaice,into a Pan of Coals that ftood ready for the 
 Sacrifice. Upon which generous A'Sion,he was difmifs'd with- 
 out farther Injury. As for CLvUa, fhe,with other noble Virgins, 
 had been deliver'd to the Enemy for Hoftages, on account of a 
 Truce; when obtaining the Liberty to bathe themfelves in T/Z-^r, 
 fhe getting on Horfeback before the reft, encourag'd them to fol- 
 low her thro' the Water to the Romans ; tho' the Conful genc- 
 roufly fent them baci^ to the Enemy's Camp, Porfenna had no 
 Iboner drawn off his Army, but the Sablnes and Latines join'd 
 in a Confederacy againft Rome-, and tho' they were extreamly 
 weaken'd by the Dcfertion o^ Appius Claudius^ who went over 
 with five thouland Families to the Romans; yet they could not 
 be intirely fubdn'd, till they receiv'd a total Overthrow from 
 Valerius Poplicola (b). But XhuMqui and \\\eVolfci^t\\Q moft ob- 
 ftinate of the Latinss^ and the continual Enemies of Rome ^ car-, 
 ry'd on the Remainder of the War for feveral Years; 'till it was 
 happily concludedhy Lucius QtiiKStHs^ihefamons Didatorfaken 
 from the Plough, in lefs than fifteen Days time ; Upon which, 
 Florus has this Remark, That he made more than ordinary hajleto 
 his tmfinip'd Wurk (c). But they that made the greateft Oppo- 
 fition, were the Inhabitants of Veii^ the Head of Tufcany, a 
 City not inferior to Rome^Qithet in Store of Arms, or Multitude 
 of Soldiers. They had contended with the Romans, in a long Se- 
 ries of Battels, for Glory and Empire; but having been weaken'd 
 and brought down in feveral Encounters, they were oblig'd to 
 fecure themfelves within their Walls: And after a ten Years 
 5iege, the Town was forc'd and lack'd by Camillus (d). In this 
 manner were the Romans extending their Conqueft, when the 
 Irruption oiih^Gatds made a ftrange Alteration in the Affairs of 
 Italy. They were at this time befieging Clufium, a Tufcan City. 
 The Clufians fent to the Romans, defiring them to interpofe by 
 Ambafladors on their Behalf Their Requeft was eafily granted; 
 and three of the Fabii, Perfons of the higheft Rank in the City, 
 difpatch'd for this Purpofe to the Gallick Camp. The Gauls, m 
 refpecb to the Name of ^o;??^, receiv'd them with all imaginable 
 Civility ; but could by no means be prevail'd on to quit the 
 Siege. Whereupon the Ambaffadors going into the Town, and 
 encouraging the Clufians to a Sally, one of them was feen per. 
 
 (4) Pita. Il/id, (i) Ibid, (c) Floras, lib. i. cap. II. (d) Plutarch in his Life. 
 
 A 4 fJomlly
 
 S The Rife and Progrefs Part L 
 
 fonally engagingjn the Adion. This being contrary to the re- 
 ceiv'd Law of Nations, was refentedin fohigha manner by the 
 Enemy, that breaking up from before Clufium^ the whole Army 
 march'd direftly toward Rome. About eleven IVliles from the 
 City, they met with the Roman Army commanded by theiVlili- 
 tary T ribunes, who ingaging without any Order or Difcipline, 
 receiv'd an entire Defeat. Upon the Arrival of this ill News, 
 the greateft Part of the Inhabitants immediately fled : Thofe 
 that refolv'd to flay, fortified themfelves in the Capitol. The 
 Gauls foon appear'd at the City-Gates; and deftroying all with 
 Fire and Sword, carry'd on the Siegeof the Capitol with all ima- 
 ginable hury. At U% refolving on a general AfTault, they were 
 difcover'd by the Cackling of the Geefe that were kept tor that 
 Purpofe; and as many as had climb'd the Rampart, were driven 
 down by the valiant 7kfrf»//«j-; when Camillas, ten'mg upon them 
 in theRear with Twenty Thoufand Men that he got together 
 about the Country, gave them a total Overthrow. The grcnteft 
 Part of thofe that efcap'd out of the Field, were cut otf in ftrag- 
 lirig Parties, by the Inhabitants of the neighbouring Towns and 
 Villages. The City had been fo intirely dcmolifli'd, that upon 
 the Return of the People, they thought of removing to Feii, a City 
 ready built, and excellently povidcd of all Things. But being 
 diverted from this defign, by an Omen, (as they thought j they fet 
 to the Work, with fuch extraordinary Diligence and Application, 
 that within the Compafsof a Year the whole City was re built. 
 They had fcarce gain'd a Breathing-time after their Troubles, 
 when the united Powers of the ^ami^Folfci^^nd other Inhabitants 
 of Latium., at once invaded their Territories. But they were foon 
 over-reach'd by a Stratagem of CamU'.us and totally routed (a). 
 Nor had i\\QSammte5 any better Fate, tho' a People very nu- 
 merous, and of ^reat Experience in War. The Contention with 
 themlaftednolels than Fifty Years (^), when they were finally 
 fubdu'd by Papirius Curfor (c). The Tarentine War that fol- 
 low'd, putanEndtothe intireConqueftof //rt/)'. Taremum^ a 
 City of great Strength and Beauty, featedon the AdriatickSQ^^ 
 was efpccially remarkable for the Commerce it maintain'd with 
 mo/lof the neighbouring Countries, asEfiras^ Il/yrhum, Sicily, 
 &c (d ). Among orher Ornaments of their City, they had a fpa- 
 cious Theatre for Publick Sports, built hard by the Sea-fhoar. 
 They happen'd to be ingag'd in the Celebration of fome fuch 
 
 (*) PUt. in Vir. CA;n:L [b) FloYits, lib. I. Cf.V. I«. (.) L:v. lib. If. 
 
 (<; Fit*, ];b. I. cap. I J. 
 
 Solemnity,
 
 Book I. of the KoMA^ Empire ^ p 
 
 Solemnity, when, upon Sight of the Roman Fleet, thatcafually 
 faird by their Coafts, imagining them to be Enemies, they im- 
 mediately fct upon them, and killing the Commander, rifled 
 the greaieft part cf the Veflels. Ambafladors were foon dif- 
 patch'd from Rome to demand Satisfaction : But they met with 
 as ili Reception as the Fleet, being difgraccfully lent away with- 
 out fo much as a Hearing. Upon this, a War was foon com- 
 menc'd between the States. ~^\\tTarenttnes were increas'd by 
 an incredible Number of Allies from all Parts: Buthethatmade 
 the greaceil Appearance in their Behalf, v/as Pyrrhus^ King 
 of £;^/r/^j,:hemoft experienc'd General of his Time. Oefides the 
 choiced ot his Troops that acccmpany'd him in the Expedition 
 he brought into the Field a confiderable Number of Elephants' 
 a Sort of Bealts fcarce heard of till that Time in Italy. In the 
 firft ngagemeut, the Komans^tiz in fiir Hopes of a Vidory 
 when the Fortune of the Day was intirely chang'd upon the 
 coming up of the Elephants; who made fuch a prodigious De- 
 Itrudion in the Roman Cavalry, that the whole Army was ob- 
 liged to retire. But the Politick General, having experienc'd fo 
 Well the Raman Courage, immediately after the Vidory fcnt 
 to offer Conditions for a Peace; but was abfolutely refus'd. 
 In the next Battle, ihe Advantage was on the Roman Side, who* 
 had not now such difmal Appahenfions of th? Elephants as 
 berore. However, the Bufinefs came to another Ingagement 
 wheii the Elephants, over-running whole Ranks of their own 
 Men, inrag'd by the Cry of a young one that had been wound- 
 ed, guvc me Romans an abfolute Vi6tory {a). '\ wcnty three 
 thouliind of the Enemy werekill'd (b)^ and Pyrrktu txizWv ^yi- 
 pell'd Italy, in this War the Romans had a fair Opportunity 
 to fubdue the other Parts that remain'd unconqiier'd, under the 
 Pretext of ,Mlies to the Tareniines. So that at this Time about 
 the 477th Year of the Building of the City (0, they had made 
 thcmlelves the intire Mailers of Italy 
 
 (a) F torus.. Ibid. (A) EntropHs, lib. 2. (t) Ibid. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 I o The Rife and Progrefs Part 1. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of the Roman Affairs from the Beginning of the firji 
 Punic IVar^ to the firft Triumvirate. 
 
 BU T the Command of the Continent could not fatisfie the 
 Roman Courage; efpecially while they faw fo delicious an 
 Illeas Sicily almoft within their Reach : They only waited an oc- 
 cafion to pafs the Sea, when Fortune prefcnted as fair an one as 
 they could wifh. The Inhabitants of Mejfina^ a Sicilian City, 
 made grievous Complaints to the Senate, of the daily Incroach- 
 ments oi the Carthaginians^ a People of vaft Wealth and Power, 
 and that had the fame Defign on Sjcily as the Romans (a) . A 
 Fleet was foonmann'd out for their AlTiftance; andintwoY:.*ars 
 lime, no lefs than Fifty Cities were brought over (b). The in- 
 tire Conqued of the Ifland quickly followed; and Sardinia and 
 Corjica were taken in about the fame Time by a feparate Squa- 
 dron. And now, under the Command of Regulus and Manlius^ 
 the Confuls, the War was tranflated into Africa. Three hundred 
 Forts and Caftles were deRroy'd in their March, and the vido- 
 rio'js Legions incamp'd under the very Walls of Carthage. The 
 Enemy, reduc'd to fach Straits, were obliged to apply themfelves 
 to Xanttppus., King of the Lncedicr/jonians., the greateft Captain 
 cf the Age; who immediately mirch'd to their AiTutance with 
 anumerousand well-difciplin'd /^rmy. In the very firft Engage- 
 ment wM'th the Romans., he entirely defeated their whole Power : 
 Thirty thoufand were kill'd on the Spot, and Fifteen thoufand, 
 with their Conlul Regj;lu<:^ taken Prifoncrs. Hut as good Succefs 
 always incourag'd the R'mians to greater Dcligns ; fo a contrary 
 Event did but cxafpcrare them the more. The new Confuls 
 were immediately difpatch'd with a powerful Navy, and a fuf- 
 ficient number of Land-Forces. Several Campaigns were now 
 wafted, without any coniiderable Advantage on cither fide: Or 
 if the Romans gain'd any thing by their Victories, they generally 
 ioft as much by Ship-■.v^ack^ ; when at laft the whole rower of 
 both States being drawn together on the Sea, the Carthaginians 
 were finally defeated, with the lofs of izy Ships funk in the En- 
 
 («) ilQrm, Jib, X. cap. 7- ('*) F.rftrtf. lib, ?. 
 
 gage-
 
 Book 1. of the KoMA's Empire, ii 
 
 gagement, 73 taken; 32000 Men kill'd, and 1 3000 ' Prifoners. 
 Upon this they were compcU'd to Cue for a Peace; which, af- 
 ter much Intreaty, and upon very hard Conditions, was at lail 
 obtain'd (a). 
 
 But the Carthaginia'/is had too great Spirits to fubmit to fuch 
 unreafonableTerms any longer than their Necellities obh"g'd them. 
 In four Years time (b) they had got together an Army of 80000 
 Foot, and 20000 Horfe (c)^ under the Command of the famous 
 Hannibal-^ who forcing a Way through the -PjrfWf^;? Mountains 
 and the Alps^ reputed 'till that time impalTable, defcended with 
 his vaft Army into Italy. In four fucceflive Battels he defeated 
 the Roman Forces; in the lafl: of which, at Cannce., 40000 of the 
 latter were kill'd (d) : And had he not been merely call away by 
 the Envy and Ill-will of his own Country-men, 'tis more than 
 probable that he mull have entirely ruin'd the Roman State {e) : 
 But Supplies of Men and Money being fometimes abfolutelyde- 
 ny'd him, and never coming but very flowly, the Romans had 
 fuch Opportunities to recruit, as they little expedled from fo ex- 
 perienced an Adverfary. The wife Management o? Fabhts Max- 
 imus was the f^rft Revival of the Roman Caufe. He knew very 
 well the Strength of the Enemy ; and therefore march'd againli 
 him without intending to hazard a Battel ; but to wait conTtant- 
 Jy upon him, to (Iraiten his Quarters, intercept his Provifions, 
 and fo make the vidorious Army pine away with Penury and 
 Want. With this Delign he always encamp'd upon the high 
 Hills, where the Horfe could have no Acccfs tohim: When they 
 march'd, he did the fame ; but at fuch a Diftance, as not to be 
 compell'd to an Engagement. By this Policy he fo broke Han- 
 nibafs Army, as to make him abfolutely defpair of getting any 
 thing m Italy (f). Bat the Conclufion of the War was owingto 
 the Condudt of Scipio: He had before reduced all Spain int(» 
 Subje(Si(in; and now taking the fame Courfe as //^«»/W at firll 
 had done, he march'd with the greateft Part of the Roman For- 
 ces; into Africa; and carrying all before him to the very Walls 
 o^ Carthage., obliged the Enemy to call home their General out 
 of Italy., for the Defence of the City. Hannibal ohey'd ; and 
 both Armies coming to an Engagement, after a long Difpute, 
 wherein the Commanders and Soldiers of both Sides are re- 
 ported to have out-done themfelves, the ViQory fell to the Ro- 
 mans. Whereupon the Enemy were obliged once more to fue 
 
 {a) Eutrop. lib.l. (i) Florm, lib. 2. cap. 6. (r) E'*trop. lib. j. (d) Ibid. 
 (<f) CornthiiS tiepos, in vit. Hn'inibal, (/) Plutarch, in vir, F.ib. Max. 
 
 for
 
 1 1 The Rife and Progrefs Part I. 
 
 for a Peace ; which was a^ain granted them, tho' upon much 
 harder Conditions than before. 
 
 _ The Romayis, by the happy Conclufion of this War, had fo 
 highly advanced themfelves in the Opinion of the Neighbouring 
 States, that the Athemans^ with the grcatell Part oi Greece ^ be- 
 ing at this time mifcrably enflaved by King Philip of MaccchtJ, 
 unanimoufly petitioned the Senate for AlTiUance. A Fleet, with 
 a fufRcient Number of Lnnd-Forces, was prefently difpatched 
 to their Relief; by whofe Valour, the Tyrant, after feveral 
 
 Eefeats, was compelled to reftorc all Greece to their antient 
 iberties, obliging himfelfto pay an annual Tribute to the Con- 
 querors (a). 
 
 Hannibal^ after his late Defeat, had apply'd himfelf to Antio- 
 chus King of Syria, who at this time was making great Prepara- 
 tions againft the Romans. Acilius Glabrio was firrt fent to op- 
 pofe him, and had the Fortune to give him feveral Defeats ; 
 when Cornelius Scip/o the Roman Admiral, engaging with the 
 King's Forces at Sea, under the Command of I/afmibal^ entire- 
 ly ruin'd the whole Fleer. Which Viftory being immediately 
 follow'd by another as (ignal at Land, the effeminate Prince 
 was contented to purchafe a Peac« at the Price of almoft half 
 his Kingdom (b). 
 
 The viftorious Romans had fcarce concluded the Publick Re- 
 joicings on Account of the late Succefs, when the death of 
 King Philip of Macedon prefentcd them with an occafion of a 
 tnore glorious Triumph. His Son Perfes., that fucceeded, re- 
 folving to break with the Senate, apply'd himfelf wholly to raf- 
 fing Forces, and procuring other Ncccffaries for a War. Ne- 
 ver were greater Appearances in the Field than on both Sides, 
 moft of the confiderable Princes in the World being engag'd in 
 the Quarrel. But Fortune flill dcclar'd for the Romans., and the 
 greateft Part of Perfesh prodigious Army was cut off by the 
 Conful JEmilius.^ and the King oblig'd tofurrendcr himfelf into 
 the Hands of the Conqueror (c). Authors that write of the four 
 Monarchies, here fix the End of the Macedonian Empire. 
 
 But Rome could not think herfelf fecure am.ongit all thefe 
 Conquefts, while her old Rival Carthage was yet (landing : 
 So that upon a flight Provocation, the City, after three Years 
 Siege, was taken, and utterly raz'd, by the Valour of Publius 
 Seipio., Grandfon, by Adoption, to him that conquer'd Han- 
 nibal (d). 
 
 (a) Eiiirop. 1. 4. (t) FlorHs, 1. 2. cap. «. (r) Veil. Patirc. 1. I. (d) Ib'd. 
 
 Not
 
 Book I. of the Roman Empire, 13 
 
 Not long after, Attains^ King of Per^amus^ <Jying without 
 Iflue, "left his valt Territories, containing near all AJia^ to the 
 Romans (a). And what o^ Africa remain'dunconquer'd,wasfor 
 the molt Part reduc'd in the Jugurthme War, that immediately 
 foliow'd ; Jugurtha himfelf, after feveral Defeats, being taken 
 Prifoner by Marius^ and brought in Triumph to Rome fh). 
 
 And now after the Defeat of the T'cutones and Cimlri, that 
 bad made an Inroad into Italy, with feveral leffcr Conquefts in 
 A/ia and other Parts, the Mithrtdatick War, and the Civil War 
 between Marius and Sylla^ broke out both in the fame Year (c). 
 Sylla had been fent General againft Mithridates King of Pon- 
 tm^ who had feiz'd on the greateft Part of Afia and Achaia in 
 an hoftile manner ; when, before he was got out of Italy, SuU 
 ftc'tm, the Tribune of the People, and one of Marius' s Fadion, 
 preferred a Law to recal him, and to depute Marius in his 
 Room. Upon this, Sylla, leading back his Army, and over- 
 throwing Martus and Sulplcius in his way, having fettled Affairs 
 at Rome, and banifh'd the Authors of the late Sedition, return'd 
 to meet the Foreign Enem)[ (d). His firft Exploit was the taking 
 of Athens, and ruining the famous Mole in the Haven Piraus (e). 
 Afterwards, in two Engagements, he killed and took near 
 1 30000 of the Enemy, and compelled Mithridates to fue for a 
 Truce (f). In the mean time, Marius, being called home by 
 the new Confuls,had exercifed all manner of Cruelty at Rome ; 
 whereupon, taking the Opportunity of the Truce, Sylla once 
 more march'd back towards Italy. Marius was dead before his 
 Return (g) ; but his two Sons, with the Confuls, rais'd feveral 
 Armies to oppofe him. But fome of the Troops being drawn 
 over to his Party, and the others routed, he entred the City, and 
 difpos'd all Things at his Pleafure, afliiming the Title and Au- 
 thority of a perpetual Didator. But having regulated the State, 
 he laid down that Office, ani died in Retirement (h). 
 
 Mithridates had foon broke the late Truce, and invaded Bi- 
 thynia and4/?^,with as great Fury as ever; when the Roman Gq' 
 neval Lucullus, routing his vail Armies by Land and Sea, chafed 
 him quite out of Afia ; and had infallibly put an happy Conclu- 
 lion to the War, had not Fortune referv'd that Glory for Pom' 
 pey (i). He being deputed'in the Room of Lucullus, after the 
 Defeat of the new Forces of Mithridates, compelled him to fly 
 
 {a) EKtrop. lib. 4. (h) Ibid, (c) Eutrop. lib. j, (d) Ibid, (e) Veil. Paterc. 
 Jib. 2. (/) Eutrop. lib. $. (?) Veli, Patcre. lib, 2. (k) ^Hre/i>>s Viiltr. ia 
 vit, SjlU. (0 VtU. Paterc. ibid. 
 
 to
 
 1 4 The Rife and Progrefs Part I. 
 
 to his Fathcr-in-Law T'tgranes King of Armenia. Pompey fol- 
 low'd with his Army; and (truck luch a Terror into the whole 
 Kingdom, that T/^r^w?/ was conftrain'd in an humble manner to 
 prefent himfelf to the General, and offer his Realm and Fortune 
 to his Difpofal. At this Time the CattUnarian Confpiracy broke 
 out, more famous for theObftinacy than the Number of the Re- 
 bels; but this was immediately extinguifh'd by the timely Care 
 of Cicero.^ and the happy Valour o^ Antony. The Senate, upon the 
 News of the extraordinary Succefs of Pompey^ were under fome 
 Apprehenfion of his afteding the Supreme Command at his Re- 
 turn, and altering the Conilitution of the Government. But 
 when they faw him difmifs his vaft Army at Brundufium., and 
 proceed in the reft of his Journey to the City, with no other 
 Company than his ordinary Attendants, they receiv'd him with 
 all the ExpreiTions of Complacency and Satisfadion, and ho- 
 nour'd him with a fplendid Triumph (k). 
 
 (0 Vdl. Paterc. ib. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Of the Roman Jffair^, from the Beginning of the firfl 
 Triumvirate, to the End of the twelve Cjefars. 
 
 THE three Perfons that at this Time bore the greateft Sway 
 in the State, were, Crajfus^ PoMpey, and Ctefar. The firft 
 by reafon of his prodigious Wealth ; Pompey, for his Power with 
 the Soldiers and Senate; andC^/ar,for his admirable Eloquence, 
 and a peculiar Noblenefs of Spirit. When now taking Advan- 
 tage of theConfulfhip of C<f/^?r, they entred into a folemn Agree- 
 ment to let nothing pafs in the Common-wealth without their 
 joint Approbation (ti). By vertue of this Alliance, they had in 
 « little Time procured themfelves the three beft Provinces in the 
 Empire, Crajfus A(ia^ Pompey Spain., and Cafar Gaul. Pompey^ 
 for the better retaining his Authority in the City, chofe to ma- 
 nage his Province by Deputies (b) ; the other two entred on 
 their Governments in Perfon. But C raj] us foon after, in an Ex- 
 pedition he undertook againft the Parihians., had the ill Fortune 
 to lofe the greateft Part of his Army, and was himfelf treache- 
 
 («) Sutt. ia JhI. Caf. cap. IJ. (^) Paterc. lib. 2, cap. 4». 
 
 roully
 
 Book I. of the KouAii Empire^ ly 
 
 roufly murder'd (a) . In the mean time Ctefar was performing 
 Wonders in Gaul. No lefs than 4C000 of the Enemy he had 
 kill'd, and taken more Prifoners : And nine Years together 
 fwhich was the whole Time of his Government) defer v'd aTri- 
 umph for the Aftions of every Campaign (I?). The Senate, 
 amaz'd at the ftrange Relation of his Vidtories, were eafily in- 
 clin'd to fufpeft his Power: So that taking the Opportunity when 
 he petition'd forafecondGonfuI(hip,theyorder'd him to disband 
 his Army, and appear as a private Perfon at the Eleflion (c). 
 Cafar endcavour'd by all means to come to an Accommoda- 
 tion : But finding the Senate violently averfe to his Intereft, 
 and refolv'd to hear nothing but what they firfl: propos'd (^), 
 he w^as conftrain'd to march towards Italy with his Troops, to 
 terrify or force them into a Compliance. Upon the News of 
 his Approach, the Senate, with the greateft Part of the Nobi- 
 lity, palling over into Greece^ he entredthe City without Oppo- 
 ficion, and creating himfelf Conful and Didator, hafted with 
 his A.rmy into Spain ; where the Troops under Pompey^s Depu- 
 ties were compell'd to fubmit themfelves to his Difpofal. With 
 this Reinforcement he advanc'd towards Macedonia, where the 
 Senate had got together a prodigious Army under the Com- 
 mand of Pompey. In the firft Engagement, he receiv'd a con- 
 fiderable Defeat. But the whole Power on both fides being 
 drawn up on the Plains of TheJJ'aly., after a long Difpute the 
 Vidtory fell to Ccefar., with the entire Ruin of the adverfe Party. 
 Pompey fled diredly towards Egypt., and C.efar with his vido- 
 rions Legions immediately followed. Hearing at his Arrival, 
 that Pompey had been kill'd by Order of King Ptolemy^ he laid 
 clofe Siege to Alexandria., the Capital City ; and having made 
 himfelf abfolute Mafter of t\\e Kingdom, committed it to the 
 Care oi Cleopatra., Sifter to the late King (e). Scipio and Juba 
 he Ibon after overcame in Africa., and Pompey^s tv/o Sons in 
 Spai/2 (f). And now being receiv'd at hi. Return with the ge- 
 neral Applaufe of the People and Senate, and honour'd with the 
 glorious Titles o'^ father of his Country, ^wd perpetual Di^atOi\ 
 he was dcfigning an Expedition into 'Panhia ; when, after the 
 Enjoyment of the fupreme Command no more than five 
 Months, he was murder'd in the Senate-Houfe {g) : Brutus and 
 Caffius, with moft of the other Confpirators, being his particu- 
 lar Friends, and fuch as he had oblig'd in the higheli Manner, 
 
 (a) Pifitanh in Crgjfo. (h) Pattrc. I. 3. (c) IhJ. C. 49. (d) Ibid. c. CO«l, 
 (?) SiKt. h Jul,, C4tf. C. Jf. (/) I'-ii. C. «oi <g) Ftttrc. I. I. C, j<. 
 
 A
 
 1 6 The Rife and Progrefs Part L 
 
 A Civil War neceflarily follow'd, in which the Senate, con- 
 fiding for the molt Part of fuch as had imbrac'd the Faftion of 
 Pompey^ declaf d in Favour of the AJraffins, while Mark An- 
 tony tFie Conful undertook the Revenge of Cccj'ar. With this 
 Pretence he exercis'd all manner of Tyranny in the City, and 
 had no other Delign but to fecure the chief Command to him- 
 felf. At lad, the Senate were ohlig'd to declare him an Enemy 
 to the State; and, in I'urfuance of their Edidt, rais'd an Army 
 to oppofe him under the Command of H'trtms and Fanfa the new 
 Confuls, and Oclavius^ Nephew and Heir to dtfar (a). In the 
 firft Engagement Antony was defeated; but Hirtius being kill'd 
 in the Fight, and Fawjii dying immediately after, the fole Com- 
 mand of the Army came into the Hands of 06lavius (b). The 
 Senate, before the late Vidory, had exprcfs'd an extraordinary 
 Kindnefs for him, and honour'd him with feveral Marks of their 
 particular Efteem : But now being freed from the Danger they 
 apprehended from Antony ^iht^ foon alter'd their Meafures ; and 
 taking little Notice of him any longer, decreed to the two Heads 
 of the late Confpiracy, Brutus and Cajfius^ the two Provinces 
 G^ Syria and Macedonia^vfhxihQt they had retir'd upon Commif- 
 iion of theFaft (c). Odavius was very fenlible of their Defigns, 
 and thereupon was ealily induced to conclude a Peace with An- 
 tony : And foon after entring into an Aflbciation with him and 
 Lepidus, as his Uncle had done with Crajfus ^ndPompey^he re- 
 turn'd to Rome, and was elected Conful when under twenty 
 Years of Age (d). And now, by the Power of him and his 
 two AlTociutes, the old Senate was for the moft: Part banifh'd, 
 and a Law preferr'd by his Colleague P^^/aj-,That all who had 
 been concern'd in the Death of dvfar (hould be proclaim'd Ene- 
 mies to the Common-wealth, and proceeded againft with all 
 Extremity (e). To put this Order in Execution, Odavius and 
 Antony advanc'd with the Forces under their Command toward 
 Macedonia, where Brutus and Cajfms had got together a numerous 
 Army to oppofe them ; both Parties meeting near the City PA/- 
 lippi, the Traitors were defeated, and the two Commanders 
 died foon after by their own Hands (/_). And now for ten 
 Years, all Affairs were manag'd by the Triumviri; when Lepi' 
 dus, fetting up for himfelf in Stcily, was contented, upon the 
 Arrival of Odavius, to compound for his Life, with the difho- 
 nourable Refignation of his Share in the Government (^^). The 
 
 {a) Paterc. 1. 2. C. 6t. {k) Suct. in ^ti"^ul}. C. II, (c) FltritsA. 4. C. 7. 
 (<0 PMtrc. 1. J. c. 65. (<•) li. (/) FUrus I. 2. C. 7. (jj ?atvc. 1. 2. C go. 
 
 Friend-
 
 Book L of the Roman Empire. 17 
 
 Friendfhipof Oduvius 2indi Antony ^-^^ not of much longer Con- 
 tinuance: For the latter, being for feveral Enormities declared 
 an Enemy to the State, was finally routed in a Sea-Engagement 
 nx. ASltum\ and, flying thence with his Midrcfs C/fo/'^/r^, kill'd 
 himfelf foon after, and left the fole Command in the Hands of 
 Odavius. He by his Prudence and Moderation gain'd fucli 
 an entire Intereitin the Senareand People, that when he ofFer'd 
 to lay down all the Authority he was inverted with above thereft, 
 and to reftore the Common-v/ealth to the ancient Conftitution, 
 they unanimoully agreed in this Opinion, That their Liberty was 
 foCner to be parted with, tiian fo excellent a Prince. However, 
 to avoid all Oifence, he rcjeded the very Names he thought 
 might be difplealing, and above all things, the Title of Didam-y 
 which had been fo odious in Sylla and C.cfar. By this means he 
 was the Founder of that Government which continu'd ever after 
 in Rome. The new Acquilitions to the Empire, were in his Time 
 very confiderable : Cantabria^ Aqultania^ Pannonia., Dalmatia, 
 and IllyricHm^ being wholly fubdu'd: The G^rw^»j were driven 
 beyond the River Albis^ and two of their Nations, the Sftevi 
 and Sicambri^ tranfplanted into Gaul (a). 
 
 Tiberius, tho' in Augujlus''s Time he had giveu Proofs of aii 
 extraordinary Courage in the German War {b) ; yet upon his 
 own Acceffion to the Crown, is memorable for no Exploit but 
 the reducing of Cappadocia into a Roman Province (c) ; and this 
 was owing more to his Cunning, than his Valour. Andatlaft, 
 upon his infamous Retirement into the Ifland Caprece, he grew 
 fo llrangely negligent of the Publick Affairs, as to fend no Lieu- 
 tenants for the Government of Spain and Syria, for feveral 
 Years ; to let Armenia be over-run by the Parthians, Mopjia by 
 the Dacians^x\di the Sarmatians, andalmoftallG^W by the Ger^ 
 mans\ to the extreme Danger, as well asDiihonourof the Em- 
 pire (i). Caligula, as he far exceeded hisPredecefTorin all man- 
 ner of Debauchery, fo in relation to Martial Affairs, was much 
 his Inferior. However, he is famous for a Mock-Expedition 
 that he made againll the Germans ; when arriving in tiiat Part 
 of the Low-Conmries \\h\ch\s oppoliteto Britain, and receiving 
 into hi^ Protedion a fugitive Prince of the Ifland, he fent glorious 
 Letters to the Senate, giving an Account of the happy Conqueft of 
 the whole Kingdom (c). And foonafter m iking his Soldiers fill 
 their Helmets with Cockle fliells and Pebbles, which he call'd,'/"/?? 
 
 (a) Sueton. in ^uguft. C. 2I. (b) Vid. Paterc 1. z. cap. io6, &c. (c) Ei*' 
 trtf, L 7, ^((^ Smun, in Tiii, cap. 41. (0 Suet, in CJig. cap. 46. 
 
 B SpOih
 
 1 8 7he Rife and Progrefs Part I. 
 
 spoils of the Ocean f^j, retum'd to the City to demand aTriumph. 
 And when that Honour was denied him by the Senate, he broke 
 out into fuch extravagant Cruelties, that he evencompell'd them 
 to cut him off, for the Security of their ownPerfons {b). Nay, he 
 was fo far from entertaining any defire of benefiting the Publick, 
 that he often complain'd of his ill Fortune, becaufe no fignal 
 Calamity happen'd in his Time, and made it his conftant Wilh, 
 That either the utter Deftrudion of an Army, or fome Plague, 
 Famine, Earthquake, or other extraordinary Defolation, might 
 continue the Memory of his Reign to fucceeding Ages (c). 
 
 Caligula being taken off, the Senate affembled in the Capitol, 
 to debate about the extinguifliing the Name and Family of the 
 Cccfars^ and reftoring the Common- wealth to theoldConftituti- 
 on {d). When one ofthe Soldiers that were ranfacking the Palace, 
 lighting cafually upon Claudius^ Uncle to the late Emperor, 
 where he had hid himfelf in a Corner behind the Hangings, 
 pull'd him cut to the reft of his Gang, and recommended him 
 as the fitteft Perfon in the World to be Emperor. All were 
 ftrangely pleas'd at the Motion; and taking him along with 
 them by Force, lodg'd him among the Guards (e). The Senate, 
 upon the firft Information, fent immediately to flop their Pro- 
 ceedings : But not agreeing among themfelves, and hearing the 
 Multitude call out for one Governor, they were at laft con- 
 flrain'd to confirm the Eledion of the Soldiers ; efpecially fince 
 they had pitch'd upon fuch an eafy Prince as would be wholly 
 at their Command and Difpofal {f). The Conqueft of Bri- 
 ta'iK was the moft memorable in his Time; owing partly to an 
 Expedition that he made in Perfon, but chiefly to the Valour of 
 his Lieutenants, OfortMS^ Scapula^ Aulus Plautius and Vefpajian. 
 The Bounds of the Empire were in his Reign as followeth; 
 Mefopotamia in the Eaji^ Rhine and Danube m the North ^ 
 Mauritania in the South^ and Britain in the IVeJi (g). 
 
 The Roman Arms cannot be fuppos'd to have made any confi- 
 derable Progrefs under iS/-?ro ; efpecially when Suetonius tells us, 
 he neither hop'd or defir'd the Enlargement of the Empire (h). 
 However, two Countries v/ere in his Timereduc'd into Roma» 
 Provinces; the Kingdom of PontuSy and the Cottian Jlpes, or 
 that Part of the Mountains which divides Dauphineand Pied- 
 mont. Britain and Armenia were once both loft (zj, and not 
 
 I II! 
 
 (rt) Idem, cap. 46. {b) Idem, cap. 47. (c) Idem, cap. 49 Sc i6. (d) Jdem, 
 cap. J I. (f) Idem, cap. 60. (/) Idem, in Claud, cap. 10. (5) ^itrelius Vi£lor 
 de Ciifaribus in Cdligula. Qi) ^HiittmYiHor dt CitfaribH} 'm \(a(ii. (0 Sueton, 
 ia Nsrone^ cap. 18. 
 
 without
 
 Book I. of the Koux"^ Empire, ip 
 
 vl^ithout great Difficulty recover'd. And indeed, his Averfcncfs 
 to the Camp, made him far more odious to theSuldiers, than all 
 his other Vices to the People: So that when the Citizens had 
 the Patience to endure him for Fourteen Years, the Army un- 
 der Gaiba^ his Lieutenant in S^ain^ v/crc conlirain'd to under- 
 take his Removal. 
 
 GW/'^isacknowIedg'don all Hands for the great Reformer of 
 Martial Difciplinc; and tho' before his Acccllion to the Empire, 
 he had been famous for his Exploits in Germany and oiher 
 Parts (a) ; yet the Shortnefs of his Reign hindred him from 
 making any Advancements afterwards. His Age and Severity 
 were the only Caufes of his Ruin : The tirit of which render'd 
 him contemptible, and the other odious. And the Remedy he 
 iis'd to appeafe the Dillatisfadions, did but ripen them for Re- 
 venge. For immediately upon his adopting P/'/o, by which he 
 hop'd to have pacified the People, Otho^ who had ever ex^'citcd 
 that Honour, and was now enrag'd at his Difappointment (Z'), 
 upon Application made to the Soldiers, cafilyprocur'd the Mur- 
 der of the old Prince and his adopted Son; and by that Means 
 was himfelt advanc'd to the Imperial Dignity. 
 
 About the fame time, the G^r/w^;? Army under ^Vc///«j-, having 
 an equal Averlion to the old Emperor with thofe at Rome^ 
 had Iworn Allegiance to their own Commander, Otho^ upon 
 the firit Notice of their Deiigns, had ftnt to proffer VhcUms^in. 
 equal Share in the Government withhimfelf (c). But all Pro- 
 pofals for an Accommodation being rcfus'd, and himfelf com- 
 pell'd, as it were, to march againit the Forces that were fens 
 towards Italy^ he had the good Fortune to defeat them in three 
 fmall ngagements. But having been worded in a greater Fight 
 at Bebriacum^ tho' he had (till fufficient Strength for carrying 
 on the War, and expeded daily a Reinforcement from feveral 
 Parts (d) ; yet he could not, by all the Arguments in the V/'uld, 
 be prevail'd with to hazard another Battel ; but to end the Con- 
 tention, kill'd himfelf with his own Hands. On this Account, 
 Pa^an Authors, tho' they reprefent his Life as the moil exadt 
 Pidure of unmanly Softnefs, yet they g<'nerally confefs his 
 Death equal to the nobleft of Antiquity; and thefanie Poet {e) 
 that has given him the lalting Title of Mollis Utho^ hath yi:t fet 
 him iti Competition with the famous Cato^ in reference to the 
 final Aaionof hisLife. 
 
 (0 Stt(ttn. in Galb. cap. 8. (t) Idem, ca\ 17, («) SttiiJi.'ux Othon. 
 
 Cap. 8. {d) ibii, cap. 9. {'■) Mart:al, ' 
 
 B 2 If
 
 20 The Rife and Progrefs Part I. 
 
 It has been obfcrv'd of VitelHus^ that he obtain'd the Empire 
 by the folc Valour of his Lieutenants, and loft it purely on 
 his own Account. His extreme Luxury and Cruelty were for 
 this Reafon the more deteftable, becaufc he had been advanced 
 to that Dignity, under the Notion of the Patron of his Country, 
 and the Reftorer of the Rights and Liberties of the People. 
 Within eight Months time, the Provincial Armies had unani- 
 inoully agreed on J'^efpafian (a) for their Emperor ; and the 
 Tyrant, after he had been ftrangely mangled by the extreme 
 Fury of tlie Soldiers and Rabble, was at laft dragg'd into the 
 River Tiber (b). 
 
 The Republick was fo far from making any Advancement 
 under the Difturbances of the Three laft Reigns, that flie muft 
 neceirarily have felt the fatal Confequences of them, had fhe' 
 not been fealbnably reliev'd by the happy Management of p^e- 
 fpafiafj, 'Twas an handfomc Turn of fomc of his Friends, when, 
 by Order of Caligula, his Bofom had by way of Puniftiment 
 been ftuft'd with Dirt, to put this Interpretation on the Acci- 
 dent, that the Common-wealth being miferably abus'd, and 
 even trodden under Foot^ fliould hereafter _^^ to his Bofom for Pro- 
 tedion (c). And indeed, he fecms to have made it his whole 
 Care and Defign to reform the Abufes of the City and State, 
 occafion'd by the Licentioufneis of the late Times. Nine Pro- 
 vinces he added to the Empire (.^), and was fo very cxad in 
 all Circumftances of his Life and Condud, that one who has 
 cxamin'd them both with all tlie Nicenefs imaginable, can 
 find nothing in either that dcferves Reprehenfion, except an 
 immoderate delire of Riches (e). And he covertly excufes him 
 for this, by extolling at the fame time his extraordinary Mag- 
 nificence and Liberality {f). 
 
 But perhaps he did not more oblige the World by his own 
 Reign, than by leaving fo admirable a SucceftTor as his Son 
 Titus -^ tiie only Prince in the World that has the Charafter 
 of never doing an ill Adlion. He had given fufficient Proof 
 of his Courage in the famous Siege of Jerufalem^ and might 
 have met with as good Succcfs in other Parts, had he not been 
 prevented by an untimely Death, to the univerfal Grief of 
 Mankind. 
 
 But then Domitian fo far degenerated from the Two excel- 
 lent Examples of his Father and Brother, as to feem moreemu- 
 
 (a) 6'«efo». inr/«/. cap. ij. (b) Id, ibid. cap. 17. (c) Sucton. in Vefpaf. Cap. 5, 
 (d) Entrt^. lib, 7, (e) Id. tbid. cap. 16, (J) Id, ibid. cap. 17, U^ 
 
 lous
 
 Book I. oftheKoMAii Empire. 1 1 
 
 lous of copying Nero^ or Caligula. However, as to Martial 
 Affairs, he was as happy as moft of his PredecelTors ; having in 
 four Expeditions fubdu'd the Catt/j Daci, and the Sarmatians^ 
 and extinguifh'd a Civil War in the firft Beginning (a). By 
 this Means he had fo entirely gain'dthe Affeftions of tlie Soldi- 
 ers, that when we meet with his neareft Relations, and even 
 his very Wife cn^ag'd in his Murder (^), yet we find the Army 
 fo extremely diilatisfy'd, as to have wanted only a Leader to 
 revenge his Death {c). 
 
 {a) Stteton. in Domit. cap. 6. ([>) Id. ibid, cap. 14. (c) Id, ibid. cap. 2?. 
 
 
 CHAP. VJ. 
 
 Of the Roman Affairs from Domitian to the End of 
 Conltantine the Great. 
 
 THE Two following Emperors have been defervcdly 
 ftyl'd, The Reftorers of the Roman Grandeur; which, 
 by reafon of the Vicioufnefs, or Negligence of the former 
 Princes, had been extremely impair'd. 
 
 Nerva,, tho' a Perfon of extraordinary Courage and Virtue, 
 yet did not enjoy the Empire long enough to be on any other 
 Account fo memorable, as for fubftituting fo admirable a Suc- 
 ceflbr in his Room as Trajan. 
 
 'Twas he, that for the Happinefs which attended his Un- 
 dertakings, and for his juft and regular Adminiftracion of the 
 Government, has been let in Competition even with Knmn- 
 liis himfelf 'Twas he that advanc'd the Bounds of the Em- 
 pire farther than all his Predecelfors ; reducing into Roman 
 Provinces the Five vaft Countries of Dacia., JJJyria^ /Innenia,, 
 Mcfopoiamia., and Arabia (a). And yet his Prudent Manage- 
 ment in Peace, has been generally preferr'd to his Exploits in 
 War. ' His Juftice, Candour, and Liberality, having gain'd 
 him fuch an univerial Elteem and Veneration, that he was 
 even Deify'd before his Death. 
 
 (<») EHtrt^. lib. 8, 
 
 B 'X Adrian'9
 
 2 1 The Rife and Progrefs Part I. 
 
 JiirJafi's Charafter has generally more of the Scholar than 
 the Soldier; Upon which Account, as much as out ot Envy to 
 his rrcdecellbr, he flighted Three of the Provinces that had 
 been taken in by Trajan^ and was contented to fix the Bounds 
 of the Empire at the River Euphrates {a), but perhaps he is the 
 firll of the Roman Emperors that ever took a Circuit round his 
 Dominions, as we are afTur'd he did (b). 
 
 Anionintis Pins ftudy'd more the Defence of the Empire, than 
 the Enlargement of it. However, his admirable Prudence, and 
 flricc Retormation of Manners, rendred him perhaps as Ser- 
 viceable to the Common-wealth as the greateft Conquerors. 
 
 TheTwOx^Wo.^.-??/, Marcus zn^ Lucius^ were they that made 
 the firlt Diviiion of the Empire. They are both famous for a 
 fuccefsful Expedition againlt the Farthians: And the former, 
 who was the longell Liver, is efpecially remarkable for his ex- 
 traordinary Learning, and (trid Profeffion of Sto':cifm ; whence 
 he has obtain'd the Name of the Philofopher. 
 
 Commodus was as noted for all manner of Extravagancies, 
 as his Father had been for the contrary Virtues, and after a 
 very fliort tmjoyment of the Empire, was murder'd by one of 
 his Miilrelles (c). 
 
 Pertr,sax too was immediately cut off by the Soldiers, who 
 found him a more rigid Exader of Difcipline, than they had 
 been lately us'dto. And now claiming to themfelves the Privi- 
 lege of chuiing an Emperor, they fairly expos'd the Dignity to 
 Sale (d). 
 
 Bidlus Julian was the higheft Bidder, and was thereupon 
 inveftcd with the Honour. Bat, as he only expos'd himfelf to 
 Ridicule by fuch a mad Projed, fo he was in an Inftant made 
 away with, in Hopes of another Bargain. Zofimus makes him 
 no better than a fort of an Emperor in a Dream (e). 
 
 But the Komaa Valour and Difcipline were in a great mea- 
 furereftor'd )yjSe-verus. Befides a famous Victory over the Par- 
 thians^ the old Enemies of Kome^ he fubdu'd the greateft Part 
 ofPfr/z^and Arabia^ and marching into this Ifland, Britain, 
 deliver'd the poor Natives from the miferable Tyranny of the 
 Scots and Pi&; which an excellent Hiftorian (f) culls the 
 greateft Honour of his Reign. 
 
 Antoninus Caracalla had as much of a martial Spirit in him as 
 his Father, but dy'd before he could defign any thing memora- 
 
 (a) £«rrop. lib. 8. {b) Id. ibid. (c) ZoJImy.s, Hift. lib. I. (d) Ibid, 
 
 (e) Ibid. (/) i/£Iiui itpartian. in Sever,
 
 Book I. of tbeKouAii Empire. 1 3 
 
 ble, except an Expedition againft the Parthians, which he had 
 juft undertaken. 
 
 Op'tUus Macr'mm and his Son Diadumen had made very h"ttle 
 Noife in the World, when they were cut off without much Di- 
 flurbance, to make Room for HeUogabalus^ Son of the late Em- 
 peror. 
 
 If he v/as extremely pernicious to the Empire by his extrava- 
 gant Debaucheries, his SucccfTor /I lexanJerScverus was as fer- 
 viceable to the State, in reftoring Jurtice and Difcipline. His 
 nobleft Exploit was an Expedition againll the Perfians^ in which 
 he overcame their famous King Xerxes (a). 
 
 Maximin^ the firrt that from a common Soldier afpir'd to the 
 Empire, was foon taken off by Puplcaus^ and he, with his 
 iZoWf^gnt Balb'tnus^ quickly follow'*.!, leavingthe fupreme com- 
 mand to Gordian^ a Prince of great Valour and Fortune, and 
 who might probably have cxtinguidied the very Name of 
 the Perfians (b)^ had he not been treacheroully murdcr'd by 
 Philips who within a very little Time fuffer'd the like Fortune 
 himfclf. 
 
 Deems in the former Part of his Reign had been very fuc- 
 cefsful againft the Scythians and other Barbarous Nations ; but 
 was at laft kill'd, together with his Son, in an unfortunate 
 Engagement {c). 
 
 liut then Gallus not only ftruck up a fhameful League with 
 the Barbarians^ but fuffer'd them to over-run all "Thrace^ Thef- 
 faly^ Macedon, Greece (d) ^c. 
 
 They were juft threaming Italy, when his Succeftbr^»7v/M;z 
 chas'd them off with a prodigious Slaughter: And upon his 
 Promotion to the Empire, promis'd the Senate to recover all 
 the Roman Territories that had been entirely loft, and to clear 
 thofc that were over-run (e). But he was prevented after three 
 Months Reign, by the common Fate of the Emperors of that 
 Time. 
 
 After him Valerian was fo unfortunate as to lofe the greateft 
 Part of his Army in an Expedition againft the Perfians, and to 
 be kept Prifoner himfclf in that Country till the Time of his 
 Death (X). 
 
 Upon the taking of ^^/(?r;^» by the Perfians, the Management 
 of Affairs was committed to his Son Gallienus; a Prince lb ex- 
 tremely negligent and vicious, as to become the equal Scorn and 
 
 (rt) Eutt Op. Vih. 8. (b) Por/Jpon. Latnt in Gordian. (f) Idemyialjecto. 
 
 y.) IdcWf in Galh, {e) Idim, ibid. (/) Idem^ ia Valertano. 
 
 B 4. Coiite<npt
 
 24 The Rife and Progrefs Part I. 
 
 Contempt of both Sexes {a) : The Loofnefs of his Government 
 gave Occafion to the Ufurpation of the Thirty Tyrants, of 
 whom feme indeed truly deferv'd that Name; others were 
 Pcrfons of great Courage and Virtue, and very ferviccable to 
 the Common-wealth (l^j. In his Time the Alrnaigns^ after they 
 had wafted all Gaul^ broke into Itdy. Dacia^ which had been 
 gain'd by Trajan, was entirely loft; all Greece^ Maccdon^ Po»' 
 iusj and J/ia, over-run by the Goi/js. The Germans too had 
 proceeded as fir as Spain, and taken the famous City Turraco^ 
 now Tarragona in Catalan ui (c). 
 
 This defperate State of Affairs v/as in fome meafure redrefs'd 
 b)^ the happy Condud of Claudius, who, inlefs than two Years 
 Time, routed near Three Hiuidred 1 houfand Barbarians, and 
 put an entire End to \\\^Guhick War: Nor were his other Ac- 
 compliftiments inferior to his Valour ; an elegant Hiftorian {d) 
 having found in him the Virtue of Trajan, the hiety of AntO' 
 ninus, and the Moderation of Augziflti's. 
 
 Quintiliiis was, in all Refpeds, comparable to his Brother : 
 whom he fucceeded not on Account ot his Relation, but his 
 Merits {e). But reigning only Seventeen Days, 'twas impofll- 
 ble he could do any Thing more than raife an ExpeSation in 
 the World. 
 
 If any of the Barbarians were left within the Bounds of the 
 Empire by Claudius, Aurelian entirely chas'd them out. In one 
 lingle War he is reported to have kill'd a Thoufand of the Sar- 
 matians with his own Hands (f). But his nobleft Exploit w^s, 
 the conquering the famous Zembia, Queen of the Eaft (as ftie 
 fly I'd herfelf) and the taking her Capital City Palmyra. At his 
 Return to Rome, there was fcarce any Nation inthe W^orld, out 
 of which he had not a fufficient Number of Captives to grace 
 his Triumph ; The moft conhderable were the Indians, Ara- 
 bians, Goths, Franks, Suevians, Saracens, Fandals, and G^r- 
 mans (g). ■ , 
 
 Tacitus was contented to fliew his Moderation and Juftice, 
 fnthequiet Management of the Empire, without anyhoftileDe- 
 fign : Or had he exprefs'd any fuch Inclinaiions, his ftiort Reign 
 muft neceflarily have hindred their Effed. 
 
 Probus, to the wife Government of his Predeceftbr added the 
 Valour and Gondu6l of a good Commander: Twas he thatob- 
 lig'd the barbarous Nations to quit all their footing in Gaul, Illy- 
 
 (<t) TrdelLPolliainTjiran. (i>) Id. in Gallieno. (c) Eurrop.l. 9. (d) Tribe U, 
 fallio in CUndiQ. (f) Ibid, (/) FIavUu Vo^'fc, in KAarcliarm. (g) Ibid, 
 
 ricuiiif^
 
 o
 
 Book I. of the Roman Empire. i j 
 
 r/V«M, and fevcral Provinces of the Empire ; infomuch, that 
 the very Parthlans fent him flattering Letters, confefling the dif- 
 mal Apprehenfions they cntertain'd of his Defigns againlt their 
 Country, and befeechinghim to favour them with a Peace (a). 
 
 There was fcarceany Enemy left to his Succeflbr Carus^ ex- 
 cept the Ferjians], againll whom he accordingly undertook an 
 ]:xpedition : But after two or three fuccefsful Engagements, 
 died with the Stroke of a Thunderbolt (/?). 
 
 His two Sons, Carinus and Numer'ian^ were of fo oppofitea 
 Genius^ that one is generally reprcfented as the worfl, the other 
 as thebeiiof Men. Numerian was foon treacherouflymurdcrM 
 by Apcr : Who, together with the other Emperor Carinus^ in a 
 very little time, gave Way to the happy Fortune of Dioc/eiia-,?^ 
 the moft fuccefsful of the latter Emperors ; fo famous for his 
 prodigious Exploits m Egypt ^Perfia^ 2Ln<\ Armenia^ that -a Roman 
 Author (f) has not (luck to compare him with 'jufiter^ as he 
 does his Son Maximilian with Hercules. 
 
 Conftanttnus Chlorus, and Galerius^ were happier than mofl of 
 their Fredecellbrs, by dying, as they had for the mod Part 
 liv'd, in Peace. 
 
 Nor are Severus and Maximinian on any Account very re- 
 markable, except for leaving fo admirable a Succeflbr, as the 
 famous C NS 7 A N'i lAE; who ridding himfelf of his two 
 Competitors, Licimas and Maxentius^ advanc'd the Empire to 
 its ancient Grandeur His happy Wars, and wife Adminiftra- 
 tion in Peace, have gain'd him the Sirnameof The GREAT, 
 an Honour unknown to former Emperors : Yet in this Refpeft 
 he is juftly reputed unfortunate, that by removing the Imperial 
 Seat from Rome to Conjlanfmople^ he gave Occafiontothe utter 
 Ruin of Italy. 
 
 («) Flavins Vofifc, in Probt. 
 i|l vita ejus. 
 
 (b) IdeJ»t in C^r*. (e) Pompeniuj Latus 
 
 CHAP,
 
 26 The Rife and Progrefs Part L 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Of the Roman Jffairs from Conftantine/^^ Great to 
 the taking <?/ R o m e by Odoacer, and the Ruin of the 
 Weft em Empire. 
 
 THO' the Three Sons oi Conft amine at firft divided the Em- 
 pire into Three dillind Principalities; yet it was afterwards 
 reunited under the longeft Sxxxv'wcu^ConftantiHs. The Wars be- 
 tween him and Magncntlus^ as they prov'd fatal to the Tyrant, 
 fo were they extremely prejudicial to the whole State; which at 
 this Time was involv'd in fuch unhappy Difficulties, as to be very 
 unable to bear fo cxceffivea Lofs of Men, no lefs than 5^4000 
 being kill'd on both Sides (a). And perhaps, this was the chief 
 Realbn of theillSuccefs, which conftantly attended that Empe- 
 ror in the Ealtern Wars: For the Perfians were all along his 
 Superiors ; and when at lafl: a Peace was concluded, the Ad- 
 vantage of the Conditions lay on their Side. 
 
 Julian^ as he took effedual Care for the Security of the 
 other Bounds of the Empire; fo his Defigns againft the moft 
 formidable Enemies, the Perfians^ had all Appearance of Suc- 
 cefs ; but that he loft his Life before they could be fully put in 
 Execution. 
 
 Jovian was no fooner eleded Emperor, but being under 
 fome Apprehenlion of a Rival in the Weft, he immediately 
 ftruck up a moft diftonourable Peace with the Perfians^ at the 
 Price of the famous City Nifibis^ and all Mefopotamia. For 
 which bafe A6tion, as he does not fail of an Inve6live from 
 every Hiftorian; So particularly ylmmianus Marcel/i»us (/;) and 
 Zofimui have taken the Pains to (hew, that he was the firft /to- 
 ■man Governor who refign'd up the leaft Part of their Domini- 
 ons upon any Account. 
 
 Valentinian the Firft, has generally the Charader of an excel- 
 lent Prince : But he feems to have been more ftudious of oblig- 
 ing his SubjeQs, by an eafy and quiet Government, than deli- 
 rous of atting any thing againft the encroaching Enemies. 
 
 f*) Pompon, LkW, (b) Lib. zj. 
 
 Gratia^
 
 Book I. of the KouAi; Empire. if 
 
 Grattan too, tho' a Prince of great Courage and Experience 
 in War, was able to do no more than to fettle the iingle Pro- 
 vince of Gaul : But he is extreamly applauded by Hiftorians 
 for taking fuch extraordinary Care in the Bufinefs of a Succef- 
 for : For being very fenfible how every Day produc'd worfeEf- 
 feds in the Empire; and that the State, if not at the Mi Galp, 
 yet was very nigh beyond all Hopes of Recovery ; he made it 
 his whole Study to find out a Perfon that fnould,in all Refpeds, 
 be capacitated for the noble Work of the Deliverance of his 
 Country. The Man he pitch'd upon was 'T/jeodofius^ a Native 
 of Spai'fi ; who, being now inverted with the Command of the 
 Ea(t, upon the Death of Gratian^ remain'd fole Emperor. 
 And, indeed, in a great meafure^ he anfwcr'd the Expedation 
 of the World, proving the moll refolutc Defender of the Em- 
 pire in its declining Age. But for his Colleague Valenunta-a 
 the Second, he was cut oft', without having done any thing that 
 deferves our Notice. 
 
 Under Honorius^ Things return'd to their former defperate 
 State, the barbarous Nations getting Ground on all Sides, and 
 making every Day fome Diminution in the Empire; till at lafl, 
 Alark^ King of the Goths^ wafting all Italx^ proceeded to Rome 
 itfelf; and being contented to fet a few" Buildings on Fire, 
 and rifle the Treafuries, retir'd with his Army (a) : So that this 
 is rather a Difgrace, than a Deftrudtion of the City. And 
 Nero is fuppos'd to have done more Mifchief when he fet it 
 on Fire in Jeft, than it now fuffcr'd from the Barbarous Con- 
 queror. 
 
 Valentinian the Third, at his Acceflion to the Empire, gave 
 great Hopes of his proving the Author of a happy Revolution 
 (b) ; and he was very fortunate in the War againil the famous 
 Attila the Hun : But his Imprudence in putting to death his 
 beft Commander JEtms^ haften'd very much the Ruin of the 
 Roman Caufe, the barbarous Nations novvr carrying all before 
 them, without any confiderable Oppoluion. 
 
 By this time the State was given over as defperate; and what 
 Princes follow'd'till the taking of the City by O^a^rer, were only 
 a Company of miferable, fhort-Iiv'd Tyrants, remarkable for 
 nothing but the Meannefs of their Extraction, and the Poornefs 
 of their Government ; fo thatHiftorians generally pafs them over 
 in Silence, or at molt with the bare mention of their Names. 
 
 iA Paul. Diacaa, & Pom! on. L<ct, (b) Pompon, Lat. 
 
 " - The
 
 i8 The Rlfe^ Sec. Part I. 
 
 The bed Account of them we can meet with, is as follows : 
 Maximus^ who, in order to his own Promotion, had procur'd 
 the Murder of yalentinian^ foon after compell'd his Widow 
 Eudoxia to accept of him as a Husband ; when the Emprefs, 
 entertaining a mortal Hatred for him on many Accounts, fcnt 
 to Genferic^ a famous King of the Vandals^ and a Confederate 
 of the late Emperor's, deliring his AfTiftance for the Deliverance 
 of herfelf and the City, from the Ufurpation of the Tyrant. 
 CeKJeric eafily obey'd; and landing with a prodigious Army in 
 Itafy^ enter'd Rome without any Oppotition ; where, contrary 
 to his Oath and Promife, he fciz'd on all the Wealth, and car- 
 ry'd it, with feveral thoufands of the Inhabitants, \\\to /ijnck (a). 
 
 Avitus, the General in G^///, was the next that took upon 
 him the Name of Emperor, which he refign'd within eight 
 Months (b). 
 
 Majorianus fucceeded ; and after three Years left the Honour 
 to Severus^ or Severiatt ; who had the Happinefs, after four 
 Years Rei^n, to die a natural Death (c). 
 
 After hun, Anthem'tus was eledled Emperor, who loft his 
 Life and Dignity in a Rebellion of his '^oxs.Avl-Yj'X^ Ricimer (d). 
 And then Olybrius was fent from Conjlantitjo^le too, with the 
 fame Authority ; but died within feven Months (e). 
 
 Liarius^ or Glycerins^ who had been elefted in his Room by 
 the Soldiers, was immediately almoft depos'd by Nepos; and he 
 himfelf quickly after by Orcftes (f); who made his Soji Augu- 
 Jiusj or Augufiulus, Emperor. And now Odoacer^ King of the 
 Heruli^ with an innumerable Multitude of the barbarous Na- 
 tions, ravaging all Italy ^ approach'd to Rome ; and entering the 
 City without any Reiiftance, and depofing Augujlulus^ fecur'd 
 the Imperial Dignity to himfelf; and though he was forc'd af- 
 terwards to give Place to Theodoric the Goth^ yet the Romans 
 had never after the leaft Command in Italy. 
 
 (a) Paul. Diacott. & Evagrius Hifl. Kcclef. lib. 2. cap. 7. (b) Id. ibid. 
 
 (c) Paul. Diacof}. lib. 16. (d) Ibid, (e) Ibid. (/) Jornar.des de T^^n. SmceJ. 
 
 THE
 
 (J 
 
 ~\
 
 THE 
 
 Antiquities oi ROME. 
 
 P A R T II. B O O K I. 
 Of the City. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Of the Pomoeritim, and of the Form and Bignefs of the 
 City, according to the Seven Hills. 
 
 E F O R E we come to pleafe ourfelves with a par- 
 ticular View of the City, we muft, by all Means, 
 take Notice of the Pomoerium^ for the Singularity 
 of the Cuftom, to which it ow'd its Original. 
 Livy defines the Pomccrhiin. in general, to be that 
 Space of Ground both within and without the 
 Walls, which the Augurs^ at the firft: Building of Cities, fo- 
 lemnly confecrated, and on which no Edifices were fuffcr'd to 
 be rais'd (a). But the Account which Plutarch gives us of this 
 Matter, in reference to Rome itfelf, is fnfFicient to fatisfy our 
 Curiofity ; and is delivefd by him to this Purpofe : Komulm 
 having fent for fome of the T'ufcan^^ to inftrud him in the Ce- 
 remonies to be obferv'd in laying the Foundations of his new 
 City, the Work was begun in this Manner : 
 
 Firft, They dug a Trench, and threw into it the Firft-Fruits 
 of all Things, either good by Caftom, or necelfary by Nature: 
 and every Man taking a fmall Turf of Earth of the Country from 
 whence he came, they all caft them in promifcuoully together; 
 
 (4) Livy, lib. I, 
 
 making
 
 3C5 Of the City. Part II. 
 
 making this Trench their Center, they defcrib'd the City in a Circle 
 round it: Then the Founder fitted to a Plough a brazen Plough- 
 Ihare; and yoaking together a Bull and a Cow, drew a deep 
 Line, or Furrow, round the Bounds ; thofe that follow'd after, ta- 
 king Care that all the Clods fell inwards toward theC?ty. They 
 built the Wall upon this Line, which they call'd Pomoerium, from 
 Pone Moenia (a). Tho^ theFhraih of Pomocriur/i proferre be com- 
 monly us'd in Authors, to fignify the enlarging of the City ; yet 
 'tis certain the City might be enlarg'd without that Ceremony. 
 For Taciius and Gellius declare no Perfon to have had a Right 
 of extending the Pomoer'mm^ but fuch an one as had taken away 
 fome Part of an Enemy's Country in War; whereas it's mani- 
 fe(t, that feveral great Men, who never obtain'd that Honour, 
 increas'd the Buildings with confiderable Additions. 
 
 'Tis remarkable, that the fame Ceremony with which the 
 Foundations of their Cities were at firft laid, they us'd too irl 
 deftroying and razing Places taken from the Enemy ; which we 
 find was begun by the Chief Commander's turning up fome of 
 the Walls with a Plough (b). 
 
 As to the Form and Bignefs of the City, we muft follow the 
 common Diredion of the Seven Hills, whence came the Phrafe 
 of Urbs Septicollis^ and the like, fo frequent with the Poets. 
 
 Of thefe Alons PalatinHi has ever had the Preference ; whe- 
 ther fo call'd from the Feople PalafiUs^oi- Palatim ; or from the 
 Bleating and Strolling of Cattle, in Latin^ Balare and Palare j 
 or from Pales^ the Pafloral Goddefs ; or from the Burying Place 
 of Pallas^ we find difputed, and undetermin'd among their Au-. 
 thors. 'Twas in this Place that Romulus laid the Foundations of 
 the City, in a Qaadrangular Form ; and here the fame King and 
 Tullius Hoftilius kept their Courts, as did afterwards Augujlus, 
 and all the facceeding Emperors ; on which Account, the 
 Word Palattnm came to lignify a Royal Seat (c). 
 
 This Hill to the Eall: has Mons CccUhs ; to the Sonth^Mons Aven- 
 t'tmis ; to the Weft, Mom CapitoUnus ; to the North, the Forum (d). 
 
 In Compals twelve hundred Paces (e). 
 
 Mo-/2! Tarpeius tooli its Name from Tarpela^z RomanY'npn^ 
 who betray'd the City to the Sabines^ in this Place (f). It was call'd 
 too Mons Saturni and SatiirrAus^ in Honour of Saturn^ who is re- 
 ported to have liv'd here in his Retirement, and was ever reputed 
 
 (4) Phtarch. in T{Bivitl. {h) Dcrr.^fler Paral-pom. ad 'Rofm. lib. I. cap. 3. 
 i^i)l{nf!n.^Antiq. lib. I. cap. 4. (<i) Fabricti T{o7na, cap. ;. (f) Martian To po^raph^ 
 ^nriq. %o:7uAi\>. I. capi. 14. (/) Pi(*}Arct» in T^^/./j 
 
 the
 
 Book 1. Of the City: 31 
 
 the Tutelar Deity of this Part of the City. It had afterwards the 
 Denomination oi CapitoUnus^hom the Head of a Man cafually 
 found here in digging for the Foundations of the famous Tem- 
 ple oi Jupiter (a), call'd Capitolium^ for the fame Reafon. This 
 Hill was added to the City by T'itus T'atius^ King of the Sa- 
 hines^ when having been firft overcome in the Field by Romu- 
 lus, he and his Subjeds were permitted to incorporate with the 
 Romans (b). It has to the Eaft, Mons Palat'mus, and the Fo- 
 rum', to the South, the T"ther\ to the Weft, the level Part of 
 the City; to the North, Coll'ts Qulrmalis (c). 
 
 In Compafs feven Stadia, or Furlongs, (d). 
 
 Collis Quirinalis was fo call'd either from the Temple of Qui- 
 rinalis, another Name of Romulus ; or more probably from the 
 Curetes, a People that remov'd hither with Tatius from Cures^ 
 a Sabine City (e). It afterwards changM its Name to Cab alius, 
 Mons Caballi, and Caballinus, from the two Marble-Horfes, 
 with each a Man holding him, which are fet up here. They are 
 ftill ftanding ; and if the Infcription on the Pilafters be true, 
 were the Work of Phidias and Praxiteles (f) ; made by thole 
 famous Mafters to reprefcnt Alexander the Great, and his Buce- 
 phalus, and fent to Nero for a Prefent by Tiridates King of Ar- 
 menia. This Hill was added to the City by Numa (g). 
 
 To the Eaft, it has Mons Efquilinus, and Mons Vim'tnalis ; to 
 the South, the Forums of C<e[ar and Nerva ; to the Weft, the 
 level Part of the City; to the North, Collis Hortulorum, and 
 the Campus Martins (h). 
 
 In Compafs almoft three Miles (i). 
 
 Mons Coclius owes its Name to Caelius, or Coeles, a famous Tuf- 
 cdn General, who pitch'd his Tents here, when he came to the 
 Afliftance oi Romulus againft the Sabines (k). Livy (I) and Dio- 
 nyjiuf (m) attribute the taking of it in, to Tullus Hofiilius ; but 
 Strabo (n) to Ancus Martius. The other Names by which it was 
 fometimes known, were Querculanus, or Quercetulanus and 
 Auguftus: The firft occalion'd by the Abundance of Oaks grow- 
 ing there ; the other impos'd by the Emperor 'Tiberius, when he 
 had rais'd new Buildings upon it after a Fire (o). 
 
 One Part of this Hill was call'd Cceliolus, and Minor Coelius (p). 
 
 (a) Liv. lib. I. cap. 55. {b) Dionyfms. (c) Fabricii 7^W(t,cap, 3, (d) Mar- 
 tian. Uh. J. Cdf. i. (,) Sext. Pomp, Fejtus. {f)Fabricii\oma,CA^.i. (g) Die 
 nyf. H.ilic. lib. 2. {h) Fabrnii T^oma, cap. 3. (/) Marlian, I. I. c. I, Q^ Var- 
 ro de ling. Lat. lib. 4. (/) Lib. i. cap. 30. {m) Lib. j. (?;) Geogr* J. J. 
 \o) Taca, 'Ann, 4. Sifft, i?t Tt'h cap. <)8. (f) FairidiT^oma, cap. j, 
 
 T^
 
 31 Of the Cirx. Part II. 
 
 To the Eaft,it has the City Walls ; to the SQW'i\MonsAvenunus\ 
 to theWei^-i^omPalatiKus; to theNorth, Mo»s Efi^uilmus (a). 
 
 In Cornpafs about two Miles and a half (I;). 
 
 Mons Efquilinus was anciently call'd Cifpius^ and Oppius (c) : 
 The Name oi Efquilinus was varied, for the eafier Pronunciation, 
 from Exquilinus^ a Corruption of Excubinus^ ab Excubiis^ from 
 the Watch that R«mulus kept here U). It was taken in by .SVr- 
 -vius Tullius (e), who had here his Koyal Seat (f). Varro will 
 have the Efquilia to be properly two Mountains (g) ; which 
 Opinion has been fince approv'd of by a curious Obferver (h). 
 
 To the Eaft, it has the City- Walls ; to the South, the Fix 
 Lahicana ; to the Weft, the Valley lying between Mons Coelius 
 and Mons Palatinus; to the North, Collis yiminalis (i). 
 
 In Compafs about four Miles (k). 
 ^ . Mons Viminalis derives its Name from the * Ofiers 
 
 that grew there in great Plenty. This Hill was taken 
 in by Servius Tullius (I). 
 
 To the Eaft, it has the Campus Efquinalis ; and to the South, 
 Part of the Suburra and the Forum ; to the Weft, Mons Quiri- 
 f^alis; to the North, the F^///j Quirinalis (nt). 
 
 In Compafs two Miles and a half (n). 
 
 The Name of Mons Aventinus has given great Caufe of Dif- 
 pute among the Criticks, fome deriving the Word from Aven- 
 tinus an Alban King (o) ; fome from the River Avens (p) ; and 
 others ab Avibus^ from the Birds which us'd to fly hither in great 
 Flocks from the Tiber (q). It was call'd too Murcius, from 
 Murcia, the Goddefs of Sleep, who had here a Sacellum^ or lit- 
 tle Temple (r) ; Collis Diana^ from the Temple of Diana (s) ; 
 and Remonius from Remus ^ who would have had the City be- 
 gun in this Place, and was here buried (t). A.GelUus affirms («), 
 That this Hill being all along reputed Sacred, was never en- 
 clos'd within the Bounds of the City, till the Time of Claudius. 
 But Eutropius (w) exprefsly attributes the taking of it in, to An- 
 cus Martius ; and an old Epigram inferted by Cufpinian^ in his 
 Comment on CaJJiodorus^ confirms the fame. 
 
 To the Eaft, it has the City- Walls ; to theS. the Camp us Figu* 
 fmus; to the Weft, the Tif^^r ; to the North ^Mons Palatinus (x). 
 
 (^) Ibid, (h) Martian, lib. I. cap. i. (t) Fabricii \9mit, cap. j. (d) Vid. Pro- 
 pert, lib. a. Sleg. «. (0 Liv. lib. I. cap. 44. (/) Jt. (?) De Ling. Lath. 1. 4. 
 (/;) Martian.Vib. I. cap, X. (() Fabricii \oma, cap. 3, (j^ Martian. 1. I.C. I. 
 (A Dionyf. 1. 4. (m) Fabricii %oma,CAp. j. («) Marlian. lib. t.C, t. (0) Varra 
 de Ling. Lat. 1. 4. (p) lb. (']) lb. (r) Sext. P»mp. Fiftm. (j) Martial, (t) Pint, 
 iall^raHt. (»♦) Lib. I}. «ap. 14. (w) Lib, t, (at) f^hifii I^t??/, cap. j. 
 
 If».
 
 Book I. Of the CiTV. '33 
 
 In Circuit Eighteen ^/'^^/<7, orTwo Miles and aQuarter (a). 
 
 Belides thefe Seven principal Hills, Three other of inferior 
 Note were taken in in later rimes. 
 
 Cotlis Hortulorum^ or Hortorum^ had its Name from the fa- 
 mous G rdens of Saluji adjoining to it (b). It was afterwards 
 cali'd PJminSj from the Pinciiy a Noble Family who had here 
 theit Seat (c). The Emperor Aurelian firft inclos'd it within 
 the City^ Walls {ci). 
 
 To the Eafl and South it has the plaineft Part of Mons Qui- 
 rifialis; to the Well the yallis Martia; to the North the Walls 
 of the City (e). 
 
 In Gompals about Eighteen Siadia (f). 
 
 yaniculu.'^^ or Janicularis^ was fo cali'd either from an old 
 Town of the fame Name, faid to have been built by Janus 5 
 or, becaufe Janus dwelt and was buried here'(^j; 
 or, becaufe 'twas a Sort of * Gate to the Romans^ * Januni 
 whence they ilfu'd out upon the Tufcans (h). The 
 fparkling Sands have at prefent given it the Name of Mons 
 Aureus^ and by Corruption M?»/onaj (i). We may make two 
 Obfervations about this Hill from an Epigram of Martial; 
 That 'tis the fitteft Place to take one's Standing for a full Pro- 
 fpe6l of the City; and that 'tis lefs inhabited than the o^her 
 Parts, by reafon of the GrofTnefs of the Air (k). It is ftill fa- 
 mous for the Sepulchres of Numa^ and Statius the Poet (/). 
 
 To the Eaft and South it has the 'Tiber ; to the Weft the 
 Fields; to the North the Vatican (m). 
 
 In Circuit (as much of it as ftands within the City- Walls) 
 Five Stadia (n). 
 
 Mons Faticanus owes its Name to the Anfwers of the Vates 
 or Prophets, that us'd to be given here; or from the God J/a- 
 ticanus or Vagitanus (0). It feems not to have been inclos'd 
 within the Walls 'till the Time of Aurelian. 
 
 This Hill was formerly famous for the Sepulchre of Scipio 
 Africanus; fome Remains of which are dill to be feen (p). 
 But it is more celebrated at prefent on the Account of St. Pe- 
 ter^s Church, the Pope's Palace, and the noblelt Library in the 
 World. 
 
 (rt) Mdrlian. lib. I. cap. r. (h) %ofin. lib. i, cap. ir. (c) Ihid. (d) ihij„ 
 (t) Falricii\oma, cap. J. (/) Martian, lib. i. cap. I. (7) %ofiii. lib. t. cap. ir. 
 (>;} Fefius. (;) Fabriai%»ma, Cap. J. (i) Martial Epi^. lib. 4. Ep, 64. (l) Fa- 
 hriciiT{oma, lib. I, cap. j. {m) Ibid, (n) Marlian^ lib. I. Ci£. I, (») Fejius, 
 (p) Warch^'i Hifl. of Italjf Book II. 
 
 C To
 
 3 4 Of the City. Part 11. 
 
 To the Eaft it has the Campus Vaticanus^ and the River; to 
 the South the Janiculum ; to the Weft the Campus Figulinus 
 or Potters Field; to the North the Praia Quintia {a). 
 
 It h'es in the Shape of a Bow drawn up very high; the con- 
 vex Part Itretching ahnoft a Mile {h). 
 
 A: to the Extent of the whole City, the greateft we meet with 
 in Hiftory, was in the Reign of Valeriariy who enlarg'd the Walls 
 to fuch a Degree as to furround the Space of Fifty Miles (c). 
 
 The Number of Inhabitants in its flouriftiing State, Lipfius 
 computes at Four Millions {d). 
 
 At prefcnt the Compafs of the City is not above Thirteen 
 Miles (e). 
 
 (rt) Fahricii %oma, cap. J. {l>) Mar Han lib I. cap. I. (r) Vofifc, In xAnrt' 
 liano. (^d) De MagnitHd. 1{om. (f) Fahricii %oma, cap. 2. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Of the Dhijton of the City into Tribes and Regions j 
 ^nd of the Gates and Bridges. 
 
 JD OMUL US divided his little City into three Tribes; and 
 M.\ Serv'-us Tullius added a fourth; which Divifion continued 
 'till the Time of Augujlus. ' Fwas he firft appointed the Four- 
 teen A e^/«>;!2j- or// W<^i- .• An Account of which, with the Num- 
 ber of Temples, Baths, i^c. in every Region, may be thus 
 taken from the accurate Panvimus. 
 
 REGION I. PORtJ CAPENA, 
 
 Streets 9. Arches 4. 
 
 Luct 3. Barns 14. 
 
 Temples 4. Mills 12. 
 
 -^^"•<" 6. Great Houfes 121. 
 
 Publick Baths 6. 
 
 The whole Compafs 13223 Feet. 
 
 REGION II. COELIMONriUM, 
 
 Streets 12. Private Baths 80. 
 
 L^" 2,. The great Shambles. 
 
 Tern-
 
 Book r. Of the C IT "i. ff 
 
 Temples S- Barns 23. 
 
 The Publick Baths of the Mills 23. 
 
 City. Great Houfes 1 33. 
 
 The Compafs 13200 Feet. 
 
 REGION III. ISIS and SERJPIS, 
 
 Streets 8. The Baths of T^itus^ Trajan 
 
 Temples 2. and Philip. 
 
 The Amphitheatre of Ve- Barns 29. or 19. 
 fpajiati. Mills 23. 
 
 Great Houfes 160. 
 The Compafs 1 245-0 Feet. 
 
 REGION IV. FIA SACRA, or 
 JEMPLUM PACIS. 
 
 Streets S. verns and Conjiantine^ 
 
 Temples 10. Private Baths 75-. 
 
 The ColoJfuso^thQ Sun, Barns 18. 
 
 120 Foot high. Mills 24. 
 
 The Arches of Titus^ Se- Great Houfes 138. 
 
 The Compafs 14000; or as fome fay, only 8000 Feet, 
 
 REGION V. ES§yiLIN.A. 
 
 Streets i^. Private Baths 75*. 
 
 Luct 8. Barns 18. 
 
 Temples 6. Mills 22. 
 
 Mdes 5-. Great Houfes 180. 
 
 The Compafs 1 5-95-0 Feet. 
 REGION VI. ACTA SEMITA, 
 
 Streets 12. or 13. Private Baths 75-. 
 
 Temples 15-. Barns 19. 
 
 Portico's 2. Mills 23. 
 
 Circi 2. Great Houfes 15-5'. 
 
 For a 2. 
 
 The Compafs 1 5-600 Feet. 
 
 C 2 RE'
 
 3« 
 
 Of the C IT V. Part 11. 
 
 REGION VII. riA LAfJ. 
 
 Streets 40. 
 Temples 4. 
 Private Baths 75*^ 
 Arches 3. 
 
 Mills 17. 
 Barns 25-. 
 Great Houfes 120. 
 
 The Compafs 23700 Feet. 
 
 REGION VIII. FORUM ROMANUM. 
 
 Streets 12. 
 Temples 21. 
 Private Baths 66, 
 JEdes 10. 
 Portico's 9. 
 Arches 4. 
 Fora 7. 
 
 Curiae 4. 
 Bafilica 7'. 
 Columns 6. 
 Barns 18. 
 Mills 30. 
 Great Houfes 15x1. 
 
 The Compafs 14867 Feet. 
 
 REGION IX. CIRCUS FLAMINIUS, 
 
 Streets 20. Curia 2. 
 
 Temples 8. Thermce f. 
 
 JEdes 20. Arches 2. 
 
 Portico's 12. Columns 2. 
 
 C'trc't 2. Mills 32. -,.- ,, 
 
 Theatres 4. Barns 32. 
 
 BafiliciS 3. Great Houfes 1S9. 
 
 The Compafs 305'6o Feet. 
 
 REGION X. PALATIUM. 
 
 Streets 7. 
 Temples 10. 
 ^des 9. 
 Theatre 1, 
 Curia 4. 
 
 Private Baths ij-. 
 Mills 12. 
 Barns 16. 
 Great Houfes 109. 
 
 The Compafs n6oo Feet. 
 
 RE-
 
 Book L Of the C i t y. 3 ?' 
 
 REGION XI. CIRCUS MAXIMUS. 
 
 Streets 8. Barns i6. 
 
 ^cksii. Mills 12. 
 
 Private Baths 15'. Great Houfes 189. 
 
 The Compafs 1 1600 Feet. 
 
 REGION XII. PISCINA PUBLIC A. 
 
 Streets 12. Barns 28. 
 
 Mdes 2. Mills 25-. 
 
 Private Baths 68. Great Houfes 128, 
 
 The Compafs 12000 Feet. 
 
 REGION XIII. AVENtlNUS, 
 
 Streets 17, Barns 36. 
 
 Luci 6. Mills 30. 
 
 Temples 6. Great Houfes 1 5-5". 
 
 Private Baths 74. 
 
 The Compafs J63G0 Feet. 
 
 REGION XIV. TRANSriBEHINA, 
 
 Streets 23. Barns 20. 
 
 /Ei/es 6. Mills 32. 
 
 Private Baths 136. Great Houfes ifo. 
 
 The Compafs 33409 Feet. 
 
 As to the Gates, Romulus built only Three, or (as fome will 
 have It) Four at mod. But as Buildings were inlarg'd, the 
 Gates were accordingly multiply'd ; fo that Plmy tells us, there 
 were thirty-four in his time. 
 
 The moft remarkable were 
 
 Porta FUimentana^ fo call'd, becaufe it ftood near the River. 
 
 Porta F/amima^ owing its Name to .the Flaminian Way, 
 which begins there. 
 
 Porta Carmentalis^ built by Romulus^ and fo call'd from Car^ 
 went a the Prophetef , Mother of Evander. 
 
 Porta Ncevia^ which Varro derives a nemorlbus^ from the 
 Woods v/hich formerly ftood near it. 
 
 C q Portti
 
 38 Of the City. Part II. 
 
 Porta Saliana^ deriving its Name from the Salt which the 
 Sabifzes us'd to bring in at that Gate from the Sea, to fupply 
 the City. 
 
 Porta Capena^ call'd fo from Capua, an old City of Italy, to 
 which the way lay through this Gate. It is fometimes call'd 
 Appia, from Appius the Cenfor; and T'rmmphalis, from the 
 Triumphs in which the Proccffion commonly pafs'd under 
 here ; and Foi-itmalis, from the AquadnEis which were rais'd 
 over it: Whence jH'oenalc:i\\s it, Madida Capem, and Martial^ 
 Capena,grandi Porta quce pluh guttd. 
 
 The Ttber was pafs'd over by Eight Bridges ; the Names of 
 which are thus fet down by Mar Han ; MiivtHs, /Elius, Vaticanus^ 
 Janiciilenfis, Cejtius, FabriciuSy Palati"/ius and Sublicius. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Of the Places of Worfhip; partlcuUrly of the Temples 
 and Luci. 
 
 BE F O R E we proceed to taike a View of the mo ft: remark- 
 able Places fct a-part for the Celebration of Divine-Ser- 
 vice, it may be proper to make a fliort Obfervation about the 
 general Names, under which we meet with them in Authors. 
 
 T'emplum (then) was a Place which had not been only dedi- 
 cated to fome Deity, but withal formerly confecrated by the 
 Augurs. 
 
 JEdes Sacrce, were fuch as wanted that Confecration ; which 
 If they afterwards receiv'd, they chang'd their Names to Tem- 
 ples. Vid. Agell. L. XtV. C. 7. 
 
 Delubrum, according to Servius, was a Place that under one 
 Koof comprehended feveral Deities. 
 
 JEdrcuIa is only a Diminutive, and fignifies no more than a 
 little .^.des. 
 
 Sacclhir/i may be derived the fame way from Mdes Sacra. Fe- 
 fim tells us, 'tis a Place facredto the Gods without a Roof. 
 
 'Twere endlefs to reckon up but the bare Names of all the 
 Temples we meet Vv'ith in Authors. The mod celebrated on 
 all Accounts were the Capiiol md the Pantheon. 
 
 The
 
 Book I. Of the C 11 Y. 3^ 
 
 The Capitol^oxTcmvXto^ Jupiter Capttol'mm^yv^s theEfte<£i 
 of a Vow made by T'arquinius Prifcus in the Sabine War (a). 
 But he had fcarce laid the Foundations before his Death. His 
 Nephew, Tarquin the Proud^ finifli'd it with the Spoils taken 
 from the neighbouring Nations {b). But upon the ExpuUion of 
 the Kings, the Confecration was perform'd by HoratiusxhQQon" 
 ful (c) . The Strufture flood on a high Ridge, taking in Four 
 Acres of Ground. The Front was adorn'd with Three Rows 
 of Piilars, the other Sides with Two (d). The Afcent from 
 the Ground was by an Hundred Steps (cj. The prodigious Ciifts 
 and Ornaments, with which it was at fcvcral times endow'd, 
 ahnofl exceed Belief. Suetonius (f) tells us, that Augujlus^zvo. 
 at one time two Thoufand Pound Weight of Gold: And in 
 Jewels and precious Stones, to the Value of Five Hundred 
 Seflerces. Livy and Pliny (g) furprize us with Accounts oi the 
 brazen Threfholds, the Noble Pillars that Sylla remov'd hither 
 from Athens out of the Temple of ^'^/'^Vcr Olympius ; the gilded 
 Roof, the gilded Shields, and thofe of folid Silver; the huge 
 Veffels of Silver, holding three Meafures; the Golden Cha- 
 riot, ^e. This Temple wasfirft confum'd byFireintheMW^;^ 
 War, and then rebuilt by Syllai who dying before the Dedica- 
 tion, left that Honour to Qtiintus Catnbis. This too was demo- 
 liflied in the Vitellian Sedition. Vefpsfian undertook a third, 
 which was burnt down about the time of his Death. Domitian 
 rais'd the laft and moft Glorious of all ; in which the very Gild- 
 ing amounted to tvv'elve thoufand Talents {Jo). On which Ac- 
 count Plutarch (i) has obferv'd of that Emperor, that he was, 
 like Midafy defirous of turning every thing into Gold. There 
 are very little Remains of it at prefent; yet enough to make a 
 Chri/iian Church (k). 
 
 The Pantheon was built by Marcus Agrippa, Son-in-Lawto 
 ^iugujius Cccfar; and dedicated either to j^ii^zV^r Ultro^ or to 
 Mars andf^enus, or more probably, to all the Gods in general, 
 as the very Name (quafi Tuv Trdi^av QsZv) implies. The Stru- 
 6hire, according to Fabricius (/), is an Hundred and Forty Foot 
 High and about the fame Breadth. But a latter Author has cn-» 
 creas'd the Number of Feet to an Hundred and Fifty eight. The 
 Roof is curioufly Vaulted, void Places being left here and there 
 for the greater Strength. The Rafters were Pieces of Brafs of 
 
 (•) L/V. lib. I. {i) Ibid, (c) Pltitirrh. in P optical, (d) Dionyf. Halicar. (<?) 
 T^ilms. (f) la^u^iijt. cap. jo. («;) Liv. 1. 35. 3?. Ptf-i. 1. 33, ^C. (J)) Pta- 
 ^<«rt>;. in Po^licoli, {i) llul. (l;) FabnciiT^om.t; cap. p. (1) Ibid, 
 
 C 4 Forty
 
 40 Of the CiT y. Part IL 
 
 Forty Foot in length There are no Windows in the whole 
 Ediricc, only a round Hole at the Top of the Roof, which ferves 
 very well for thcAdmiffion of the Light. Diametrically under, 
 is cut a curious Gutter to receive the Rain. The Walls on the 
 Inlide are either lolid Marble, or incrufted (a). The Front on 
 the Outfide was cover'd with brazen Plates gilt, the Top with 
 filvcr Plates, which arc now chang'd to Lead (^). The Gates 
 wereBrafs, of c'f-'^ordinary Woriv and Bignefs (c). 
 
 This Temple is Itii' (landing with little Alteration, befides the 
 Lofs of the old Ornaments, being converted into a Chriftian 
 Church by Pope Boniface III. ('or, zsPolydore Virgil (d) has it, 
 hy B aniface IV .) dedicated to St. ili^ry and all Saints, thc'thege- 
 neral Name be St. Mary de Rot on da (e) The moll remarkable 
 Difference is, that whereas heretofore they afcendcd by twelve 
 Steps, they now go down as many to the Entrance (f). 
 
 The Ceremony of the Confccration of Temples, /'a Piece of 
 Superftition very well worth our Noticej we can't better appre- 
 hend, than by the following Account which Tacitus gives us of 
 thatSolemnit] ':i reference to the C^/'/Vo/, when repair'd by Fejpa- 
 Jian: Tho', perhaps,thechief Rites were celebrated upon thein- 
 tire raifing of the Structure, this being probably intended only 
 for the hallowing the Floor. Undecimo Kalendas Julias (g)^ &c. 
 
 * Upon the 2 Tit of 3^«^^, being a very clear Day, the whole 
 
 * Plot of Ground deiign'd for the Temple, was bound about with 
 ' Fillets and Garlands. Such of the Soldiers as had lucky Names, 
 ' entred firft with Boughs in their Hands, taken from thofe Trees, 
 
 * which the Gods more efpecially delighted in. Next came the 
 ^ Feflal Virgins, with Boys and Girls whofe Fathers and Mo- 
 ' thers were living, and fprinkled the Place with Brook -Water, 
 
 * River- Water, and Spring-Water. Then Helvidius Pnfcus the 
 *! Pr^vtor, (Plautus Elian^ one of the chief Prielts, going before 
 
 * him) after he had perform'd the folemn Sacrifice of a Swine, 
 
 * a Sheep, and a Bullock, for the Purgation of the Floor, and 
 ' laid the Intrails upon a green Turf; humbly befought Jupiter^ 
 
 * Juno^^Minerva., and the other Deities Protestors of the Empire, 
 *^ that they would be pleas'd to profper their prefent Undertaking, 
 ^ and acc'omplifh, by their Divine Affiftance, what human Piety 
 
 * had thus begun. Having concluded his Prayer, he put his Hand 
 
 * to the Fillets, to which the Ropes, with a great Stone faltened in 
 
 * them, had been tied for this Occalion; when immediately tlie 
 
 {<») Marlian. Topograph. Tiom. ^ni.-f. lib. 6. cap. 6. (i) Uid. & F^lnc. 
 Ttoma, cap. 9. (c) Marl,a». lb:d, {(i) Lib. 6. cap. i. (c) tair;c.C3p. 9- (/) 
 "ibid, ii) JhnprAib.i^, 
 
 * whole^
 
 Book I. Of the C IT y. 41 
 
 * whole Company of Prlefls, Senators, and Knights, with the 
 
 * greateft Part of the common People, laying hold toojether on 
 ' the Rope, withall theExpreffionsof Joy, drew the Stone into 
 
 * the Trench dcii.k^n'd for the Foundation, throwing in Wedges of 
 
 * Gold, Silver,and other Metals, which had never indur'd the Fire. 
 Some curious Perfons have obferv'd this Similitude between 
 
 the Shape of thefe old Temples and our Modern Churches : 
 That they had one Apartment more holy than the reft, which 
 they term'd Cella^ anfwering to our Chancel or Choir: That 
 the Portico's in the Sides were in all Refpe-fts like to our Illes; 
 and that our Navis^ or Body of the Church, is an Imit^uion of 
 their Bajilica (a). 
 
 There are two otherTemples particularly worth our Notice; 
 not lb much for the Magnificence of the Strudhire, as for the 
 Cuftoms that depend upon them, and the remarkable Ufe to which 
 they were put. Thefe are the Temples of Saturn and Janus. 
 
 The firft was famous upon Account of ferving for the Publick 
 Treafury: The Reafon of which fome fancy to have been, be- 
 caufc Saturn firft taught the Italians to Coin Money; or, as 
 Plutarch conjeftures, becaufein the Golden Age under Saturn, 
 all Perfons were honeft and finccre, and the Names of Fraud 
 and Cozr/o/^/w/J- unknown to the World (b). But, perhaps, there 
 might be no more in't, than that this Temple was one of the 
 ftrongell: Places in the City, and fo the fitted for that Ufe. Here 
 were preferv'd all the Publick Regifters and Records, among 
 which were the Libri Elevhanthii or Great Ivory- Fables, con- 
 taining a Lift of all the Tribes^ and the Schemes of the publick 
 Accounts. 
 
 The other was a fquare Piece of Building (fome fay of in- 
 tire Brafs) fo large as to contain a Statue of Janus five Foot 
 liigh; with Brazen Gates on each fide, which us'd always to be 
 kept open in War, and fhut in Time of Peace (c). 
 
 But the Romans were fo continually ingag'd in Quarrels, that 
 we find the laft Cuftom but feldom put in Pradice. 
 
 Firll, all the long Reign of Numa. Secondly, A.U.C. 5-19, 
 upon the Conclufion of the firft Punic War. Thirdly, by An- 
 gjiftas^ A.U.C, 725-. and twice more by the fame Emperor- 
 A.U. C. 729. and again about the time of our Saviour's Birth- 
 7'hen by Nero, A. U. C. Sir. Afterwards by l/cfpafian^ 
 A.U.C. 824. And laftly by Coviftantius., when, yy^ow Mag^cn- 
 
 f III ■iMiwaimMiBilll mill ■^^■^■—i^B^^M null inii i^a^— ■^■m—^— b—— i B ,M wmmxnmmmmmmm^mimm 
 
 {d) PolletKs HifV. T^oman. Flori, lib. i. cap.?. (i) FlHinrch ia Pioblcm. 
 {t'^ Viii Marlian. Ti^pog. "'^t"^. .'Vntiqu. lib. 6. cap. 8, 
 
 iius^
 
 4t Of the C nr. Part 11. 
 
 tius\ Death, he was left fole PofTcITor of the Empire, A.U.O 
 lios (^)- 
 
 Of thisCuftom, Virgil gives us a Noble Defciiption : 
 Sunt geminj: belli fortx^ fic nomine dicunt., 
 Religione facra^ ^ fxvi formidine Martis : 
 Centum arei claudunt veBes aternaque ferri 
 Robora; nee cujios abfiftit limine Janus. 
 Has^ ubi certa fedet patribus fententia pugniV ; 
 Ipfe^ Quiriuali trabea cinBuque Gahino 
 fnfignis^ referat Jiridentia limina Consul \ 
 Ipfe 'vocat pugnas (b). 
 
 Sacred to Mars two ftately Gates appear, 
 
 Made awful by the dread of Arms and War; 
 
 An hundred brazen Bolts from impious Pow'r "^ 
 
 And everlafting Bars the Dome fecure, > 
 
 And watchful Janus guards his Temple Door, !> 
 
 Here when the Fathers have ordain'd to try 
 
 The chance of Battel by their fix'd Decree, 
 
 The Conful, rich in his Gabinian Gown, 
 
 And Regal Pall, leads the Procellion on; 
 
 The founding Hinges gravely turn about, 
 
 Rouze the imprifon'd God, and let the Furies out. 
 
 Near the Temple oi Janus there was a Street which took the 
 fame Name, inhabited, for the moft part, by Bankers and 
 Ufurers. It was very long, and divided by the different Names 
 of Janus Sumus^ Janus Medius^ and Janus Imus. The firft 
 and the lall of thefe Partitions are mentiou'd by Horace^ lib. i. 
 Epift. I. 
 
 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Hcc Janus fummus ab imo Perdocet. 
 
 The other, T'uUy fpeaksof infeveral Places of his Works (c)^ 
 The Superftition of confecrating Groves and Woids to the 
 Honour of the Deities, was a Pradlice very ufual with the 
 Ancients : For, not to fpeak of thofe mention'd in the Holy 
 Scripture, Pliny alTures us, That Trees in old Time ferv'd for 
 the Temples of the Gods. Tacitus reports this Cuftom of the 
 old Germans; 0. Curtius of the Indians., and almoftall Writers 
 
 (a) Vtd. Cj.faubon. Not. zd Stieton. .Aiip{ji,zz2- 22. ('') Vir.Aa.j. (f)Lib. 
 2. de Offic. rhiltp. 8, Sec, 
 
 Of
 
 
 1 
 
 '->•• 7;
 
 AivrpHiTHXATiiirjvt Cxaixdii
 
 Book I. Of the City, 4 j 
 
 of the old Druids. The Roman: too were great Admirers of 
 this Way of Worfliip, and therefore had their Luci m moft 
 Parts of the City, generally dedicated to fome particular Deity, 
 The mofl: probable Reafon that can be given for this Pradice, 
 is taken from the common Opinion, That Fear was the main 
 Principle of Devotion among the ignorant Heathens. And 
 therefore fuch darkfomc and lonely Scats, putting them into a 
 fudden Horror and Dread, made them fancy that tkere mufl: ne- 
 ceiTarily fomething of Divinity inhabit there^ which cou'd pro- 
 duce in them fuch an Awe and Reverence at their Entrance. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of the Theatres, Amphitheatres, Circe's, Naumachiar, 
 Odea, Stadia, and XyHi, and of f he Campus Martius. 
 
 ^Heaires, fo call'd from the Greek ■5-cdouef/^ to fee^ owe their 
 •* Original to Bacchus (a). They were ufual in feveral Parts 
 of Greece ; and at laft, after the fame manner as other Inllitu- 
 tions, were borrow'd thence by the Roraans : That the Theatre 
 and Amphitheatre were two different forts of Edifices, was ne- 
 ver quefiion'd, the former being built in the Shape of a Semi- 
 circle; the other generally Oval, fo as to make the fame Figure 
 as if two Theatres fhould be join'd together {h). Yet the lame 
 Place is often call'd by thefe Names in feveral Authors. They 
 Icem too, to have been defign'd for quite different Ends ; the 
 Theatres for Stage-Plays, the /^wp^/V/^^azTe-j for the greater Shows 
 of Gladiators, wild Bealls, ^c. The Parts of the T'/^^-^^fri? and 
 Amphitheatre^ beft worth our Obfervation, by reafon of their 
 frequent Ufe in Claflicks, are as follows : 
 ^ Scena was a Partition reaching quite crois the 7'heatre^ being 
 either VerfatiUs^ or Dudilis^ either to turn round or to draw 
 up, for the prefenting a new Profpe6t to the Spedlators, as 
 Servius has obferv'd {c^. 
 
 Proscenium was the Space of Ground juft before the Scene, 
 where the Pulpitum, ftood, into which the Aftors came from 
 behind the Scenes to perform {d). 
 
 (a) rolydar.Virg. de Rer, invent, lib. 3, cap, ij. (b) ibid. (c)lii Georg. ji 
 [d) 1{ofm> lib, J, cap. 4, 
 
 The 
 
 •^•fir
 
 44 0/ the City. Part 11. 
 
 The middle Part, or Area^ of the Amphitheatre^ was call'd 
 Cavea, becaufe 'twas confiderably lower than the other Parts; 
 whence perhaps the Name of Pit in our Play-Houfes was bor- 
 row'd : And Arena^ becaufe it us'd to be (Irown with Sand^ 
 to hinder the Performer from flipping. Lipfius has taken No- 
 tice, that the whole Amphitheatre was often call'd by both thefe 
 Names (a). And the Veronefe ftill call the Theatre^ which re- 
 mains almofl: intire in that City, the Arefta {b). 
 
 There was a threefold Diftindion of the Seats, according to 
 the ordinary Divifion of the People into Senators, Knights, and 
 Commons; the firfl: Range was call'd Orcheftra^ from ot^-xeiS^ 
 becaufe in that Part of the Grecian Theatres, the Dances were 
 perform'd ; the fecond, Equejlria ; and the other, Popularia (c). 
 
 Theatres in the firli Ages of the Common wealth, were only 
 Temporary, and compos'd of Wood, which fometimcs tumbled 
 down with a great Deftruftion, asDio (d) and Pliny (e) fpeak of 
 one particularly. Of thefe temporary Theatres^ the molt celebra- 
 ted was that of M. Scaurus^ mention'd by PTmy (f) ; the Scenes of 
 which were divided into three Partitions one above another ; the 
 itrft conlifting of 1 20 Pillars of Marble ; the next of the like Num- 
 ber of Pillars, curioufly wrought in Glafs: The Top of all had 
 ftill the fame number of Pillars adorn'd with gilded Tablets. Be- 
 tween the Pillars were fet 3000 Statues and Images of Brafs. The 
 Cavea wonld hold 80000 Men. The Stru6lure which Cz/r/o after- 
 wards rais'd at the Funeral of his Father, tho' inferior to the for- 
 mer in Magnificence, yet was no lefs remarkable upon Account 
 of the admirable Artifice and Contrivance. He built two fpaei- 
 ousTheatresof Wood, foorder'd with Hinges and other Necef- 
 faries, as to be able to turn round with very little Trouble. Thefe 
 he fet at firft Back to Back, for the Celebration of the Stage-Plays 
 and fuch like Diverfions, to prevent the Diforder that might 
 other wife arife by the Confullon of the Scenes. Toward the latter 
 end of the Day, pulling down the Scenes, and joining the two 
 Fronts of the Theatres^ he compos'd an exaft Amphitheatre, in 
 which he again oblig'd the People with a Show of Gladiators (g). 
 . Pompey the Great was the firlt that undertook the raifing of a 
 fix'd Theatre, which he built very nobly with fquare Stone; on 
 which Account, Tacitus(h)tc\h us he was fcvcrely reprehended for 
 introducing a Cuftom fo ditferent from that of their Fore-fathers, 
 
 (a) Lipf. in Amphitheat. (/') WarcKp's Hiftory of Itnly. (<) Cafeliiti dc Uib. 
 T.nrn. ^ Imp. fplendoic, lib. z. cap, j. (d) Lib. j;. (<■) Lib. 36. cap. ij. 
 (/) Ibid. (^) Ibid, {h) ^nti, 14. 
 
 who
 
 r\
 
 J 
 
 l'/'u-i j.r (^^^■''''A'liif^i: l.rnir/wni/M CiRfE.vsirM
 
 Book t Of the C i t t. 4y 
 
 who were contented to fee the like Performances, in Seats built 
 only for the prefent Occafion, and in antient times ftanding only 
 on the Ground. To this Purpofe,! can't omit an ingenious Re- 
 fiedion of O-vid^ upon the Luxury of the Age he liv'd in, by 
 comparing the honeft Simplicity of the old Romans, with the 
 Vanity and Extravagance of the Modern in this Particular : 
 1'nnc neque marmoreo pendehant vela Theatro^ 
 
 Nee juerunt Uqmdo pulpita rubra croco. 
 Illtc quas tulerant, nemorata Palaiia, frondes 
 
 SJmpliciter fofita, Scenafme arte fti'tt. 
 In graiibus [edit -popuhis de cefpite fac^is, 
 
 ^ualibet hirfutas fronde tegente comas (a). 
 No Pillars then of Egypis coftly Stone, j 
 
 No Purple Sails hung waving in the Sun, > 
 
 No Flowers about the fcented Seats were thrown. S 
 But Sylvan Bowers and fhady Palaces, 
 Brought by themfelves, fecur'd them from the Rays. 
 Thus guarded and refrefli'd with humble Green, 
 Wondring they gai'd upon the Artlefs Scene : 
 Their Seats of homely Turf the Crowd would rear, 
 And cover with green Boughs their more diforder'dHain 
 'Juvenal intimates, that this good old Cuftom remain'd ftili 
 uncorrupted in feveral Parts of Italy. 
 
 . . ipfa dierum 
 
 Feflorum herbofo coUturfi quando 'Theatro 
 Majeflas, tandemque redit adpulpita notum 
 Exodium^ cum perfoKiC pallentis ntatum 
 In gremto matris formidat rujlicus infans ; 
 JEquales habitus illic, fimikmque videbis 
 
 Orcheftram ^ popuhtm (b). 
 
 On Theatres of Turf in homely State, 
 Old Plays they aft, old Feafts they celebrate; ^ 
 The fame rude Song returns upon the Crowd, 
 And by Tradition is for Wit allow'd. 
 The Mimick yearly gives the fame Del'ights, 
 And in the Mother's Arms the ciownifh Infant frights. 
 Their Habits (undiftinguifli'd by Degree) -\ 
 
 Arc plain, alike; the fime Simplicity C. 
 
 Both on the Stage, and in the Pit you fee. > 
 
 Mr. Dry den. 
 
 i») Ovid, d( ^tti ^,nAndi, U>) Jav. Sar, j. 
 
 Some
 
 4^ Of the CitV. Part II. 
 
 Some Remains of this Theatre of Pompey, are ftill to be feen 
 at Rome^ as alio of thofe other of Marcellus^ Statilius Taurus^ 
 Tii^crius^ and Titus^ the fecond being almofl: entire (a). 
 
 The C/>vo'x were Places fct apart for the Celebration of feveral 
 Ibrts ofGames, which we will fpeak of hereafter. They were ge- 
 nerally oblong, or almofl in the fliape of a Bow (i*), having a Wall 
 quite round ft J, with Ranges of Seats for the Convenience of the 
 Spedators. At the Entrance of the Circus fiood the Carcres^ or 
 Lifts, whence they ftarted ; and juft by them, one of the Metce^ or 
 Marks; the other ftanding at the farther End, to conclude the Race. 
 
 There were leveral of thefe C'lrc't in liome^2i9> thofe oiFlaminius^ 
 liero^ Caracalla^ and Severus : But the moft remarkable, as the 
 very N-amcimpovts^\\'2LS Circus Maximus^avH built by Tarquini- 
 tis Prifcus {d). The Length of it was four Stadia^ or Furlongs, the 
 Breadth the like Number of Acres; with a Trench often Foot 
 deep, and as many broad, to receive the Water ; and Seats enough 
 for a Hundred and Fifty Thoufand Men (e). It was extremely 
 beautified and adonvd by fnccecding Princes, particularly by Ju- 
 lius Cafar^Auguflus^ C.iUgtila^Domitian^ Trajan, and Heliogabalus', 
 and enlarg'd to fuch a prodigious Extent, as to be able to contain in 
 their proper Seats, two hundred and fixty thoufand Spedators (f). 
 
 The Naumacbiit^ or Places for the Shows of Sea-Engage- 
 ments, are no where particularly defcrib'd ; but we may fuppofe 
 them to be very little different from the area's and Amphithea- 
 tres^ fince thole fort of Shows for which they were dcfign'd, 
 were often exhibited in the foremention'd Places {g). 
 
 Odeum was a publick Edifice, much after the manner of a 
 Theatre (h)^ where the Muficians and A6tors privately exercis'd 
 before their Appearance on the Stage (i). Plutarch has defcrib'd 
 one of their Odeums at Athens (whence to be fure the Romans 
 took the Hint of theirs) in the following Words ; For the Con- 
 trivance of it, on the Infuie it was full of Seats and Ranges of Pil- 
 lars ; and on the Outfide., the Roof or Covering^ of it ivas made from 
 one Point at Tcp^vjith a great many Bendings^all Jhelving doiun- 
 luard^ in Imitation of the King (//Perfia'j PavHton (k). 
 
 The Stadia were Places in the Form of area's for the Run- 
 ning of Men and Horfes (i). A very noble one Suetonius (m) 
 tells us was built by Domitian. 
 
 (4) Fabric. %om. cap. 12. (*) Murlinn. Topog. "Bom. Ant. lib. 4. cap. 1 ©• 
 (c) Polydar. Virg. de Ret. invent, lib, 2. cap. 1 4. [d) Livy 8c Dianyf, Halic 
 (e) Dionyf. lib. J. (/) Pltn. lib. i6. (5) Murlian. Topog. %pm. Ant. lib. 4* 
 cap. 13. (/;) Fabric. Xom. cap 12. (/') %pfin, lib. 5. cap. 4. (/;) In Peride. 
 (I) Fabric. T^OT. cap. i 2. (m) In Demiiian^ 
 
 The
 
 Book I. Of the City. 47 
 
 The Xifti were Places built after the Fafliion of the Portico's 
 for the Wreftlers to exercifc in {a). 
 
 The Campus Martins^ famous oil fo many Accounts, was a 
 large plain Field, lying near the Tiher^ whence we find it fome- 
 times under the Name of 'Tibennus. It was call'd Martius^ be- 
 caufeit had been confecratcdby theold/^<?»z«;«i- tothcGodM^r/. 
 
 Belides the pleafant Situation, and other natural Ornaments, 
 the continual Sports and Exercifes perforni'd here, made it one 
 of the molt diverting Sights near the City. For, 
 
 Here the young Noblemen praftis'd all manner of Feats of 
 Aftivity; Ie;rn'd the Ufe of all Sort- of Arms and Weapons. 
 Here the Races, either with Chariots or lingle Horfes, were 
 undertaken. Belides this, 'twas nobly adorn'd with the Statues 
 of famous Men, nnd with Arches, Columns and Portico's, and 
 other magnificent Strudtures. Here flood the V'tlU Publica^ or 
 Palace for the Reception and Entertainment of Ambafiadors from 
 Foreign States, who were not allow'd to enter the City. Seve- 
 ral of the Publick Comitia were held in this Field ; and for that 
 Purpofe were the Se^ta^ or O'vilia^ but an Apartment enclos'd 
 with Rails, where the Tribes or Centuries went in one by one 
 to give their Votes. Cicero^ in one of his Epililes to Atticus^ in- 
 timates a noble Deiign he had to make ihc Septa of Marble, and 
 to cover them with a high Roof, with the Addition of a ftately 
 Portico or Piazza, all round. iJut we hear no more of this Pro- 
 jed, and therefore may reafonably fuppofe, he was difappointed 
 by the Civil Wars which broke out prefently after- 
 
 (.t) Fabric. %nm, cap, 12. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Of the Curi^, Senacula, Bafilic^, Fora, j;?^ Comitiunii 
 
 TFIE Roman Curia, (it fignifies a Publick Edifice) was of 
 two forts, Divine and Civil : In the former, the Priefts and 
 Religious Orders met for the Regulation of the Rites and Cere- 
 monies belonging to theWorlhipof the Gods: In the other, the 
 Senate us'dtoalfemblctoconfult about the Publick Concerns of 
 the Common- wealth, {a) The Senate could not meet in fuch a 
 
 {/) yAUx, ab ^Ux, I, cap, itf.
 
 48 Of the City. Part 11. 
 
 Curiay unlcfs it had been folemnly confecrated by the ^u^urs (a) 
 and made of the fame Nature as a Temple. Sometimes fatleaft^ 
 the CirriiC were no dirtindl Building, but only a Room or Hall 
 in fome Publick Place; as particularly Lhy (h) and Pliny (c) 
 fpeak of a Curia in the Comitium^ tho* that itfelf were no en- 
 tire Stru6hire. The mofl: celebrated Curice were, 
 
 Curia. Hofttlia^ built by T^uHus Hojlilius^ as Livy (d) informs 
 us : And, 
 
 Curia Pompeii^ where the Senate aflembled for the efFedling 
 the Death oi Julius Cufar (e). 
 
 Senaculum is fomctimes the fame as Ctiria(f) : To be fureit 
 could be no other than a Meeting-place for the Senate, thefame 
 as the Graciam call'd vip^^crt'tf. Sext. Pomp. Fejlus (^) tells us of 
 three Setiacula; two within the City-Walls for ordinary Con- 
 fultations; and one without the Limits of the City, where the 
 Senate alFembled to give Audience to thofe Ambaliadors of Fo- 
 reign States, whom they were unwilling to honour with an 
 Admiffion into the City. 
 
 Lampridius (b) informs us, that the Emperor Heliogabahis 
 built a Senaculum purpofely for the ufe of the Women, where, up- 
 on high Days, a Council of grave Matrons were to keep Court. 
 
 The Bajiliae were very fpacious and beautiful Edifices, de- 
 fign'd chiefly for the Centumvtri^ or the Judges to fit in and 
 hear Caufes, and for the Counfellors to receive Clients. The 
 Bankers too had one Part of it allotted for their Refidence (i). 
 VoJJius (k) has obferv'd, that thefe BafiUca were exadly in 
 the Shape of our Churches, oblong almoft like a Ship; which 
 was the reafon that upon the Ruin of many of them, Chriflian 
 Churches were feveral times rais'd on the old Foundations. 
 And very often a whole Ba/ilicacomenQd to fuch a pious Ufe. 
 And hence, perhaps, all our great Domo's or Cathedrals, are 
 Hill call'd Bajllic.v. 
 
 The Roman Forums were publick Buildings, about three 
 times as long as they were broad. All the Compafs of the 
 Fc/ri^/w was furrounded with arch'd Portico'' s^ only fome Paffages 
 being left for Places of Entrance. They generally contriv'd to 
 have the mod Itately Edifices all round them, as TempleSy 
 Theatres^ Bafilica^ &c (/). 
 
 {a) ^. Cell. 1. M. c. 7. (0 Lib. I, (t) Lib--- {d) Lib. i. (<•) Sucton. in 
 JhI. Caf. c. 8o. (/) Marlian. Topog. Ant. \orf2. lib. 3. cap. 27. (?) In voce 
 Senaculum. (h) In vit. Hetto^ai'. {i) 'i{o/in, hnX^l 9. C. 7, (^In voce Baftlica. 
 (I) Li^f. de Mag. T^om. 
 
 7 They
 
 Book 1. Of the City. 
 
 Theywere of two Sorts; FuraCivilia^ and Fora Venalta] The 
 firft weredelign'd for the Ornament of the City, and for the Ufe 
 of pubh'ck Courts of Juftice; the others were intended for no 
 other end but the Neceffities and Conveniencies of the Inhabitants, 
 and were no doubt equivalent to our Markets. I believe Lipfius 
 m the Dcfcription that has been given above, means only thefor-^ 
 mer. Of thefe there were Five very conliderablein Rome : 
 
 Forum Romanum^ hxsWx.h'j Romulus^ and adorn'd with Portico's 
 on all Sides by Tarqiun'ms Frifctts. It was call'd Forum Romamim^ 
 or limply Forum^ byway of Eminence, on Account of its Anti- 
 quity, andof the moft frequent Ufe of it in publick Affairs Mar- 
 tial (a) and Statius {b) for the fame reafon give it the Name of 
 Forum LaUum\ Ovid the lameffj, and of Forum Magnum {£)\ 
 ZXidHerodian (c) calls it th»- ttf^a-lajv ajyoph ; Forum vetm. 
 
 Statius the Poet (/) has given an accurate Defcription of the 
 Forum^ in his Poem upon the Statue of Dom/V/^^onHorfe-back, 
 fet up here by that Emperor. 
 
 Forum Julium^ built by Julius Cafar^ with the Spoils taken 
 in theG^///V;^War. The very ylrea^ Suetonius {g) tells us, colt 
 looooo Sefterces ; and Dio (h) affirms it to have much exceed- 
 ed the Forum Romanum. 
 
 Forum Augufti^ built by Augujlus Cafar^ and reckon'd by Pliny 
 among the Wonders of the City. The moft remarkable Curio- 
 lity was the Statues in the two Portico'' s' on. each Side of the 
 main Building. In one, were all the L^^^i^ Kings, beginning with 
 Mneas; in the other, all the Kings of Rome ^ beginning withiSo- 
 mulus^ and moft of the eminent Perfons in the Common-wealth, 
 and Augujlus himfelf among the reft; with an Infcription upon 
 the Pedeltal of every Statue, cxpreifnig the chief Adions and 
 Exploits of the Perfon it reprefentcd (/). 
 
 This Forum^ as Spartian (k) informs us, was reftorM by the 
 Emperor Hadrian. 
 
 Forum Nerva^ begun by Domitian^ as Suetomus (1) relates; 
 but finifli'd and nam'd by the Emperor Nerva. In this Forum, 
 Alexander Severus fct up the Statues of all the Emperors 
 that had been canoniz'd (>i>2), ii^ imitation of the Contrivance 
 of Augujlus^ mention'd but now. This Forum was calTd 
 Iranfitorium^ becaufe it lay very convenient for- Pallage 
 
 (^) Efig. lib. 2. {b) Syhar. lib. i. cap. i. (c) FaJ}. 4. (d) Fafl. j, («)!» 
 vit. M. ^ntonin. (/) Syl. lib. i. cap. i. (5) In Jul. Caf. cap. 26. (k) Dio, 
 lib. 4j. (;•) Llpf. de Magiiitud. 'Rom. (ij \ayit. HA4rian, Q) la Domit.fii]^, j- 
 {m) S^artim in Severn, 
 
 £> to
 
 5 Of the City. Part II. 
 
 to the other tV rec ; and Pallad'tum^ from the Statue of Minervat 
 the tutelar Deity of Augujlus {a) ; upon which Account, per- 
 haps, Fabi-'cius (b) attributes the Name of Palladium to xhtFomra 
 of tiiar Emperor. 
 
 There's Icarce any thing lemaining of this Foriim^ except an 
 old dccay'd Arch, which the People by a llrange Corruption, 
 infleadof AVxci'sArch, call AW^'s Ark {c). 
 
 But the mofl: celebrated for the admirable Stru6hire and Con- 
 trivance, was the Forum Irajum^ built by the Emperor Trajan^ 
 with the foreign Spoils he had taken in the Wars. The Cover- 
 ing of this Edifice was all Brafs, the Portico's exceedingly beau- 
 tiful and magnificent, with Pillars of more than ordinary Height, 
 and Chapiters of exceflive Bignefs {d). 
 
 Amm'ta/tus Marcellinus^ in the Description o^ Conjlantius his 
 triumphal Entrance into Kome^ when he has brought him, with 
 no ordinary Admiration, by the Baths, the Pantheon^ the Capitol^ 
 and other noble Struftures, as foon as ever he gives him a Sight 
 of this Forum of I'rajan^ he puts him into an Ecftafic, and can't 
 forbear making an Harangue upon the Matter {e). We meet in 
 the fame Place with a very fmart Repartee which Conjlantius 
 receiv'd at this time from Ormifdas, a Perfmn Prince. The Em- 
 peror, as he ftrangely admir'd every thing belonging to this no- 
 ble Pile, fo he had a particular Fancy for the Statue of Trajanh 
 Horfe, which flood on the top of the Building, and exprefs'd 
 his Defire of doing as much for his own Beaft : Pray Sir, fays 
 the Prince, before you talk of gettiyjg fuch a Horfe, ivill you be 
 pleas* d to build fuch a Stable to put him in (f). 
 
 The chief Fora Venalia, or Markets, were, 
 
 Boarium, for Oxen and Beef. 
 
 Propertius (g) has a pretty Fancy about this Forum, that it took 
 its Name from Hercules^ Oxen, which he brought from Spain^ 
 and refcu'd them here, after they had been ftollen by Cacus. 
 
 Suarium, for Swine. 
 
 Pijiorium, for Bread. 
 
 Cupedinarium, for Dainties. 
 
 Holitorium, for Roots, Sallads, and fuch like. 
 
 The Comitium was only a part of the Forum Romannm, which 
 ferv*d fometimes for the Celebration of the Comitia, which will 
 be defcrib'd hereafter. 
 
 (d) Liff. mMagn. Tt^m. (h) 1{oma, cap. 7. (c) Martian, lib. j. cap. 14. 
 
 (d) idemlib. cap. ij. (t) ^mman Mari*(iin.lii^. lib. 16. {f)lM. (?) Lib. 
 4, iXtg. 19. TSC. 20. 
 
 Ivi
 
 Book 1. Of the City. j i 
 
 In this part of the Forum flood the Rojlra^ being a Suggcpim^ 
 or fort of Pulpit, adorn'd with the Beaksof Ships taken in a Sea- 
 Plight from the Inhabitants of y^»//?^/?2 in //^/y, :isLivy (a) informs 
 us. In this the Caufes were pleaded, the Orations made, and the 
 Funeral Panegy ricks fpoke by Perfons at the Death of their Relati- 
 ons ; which pious Adion they tcrm'd Defunct pro rojlris landatioj 
 
 Hard by was fix'd the Puteal^ of which we have feveral and 
 very different Accounts from the Criticks ; but none more pro- 
 bable than the Opinion of the ingenious Monficur Dacier (i^), 
 which he delivers to this Purpofe. 
 
 " The Romans^ whenever a Thunderbolt fell upon a Place 
 *' without a Roof, took care, out of Superltition^ to have a 
 " fort of Cover built over it, which they properly call'd PuteuL 
 *' This had the Name i)fP«/'(?^/L/Z'o«;j, ^nd ScniPo^mmPutea/^ 
 " becaufe Scribomus Libo ere6>ed it by Order of the Senate. 
 ^' The Pnctor's Tribunal ftanding jult by, is often fignified in 
 *' Authors by the fame Expreffion. 
 
 (d) Lib. 8. (b) Dacier, Hotcsoa Horace, lib. X. Sat. 6. rcrfejj. 
 
 CHAP. VL 
 
 Of the Portico's, Arches, Columns, and Trophies. 
 
 IN Accounts of the eminent Buildings of the City, the POR" 
 Tic O's have ever had an honourable Place. They were 
 Strudures of curious Work and extraordinary Beauty, annex'd 
 to publick Edifices, Sacred and Civil, as well for Ornament as 
 Ufe. They generally took their Names either from the Tem- 
 ples that they llood near, as Porticus Concurdhe^ Quirini^ Her" 
 cults, &c. or from the Authors, as Porticus Pompeia, Ovtavia,, 
 Livia^ &c. or from the Nature and Form of the Building, as 
 Porticus curva, (ladiata, porphyretica: or from the Shops that 
 were kept in them, as Margantarla, and Argent aria : or from 
 the remarkable Painting in them, as Porticus Ifidis, Europa^ &c. 
 or elfe from the Places to wl\ich they join'd, as Porticus Am'* 
 phitheairi, Porticus Circi, &c. (<«). 
 
 Thcfe Porticoes were fometimes put to very ferious Ufe, ferV- 
 ing for the Affemblies of the Senate on feveral Accounts. Some- 
 times the Jewellers, and fnch as dealt in the molt precious Wares, 
 took up here their Standing, to expofe their Goods to Sale; 
 
 (u) F4hi(U 7^»«, tap, II, 
 
 D 1 Uvs,
 
 yi Of the City. Part a 
 
 But the general Ufc that they were put to, was the Pleafurc of 
 •walking or riding in them ; in the Shade in Summer, and in 
 Winter in the Dry ; like the prefent Piazza's in Italy. ^elUius 
 Patereulus (a)^ when he deplores the extreme Corruption of 
 Manners that had crept into Romcy upon the otherwife happy 
 Conclufion of the Carthaginian War, mentions particularly the 
 Vanity of the Noblemen, in endeavouring to out-fhine one a- 
 nother in the Magnificence of their Portico's^ as a great Inftance 
 of their extravagant Luxury. 
 
 And Juvenal in his Seventh Satyr complains : 
 Balnea fexcentis, ^ pluris Porticus^ in qua 
 Cejiatur Dominus quoties pluit : anne ferenum 
 Expe^et^ fpargatve luto jumenta recenti ? 
 Hie potius namque hie mund<£ nitet ungula rnula. 
 
 On fumptuous Baths the Rich their Wealth beftovr, 
 Or feme expenfive airy Portico ; 
 Where fafe from Shov/ers they may be born in State; 
 And, free from Tempefts, for fair Weather wait ; 
 Or rather not exped the clearing Sun ; 
 Thro' thick and thin their Equipage mull run : 
 Or (laying, 'tis not for their Servant's fake, 
 . But that their Mules no Prejudice may take. 
 
 Mr. Charles Dryden. 
 
 Arch e s werepublick Buildings, defign'd for the Reward and 
 Encouragement of noble Enterprizes, ereded generally to the 
 Honour of fuch eminent Perfons as had either won a Vidloryof 
 citraordinaryConfequence Abroad, orhadrefcu'd the Common- 
 wealth at Home from any confiderable Danger. At firft they 
 were plain and rude Structures, by no means remarkable for 
 Beauty or State. But in latter Times no Expences were thought 
 too great for the rendring them in the higheft manner Splendid 
 and Magnificent : Nothing being more ufual than to have the 
 greateft Adions of the Heroes they flood to honour, curioufly 
 exprefs'd, or the whole Proceflion of the Triumph cut out on the 
 Sides. The Arches built by Romulus-wcTC only of Brick ; that of 
 Camillus., of plain fquare Stone ; but then thole of Cafar, Drufus^ 
 Titufj Trajan^ Gordian^ &c. were all entirely Marble {h). 
 
 As to their Figure, they were at firlt Semicircular, whence 
 probably they took their Names. Afterwards they were built 
 
 (rf) Li^. 2. cap. I. (i) F«*r»«V "Ke;*!*, Mp. 14. 
 
 Four*
 
 Book I. Of the C IT X. J3 
 
 Four-fquare, with a fpacious arched Gate in the Middle, and lit- 
 tle ones on each fide. Upon the vaulted part of the Middle-Gate, 
 hung little wing'd Images, reprefenting Vidory, with Crowns 
 in their Hands, which when they were letdown, they put upon 
 the Conqueror's Head as he pafs'd under in Triumph (^j. 
 
 The C o I. u M N s or Pillars were none of the meanest Beau- 
 ties of the City. They were at laft converted to the lame Defign 
 as the Arches, for the honourable Memorial of fome noble Vi- 
 £l:ory or Exploit, after they had been a long time in Ufe for the 
 chief Ornaments of the Sepulchres of great Men; as may be ga- 
 thered from //ow2^r, Iliad 1 6. where 'Juno^ when fhe's foretel- 
 ling the Death of Sarpedon^ and fpeaking at laft of carrying him 
 into his own Country to be bury'd, has thefe Words ; 
 
 ^Ev^a. I TA^ypa-iat KAffiynnoi ts, trai ts, 
 1\ilAQ(i> Tg s"»iAi^ T£, To j<) yi^.i ojf ^av'qvtcov* 
 
 There fhall his Brothers and fad Friends receive 
 The breathlefs Corps, and bear it to the Grave. 
 A Pillar fhall be rear'd, a Tomb be laid, 
 The noblefl Honour Earth can give the Dead. 
 
 The Pillars of the Emperors Trajan and Antoninus have been 
 extremely admir'd for their Beauty and curious Work; and 
 therefore deferve a particular Defcription. 
 
 The former was fet up in the Middle ofTrajan^ Forum^ be* 
 ingcompos'd of 24 great Stones of Marble, but fo curioufly ce- 
 mented, as to feem one intire natural Stone. The Height was 
 144 Foot, according to Eutropius (b) ; tho' Martian (c) feems to 
 make them but 128: Yet they are eafily reconcil'd, if we 
 fuppofe one of them to have begun the Mcafure from the Pillar 
 itfelf, and the other from the Bafis. It is afcended on the In- 
 fide by 185" winding Stairs, and has 40 little Windows for the 
 AdmifTion of the Light. The whole Pillar is incruftcd with 
 Marble; in which are exprefs'd all the noble Actions of the EiTt- 
 peror, and particularly the Dacian War. One may fee all over it 
 the fevcral Figures of Forts, Bulwarks, Bridges, Ships, ^c. and 
 all manner of Arms, as Shields, Helmets, Targets, Swords, 
 Spears, Daggers, Belts, t^c. together with the feveral Offices and 
 Employments of the Soldiers ; fome digging Trenches, fome 
 meafuring out a Place for the Tents, and others making a 
 
 (r.) F^hIi:i%oma, ca^. 15. (i) Hiji. lib. t. (c) Lib. 3. cap. ij. 
 
 P 3 Triuta
 
 ^4 Of the City. Part II. 
 
 Triumphal ProcelTion (a). But the noblefl Ornament of this Pil* 
 lar, was the Statue of Trajan on the top, of a Gigantick Bignefs ; 
 being no lefs than twenty Foot high. He was reprefented in a 
 Coat of Armour proper to the General, holding in his Left-Hand 
 a Sceptre, in his Right a hollow Globe of Gold, in which his 
 own Afhes were repofited after his Death (b). 
 
 The Column of //;?^<>;f/«r/j was rais'din Imitation of this,which 
 it exceeded only in one Refped, that 'twas 1 76 Foot high (c) : 
 For the Work was much inferior to the former, as being under- 
 taken in the declining Age of the Empire. The Afccnt on the 
 Infide was by 106 Stairs, and the Windows in the Sides 5-6. The 
 Sculpture and the other Ornaments w^ere of theiiane Nature as 
 thofe of the firft : And on the top rtood a Co/-;///// of the Empe- 
 ror naked, as appears fromfomeof his Coins {d). 
 
 Both thefc Columns arc (till Handing at Rome ; the former mofl: 
 entire. But Pope Sixtus the firll, inllead of the two Statues of 
 the Emperors, fet up St-Pcter'^ on the Column of Trajan^ and 
 St. Paul's on that of A-/:tonimis (e). 
 
 Among the Columns we muft not pafs by the MUiarhtm au' 
 reum^ a gilded Pillar in the Forum^ eredcd by Aiigujlus Ccefar, 
 at w^hichall theHigh-ways of //;«/>- met, and were concluded (J). 
 From this they counted their Miles, at the End of every Mile 
 fetting up a Stone; whence came the Phrafe of Primus abUrbe 
 Lapis, and the like. This Pillar, as Mr. Lajfcls informs us, is 
 (till to be feen. 
 Nor muft we forget the Cohrmna BelUca^thui defcrib'd by Ovid, 
 Profj>icit a tcrgo fummum I revis area Circum^ 
 
 Efi ibi non farzut parva columna not£ : 
 Hinc folet hajla mann belli prcenuncia mitti 
 
 In regem l!^ gent em ^ cum placet armacapi (g). 
 Behind the Circus on the level Ground 
 Stands a fmall Pillar, for its ufe renow^n'd : 
 Hence 'tis our Herald throws the tatal Spear, 
 Denotes the Quarrel, and begins the War. 
 But thofe v.'ho admire Antiquity, will' think all thefe inferior to 
 the Cohimna Rojir^ta^ fet up to the Honour of C. Duilius, when 
 he hadgain'd fo famous a ^Mdory o\ ex i\\c Carthaginian ^n^ Sici- 
 lian Fleets, A. U. C. 493, and adorn'd with the Beaks of the Vef' 
 fels taken in the Engagement. This is (till to be feen in Rome^ 
 
 (rt) Febr:'a»i, c, ?• (*) CafAiitfs Pa^, I. c. ir. (<) Marlian. 1. 6. C. 13. (</) lb. 
 {t'JCtfal.Par.^U C 11. (/J MnrliAa. I 3. C. 18. {g) Ovid.Fajl^6. 
 
 and
 
 Book I. Of the City. yy 
 
 and never fails of a Vifit from any curious Stranger. The Infcrip- 
 tion on theBafis is a noble Example of the old way of Writing, 
 in the early Times of the Common-weulth. Befides this ancient 
 and moft celebrated one, there were feverai other Columnce rojlrata 
 creSed on like Occafions; as particularly four by /f«^»72^^jC<f/<ir, 
 after the Ad tan Defeat o^ Antony: To thefe Virgil alludes; 
 Addam l^ navali furgcntes are colutnnas (a). 
 The Dciign of the Trophies is too well known to need any 
 Explication ; The Shape of them cannot be better underftood 
 than by the following Defcription of the Poet. 
 higentem quercnm decifis undique ramis 
 Conjlituit tumulo^ fulgentiaque induit Arma, 
 Mezenti ducis exuvias ; til?i magne tro^bxum 
 BeUipotens : apt at rorantes fangiune crijias^ 
 T'elaquetruncaviri^ ^ bis fex thoraca petitum 
 PerfoJJ'u'/nque locii: clypeumque ex are Jinijlr<t 
 Subltgat^ at que enfcra collo jtifpendit ehurnum Q>). 
 And firft he lopp'd an Oak's great Branches round ; 
 The Trunk he faften'd in a rifing Ground : 
 And hercfix'd the fliining Armour on, 
 The mighty Spoil from proud Mezentius won : 
 Above the Creft was plac'd, that dropt with Blood, 
 A grateful Trophy to the warlike God; 
 His fhatter'd Spears (luck round : The Corllet too, 
 Pierc'd in twelve Places, hung deform'd below: 
 While the Left-fide his mafly Target bears, 
 The Neck the glittering Blade he brandifh'd in the Wars. 
 Of thofe Trophies which Marius rais'd after the Cimbric War, 
 dill remaining at y^owif, we have this Account in Fabricius :They 
 are two Trunks of Marble hnngroundisjith Spoils : One of them ts 
 covcr''dvjitha Scaly CorJJet^ wtth Shields and other Military Orna- 
 ments : Ju(l before is^ it fet a young Man in the Pofiure of a 
 Captive with his Hands behind bim^ and all round VJere •iving'd 
 Images of Fidorv. The other is fet out with the common Military 
 Giirb^ having a Shield of an wnequal Kound^ and two fielmets^ 
 one open and adorned with Crejls^ the other clofe without Crejis. 
 On the fame Trophy is the Shape of a Soldier'* s Cort^ zuithfevf' 
 ral other Defigns^ which by reafon of the Decay of the Marble^ 
 ere very difficult to be dif covered (c). 
 
 (/i) Ctor^. i. (;) Virg.^'^neid. ii. (c) FahictMS, Cif. I4. 
 
 D 4 CHAP
 
 $6 Of the City. Part II.' 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Of the Bagnio's, Aqu£edu6bs, Cloacx, and Pub- 
 lick Ways. 
 
 HTHere cannot be a greater Inflance of the Magnificence, or 
 -^ rather Luxury of the Romans^ than their noble Bagnl&'s. 
 Amm'tanHs Mnrceiityius obfcrves frf), that they were built in mo' 
 dnm Prdvinciarum^ as large as Provinces: But the gvc^itF'alefius 
 (b) judges the Word Provmciarzira to be aCorrupiion of Fife i- 
 aarum. And tho' this Emendation does infome Meafure exte- 
 nuate one part of the Vanity, which has been fo often alledg'd 
 againll them, from the Authority of that PalFage of the Hifto- 
 rian ; yet the prodigious Accounts wc have of their Orna- 
 ments and Furniture, will bring them, perhaps, under a Cen- 
 fure no more favourable than the former. Seneca fpeakingof the 
 Luxury of his Country-men in this Refpedl, complains, That 
 they were arriv'd to fuch a Pitch of Nicenefs and Delicacy, as 
 to fcorn to fet their Feet on any thing but precious Stones (c). 
 And Pli^y wifhes good old Fabricius were but alive to fee the 
 Degeneracy of his Poftcrity, when the very Women mull have 
 their Scats in the Baths of folid Silver (d). But a Defcription 
 fromi a Poet, may, perhaps, be more diverting ; and this Statins 
 Mas oblig'd us with in his Poem upon the Baths of Claudius 
 ^trufcus^ Steward to the Emperor Claudius. 
 
 ^il ibi pleheium: nuffuam lemefaa vidcbls 
 JErci^ fed argento felix propelUi^-rr unda.^ 
 Argentoq^ue cadit^ lahrij'que mtentihus infiut 
 Delicias miratafuas^ CJ ^bire recufit. 
 
 Nothing there's Vulgar : not the fairefl: Draft 
 In all the glittering Strudure claims a Place. 
 From Silver-Pipes the happy V/aters flow, 
 In Silver-Cillerns are receiv'd below. 
 
 (a) ^»tmi4n. ^i*\tell. lib. I6. {b'\ Not$ ad iott^m, U) tfijh i6. 
 i<^) Lib. 33; cap. ^i. 
 
 See
 
 Book I. Of the City: ff 
 
 See where with noble Pride the doubtful Stream 
 Stands fix'd in wonder on the fliining Brim ; 
 Surveys its Riches, and admires its State; 
 Loth to be ravilh'd from the glorious Seat. 
 
 The mofl: remarkable Bagnio's were thofe of the Emperors 
 Diocletian and Antoninus Caracalla; great part of which are 
 landing at this time, and with the vaft high Arches, the beau- 
 tiful and (lately Pillars, the extraordinary Plenty of foreign 
 Marble, the curious vaulting of the Roofs, the prodigious 
 Number of fpacious Apartments, and a thoufand other Orna- 
 ments andConveniencies, are as pleafing a Sight to a Travel- 
 ler as any other Antiquities in Rome. 
 
 To thefe may be added the Nymphaai a kind of Grottos fa- 
 credto the Nymphs, from whofe Statues, which adorn'dthem, 
 or from the Waters and Fountains which they afforded, their 
 Name is evidently deriv'd. A fhort ElTay of the famous Lucas 
 Holjlenius on the old Pifture 'of a Nymphaum dug up at the 
 Foundation of the Palace of the Barberini, is to be met with 
 in the YoxixihTomQoiGravius^sThefarirus^ p. 1800. 
 
 The AquceduBs were, without queftion, fome of the nobleft 
 Defigns of the old Romans. Sextus 'Julius Frontinus^ a Roman 
 Author, and a Perfon of Confular Dignity, who has compil'd a 
 whole Treatife on this Subjedt, affirms them to the cleared 
 Token of the Grandeur of the Empire. The firft Invention of 
 them is attributed to Appius Claudius ., A. U. C. 44 1 . who brought 
 Water into the tHity by a Channel of eleven Miles in Length. 
 But this was very inconfiderable to thofe that were afterwards 
 carried on by the Emperors and other Perfons ; feveral of 
 which were cut thro' the Mountains, and all other Impedi- 
 ments for above forty Miles together ; and of fuch an Height, 
 that a Man on Horfeback, as Procopius informs us, might ride 
 thro' them without the leaft Difficulty (a). But this is meant 
 only of theconftant Courfeof the Channel; for the Vaults and 
 Arches were in fome Places 109 Foot high (b). Procopius (c) 
 makes thcAquccduBs but fourteen: Fidor (J.) has enlarg'd the 
 Number to twenty : In the Names of them the Waters only 
 were mention'd ; as Aqua Claudia^ Aqua Apfia^ &c. 
 
 The noble Poet Rutilius thus touches on the AquaduBs^ m. 
 his ingenious Itinerary : 
 
 (a) Procafiusde bell. Goth lih. T. {!') Sm, Jul, ErvAht. (c) Dt belhCotlt. 
 
 Jib. X. {d) Dsfcrip, Vrb. T^Z'''^, 
 
 Q^id
 
 jS Of the CiTX. Part IL 
 
 Quid hqaar aerio fendentes jormce rivos^ 
 
 Qua fix imbriferas tollcret Iris aquas ? 
 Hos potius dicas crevijfe in fydera monies^ 
 
 Tale Giganteum Grsecia laudat opus (a). 
 
 What fhonld I finghow lofcy Waters flow n 
 
 From fiiry Vaults, and leave the Rain below, C 
 
 While coiiquer'd /r/j yields with her unequal Bow? 3 
 Bold 'Typhon here had Ipar'd his Strength and Skill, 
 And reach'd Jove's Walls from any lingle Hill. 
 
 But that which PU^v calls Opus ommum maximum^ were the 
 Cl(iac(£y or common Gutters for the Conveyance of Dirt and 
 Filth. And becaufe no Authority can be better than his, we 
 may vcntuFe to borrow the whole Account of them from the 
 fame Place, Coloaccey opus omrAum maximum^ &c. 
 
 * The ColaccCy the greatelt of all the Works, hccontriv'd by 
 ' undermining and cutting thro' the fevcn Hills upon which 
 
 * RofTte is feated, making the City hang, as it were, between 
 
 * Heaven and Earth, ^nd capable of being fail'd under : M. 
 ' Agrippa. in his Edilcfhip, made no lefs than feven Streams 
 ' meet'' together under Ground in one main Channel, with fuch 
 ' a rapid Current, as to carry all before them that they met 
 
 * with in their Pafiage. Sometimes, when they are violently 
 '^ fweird with immoderate Rains, they beat with exceflive Fury 
 ' againft the Paving at the Bottom, and on the Side*. Some- 
 ' times in a Flood, the Tiber Waters oppofe them in their 
 
 * Courfe; and then the two Streams encounter with all the 
 ' Fury imaginable ; and yet the Works prelerve their old 
 ' Strength, without any fenfible Damage. Sometimes huge 
 ' Pieces of Stone and Timber, or fuch like Materials, arc car- 
 *■ tied down the Channel, and yet the Fabrick receives no De- 
 *■ trimcnt. Sometimes the Ruins of whole Buildings deftroy'd 
 
 * by Fire or other Cafualties, prefs heavily upon the Frame. 
 
 * Sometimes terrible Earthquakes fhake the very Foundations, 
 
 * and yet they ftill continue impregnable almoll 800 Years 
 ' fince they were firft laid by Tarquinins (b). 
 
 Very little inferior to the Works already mcntion'd, were 
 tlie Publick Ways, built with extraordinary Charge, to a great 
 Diftance from the City on all Sides. They were generally pav'd 
 with Flint, tho' fometimes, and efpccially without the City, 
 
 (,1) %ut:L IthcrAr -lib. I. (h) rit^. lib. ;6, cap. Ij. 
 
 with
 
 Book I. Of the City. 59 
 
 with Pebbles and Gravel. The moft noble, in all Refpe6ts, was 
 the ^ia Appia^ taking its Name from the Author Appius^ ihe 
 fame that invented the Cloaca. This was carried to fuch a vaft 
 Length, that Proro;?/»j (a) reckons it a very good five Days Jour- 
 ney to reach the End : And Lipfius {b) computes it at 35-0 Miles. 
 An Account of as much of this Way as lies between Ky/ne^wd 
 Naples^ the Right Reverend the prefent Lord Bifhop of Sarum 
 has oblig'd us with in his Letters (c) : He tells us, 'tis twelve 
 Foot broad; all made of huge Stones, mod of them Blue; and 
 they are generally a Foot and a half large on all Sides. And 
 prefent] y after, admiring the extraordinary Strength of the 
 Work, he fays, that tho' it has lafted above 1800 Years, yet, 
 in molt Places, 'tis for feveral Miles (d) together as intire as 
 when it was firft made. And as to the Via F/aminia, the next 
 Caufey of Note, the fame Author obferves, that tho' it be 
 not indeed (o intire as the former, yet there is enough left to 
 raife a juft Idea of the Roman Greatnefs. 
 
 I mult defire leave to conclude this Subjeft with the ingeni- 
 ous Epigram of 7^»« J Vitalis^ an Italian Poet. 
 
 Quid Rom.am in media quarts novas advena Roma, 
 
 Et Romas in Roma nil reperis medie ? 
 Aufpice mnrorum moles., praniptaque faxay 
 
 Obrutaaue horrenti vafta T'heatrafitu : 
 Hac funt Roma : Viden" velut ipfa cadavera tantae 
 
 Urbis adhuc fpirent imperiofa minas ? 
 Vicii ut hccc mundum^ ntfa ejlfe vine ere '. vicity 
 
 A J'e non vi^um ne quid in orbe foret. 
 Hinc viiia in Roma vidrix Roma illafepuha ejl^ 
 
 Atque eadem vtSirix vidiftque Roma juit. 
 Albula Romani rejlat nunc nominis index., 
 
 Qui quoque nunc rapidis fertur in cequor aquis. 
 Difce hinc quid pojjlt fortuna\ immota lahafcuHt^ 
 
 Et qua perpetuo funt agitata., manent. 
 
 To feek for Rome., vain Stranger, art thou come, 
 And find'ft no Mark, within Rome\ Walls, of Rome ? 
 See here the craggy Walls, the Tow'rs defac'd. 
 And Piles that frighten more than once they pleas'd : 
 See the vaft Theatres, a fliapelefs Load, 
 And Sights more Tragick than they ever fliow'd : 
 
 (^) De BcU.'Coth. lib, I. (i) Ds Ma^n. 7^«. (■) Lcctet 4th. (d) Ibid, 
 
 This
 
 6o 
 
 Of the City. Part II. 
 
 fliFs, this i"; Rome: Her haughty Carcafs fpread 
 Still awes in Ruin, and commands when dead. 
 The S- bjcd World firft took from her their Fate; 
 Arid wnen flie only flood unconqucr'd yet, 
 Herltlf fhe lafl: fubdu'd, to make the Work compleat. 
 B'lt ah ! fo dear the fatal Triumph coft, 
 That conqu'ring Rome is in the conquer'd loft. 
 Yci: rolling Tiber dill maintains his Stream, 
 Swell'd with the Glories of the Roman Name. 
 Strange Power of Fate! unfhaken Moles muft wafte; 
 While Things that ever move, for ever laft. 
 
 PART
 
 P A R T 11. B O O K n. 
 
 Of the Religion of the Romans. 
 
 C H A P. I. 
 
 Of the Religion and Morality of the Romanj 
 in General, 
 
 jHAT Religion is abfolutely necelHry forth© 
 Eftablifliing of Civil Government, is a Truth fo 
 far from being deny'd by any fort of Perfons, that 
 we meet with too many who are unwilling to al- 
 low any other Defign in facred Inftitutions. As 
 to the Romans^ it has been univcrfally agreed, That 
 Virtue and Fortune were engag'd in a fort of noble Conten- 
 tion for the Advancement of the Grandeur andHappinefs of that 
 People. And a Judge not fufpeded of Partiality in that Cafe, has 
 concluded the latter to be only a Confequence of the former. 
 For Religioit^ fays he (a)^ produc''d good Lavjs^ good Laws good 
 Fortune ^and good Fortune a good End in whatever they undertook. 
 Nor perhaps, has he ftrain'd the Panegyrick much too high, 
 "when he tells us, Thitforfeveral Ages together^ never was the 
 Fear of God more eminently covfpicuous than in that Repub- 
 lick (b). 'Twas this Confideration which made the great 
 St. Auftin obferve /'c j,.That God would not give Heaven to the 
 Romans^ becaufe they were Heathens ; but he gave them the 
 Empire of the World becaufe they were Virtuous. And iu- 
 
 («t) AUchiavcrs Difcourfc on Liv^, lib. r. 
 ^tt Dei, lib. 4. csip. i;, 
 
 cap. 1 r. (h) Ibid, (t) De Civi- 
 
 deed.
 
 Sz Of the Religion of Part II. 
 
 d'icd: ;:i their more general Virtues thtir Pradice incliiiM ra- 
 ther 'O the Excefs thaa the Defedt: Thus were they devout to 
 S'.i perdition; valiant to a Contempt of Life, and an inconfide- 
 rate courting of Danger : Frugal and temperate in the firft 
 Ages, to ?. voluntary Abftinence from agreeable Pleafures and 
 Convenicncies ; Conftant, fcveral times, to the Occafion of 
 their own Ruin, and ratr.cr Rigorous than Juft. A tedious Ac- 
 count of the Decit^ iitgulus^ FabriciHS^ Curius^ Scavola, &c. 
 would be needlefs even to a School-boy, who is feldomunfur- 
 nifli'd with a flock of fuch Hiftories. 
 
 But we muft by no means omit a moft noble Saying of C/- 
 cero^ to this Purpofe, in his Oration about the Anfwer of the 
 Arufpices : Quarn volumus licet ^ Pntres Conjcripti^ ttos amemus : 
 tamen nee numero Hifpanos^ nee robore Gallos^ nee callidhate Pof 
 »os^ nee arttbus Grcecos ; nee denique hoc ipfo hujus Gentis ^ 
 iCerrce domejiico nativoque fenfu Italos ipfos ^ Latinos^ fed Pie- 
 tateac Rehgtone^ atque hac una fapientia quod Deorum immorta- 
 Hum Nuraine omnia regi gubernarique perfpeximus^ omnes Gentes 
 Nationefque fuperavimus. 
 
 But 'twill naturally be obie£led, that whatever Harangues^we 
 make upon the Juftice, Temperance, and other celebrated VirOies 
 of the old Koreans, they at laft: degenerated into the moft luxu- 
 rious and extravagant People in the World. Every Page of their 
 ownSatyrifts is a very good Argument for this Opinion; befides 
 the numerous Complaints of their Hiftorians and other Writers. 
 Now tho' Lipfius has undertaken to bring them off clear from 
 all fuch Imputations ; yet, I think, we muft be forc'd to allow, 
 that they did indeed debale the noble and generous Spirit of 
 their Anceftors ; and this Corruption was, without doubt, the 
 only Caufe of the Declenfion and final Ruin of the Empire. But 
 as we are not to give over the Caufe of Virtue, on Account of 
 the Debauchery of latter Times, fo we have little Reafon to ex- 
 alt the eminent Qualities of the old Romans to fo high a Pitch 
 as fome imagine. There's no Neceflity of making a Hero of 
 every Conful, or fancying every one who was eminently fcr- 
 viceable to the Republick, to have been a Perfon of a con- 
 fummate Virtue. So that when we meet in ^^o/^^z;^ Authors with 
 fuch extravagant Encomiums of their Anceltors, we may con- 
 clude, that what //or^f^ has obferv'd in reference to Poetry, will 
 hold altogether as well in this cafe: the Generality of People 
 being fo ilrangely tranfported with the Love and Admiration 
 of Antiquity, that nothing was more ufual than to meet with 
 llich a Perfon as he dcfcribes, 
 
 Qui
 
 Book II. if^^ Romans. <Jj 
 
 ilui redit ad Fajlos^ ^ virtutem afilmat ann'tSy 
 Miraturque nihil ttifi quod lAhiimz facravit. 
 
 That when he'd try a Man's Pretence to Fame, 
 Runs to his Chronicle to find his Name : 
 Thinks Virtue better for its Age, h'ke Wine; 
 And only likes what Death has made Divine. 
 
 For we may often obferve, that their very Panegyricks upon 
 the honeft People of the firfl Ages of the Common-wealth, re- 
 prefent them rather as a fort of rude, unpolilh'd Mortals, than as 
 Pcrfons eminent for any noble Endowments. SoJavevaljSat. 14, 
 
 ■ Satnrahat glebula talis 
 
 Pair em ipfum turhamque cafa ; qua foeta jacehai 
 Uxor^ ^ infantes ludebant quaimr^ unus 
 Vernjila^ tres domini : Sed magnis fratribm horut/^ 
 A fcrohe vel fulco redeuntibus altera cocna. 
 Amplior^ ^ grandes fumabant Multibus olLe. 
 
 -This little Spot of Earth, well till'd, 
 
 A numerous Family with Plenty fill'd. 
 
 The good old Man and thrifty Houfewife fpent 
 
 Their Days in Peace, and fatten'd with Content j 
 
 Enjoy'd the Drc^s of Life, and liv'd to fee 
 
 A long, defcenduig, healthful Progeny. 
 
 The Men were fafliion'd in a larger Mould: 
 
 The Women fit for Labour, Big and Bold. 
 
 Gigantick Hinds, as foon as Work was done, 
 
 To their huge Pots of boiling Pulfe would run, 
 
 Fell to, with eager Joy, on homely Food, 
 
 And their large Veins beat ftioug with wholfom Blood. 
 
 [Mr. John Dry den ^ Jun^ 
 
 But the Account which Perfius gives us of Titus Quintius, the 
 old Country Dictator, has fomething more of Ridiculous in it. 
 
 Unde Remus, fulcoque terem dentalia Quinti, 
 Qiiem trepida ante boves Didatorem induit uxor 
 Rt tua aratra domum Lidor tulit (a). — ■ - 
 
 (,.) ftrf. Sat. I. 
 
 Where
 
 €4 Of the Religion of Part. 11, 
 
 Where Romulus was bred, and Quintius born, 
 Whofe fhining Flow-fhare was in Furrows worn, 
 JVlet by his trembling Wife returning home, 
 And ruftically jcy'd as Chief of Rome. 
 She wip'd the bweat from the Didator's Brow; 
 And o'er his Back his Robe did rudely throw ; 
 The Lidors bore in State their Lord's triumphant Plough 
 
 Mr. Dryden 
 
 \ 
 
 We muft therefore allow every Age its proper Charadcr 
 and Commendation ; and conclude with the ingenious Mon- 
 fieur St. Ruremont., T'hat the excellent Citizens liv'd among the 
 ancient Romans, and the mofi accomplijh^d Generals among the 
 latter {a). 
 
 {a) Reflcft. upon the Genius of the "^oman People, taf. 4. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Of the Luperci, Lupercalia, &c. Of the Potitii and 
 Pinarii j and of the Arval Brothers. 
 
 'TpHE Places of Worlhip having been already defcrib'd, the 
 -*- chief SubjeQs that ftill remain relating to Religion, are 
 the Priefts, the Sacrifices, and the Feftivals : For it would be 
 very needlefs and impertinent to enter into a Difquifition about 
 the Deities ; a Matter that is involv'd in fo many endlefs Fi6ti- 
 Ons, and yet has employ'd fo many Pens to explain it. 
 
 Luperci.'] The moft ancient Order of the Priefts were theZ»- 
 perci, facred to Pan the God of the Country, and particularly 
 of Shepherds. They had their Name from the Deity they attend- 
 ed on, call'd in Greek KvMJiQr ; probably from kCk'%- a Wolf 
 in Latin Lupus; becaufe the chief Employment of Pan was the 
 
 driving away fuch Beafts from the Sheep that he 
 Lnperealia, protcdted. The Lupercalia^ as Plutarch obferves 
 
 appears to have been a Feaft of Purification, being 
 folemnii'd on the Dies Nefajli^ or Non-Court-Days of the 
 Month Febrxar;^^ which derives its i<^n^ ilQmfekrm to purify: 
 
 And
 
 book If. the Romans. 6f 
 
 And the very Day of the Celebration was anciently call'd 
 Februaca {a). 
 
 The Ceremony was very iingular and ftrange. 
 , In the firft Place, there was a Sacrifice kill'd of Goats and a 
 Dog. Then two Children, Noblemens Sons, being brought thi- 
 ther, fomeof the Zz//'^mftain'd their Fore-heads with the bloody 
 Knife, while others wip'd it off with Locks of Wool dipp'd in 
 Milk ; the Boys mud always laugh after their Fore-heads have 
 been wip'd : This done, having cut the Goat-skins into Thongs, 
 they run about the Streets all naked but their Middle, and lafh 
 all that they meet in their Procellion. The young Women never 
 take any Care to avoid the Stroaks, but rather offer themfelves of 
 their own accord, fancying them to be great helpers of Concep- 
 tion and Delivery (/->). They run naked, becaule Fan is always 
 painted fo. Theyfacrificed a Goat, becaufe the (lime Deity was 
 jfuppos'd to have Goats Feet ; which gave Occalion to his common 
 Epithet of Capripes. As for the Dog we meet w ith in the Sacri- 
 fice, 'twas added as a nccclfary Companion of a Shepherd, and 
 becaufe of the natural Antipathy between them and Wolves. 
 
 Some have fancy'd with Plutarch^ that thei^GL^/percalia were in- 
 ftituted in Honour of the Wolf that preferv'd Romulus and Remus. 
 Others carry their Original much higher, and tell us, that they 
 Were brought mio Italy by Evander^ before the time oi JEneas. 
 
 There were two Companies of the Luperci^ the Fabiani and 
 QuinB'tl'tam \ one for Romulus^ the other for Remus: They took 
 their Names from Fabins and Quin6lUius^ two of their Mafters 
 or Chief Prieds {c). Dion Cajfius tells us, that a third fort of 
 iPriefts, delign'd for the Celebration of the Lupercalia^ were in- 
 flituted by the Senate to the Honour o^ Julius Co-far (d). 
 
 Sueioniu s(c)rcckons theLupercalia among the ancient Rites and 
 Ceremonies rcftor'd by Jugu/ius :An.d(Jnuph.Panvinius afTures us 
 they continu'd in Rome till the time of the Emperor Anajiafius. 
 
 1. Potitii and Pinarii.'] The Potitii and P/«^m were of equal 
 Antiquity with the former. They owe their Inftitution to the 
 fame Author^ upon the following Account : 
 
 After the killing of Cacus^ a Giant that had flole fome of 
 Hercules''s Cattle, the Booty that he brought through Italy^ 
 from Spain; the Shepherds and ignorant People of the Country, 
 gathering in great Flocks about the Stranger, at lafl: brought him 
 before Lvandcr, The King, after Examination, finding him to 
 
 (<i) Plutarch. in1{o?nKl. (b) Ibid. (c) Sext, Psmp, Ftfltts^ ir Ovid. Fafi. 
 {d) Ibid, 44* (f) In ^H^itfi. cap. 31.
 
 66 Of the Religion of Part II. 
 
 be in all Refpcftsthe fame PciTon that his Mother the Prophetefs 
 Carmenta\\^Aio\di\\\m^oM\(i come into Italy ^ and be afterwards 
 a God, iniuiediately crc61:cd an Akar to his Honour, andoffcr'd 
 for a Sacrifice a young Dullock that never bore the Yoke ; ordain- 
 ing, that the fame Ceremony iTiouId be repeated in a folemn 
 Manner every Year. The Performance of thefe Rites he com- 
 mitted to the Care of the Potitu and Pinnrii^ two of the No- 
 blefl Families, and of bcft Repute in thofe Parts. There goes 
 a Story, that the Pmarii happening t > come too late to the Sa- 
 crifice, fo as to lofe their fhare in the Entrails, they were, by way 
 of Punifhment, debarr'd from, ever tafting them for the Future : 
 And hence fome derive their Name from thi , Hung r. But 
 this I take to be but a trifling Fancy; for we may ns well derive 
 Potitii frompotiri^ becaufe they cnjoy'd the Entrails, n^l warti 
 from ttS;^ o^ becaufe they wanted them. 
 
 We meet with fomething very remarkable of the Potitii in 
 Livy (a), and f^alerius Maximus (b) : 
 
 That when, upon Application made to Appius Claudius the 
 Cenfor, they got Leave to have their Hereditary Miniftry dif- 
 charg'd by Servants, in the compafs of one Year the whole Fa- 
 mily was entirely extind, tho' no lefs than thirty of them were 
 lufty young Men. And Appius Claudius loft his Eyes, as a Judg- 
 ment for his Part in the Offence. 
 
 Acca Laurentia^ Romulus'* 'b't>\M\&^ had a Cuftomoncea Year 
 to make a folemn Sacrifice for a Blefling upon the Fields : Her 
 twelve Sons aflilh'ng her always in the Solemnity. At laft fhe 
 had the ill Fortune to lofe one of her Sons ; when Romulus^ to 
 fhew his Gratitude and Refpe61:, offer'd himTelf to fill up the 
 Number in his Room, and gave the Company the Name of Fratres 
 Arvales. This Order was in great Repute at Rome ; they held the 
 Dignity always for their Lives, and never loft it upon account 
 of Imprifonment, Banifliment, or any other Accident (c). They 
 woreon their Heads, at the time of their Solemnity, Crowns made 
 of Ears of Corn, upon a Tradition that Laurentia at firft pre- 
 fented Romulus with fuch an one {d). Some will have it, that 
 it was their Bufinefs to take Care of the Boundaries, and the 
 Divifions of Lands, and to decide all Controverlies that might 
 happen about them : The ProcefTions or Perambulations made 
 under their Guidance, being term'd Ambarvalia : Others make 
 a different Order, inftituted for that Purpofe, and call'd Sodales 
 Arvales, on the fame Account as the Fratres Arvales. 
 
 0) Lib, 9t (b) Lib. 1. C. I. (c) PUn, i, 17, C, 2. (d) Ptmp. L<er. dt Saeerd. 
 
 4 CHAP.
 
 Book If; 2f^<? Romans. 67 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Of the Augurs, Auguries, i^c. 
 
 'T~'HE Invention of Soothfaying is generally attributed to the 
 -*- Chaldeans ; from them the Art pafs'd to the Grecians ; the 
 Grecians deliver'd it to the Ta/ir^w, andthey totheL^2^/»^ and the 
 Romans. The Name of Augurs is dcriv'd by feme, ah Avium 
 geflu ; by others, ah Avium garritu : Either from the Motion and 
 Adtions, orfromthe chirping and chattering of Birds. Romulus 
 was himfelf an extraordinary Proficient in this Art (^j, and there- 
 fore as he divided the City into three Tribes, fo he conQituted 
 three Augurs., one for every Tribe. There was a fourth added 
 fome time after, probably by Servius "JtulUus.^ who increas'd the. 
 Tribes to that Number. Thefe four being all chofen out of the 
 Patricii or Nobility, in the Year of the City 4^4, theTrihuncs of 
 the People, with much Difficulty, procur'd an Order, that Five 
 Perfons, to be ele6led out of the Commons, fhould be added to 
 the Col legef^j. After ward s^y//*? the Z)/(f?rti;or,//.f/.C. 671, made the 
 Number up Fifteen (^j. The eldcfl: of thefe had the Command of 
 the reft, and was honour'd with theTkleof MagiJierCollegH (d). 
 Their Bufinefs was to interpret Dreams, Oracles, Prodigies, 
 tffc. and to tell whether any Adiion fliould be fortunate or pre- 
 judicial to any particular Perfons, or to the whole Common- 
 wealth. Upon this Account, they very often occafion'd the dif- 
 placing of Magiflrates, the deferring of Publick Affemblies, 
 i^c. whenever the Omens prov'd unlucky. 
 
 Before we proceed to the feveral k'mdso^ Auguries, it may not 
 be improper to give an Account of the two chief terms by which 
 they are diftinguifh'd in Authors, dextra undjinijlra. Thefe being 
 differently apply'd by the Greeks znd Latins, and very often by the 
 Latins themfeives, (v/ho fometimes fpeak agreeably to the Grecian 
 Cufloms, fometimes according to their own,jhave given Occafioii 
 to many iVIiffakes, which may be all clear'd up by this eafy Ob- 
 fervation ; that the Greeks and Romans both deriving the happi- 
 nefs of their Omens from the Eaftern Quarter, the former turn'd 
 towards the North, and fo had the Eaft on their Right Hand, 
 the latter towards the South, and therefore had the Eafl on their 
 Left. l^id. Bullenger. de Augur. & Aufpic. L. 2. C. 2. 
 
 (a) Plutarch, in T{om. (b) Liv. lib. lOt (c) F/»r«i Epitom, Liv. lib. i9- 
 (d) ^Ux.ab ^lex. lib. j. eap. 19. 
 
 E i There
 
 6S Of the Religion of Part IL 
 
 There are Five forts oi Augmies mention'd in Authors. 
 
 1. From the Appearances in Heaven ; as Thunder, Lightning, 
 Comets, and other Meteors. As luppofc of Thunder, whether 
 Jt came from the Right or the Left : Whether the Number of 
 Stroaks were even or odd, ks'c Only the MalU-r of the College 
 could take this fort of Augury (a). 
 
 2. From Birds ; whence they had the Name of Anfpkes^ of avis 
 and confpicio. Some Birds furnifli'd them with Obfervations from 
 their chattering or finding, others from their flying. The former 
 they call'd Ojc'r,ies,x.\\c latter Pr,cp€tes.On\\& firft fort were Crows, 
 Pies,Owl5,c5^(r.of theother,Eaglcs,Vultures,Buz7.ards,andthelike. 
 
 For the taking of both thefe forts of Auguries, theObferver ftood 
 upon a Tower with his Headcover'd in a Gown peculiar to his 
 Office, call'd Licna, and turning his Face towards the Eafl, 
 mark'd out the Heavens into four 'Templa or Quarters, with his 
 Lituus, a Ihort ftraight Rod, only a little turning at one End: 
 This done, he ftay'd waiting for the Omen; which never fig- 
 nify'd any thing unlefs confirm'd by another of the fame fort. 
 
 3. From Chickens kept in a Coop or Penn for this Purpofe. 
 The manner of divining from them was as follows : Betimes in 
 the Morning the Augur that was to make the Obfervation, cal- 
 led from hence PuUarius, (tho' perhaps the Keeper of the 
 Chickens had rather that Name,) in the firft Place commanding 
 a general Silence, order'd the Penn to be open'd, and threw 
 down a handful of Crumbs or Corn. If the Chickens did not 
 immediately run fluttering to the Meat ; if they fcatter'd it 
 with their Wings; if they went by without taking Notice of it, 
 or if they flew away, the Omen was reckon'd unfortunate, and 
 to portend nothing but Danger or Mifchance : But if they 
 leap'd prefently out of the Penn and fell to fo greedily, as to let 
 fome of their Meat drop out of their Mouths upon the Pave- 
 ment, there was all the Alfurance in the World of Happinefs 
 and Succefs (b). T\\\s Augury W2is call'd Tripudium^ quafi'Terri- 
 f avium, from linking the Earth: The old Word /uzvW fignify- 
 ing as much as ferire. We meet with Tripudium Solijlrmumy 
 and Tripudium Sonit'ium in Fcjlus, both deriv'd from the 
 Crumbs falling to the Ground. 
 
 4. From Beafls. Thefe, as Rofinus reckons them up, were 
 Wolves, Foxes, Goats, Heifers, Affes, Rams, Hares, Weefels, 
 and Mice. The general Obfervations about them were. Whe- 
 ther they appear'd in a flrange Place, or crofs'd the Way ; or 
 whether they run to the Right or the Left, ^c, ■$• The 
 
 («) ^lu.ab k^Ux, lib. ;. cap. jp. {t) Um, lib. i. cap. jp.
 
 Book II. the Romans. 
 
 J*. Thelaftfort of Divination was from what they call'd Dira^ 
 or unufual Accidents to any Perlbn or Place ; as Sneering, Stum- 
 bling, Teeing Apparitions, hearing (trangc Voices, the taUing of 
 Salt upon the Tabic, the fpilling of Wine upon one's Gloaths,' the 
 meeting a Wolf, a Fox, a Hare, a Bitch with Whelp, ^c. 
 
 We may obfcrve, that tho' any Augur might take an Obfer- 
 vation; yet the judging of the Omen was left to the Decilioii 
 of the whole College {a). 
 
 Ctcero has fufficiently expos'd thefe Auguries^ efpecially that 
 about the Chickens, in his fecond Book of Divmatwn. 
 
 The learned Mr. 0. IV. has taken Notice, that the Emperors 
 alTum'd the Office of Augurs as well as of Pin^ifj-s^ as appears 
 from feveral Coins of Julius^ Augujlus^ Fefpafian^ Verus^ &C. 
 which have the Augurs Eiiligns upon them. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Of the Arufpices and Pontlfices. 
 
 TH E Arufpices had this Name ab arts afpiciemiis, from looking 
 upon the Altars; as ab exits r/ffpicieadis^ they were call'd 
 Bxtifptces : l^hey owe theirOriginal to Ror/iulus, who borrow'd the 
 In(i:itutionfromthe'7;^/r^2>?-r. The !r///c;^«jreceiv'dit, as the gene- 
 ral Tradition goes, from a Boy that they flrangely plough'd up out 
 of the Ground, who oblig'd them with a Difcovery of all the My- 
 lieries belonging to this Art(/^). At firft only the Natives oiTufcany 
 exercis'd this Office at Rome\ and therefore the Senate made an 
 Order, that twelve of the Sons of the principal Nobility Ihould 
 be fent into that Country to be infl:ru<fted in the Rites and Cere- 
 monies of their Religion, of which this Secret was a chief Part (r;. 
 TheBufinefsof the Arufptces was to look upon the Beads offer'd 
 in Sacrifice, and by them to divine the Succefs of any Enterpriie. 
 They took their Obfcrvations from Four Appearances. 
 
 1. From the Beafts before they were cut up. 
 
 2. From the Entrails of thofe Beads after they werp cut up, 
 
 3. From the Flame that us'd to rife when they were burning. 
 
 4. From the Flower or Bran, from the Frankinccnfe, Wine, 
 and Water that they us'd in the Sacrifice. 
 
 In the Beads, before they were cut up, they took notice, Whe- 
 ther they were forcibly dragg'd to the Altar ; whether they got 
 Joofe out of the Leaders Hands ; whether they efcap'd the Stroke ; 
 
 P -> c 
 
 or
 
 70 Of the Religion of Part II. 
 
 or bounded up, and roar'd very loud when they rcceiv'd it; Whe- 
 ther they died with a great deal of Difficulty; all which, with 
 fcvcral other Omens, were counted unfortunate: Or whether, 
 on the other fide, they follow'd the Leader without Compul- 
 sion; receiv'd the Blow without Struglingand Reliftance; Whe- 
 ther they died calily, and fent out a great Quanuty of Blood, which 
 gave equal AlFurance of a Profperous Event. 
 
 In the Bead, when cut up, they obferv'd the Colour of the Parts, 
 and whether any were wanting. A double Liver was counted 
 highly unfortunate: A little, or a lean Heart was always un. 
 iucky: If the Heart was wholly miffing, nothing could be thought 
 more fatal and dreadful ; as it happen'd in two Oxen together, 
 offer'd by Juiifs Cafar^ a little before his Murder ; if the En- 
 trafls fell out of the Priefl's Hands ; if they were befmear'd 
 more than ordinary with Blood ; if they were of a Pale livid 
 Colour, they portended fudden Danger and Ruin. 
 
 As to the Flame of the Sacrifice, it furnifh'd them with a good 
 Omen, if it gather'd up violently, and prefently confum'd the 
 viacrifice : U it was clear, pure, and tranfparent, without any 
 Mixture of Smoak, and not difcolour'd with red, pale, or black; 
 if it was quiet and calm, not fparkling or crackling, but run up 
 diredlly inthe Shape of a Pyramid. On the contrary, it always 
 portended Misfortunes, if at firft itrequir'd much Pains to light 
 it ', if it did not burn upright, but roU'd into Circles, and left 
 void Spaces betw^ecn them; if it did not prefently catch hold on 
 the whole Sacrifice, but crept up by Degrees, from one Part to 
 another ; if it happen'd to be fpread about by the Wind, or to 
 be put out by fudden Rain, or to leave any Part unconfum'd. 
 
 In the Meal, Frankincenfe, Wnic and Water, they were to 
 obfcrve, whether they had their due Quantity, their proper 
 Tafte, Colour, and Smell, ^c. 
 
 There were feveral lefTer Signs which fupply'd them with 
 Conjedures, too iniignificant to be here mention'd. 
 
 Moft of thefe ill Omens are hinted at by Firgil^ Georg. 3. v. 486. 
 
 Scefe in honor e Deum medio flans hojlia ad ararn^ 
 Lanea dum nived circurndatur infula viud^ 
 Inte-r cnndantes cecidit moribunda minifiros. 
 Ant Ji quam ferro madaverat ante Sacerdos^ 
 Jnde neque iynpofitis ardent alteria fibris^ 
 Ne refponfa poteji confultus redder e vates : 
 Ac vix fuppoftti tinguntur ^anguine cultri^ 
 'Summa^ue jeJHud fanie infufcatur arena. 
 
 The
 
 Book II. the Romans. 71 
 
 The Vi'dimOx that was for Altars prefs'd, 
 
 Trim'd with white Ribbons, and with Garlands drcfs'd^ 
 
 Sunk of himfelf without the Gods Command, 
 
 Preventing the How Sacrificcr's Hand: 
 
 Or, by the Holy Butcher if he fell, 
 
 Th' infpefted Entrails cou'd no Fate foretell: 
 
 Nor laid on Altars, did pure Flames arife, 
 
 But Clouds of fmouldring Smoak forbad the Sacrifice. 
 
 Scarcely the Knife was reddcn'dwith his Gore, 
 
 Or the black Poifon Itain'd the Sandy Floor. 
 
 [Mr. Dryien. 
 Yet the Bufinefsof the /Imfpices, was not rcftrain'dto the Al- 
 tars and Sacrifices, but they had an equal Right to the explaining 
 all other Portents and Monllers. Hence we find them often con- 
 fulted by the Senate on extraordinary Occafions : Or if the Roman 
 Antjpices lay under a Difrepute, others went for out of Tufca- 
 ny^ where this Craft moPtflourifh'd, as it wasfirft invented. 
 
 The College ol Aru[pices as well as thofe of the other Reli- 
 gious Orders had their particular Regidcrs and Records, fuch as 
 the Memorials of Thunders and Lightnings, the Tufcan Hifto- 
 ries, and the like. 
 
 There are but two Accounts of the Derivation of the Name 
 of the Pont:fices^ and both very uncertain ; either from Po»j, and 
 facerei becaufe they firll built the Sublician Bridge in Rome^ and 
 had the Care of its Repair; or from PoJ[e^n<X facer e ; where /i«- 
 cere muft be interpreted to fignify the ^me as Offerre^ and Sa" 
 crificare. T he firlt of thefe is the moil receiv'd Opinion ; and 
 yet Plutarch himfelf hath call'd it abfurd {a). At the firft In(H- 
 tutiou of them by Numa^ the Number was confin'd to four, 
 who were conftantly chofe out of the Nobility, till the Year of 
 the City 45*4, when five more were order'd to be added out 
 of the Commons, at the fame time as the Augurs receiv'd the 
 like Addition . K\\diZ.s the Augurs had a College, fo the Po/li- 
 tifices too were fettled in fuch a Body. Andas^y/<5! afterwards 
 added feven Augurs^ fo he added as many P ofjt i fie es to the Col- 
 lege : The firft Eight bearing the Name of Pontifices majores^ 
 and the reft of mtnores. 
 
 The Office of the Pontifices^ was to give Judgment in allCaufes 
 relating to Religion; to enquire into the Lives and Manners of 
 the Inferior Priells, and to punifli them if theyfawOccanon;to 
 prefcribe Rules for Publick Worfhip; to regulate theFeafts, Sa- 
 
 (4) laNnma, 
 
 € 4 crifiee?,
 
 yt Of the Religion of Part II. 
 
 crificcs, and a'l other Sacred InlHtutions. Ta/Zv, in his Oration tQ 
 them tor his Houle, tells them, that the Honour and Satety of 
 the Common-wealth, the Liberty of the People, the Koufesand 
 Fortunes of the Citizens, and the very Gods themfclves were all 
 cntrurtcd to their Cure, and depended wholly on their Wildom 
 and Management. 
 
 The Mailer or Superintendent of the Pontifices was one of 
 mcft honourable Ofticts in theCommon-v/ealth. Kuma^ wheii 
 he inttituted the Order, invelted himfelffirlt with this Dignity, 
 as P/;//^rf/7 informs us; tho' L/'z;^ attributes it to another Perfon 
 of the fanie Name. Feflus'% Definition of this great Priefl: is, 
 'Judex atque Arbiter Rerum Humayiariim Divinariimque^ the 
 Judge and Arbitrator of Divine and Humane Affairs. Upon this 
 Account all the Emperors, after the Examples oi Julius Cafar 
 ^udAugnJlus^ either adually took upon them the Office, or at 
 leaft us'd the Name. And even the Chnftian Emperors, for 
 fome time, retain'd this in the Ordinary Enumeration of 
 their Titles ; till the time of Gratia/2^ who ('as we learn from 
 (a) Zofimus) abfolutely rcfus'd it. 
 
 Polydore Virgil (b) does not queftionbut this was an infallible 
 Omen of the Authority which the Bifiiop of Rome enjoys to thi? 
 Day, under the Name of Fonufex maximus. 
 
 {a) Hijiod, lib. 4. (J.) De rerum invent, lib. 4. cap. 14. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Of the Flamines, Rex Sacrorum, Salii, Feciales and 
 
 Sodales. 
 
 'T'HE Name of the Flamines is not much clearer than the 
 -■• former. P/^/^ri-Z? makes it a Corruption of P/V^/^/^fj from 
 P ileus,, a fort of Cap proper to the Order. Varro,,Feftiis and Ser- 
 T);«j- will have it a Contraction of FzA?;«;»<'/, from//7a»^; and tell 
 us, that finding their Caps too heavy and troublefome, they took 
 np a lighter Falliion, only binding a Parcel of Thread about their 
 Heads. Others derive the Word from Flamina or Flameum,, 
 a fort of T'Krban,, which they make them to have worn ; tho' 
 this generally fignifies a Woman's Veil. Rofinus and Mr. Dodwell 
 declare for the Second of thefe Opinions ; Polydore Virgtl has 
 given his Judgment in Favour of the third {a). Nu- 
 
 (<») Dt invent, rtr. Jib. 4. cap, 14.
 
 Book II. the KoM A ii si 73 
 
 Numa at firft difcharged fcveral Offices of Religion himfelf, 
 and defign'd that all his Succeflbrs fliould do the like: But be- 
 caufe he thought the greateft Patt of them would partake more 
 of Romulus his Genius than his own, and that their being en- 
 gaged in War-like Enterprizcs might incapaciate thetn fur this 
 Fundion, he inftitucd thefc Flamlnes to take Care of the fariie 
 Services, which by right belong'd to the Kings {a). 
 
 The only three conftitued at firll, •wcx^Flamen Dialis^ Mar- 
 tialis^ and Qutrmalis. The firft was facred to Juj?iier; and a 
 Perfon of the higheft Authority in the Common- wealth. He 
 was oblig'd to obferve fevcral fuperftitiousReflrainrs, as well as 
 honour'd with feveral eminent Privileges beyond other Ofiicers; 
 which are reckon'd up at large by GeHms (b). The fame Author 
 tells us that the Wife of this fla}ven had the Name oi Flaminica^ 
 and was intrufted with the Care of feveral Ceremonies peculiar 
 to her Place. 
 
 But, to be fure, the Greatnefs of the Dignity was fufficiently 
 diminilh'd in fucceeding times ; othcrwife we can't imagine that 
 yulius Ctefar (hould have been invelled with it at feventecn Years 
 of Age, as Suetonius (c) informs us he was: Orthat^_y//<^fhould 
 have fo eafily driven him from his Office, and from his Houfe. 
 
 The other two were of lefs, yet of very eminent Authority; 
 ordain'd to infped the Rites of Mars and Romulus. All three 
 were chofe out of the Nobil ity. Several Pricfts of the fame Or- 
 der, tho' of inferior Power and Dignity, were added in latter 
 times; the whole Number being generally computed at fifteen. 
 Yet Fcnejlella (or the Author under his Name) allures us trom 
 Varro^ that the old Romans had a particular Flamen for every 
 Deity they v/orfhipp'd {d). 
 
 Tho'the/7rt»7^»Z)/W;j-difcharg'd feveral Religious Duties that 
 properly belong'd to the Kings, yet wc meet with another Officer 
 of greater Authority, v.'ho feems to have been purely defign'd for 
 that Employment : And this was the Rex Sacnjiculm^pr Sacrorum. 
 DionyfiHs zwt^ViS the Original of this Inftitution as follows: Be- 
 caufe the Kings hadin a great many RefpeSis been ver\ferviceable i9 
 the State ^ the Efiablilhers of the Common-wealth thought it xerypro-^ 
 fer to keep always the Name of Ki}!g in the City. Upon this Account 
 they order'' d the'' Au^ms ^;^i^Pontifices tochufeoutafit Perfon^who 
 Jhould engage never to have the leaji hand in Civil Affairs.^ but de - 
 vote himfelf wholly to the Care of the Publick Horjhtp and Ceremo- 
 nies of Religion^ with the Tattle of Rex Sacrorum (^e). And 
 
 (..) Liv.Wh. I. {v) N>^.^:t, lib. 10. cap. ij. {c) Cap. i. (A Dt Sa'.trd^tih, 
 cap. 5. (■) -^"f 'f. Ub. i, 
 
 Livy
 
 74 Of the Religion of Part II. 
 
 Lhy informs us, that the O^ccoi Rex Sacrorumwzs therefore 
 inade inferior to that of Pont if ex Maxtmus^ for fear that the 
 Name of King, which had been formerly fo odious to the People, 
 inii,fhr, for all this Reftraint, be ftill, in fome meafurc, prejudici- 
 al to their Liberty {j). 
 
 Sail!.'] The Original of Salii may be thus gathered from Plu- 
 tarch. In the eighth Year oi Numci's Reign, a terrible Peltilence 
 fpreading it fcif over /f^/)', among other Places miferably inferted 
 Roine. The] Citizens were almoit grown dcfpcrate, when they 
 were comforted on a fudden by the Report of a Brazen Target, 
 which fthey fayj fell into Numci's Hands from Heaven. The King 
 was aftur'd by the Conference he maintain'd with the Nymph 
 Egeria and the Mufes, that the Target was fent from the Gods for 
 the Cure and Safety of the City ; and this was foon verified by the 
 miraculous ceaHng of the Sicknefs. They advis'd him too, to 
 make eleven other Targets, folikein their Dimenlions and Form 
 to the Original, that in cafe there fliould be a deiign of (dealing 
 it away, the true might not be diftinguifh'd or known fromthofe 
 which were counterfeited; by which means it would be moredif- 
 ficultto Defeat the Counfels of Fate, in which it had been dcter- 
 min'd, that, while this was prefcrv'd, the Ciry fnould prove hap- 
 py and vidtorious. This difficult Work one Vetunus Ma:'nurius 
 very luckily perform'd, and made eleven others that Numa him- 
 felf could not know from the firit. They were work'd into an 
 Oval Form, with feveral Folds or Pleats doling one over another. 
 They exaSIy fitted the Elbow by their Figure; and were thence 
 Q-xWdiAncyl'ta^ from *Af>cJA,»fj which fignifies a crooked Javelin ; or 
 from the C»^/>, f AfjcwcJ that Partof the Arm between the Wrift 
 and the Elbow^, upon which theycarry'd \^QAncylia (b). For the 
 keeping of thelc, Numa inilituted an Order of Priefts, call'd Salii^ 
 <i faliendo.^ from leaping or dancing. They liv'd all in a Body, 
 and compos'da College, confiitingof the fame Number of Men 
 with the Bucklers which they prcferv'd. The three Seniors go- 
 vern'd the red; of whom tiie firli had the Name of Praful., the 
 iccon(\ o^J/ates\ and the other of y¥rt^//?rr fc). In the Month of 
 March was their great Feafl:,when they carry'd their facred Charge 
 about the City. At thisProceffion, they were habited inafhort 
 Scarlet CafTock, having round them a broad Belt clalb'd with 
 Brafs Buckles. On their Head they wore a fort of Copper-Hel- 
 met, n this manner they went'on with a nimble Motion, keeping 
 jultMeafures with their Feet, and demonltrating great Strength 
 
 {jt) Liv, lib. 2. {y) Plutarch, iaNnm. (c) ^Ux.ab ,Al(.\\lib. I. cap. z6. 
 
 and
 
 Book II. the Romans. 7y 
 
 and Agility by the various and handfome Turns of their Bo- 
 dy {a). They fung all alon^ a fet of old Verfcs call'd the Car- 
 men Saliare\ the original Form of which was compos'd by 
 Numa. They were facred to Mars, (the Ancylia or Targets 
 being Parts of Armour,) who from them too"k the Name of 
 Saitfubfulus. And therefore upon Account of the extraordinary 
 Noife and Shaking that they made in their Dances, Catullus^ 
 to iignify a ftrong Bridge, has us'd the Phrafc, 
 
 In quo vel Salifubfuli Sacra fiunto (b). 
 
 Unlefs the Conjedture of Fojfius be true, that SaUfubfulus is 
 here a Corruption from Salii ipfulis : the Performers in thofe 
 Dances, bearing with them, among other fuperftitious Trifles, a 
 fort of thin Plates work'd into the Shapes of Men and Women, 
 which they call'd ipfiles, or fub/iles, and ipfnit, ovfubfitU. Upon 
 admitting this Opinion, Mars muft lofe his N ame of SaUfubfulus ; 
 and Pacuvius cannot relieve him ; becaufe the Verfe with this 
 Word in it commonly cited from that old Poet, is thought ("by 
 Voffius at leaft) to be a meer Fidion of MuretHi''s, who was 
 noted for this kind of Forgery. Seep^off. in Ca(ul. p. 46. 
 
 7 ho' the Month of March (dedicated to that God) was the 
 proper time for carrying about the Ancylia ; yet if at any time 
 a juft and lawful War had been proclaim'd by Order of the Senate, 
 againft any State or People, the Salii were in a folcmn manner 
 to move the Ancylia ; as if by that means they rous'd Mars from 
 his Seat, and fent him out to the AlTillance of their Arms (c). 
 
 Tullus Hojiilius afterwards encreas'd the College with twelve 
 more Salii, in purfuance of a Vow he made in a Battel with the 
 Sabines. And therefore for Diftindion's fake, the twelve firft 
 were generally call'd Salii Palatini, from the Palatine Moun- 
 tain, whence they begun their Proceffion ; the other Salii ColU- 
 ni or Agonenfes, from the Quirinal Hill, fometimes call'd Mons 
 Agonalis ; where they had a Chapel, in one of the higheft Emi- 
 nences of the Mountain [d). 
 
 Alexander ab Alexandra has obferv'd, that the Entertainments 
 of thefe Priefts upon their folemn Feflival s, were exceeding collly 
 and magnificent, with all the Variety of Mufick, Garlands, Per- 
 fumes, l^fc. (e) : And therefore Horace ufes dapes Saliares (f) for 
 delicate Meats, as he does Pontificum coena (g) for great Regal io's. 
 
 (<t) Plutarch, in Nf*r/z. (h) Catnl. Carm. 17. (t) ^Ux. ab ^lex. lib. i. 
 cap. 26. {({) Dionyf. Halic. lib, j. (<■) G(n,i>ier, lib, I. cai>. 26. (/) Lib. r. 
 0<<. 37« Cs) Lib. I. Od, 14, 
 
 Feciales.']
 
 76 Of the Religion of Part. II. 
 
 Feciales.'] The Feciales Varro derives from Fides ^ becaufe they 
 had the Care of the Publick Faith in Leagues and Contra6l:s. 
 Others bring the Word afoedere fac'iendo on the fame Account. 
 Their Original in /;frf/y was very ancient. Dtonyfius Halicam. finds 
 them among the Aborigine s^ under the Name ot raroccTo^oe;/, li- 
 baminum latores : And Vtrgil intimates as much in levcraJ 
 Places. Numa firft inftituted the Order at Rome (a)^ conhll- 
 ing of twenty Perfons (h)^ chofc out of the emiaentefl: Fami- 
 lies in the City, and fettled in a College. 'Tis probable he 
 rank'd them among the Officers of Religion, to procure them 
 the more Deference and Authority, and to make their Perfons 
 more Sacred in the Common-wealth. 
 
 Their Office was to be the Arbitrators of all Controverfies 
 relating to War and Peace; nor was it lawful on any Account 
 to take up Arms, rill they had declar'd all Means and Expedients 
 that might tend to an Accommodation to be infufficient. In cafe 
 theRepublick had fuffer'd any Injury from a Foreign State, they 
 dilpatch'd thefe Feciales^who were properly Heralds, to demand 
 Satisfadion ; who, if they could procure no Reftitution or juft 
 Return,calling the Gods to witnefs againft the People and Coun- 
 try, immediately denounc'd War ; otherwife they confirm'd the 
 Alliance that had been formerly made, or contracted a new 
 one (c). But the Ceremonies us'd upon both thefe Occalions, 
 will fall more properly under another Head. 'Tis enough to 
 obferve here, that both the Affairs were manag'd by thefe Offi- 
 cers, with the Confent of the Senate and People. 
 
 As io the Pater Pairai as ^\[s not eafy to determine whether he 
 was a conflant Officer, and the chief of the Feciales; or whe- 
 ther he was not a temporary Miniller, elefted upon Account of 
 making a Peace or denouncing War, which were both done by 
 him. Kofmus makes him the conltaut Governour, or Mafter of 
 the Feciales (d). Fenejlella^ (or the Author under his Name) a 
 ditiind Officer altogether f^j. Pomponius Latus ( f ) and Polydore 
 f^irgil(g) tell us, that he was onlychofeby oneof the/'>f/W(?/,out 
 of their ov*^n Body,upon fuch Occalions as we niention'd but now. 
 The latter Opinion may be defended by the Authority of Lm', 
 who, in order to the Treaty with the Albans before the triple 
 Combat of the Horatii and Curiatii, makes one of the Feciales 
 chufe a PatcrPatratus to perform that Ceremony (h). The Perfon 
 to be intruded with this Office mull; have been one who had a 
 
 (4) Dionyf. Livy. (t) ^Itx. ab ^lex. 1. J. C. J. (c) Ptntarch, in Num. 
 
 (d) Lib. J. cap. 21. (<?) De Sacerdot. %»m. cap. 6. (/) De Sactrdot. %om, 
 «p. 6. (i) De tHVOit. %er, lib. 4. cap. H« (') Lib. I. cap. J4. 
 
 Father
 
 Book 11. the Romans. 77 
 
 Father and a Son both alive; and therefore Pater Patratus is 
 no more than a perfedkr fort of Father ; as they imagin'd him 
 to be, whofe own Father was ftill living after he himfelf had 
 been a Father for fome time. Perhaps too they might fancy 
 him to be the fittefl; Judge in Affairs of fuch Confequence, who 
 could fee as well behind, as before him (a). 
 
 Tho' the Members of any Collegiate Body, and particularly 
 the free Tradefmen of the fcveral Companies, are often call'd 
 Sodales ; yet thofe who challeng'd that Name by way of Emi- 
 nence, were Religious Officers, inftituted to take Care of the 
 FelVivals and Annual Honours of great Perfons deceas'd. The 
 lirft of this Order were the Sodales Titit^ created to fupervife the 
 Solemnities in Memory of Tatiui the Sabine King. 'Tiberius 
 founded a College of the fame Nature, and gave the Members 
 the Title o^ Sodales Augtiflales\ their Bufinefs was to infped the 
 Rites paid to Auguftus Ccefar after his Death ; and to perform the 
 fame good Offices to the whole 7»//^» Family, as the o\(i Sodales 
 Titii preferv'd the facred Memorials of all the Sabine Race. 
 
 Afterwards we meet with the Sodales Antoniniani^ Helviant^ 
 Alexandrini, &c. inftituted on the like Accounts, but fo re- 
 flrain'd to the Service of the particular Emperors, that the An^ 
 toniniani^ for Example, were divided into the P/V, Lucii^ Mar- 
 ci, &c. according to the proper Name of the Prince on whofe 
 Honours they were to attend, f^id. Dodwell. Prak^. i. ad 
 Spartian. Hadrian. S. 5'. 
 
 (4) Plutarch, in Q»*fii*n, %om«n. 
 
 C H A P. VI. 
 
 0/ /;&^ V E S T A L S. 
 
 THE Inftitution of the Fejlal Firgins is generally attributed 
 to Numa ; tho' we meet with the Sacred Fire long before, 
 and even in theTirnQoiJEneas. But perhaps iV»»2<z was the firft 
 who fettled the Order,and built aTemple to the Go ddefs in Rome 
 (a). Their Office was to attend upon the Rites of Fe/ia^ the 
 chief Part of it (b) being the Prefervation of the Holy Fire, which 
 
 U) Virill. ^neid, lib. I, Mrw. 297. (*) fiw»reh, & Diony/im. 
 
 ^ ' Nnma
 
 y% Of the Religion of Part II. 
 
 Nftma^ fancying Fire to be the firft Principle of all Things, 
 committed to their Charge. Ovid tells us, that they under- 
 ftood nothing elfe but Fire by Vejla herfelf. 
 
 Kec fu altud Veftam quam vivam iateUige flammam (a). 
 Tho' fometimes he makes her the fame as the Earth. 
 Tellus Veftaquc numen idem ejl (b). 
 
 Polydore l^ir^il reconciles the two Names by obferving that 
 Fire, "or the Natural Heat by which all Things are produced, 
 is inclos'd in the Earth (c). 
 
 They were oblig'd to keep this Fire with all the Care in the 
 World; and if it happen'd to go out, 'twas thought impiety to 
 lignt it at any common Flame, but they made Ufe of the pure 
 and unpolluted Rays of the Sun (d). Every Year on the fir(i of 
 March^ whether it had gone out or no, they always lighted it 
 a-new [e). There were other Relicks and Holy Things under 
 their Care, of which we have very uncertain Accounts ; parti- 
 cularly the famous Palladium brought from Troy by JEneas; for 
 Vkjfes and Diomedes ftoleonly a counterfeit one, a Copy of the 
 other, which was kept with lefs Care. 
 
 DionyfiHs and Plutarch affure us, that Numa conflituted only 
 four Virgins for this Service; and that the fame Number re- 
 main'd ever after. And therefore a great Antiquary is certainly 
 iniftaken when he makes the Number increas'd to twenty (f). 
 
 They were admitted into this Society between the Years of 
 fix and cen ; and were net properly faid to be elefted or crea- 
 ted, but Capfie^ taken ; the Pontijex Maxiynus taking her that 
 he lik'd by the Hand, and leading her, as it were by Forccy 
 from her Parems (g). 
 
 The chief Rules prefcrib'd them by their Founder, were to 
 vow the ilrideft Chaflity for the Space of thirty Years. The 
 f rft ten they were only Novices, oblig'd to learn the Ceremo- 
 nies, and perfed themfelves in the Duties of their Religion. The 
 next ten Years they adually difcharg'd the Sacerdotal Fundion; 
 and fpent the remaining ten in teaching and inllruding others. 
 After this Term was compleated, they had Liberty to leave the 
 
 {a) Taft. 6. v. 1 3 1. (0 ^"fl- ^« ^> 4*". (c) Be invent. T^er. lib. I. cap. 14. 
 (fi) Plutarch, in Num. (e) ^Icx. ah ^lex. 1. 5, C. 12. Macrob. SatHrnal. lib. I. 
 «ap. II, (/) ^Jcx. Ab -Mes. Ibid. (?) ^. GtU. lib. 1. «p. 12. 
 
 ' Order,
 
 Book II. the Romans. 79 
 
 Order, and chufe any Condition of Life that befl: fulted with 
 their Inclinations; tho' this was counted unlucky, and therefore 
 feldom put in Pradice. Upon Commiflion of any lefTer Faults, 
 they were punifh'd as the Fontifex Maximus (who had the Care 
 ofthemj thought fit. But if they broke their Vow of Virginity, 
 they were conllantly buried alive in a Place without the City- 
 Wall, allotted for that particular Ufe (a)^ and thence call'd 
 Campus Scelerafus^ as Fejlus informs us. 
 
 But this fevere Condition was recompenc'd with feveral Pri- 
 vileges and Prerogatives. When they went abroad, they had 
 the Fafcei carried before them /^), a Conful, or the Prator^ 
 being oblig'd to give them the Way (c). And if in their Walk 
 they cafually lighted upon a Malefador leading to Execution, 
 they had the Favour to deliver him from the Hands of Juftice, 
 provided they made Oath that their Meeting was purely acci- 
 dental, without anyCompadorDefignf^O- 
 
 (j) Plutarch, in Num. (i) Ibid, (c) ^Itx. ab ^Ux. lib. y. cap. iz. (d) 
 
 Tlntareh. in Nura. 
 
 CHAP. vir. 
 
 of the Dnumvirl, Decemviri, and Quindecemviri, 
 Keepers of the Sibylline IVritings : And of the Cory- 
 bantes, orPriefls o/Cybele, and the Epulones. 
 
 THEFirft of thefe Orders, famous only on Account of 
 the Relicks they preferv'd, owe their Original to this Oc- 
 
 cafion. . p , 
 
 A ftrangeold Woman c-xmt onccioTarqmmus Superbus with 
 nine Books ; which, fhe faid, were the Oracles of the Sibyls, 
 and proffer'd to fell them. But the King making fome Scruple 
 about the Price, flie went away and burnt three of them ; and 
 returning with the (ix, ask'd the fame Sum as before. 'Tarquin 
 only laugh'dat the Humour: Upon which the old Woman left 
 him once more; and after flie had burnt three others, came 
 again with them that were left, but llill kept to her old Terms. 
 The King begun now to wonder at her Obttinacy, and thinking 
 ° there
 
 So Of the Religion of Part 11. 
 
 there might be fomething more than ordinary in the BufincfS) 
 fcnt for ih^/ifigurs to confult what was tobedone. They, when 
 their Divinations were perform'd, foon acquainted him what a 
 Piece of Impiety he had been guilty of, by rcfufing a Trcafure 
 fent to him from Heaven, and coirananded him to give what- 
 ever fhe demanded for the BooivS that remain'd. The Woman 
 receiv'd her Money, and delivered the Writings; and only charg- 
 ing them by all means to keep 'em Sacred, immediately vanifh'd. 
 Two of the Nobility were prcfently after chofe to be the Kee- 
 pers of thefe Oracles, which were laid up with all imaginable 
 Care in the Capitol, in a Chert under Ground. They could not 
 beconfiiked without a fpecial Order of the Senate, which was 
 never granted, unlefs upon the receiving fome notable Defeat, 
 upon the riiing of any confiderable Mutiny, or Sedition in the 
 State; or upon fome other extraorcinary Occalion (a) j feveral 
 of which we meet with in Livy (b). 
 
 The Number of Prices iii this, as in moft other Orders, were 
 feveral times alter'd. The DHumTjiri 
 
 they had the common continu'd till about the Year of the City 
 K;*me of D,^umviri, {De- gg ^^^^ ^^^ Tribuncs of the People 
 
 ten Men elected for this Service, part 
 out of the Nobility, and part out of the Commons. We meet 
 with the Decemviri all along from hence^ till about the Time 
 of Sylla the Diflator, when the Quindecemviri occur : Which 
 Addition of five Perfons may, with very good Reafon, be at- 
 tributed to him, who increas'd fo many of the other Orders. 
 'Twere needlefs to give any farther Account of the Sibyls^ than 
 that they are generally agreed to have been ten in Number; 
 for which we have the Authority of Farro ; tho' fome make 
 them nine, fome four, fome three, and fome only one (c). 
 They all liv'd in different Ages and Countries, were allProphe- 
 teffes ; and, if we believe the common Opinion, foretold the 
 coming of our Saviour. As to the Writing, Dempfter tells uSj 
 'twas in Linnen (d). But one would think the common Phrafe 
 of Folia Sibylla^ us'd by J^irgil^ Horace, and other credible Au^ 
 thors, fhould argue, that they wrote their Prophecies on Leaves 
 of Trees ; efpecially if we coniider the great Antiquity which 
 is generally allow'd them, and are affur'd at the fame time by 
 Plin\ (e), that this was the oldeft way of Writing. 
 
 (a) Dionyf. ^it:<j. lib. 4. {k) Particularly lib. j. cap. lo. lib. j. cap. ij. 
 lib. 7. cap. 28. lib. 4. cap. 2T» (<.) Vid, Dtmpjler ad %ofu>, lib. j. cap. 24. 
 
 (d) aid. ie) Lib. jj. cap. II. 
 
 Soltnus
 
 Book II. tbe KouAtiS, 8 1 
 
 Solinus acquaints us, That thefe Books which 7<^r^j«/» bought, 
 were burnt in the Conflagration of the Capitol, the Year before 
 Sylla^s Didtarorfhip (n). Yet there were others of their infpir'd 
 Writings, or at lead Copies or Extrads of them, gather'd up 
 in Greece and other Parts, upon a Ipecial Search made by Order 
 of the Senate; which were kept with the fame Superrtition as 
 the former, 'till about the Time of I'beodofius the Great, when 
 the greatcft Part of the Senate having embraced the Chrillian 
 Faith, fuch Vanities begun to grow out of Fafhion ; 'till at laft 
 Stilicho burnt them all, under Honor ms^ for which he is fo fe- 
 verely cenfur'd by the noble Poet Rutiliusy in his ingenious 
 Itinerary : 
 
 Nee taatum Geticis grajfatus prodkor armis^ 
 
 Ante Sibyllinse fata cremavit Opis. 
 Odimus Althasam confumpti funere torr'ts 
 
 Nifseum crinem flcre putantur aves. 
 At Stilicho ctterni fatalia pignora libr::, 
 
 Et plenas voluit pracipitare colus. 
 
 Nor only Rofnan Arms the Wretch betray'd > 
 
 To barbarous Foes; before that curfed Deed, ^ 
 
 He burnt the Writings of the facrcd Maid. 3^ 
 
 We hate Althaa for the fatal Brand; 
 
 When Nifus fell, the weeping Birds complain'd : 
 
 More cruel he than the revengeful Fair; 
 
 IVIore cruel he than Nifus^ Murderer. 
 
 Whofe impious Hands into the Flames have thrown ^ 
 
 The heavenly Pledges of the Roman Crown, > 
 
 Unrav'lling all the Doom that careful Fate had fpun. ^ 
 
 Among all the Religious Orders, as we meet with none off ner 
 in Authors ; fo there were none of fuch an extravagant Confti- 
 tution as the Priefts of Cybele. We find them under the different 
 Names of ('iJ' J Curetes^ Corybantes^ Galli^ and Idxi Dadyl); but 
 can fcarce get one tolerable Etymology of either. As for Cybele 
 herfelf, fhe is generally taken for the Earth, and is the fame 
 with Rhea, Ops, Berecynthia, the Idaan Mother^ the Mother of 
 the Gods, and the Great Goddefs. She was invited and receiv'd 
 into Rome, from Pefinus'm Galatia, with great Solemnity, upon 
 Advice of the Sii?yHine Oracles (c). 
 
 (a) P?(fhifl»r. €. 8. (ij Yidt Ditn)f, ^nuQ, lib. 4. (<:) LiV, lib, jp. cap. 14. 
 
 F But
 
 St Of the Religion of Part It 
 
 But to return to her Priefts : We find little of any Certainty 
 about them, only that they were all Eunuchs, and by Nation 
 Phrygians', and that in their Iblemn Proceffions they danced in 
 Armour, making a confus'd Noife with Timbrels, Pipes, and 
 Cymbals, howling all the while as if they were mad, and cutting 
 themlelves as they went along. One would little think that this 
 was the Goddefs, who required fuch a facred Silence in her My- 
 Iteries, as Firgil {a) would perfuade us (he did. And thebeftwe 
 could fuppofe at the Sight of this bawling Retinue, is, that they 
 were going to fettle a Swarm of Bees; for which Service the 
 fame Poet recommends the Ufe of the Cymbals of Cybele (b). 
 
 But we cannot have a better Relation of the Original, and 
 the Manner of their ftrange Solemnity, than what Lucretius 
 has given us in his Second Book. 
 
 Hanc varice gente antiquo more facrorum 
 Idceam vocitant Matrem^ Phrygiafque catervas 
 Dant Comites^ qui frimum ex ilUs finibus edftnt 
 Per terrarum orbem frnges cocpijfe creari. 
 Gallos attribuunt^ quia numen qui violdrint 
 M.atris^ l^ ingrati genitoribus inventi funt^ 
 Significare ijoluiit indignos ejfe putandos 
 Vfvam progetiiem qui tn oras Inminis edant. 
 Tympana tenia tonant palmis CT* cyrnbala circum 
 Concava^ raucifonoque minantur cornua cantu^ 
 Et Phrygio Jlimulat nnrnero cava tibia mentes ', 
 Telaque praportant violenti figna furoris, 
 Ingratos animos^ atque impia pedora volgi 
 Conterrere metu quce pojjint numine diva. 
 
 Hie armata manus (Curetas. nor/iine Graii 
 Qhos memorant Phrygios) inter fc forte catervis 
 Ludunt^ in numerumque exfultant fanguine Iceti ; ^ 
 Terrificas capitum quatientes numine criftas. 
 Did^eos referunt Curetas : qui Jovis ilium 
 Vagitum in Cretd quondam occultdjfe feruntur. 
 Cum pueri circum puerum pcrnice chorea 
 Armatio in numerum, pulfarent aribus ara^ 
 ]Ve Saturnus eum matis mandaret adeptuSy 
 JEternumque daret matri fub peSiore vuhus. 
 
 Concerning her, fond Superflition frames > 
 
 A thoufand odd Conceits, a thoufand Names, > 
 
 And gives her a large Train of Phrygian Dames : j 
 
 (*) ^ntid, 3, {b}Ge9rg, 4. Becaufc
 
 Book IL ^^<? Romans^ 83 
 
 Becaufe in Phrygia Corn at firft took Birth, 
 And thence was Icatter'd o'er the other Earth. 
 They eunuch all their Priefts; from whence 'tis fhoWn, 
 That they deferve no Children of their own, 
 Who or abufe their Sires, or difrefpeft, 
 Or treat their Mothers with a cold Negle6l; 
 Their Mothers whom they fliould adore ■ 
 Amidft her Pomp fierce Drums and Cymbals beat. 
 And the hoarfe Horns with rattling Notes do threat, 
 The Pipe with Phrygian Airs difturbs their Souls, 
 'Till, Reafon overthrown, mad Paffion rules. 
 They carry Arms, thofe dreadful Signs of War, 
 To raife i'th' impious Rout Religious Fear. 
 
 Here fome in Arms dance round among the Crowd, ^ 
 Look dreadful gay in their own fparkling Blood, > 
 
 Their Crefts ftill fliaking with a dreadful Nod. j> 
 
 Thefe reprefent thofe armed Priefts who ftrove 
 To drown the tender Cries of Infant Jove: 
 By dancing quick, they made a greater Sound, 
 And beat their Armour as they danc'd around, 
 Left Saturn fliould have found, and eat the Boy, 
 And Ops for ever mourn'd her prattling Joy. 
 
 Mr. Creech. 
 
 But we muft not omit a more comical, though a fliorter Ac- 
 count that we have of them in Juvenal : 
 
 Matrifque Deum chorus intrat, ^ ingens 
 
 Semivir ohfcxno fades reverenda r/iinori., 
 Mollia qui rupta fecuit genitalia tejla^ 
 Jampridem cui rauca cobors, cui tympana cedunt^ 
 Plebeia "—(a). 
 
 And Cybele's Priefts, an Eunuch at their Head, 
 About the Streets a mad ProcelTion led ; 
 The venerable Gelding, large and high, 
 O'er-looks the Herd of his inferior Fry, 
 His aukward Clergymen about him prance. 
 And beat their Timbrels to their myftick Dance." 
 
 Mr. Dryde-4. 
 
 The Epulones^ at their firft Creation, Livy (b) afluresuswere 
 only three; Soon after they were increas'd to feven; whence 
 
 («) Sa>. 6. (*) Lib. J3, 
 
 F 2 they
 
 84 Of the Religion of Part II. 
 
 they are commonly caU'd Septemviri Epulonuyn^ or barely Sep- 
 temviri^ or the Septemviratus\ and feme report thsit J ulius Ctcfar, 
 by adding three more, chang'd them to a Decemvirate : tho' it's 
 certain ihey kept their old Name. They had their Name from 
 a Cuflom which obtaia'd among the Romans^ in time of pub- 
 lick Danger, of making a fumptuous Feaft in their Temples, to 
 which they did, as it were, invite the Deities themfelves. For 
 their ^Statues were brought on rich Beds, with their Pnhinaria 
 too, or Pillows, and plac'd at the moft honourable Part of the 
 Table as the principal Gucfts. Thefe Regalia's they call'd Epula, 
 or Lcd^ificrfita; the Care of which belong'd to the Epulones. 
 This Pricdhood is by Pliny Junior fet on an equal Foot with 
 that of the Augurs ; when, upon a Vacancy in each Order, he 
 lupplicates his Mailer 'Trajan to be admitted to either. The 
 whole Epidle ought to be fet down for an Example of Modefty 
 and Wit. 
 
 PLINIUS T RAJ ANO^ 
 Cum fciam^ Domine^ adtejlimoniurn laiidemque morumrneorum 
 pcrtinere tarn t'oni principis judicio exornari^ ^^go^ dignitatis ad 
 auamme provexit indulg-entiatua^ vel augur atum^ vel feptemvira- 
 tum^ quia vacant ^ adjicere digneris : tit jure facer dotii precari deos 
 pro te publice pojjir/t^ quos nunc pre cor pietaie privatd. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Of the R o iM A N Sacrifices. 
 
 TH E Word Sacrificium more properly lignifies the Thing 
 offer'd, than the Adion of Offering. The two common 
 Words to expsefs the former, were (^idima and Hofiia; which 
 tho' they are very often confounded, yet by the firft Word are pro- 
 perly meant the greater Sort of Sacrifices, by the other the lefs. 
 
 Tho' every Deity had fome peculiar Rites and Inftitutions, and 
 confequently different Sorts of Sacrifices, in which the greateft 
 Part of the pi'.blick Worfhip thenconfifted; yet therewcre fome 
 ftandrbg Rules and Ceremonies to be obferv'd in all. 
 
 The Prieft (and fometimes the Perfon that gave the Vidilm) 
 went before in a white Garment free from Spots and Figures: 
 For Cicero tells us, that White is the molt acceptable Colour* 
 to the Gods ; I fup.pofe, becaufe it feems to denote Purity and 
 Innocence.
 
 Book If. the Romans. 8y 
 
 The Bcaft to be facrific'd, if' twas of the larger Sort, us'd to 
 bemark'd on the Horns with Gold; if of the lelfcr Sort, it was 
 crown'd with the Leaves of that Tree which the Deity was 
 thought mod to delight in, for whom the Sacrifice w^as dcfign'd. 
 And befides thefe, they wore the Infula and ^ittic^ a fort of 
 white Fillets, about their Head. 
 
 Before the Proceflion went a publick Crier, proclaiming I{oc\ 
 age to the People, to give them Notice that they fhould forbear 
 Working, and attend to the Solemnity. The Pipers j?nd Harp- 
 ers too were the Fore- runners of the Show; and what time they 
 could fpare from their Inftruments, was fpent in alTifting the 
 Crier to admonifh the People. The Sacrifice being brought to 
 the Altar, the Prieft took hold of the Altar with one Hand, and 
 ufher'd in the Solemnity with a Prayer to all the Gods; mention- 
 ing J amis and Vejla always firft and laft, as if through them they 
 had Accefs to the reft. During the Prayer, fomc publick Officer 
 was to commaiid the ftrideft Silence, for which the common 
 Expreflion was, Favcte Lingnis^ a Phrafe us'd by Horace (a),, 
 'Juvenal (b)^ Tihull^s (c)^ &c. And the Piper play'd all the while 
 to hinder the hearing of any unlucky Noife. After his Prayer^ 
 the Prieft began the Sacrifice with what they call'd Immolatio 
 (though, by Synecdoche, the Word is often taken for the whole 
 A6t of Sacrificing,) thcthrowing fomefort of Corn and Frank- 
 incenfe, together with the Mola, i. e. Bran or Meal mix'd with 
 Salt, upon the Head of the Beaft. In the next place, he fprink- 
 Icd Wine between the Horns ; a Cuftom very often taken No- 
 tice of by the Poets ; So Vtrgil : 
 
 Ipfa tenens dextra pateram pukherrlma Dido 
 Candentis vacca media inter cornua fundi t (d). 
 O'er the white Heifer's Horns the beauteous Queen 
 Holds the rich Plate, and pours the Wine between. 
 
 And Ovid more exprefsly : 
 
 Rode caper vitem^ tamen hinc cnm flahis ad aras^ 
 In tua quod fundi cornua fojjfit ^ erjt (c). 
 Go wanton Goat, about the Vineyard browze 
 On the young Shoots, and ftop the rifing Juice ; 
 You'll leave enough to pour between your Horns, 
 When for your fake the hallow'd Altar burns. 
 
 (<f )Lib^ 3. Od. I. (i) Sat. li, (c) I^ib. 2. EJeg. i. (d) ^neid. 4. v. 60. (*) Fa(l. t, 
 
 F 3 Bui
 
 i6 Of the Religion of Part II. 
 
 But before hepour'd the Wine on the Beaft, he put the Plate 
 to his own Mouth, and juft touch'd it with his Lips, giving it 
 to thofe that ftood near him to do the like. This they term'd 
 Libatio. 
 
 In the next Place, he pluck'd off fome of the rougheft Hairs 
 growing between the Horns of the Bead, and threw them into 
 the Fire, as the prima Libamina. 
 
 B-t fummas capiens media inter cornua fetas 
 Jgnibm imponit facris, libamina prima (a). 
 
 The bridling Hairs that on the Forehead grew, 
 As the firft Offering on the Fire fhe threw. 
 
 And now turning himfelf to the Eaji, he only made a fort of 
 crooked Line with his Knife from the Forehead to the Tail ; 
 and then deliver'd the Beaft to the publick Servants to kill. We 
 iind thefe inferiour Officers under the feveral Names of Popte^ 
 jigones^ Cultrarii^ and ]/idimarii : Their Bulinefs, befides the 
 killing of the Beaft, was to takeoff his Skin, to bowel him, and 
 to walh the whole Body. Then the Arujpex his Duty came in 
 place, to fearch the Entrails for good and bad Omens. When 
 this was over, the Priefts had nothing elfe to do, but to lay what 
 Parts they thought fitteft for the Gods upon the Altar, and to 
 
 o and regale themfelves upon the reft. See Alex, ab AleXc 
 
 ib. 4. cap. 17, 
 
 (a) t/£neU. 6. V. 24*. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of the Roman Tear, 
 
 WE meet with three Accounts inUfeat feveral times among 
 the Romans ; which owe their Original to Romulus^ Numa, 
 and Julius Ccefar. Romulus divided his Year into ten Months, 
 which Plutarch would perfuade us had no certain or equa^ 
 Term, butconfifted fome of rwcnty Days, fome of thirty- five, 
 
 and
 
 Book II. the Romans, 87 
 
 and fomeof more (a). But he is generally allowMto have fet- 
 tled the Number of Days with a great deal more Equality, al- 
 lotting to March^ Ma% Quintilis^ and Odober^ One and thirty 
 Days : To Aprils June^ Sextilis^ November and December^ 
 thirty, making up in all, three Hundred and four Days (b). 
 
 Scilicet arma magis quam fydera^ Romule, nor as I 
 
 Scaliger indeed \s very angry that People fhould think the Ro- 
 wans had ever any other Account than by tw^elve Months (c) : 
 But 'tis probable that the Teftimonies of P^arro^ Macrobius^ Cen- 
 forinus, Ovid^ &c. w^ill over-rule the bare Words of Licimus 
 yW«?f^r,and the Counterfeit Feneftella^ which are all he produces. 
 As to the Names of ^o«««/«j's Months, the firft to be furewas 
 confecrated to Mars^ the Father of the State. The uext too 
 may be fetch'd from Venus^ the other Guardian Parent of the 
 Romans J if we admit of the Allufion between the Word ^/n///, 
 and 'A®eo=^''^ii her Name in Greek : Tho' 'tis generally deriv'd 
 from /Iperio to open, becaufe this is the chief Part of the Spring, 
 in which the Buds and Flowers open and difclofe themfelves {d). 
 May he nam'd fo from Maia the Mother of Mercury^ according 
 to Plutarch {e) ; tho' Macrobius makes the Maia^ to whomAi^^ 
 was dedicated, the fame as Rhea^ Ops^ or the £.2;/;^, and different 
 from Mercury's Mother (f). Ovid brings it a Senibus, i. e. a 
 Majoribus(g). June cither comes from Juventus, becaufe this 
 is the youthful and gay Part of the Year (h) ; or elfe 'tis a 
 Contradtion of Junonius^ and dedicated to theGoddcfs3'K;?o(/7o 
 The other Months he denominated as they itood in Order: So 
 Quintilis is no more than the fifth Month, Sextilis than the 
 lixth ; andfo on: But thefe two afterwards chang'd their Names 
 to July and Augufl^ in Honour of Julias Cdfar^ and his Succef- 
 for Auguftus. As Nero had afterwards C2.\Vd April Neronius (k) ; 
 fo Plutarch tells us, that Domitian too, in Imitation of tliem, 
 gave the two Months immediately following, the Names of 
 Germanicus and Domitianus ; but he being flain, they recover'd 
 their old Denominations (f). 
 
 iVia;;?^ was a little better acquainted with the Coeleftial Motions 
 than his PredeccfTor; and therefore undertaking to reform the Ka- 
 lendar, in the firft Place he added the two Months of jannary 
 
 (a) PIttt. in Num. (b) Macro!;. Saturn. 1. i, cap. 12. Cenfor. de die Natal. C. 20. 
 &C. (c) De Emendat. Tempor.l. z. (d) Tint, in Nitm. Macrih. Sat.l.i. c. 12. 
 (e) la Num. (/) Sat. l.il. cap. 12. (g) Fafi. I. V. 4T. (/;) Plut. hi Xu-i. 
 («■) MAcrob. aiii fnpra. (^kj Sitct. ia Ner. e. jj. (/) Pint, ia Nart, 
 
 F 4 and
 
 88 Of the Religion of Part 11. 
 
 and February ; the firft of which he dedicated to the God Janus ; 
 
 the other took its Name from Februo^ to purify, becaiife the 
 Feafts of Purification were celebrated in that Month {a). To 
 compofe thcfe two Months, he put fifty Days to the old three 
 hundred and four, to make them anfwer the Courfc of the Moon ; 
 and then took fix more from the fix Months that had even Days, 
 adding one odd Day more than he ought to have done, merely 
 out of Superitition, and to make the Number fortunate. How- 
 ever, he could get but ciglit and twenty Days for February^ 
 and therefore that Month was always counted ui^lacky (b). 
 L'wfi-ies this, he obferv'd the Difference between the Solar and 
 the Lunar Courfe m be eleven Days; and to the remedy the In- 
 equality, he doubled thofe Days after every two Years, add- 
 ing an Jnterflitial P*'ionth to follow February^ which Flutarch 
 calls in one Flace Mereuli/ius (c) and in zwoihtx Mercidonius (d). 
 But the Care of this Intercalation being left to the Priefts, they 
 clapp'd in, or left put, the Month whenever they pleas'd, as they 
 fancy'd lucky, or unlucky, and fo made fuch mad Work, that 
 the Fefi;ivals and Iblemn Days for Sacrifice were remov'd, by 
 little and little, till at laftthey came to be kept at a Seafon quite 
 contrary to what they had been formerly {e.) 
 
 Julius Cicfar was the firlt that undertook to remedy this Dif« 
 order; and to this Purpofe he call'd in thebefi: Philofophers and 
 Mathematicians of his time, to fettle the Point. In order to 
 bring Matters right, he was forc'd to m.ake oneconfus'd Year of 
 iifteen Months, or four hundred forty five Days ; but to pre- 
 ferve a due Regulation for the future, he took away the Inter- 
 calary Months; and adding ten Days to Nurna% three hun- 
 dred fifty five, equall'd theni to the Courfe of the Sun, except 
 fix odd Hours. The ten Days he difi:ributcd among thofe 
 feven Months that had before but Nine-and-twenty ; and as fojr 
 the fix Hours, heorder'd them to be let alone till they made up 
 a whole Day; and this every fourth Year he put in the fame 
 Place where the Month us'd to be infertcd before {j) ; and that 
 was jufi five Days before the End of Februar\\ or next before 
 the fixth of the Calends of March. For this Reafon the fuper- 
 numcrary Day had the Name of D/es B/Jfextus ; and thence the 
 Leap-Year came to be call'd Annus Bljf'extilis. 
 
 But the Friefis, who had been the /Authors of the old Confis- 
 fion, committed as great a Blunder in the New Computation, 
 
 {a) Ibid, (h) Coiforln. di die^^atall. cap. 2o. (r) In Num. (i) Ii Jul, 
 €4f. (f) In Jill. C»f, (/) Ccnforin, cap. io. 
 
 bv
 
 Book IT. the Romans, Sp 
 
 by interpofing the Leap-Day at the Beginning of every fourth 
 Year, inftead of the End ; till Auguflus dejar brought it into 
 the right Courfe again (ij)^ in which it has continu'd ever lincc, 
 and is folio w'd by a great Part of Europe at this Day. 
 
 Yet becaufe there wanted eleven Minutes in the fix odd 
 Hours oi Julius'' s Y e^Ty the JEt^uimxes and JkoZ/Z/Vejlofing feme- 
 thing continually, were found, about the Year ifSz, to have 
 run back ten whole Days : For which Reafon,Pope Gregory iLt 
 that time undertook a new Reformation of the Kaleyidar^ cut- 
 ting off ten Days to bring them to their proper Places. This 
 Account they call the Gregorian or New Style^ which is obferv'd 
 too in many Parts of Europe. 
 
 (rt) Macrob. Sat. lib, i. cap. 14,. Suetcn.'iXi. ^ngufi, cap. jt. 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Vthe DiflinWion of the Roman Days. 
 
 WHEN Ntima divided the Year into twelve Months, he 
 made aDiftindiontoo in the Days, ranking theminthefe 
 three Orders : Dies Fejii^ Profejii, and Interdfi. 
 
 The firft Sort was confecrated to the Gods : 
 
 7'he fccond allotted for the civil Bufinefsof Men : 
 
 The third divided between facred and ordinary Employments,. 
 
 TheZ^-'Vj Fefti werefet a-partfor the Celebration of thefe four 
 Solemnities, Sacrificia., EpuLv^ Ludi^ and Feria. 
 
 Sacrificia^ were no more than publick Sacrifices to the Gods. 
 
 EpuLc, were a fort of Banquets celebrated to the Honour of 
 the Deities. 
 
 Liidi., were publick Sports inftituted with the fame Deflgn. 
 
 Fericc were either Publick or private. 
 
 The Publick were of four Sorts: Statizw^ Conceptiva^ Ira- 
 perntivte^ and Nundina:. 
 
 Feri<e Stativa., were publick Feafts kept by the whole City, 
 according to the fet time appointed in the Kalendar for their 
 Qbfeivaiionj as the /Igonalia^ Garment alta^ Lupcrcalia, &c. 
 
 Feri.f^
 
 JO Of the Religion of Part II. 
 
 Fer'ne Concepiiva^ were fiich as the Magiftrates , or Priefts, 
 appointed annually to be celebrated upon what Days theypleas'd j 
 as the Lati'/ia^ Pa^analia^ Compitalta^ &c. 
 
 Feria Imperatha^ were fuch astheConfuls, Prsetors, or Di- 
 lators, inftitutcd by vertue of their own Autiority, ^nd com- 
 manded to be obferv'duponfolemn Occafions, as the gaining of 
 a Victory, and the like. 
 
 Nundina^ were Days fet a-partfor the Concourfeof the Peo- 
 ple out of the Country and neighbouring Towns, to expofe their 
 Commodities to Sale, the fame as our greatei Markets or Fairs. 
 They had the Name oi Nundlna^ becaufe they were kept every 
 ninth Day, as Ovid informs us, {d). It muft be rem.ember'd, 
 that tho' the Nundince at firft were of the Number of the Fer'ta^ 
 yet they were afterwards by a Law declar'd to be Dies Fafti ; 
 that the Country People might not be hinder'd in their Work, 
 but might at the fame time perform their Bulinefs of Market 
 and Sale, and alfo have their Controverfies and Caufes decided 
 by the Prator ; whereas other wife they mu ft have been forced to 
 come to Town again upon the ufual Court-Days. 
 
 Fericc Privatce^ were Holy-Days obferv'd by particular Perfons 
 or Families upon feveral Accounts i as Birth-Days, Funerals, and 
 the like. 
 
 Thus much for the Dies Fejii. 
 
 The ProfeJli^WQxe Fajii^ ComitialeSy Comperenditti^ Stati^znd 
 Praliares. 
 
 Dies FaJIi, were the fame as our Court-Days ; upon which it 
 was lawful for the Prator to fit in Judgment, and confequently 
 Fart triaverba^ to fay thofe three folemn Words, Do^ Dico^ Ad- 
 dico^ I fit here to give Laws ^ declare Rights adjudge Lojfes. All 
 other Days fexcept the imercifi) were call'd Nefajli ; becaufe 
 'twas not lawful to fay thofe three Words upon them; that is, 
 the Courts were not open. But we may obferve from a Phrafe 
 of Horace (b)^ that Dies nefajlus fignifies an unlucky Day, as 
 well as a Non-Court Day. 
 
 Dies Comitiales^ were fuch Days as the Comitia^ orpublick 
 Aflemblies of the People, were held upon: Or, as Ow</ftyles 
 ihem, 
 
 ■ ' ■ Queis populum jus eft includere fepiis (c). 
 
 Days when the People are fhut up to Vote. 
 
 («) FaJl^J. verf.i^ (t)Lib. z, Od. 13, (e) Fafi. l, verf. jj. 
 
 Diet
 
 Book II. the Romans, 5>i 
 
 Dies Comperendini^ were Days when Perfons that had been 
 fued might give Bail; properly, Days of Adjournment. 
 
 Dies Stati, were Days appointed for the Decifion of any 
 Caule betwern a Roman and a Foreigner. 
 
 Dies Praliares, were fuch Days upon which they thought it 
 lawful to ingage in any Adion of Hoftility : For during the 
 time of fome particular Feafts, as the Saturnalia., the Latina^ 
 and that which they call'd Cum Mundus patet., confecrated to 
 Dis and Proferpina^ they reckon'd it a Piece of Impiety to raife, 
 march, or exercife their Men, or to encounter with the Ene- 
 my, unlefs firft attacked. 
 
 If we make a Divifion of the Roman Days into Fortunate 
 and Unfortunate ; Dies Projiriduani, or the next Day after the 
 Kalends, Nones, or Ides, were always reckon'd of the latter 
 Sort ; and therefore had the Names of Dies Atri. 
 
 A. Gellius gives us the Reafon of this Obfervation from Ver- 
 rius Flaccus, becaufe they had taken Notice for feveral Ages, 
 that thofe Days had prov'd unlucky to the State in the Lofs of 
 Battels, Towns, and other Cafuakies (a). 
 
 He tells us in the fame Place, that the Day before the Fourth 
 of the Kalends, Nones, or Ides, was always reckon'd unfortu- 
 nate; but he does not know for what Reafon,unlefs that he finds 
 the great Overthrow at Canrne to have happen'd on fuch a Day. 
 
 (^) Noli. tAttk. lib. 5. cap. 17, 
 
 CHAP. xr. 
 
 Of the Kalends, Nones, and Ides; 
 
 ^HE Way the Romans us'd to reckon the Days of their 
 -■- Months was by the Kalends, Nones, and Ides. Romulus 
 t>egun his Months always upon the firft Day of the new Moon 
 and was follow'd in this by the Authors of the other Accounts' 
 to avoid the altering of the immoveable Feafts. Therefore 
 every new Moon, one of the inferior Priefts us'd to aflemblc 
 the People in the Capitol, and call over as many Days as there 
 were between that and the Nones : And fo from the old Word 
 Ctf/o, or the Greek k*a«, to call, the firft of thefc Days had the 
 Name of Kalcnd^t. But we muft remember, that this Cuftom 
 
 <^ of
 
 pj Of the Religion of Part IL 
 
 of calling the Days continued no longer than the Year of the 
 City 4^0, when C. FLvius^ the Curule jEdile^ order'd the Fajli^ 
 or Kalendar, to be fet up in publick Places, that every Body 
 might know the Difference of Times, and the Return of the 
 Feltivals (a). 
 
 The Nones were fo call'd becaufe they reckon'd nine Days 
 from them to the Ides. 
 
 The Ides were generally about the Middle of the Month, 
 and then we may derive the Word from Iduare^ an obfolete 
 Verb, fignifyirig to divide. 
 
 The Kalends were always fix'd to the firfl: Day of every 
 Month, but the Nones and the Ides in four Months were on 
 different Days than in the other eight. For March., May., Julyy 
 and Odober had fix Nones a-piece, the other only four. There- 
 fore in the firft, the Nones were the 7th, and the Ides the i J'th; 
 in the laft, the Nones the 5'th, and the Ides the 1 3th. 
 
 In reckoning thefe, they always went backwards, thus, 'Ja- 
 nuary I, was i\\efirjl of the Kalends of January : December 31, 
 Frid. Kal. Jan.Deccmb.'^o. the third iC^A 3^rt»,and fo on to the 
 13th; and that was Idus Decembris; and then the 12th Prid. 
 Idimm Dccemb. the nth, ^ Iduum Decemb. and fo to the 5'th 
 Day, and that was Nona Decemb. And then again the Ath Pr;V. 
 Nonarum Decemb. the third 3 Non. Decemb. the fecona 4 Non. 
 Decemb. and the firft Kalendcc Decemb. 
 
 We muft obferve. That w^hen we meet with Kalendas, No-^ 
 xas, or Idus in the Accufative Cafe, the Prepofition anie is al- 
 ways underftood : As iertio Kalendas, Idus or NonaSy is the 
 fame as tei-tio die ante Kal. Non. or Idus. 
 
 {a) Liv. lib. 5. cap. 4«, &C, 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 ^be moji remarkable Feflivals ef /y^^ R o m a n s, m they 
 fland in the Kalendar. 
 
 TTHE Kalends, or the firft Day of January was noted for 
 -*- the entring of the Magiftrates on their Office; and for the 
 wifhing of good Fortune, and fending Prefents to one another 
 among Friends (a). 
 
 {<«) Ovid» Fnfi. I. V, 71. 
 
 The
 
 Book II. the Roman si ^3 
 
 The Ninth (or quint. Id.) was the Feafl: of the AgonaVia^ m- 
 ftituted by Numa Pompilius^ in Honour oi Janus., and attended 
 with the dyavii', the folemn Exercifes and Combats; whence, 
 in Ovid's Judgment (a)., it took its Name. 
 
 The Eleventh (or tert. Id.) was the Feafl: of the Carmentaliay 
 in Memory of Carmenta., Evander's Mother. 
 
 February the Fifteenth, or the Fifteenth of the Kalends of 
 March^W2iS the Feaft of the Lupercalia, when the LupercimzdQ 
 their wild Proceflion (b) which has been defcrib'd before. 
 
 February the Eleventh, or the Third of the Ides., was the Fe^ 
 ralia., or Feaft in Honour of the Ghofts ; when People carried 
 fome little fort of Offering to the Graves of their deceas'd 
 Friends. Ovid gives us fo handfome an Account of it, that we 
 muft not pafs it by : 
 
 Ejl honor ^ tumults., animus placare paternas (c)^ 
 Parvaque in exflrudas munera ferre pyras : 
 
 Parva petunt manes : pietas pro divite grata eji 
 Munere ; non aoidos Styx habet ima Deos. 
 
 "Tegtila forredis fatis eft velata coronis., 
 Et fparffC fruges.) parvaque mica falls, 
 
 ^ombs have their Honours too : Our Parents crave 
 Some flender Prefent to adorn their Grave. 
 Slender the Prefent which the Ghofts we owe; 
 Thofe Powers obferve not what we give, but how; 
 No greedy Souls difturb the happy Seats below. 
 They only ask a Tile with Garlands crown'd, 
 And Fruit and Salt to fcatter on the Ground. 
 
 The Day after the Feralia., was the Charijiia, or Feftival of 
 Love, when all the Relations in every Family met together and 
 had a Feaft. 
 
 On the lid or 23d, (according to the different Length of this 
 Month) were the Termtnalia., facred to Terminus.^ the Guardian 
 of Boundaries and Land-marks ; on which they now offcr'd to 
 him Cakes and Fruits, and fometimes Sheep and Swine, not- 
 withftanding the ancient Prohibition of bloody Sacriiices in this 
 Cafe : The Reafon of which Prohibition Plutarch (d) fuppofes to 
 
 (a) Ovid. ¥afl. lib. I. (0 Ovid, F*J}. a, V. Z67, S;C, (f) Ibid. V. J J 3, &C, 
 \d) Qusft. 7^^, 
 
 have
 
 94 Of the Religion of Part It. 
 
 have been, left they (hould violate the Tokens of Peace and 
 Agreement, by ftaining them with Blood. 
 
 The Kalends of March was the Matronalia^ a Feaft kept by 
 the Roman Matrons to the Honour of Mars ; to whom they 
 thought themfelves oblig'd for the Happinefs of bearing of good 
 Children ; a Favour which he firft confcrr'd on his own Mi- 
 ftrefs, Rhea (a). 
 
 This Feaft was the Subjedl of Horace' ^ Ode, 
 
 Marti is coelebs quid agam Calendis, &c. 
 
 On the fame Day began the folemn Feaft of the Saliij and 
 their Proceflion with the Ancylia, which have been fpoken of 
 before. 
 
 The Ides of March was the Feaft of jinna Perenna\ in Ho- 
 nour either of the Sifter o£ Dido, who fled into Italy to M»eas; 
 or of one /ifiKa an old Gentlewoman, that in a great Dearth 
 at Rome, for fome time furnifhed the common People with Corn 
 out of her own Store. The Celebration of this Day confifted 
 in Drinking and Feafting largely among Friends. The common 
 People met for this Purpofe in the Fields near the Tiher^ and, 
 building themfelves Booths and Arbours, kept the Day with all 
 manner of Sports and Jollity ; wifliing one another to live as 
 many Years as they drunk Cups (I;). 
 
 The fame Day was by a Decree of Senate order'd to be call'd 
 Parriciditim, for the Murder oi Julius Ccefar, which happened 
 on it (c). Appian, in his fecond Book, tells us of a very diffe- 
 rent Law that Dolabella the Conful would have preferr'd upon 
 this Occafion ; and that was, to have the Day call'd ever after, 
 Natalis Urbis (the Birth-day of the City ;) as if their Liberty 
 had rcviv'd upon the Death of C^j'ar. 
 
 March the 19th, or the 14th of the Kalends of April, begun 
 the Quinquatrus or Quinquatria, the Feaft of Minerva, conti- 
 nuing five Days. 'Twas during this Solemnity, that the Boys 
 and Girls us'd to pray to the Goddefs for Wifdom and Learn- 
 ing, of which ftic had the Patronage : To which Cuftom Jw 
 •venal alludes : 
 
 Eloquium ^ famam Demofthenis aut Ciceronis 
 Incipit opt are, ^ tot is Qumquairibus opt at (d). 
 
 (rt) Ovid. YaJ}. 5. V. 2J3. (i) Ihid. r, J23, 5cc. (c) Sntun. in Jul. 
 
 cap. g«. {d) Sm, 10. 
 
 To
 
 Book il. the Roman si 
 
 To rival T'ully or Demoflhen^s^ 
 
 Begins to wifh in the Quinquatrian Days, 
 
 And wifhes all the Feall '« 
 
 95 
 
 At tlie fame time the Youths carried their Mafters their Fee, 
 or Prefent, term'd Mwerval. 
 
 April the 19th, or the 13th of the Kalends of May^ was the 
 Cerealia^ox Feaft o£Ceres^ in which Solemnity the chief Aftors 
 were the Women. No Perfon that mourn'd was allow'd to 
 bear a Part in this Service ; and therefore 'tis very remarkable, 
 that upon the Defeat at Canna^ there was fuch an univerfal 
 Grief in the City, that the Anniverfary Feaft of Ceres was 
 forc'd to be omitted (a). 
 
 April the 21ft, or the nth of the Kalends o? May^ was the 
 Palilia^ Or Feaft of Pales, Goddefs of Shepherds. This is fome- 
 times call'd Parilia, a pariendo, becaufe Prayers were now made 
 for the Fruitfulnefs of the Sheep. Ovtd tells us a very tedious 
 Courfe of Superftitition that the Shepherds run through upon 
 this Day. They always contriv'd to have a great Feaft at Night; 
 and when moft of them were pretty merry, they concluded all 
 with dancing over the Fires that they made in the Field with 
 heaps of Stubble (b). 
 
 The fame Day was call'd Urbls Natalis, being the Day on 
 which the City was built (c). 
 
 April the 25-th, or the 7th of the Kalends of May^ was the 
 Robigalia^ a Feaft of the Goddefs Rohigo^ or the God Rubigus^ 
 who took Care to keep oft' the Mildew and Blafting from the 
 Corn and Fruit [d). 
 
 April 27th, or the ^-th of the Kalends of May^ was the 
 Floralia^ or Feaft oi Flora ^ Goddefs o^ Flowers (e)^ when the 
 publick Sports were celebrated that v/ill be hereafter de- 
 fcfib'd (f). 
 
 In the remaining Part of the Year, we meet with no Fefti- 
 val of extraordinary Note, except the PopUfugiurn and the 
 Saturnalia. 
 
 The Original of the famous Nonce Caprotina^ or PopUfrigiuy,i^ 
 is doubly related by Plutarch^ according to the two common 
 Opinions. Firft, becaufe /io?wa/«j difappear'd on that Day, when 
 an Aflembly being held in the Palus Caprea^ or Goata-marp 
 
 {a) Ltv. lib, 22. {b) Ovtd. Faft. 4. v. 721, &C. (f) lb;d. v. »c6. {d) Ilad. 
 V. 9ci. (e) Ibid. V, ji4$. {f) Sse Book V. cap, 7. 
 
 on
 
 9< Of the Religion, ^c. Part IT. 
 
 on a fudden happen'd a moft wonderful Tempefl:, accompanied 
 with terrible Thunder, and other unufual Difordcrs in the Air. 
 The common People fled all away to fecure themfelves ; but 
 after the Tempefl was over, could never find their King (a). 
 
 Or elfe from Caprificus a wild Fig-Tree, becaufe in the Gal- 
 lic War, a Roman Virgin, who was Prifoner in the Enemies 
 Camp, taking the Opportunity when flie faw them one Night 
 in a Diforder, got up into a wild Fig-Tree, and holding out a 
 lighted Torch toward the City, gave the Romans a Signal to 
 fall on ; which they did with fuch good Succefs as to obtain a 
 confiderable Vidory (b). 
 
 The Original of the Saturnalia^ as to the Time, is unknown^ 
 Macrobius alluring us, that it was celebrated in Italy long be- 
 fore the Building of Rome (c); the Story of Saturn^ in whofe 
 Honour it was kept, every Body is acquainted with. As to 
 the manner of the Solemnity, befides the Sacrifices and other 
 Parts of Publick Worfhip, there were feveral leiGTer Obfervations 
 worth our Notice. As firft, the Liberty now allow'd to Ser- 
 vants to be free and merry with their Mailers, fo often al- 
 luded to in Authors. 'Tis probable this was done in Memory 
 of the Liberty enjoy'd in the Golden Age under Saturn, before 
 the Names of Servant and Malter were known to the World. 
 Befides this, they fent Prefents to one another among Friends t 
 No War was to be proclaimed, and no Offender executed : 
 The Schools kept a Vacation, and nothing but Mirth and Free™ 
 dom was to be met with in the City. They kept at firft only 
 one Day, the 14th of the Kalends of January: But the Num- 
 ber was afterwards increas'd to three, four, five^ and fome fay^ 
 feven Days (d). 
 
 (a) Plutarch, in T^mul, (b) Plutarch, in %omul. & in Camill, (c) MMrti^ 
 Saturn, lib. I. cap. 7. {d) Lipf. Saturnal. lib. I. cap. 3. 
 
 pari:
 
 PART II. BOOK III 
 
 Of the Civil Government of /^d" K o m a n s. 
 
 m^i^mm 
 
 C H A P. I. 
 
 Of the General Divifion of the People. 
 
 MUL US, as foon as his City was tolerably wef ! 
 fill'd with Inhabitants, made a Diftindioii of the 
 People according to Honour and Quality ; giving 
 the better fort the Name of Patres, or Fatri^ 
 cii, and the reft the common Title of PlebeiL 
 To bind the two Degrees more firmly together, 
 he recommended to the Patricians fome of the Plebeians lo pro- 
 ted and countenance; the former being fryl'd Patroni, and the 
 latter CUentes. The Patrons were always their Clients Coun- 
 fellors in difficult Cafes, their Advocates in Judgments; in 
 fhort, their Advifers and Overfeers in all Affairs whatever. On 
 the other lide, the Clients faithfully ferv'd their Patrons, not 
 only paying them all imaginable Refpe6l and Deference, but if 
 OccaJion requir'd, aflifting them with Money towards the de- 
 fraying of any extraordinary Charges. But afterwards, whea 
 the State grew rich and great, tho' all other good Offices con- 
 tinu'd between them, yet 'twas thought a difhonourable thing 
 for the better Sort to take any Money of their Inferiors (a). 
 
 ^i) Vide Diinyf. lib. 2. Liv, lib. r. Phtanh. in ^omnkt 
 
 G 
 
 The
 
 5)8 Of the Civil Government Part II. 
 
 The DIvifion of the People into the three diftinft Orders of 
 Senators^ Kni^^hts^ and Commom^ took its Rife about the time of 
 Tarquinh Expulfion. ThcSeKators were fuch Perfons as had been 
 promoted to lit in the fupreme Council of State, either out of the 
 Nobility ox Commons. If out of the latter Order, they had the 
 Honour of a Gold Ring, but not of a Horfe kept at the publick 
 Charge ; as Manutius hath nicely (ibferv'd. The Knights were 
 fuch Perfons as were allow'd a Gold Ring and a Horfe at the 
 Pubh'ck Charge. The Commens wereall the rcll of the People, 
 befides thefe two Orders, including not only the inferior Po- 
 pulacy, but fuch of the Nobility too as had not yet beenelefted 
 Senators^ and fuch of the Gentry as had not a compleat Knight's 
 Eltatc : For Perfons were admitted into the two higher Ranks 
 according to their l''ortuncs ; one that was worth eight hundred 
 Sejiertia^ was capable of being chofe Senator ; one that .had 
 four hundred, might be taken into the Eaueftrian Order. Au- 
 gjtjius afterwards alter'd the Senatorian Eftate to twelve hun- 
 dred Scjlerces ; but the Equeftrian continu'd the fame. 
 
 The three common terms by which the Knights are menti- 
 on'd in Roman Authors, are Eques^ Equejlris ordinis^ and Equejlri 
 ioco natus. Of which the two former are, in all refpeds, the 
 very fame. But the latter is properly applied to thofe Equites^ 
 whofe Fathers were indeed of the fame Order, but had never 
 reach'd the Senatorian Dignity. For if their Fathers had been 
 Senators, they would have been faid to have been born of the 
 Senatorian, and not of the Equeftrian Rank (a). 
 
 When we find the Optimatcs •m^thcPofulares oppos'd in Au- 
 thors, we muft fuppofe the former to have been thofe Perfons, 
 of what Rank foever, who ftood up for the Dignity of the chief 
 Magiftrates, and the rigorous Grandeur of the State; and who 
 car'd not if the inferior Members fuffer'd for the Advancement of 
 the commanding Powers. The latter we muft take likewifc 
 for thofe Perfons of what Rank foever, who courted the Favour 
 of the Commons, by encouraging them to fue for greater Pri- 
 vileges, and to bring things nearer to a Level. For it would 
 be unreafonable to make the fameDiftinSion betwixt thefe Par- 
 ties, as Sigonius and others lay down, " That t\\t Popular esvitiQ 
 *' thofe who endeavour 'd by their Words and Adtions to ingra- 
 " tiate themfelves with the Multitude; and the Optimates thofe 
 " who fo behav'd themfelves in all Affairs, as to make their 
 
 (<*) K)W. f , Man/ft, 4t Civ^ Tt^tm, p. j, 
 
 « Con-
 
 Book IIL of the Romans, j^p 
 
 " Conduft approvM by every good Man." This Explication 
 agrees much better with the Souncj of the Words, than with the 
 Seufe of the Things. For at this Rate, the Optimates and the 
 Populares will be only other Terms for the Virtuous and the Vici- 
 ous ; and it wou'd be equally hard in fuch large Divifions of Mcn,to 
 acknowledge one fide to have been wholly Honeft, and to affirm 
 the other to have been entirely Wicked. I know that this Opinion 
 is built on the Authority of Cicero ; but if we look on him, not 
 only as a prejudic'd Perfon, but as an Orator too, we fhall not 
 wonder, that in diftinguilhing the two Parties, he gave fo in- 
 famous a Mark to the Enemies fide, and fo honourable a one to 
 his own. Otherwife, the Murderers of Cafar^ fwho were the 
 Optimates^) muft pafs for Men of the higheft Probity; and the 
 ¥ oWowtts oi Augujlus^ fwho were of the oppofite Fadion) muft 
 feem in general a pack of profligate Knaves. It would there- 
 fore be a much more moderate Judgment, to found the Diffe- 
 rence rather on Policy, than on Morality; rather on the Prin- 
 ciples of Government, than of Religion and private Duty. 
 
 There's another common Divifion of the People into Nobihf^ 
 Novi^ and Igmbiles, taken from the right of ufing Piftures, or 
 Statues; an Honour only allow'd to fuch whofe Anceffors or 
 themfelves had bore fome Curule Office, that is, had been Cu- 
 rule Mdile^ Cenfory Praior^ or Conful. He that had the Pidiures 
 or Statues of his Anceftors, was term'd iVb^/V/V ; he that had on- 
 ly his own, Novus ; he that had neither, Igmbilit. So that Jus 
 imaginis was much the fame thing among them, as the Right of 
 Bearing a Coat of Arms among us : And their Novus Homo is 
 equivalent to our upftart Gentleman. 
 
 For a great while none but the Patricii were the Nobiles^ becaufe 
 no Perfon, unlefs of that fuperior Rank, could bear any C«r«/tf 
 Office. Hence in many Places of L/z')',^«/»/?, and other Authors, 
 we findiVc/^/7/><«xufed for the Patrkiaa Order, and fo oppos'd to 
 Plebs. But in After-times, when the Commons obtain'd a right 
 of enjoying thofe Curule Honours, they by the fame Means pro- 
 cur'd the Title of Nobiles^ and left it to their Pofterity (a). 
 
 Such Perfons as were free of the City, are generally diftinguifhed 
 into Ingenu'i^Libert't, and Libertini. T\\tlngenut were fuch as 
 had been born free, and of Parents that had been always free. 
 The Libertim were the Children of fuch as had been made free. 
 Liberti, fuch as had been adually made free themfelves. 
 
 {«) yid* Sigon. 4( J»r- Civ, 1{»m. lib. 2, cap. »o, 
 
 Q 1 The
 
 loo Of the Civil Government Part II. 
 
 The two common Ways of conferring Freedom, were by 
 leflament^ and by Manumijfion. A Slave was faid to be free 
 by T'ejlamenty when his Mafter, in confideration of his faith- 
 ful Service, had left him free in his laft Will : Of which 
 Cuftom we meet with abundance of Examples in every Hi- 
 florian. 
 
 Thefe kind of Liberti had the Title of Orcini^ becaufe their 
 Mafters were gone to Orcus. In allufion to which Cuftom, whea 
 after the Murder of Julius Cafar^ a great Number of unwor- 
 thy Perfons had thruft themfelves into the Senate, without a- 
 ny juft Pretenfions, they were merrily diftinguifhed by the term 
 of Se^a fores Orcifti (a). 
 
 The Ceremony of Manumijfion was thus performed : The 
 Slave was brought before the Conful, and in After-times before 
 the Prcetor^ by his Mafter, who laying his Hand upon his Ser- 
 vant's Head, laid to the Praetor^ Hunc hominem liberum ejfe volo ; 
 and with that, let him go out of his Hand, which they term'd 
 € manu emittere. Then the Prator laying a Rod upon his Head, 
 call'd /^W;£?<7, faid, Dicoeum liberum eJfe more Quiritum. Hence 
 Ferjius^ 
 
 Vindida ^oflq^tiam mens a Pr (Store recejji. 
 
 After this the Lidor taking the Rod out of the Prator's Hand, 
 (Iruck the Servant feveral Blows on the Head, Face, and Back ; 
 and nothing now remain'd but Piles donari^ to receive a Cap in 
 token of Liberty, and to have his Nameenter'd in the Common 
 Roll of Freemen, with the Realbnof his obtaining that Favour. 
 
 There was a third way of beftowing Freedom, which we do 
 not fo often meet with in Authors; it was when a Slave, by the 
 Confent and Approbation of his Mafter, got his Name to be 
 inferted in the Cf»/or'sRoll: Such a Manwascall'd liber cenfu; 
 as the two already mention'd were liber tejiamento^ and liber 
 wanumijfione. 
 
 («) SntUn, io O^mv, cap. };« 
 
 CHAP.
 
 Book III; of the Romans, loi 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 Of the SENATE. 
 
 THE Chief Council of State, and, as it were, the Body of 
 Magiftrates, was the Senate ; which as it has been generally 
 reckon'd the Foundation and Support of the Roman Greatnefs, 
 fo it was one of the earlieft Conftitutions in the Republick : For 
 Romulus firftchofe out a hundred Perfons of the bed Repute for 
 Birth, Wifdom, and Integrity of Manners, to affift him in the 
 MaHagement of Affairs, with the Name of J^;z<??orei-, or Patres^ 
 from their Age and Gravity ; (vei atate^ vel ctincfim'tlittid'we Pa- 
 tres appellabantur^ fays Salu/i :) a Title as honourable, and yet as 
 little fubjed to Envy, as could poffibly have been pitch'd upon . 
 After the Admiffion of the Sabims into Rome^ an equal Number 
 of that Nation were join'd to the former Hundred (a). And 
 Tiirquinius Prifcus, upon his firft Acceflion to the Crown, to in- 
 gratiate himfelf with the Commons, order'd another Hundred 
 to be feledted out of that Body, for an Addition to the Senate (i>), 
 which before had been ever fill'd with Perfons of the higher 
 Ranks. Sylla the Dilator made them up above Four Hundred ; 
 Julius defar Nine Hundred; and in the time of the Second 7r/- 
 nmvirate^ they were above a Thoufand; no Diflinflion being 
 made with Refpedt to Merit or Quality. But this Diforder was 
 afterwards redified by Auguflus^ and a Reformation made in the 
 Senate^ according to the old Conftitution {c). 
 
 The right of naming Senators belong'd at firft to the Kings; 
 afterwards the Consuls chofe, and referr'dthem to the People for 
 their Approbation : But at laft, the Cenfors engrofs'd the whole 
 Privilege of conferring this Honour. He that flood firft in the 
 Cenfor's Roll, had the honourable Title of Princeps Senatus (d) : 
 Yet the chief Magiftrates, as the Confuls, Didator, ^e, wete 
 always his Superiours in the Houfe. 
 
 Befides the Eftate of Eight Hundred, or after Auguflus, cf 
 Twelve hundred vS'^yZcr?/^, no Perfon was capable of this Dignity, 
 but one that had already born fomeMagiflracy in the Common-*' 
 
 («) Dion J f. lib. 2. (i) Idtm. lib. j. (e) Suet on. in ^Hg^fi. cap. | j. (d) Vid. 
 \A, C$'.U lib. 3. cap. i8. 
 
 G 3 wealth.
 
 1 i Of the Civil Government Part II, 
 
 wealth. And that there was a certain Age Ceven in latter times) 
 requir'd,is plain from the frequent ot'Ufe ALtas Senatoria in Au- 
 thors. Dio Callus pofitively limits it to five and twenty (^), 
 which was the fooneft time any one could have difcharg'd the 
 Qu<£jlorptp^ the firfl Office of any conliderable Note : Yet we 
 meet with very many Perfons promoted to this Order, without 
 any Confideration had to their Years ; as it ufually happen'd in 
 all other Honours whatever. 
 
 As to the general Title of P^z^r^-j Confcripti given them in Au- 
 thors, it was taken as a Mark of Diftindion, proper to thofe 
 Senators who were added to Romulush Hundred either by Tar- 
 ^uinius Prifcus^ or by the People upon the Eftablifhment of the 
 Common-wealth: But in After-times, all the Number were 
 promifcuoufly ftyl'd P aires ^ and Patres Confcripti {b). 
 
 We may take a farther View of the Senators, conlider'd all 
 together as a Council or Body. 
 
 The Magiftrates, who had the Power of afTembling the Sena^ 
 tors^ were only the Dilator ^ the Confuls^ the Prators^xht Tribunes 
 of the Commons, and the Interrex. Yet upon extraordinary Ac- 
 counts, the fame Privilege was allow'd to the Tribuni Militunt 
 invefled with Coufular Power ^ and to the Decemviri^ created for 
 iht regulating the Laws: and to the other Magiftrates chofen up- 
 on fome unufual Occafion In the firft times of the State, they 
 werecall'd together by a publick Crier ; but when the City grew 
 larger, anEdidwaspublifli'd to command their Meeting ('<•). 
 
 The Places v/here they allcmbled were only luch as had been 
 formerly confecrated h^iht Augurs^ andmoft commonly within 
 the City; only they made Ufe of the Temple of fie//o»^ without 
 the Walls, for the giving Audience to foreign AmbafTadors, 
 and to fuch Provincial Magiftrates as were to be heard in open 
 Senates before they entred the City; as when they petitioned 
 for a Triumph, and the like Cafes. Pliny too has a very re- 
 markable Obfervation, that whenever the Augurs reported that 
 an Ox bad/poke^ which we often meet with among the Ancient 
 Prodigies, the Senate were prefcntly toiitfub Dio, or in the open 
 Air (d). 
 
 As for the time of their Sitting, wemuft have Recourfe to the 
 commonDiU'mtiion of Senat us legitimus, and Senatus indidus. 
 
 The former was when the Senate met of Courre,upon fuchDays 
 as the Laws or Cuftom oblig'd them to. Thefe were the Ka- 
 
 («)Liv. j2. (i) Vid. p. Mdnut. dc Sentt. 8c C. Sigon. deAntiq. Jur. C. R. 
 if)P> MAnut, de Scfat.T^m, {d) JP/w, H^t.llijh lib, «, cap. 45.
 
 Book III. ^//i5^ Romans. 103 
 
 lef7ds^ Nones ^ and Ides in every Month, till the time of yf«^»y?«j>^ 
 who confin'd them to the Kalends and Ides. In the Months of 
 September and 06lober^ by an Order of the fame Emperour, the 
 6"ff»«?orjweredifcharg'd from their necelfary Attendance ; except 
 fo many of them as made a Quorum., a Number fufficient, by 
 Law, to difpatch Bufinefs : And therefore all that time they drew 
 Lots for their Appearancepx Excnfe ; 3S Suetonius xniovm.svi^ (a) . 
 We may obferve from the fame Author, that the Ides of March 
 (ciilVdParicidium, from the Murder of j/^//«jC<f/^r which hap' 
 pen'don it^ was particularly excepted; and a Decree pafs'd, that 
 the Senate fhould never meet on that Day for the future (b). 
 
 Senatus Indidus., was a Senate call'd for the Difpatch of any 
 Bufinefs upon any other Day ; except the Dies Cornitiales^ when 
 the Senators were oblig'd to be prefent at the Comitia. 
 
 As foon as the Senate was fet, the Conful, or other fupreme 
 Magiftrate, in the firft Place perform'd fome Divine Service, and 
 then propos'd the Bufinefs to the Houfe : Both which Aftions 
 they call'd referre ad Senatum (c). 
 
 When he hadopen'd theCaufe, he went round in Order ('be- 
 ginning with the Princefs Senatus., m\dthe Dt^fi^n'd Confuls) mid 
 ask'd every Body's Opinion ; upon which, all that pleas'd, flood 
 up, and gave their Judgment upon the Point. 
 
 'Tis very remarkable, that when any Senator was ask'd his Opi- 
 nion, he had the Privilege of Speaking as long as he pleas'd, as well 
 about other Concerns as about the Matter in hand ; And therefore 
 when any particular Member had a Defign to hinder the palTmg 
 of any Decree, 'twas a common Praftice to protraft his Speech, 
 'till 'twas too late to make any Determination in the Houfe. 
 
 When as many as thought lit had given their Judgments at 
 large, the fupreme Magiflrate made afhort Report of their feve- 
 ral Opinions ; and then in order to palling their Decree, ordcr'd 
 the Senators to dmdQ., one Party to one fide of the Houfe, and the 
 oppofiteto the other. The Number being now told, the major 
 Part determin'd the Cafe; and a Senatui-Confultuyn was ^ccovd- 
 ingly wrote by thepublick Notaries at the Feet of the Chief Magi- 
 ftrate, being fubfcrib'd by the principal Members that promoted it. 
 
 But in Cafes of little Concern, or fuch as requir'd Expedition, 
 the Formality of asking Opinion?, and debating the Bufinefs, was 
 laid afide, and a Decree pafs'd upon the bare Divifion of the 
 Houfe, and the counting of the Numbers on both Sides. This 
 
 («) In O^av, cag, J J. (0 Idem in Jftt. C*f. cap. I«. (c) P. MAnftt. dc Senat. 7; ok, 
 
 G 4 was
 
 104 Of the Civil Government Partll. 
 
 was call'd Senatus-confuhumferdifceffionewfa^um', the former 
 iimply Senatus-confultnm [a). 
 
 Julius Capitolinus fpeaks of a fort of Sejtatus-co/jfuha^not de- 
 fcrib'd by any other Author; which he c^Ws Senatus-confulta ta- 
 eita; and tells us they were made hi reference to Affairs of great 
 Secrecy, without the Admittance of the very pubh"ck Servants ; but 
 all the Bufincfs was done by the Senators themfelves, after thepaf- 
 ling of an Oath of Secrefie, 'till their Deiign ihou'd be effeded {b). 
 
 There were feveral things that might hinder the paffing of a 
 Decree in Senate ; as in Cafe of an Inter ceffio^ or Interpofing. This 
 was commonly put in Pra-Sliceby the Tribunes oi the Commons, 
 who reckon'd it their Privilege; But it might be done too, by 
 any Magiftrate of equal Authority with him that propos'd the 
 Biifinefs to the Houfc : Or elfe when the Number rcquir'd by 
 Law for the paffing of any Bill was not prefcnt: For that there 
 was fuch a fix'd Number is very evident, though nothing of 
 Certainty can be determin'd any farther about it. 
 
 In both thcfe Cafes, the Opinion of the major Part of the iS"^- 
 nators was not call'd Senatus-confultum^ hwt Authoritas Senatus •, 
 their 'Judgment^ not their Command; and fignified little, unlefs 
 it was afterwards ratified, and turn'd into a Senatus-confultum^ as 
 ufually happcn'd (cj. Yet wemuft have a Care of taking A ut ho - 
 ritas Senatus in this Senfe, every time we meet with it in Authors. 
 For unlefs, at the fame time, there be mention made of an /»- 
 tcrcejfio^ it is generally to be underftood, as another Term for a 
 Scy/atu -cojifulmm ; and fo Tully frequently ufes it : fometimes 
 both the Names are join'd together; as the ufual Infcription of 
 the Decrees was in thefe Initial Letters ; S. C. A. i. e. Senatus- 
 CunfziUt-Atithcritas. 
 
 Befides thefe two Impediments, a Decree of Senate cou'dnot 
 pafs after Sun-fct, but was deferr'd till another Meeting. 
 
 All along, till the Year of the City 304, the written Decrees 
 >verein the Cuftody of thcCo«/w/,<.who might difpofe of them as 
 he thought proper, and either fupprefs or preferve them : But 
 then a Law pafs'd, that they fhouldbe carried always for the fu- 
 ture to the yE.-j'i/^-fP/^^//, to be laid up in the Temple of C^rfj (d) : 
 Yet we find, that afterwards they were for the moft Part pre- 
 ferv'd in the publick Treafury (e). 
 
 It may be farther obferv'd, that befides the proper Senators, 
 any Magiftrates might come into the Houfe during their Honouf, 
 
 {a) p. Mdnut. dt Sen. (i) Jul. Capit. in Gordinn. (c) P. Manut. dt Sen. (i) Lh: 
 ii/. 3. (e) Vide Cicer, Philip. 5. Suetan, in ^M$i4jl, Tueit. ^nntil. 3. 
 
 and
 
 Book III. of theKouA}; si loy 
 
 and they who had born any Curule Office, after its Expiration, 
 But Uicn none of thofe who came into the Houfe purely upon Ac- 
 count of their Magiftracy, were allowM the Privilege of giving 
 their Judgments upon any Matter, or being number'd among the 
 Perfons who had Votes. Yet they tacitly exprefs'd their Mind 
 by going over to thofe Senators whofe Opinions they embrac'd ; 
 and upon this Account they had the Name of Senatores Pedarii, 
 This gave Occafion to the Joke of Laberius the Mimic, 
 
 Caput fine lingua pedaria fententia ejl. 
 
 There was an old Cuftomitoo, in the Common- wealth, that 
 the Sons of Senators might come into the Houfe, and hear the 
 Proceedings. This, after it had been abrogated by a Law, and 
 long dif-us'd, was at lafl: reviv'd hyAuguftus^ who in order to 
 the bringing in the young Noblemen the fooner to the Manage- 
 ment of Affairs, order'd that any Senator's Son, at the time of 
 his putting on the T'oga Virilis^ fliou'd have the Privilege of 
 ulingthe LatusCtavus, and of coming into the Senate (a). 
 
 (<») Stieto}}. in ^^u^uli, cap. %%- 
 
 l^^^/i^% 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Of the general Dhijions of the Magiftrates ; and of the 
 Candidates for Offices. 
 
 "hn^ O T to fpeak of the different Forms of Government which 
 ■*-^ obtain'd among the Romans, or to decide the Cafe of Pre- 
 eminency between them, we may, in the next Place, take a (hort 
 View of the chief Magiftrates under them all. Of thefe wemect 
 with many general Divifions; as in refped of Time, Magifira- 
 tus ordinarii, and extraordinarii \'^\\\\xtizxtVi.zt to the Perfons, 
 Patricii, Plebeii, and Mixti ; from their Quality, Majorcs and 
 Minores ; from their manner of appearing in Publick, Curules, 
 and Non Curules ; and laftly, from the Place of their Refidence, 
 Urbam^znd Provinciales ('<zj. If we would pitch upon theclearelt 
 and the moft compendious Method, we muft rank them according 
 to the laft Diltinftion, and defcribe in order the moft remark- 
 able of the Civil Offices at Home and Abroad. But it will be 
 
 (a) LiffiHi de MagifirAl, cap. 
 
 expeded,
 
 io6 Of the Ctvtl Government Part If* 
 
 cxpeftcd, that we firfl give fome Account of the Perfons that ftood 
 Candidates for thefe Honours. They borrow'd the Name of C'tf«- 
 didati from the Toga Candida^ in which they were habited at 
 the time of their appearing for a Place. They wore this loofe 
 Gown open and ungirded, without any clofe Garment under ; 
 which fome interpret as done with Defign to avoid any Sufpicioa 
 the People might have of Bribery and Corruption ; But P/«- 
 tarch (a) thinks it was either to promote their Intereft the better, 
 by fuing in fuch an humble Habit; Or elfe that fuch as had re- 
 ceiv'd Wounds in the Service of their Country, might the more 
 eafily demonftrate thofe Tokens of their Courage and Fidelity; 
 a very powerful way of moving the AfFe6tions of the People. But 
 he dilallows the Reafon above memion'd, becaufe this Cuftom 
 prevail'd in Ro/ne many Ages before Gifts and Prefents had any 
 Influence on the Publick Suffrages ; a Mifchief to which he attri- 
 butes, in a great meafure, the Ruin of the Common-wealth. 
 
 They dcclar'd their Pretenfions generally about a Year before 
 the Ele£l;ion ; all which time was Ipent in gaining and fecuring 
 of Friends. For this Purpofe, theyus'd all the Arts of Popularity, 
 making their Circuits rounH fh© City very often ; whence the 
 Phrafe, y^/w^/V^ Magijlratum, had its RJfe. Tn their Walks, they 
 took the meaneft Perfons by the Hand ; and not only us'd the 
 more familiar Terms of Father, Brother, Friend, and the like; 
 but call'd them too by their own proper Names, In this Service, 
 they had ufually a Nomenclator^^ ox Monitor^ toaiTiftthem, who 
 whifper'd every Body's Name in their Ears. For though Plu- 
 tarch tells us of a Law which forbad any Candidate tomakeule 
 of a Prompter ; yet at the fame time he obferves, that Cato the 
 Younger was the only Perfon who conform'd to it, difcharging 
 the whole Bufmefs by the Help of his own Memory (b). 
 
 They had Reafon to be very nice ^nd cautious in the whole 
 Method of their Addrefs and Canvafs ; for an Affront, or per- 
 haps a Jeft, put upon the moft inconfiderable Fellow, who was 
 Mailer of a Vote, might fometimes be fo far refented by the 
 Mob, as to turn theEleSion another way. There is a particu- 
 lar Srory io\do? Scifh Nafica^ which may confirm this Remark : 
 When he appear'd for the Place of Curtile JEdile^ and was 
 making his Circuit to encreafe his Party, he lighted upon an 
 honeft plain Countryman, who was come to Town, to give 
 his Vote among the reft, and finding, as he fhook him by the 
 Hand, that theFlefhwas very hard and callous, Pr'j//^^?,/7*>»</, 
 
 (4) In CtrioUn. Q>) flat, inUter.tVticenf, 
 
 (fays
 
 Book III. of the KoMAiis. 107 
 
 ^fays he) do^Ji ufe to walk upon thy Hands ? The Clown was fb 
 far from being pleas'dwith this Piece of Wit, that he complain'd 
 of the Affront, and loll the Gentleman the Honour which he 
 fued for. 
 
 Such Perfons as openly favour'd their Defigns, have been di- 
 ftinguifhed by the Names o^ Salntatores^ DeduSlores^ and Seda- 
 tores (a). The firlt fort only paid their Comph'ments to them 
 at their Lodgings in the Morning; and then took their Leave. 
 The fecond waited upon them from thence, as far as to the Fo- 
 rum. The laft compos'd their Retinue thro' the whole Circuit. 
 Fltny has oblig'd us with a farther Remark, that not only the 
 Perfon who flood for an Office, but fometimes too the mofl 
 confiderable Men of their Party, went about in the fime formal 
 Manner, to beg Voices in their Behalf: And therefore when he'd 
 let us know his great Diligence in promoting thelnterefl; of one 
 of his Friends, he makes ule of the fame Phrafcs, which are 
 commonly apply'd to the Candidates themfelves; as, Ambire 
 domos^ Penfare amicos^ Circamire Jiationes (b)^ &c. 
 
 The Proceedings in the Eledions will fall more properly un- 
 der the Account of the Allemblies where they were manag'd. 
 
 (rt) %oftn. lib. 7. cap. 8. (A) Plin. Eptjl. lib. 2. ep. 9. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of the CO^ SVL S. 
 
 THE Confular Office began upon the Expulfion of the T^r- 
 quins^ in the Year of the City 244. There are feveral De- 
 rivations given of the Word; that of Cicero^ a Confulenao (a)^ is 
 generally follow'd. Their Power was at firft the fame as that 
 of the Kings, only reflrain'd by Plurality of Perfons, and Short- 
 jiefs of Time: Therefore !7»//y calls it Regum lynperi urn (I?), and 
 Regia Potejlas (c). In War they commanded in chief over Ci- 
 tizens and AfTociates ; nor were they lefs abfolute in Peace, ha- 
 ving the Government of the Senate itfelf, which they aftem- 
 bled or difmifs'd at their Pleafure. And tho' their Authority was 
 very much impair'd, firft by the Tribunes of the People, and 
 afterwards upon theEflablifhment of the Empire; yet they were 
 ftill imploy'd in confulting the Senate, adminillring Jullice, ma- 
 >■ — ^ 
 
 {a) Cicero de Ug. lib. 3. (0 •^*"^» (') ■^'^f'" ^* fititionc CmftilatHs. 
 
 naging
 
 I o 8 Of the Civil Government Part II: 
 
 naging Publick Games, and the like; and had the Honour to 
 characterize the Year by their own Names. 
 
 At the firftlnflitution this Honour was confin'd to theNobih'- 
 ty; but in the Year of the City 387, the Commons obtain'd the 
 Privilege of having one of their own Body always an AfTociate 
 in this Office. Sometimes indeed the Populacy were fo powerful, 
 as to have both Confuls chofe out of their Order ; but, generally 
 fpeaking, one was a Nobleman, and the other a Commoner. 
 
 No Perfon was allow'd to fue for this Office, unlefs he was 
 prefent at the Eleftion, and in a private Station; which gave 
 Occafion to the Civil Wars between Po-mpey and C^efar; as has 
 been already obfcrv'd. The common Age requir'd in the Can- 
 didates was forty-two Years. This Cicero himfclf acquaints us 
 with, if we allow a little 5cope to his way of Speaking, when 
 he fays, that Alexander the Great, dying in the thirty-third 
 Year, came ten Years fhort of the Confular Age (a). But 
 fomctimes the People difpens'd with the Law, and the Empe- 
 rors took very little Notice of the Reftraint. 
 
 The time of the Confuls Government,before3^»//aj C^y^r, was 
 always a compleat Year : But he brought up a Cuftom of fub- 
 ftituting Confuls at any time for a Month or more, according 
 as he plcas'd. Yet the Confuls^ who were admitted the firft of 
 January^ denominated the Year, and had the Title of Ordina- 
 rii; the others being ftil'd Suffedi (b). 
 
 The chief Ornaments and Marks of their Authority were 
 the White Robe edg'd with Purple, call'd Prcetexta ; which in 
 After-times they chang'd for the Toga Palmata^ or Pida^ be- 
 fore proper only to fuch Perfons as had been honour'd with 
 a Triumph ; and the twelve LiSiors^ who went before one of 
 them one Month, and the other the next, carrying the Fafces 
 and the Securis^ which, tho' l^alerius Poplicola took away from 
 the FafceSy yet it was foon after added again. 
 
 Their Authority was equal ; only in fome fmaller Matters, 
 he had the Precedency, according to the Falerian Law, who 
 was oldeft; and he, according to the Julian Law, who had 
 moft Children. 
 
 (a) Vid. Cicenn. Philip. J. (h) Vide Dio, lib. 43. Sneioti. in Julif, cap. 76, 
 
 CHAP.
 
 Book III. of the KoMANsl tc^ 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Of the Didator and his Mafter of Horfe. 
 
 TH E Office of Didator was of very early Original : For 
 the Laii>jes entring into a Confederacy againfl: Rome to fup- 
 port Tarquin\ Caufe after his Expulfion, the Senate were under 
 great Apprehenfions of Danger, by reafon of the Difficulty they 
 found in procuring Levies to oppofe them : While the poorer 
 Commons, who had been forc'd to run themfelves into Debt with 
 the Patricians^ abfolutely refus'd to lift themfelves, unlefs am 
 Order of Senate might pafs for a general Remiffion. Now the 
 Power of Life and Death being lately taken from the Confuls 
 by the Valerian Law, and Liberty given for an Appeal from 
 them to the People, they could not compel any Body to take 
 up Arms. Upon this Account, they found it necefTary to create 
 a Magiftrate, who for fix Months fhould rule with abfolutc 
 Authority even above the Laws themfelves. The firft Perfoa 
 pitch'd upon for this Honour was Titus Largitis Flavus, about 
 A.U. C. 25-3, or 25-^ (a). 
 
 This fupreme Officer was call'd Diilator^ either becaufe he was 
 Didus^ named of the Conful; or elfe, from his didating and 
 commanding what fliould be done {b). Tho' we fometimes meet 
 with the naming of a Didator upon a fmaller Account, as the 
 holding the Comitia for the Eledion of Confuls, the Celebration 
 of publick Games, the fixing the Natl upon Jove''s Temple 
 (which they call'd clavurn f anger e^ and v/hich was us'd in the 
 times of primitive Ignorance, to reckon the N umber of the Years, 
 and in the times of latter Superftition, for the averting or driving 
 away Peftilences and Seditions) and the like; yet the true and 
 proper Didator was he, who had been inverted with this Ho- 
 nour upon theOccafionof dangerous War, Sedition, or any fuch 
 Emergency as requir'd a fudden and abfolute Command (c). 
 And therefore he was not chofenwith the ufual Formalities, but 
 only named in the Night, I'/W voce^ by iheConfal ('JJ,and con- 
 firm'd by the Divination from Birds (c). The time affign'd for 
 the Duration of the Office was never lengthned, except out of 
 
 (4) Dionyf. ^nti(]. lib. J. Liv. lib. 2. {h) Ibid. (,) Lipf c{< Magifir.tt. 
 
 <ap. 17. (</) L'V' lib. 4. {f) Cktre tie Le^. lib, j. 
 
 6 mcer
 
 no Of the Civil Government Part 11.' 
 
 mecr neceflity: And as for the perpetual Dliiatorpips of Sylla 
 and Julius C.efi7r ^they are confefs'd to have been notorious Vio- 
 lations of the Laws of their Country. There were two other 
 Confinements which the Didator was obh'g'd to obferve. Firlt, 
 he was never to flir out of Italy, for fear he ihould take Advan- 
 tage of the Diftance of the Place, to attempt any thing againfl: 
 the common Liberty (a). Befides tliis, he was always to march 
 on Foot; only upon Account of a tedious or fudden Expedition 
 he formally ask'd leave of the People to ride (I;). But fetting 
 afide thefe Reftraints, his Power was mod abfolute. He might 
 proclaim War, levy Forces, lead them out, or disband them 
 ■without any Confultation had with the Senate: He could punifli 
 as he pleas'd ; and from his Judgment lay no Appeal (c) ; at 
 leaf! not 'till in latter Times. To make the Authority of his Charge 
 more awful, he had alwr/ys twenty-four Bundles of Rods, and 
 as many Axes, carried before him in Publick, if we will believe 
 Plutarch (d) and Polybius (e). Tho' Livy attributes the firft 
 Rife of thisCuftom to Sylla (f). Nor was he only invefted with 
 the joint Authority of both the Co^fuls; (whence the Grecians 
 call'd him A/(ryV«tJ©- or Double Co^ful;) but during his Admi- 
 niftration, all other Magiftrates ceas'd, except the Tribunes, and 
 left the whole Government intruded in his Hands (^j. 
 
 This Office had the repute to be the only Safeguard of the 
 Common-wealth in times of Danger, four hundred Years toge* 
 thcr: 'Till Sylla and Cafar having converted it into a Tyranny, 
 and rendred the very Name odious, upon the Murder of the 
 latter, a Decree pafs'd in the Senate, to forbid the Ufe of it 
 upon any Account whatever for the future (h). 
 
 The firft thing the Dilator did, was to chufe ^ Ma^ifier Equi- 
 /aw, or Mailer of the Horfc,(he himfelf being in ancient Times, 
 by a more general Name term'd MagiflerPopuli,) who was to be 
 his Lieutenant-general in the Army, but could ad nothing with- 
 out his exprefs Order. Yet in the War with Hannibal, when 
 the flow proceeding of Fabius IMaximus created a Sufpicion in 
 the Commons, they voted, that Minutius, his Mafter of the 
 Horfe, fhould have an equal Authority with Fabius himfelf, and 
 be, as it were, another DiSiator (i). The like was afterwards 
 praftis'd in the fame War upon the Defeat at Cannx, when the 
 DiSator, M. Junius^ being with the Army, Fabius Buteo was 
 
 {a) Dio Hill. lib. J 6. (t) riM. tn Fab. Max. (c) Dionyf. ^nti^j. lib. f. 
 (d) In fao. Max. (e) Hijl. lib. J. (/) Epttom. lib. 8s. {^) Plut. in Fab. M»x. 
 (h) DtO) lib . 44. ^^^ian, lib. 3, (»} Plutarch, in Fak, Max, Puljiitfi lib. 3. 
 
 choCs
 
 Book III. of the KoMA'^ St I n 
 
 chofe a fecond DiSlator at Rome^ to create new Senators for 
 the fupplying of their Places who had been kill'd in the Bat» 
 tcl : Though as foon as ever the Ceremony was over, he im- 
 mediately laid down his Command, and aded as a private Pcr- 
 fon (a). 
 
 There was another Expedient us'd in Cafes of extreme Emer- 
 gency, much like this Cuftom of creating a Didator\ and that 
 was, to invert the Confuls, and fometimes the other chief Ma- 
 giftrates, as the Praetors, Tribunes, ^c. with an abfolute and 
 uncontrouhble Power. This was performed by that fhort yet 
 full Decree of Senate, Dent dperam Confules^ &c. ne quid De- 
 trimenti capiat Refpublica. Let the Confuls^ &c. take Care that 
 the Common-wealth puffer no Damage. 
 
 (*) Plutarch. Ibid, 
 
 
 CHAP. vr. 
 
 Of the PR^TORS. 
 
 THE Original of this Office, inftituted in the Year of the 
 City 389, is owing to two Occafions : Partly becaufe the 
 Confuls being very often wholly taken up with foreign Wars, 
 found the want of fome Perfon to admin ifter Juftice in theCity; 
 and partly becaufe the Nobility, having loft their Appropriation 
 of the Confulfliip, were ambitious of procuring to themfelvcs 
 fome new Honour in its Room (a). At the firft, only one was 
 created, taking his Name a praeundo ; and for the fame Reafoa 
 moft of the old Latins call'd their Commanders Pratores : And 
 the Confuls are fuppos'd to have us'd that Title at their firft Infti- 
 tution. A.U.C. 5-01 another Pr<f?er was added; and then one of 
 them applied himlelf wholly to the preferving of Juftice among 
 the Citizens, with the Name of Prator Urbanus^whWo. the other 
 appointed Judges in all Matters relating to Foreigners. But up- 
 on the taking in o( Sicily and Sardinia^ A. U. C. fiOjtwo more 
 Prators were created to aflift the Confuls in the Government of 
 the Provinces ; and as many more upon the entire Conqueft of 
 Spain, A. U. C. 5" 5-1. Sylla increas'd the Number to eight; Ju- 
 
 {a) Vidt Li-^. lib. 7. tina Prindf*
 
 iiz Of the Civil Government Part IIJ 
 
 lius Cafar firft to ten, and then to fixteen; the fecond Trium- 
 viri^ after an extravagant manner, to fixty-four. 
 
 After this, fometimes we meet with twelve Praiors^ fome- 
 times fixteen or eighteen ; but in the Declenfion of the Empire 
 they fell as low again as three. 
 
 When the Number of the Prators was thus encreas'd,and the 
 Quajiiones^ or Enquiries into Crimes, made perpetual, and not 
 committed to Officers chofen upon fuch Occafions, the Prator 
 Urbanus (and, as Lipfius thinks, the Prator Peregrinus^ un- 
 dertook the Cognizance of private Caufes, and the other Pra- 
 tors that of Crimes. The latter therefore were fometimes call'd 
 QuaJitoreSy quia queer ebant de Crimsne; the firft barely ^aj" dice- 
 hat. Here we muft obferve the Difference between y»j dicere 
 ^ndjudicare; the former relates to the Prator., and fignifies no 
 more than the allowing an Aftion, and granting Judices for 
 determining the Controverfy ; the other is the proper Office of 
 t\\Q Judices allow'd by the Prator^ and denotes the a£i:ual hear- 
 ing and deciding of a Caufe (a). 
 
 (d) p. Mdntit. de kgibm, p. 82tf. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Of the C E N S 0;R S. 
 
 TH E Cenfus., or Survey of the Roman Citizens and their E - 
 ftates (from Cenfeo, to raie, or valfie)'was introduc'd hy Ser' 
 vius 'Tullius., the fixth King, but without the AfTignment of any 
 particular Officer to manage it: And therefore he took the trou- 
 ble upon himfelf, and made it a Part of the Regal Duty. Up- 
 on theExpulfion of the7l7r^«/»j-,theBufinefs fell to theCoKfuls^ 
 and continu'd in their Care, 'till their Dotninions grew fo large 
 as to give them no Leifure for its Performance. Upon this Ac- 
 count, it was wholly omitted feventeen Years together, 'till 
 yf. U. C. 311, when they found the Neceffity of a new Magi- 
 ftracy for that Employment, and thereupon created two Cen- 
 fors: Their Office was to continue five Years, becaufe, every 
 fifth Year the general Survey of the People us'd to be perform'd: 
 But when they grew to be the moft confiderable Perfons in the 
 Slate, for fear they fhould abufe their Authority,/^. t/.C, 420, a 
 
 havr
 
 Book III. of the Romans. iij 
 
 Law pafb'd, by which their Place was confin'd to a Year and a 
 half; and therefore, for the future, tho' they were elcSed every 
 five Years, yet they continu'd to hold the Honour no longer 
 than the time prefix'd by that Law. 
 
 After the fecond Punick War, they were always created out 
 of fuch Perfons as had been Confuls, though it fometimes hap- 
 pen'd other wife before. Their Station was reckon'd more Honou- 
 rable than the Confulfhip, though their Authority, in Matters 
 of State, was not fo confiderable. And the Badges of the two 
 Offices v\'ere the fame, only that the Cenfors were not allow'd 
 the Lidors to walk before them, as the Confuls had. 
 
 Lipjius divides the Duty of the Cenfors into two Heads; the 
 Survey of the People, and the Cenfure of Manners. As to 
 the former, they took an exad Account of the Ertatcs and Goods- 
 of every Perfon, and accordingly divided the People into their 
 proper Claffes and Centuries. Betides this, they took Care of the 
 publick Taxes, and made Laws in Reference to them. They 
 were Infpedtors of the Publick Buildings and Ways, and de- 
 fray'd the Charges of fuch Sacrifices as were made upon the 
 common Account. 
 
 With refpeft to the latter Part of their Office, they had the 
 Power to punifh an Immorality in any Perfon, of what Order 
 foever. The Senators they might expel the Houfe., 
 ■which was done by omitting Uich a Perfon when Stn»tu ejicerel 
 they call'd over the Names. The Equites they 
 punifli'd by takmg avjay the Horfe allow'd them E^mm adimere^^ 
 at the publick Charge. The Commons they 
 might either remove from a higher Tribe to a Tribu movere. 
 lefs honourable; or quite difable them to give inCaritumT*' 
 their Votes in the Aflemblies ; or fet a Fine up- *«''*j referre, 
 on them to be paid to the Treafury. And fome- <^ ^rarinm 
 times when a Senator^ or Eques^ had been guilty /'«««• 
 of any notorious Irregularity, he fuffer'd two of thefe Punifli- 
 9ients, or all three at once. 
 
 The greateft Part of the Cenfor^s publick Bufinefs was per- 
 form'd every fifth Year; when, after the Survey of the People, 
 and Inquifition into their Manners, taken anciently inthe Forum^ 
 and afterwards in the l^illa Publtca, the Cenfors made a folemn 
 Lujiration, or expiatory Sacrifice, in the Name of all the Peo- 
 ple. The Sacrifice confided of a Sow, a Sheep, and a Bull, 
 whence it took the Name of Suovetaurilia. The Ceremony of 
 performing it they call'd Luflrum condere ; and upon this Account 
 the Space of Five Years came to be fignified by the Word Lufh-um, 
 
 H 'Tt§
 
 114 Of the Civil Government Part IL 
 
 'Tis very remarkable, that if one of the Cenfors died, no 
 Body was fubftitutcd in his Room 'till the next Luflrum^ and 
 his Partner was oblig'd to quit his Office; becaule the Death 
 of a Ccnjor happcn'd juft before the facking of Rome by the 
 Gauls^ and was ever after accounted highly ominous and un- 
 fortunate {a). 
 
 This Office continu'd no longer than to the time of the 
 Emperors, who perform'd the fame Duty at their Pleafure: 
 And the Flavian Famdy^ i. e. i-^efpafian and his Sons, took a 
 Pride (as yix.lValker (I?) obfcrvesj to be call'd Cenfors^ and put 
 this among their other Titles upon their Coins. Decius tht Em- 
 peror entred on a Dcfign of rcltoring the Honour to a particular 
 Magillrate, as heretofore, but without any Succefs (c.) 
 
 (a) Vide Ltv. lib. 4. c. 9. Flut. Probl. jp. (h) Of Coins and Medalt. 
 
 (c) Vide Trciell. Poll, in Decio. 
 
 CHAP. viir. 
 
 Of the QJJ iE S T O R S. 
 
 TH E Original of the Qucejlors (a quarendo,, from getting in 
 the Revenues of the Statej Dionyfius (a) and Livy (b) 
 place about A.U.C- 269. Plutarch indeed, with fome fmall 
 Difference, refers their Inftitution to the Time of /^^/m;zj PopU- 
 cola, when he allotted the Temple of Saturn for the Trea- 
 fury fto which Ufe it always ferv'd afterwards,) and granted 
 the People the Liberty of chufing two young JVIen for the 
 Treafurers (c). This was the whole Number at the Beginning : 
 But afterwards, two others were created, A.U.C. 332, to take 
 Care of the Payment of the Armies Abroad, of the felling Plun- 
 der and Booiy, efr. For which purpofe they generally accom- 
 panied the Confuls in their lixpeditions ; and upon this Account 
 were diftinguiffied from the other Quxflors^ by the Name of 
 Peregrin'i^y and gave them Occafion to alfume the Title of Ur- 
 hanu This Number continu'd 'till the entire Conqueli of /f<x/y ; 
 and then it was again doubled, A. U. C. 439. The Four that 
 were now added, had their Refidence with the Proconfuh and 
 Proprietors in the Provinces^ where they employ'd themfelves in 
 regulating the Taxes andCufloms due from thence to the State. 
 
 (t) Lib. 8, (b) Lib, 3. (f) Pli4t. in PojjUcoI. 
 
 Sylla
 
 feook IIL ofdeKoMANs, lij 
 
 S\'lla the Diiiator^ as Tacitus informs us (^), created twenty Quce- 
 Jtors to fill up the Senate; and Dio (I?) mentions the creating of 
 forty by Julius Cafar upon the fame Defign. 
 
 The chief Offices of the Quajlors were the receiving, lodgings 
 and carrying out Amba/Tadors, and the keeping the Decrees 
 of Senate appointed by them Augti(lus(c)^ which before had 
 been under the Care of the Mdiles and Tribunes. 
 
 From hence came the twoOfRces of Qua-JiorPriftcipis^ or Au" 
 gufti., caird fometimes Candidatus Princifis^ defcrib'd by Brijfo- 
 nius (d), and refembling the Office of Secretary of our State; 
 znd Quaflor Palatii.) inflituted by Conjlaiitine the Great; an- 
 fwering in mofl: refpeSs to the Place of the Lord Chancellor 
 amongft us. Perhaps we ought not here to make a Diftinftion 
 of Offices ; the Quafiores Candidati being honour'd by Conjlan- 
 tine with the new Title of Quceftores Palatii., and admitted to 
 greater Truft, and more important Bulinefs (e). 
 
 The Quccjiorjhip was the firfl: Office any Perfon could bear in 
 the Common-wealth, and might be undertaken at the Age of 
 twenty-four or twenty-live Years. 
 
 {a) ^nnal. lib. T. (b) Lib. 4}. (c) Die. lib, $4. (d) S^Ucf, .Antiqaitat^ 
 lib. I. cap, 16. (f) Vid. Notit. Dignitat. Imp. Orient. C, 7J. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of the Tribunes of the People. 
 
 npHIS Office owes its Original to a Quarrel between the 
 -■- Nobility and Commons, about A. U. C. 260; when the 
 latter making a Defeftion, could not be reduc'd into Order, 'till 
 they had obtain'd the Privilege of chulingfomeMagi-ftrates out of 
 their own Body, for the Defence of their Liberties, and tointer- 
 pofe in all Grievances and Impofitions offer'd by their Superi- 
 ors (a). At firft only two were elefted; but three more were 
 quickly added; and about A.U.C. 297, the Number was made 
 up ten, which continu'd ever afcer. 
 
 Their Authority was extraordinary: For, though at firft they 
 preteuded only to be a fort of Protedors of the Commons, and 
 Redrelfers of publick Grievances, yet afterwards they ufurp'd 
 the Power of doing almoft whatever they pleas'd, having the 
 
 (4) Vide Dionyf. lib. 6. Liv. lib. z. irc^ 
 
 H 2. whole
 
 ii6 Of the Civil Government Part II. 
 
 whole Populacy to back and fecure them: And therefore they 
 affcmbled the People, preferr'd Laws, made Decrees, and exe- 
 cuted them upon the Magiftrates themfelves ; and fometimes 
 commanded the very Confuls to be carried to Prifon : And were, 
 without queftion, the Authors of far greater Animofities between 
 the Nobles and Commons, than they were at firft created to 
 appeafe. ^ 
 
 That which gain'd them the greatefl; Security, was their Repute 
 of being Sacrofandi^ which they confirm'd by a Law: So that 
 'twas reckon'd the higheft A6t of Impiety to offer them the leaft 
 Injury, or fo much as to interrupt them when they were fpeaking. 
 Their interpofing in Matters determin'd by the Senate, or other 
 Magiftrates, was call'd Intercejjfio^ nnd was perform'd by (tand- 
 ing up, and pronouncing only one Word, yETO. 
 
 As for the Enfigns of their Office, they h^<ino Pratexta^ Li- 
 Sors^novCuruleChnk; and only a fort of a Beadle, whom they 
 call'd Viator^ went before them. 
 
 Sylla the D'tdater was the firft who dar'd put a Stop to the 
 Encroachments of the Tribuyjes ; but they foon recover'd their 
 old Power again, 'till the time of the Emperors, who left 
 them very little but the Name and Shadow of Magiftrates : 
 This they effedled as by feveral Means, fo particularly by o- 
 bliging the People to confer the fame Power and Authority on 
 themfelves : Whence they were faid to be 'Trlbunitid Potefiate- 
 donati: For they could not be diredtly trihuni^ unlefs their Fa- 
 mily had been Plebeian. 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 Of the JED I LES, 
 
 TH E Commons had no fooner prevail'd with the Senate to 
 confirm the Office of Tribune, but they obtain'd farther 
 the Privilege to chufe Yearly, out of their own Body, two more 
 Officers, to aflift thofe Magiftrates in the Difcharge of fome par- 
 ticular Services (a), the chief of which was the Care of publick 
 Edifices, whence they borrow'd their Name. Rofwus, for Diftin- 
 dion'sfake, calls them Mdiks Plebis. Befides the Duty menti- 
 on'd above, they had feveral other Employments of lefter Note ; 
 as to attend on the7V;"^«»?Jof the People, and to judge fome in- 
 
 " ferioi
 
 Book III. of the Romaics. 117 
 
 ferior Caufes by their Deputation, to reftify the Weights and 
 Meafures, prohibit unlawful Games, and the like. 
 
 A.U.C. 389, two more JLdiles were eledbed out of the Nobi- 
 lity, to infped the Publick Games {a). They were Q2^VdiMdiles 
 Curules^ becaufe they had the Honour of ufmg the Sella Curulis ; 
 the Name of which is generally deriv'd acurru (^j, becaufe they 
 iat upon it as they rode in their Chariots; but Lip/ius fancies it 
 owes its Name as well as its Invention to the Curetes^ a People 
 of the Sabines, 
 
 The Curule Mdiles^ befides their proper Office, were to take 
 Care of the Building and Raparation of Temples, Theatres, 
 Baths, and other noble Structures ; and were appointed Judges 
 in all Cafes relating to the felling or exchanging of Eftates. 
 
 Julius Cefar, A.U.C. 710, added tViomoTejEdilesontoitht 
 Nobility, with the Titleof jEdilesCereales, fromCeres^ becaufe 
 their Bufinefs was to infped the publick Stores of Corn and other 
 Provilions; to fupervife all the Commodities expos'd in the 
 Markets, and to puniOi Delinquents in all Matters concerning 
 Buying and Selling (c). 
 
 (a) Liv. lib. «.& 7. (J>) Vide ^gell. lib. j. cap. 18. {e) Vide £)/», lib, 41. 
 & pompon. Jib. z. F. de Orig, jitrit. 
 
 CHAP. XL 
 
 Of the DECEMVIRI. 
 
 A Bout the Year of Rome 291, the People thinking themfelves 
 *^ highly wrong'd, that, tho' they had freed themfelves from 
 the Government of the Kings, yet ftill the whole Deciiion of 
 Equity and Juftice Ihould lie in the Breaft of the Supreme Ma^ 
 giitrates, without any written Statute to dired them; propos'd 
 to the Senate by their Tribunes^ that {landing Laws might be 
 made which the City fhou'd ufe for ever. The Bufinefs hung 
 in fufpence feveral Years; at laft it was concluded to fend Am- 
 balTadors to Athens^ and other Grecian Cities, to make Collc- 
 dions out of the beft of their Conftitutions, for the Service of 
 their Country in the new Defign. Upon the Return of the 
 Commiflioners, theTribunes claiming the Promifeof the»SV»«/^, 
 to allow them a new Magiftracy for the putting the Proje6t in 
 Execution, it was agreed, that ten Men out of the chief Sem~ 
 
 H 3 tors
 
 ji8 Of the Civil Government Part II. 
 
 tors fhcu'd be eleded : That their Power fhou'd be equal to that 
 of the Kwgs^ or Confuls^ for a whole Year: And, that in the 
 mean time, all other Offices fhou'd ceafe. The Decemviri ha- 
 ving now taken the Government upon them, agreed that only 
 one of them fhou'd at one time enjoy the Fafces and other Con- 
 fular Ornaments, fhou'd afTemble the Senate^ confirm Decrees, 
 and ad in all RefpcQs as fupreme Magiftratc. To this Honour 
 they weretofucceedby turns, 'till the Year was out; and therelt 
 were oblig'd to differ very little in their Habits from private 
 Perfons, to give the People the Icfs Sufpicion of Tyranny and 
 ^bfolute Government. 
 
 At length having drawn up a Model out of fuch Laws as had 
 been brought fromGreece, and the Cuftoms of their own Coun- 
 try, they expos'd it to the publick View in ten Tables, Liberty 
 being given for any Perfon to make Exceptions. Upon the ge- 
 neral Approbation of the Citizens, a Decree pafs'd for the Rati- 
 fication of the New Laws, which was perform'd in the Prefence 
 ©f the^Priefts and Augnrs^ in a moft folemn and religious 
 Manner. 
 
 The Year being expir'd, a farther Continuance of this Office 
 was voted neceffary, becaufe fomething feem'd yet to be want- 
 ing for the perfefting of the Defign. The Decemviri^ who had 
 procur'd themfelves the Honour in the New Eleftion, quickly 
 abus'd their Authority ; and under Pretence of reforming the 
 Common-wealth, fhew'd themfelves the greateft Violators of 
 Juftice and Honefly. Two more Tables indeed they added to 
 the firft, and fo feem'd to have anfwer'd the Intent of their In- 
 iiitution : Yet they not only kept their Office the remaining Part 
 of that Year, but ufurp'd it again the next, without any regard 
 to the Approbation of the Senate^ or People. And though there 
 was fomc Itir made in the City for putting a ftop to their Tyran- 
 ny ; yet they maintain'd their abfolute Power, 'till an Aftion of 
 their chief Leader A^fms gave a final Ruin to their Authority : 
 For he, falling defperately in Love with Virginia^ the Daughter 
 of a Plebeian^ and profecuting his Paffion by fuch unlawful 
 !Means, as to caufe the killing of her by her own Father fthe 
 Story of which is told at large by Livy\) gave an Occafion of 
 ^ Mutiny in the Army, and a general Diflike thro' the whole 
 City; fo that 'twas agreed in the Senate^ to let the fame Form 
 pf Government return, which was in Force at the Creation of 
 the Decemviri (a). 
 
 (i) Vide Liv. lib. 3. Dionyf. lib. S. 
 
 ^ " CHAP.
 
 Book III. of the KoMA}^§. up 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 Trihni Militum Confulari Pop ate. 
 
 T T PON the Conclufion o? iht Decemvirate^ the firf! Confuh 
 ^^ that were eleiSed, appearing highly incliii'J to lavjur the 
 Commons, gave them fuch an Opportunity of gettting an Head 
 \\\ the State, that within three Years afterwards, th^y i au "-he 
 Confidence to petition for the Privilege of being made capaoio 
 of the ConfulOiip, which had been hitherto denied them. The 
 ftiffeft of the Patnctans violently oppos'd this Requeft, as a 
 fair Means to ruin their Honour and Authority, and to bring 
 all Perfons, of whatever Quality, upon the lame Level. But 
 a War cafually breaking out at the fame tim.e in the Confe- 
 derate Countries, which the Romans were oblig'd to aifirt, the 
 Cotjfuls^ by realbn of the Diflentions upon this Account .'n the 
 City, cou'd not with all their Diligence procure any Levies 
 to be made, becaufe the T'ribunei of the Commons opjjos'd all 
 their Orders, and wou'd let no Soldiers be Lifted, til their 
 Petition had been canvafs'd in the Senate. In this Exigen 'y, 
 the Fathers were call'd together; and after the Bulinefs nad 
 been a long time debated with great Heat and Tumu't, at 
 laft pitch'd upon this Expedient : That three Magifirates fliou'd 
 be eleded out of each Order, who being inverted wirhtiic whole 
 Coyifular Power, at the End of the Year, it fhou'd be in the 
 Liberty of the Senate and People to have that Office, or Co/i- 
 fuls for the following Year. 
 
 Both Parties readily embraced this Propofal, and accordingly 
 proceeded to an Eledlion; where, though the whole De(ign of 
 this Stir had been purely to increafe the Honour of the Com- 
 mons, yet when the Matter came to be put to the Vote, they 
 chofe none of that Order to the new Magiltracy, but con- 
 ferr'd the Honour on three of the mod emnient Patricians ^ 
 with the Title of Tribunt Militura Confulari Potejlaie^ about 
 A. U. C. 310. 
 
 The firlt Tribunes having held their Dignity no longer than 
 fevcntyDays, were obiig'd to quit it, by realbnthat the Ju^urs 
 had difcover'd fome Flaw hi their Eleftion; and fothe Govern- 
 fnent return'd to its former Courfe, the Supreme Command 
 
 H 4 rcfliog
 
 1 20 Of the Civil Government Part II. 
 
 reding in the Hands of the C(?;?/Wj (a). Afterwards they were 
 fome Years chofe, and fome Years pafs'd by, having rifenfrom 
 three to fix, and afterwards to eight, and the Plebeians being 
 admitted to a Share in the Honour ; till about A, U. C. 388, 
 they were entirely laid afide. 
 
 (^) Liv. Ub. 4. Dionyf. lib. II. 
 
 CHAP. xiir. 
 
 Crjil Officers of lefs Note^ or of lefs frequent Occurrence 
 in Authors^ together with the publick Servants. 
 
 THERE arc feveral Officers behind, who deferve little more 
 than to be nam'd ; fome by reafon of their low Station in 
 the Common-wealth, others becaufe they are very feldom men- 
 tion'd in our ordinary Claffuks. Among whom we may take 
 Notice, of thefe that follow. 
 
 Interrex^.t\\t Supreme Ma^iftrate, who govern'd between the 
 Death of one King, and theEledtion of another. This Office 
 was taken by Turns by the Senators., continuing in the Hands of 
 every Man five Days (rf), or, if we believe P//<2f<?ri-^ (^j, only 
 twelve Hours at a time. Wefometimes meet with an Interrex 
 under the Consular Government, created to hold Allemblies, 
 when the ordinary Magifirates were either abfent, or difabled 
 to aft by reafon of their undue Eleftion. 
 
 Trlbunus^ Or PrafeSiHS Celerum ; the Captain of Ror/iulus^s 
 Life-Guard, which confifted of three hundred of the flouted 
 young Men, and of the befl Families 'v\ the City, under the Name 
 o? Celeres^ Or Light-Horfe. After the ExpuUion of the Kings, 
 the Ma^tjier Equitum held the fame Place and Command 
 under the Didators^ and the Priefeclus Pratorio under the 
 Emperors. 
 
 Prafe^:is Urbis; a fort of Mayor of the City, created by Au- 
 gu/ius jhy the Advice of his Favourite Mcccenas^ upon whom at 
 firft he conferr'd the new Honour {c). He was to precede all 
 other City Magiftrates, having Power to receive Appeals from 
 the inferior Courts, and to decide almoft all Caufes within the 
 
 III 1 mill III II ■■ \ I ■ -^—^^m^mt^m^^m^^^—^^^,^^^m^t^ ^m^ 
 
 ^a) Dionyf, ]. i, Liv, 1. I. (>>) /« Num. (^) Dio, \. J2. T/n:t. ^nre!. 4. ;, 
 
 Limits
 
 Book HI. of the Romans. 121 
 
 Limits of Rome^ or an hundred Miles round. Before this, there 
 was fometimes a Prafe^us Urbis created, when the Kings, or 
 greater Officers, were abfent from the City, to adminifter Ju- 
 stice in their Room (a). 
 
 Prafe^us JErar'ti : An Officer chofe out of fuch Perfons as 
 had difcharg'd the Office of Pr^tor^ by Augujius^ to fupervife and 
 regulate the publick Fund, which he rais'd for the Maintenance 
 of the Army (b). This Project was reviv'd by feveralof his 
 Succeilors. 
 
 Prcefedus Prteterio : Created by the fame Emperor, to com- 
 mand the Pratoriafz Cohorts, or his Life-Guard, who borrowed 
 their Name from the Prcctorium^ot GenerarsTcnt,all Command- 
 ders in Chief being anciently ftyl'd Pr^etores. His Office anfwer'd 
 exadly to thoxoi ihc Ma^ijier EquitHmxxndtr the old DiSatorsi 
 only his Authorrty was of greater Extent, being generally the 
 highelt Perfon in Favour with the Army. And therefore when 
 the Soldiers once came to make their own Emperors, the com- 
 mon Man they pitch'd upon was the Prafedus PriCtorio. 
 
 Prct'fe6lus Fruyyienti^'xn&Pricfedus Figilum : Both owing their 
 Inftitution to the lame Augttfius. The firfl: was to infpedi: and 
 regulate the Diftribution of i.'. rii, v/hicii us'd to be often made 
 among the common People. The other commanded in Chief all 
 the .Soldiers appointed for aconllant Watch to the City, beinga 
 Cohortio every two Regions. His Bufinefs was to take Cognizance 
 of Thieves, Incendaries, idle Vagrants, and the like; and had the 
 Power to punifh all petty Mifdemeanors, which were thought 
 too trivial to come under the Care oi the Prafecius Urbis . 
 
 In many of thefe inferior Magiltracies, Icveral Perfons were 
 join'd inCommiffion together; and then they took their Name 
 from the Number of Men that compos'd them. Of this Sort 
 we meet with the 
 
 T'riumviri, or Trefviri Capitales: The Keepers of the publick 
 Goal; they had the Power to punifh Malefadors, like our Ma- 
 ilers of the Houfes of Corredion, for which Service they kept 
 eight Li^ors under them; as may be gather'd from Plauius: 
 
 Quid faciam nuncfi 'Trefviri me in carccrem cor/ipegerint ? 
 
 Inde eras e prornptuarid celld depromar adflagrum : 
 
 liaquafi incudem me miferurn odo homines validi c a dent (c). 
 
 Triumviri Noiiurni : mgntion'd byL;z'_y (d) and Tacitus {e)y 
 inftituted for the Prevention of Fires in the Night. 
 
 (a) Hid, (6) Dit, 1. 5 J. (f) in vimfhiir. (d) Lib. 9. («) ^nnalAxh. y. 
 
 Trittm-^
 
 Ill Of the Civil Government Part II. 
 
 'Triumviri Monetales : TheMafters of the Mint: Sometimes 
 their Name was wrote Triumviri A, A. JE. F. F. Handing for 
 Auro^ Argento^ JEre^ Flando^ Feriendo. 
 
 Qiiatuor Viri Viarum ctirandarum ; Pcrfons deputed by the 
 CcMJ'or to fupervife the publick Ways. 
 
 Centumviri^ and Decemviri Liiihis judica^du :T\\e fir ft were 
 a Body of Men chofe, three out of every Trilpe^ for the Judg- 
 ing of fuch Matters as the Prators committed to their Decifion; 
 which are reckon'd up by Cicero in his Firlt Botk de Oratore. 
 The Decemviri feem to have been the principal Members of the 
 Ccntumvirate^ and to have prefided under the i^nc^c/r in the '^u- 
 dicice Centumviralia. Thefe were fomeofthe firft^teps to Pre- 
 ferment, for Perfonsof Parts and Induftry ; as was alio the Vi- 
 gintiviratiis^ mention'd by Cicero^ Tacitus, and Dio ; which, 
 perhaps, was no more than a fele6t Part of the Centurnviri, 
 The proper Sign of Authority, when thefe Judges aded, was 
 the letting up a S^ear in the Forum. 
 
 Sen trepidos ad jura decern citat hajia virorum^ 
 
 Seu firmare jubct centeno judice caufam, Lucan. 
 
 The Learned Grccvius obferves, that a Spear was the common 
 Badge and Enfign of Power amongft the Ancients, and therefore 
 given to the Gods, in their Statues, and to Kings and Princes till 
 it was fuccceded by the Scepter (a). A Spear was likewife fee 
 up at theColle6tions of the Taxes by the Ceafors; andatalM^- 
 diofis, Pubh'ck or Private, to fignifie that they were done by a 
 .Lawful Commiffion : Whence the Phrafe, Sub hajld vendi. 
 
 There are other Officers of as little Note behind, who had no 
 •fix'd Authority, but were conftituted upon fome particular Oc- 
 ca/jons : Such as the 
 
 Duumviri PerduelUonis.,Jive Capitales^ Officers created for the 
 Judging of Traytors. They were firft introduc'd by Tullus Ho- 
 fhliHs ; continu'd as often as Neceflity requir'd, under the reft 
 of the Kings, and fometimcs under the Confular Government, 
 at its firlt fnftitunon. But after they had been laid down many 
 Years, as unneceffary, Cicero., in the latter times of their Com- 
 mon-wealth, complains of their Revival by Labicnus., Tribune 
 of the Commons (b). 
 
 Qiixflores., or Ouccflores Parricidii,'vel Rerum Capitalium ; Ma- 
 giftrates chofcn by the People to give Judgment in Capital Caufes, 
 
 {a) Prafat. II. T«m, ThefauT. ^ntiq. %om. {f) CicerOt Or&t. po C. Tiabiri* 
 Pcrditellionii "Reg, 
 
 after
 
 Book III. of the Roman s,^ iij 
 
 after the Confuh were deny'd that Privilege, and before the 
 Quxft'tones were made perpetual. 
 
 The publick Servants of the Magiitrates had the commori 
 Name of Jpparitores, from the Word Appareo^ becaufe they 
 always ftood ready to execute their Matters Orders. Of thefe, 
 the mofi: remarkable were the 
 
 Scr'ibce\ a fort of publick Notaries, who took an Account of 
 all the Proceedings in the Courts : In fome mcafure too they 
 anfwer'd to our Attornies, inafmuch as they drew up the Papers 
 and Writings which were produc'd before the Judges; Notarius 
 and Aduarim fignifying much the fame Office. 
 
 Accenfi and Prcecones^ the publick Cryers, who were to call 
 Witnelles, fignify the Adjournment of the Court, and the like. 
 The former had the Name from Accieo, and the other from 
 Prcecieo. The Pracones feem to have had more Bu(inefs af- 
 (ign'd them than the Accenfi; as, the proclaiming Things in the 
 Street ; the affifting at publick Sales, to declare how much eve- 
 ry one bids ; whereas the Accenfi more nearly attended on the 
 Magiitrates : And at the Bench of 'Jufiice^ gave Notice, every 
 three Hours, what it was a-clock. 
 
 LiHores: The Serjeants, or Beadles, who carried the F^yrcj 
 before the fupreme Magillrates ; as the Interreges, Didators^ 
 Confuls and Prators. Befides this, they were the publick Exe- 
 cutioners in Scourging and Beheading. 
 
 The Liciors were taken out of the common People, where- 
 as the Accenfi generally belong'd to the Body of the Libertint^ 
 and fometimes to that of the Liberti (a). 
 
 The Viatores were little different from the former, only that 
 they went before the Officers of lefs Dignity, and particularly 
 before the Tribunes of the Commons. 
 
 In ancient Times they were us'd to call the plain Senators out 
 of the Country, whence Tully in his Cato Major derives their 
 Name; as if they were to ply about the Roads and Parks, and 
 to pick up an Alfembly of Rural Fathers, who perhaps were 
 then imployed in driving, or keeping their own Sheep. 
 
 We mulf not forget the Carntfex^ or common Hangman, 
 whofe Buiincfs lay only in Crucifixions. Cicero has a very 
 good Obfervation concerning him; That by reafon of the O- 
 Hioufnefs of his Office, he was particularly forbid by the Laws 
 to have his Dwelling-houfe within the City (b). 
 
 {a) Vid. Sigon, de ^nt'iq. J»r, Civ. T^w. Jib. 2. cap. Ij. (^b) CUcro pre 
 T^biric, 
 
 C H A P.
 
 1 24 Of the Civil Government Part. II. 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 Of the Provincial Magijirates ; and firji of the 
 Proconsuls. 
 
 THE Chief of the Provincial Officers were the Proconfuls. 
 Whether the Word ought to be written Proconful^ and 
 declin'd, or Proconfuk^ and undeclin'd, 
 
 Grammatici certant^ ^ adhuc fuh judice lis eji. 
 
 We may divide thefe Magiftratcs into four Sorts ; 
 
 Firft, Such as being Coafuls^ had their Office prolong'd be- 
 yond the Time prefix'd by Law. 
 
 Secondly, Such as were inverted with this Honour, either 
 for the Government of the Provinces, or the Command in 
 War, who before were only in a private Station. 
 
 Thirdly, Such as immediately upon the Expiration of their 
 Confulpip^ went Proconfuls into the Provinces, in the Time of 
 the Common-wealth. 
 
 Fourthly, Such Governors as in the Times of the Empire, 
 were fent into thofe Provinces which fell to the Share of the 
 People. 
 
 Proconfuls of the two former Sorts we meet with very rare- 
 ly, only Livy gives us an Example of each (a). 
 
 The third 'Kind more properly enjoy'd the Name and Digni- 
 ty, and therefore deferve to be defcribed at large, with reference 
 to their Creation, Adminiftration, and Return from their Com- 
 mand. 
 
 They were not appointed by the People, but when at the 
 Comit'ia Centuriata new Confals were defign'd for the follow- 
 ing Year ; one of the prefent Confuls propos'd to the Senate 
 what Province they would declare Confular^ and what Prceto- 
 rian, to be divided among the defign'd Confuls and Prators. 
 According to their Determination, the defign'd Confuls^ or Con- 
 fuls elcifi, prefently agreed what Provinces to enter upon at the 
 Expiration of their Office in the City, the Bufinefs being gene- 
 rally decided by carting Lots. 
 
 L (<<) Liv. lib. s. cap. 26, 
 
 Afterwards,
 
 Book III. of the KoMA-^s. iiy 
 
 Afterwards, in theTime of their Co»ful/hip, they formally got 
 Leave of the People to undertake theJVlilitary Command, which 
 could not be otherwife obtain'd. Befides this, they procur'd a 
 Decree of Senate^ to determine the Extent of their Provinces, 
 the Number of their Forces, the Pay that ihould beallow'dthem, 
 with all other NecefTaries for their Journey and Settlement. 
 
 By the palTmg of this Decree, they were faid Ontari Proving 
 cid ; and Cicero ufes in the fame Senfe h nari Apparitor thus ^ 
 Scribis^ &c, who made a Part of the Proatjji^'irs Retinue. 
 
 Nothing now remained, but at the Etd ol"" the Year to fet 
 forward for their new Government. But w^e muft obferve, 
 that tho' the Senate had given them Leave to depart, yet the 
 Tribunes of the Commons had Power to ftop their Journey; and 
 therefore becaufe CrajJ'us went Froconful into Parthia^ contrary 
 to the exprefs Order of xh^Tribune^ho. was.generally believed to 
 have loft the Roman Army, and his own Life, as a Judgment 
 on him for defpifing the Authority of that Officer, whom they 
 always counted Sacrofandus. 
 
 At their firft Entrance on their Province, they fpent fome 
 Time in Conference with their immediate Predeceflbrs, to be 
 inform'd in the State of Things, tho' their Adminiftration be- 
 gan the very Day of their Arrival. 
 
 Their Authority, both Civil and Military, was very extraor- 
 dinary. The Winter they generally fpent in the Execution of 
 the firft, and the Summer in the Difcharge of the latter. 
 
 They decided Cafes of Equity and Jufticc^ either privately in 
 their Prcciorium or Palace ; where they received Petitioners, 
 heard Complaints, granted Writs under their Seal, and the like ; 
 or elfe publickly in the Common-Hall, with the ufual Cere- 
 monies and Formalities obferv'd in Courts of Judicature, the 
 ProcefTes being in all Refpefts the fame as thofe at Rome. 
 
 Befides this, by vertue of their Edidts, they had the Power of 
 ordering all Things relating to the Tribunes, Taxes, Contri- 
 butions, and Provifions of Corn and Money, and whatever elfe 
 belong'd to the chief Adminiftration of Aftairs. 
 
 Their Return from the Command was very remarkable : 
 They either met their SuccelTor at his Arrival, and immediate- 
 ly deliver'd into his Hands the Charge of the Army, being ob- 
 lig'd to leave the Province in thirty Days; or elfe they came 
 away before-hand, and left a Deputy in their Room to perform 
 the Solemnity of a Relignation, having firft made up their Ac- 
 counts and left them in Writing in the two chief Cities of their 
 feveral Provinces. 
 
 I Upon
 
 11 6 Of the Civil Government Part IL 
 
 Upon their Arrival at Rome^ if they had no Thoughts of a 
 Triumph, they prefently difmifs'd their Train, and entred the 
 City as private Perfons. If they afpir'd to that Honour, they 
 ftill retain'd the Fafces^ and other Procoafular Ornaments, and 
 gave the Senate (alTcmbled for this Purpofe in the Temple 
 of Bellona,) a Relation of their Aftions and Exploits, and 
 petition'd for a Triumph. But in both Cafes, they were oblig'd 
 to give in their Ac^hompts into the Publick Treafury within 
 thirty Days. ' 
 
 Tho' the Procmfikls order'd Matters as they pleas'd during 
 their Honour ; "< ct nt their Return, a very Itrift Account was 
 made into the whole Courfe of their Government; and upon 
 the Difcovery of any ill dealing, 'twas ufual to prefer Bills a- 
 gainft them, nnd bring them to a formal Tryal. The Crimes 
 moft commoi ly objc-.dted againlt them were Crimen Peculatits ; 
 relating to the ill Uic of the Publick Money, and the Deficien- 
 cy of rheir Accompts : Majcjiatis, of Treachery and Perfidiouf- 
 nefs againrt the Common-wealth ; or Repetundarum^ of Op- 
 preffion or Extortion exercis'd upon the Inhabitants of the Pro- 
 vinces, whom, as their Allies and Confederates, the Romans 
 were oblig'd to patronize and defend. 
 
 Auguftus^ when, at the Defire of the Senate and People, he 
 aiTum'd the fole Government of the Empire, among other Con- 
 stitutions at the Beginning of his Reign, divided the Provinces 
 into two Parts, one of which he gave wholly over to the Peo- 
 ple, and referv'd the other for himfclf. After which Time, 
 only the Governors fent into the firit Divilion bore the Name 
 o? Procor.fuls; tho' they were deny'd the whole Military Power, 
 and fo fell fhort of the old Proconfnls. 
 
 To thcfe four Sorts of Proconfrh^ we may add two more 
 from Alexander of Naples : 
 
 Firft, Such as the Senate created Proconfuls without a Pro- 
 vince^ purely for the Command of the Army, and the Care of 
 the Military Difcipline: And, fecondly, fuch defign'd Confttls 
 as entred on their Proconfular Office, before they Were admitted 
 to the CoufulOiip. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 Book III. of the Romans^ 127 
 
 1 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 Of the Provincial Prastors and Proprietors 5 of the 
 Legati, Quseftors, and Proquceltors. 
 
 N the firft Times of the Common-wealth, the Provinces were 
 
 govern'd by Pr<c?orj ; and as the Dominions of the State were 
 inlargM, the Number of thofe Magiltratcs was accordingly in- 
 creas'd; yet even in thofe Times, if they continu'd in the Com- 
 mand of the Province beyond the Time prcfix'd for the CJonti- 
 nuance of their PratorftJtp^ they took upon them the Names of 
 Proprators^ tho' they Hill kept the fame Authority as before. 
 
 About A. U. C. 604, the defign^d Proton began to divide the 
 PrcctoriaM^ or lefler Provinces, by Lot, in the lame Manner as 
 the Confuls did the Confnlar^ and, when at the End of the Vear 
 they rcpair'd to their refpedive Governments, alTum'd the Title 
 of Proprietors. As their Creation was the fame as that of the 
 Pvoconfuh ; fo their Entrance upon their Office, and the whole 
 Courfe of their Adminiilration, was exadly anfwerable to theirs; 
 only that they were allow'd but fixL/(f?i9rj-,v/ith an equal Num- 
 ber of F^Jces^ whereas the Proconfuls had twelve of each. 
 
 Now tho' before the Time of Atiguftus.^ the Proprxtors^ by 
 reafon of their prefiding over the Provinces of lelfer Note and 
 Importance, were always reckoned inferior to the Proconfuls ; 
 yet upon his Divifion of the Provinces, the Governors of thofe 
 which fell to his Share, bearing the Name of Proprietors^ got 
 the Preference of the Proconfuls., in rcfpedt of Power and Au- 
 thority ; being inveiled with the Military Command, and con- 
 tinuing in their Office as long as the Em.pcror pleas'd. 
 
 The chief Affiftants of theProconfuls and the Proprietors, were 
 the Legati and the Provincial Quctjlors. The former being dif- 
 ferent in Number, according to the Quality of the Governor 
 whom they accompanyM,ferv'dfor the judging ofinferiorCau- 
 fes, and the Management of all fmaller Concerns, remitting every 
 thing of Moment to the Care of the Governor, or Prclident.- 
 But tho' inftituted at firft forCounfel only, (like the Deputies of 
 the States attending the Z^//?*:/' Armies,) yet they were afterwards 
 admitted to Command : And therefore will be dclcribed as Ge- 
 neral Officers, when we come to fpeak of Military Affairs (a). 
 
 (.1) Vide Lib. IV. cap. 8. 
 
 Befids
 
 11% Of the Civil Government Part II. 
 
 Befides the Legati^ there went with every Proconful or Pro- 
 pr^tor^ one Quaftor^ or more, whofe whole Bufincfs was con- 
 cern'd in managing the Fublick Accompts, taking Care of the 
 Supph'es of Money, Corn, and other Neceflaries and Conve- 
 iiiencies for the Maintenance of the Roman Army. 
 
 We feldom meet with Proqucsftors in Authors, they being only 
 fuch as perform'd the Office of Qu.vjlors in the Provinces, with- 
 out the Deputation of the Senate^ which was requifite to the 
 Conftitution of the proper Quceftors. This happen'd either when 
 a Qucejlor died in his Office, or went to Rome without being fuc- 
 ceeded by another Quajior : For in both thcfe Cafes, the Go- 
 vernor of the Province appointed another in his Room, to dif- 
 charge the fame Duties under the Name of Proqucejlor. 
 
 Of the like Nature with the Quccjior, were the Procuratores Ca-_ 
 farts ^ often mention'd by Tacttus and Suetonius ; Officers fent 
 by the Emperors into every Province, to receive and regulate the 
 publick Revenue, and to difpofe of it at the Emperor's Command. 
 
 Such a Magiftrate was Pontius Pilate in Jud^a ; and tho* the 
 judging of Capital Caufcs did not properly belong to his Office; 
 yet becaufe the Jews were always look'd upon as a rebellious 
 Nation, and apt to revolt upon the leaft Occafion ; and becaufe 
 the Prefident of Syria was forc'd to attend on other Parts of 
 his Province : therefore for the better keeping the Jews in Or- 
 der, the Procurator oijudcea was inverted with all the Autho- 
 rity proper to the Proconful^ even with the Power of Life and 
 Death, as the learned Bilhop Pearfon obferves (a). 
 
 (*) Bifhop Pearfon On the Creed, Art. 4. 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 Of the C O M I T I A. 
 
 THE Comitiaj according to Sigonius''s Definition, were 
 General yljfeinhlies of the People lawfully caWdby fame Ma- 
 gijlratey for the Enjoinment or Prohibition of any Thing by their 
 t^otes (a). 
 
 The proper Comitia were of three Sorts ; Curiata^Centuriatay 
 and Tributa ; with reference to the three grand Divifions of 
 the City and People into CuriiC, Centuries^ and Tribes : For by 
 
 (a) Sigan. dt sAntii, Jkt, Civ. T{ema»ort»», lib, I. cap, X7, 
 
 Comi-
 
 Book III. of the Romans. ti^ 
 
 ComitiaCalata^ which we fometimcs meet with in Authors, in 
 elder times were meant all the Comitia in general; the Word 
 Calata^ from ^ttXiM or Calo^ being their common Epithet \ tho* 
 'twas at laU rcltrain'd to two Sorts of Aflemblies, thofe for the 
 Creation of Prielts, and thofe for the Infpedion and Regulation 
 of lalt Wills and Teftaments (a). 
 
 The Cor^itiaCuriata owe their Original to the Divifion which 
 Romulus made of the People into thirty Curia; ten being con- 
 tain'd under every Tribe. They anfwer'd, in moil refpeds, to 
 the Pafilhes in our Cities, being not only feparated by proper 
 Bounds and Limits, butdiflinguifli'd too by their different Places 
 fet a-part for the Celebration of Divine Service, which wasper- 
 fonn'd by particular Priefts fonc to every Curia^) with the 
 Name of Cur'wMes. 
 
 Diofi)fius Halicarmjfeus exprefsly ^ffirms^ that each Curia was 
 again fubdivided into Decuricc^ and thefe lelTer Bodies govern'd 
 hy Decuriones. And upon the Strength of his Authority, mofl: 
 Compilers of the Roman Cufloms, give the fame Account with- 
 out any Scruple. But 'tis the Opinion of the Learned Gr^evi- 
 us {b) that fince Dionyfius is not feconded in this Part of his 
 Relation, by any ancient Writer, we ought to think it was ci 
 JMiltake in that great Man ; and that by Forgetfulnefs he actri-* 
 butcd fuch a Divilion to the Curia as belong'd properly to the 
 turmce in the Army. 
 
 Before the Inftitution of the Comitia Centurlata^ all the grand 
 Concerns of the State were tranfafited in the Aifembly of the 
 Curia's; as, the Eledion of Kings, and other chief Officers, 
 the making and abrogating of Laws, and the judging of ca- 
 pital Caufes. After the ExpuUion of the Kings, when the Com- 
 mons had obtain'd the Privilege to have Tribunes and Mdiles^ 
 they eleftcd them for fome time at thefe Aflemblies : But that 
 Ceremony being at length transferr'd to the Comitia Tributa, 
 the Curiic were never convcn'd to give their Votes, except now 
 and then upon Account of making fome particular Law, rela- 
 ting to Adoptions, Wills, and Fettaments, or the v Jreation of 
 Officers for an Expedition; or for the Electing of (bmc of the 
 Priefts, as the Flamines., and the Curio Maximus., or Superin- 
 tendant of the Curiones^ who themfelvcs were chofc by every 
 particular Curia. 
 
 The Power of callingthefe Affemblies, belong'd at firfl; only 
 to the Kings; but upon the Eltabliftimentof the Democracy, the 
 
 (^), ^. Ctll. lib. I J. cap. 27. (I') Pr^f. ad i V«l. Thef ^tnlqit. %om. 
 
 I fame
 
 1 30' Of the Civil Government Part 11. 
 
 fame Privilege was allow'd to moft of the chief Magiftrates, 
 and fonictiincs to the Pontifices. 
 
 The Perfons who had the Liberty of Voting here, were fuch 
 M.oytiiiK Citizens as belong'd to the Curia; or fuch as actually 
 liv'd in the City, and conform'd to the Cuftoms and Rites of 
 their pr;^pcr C//r/rt ; all thofe being excluded who dwelt without 
 the Bounds of the City, retaining the Ceremonies of their own 
 Country, tho' they had been honour'd with the JusCivitaiis, of 
 admi'.tcd free Ckhcnsof Rome (a). 
 
 The Place where the Curiae met was the Comittuniy a part of 
 the Forum defer ib'd before (b). 
 
 No fet time was allotted for the holding of thefe or any of 
 the other Comitia^ but only as Bufinefs requir'd. 
 
 The People being met together, and confirm'd by the Report 
 of good Omens from the Augurs (which was necellary in all the 
 Aflemblies,j the Rogatio^ or Bufinefs to be propos'd to them, 
 •was publickly Read. After this (if none of the Magiflrates 
 interpos'd,j upon the Order of him that prefided in the Lom'ttia^ 
 the People divided into their proper Curia's^ and confulted of the 
 Matter ; and then the Curia! s being call'd out, as it happen'd by 
 Lot, gave their Votes, Man by Man, in ancient 
 
 TabelU. Times viva voce^ and afterwards by Tablets ; the 
 mofl: Votes in every Curia going for the Voice of 
 the whole Curia^ and the moft Curia for the general Confent 
 of the People (c). 
 
 In the time of Cicero^ the Comitia Curiata were fo much 
 out of Fafhion, that they were form'd only by thirty Lidors 
 reprefenting the thirty Curne; whence in his fecond Oration 
 againrt RuUus^ he calls them Comitia adumbrata. 
 
 The Comitia Centuriata were inllicuted by Servius T'uHius; 
 who obliging every one to give a true Account of what they 
 were worth, according to thofe Accounts divided the People in- 
 to lix Ranks, or ClaJ/es, which he fubdivided into 193 Ce^tU' 
 ries. The hrft C/al/is containing the Equites and richell Citizens, 
 confillcd of ninety eight Centuries. T\\t fecond, taking in the 
 Tradefmen and Mechanicks, made up two and twenty Cen- 
 turies. The third, the fame Number. The fourth, twenty. 
 The fifth, thirty. And the laft, filled up with the poorer S'ort, 
 had but one Century {^d). 
 
 (/t) Sigon. di .Antiq. jur. Provinc, lib. 3. cap. I. (b) Stc Part II. Book I, 
 crp. J. (,) T^J^n. lib. 7. cap, 7. {d) See Dmnyf. lib. 4, 
 
 •- . And
 
 Book III. of the Romans. ijr 
 
 And this, tho' it had the faifte Name with the red, yet wa« 
 feldom regarded, or allow'd any Power in pubh'ck Matters, 
 Hence 'tis a common thing with the Roman Authors, when 
 they fpeakof the Clajfes^ to reckon no more than five, thefixth 
 not being worth their Notice. This laft ClaJJis was divided into 
 two Parts, or Orders, the Proletarii^ and the Capite Cenfi. The 
 former, as their Name implies, were delign'd purely to flock the 
 Common-wealth with Men, fince they could fupply it with fo 
 little Money. And the latter, who paid the lowell Tax ofall, were 
 rather counted and marfliall'd by their Heads,than their Eftates {a). 
 
 Perfons of the firft Rank, by reafon of their Pre-eminence, 
 had the Name of ClaJJici ; whence came the Phrafe of Clajfui 
 Authores^ for the moft approv'd Writers. All others, of what 
 ClaJJis foever, were faid to be infra Clajfem (b). 
 
 The Aflembly of the People by Centuries was held for the 
 eleQing of Cc/?/^//, C^;?yorj', and Pr.-j?^or/ ; as alfo for the judging 
 of Perfons accus'd of what they call'd Crimen PerdiielUonis^ or 
 Adions by which the Party had fliow'd himfelf an Enemy to 
 the State; and for the Confirmation of all fuch Laws as were 
 propos'd by the chief Magi(trates, and which had the Privi- 
 lege of calling thefe Aflemblies. 
 
 The Place appointed for their Meeting was the Campus Mar- 
 tins; becaufe in the primitive Times of the Common-wealth, 
 when they were under continual Apprehcniions of Enemies, the' 
 People, to prevent any fudden Allault, went arm'd, in martial 
 Order, to hold thefe AfTemblies; and were for that Reafon forbid, 
 by the Laws to meet in the City, becaufe an Army was upon no 
 Account to be marfliaU'd within the Walls : Yet in latter Ages, 
 'twas thought fufficient to place a Body of Soldiers as a Guard 
 in the Jantculum, where an Imperial Standard was ereded, the 
 taking down of which, denoted the Conclufion of the Comitia. 
 
 Tho' the time of thefe Comiiia for other A4atters was unde- 
 termiu'd; yet the Magiftrates, after the Year of the City 6oi, 
 when they began to enter on their Place on the Kale-ads of Ja- 
 nuary^ were conftantly defign'd about the End of 7»/)', and the 
 Beginning of AuguJ}. 
 
 All the time between their Ele6lion and Confirmation, they 
 continu'das private Perfons, that Inquifition m'ght be madeinto 
 the Elc6t on, and the other Candidates might have time to en- 
 ter Obje6fions, if they met with any Sufpicion of foul Dealing. 
 
 («) w4. CdU lib. 7, cap, I J. (t) Vid. ~A. Cell, lib, 16. cap. lo, 
 
 I z ^ Yet
 
 I J 1 Of the Ctv'il Government Part 11. 
 
 Yet at the Elcdlion of the Cenfors^ this Cuflom did not hold; 
 but as loon as they were pronounc'd eledted, they were imme- 
 diately iiivefled with the Honour (a). 
 
 13y the Inftitution of ihefe Comttia^ Servius T'uUius fecretljT 
 convey'd the whole Power from the Commons : F"or the Centuries 
 of the firft and richcfi Clafs being call'd out fird, who were 
 three more in Number than all the reft put together, if they all 
 agreed, as generally they did, the Buiinefs was already decided, 
 and the other Clajjes were needlefs and infignificant. However' 
 the three laft fcarce ever came to Vote (^). 
 
 The Commons, in the time of the Free State, to reSifie this 
 Difadvantage, obtain'd, that before they proceeded to Voting 
 any Matter at thefe CornHia^ that Century fliou'd give their Suf- 
 frages firft, upon whom it fell by Lot, with the Name of Ce'wr/z- 
 turia Praro^ativa ; the reft being to follow according to the Order 
 of their CiaJJ'es. After the Conftitution of the five and thirty 
 T'ribes^ into which the Clajjes and their Centuries were divided, 
 in the firft place, the Tribes caft Lots, which Ihou'd be the Pre* 
 rogative -Tribe; and then the Centuries of the Tribe ^ for the Ho- 
 nour of being the Prerogative-Century. Al I the other Tribes and 
 Centuries had the Appellation of 'Jure vocata^ becaufethey were 
 call'd out according to their proper Places. 
 
 ThtPrerogative-Centuryh^m^cho^h by Lot, the chief Magi- 
 ftrate fitting in a * Tent in the Middle of the 
 * Tnhermadum. Campus Martins., order'd that Century to come 
 out and give their Voices; upon vvhich they 
 prefently feparated from the reft of the Multitude, and came in- 
 to an enclos'd Apartment, which they term'd Septa., or Ovilia^ 
 paffing over the Pontes., or narrow Boards, laid there for the 
 Occafion ; on which Account, de Ponte dejici is to be deny'd the 
 Privilege of Voting, and Perfons thus dealt with, are call'd De- 
 fontani. 
 
 At the hither End of the Pontes., ftood the Diribitores (a fort 
 
 of Undcr-Officers, called fo from dividing or marfna^l'ng the 
 
 Pcoplcj and delivcr'd to every Man, in the E- 
 
 TabelU. leition of Mngiftrates, as many Tablets as there 
 
 appciir'd Canaidates, one of v/hofe Names was 
 
 written upon every Tablet. 
 
 A fit Number of great Chefts were fet ready in the Septa, 
 and every Body threw in which Tablet he pleas'd. 
 
 (a) Ltv, iib, ^O. (b) Dionyf. lib. 4. 
 
 By
 
 Book IIL ^t/"/^/? Romans. 13} 
 
 By the Cherts were placed fome of the publick Servants, who 
 taking out the Tablets of every Century^ for every Tablet made 
 a Prick, or a Fomt, in another Tablet which they kept by them. 
 Thus the Bufinefs being decided by molt Poi,,ts, gave Occaiion 
 tothePhrafe oi Omm tulit funSium (a), and the like. 
 
 The fame Method was obferv'd in the judiciary ProccfiTes at 
 thefe Comitia^ and in the Confirmation of Laws ; except that iia 
 both thefe Cafes only two Tr.blets wereofter'd to every Perfon, 
 ononeof which was written U.R. and on the other A. in Capi- 
 tal Letters; the two firft (landing for Uti Rogas^ or, Beii as you 
 defire, relating to the Magi Urate who propos'd the Queftion ; and 
 the laft for Antiqno^ or, 1 forbid it. 
 
 'Tis remarkable, that tho' in the Eledion of Magiftrates, and 
 in the Ratification of Laws, the Votes of that Century^ whofe 
 Tablets were equally divided, iignified nothing; yet in Tryals 
 of Life and Death, if the Tablets pro and con were the fame in 
 Number, the Perfon was adlually acquitted {b). 
 
 The Divifion of the People into Tribes .^ was an Invention of 
 Romulus.^ after he had admitted the kSrfi'/Wj into /?o»2?; and tho' he 
 conftituted at, that time only three, yet as the State encreas'd in 
 Power, and the City in Number of inhabita>,ts, they rofe by De- 
 grees to five and thirty. For a long time after this Infti- 
 tution, a Tribe fignified no more than fuch a Space of Ground 
 with its Inhabitants. But at lafl: the Matter was quite alter'd, and 
 a Tribe was no longer Pars Ufbis but Civitat's\ not a Quar- 
 ter of the City, but a Company of Citizens living where they 
 pleas'd. This Change was chiefly occafion'dby the Original Dif- 
 ference between the Tribes in point of Honour. For Romulus 
 having committed all Sordid and Mechanic Arts to the Care of 
 Strangers, Slaves, and Libertines, and referv'd the more honeft 
 Labour of Agriculture to the Free-men and Citizens, who by 
 thisadlivc Courfe of Life might be prepar'd for Martial Service; 
 thcTribus Ru/liccv were for this Reafonefteem'd more honoura- 
 able than the Urbana : And now all Perfons being defirous of get- 
 ting into the more creditable Divifion, and there being fever^I 
 Ways of accomplifhing their Wifhes, as by Adoption, by the 
 Power of the CeKfors and the like; that Rufiu Tribe which had 
 moft worthy Names in its Roll, had the Preference to all others, 
 tho' of the fame general Denomin; tion. Hence all of the fame 
 great Family, bringing themfelves by Degrees into the fame 
 7r/^f, gave the Name of their Family to the Trtbe they ho- 
 
 r ■ • 
 
 («) Htr.Jt ^irt( T*ff. {'') Dionyf- lib. 7. 
 
 I g nour'di
 
 134 Of the Civil Government Part II.' 
 
 nour'd; whereas at firft, the Generality of thcT^ribes did not 
 borrow their Names from Perfons but from Places (a). 
 
 The firft Allembly of the Tribes we meet with, is about the 
 Year of Rome 263, conven'd by Sp. Sicmius^ Tribune of the 
 Commons, upon Account of the Tryal of Coriolanus. Soon 
 after the Tribunes of the Commons were order'd to be eleded 
 here; and at lafl all the inferior Magiftrates and the CoUegiafe' 
 Prierts. The fame Comitia ferv'd for the enafting of Laws re- 
 lating to War and Peace, and al 1 others propos'd by the 7r/^a»^^ 
 and Plebeian Officers, tho' they had not properly the Name of 
 Leges^ but Plebifcita. They were generally conven'd by the 
 T^ribitnes of the Commons; but the fame Privilege was allow'd 
 to all the chief Magiftrates. 
 
 They were confin'd to no Place, and therefore fometimes we 
 find them held in the Co>«/>/i^»?, fometimes in the Campus Mar-' 
 iiusj and now and then in the Capitol. 
 
 The Proceedings were, in moft refpedbs, anfwerable to thofe 
 already defcrib'd in the Account of the other Comitia^ and there- 
 fore need not be infilled on; only wemay further obferve of the 
 Comitia in general, that when any Candidate was found to have 
 moft Tabl ts for a Magiftracy, he was declar'd to be defign'd 
 or eleSied by the Preiident of the AfTembly : And this they 
 term'd renunciari Conful^ Pro-tor^ or the like : And that the laft 
 fort of the Comitia only could be held without the Confent and 
 Approbation of the Senate^ which was neceilary to the conve- 
 ning of the other two (b). 
 
 (a) See Mr. Walker of Coins, p. 1 16. {h) Uionyf. lib. 9. 
 
 CHAP. XVII. 
 
 Of the Roman Judgments -y and firfi of Private 
 Judgments. 
 
 Judgment^ according to Arijiotk's Definition, is no more 
 than KeiV/j t» S'ikaU -^ ct/i)t», the Dedfion of Right a»d 
 Wrong^. 
 
 The whole Subjeft of the Roman Judgments is admirably ex- 
 plain'd by Sigonius in his three Books de Judiciis, from.whon> 
 
 A 
 
 the following Account is for the mod part extradcd 
 
 jfudgmenis,
 
 Book III. of the KouAtis. ijj 
 
 "Judgment!^ or Determinations of a proper "Judge^ were made 
 cither by a competent Number of feledlj^i^i^^^;, or by the whole 
 People ilia General AlFembly. 
 
 judgments made by one or more (eleft Judges^ may be divi- 
 ded into publick and private, the firfl: relating to Ctjntroverlies, 
 the fecond to Crimes. 
 
 The former will be fufficiently defcrib'd, if we confider the 
 Matter, or Subjeft, oi thc^Q Judgments^ the Perfons concern'd 
 in them, and the Manner of Proceeding. 
 
 The Matter of private Judgments takes in all forts of Caufcs 
 that can happen between Man and Man ; which being fo valUy 
 extended, and belonging more immediately to the Ctvil Law, 
 need not here be infilled on. 
 
 The Perfons concern'd were the Parties, the Affiltants, and 
 the Judges. 
 
 The Parties were the Ador^n^ Reus^ the Plaintiff and De- 
 fendant. 
 
 The Afliflants were the Procnratores^ and the Jdvocati, of 
 whom, tho' they are often confounded, yet the firft were pro- 
 perly fuch. Lawyers as affifted the Plaintiff in proving, or the De- 
 fendant in clearing himfelf from the Matter of Fa6t: The other, 
 who were likewifecall'd Patroni^ were to defend their Client's 
 Caufein Matters of Law (a). 
 
 Both thefe were felefted out of the ableft Lawyers, and had 
 their Names entred in the Matriculation-Book of the Forum, 
 This was one Condition requifite to give them the Liberty of 
 Pleading ; the other was the being retain'd by one Party, or the 
 receiving a Fee, which they iQixVid Mandatum (b). 
 
 The Judges, belides the Pr<etor, or fuprcme Magiftrate, who 
 prefidcd in the Court, and allov/'d and conlirm'd them, were 
 of three forts ; Arhttri^ Recuferatores^ and Ceatumviri Litibus 
 judtcandts. 
 
 Arbttri^ whom they call'd fimply JudJces^ were appointed to 
 determine in fome private Caufes of no great Confequence, 
 and of very eafie Decifion. 
 
 Recnperatores were aUlgn'd to decide theControverfies about 
 receiving or recovering Things which had been loft or taken a- 
 way. 
 
 liutthe ufual Judges in private Caufes, were the Cemumvirli 
 Three of which were taken out of every 7'ribe^ fo that their 
 Number was five more than their Name imported; and at lengta 
 
 (/i) Zomh. E'ement, J>irifprnd, p. s. Sed. 3. (h) Ibid. ^ 
 
 I 4 increas'4
 
 1^6 Of the Civil Government Part IL 
 
 increas'd to an hundred and eighty. 'Tis probable that the 
 Arbiiri and Recuperatores were alfign'd out of this Body by 
 the Pu-etor. 
 
 The manner of carrying on the private Suits was of this Na- 
 ture. The Difference failing to be made up between P'riends, 
 the injur'd Pcrfon proceeded in jus re^Am vocare^ tofummonor 
 cite the offending Party to the Court; who was oblig'd immedi- 
 ately to go with him, or elfe to give Bond for his Appearance ; 
 according to the common Maxim, In jus vucatus mt eat^ ant 
 fatifdet. 
 
 i3oth Parties being met before the Prator, or other fupreme 
 Magiflrate prefiding in the Court, the Plaintiff propos'd the A<5ti- 
 on to the Defendant, in which he defign'd to fuc him: This they 
 term.'d Edere ASiionem^^tm^ perform'd commonly by writing it 
 in a Tablet, and offering it to Defendant, that he might fee 
 whether he had belt compound, or iland the Suit. 
 
 In the next place came the PoJJulaiio Adionis^ or the Plaintiff's 
 defiring Leave of the Prator to profecute the Defendant in 
 fuch an Adion: This being granted, the l^lmmff vada^atur reum^ 
 oblig'd him to give Sureties for his Appearance on fuch a Day 
 in the Court; and this was all that was done in publick, before 
 the prefixM Day for the TryaL 
 
 In the mean time, the Difference us'd very often to be made 
 np, either Traufa^ione^ or PaBo^ by letting the Caufefall as du- 
 bious and uncertain ; or by Compofition for fo much Damage 
 to beafcertain'd by an equal Number of Friends. 
 
 On the Day appointed for Hearing, the Prxtor ordered the 
 feveral Bills to be read, and the Parties to be fummon'd by aa 
 Accen[us or Beadle. Upon the Default of either Party, the De- 
 faulter loft his Caufe. The appearing of both they tcrm'd fe 
 fieti£'e\ and then the Plaintiff proceeded Litem Jive Adionera 
 intendere^ to prefer the Suit; which was pcriorm'd in a fetForm 
 of Words, varying according to the Difference of the Actions. 
 After this, the Plaintiff defir'd Judgment of the Proctor; that h^ 
 to be allow'd a 'Judex ^ ox Arbiter^ or clfe the Recuperatores or 
 Centumv:ri^ for the hearing and deciding the [•inlinefs; but none 
 of thefe could be defir'd, unlefs both Parties agreed. 1 he Pr.vtor 
 when he affign'd them their Judges, at the lame time, defin'd 
 the Number of Vv'itne&s, to hinder the protrac'tingof the Suit; 
 and then the Parties proceeded to give Caution, tnat the Judg- 
 inentjWhatever it was, fliould (laud and be performed on both lides. 
 The Judges always took a folemn Oath to be impartial ; and 
 ihe Parties iwore they did not gQ to Law withadelign to abufe 
 
 one
 
 Book III. (?//^^ Romans. 137 
 
 one another: This they ca\VdJurame}itum Calumuia. Then be- 
 gan the Difceptatio Caufce^ or difputhig the Cafe, manag'd by 
 the Lawyers on both (ides ; with the AlTiftance of Witnefles, 
 Writings and the h'ke; theUfe of which is fo admirably laught 
 in their Books of Oratory. 
 
 In giving Sentence, the major Part of the Judges was requir'd 
 to overthrow theDefendant.ii the Number was equally divided 
 the Defendant was adually clear'd; and if half condem.n'd him 
 in one Sum to be paid, and half in another, the leaft Sum al- 
 ways Hood good (a). 
 
 The Confequence of the Sentence was either i» integrum re- 
 Jl'ttutio^ AddiSliO^ Judicium C alumni cc^ or Judicium falji. 
 
 The firft was, when upon Petition of the Party who was over- 
 thrown, the Prtetor gave him Leave to have the Suit come on a« 
 gain, and allow'd him another full Hearing. 
 
 Addidio was, when the Party who had been caft in fuch a Sum, 
 unlefs he gave Surety to pay it in a little time, was brought 
 by the Flaintitf before the Prator^ whodeliver'd him into his 
 Difpofal, to be committed to Prifon, or otherwile fecur'd, till 
 Satisfadlion was made. 
 
 Judicium Calummw^ was iin Adion brought againfl the Plain- 
 tiff for falfe Accufation. 
 
 Judicium falfi^ was an Aftion which lay againft the Judges for 
 Corruption and unjuft Proceedings, 
 
 (<«) ZoHch. Element, p. 5. Seft. 10. 
 
 CHAP. XVIIL 
 Of PubUck JUDGMENTS. 
 
 "C" O R the Knowledge of Publick Judgments, we may take 
 ■*- Notice of the Crimes, of the Punifliments, of the Ouicfitors 
 and Judges, of the Method of Proceeding, and of the Confe- 
 quenccs of the Tryal. 
 
 The Crimes, or the Matter of the publick Judgments, were 
 fuch Adions as tended either mediately, or immediately, to the 
 Prejudice of the State, and were forbid by the Laws, As if any 
 Pcrfon had derogated from the Honour and Majefty of the Com- 
 mon-wealth; had embezell'd or put to ill Ufes the publick Mo- 
 iiey, or any Treafure coiifecrated to Religion; or had corrupted 
 
 the
 
 138 Of the Civil Government Part II. 
 
 the Peoples Votes In an Elcftion ; or had extorted ContributJons 
 from the Allies ; or receiv'd Money in any Judgment; or had 
 us'd any violent Compullion to a Member of the Common- 
 wealth: Thefethey term'd Crimina Majejlatis^ peculatiis^ ambi- 
 ttis^ refetundarzivn^ and 'vis -public a. Or if any Perfon had kill'd 
 another with a Weapon, or effefted the fame with Poyfon; or 
 laid violent Hands on his Parents; or had forg'd a Will ; dr 
 counterfeited the publick Coin; or had corrupted another Man's 
 Wife; or had bought, bound, or coneeal'd a Servant without 
 the Knowledge of his Mafter : Whence thefe Crimes took 
 the Names of, inter ficarios^ ■veneficii^ parricidii, faljij aduherit^ 
 J>lagii. 
 
 Sefides thefe, any private Caufe, by vertue of a new Law, 
 Eiight be made of publick Cognizance. 
 
 As to the Punifhments, they may be allow'd a Chapter by 
 themfelves hereafter. 
 
 The Inquiiition of criminal Matters belong'd at firfl: to the 
 Kings, and after the Abrogation of the Government, for fome 
 time, to the Confuls : But being taken from them by the Valeri/in 
 Lavj^ it was confcrr'd,as Occafionshappen'd, upon Officers de- 
 puted by the People, with the Title of Qutffitores Parricidti. But 
 about the Year of the City 604, this Power was made perpetual, 
 and appropriated to the Prietors^ by vertue of sKi Order of the 
 People at their annual Ele£tion; the Inquifition of fuch and fuch 
 Crim.es being committed to fuch and fuch Prators : Yet upon 
 extraordinary Occafions, the People could appoint other Qtiaji- 
 tore^^ if they thought convenient. 
 
 Next to the 5a<^/;^or, was the 'Judex Qiia(l!Of?ts\ calFdalfoby 
 y^fcoaius^PriftcepsJudici/m^v.-ho^tho' he is fomctimcs confounded 
 with the Prator^ yet wa» properly a Perfon of Note, deputed by 
 the Pr.vtor^ to manage the Tryal, of which the former Magi- 
 llrate pcrform'd only- the main Bufmefs. 
 
 After him were t\\eJudicesfeleSli^'W\\owQXZ fummon'dbythe 
 Prator to give their Vcrdift in criminal JMatters, in tht fame 
 manner as our Juries. What alterations were made indifferent 
 limes as to the Orders of the People whence the Judices were 
 to be taken, will be obferv'd when we fpeak of the particular 
 Laws on this Head (a). No Perfon could regularly be admitted 
 into the Number, unlefs five and twenty Years of Age (b). 
 
 As to the Method of the Proceedings, the rirlt Adion, which 
 they termed in jus xocatto^ was much the fame in publick as in 
 
 (rt) Cap. 16. {h') rid. GXJCV. Pr.tfiit. ad Vol. U kniq. Rem. 
 
 pri-
 
 Book III. of the KouAi^s, 13^ 
 
 private Caufes: But then, as the Pojlulatio of the Plaintiff coii^ 
 lifted in defiring Leave of the Praior to enter a Suit againft the 
 Defendant : fo here the Accufcr defir'd Permiffion to enter the 
 Name of the Oftender, with the Crime which he objeded to 
 him: This they call'd Nominis delatio; being perform'd firft 'vi* 
 -vd voce^ in a Form of Words, according to the Nature of the 
 Crime, and then offer'd to the Prator, being writ in a Tablet • 
 if approv'd by the Prator^ the accus'd Party's Nature was en- 
 tered in the Roll of Criminals ; both Perfons having taken the 
 Oath of Calumny already fpoken of. 
 
 At the Entraiice of the Name, the Pr^^or appointed a fetDay 
 for the Tryal : And from that Time the accus'd Perfon changM 
 his Habit, going in Black 'till the Tryal was over, and ufing in his 
 Drefs and Carriage all tokens of Sorrow and Concern. 
 
 Upon the appointed Day, the Court being met, and both 
 Parties appearing, the firft thing that was done, was the forfj- 
 tiojudicum^ or impannelling the Jury; pertbrm'd commonly 
 by the3'a<^^-^ Qu.fjiioais, who took by Lot fuch a Number out 
 of the Body of the Judices feledi^ as the particular Law on 
 which the Accufation was founded, had determin'd ; Liberty 
 being given to both Parties to rejeft (or, as we call it, to chal- 
 l€i»ge) any that they plcas'd, the Prator, or Judex Qticejlionis 
 fubftituting others in their Places. 
 
 The Jury being thus chofen, was cited by the publick Ser- 
 vants of the Court; and when the proper Number appear'd 
 they were fworn, and then took their Places in the Subfellla 
 and heard the Tryal. 
 
 In this we may reckon four Parts, Accufatio^ Defenfio^ Lau- 
 datio^ and Laiio fenie'/itue. 
 
 Accufatio is dt^Wdi^Perpetua ratio ad crlmina inferenda atque 
 augenda ariificiofe coynpojita; A CG/Jti/HiedOration artificially com- 
 pos' d fur the making out^ and heightening the Crimes alledg''d: For 
 it did not only confift in giving a plain Narration of the Matter of 
 Faft, and confirming it by Witnelles and otfer Evidences ; but 
 in bringing of other Arguments too, drawn from the Nature of 
 the Thing, from the Charaifter of the accus'd Perfon, and his for- 
 .mer Courfe of Life, from the Circumftances of the Faft , and fcve- 
 'ral other Topicks, Vv'hich the Orators teach us to enkirgc upon.* 
 Nor was the Accufer limited in refpedl of Time, being allow'd 
 commonly as many Days as he plcas'd, to make good his Char-c. 
 
 Defenfio belong'd to the Lawyers or Advocates retain'd by the 
 accus'd Party, who in like manner were allow'd to fpeakasmany 
 Days as they pleas'd, towards the clearing of their Client. The 
 
 three
 
 140 Of the Civil Government Part 11. 
 
 three common Methods they took, were Fa^i negatio^ negatio 
 ^oyninis fadi^ or probatio jure fadu/n : either plainly to deny the 
 Matter of Fa6l,and endeavour to evince the contrary ; or ellc to 
 acknowledge theFatL.and yet to deny that it tell under the Na- 
 ture of the Crime objected: Or, lall;ly,to prove the Faei lawful. 
 
 The firftway of Defence was generally us'd when the Perfou 
 flood indifted of what they call'd Crimen repetundurum^ and 
 Crimen ambitus ; the next in the Crimen Majejlatis ; and the 
 laft in Cafes of Murder. 
 
 Cicero has given us an excellent Example in every kind. Of 
 the firfl in his Orations for Fonteiiis^ tlaccus^ Murana^ and 
 PlaMctus : Of the fecond in that for Cornelius ; and of the third 
 m his admirable Defence of Mi/o. 
 
 Laudatio was a Cuilom like that in our Tryals, of bringing 
 in Perfons of Credit to give their Teftimony of the accus'd 
 Perfon's good Behaviour, and Integrity of Life. The leaft 
 Number of thefe Laudatoret us'd to be ten. 
 
 In the Latio Sententia^ or pronouncing Sentence, they pro- 
 ceeded thus : After the Orators on both lides had faid all they 
 defign'd, the Cryer gave Notice of it accordingly ; and then the 
 Prator fent out the Jury to confult {mntebat Judices in confi~ 
 Hum) delivering to every one three Tablets cover'd with Wax, 
 one of Abfokition, another ofCondemnation,and athird o(^m- 
 f Hat ion ^ or Adiournment of the Tryal; the tirft being mark'd 
 with A; the fecond withC; the other with N. L. or nm liquet. 
 
 In the Place where the Jury withdrew, was fet a proper 
 Number of Urns, or Boxes, into which they threw what Tablet 
 they plt^s'd; the accus'd Perfon proftrating himfelf all this while 
 at their Feet, to move their Compaflion. 
 
 The Tablets being drawn, and the grcatcft Number known, 
 the Praetor pronounc'd Sentence accordingly. The Form of 
 Condemnation was ufually f^idetur fecijje, or Nonjure videtur 
 fccijje : Of Abiblution, Non videtur fecif/e : Of Ampliation, 
 Jlmpli/is cogKofcendum\ or rather the bare Word A MP LIU S: 
 This Afconins teaches us; M-js veternm hic jnerat^ nt Ji abful- 
 vendns qitii ejj'et^ flatim abjolveretur \ ft darjanjiidus^Jlatim dum- 
 narett-ir'y Ji can fa non eljct idoz'ea ad d.amnat:oneyn^ abfolvi tamen 
 am po(jet^ A lii P L lUS pronuncian-tur. Sometimes he men- 
 tion'd the Puniihmcnt, and fometimi-s left it o'U, as being de- 
 termin'd by the Law, on which the Indidmcnt was grounded^ 
 
 The Confequenccs of the Fry i in criminal Matters, may 
 be reduc'd to thefe four Heads, Mfiimatio litis, Animadverjio^ 
 'judicium cahimma-, and 'Judicium pravaricationis. 
 
 MJiimati&
 
 Book III. of the Romans. 141 
 
 Mflimat'to litis, or the Rating of the Damages, was in U& 
 only in Cafes of 13ribery, and abufe of the publick Money. 
 
 /}yiimadverfw^ was no more than the putting the Sentence in 
 Execution, which was left to the Care of the Prector. 
 
 Hut in cafe the Party was abfolved, there lay two Aflions 
 againfl: the Accufer ; one of Calumny, the common Punifh- 
 ment of which was Frontis tnujlio^ burnii'g in the Fore-head: 
 And the other of Prevarication, when the Accufer, initead of 
 urg'ng the Crime home, feem'd rather to hide or extenuate the 
 Guilt : Hence the Civilians define a Prevaricator, to be One 
 that betrays his Canfe to the Adverfary, and turns on the Crirai- 
 nafs Side-f ■whom he ought to profecute. 
 
 CHAP. XIX. 
 
 judgments of the ivhok People. 
 
 *T^HE People were fometimes the Judges, both in private 
 -■- and publicli Caafes ; though of the firft, we have only 
 one Example in Livy\ the other we frequently meet with ia 
 Authors. 
 
 Thefe Judgments were made firft at the Comitia Curiata^tmd 
 afterwards at the Ccy/t^^nata and 'Tnbuta; the Proceedings in 
 all which Affemblies have been already fliewn : What we may 
 further obferve is this : When any JVlagillrate delign'd to im- 
 peach a Perfon of a Crime before the whole People, he afccnd- 
 ed the Roflra, and calling the People together by a Crier, sig- 
 nified to them. That r.pon fuch a Day, he intended to accuitt 
 fuch a Perfon of fuch a Oime: This they tcrm'd Keo diem di- 
 cere : The fufpe6k"d Party was oblig'd immediately to give 
 Sureties for his Appearance on the Day prefix'd, and in De- 
 fault of Bail, was commanded to Prifon. 
 
 On the appointed Day, the Magiltrate again afcended the 
 Rnflra^ and cited the Party by the Cryer; who, unlefs fome 
 other Magiltrate of equal Authority interpos'd, or a fufficient 
 Excufe was otfer'd, was oblig'd to appear, or might be punifliM 
 at the Pleafure of the MagiRrate who accus'd him. If he ap- 
 pear'd, the Acculcr l>egan his tJharge, and carried it on every 
 other Day, for lix Days together; at the end of the Indidmcnt 
 
 mention-
 
 1 4 i Of the Civil Government Part II. 
 
 rncntioning the particular Punifhment fpecified in the Law for 
 fuch an OtFence. This Intimation they term'd mqulfuio. The 
 fume was immediately after exprcIVd in Writing, and then 
 took the Name oi Rogatio^ in refped of the People, who were 
 to be ask'd or confulted about it; and Irrogatio^ in refpedl: of 
 the ('riminal, as it imported the Muld or Punifhment afllgn'd 
 him by the Accufer. This Kogatio was publickly expos'd three j 
 Nuadince or Market-Days together, for the Information of the ' 
 People. On the third Market-Day, the Accufer again afcend- 
 ed the Roftra\ and,- the People being call'd together, undertook 
 the fourth Turn of his Charge, and having concluded, gave 
 the other Party leave to enter upon his Defence, cither in his 
 own Pcrfon, or by his Advocates. 
 
 . At the fume time as the Accufer finifli'd his fourth Charge, 
 he gave Notice what Day he'd have theComhia meet to receive 
 the Bill ; the Comitia Trihuta to conlider of Muldts, and the 
 Centnriata for Capital Punifhments. 
 
 But in the mean time, there were fcveral Ways by which 
 the accus'd Party might be reh'ev'd; as firrt, if the Tribunes of 
 the Commons interpos'd in his Behalt ; or if he excus'd himfelf 
 by voluntary Exile, Sicknefs, or upon Account of providing 
 for a Funeral; or if he prevail'd with the Accufer to relinquilh 
 his Charge, and let the Caufe fall \ or if upon the Day appoint- 
 ed for the Comitia^ the Augurs difcover'd any ill Omens, and 
 ■fo forbad the Affembly. 
 
 If none of thefe happen'd, the Comhla met, and proceeded as 
 has been already defcrib'd ; and as for the Animadverfio or put- 
 ting Sentence in Execution, this was perform'd in the fame 
 manner as in the Pratori.m Judgments. 
 
 The Forms of Judgments which have been thus defcrib'd, 
 mult be fuppos'd to have prevail'd chiefly in the Time of the 
 free State : For as the Kings before, fo the Emperors after- 
 wards, were themfelvcs Judges in what Caufes, and acter what 
 manner they pleas'd, as Suetonius particularly intbrms us of al- 
 molt all the twelve Cafars. 'Twas this gave Occalion to the 
 Rife of the Mandatores and DeUtorcs^ a fort of Wretches to be 
 met with in every Part of Hillory. The Bulinefs of the former 
 was to mark down fach Peribns as upon Inquilition they pre- 
 tended to have found guilty of any Mifdemeanour ; and the 
 latter were employ'din acculing and profccuting them upon the 
 other's Order. This mifchievons I'ribe, as they were counte- 
 nanc'd and rewarded by ill Princes, fo were they extremely de- 
 tcltcd by the good Emperours. 'Inns profecuted all that could 
 
 be
 
 Book III. of the Romaics. \ 143 
 
 be found upon the moft diligent Search, with Death or perpe- 
 tual BanilTiment (a): And P/i;?)' reckons it among the greateft 
 Praifes oi Trajan^ that he had clcar'd the City from the perjur'd 
 Race of Informers (b). 
 
 (*) Smt»n. in Tit. cap. S. (J;) PUn. in Pane^ric. 
 
 CHAP. XX. 
 Of the Roman Punijhments. 
 
 THE ixccm2XtStgomus has divided the Punilhments into eight 
 Sorts, Damnum^ Vincula^ F^erbero^ Xalio^ IgKominia^ Exi- 
 lium^ Servitus, Mors. 
 
 Damnum was a pecuniary Mul6l or Fine fet upon the Of- 
 fender, according to the Quality of the Crime. 
 
 Vmcula fignifies the guilty Ferfon's being condemn'd to Im- 
 prifonment and Fetters ; of which they had many forts, as Ma- 
 niae^ Pedica^ Nervi^ Boia., and the like. The publick Prifoii 
 in Rome vj as built by Ancus Martins^ hard by ths Forum (a): 
 To which a new Part was added by Servius Tullius^ called 
 thence T'ullianum : Saluji defcribcs the T'uUianum as an Apart- 
 ment under Ground (b)^ into which they put the moft noto- 
 rious Criminals. The higher Part, rais'd by Ancus Martius^ 
 has commonly the Name of the Kobur\ from the oaken Planks 
 which compos'd it. For the keeping of the Prifon, belides the 
 Triumviri^ was appointed a fort of Goalcr, whom Valerius 
 Maximus calls Cujios Carceris (c)^ and Plh^y Commentaries f^s (d), 
 
 Ferbera^ or Stripes, were inflided either with Rods [Firgcv^ 
 or with Battoons [Fn/les:'] The firit commonly preceded ca- 
 pital Punifliments properly fo call'd : The other was mofl in 
 Ufe in the Camp, and belong'd to the Military Difcipline. 
 
 y^/zi; was a Punifliment by which the guilty Perfon futler'd ex- 
 a£tly after the fame manner as he had oifcnded; as in Cafes of 
 maiming, and the like. Yet A. Gellius informs us, that the Cri- 
 minal was allow'd the Liberty of compounding with thePerfoti 
 
 (a) In, lib. I. (t) In Bdlo C^tilimxr. {/) Lib. J. (^d) Lib, 7. cap. jg. 
 
 he
 
 144 Of the Civil Qovernment Part II. 
 
 he had injnr'd; fo that he needed not fuffer the "Talio^ unlefs he 
 voluntarily chofe it (a). 
 
 Ignomtnia was no more than a publick Shame which the of- 
 fending Perfon underwent, either by vertue of the Privtor^s 
 Edict ; or more commonly by Order of the Cenfor. : This 
 Punilhment, befides the Scandal, took away from the Party on 
 whom 'twas inflided, the Privilege of bearing any Office, and 
 almoft all other Liberties of a Roman Citizen. 
 
 Exllmm was not a Punifhment immediately, but by confe- 
 qlience ; for the Phrafe us'd in the Sentence and Laws, was Aquce 
 (^ Ignis Inter didio^ the forbidding the Ufe of Water and Fire, 
 which being necelTary for Life, the condemn'd Perfon was ob- 
 lig'd to leave his Country. Yet m the Times of the latter Em- 
 perors, we find it to have been a pofitive Punifhment, as appears 
 from the Civil Law. KelegaUov^'x^ be reckon'd under this Head, 
 tho' it were fomething ditferent from the former ; this being the 
 fending a Criminal to fuch a Place, or for fuch a Time, or per- 
 haps for ever, by which the Party Vv^as not deprived of the Pri- 
 vilege of a Citizen of Korne^ as he was in the firft fort of Ba- 
 nilTiment, which they properly call'd Exilium. SuetoKius fpeaks 
 of a new fort of Relcgatio invented by the Emperor Claudius ; 
 by which he order'd fufpe£l:ed Perfons not to Itir three Miles 
 from the City (b). Befides this Relegatio they had two other 
 kinds of Banidiment, which they term'd Deportatio^'dndProfcrip- 
 tio ; tho' nothing is more common than to have them confound- 
 ed in mod Authors. Deportatio^ or Traufportation, ditfer'd in 
 thefe Refpedts from Relegatio ; that whereas the Relegati were 
 condemn'd either to change their Country for a fctTime, or for 
 ever, and loft neither their Eftate and Goods, nor the Privilege 
 of Citizens: On the contrary, the A>c/?or^^;/ were banifli'd always 
 for ever, and loft both their Eftates and Privileges, being counted 
 dead in the Law (c). And as for the Profcripti^zhey arcdefin'd by 
 the Lawyers to htfueh Perfons vjhofe Names were fix'' d up in Ta- 
 blets at the Fornm^to the end that they might be brotight tojujiice: 
 a Reward being propos''d to thofe that took them^and a Punijhment 
 to thofe that concealed them (d). Sylla was the firft Inventor of 
 this Pradice, and gave himfelf the greateft Example of it that 
 we meet with, /T^/fn'^/wg- 20C0 Knights and Senators at once C^j. 
 'Tis plain, that this was not a politive Banifhment, but a for- 
 
 (a) Vide ^. Cell. lib. II. Cap. I. (/') Siitt, in Clnud. cap 33. (c) Calvin. 
 LexiLOn. Juridic. in voc. De^ortati ir 1{eU^at . (rf) Jbid. in ve:e Prefer iyti. 
 
 (f) FioriiSy lib. i, cap. zt. 
 
 cing
 
 Book III. of the Romans. 14 j 
 
 forcing Perfons to make Ufe of that Security; fothat we may 
 fancy it of Hkc Nature with our Outlawry. 
 
 Serviius was a Punifliment, by which the Criminal's Perfon 
 as well as Goods, was publickly expos'd to fale by Auftion: 
 This rarely happeu'd to the Citizens, but was an ufual Way of 
 treating Captives taken in War, and therefore will be defcrib'd 
 hereafter. 
 
 U nder the Head of Capital Punifliments, the Romans reckon'd 
 extreme Banifhment ; becaufe thole who underwent that 
 Sentence, were in a civil Senfe dead. But becaufe this Mors', 
 Punilliment has been already defcrib'd, we are only now 
 to take Notice of fuch as reach'd the Offender's Life. 
 
 Thechief of thefc were Percujfio feairi^ Strangulatio, Praci-' 
 phat'to de robore^ Dejcclio e rupe 'Tarpsid^ in crucera aSilo^ and 
 Proje^iio in profluentem. 
 
 The firft was the fame as Beheading with us. 
 
 The fecond was perform'd in the Prifon, as it is now in 
 Turkey. 
 
 The third and fourth were a throwing the Criminal headlong, 
 either from that Part of the Prifon call'd i2o/'»r; or from the 
 highcft Part of the Tarpeian Mountain. 
 
 The fifth Punilhment, namely Crucifixion, was feldom inflict- 
 ed on any but Slaves, or the meanefl: of the Commons; yet 
 we find fome Examples of a different Pra6tice; and Suetonius 
 particularly relates of the Emperor (?«/^^, that having condemn- 
 ed a Roman Citizen to fuffer this Punifhment for poyfoning his 
 Ward, the Gentleman, as he was carrying to Execution, made 
 a grievous Complaint that a Citizen of ^ow? fliou'd undergo fuch 
 a fervile Death; alledging the Laws to the contrary: The Em- 
 peror hearing his Plea, promis'd to alleviate the Shame of his 
 Sentence, and order'd a Crofs much larger, and more neat than 
 ordinary to be ereded, and to be wafli'd over with white Paint, 
 that the Gentleman who ftood fo much on his Quality, might 
 have the Honour to be hang'd in State, (a). 
 
 The Crofs and the Pure a are commonly taken for the fame 
 thing in Authors; tho', properly fpeaking, there was a great 
 Difference between them. The Fttrca is divided hjLipfms into 
 Ignominiofa and Pocnalis : The former Plutarch defcribes to be 
 that Piece of Wood which fupports the Thill of a Waggon : He 
 adds, that 'twas one of the grcateft Penances for a Servant who 
 had offended, to take this upon his Shoulders, and carry it about 
 
 {4) Sueton, in Calbi, cap. p. 
 
 K the
 
 1^6 Of the Civil Government Part II. 
 
 the Neighbourhood ; for whoever was feen with this infamous 
 Burden, had no longer any Credit or Truft among thofe who 
 knew it, but was call'd Furcifer^ by way of Ignominy and Re- 
 proach (<3J. Furca poenalis was a piece of Wood, much of the 
 fame Siiape as the former, which was faften'd about the convift- 
 cd Perfon's Neck, he being generally either fcourg'd to Death 
 under it, or lifted up by it upon the Crofs. Lipfius makes it 
 the fame with the P<2^/^/W/<;«, and fancies, that for all the Name, 
 it might be not be a forked Piece of Timber, but rather aftraight 
 Beam, to which the Criminal's Arms, being ftretched out, were 
 tied, and which being hoifted up at the Place of Execution, 
 ferv'd for the tranfverfe Part of the Crofs. 
 
 Projedioinproflueatem wasaPunifhment proper to the Crime 
 of Parricide for the Murder of any near Relationj : The Perfon 
 convided of this unnatural Guilt, was immediately hooded, as 
 unworthy of the common Light: In the next Place, he was whip- 
 ped with Rods, and thenfew'dupin a Sack, and thrown into the 
 Sea; or, in inland Countries, into the next Lake or River. After- 
 wards, for an Addition tothePunifhment, a Serpent us'd to be put 
 into the Sack with the Criminal; and by degrees, in latter Times, 
 an Ape, a Dog, and a Cock.The Sack which held the Malefador 
 was term'd CuIchs\ and hence the Punifhment it felf is often lig- 
 nified by the fame Name. The reafon of the Addition of the 
 living Creatures is thought to have been, that the condemn'd 
 Perfons might be tormented with fuch troublefome Company, 
 and that their CarcaiTes might want both Burial and Reft. Jh- 
 vefial exprefsly alludes to this Cuftom in his Eighth Satyr: 
 
 Libera fi dentur populo ftiffragia^ quis tarn 
 Perdittis^ ut dubitet Senecam /'n^/e^rf Neroni, 
 Cujus fupplicio non debuit una parari 
 Simia^ nonferpens nnus^ non Culeus unus ? 
 
 Had we the Freedom to exprefs our Mind^ 
 
 There's not a Wretch fo much to Vice inclin'd, 
 
 But will own Seneca did far excell 
 
 His Pupil, by whofc Tyranny he fell, 
 
 To expiate whole complicated Guilt, 
 
 With fome Proportion to the Blood he fpilt, 
 
 Rome lliould more Serpents, Apes, and Sacks provide 
 
 Than one, for the compendious Parricide. [Mr. Stepney. 
 
 ia) Vide Plfturih, in CtritUn. 
 
 Th«
 
 Book III. of the KouA^ s/ 1 47 
 
 The fame Poet in another Place mtimates, that this Sack was 
 made of Leather. 
 
 Tally, m his Defence of Sextus Rofcius, who flood arraign'd 
 for Parricide, has given an admirable Account of this Punifh- 
 ment, with the reafon on which it was grounded; particularly, 
 that the Malefador was thrown into the Sea, few'd up in a 
 Sack, for fear he Ihould pollute that Element, which wasreck- 
 on'd the common Purifier of all Things : With many the like 
 ingenious Refiedions. 
 
 Belides the Punilhments mention'd by Stgonlusj who feems to 
 coniider the Roman People as in a free State, we meet with abun- 
 dance of others, either invented or reviv'd in the times of the 
 Emperors, andefpecially in latter Ages: Among thefe, we may 
 take Notice of three, as the moil confiderable, adLudos, ad 
 Metalla, ad Bejlias. 
 
 The Lawyers divide Ludus, when they take m ior a Punifii- 
 ment, into Venatoruis and Gladlatonus (a). By the lormcr, the 
 convided Perfons fcommonly SlavesJ were oblig'd to engage 
 with the wild Beafts in the Amphitheatre; by the latter, they 
 were to perform the Part of Gladiators, and fatisfy Jullice by 
 killing one another. 
 
 Ad Met alia, or a condemning to work in the Mines, Suidas 
 would have to be invented by Tarquinius Superbus (h). Whatever 
 Reafon he had for his Aflertion, 'tis certain we rarely find it 
 mention'd 'till the times of the later Emperors; and particularly 
 in the Hiftories of the Perfecutionsof the Cbrijlians, who were 
 ufually fent in great Numbers to this laborious and llavifh Em* 
 ployment, with the Name of Metallic^ 
 
 The throwing of Perfons to wild Btrafts, was never put in Exe- 
 cution, but upon the vileft and moil: defpicable Malefadors ia 
 Crimes of the higheft Nature. This too was the common Doom 
 of the Primithe Chrijliam ; and 'tis to the Accounts of their Suffer- 
 ings we are beholden for tlie Knowledge of it. It may be ob- 
 ferv'd, that the Phrafe, Ad Bejlias dart (c), atfeds as well fuch 
 Criminals as were condemn'd to fight with the Beafts, as thofij 
 who were delivered to them to be devour'd : And the former of 
 thefe were properly term'd Bejiiarii [d). 
 
 There's (till one Puniftment behind, worth our Obfervation, 
 and which feems to have been proper to Incendiaries, and that was 
 the wrapping up the Criminal in a fort of Coat, daub'dover with 
 
 i«i »>.ii «■ ■ ■ I ill m 
 
 (a) Cahin, Lexicon. Jnridic. (f) In voce SsVsg^®', (») Ctthin, {a *«f. »<i 
 
 '^ K a Fitch,
 
 14S Of the C'rvil Government Part II. 
 
 Pitch, and then fetting it on Fire. Thus when Nero had burnt 
 Rome^ to fatisfy his Curiofity with the Profpedt, he contriv'd to 
 lay the Odium on the Chrijiians^ as a fort of Men generally dc- 
 tt?tQd-, and fcizing on all he could difcover, order'd them to be 
 lighted up in this manner, to fcrvc for Tapers in the Dark ; which 
 was a mucii more cruel Jeft than the former, that occalion'd it. 
 Juvenal zi\\]xdzs to this Cultom in his Eighth Satyr. 
 
 Aufi quod Uceai tunica pumre molefld. 
 
 To recompenfe whofe barbarous Intent, 
 Fitch'' d Shirts wou'd prove a legal Punifliment. 
 
 CHAP. XXI. 
 
 Of the Roman Laws in general 
 
 IN the Beginning of the i?o«?^?2 State, we trre aiTur'd all things 
 were manag'd by the fole Authority of the King, without 
 any certain Standard of Juftice and Equity. But when the City 
 grew tolerably populous, and was divided by Romulus into thirty 
 Curicc^ he began to prefer Laws at the AfTemblyof thofeCar/>, 
 which were confirm'd, and univerfally receiv'd. The like Pra- 
 fiice was follow'd by JSluma^ and fever al other Kings; all whofe 
 Conftitutions being colleded in one Body, by Sextus Papirius^ 
 who liv'd in the time of T^arquin the Proud^ took from him the 
 IsTame of Jus Papirianum. 
 
 But all thefe were abrogated foon after the Expulfion of the 
 Royal Family, and the judicial Proceedings for many Years to- 
 gether depended only on Cuitom, and the Judgment of the 
 Court. At laft, to redrcfs this Inconvenience, Commiffioners 
 werefent intoGr^^^-^, tomakeaColleftionof the beft Laws for 
 the Service of their Country; and, at their return, the Decem- 
 "viri were created to regulate the Bulinefs, who reduc'd them in- 
 to twelve Tables, as has been already fliewn. The Excellency 
 of which Inftitution, as it is fufficiently fet forth by moll Authors, 
 fo is it efpecially beholden to the high Encomium of Ctcero^ when 
 he declares it as his pofitire Judgment and Opinion, That the 
 
 Laws
 
 Book III. of tbe KoMMis. 149 
 
 Lavjs of the Twlve liable s are jufily to be preferred to whole Li' 
 braries of the Philofophers (a). 
 
 'They were divided into three Parts, of which the firft related 
 to the Concerns of Religion ; the fecond to the Right of the 
 Publick ; and the laft to private Perfons. 
 
 Thcfe Laws being ellablifl-i'd, it nccedarily follow'd, that 
 there Oiould be Difputations and Controverlies in the Courts, 
 fincc the Interpretation was to be founded on the Authority of 
 the Learned. This Interpretation they call'd Jus Civile^ tho' 
 at prefent we underftand by that Phrafe, the \vhole Syftem of 
 the Roman Laws. 
 
 Befides, out of all thefe Laws the Learned Men of that Time 
 compos'd a Scheme of Forms and Cafes, by which the ProcelTes 
 in the Courts were direfted. Thefe were term'd AciionesLegts. 
 
 We may add to thefe, the Laws preferr'd at the Publick Af- 
 femblies of the People; and the Plebifcita^ made without the 
 Authority of the Senate, at the Comitia Tributa^ which were 
 allow'd to be of equal Force with other Conilitutions, tho' they 
 were not honour'd with the Title of Leges. 
 
 And then the SenatHs-conftiUa^ andEdidls of the fupreme Ma- 
 gi ftrates, particularly of the Prators^ made up two more Sorts 
 of Laws, the lad of which they coWd Jus Honorarium. 
 
 And, laftly, when the Government was intrufted in the Hands 
 of a iingle Perfon, whatever he ordain'd, had the Authority of 
 a Law, with the Name of Principalis Conjiitutio. 
 
 Moft of thefe daily increafing, gave fo much Scope to the 
 Lawyers for the compiling of Reports and other Labours, that in 
 the Reign of Jufiiman., there were extant two thoufand diftindl 
 Volumes on this Subjedt. The Body of the Law being thus 
 ^rown unweildy, and rendcr'd almoll ufelefs by its exceffive 
 Bulk, that excellent Emperor enter'd on a Defign to bring it 
 into jufl: Dimenfions; v/hich was happily accomplifh'd in the 
 conftituting thofefour Tomes of the Civil Law., which arenow 
 extant, and have contributed, in a great meafure, to the Regu- 
 lating of all the States in Chrijlendom: So that the old Fancy of 
 the Romans., about the Eternity of their Command, is not fo 
 ridiculous as at firfl; Sight it appears ; fince by their admirable 
 Sandions, they are ftill like to govern for ever. 
 
 (<t) Cicer« dt Oraure, lib. I, 
 
 K 3 CHAP*
 
 I JO Of the Civil Government Part II. 
 
 \mitiT$'mm'^^Mn 
 
 CHAP. XXII. 
 
 Of the Laws in particularly and fir fl^ Of thofe rela- 
 ting to Religion, 
 
 AS for the Laws of the Twelve Tables, and other more an- 
 cient Inftitutions, as it would require no ordinary Stock of 
 Criticifm barely to explain their Words; fo is the Knowledge of 
 thcni almolt ufelefs, Imce they are fo feldom mention'd by the 
 Clafficks. Thofe which we generally meet with, are fuch as 
 were preferr'd by fome particular Magiftrate, from whom they 
 took their Names; thefe, by reafon of their frequent Occurrence 
 in the bed Writers, dcfcrve a fhort Explication, according to the 
 common Heads laid down by thofe Authors, who have hitherto 
 manag'd this Subjeft; beginning with fuch as concern'd the pub- 
 lick Woriliip, and the Ceremonies of Religion. 
 
 SulpiciaSemproniaLex^ the Author P . Sulpicius Saverrio^ and 
 P. Sempronius Sophus^ in their Conlulfhip, A. 449, ordaining, 
 that no Perfon fliou'd confecrate any Temple, or Altar, with- 
 out the Order of the Senate, and the major Part of the Tri- 
 bunes (a), 
 
 Papiria Lexy the Author L. Papirius, 7rtbHKe of the Com- 
 mons ; commanding, that no Perfon fhou'd have the Liberty 
 of confecrating any Edifice, Place, or Thing, without the Leave 
 of the Commons (b). 
 
 Cornelia Lex^ the Author L. Cornelius Sulla^ defining the Ex- 
 pences of Funerals (i). 
 
 Sextia LiciniaLeXy the Authors L. Sextius and Licifiizis^ Tri- 
 hunes of the Commons, /i, 38^, commanding, that inftead of 
 the Duumviri facris faciuKdiSy a Decem-virate fhou'd be created, 
 part out of the Patricians^ and part out of the Commons {d). 
 
 Oguln'ui Lex J the Authors Q.andCn. Ogul»iiyT'ribunes of the 
 Commons, A. 453, commanding, that whereas there were then 
 but four Pontificesy and four Augurs^ five more fhou'd be added 
 out of the Commons to each Order (e). 
 
 (a) LivA'Ai.9. (h) Cicert inOrat. [rorsmofna. {<) Fltit.inSylla. (d) Liv, 
 lib, 6. (i) Liv, lib. ICt 
 
 Manila
 
 Book III. ^//^<? Romans. i$t 
 
 Mafilia Lex, the Author P, Mafilius^ T'ributie of the Com- 
 mons, A. SS7-, enaftedfor the Revival of the Trafviri Epulones^ 
 an oldlnftitution of Numa^s (a). 
 
 Clodia Lexy the Author P. Clodius in his Tribtmepip^/l.Cgfy 
 divefting the Prieft of Cybele (ox the Great Mother, who came 
 fromPeJiaum) of his Office,' and conferring it on Brotigarus a 
 Gallo-Gracian (b), 
 
 Papia Lex, ordering the manner of chufing the FeJlalVk- 
 gins (c), as has been already defcrib'd. 
 
 The Punifhment of thofe holy Reclufes is grounded on the 
 Laws of Numa. 
 
 Licinia Lex, prefer'd by C. Lic'tnius Craffus, Tribune of the 
 Commons, A. 608, for the transferring the Right of chufing 
 Priefts, from the College to the People [cC) ; but it did not 
 pafs {e). 
 
 Domit'ta Lex,\k\.z Author Cn. DomHius Abembarbus, Tribune 
 of the Commons, A. 65-0, adtually transferring the faid Right 
 to the People (f). 
 
 Cornelia Lex, the Author L. Cornelius Sulla, Dilator and 
 Conful with Q^ Metellus, A. d-j-j, abrogating the former Law of 
 Domitius, and reftoring the Privilege there mention'd to tha 
 College ix)' 
 
 Atia Lex, the Author T. Atius Labienus, Tribune of the 
 Commons, A. 690, repealing the Cornelian Law, and reftoring 
 theDomitian {h). 
 
 Antonia Lex, the Author M. Antony in his Confulfliip with 
 'Julius C<efar, A. 700, abrogating the Atian Law, and reftoring 
 the Cornelian (i). PaulusManutius has conje6tur'd fromfeveral 
 Reafons, that this Law of Antony was afterwards repeal'd, and 
 the Right of chufing Priefts entrufted in the Hands of the People. 
 
 To this Head is commonly referr'd the Law about the Ex» 
 cmption from Military Service, or de Vacatione, in which there 
 was a very remarkable Claufe, NiJiBellum Gallicum exoriaturt 
 Unlefs \in Cafe of a Gallick InfurreEiion. In which Cafe, no 
 Perlbns, not the Priefts themfelves, were excus'd ; the Romans 
 apprehending more Danger from the Gauls than from any other 
 Nation, becaufe they had once taken their City [k). 
 
 As alfo the three Laws about the Shows : 
 
 (<i) Ck.itOraf. lib. J, (i) Idem. Orflt.froSeft.ir de harttff. %efponf. (t) ^, 
 ttetliMs. ((/) Cic. tie ^micitia, («) Idem. (/) Suet, in Ner. PartercuL lib. z. Cic, 
 %^grar. z. (g) ^fetniusin Divination, (h) £»«, life, 37, (»') 0/» ,lib, 44, (it) 
 flitf. in Mariell. Ctt,frt Ftntcia ir Philip. Z. 
 
 K 4 Licinm
 
 t^t Of the Civil Government. Part II. 
 
 Lic'mla, hcx^ the Author P. h'lcinius Varus^ Ci tyPrator 
 A, S^S-> f<^ttling the Day for the Celebration of the Ludi Apulli- 
 nares^ v.^hich before was uncertain (a). 
 
 Rofcia Lex Theatralis^ the Author L. Rofcius 0th o^ 'Tribune 
 of the Commons, A. 685-, ordaining, that none ihould lit in the 
 Firft fourteen Seats of the Theatre, unlcfs they were worth 
 four hunared Sejlertiums^ which was then reckon'd the Cenfus 
 Equefiris {b). 
 
 Auguftus Ccefar, after feveral of the Equejlrian Families had 
 impair'd their Eftates in the Civil Wars, interpreted this Law fo 
 as to take in all thofe whofe Ancellors ever had poflefs'd ths 
 Sum there fpecified. 
 
 (d) Liv. lib. 27. ^lex. Neapolitan. &C. (i-) Cic. Philip^, z. xAfcon. in Cor.ielian. 
 Juven. Sat. i. & l^. Horat. Epod. 4. Epift. 1. 
 
 CHAP. XXIII. 
 
 Laws relating to the Rights and Privileges of the 
 Roman Citizens. 
 
 TTA LERlALexde Provocatlone^ the Author P. Valerius Po- 
 y plicola^ fole Conful upon the Death of his Colleague Bru- 
 tus^ A. 243, giving Liberty to appeal from any Magiftrate to 
 the People, and ordering that no Magiftrate (hou'd punilh a Ro- 
 man dthtn in cafe of fuch an Appeal (a). 
 
 Valeria Horatio Lex, the Authors L.Valerius and M.Horati- 
 «5fj, Confuls, A. 304, reviving the former Law, which had loft 
 its Force under the Dccer/tvirate (b). 
 
 Valeria Lex Tertia, the Author M. Valerius Corvinus, in his 
 Confulfhip with Q^ Apuleius Panfa, A. 45-3, no more than a 
 Confirmation of the firft Valerian Law (c). 
 
 PorciaLex^thc Author/^f. Porciux, Tr;^^»f of the Commons, 
 in the fame Year as the former ; commanding, that no Magi- 
 ftrate fliou'd execute, or punifh with Rods, a Citizen of Rotfte ; 
 but upon the Sentence of Condemnation, ftiou'd give him Per- 
 miffion to go into Exile (d). 
 
 («) Liv. lib. 9. Plut. in PopUcol. cr*. (b) Liv. lib. 3. (<:) Liv. lib. lO. («') 
 ptv, lib. 10. Cic. pro T^aiiirio, Saiujf, in CAtilimr. Sntttn. i»}i<r. &C. 
 
 Sem'
 
 Book III. of the Romans. lyj 
 
 Sempronia Leges ^ Xht h.Vii\\ox C . Sempronius Gracchus ^'Tribune 
 of the Commons, A. 630, commanding, that no capital Judg- 
 ment (liou'd pafs upon a Citizen, without the Authority of 
 the People, and making feveral other Regulations in this 
 Affair (^j. 
 
 PapiaLex dc Peregre??'iSy the Author, C. Papius^ Iribtine of 
 the Commons, A. 6SS, commanding, that all Strangers fhould 
 be expell'd Rome {b). 
 
 'Junta Lex^ the Author M. Junius Pennus^ confirming the 
 former Law, and forbidding, that any Strangers fhould be al- 
 low'd the Privilege of Citizens (c). 
 
 Serviita Lex^ the Author C. ServiUus Glaucia^ ordaining, 
 that if any Latin accus'd a Roman Senator, fo that he was 
 convided, the Accufer fhou'd be honour'd with the Privilege of 
 a Citizen o'i Rome (d). 
 
 Licinia Mutia Lex^ the Authors L. Licinius Crajfus^ and 
 Q^ Mmius Scccvola^ in their Confulfhip, A. 65-8, ordering all 
 the Inhabitants of hal'j to be enroll'd in the Lilt of Citizens, in 
 their own proper Cities {e). 
 
 Livia Lex de Sociis : In the Year of the City 662, M. Livlus 
 Drufus propos'd a Law to make all the haliaiis free Denizons 
 of Rome : but before it came to be voted, he was found mur- 
 der'd in his Houfe, the Author unknown (f). 
 
 VariaLex: Upon the Death of Drufus^ the Knights prevail'd 
 with his Colleague (h Varius Hybrida^ to bring in a Bill for the 
 profecuting all fuch Perfons as fhou'd be difcover'd to have 
 affifted the Italian People, in the Petition for the Privilege of 
 the City (g)' 
 
 Julia Lex de Civitate: The next Year, upon the Revolt of 
 feveral States in 7i'.'?/y (which they call'd the Social IVar) L.Julius 
 Cd-far^ the Conful, made a Law, that all thofe People, who had 
 continu'd firm to the Roman Intereft, fhou'd have the Privilege 
 of Citizens (b) : And in the Year 664, upon the Conclulion of 
 that War, all the Italian People were admitted into the Roll of 
 Free Denizons, and divided into eight new Tribes (?'). 
 
 Sylvani ^ Carbonis Lex., the Authors Sylvanus and Carboy 
 Tribunes of the Commons, in the Year 664, ordaining, that any 
 Perfons, who had been admitted Free Denizons of any of the 
 
 {a) Cic. pral^abirio, pro Domo fm, pro Clitentto, ice. {b) Cicfro Bulbo. (c), Cif. 
 de Offic. lib. j, (d) ^fcon. in Oral, pro Scanro. Cic. pro Balbo. (e) Cic. de Ogle. 
 lib. 3.&proBdlbo. (/) Flor. lib. 3. cap. 17. Ck. de Leg. lib, 3. (5) Cic. in 
 BrMo, VSi, Max, lib. %. cap» 6. {h) cic. pro Balbe. (>) xAppian. lib. i. 
 
 COAfe-
 
 1 j4 ^/ ^^^ ^^^^'^ Government Part II.' 
 
 Confederate Cities, and had a Dwelling in /^tf/>^ at the Time of 
 the making of this Law, and had carried in their ^^ame to the 
 Prxtor'm fixty Days Time, (hou'd have the Priv . ge of Citi- 
 zens of Romf (a). 
 
 Sulpicia Lex^ the Author P. Sulpkius, 'Tribune of the Com- 
 mons, A. 66s, ordaining, T'hat the new Citizens, v.'ho com- 
 pos'd the eight Tribes, ihou'd be divided anion^ the thirty tive 
 old Tribes, as a greater Honour (b). 
 
 Cordelia Lexy the Author L. Cornelius Sulla, A. 670, a Con- 
 firmation of the former Law, to pleafe the Italian Confede- 
 rates (c). 
 
 Cornelia Lex de Municipiis, the Author the fame Sulla, in 
 his Diftatorfliip, taking away the Privilege formerly granted to 
 the Corporate Towns, from as many as had aflifted MariuSy 
 Cifina^ Sulpicius, or any of the contrary Fadion (^). 
 
 Gellia Cornelia L<?a", the Authors L.Gellius Poplicola^zud On. 
 Cornelius Lentulus, A. 681, ordaining. That all thofe Perfons 
 whom Poy/ipey, by his own Authority, had honour'd with the 
 Privilege of the City, fhou'd a6>ually keep that Liberty (e). 
 
 (1) C'c. pra Urchin. (b) Plut. in SylU. E^it. Liv. 77. (<r) Efit. Lav, 6t, 
 {£) Cic. fro Domo fug. (t) Cic, pro B,albo. 
 
 CHAP. XXIV. 
 Laws concerning Meetings and AJfemhVtes: 
 
 in LI A Lex, ordaining, That in all AfTemblles of the Peo- 
 '^J-' pie, the Augurs fliou'd make Obfervations from the Hea- 
 vens ; and, That the Magiftrate fhould have the Power of de- 
 claring againft the Proceedings, and of interpofing in the Deci- 
 fion of any Matter. 
 
 Fufia Lex, ordaining, That upon fome certain Days, though 
 they were Fajli, it fhould be unlawful to tranfaft any thing 
 in a Meeting of the People. 
 
 The Authors of thefetwo Laws are unknown; but P. Ma- 
 
 vutius conjeftures, that the firft is owing to Q^ jEHus Patus, 
 
 Conful with iW. Junius Pennus, A. 5-86. The other to P. Fh- 
 
 ^rifis, or Fufius, Conful with S. Attilius Serranus, A. 617. The 
 
 Laws themfelves occur frequently in Writers. 
 
 Clodia Lex, the Author P. Clodius, Tribune of the Commons, 
 A. 695-, containing an Abrogation of the greatellPart of the two 
 
 former
 
 Book III. of the Romans. lyy 
 
 former Laws, and ordering, That no Obfervations fliou'd be 
 made from the Heavens upon the Days of the Cow/?/^ ; and, 
 That on any of the Dies fafii^ Laws might be enafted in a 
 publick Aflembly (a). 
 
 Curia Lex, the Author M. Curlus Dentatus, Tribune of the 
 Commons, A. 45-4, ordaining, That no Comitia fliould be con- 
 venM for the Eleftion of Magiftrates, without the Approbation 
 of the Senate : Ut ante Comitia Magtfiratuum Patres audores 
 fierent (b). 
 
 Claudia Lex, the Author M. Claudius Marcellus, Conful 
 with Serv. Sulpicius Rufus, A. 702, ordering, That at the Co- 
 mitia for the Eleaion of Magiftrates, no Account fhould be 
 taken of the Abfent (c). ^ , r^ 
 
 Gabinia Lex, the Author A. Gabinius, Tribune of the Com- 
 mons, A. 614, commanding. That in the Comitia for the Ele- 
 aion of Ma^ijlrates, the People fhou'd not give their Suffrages 
 viva voce, but by Tablets, for the greater Freedom and Im- 
 partiality of the Proceedings (d). 
 
 Cajjia Lex, enaded about two Years after, commanding. 
 That in the Courts of Juftice, and in the Comitia Tnbuta, the 
 Votes fhould be given in a free manner ; that is, by Tablets (e), 
 
 Papiria Lex, the Author C. Papirius Carbo, Tribune of the 
 Commons, A. 6zi, ordaining. That in the Co;?2/V/^ about the 
 pafling or rejeding of Laws, the Suftiragcs Ihould be given by 
 Tablets (f). ^ 
 
 Coclia Lex, the Author Coelius, Tribune of the Commons, 
 A. 63^, ordaining. That in the judicial Proceedings before the 
 People, in Cafes of Treafon (which had been excepted by the 
 Cajfian Law) the Votes fhould be given by Tablets (g). _ 
 
 Sempronia Lex, the Author C. Semprontus Gracchus, in the 
 fame Year as the former; ordering. That the Centuries fliould 
 be chofen out by Lot to give their Votes, and not according 
 to the Order of the Clajfcs (h). 
 
 Maria Lex,i\\Q Author C. Marius, Tribune of the Commons, 
 A. 634, ordering the Bridges, or long Planks, on which the 
 People ftood in the Comitia to give their Voices, to be made 
 narrower, that no other Perfons might ftand there, to hinder 
 the Proceedings by Appeals or other Difturbanccs (1). 
 
 {a) ^fctn. in Plfon. (b) Cic declaris Oratoribus: (c) Suet, in Julio. (d)Cie. 
 de ^micit. tr pro PJ^ncIo, & de Leg. lib. J. (*) Cic. in LmHo, (/) Cic. de Lig. 
 lib. 3. (£) Id. Ibid, (/;) Sdi*Ji, m Orat. 2. i[d Ufarm. {') Oe. dt Leg. lib. }. 
 
 iPiw, in Mavto, - 
 
 < ^e/it'
 
 I 5 <» ^f ^^^ ^^'^'^^ Government Part 11. 
 
 Sempronia Lex^ the Author C. Sempronius Gracchus^ Tribune 
 of the Commons, A. 5-65-, ordaining, That the Lat'm Confe- 
 derates ihould have the Privilege of giving their Suffiragcs, as 
 well as the Roman Citizens (a). 
 
 Mantlia Lex^ the. Author C Mafiilius^ Tribune of the Com- 
 mons, A. 687, ordering, That the Libertini fliould have the 
 Privilege of Voting in all the Tribes {b). 
 
 Gabinia Lcx^ a Confirmation of an old Law of the twelve 
 Tables, making it a Capital Offence for any Ferfon to convene 
 a clandeftine Affembly (c). 
 
 {<t) Cic. fdpi£lme. {b) Ctc. pro lege Manilla . (c) SttllitJ} in Catilinar. 
 
 CHAP. XXV. 
 
 L A w s relating to the S e n a t e. 
 
 /^ASSIA Lex, the Author L. CaJJlus honginus^ Tribune of 
 ^ the Commons, A. 649, ordaining. That no Perfon, who 
 had been condemn'd or depriv'd of his Office by the People, 
 ftiould have the Privilege of coming into the Senate {a). 
 
 Claudia hex, the Author Q^ Claudius, Tribune of the Com- 
 mons, A. 5-35-, commanding. That no Senator, or Father of a 
 Senator, (hould poiTefs a failing VcHcl of above three hundred 
 jirnphora ; this was thought big enough for the bringing over 
 Fruits and other Neceffaries ; and as for Gain, procur'd by- 
 Trading in Merchandize, they thought it unworthy the Digni- 
 ty of that Order (b). 
 
 Sulpicia Lex, the Author Semi us Sulpicius, Tribune of the 
 Commons, A. 66s, requiring. That no Senator fliould owe 
 above two thoufand Drachma (c). 
 
 Sentia Lex, the Author (probably) C. Sentius, Conful with 
 Q^ Lucretius, A. 734, in the Time of Augujius; ordering, That 
 in the Room of fuch Noble Men as were wanting in the Senate, 
 others fliould be fubftituted (d). 
 
 Gabinia Lex, the Author A, Gabinius, Tribune of the Com- 
 mons, A. 685-, ordering, That the Senate fliould be conven'd 
 
 (x) ^.fc»n. in drnclian, (O) Cic, Vctrin, 7. (c) Plitu io Sjlla. {d) Tatlt ^An. a, 
 
 from
 
 Book III. of the KoMA^s, 157 
 
 from the Kalends of February^ to the Kalends of March^ every 
 Day, for the giving Audience to Foreign Minifters (a). 
 
 Pupia Lex^ ordaining, That the Senate Ihould not be con- 
 ven'd from the Eighteenth of the Kalends of February ^ to the 
 Kalends of the fame Month ; and that before the EmbaHies 
 were either accepted or rcje6tcd, the Senate fliould be held on 
 no other Accouut (b). 
 
 T'u Ilia Lex ^i\\Q. Author M.TulliufCicero^Conihl with C.An~ 
 tony^ A. 690, ordaining. That fuch Perfons to whom the Senate 
 had allow'd the Favour of a Libera Legatio^ fhould hold that 
 Honour no longer than a Year. Libera Legatiovf^s a Privilege 
 that the Senators often obtain'd for the going into any Province, 
 or Country, where they had fome private Bufinefs, in the Qua- 
 lity of Lieutenants ; though with no Command, but only that 
 the Dignity of their Titular Office might have an Influence on 
 the Management of their private Concerns (c). 
 
 (4) Cit. Efij}. ad ^I'n. Fratr. lib. 2, ep. I2. (b) Cic. lib. r, cp. 4. ad Lew 
 ttil. lib. 2. cp. 2. ad Qhin. Fratr, &C. (c) Cic. de Leg. lib. 3. 
 
 CHAP. xxvr. 
 
 Laws relating to the Magistrates. 
 
 f EX Villia Annalis., Or Annaria.^ the Author L. VilUus (for 
 "^ whom we fometimes find L.JuUns.,oxLuciUiTullius) Tri- 
 bune of the Commons,/^. 5*74, defining the proper Age requifite 
 for bearing of all the Magiftracies (a), Livy^ who relates the 
 making of this Law, does not infift on the particular Ages; 
 and learned Men are much divided about that Point. Lipjius 
 ftates the Difference after this manner : The Age proper to fue 
 for the Quajlorpip., he makes twenty-five Years; for the Mdi- 
 les and Tribunes., twenty-feven or twenty-eight ; thirty for the 
 Prator^ and forty-two for the Confnls. 
 
 Genutia Lex^ the Author L. Gemitins., 'tribune of the Com- 
 mons, A. 411, commanding, That no Perfon ihould bear the 
 fame Magistracy within ten Years Diftance, nor fhould be in- 
 vefted with two Offices in one Year {b). 
 
 Cornelia L^x,the Author Cornelius Sylla the Didator, A.6y^^ 
 a Repetition and Confirmation of the former Law (c). 
 
 (a) Ltv, lib, 40. {b) Idem. lib. 7. (/) .Appian- lib. I. de Bell. Civil. 
 
 I Sen?-
 
 I J 8 Of the Civil Government Part II. 
 
 Semproma Lex^ the Author C. Semproniur Gracchus^ Tri- 
 hum of the Commons, A. 633, ordaining, That no Perfon, 
 ■who had been lawfully depriv'd of his Magiftracy, fhould be 
 capable of bearing an Office again. This was abrogated after- 
 wards by the Author (a). 
 
 Cornelia LeXy the Author L. Cornelius Sylla^ Didator ; or- 
 daining, That fuch Perfons as had enibrac'd his Party in the 
 late Troubles, fliould have the Privilege of bearing Honours 
 before they were capable by Age ; and that the Children of 
 thofe who had been profcrib'^d^ fliould lofc the Power of Itand- 
 fng for any Office (b). 
 
 Hirtia Lex^ the Author /J. Hirtius\ ordaining, That none 
 o? Poinpey's Party fhould be admitted to any Dignity (c). 
 
 Sextia. Lici»ia Lex^ the Authors C. Licinius and L. Sextius, 
 Tribunes of the Commons, A. 316, ordaining. That one of the 
 Confuls fliould be chofen out of the Body of the Commons {d). 
 Genutia Lex^ the Author L. Genutius^ Tribune of the Com- 
 mons, A. 411, making it lawful that both Consuls might be ta- 
 ken out of the Commons {e). 
 
 Cornelia L^jf, the Author L. Cornelius Sylla,'D\&.atov,A. 6j^^ 
 ordaining. That the Prators fliould always ufe the fame Me- 
 thod in judicial Procelles. For the Prcciors us'd, upon the En- 
 trance on their Office, to put up an Edift to fliew what Way 
 they defign'd to proceed in all Caufes during their Year: Thefe 
 Edi(Ss, which before commonly varied, were by this Law or- 
 dered to be always the fame, for the prcfcrving a conllant and 
 regular Courfe of Juftice (f). 
 
 Marcia Lex^ the Author Alar ci us CenforinuSy forbidding any 
 Perfon to bear the Cenforjhip twice (g). 
 
 Clodia Lex^t\\Q Author P. Clodius^Tribune of the Commons, 
 y^. 695*, ordering, That the Cf^s'/c/rj fliould put no Mark of Infamy 
 on any Perfon in their general Surveys, unlefs the Perfon had been 
 accus'd and condemn'd by both the Cerfors ; whereas before, they 
 us'd to punifli Perfons, by omitting their Names in their Surveys, 
 and by other Means, whether they were accus'd or no : And 
 what one Cojfor did, unlefs the other actually interpos'd, was 
 of equal Force, as if both had join'd in the ASion (h). 
 
 Ccccilia Lex^ the Awihox Q^Cacilius Metellus Pius Scipio^ Con- 
 ful with Pompey the Greasy A. yoiyVQdovlng their ancient Dignity 
 
 (a) Pltit. in Gracchis. (b) Plln. lib. 7. ^ilntt!. lib. II. cap. I, Cic. in Pifon. 
 (() Cic. Pli l<p. li. (i) Liv. lib. 6. (e) rdem. lib. 7. (/) Cic. Phil'p. 2. 
 ^jj p.'wr. ia C»t'<>1, ('^) r»V, iij Pifon, p>» Mihn. grt Sixtlt^ iic. 
 
 and
 
 Book III. of the Romans. 159 
 
 and Power to the Cenfors, which had been rctrcnch'd by the 
 former Law (a). 
 
 Antonia Lex^ the Author M. Antony^ a Member of the Tri- 
 umvirate ; ordaining, That for the future, no Fropofal fhould 
 be ever made for the Creation of a Dilator; and that no Per- 
 fon fhould ever accept of that Office, upon pain of incurring a 
 Capital Penalty (b). 
 
 Titia Lex^ the Author P. Titius^ Tribune of the Commons, 
 A. 710, ordaining, That a Triumvirate of Magiftrates, inverted 
 with Confular Power, Ihould be fettled for five Years, for the 
 regulating the Common-wealth ; and that the Honour fhould 
 be conferr'd on OSlavius^ Lepidus and Antony (c). 
 
 Faleria Lex^ the Author P. Valerius Fopticola, fole Conful, 
 A. 243, ordaining, That the Publick Treafure fhould be laid 
 up in the Temple of Saturn^ and that two Qutejlors fnould be 
 created to fupervife it (d), 
 
 Junta Sacrata Lex^ the Author L. Junius Brutus^ the firft 
 Tribune of the Commons, A. 260, ordaining. That the Pcrfcns 
 of the Tribune ibould be facred: That an Appeal might be made 
 to them from the Determinations of the Confuh: And, That 
 none of the Senators fhould be capable of that Office (e). 
 
 Atinia Lex^ the Author Atinlus^ Tribune of the Commons, 
 ordaining. That any Tribune of the Commons fliould have the 
 Privilege of a Senator \ and as fuch, take his Place in the 
 Houfe if). 
 
 Cornelia Lex., the Author L. Cornel. Sylla^ Dictator, A. 673, 
 taking away from the Tribunes the Power of making Lav/s, 
 and of interpofing, of holding AfTemblics and receiving /\ppeals, 
 and making all that had born that Office, incapable of any other 
 Dignity in the Common- wealth [g). 
 
 Aurelia Lex^ the Author C. Aurelius Cotta^ Conful with L. 
 0/iaviuSj A. 678, an Abrogation of fome Part of the former Law, 
 allowing the Tribunes to hold their other Offices afterwards (h). 
 
 Pompeia Lex., the Author Pompey the Great ^ Conful wfth 
 M. Crajfus., A. 6S3, rclloring their full Power and Authority 
 to the Tribunes.^ which had been taken from them by the Cor- 
 nelian Law (i). 
 
 (a) Dio, lib. 40. (u) -ippLin. de Bell. Civ. lib, j, (f) Flor. Epit. Liv, 
 
 lib. 120. (d) Liv. lib 2. Pht. in PopLuol. (e) Dionjf. lib. 6. (f) ^. OtU. 
 lib. 14. cap. ult. (/) Ci, dc Leg, lib. j. r<e/,ir. Comm. de Bell. Call. i. Flfr. 
 Plttt. &C. (>j) Paternal, lib. 2. ^fcon. in Cornel, in ver. (/} Pint, in Pot»f. 
 ^fc9!}, ver. I & i, Cfjar de Bell. Civ, lib. i. 
 
 ~ CHAP.
 
 i6o Of the Civil Government Part IT. 
 
 CHAP. XXVII. 
 
 Laws relating to Publick Conjlitutiens^ Laws, and 
 Privileges. 
 
 TJORTENSIA Lex, the Amhov Q. Horfe^ifim, Dilator, 
 ■^ ■*■ /}. 467, ordaining, That Vv'hatever was enafted by the 
 Commons, fhould be oblervM by the whole Roman People ; 
 whereas the Nobility had been formerly exempted from paying 
 Obedience to the Decrees of the Populacy {a). 
 
 Cccctlta D'tdia Lex, the Authors Q^ Cactlius Metellus, and 
 7". Didius, Confuls, A 65* 5*, for the regulating the Proceedings 
 in enading Laws ; ordaining, That in one Quejiion (wad roga- 
 iione) but one fingle Matter fhould be propos'd to the People, 
 left, while they gave their Suffrage in one Word, they fhould 
 be forc'd to aflent to a whole Bill, if they lik'd thcgreateft Part 
 of it, tho' they diilik'd the reft; or throw out a Bill for fcveral 
 Claufes which they did not approve of, though perhaps they'd 
 have been willing to pafs fome Part of it. Requiring alfo. 
 That before any Law was preferr'd at the Comitia, it fiiould be 
 expos'd to the publick View three Market-days {tribus nundi- 
 Ttis,) before-hand (u). 
 
 P. Manutttis makes the CceciliaK and Didian two diftinft Laws; 
 the firft Part compoling the former, and the other the latter. 
 
 Ju,iia Licinia L^jr, the Authors D. Jufii^is Silay;us, and L.Li- 
 c'mius iMmw^a, Confuls, A. 691, ordaining, That fach as did 
 not obferve the former Law, relating to the publifliing the 
 Draughts of new Bills for three iVi«W;W, fhould incur a greater 
 Penalty than the faid Law enjoin'd (c). 
 
 Liciiiia lEhutia LeA-,the Authors Licinias and ALbutius^T'ri- 
 hunes of the Commons ; ordaining. That when any Law was 
 preferr'd relating to any Charge or Power, not only the Perfoii 
 who brought in the Bill, but likewife his Colleagues in any Office 
 which he already enjoy'd, and all his Relations, fhould be inca- 
 pable of being invefted with the faid Charge or Power (d). 
 
 (a) Flor.Eplt. Liv. lib. tl. {!>) ^. Cell. Vih. ij. cap. 27. Cic. Philip. S • F^ 
 Domo, rtd ^nic, Epift. 9. lib. 2. (c) Cic. Philip. 3. ^4tr. ad Epift. j. lib. 2. 
 ^pift, 15. lib. 4. (d) Cic. m Oiat. 2. contra '^U. dg- in Qui. pro Domo fttH. 
 
 Cornelia
 
 III. of the HoMANSo I^I 
 
 Cornelia Lex^ the Author C. Cornelius^ Tribune of the Com- 
 mons, A. 686, ordaining, that no Perfon (hould, by the Votes 
 of the Senate, be exempted from any Law, fasus'dto beallow'd 
 upon extraordinary Occca(ions) unlefs two hundred Senators 
 were prefent in the Houfe ; and that no Perfon thus excus'd by 
 the Senate, fliould hinder the Bill of his Exemption from 
 being carried afterwards to the Commons for their Appro- 
 bation {a). 
 
 Ampa Lab'iena Lex^ the Authors T. Ampins andT.LabieKrff, 
 Tribunes of the Commons, A. 693, conferring an honourable 
 Privilege on Pompey the Greai^ that at the Circoifian Games he 
 fhould wear a golden Crown, and be habited in all the trium° 
 phal Robes; and that at the Stage Piays he lliould have the Li= 
 berty of wearing the Pratexta^ and a golden Crown {h). 
 
 (a) ^fcon. in Cornel, (i) Veil. Paterc, lib. 2. 
 
 C H A p» xxviir„ 
 
 Laws relating to the Provinces^ and thi Govermur^ 
 of them. 
 
 ^Empronia Lex., the Author CaSempronius Gracchzs^ Tribune 
 *^ of the Commons, A. 630, ordaining, that before the an- 
 nual Comitia for chuiing Confuls., the Senate ftould, at their 
 Pleafure, determine the particular Confular Provinces, which 
 the new Confuls when delign'd, fhould divide by Lot. A5 al- 
 fo, that whereas heretofore the Tribunes had been allovv'd the 
 Privilege of interpofing againd a Decree of Senate:^ they flioul<i 
 be depriv'd of that Liberty for the Future {a). 
 
 Cornelia Lex., the Author L. Cornelius Sx/la., DiSlator.,A.iSj'3,^ 
 ordaining, that whoever was fent with any Command into a 
 Province, (hould hold that Com.mand till he return'd to Rome; 
 whereas heretofore, their Office was to continue no longer than 
 afetTime; upon the Expiration of which, if no Succelibr was 
 fent in their Room, they were put to the Trouble and Iricori- 
 venience of getting a new Commiflion from the Senate, 
 
 (<») Cicero fro Domofua, in Vat in. dcProvinciii Cenfitl, Sitlnji. in BtlL Jagiirth, 
 
 h 'Twas
 
 i6i Of the Civil Government Part II* 
 
 'Twas a Claufe in this Law, that every Governor of a 
 JProvincc, when another wa> lent to fucceed him, fliould have 
 thirty Days allow'd him in order to his Removal {a). 
 
 Julia Lex Prima^ the Author C. Julius Cvfar^ Co'/^ful with 
 M. Calpurnius Bibulus^ A. 691, compriz'd under feveral Heads; 
 as that Achaia^ T'helJaly^ and all Greece^ fhould beentircly free; 
 and that the /?<?»?rt» Magistrate fhould fit as Judge in thofe Provin- 
 ces {b): That the Towns and Villages through which the Ro- 
 man Magiftrates pafs towards the Provinces, fhould be oblig'd 
 to fnpply them and their Retinue with Hay and other Con- 
 veniencies on the Road (c) : That the Governours, when their 
 Office was expir'd, fhould leave a Scheme of their /Accounts in 
 two Cities of their Provinces, and at their Arrival at Romey 
 fhould deliver in a Copy of the faid Accounts at the publick 
 Treafliry (a) : That the Governours of Provinces fhould upon 
 no Account accept of a Golden Coronet, unlefs a Triumph had 
 been deccreed them by the Senate (e) : That no chief Commander 
 fhould go beyond the Bounds of his Province, or enter on any 
 other Dominions, or lead the Army out, or ingage in any 
 War, without the cxprcfs Order of the Senate or People {f). 
 
 Julia Lex Secunda^ the Author the fame Julius Caj'ar^ in his 
 Didatorfhip, ordaining, that no Pratorian Province fhould be held 
 above a Year, and no Confular Province more than two Years (g). 
 
 Clod: a L ex^ the Author P . Clodius, Tribune of the Commons, 
 A.6<^^^ ordaining, that all Syria^ Babylsn, and Perfia^ fhould be 
 committed to Gabinius the Conful ; and Macedon^ Achaia^ Thejfaly^ 
 Greece^ and Bocotia to his Colleague Pifo^ with the Proconfular 
 Power ; and that a Sum fhould be paid them out of the Treafury 
 to defray the Charges of their March thither with an Army (h). 
 
 f^atiniaLex^ the Author P .Vat ini us ^Tribune of the Commons, 
 A. 694, ordaining, that the Command of all Gallia Cifalpina^ 
 and lllyricum fliould be conferr'd on Cafar for five Years toge- 
 ther, without a Decree of Senate^ and without the Formality of 
 casing Lots ; that the particular Perlbns mention'd in the Bill, 
 fhould go with him in the Quality of Legati, without the De- 
 putation of the Senate : That the Army to be fent with him 
 fliould be paid out of the Treafury ; and that he fliould tranf- 
 plant a Colony into the Town of Novocomura in Gallia (i). 
 
 (a) Cicfre, Epift. 9. Ad Unthl. & lih. 3. ed ^ttic. Epift. 6. (J/) Cic.fro Domo, 
 jjs Pijontm, ir de Provi/ic. Confttl. (1) CUero in Pij'onem. (d) Ibtd. {e) Ibid. 
 (/) Ibid. & pro FoJ}hii7n. [g) Cicero Phillip. 3. (h) Cictro pro Domo, & pro 
 i>txue. (;■) Cieenia yadntumf 6" pre Btilbo, Stfettn. in Julio, SaUnJi, in 
 
 Clodia
 
 Book IIL «?/ //^e* Romans. i^j 
 
 Clodia Lex de Cypro^ the Author P.Chdius^ 'Tribune of the 
 Commons, A. 695-, ordaining, that the Illand Cyprus fhould be 
 ^educ'd into a Homan Province: That Ptolomy King oi Cyprus 
 fhould be publickly expos'd to Sale, habited in all his Regal Or- 
 naments, and his Goods in like manner fold by Audion: That 
 M. Caio fnou'd be fent with the Prcetorlan Power into Cyprus^ 
 to take Care of the felling the King's Etiedh, and conveying 
 the Money to Rome {a). 
 
 TreboniaLex^ the Author L.TreboKtus, Tribute of the Com" 
 mons, A. 698, decreeing the chief Command in Gal/ia to Ccefar^ 
 live Years longer than had been order'd by the. Vatintan Law; 
 and fo depriving the Senate of the Power of recalling him, and 
 fubftituting another General in his Room {b). 
 
 Titia Lex^ barely mention'd by Cicero (c)^ and not explain'd 
 by Manutius or Rofmus. The Purport of it feems to have beai, 
 that the Provincial Qu<eflors fhould take their Places by Lot^ 
 in the fame manner as the Confuls and Prcvtors ; as may be ga- 
 ther'd from the Scope of the Palfage in which we lind it. 
 
 (^) CiceY* pTO Domoif pro Sextia, de Provln. Cahfular. (b) Cicer* Vlh.t,^, x^l 
 £fifi. ad ^ttic. FIoTHi, Epit. Liv, lib. IC5. (f) la Orat. pro Murxn.i. 
 
 CHAP. XXIX. 
 
 Leges Agrari^e, or Laws relating to ths jyivifion 
 of Lands among the People. 
 
 C'Affia Lcx^ the Author Sp. Cajjius Vifcellinus^ Conful with 
 Proculus Virginius^ A. 267, ordaining, that the Land 
 taken from the Hernici fliould be divided half among the 
 Latines^ and half among the Roman Commons (a). This Law 
 did not hold. 
 
 L tcinia L ex^ the Author C . L icinius Siolo;, I'ribuKe of the Com- 
 mons, A. 277, ordaining, that no Perfon fliould poflefs above 
 Five hundred Acres of Land ; or keep more than an Hundred 
 Head of great, or Five Hundred. Head of fmall Cattcl (b). 
 
 (*) Lii/. lib. 2. Valer. Max. lib. j. cap. t. (t) I»V. lib. «, ■y^ppian.. ^M>»t. 
 tlin» PAttrcHL Plutarch. &C. 
 
 L I Flam'-
 
 1(54 Of the Civil Government Part 11. 
 
 FlaminiaLex^ the AnihoT C Flaminius^ Tribune of the Com- 
 mons, A. 5-25-, ordaining, that Picenum, a part of Gallia, 
 whence the Senonesh2i6. been expell'd, fhou'd be divided among 
 the Roman Soldiers (a). 
 
 Sempronia Lex prima, the Author T. Sempronius Gracchur, 
 Tribune of the Commons, /f. 620, confirming the L/W»/^» Law, 
 and requiring all Perfons who held more Land than that Law 
 allow'd, immediately to refign it into the Common, to be divi- 
 ded among the poorer Citizens, conftituting three Officers to 
 take care of the Bufinefs (b). 
 
 This Law being levell'd diredly againft the Intereft of the 
 richer Men of the City, who had by Degrees contriv'd to en- 
 grofs almoft all the Land to themfelves, after great Heats and 
 Tumults, at laft cofl: the Author his Life. 
 
 Sempronia Lex altera, preferr'd by the fame Perfon, upon the 
 Death of King Attalus, who left the Roman State his Heir : It 
 ordain'd, that all ready Money found in the King's Treafu- 
 ry fhou'd be bellowed on the poorer Citizens, to lupply them 
 with Inftruments and other Conveniencies requir'd for Agricul- 
 ture : And that the King's Lands fliou'd be farm'd at an annual 
 Rent by the Cenfors; which Rent fhou'd be divided among the 
 People (c). 
 
 ThoriaLex, the hyxthor Sp .Thorius, Tribune of thtCommons, 
 ordaining, that no Perfon fliou'd pay any Rent to the People, 
 of the Lands which he po/Tcfs'd ; and regulating the Affair of 
 Grazing, and Pafture (d). Two large Fragments of this Law, 
 which was of a great length, are copied from two old brazen 
 Tables, by Sigomus (e). 
 
 Cornelia Lex, the Author L. Cornelius Sylla, Dilator, and 
 Conful with ^ Metellus, A. 673, ordaining, that the Lands of 
 profcrib'd Perfons fliould be common. This is chiefly to be un- 
 derflood of the Lands in Tufcany, about Volaterra and FefuleSj 
 which Sylla divided amongfl: his Soldiers (f). 
 
 Servilia Lex, the Author P. Servilius Rullns, fribune of the 
 Commons, yf. 690, in the Gonfuhhip of C/V^ro and Antony, con- 
 taining many Particulars, about felling feveral Houfes, Fields, ^c. 
 that belong'd to the Publick, for the purchafing Land in other 
 Parts of Italy; about creathig ten Men to be Supervifors of the 
 Bulinefs, and abundance of other Heads; feveral of which 
 
 {a) Cie. in Cat. Major, {b) Cic. fro Sextie, Plat. Sec. (c) Ck.Verr. f.Ptttt. 8cC. 
 (^d) Cic. deOrat. lib. 2. & in Brttto. (e) Dt ^ntiqM, Jnr, ltd. lib. 2. (/) Cic. 
 
 in 7^//«w, pr» T^cit, Salttfl. in CatHin , 
 
 arc
 
 Book III. of the Romans^ i6^ 
 
 are repeated by Cicero in his three Orations extant againft this 
 Law, by which he hindrcd it from pafling. 
 
 Flavia Lex^i\\Q hwihOT L. Flavins ^Tribus^e of the Commons, 
 A. 693, about dividing a fufficient Quantity of Land among 
 Pompey's Soldiers and the Commons (a). 
 
 Julia Lex^ the Author Julius Cafar, Conful with Bibulus^ A- 
 691, ordaining, That all the Land in Campania, which us'd 
 formerly to be farm'd at a fct Kent of the State, fhould be di- 
 vided among the Commons : As alfo. That all Members of 
 Senate fhould fwear to confirm this Law, and to defend it a- 
 gainll all Oppofers. Cicero calls this Lex Campania (b). 
 
 Mamilia Lex^xho. Author C. Mamilius ^Tribune of the Com- 
 mons, in the time of the Jugurthan War; ordaining. That in 
 the Bounds of the Lands, there fhould be left five or fix Foot 
 of Ground, which no Perfon fliould convert to his private Ufe, 
 and that Commiffioners fhould be appointed to regulate this 
 Affair {c). From this Law de Limitibus^ the Author took the 
 Surname of Lir/ientanus^ as he is call'd by Salufi (d). 
 
 («) Cicero ad ^ttic, lib. i. (b) Vclleius Paterc. lib. 2. Tint, in Pomp. Caf- 
 ir Cat. Vticenf. ad ^ttic. lib. 2. Epift. IS. (c) Cicero , lib. 2. de Leg. (d) In 
 Bell. Jngurth. ^ 
 
 CHAP. XXX. 
 Laws relating to Corn. 
 
 VEmproma LeXj the Author C. Sempronius Gracchus (not 
 ^ 7". Sempronius Gracchus., as Rofinus has it) ordaining, That 
 a certain Quantity of Corn fhould be diftributed every Month 
 among the Commons, fo much to every Man ; for which they 
 were only to pay the Ihiall Confideration of a Semijjls and a 
 'Triens {a). 
 
 Terentia CaJJla Lex., the Authors M. 'TerentimVarroLucuU 
 lus., and C. Cajfius., Consuls., A. 680, ordaining. That the fame 
 fet Price fliould be given for all Corn bought up in the Pro- 
 vince, to hinder the Exa6lions of the Quaftors (b). 
 
 Clodia L^.x-,the Author P. Clodius.,7ribuKe of the Commons, 
 A. 695-, ordaining, That thole Quantities of Corn, which were 
 
 (*) Flor, Ejiit. Liv. lib. 60. Veil. Pat. lib. z, &c. (h) Ci(. ia Verrifi. j. 
 
 L 3 formerly
 
 1 66 Of the Civil Government Part II. 
 
 tbrmerly fold to the poor People at fix Zips and a Triens the 
 Bufliel, fhould be diftributcd among them Gratis (a). 
 
 Hicromca Lex^ the Author IJiero Tyrant of Sici/y^ regulating 
 the Affair between the Farmers and ihz Decuman i (or Gatherers 
 of the Corn-Tax, which becaufe it confined of a tcnih Part, 
 they call'd Dectima^ ordaining the Quantity of Corn, the Ptice, 
 and the Time of receiving it; which for the Jultice of it, the 
 Romans (till continu'd in Force, after they had pollefi'd them'; 
 felves of that Ifland {b). 
 
 {a) Cicero fro Sextio. in Pifon, Scc. (b) Cirero In Verr, 4. 
 
 CHAP. XXX!. 
 
 Laws for the regulating of Expences. 
 
 Rchia Lex^ the Author C. Orcbius, T^rihune of the Com- 
 mons, A. ^66, defining the Number of Guefts, which were 
 allow'd to be prefcnt at any Entertainment {a). 
 
 Fa-nnia Lex^ the Author C. Fannius^ Conllil, A. 5-88, ordain- 
 ing, that upon the higher Feftivals, no Perfon fliould expend 
 more than an hundred Ajjes m a Day ; on ten other Days 'm 
 every Month, thirty Ajfes\ and at all other times, ten {b). 
 
 Didia Lex^ enadkd about eighteen Years after the former, 
 ordaining, that the Laws for regulating Expences fhould reach 
 all the Italians as well as the Inhabitants of Rome; and that not 
 only the Mailers of extravagant Treats, but the Guelts too, 
 fnould incur a Penalty for their Offence (c). 
 
 Lex Licinia^the Author P. Ltcinius Crajfus the Ricb^ agree- 
 ing in moff Particulars wvth the Fannian Law; and farther pre- 
 fer ibing, that on the Kalends^ Nones ^ and Nundincc^ thirty AjJ'es 
 ihould be the moftthat was fpent at any Table; and tha: on 
 ordinary Days, which were not particularly ex- 
 c*Yo arida epponi- cepted,thcre lliould be fpent only three Pounds 
 turMarnenioC^. ^f dry Flcft, and onc Pound of Salt-Meat, 
 itTms. ,. Ibl: but allowing as much as every Body pkas'd of 
 <;. c. c. Oxon. ^"y A ruits oi- the Ground. 
 
 Cornelia Lex^ the Author L. Cornelius Sylla^ 
 enaded, not fo much for the retrenching of 
 
 (a) Marrotii Saturn, lib. j. cap. 14. IL) iM, ^ ^^,//. Jib. , cao, 24. 
 
 (c) /M. C^r ^^^/.'.Ifb. 2. cap. 24. 
 
 extra-*
 
 Book III. of ti?e KoMAiis, 167 
 
 extravagant Treats, as for the lowering the Price of Provisi- 
 ons (a). 
 
 Emilia LeXy the Author M.Mm'tlius Lcpidut^CoMful^ about 
 /I. 675-, refpc61ing the feveral Sorts of Meats in ufe at that 
 Time, and dating the juft Quantities allowable of every kind (b). 
 
 Antia Lex^ the Author Ant'tus Rejlio : A farther ElTay toward 
 the fupprefling of Luxury, the Particulars of which we are 
 not acquainted with. But Macrobius gives us this remarkable 
 Story of the Author, that finding his Gonftitution to be of very 
 little Force, by reafon of the great Head that Prodigality and" 
 Extravagance had gain'd in the City, he never afterwards fupp'd 
 abroad as long as he liv'd, for fear he fhould be forc'd to be a 
 Witnefs of the Contempt of his own Injunction, w^ithout being 
 in a Condition to punifh it {c). 
 
 Julia Lex^ preferr'd in the time of Augujlus^ allowing two 
 hundred Seflertii for Provifions on the Dies Profejiij three hun- 
 dred on the common Feftivals in the Kalendar, and a thou' 
 fand at Marriage-Feafts, and fuch extraordinary Entertain- 
 ments (d). 
 
 Ageltius farther adds, that he finds in an old Author an Edi6t 
 cither of AuguJiusorTiberius^ fhc is uncertain whichj railing the 
 Allowance according to the Difference of the Feilivals, from 
 three hundred to two thoufand Seflertii (c). 
 
 Hither may be rcferr'd the Lex Oppia, the Author C. Oppius^ 
 Tribune of the Commons, A. 5-40, in the Heat of the fecond 
 Punick War, ordaining, that no Woman fliould have above 
 half an Ounce of Gold, wear a Party-colour'd Garment, or be 
 carried in a Chariot in any City, Town, or to any Place withia 
 a Mile's diftance, unlefs upon the Account of celebrating fomq 
 f^icred Solemnity (/). 
 
 {a) ^gell. lib. 2. cap. 24. (b) ibid. {c) Macrob. & ^gtiL {d) ^^ell^ 
 (0 ''*'''• (f) ^''V' lib. J4. Tac, ^nn. j. 
 
 t 4' C H A P^.
 
 s (JS Of the Chil Government Part IL 
 
 CHAP. XXXII. 
 
 Laws relating /o M a r t i a l Affairs. 
 
 VAC RAT' A Lex Militans^ the Author (probably) M. Va- 
 ^ ler'ius Corvus^ Dictator, //. 411, ordaining, that no Soldier's 
 Name which had been enter'd in the Mufter-Rcll, fliould be 
 Ikuck out, unlefs by the Party's Confcnt : And that no Perfon, 
 %vho had been Military Tribune^ fhould execute the Office of 
 Dud or Qrdimtm {a). 
 
 Semprofjia Lcx^ the Author C. Semprom^s Gracchus, Trilpufte 
 of the Commons, A. 630, ordaining, that the Soldiers fhould 
 receive their Cloaths^r^m at the publick Charge, without any 
 Diminution of their Ordinary Pay : And that none fhould be 
 oblig'd to ferve in the Army, who was not full feventeen Years 
 bid (b). 
 
 Maria J'orcia Lex, the Authors L.Marius zn&Porcius Cato, 
 I'r'ibunes o'i the Commons, A. 691, ordaining, that a Penalty 
 fhould be inflicted on fuch Commanders as writ falfly to the 
 Senate, about the Number of the Slain on the Enemies Side, 
 and of their own Party : And that they fhould be oblig'd, when 
 ihey firft enter'd the City, to take a folemn Oath before the 
 Qu.eftors, that the Number which they return'd was true, ac- 
 cording to the bed Computation (c). 
 
 Sulpicia Lex, the Author P. Sulpicius, 'Trthune of the Com- 
 mons, A. 66f, ordaining, that the chief Command in the 
 Miihridaiick War, which was then enjoy'd by L. Sylla, fhould 
 be taken from him and conferr'd on C. M*rius (d). 
 '■ Gab'inla Lex, the Author A. Gabinius, Tribute of the Com- 
 mons, A. 6S5', ordaining, that a CommiiTion fhould be granted 
 to Cm. Por/7pey, for the Management of the War againft the Pi- 
 rates for three Years, with this particular Claufe, that upon 
 all the Sea on this fide Hercules's Pillars, and in the Maritime 
 I*rovinces as far as 400 Stadia from the Sea, he fhould be em- 
 povv'-er'd to command Kings, Governors, and States, to fupply 
 him with all NecelTaries in the Expedition (f). 
 
 (a) Liv. lib. 7. (h) Pint, in C. Gracch. (<) V*Ur. Max. lib. a. cap. 8. 
 (d) Vcll.P^iterc. lib, 2. Fler. Epit. 77. Ttutarch'm Sylli cr iUrm, &C. (c) ^f- 
 ioniies ia Cornelian. Veil. Paur:, lib. Z, FUmrcfAa Pom^. Cicerc dt Lege MamUa , 
 & pofi %e<iitn??} in Stn.1t. 
 
 M.wilia
 
 Book III. of /fe^ R O M A K s. 
 
 6^ 
 
 Manilla Lex, the Author C. Manilius, Tribune of the Com- 
 mons, A. 6%'], ordaining, that all the Forces of Lucullus, and 
 the Province under his Government, fhould be given to Pompey; 
 together with B/V/'^w/W, which Wi» under the Command of GAj- 
 irto; And that he fliould forthwith make War upon Mithri da- 
 tes ; retaining Hill the fame Naval Forces, and the Sovereignty 
 of the Seas, as before (a). 
 
 (a) Cictro de Lege Mantlia, TluUVch la PeW^. F/«r. Epitom. loo- 
 
 CHAP, xxxiir. 
 
 De Tutelis, or Laws concerning Wardships. 
 
 aT IL I A Lex, the Author and Time unknown, prefcrib- 
 yj- ing, that the Pr<etor, and the major Part of the Tribune i, 
 fhould appoint Guardians to all fuch Minors, to whom none 
 had been otherwife affign'd (a). 
 
 The Empeaor Claudiun fcems to have abrogated this Law, 
 when, as Suetonius informs us, he order'd, that the Affignment 
 of Guardians ihould be in the Power of the Coufuls (b). 
 
 Lcetoria Lex, ordaining, that fuchPerfons as were diftrafted, 
 or prodigally fquander'd away their Eftates, fhould be commit- 
 ted to the Care of fome proper Perfons, for the Security of 
 themfelves and their Pofleffions : And that whoever was con- 
 vided of defrauding any fk thofe Circumftanc»s, fhould be 
 deem'd guilty of a high Mifdemeanor (c). 
 
 (4) Liv.lVo. i9. 
 Nut, Dear, libo g. 
 
 {b) Smton, in CU«i, cap. ij. (J Cicert dt Offic. lib. 3. «f* 
 
 CHAP,
 
 1 70 Of the Civil Government Part II. 
 
 CHAP. XXXIV. 
 
 Laws concerning Wills ^ HeirSy and Legacies, 
 
 "OURIA Z/^-A-, the Author C.jR*r;a/,7r/i^»»? of the Commons, 
 ■^ ordaining, that no Perfon fhould'give, by way of Legacy, 
 above a thoufand AJfes^ unlefs to the Relations of the Mafter 
 who manumiz'd him, and to fome other Parties there e5^-» 
 cepted (a). 
 
 Voconia hex., the Author Q. Voconius Saxa^ tribune of the 
 Commons, A. ^84, ordaining that no Woman fhould be left 
 Heirefs tt) an Elkte; and, that no Cenjus fnould, by his Will, 
 ^ive above a fourth part of what he was worth, to a Woman. 
 This feems to have been enaScd to prevent the Decay and Ex- 
 tindion of Noble Families (b). 
 
 By the Word Census is meant any rich Perfon, who was 
 rated high in the Ceafor^s Books. 
 
 (a) Cicer. pre Balh. (b) Cicero in Varro. 3. SeneCl. de Finih. 
 
 CHAP. XXXV. 
 
 Laws concerning Money ^ Ufury^ 6ce» 
 
 VE MP RO NI A Lex, the Author M. Sempronius, Tri- 
 *^ bu>te of the Commons, A. 5-60, ordaining, that in lending 
 Money to the Allies of Rome and the Latines, the tenor of the 
 Roman Laws fhould be ftill obferv'd, as well as among the Ci-« 
 tizens (a). 
 
 Valeria Lex, the Author Valerius Flaccus, Conful with L.Cor^ 
 melius Cintta, ordaining fto oblige the poorer Part of the City^ 
 that all Creditors fhould difcharge their Debtors upon the Re- 
 ceipt of a fourth Part for the whole Sum. This Law, as mof]; 
 unreafonable, is cenfur'd by Pater cuius (b). 
 
 («) Z,:V„Iib. 3 5- Cicere deOfic, z. (I>) Lib. 3, cap, 23, 
 
 Gabinic
 
 Book III. of the Romans. 171 
 
 Gabinia Lex^tht Author Aul. Gahinius^*Tr'ihune of the Com- 
 mons, A. 685-, ordaining, T'hat no Adion fliouid be granted for 
 the Recovery of any Money taken up, verfurdja£ia, i. e. firft 
 borrovv'd upon a fmall Ufc, and then lent out again upon a 
 greater; which Praftice was highly unreafonable (a). 
 
 Claudia Lex^ the Author Claudius C(cfar ; commandine;, 
 That no Ufurcr fhould lend Money to any Pcrfon m his Non- 
 age, to be paid after the Death of his Parents (l^). 
 
 ^efpafian added a great Strength to this Law, when he ordain'd, 
 That thofc Ufurers, who lent Money to any Filitis Familia^ Of 
 Son under his I-'ather's Tuition, fliould have no Right ever to 
 claim it again, not even after the Death of his Parents (c). 
 
 (^a) Cicero ad ^ttic. lib. j. Epift. «//. lib. 6. Epift. 2. (/<) Tacit. Annal. ir. 
 (c) Suetan in Veff. cap. 11, 
 
 CHAP. XXXVI. 
 
 Laws concerning the Judges. 
 
 S 
 
 'EMPRONIA Lex,\.\\Q. Author C.Semprojiius Gracchus ^Tri^ 
 bune of the Commons, A. 630, ordaining. That the Right 
 of Judging, which had been afllgn'd to the Senatoftan Order by 
 Romulus^ (hould be transferr'd from them to the Equites (a). 
 
 ServiliaLex^ the Author (J^ Scrvilius Cccpiofionful with C. Atl- 
 lliis Serranus^ A. 647, abrogating in part the former Law, and 
 commanding, that the Privilege there mcntion'd fliould be di- 
 vided between both Orders of Knights and Senators (b). 
 
 Plutarch and Florus make C . Ser/7pro»ius Gracchus to haveap- 
 poinied 300 Senators, and 609 Equitcs^ for the Management 9f 
 Judgments; but thisfeems rather to belong to the ^Vrz'/V/Vj;? Law, 
 if not totally a Miftake (c). This Law was foon after repeal'd. 
 
 Livia Lex^ the Author M. Livius Drufus^ 'Tribune of the 
 Commons, A. 662, ordaining, That the judiciary Power fliould 
 be feated in the Hands of an equal Number of Senators and 
 Knights ('ij. 
 
 (<t) ^[con'tHs in Divin, Tacit. Ann. II. Veil. Paten; L. 2. (l>) Cicero de ^rt, 
 Tihet. lib. 2. de Oratore in Brnto, in Orat. pro StAttro. (r) Cicero de Orator, j. 
 ^lor, Epit. 7:. (rf) '^fionins in Cornelian. 
 
 But
 
 i7i Of the Cwil Government Part 11. 
 
 But this^ among other Conftitutions of that Author, was ab- 
 rogated the very lame Year, under Pretence of being made in- 
 aufpicioufly. 
 
 Plautia LeXy the Author M. Plautius Sihanus^ Tribune of 
 the Commons, A. 66^, ordaining, That every Tribe fhould 
 chufe out of their own Body fifteen Perfons to ferve as Judges 
 every Year ; by this means making the Honour common to all 
 three Orders, according as the Votes carried it in every Tribe (a). 
 
 Cornelia Lf^, the Author L. Cornelius Sylla^Didator^ A. t"]"^^ 
 taking aw^ay the Right of Judging entirely from the Knights, 
 and reftoring it fully to the Senators (b). 
 
 Aurelia Lex^ the Author L.Aurelius Cotta, Prator, A. 6s'^y 
 ordaining, That the Senatorian and Equejirian Orders, together 
 with the Tribuni JErarii^ fhould fliare the judicial Power be- 
 tween them (c). 
 
 Pompeia Lex^ the Author Pompey the Great, Conful with 
 Crapis^ A. 698, ordaining, That the Judges fnould be chofen 
 otherwife than formerly, out of the richelt in every Century ; 
 yet, notwithltanding, fhould be confin'd to the Perfons men- 
 tion'd in the Aurelian Law (d). 
 
 'Julia Lex^ the Author Julius Cxfar^ confirming the afore- 
 faid Privilege to the Senators and Knights, but excluding the 
 Itribuni JErarii (e). 
 
 Roftnus fets this Law before that of Pompfy ; but *tis very 
 plain, 'twas not made 'till afterwards. 
 
 AntoniaLex^ the Author M. Antony^ Conful witii Julius Cafar^ 
 A. 709, ordaining. That a third Decury of Judges fhould be ad- 
 ded to the two former, to be chofe out of the Centurions (f). 
 
 (a) Cicero pro Cornel. & «rf ^tt. 4. {b) Flor. Epitom. 8p. ^fcan. laDivinat. 
 (c) Cicero in Verrinis. Veil. lib. 2. (</) Cicero in Pifonem. (e) Suet, in Juliei 
 cap. 4r. (^f) Cicero in thilipp. i. & $. 
 
 CHAP,
 
 Book III. of the Romans. 173 
 
 CHAP. XXXVII. 
 Laws relating to Judgments. 
 
 f^OMPEIA Lex^ the Author Pompey the Great, fole Conjvil^ 
 Jl y^. 701, forbidding the Ufe of the Laudatores in Tryals (a), 
 
 Memmia Lex^ ordaining. That no Perfon's Name fhould be 
 receiv'd into the Roll of Criminals, who was abfent upon tte 
 publick Account (b). 
 
 Remm'ta Lex^ ordaining, That Perfons convifted of Calum- 
 ny fhould be ftigmatiz'd (c). 
 
 Both thefe Laws fometimes go under the Name of Mernm!.ic^ 
 and fometimes of Remmits ; the Diltindion here obferv'd is 
 owing to P. Manutlm. 
 
 Cmc'ta Lex^ the Author M. Cincius^ 'tribuiee of the Com- 
 mons, A. 5-49, forbidding any Perfon to accept of a Gift upoa 
 account of judging a Caufe. This is commonly call'd L'ex 
 Muneral'ts (d). 
 
 (4) Ptuturch. in Pomp.& in Catone VtUenf. Valer. Max. lib. <?. cap. 2. (h) Ct^ 
 ttro in Vatiti. Val. Max. lib. 3. cap. 7. (c) Cisero [>ro Sext. T^ofcto. (^d) jCiw. 
 lib. 34. Tacit. Ann. 14. Ciuro ad ^ttic. lib, i. de Oratore 2. de Sentcl. 
 
 CHAP. XXXVIII. 
 
 Laws relating to Crimes. 
 
 THE Crimes or Adions that tended to the prejudice of the 
 State, have been already reckon'd up, and briefly expluin'd. 
 The Laws on this Subjed are very numerous, and, by reaibsi 
 of their great Ufefalnefs, have been preferv'd at large m the 
 Labours of the Civilians, with the particular Heads of which 
 they confifted. It will be fufficicnt to the prefent Defign, ro 
 
 mentioa
 
 1/4 Of the Civil Government Part IL 
 
 mention fuch as are hinted at in the ordinary Claflicks, and to 
 fpeak of thole only in general. 
 
 De Majestate. 
 
 Gab'wia Lex, already defcrib'd among the Laws relating to 
 Aflcmblies. 
 
 Apuleia Lex, the Author L. Jpuleius, Tribune of the Com- 
 mons, A. 65-2. It feems to have been enaSed for the Rellraint 
 of publick Force and Sedition in the City (<?). Sigonius thinks, 
 that 'twas this Law, which made the Queftion de Majejiais 
 perpetual. 
 
 l^aria Lex^ the Author L. Var'tus^ Tribune of the CommonSj 
 A. 662, ordaining. That all fuch Perfons (hould be brought to 
 a publick Tryal, who had any way encourag'd or affifted the 
 Confederates in their late War againft Ror/ie (Ji). 
 
 Cornelia L£'x,the Author L. Cornelius Sylla, Dilator, A. 6~jO, 
 making it Treafon to lend an Army out of a Province, or to 
 engage in a War without fpecial Orders ; to endeavour the in- 
 gratiating one's felf fo with the Army as to make them ready to 
 ferve his particular Interell ; or to fpare, or ranfom a Com- 
 inandcr of the Enemy when taken Prifoner; or to pardon the 
 Captains of Robbers and Pirates ; or for a Roman Citizen to 
 relide without Orders at a Foreign Court ; and alTigmng the 
 Punifhment of Aqtus off Ignis Inferdidio to all that fliould be 
 convided of any of thefe Crimes (c). 
 
 Julia Lex^ the Author Julius C^far, either in his firlt Con- 
 fullTiip, or after the Pharfalian Viftory, ordaining the Punifh- 
 ment mention'd in Sylld's Law, to be inflifted on all that were 
 found guilty de Maje/iate; v,'heteas Sylla intended it only fdr 
 the Particulars which he there fpecifies (d). 
 
 Antonia Lex, the Author Mark Antony, allowing thofe who 
 were condemn'd de Majejiate, an Appeal to the People; which 
 before was only allow'd in the Crime which they call'd Per- 
 duellio, one part of the Crimen Majeftaiis, of the molt heinous 
 Nature ; which the Lawyers define, HoftiUi ammo adverfus 
 Rempublicara eJJ'e. This Law was rcpeal'd by Augujius (e). 
 
 («) Cicero^ de Orator, lib. 2. (i) Cicero pro Scaftro, pro Ctrnel. T^ifculan. z. in 
 Bri'Ao, ViiLtriHt Maximttiilih. 8. cap. 6. (f) CUert \a Fij'm. Pri ClHcnt. ^c^ 
 (d) Cic(Tt>, Philip f. I {') P ^ Mitnur. lib, de Lf^iOnt^ 
 
 De
 
 Book IIL of the Romans. 17 f 
 
 De Aduher'to ^ Pudicitia. 
 yulia Lex^ the Author /I ugujius Cafar, as Suetonltti informs 
 tis (a). Juvenal mentions this Law ill his fecond Satyr, and 
 feems to intimate, that it was afterwards confirm'd, and put 
 in full Force by the Emperor Domitian'y the Rigor of it is there 
 very .handfomely exprefs'd * 
 
 -Leges revocahat amaras (b) 
 
 Omnibus J atque ipfis j^eneri Martique timendas. 
 
 Scatin'ta Lex^ the Author C. Scat'mius Aricinus^ 'Tribune of 
 the Commons ; though fome think it was call'd Lex Sca?rtiniay 
 from one Scantinius^ Tribune of the Commons ; againlt whonl 
 it was put in Execution. It was particularly levell'd againll 
 the Keepers of Catamites, and againft fuch as proftituted them- 
 felves for this vile Service (c). The Penalty enjoyn'd by the 
 Author, was only pecuniary ; but Augujlus Cafar made it af- 
 terwards capital (^). 
 
 Cornelia Lex inter ficarios^ ^ veneficii\ 
 The Author Cornelius Sylla, Dictator, It was directed againft 
 fuch as kill'd another Perlon with Weapons ot Poifon, or fir'd 
 Houfes, or took away any Perfon's Life by falfe Acculation; 
 With fevefal other Heads. 
 
 It was a Claufe in this Law, That the Perfon who flood ac- 
 cused of the Crimes therein mention'd, might have his Choice 
 of letting the Jury give their Verdidt Clam^ vel Palam^ by 
 Voices or by Tablets {e). 
 
 De Parricidis. 
 The old Law which prefcrib'd the odd Sort of Punifliment 
 proper to this Crime, was reftor'd and confirm'd by Pompey 
 the Great, with the Title of Lex Pompeia (/). 
 
 Cornelia Lex falfi. 
 Sylla the Didator^ as he appointed a proper Prator to make 
 Inquifition into what they call'd Crimen falfi, fo he enaded this 
 
 (a) In ^t»g. cap. 34. (b) Juv. Sat. 2, v. jo. (c) §lnintil. lib. 4. cap, 2. 
 lib. 7. cap. 4. Cicero PhiUp. 3. Jftv. 6~e. (W) Jufi. Jtjitt. lib. 4. (c) Cic pr» 
 
 ClHtnt. (/} Jtiji. Iriji, Jib. 4. ir */<«. 
 
 T^avf
 
 176 Of the Civil Government Part IL 
 
 Law as the Rule and Standard in fuch Judgment {a). It takes 
 in all Forgers, Concealers, Interliners, ^c. of Wills; Coun- 
 terfeiters of Writs and Edidts ; falfe Accufers, and Corrupters 
 of the Jury ; together with thofe that any Ways debas'd the 
 publick Coin, by lliaving or filing the Gold, or adulterating the 
 Silver, or publifhing any new Pieces of Tin, Lead, ^c. and 
 making thofe incur the lame Penalty (which was Aqua ^ I^^ 
 nis interdiiiio) who voluntarily conniv'd at the Offenders in 
 thefe Particulars. 
 
 Leges de "vt. 
 Plautia, or Plotia Lejc, the Author P. P laud us, Tribune of 
 the Commons, A. 675-, againft thofe that attempted any Force 
 againft the State or Senate; or us'd any Violence to the Magi- 
 Itrates, or appear'd arm'd in publick upon any ill Defign, or for- 
 cibly expeird any Perfon from his lawful Polfeffion. The 
 Punifliment alTign'd to the convided was Aqua: ^ Igms tnter- 
 didio (b). 
 
 Clodia Z?:*-, the Author P. Clodlus^Trtbune of the Commons, 
 A. 695-, ordaining, That all thofe fhould be brought to their 
 Tryal, who had executed any Citizen of Rome without the 
 Judgment of the People, and the Formality of a Tryal {c). 
 
 The Author being a mortal Eneniy of Ciceroh, levell'd this 
 Law particularly againft him; who in the Time of the Catili- 
 narian Confpiracy, for the greater Expedition and Security, ha- 
 ving taken feveral of the chief Parties concern'd, firft imprifon'd 
 and afterwards executed them, only upon a Decree of the Se- 
 nate. Clodius having highly ingratiated himfelf with the Peo- 
 ple, by feveral popular Laws, eafily got this Ad to pafs; and 
 fo oblig'd Cicero to go into Exile. 
 
 Pompeia L^;f,the Auihor Pomp ey the Great, in his third Con- 
 fulfliip, ^. 701. It was diredkd efpecially againft the Authors of 
 the late Riot, upon the Account oi Claudius and Milo; in which, 
 one of the Curia had been fet on Fire, and the Palace ofLepidus 
 the Interrex, alTaulted by Force. This Law introduc'd a much 
 fliorter Form of Judgment than had been formerly us'd, ordain- 
 ing, That the firft three Days in every Tryal fhould be fpent 
 in hearing and examining Witnelfes, and then allowing only one 
 Day for the two Parties to make their formal Accufation and 
 Defence ; the firft being confin'd to two Hours, and the other 
 
 («) Cic. de Nat. Dear. lib. J. Suet, in ^ug. cap. jj. (b) Sueton. in Julit, 
 cap. 3. Dio, lib. 5 9. Cicero pro S:.\tio, fro Mihne, (c) Veil, Ptiterc, lib. z. Cic, 
 *d yAftic, lib. 3. Die. lib. 3*» 
 
 6 to'
 
 Book III. of the Roman s. 177 
 
 to Three. Hence, the Author of the Dialogue concerning fa- 
 mous Orators, (attributed to ^iintiliari^ or 'Tachiis^) ob- 
 ferves, That 'Poini'cy was the firli; who dcpriv'd Eloquence 
 of its old Liberty, and confin'd it to Bounds and Limits (^). 
 
 Lcgei de Amhim. 
 
 Fabia Lex, prcfcribing the Number of SeElatcres^ allow'd 
 to any Candidate (0). I'his did not pafs. 
 
 j^cilici Calpurnia Lex^ the Authors, M. Jcilius Glabrio^ 
 and C. Calptirnkis 'i ?/o, Confuls JJ. 68(J, ordaining, that, be- 
 ildes the JFine impos'd, no Perfon convifted of this Crime 
 ihould bear an Omce, or come into the Senate ('■), 
 
 Ttillta Lex^ the Author, AL Ttillms Cicero, Conful with C, 
 Antomiis, y^, (Jpo. ordaining, that no Perfon, for Two Years 
 before he fu'd for an Office, fhould exhibit a Show of Gla- 
 diators to the People, unlefs the Care of fuch a Solemnity had 
 been left to him by Will : That Senators, convicted of the 
 crimen ambitus, fhould fufter aqiiee ^ ignis interdi£iio for 
 Ten Years j and that the Commons fhould incur a feverer Pe- 
 nalty than had been denounced by the Calpiirnian Law {d). 
 
 Jlufidia Lex, the Author, Aufidius Imvco, Tribune o'i xkit 
 Commons, A.C^r, more fevere than that of 'TiiUy 5 having 
 this remarkable Claufe, that if any Candidate promis'd Money 
 to the L'ribnnes, and did not pay it, he fhould be excus'd'; 
 but, in cafe he aftually gave it, fhould be oblig'd to pay to 
 every 'Tribe a Yearly Fine of 5000 Seftertii {e). 
 
 Lex Licinia de Svdalitiis, the Author, M. Licinitis Craffus^ 
 Conful with Cn, ^omfey, A. 691, appointed a greater Penal- 
 ty than formerly to Offenders of this Kind (/). By Sodalitia^ 
 they underftood an unlawful making of Parties at Ele6lions ; 
 which was interpreted as a Sort of Violence offer'd to the 
 Freedom of the People. 'Tis fkange, that this Senfe of the 
 Word fhould have efcap'd Cooper and Littleton. 
 
 Afionius feems to imply, that the Sodalitia and Ambitus 
 were Two different Crimes, when he tells us, that Mik was 
 arraign'd on thofe Two Accounts, at Two feveral Times, 
 and not before the fame ^icefior (g). 
 
 {a) Vide^fcon. in Milon. Cic. defnib. 4. C4.de Bell. Civ. 1. J. &c. {b) Cic.pro 
 Marf-na. (c) Cic. pro Murdna. pro Cornel. &c. (d) Cic. in Varin. pro Sextio, pro Mu~ 
 ritna. Dio. 1. 3 7. {e) Cic. ad .Attic. 1. 1 . ep. 1 1. if) Cic. pro Plane, (g) In .Argu- 
 
 menf. Milonian, 
 
 M 1>cmpsi.%
 
 17^ of the CM Government. Part If. 
 
 Tompeia Lex^ the Author 'Pomfey the Great, fole Conful, 
 ^. yor. By this it was enafted, That whoever, having been 
 convi6tecl of a Crime of this Nature, Ihould afterwards im- 
 peach two others of the fame Crime, fo that one of them 
 was condemned, /hould himfelf, upon that Score, be par- 
 don 'd. The HiortForm of Judgment, mention 'd in^Pompeia 
 Lex de w, was order'd too by this Law {a). 
 
 Jid'ms Cccfar quite ruin'd the Freedom and fair Proceed- 
 ings in Ele6]:ions, when he divided the Right of chufing 
 Magiftrates between himfelf and the People, or rather dil- 
 pofed of all Offices at his Pleafure (^}. Hence ZtlC072 : 
 
 — Na?n quo melius Pharfalicus ammi (c). 
 Confide not us erit ? fingit folennia campus^ 
 Et non admijfae dirimit fiiffragia 'Plebis ; 
 tDecantatqne T'ribus, ^ vana verfat in Uma, 
 J<lec c(£liim [ervare licet ; tonat Aiigure ^urdo : 
 'Et lcet(ff jtiranttir aves biibo7ie piifiro. 
 
 From what brave Confui cou'd the Year receive 
 
 A furer Mark, than Death and Wars fhall leave I 
 
 Affemblies are a Jeft j and, when they meet, 
 
 The gaping Crowd is bubbled with a Cheat. 
 
 The Lots are fhook, and forted Tribes advance 5 
 
 But Ccffar, not blind Fortune, rules the Chance. 
 
 Nor impious Rome Heaven's facred Signs obeys, 
 
 While ffo^je flill thunders, as the Augurs pleafe : 
 
 And when left Owls fome dire Difailer bode, p 
 
 The flaring Mifcreants, at their Mafter's Nod, > 
 
 Look to the Right, and fwear the Omen's good. j 
 
 But Augiifliis reftor'd the old Privileges to the Comitia^ 
 and reflrain'd unlawful Courfes us'd in th'e canvafing at Ele- 
 ftions, by feveral Penalties (^) ; publifla'd for this Purpofe, 
 the Lex Julia de Ambitii, mentioned in the Pands^s. 
 
 Leges de 'Pecuniis repetundis. 
 
 Calpzirnis Lex, the Author L. Calptirnius Pifo Friigif 
 A. <5o4, ordaining a certain Prdetor for the Inquifition of this 
 Crime, and laying a great Penalty on Offenders (e), 
 
 , id) In Argument. liUonian. (b) Sutton, in Julio, cap. 41. (c)]ib.S-V.391' 
 (d) Sutton in ^ugufi. cap. 4.0. (e) 0ctt9 in Brmo, de 0$s, lib, 2. Crat. 3. in 
 Verrem. ... , .. ... , ' 
 
 Ciccilia
 
 Book III. of the Romans. 1 79 
 
 Ceecilia Lex^ mention 'd by Vakrhis Maximns (a). Sigo- 
 nitis believes this Law to be the very fame with the former, 
 and that either the Two Tribunes^ Cdsciliin and Calpimiius^ 
 join'd in the making of it ^ and fo it came to be call'd either 
 Calpimiia^ or Cafciiia^ at Pleafure 5 or that in this Place we 
 ought to read Cr.lpurnia^ inftead of Ceecilia. 
 
 Jimla LeXy the Author, probably, M. Jimiiii Tenmis^ 
 tribune of the Commons, A. 6z-]y ordaining, that, befides 
 the litis eejhrMtiOy or rating of the Damages, the Perfon, 
 convifted of this Crime, fhould fuffer Banifhment (^). 
 
 Servilia Zex^ the Author, C. Servilius Glaiicia^ Pnetor, 
 A. 65 3, feveral Fragments of which are coIle>5led from Au- 
 thors, and tranfcrib'd from brazen Tablets by Sigomtis (c). 
 
 Acilia LcXy the Author, M. Acilius Glabrio j in which was 
 this remarkable Claufe : That the convicted Perfon flaould 
 be allow'd neither ampliatio^ nor conzperendinatio ; neither a 
 new Hearing at a fet Time prefix'd by the Praetor ^ nor an 
 Adjournment of the Trial, till the third Day after the firft 
 Appearing of the Parties in the Court {i). 
 
 Cornelia Lex^ the Author, Z. Comelitis Sylla^ Di^lator 5 
 ordaining, that, befides the litis tefiimatio^ the Perfon, con- 
 victed of this Crime, fliould be interdifted the Ufe of Fire 
 and Water {e). 
 
 Julia Lexy the Author, C. Julius defar 5 this kept its 
 Authority through the whole Series of the Emperors, and is 
 IHU celebrated in the 'PandeSls: A great Part of it was le- 
 velled againtt the Mifdemeanours of Provincial Governors 5 
 many of which, according to this Law, are alledg'd againft 
 'Pi/o, who had been ^rocon^ul in Macedoniay by CicerOy in 
 his 37th Oration. 
 
 {a) lib. 6. cap. 9. Sea. lo. (i) Cic in Verrem, irpro BaWo. Veil. Patere. lib. 2I 
 (c) Cic pro Pojlhum.pro BalLo. in Verrem. Sigon. dejudiciis, lib. 2. cap. 27. (d) Cic. 
 in Verrem, .Afcon. in eafdem. (c) Cic. pro Clxentio ; in Verrem .yifcon, Pxdiari. in 
 I irrinas. 
 
 Uz CHAP.
 
 I?o of the Ciyil GoVerment Part 11, 
 
 CHAP. XXXIX. 
 
 Mifcellany Laws notfpken of under the general He ads- 
 
 C'Lodia Lex de Colkgiis^ the Author, y. Clodiiis^ I'rilnine 
 of the Commons, A. <5'95, ordaining, That the Collegia^ 
 or Com}ajiies of Artificers inflituted by Niima^ which had 
 in a great Meafure been laid down, mould be all reviv'd, 
 and obferv'd as formerly, with the Addition of feveral new 
 Companies (a). 
 
 Ccscilia Lex de jtire Italiee, ^ tributis tollendh ; the Au- 
 thor, ^ Ccecilkis Metelkis NeJ^cs, Praetor, j4. 69^^ ordain- 
 ing, That the Tax call'd Tovtoria fhould be taken off from 
 all the Italian States {b). 
 
 'Portoria^ according to Sigoiiiits's Explication, was a Sort of 
 Toll paid always at the carrying of any exportable Goods to 
 the Haven 5 whence the Colleftors of it were call'd Tcrtitores, 
 
 Lex Julia de maritandis ordinibtis. 
 
 The Rc7/?^;25,confulting the Grandeur of their Republick, 
 had always a particular Honour for a married State ; and no- 
 thing was more ufual than for the Cenfors to impofe a Fine 
 upon old Batchelors. 1)ionyfius Halicarnajjem (r) mentions 
 an old Conltitution, by which all Perfons of full Age were 
 obliged to marry : But the firft Law, of which we have any 
 Certainty, was this of Aiigtifitis Ccefar, preferr'd A 7 ^6. It 
 did not pafs before it had receiv'd feveral Amendments, be- 
 ing at firit rejedied for its extreme Severity. This is the Sub- 
 ]e£i oi Tropermis's feventh Elegy of the third Book. . 
 
 Gavifa efi certe fublatam Cynthia kgem^ &c. 
 My Cynthia laugh'd to fee the Bill thrown out, ^c. 
 Hcrnce calls it Lex Marita (d). 
 
 A. 'j6z, this Law, being improv'd and enlarg'd, was pre- 
 ferr'd in a new Bill by ^apim and 1'Qppazis^ the Confuls at 
 
 {d) C'lc. pro Sextio; in Fifon. pro Demo. ^fcon. \n Cornel, (b) £)jo, lib. 37. Cit, 
 k £pjt. ad ^nk. (e) Lib. 5, (<^) In Carmine Seculars. 
 
 that
 
 Book IIL of the Ko M AN S 181 
 
 that Time j whence it is fometimes call'd Ta^ia To;p;^<£ci 
 Lex^ and generally Julia Tapia. 
 
 A great Part of the general Heads are colle6ted by Lipjius' 
 in his Comment on 'Tacitus (a) 3 among which, the molt re^ 
 markable are thofe which contain the Sandlions of Reward 
 and Punifhments. 
 
 As to the firft of thefe, it was hereby ordain'd, That all 
 the Magiftrates fliould take Precedence, according to their 
 Number of Children ; or a Married Man, before a Batchelor : 
 That in Eledions, thofe Candidates Should be preferr'd, who 
 had the moft numerous Offspring : And that any Perfon 
 might fland fooner than ordinary tor an Office, if he had as 
 many Children as he wanted Years, to be capable of bearing 
 fuch a Dignity (^) .- That, whoever in the City had Three 
 Children, in the other Parts of Italy Four, and in the Provinces 
 Five (or as fome fay. Seven,) fhould be excus'd from all trou- 
 blefbme Offices in the Place where he liv'd. Hence came the 
 famous jas tritim liberorum^ fo frequently to be met with in 
 ^JPUny\ Martial^ &c. by which the Emperor often oblig'd fuch 
 Perfons with this Privilege, to whom Nature had denied it. 
 Of the Penalties incurr'd by fuch as in fpight of this Law 
 liv'd a lingle Life, the chief was. That unmarried Perfons 
 fhould be incapable of receiving any Legacy or Inheritance 
 by Will, unlefs from their near Relations j and fuch as were 
 married, and yet had no Children, above half an Eftate. 
 Hence, 'Plutarch has a fevere Reflexion on the covetous 
 Humour of the Age : That [everal of the Romans did not 
 marry for the Sake of Heirs to their o-imi Fortimes ; but that 
 they themfehes 7night^ upon this Account^ be capable ofin- 
 heriti^ig the EJlates of other Men {c). 
 
 And Juvejtal alludes to the fame Cuftom : 
 
 Jara Tater eS'j dederam quodfama opponere pofjls {d): 
 Jura 'Parentis habes : propter me fcriberis Hceres 5 
 Legatum omne capis^ nee non ^ dulce caducim. 
 
 Now by my Toil thou gain'fl a Father's Fame 5 \ 
 
 No more fhall pointing Crowds atteft thy Shame, > 
 
 Nor hooting Boys thy Impotence proclaim. J 
 
 Thine is the Privilege our Laws afford 
 To him that ftands a Father on record : 
 
 (<j) Excurf. ad Tacit. <Ami. 1. j. Liter. C. Vid. Suet, in OStavio. c, 34. (b) Tlinl 
 JEP'jl. 1. 7. (f) Pint. fF'iQf- pi^.o^DfT-ioir. {d) Sat. $, v. 16. 
 
 Ms ^ In
 
 i8z Of the Cml Go'Vernment Part II. 
 
 In Mifers Wills you Hand unqueftion'd now, 
 And reap the Harveit which you cou'd not fow. 
 
 Clmidia Lex de fcribarum negotiatione. 
 
 This Law is barely mention'd by Suetonhis {a)-, and feems 
 a Part of the Lex Claudia^ or Clodia^ about the Trading of 
 the Senators, already explain'd. It appears therefore, that 
 not only the Senators, but the Scribes too, or at leall thofe 
 Scribes who affifted the ^i(£fiors^ were forbid to make Ufe 
 of a Veffel of above Three Hundred Amfhorfi : We may rea- 
 fonably fuppofe, that this Prohibition was not laid upon them, 
 in Refpea of their Order and Degree, which were not by 
 any Means eminent j but rather, upon Account of their par- 
 ticular Place or Office : Becaufe it look'd very improper, 
 that Perfons, who were concern'd in the Publick Accounts, 
 fhould, at the fame Time, by dealing in Traffick and Mer- 
 chandize, endeavour rather the filling their own Coffers, 
 than improving the Revenues of the State (^). 
 
 M^.inilia Lex j this Law, as well as the former, depends 
 upon a fingle Authority, being jufl: named by Salhifi (c) and 
 not explain'd by MimitmSy or Rofimis. It feems to have 
 been to this Purpofe, that fince Affairs had been very often 
 ill manag'd by the Nobility 5 thofe Perfons, whofe Anceflors 
 had bore no Magiftracy in the Smte, fuch as they call'd 
 Homines mvi^ fhould, for the future, be allowed the Privilege 
 of holding Publick Offices (d). 
 
 Atiiiia Lex de fnrtis^ ordaining, that no Prefcription 
 fhould fecure the PofTeffion of ftollen Goods ; but that the 
 proper Owner Ihou'd have an eternal Right to them {e). 
 
 (a) In Bomit. cap. p. (b) V. Torrent, in not. ad locum, (c) In Bell, "^HgUTthinl 
 (^d) V. Rivifim in net, ad locnm, («) Cie. Verr. 3. ^gdt, cap. 7. 
 
 PART
 
 Book 
 
 PART 11. BOOK IV. 
 
 r^^ Ro M A N Art ofJVAK. 
 
 CHAR L 
 
 S!he Levies of the Komah Foot» 
 
 T the fame Time of the Year, as the 
 Co?2fi(ls were declar'd Ek5i or "Defign'd^ 
 they chofe the Military Tribunes, four- 
 teen out of the Body of the Eqiiites, 
 who had ferv'd in the Army five Years 5 
 and ten out of the Commonalty, fuch 
 as had made ten Campaigns. The 
 former they called Trikmi junior eSytho 
 latter Seniores. 
 
 The Confi/ls having agreed on a Levy (as in the Time of 
 the Commonwealth they ufually did every Year) they iflu'd 
 but an Edift, commanding all Perfons who had reached the 
 Military Age (about 1 7 Years) to appear (commonly) in the 
 Capitol, or "in the ^;W before the Capitol, as the moft facred 
 and auguft Place, on fuch a Day. The People being come 
 
 M 4 together.
 
 The Roman Part II. 
 
 together, and the Confv.h^ who prefided in the AfTembly, ha- 
 ving taken their Sear, in the firfl Place, the four and twenty 
 'J^rihines were difpofed of, according to the Number of Le- 
 gions they defign'd to make up, which was generally four. 
 The pnior Tribunes were aflign'd, four to the firlt Legion, 
 three to the fecond, four to the third, and three to the laft. 
 Thefenior Tribunes^ two to the firft Legion and the third 5 
 three to the fecond and laft. After this, every Tribe, being 
 called out by Lot, was ordered to divide into their proper 
 Centuries 5 out of each Century were Soldiers cited by 
 Name, with Refpeft had to their Eflate and Clafs j for whicn 
 Purpofe there were Tables ready at hand, in which the 
 Name, Age, and Wealth of every Perfon was exactly dcfcri- 
 bed. Four Men, as fnuch alike in all Circumftances as could 
 be pitch'd upon, being prefentcd out of the Century, firft 
 the Tribunes of the firft Legion chofe one, then the Tribunes 
 of the fecond another, the Tribunes of the third Legion a 
 third Man, and the remaining Perfon fell to the Tribunes of 
 the fourth. Then four more were drawn out ; and now the 
 Right of chufing firft belong'd to the Tr'ibimes of the fecond 
 Legion 5 in the next four to the Tribunes of the third Legi- 
 on ; then to the Tribunes of the fourth Legion, ? nd fo round, 
 thofe Tribunes chufing laft the next Time, who chofe firft the 
 Time before; the moft equal and regular Method imaginable. 
 
 Cicero has rem,-i.rk'd a fuperftitious Cuftom obferved in 
 thefe Proceedings : That the firft Soldiers pitch'd upon 
 fhould, for the Omen's fake, be fuch as had fortunate Names, 
 as, Sakmis^ Valerius, and the like (a). 
 
 There were many legal Excufes which might keep Perfons 
 from the Lift ; as, in cafe they were fifty Years old, for then 
 they could not be obliged to ferve j or if they enjoy'd any 
 Civil or Sacred Office, which they could not conveniently 
 relinquifti 5 or if they had already made twenty Campaigns, 
 which was the Time required for every Foot-Soldier ; or if, 
 upon Account of extraordinary Merit, they had been by pub- 
 lick Authority releas'd from the Trouble of ferving for fuch a 
 Time 5 or if they were maim'd in any Part, and fo ought 
 not to be admitted into the Legions ; as Suetonius tells us of 
 a Father, who cut off the Thumbs of his two Sons, on pur- 
 pofe to keep them out of the Army (b). And Valerius Maxi- 
 rnnsgwGS a Relation of the like Nature (c). 
 
 (a) Cif. dtDivinat, I. i. (i) Sutton, uitt^hjl. c: 24. (<■) Val. Max. 1. 6. <• i- 
 
 Otherwife
 
 Book IV. Jn of War. 185 
 
 Otherwife they were neccffitated to lubmit ; and, in cafe ot 
 aRefufal, were ufuallypuniAi'd either with Imprifbnment, 
 Pine, or Stripes, according to the Lenity or Severity ot the 
 Conful. And thcrelbre it feems llrange that Machiavel 
 Should particularly commend x.\\q Ren an Difcipline, upon 
 account of forcing no one to the Wars, when we have in all 
 Parts of Hiiiory fuch large Intimations of a contrary Praftice. 
 Kay, we read too of the ConqtiifitoreSy or Imprefs-Mallers, 
 who were commiffioned upon fome Occafions to go about, 
 and compel Men to the Service of the State. 
 
 Vakriiis M^ximm (a) gives us one Example of changing 
 this Cuflom of taking out every particular Soldier by the 
 ^jTribimeSy for that of chufing them by Lot.* And Appicinus 
 Alexandrinui {b) acquaints us. That in the Spanifl} V/ar 
 managed by LuciiUuSyXx^OiVi Complaint to theSena^ie of feve- 
 ral unjuft Practices in the Levies, the Fathers thought fit to 
 chufe all the Soldiers by Lot. Yet the fame i'^uthor a'dures 
 us, That whith in five Years Time the old Cuiiom returned, 
 of making the Levies in the Manner already decribed. 
 
 However, upon any extraordinary Occafion of immediate 
 Service, they omitted the common Formalities, and without 
 much Diitindiion lifted fuch as they met with, and led them 
 out on an Fxpedition. Thefe they term'd Militcs [ub'itarii. 
 
 {a) Lib. 6. Cap. 3. (h) In Iberic. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 The Levy and Review of the CAVAL R T. 
 
 "D O MU L US, having cflablifli'd the Senate, chofe three 
 ■^^ hundred of the ftoucell Young Men out of the moil 
 Noble Families to ferye on Horfeback : but after the In- 
 ftitution of the Cenf:!S by Serviiis Tiiliiui, all thofe Perfons 
 had the Honour of being admitted into the Order of the 
 Jiqtiitcs, who were worth four hundred Sefiertia 5 yet no 
 Man was the enrolled by the Ki'ngi or Consuls, or after- 
 wards by the Ce,i[<:rs, unlefs befides the Eftate required, no 
 Exception could be taken againft hii Perfon or Morals. If 
 thefe were unqueflionable, his Name was entered among. 
 the Knights, and a Horfe and Ring given him at the Pub- 
 lick
 
 1 86 T/;^ Roman P^rc IL 
 
 lick Chai-ge 5 he being oblig'd to appear for the future ori 
 Horfe-back, as often as the State fhould have Occafion for 
 his Service. 
 
 So that there being always a fufficient Number o^ Eqiiites 
 in the City, there needed only a Review in order to fit them 
 for Service. Learned Men have very little Agreement in this 
 Point; yet we may venture to take Kotice of three feveral 
 Sorts of Reviews, I'robatio^ T'ranpved.io^ and what they 
 term'd properly Recenfo 5 though they are ufually con- 
 founded, and feldom underftood. 
 
 The ^robatio wc may conceive to have been a diligent 
 Search into the Lives and Manners of the Eqintes^ and a {Trift 
 Obfervation of their Plights of Body, Arms, Horfes, ^c. This 
 is fuppos'd to have been commonly made once a Year, 
 
 2l'^«/X(5?io Z/jyJ//i makes the fame as TroZ'^/io, but he is 
 certainly miftakcn 3 fince all the Hints we meet with concern- 
 ingit,in the Authors, argue it to have been rather a pompous 
 Ceremony and Proccflion, than an Examination. The moft 
 Learned Grt^i^iiis obferves it to have been always made in the 
 Forim (a). T)icnyfms defcribes it in the following Manner : 
 ^Jje Sacrifices being fimp\i^ all thofe "xho are allo'w'd Horfes^ae 
 ibe ExJ^e'tice cfthe State ^ ride alo7?gmOrd2}\ as if returning 
 jmn a "Battle^ being habited in tie Toga; Palmatae, or the 
 Trabear, and cro'-jcn'd --xith Wreaths of Olive. 1'he 'JProceJJion 
 legins at the '■Temple ofM^rs^ mthoiit the frails, and is car- 
 ried on through all the eminent Tarts of the City^^partictilarly 
 the Forum, and the Tej72ple cf C2A0V and Pollux. The Nwn- 
 her fometimes reaches to five Thcufand 5 every Man bearing the 
 Gifts and Ornaments received, as a Rc-xard cf his Valour, 
 from the General. A moft glorious Sight, and \vorthy of the 
 Roman Grandeur (b). 
 
 This Solemnity was inftituted to the Honour of CaftoT and 
 Tclltix, who, in the Battle with the Latins, about the Year of 
 the City i 5 7,appear'd in the Field perfonally affifling the Ro- 
 mans 3 and, prelently after the Fight, were feen at Rcme(yc& 
 by the Fountain where their Temple was afterwards built,) 
 upon Horfes all foaming with white frothy Sweat, as it they 
 had rode Poll: to bring Tidings of the Vidor}- fcj. 
 
 The proper Recejifio was the Account taken by the Cenfirs 
 every Lufirui/i, when all the People, as well as the Eqintes, 
 
 {a) Trefat.adlVol. Vefjur. Ant, Rom. (t) Lh;;)f. Hdh. lib 6. {c) Tint, itt 
 CorMan. 
 
 wer«
 
 Book IV. Jrt of War, i St 
 
 were to appear at the General Survey : So that it was only si 
 morefolemn and accurate Sort oi^Prcbati07i^ with the Addi- 
 tion of enrolling new Names, cancelling old Ones, and other 
 Circumttances of that Nature. 
 
 Befides all this, 'twas an ufualCuftom for the£'7?//Vw, when 
 they had ferved out their legal Time in the Wars, to lead 
 their Horfe folemnly into the Forum^ to the Seat of the two 
 Cen[oYi^ and there having given an Account of the Com- 
 manders under whom they had ferved, as alfo the Time, Pla- 
 ces and Actions relating to their Service, they were dischar- 
 ged every Man with Honour or Difgrace, according as he de- 
 ferved. For this Account we are beholden to ^lutarcl\ who 
 gives a particular Relation how this Ceremony was perform'd. 
 with univerfal Applaufe by '^Pompey the Great, 
 
 It might be brought as a very good Argument of the Ob- 
 fcurity and Confufion of thefe Matters, that of two very 
 learned Men, one makes this Bqui redditio the fame as the 
 ^robatio{a)^ the other the fame as the T^'MifveBio (b), 
 
 • No72 7ioJinim tantas com^onere lites. 
 
 The Emperors often took Review of the Cavalry j and 
 Jlngujltis particularly reflor'd the old Cuftom of the l^ra77^- 
 veBio^ which had before been difcontinu'd for fome Time. 
 
 It is hard to conceive that all the Romaii Horfe in the Ar- 
 my fhould confifl: of Knights 5 and for that Reafon SigCiiius^ 
 and many other learned Men, make a Diftin6tion in the Ca- 
 valry, between thofe that ferved eqiio piblicc^ and thofe that 
 ferved eqiio frivato ; the former they allow to have been of 
 the Order of Knights, the latter not. But Grcevms and his 
 noble Country-man Sctelhts have prov'd this Opinion to be a. 
 groundlefs Conjefture. Theydemonftrate from theCourfcof 
 Hiftory,that from the Beginning of the Koman State, till the 
 Timeof yW^m/i, no other Horfe enter'd the Legions but the 
 true and proper Knights, except in the midft of publick Con- 
 fufion, when Order and Difcipline were neglefted. 
 
 After that Period, the Military Affairs being new modell'd^ 
 the Knights thought not fit to expofe themfelves abroad ia 
 the Legions, as they had formerly done, but generally kept 
 at Home to enjoy their Eftates, and to have a Hand in the 
 
 (<j) Herman, Hugi) de Militia Eqwflrif I. j c. s . W Higon. ^nnot. ad Liv. 
 L s, c. 46. 
 
 TranfhcibiGns
 
 1 88 The Roma n Part II. 
 
 Tranfadionsof the City 5 and their Places in the Army wer^ 
 filled by foreign Horfe ; or if" they ever made Campaign^ 
 themfelves, they held fome Port of Honour and Command^ 
 Hence under the Emperors a Man might be a Knight, and 
 have the Honour of a ^«^//V/l Hcrje^ whithout ever engaging 
 in the Publick Caufe, or fo much as touching Arms 5 which 
 Confideration made fome Princes lay afide the Cuftom of 
 allowing the Knights a Horfe, and leave them only their 
 Gold-Ring to dittinguifh their Order, as 'Plifiy (a) Senior 
 atfirms to have been done in his Time. 
 
 (,a) Lib. 33. Cap. i. -vU. Gnv. Vr^f. ad Vol. I. T/;. flow. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 The Military Oath, and the Levies of the 
 Confederates. 
 
 'T' H E Levies being finifli'd, the Trihimei of every Legions 
 ■* chofe out one whom they thought the fitteit Perfon, 
 and gave him a folemn Oath at large, the Subftance of which 
 W3s, That he fhould oblige himfelf to obey the Comman- 
 ders in all things to the utmoft of his Power, be ready to 
 attend whenever they ordered his Appearance, and never to 
 leave the Army but by their Confent. Atter he had ended, 
 the whole Legion, paffing one by one, every Man, in fhort, 
 fwore to the fame Effei^t, crying as he went by. Idem in me. 
 This, and fome other Oaths, were fo elTential to the Mi- 
 litary State, that Juvenal ufeth the Word Sacrament A for 
 MiliteSy or Militi'dS^ Sat. 16. 
 
 'J^rtemia mine alia., atque alia emohimenta 'nctemus 
 Sacrame?2tcm?/i.
 
 Book IV Jrt of War. 1S9 
 
 and where they wou'd have them make their Rendezvous. 
 The Stares accordingly conven'd their Men, and chufing our 
 their delir'd ls'umber,gave them an Oath, and affign'd them 
 a Commander in Chief, and a Pay-Maiter General. We may 
 obferve. That in the Time of l-'olybms all Italy was indeed 
 fubjeft to the Rornahs ^ yet no State or People in it had been 
 reduc'dinto the form of a Province j retaining, for the Ge- 
 nerality, their old Governors and Laws, and being term'd 
 Sccii^ or Confederates. 
 
 But, after all, the //■^'//i^w were not only divided into fe- 
 parate ^VGvinces^ but afterwards honour'd with the jfus Ci- 
 vitatis 3 the Name of Socii ceas'd, all the Natives of Italy be- 
 ing accounted Romans ; and therefore, indead of the Social 
 Troops, the Aiixilia were afterwards procured, which are 
 carefully to be diftinguiHi'd from the former. They were 
 fent by foreign States and Princes, at the Defire of the Ro- 
 fnan Senate, or Generals, and were allow'd a fet Pay from 
 the Republick ^ whereas the Socii receiv'd no Confideration 
 for their Service, but a Diiiribution of Corn. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of the BVOCA^I. 
 
 nr H E mod: eminent Degree of Soldiers were the Evocflti, 
 ^ taken as well out of Allies as Citizens, out of Horfe as 
 Foot, not by Force, but at the Requeft and Intreaty of the 
 Ck)7!ftils, or other Officers : For which Purpofe Letters were 
 commonly difpatch'd to every particular Man whom they 
 defign'd thus to invite into their Service. Thcfe were old 
 experienc'd Soldiers, and generally fuch as had ferv'd out 
 their legalTime,or had receiv'd particular Marks of Favour 
 as a Reward of their Valour, on which Accounts th'ey were 
 (tyl'd Emeriti^ and 'Beneficiari: -. Scarce any War was under- 
 taken, but a great Number of thefc were invited into the Ar- 
 my, therefore they had the Honour to be reckon'd almoft 
 equal with the Ceuturkni. In the Field they u'ually guarded 
 t|ie chief Standard, being excus'd from all the Military Drud- 
 gery, of landing on the Watch, labouring in the Works, 
 ?ind other fervile Employments. The
 
 ipo T7;e Roman Part IL 
 
 The F.mperor GnWa gave the fame Name oi Evccati to 
 a fele6t Band of young Gentlemen of the Equefiriau Rank, 
 whom he kept as a Guard in his Palace (^a). 
 
 (a) Siicton. hi GM. c. J o . 
 
 CHAP- V. 
 
 ^be fever al Kinds of the Roman Foot^ and their Di' 
 vtfion into Manipuli;, Cohorts, and Legions. 
 
 TH E whole Roman Infantry was divided into four Sorts^ 
 VditeSy Hafiati, Tnncipes^ and 'Triarii. 
 
 The Velites, were commonly fome of the Tyrd'sy or young 
 Soldiers, of mean Condition, and lightly arm'd. They had 
 their Name a "joh.ndo^ or a veiocitate, from their Swiftnefs 
 and Expedition. They fcem not to have been divided into 
 diiiJn^l Bodies or Companies, but to have hover'd in loofe 
 Order before the Army. 
 
 The Hafiati were fo called, becaufcthey ufed in ancient 
 Times to fight with Spears,which were afterwards laid afide, 
 as incommodious 3 thefe were taken out the next in Age to 
 the Vclites. 
 
 T^Q'Principes were generally Men of middle Age, and of 
 greateft: Vigour j 'tis probable that, before the Inftitution of 
 the Hafiati^ they ufed to begin the Fight, whence they bor- 
 row'd their Name. 
 
 The 'Triarii were commonly Veterans^ or hardy old Sol- 
 diers, of long Experience and approved Valour. They had 
 their Name from their Pofition, being marfhalled in the 
 third Place, as the main Strength and Hopes of their Party. 
 1 hey are fcmetimes called 'PiLini^ from their Weapons the 
 Tiia. 
 
 Every one of thefe grand Divifions, except the Velites^ 
 compos'd thirty Majnpiili^ or Companies 3 every ManiplliiS 
 made two Centuries, or Ordn/es. 
 
 Three Maniptili, one of the Hajiati, another of the 
 'J'rincipes, and a third of the Triarii, compos'd a Cohors. 
 Among thefe, one was fill'd with fome of the choiceft Sol- 
 ciers and OiiicerSj obtaining the honourable Title of Triina. 
 
 Cohors
 
 Book IV. Art of War. 19 1 
 
 Colwrs, We meet too with the Trtetoria Cchors^ inftituted 
 by Scipio 'Nutitantinui -, feJeded for the moil part out of 
 %he Evocati or Reformades, and oblig'd only to attend on 
 the 'Prcfftcror General : And this gave Original to the '^Pr<e- 
 toridiii^ the Life-Guard of the Emperors. 
 
 Ten Cohorts made up a Legion j The exa^l Number of 
 Foot, in fuch a Battalion, Romului fix'dat Three thoufand'; 
 though T^lutarch affures us,that, after the Reception of the 
 Sab'inei into Ro7ne^ he encreas'd it to Six thoufand. The com- 
 jnon Number afterwards, in the firft Times of the Free State, 
 was Four thoufand : In the War with HcinvLibnt^ it arofe to 
 Five thoufand. After this, 'tis probable they funk to about 
 Four thoufand, or Four thoufand two hundred again j which 
 was the Number in the Time oiPolybw.S. 
 
 In the Age of Jul'nis Ccefir^ we don't find any Legions ex- 
 ceeding the Tolybian Number of Men j and he himfelf ex- 
 prefsly fpeaks of Two Legions, that did not make above 
 Seven thoufand between them (^d). 
 
 The Number of Legions, kept in Pay together, was differ- 
 ent, according to the various Times and Occafions. During 
 the Free State, Four Legions were commonly fitted up every 
 Year, and divided between the Two Consuls : Yet in Cafes of 
 Neceffity, we fometimes meet with no lei's than Sixteen or 
 Eighteen in Zivy. 
 
 yiiigujim ma.'mtain^d a Standing Army of Twenty three, or 
 ( as fomc will have it ) of Twenty five Legions 5 but in After- 
 times we feldom find fb many. 
 
 They bonow'd their Names from the Order in which they 
 were rais'd, as Trima^ Secun.ia^ Tenia 5 but becaufe it ufually 
 happen'd, that there were feveral 'T^im<e^ Secunda^ &c. in fe- 
 veral Places, upon that account they took a Sort of Surname 
 befides, either from the Emperors who firtt confHtuted them, 
 as Augufta^ Clnu.iiann^ Galbiana., Flavin, Ulpia, Trajana^ 
 Antoniana, or from the Provinces which had been conquer'd 
 chiefly by their Valour ; as parthica, Scythica, Gdlica^ Am- 
 hica, &c. Or from the Names of the particular Deities, for 
 whom their Commanders had an efpecial Honour, as Mi~ 
 nervia^ and ApoUinaris .-Or from the Region where they had 
 fheir Quarters 5 as Crerenjis, Cyrenaica, ^riTannica, Sec. Or 
 fometimes upon account of the lefTer Accidents 3 as Adjiitrix^ 
 Jllania^ Fiilminatrix^ Rapax, Sic. 
 
 (<») Commentar. lib. <- 
 
 CHAP,
 
 Part II. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Ttje Divifion of the CJVJLRT, and of the ALLIES. 
 
 '"T^ H E Horfe required to every Legion was three hundred, 
 -^ divided into ten ''Tunficc, or Troops, thirty to a Troop, 
 every ^Jurma making three j^ecwr/rf', or Bodies of ten Man. 
 
 This Number of three hundred they termed jujlm Eqiii- 
 tatiii^ and is underrtood as often as wc meet with Legiociim 
 fuo Equitatn^ or L(gw cum jujlo Eq'iiitatii. And tho' we 
 now and then find a different Number, as two hundred in 
 a PJace or two of Livy and Cccfar ; yet we muft fuppofe 
 this Alteration to have proceeded from fome extraordinary 
 Caufe, and confequcntly to be of no Authority againft the 
 common Current ot Hiitory. 
 
 The foreign Iroops, under which we may now comprize 
 the Sccii and Auxiliaries, were nor divided, as the Citizens, 
 into Legions, but firll into two great Bodies, termed Alt^y 
 trr Ccrnna^ and thofe again into Companies, ufually of the 
 fame Nature with thofe ot the Ro/'aani', though, as to this, 
 we have little Light in Hiftory, as a Matter of fmali Impor- 
 tance- 
 
 We may further rem.ark, That the Forces which the i?o- 
 ?;7^;;5borrow'd of the Coiitcderare States were equal to their 
 own in Foot, and double in Horfe 5 tho' by difpofing and 
 dividing them with great Policy and Caution, they prevent- 
 ed any Defign that they might poflibly entertain againft the 
 natural Forces ^ for about a third Part of the foreign Horfe,, 
 iind a fifth of the Foot, was fcparated from the reif, under 
 the Name of Extraoriwarii 5 and a more choice Part of 
 thofe with the Title of AbkBi. 
 
 In the Time of the Emperors, the Auxiliary Forces were 
 commonly honour'd with the Name and Confiitution of 
 Legions, though the more ancient Appellation of Ala fre- 
 fiuertly occurs. 
 
 They were called Alee from their Pofition in the Army; 
 snd therefore we muft expe6f fometimes to find the fame 
 Name applied to the 7^f7?/^« Soldiers, when they happened 
 to have the fame Stations. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 Book IV. Jrt of War. 19 j 
 
 CHAP. VII. ' 
 
 ^he Officers in the Roman Army j and firfi of the 
 Centurions and Tribunes ; with the Commanders 
 of the Horfe, and of the Confederate Forces. 
 
 'IT H E Military Officers may be divided, according to Lip- 
 -^ fius, into Proper and Common, the firll prefiding over 
 fome particular Part, as the Cetimriojis and "Jtribunei^ the 
 other ufing an equal Authority over the whole Force, as the 
 Legati and the General. 
 
 We can't have a tolerable Notion of the Centurions^ with- 
 out remembring what has been already deliver'd 3 That every 
 one of the Thirty Manifiili in a Legion was divided into 
 Two OrdineSy or Ranks 5 and, confequently the Three Bo- 
 dies of the Hajfafi, 'PrinciJ^es^ and I'riarii^ into Twenty 
 Orders a-piece, as into Ten Aianiptili. Now every Mcini- 
 pikts was allow'd Two Ce?2mrions, or Captains 5 One to each 
 Order or Century : And, to determine the Point of Priority 
 between them, they were created at Two different Elefli- 
 ons. The Thirty, who were made firft, always took the 
 Precedency of their Fellows, and therefore commanded the 
 Right Hand Orders, as the others did the Left. 
 
 The Triariiy or Tilani^ being efteem'd the mod Honour- 
 able, had their Ceutimo?is defied firft ; next to them the 
 'Principes^ and afterwards th*e Haflati 5 whence they were 
 cdiW^pritmcs ^ femndus Tilus^primtis ^) fecundm 'Princeps^ 
 primus ^ [ecnndus Haflams 5 and fo on. 
 
 Here it may be obfcrv'd. That primi Ordines is us'd fome- 
 times in Hiftorians, for the Centurions of thofe Orders ; and 
 the fame Centurions are fometimes fiyl'd 'Principes Ord'mum^ 
 and Principes Centiirioniim. 
 
 We may take Notice too, what a large Field there lay for 
 Promotion 5 firft, through all the Orders of the Haflati^ then 
 quite through the Principes:, and afterwards from the laft 
 Order of the P'riarii, to the Primipihis the moft Honoura- 
 ble of the Centurions, and who defcrves to be particularly 
 defcrib'd. 
 
 K Thia
 
 1 ()4 '^'^^ ^ OMAN Part II. 
 
 This Officer, beHdes his Name oi\Primipilmy went under 
 the feveral Titles o'tDux I.egionis^'^rcefe^lusLegmiis/Pnmits 
 CmUirioniim^ and Triraiis Cenntno 3 and was the Centurion of 
 the Right Hand Order of the firit Mampulm of the T'nari- 
 ans or '■P'llani^ in every Legion. He prellded over all the o- 
 ther CenHiriofis ; and, generally, gave the Word of Command 
 in Exercifes and Engagements, by Order of the Tribunes, Be- 
 fides this, he had the Care of the Eagle, or chief Standard of 
 the Legion : Hence, jfqm/<c p'ceejje is to bear the Dignity of 
 "■Primipilm 5 and, hence, Jqiiila is taken by 'Pliny for the 
 faid Office 5 and Jiiroeual feems to intimate the fame : . 
 
 Ut hcupLetem jlquilam tihl Sexcgefimm annus 
 
 Jdferat. Sat. 14. 
 
 Nor was this Station only honourable, but very profitable 
 too J for he had a fpecial Stipend allow 'd him, probably as 
 much as a Knight's Eftate 3 and, when he left that Charge, 
 was reputed equal to the Members of the Equeftrian Order, 
 bearing the Title o^ Trimipilaritis 5 in the lame Manner as 
 thofe, who had difcharg'd the greateft Civil Offices, were 
 ftyl'd ever after Cc7ij'i:lareSy Cerijlrii^ fratorii^ ^lieficrii^ 
 and JEdilitii. 
 
 The Badge of the Centnricnh Office was the Vitis or Rod, 
 which they bore in their Hand, whence "uitem pofere imports 
 the fame as to fue for a Centhrion^s Place. The E^'ecati too 
 had the Privilege of ufing ^7>/5, as being in all Refpefts ra- 
 ther fupcrior to the Cemurio-ni. 
 
 As to the Reafon why this Rod fTiould be made of a Vine- 
 branch, an old Scljoliait upon ywvsnnlhd.s a merry Fancy, 
 that ^Bacchus made \]k of luch a S*.eptcr in his Martial Ex- 
 pedition, and recommended the Ufe of it to Porterity. 
 
 Befides the Cenmriofis, every Mcmipului had Two Vexil- 
 larii or Enfigns 3 and every Centurion chofe Two OptioneSy 
 or SuccenturiojieSy to be his Deputies or Lieutenants. 
 
 The -frihrnes owe their Name and Original to RcmtlliiS*i 
 Inftitution, when he chofe Three Officers in chief of that 
 Nature, out of the Three Tribes into which he divided his 
 City. The Number afterwards encreas'd to Six in every 
 Legion. They were created, as at firfl: by the Kings, fo 
 afterwards by the Confuls for fome Time, 'till about 
 j^.U.C. 595, when the People affum'd this Right to 
 themfelves ; And though in the War with 'Terpis King 
 «f ]\iacedc?2. this Prlvileee vv^s re^ain'd bv the Con- 
 
 lUiS
 
 Book 1 v. Jrt of War, \ ^ j 
 
 fu]s {a\ yet we find that in the very fame War, it quickly 
 after return 'd to the People (^). Tis probable, that foon 
 after they divided this Power between them, one half of the 
 tribunes being affign'd by the Coafuls, the other half elect- 
 ed by the People. The former Sort were term'd Rufiili^ or 
 Rutili J becaufe one RtitilnisRjijns preferr'd a Law in their 
 behalf The others Camtiati, becaufe they obtain'd their 
 Command by the Publick Votes in the Comitia {c). They 
 were fomctimes taken out of the Equeflrian and Senatorian 
 Orders: And in the Time of the Qefars, moft (if not all) of 
 the I'ribiLnei feem to have been either Senators or Knights, 
 Upon which Account, they were divided into the Laticla- 
 ^ni^ and the Augiipclavii t, the latin daviis properly belong- 
 ing to the former, and the angiitis daviis to the latter. 
 
 The Bufinefs of the T'ribiines was to decide all Controver- 
 fies in the Army 5 to give the Word to the Watch ; befides 
 the Care of the Works and Camp, and feveral other Parti- 
 culars, which will fall under our Notice upon fome other 
 Occafion. 
 
 They had the Honour of wearing a Gold-Ring, in the 
 fame Manner as the £qintes ; and, becaufe their Office was 
 extremely defir'd, to encourage and promote as many as. 
 poffible, their Command lafted but Six Months. For the 
 iCnowledge of both thefe Culloms, we are beholden to one 
 \et£e oi yuvenaly Sat. 7. 
 
 Semejiri 'vatum digitcs circumligat miro. 
 
 Every 'Ttinna^ or Troop of Horfe, had Three 1)eciirions^ 
 or Captains of Ten 5 but he, that v/as firft elefted, com- 
 jnanded the Troop, and others were but his Lieutenants j 
 tho' every one>of the tDecuricns had an OJ>(io or Deputy un- 
 der him. 
 
 As to the Confederate or t^'oreign Forces, we are not cer- 
 tain how the fiaaller Bodies of them were commanded j but 
 it feems moil probable, that the Romans generally marfhalTd 
 sthem according to their cwnDifcipline, and affign'd them Of- 
 ficers of the fame Nature with thofe of the Legions. But the 
 Two _/f/rf, or great Divifions of the Allies, we are affur'd had 
 each a T^rccfe^ appointed them by the Roman Conful, who 
 govern'd in the fame Manner as the Legionary 'Tribunes. 
 
 i») Vide LJv, \. 42, (h) ]'sde Liy, 1. 4J. (<) \ldt ^[con. P^dian. in Verrin. 
 
 N a CHAP.
 
 1^6 The Roman Part IL 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 STbe Legati, a^zd the Imperator, or General. 
 
 '~jr HE Defign of the Legati^ at their firfl Infiitution, was 
 ■* not fo much to command, as to advife. The Senate 
 felcfting fome ot the oldeft and moit prudent Members to 
 affiit the General in his Councils. 'Dionyfais c lis this 'j'he 
 7>wjl Honourable and Sacred Office among the Romans, bearing 
 not only the Authority of a Cornmander^ btit^ --xithal^ the 
 SanBity and Veneration of a Trieji {a). And he and Toly- 
 biiis give them no other Name than U^isCv"^, n^s.-Cu'^ /^ 
 avi^Cvhoi^ Elders^ or Elders and Ccimfelkn. 
 
 They were chofe commonly by the Confiils 5 the Authori- 
 ty of the Senate, concurring with their Ncniination : Tho' 
 this was fometimes flighted, or contradicted, as appears from 
 Cicero^ in his Orations for Sextus, and againft VanmiiS. 
 
 They commanded in chief under the General, and ma- 
 nag'd all Affairs by his PermifTion, whence Ctcfir calls their 
 Power Opera fidiiciaria ('>). And, when the Confnl or '^Pro- 
 CQ7ifiil was abfent, they had tViP Honour of ufmg the FfceSy 
 and were intruded with the fame Charge as the Officer 
 whom they reprefented. 
 
 As to the Number of tht? Z.egati, we have no Certainty 5 
 but we may fuppofe this to havc^ depended upon the Pleafure 
 of the General, and upon the Nature and Confcquence of the 
 Affair, in which they were engag'd : However we have tole- 
 rable Ground to affign One to every Legion. 
 
 Under the Emperors, there were Two Sorts of Legatiy 
 Confitlares and Tr^torii j the firft of which commanded 
 whole Armies, as the Emperors Lieutenant-Generals j and 
 the other only particular Legions. 
 
 The General excell'd all other Officers, not only, becaufc 
 he had the chief Command of the whole Army, Horfe and 
 foot. Legions and Auxiliaries; butefpecially ashe was allow- 
 ed the Aiifpiciay or the Honour of taking Omens, by Help 
 of the Diviners, which made a very fol'^nin Ceremony in all 
 
 («) Diottjf. Hal/earn. I. U . (I') Bello Civil. I 2. 
 
 Martial
 
 B-ook IV. Art of War. 197 
 
 Martial Expeditions, Hence they were faid, gefere rem fats 
 mifpiciis^ and fnis ^ivis: This was moft properly applied, 
 when they did not a6l in Perfon; as S^iercnins^ when he 
 reckons up the Conquells oi j^iignft'iii^ cxprefTes himfelf, 1)0- 
 ?mut ant cm far nm iiiHii^ f:artini aiifpicns fais, &c. {a). 
 
 Mnchiavel {b) highly extols the Wifdom of the Kcmcns in 
 allowing their Generals unlimited Commiffions,by which they 
 were impower'd to fight or not to fight 5 to aflault fuch a 
 Town, or to march anothtrWay, without ControU j the Senate 
 referving to themfelves only the Power ot making Peace and 
 decreeing War, unlcfs upon extraordinary Occafions. This was 
 feverai Times the Caufe of remarkable Viiftories, that in all 
 Probability h id been otherwife prevented. Thus, when i'^i^/w 
 Maxiwus had given ihe T'u^cans a confiderable Defeat at Su- 
 triwn^ and enter'd on a Refolution to pafs the Cuninian Foreft, 
 a very dangerous and difficult Adventure j he never ftaid to 
 expefl further Orders from Kcme^ but immediately march'd 
 his Forces into the Enemies Country, and, at the other Side of 
 the Foreft, gave them a Total Overthrow. In the mean time, 
 the Senate, fearing he might venture on fuch an hazardousAt- 
 tempt, fent the Tribiinei of the Commons with other Officers, 
 to defire Fabkis that he would not by any Means think of 
 fuch an Entcrprize 5 but not arriving till he had effected 
 his Defign, inftead of hindering his Refolution, they return'd 
 Home with the joyful News of his Succefs (f). 
 
 The fetting out of the General was attended with great 
 Pomp andSuperftition. The Publick Prayers and Sacrifices for 
 his Succefs being fini{h'd,he, habited in a ncWT^ludamenmm^ 
 a Robe of Purple or Scarlet, interwoven with Gold, begun his 
 March out of the City, accompanied with a vaft Retinue of 
 all Sexes and Ages 5 efpecially, if the Expedition were under- 
 taken againft any potent or renowned Adverfary ; all Perfons 
 being defirous to fee, and follow with their Wifhes, him on 
 whom all their Hopes and Fortunes depended. 
 
 If it would not be too minute, we might add a Defcripti- 
 on of the General's Led Horfcs, with their rich Trappings 
 of Purple and Cloth of Gold ; fuch as Dionyfius tells us they 
 brought to honeft ^tintins theDiB<ator, in Lieu of thofe he 
 had left with his Plough : Qr, as that of ^ompey the Great^ 
 which Tlutarch mentions to have been taken by the Enemy 
 in the War with Sertcrms. 
 
 (a) Suet, in <^ni- c, 21. {b) Machlaver^ Djfcourfs on Liv. (c) Liv. 1. 9- 
 
 N 3 The
 
 ip8 
 
 Tl^c Roman Pare II, 
 
 The old Rom(t72S had one very fuperftitious Fancy in refe- 
 rence to the General, that if he would confent to be devoted 
 or facrificed to Jujjiter, Mars, the Earth, and the Infernal 
 Gods 3 all the Mistortunes, which otherwife might have hap- 
 pen 'd to his Party, would, by Vertue of that pious Act, be 
 transferr'd on their Enemies. This Opinion was confirm 'd 
 by feveral fuccefsful Inftances, and particularly in the mofl 
 renowned Family of thclDm/ 3 of whom, the Father, Son, 
 and Grandfon, all de-voted themfelves for the Safety of their 
 Armies : The firft being Conful with Md7:lius^ in the War 
 againft the Latins ; and perceiving the Left- Wing, which 
 he commanded, to give back, he call'd out to yakmis the 
 Hif^h-Prieit to perform on him the Ceremony of Confecra- 
 tion, (which we find defcrib'd by Livy in his Eighth Book) 
 and immediately fpurr'd his Horfe into the thickeft of the 
 Enemies Forces, where he was kill'd, and the Roman Army 
 gain'd the Battle. Kis Son died in the fame Manner in the 
 '■I'lifcan War, and his Grandfon in the War with Tyrrhus 5 
 in both which, the Romans were fuccefsful. Jwoenal has 
 Jeft them this deferv'd Encomium in his Eighth Satyr : 
 
 (Plel>ei<e (Decionim animds^ fleheia fiienmt 
 J^omina: j^ro totis Lcgiombiis hi tamen, ^//*6» 
 Omnibus auxiliis, atqiie omni fiihe Latina 
 Sufficient Diis wfernis T'errtgqtie Tarenti ; 
 ^kiris enim Tiecii quara qui fervantur ab illis. 
 
 From a mean Stock the pious 1)ecii catne, 
 Small their Eflates, and Vulgar was their Name % 
 Yet fuch their Virtue, that their Lofs alone. 
 For Rome and all our Legions cou'd atone : 
 Their Country's Doom they by their own retriev'd, 
 Themfelves more worth than all the Hoft they fav'd. 
 
 [Mr. Stepney- 
 I. 
 
 G H A R
 
 Book IV. Art of War. 1 9^ 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of the Roman Arms and IFeapons, 
 
 TJ' O R the Knowledge of this Snbje6l, we need not take up 
 with the common Divifion into Oft'enliveand Defenfive, 
 but rather rank them both together, as they belong'd to the 
 feveral Sorts of Soldiers already diitinguiHi'd. 
 
 As to the Velites^ their Arms were the Spanip Swords, 
 which the Romans thought of the beft Shape and Temper, 
 and fitteii for Execution, being fomething like the Tiirkip 
 Scymetars, but more fharp at the Point. 
 
 Hajiee, or Javelins, Seven in Number to every Man, very 
 light and llender. 
 
 Tarma, a Kind of round Buckler, Three Foot in Diame- 
 ter, of V/ood cover'd with Leather. 
 
 Galea^ or Galerus^ a light Cafque for their Head, gene- 
 rally made of the Skin of fome wild Beaft, to appear the 
 more terrible. Hence Virgil^ 
 
 ■ — Fulvojque lupi de felle gakros, 
 
 and 'PropertmSy 
 
 Et galea hirfiita compta liipina juba. 
 
 It feems probable, that after the Time when the Socii were 
 admitted into the Romaiilat^xQxv^^ the particular Order of the 
 Velites was difcontinu'd, and fome of the youngeft Soldiers 
 were chofe out upon Occafion to ikirmi/h before the main 
 Body. Hence we find, among the Light Forces in the Times 
 of the Emperors, the Sagittarii and Fun.iitoreSy the Darters 
 and Slingers, who neve r conlHtuted any Part of the proper 
 Velites. And fo, before the Inftitution of th©?^^//>f5, wemeet 
 with the Rorariiy whom Sallufl calls Ferentam^ who per- 
 formed the fame Duty, with feveral Sorts of Weapons. 
 
 Some attribute the like Imployment to the Jlccenji', but 
 thefe were rather Supernumerary Recruits, or a Kind of 
 Serjeants in the more ancient Armies. 
 
 The Arms o^ the Hajiati, 'Pri?2cipes and Triarii were in a 
 great Meafure the fame, and therefore Polybms has not divi- 
 ded them in his Defcription, but fpeaks of them all together. 
 • N 4 Theif
 
 20O T/^e Roman Part 11. 
 
 Their Sword was the fame as that of the Velites 5 nor need 
 we obfervc any Thing more about it, only that the Roman 
 Soldiers us'd commonly to wear it on their Right-fide, that 
 it might not hinder their Shield, tho' they are often repre- 
 fented otherwife in ancient Monuments, 
 
 Their other Arms, worth our Notice, were the Scutum^ 
 the '■Pikmi^ the Gaka^ and the Lorica. 
 
 The Scutum was a Buckler of Wood, the Parts being join- 
 ed together with little Plates of Iron, and the whole covered 
 with a Bull's Hide: An Iron-plate went about it without, 
 to keep off Blows, and another within, to hinder it from 
 taking any Damage by lying on the Ground : In the Middle 
 was an Iron-bofs or Umbo jutting out, very ferviceable to 
 glance off Stones and Darts, and fometimes to prefs violent- 
 ly upon the Enemy, and drive all before them. They are 
 to be diftinguifiied from the Clypei^ which were lefs, and 
 quite round, belonging more properly to other Nations 5 
 tho', for fome little Time, us'd by the Romans. The Scuta, 
 themfelves were of Two Kinds ; the Ovata and the Imbri- 
 cata ^ the former in a plain oval Figure ; the other oblong, 
 and bending invv^ard, like a half Cylinder. 'Polybms makes 
 the Scuta Four Foot along, and 1'ltitarch calls them •^o/wf^f 
 reaching do-iam to the Feet (a). And 'tis very probabb, that 
 they cover'd almoft the whole Body^ fince in jLivy we meet 
 with Soldiers who flood on the Guard, fometimes fleeping 
 with their Head laid on their Shield, having fix'd the other 
 Part of it on the Earth (b). 
 
 The 'Pilum was a Miflive Weapon, which, in a Charge^ 
 they darted at the Enemy. It was commonly Four-fquare, 
 but fometimes round, compos'd of a Piece of Wood about 
 Three Cubits long, and a Slip of Iron of the fame Length, 
 hooked and jagged at the End. They took abundance ot 
 Care in joining the Two Parts together, and did it fo artifi- 
 cially, that it fhould fooner break in the Iron itfelf than in 
 the Joint. Every Man had Two of thefc 'P/Vrf' j and this 
 Number the Poets allude to : 
 
 Sina mami lato crifpans hajlilia ferro. Virg. ^n. i. ., 
 
 ^i<e duo fola manu ge^ans acclivia monti 
 
 Fixerat, t77torquet jacula. Sunns I'hebaid. 2. 
 
 {a) Pint, in P. i/£fr>jli».. (b) Liv. lib. 44. 
 
 C.Mar-
 
 Book IV. Jn of War. 201 
 
 C. A/arms^m the Ciihbriati War, coniriv'd thefe 'Pi/ac nfter a 
 new Fafhicn : for before, where the Wood-way ioin'd to the 
 Iron, it was made fali: with two Iron Pins ; Now AlariiiS let 
 one of them alone as it was, and pulling out the other, put 
 a weak wooden Peg in its Place 5 contriving it fo, that when 
 'twas ftuck in the Enemies Shield, it fliould not Itand out- 
 right as formerly ; but, the wooden Peg breaking, the Iron 
 /hould bend, and fo the Javelin kicking faft by its crooked 
 Point, fliould weigh down the Shield (a). 
 
 The Galea was a Head-Piece, or Morrion, coming down 
 to the Shoulders, commonly of Brais : Tho' 'Plutarcb tells us, 
 that Camillvs order'd thole ot his Army to be Iron, as the 
 Wronger Metal (b). The lower Part of this they call'd 'Buc^ 
 cula^ as we have it in Juvenal: 
 
 • Fra6ia de cajfidd BticctUapeizdem. Sat. 10. 
 
 A Chap-fain Beaver loofely hanging by 
 The Cloven Helm. 
 
 On the Top was the Crijla, or Creft ; in adorning of which 
 the Soldiers took great Pride. In the I'ime of (Poiybius they 
 wore Plumes of leathers dy'd of various Colours, to render 
 themfelves beautiful to their Friends, and terrible to their E- 
 nemies,. as the ^Iiirks, do at prefent. But in mott of the 
 old Monuments we find the Crelis reprefented otherwifc, 
 and not much different from thofe on the Top of our Mc- 
 dern Head-Pieces. Virgil mentions the Feathers on a par- 
 ticular Occafion : 
 
 Cnjiis clorince furgimt ds Venice fenn(e. Mr\, 10, 
 
 And he defcribes Mez,entim''s Creft, as made of a ITorfe's 
 Mane ; 
 
 «— — Crijlaqiie hirfttttts equina. JEn. 7. 
 
 But whatever the common Soldiers had for their Creff, 
 thofe of the Officers were more fplendid and curious; being 
 ufually work'd in Gold or Silver, and reaching quite crofs the 
 Helmet for Diflinftion-fake. If we might fpeak of thofe of 
 Foreign Commanders, the Creflrof King '■Pyrrbus, as very fin- 
 guIar,would deferve ourPvcmarkj which iP/?//^^ml' defcribes 
 ae made of two Goats Horns (c) 
 
 in) I'tiitarih in Mario, {b) Idem in Cionill, (c) Idem in Pynho, 
 
 The
 
 20 2 T)f?^ Roman Part II. 
 
 The Lcf'ica was a Brigandine or Coat of Mail, generally 
 made of Leather, and work'd over with little Hooks of Iron, 
 and fometimes adorn'd with fmali Scaler of thin Gold 3 as wc 
 find in Virgil. 
 
 Loricammt^ertam hamis. Jf^n. 3. 
 
 And, 
 
 iiecdupicifqttamaloricafideUs^aiirc. JEn. 9. 
 
 Sometimes the Loyica were a fortof Linnen Caflbcks, fuch 
 as Suetonms attributes to Galba^ and like that o^ j^lexander 
 in '■Tkitaich -^ or thofe of the Spanip Troops defcrib'd by 
 '■JPolybizLS in his Account of the Battle aiCami^. 
 
 The poorer Soldiers, who were rated under a thoufand 
 Drachms, inftead of this Brigandine, wore a 'PeEior^k^ or 
 Ereaft-Plate of thin Brafs, about twelve Fingers fquare 5 and 
 this, with what has been already defcrib'd, render'd them 
 compleatly arm'd 5 unlefs we add Ocrcee or Greaves, which 
 they wore on their Legs j which perhaps they borrowM (as 
 many other Cuftoms J trom the Grecians.^ fo well known by 
 the Title of 
 
 In the elder Times of the jR5;/76?/7;, their Horfe us'd only a 
 round Shield,with a Helmet on their Head, and a couple of 
 Javelins in their Hands 5 great Part of their Body being left 
 without Defence. But as foon as they found the great Incon- 
 veniencics to which they were hereby expos'd, they begun to 
 arm themfelves like the Grecian Horfe, or much like their 
 (Bwn Foot, only their Shield was a little fhorter and fquarer, 
 and their Launce or Javelin thicker with Spikes at each End, 
 that, if one mifcarhed, the other might be ferviceable. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 Book IV. Jn of War, 203 
 
 CHAP. X 
 
 ^he Order of the Roman Army drawn up in Battalia. 
 
 TXT" H E N the Officers marfliali'd the Army in order to an 
 ^^ Engagement, the Hajtati were plac'd m the Front in 
 thick and firm Blanks j the Trinapei behind them,but not al- 
 together fo clofe ^and after them the T'riarii^ info wide and 
 ]oofe an Order, that, upon Occafion, they could receive both 
 the Trinci_pcs and the Hi^fi/iti mto theirBody, inany Diftrefs. 
 The Velitcs^ and in latter Times the Bow-men and Slingers, 
 y/ere not drawn up in this regular Manner, but difpos'd of 
 either before the Front of the Hajl^ti, or fcatter'd up and 
 down among the void Spaces of the fame Hajlf.Ti, or Ibme- 
 times plac'd in two Bodies in the Wings j but where-ever they 
 were fix'd, thefc Light Soldiers began the Combat, skirmifh- 
 ing in flying Parties with the firft Troops of the Enemy. If 
 they prevail'd, which very feldom happen 'd, theyprofecutcd 
 the Vi^lrory 5 but upon a Repulfe they fell back by the Flanks 
 of the Army, or rallied again in the Rear. When they were 
 retir'd, the i/^/.r// advanc'd againftthe Enemy 5 and in cafe 
 they found themfelves over-power'd, retiring foftly toward the 
 ^rincifes^ fell into the Intervals oftheir Ranks, and, together 
 with them, renew'd the Fight. But if they/7;;r//'« andthc 
 Hdjlati thus join'd were too weak to fuftain the Fury of the 
 Battle, they all fell back into the wider Intervals of the I'ri- 
 (irii 5 and then all together being united into a firm Mafs, they 
 made another Effort, much more impetuous than any before : 
 If this Affault prov'd inefFe6lual, the Day was intirely loll, as 
 to the Foot, there being no farther Refervcs, 
 
 This Way of marfhalling the Foot was exa^lly like the Or- 
 der of Trees, which Gardiners call the ^«/;^;/«Ar j which is 
 admirably compar'd to it in Plrgil{a) 
 
 Ut [<fpc ingejiti hello cum lovga cohortes 
 Bxplictiit LegiQ^ ^^campo petit agmen apcrto^ 
 
 [a) Ceorg. j. 
 
 2)ire^
 
 2 04 The Roman Part II. 
 
 ^ireliceqne acics^ nc latefiiiBuat cmnis 
 JEre renidenti telluSy neciium horrida mifcent 
 '■prtetici^ jcd duOiui, inediis Ma rs crrat in armis : 
 Omnia jint J^aribus ititineris dunenj'a viarum. 
 ]S[o?2 anii.uiim modo iiti f^c^cat frc[pe&:iis inanem j 
 Sed quia non aliternjires dabit omnibus eequas 
 t/er/v'T, neqtieinvaamm ^oterunt je extender e rami. 
 
 As Lcgi'irs in the Field their Front difplay, 
 To try the Fortune of fome doubtful Day, 
 And mo. 5 to meet their Foes with foberPacc, 
 Stritl to their Figure, tho' in wider Space, 
 Before the Battle joins, while from afar 
 The Field yet glitters with the Pomp ot War 5 
 A-iid equal ./liVi/'J, like an impartial Lord, 
 Lravts all to Fortune, and the Dint of Sword j 
 So let thy Vines in Intervals be fct, * 
 
 But not their Rural Difcipline forger. 
 Indulge their Width, and add a roomy Space, 
 That their extremeft Lines may fcarce embrace. 
 Nor this alone t' indulge a vaft Delight, 
 And make a pleafing Profped for the Sight : 
 But for the Ground itfelf, this only Way 
 Can equal Vigour to the Plants convey, Cp'^y. 
 
 Which crowdedjwant the Room their Branches to dif- 
 
 Mr. ^Bryden, 
 
 And as the Pvcafon of that Pofition of the Trees is not 
 only for Beauty and Figure, but that every particular Tree 
 may h: ve Room to fpread its Roots and Boughs,without en- 
 tanghng and Hindering the reft ; fo in this ranking of the 
 Men, the Army was rot only fet out to the beft Advantage, 
 and made the greateft Show, but every particular Soldier had 
 free Room to ufe his Weappns,and to withdraw himfelf be- 
 tween the void Spaces behind him, without occafioning any 
 Confuiton or Difturbance. 
 
 The Stratagem cf rallying thus three Times, has been rec- 
 kon'dAlmoft the whole Art andSecret of the /?i97;z^«Difcipline$ 
 and'twas almoft impofllbleit fhou'd prove unfuccefsful,it duly 
 obferv'd: For Fortune, in every Engagement,muft have fail'd 
 them three feveral Times, before they could be routed ; and 
 the Enemy mull have had the Strength and Rcfolution to o- 
 
 vercome
 
 Book IV /^rt of War. 20 j 
 
 vercome them in three feveral Encounters, for the Decifion o^ 
 one Battel .; whereas molt other Nations, and even the Gre' 
 cia?2S themfclves, drawiug up their whole Army, as it were, 
 into one Front, trufling themfelves and Fortunes to the Suc- 
 ccfs of a fingle Charge. 
 
 The Roman Cavalry was pofled at the two Corners of the 
 Army, like the Wings on a Body, and fought fometimes on 
 Foot, fome times on Horfe-back, as Occaficn requir'd, in the 
 fame Manner as our Dragoons : The Confederate, or Auxi- 
 liary Forces, compos'd the two Joints, of the 'Battle^ and 
 cover'd the whole Body of the Koinaiis. 
 
 As to the Stations of the Commanders, the General com- 
 monly took up his Poft near the Middle ofthe Army,between 
 the ^r/wc//'e5 and the I'rinriij as the fitteft Place to give Or- 
 ders equally to all the Troops. Thus Virgil dilpofes of 
 Timiiii : 
 
 .. MeMo 7)iix agmine ^urnm 
 
 Vemtiir Anna tenem. -— — jEn. 9. 
 
 The Lcgati and T'rihmies were ufually pofled by him 5 
 unlefs the Former were order'd to command the Wings, or 
 the others fome particular Part ofthe Army. 
 
 The Centurions flood every Man at the Head of his Cen- 
 tury to lead them up ; tho' fometimes, out of Courage and. 
 Honour, they expos'd themfelves in the Van of the Army: 
 As Sallujl reports of Catiline^ that he pofled all his choice 
 Ce7iturio7is^ with the Bvocati^SLud the Flower of the Common 
 Soldiers, in the Front of the Battle. But the 'Prifnipi/i, or 
 Ch\e( CenmriojiS^ had the Honour to ftand with the T'ribtmes^ 
 near the General's Perfon. 
 
 The common Soldiers were plac'd in feveral Ranks, at the 
 Difcretion ofthe Cewmr/'ow, according to their Age,Strength, 
 and Experience, every Man having three Foot fquare allow'd 
 him to manage his Arms in : And 'twas moft religioufly 
 obferv'd in their Difcipline, never to abandon their Ranks, 
 or break their Order upon any Account. 
 
 But befides the common Methods of drawing up this Ar- 
 my, which arefufliciently explain'd by every Hiftorianof a- 
 ny Note, there were feveral other very lingular Alethods of 
 forming their Battel into odd Shapes, according to the Na- 
 ture ofthe Enemy's Body. 
 
 Such
 
 2q6 n^e Roman Part 11. 
 
 Such as the Oinejis j when an Army was rang'd in the Fi- 
 gure of a Wedge, themott proper to pierce and break the Or- 
 der of the Enemy. This was otherwife cah'd Cajfiit J-orci- 
 man, which in fomc Meafure it relembled. 
 
 The Globus -J when the Soldierscaft themrelvesinto a firm 
 round Body, pradlis'd ufually in Cafes of Extremity. 
 
 The Fcrjex\ an Army drawn up as it were into the Form 
 of a Pair of Sheers. It leems to have been invented on Pur- 
 pofe to receive the Cuneiis^ in cafe the Enemy fliou'd make 
 »fe of that Figure. For while he endcavour'd to open, and,as it 
 were, to cleave their Squadrons with his Wedge, by keeping 
 their Troops open like the Sheers, and receiving him in the 
 Middle, they not only hindcr'd the Damage defign'd to their 
 own Men, but commonly cut the adverfe Body in Pieces; 
 
 The Serra^ an oblong fquare Figure, after the Fafhion of 
 a Tower, with very few Men in a File, and the Files extend- 
 ed to great Length. This feems of very ancient Original, 
 jis being mention d in Homer : 
 
 Qt Si 7 5 Tj'^yvJcv a:pi.As avians ctfl-jfrnvji^. Iliad. ^.. 
 
 The Serr^^ or Saw, when the firft Companies in the Front 
 of the Army, beginning the Engagem.cnt, fometiraes proceed- 
 ed, and fomerimes drew back ; fo that by the Help ot a large 
 Fancy, one might find fome Refemblan;iCe between them and 
 the Teeth of that Inftrument. 
 
 chap:
 
 ^^
 
 Book IV* Art of War, 207 
 
 CHAP, XL 
 
 "The Enfigns and Colours j the Mufak ; the Word m 
 Ej2gagemei2ts 'y the Harangues of the General, 
 
 'T^ H E R E are feveral Things fiill behind, relating to the 
 •^ Army, very obfervable, before we come to the Camp and 
 Difcipline , fuch as the Enfigns, the Mufick, the Word or 
 Sign in Engagements, and the Harangues of the General. 
 
 As to the Enfigns, they were either proper to the Foot, or 
 to the Horfe. Enfigns, belonging to the Foot, were either 
 the common one of the whole Legion, or the particular ones 
 of th€ feveral ManifuU. 
 
 The common Enfign of the whole Legion was an Eagle 
 of Gold or Silver, fix'd on the Top of a Spear, holding a 
 Thunderbolt in his Talons, as ready to deliver it. That this 
 was not peculiar to the Romans^ is evident from the Tefti- 
 mony of Xenofhon 5 who informs us. That the Royal Enfign 
 of Cyrtis, was a golden Eagle fpread over a Shield, and faften'd 
 on a Spear 5 and that the fame was ftill us'd by the Terjian 
 Kings (a). 
 
 What the Enfigns of the Maniptili formerly were, the very- 
 Words points out to us 3 for as Ovid expreflcs it, 
 
 'I'ertica ftifpenfos portahat longa Maniplos^ 
 Unde Mani^larh nomina miles hahet. 
 
 Manipiiliii properly fignifying a Wifp of Hay, fuch as In 
 ruder Times the Soldiers carried on a Pole for an Enfign. 
 
 But this was in the ruftick Age of Kome ; afterwards they 
 made ufe of a Spear with a tranfverfe Piece on theTop,almoft 
 like a Crofs ; and fometimes with a Hand on the Top, in al- 
 lufion to Manipulus : below the tranfverfe Part was taften'd 
 one little orbicular Shield, or more, in which they fometimes 
 placed the fmaller Images of the Gods, and in latter 
 Times, of the Emperors. 
 
 f«) Dt Irtfiit. Cjri, lib. 7.
 
 2o3 The Roma n Part II. 
 
 Aiignfiiis order'd aGlobe faflen'd on the Head of a Spear to 
 ferve tor this Ufe, in Token ot the Conquert of the whole 
 World. 
 
 The Enfign of the Horfe was not folid as the others, but a 
 Cloath, almoit like our Colours, fpreading on a Stati-': On 
 thefe were commonly the Namet) of the Emperors, in Gold- 
 en or Purple Letters. 
 
 The Religious Care, the Soldiers took of the Enfigns, was 
 extraordinary 5 they worfliipp'd them, fwore by them, and in- 
 curr'd certain Death, if they loll them. Hence 'twas an ufual 
 Stratagem in a dubious Engagement, for the Commanders to 
 fnatch the Enfigns out of the Bearers Hands, and throw them 
 among the 7Voops of the Enemy, knowing, that their Men 
 would venture the extremeft Danger to recover them. 
 
 As for the feveral Kinds of Standards and Banners, intro- 
 duced by the later Emperors, juft before ChriiHanity, and 
 afterwards, they do not fall under the prefent Enquiry,which 
 i.s confin'd to the more flourifliing and vigorous Ages of 
 the Common-wealth. 
 
 Tht Roma72S us'd only Wind-mufick in their Army; theln- 
 firumentSjWhich fcrv'd for that Purpofe,may bedil-linguifh'd 
 into the 'j'libce^ the Cornua., the 'Biiccivef^ and the Linii. 
 
 The Tuba is fuppos'd to have been exadly like our Trum- 
 pet,running on wider and wider in a direct!: Line to the Orifice. 
 
 The Cornua were bent almoil round 3 they owe their Name 
 and Original to the Horns of Beads, put to the fame Ufe 
 in the ruder Ages. 
 
 'Wit'Buccind;£ttva to have had the fame Rifc,and may de- 
 rive their Name from 'Bos and Cano. 'Tis very hard to diftin- 
 guifh thefe from the Corniia^ unlefs they were fomething left, 
 and not quite fo crooked : Yet 'tismofl: certain, that they were 
 of a different Species; becaufe we never read of the Cornua 
 in Ufe with the Watch, or Sentinels, but only thefe Siiccintf. 
 
 The Littii were a middle Kind between the Comna^ and 
 the Ttibce^ being almoft ftraighr, only a little turning in at the 
 Top, like the LhiinSy or facred Rod of the Augury whence 
 they borrow 'd their Name. 
 
 Thefe Inilruments being all made of Brafs, the Players on 
 them went under the Name MneatcnSy belides the parti- 
 cular Terms of '■I'uhicines^ Cormchiei^ Bncdnato'es &c. 
 and there feems to have been a fet Number afligny to 
 every Maniptilm and T^irmay belidcs feveral of a higher 
 ©rder, and common to the whole Legion. In a Battle, 
 
 the
 
 Book IV. Jrt of Wari 2 dp 
 
 the former took tKeir Station by the Enfign, or toloufs, o^ 
 their particular Company, or Troop : The others flood nea*^ 
 the Chief Eagle in a Ring, hard by the General and Prime 
 Officers 5 and when the Alarm was to be given, at the Word 
 of the General, thefe latter began it, and were follow'd by 
 the common Sound of the reit, difpers'd through the feveral 
 Parts of the Army. 
 
 Befides this Clafficnm^ or Alarm, the Soldiers gave a ge- 
 neral Shout at the firft Encounter (^) which in latter Ages 
 they called SmrituSy from a German Original. 
 
 This Cuftom feems to have rifen from an Inftinft of Na- 
 ture, and is attributed aimoft to all Nations that engag'd in 
 any Martial Aftion ; as by Homer to the 'Trojans 5 by Taci- 
 tus to the Germans 5 by Li'vy to the Gauls 5 by ^lintus 
 Curtius to the Macedonians and Terfians 5 by Tbucydides^ 
 ^kitarch^ and other Authors, to the Grecians. 'Tolyeenus^ 
 honours ^an with the Invention of the Device, when he was 
 Lieutenant-General to Bacchus in the Indian Expedition 5 
 and if fo, we have a very good Original for the Terrores 
 ^aniciy or 'Panick Fears^ which might well be the Confe- 
 quence of fueh a difmal and furprizing Clamour. The Ro- 
 mans made one Addition to this Cuftom, at the fame Time 
 clafhing their Arms with great Violence, to improve the 
 Strength and Terror of the Noife. This they cail'd coit- 
 ctijjio Jlmionim. 
 
 Our famous Milton has given us a noble Defcription of it^ 
 as us'd by the Rebel Angels after their Leader's Speech for 
 the renewing of the War : 
 
 He fpake : And to confirm hi« Words, out flew 
 Millions of Flaming Swords, drawn from the Thighs 
 Of mighty Cherubims ; the fudden, Blaze 
 Far round illumin'd Hell : Highly they rag'd 
 Againft thfe Higheft, and Fierce with grafped Armij 
 Clafli'd on their Sounding Shields, the Din of War, 
 Hurling Defiance toward the Vault of Heaven. 
 
 '■'Parad, Loft, S. L 
 
 The Signs of Battel, befides the ClaJJiciim^ were either a Flag 
 ftt Standard, erefted for that Purpofe, which 'Plutarch^ in Twoi 
 feveral Places, calls a Purple Robe ; or more properly Ibme 
 
 {«) Vid, Gt/i. iioil, ^ttic, lib. I. cap, ii. 
 
 O Wor4
 
 2 10 T7?t' R o M A N Part II. 
 
 Word or 5enten£e communicated by the General to the Chie*^ 
 Officers, and by them to the whole Army. This commonly 
 contain'd fome good Omen ; as, Felicitas, Libenas^ Vitioria^ 
 Jr'orttina Ceefaris^ and the like j or elfe the Name ot fome 
 Deity, as JiUim C^ejhr us'd l^enp.s Genetrix 5 and y^i.grjtus^ 
 JipoUo. The old I'eJJera^ put to this Ule, feems to have oeen 
 a Sort of Tally dehver'd to every Soldier to dilHnguilh him 
 from the Enemy j and, perhaps, on that they us'd to infcribe 
 fome particular Word or Sentence, which atterwurds tney 
 made ufe of without the Tally. 
 
 One great Encouragement, which the Soldiers receiv'd in 
 their Entrance on any Adventure, was trom the Harangue of 
 the General 3 who, upon the undertaking an Enterprize, had 
 a Throne crefted with Green Turt, furrounded with the Fa- 
 fees, Enfigns, and other Military Ornaments j from whence he 
 addrefs'd himfelf to the Army, put them in Mind of the no- 
 ble Atchicvements of their Anceftors, told them their own 
 Strength, and explain'd to them the Order and force of the 
 Enemy 3 raifing their Hopes with the glorious Rewards of 
 Honour and Vidor}', and difli paring their Fears by all the 
 Arguments that a natural Courage and Eloquence could fug- 
 geft : This was term'd jJlhciltio. Which Cullom, tho' now 
 laid afide as antiquated and ufelefs, yet is highly commended 
 in the ancient Difcipline, and, without doubr, has been ohen 
 the Caufe of extraordinary Succeffes, and the Means of Itifling 
 Sedition, hindering rafh A<Sion, and preventing many unfor- 
 tunate Diforders in the Field. 
 
 CHAP. xir. 
 
 The Form and Divifion of the Roman Camp. 
 
 'T' HE Komam were more exaft in nothing than in forming 
 •*■ their Camp 5 and Two very great Commanders, Philip 
 cS. Macedcn, and King Tyrrkiis, upon View of their admira- 
 ble Order and Contrivance herein, are reported to have ex- 
 prefs'd thegreateft Admiration imaginable of the Ror/U' Art, 
 and to have thought them more than SarbariajiS^ as the 
 Grecians term'd all People befides themfelves. 
 
 Before
 
 
 ^o Tur/n.-t 
 
 ^ay- 
 
 

 
 r" 
 
 iroNTSMrs yiti£r \'Vl a^i t.e 
 
 i/iiijsssiiya ^Eaaidyiisiaii saiaasiBBi >iiB!ii^isaiQu 
 
 ,';;-i4^
 
 Book IV. Jrt of War. i x i 
 
 Before we take a particular Profpeft of the Camp, we had 
 befl diitinguifh between the Caftra JEftiva^ and Caj}ra Hi- 
 berna: The former were fometimes light and moveable, fo 
 that they might be fet up, or took down, in a Night, and 
 then they call'd them fimply Cajlrci. At other Times, when 
 they delign'd to continue long in their Encampments, they 
 took more Pains to fortify and regulate them, for the Con- 
 venience and Defence of their Men 3 and then they term'd 
 them Caftra Stativa. 
 
 As for the Hiberna^ or Winter-Quarters, they were com- 
 monly taken up in fome City or Town, or elfe fo built and 
 contiiv'd as to make almolt a Town of themfelves. And 
 hence the Antiquarians obferve. That the Modern Towns, 
 whofe Names end in ce^er^ were originally thefe Cajira Hi- 
 herna of the Roinans. 
 
 The Figure of the Roman Camp was Four-fquare, divided 
 into Two chief Partitions, the Upper and the Lower, In the 
 Upper Partition, were the Pavilion of the General, and the 
 Lodgments of the chief Officers : In the Lower, were difpos'd 
 the Tents of the common Soldiers, Horfe and Foot. 
 
 The General's Apartment, which they call'd ^VrdStor'mm 
 (becaufe the ancient Latins ftyl'd all their Commanders 
 ^r^/'or(?5) feems to have been of a round Figure : The chief 
 Parts of it were the T'rihunal^ or General's Pavilion 5 the 
 Augurak fet afide for Prayers, Sacrifices, and other Religi- 
 ous Ufes ; the Apartments of the young Noblemen, who 
 came under the Care of the Generalj to inform themfelves 
 in the Nature of the Countries, and to gain fome Experience 
 in Military Affairs : Thefe Gentlemen had the honourable 
 Title of Imperatoris Cmtiihernaks. 
 
 On the Right-fide of the TrdStor'nim flood the ^i<eflorium 
 affign'd to the ^itefior, or Treafurer of the Army 5 and hard 
 by the Forfifffy ferving not only for the Sale of Commodities^ 
 but alfbfor the meeting of Councils, and giving Audience to 
 Ambaffadors : This is fometimes call'd ^tintana. 
 
 On the other Side of the Trcetorhim were lodg'd the Le- 
 gatiy or Lieutenant-Generals : And below the 'Prd^toriumy 
 the Trikmes took up their Quarters by Six and Six, oppo- 
 fite to their proper Legions, to the End they might the bet- 
 ter govern and infpefl them. 
 
 The Trcefe^i of the Foreign Troops were lodg'd at the 
 Sides of the 'Tribunes^ over-againft their refpeftive Wings : 
 
 O 2 Behind
 
 1 1 i The R o ivi A ISI Part ll. 
 
 Behind thcfe Were the Lodgments of the Evocati^ and theit 
 thole of the Extracrdinaru and Mledi Eqiiites, which con- 
 cluded the higher Part of the Camp. 
 
 Between the Two Partitions was included a Spot of Ground 
 about an Hundred Foot in Length, which they call'd 'Prin- 
 cij>2d, where the Altars and Statues of the Gods^ and (per- 
 haps) the chief Enfigns were fix'd all together. 
 
 The Middle ot the lower Partition, as the moft honoura- 
 ble Place, was affign'd to the Roi72av Horfe j and next to them 
 were quarter'd the T'riaru^ then the '■Principes j clofe by them 
 the Il^fi^fiy afterwards the Foreign Horfe 3 and in the laft 
 Place the Foreign Foot. 
 
 But the Form ami Dimenfions of the Camp can't be Co 
 well defcrib'd any other Way, as in a Table, where they are 
 expos 'd to View. However we may remark Two great Pieces 
 of Policy in the Way of difpofing the Confederate : For in 
 the firft Place, they divided the whole Body of Foreigners^ 
 placing Part in the higheft Partition of the Camp, and Part 
 in the lower 5 and then the Matter was order'd, fo that they 
 fhould be fpread in thin Ranks round the Troops of the 
 State: So that the latter, poffeffing the middle Space, re- 
 main'd firm and folid, while the others were Maflers of very 
 little Strength, being feparated fo vaft a Dirtance from one 
 another, and lying juft on the Skirts of the Army. 
 
 The Romans fortified their Camp with a Ditch and Para- 
 pet, which they term'd I'cjp- and Valium: In the lafl-, fomc 
 diftinguifh Two Parts, the Jgger and the Slides. The Jg- 
 ger was no more than the Earth cart up from the Valhm^ 
 and the Sndes were a Sort of wooden Stakes to feciire and 
 ftren2then it. 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 0/ the DufleSy Works ^ and Exercifes of the Soldiers, 
 
 'T" HE Duties and Works of the Soldiers confifted chiefly 
 -* in their Watches and Guards, and their Diligence in 
 cafling up Intrenchmentsand Ramparts, and fueh oth«r la- 
 borious Services. _
 
 jBook IV. Art of War. i \ | 
 
 TKe Watches and Guards were divided into the Exctibic?^ 
 asd the l''igiliee : The firft kept by Day, and the other by 
 Night. 
 
 As to the Excubi(ff^ they were kept cither in the Camp, or 
 at the Gates and Intrenchmcnts. For the tormer, there was 
 aljow'd a whole Mampiilm to attend before the '■Tratoriinn-^ 
 and Four Soldiers to the Tent of every 'Trihime, 
 
 The 'J'riarii^ as the mo(t honourable Order, were excus'd 
 from the ordinary Watches 5 yet being plac'd exactly oppofitetQ 
 theEquites, they were oblig'd to have an Eye over their Horfes. 
 
 The Excubicc^ at the Gates of the Camp, and at the In- 
 trenf hments, they properly call'd Statlones. There fecm to 
 have been aflign'd one Company of Foot, and one Troop of 
 Horfe,to each of the Four Gates every Day. And "'twas a moft 
 unpardonable Crime to defert their Poif, or abandon their 
 Corps of Guards. The excellency of the Koman Difcipline, in 
 this Particular, has appear'd on many Occafions to their great 
 Honour, and to the Benefit of their Affairs. To give one In- 
 flance : At the Siege cA Agrigentiira in Sicily\ in the firft ^n- 
 nick War, when the Roman Guards had difpers'd themfelves 
 abroad a little farther than they ought into the Fields for Fo- 
 rage 5 and the Carthaginians^ laying hold on the Opportunity, 
 made a vigorous Sally from the Town, and in all Probability 
 would have forc'd the Camp j the Soldiers, who had carelefly 
 neglcfted their Duty, being feniible of the extreme Penalty 
 they had incurr'd, refolv'd to repair the Fault by fome re- 
 markable Behaviour 3 and accordingly rallying together they 
 not only fuftain'd the Shock of the Enemy, to whom they 
 were far inferior in Number, but in the End made fo great a 
 Slaughter among them, as compell'd them to retreat to their 
 Works, when they had well-nigh forc'd the Rohian Lines {d). 
 
 The Night-guards, aflign*d to the General and Tribunes, 
 were of the fame Nature as thofe in the Day. But the pro- 
 per Figiks were Four in every Manijmlus^ keeping Guard 
 Three Houe3, and then reliev'd by Fours : So that there were 
 Four Sets in a Night, according to the Four Watches, which 
 took their Name from this Cuftom. 
 
 The Way of fetting this nightly Guard was by a Tally or 
 Tejfera^ with a particular Infcription given from one Centu- 
 rion to another, quite through the Army, till it came again 
 to the Tribune, who at firll: deliverM it. Upon the Receipt 
 
 (j) VideP»lyb. lib, I. 
 
 O ". of
 
 1 1 4 The Roman Part II. 
 
 of this, the Guard was immediately fet. The Perfon, de- 
 puted to carry the '/ej/era from the Tribunes to the Centu- 
 rions, was cali'd TeJ/trariffS. 
 
 But, bccaufe this was not a fufficient Regulation of the 
 Bufinefs, they had the Circiiitio VigiUim^ or a vifiting tho 
 Watch, perform 'd commonly about tour Times in the >.ight, 
 by fome ot the Horfe. Upon Extraordinary Occafions, the 
 Tribunes and Lieutenant-Generals, and fometimes the Ge- 
 neral himlelt', made thefe Circuits in Perfon, and took a 
 {iridt View of the Watch in every Part of the Camp. 
 
 X/"^' (^), when he takes an Occalion to compare the Alace- 
 dcAiiau with the Roman Soldiers, gives the latter particularly 
 the Preference, for their unwearied Labour and Patience in 
 carrying on their Works. And that this was no mean Enco- 
 mium, appears from the Chara61:er 'Polybius {b) has beitow'd 
 on the Alacedonw.ns^xhdit fcarce any People endur'd Hard/hips 
 better, or were more patient of Labour j whether in their For- 
 tifications or Encampments, or in any other painful and hardy 
 Employment incident to the Life of a Soldier. There is no 
 Way of fliewing the Excellency of the Ro?nans in this Affair, 
 but by giving fome remarkable Initances of the Military 
 Works J and we may be fatisfied with an Account of feme 
 of them, which occur under the Conduft oi Julius Ceefar. 
 
 When he befieg'd a Town of the Atuatki in Gallia^ he be- 
 girt it with a Rampart of Twelve Foot high, and as many 
 broad ^ ftrengthening it with a vail Number of wooden Forts 5 
 the whole Compafs included Fifteen Miles : And all this he fi- 
 nifh'd with fuch wonderful Expedition, that the Enemy were 
 cblig'd to confefs, they thought the Romans, were aflifted in 
 thefe Attempts by fome fupernatural or divine Power {c). 
 
 AtanotherTime, in anExpeditionagainft theHelvetiiin the 
 l*ame Country,with theAffiftance only of one Legion,and fome 
 Provincial Soldiers, he rais'd a Wall Nineteen Miles long, and 
 Sixteen Foot high, with a Ditch proportionable to defend it (d). 
 
 More remarkablethan either of thefe were his Fortifications 
 before A/e/ia, or Alexia, in Surg?mdy,dercnWd by himfelf at 
 large in his fevenrh Book ^ by which he proted-ed his Army 
 againfl: Fourfcore Thoufand Men that were in the Town 5 and 
 Two Hundred and FortyThoufand Foot, and Eight Thoufand 
 Horfe that were arriv'd to the Affiflance of the Enemy (e). 
 
 (a) L. 5. (b) L. 9. (f) afar, dc Bell. Gall. lib. z. cap. 8. {d) Idem. Biil, 
 
 Gall, it) lb, lib. 7. 
 
 But
 
 Book IV. Jrt of War, 215 
 
 But his moft wonderful Performance, of this Nature, were 
 the Works with which he fliut up ^Po?n/'ey and his Army in 
 ^yrracbium^ reaching from Sea to Sea 3 which are thus ele- 
 gantly defcrib'd by JJiwan^ Lib. 6. 
 
 Frangnntur momes^ flaniimqiie fer ardiia Casfar 
 'Hncet cjj'is: pandit foffas^ turritaquefiimmii 
 ^ifpomt Cajlella j^^S'^} magjioqiie receffu 
 Ample xus pnei^ falms^ nenwrcfnqiie tejqiia^ 
 Etfilvas^ vafiaque feras indagine claudit: 
 l<[on defnnt campi^ non defnut pabiila Magno^ 
 Cajtraque defareo circtnndatus aggere mutar^ Sic. 
 
 Vaft Cliffs, beat down, no more o'erlook the Main, 
 And leveird Mountains torm a wond'rous Plain : 
 Unbounded Trenches with high Forts fecure 
 The Irately Works, and fcorn a Rival Power. 
 Woods, Forells, Parks, in endlefs Circuits join'd, 
 With iirange Enclofures cheat the Savage Kind. 
 Still Tompey^s Foragers fecure may range j 
 Still he his Camp, without Confinement, change, ^c. 
 
 The Exercifes of their Body were, Walking, Running, 
 Leaping, Vaulting, and Swimming. The firft was very fer- 
 viceable upon Account of tedious Marches, which were fome- 
 times of Neceflity to be undertaken 3 the next to make them 
 give a more violent Charge on the Enemy 5 and the Two laft 
 tor climbing the Ramparts and paffing the Ditches. The 
 Vaulting belong'd properly to the Cavalry, and is ftill own'd, 
 as ufeful as ever. 
 
 The Exercifes of their Arms Lipfius divides into \Palaria 
 and Armatiira. 
 
 . The Exercitia ad ^Talmn^ or ^ahria^ were perform'd in 
 this Manner : They ^et up a great Poft about Six Foot high, 
 fuitable to the Stature of a Man 5 and this the Soldiers were 
 wont to aflail with all Inftruments of War, as if it were in- 
 deed a real Enemy 5 learning upon this, by the Affiftance of 
 the CampidcBores^ how to place their Blows a-right. Jiive- 
 nal brings in the very Women afFefling this Exercife : 
 
 — Vel quis non vidit 'viilnera ^ali 
 
 ^uera cavat aljiduis fudiki,s^ [ciitoque lacejjlt ? Sat. 6. 
 
 O 4 Who
 
 2 1 6 The Roman Part II, 
 
 who has not feen them, when, without a Blufli, p 
 
 Againft the Pofi their Wicker-Shields they crufh, > 
 
 Plounfh the Sword, and at the Plaflron pufh ? j 
 
 [Mr. ^ryde7h 
 
 Annanira confiftcd chiefly in the Exercifes perform'd 
 with all Manner of miffive Weapons j as throwing of the Spear 
 or Javehn, fhoodng of Arrows, and the like 3 in which the 
 'j'yrones^ or new lifled Men, were train'd with great Care, 
 and with the fevereft Difcipline : Juvenal may, perhaps, 
 allude to this Cuftom in his fifth Satyr: 
 
 "Tti [cabie fmeris mali^ qmd in aggere rodit 
 ^ii teghtir farina ^ g'alea^ metueiifyue flagelli 
 (Bifiit alp hirftito jactUum torquere Ca^ello. 
 
 To you fuch fcabb'd harfh Fruit is given, as raw 
 Young Soldiers at their Exercifing gnaw, 
 Who trembling learn to throw the fatal Dart, 
 And under Rods of rough Centurions fin art. 
 
 [Mr.2)ryden. 
 
 Nor did the common Soldiers only pra6tife thefe Feats 
 but the Commanders themfelves often fet them an Example 
 oflnduflry, and were very eminent for their Dexterity ii^ 
 Performances of this Nature. Thus the famous Scipo U 
 ^efcrib'd by Italms: 
 
 Jj^fe hter medics 'venttircc ingentia landis 
 ^igiia dab at ^ vibrare fiidpfn^ tranfmittere faltu 
 AluraksfoJ/as, imdo^umfrangere nando 
 Indutm rtoraca vadimi^ fpe^taaila tant<e 
 Ante acies vtrtmis erajit ; fape alite flanta 
 Jlia fcrfojjhin^ ^ ca^-nfifer aperta mlantera 
 Jpfe pedes prcevertit equum : fcepe ardims idem 
 Caftnmm [patiiim ^ faxo tra7i[)mfit ^ hajta. Lib. 8^ 
 
 Among the reft the noble Chief came forth. 
 And fhew'd glad Omens of his future Worth, 
 High o'er his Head, admir'd by all the Brave, 
 He brandifh'd in the Air his threat'ning Staff 5 
 Or leap'd the Ditch, or fwam the fpacious Moat, 
 Heavy with Arms, and his embroider'd Coat. 
 Now faery Steeds, tho' fpurr'd with Fury on, 
 On Foot he challeng'd, and on Foot out-run, 
 
 Whila
 
 I3ook IV. Jrt of War, 217 
 
 While crofs th,e Plain he fhap'd his airy Courfe, 
 Flew to the Goal, and fham'd the gen'rous Horfe. 
 Now pond'rous Stones, well poiz'd, with both his Hands 
 Above the wond'ring Crowd unmov'd he fends 5 
 Now crofs the Camp aims his long Afhen Spear, 
 Which o'er Ten Thoufand Heads Hies finging thro' the Air 
 
 _ • 
 
 Thus have we taken a fliort View of the chief Duties, 
 Works and Exercifes of the Soldiers 3 but we muftnot fori 
 get their conflant Labour and Trouble of carrying their Bag- 
 gage on their Shoulders in a March 5 this was commonly fo 
 heavy a Burden, and fo extremely tirefom^ that f^irgil calls 
 it injupis fafcis. Georg. 3. 
 
 Non ferns acpatri'is acer Komamis, inarmis 
 l7ijtifiofub fcij'-e viam diim carpi t^ ^ ante 
 Hojii exfpeBattim pofitis fiat in or dine cafiris : 
 Thus under heavy Arms the Youth o^ Rome 
 Their long laborious Marches overcome 5 
 Bending with urijuft Loads they chearly go, 
 And pitch their fudden Camp before the Foe. 
 
 [ Mr. 2)ryde» 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 Of the Soldiers Pay. 
 
 TH E Roman Pay confifled of Three Parts 5 Money, Corn, 
 and Cloaths. 
 " As to the Money, 'tis very certain that for above Three 
 Hundred Years together the Army ferv'd gratis^ and at their 
 own Charge 5 and when afterwards a certain Pay came to be 
 crtablifh'd, it w^s no more than two Ol^oli a Day to the com- 
 mon Foot j to the Horfe a 'Drachma apiece. 'Tis probabip 
 that the yr/^//?;ei receiv'd what was counted very confidera- 
 ble (tho' 'JPolybitis is filent in this Matter) lince, in feveral Au- 
 thors, we find a large Salary exprefs'd by a Metaphor taken 
 from a T'rihwie's Stipend: Thus Junjenal particularly: 
 — — Alter enim^ quantum. inLegione Tribimi 
 Jccipiimt^ domtOnWmxvelQdimnx, Sat. 5. 
 
 Fot
 
 21 8 77;^ Roman Part IL 
 
 For t'other wealthy Rogue can throw away 
 Upon a lingle Girl a Tnbiine\ Pay. 
 
 Yet iJlfvis has conjeilur'd, from veiy good Authority* 
 that it could not be more than Four Times the ordinary Sti- 
 pend, or a [Drachma and ''IwoObcli. 
 
 And thefe were all iuch mean Confidcrations, that Z/zD? 
 had very good Reafon tor his Remark ; Nulla iinquam ReJ- 
 piblicajmt in quam tain [eree avaritia liixunaqiie immi- 
 graverint, iiec iihi ta?mis ac tai'/t dm faiif'ertatiacparcimoniae 
 looms fiiit (a). Never -nm There any State or Kingdom in 
 '•johicb Avarice and Luxury fo late gain\i a Heady or "jchere 
 Iwnefi 'Poverty a^id Frttgality continu' d longer in EJteem anA 
 Veneration. 
 
 jfuliiis Ccffar was the firll that made any confidcrable Al- 
 teration in this Aftairj who, SiietOtiiin aftirms, doubled the 
 Legionary Pay for ever. 
 
 jlngiijlus, fettled a new Stipend rais'd to Ten AJJes a Day 5 
 and the following Emperors made fuch large Additions, that, 
 in the Time o^^Domitian^ the ordinary Stipend was Twenty 
 five JJJesper Die?}?. 
 
 The Officers, whom they receiv'd the Money from, were 
 the j^A'^y?cn" 5 or rather the 'Tribuni JErarii^ who were a di- 
 ilincl Society from the former, and who {nsVoffnii (b) has 
 fettled the Point) were commiffion'd to take up Money of the 
 Ji>7!(Cjlcrs to pay otf the Army. But it is probable, that being 
 many in Number, as they areconllantly reprefented in Hi- 
 liory,th'ey had fome otherBufinefsbefides this given in charge, 
 Calvin the Civilian fays. That they had the Supervifal of all 
 the Money coin'd in the City, as the ^leeftcrs took care of 
 the Taxes coming in from the Provinces (c). 
 
 Befides the Pay receiv'd in Money, we read of Corn and 
 Cloaths often given to the Soldiers : But Tclybitis aflures us, 
 Thatthe j|'«.'f/?fr always fubftrafled fome Part of their Pay on 
 that Accoufit : And Plutarch^ among the popular Laws of C 
 (rTr<^tr/i7Z/5, makes him the Author of one, ordaining, Thatthe 
 Soldiers fhou'd be cloth'd at the Expcnce of the State, with- 
 out the leaft Diminution of their Stipend. The Wheat al- 
 low 'd to the Foot was every Man four Modii a Month 3 to 
 :he Korfe Two Modii ^ and feven of Barley. 
 
 It was common for the Soldiers, efpecially in the Time of 
 the ftri^l Difcipline, to prepare their Corn thcmfelves for 
 
 d) Liv. 1. I .(i) III Efjm. Lin. Lat. in Vo. Trik (c) CjIv. Jar. in Vn. Tub. c/£rarii. 
 
 their
 
 Book IV. Art of War. 2 1 9 
 
 their own Ufe jand therefore fome carried Hand-mills about 
 with them, to grind it with 5 others pounded it with Stones ; 
 and this, hadily baked upon the Coals, very often furniHi'd 
 them with a Mr.il, which they made upon Tables of Turf, 
 with no other Drink than bare Water, or what they call'd 
 ^Pofca, Water fliarpen'd with a Mixture of Vinegar. 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 Of the AiiLiTARY Punishments. 
 
 T^ H E Punifhments, us'd in theCamp,were fuch as reach'd 
 •*■ either the Oftenders Bodies, Credit, or Goods. The Cor- 
 poral Punifliments were ufually beating with the Vitei or 
 Rods, or bailinading with the E'/Jtes: The laft, tho' already 
 reckon'd up among the Civil Punifhments which did not 
 touch the Life or the Malefadors ; yet in the Camp it was for 
 the molt Part capital, and was perform 'd after this Manner. 
 The convicted Perfon, being brought before the l^nbune^ 
 was by him gently llruck over the Shoulders with a Staff: 
 After this, the Criminal had Liberty to run, but, at the 
 fame Time, the refl: of the Soldiers had Liberty to kill him 
 if they could : So that being profecuted with Swords, Darts, 
 Stones and all Manner of Weapons on every Hand, he was 
 prefently difpatch'd. This Penalty was incurr'd, byitealing 
 any Thing out of the Camp • by giving falfe Evidence j by 
 abandoning their Poll in Battle j by pretending falfely to have 
 done fome great Exploit, out of Hopes of a Reward ; or by 
 fighting wirhout the General's Order; by lofing their Wea- 
 pons; or aggravating aMifdemeanour lefs than either of thefc, 
 in repeating it three Times. 
 
 If a great Number had offended, as running from their 
 Colours, mutinying, or other general Crimes, the common 
 Way of proceeding to Juftice was by 'Decimarjon^ or putting 
 all the Criminals Names together in a Shield or Vefiel, and 
 drawing them out by Lot; every Tenth Man being to die 
 , without Reprieve, commonly in the Manner juii now de- 
 fcrib'd ; fo that by this Means, tho' all were not aUke fen- 
 lible of the Punifhmentsj yet all. were frighted into Obedi- 
 ence. In latrer Authors we meet fometimes with Vicefiinauo^ 
 ^nd Ce?>tefi7i7aih^ which Words fufficiently explain themfelves. 
 
 The
 
 210 Tl)e Ko MAN P*irt If, 
 
 The Punifhments which reach'd no farther than their Cre^- 
 dit,by cxpoling them to publick Shame, were fuch as thefej de- 
 grading them from a higher Station to a lower j giving them 
 a fet Quantity of Barley indead ofWheat j ungirding them,and 
 takim', away their Belt j making them ftand all Supper Time, 
 wKiie the rcil fatdown,and fuch other littlcMarksot Difgrace. 
 
 Bcfides rhefe, Agellim has recorded a very lingular Punilh- 
 inent,by letting theDelinquent Blood. His Judgment.concern- 
 ing the Original of this Cullom, istothisPurpofe: He fancier 
 that in elder Times, this us'd to beprcfcribed to the drowfy 
 and {luggifhSoldiers,rather asa Medicinal Remedy than a Pu- 
 nifhmentj and that in after Ages it might have been applied 
 inmoft other Faults,upon this Confideration, That all thofe, 
 who did not obferve the Rules of their Difcipline, were to bo 
 look'd upon as ftupid or raad ^and for Perfonsin thofe Con- 
 ditions, Blood-letting iscommonly fuccefsful (a}. Butbecaufe 
 this Reafbn is hardly f^tisfactory, the great Critick MuretUi 
 has obliged us with another, believing the Defign of this Cu- 
 ttom to have been. That thofe mean-fpirited Wretches might 
 lofe that Blood withShame and Difgrace,which they dar'd not 
 fpend nobly and honourably in the Service of their Countr)'^^/ 
 
 As for the Punifliments relating to theirGoods and Money, 
 ihe Tribunes might for fcveral Faults impofe a Fine on the 
 Delinquents, and force them to give a Pledge, in cafe they 
 could not pay. Sometimes too they ftop'd the Stipend; whence 
 they were calFd, by Way of Reproach, JErediruti. 
 
 (a) .^Ijrcl. I. lo. c. 8. {b) Muut. V'ariar. LtS. I. ij. c. i» 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 
 0/ /^^ M I L I T A R Y R E yr A R D S. 
 
 BU T the Encouragement of Valour and Induftry were 
 much more confiderable than the Proceedings againft the 
 contrary Vice. The moft considerable (not to fpeak of the 
 Promotion from one Station to another, nor of the Occafi- 
 onal ^Oijathei in Money, djftinguifh'd by this Name fix)m 
 the Largcflcs bcftow'd on the common People, and term'd 
 Cofigir.ri^,) were firll the Z'o?m Inzperatoria^ fuch as 
 
 The Hafla fiira, a fine Spear of Wood without any Iron 
 on it 5 fuch an one as Virgil has given Sylvias in the Sixth 
 oi t\iz JEneids : lUe
 
 f^S' 
 
 
 
 
 Corona, /l^vi/alu 
 
 f. tr/'.-/i'- Sea//.'.
 
 Book IV Art of War. Ill 
 
 Jlle vide%f. ^nra juvenis qui nititur hajl^. 
 
 ThisPrefent was ufually beftow'd on him, who In feme lit- 
 tle Skirmifli had kiJl'd an Enemy, engaging him Hand to 
 Hand. They were reckon 'd very honourable Gifts, and the 
 Gods are commonly reprefented with fuch Spears, on the old 
 Cowi&.'M.v Walker derives hence the Cuftom of our great Offi- 
 ciers carrying white Rods or Staves,as Enfignsof their Places* 
 
 The ArmiUae, a Sort of Bracelets, given upon Account of 
 fome eminent Service, only to fuch as were born Remans. 
 
 The 'Torques^ Golden and Silver Collars, wreathed with cu- 
 rious Art and Beauty. 'Pliny attributes the Golden Collars to 
 the Auxiliaries, and the Silver to the Roman SolAitxs , but 
 th is is fuppos'd to be a Miftake. 
 
 The 'Pljalerae ^cammon\y thought to be a Suit of rich Trap- 
 Jjings for a Horfe j but, becaufe we find them beliow'd on the 
 Foot as well as the Cavalry, we may rather fuppofe them to 
 have been golden Chains of like Nature with the Torques^ 
 only that they feem to have hung down to the Breail 5 where- 
 as the other went only round the Neck. The Hopes of thefb 
 Two laft are particularly urg'd, among the Advantages of a 
 Military Life, hy Juvenal^ Sat. 16. 
 
 Ut l<£ti poakrii^ omnes^ ^ torqtiibm omnes. 
 
 The Vexilla^ a Sort of Banners of different Colours, work- 
 ed in Silk, or other curious Materials, fuch as jitigujtiis be- 
 (low'd on Jlgrip;pa^2Stev he had won the Sea-fight at AElmm, 
 
 Next to thefe were the feveral Coronets, receiv'd on vari- 
 ous Occafions. As, 
 
 Corofia Civica^ given to any Soldier that had fav*d the Life 
 of a Rcjnan Citizen in an Engagement. This was reckon 'd 
 more honourable than any other Crown, tho'compos'dof no 
 better Materials than Oaken Boughs* Virgil calls it CivUis 
 ^lercus^ Mrx. 6. 
 
 At que timbrata gcrunt civili tempera J^iercu. 
 
 'Phtarcb has guefs'd very happily at the Reafon why the 
 Branches of this Tree Ihould be made ufe of before all others. 
 For the Oaken Wreath, fays he, being otherwife Sacred to 
 Jupiter^ the great Guardian of their City 5 they might 
 therefore think it the moll: proper Ornament for him who 
 had preferved a Citizen. Befides, the Oak may very well 
 claim the Preference in this Cafe ; becaufe in the Primitive 
 Times that Tree alone was thought almofl fufficicnt for 
 the prefcrving of Man's Life: Its Acorns were the principal 
 t)iet of the old Mortals, and the Honey, which was com- 
 monly
 
 211 Tl?e Ko MA N Part II. 
 
 tnonly found there, prefented them with a very pleafant Li- 
 quor (a). 
 
 it was a particular Honour conferr'd on the Perfons who 
 had merited this Crown, 1 hat, when they came to any of 
 the publick Shows, the whole Company, as well Senate as 
 People, /hould figniiie their Refped, by riling up when they 
 faw them enter^ and that they /liould take their Seat on thefe 
 Occafions among the Senators j being alfo excus'd from all 
 troublefome Duties and Services in their own Perfons, and 
 procuring the fame Immunity for their Pather and Grand- 
 father by his Side (l^). 
 
 Corona Muralis, given to him who firft fcal'd the Walls <yf 
 a City in a general Alfault , and therefore in the Shap-e of it 
 there wasfome Allulion made to the Figure of a Wall. 
 
 Corona Cajlrenfis, or Vallaris, the Reward of him who had 
 firft forc'd the Enemies Intrenchments. 
 
 Corona Na-valis^ bellow'd on fuch as had fignaliz'd their 
 Valour in an Engagement at Sea j being fet round with Fi- 
 gures like the Beaks of Ships, 
 
 ^ Cui belli ijjfigne fii'^erbtmz 
 
 lempora uavaii juigeiit rofirata Corona, Virg. ^En. 8 
 
 ZiJ^Jius hncks t\\Q Corona Navalis^ and the Rojfrara, to 
 have been two diftinft Species, tho' they are generally be-* 
 liev'd to be the fame Kind of Crown. 
 
 Corona Obftdionalis: This was not like the reft, given by 
 the General to the Soldiers, but prefented by the common 
 Confent of the Soldiers to the General, when he had deli- 
 ver'd the Koma-ris or their Allies from a Siege. It wascom- 
 pos'd of the Grafs growing in the befieged Place. 
 
 Corona 'Triumpkalis^ made with Wreaths of Laurel, and 
 proper only to fuch Generals as had the Honour of a Tri- 
 umph. In After-ages this was changed for Gold *,- 
 *AurmnCo- and not reftrain'd only to thofe that a6iually 
 ronarttir/i. Triumph'd, but prefented on fe\eral other Ac- 
 counts, as commonly by the foreign States and 
 Provinces to their Patrons and Benefaiflors. Several of the 
 other Crowns too are thought to have been of Gold 3 as the 
 Cafirenfis^ the Alttral^ and the Naval 
 
 Befides thefe, we meet with the Cor once aurece^ often be- 
 ftow'd on Soldiers without any other additional Term. 
 
 U) Vide rl'Atanh, in CorioUu. <b) Vid. glin. Lib. i«. c. 4. 
 
 And
 
 Book IV. Art of War. 2 2 j 
 
 And 2)io7i CaJJiiis mentions a particular Sort of Coronet 
 made of Oiive Boughs, and beftow'd like the reil, incon- 
 fideration of Ibme lignal Ait of Valour. 
 
 JLi/'Jius believes thefe to have fucceeded in the Room of 
 the Golden Crowns, after they were laid afide. 
 
 The moft remarkable Perfon upon Record in Hiftory, for 
 obtaining a great Number of thefe Rewards, was one C. Sicci- 
 its(or Sicimus^'JJejitatus -J who had receiv'd in the Time of 
 his Military Service eight Crowns of Gold 5 fourteen Civic 
 Crowns, three Mural,eighty three Golden '■Torques^ fixty Gol- 
 den Jmnllcc, eighteen Hajfce p/ro", and 75 Thaler ce {a). 
 
 But far greater Honours were conferr'd on the Vidorious 
 Generals, fome of which were ufually decreed them in their 
 Abfence j others at their Arrival in the City. 
 
 Of the former Kind were the Sclutatio Imferatcris^ and 
 the Supplication j of the latter the Ovation and the "Triumph. 
 
 The firit of thefe was no more than the fainting the Com- 
 mander in Chief with the Title oH Jmperatcf^ upon Account 
 of any remarkable Succefs 5 which Title was decreed him by 
 the Senate at Rome^ after it had been given him by joint Ac- 
 clamations of the Soldiers in the Camp. 
 
 The Supplicatio was a folemn Proceffion to the Temple 
 of the Gods, to return Thanks for any Viflory. 
 
 After obtaining any fuch remarkable Advantage, the Ge- 
 neral commonly gave the Senate an Account of the Exploit 
 by Letters wreath'd about with Laurel *, in 
 which, after the Account of his Succefs, he * Liter <e Lati- 
 defir'd the Favour of a Supplication^ or Pub- reatdS. 
 like Thanksgiving, 
 
 This being granted for a fet Number of Days, the Senate 
 went in a folemn Manner to the chief Temples, and affifted 
 at the Sacrifices proper to the Occafion 5 holding a Feaft in 
 the Temples to the Honour of therefpe(5live Deities. Hence 
 Servim explains that of Virgil^ 
 
 Si7mtl 'Diviim TempUs indicit ho7iorem ; jEn. r. 
 
 as alluding to a folemn Supplication. 
 
 In the mean time the whole Body of the Commonalty 
 kept Holy-day, and frequented the Religious AfTemblies ; 
 giving Thanks for the late Succefs, and imploring a lon^ 
 Continuance of the Divine Favour and Afliftance. 
 
 {a)Vtd< ,Agtl, lib. 3. c. 11, K«/*r, Af«,v. &«.
 
 2 24 The Roman Part II. 
 
 0£favms defar^ together with the ConfuJs, Hirt'ms and 
 'P^vfa, upon their raifing the Siege ofAIuiina, wefe honoured 
 with a Supplication Fitty Days long. 
 
 At laft this Ceremony became ridiculous ; as appears from 
 the Supplications decrcediV(fr(?,ft)r the Murder of his Mother, 
 and for the fruitfulnefs of yo//<af^,of which we readin7<jaf«^. 
 
 The Ovation fome fancy to have deriv'd its Name from 
 fliouting Evion'. to "Bacchus 3 but the true Original I sOu/^, the 
 Sheep which was ufually offer'd in this Proceffion, as an Ox 
 in the Triumph. The Show generally began at the Albanian 
 Mountain, whence the General, with his Retinue, made his 
 Entry into the City : He went on Foot with many Flutes, or 
 PipcSjfounding in Concert as he pafs'd along, wearing a Gar- 
 land of Myrtle as a Token of Peace, with an Afpecl: rather rai- 
 ling Love andRefpeft than Fear. ^c/ZzV/J informs us,that this 
 Honour was then conferr'd on the Vidor, when either the 
 War had not been proclaim'd in due Method, or not under- 
 taken againrt a lawful Enemy,and on a julf Account 5 or when 
 the Enemy was but mean and inconliderable {a). But Plu- 
 tarch has deliver 'd his Judgment in a different Manner; He 
 believes that heretofore theDifference betwixt the Ovation and 
 the 'Triiimph was not taken from the Greatnefs of the At- 
 chievements, but from the Manner of performing them : For 
 they who having fought a fet Battle, and flain a great Number 
 of theEnemy,return'dVi61ors,led that Martial and(asit were) 
 cruel Proceffion of the Triumph. But thofe who without 
 Force, by Benevolence and civil Behaviour,had done the Bu- 
 finefs, and prevented the fhedding of Human Bloody to thefc 
 Commanders Cuftom gave the Honour ot this peaceable O- 
 vation. For a Pipe is the Enfign, or Badge of Peace, and 
 Myrtle the Tree of Vemis, who, beyond any other Deities, 
 has an extreme Aversion to Violence and War (b). 
 
 But whatever other Difference there lay between thefe two 
 Solemnities, we are affur'd the Triumph was much the more 
 noble and fplendid Proceffion. None were capable of this Ho- 
 nour but 'Diftntors^ Confuls^ or Troetors ; tho' we find fome 
 Examples of differentPrad:ice jas particularly m'Torapey the 
 Greaty who had a Triumph decreed him,while he was only a 
 Roman Knight, and had notreach'd the Senatorian Age(c). 
 
 A regular Account of the Proceedings,atone of thefe Solem- 
 nities, will give us a better Knowledge of the Matter, than a 
 
 (*)Koa. .^fr.lib, 5. c 6. {b) Hut. in Mar cell, (jc) Vint, m Pmp, 
 
 large?
 
 o
 
 Book 1 V. Jrt of War. 11 f 
 
 larger Difquifition about the feveral Parts and Appendages, 
 that belong'd to it. And this the excellent 'Phnarch has ta- 
 Vour'd us with, in his Dcfcription oi 'Panlus ^myliiis's'Yn- 
 umph after the taking King 'Perfetis Prifoner, and putting a 
 final Period to the Macedonian Empire. This muft be own'd 
 to be the moft glorious Occafion imaginable 3 and therefore 
 we may expeft the moft compleat Relation that can poffibly 
 be delir'd. The Ceremony then of JEmyliui'^ Triumph 
 was perform 'd after this Manner $ 
 
 " The People erefted Scaffolds in the Forum, and Circo\ 
 " and all the other Parts of the City where they cou'd beft be- 
 *' hold the Pomp. The Speflators were clad in white Gar- 
 " ments ; all the Temples were open and full of Garlands and 
 " Perfumes j the Ways cleat'd and cleans'd by a great many 
 " Officers and TipftafFs, that drove away fuch as throng'd the 
 " PafTage, or ftraggled up and down. This Triumph lafted 
 " three Days : On the firf^, which was fcarce long enough 
 " for the Sight, were to be feen the Statues, Pi6tures and 
 " Images of an extraordinary Bignefs, which were taken from 
 " the Enemy, drawn upon Seven Hundred and Fifty Chari- 
 *' ots. On the fecond was carried, in a great many WainSj 
 " the faireft and the richeft Armour of the Macedonians^ 
 ** both of Brafs and Steel, all newly furbifh'd and glittering ; 
 *' which, although pil'd up with the greateft Art and Order, 
 " yet feem'd to be tumbled on Heaps carelefly and by chance, 
 " Helmets were thrown on Shields, Coats of Mail upon 
 *' Greaves, Cretian Targets, and I'hracian Bucklers and Qni" 
 " vers of Arrows lay huddled among the Horfes Bitts; and 
 *' through thefe appear'd the Points of naked Swords, inter- 
 " mix'd with long Spears. All thefe Arms were ty'd toge- 
 " ther with fuch a juft Liberty, that they knock'd againft 
 " one another as they were drawn along, and made a harfh 
 " and terrible Noife ; fo that the very Spoils of the conquer 'd 
 " could not be beheld without Dread. After thefe Waggons 
 " loaden with Armour, there follow'd Three Thoufand Men, 
 " who carried the Silver that was coin'd, in Seven Hundred 
 " and Fifty VefTels, each of which weigh'd three Talents, 
 " and was carried by four Men. Others brought Silver Bowls, 
 " and Goblets, and Cups, all difpos'd in fuch Order as to 
 " make the beft Show, and all valuable, as well for their 
 ** Bipnef*. as the Thicknefs of their engrav'd Work^ On 
 
 P «th«
 
 ^2(5 77;c Roman Part II. 
 
 " the Third Day, early in the Morning, firft came the Trum- 
 " peters, who did not found as they were wont in a Procef- 
 *' lion or folcmn Entry, but fuch a Charge as the Romans 
 *' uie when they encourage their Soldiers to fight. Next 
 *' tollow'd young Men girt about with Girdles curioufly 
 " wrought, which led to the Sacrifice 120 ftall'd Oxen, with 
 *' their Horns gilded, and their Heads adorn 'd with Rib- 
 " bands and Garlands 5 and with thefe were Boys that car- 
 *' ried Platters of Silver and Gold. Afiier this was brought 
 " the Gold Coin, which was divided into VefTels that 
 *' weigh'd three Talents, like to thofe that contain'd the 
 *' Silver, they were in Number Fourfcore warning three. 
 " 1 hefe were follow'd by thofe that brought the confecrated 
 " Bowl, which J£t7iylhii caus'd to be made, that weigh'd 
 " ten Talents, and was all befet with precious Stones : Then 
 *' were expos'd to View the Cups of Ant'igomis and Sekiicus, 
 ** and fuch as were made after the Fafliion invented by 1'be- 
 " rkki^ and all the Gold-plate that was us'd at Te/feus's 
 *' Table. Next to thefe came 'Perfem's Chariot, in the 
 " which his Armour was plac'd, and on that his Diadem : 
 " And, after a little Intermiffion, the King's Children were 
 " led Captives, and with them a Train or Nurfes, Mafters 
 *' and Governors, who all wept, and ftretch'd forth their 
 " Hands to the Spectators, and taught the little Infants to 
 ** beg and intreat their Compaffion. There were two Sons 
 *' and a Daughter, who, by reafon of their tender Age, 
 *' were altogether infenfible of the Greatnefs of their Mifery ; 
 *' which Infenfibility of their Condition render'd it much 
 *' more deplorable 5 infomuch that Terfet/s himfelf was 
 " fcarce regarded as he went along, whilft Pity had fix'd the 
 *' Eyes of the Remans upon the Infants, and many of them 
 *' cou'd not forbear Tears : All beheld the Sight with a Mix- 
 " ture of Sorrow and Joy, until the Children were paft. Af- 
 " ter his Children, and their Attendants, came Terjens him- 
 " felf, clad all in Black, and wearing Slippers, after the Fa- 
 " fhicn of his Country : He look'd like one altogether afio- 
 " nidi'd and depriv'd of Reafon, through the Greatnefs of 
 *' his Misfortunes. Next follow'd a great Company of his 
 " Friends and Familiars, whofe Countenances were disfi- 
 *' gur'd with Grief, and who tefiified to all that beheld them 
 *' by their Tears, and their continual looking upon 'Perfeiis^ 
 " that it was his hard Fortune they fo much lamented, and 
 
 ♦' that
 
 Book IV. Art of War. ±tf 
 
 " that they were regardlefs of their own, — After thefe were 
 *' carried Four Hundred Crowns all made ot Gold, and fent 
 " from the Cities by their refpe(^ive Ambafladors to JEmy- 
 " lius,y as a Reward due to his Valour. Then he himfeif 
 " came feated on a Chariot magnificently adorn'd (a Man 
 *' worthy to be beheld, even without thcle Enfigns of Pow- 
 *' er j) he was clad in a Garment of Purple interwoven with 
 " Gold, and held out a Laurel-Branch in his right Hand,; 
 " All the Army in like Manner, with Boughs ot Laurel in 
 ** their Hands, and divided into Bands and Co npanies, fol- 
 *' low'd the Chariot of their Commander, fome linging Odes 
 *' (according to the ufual Cufcom,) mingled with Raillery 5 
 " others, Songs of Triumph, and the Praiies oi AL.nylwS^ 
 *' Deeds, who was admir'd and accounted happy by all Men, 
 *' yet unenvy'd by every one that wi^ good. 
 
 There was one remarkable Addition to this Solemnity, 
 which, tho' it feldom happen'd, yet ought not to efcape our 
 Notice : This Was when the Kcman General had, in any 
 Engagement, kili'd the Chief Commander of the Enemy 
 with his own Hands : For then in the Triumphal Polnp, the 
 Arms of the flain Captain were carried beiore the Victor, de- 
 cendy hanging on the Stock of an Oak, and fo eompofing a 
 Trophy. In this Manner the Proceffion went onto the Tem- 
 ple of Jupiter Feretrms (fo call'd aferiendo) ; and the Ge- 
 neral making a formal Dedication of his Spoils (the Spclia 
 opima^ as they term'd them) hung them up in the Temple. 
 The firft, who perform'd this gallant Piece of Religion, was 
 KomnluSy when he had flain Acron^ King of the Cosnmenfes 5 
 the fecond C^melins CoJfuSy with the Arms of 'TclumnkiS^ a 
 General of the Feie?2tes ^ the third and laft Af. MarceUuSg 
 with thofe taken from Viridornanis^ King of the Gcitlh § 
 whence Virgil fays of him, Mn. 6. 
 
 I'ertiaqiie arma ^atri [tifpendet capa Quirino.* 
 
 Where ^iirino muft be underftood only as an Epithet ap- 
 ply'd to Jupiter^ as denoting his Authority and Power in 
 War ; as the fame Word is attributed to Janiii^ by Horace 
 and Suemt. Therefore Ssrvim is moft certainly guilty of a 
 Miftake, when he tells us, that the firft Spoils of this Na- 
 ture were, according to Numa's Laws, to be prefented to Jit' 
 ^iter-^ the fecond to MarS'^ and the third to ^nrintis, or 
 
 P a RcmitkiS^
 
 li8 The K o U A N Part 11. 
 
 Ro7r:ttlm J for that Decree o^ Ntma only took Place, if the 
 fame Perfon had the good Portune to take thefe Spoils three 
 Times j but we are aflur'd, that not only Romidus but Cojjiis 
 and AlarccUtis too all made .he Dedication to Jufiter. 
 
 The Admireis of the Rvman Magnificence will be infinite- 
 ly pleas'd with the Relation already given from 'Phitf.rch oi 
 the Triumphal Pornp : While others who fancy that People 
 to have been poflefs'd with a ftrange Meafure of Vain-glory, 
 and attribute all their Military State and Grandeur to am- 
 bitious Olientation, will be much better fatisficd with the 
 fatyrical Account which Jzivenal furnifhes us with in his 
 Tenth Satyr. He is faying, that lieraocnms found Subjeft 
 enough for a continual Fit of Laughter, in Places where there 
 was no fuch formal Pageantry, as is commonly to be feen it* 
 Rome : And then he goes on : 
 
 ^lidfi 'vidijjet Trcetorera mnihiis alth 
 F.xfia7ztem^ ^ medio fublimem in pulvere Circi 
 Jn tunica Jovis^ ^ fiUd: Sarrana ferentem 
 £x Immern anUa togte^ mcignceqiie coronee 
 'j'annim orhem quanto cervix mnftifficit ulla ? 
 ^iij}fe tenet J7j dans banc ;publims -^ ^ fibi Conful 
 2sle ^ lace at ^ currn fervtis pcrtatur eodem. 
 2)a nunc i$ mlucrem Sceptro qtide fiirgit ebiirno, 
 Jllijic ccrnirines^ hinc pr£cedentia Longi 
 Jjgmifiis cfficiti^ ^ niveos adfr(f7ia J^iirites^ 
 2JefoJ/a in kctiUs qim fprtttla fecit amicos. 
 
 What had he done, had he beheld on high 
 Our Consul feaied ia mock-Majcfly : 
 His Chariot rowling o'er the dufiy place, 
 While with dumb Pride, and a fet formal Face, 
 He r rvcs in the dull ceremonial Track, 
 With /6 w :'i :nibroider'd Coat upon his Back s 
 A Suit of Hangings had :ui- more oppreft 
 His Shoulders, than a Jong laborious Vefl, 
 A heavy Gewgaw (call'ci i Crovvj} that fpread 
 About nis Temples, Irown'd his narrow Head 5 
 And wou'd h?ie crufh'd it with the mafTy Freight, 
 But ;hnt a fweating Slave fuftain'd the Weight, 
 A Slave in the fame Chariot fecn to ride, 
 . To mortify the mighty Mad-man's Pride* 
 
 And
 
 Book IV. Art of War] ii^ 
 
 And now th' Imperial Eagle raisM on high 
 With golden Beak, (the Mark of Majefty,) 
 Trumpets Before, and on the Left and Right 
 A Cavalcade of Nobles all in white : 
 In their own Natures falfe and flattering Tribes ; 
 But made his Friends by Places and by Bribes. 
 
 [Mr. 2)ryden 
 
 CHAP. XVII. 
 
 7'he Roman IVay of declaring War^ and of making 
 
 Leagues. 
 
 T^ HE Romans us'd abundance of Superftition in entering 
 -■• upon any Hoftility, or clofing in any League, or Con- 
 federacy : The Publick Minifters, who perform'd the Cere- 
 monial Part of both thefe, were the Feciaks, or Heralds al- 
 ready defcrib'd among the Prieils j nothing remains, but the 
 Ceremonies themfelves, which were of this Nature. When 
 any neighbouring State had given fuflficient Reafon for the 
 Senate to fufpeft a Defign of breaking with them 5 or had 
 ofFer'd any Violence or Injuflice to the Subjefts of Rome^ 
 which was enough to give them the Repute of Enemies 5 
 one of the Feciales^ chofen out of the College on this Occa- 
 lion, and habited in the Veft belonging to his Order, toge- 
 ther with his other Enfigns and Habiliments, let forward for 
 the Enemy's Country. As foon as he reach'd the Confines, 
 he pronounc'd a formal Declaration of the Caufe of his Ar- 
 rival, calling all the Gods to witnefs, and imprecating the 
 Divine Vengeance on himfelf and his Country, if his Reafons 
 were not juft. When he came to the chief City of the Ene- 
 my, he again repeated the fame Declaration, with fome 
 Addition, and withal defir'd Satisfaflion. If they delivered 
 into his Power the Authors of the Injury, or gave Hoftages 
 for Security, he return 'd fatisfied to Romej if otherwife 
 they defir'd Time to confider, he went away for ten Days, 
 and then came again to hear their Refolution. And this 
 he did, in fome Cafes, three Times : But if nothing was 
 done toward ^n Accommodation in about thirty Days, he 
 
 P 3 declar'4
 
 2 5 o TJ?e R o M A N Part II. 
 
 declar'd that the Rcmam wou'd endeavour to affert their 
 Right by their Arms. After this the Herald was oblig'd to 
 return, and to make a true Report of his Embafly betore 
 the Senate^ affuriug them of the Legality of the War, which 
 they were now confulting to undertake j and was then again 
 clifpatch'd to perform the lalt Part of the Ceremony, which 
 was to throw a Spear into (or towards,) the Enemy's Coun» 
 fry, in Token of Defiance, and as a Summons to War, pro- 
 nouncing at the fame Time a fet form of Word to the like 
 Purpofe. 
 
 As to the making of Leagues, 'Polybkis acquaints us. That 
 the Ratificaiion of the Articles of an Agreement, between 
 the Remans and the Caythagi7nani^ was perform 'd in this 
 Manner : The Cartbaginiani, fwore by the Gods of their 
 Country 5 and the Romans^ after their ancient Cuitom, fwore 
 by a Stone^ and then by Mars. They fwore by a Sto'ae 
 thus : The Herald who rook the Oath, having fworn in be- 
 half of the Publick, takes up a Stone, and then pronounces 
 thefe Words; 
 
 If Ikeej^ ?ny Faith^ may the Gods voiiclfafe tlccir JJfji^ance^ 
 mA give me S'dccefs ^ if^ on the contrary^ I violate it^ then 
 ?nay tie ether ^arty h entirely faje^ and ^referv'd in their 
 Comitry, in their Zazvs^ in their 'PoJJefJionSy and^ in a 'word^ 
 in all their Rights and Liberties 5 atid may I j^erip and jail 
 izlone^ as new this Stone does: and then he lets the Stone fall 
 out of his Hands {a). 
 
 Zivy's Account of the like Ceremony is fomething more 
 particular ; yet differs little in Subftance, only tha^ he fays 
 the Herald's concluding Claufe was, Other-zvife tnoy Jove 
 p:rike the Roman Teofle^ as I do this Hog ; and accordingly 
 he kill'd an Hog that flood ready by, with the Stone which 
 lie held in his Hand. This laft Opinion is confirm 'd by the 
 Authority of Firgil^ when, fpeaking of the Rc?Mns andjl- 
 hanians^ he fays^ 
 
 • Et c<ffa yangehant fadera Torca, 
 
 And perhaps both thefe Cuiloms might be in IJfe in difife- 
 frent Times. 
 
 {t\ Tiljb, lib. li 
 
 CHAP.
 
 Book IV. Jrt of War. 2 3 1 
 
 CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 5rbe Roman Method of treatmg the People they con^ 
 qnerd-, with the Cojijiitution of the Colonice, Alu* 
 nicipia, PracfecSurse, and Provinces. 
 
 In HE civil Ufage and extraordinary Favours, with which 
 -* the Romans oblig'd the poor conquer'd Nations, has 
 been reafonably eticem'd one of the prime Caufes of the Ex- 
 tent of their Dominions, and the EftabliHiment of their Com- 
 mand : Yet, when they faw Occafion, they were not to feek 
 in feverer Methods, fuch as the feizing on the greateft Part 
 of the Enemy's Land, or removing the Natives to another 
 Soil. If a State or People had been neceffitated to furrender 
 themfelves into the Reman Power, they us\\f?il^jugiim mitti^ 
 to be made pafs under a Yoke, in Token of Subjeftion : For 
 this Purpofe they fet up two Spears, and laying a third crofs 
 them at the Top, order 'd thofe who had furrender'd their 
 Perfons to go under them without Arms or Belts. Thofe 
 who cou'd not be brought to deliver themfelves up, but were 
 taken by Force, as they fuffer'd feveral Penalties, fo very of? 
 ten fiib corona ijenehant^ they were publickly fcld for Slaves. 
 Where by Corona fome underftand a Sort of Chaplets which 
 they put about the Capt'roes Head for Diftinfcion j others 
 would have it mean the Ring of the Roman Soldiers, who 
 ftood round the Captives while they were expos'd to SalCo 
 Jlgellkis prefers the former Reafon {a). 
 
 The feveral Forms of Government, which theRo;;f^;2jeftaf 
 blifli'd in their Conquefls, are very well worth ourKnov/ledge, 
 and are feldom rightly diftinguim'd 5 we may take Notice of 
 thefe four : Colonies^ Mimkifia^ ^reefeBurce^ and Trcvinces, 
 
 Colonies (properly fpeaking) were States, or Communities, 
 where the chief Part of the Inhabitants had been tranfplanted 
 from Rome : And tho' mingled with the Natives who had been 
 left in the conquer'd Place, yet obtain'd the whole Power and 
 Authority in the Adminiflration of Affairs. One great Ad- 
 vantage of this Inftitution was. That by this Means the Ve- 
 
 (/j) Lib. 7. cap. 4; 
 
 P 4 teran
 
 2^2 The Roman Part 11. 
 
 teran Soldiers, who had ferv'd out their Legal Time, and 
 had fpent their Vigour in the Honour and Defence of their 
 Country, might be favour 'd with a very agreeable Reward, 
 by foiming them into a Colony, and fending them wliere they 
 might be Mailers of large Pofleffions, and fo lead the Re- 
 jnainder of their Days in Eafe and Plenty. 
 
 Municipia were commonly Corporations, or Infranchifed 
 Places where the Natives were allow'd the Ufe of their old 
 Laws andConftitutions, and at the fame Time honour'd with 
 the Privilege of Roman Citizens. But then this Privilege, in 
 fome of the J/vwc;//^, reach 'd no farther than the bare Title, 
 without the proper Rights of Citizens, fuch as voting in the 
 AfTemblies, bearing Offices in the City, and the like. The 
 former Honour gave them the Name oi Gives Roraani^ the o- 
 ther only o^Rcmani 5 as ^.Mantitiiis with his ufual Exa6lnefs 
 has diftinguifh'd (a). Of this latter Sort, the firft Example 
 were the C^erites, a People of Tuscany ^ who preferving the fa- 
 cred Reiicks of the Remans^ when the Gauls had taken the 
 City, were aftervvards dignified with the Name oi Roman Ci- 
 tizens 5 but not arlTiitted into any Part of the Publick Admi- 
 niftrtt ion. Hence the Cenfcrs Tables, where they enter 'd the 
 Names of fuch Perfons as for forjic Mifdemeanour were to lofe 
 their Right of Suffrage, had the Name o^ Ccentes I'ahiilde Qi). 
 
 The 'Prtefefiurae were certain Towns oi Italy\ whofe Inha- 
 bitants had the Name of the Roman Citizens 5 but were nei- 
 ther allow'd to enjoy their own Laws nor Magiftrates, being 
 govern'd by annual Tr^efeBs fent from Rome, Thefe were 
 generally fuch Places as were either fufpefted, or had fome 
 Way or other incurr'd the Difpleafure of the Roman State 5 
 this being accounted the hardefl Condition that was impos'd 
 on any People of Italy (c). 
 
 The Differences between the proper Citizens ofRcjns^ and 
 the Inhabitants ofMunicitia^ Colonies, and Triefe&urce, may 
 be thus in (liort fumm'd up. The firfl and higheft Order were 
 regifler'd in the Cenftis^ had the Right of Suffrage and of bear- 
 ing Honours, were affefs'd in the Poll-tax, ferv'd in the Legi- 
 ons, us'd the Roman'L2cws and Religion, and were call'd ^li- 
 fites and ^optilus Romanus. The Mim'icipes were allow'd the 
 four firft of thefe Marks, and were deny'd the four lafl:. The 
 Cphni were in thefe three Refpefls like the true Citizens, 
 
 (a) De civitaU Rom;!-. ZB. (b) u4. CsU. Yih. 1 6. cap. 13; (c) Cdv. Lexictn 
 jxyirfif. in vssi. 
 
 that
 
 Book IV. Jrt of War. 2 5 3 
 
 that they us'd the Roman'L'Siws and Religion, and fcrv'd in 
 the Legions j but they were debarr'd the other five Condi- 
 tions. The People in the ^rcSjeBiira had the hai-deft Mca- 
 fure of all ^ being oblig'd to fubmit to the Roman Laws, and 
 yet enjoying no farther Privilege of Citizens (a). 
 
 All other Cities and States in Italy^ which were neither 
 Colonies^ Municipa^^ nor TrcefeBtiVce^ had the Name of Ja- 
 deratds Civitates, enjoying entirely their own Culloms, and 
 Forms of Government, without the leaft Alteration, and on- 
 ly join'd in Confederacy with the Roffians^ upon fuch Terms 
 as had been adjufted between them (I'). 
 
 The 'Provwces were foreign Countries of larger Extent, 
 which, upon the entire reducing them under the Roman Do- 
 minion, were newmodell'd according to the Pleafure of the 
 Conquerors, and fubjecled to the Command of annual Go- 
 vernors fent from Rome^ being commonly affign'd fuch Taxes 
 and Contributions as the Senate thought fit to demand. But 
 becaufethe feveral Towns and Communities in every Coun- 
 try did not behave themfelves in the fame Manner toward 
 the Romania fome profefling more Friendfhip, and a Defire 
 of Union and Agreement 5 while others were more ob- 
 fiinate and refradory, and unwilling to part with their 
 old Liberty upon any Terms 5 therefore to reward thofe 
 People who deferv'd well at their Hands, they allow'd fome 
 Places the Ufe of their own Conftitutions in many Rcfpcfts, 
 and fometimes excus'd the Inhabitants from paying Tribute^ 
 whence they were term'd Imrmines^ in Oppofition to the 
 VeBigales. 
 
 The Tribute, exacted from the Provinces, was of two Sorts, 
 either certain or uncertain. The certain Tribute, or Sti^en- 
 dium^ was either a fct Sum of Money to be cohered by the 
 Provincial ^/(i?/?or, which x!^f^ zdXV^pecun'mordinaria-^ or 
 elfe a Subfidy rais'd on the Provincials for particular Occafi- 
 ons, fuch as the maintaining of fo many Soldiers, the rig- 
 ging out and paying fuch a Number of Veffels, and the like, 
 term'd ^eciinia extraordinaria. 
 
 The uncertain Tribute confifted of what they call'd ^or- 
 forium, Scriptiira^ and Decuma, The Tortorinm was a Duty 
 impos'd upon all Goods and Wares imported and exported. 
 
 The Scripmra was a Tax laid upon Paitures and Cattle. 
 
 {4 Vid. P. ManttU dt Civ. Rom. p. 30. (^) U'd. 
 
 The
 
 2^4 ^'^^ Roman Part II. 
 
 The 1}ec2!?ua was the Quantity of Com which the Farmers 
 were oblig'd to pay to the Rowan State, commonly the tenth 
 Part of their Crop. But befides this, which they properly 
 term'd Friimentiri/i'Deai-mamimyZnd which wasfarm'd by the 
 Publicans, hence call'd 'Decmnaniy there was the Frwntntura 
 eraptum^ and Frumentiim dsfimatiim^ both taken up in the 
 Provinces. 'Yhc FrmtienWraempwrn yj^s of two Sons^ either 
 decmnaniim^ or mperdtiira 5 the former was another Tenth 
 paid upon the Confideration of fuch a Sum as the Senate 
 had determined to be the Price of it, who rated it fo much a 
 Eufhel at their Pleafui'e, The FnniJentmnimperawm'Wd.s^. 
 Quantity of Corn equally exafted of the Provincial Farmers 
 after the two Tenths, at fuch a Price as the chief Magi flrate 
 pleas'd to give. Frumentimi ccjiimatiim, was a Corn-Tax 
 requir'd of the chief Magiftrate of the Province for his pri- 
 vate Ufe, and the Occafions of his Family. This was com- 
 monly compounded for in Money, and, on that Account, 
 took its Name ab eejlimaiido^ from rating it at fuch a Sum 
 of Money. 
 
 Befides all thefe, Sigonius mentions Frumenwm honor ari- 
 iim^ upon the Authority of Cicero^ in his Oration againft 
 lP{/b; But perhaps Cicero^ in that Place, does not reftrain the 
 Honorarium to Corn, but may mean, in general, the Prefent 
 ufually made to Provincial Governors, foon after their En- 
 trance on their Office. 
 
 After Augustus, had made a Divifion of the Provinces be- 
 tween himfelf and the People, the annual Taxes, paid by 
 the Provinces under the Emperor, were call'd Stipendin ; 
 and thofe that were gather'd in the People's, Provinces, 
 ^ributa (a). 
 
 {a) Calvin, Lexicon Jurld. in Triiuta, 
 
 CHAP.
 
 Book IV. Jn of War. 2 3 5 
 
 CHAP. XIX. 
 
 ^be Roman IVay of taking ^owns-, with the raoji 
 ref}iarkable Inventions and Engines made life of in 
 their Sieges. 
 
 T>Eforc we enquire into thisSubje(fi:, a very memorable Cu- 
 •*-' Item prefents itfelFto our Notice, which was practifcd 
 almort as loon as the Roman Army invefted any Town 3 and 
 that was the evocario 'Deorwn nireuirmm ^ or inviting out the 
 Guardian Deities: the Reafon of which feems to have been, 
 either bccaufe they thought it impoiribie to force any Place, 
 while it enjoy 'd fuch powerful Defenders 5 or elfe, becaufe 
 they accounted it a moft heinous A6t of Impiety, to aft in 
 Holiility againil the Ferfons of the Gods. This Cuflom is de- 
 fcrib'd at large by Macrobiin in his Saturnalia^ lib 5. cap. 9. 
 The Romans were feldom defirous of attempting anyTown 
 by way of Siege,becaufe they thought it would fcarceanfwer 
 the Expence and Incommodity ot the Method ; fo that this 
 was generally their laft Hopes 5 and in all their great Wars, 
 there are very few Examples of any long Leaguers undertook 
 by them. The Means, by which they poffefs'd thcmfelvesof 
 any important Places, were commonly either by Storm, or 
 immediate Surrendry. If they took a Town by Storm, it was 
 either by open Force, or by Stratagem. In the Former, they 
 made their Attacks without battering the Wall, and were 
 only faid ag^redi Urbem cum corona^ to begirt a "fo^xn j be- 
 caufe they drew their whole Army round the Walls, and fell 
 on all the Quarters at once. If this Way was inefreftnal, they 
 batter'd down the Walls with their Rams and other Engines. 
 Sometimes they min'dand enter'd the Town under-ground : 
 Sometimes, that they m ght engage with the Enemy upon 
 equal Terms, they built wooden Towers, or rais'd Mounts 
 to the Heighth of the Walls, from whence they might gall 
 and moleft them within their Works. The Befieg'd v^ere in 
 moft Danger in the firft Cafe, upon a general Aflault 3 for 
 their Walls were to be made good in all Places at once 3 and 
 it fell out many times, that there were not Men enough to 
 fupply and relieve all the Parts 3 and if thev had a fuffici- 
 fcnt Number of Men, yet all perhaps were not of equal Cou- 
 
 ■ ra«e 1
 
 %]6 Tfpe Ko M A N Part 11. 
 
 rage 3 and if any have Ground, the whole Town was in a 
 great Hazard of being loll: : So that the Rommzs oftentimes 
 carried very confiderable Places at one Storm. But if they 
 batter'd the Walls with Engines, they were under fome Dil- 
 ad vantage, their Quarters being ofNeceffity to be extended, 
 fothat they muflbc thinner and weaker in fome Places than 
 in others, and unable to make a ftout Oppolition againft any 
 confiderable Sally. Be(ides,the Befieg'd were not at a Lofs for 
 Ways of defeating their Stratagems j as, they eluded the 
 Force of their Mines by Countermining, or by diftrubing them 
 in their Works 5 particularly putting Oil and Feathers, with 
 other (linking Stuff, into Barrels of Wood, then fetting them 
 on fire, they tumbled them among the Romans^ that theNoi- 
 fomnefs of the Stench might force them to quit their Stations. 
 Their Towers of Wood, their Rams and other Engines, they 
 commonly fct on fire, anddeftroy'dj and then for the Mounts 
 which were raifed againft the Walls, they us'd, by digging 
 underneath, to ileal away the Earth, and loofen the Foun- 
 dations of the Mount till it fell to the Ground. 
 
 Upon this Account the Romans (as was before obferv'd,j 
 jnuch preferr'd the fudden and brisk Way of attacking a 
 Place ;and if they did not carry it in a little Time, they fre- 
 quently rais'd the Siege, and profecuted the War by other 
 Means. As Scipo^ in his African: Expedition, having aflault- 
 <rd Utica without Succefs, he changed his Refolution, drew 
 off his Men from the Place, and addrefs'd himfelf wholly 
 to bring the Carthaginian Army to an Engagement, 
 And therefore, tho' fometimes they coniinu'd a tedious 
 Siege, as at Veii^ Carthage, and Jeni^akn:, yet generally they 
 were much more defirous of drawing the Enemy to a Battle 5 
 for by defeating an Army, they many times got a whole 
 Kingdom in a Day 3 whereas an obflinate Town has coft 
 them feveral Years. 
 
 Seeyid.c\i\2.v€y\ArtofWAR, Book II. 
 
 The Invention and Engines, which the Rotnani made ufe 
 f)f in their Sieges, were very numerous, and the Knowledge 
 of them is but of little Service at prefent 3 however we may 
 take a fliort View of the moft confiderable of them, which 
 xTiofl: frequently occur in Cd:[ar and other Hiftorians : Thefe 
 are the 'Tv.rres mohikSy the 7eJf2idi?zeSy the Aliifculus, the 
 Vijzece, and the 'Fintei, together with the Jries, the Salifia^ 
 the Cataptlta^ and the Scorpio, 
 
 The
 
 Book IV Jrt of War. i j / 
 
 The Ttirres 77iobikSy or moveable Turrets, were of two 
 Sorts, the lefler and the greater : The lefler Sort were about 
 fixty Cubits high and the fquareSides fevenceenCubits broad, 
 they had five or fix, and fometimes ten Stories or Divifions, 
 every Divifion being made open on all Sides. The greater 
 Turret was 120 Cubits high, 23 Cubits fquare 3 containing 
 fometimes fifteen, fometimes twenty Divilions. They were 
 of very great Ufe in making Approaches to the Walls, the 
 Divifions being able to carry Soldiers with Engines, Ladders, 
 Cafling-bridges, and other Neceflaries. The Wheels, on 
 which they went, were contriv'd to be within the Planks, 
 to defend them from the Enemy, and the Men who were to 
 drive them forward flood behind, where they were mod 
 fecure; the Soldiers in the Infide were protected by raw Hides 
 which were thrown over the Turret, in fuch Places as were 
 moft expos'd. 
 
 The 'lefiudo was properly a Figure which the Soldiers call 
 themfelves into 5 fothat their Targets fhould clofe all toge- 
 ther above their Heads, and defend them from the miffive 
 Weapons of the Enemy ; as if we fuppofe the firfl: Rank to 
 have flood upright on their Feet, and the reft to have floop'd 
 lower and lower by Degrees, till the lafl Rank kneel'd down 
 upon their Knees 5 fo that every Rank covering with their 
 Target the Heads of all in the Rank before them, they re- 
 prefented a Tortoife-fhell or a Sort of Pent-houfe. This 
 was us'd as well in Field-Battles as in Sieges. But befides 
 this, the Kommis calfd in general all their cover'd defenfivc 
 Engines, 'Tefitidmes : Among which, thofe, which moft pro- 
 perly obtain' d the Name, feem'd to have been almoft of an 
 oval Figure, compos'd of Boards, and watled up at the Sides 
 with Wickers ; ferving for the Conveyance of the Soldiers 
 near the Walls, on feveral Occafions 5 they run upon Wheels, 
 and fo were diflinguifh'd from the Vinece^ with which they 
 are fometimes confounded. 
 
 The Mufctihis is conceiv'dto have been much of the fame 
 Nature as the T'efltidines 5 but it feems to have been of a 
 fmaller Size, and compos'd of flronger Materials, being ex- 
 pos'd a much longer Time to the Force of the Enemy 5 for 
 in thefe Miifculi the Pioneers were fent to the very Walls, 
 where they were to continue, while with their ^clabr^e, or 
 Pick-Axes, and other Inftruments, they endeavour'd to un- 
 dermine the Foundations. Ceefar has defcrib'd the Mufmltii 
 9X large in his fecond Book of the Civil Wars. The
 
 238 
 
 The Roman P^rt II. 
 
 The f-'Jiete were compos'd of Wicker Hurdles Jaid for a 
 Root en the Topof Poits,whJch the Soldiers, who went under 
 it for Shelter, bore up with their Hands. Some will have them 
 to have beencontriv'd with a double Roof 3 the firit and low- 
 er Roof of Planks, and the upper Roofot Hurdles, to break 
 the force of any Blow without difordering the Machine. 
 
 The 'Pliitei confided of the fame Materials as the former, 
 but were of a much different fjgure, being fliap'd like an 
 arched Sort ot Waggon 3 and having three Wheels, fb con- 
 veniently placed, that the Machine would move either Way 
 with equal Eafe. They were put much to the fameUfes as 
 the jMi'jCuli. 
 
 The Engines hitherto defcrib'd were primarily intended for 
 the Defence ot the Soldiers, the Offenfive are yet behind. Of 
 thefe the moft celebrated, and which only deferves a particular 
 Defcription, was the v^;7>iorRam : I'his wasof two Sorts, 
 the one rude and plain, the other artificial and compound. 
 The lormer feems to have been no more than a great Beam 
 which the Soldiers bore on their Arms and Shoulder5,and with 
 one End of it by mainForce aflail'd the Wall. The compound 
 Ram is thus defcrib'd by Jojepbus : "The Ram (fays he) is a 
 "vaft long Beam, like the Mafl: of a Ship, ftrengthen'd at one 
 *' End with a Head of Iron, fomething refembling that of a 
 *' Ram, whence it took its Name. This is hung by theMidft 
 *' with Ropes to another Beam, which lies crofs a couple of 
 *' Foils, and hanging thus equally balanc'd, it is by a great 
 "Number of Men violently thruft forward, and drawn back- 
 " ward, and fo Diakes the Wall with its Iron Head. Nor is 
 " there any Tower or Wall fo thick or ftrong, that, after the 
 *' firft Affault of the Ram, can afterwards refift its Force in 
 " the repeated Aflaults (a). 
 
 Tlutarch informs us that Mark Antony in the Tnnhian 
 War made ufe of a Ram Fourfcore Foot long: And Vitrwvkii 
 tells us, That they were fometimes io5, fometimes 120 Foot 
 in Length 5 and to this perhaps the Force and Strength of the 
 Engine was in a great Meafure owing. The Ram was ma- 
 nag'd at one Time by a whole Century or Order of Soldiers 5 
 and they, being fpent, were feconded by another Century ; 
 fo that it play'd continually without any Intermiffion, t?eing 
 ufually cover'd with a Vinea^ toproteft it from the Attempts 
 ot the Enemy. 
 
 <«) Rw. Jofe^h, deExcidio Hierofolym. lib 3; 
 
 M
 
 Book IV. Jyt of War, 259 
 
 As for the other Engines, which ferved not for fuch great 
 Ufes, and are not fo celebrated n\ Authors, a Mechanical 
 Defcription of them would be vexatious as well as needlefs : 
 Only it may in fliort be obferv'd, 'That the Siilijla was al- 
 ways employ 'd in throwing great Stones, the Catapulta in 
 cafHng the larger Sort ot Darts and Spears, and the Scorpo in 
 fendiuCT the leiTer Darts and Arrows. 
 
 CHAP. XX. 
 
 ^he Naval Affairs of the Ko ma -n s. 
 
 ^"BB Romans^ tho'their City was feated very conveniently 
 -^ for Maritime Affairs, not being above Fifteen Miles di- 
 ftant from the Tyrrbenian Sea 5 and having the River l^ybef 
 running through it, capable of receiving the fmaller Veflels 5 
 yet feem to have wholly neglected all Naval Concerns for 
 many Years after the Building oi Koine. Andfome are will- 
 ing to affign this as one of the main Caufes which preferv'd 
 that State fo long in its primitive Innocence and Integrity 5 
 free from all thofe Corruptions which an Intercourfe with Fo- 
 reigners might probably have brought into Fafhion. Howe- 
 ver T)miyfim aflures us, that Aiiciii Martins built Ofiia at the 
 Mouth of the T''^her for a Port, that the City might by this 
 Means be fupplied with the Commodities of the neighbouring 
 Nations (a). And it appears from the Reafons of the T'aren- 
 tine'^Jzx agreed upon by all Hiftorians, that the Ro?rians in 
 that Age had a Fleet at Sea. Yet 'Polyb'ms exprefly maintains, 
 that the firfl: Time they ever adventured to Sea was in the 
 firft 'Ptmick War (^) j but he muft either mean this only of 
 Ships of War, or elfe contradict himfelf; For in another Part 
 of his Works, giving us a Tranfcript of fome Articles agreed 
 on between the Romans and the Carthaginians in the Con- 
 fulfhip of j^/. 'Briittis and Horatim, foon after the Expuliion 
 of the Royal Family jone of the Articles is to this Effeifl:, I'ljat 
 the Romans, and the Allies oftho Romans pall not navigate 
 heyojid the Fair Promontory, nnlefs conflraiifd by TFeather^ or 
 mi 'Enemy ^ &:c. And after this in Two other Treaties, which 
 he has prefented us with, there are feveralClaufesto the fame 
 
 (a) DJonyf. Halic. lib. j. (t) Lib, i. 
 
 Purpofc
 
 ^40 The Roman Part IJ^ 
 
 JPurpofe (c). But howfoever thefe Matters are to be adjnfted, 
 we are aflur'd, that about the Year ot the City 492 (d)^ the 
 B^omans, obferving that the Coall: oi Italy lay expos'd to the 
 Depredations of the Cartbaginian Fleet, which often made 
 Delcents upon them, and confidering withal that the War wa5 
 likely to kill-, they determin'd to render themfelves Mafters 
 of a Naval Army. So wonderful was the Bravery and Refo- 
 lution of that People in Enterprizes of the greateli Hazard 
 and Moment 3 that having hitherto fcarce dream'd of Navi- 
 gation, they fhou'd, at one Heat, refolve on fo adventurous 
 an Expedition, and make the firft Proof of their Skill in a 
 Kaval Battle with the Carthaginiam^ who had held the Do- 
 minion of the Sea uncontelted, deriv'd down to them from 
 their Anceftors. Nay, fo utterly ignorant were the Romans 
 in the Art of Ship-building, that it would have been almoft 
 jmpoffible for them to have put their Defign in effed:, had not 
 Fortune, who always efpous'd their Caufe, by a meer Acci- 
 dent inftrufled them in the Method. For a Carthaginian Gal- 
 ley, which was out a cruifing, venturing too near the Shoar, 
 chanc'd to be branded, and before they could get her off, the 
 'Kcmani^ intercepting them, took her 5 and by the Model of 
 this Galley, they built their firft Fleet. But their Way of in- 
 ftru6ting their Seamen in the Ufe of the Oar is no Jefs re- 
 markable, wherein they proceeded after this Manner : They 
 caus'd Banks to be contriv'd on the Shore in the fame Fafhion 
 and Order as they were to be in their Gallies, and placing 
 their Men with their Oars upon the Banks, there they exer- 
 cis'd them : An Officer, for that Purpofe, being feated in the 
 Midfi-, who by Signs with his Hand inilrufted them how at 
 once and all together they were to dip their Oars, and how 
 in like Manner to recover them out of the V/ater : And by 
 this Means they became acquainted with the Management of 
 the Oar. But in a little Time finding their Veflels were not 
 built with extraordinary Art, and consequently prov'd fome- 
 what unwieldy in working, it came into their Heads to recom- 
 pence this Defeft, by contriving fome new Invention, which 
 might be of Ufe to them in Fight. And then it was but that 
 thr^y devis'd the famous Machine call'd the Corvns 5 which 
 was fram'd after this following Manner: They erected on the 
 Prov,' of their Veflfels a round Piece of Timber, of about a 
 Foot and a half Diameter, and about Twelve Foot long 5 on 
 
 (f) Toljb. Lib. 3. (d) Cafanl/on, Chronolog. ii Poljb.- 
 
 the
 
 Book IV. Art of War, 241 
 
 the Tog whereof, they had a Block or Pulley. Round this 
 Piece of Timber, they laid a Stage or Platform of lioards, Four 
 Foot broad, and about Eighteen Foot long, which was well 
 fram'd, and fatten 'd with Iron. The Entrance was long^ways, 
 and it mov'd about the aforcfaid upright Piece oi Timber, as 
 on a Spindle, and could be hoilled up within fix Foot of the 
 Top : About this a Sort of a Parapet, Knee high, which was 
 defended with upright Bars of Iron, /harpen'd at the End j 
 towards the Top whereof there was a Rjngj through this 
 Ringjfaftcning a Rope, by the Help of the Pulley, they hoiif* 
 cd or lower'd tnc Engine at Pleafure j and fo with it attack'd 
 the Enemies Vcflels, fometimcs on their Bow, and fome- 
 times on their Broad-fide, as Occafion bei^ ferv'd. When 
 they had grappled the Enemy with thofe Iron Spikes, if they 
 happen'd to fAving Broad-iide to Broad-fide, then they en- 
 ter'd from all Parts j but in Cafe they attack'd them on the 
 Bow, they enter'd two and two by the Help of this Machine, 
 the fore-moft defending the Fore-parr, and thofe that fbllow'd 
 the Flanks, keeping the Bofs of their Bucklers level with 
 the Top of the Parapet. 
 
 To this Purpofe '■Polybius (according to the late moft ex- 
 cellent Verfion,) gives us an Account of the firlt WarUke Pre- 
 parations which the Romans made by Sea. We may add, in 
 Ihort, the Order, which they obferv'd in drawing up their 
 Fleet for Battle, taken from the fame Author : The two Con- 
 fuls were in the two Admiral Gallics in the Front of their 
 two diftindi Squadrons, each of them jufl a- head of their own 
 Divifions, and a-breaft of each other ; the firll Fleet being 
 poftcd on the Right, the fecond on the Left, making two 
 long Files or Lines of Battle. And, whereas it was necefTary 
 to give a due Space between each Galley, to ply their Oars, 
 and keep clear one off another, and to have their Heads or 
 Prows looking fomewhat outwards j this Manner of drawing 
 up did therefore naturally form an Angle, the Point whereof 
 was at the two Admiral-Gallies, which were near together j 
 and as their two Lines were prolong'd, fo theDiflance grew 
 confequently wider and wider towards the Rear. Butjbecaufe 
 the Naval as well as the Land-Army confined of four Legi- 
 ons, and accordingly the Ships made four Divifions, two of 
 thefe are yet behina : Of which the third Fleet, or third Le- 
 gion, was drawn up Front-ways in the Rear of the firft and 
 fecond^ and fo ftrctching along from Point to Point compos'd 
 
 a »
 
 242. Tl:>e Roman Part IL 
 
 a Triangle, whereof the third Line was the Bafe. Their 
 VeiTels ot Burden, that carried their Horfes and Baoaaae. 
 were in the Rear ot tneie 5 and were, by the Help ut Imail 
 toats provided tor that Purpore, towed or drawn after them, 
 in the Rear ot ail, was the tourih Fleet, call'd the 'jTriari- 
 am^ drawn up Jikewife in Rank or Front-ways, parallel to 
 the third : tut thefc made a longer Line, by which means 
 the Extremities liretch'd out, and extended beyond the two 
 Angles at the Bafc. The feveral Di villous of the Army, being 
 thus difpos'd, torm'd, as is faid, a Triangle 5 the Area with- 
 in was void, but the Bafe was thick and Iblid, and the whole 
 Body quick, a6livc, and very difficult to be broken. 
 
 If we defcend to a particular Defcription of the feveral 
 Sorts of Ships, we meet commonly with three Kinds, Ships 
 of War, S'iips of Burden, and Ships ofPaflage: The firll 
 for the molt Part row'd with Oars j the fecond tleer'd with 
 Sails j and rhelalt often tow'd with Ropes. Ships ofPaflags 
 were either for the Tranfportation ot Men, fuch as the hnrhi- 
 TAycoyci or TfjUiMTiJ^ij or of Horfes, a.s the JJ,/>}>^gi7zes. 
 The Ships of Burden, which the Roman Authors call Naves 
 OTieraric(\ and the Grecian (^o^tikoi, and n^Ko-Aiy (whence 
 the Name o^ Hulks may properly be deriv'd), ferv'd for the 
 Conveyance of Vi6luals and other Provifions, and fometimes 
 too for the carrying over Soldiers, as we find in Ceefar. Ot the 
 Ships of War, the moll confiderabie were the Naves l(.ng<e^ 
 or Gallics, fo nam'd from their Form, which was the moft 
 convenient to weild round, or to cut their Way 5 whereas 
 the Ships of Burden were generally built rounder and more 
 hollow, that they might be the more eafie to load, and might 
 hold the more Goods, The moft remarkable of the Naves 
 lovgif were the 'Iriremis^ the ^ladriremis^ and the ^I'm- 
 quereims. Tea';?"?, Islfiipnf, and lnvrv^y^ij exceeding one 
 another by one Bank of Oars ; which Banks were rais'd flo- 
 pingly on: above another ; and confequently thof*" which had 
 moil Banks were built higheft, and rowed with the greateft 
 Strength. So>T.r> indeed fancy a different Original of thefe 
 Names, as thar m the "I'riremes^ for Example, either there 
 were three Banks one after the other on a Level, or three 
 Rowers fat upon one Bank • or elle t«iree Men tugg'd all 
 together at one Oar: But this is contrary, not only to the 
 Authority of the Clafficks, but to the Figures of the Trire?ms 
 ftill appearing in ancient Monuments. Befides thefc, there 
 
 were
 
 Book IV. Art of War. 243 
 
 were two other Rates, one higher, and the other lower* 
 The Higher Rates we meet with are the Hexeres^ the He;p~ 
 Teres, the 0£leres, and fo on the •jnv}ix.<:uJ\K^§t]i ; nay, ^o/y- 
 biiis relates, that T hi lip of Macedo72, Father to Terfeus, had 
 an iic>ccuJ^Kt)fHi (a); which Livy tranflates, 72avis qaam [ex~ 
 decim verfiis remorum agebajit {b\ a Ship with fixteen Banks : 
 Yet this was much inferior to the Ship built by 'Thilopater^ 
 which 'Plittarcb tells us had forty Banks {c). The lower 
 Rates were the 'Biremh and the Alonerei. The "Birerae in 
 Greek Mfiu, or JUe/j'^-i confifted of two Banks of Oars : Ot 
 thefe, the fitteft for Service, by reafon of their Lightnefs 
 and Swiftnefs, were call'd Liburnicte, from the Libiirm, a 
 People in 'Dahnatia,^ who firft invented that Sort of Build- 
 ing 3 for being Corfairs, they row'd up and down in thefe 
 light Veffels, and maintain'd themfelves by the Prizes they 
 took (d). Yet in later Times, all the fmaller and more ex- 
 pedite Ships, wheth'er they had more or lefs than two Banks, 
 were term'd in general Liburnee, or Lihiirnic£. Thus Ho- 
 race and 'Proper tiUi call the Ships which Jugufius made Ufe 
 of in the Sea-Engagement at A^iwn : And Florus informs 
 us, that his Fleet was made up of VelTels from three to fix 
 Banks (e), Suetomus mentions an extravagant Sort o^ Libiir- 
 nicce invented by the Emperor Caligula, adorn 'd with Jewels 
 in the Poop, with Sails of many Colours, and furnifh'd with 
 large Portico's, Bagnio's, and Dining-rooms, befides the cu- 
 fious Rows of Vines and Fruit-Trees of all Sorts (/"). 
 
 The Moneres, mention 'd by Livy, was a Galley, having but 
 one fincle Bank of Oars, of which we find five Sorts in Au- 
 thors, the etxjoCo^©- ovj46Iuaria, the rexctMi'loo©-, the nxsApj.- 
 Mvlo^O-, the nvjxKfivjo^©- and the Uctj'ovlo^&y of twenty, 
 thirty, forty, fifty, and an hundred Oars. 
 
 It may be obferv'd, that tho' thefe Undcr-Rates are fup- 
 pos'd to have been built in the Form of the Naves long^e, yet 
 they are not fo generally honour'd with that Name 5 and 
 fometimes in Authors of Credit we find them directly oppos'd 
 to the Naves long<ff, and at other Times to the ^xji-^'^i °^ 
 War-ftiips, 
 
 But the Ships of War occur under feveral other different De- 
 nominations, as the TeEtdS, or Con(lrat(ff, or the Apert<e. Th^ 
 ^eB<e, or >(^^iA<j)^>cjoiyWere fo call'd, becaufe they had neCJA^-fu^ 
 
 (a) Po/yfe. i« Fragment. (i) Lib. 5j. 
 
 (c) In Demstrio. (d) Daeier on. 
 
 I^race, Epodr i. (f) lib. 4. cap. 11. 
 
 (f) Sueton. in Calig, cap. 37, 
 
 
 0.2 ^7* 
 
 .-J^'
 
 144 T/;^ R O M A N Part II. 
 
 ftrtltt or Hatches ; whereas the Apert£ or It^^f^i had none. 
 The greater Ships, as the ^ladrinmis and upwards, feem 
 always to have had Hatches j the 'Triremei and ^iremes arc 
 fcmetimes dcfcrib'd otherwife 5 and all below thefe were 
 Jlpert£. Cuero and other Authors fometimes ufe the Word 
 jiphraBmn for a particular Sort o.- Ship 3 and Tciybhis 
 Kctid(pejf.Ki& y for a ^iinqiienme. Belldes thefe we meet with 
 the 'Na'-^ei ropatds and ISaves turrit d: : The firft were fuch 
 as had Beaks or Rojlr^, neceflary to all Ships v\hich were 
 to engage in a Battle. The others were fuch as had Turrets 
 ereded on their Decks, from whence the Soldiers us'd all 
 Manner of \Ve2p0ns and Engines, as if it had been on Land, 
 and fo cngag'd with the greateit Fury imaginable ; as Virgil^ 
 defcribes the Fioht at Jaiiim. 
 
 — Telago credas innare revtiljas 
 
 Cydadas^ am montes conatrrere montibtts altos ; 
 
 'Unnta mole viri turitis piippihtis infant. Mx\. 8. 
 
 The Officers in the Navy were ^ro^feEitis Claffis^ or Ad- 
 miral, and fometimes the i)mimviri^ when two were join'd 
 in Commiffion together with the '^Irierarcfms^ or Captain of 
 a particular Ship, moil: properly of the 'Trire/ne ; the Giiber- 
 9iator, orMafl:er5 the Ceki/Jies, orBoatfwain, and others of 
 inferior Note. 
 
 Under the Emperors, as there were Legions cftablifh'd 
 in moil Parts of the Roman Dominions, fo they had conftant- 
 ly Fleets in thofe Seas, which lay conveniently for the De- 
 fence of Neighbouring Countries. As Augitfius kept one Na- 
 vy at Mi^emim in the Mare infennn^ to proteft and keep in 
 obedience Frame^ Spain^ Mauritania^ Egypt^ Sardinia, and 
 Sicily : Another at RcAjenna in the Mare [iipenrnty to defend 
 and bridle Epirtts, Maccdon, Achaia, Crete^ Cyprus^ toge- 
 ther with all AJia. Nor were their Navies only maintain'd 
 on the Seas, but feveral too on the principal Rivers, as the 
 Germanica Ckijfis on the Rhine, the 'Danuhiana, the Euphra- 
 tenfn, &c. to be met with in 1'acittis, and other Hiftorians. 
 
 [See Sir Henry SavilV 'Diff'ertation at the End of his Trans- 
 lation 0/ Tacitus]. 
 
 To this Subjeft of the Roman Shipping, we may add a 
 very remarkable Cuflom of fuch as had elcap'd a Wrack at 
 
 Sea
 
 Book IV Jrt of Wan 245 
 
 Sea, which we find hinted at in almoft every Place of the 
 Poets, and often alluded to by other Authors j on which the 
 great Modern Critick delivers himfelf to this Purpofe. 
 
 It was a Cuftom for thofe who had been fav'd from a Ship- 
 wrack, to have all the Circumrtances of their Adventure pre- 
 fented on a Tablet. Some Pcrfons made ufe of their Tablet 
 to move the Compaffion of thofe that they met, as they tra- 
 veird up and down j and by their Charity to repair their For- 
 tunes, which had fuffer'd fo much at Sea. Ihefe jfiivenS 
 defcribes Sat. 14. 
 
 .-~—Merfa rate natifragm ajfem 
 
 ^um rogat, ^ fi3afe tempefiate tuetiir. 
 
 His Veflel funk, the Wretch at fome Lane's End 
 A painted Storm for Farthings does extend, 
 And lives upon the Pifture of his Lofs. 
 
 For this Purpofe they hung the Tablet about their Necks, 
 and kept finging a Sort of canting Verfes, exprciling the Maur 
 ner of their Misfortunes 5 almoit like the modern PiJgrims. 
 Terfms Sat. i. 
 
 Cantet Ji nanfraguSy aJfem 
 
 ^TQtitlerimX Cantai cumfra^a te in trabe fi^tmt 
 Ex hunter portei^^. 
 
 Say, Should a fhipwrack'd Sailor fing his Woe, 
 Wou'd I be mov'd to Pity ; or beflow 
 An Alms ? Is this your Seafon for a Song, ^ 
 
 When your defpairing Phiz you bear along, > 
 
 Daub'd on a Plank, and o'er your Shoulders hung ? J 
 
 Others hung up fuch a Tablet in the Temple of the par- 
 ticular Deity, to whom they had addrefs'd themfelves in 
 their Exigence, and whofe Afliftance had, as they thought, 
 effefted their Safety. This they terra 'd properly votiva Ta- 
 hella. Juvenal has a Fling at the Roman Superftition in 
 this Point, when he informs us, that 'twas the Bufinefs of a 
 Company of Painters to draw Pi6hires on thefe Accounts for 
 the Temple of ^5.
 
 2^6 
 
 Tl:>e Roman Part IL 
 
 — ^lam "jotiva tefiantnr fana tabella 
 ^lurima^ pi6lores quis nefcit ab Ifide pafci ? 
 
 Such as in JJis* Dome may be furvey'd, p 
 
 On Votive Tablets to the Life pourtray'd, p> 
 
 Where Painters, are employ 'd and earn their Bread. ^ 
 
 But the Cuftom went much farther ; for the Lawyers at 
 the Bar us'd to have the Cafe of their Client exprefs'd in a 
 Pifture, that by fliewing his hard Fortune, and the Cruelty 
 and Injuftice of the adverfe Party, they might move the 
 Compaffion of the Judge. This jhiintikan declares himfelf 
 againft in his fixth Book. Nor was this all j for fuch Per- 
 fons, as had efcap'd in any Fit of Sicknefs, us'd to dedicate a 
 Pi£lure to the Deity whom they fancied to have reliev'd them. 
 And this gives us a Light into the Meaning of I'ibullus^ 
 Lib. I. Eleg. 3. 
 
 'Nunc'Dea^ nunc fucatrre mihi -^ nam fojje raederi 
 ^iBa duet Tempis multa tabella ttiis. 
 
 Now Goddefs 5 now thy tortur'd Suppliant heal 5 
 For Votive Paints attell thy facred Skill. 
 
 Thus fome Chriftians in ancient Time (<;r) upon a iignal 
 Recovery of their Health, us'd to offer a Sort of Medal in 
 Gold or Silver, on which their own Effigies were exprefs'd, 
 in Honour of the Saint whom they thought themfelves oblig'd 
 to for their Deliverance. And this Cuftom ftill obtains in 
 the Popifh Countries {U), 
 
 L («) Cafnakon ia Terfmm, Sat. i, v. 88. (i) Datier on Horace lib. i. Od. j. 
 
 PART
 
 Book V. 
 
 24" 
 
 P A R T 11. B O O K V. 
 
 Mtfcellany Cujloms of the Romans. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Of the 'Private Sports and Game s. 
 
 I^P^f Great Part of the RojMn Pomp and Su- 
 W^^^j perftition was taken up in their Games 
 
 '^]M^^wi^'W& P^^^Jfion was taken up m their Uames 
 %::^^^:,iM1m.^^^ and Shows, and therefore very many of 
 >?C?%i' a I <^'w4'^ their Cufioms have a Dependence on 
 ^I^^^KiLl!:Ji% thofc Solemnities. But, in our Way, we 
 l^l^^^^jj^^l^ fliou'd not pafs by the private Sports and 
 ^•^ Diverfions j not that they are worth our 
 W^^'W^M^^^^'^:' Notice in them fehcs, but, bccaufe many 
 Paflages and Allufions in Authors would otherwife be very 
 difficult to apprehend. 
 
 The Private Games, particularly worth our Remark, are 
 the Latmnculi, the 7^//, and TejfeVie^ the ^ila^ the Tar 
 impdTy and the Trochtis. 
 
 The Game at Latriinculi feems to have been much of the 
 fame Nature as the Modern Chefs j The Original of it is ge- 
 nerally referr'd to Talmnedes's Invention at the Siege oi'Troy: 
 Tho' Seneca attributes it to Chiloi?^ one of the feven Grecian 
 Sages 5 and fome fancy that TyrrJmsYJmg o^ Epiriis contriv'd 
 this Sport, to inftruft his Soldiers, after a diverting Manner, 
 
 Q_4 in
 
 24S Tk TriVate S p o R T S Part 11. 
 
 in the Military Art. However, 'tis certain, it cxprefTes the 
 Chance and Carder of War fo ver}' happily, that no Place can 
 lay fo iuit a Claim to the Invention as the Camp. Thus thd 
 ingenious ^'iM begins his Poem on this Subjeft, 
 
 Ludimm effigiew belli^ fimnlataque veris 
 '■I^resliC!^ biixo aiies p^as^ ^ iudicra regna : 
 Ur gemiui i?iter fe reges, aibiifqiie^ nigerque, 
 ^Pro laiide oj^pcfiti^ certain hicoloribus annis. 
 
 War's harmlefs Shape we fing, and Boxen Trains 
 Of Youth, encount'ring on the Ccdar-'9\ii^r\s. 
 How two tall Kings, by different Armour known, 
 Traverfe the Field, and combat for Renown. 
 
 The Chefs-men, which the Romans us'd, were generally of 
 Wax or Glafs j their common Name was Calculi^ or Latrmi- 
 culi : The Poets fometimes term them LatroneSy whence La- 
 truiiciiltis was at firft deriv'd : Toy Latro among the Ancients 
 iignified at fird a Servant, (as the Word Knave in Engl'ijh^ 
 and afterwards a Soldier. 
 
 Seneca has mention 'd this Play oftener, perhaps, than any 
 KiXktt Reman Author j particularly in one Place, he has a very 
 remarkable Story, in which he defigns to give us an Example 
 of wonderful Refolution and Contempt of Death 5 tho' fome 
 will be more apt to interpret it as an Inftance of infenfible 
 Stupidity. Thie Story is this : One Camus Julius (whom he 
 extols very much on other Accounts) had been fentenc'd to 
 Death hy Caligula ; the Centurion coming by with a Tribe of 
 Malefactors, and ordering him to bear them company to Exe- 
 cution, happen'd to find nim engag'd at this Game. Canhis^ 
 upon his firlt Summons, prefently fell to counting his Men, 
 and bidding his Antagonift be fure not to brag falfly of the 
 Victory after his Death, he only defir'd the Centurion to bear 
 witnefs, that he had one Man upon the Board more than his 
 Companion 5 and fo very readily join'd himfelf to the poor 
 Wretches that were going to fuffer {a). 
 
 But the largeft and moft accurate Account of the Latrun- 
 ttiUy piven us by the Ancients, is to be met with in the Poem 
 to 'iPi[o 5 which fome will have to be Ovid\ others Zucan's, 
 and many the Work of an unknown Author. 
 (a) Serteca d( Jranijuil. Animi, cap. 14. 
 
 Tho
 
 Book V. and Games. 24^ 
 
 The ST^/i and I'ejfera^ by reafon of fo many Paflages in Au- 
 thors equally applicable to both, have oftentimes been con- 
 tounded with one another, and by fome diftinguifh'd as a fe- 
 parate Game from theZ?(/«i ale<£^ or Dice : Whereas,properly 
 Ipeaking, the Greeks and Rowans had two Sorts of Games at 
 Dice, the Liidus talonim^ or Play at Cockall, and the Ludiis 
 tejj'erarum^ or what we call Dice. They play'd at the firit with 
 four 'taii^ and at the other with three Tejjer£. The t/^//had 
 but four Sides, mark'd with four oppoiitc Numbers^ one Side 
 with a yrej, and the oppdfite witn a ^latre 5 one with an 
 Ace, and the contrary with a Sice. The Dice had fix Faces, 
 four mark'd with the fame Numbersasthe ^//,and the two 
 others with ^iJetix and a Cinque^ always one againftthe o- 
 ther ; fo that in both Plays the upper Number and the lower, 
 cither on the Talus or TeJ/'era, conftantly made feven. 
 
 There were very fevere Laws in force againft thcfe PJays, 
 forbidding the Ule of them at all Seafons, only during the 
 SariiTfialia ; tho' they gam'd ordinarily at other Times, not- 
 withftanding the Prohibition. But there was one Ufemadc 
 of them at Feafts and Entertainments, which perhaps did 
 not fall under the Extent of the Laws ; and that was to 
 throw Dice, who fhould command in chief, and have the 
 Power of prefcribing Rules at a Drinking Bout 5 who in 
 Horace is call'd j^rbiter bibendi. 
 
 They threw both the 1'ali and the 'TejfertS out of a long 
 Box, forwhich they had fcveral Names, as WitiUum^ 'Pyrgus, 
 'Turrictila^ Orca^ &c. 
 
 There are many odd Terms fcatter'd up and down in Au- 
 thors, by which tney fignified their fortunate and unfortu- 
 nate Cafts; we may take Notice of the beft and the wortt. 
 The beft Caft with the 'Tali was, when there came up fom 
 different Numbers, as Tres^ ^latre^ Sice^ Ace : The beft 
 with the Dice was three Sices 5 wie common Term for both 
 was Femis or Sajilicm ; the pooreft Caft in both having the 
 Name of Cajiis. 'Perjius oppofes the Senio^ and the Caniciiia^ 
 as the beft and worft Chances. 
 
 ' ^tiid dexter fenio ferret 
 
 Scire erat in votis^ damnofa canicula quantum 
 
 Raderet^ atignjlte collo non fallier Orca^, Sat. 3. 
 
 But then my Study was to cog the Dice, 
 And dextroufly to throw the Ijucky Sice. 
 
 To
 
 2^0 TJ:e Private S p o R T s Part II. 
 
 To Hiun Jlnici-JIce that fweptmy Stakes away 5 
 And watch the Box, for fear they fhou'd convey 
 Falfe Eones, and put upon me in the Play. 
 
 Mr. 'Dryden. 
 
 The wifer and feverer i?^(J»2^;?5 thouorht this fedentary Di- 
 •verfion fir only for aged Men, who could not fo well employ 
 themfelves in any {Hrring Recreation. Let them ( fays old 
 Cato in 'J'uUy\ ) have their Jrmow\ their Horji^^ and their 
 SJ-'ears j let them take their Club and their Jamlin 3 let them 
 have their jhd7nming Matches and their Races^ fo they do 
 but leave 71s, among the nmneroiis, Sports, the Tali and the, 
 Tefferx, But the general Corruption of Manners made the 
 Cafe quite otherwife ; 
 
 Si damnofa [enem pvat alea, liidit ^ h<eres 
 Siillatiis, P'arvoqiie eadun movet anna frit ilk. 
 
 If Gaming does an aged Sire entice, 7 
 
 Then my young Maiter fwiftly learns the Vice, ^ 
 
 And Oiaices, in Hanging-lleeves, the little Box and Dice. 3 
 
 Mr. 'Dryden. 
 
 Nor was it probable, that this Game fliou'd be pradis'd 
 v.ith any Moderation in the City, when the Emperors were 
 commonly profcfs'd Admirers of it. y^^.g?//??/5 himfelf play'd 
 unreafonably without anyRegard to the Time of the Year {a). 
 But the great Mafler of this Art was the Emperor Claitdms^ 
 who, by his con^ant Practice ( even as he rid about in his 
 Chariot,) gain'd fo much Experience as to compofe a Book 
 on the Sub)e(5t. Hence Seneca in his Sarcailical Relation 
 of that Emperor's Jlfothc(fis j when, after a great many Ad- 
 ventures he has at Jaft brought him to Hell, makes the in- 
 fernal Judges condemn him (as the molt proper Punifh- 
 ment in the World ) to play continually at Dice with a Box 
 that had the Bottom out j which kept him always in Hopes, 
 and yet always baulk'd his Expedations. 
 
 Karaqnoties mijfurus erat refonantc fritillo^ 
 Utraque fiibdii^o fugiebat tejfera fundo 3 
 Cum que rcccUeBcs_ anderet mitt ere tabs, 
 Jjijuro fimilis fe-m^fer, [emferqiie l^etentiy 
 
 (.i) Shcton. ^iig. cap. 71, 
 
 ^eccpcre
 
 Book V. ^mi Games. 251 
 
 ^ecepere fidem : reftigit^ digit ofque per ij^fos 
 Falkx affiiuo dilabhiir akafurto. 
 Sic cum jam ftimmi tanguntur culmiim montii^ 
 Jrrita Sifyphio 'vdvuntur fondera collo. 
 
 For whenfoe'er he fliook the Box to caft, 
 
 The rattling Dice delude his eager Hafte : 9 
 
 And if he try'd again, the waggifli Bone ^ 
 
 Infenfibly was thro' his Pingers gone 5 j 
 
 Still he was throwing, yet he ne'er had thrown. 
 
 So weary Sifyphiis^ when now he fees 
 
 The welcome Top, and feeds his joyful Eyes, 
 
 Straight the rude Stone, as cruel Fate commands. 
 
 Falls fadly down, and meets his reltlefs Hands. 
 
 The Ancients had four Sorts of ^il(C or Balls us'd for Ex- 
 ercife and Diverfion. The Follis or Balloon, which they ftruck 
 about with their Arm, guarded for that Purpofe with a wood- 
 en Bracer: Or if the Balloon was little, they us'd only their 
 Fifls. The Tila Trigonalis^ the fame as our common Balls j 
 to play with this, there us'd to fland three Perfons in a Tri- 
 angle, ftriking it round from one to another j he who firft let 
 it come to the Ground, was the Lofer (a). 'Paganica^ a Ball 
 ftuff'd with Feathers, which Manidhhus defcribes ; 
 
 Jli^c qU(ff difficili tnrget ^aganica fhima^ 
 Fclle minus laxa efi^ ^ mraus ar£ia pla. 
 
 The laft Sort was the Harpafitim, a harder Kind of Ball, 
 which they play 'd with dividing into two Companies, and 
 flriving to throw it through one another's Goals, which was 
 the conquering Cafl. 
 
 Tho Game at 'Par i?npar, or Even and Odd, is not worth 
 taking Notice of any farther than to obferve, that it was not 
 only propertothe Children, as it is generally fancied .-For we 
 may gather from Suetonius^ that it was fometimes us'd at 
 Feafts and Entertainments, in the fame Mannct as the Dice 
 and Chefs (b). 
 
 The Trochus has been often thought the fame as the 7//r- 
 hoy or Top 5 or elfc of like Nature with our Billiards .'But both 
 
 {a) See Dacitr on Horace Book 2, Sar. 2. {b) S:c Siteton. in \.'l!"r 
 
 Cap. 71. ■'■'=■ 
 
 thefe
 
 1^1 71)6 Circoifian Shows P<irc II. 
 
 theCe Opinions are now exploded by the Curious. The T'ro- 
 ekiis therefore was properly a Hoop of Iron five or fix Foot 
 Diameter, fetall over in the Infide with Iron Rings. The 
 Boys and young Men us'd to whirl this along, as our Children 
 cio wooden Hoops, direfting it with a Rod of Iron having a 
 wooden Handle^ which Rod the Grecians call'd sAaJwp, 
 and the Ro}?ians Ra.ims. There was Need of great Dexterity 
 to guide the Hoop right. In the mean time, the Rings, by 
 the Clattering which they made, not only gave the People 
 Notice to keep out of the Way, but contributed very much to 
 the Boys Dive rfion (a). We muft take care not to think this 
 only a childifli Exercife, fince we find Horace (b) ranking it 
 with other manly Sports. 
 
 Zndere qiii nefcit, camfep-ihus abftmet armi's, 
 Jn.hBii^iue j^ilcCy dijCive^ trocbive quiefcit. 
 
 (/t) See Ddcier on Horace, Book 3. Od. 24. {b) De Art. Poet. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Of the Circenfian Sbozvs, andfirfi of the Pentathlum, 
 the Chariot Races y the Ludus Trojse, ajid the Pyr- 
 rhica Saltatio. 
 
 JT" I S hardtolightonany tolerable Divifion which would 
 *• take in all the publick Sports and Shows ; but the moft 
 accurate feems to be that, which ranks them under two Heads, 
 Jiiidi Ctrcenfes, and Zf/di^ Sce^iki: But becaufe this Divifion 
 is made only in refpeft of the Form and Manner of the So- 
 lemnities, and of the Place of Atlioij.there is Need of another 
 to exprefs the End and Defign of their Inftitution j and this 
 may be, Liidi Sacri, Votivi^ and Fimebres. 
 
 The Circefifian Plays may very well include the Reprefenta- 
 tions of Sea-fights, and Sports perform 'd in the Amphithea- 
 tres : For the former were commonly exhibited in the Circo's 
 fitted for that Ufe ; and when we meet with the NaHmachi<e^ 
 as Places diftinil from the Circo's, we fuppofe the Strudurc to 
 have been of the fame Nature. And, as to the Amphitheatres, 
 
 they
 
 Book V. of the R O MA N S. 25^ 
 
 they were creeled far the more convenient Celebration of fome 
 particular Shows, which us'd before to be prefented in the 
 Lirco's. So that, in this Extent of the Head, we may inform 
 ourfelves of the Temathliim^ of the Chariot- Races, of the 
 Ltidiis I'rcjce^ of the Shows of wild Bealis, of the Combat* 
 of the Gladiators, and of the 'biaumach'idO. 
 
 The 'Pentathlum^ or ^linqtiertiimi ^ as mod of their other 
 Sports, was borrow'd from the Grecian Garnet j the five Ex- 
 ercifes, that compos 'd it, were Running, WrelHing, Leaping, 
 Throwing, and Boxing. The two laft have fomething par^. 
 ticularly worth our Notice 5 the former of them being fome- 
 times perform 'd with the ItifciiSy and the other with the 
 Cefttis. The ^ifcus or Quoit was made of Stone, Iron, or 
 Copper, five or fix Fingers broad, and more than a Foot long, 
 inclining to an Oval Five : They fent this to a vait Diftancc, 
 by the Help of a leathern Thong tied round the Perfon's Hand 
 that threw. Several learned Men have fancied, that, inflead 
 of the aforefaid Thong, they made ufe of a Twift or Bredc 
 of Hair 5 but, 'tis poflible they might be dcceiv'd by that 
 Paflagc o^Claudia?!: 
 
 ^iis melius vihrata pier venigine jncUi 
 Membra rotet ? vertat quis marmora crine [npim ? 
 
 What Youth cou'd wind his Limbs with happier Care ? 
 Or fling the Marble-Quoit with tof«*d t«ck Hair ? 
 
 Where the Poet by crine [upino intends only to exprefs the 
 extreme Motion of the Perfon throwing ; it being very na- 
 tural on that Account to caft back his Head, and fo make 
 the Hair fly out behind him {d). 
 
 Hotner has made Jjax and UlyJJes both great Artifls at this 
 Sport : And OwV, when he brings in j^pcU ' and Hyacintb 
 playing at it, gives an elegant Defcription of the Excrcife ; 
 
 Corpora vefle kvanr^ ^^ fticco pingtiis olivte 
 Splendefmnty latiqne inetmt certamina difii 5 
 ^lem prius aerias Ubratiim ^hccbtis in auras 
 Mifity ^ oppofttas disjecit pondere nubes, 
 2)ecidit in folida7n longo pofi tempore terram 
 TcJtdus, ^ exhibtiir jimBam cum virtbus artem (b). 
 
 (a) Sqq Vdfitr on Herste, Book 1. Od, t. (h) Metamorphof. 10. 
 
 They
 
 2)4 "^'^^ Circenfian Shows Part II. 
 
 They iirip, and wafli their naked Limbs with Oil, 
 To whirl the (^uoit, and urge the fportive Toil. 
 And firll the God his well-pois'd Marble flung, 
 Cut the weak Air, and bore the Clouds along : 
 Sounding, at iaif, the maflic Circle fell, 
 And fliew'd his Strength a Rival to his Skill. 
 
 Scdiger^ who attributes the Invention of the whole ^en- 
 tathlum to the rude Country People, is of Opinion, That 
 the throwing the jDij'cus is but an Improvement of their 
 old Sport of calling their Sheep-Hooks : This Conjecture 
 feems very likely to have been borrow'd from a Paflage (Jf 
 Homer. 
 
 Oasov rli 7* ij)pi4i I'J.^etv^ona. 0)iyj\i^ dviip. 
 
 As when fome fturdy Hind his Sheep-hook throws. 
 Which, whirling, lights among the diftant Cows j 
 So far the Hero caft o'er all the Marks. 
 
 And indeed, the Judgment of the fame Critick, that thefe 
 Exercifes owe their Original to the Life of Shepherds, is 
 no more than what his admir'd Virgil has admirably taught 
 him in the fecond Georgick. 
 
 Ipfe dies ngirat Feftos ; fufufqm per herbam 
 Jgms iibi in raediOy ^ Socii cratera coronanty 
 'le Ubans Lendse vccat^ pecorifqite ?nagijtri$ 
 Velccis jaculi certamina ponit in iilmo 5 
 Ccrporaque agrejii fitidat prcedara palc^fira, 
 
 Whfn any Rural Holy-days invite 
 His Genius forth to innocent Delight ; 
 On Earth's fair Bed, beneath fome facred Shade, 
 Amidft his equal Friends carelefly laid. 
 He fings thee Saccbns, Patron of the Vine. 
 The Beechen Bowl foams with a Flood of Wine 3 
 Not to the Lofs of Reafon, or of Strength, 
 To a£live Games, and manly Sports at length. 
 W Iliad. ♦. 
 
 Their
 
 Book V. of the Romans. 15 
 
 Their Mirth afcends j and with full Veins they fee 
 Who can the bcft at bettci" Tryals be. 
 
 [Mr. Cowky, 
 
 The Ceptis were either a Sort of leathern Guards for the 
 Hands, compos'd of I'hongs, and commonly fiU'd with Lead 
 or Iron to add Force and Weight to the Blow : Or, according 
 to others, a Kind of Whirlbats or Bludgeons of Wood, with 
 Lead at one End : Tho' ^c<^//^^er ccnlurcs the lall Opinion as 
 ridiculous 3 and therctorc he derives the Word from Ki^i-y a 
 Girdle or Belt (a). This Exercife is moft admirably dcfcrib'd 
 by l/irgil^ in the Comhut of "Dares and Jiuiel/us. JE.neid. 5, 
 The famous Arti{l,at the Cefms^ was Jiryx ofSici/y, overcome 
 ac lall at his own Weapons by Hercules. Pollux too was as 
 great a Malterof this Art, as his Brother Cafior at Encoun- 
 ters on Horfe-back. The Fight of 'Tcllux ^.nd Amytus^ with 
 the Cejliis^ is excellently related by 'TheDcritus, Idyllmm 30. 
 
 The CHARIOT-RACES occur as frequently as any of 
 the Circe}2jiau Shorts. The moft remarkable Thing,bclonging 
 to them, were the Fafl:ions or Companies of the Charioteers $ 
 according to which the whole Town was divided, fome fa- 
 vouring one Company, and fome another. The four ancient 
 Companies were the 'Prafina^the RiiJfaTa^xhe Alba QxAlbata^ 
 and the Veneta-^^e Green, the Red, the White, and the Sky- 
 colour'd, or Sea-colour'd. This Diftinftion was taken from 
 the Colour of their Liveries, and is thought to have born fome 
 Allufion to the fourSeafonsof the Year 5 the firil refembling 
 the Spring, when all Things are Green ; the next, the fiery 
 Colour of the Sun in the Summer ; the third,thc Hoar of Au- 
 tumn 5 and the laft, the Clouds of Winter. The \Prafina and 
 the Ve7ieta are not fo eafie Names as the other two; the 
 former is deriv'd from -sr^c/'joi', aZeek^ and the other from 
 Vcpietiy oxt\ieVeneTians^2i People that particularly affefl that 
 Colour. The moft taking Company were commonly Green, 
 efpecially wndtx Caligula, Nero, and the following Emperors 5 
 and in the Time of f/iivenal, as he hints in his eleventh Satyr, 
 and with a finer Stroke of his Pen handfomely cenfures the 
 ftrange Pleafure which the Komans took in thefe Sights. 
 
 — MihifacQ 
 
 Immenfce nimiceqtie licet Ji dicere fkhis, 
 
 (4) De Ke. Poitica, Lib. i. Cap, 22. 
 
 ^oiam
 
 l'j6 The Circenftan Shows Part 11^ 
 
 I'otamho/iie Romam circus capita ^ fragor atirem 
 ^Perciitity eventmn viridh quo coUigo panni : 
 ]<faf}i Ji dejiceret^ raaeflam attonitamqiie videres 
 JIanc Vruem^ veliiti Cannarum inpuherQ viEiis 
 Confnlikis. — 
 
 This Day all Rojne, ( if I may be allow'd, 
 Without Offence to fuch a num'rous Crowd, 
 To fay all Rome), will in the Circus fweat, 
 Echoes already to their Shouts repeat. 
 Methinks I hear the Cry — Away, a-zi'ay^ 
 'H'te Green have icon the Honour of the 2)ay, 
 Oh ! fhould thefc Sports be but one Year forborn, 
 Rome wou'd in Tears her lov'd Diverfion mourn j 
 And that wou'd now a Caufe of Sorrow yield, 
 Great, as the Lofs of CamidS^s fatal Field. 
 
 [ Mr. Congreve. 
 
 The Emperor liomtTian^ as Suetonius informs us, added 
 two new Companies to the former, theGo/deny and the Pur- 
 ple (a). Xiphilin calls them the Golden, and the Silver ^ but 
 this feems to be a Miftake, becaufe the Silver Liveries would 
 not have been enough to diftinguifh from the White. But 
 thefe new Companies were foon after laid down again by the 
 following Emperors (b). 
 
 In ordinary Reading, we meet only with the Sigtf, and the 
 ^adrigtf -jhnt. they had fometimes their Sejuges, Septemju^ 
 ges, &c. And Suetonius aflures us, that Nero, when he was a 
 Performer in the Olympick Games, made ufe of a Decemjugis^ 
 a Chariot drawn with ten Horfes coupled together {c). The 
 fame Emperor fometimes brought in Pairs of Camels to run 
 tht Circo, inftead of Horfes {d). And Heliogabalus oblig'd E- 
 lephants to the fame Ser^•ice (e). 
 
 The Races were commonly ended at fevenTums round the 
 Mette, tho' upon extraordinary Occafions, we now and then 
 meet with fewer Heats. In the like Manner the ufual Num- 
 ber of Mijfus, or Matches, were twenty four, tho* fome- 
 times a far greater Number was exhibited. For Suetonius 
 tells us. That the Emperor 2)omitian prefented an hundred 
 Matches in one Day {/). 2)€ la Cerda will have us believe 
 
 (a) Dtmhian C 7. (i) Lipf. Com. in locum. (j) SHtf. Wtr. C. 24, 
 {d) Idem c. I :. Ltmprid. In Htiioisi. (f). D$mit. c. 4. 
 
 *ta
 
 Book V. of if?e Romans. 257 
 
 meant of the Number of the Matches? but only of the Cha- 
 riots, fo as to make no more th.ui twenty five MiJJid's : But 
 iiis Opinion is not taken Notice of by the Criti.ks who have 
 commenied on Snttoniui. S'^rvius (a) on that Verfe oiViT- 
 
 rr ; ' 
 i* "» 
 
 Centum quadn'jugos ngitaho ad flumina ciirniSy 
 
 takes Oceaiion to inform us, that anciently there were always 
 twenty five Matches ot Chariots, four in every M<ttch, fo as 
 to make an hundred in all. The lail M'Jf'ts was fet out at 
 the Charge of the People, who made a Gathering for that 
 Purpoie j and was therctore call'd A'.rarhiS: But wncn this 
 Cuitom of iji Supernumerary /ii/^.^.'/jivas laid afide, the Matches 
 vi'cre no more than twenty four at a Time 3 yet the lail tour 
 Chariots 11 ill kept the Name o^ Mijjui tcmrim. 
 
 The Time, when the Races (hould begin, was anciently 
 given Notice of by Sound ot Trumpet. 
 
 Bur afterwards the common Sign was the Mappa^ or Nap- 
 kin hung out at the '■T'rd^tor\, or the chief MagKlrate's Seat. 
 Hence y'livena/ ca.\\s the Megakujian Games. 
 
 ]\'€galiacce fpeElastila mapped: Sat. i r. 
 
 The common Reafon given for this Cuilom is, that Nero 
 being once at Dinner, and the People making a great Noiie, 
 defiring that the Sports might begin, the Emperor threw the 
 Napkin he had in his Hand out of the Window, as a Token 
 that he had granted their Requefl {h). 
 
 The Viftors in rhefe Sports were honour'd with Garlands, 
 Coronets, and other Ornaments, aFrer the Grecian Manner ; 
 4nd, very often, with confiderable Rcwardo in Money : Info- 
 much that Juvenal makes one eminent Charioteer able to 
 buy an hundred Lawyers, 
 
 Hive centum patrimonia cmfi.i'icritniy 
 
 'parte alia fclum riijfatt pone "LdiCtnx. Sat. 7 
 
 It has been already hinted, that they rcckon'd the Con- 
 clufion of the Race, from the Paffing by the Meta the fc- 
 veiith Time : And this 'Prcpertius exmdly confirms, Scok z. 
 
 £kg. 24. 
 
 (a) M= Geer^, j. {h) Cajtcdor. lib. Efjjl. J. 
 
 R Jut
 
 258 Tl^c Circenftan Shorn Part IL 
 
 j^m frim wfe5io depofcit fnemia ciirfii, 
 Septuna quam metmn rrrjerit arte rota: 
 
 What Charioteer wou'd with the Crown be grac'd, 
 'Ere his feventh Wheel the Mark has lightly pafs'd ? 
 
 So that the greateft Specimen of Art and Sleight appears 
 to have been, to avoid the Mera handfomely, when they 
 made their Turns; othervvife the Chariot and the Driver 
 would come into great Danger as well as Difgrace. 
 
 — Metaqtte fervidis 
 Mvitata rotis. Horace. 
 
 On this Account it is, that T'beccrittts, when he gives a 
 Relation of the Exercifes in which they infkufted young 
 HerciikSy affigns him in this Point, as a Matter of the great- 
 eft Confequence, his own Father for his Tutor. 
 
 'a //(f/Tf JiDl' Cf TTCuJh, pi Act CH^P'/idll' iJ'lJh.(7KiV 
 
 To drive the Chariot, and with Ileddy Skill 
 
 To turn, and yet not break the bending Wheel, 
 
 j^infhitryo kindly did inflruct his Son : 
 
 Great in that Art ; for he himfelf had won 
 
 Vaft precious Prizes on the Arghe Plains : 
 
 And ftill the Chariot which he drove remains, 
 
 Ne'er hurt i'th' Courfe, tho' Time had broke the falli 
 
 Reins. 
 [Mr. Creech. 
 
 They who defire to be informed of the exa6l Manner of 
 thefe Races, which certainly was very noble and diverting, 
 may poflibly receive as much Pleafure and Satisfaftion from 
 the Defcriprion which Virgil has left us of them in Short, as 
 |:hcy ppuld expert from the Sight itfeJf, 
 
 lingf 
 Mns. •
 
 Book V. of the Ro MANS' 2J9 
 
 Nofme -vi.ies 1 cinn praccipiti ccrtamine campma 
 Corripiiere^ rmuitque efuji carcere mrnis ; 
 Ctirafpes arretlds ^itvenum^ extUtantiaqm haiirit 
 Cor da paver ptilfam : illi mjlant verbere torto^ 
 Et pro7ii davt kra : volat vifervidiis axis. 
 jfa?/7qiie humiles^ ].imqiie elati fublrme videntnr 
 Aeraper vacuum fern ^ atqiie ajfiirgere in auras. 
 Nee mora nee requies : at jiilvee nimbus areii^ 
 I'ollitiir 5 Immefcunt fpimiis flamqne fequentwn : 
 'j'annis amor laudiim^ tantec efi vi6loria cur<e. 
 
 Hafl thou beheld, when from the Goal they ftart, 
 The youthful Charioteers with beating Heart 
 Rufta to the Race 5 and panting fcarcely bear 
 Th' Extremes of fevnOi Hopes and chilling Fear 5 
 Stoop to the Reins, and la(h with all their Force 5 
 The flying Chariot kindles in the Courfe. 
 And now a-low, and now a-loft they fly, 
 As born thro' Air, and feem to touch the Sky: 
 No Stop, no Stay 5 but Clouds of Sand arife, 
 Spurn'd and caft backward on the Follower's Eyes: 
 The hindmoft blows the Foam upon the firll : 
 Such is the Love of Praife, and honourable Thirft. 
 
 [Mr. 'Dry den. 
 
 The TrojX or Ltidus Troj<e^ is generally reterr'd to the In- 
 vention of Afcanius. It was celebrated by Companies of 
 Boys neatly drefs'd, and furnifh'd with little Arms and 
 Weapons, who mufter'd in the publick Circo. They were 
 taken, for the mofl Part, out of the noblefl: Families j and 
 the Captain of them had the honourable Title o^ 'Princeps 
 Jliventmis -^ being fometimes next Heir to the Empire 5 
 and feldom lefs than the Son of a principal Senator. This 
 Cuftom is fo very remarkable, that it would be an unpardo- 
 nable Omiflion, not to give the whole Account of it in ViT- 
 giPs own Words ; efpecially, becaufe the Poet, ufing all his 
 Art and Beauties on this Subjeft, as a Compliment to Augu- 
 fiiis (a great Admirer of the Sport) has left us a mofl: inimi- 
 table Defcription. 
 
 R s jEneid.
 
 260 Ti?e Circenfun Shoivs Part II. 
 
 -^neid. 5. Vcr. 545. 
 
 j^t pmer JFjicas^ nondtim certamwe miffc^ 
 Cnjlodem ad fefi cctnitcniqiie impfhh Tv.li 
 Epytiden vocat^ ^ fidam [ic famr ad niinm ; 
 Vade age^ ^ J^ficimo^ / jfi.m puerile paratvm 
 Jigme7i habet [ecimi^ citrfufque i',zjlriixit eqticrtnn^ 
 'Ducat a-vo turma^^ ^ fefe ofie?;dar in rnvh^ 
 tZJic^ air. Iffe omnem loi^go decedere circo 
 Iiiftijv.m popitkrm, ££? campcs ]iibet ejje fatentei. 
 Jnxdiiut piieri^ parnerque ante era jarenuim 
 Franatis lucent in eqiiis : qiios omnn eiintes 
 I'r inner icc- mirataj'remit Trojd^que juveutus. 
 0'ti2nibus. in mcrem ton^a crma p'effa corcna : 
 Cornea bin a feriint pnc-nxo bajiilia ferro j 
 ^ars Itfjes hiimero fharetras : It peBore pi?n7?2o 
 Flexilis cbtorti per ctlhim circuits, ami. 
 I'res eqiiitimz niimero tiirmce^ temique vagantur 
 DiiBores: 'Ixieri bis feni qiiemqtie feciiti, 
 j^gmine partito fulgent paribufjue Magifrris. 
 Una acies ^uvenum^ ducit quam par'vus cvantcrn 
 {Is^T/zen avi referens,) T'namus, tua cl.ira^ TcUte^ 
 progenies, aurinra Italos ; qttem 'tbracms albis ' 
 (Pcrtat equus bic4or maciilis : veftigia prijni 
 Alba pedis, froutemque cflcntans arduus alham, 
 Jiher Jltys^ genus unde 'Jtti duxere Latini : 
 ^Parvus j^trs, fuercque ptier dileHus Iv.lo. 
 Extrefnus^ fcrmaqne ante omnes pukher lulm 
 Sidonio efi invecfus equo 5 qnef/t Candida 2)ido 
 F.Jfe fni dederat mcnitmentum £5? pigmis amoris, 
 Ccctera Trinacriis pubes fenioris Ace ft £ 
 ; x'FeYtnr eqtiis. 
 : Fxcipiunt platifu pavidos^ gaiidentqiie titentes 
 Dardanidif^ "jetenimqite agnofcmit era paren'um. 
 <Pcfiqnam cmnes Uti confeffam ccuhfque fmrum' 
 Jjiftra.verc in equis: fignum clcimcre prsatis 
 Epy tides huge dedit^ infoniiitqite fiagello. 
 Olli difcurrere pares^ atqtie agmina tertii 
 tDidtSis folvere choris : rnrfnfque vccati 
 Convertere vias^ infefiaque tela tulere. 
 Jnde alics i}2etint ctirfiis^ alicfque recurfns, 
 
 - ■ A^jcrft
 
 Book V. of the Romans. 261^ 
 
 Mverfiifpatiis, akemofque orbibus crbss 
 Impe.imnt^ piignacque cient fimiihchra fnb armis: 
 Et nunc terga fugeo iMrl.tnt^ nunc fpiciil.^ verm?!-!; 
 Infenfi, fa6tapnraer nunc pace fernnntr : 
 Ut quondam Creta fertur labynnthus, in alt a 
 ^Parietibus textum c^ecis iter^ ancipitemque 
 Milk via habuijfe dolum, qua figna fequendi 
 Falleret indeprenfiis cf? nremeabila error. 
 Hdud aliter 'I'eucrum nati vefiigia airfu 
 ImpedAunt^ texuntque fugas ^ prcelia Indo : 
 ^elpb'nmm Jlmks, qui per maria bumida nando 
 Carpathium Libycumqne fica?it^ luduntque per undas, 
 'Hunc rjiorem-y bcs curjm, atque h£c certamina primus 
 j^fcanius, longam wuris cum cingeret Albam^ 
 Rettuln^ ^5" prifos docuit cslebrare Latinos^ 
 ^10 puer ipje modc^ fecum quo Troia ptibes^ 
 Ai^bani docuere fuos : hi 72c maxima pcrro 
 Accepit Roma^ ^ patrium fervavit honorem -. 
 ^rojaque nunc pueri, 'Trojanum dicitur agmen. 
 
 But Prince Ai.nsa% e're the Games were done, 
 
 Now call'd the wile Inflru^tor of his Son, 
 
 The good Epitydes, whofe faithful Hand 
 
 In noble Arts the blooming Hero train'd : 
 
 To whom the Royal Chief his Will declared, 
 
 Go bid AjCaiiius^ if he fiands prepar'd 
 
 To march his youthful Troops, begin the Courfe, 
 
 And let his Grandfire's Shade commend his growing Force^ 
 
 Thus he j and order'd ilreight the fwarming Tide 
 
 To clear the Circo ^ when from every Side 
 
 Crowds bear back Crowds, and leave an open Space, 
 
 Where the new Pomp in all its Pride might pafs. 
 
 The Boys move on, all glittering lovely bright, 
 
 On well reign'd Steeds in their glad Parents Sight. 
 
 Wond'ring, the Irojan and Sicilian Youth 
 
 Crown with Applaufe their Virtue's early Growth. 
 
 Their flowing Hair clofe flow'ry Chaplets grace. 
 
 And two fair Spears their eager Fingers prefs. 
 
 Part bear gay Quivers on their Shoulders hung. 
 
 And Twifts of bending Gold He wreath'd along 
 
 Their Purple Veil ; which at the Neck begun. 
 
 And down their Breads in iliining Circles run, 
 
 R 3 Three
 
 26l The Circenjtan Shows Part II. 
 
 Three lovely Troops three beauteous Captains led, 
 
 And twice iix Boys each hopeful Chiet obey'd. 
 
 The firll gay Troop young 'Priam marfhals on, ^ 
 
 Thy Seed, '■Poiites^ not to fame unknown, C 
 
 That with Italian Blood (liall join his own : J 
 
 Whofe kinder Genius, rip'ning with his Years, 
 
 His Wretched Grandiiie's Name to better Fortune bears. 
 
 A '^I'bracian Steed v/ith Spots of fprcading White 
 
 He rode, that paw'd, and crav'd the promis'd Fight. 
 
 A lovely White his hither Fetlocks ftains 5 
 
 And White his hish erected Forehead ihines. 
 
 And next with ilately Pace young j^tys mov'd, 
 
 Young Aty^^ by the young AfcamiLS lov'd. 
 
 From this great Line the noble Attian Stem, 
 
 In Lat'mm nurs'd, derive their ancient Name. * 
 
 The third with his Command Afcamus grac'd; jj 
 
 Whofe Godlike Looks his Heavenly Race confefs'd j C 
 
 So beautiful, fo brave, he flione above the reft. ^ 
 
 His fprightly Steed from Sidcu's Failure came, 'y 
 
 The noble Gift of the fair Tyrian Dame, ^ 
 
 And fruitlefs Pledge of her unhappy Flame. j 
 
 The reft Sicilian Courftrs all beltrode. 
 
 Which old Alcejies on his Guefts beftow'd. 
 
 Them, hot with beating Hearts, the Tro]an Crew 
 
 Receive with Shouts, and with frefti Pleafure view j 
 
 Difcovering in the Lines of every Face 
 
 Some venerable Founder of their Race. 
 
 And now the youthful Troops their Round had made, 
 
 Panting wath Joy, and all the Crowd furvey'd 5 
 
 i When fage L;pytidcs^ to give the Sign, 
 Crack'd his long Whip, and made the Courfe begin. 
 At once they ftart, and fpur with artful Speed, 
 'Till in the Troops the little Chiefs divide 
 The clofe Battalion : Then at once they turn, 
 Commanded bnck 5 while from their Fingers born. 
 Their hofiile Darts a-loft upon the Wind 
 Fly fhivering : Then in circling Numbers join'd, 
 The manag'd Courfers with due Meafures bound, 
 And run the rapid Ring, and trace the mazy Round. 
 Files facing Files, their bold Companions dare. 
 And wheel, and charge, and urge the fportive War. 
 Now Flight they feign, and naked Backs expofe 5 
 Kow with turn'd Spears drive headlong on the Foes ; 
 
 And now,Confederategfown,in pcaccfulRanks they clofe.
 
 Book V. of the Romans. 26} 
 
 As Crete^s fam'd Labyrinth to thoufand Ways, 
 
 And thoufand darken 'd Walls the Guell conveys j 
 
 Endlefs, inextricable Rounds amufe, 
 
 And no kind Track the doubtful Palfage flicws. 
 
 So the glad 'Trojmi Youth their winding Courfe 
 
 Sporting purfuej and charge the Rival Force. 
 
 As fprightly Dolphins in fbme calmer Road 
 
 Play round the iilent Waves, and fhoot along the Flood, 
 
 jljcaniuSy when (the rougher Storms o'erblown,) 
 
 With happier Fates he rais'd fair J!lba'& Town 5 
 
 This youthful Sport, this folemn Race renew'dj 
 
 And with new Rites made the plain LcAinS proud. 
 
 From Alhan Sires, th' Hereditary Game 
 
 To raatchlefs Rcme by long Succeffion came : 
 
 And the fair Youth in this Divcrfion train'd, 
 
 ^'roy they iHll call, and the brave 'Trojan Band. 
 
 Lazms in his Commentaries de Keptib. Roinana fancies 
 the Jufts and Tournaments, fo much in Fafhion about two 
 or three hundred Years ago, to have ow'd their Original to 
 this Ludm '■Troj<e, and that Tomamenta is but a Corrupti- 
 on of Trojamenra. And the Learned and Noble liu Frenfe 
 acquaints us that many are of the fame Opinion. However, 
 tho' the Word may perhaps be deriv'd with more Probabili- 
 ty from theFre72ClJ Tourner^ to turn round with Agility 5 yet 
 the Exercifes have fo much Refemblance, as to prove the 
 one an Imitation of the other. 
 
 The Tyrrhice^ or Saltatio Tyrrhka^ is commonly believ'd 
 to be the fame with the Sport already defcrib'd. But, befides, 
 that none of the Ancients have left any tolerable Grounds 
 for fuch a Conjeciure, it will appear a different Game, if we 
 look a little into its Original, and on the Manner of the Per- 
 formance. The Original is, by fome, referr'd to Minervay 
 who led up a Dance in her Armour, after the Conqueft of the 
 Titans : By others, to the Curetes, or Corybcmtcs^ Jupirer^s 
 Guard in his Cradle j who leap'd up and down, clafhing their 
 Weapons, to keep old Satnrn from hearing the Cries of his 
 Infant Son. 'Pliny attributes the Invention to 'Pyrrhns, Son 
 to AcbilleSy who inlKtued fuch a Company of Dancers at 
 the Funeral of his Father {a). However, that it was very 
 
 {a) Nat. Hiji. lib. C7. 
 
 R 4 ancient
 
 264 Tl^e Circenjlcui Shows. Part il 
 
 ancient is plain from Horner^ who as he hints at it in feve- 
 ral Defcriptions, lo particularly he makes the exail Form and 
 Manner of it to be engrav'd on the Shield oi y]cbiUes, given 
 him by Vulcan. The Manner of the Performance feems to 
 have coniifled chiefly in the nimble turning ot the Eody, and 
 ihifting every Part, as if it were done to avoid the Stroke of 
 an Enemy : And therefore this wi%s one ot the Excrcifcs in 
 which they train'd the young Soldiers. Jlyukim defcribes a 
 ^Fyrrhick Dance, perfcrm'd by young Men and Maids to- 
 gether (^) ^ which only would be enough to diftinguifh it 
 from the Litdiis. '/'rfj>. The belt Account wc rcert with of 
 the 'Pyrrhick Dance is in Claiitiians Poem on the lixth Con- 
 fulfhip of Hofiorhis. 
 
 Ari72atoi hicfd^'C choros^ certaque vaganii 
 Sextos kgejiig^s, mc:vjujefqi;e recurfus^ 
 Et pikbrcis errorum artes^ jiicimdaque Jllanis 
 Cemmus : i-iipiniit mm vcrbei e figna mo.gt[ti'i\ 
 M^itatc[que edant ^jjamcr tot }-e6icm motiis^ 
 Jn Icitns allifis cly^eis^ am rurfiis in sltum 
 Vibratis: grave J-'arma fc7:at mucronn acnti 
 Verbere^ i$ timboimm J^tilfu mcdulante refiihajis 
 Ferreus altcmo concentm claiiditiir ej^fe. 
 
 Here too the Warlike Dancers blefs our Sight, -. 
 
 Their artful Wand'ring, and their Laws of Flight, v, 
 
 And unconfus'd Return, and inoffenfive Fight. j 
 
 Soon as the Mzdcr's Clack proclaims the Prize, 
 Their moving Breads in tuneful Changes rife f 
 The Shields I'alute their Sides, or ftraight are fliown 
 In Air high waving j deep the Targets groan 
 Struck with alternate Swords, which thence rebound, 
 And end the Concert and the facred Sound. 
 
 The mofi: ingenious Mr. Cart-zvrigbt, Author of the Royal- 
 Slave, having Occafion to prefent a V/arlike Dance in that 
 Piece, took the Mcafures of it from this Paflage oi Claud i- 
 /?;;, as the moft exai^l: Pattern Antiquity had left. And in the 
 Printed Play, he has given no other Defcription of that Dancc» 
 than by fetting down the Verfes whence it is copied. 
 
 (a) Mihjiar. lib. ic. 
 
 ^lifts
 
 Book V* Tl^e Si?ows^Scc. 2(^5 
 
 ^i/^iiiS Scaliger tells us of himfelf, that while a Youth, he 
 had often danc'd the Tyrrbick before the Emperor Maxi- 
 milian^ to the Amazement of all Germnvy : And that the 
 Emperor was once fo furpriz'd at his warlike A6}ivity, as to 
 cry our, 'I'hii Soy either --xas horii in a Coat of Mail,' infiead 
 of a Skin, or elfe has been rocked in one inftea.i of a Cradle 
 {a). 
 
 (a) Tan. lib. I. cap. i8. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Of the Shows oflVild Beajls, and of the Naumachise. 
 
 nr H E Shows of Beafts were in general defign'd for the 
 •*■ Honour of Tiiana the Patronefs of Hunting. For this 
 Purpofe, no Coft was fpar'd to fetch the moft different Crea- 
 tures from the fartheft Parts of the World : Hence Claudian^ 
 
 ratibnspars ibat omUiis 
 ^er freta, velfiuvios-, exfanguis dextera torpet 
 Remigis, ^ fropriara metiiebat navita mercem. 
 
 Part in laden Veflels came, 
 
 Born on the rougher Waves, or gentler Stream; 
 The fainting Slave let fall his trembling Oar 5 
 And the pale Mafter fear'd the Freight he bore. 
 
 And prefently after, 
 
 '-—^lodcnnqtie tremendtim efi 
 'DentiUuSy am infigne jubis, aut nobile cormt, 
 Aut rigidiim fetis cafittir dems omne timorque 
 Syharum, non caiite latejzr, non mole refi^unt. 
 
 All that with potent Teeth command the Pidin, 
 All that run horrid with erefted Mane, 
 Or proud of flately Horns, or briftling Hair, 
 At once the Foreft's Ornament and Fear 5 
 
 Torn
 
 z66 77;^ Shws of Part II. 
 
 Torn from their Defarts by the Ranan Power, 
 Kor Strength can fave, nor craggy Dens fecure. 
 
 Some Creatures were prefented merely as ftrange Sights 
 and Rarities, as the Crocodiles, and feveral oudandifh Birds 
 and Beaits 3 others for the Combat, as Lyons, Tygers, Leo- 
 pards, 'iS(^' other Creatures, either purely tor Delight, or elfe 
 for the Ufe of the People, at fuch Times as they were al- 
 jow'd Liberty of catching what they could for themfelves, as 
 Hares, Deer, and the like. We may reckon up three Sorts 
 of Diveriions with the Beafts, which all went under the 
 common Name oiVenatioji 5 the firft, when the People were 
 permitted to run after the Beafts, and catch what they 
 could for their own 'SJ£q-, the fecond, when the Beafts fought 
 with one another- and the laft, when they were brought out 
 to engage with Men. 
 
 When the People were allow'd to lay hold on what they 
 could get, and carry it off for their own Ufe, they call'd it 
 Venatio direp'ionis : This feems to have been an Inftitutiorv 
 of the Emperors. It was many Times prefented with extra- 
 ordinary Charge, and great Variety of Contrivances ; The 
 middle Part of the Circo being fet all over with Trees, remo- 
 ved thither by main Force, and faften'd to huge Planks, 
 which were laid on the Ground 5 thefe, being cover'd with 
 Earth and Turf, reprefented a natural Foreft, into which 
 the Beafts being let from the Cavece^ or Dens under Ground, 
 the People, at a Sign given by the Emperor, fell to hunting 
 them, and carry'd away what they kill'd, to regale upon at 
 Home. The Beafts ufually given were Boars, Deer, Oxen,- 
 and Sheep. Sometimes all Kinds of Birds were prefented 
 after the fame Manner. The ufual Way of letting the Peo- 
 ple know what they ftiould feize, was by fcattering amongft: 
 them little Tablets or Tickets, {Tejferas) which entitl'd thofe 
 who caught them to the Contents of their Infcription. Some- 
 times every Ticket was mark'd with fuch a Sum of Money, 
 payable to the firft Taker. Thefe Largcfles were in general 
 ter'm'd Mi/pJi^^ from their being thrown and difpers'd a- 
 mong the Multitude (a). 
 
 The Fights between Beafts were exhibited with great Va- 
 riety 5 fometim.es we find a Tyger match'd with a Lyon, 
 fometimes a Lyon with a Bull, a Bull with an^Elephant, a 
 Rhinoceros with a Bear,^f. Sometimes we meet witn a Deer' 
 
 {a) pd. Bullenger de Vent, Circi, cap. 13 . , . 
 
 huhtett
 
 Book V. Wild ^eajis. 167 
 
 hunted on the j^rea by a Pack of Dogs, But the moft won- 
 derful Sight was, when by bringing the Water into the Am- 
 phitheatre huge Sea-Monflers were introduc'd to combat 
 with Wild Beafts. 
 
 Nee nobis tmittim fylveftria cernere tnon^ra, 
 Contigit^ £qiu)reGS ego cum cenajitibm iirjis 
 SJ^eBavi vimlos. Calphum. Eclog. 7. 
 
 Nor Sylvan Monflers we alone have view'd, -^ . 
 
 But huge Sea-Calves, dy'd red with hoftile Blood s 
 
 Of Bears, lie flound'ring in the wond'rous Flood. j 
 
 The Men, that engag'd with Wild Beafls, had the com- 
 mon Name of SejUani. Some of thefe were condemn'd Per- 
 fons, and have been taken Notice of in other Places {a'): 
 Others hired themfelves at a fet Pay, like the Gladiators^ 
 and, like them too, had their Schools where they were in- 
 ftrufled and initiated in fuch Combats. We find feveral of 
 the Nobility and Gentry many Times voluntarily undertaking 
 a Part in thefe Encounters. And y//ft;£'«^/ acquaints us, that 
 the veryWomen were ambitious of fhewing their Courage on 
 the like Oceafions, tho* with the Forfeiture of their Modefty. 
 
 Cm-a — 'Mcevia Titfiam 
 
 Figat afnim^ ^ nuda teneat vembula mamma. Sat. r. 
 
 Or when with naked Breaft the mannifli Whore 
 Shakes the broad Spear againft the Tuscan Boar. 
 
 And Martial compliments the Emperor iJomitian very 
 handfomely on the fame Account. 
 
 Selliger inviElis qtiod Mars tibiffvit in armis^ 
 Non fatis efl^ Ceefar^ feevit £«? ipfa Venus. 
 
 (Projirattim vafta Nemees in velle leotiem 
 Nobile ^ lierciilemn fama canebat opts. 
 
 ^rifia fides taceat : Nam pofl tiia mtMiera^ defar^ 
 H(ec ]am fc&mi7iea vidimm a^n manii. 
 
 Not Mars alone his bloody Arms Hiall wield 5 7 
 
 Veniis^ when Caesar bids, fliall take the Field, > 
 
 Nor only wear the Breeches, but the Shield. ^ 
 
 The Savage Tyrant of the Woods and Plain, 
 By Hermks in doubtful Combat flain, 
 (*) Book 3. Chap. 20, 
 
 Still
 
 268 77;e Naumachi.^ Part II. 
 
 Still fills our Ears with the Nemean Vale, 
 
 And mufty Rolls the mi^^hty Wonder tell : 
 
 Ko Wonder now j for Cdjarh Reign has fhown 9 
 
 A Woman's equal Power 3 the fame Renown > 
 
 Gain'd by theDifkff, which the Club had won. j 
 
 Thofe who cop d on plain Ground with the Eeafls, com- 
 monly met with a very unequal Match 3 and therefore, for 
 the moil: part, their Safety confilted in the nimble turning 
 of their Body, and leaping up and down to delude the Force 
 of their Adverfary, Therefore Martial may very well make 
 a Hero of the Man who flew twenty Bealis, ail let in upon 
 him at once, tho' we fuppofe them to have been of the in- 
 ferior Kind. 
 
 BermkdE hudis mimeremr gloria: flm efi 
 Sis denas ;pariter perdomiiijje /eras. 
 
 Count the twelve Feats that Hercules has done j 
 Yet twenty make a greater, join'd in one. 
 
 But becaufe this Way of engaging commonly prov'd fuc- 
 cefsful to the Bealis, they had other Ways of dealing with 
 them, as by aflfailing them with Darts, Spears, and other 
 miffive Weapons, from the higher Parts of the Amphithea- 
 tre, where they were fecure from their Reach 3 fo as by fome 
 means or other they commonly contriv'd to dilpatch three or 
 fqur hundred Beafts in one Show. 
 
 In the Show of Wild Beafts exhibited by Julius Cafar in 
 his third Confulfliip, twenty Elephants were oppos'd to five 
 hundred Footmen 5 and twenty more with Turrets on their 
 Backs, fixty Men being allow'd to defend each Turret, en- 
 gag'd with five hundred Foot, and as many Horfe (a). 
 
 The 1<IAUMJCHIJE owe their Original to the Time 
 of the firft Tunick War, when the Romans firft initiated their 
 Men in the Knowledge of Sea- Affairs. After the Improve- 
 ment of many Years, they v^^cre defign'd as well for the gra- 
 tifying the Sight, as for encreafing their na\al Experience 
 and Discipline 5 and therefore compos 'd one of the folemn 
 Shows, by which the Magiftrates or Emperors, cr any Affec- 
 ters of Popularity, fo often made their Court to the People. 
 
 The ufual Accounts, we have of thefe Excrcifes, feem to 
 reprefent them as nothing elfe but the Image of a naval 
 
 (tf) Plin, Nat. Hiji, lib. 8. cap. 7. 
 
 Fiaht.
 
 Book V. of the Romans. 269 
 
 JFight. But 'tis probable that fometimes they did not engage 
 in any holHle Manner, but only row'd fairly for the Victory. 
 This Conjedure may be confirm'd by the Authority oiVirgily 
 who is acknovvledg'd by iiU the Criticks in his Defcriptions 
 of the Games and Exercifcs, to have had an Eye always to 
 his own Country, and to have drawn them after the Manner 
 of the Roimu Sports. Now the Sea Contention, which he 
 prefents us with, is barely a Trial of Swifmefs in the VefTels, 
 and of Skill in managing the Oars, as it is mod admirably 
 deliver'd in his Fifth Book : 
 
 '■prima pares meunt gravibus certmnina remh 
 ^latiior ex oumi itLeBdS clajje carin£^ &c. 
 
 The J^aumachi<e oiClmidiiis, which he prefented on the 
 Fiicine Lake before he drain'd it, deferve to be particularly 
 mentioned, not more for theGreatnefs of the Show, than for 
 the Behaviour of the Emperor j who, when the Combatants 
 pafs'd before him with fo melancholy a Greeting as, Ave 'nn- 
 peratcr^ morhiirl te [alutant^ return'd in Anfwer, Avete vcs ^ 
 which when they would gladly have interpreted as an Ad: of 
 Favour, and a Grant of their Lives, he foon gave them to 
 underftand that it proceeded from the contrary Principle of 
 barbarous Cruelty, and Infen{ibility(^). 
 
 The rnoft celebrated NanmacJoicC were thofe of the Em- 
 peror Ijomitian 5 in which were engag'd fuch a vait Number 
 of Vcffels as would have almoin form'd two complcat Navies 
 (h) for a proper Fight, together with a proportionable Chan- 
 nel of Water, equalHng the Dimenfions of a natural River. 
 Martial has a very genteel Turn on this Subjeft. 
 
 Si qiiii ades hngis ferns fpeciatcr ah cris^ 
 
 Cui hix prima facri nmneris ifta dies^ 
 Ne te decipiat ratibus navalis Fjm^o^ 
 
 Et par tmdafretis: hie modo terra f nit. 
 Non credisi fpe^es diim laxent dsquora Martem: 
 
 ^arva mora ejl 5 dices hie modo ponttis erat. 
 
 Stranger, whoe'er from diftant Parts arriv'd, 
 But this one facred Day in Rome haft liv'd : 
 Miflake not the wide Flood, and pompous Show 
 Of naval Combats; Here was Land but now. 
 
 (4) See 5f(<f«», r/ii/irf. c= 43, Ti>f?;, Ana. XUI, {b) Sneten. in D9^nit c 4 
 
 ■ 'is
 
 270 The Gladiators. Part II, 
 
 Is this beyond your Credit ? Only ftay 
 'Till from the fight the Veflcls bear away ; 
 You'll cry with Wonder, Here but now was Sea ! 
 
 'Tis related of the Emperor Heliog^l^.^J^fs, that, in a Rc- 
 prefentaaon of a Naval Fight, he fiU'd the Channel where 
 the Veflels were to ride, with Wine inftead of Water (^). A 
 Story fcarce credible, tho' we have the higheft Conceptions 
 of his prodigious Luxury and Extravagance. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of the GLADIAI'OKS. 
 
 'T^ HE firfl: Rife of the Gladiators is referr'd to the anci- 
 -■• ent Cuftom of kiiling Perfons at the Funerals of great 
 Men. For the old Heathens fancying the Ghofts of the De- 
 ceas'd to be fatisfied, and render'd propitious by Human 
 Elood, at firft they us'd to buy Captives, or untoward Slaves, 
 and offer'd them at the Obfequies. Afterwards they contriv'd 
 to veil over their impious Barbarity with the fpecious Show 
 of Pleafure, and voluntary Combat 5 and therefore training 
 up fuch Perfons as they had procur'd, in fome tolerable 
 Kr-owhdge of Weapons j upon the Day appointed for the 
 Sacrifices to the departed Ghofts, they oblig'd them to 
 maintain a morral Encounter at the Tombs of 
 *di!tZiHm" t^^^^ Friends. The firil Show of Gladiators *, 
 ta ormm. exhibited at Rc7ne^ was that of M. and 2). 'Bru- 
 tus, upon the Death of their Father, A. U. C. 490. in the 
 Confulfhip of Jp. Claudius, and Jif. Fuhiiis {b). 
 
 Within a little Time, when they found the People exceed- 
 ingly pleas'd with fuch bloody Entertainments, they refolv'd 
 to give them the like Diverfion as :oon as poffible, and there- 
 fore it foon grew into a Cuftom, that not only the Heir of 
 any great or rich Citizen newly deceas'd, but that all the 
 principal Maf-if^^ares H-iould take Occafions to prefent the 
 People with ilier? Shows, in order to procure their Efteem 
 andAffe'Tion. Nay, the very Priefts were fometimes the Ex- 
 hibitors of fuch impious Pomps j for we meet with the Ludi 
 
 (a) Lampridim in Helhgah. (ii) Val. Max. lib, 5. cap. 4. 
 
 TCJlti-
 
 Book V. 77;^ Gladiators. 271 
 
 'J^ont'ijiccilei in Suetonius {a) and with the Ltdi Sacerdotaki 
 in Tl'iny {h\ 
 
 K's, for the Emperors, it was fo much their Interefl: to in- 
 gratiate themfelves with the Commonalty, that they oblig'd 
 them with thefe Shows almoft upon all Occafions : As on 
 their Birth-day 5 at the Time of a Triumph, or after any 
 fignal Vi^lory 3 at the Confecration of any publick Edifices 5 
 at the Games which feveral of them inftituted, to return in 
 fuch a Term of Years j with many others, which occur in 
 every Hiftorian. 
 
 And as the Occafiens of thefe Solemnities were fbprodigl- 
 oufly encreas'd, in the fame Manner was the Length of them, 
 and the Number of the Combatants. At the firft Show ex- 
 hibited by the 'BfUti^ 'tis probable there were only three Pair 
 dH Gladiators^ as may be gather'd from that oi Jltifcmus j 
 
 'Tresfrimas I'hracum fugnas^ tr'ihis ordine belli s^ 
 Jumadds ■patrio inferias 7mfere feptilcjoro. 
 
 Yet jfiiUus defar in his Edilefhip prefented three hundred 
 and twenty Pair (a). The excellent 'Titt/s exhibited a Show 
 of Gladiators^VJild Beafts, and Reprefentations of Sea-fights, 
 an hundred Days together (^) ; And I'mjan^ as averfe from 
 Cruelty as the former, continu'd the Solemnity of this Nature 
 an hundred and twenty-three Days, during which he brought 
 out a thoufand Pair of Gladiatcrs (c). Two thoufand Men of 
 the fame Profeffion were lifted by the Emperor Otho to ferve 
 againfl: ViteUius (e). Nay, long before this, they were fo very 
 numerous, that in the Time of the Catilinariaji Confpiracy, 
 an Order pafs'd to fend all the Gladiators up and down into 
 the Garrifons, for fear they fhould raife anyDifturbance in the 
 City(/), by joining with the difafFefted Party. And Tlu- 
 tarch informs us, that the famous Spartacus^ who at laft ga- 
 ther'd fuch a numerous Force as to put Rome under fome 
 unufual Apprehenfions, was no more than a Gladiator, who, 
 breaking out from a Show at Verona, with the reft of his 
 Gang, dar'd proclaim War againfl the Roman State (^). 
 
 In the mean time, the wifer and the better Romans were 
 very fenfible of the dangerous Confequences which a Cor- 
 ruption of this Nature might producejj and therefore Cicero 
 preferr'd a Law, that no Perfon fliould exhibit a Show of 
 Gladiators within two Years before he appear'd Candidate 
 
 W) ^ngtt^, p. 44- ib) Eptji. l!b. 7, (c) Plutarch In Cafar. (d) Dh. lib 68 
 {e) Tacitus. {f) Salup Catalii, ig) Plfftarch in Craf. 
 
 for
 
 2/2 The Gladiators. Pare II. 
 
 for an Office (^j. Julius Ccefar order'd, that only fuch a 
 Niniibcr of Men of this Proieffion fhould be in Rome at a 
 Time (b). Aiigiiftus decreed that only two Shows of Glndi- 
 atcrs /hould be prefented in a Year, and never above fixfy 
 Pair of Combatants in a Show (<:}• I'lberhis provided by an 
 Order of Senate, that no Pcrfon fhould have the Privilege of 
 gratifj'ing the People with fuch a Solemnity, unlefs he was 
 worth four hundred thoufand Sejlcrces (./). 
 
 Ner-va in a great Meafure regulated this Affair, after the 
 many Abufes of the former Emperors 5 but the HoiiOur of 
 entirely removing this Barbarity, out of the Romd7i \Vor\6 , 
 was referv'd for Coajiantine the Great, which he perform'd 
 about the Year of the City iCiTy, nigh fix hundred Years 
 after their firfl Inf^itution. Yet under Ccujiavtius^ Tteodo- 
 fms, and Valentiman^ the fame cruel Humour began to re- 
 vive, 'till a final Stop was put to it by the Emperor Hcmri- 
 'TIS 5 the Occafion of which is given at large by the Authors 
 of Ecclefiafiical Hiftory. 
 
 I'hus much may be proper to obferve in general, concern- 
 ing the Original, Increafe, and Reitraint of this Cuflom. 
 For our farther Information, it will be neceilary to take parti- 
 cular Notice of the Condition oi' xht Gladiators^ of their fe- 
 verai Orders or Kinds, and of their Manner of Duelling. 
 
 As for their Condition, they were commonly Slaves, or 
 Captives ; for 'tv/as an ordinary Cuftom to fell a difobedient 
 Servant to the Laniftce^ or the Inflrudors of the Gh.diatcrs^ 
 who, after they had taui^ht them fome Part of their Skill, let 
 therA cut for Money at a Show. Yet the Freemen foon put 
 in for a Share of this Privilege to be kill'd in Jeff j and accor- 
 dingly many Times offer'd themfelvesto hire for the Amphi- 
 theatre, whence they had the Name Qi AuBorc.ti. Nay, the 
 Knights and Noblemen, and even the Senators themfelves 
 at laift were not afliam'd to take up the fame Profeflion, fqinc 
 to keep themfelves from ftarving, after they had fquander'd 
 away their Eftates, and others to curiy Favour with the Em- 
 perors : So that Angiifttis was forc'd to command by a publick 
 Edi6^, that none of the Senatorian Order fliould turn Gladi- 
 ators (e) : And foon aft?r, he laid the fame Ref^raint on the 
 Knights (/). Y"et thefe Prohibitions were fo little regarded 
 by the following Princes, that Nero prefented at one Show 
 (if the Numbers in S^iPtovii'S are not corrupted^ 400 Sena- 
 tors, and 600 of the Ewp'inn Rank (^g). 
 
 {a) Ckera inVatin. (M Suet. Uf. cap. to. (c) Dk. (d) Tacit. An. 4. 
 (f) Dio. lib. 4«. (/) ScH-'on. -^«e. Cdo. 4?. j)ic lib." 54. {r) Idem. Air. dp. i r. 
 
 But
 
 Book V. jf7;e Gladiators. 275 
 
 But all this will look like no Wonder, when, upon a far- 
 ther Search, we meet with the very Women engaging in 
 thefe publick Encounters, particularly under Nero and 'Do- 
 mitian. jfwvendl has expofed them very handfomly for this 
 Mannifh Humour in his nxth Satire. 
 
 ^lak decns renm,, fi con'pgh miBiofiat, 
 Saltern ^ manic ce^ ^ crijttf, crnrifque faijfiri 
 'iDwnamm tegraen ? velfi diver^a movebit 
 ^Ydslia^ tufoslix^ ccreas 'vendeme ptiella. 
 H<£ [lint quieteiiui [udantin cyclade: quarum 
 fDelicias t$ fanniciilm homhycinm iirit. 
 AdfPice quo fremitu jfionftratos perferat iEitiSy 
 Et qiiamo gakd cmvetiir fojidere 5 quanta 
 ^ojblitibus fedeaty qtiam denfofafcia lihrol 
 
 Oh ! what a decent Sight 'tis to behold 
 All thy Wife's Magazine by Auftion fold ! 
 The Belt, the crelted Plume, the feveral Suits 
 Of Armour, and the Sfanip Leather Boots ! 
 Yet thefe are they that cannot bear the Heat 
 Of figur'd Silks, and under Sarfenet fweat. 
 Behold the itrutting Aina'zonian Whore, 
 She itands in Guard, with her right Foot before 3 
 Her Coats tuck'd up, and all her Motions juft. 
 She ftamps, and then cries hah ! at every Thruft* 
 
 [Mr. 'Drydeti. 
 
 Yet the Women were not the moft inconfiderable Perfor- 
 mers, for a more ridiculous Set of Combatants areftill behind; 
 and thefe were the Dwarfs, who encountring one another, 
 or the Women, at thefe publick DiverfionSjgavea veryplea- 
 lknt Entertainment. Statins has left us this elegant De- 
 fcription of them. 
 
 Hii aitdax f libit ordo piimiknim^ 
 ^tosnattira brevi fiatuferado 
 Jslodofiim [emel in globiim ligavit. 
 Edunt vulnera^ conjeruntque dextras : 
 JEt rmrtemfibi^ qua manu^ minentury 
 Ridet Mars pater ^ cruenta Virtus^ 
 Cajfurcsqtie vagis griies rapinis 
 Mirantur ptimilos fercciores. 
 
 S To
 
 274 T7;e G L A D I A T o R s. Part II. 
 
 To mortal Combat next fucceed 
 
 Bold Fencers of the '■'Pigmy Breed, 
 
 Whom Nature, when Ihe half had wrought, n 
 
 Not worth her farther Labour thought, C 
 
 But clos'd the reft in one hard Knot. 3 
 
 With what a Grace they drive their Blow, 
 
 And ward their Jolt-head from their Foe ? 
 
 Old ATars and rigid Virtm fmile 
 
 At their redoubted Champion's Toil. 
 
 And Cranes, to pleafe the Mob let fly, 
 
 Admir'd to fee their Enemy 
 
 So often by themfelves o'ercome, 
 
 Infpir'd with nobler Hearts at Ro7ne. 
 
 The feveral Kinds o^ Gladiators worth obferving were the 
 Retiarii^ the Secutores^ the Myrmilknes, the 'J'hracians^ the 
 Samnites, the 'Pi'animpi, the EJJedarii^ and the j^ndabatge. 
 But before we enquire particularly into the diflincl Orders, 
 we may take notice of feveral Names attributed in common 
 to fome of every Kind upon various Occafions. Thus we 
 meet with the Gladiator e% Meridiani^ who engag'd in the 
 Afternoon, the chief Part of the Show being finifhed in the 
 Morning, Gkdiatores Fifcaka, thofe who were maintain'd 
 out of the Emperor's Fifciis, or private Treafury, fuch as 
 Arrian calls K«;^^©- ^voimyja Ccefar's Gladiators : Gla- 
 diatores ^oj^iilatitii^ commonly Men of great Art and Ex- 
 perience, whom the People particularly defired the Emperor 
 to produce : Gladiatores Catervarii, fuch as did not fight 
 by Pairs, but in fmall Companies : Suetovitis ufes Catervarii 
 ^iigiles in the fame Senfe (a). Gladiatores ordinarii^ fuch 
 as were prefented according to the common Manner, and at 
 the ufual Time, and fought the ordinary Way 5 on which Ac- 
 count they were diftinguifli'd from the Catervarii^ and the 
 *Pofitilatitii. 
 
 As for the feveral Kinds already reckon'd up, they ow'd 
 their Diftindion to their Country, their Arms, their Way 
 of fighting, and fuch Circumflances, and may be thus, in 
 fhort, defcrib'd: 
 
 The Retiarius was drefs'd in a /hortCoat, having a Ftif- 
 ctna or Trident in his Left-Hand, and a Net in his Right, 
 with which he endeavoured to entangle his Adverfary, and 
 then with his Trident might eafily difpatch him 5 on his 
 
 (") ^i*Z- cap. 4 J. 
 
 Head
 
 Book V. T/^£? Glad I ATORs. 275 
 
 Head he wore only a Hat tied un<lcr his Chin with a broad 
 Ribbon. The Secmcr was armed with a Buckler and a HeJ- 
 liiet, wherein was the Picture of a Fifh, in Alhxfion to the 
 Net. His Weapon was a Scymetar, or i'alx [upina. He was 
 call'd Sectitor, becaufe if the Retiarms^ againii whom he was 
 always matched, fhould happen to fail in calHng his Net, his 
 only Safety lay in Flight 5 i'o that in this Cafe he ply'd his 
 Heels asfaft as he could about the Place of Combat, till he 
 had got his Net in order for a fecond Throw : In the mean 
 time t\\\s Seal tor ov Follower purfu'd him, and cndeavour'd 
 to prevent his Deiign. Juvenal is very happy in the Ac- 
 count he gives us of a young Nobleman that fcandaloufly 
 turn'd Retiarkis in the Reign of Nero : Nor is there any 
 Relation of this Sort of Combat fo exa6l in any other Autkor. 
 
 > ,^ — F.tillic 
 
 'Dedeais urbis babes : nee myrmilionh m ar?ms 
 NecclyJ^eo Gracdmm _p?ignanter/? l^ fake fupiua^ 
 i^Daitinat enim tales habitus, fed daimiat ^ odit.) 
 Nee galea faciei'tz abfcQ92dit, mcvet ecce tridentcm^ 
 ^ojfquam librata fendevtia ret'ia dextra 
 Nequicqua}?i effiidit, 7io7idumffeBamki vultum 
 Engit^ ^) tctafitgit agmfcendus arena. 
 Credamm tunk<e^ defaudbus aiirea cum fe 
 '\Porrigat, ^ lovgo ja^ettcr fpiragalero^ 
 Br go igncm'miam gramcrem ■pertiilit cmni 
 Vulnere^ cum Graccbo jujfus pignare fecutor. Sat. 8. 
 
 Go to the Lifls where Feats of Arms are fhown, •* 
 
 There you'll iinAGracchtisimm Patrician grov^'n s 
 
 A Fencer, and the Scandal of the Town. J 
 
 Nor will h& the Myrmillo\ Weapons bear, 
 
 The mcdejt Hdmet hedifdains to wear. 
 
 KsRetiariushQ attacks his Foe : 
 
 Firfl: waves his Trident ready for the Throw, 
 
 Next caflshis 2v'£'?, but neither levell'd right, "1 
 
 He flares about, expos'd to publick Sight, > 
 
 Then places all his Safety in his Flight. 3 
 
 Room ibr the noble Gladiator I fee 
 
 His Coat and Hatband fliow his QuaUty. 
 
 Thus when at lafl: the brave Myrinillo knew 
 
 'Twas Gracchus was the Wretch he did purfue, 
 
 S a T©
 
 1/6 
 
 77;c G L A D I A T O R s. Part II. 
 
 To conquer fuch a Coward griev'd him more, 
 
 Than it he many glorious Wounds had bore. 
 
 Mr. Stepney. 
 
 Here the Poet feems to make the Myrmillo die fame as 
 the Secutor^ and thus all the Comments explain him. Yet 
 LipfiHi will have the Myrihillones to be adilfinCl: Order, who 
 fought compleatly arm'd 3 and therefore he believes them to 
 be the Crupelliirii oi 'To.citv.), (a), fo call'd from fome old 
 Gdllick Word, expreffing that they could only creep along 
 by reafon of their heavy Armour. 
 
 The ^I'braiiani made a great Part of the choiceff Gla.iia- 
 tcrs^ that Nation having the general Repute of Fiereenefs 
 and Cruelty beyond the reif of the World. The particular 
 Weapon they us'd was the Sica^ or Fauchion 5 and their De- 
 fence confifted in a '■paDiia^ or litcie round Shield, proper 
 to their Country. 
 
 The Original of the Sduinhe Gladiators is given us by 
 I^i'jy : The Carapanums^ fays he, bearing a great Hatred to 
 the Samnhes^ they arm'd a Part of their Gladiators after the 
 Fafliion of that Country, andcall'd them Samnites(b). What 
 thefe Arms were, he tells us in another Place 3 they wore a 
 Shield broad at the Top to defend the Breaffs and Shoulders, 
 and growing more narrow towards the Bottom, that it might 
 be moved with the greater Convenience j they had a Sort of 
 Eelt coming over their Breails, a Greave on their left Foot, 
 and a crelfed Helmet on their Heads 3 whence it is plain 
 that Defcription of t\\e Jmaz-oma)2 Fencer, already given 
 ftovciJirje72fll^ is expreOy jneant of ailuming the Armour and 
 Duty of a Samv'ne Gladiator. 
 
 Salteiis ^ n2a;iicce ^ crijfce, crurifqiie fwifiri 
 liimi.iium tegmen. 
 
 The 'Pinno'^ which adorn'd the Sdinnite^ Helmet, deno- 
 minated another Sort of Gladiators Pbin'irapi^ becaufe be- 
 ing match 'd with the Scwmitei^ they us'd to catch at thofe 
 'P/Vwrf', and bear them off in Triumph, as Marks of their 
 Viftory. D. Holiday takes the Pimiirapm to be the fame 
 as the Rctio.nus {c). 
 
 Lipfins^\xx\c\es the 'Provcccitores^ mentioned by Cicero in his 
 Oratron tor 'Pefiitis, to have be^n adiffinct Species, and that 
 they were generally match'd with the Sammtes 3 tho' perhaps 
 the Words of Dc^ri? may be thought not to imply fomuch. 
 
 (j) ^Anna^,. lib. 5. (4) Lib. y. W I.luftr.acioii on "Juvenal, Sat. 3. 
 
 The
 
 Book V. The Gladiators. 277 
 
 The Iloj/omacbi, whom we meet with in Seneca (a) and 
 Suetonius {b) may probably be the fame either with the Sam- 
 niiei or MyrraiUoms^ call'd by the Greek Name Q'ni.o^f.dx^'t 
 becaufe they fought in Armour. 
 
 The FJjedarii^ mention'd by the fame Authors (c), and by 
 'Ttilly (./'j, were fuch as on fome Occallons engaged 
 one another out of Chariots *, tho' perhaps at other ''^EJfedci. 
 Times they fought on Foot like the rert. T\\c E£'e- 
 diim was a Sort of Waggon, from which the Gdvls and the 
 Jiritcnns us'd to alTail the Romans in their Engagements with 
 them. 
 
 The An.iabat<€ or 'hv-jC^J) fought on Horfe-back, with a 
 Sort of Helmet that cover'd all the Face and Eyes, and there- 
 fore Andabatarnm more pvgnnrc is to combat blindtold. 
 
 As to the Manner of the Gladiators Combats, we can't ap- 
 prehend it fully, unlefs we take in what was done before and 
 what after the Fight, as well as the a^iual Engagement. 
 When any Perfon defiin'd to oblige the People with a Show, 
 he fet up Bills in the publick Places, giving an Account of 
 the Time, the Number of the Gladiators, and other Circum- 
 ftances. This they call'd Muniis prcniinciare or j-rofonere -^ 
 and the Libelli or Bills were fometimcs teim'div/i'(f/^ 5 many 
 Times befides thcfe Bills they fet up great Pi<51nrcs, on which 
 were defcribed the Manner of the Fight, and the Elligies of 
 fome of the moft celebrated Gladiators, whom they intended 
 to bring out. This Guftom is elegantly defcribed by Hjcs a^ 
 Book z. Sat. 7. 
 
 Vel cum ^^aufiaca tcrpes insane tabelh^ 
 
 ^li peccas minus at que ego ^ cWfC Fuhi Rutub^eque 
 
 jfut^placideiani ccn.tentopwplite ^nir^r 
 
 'prcclia, rubricapitfa am carbone, velut fi 
 
 Reverapmgnent^ ferUnt^ vitevtque moventes 
 
 j^rma viri ? 
 
 Or when on fo:r,e rare Piece you wond'ring fi:and, 
 
 And praife the Colours, and the Maimer's Hand, 
 
 Are you Icfs vain than I, when in the Street 
 
 The painted Canvas holds my ra\ iHi'd Sight ? 
 
 Where with bent Knees the skilful Fencers rtrive 
 
 To fpeed their Pafs, as if thcvmov'd alive 5 
 
 And with new Sleights fo well exprefs'd engage, 
 
 That I amaz'd ftare up, and think them on tiie Stage. 
 
 (a) Contnverf. lib. 3- (/') I" C/iHg. 3. (e) Sfrec. Epift. 39. Suettrt. 
 Calm.. } S- Cla»d. 21 (d) In Fprjidis. 
 
 S ^ At
 
 2/8 T7;c Glad I ATQR s. Part il. 
 
 At the appointed Day fcr the Show, in the firft Place the 
 Gladiarors were broughtoutaJ] together, and obliged to take 
 a Circuit round the j^rena in a very fblemn and pompous 
 Manner. Attcr this they procecdcd/(^n^cc/;z/c7i^?'e, to match 
 them by Pairs, in which great Care was ufcd to make the 
 JNIatches equal. Before the Combatants fell to't in earned, 
 they try'd their Skill againft one another with more harmlefs 
 Weapons, ^.s the RtldeSy and the Spears without Heads, the 
 ]>iunted Swords, the Files, and fuch like. This Cicero admira- 
 bly obferves: Si in illo ijjjo gkdiaiorio Vitce certamine^ quo 
 jerro decernitiir^ tamen ante congrejjmnmiiltafiunt^ qiids non 
 iid viiliztis^fed adfpeciem valere -videaAimr -^ qitanto magishoc 
 in Gratione ex^peBcindiim ejl ? If in the mortal Combats of 
 tie Gladiators, --xbere the ViBory is decided by Arms^ before 
 tley aBiially engage^ there are fever al Flotirijhes given^ more 
 Jcr a Shew of Art than a Defgn of hurting 3 ho'jo much more 
 frofer ivculd this look in the Contention of an Orator"^. This 
 f iourifhing before the Fight was call'd in common 'Pr<elufio^ 
 or, in refpe6t of the Swords only, Ventilatio. This Exercifd 
 was continu'd, till the Trumpets founding gave them No- 
 tice to enter on more defperate Encounters, and then they 
 Vv-ere faid verters Arma. 
 
 — — It a rem natam ejfe intellign^ 
 Iseccffum efi vcrfs armis dcpugnaricr. PJaut. 
 
 The Terms of ftriking were Tetere and Repetere j of a- 
 voiding a Blow, exire. 
 
 Corpore tela modo^ atque oculis vigilantibus exit. Virg. 
 
 When any Perfori receiv'd a remarkable Wound, either 
 his i^dverfary or the People us'd to cry out, habet, or hoc 
 habet. This /"-^/r^/V alludes to, yl'mi. 12. 
 
 'Jelcque orantem niulta^ trabali 
 
 ^efiiper altus eqiiograviter ferity atque itafatur : 
 Hoc habet : hdrc magnis melior data viBima divis. 
 
 Him, as much he pray'd, 
 
 With his huge Spear Mejfapu s ^ce-o\y ^ruck 
 From his high Courfer's Back, and chafing fpoke, 
 He has It ; and to this aulpicious Biqw 
 A nobler Victim the great Gods ih.*]} owe. 
 
 The
 
 Book V. T/'e Gl A D lAT ORS. 279 
 
 The Party who was 'wor&.ed fiibmitte.i bis Armi^ andac- 
 knowledg'd kimfelf conquer 'd 5 yet this would not fave his 
 Life, unkfs the People pleas'd, and therefore he made his 
 Application to them tor Pity. The two Signs of Favour and 
 Diilike given by the People were, jf^reinere 'Pollice?-^^ and yer- 
 tere Tollicem^ Phrafes which the Criticks have quarrell'd 
 much about to little Purpofe. But M. Tiacier feems to have 
 been more happy in his Explanation than his Predeceflbrs. 
 The former he takes to be a clenching of the Fingers of both 
 Hands between one another, and fo holding the two Thumbs 
 upright clofe together. This was done to exprefs their Ad- 
 miration of the Art and Courage /hew'd by both Comba- 
 tants, and a Sign to the Conqueror to fpare the Life of his 
 Antagonift, as having perform'd his Part remarkably well. 
 Hence Horace^ to fignity the extraordinary Commendation 
 that a Man could give to one of his own Temper and Dif- 
 pofition, fays. 
 
 Famor ntroqtie mum Imidabit poUice kiitira. 
 
 And Meiiander has j^K\CKMi Tn^Hf, tofrefs the Fwgers^ a 
 Cuftom on the Grecia?: Stage, defign'd for a Mark of Ap- 
 probation, anfwerable to our Clapping. 
 
 But the contrary Motion, or bending back of the Thumbs, 
 fignified the Diflktisfaftion of the Speftators, and authoriz'd 
 the Vi6lor to kill the other Combatant outright for a Cow- 
 ard. 
 
 Verfo f cilice vtilgi 
 
 ^lemlibet occidunt fopilc.riter. Juv. Sat. 5. 
 
 Where inHuenc'd by the Rabble's bloody Will, 
 With Thumbs bent back, they popularly kill. 
 
 Befides this Privilege of the People, the Emperors feem to 
 have had the Liberty of faving whom they thought nt, when 
 they were prefent at the Solemnity, and perhaps, upon the 
 bare Coming in of the Emperor into the Place of Combat, 
 the Gladiators, who in that Inftanthad the worrt of it were 
 delivcr'd from farther Danger. 
 
 Ctefaris advenm tut a Gladiator arena 
 
 £xity ^ mixiliwn mn leve mtltns Jmbet, Martial. 
 
 84 ^ Where
 
 2 8o Tl^c Gladi AT OKS. Part II 
 
 Where CtCpir comes, the worfled Fencer ]ives, 
 And his bare Prefence ( like the Gods ) reprieves. 
 
 After the Engagement there were feveral Marks of Favour 
 canferr'd on the Vidlors, as many Times a Prefent of Money, 
 perhaps gather'd up among the Spectators, which Juvenal 
 alludes to, Sat. 7. 
 
 Accife viBori ^ofiihii quod fojlttlat aiirrnn. 
 
 — Take the Gains 
 
 A conqu'ring Fencer from the Crowd obtains. 
 
 But the moft common Rewards were the Tilens and the 
 'Riidis: The former was given only to fuch Gladiators as 
 were Slaves, for a Token ot their obtaining Freedom. The 
 Rtidis feems to have been beftow'd both on Slaves and Free- 
 men, but with this Difference, that it procur'd for the for- 
 mer no more than a Difcharge from any farther Performance 
 in Publick, upon which they commonly turn'd Lo.ni^^^ 
 fpending their Time in trainiiig up young Fencers. Ovid 
 calls it tuta Rtidis. 
 
 Ttitaqtie depofito fofcitur cnfe rtidis. 
 
 But the Rt'dis, when given to fuch Pcrfons as, being free, 
 had hir'd themfelves out for thefe Shows, reftor'd then; to 
 a full Enjoyment of their Liberty. Both thefe Sorts of Rii- 
 didrii, being excus'd from farther Service, had a Cuftomto 
 hang up their Arms in the Temple of Hercules^ the Patron 
 of their Profeffion, and were never call'd out again without 
 their Confent, Horace has given us a full Account of this 
 Cuftomin his firft Epiftle to Mcscenas : 
 
 ^rima diSfe 7nihi, ^iimma dicende cam(xna^ 
 SpeBattim fatis ^ donatinn jara riide^ qudsris^ 
 M<ecenas., itertmt antiqiio me i^iclitdere hide. 
 Ncn eadein efi £tas^ non mem. Ve]anitis artnis 
 Hcrculis ad fojtetnfixis^ Intet abdittis agro : 
 Nefopihim extreraa toties exoret arena. 
 
 M<fceMS
 
 Book V. The Gladiators. 281 
 
 Mt^cenaSy you whofe Name and Titles grac'd 
 My early Labours, and ihali crown my laft : 
 Now, when I've long engag'd with willi'd Succefs, 
 And, full of Fame, obtam'd my Writ of Eafe 3 
 While fprightly Fancy finks with heavy Age, 
 Again you'd bring me on the doubtful Stage. 
 Yet wile ^^ejajzkis, hanging up his Arms 
 To HeraikSy youJittle Cottage farms: 
 Left he be forc'd, if giddy Fortune turns, 
 To cringe to the vile Rabble, whom he icorns. 
 
 The learn 'd fD^c/Vr, in his Obfervation on this Place, ac- 
 quaints us, That it 'twas a Cuftom for all Perfons, when they 
 laid down any Art, or Employment, to confecrate the pro- 
 per Inftruments of their Calling, to the particular Deity, 
 who was acknowledged for the Prefident of that Profeffion. 
 And therefore the Gladiators, when thus difcharg'd, hunor 
 up their Arms to Hercules 5 who had a Chapel by every 
 Aniphitheatre ; and where there were no Amphitheatres, 
 in Circo's : And over every Place affign'd to fuch manly 
 Performances, there flood a Hercules with his Club. 
 
 We may take our Leave of the Gladiators with the excellent 
 Paflage of Cicero, which may ferve in fome Meafure as an 
 Apology for the Cuftom. Cnidele Gladiatonira [^eBaculum 
 ^ inhtimanum nonmilUs videri foler : ^ haiid few an non 
 it a fit, v.t nunc fit: cwn vero fontes ferro depignabaiit, aii- 
 ribtis fortaJJe raidtts, cculis qinde7n nulla foterat ejfe fortior 
 contra dotorem ^ imrtem difciplina (a). I'he Sbo-zvs of 
 Gladiators -may foffibly to fome Terfons Jeem barbarous and 
 i7ihuman: Jlnd indeed, as the Cafe no-iv flands, I can^t fay 
 that the Cevfure is unjufl : 'But in tbofe Times, ixshen only 
 guilty Terfcns composed the Number of Combatants, the Ear 
 ferhafs might receive many better InfruBions 5 but "'tis im- 
 fojfible that any I'hing, 'which affe^s our Eyes, potildfortifie 
 us -izith more Succefs again ft the JJfav.lt s ofGri^and ^eatk 
 
 (4) TiifeHl. g),!tji. 2. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 The Sjtires of Part H. 
 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Ofthe'LVBl S C E N I C I, or Stage-Plays : And 
 jirfi of the Satires J aiid the Mimick-Pieces^ with 
 theKife and Adva?ices offuch Entertainments among 
 the Romans. 
 
 '"THE I.UDI SC£NICI, or Stage-Plays, have been com- 
 -^ mcnly divided into four Species, Satire, Mimick, Trage- 
 dy, and Comedy. The elder Sca/iger will have Satire to have 
 proceeded from Tragedy, in the fame Manner as the Miraus 
 trom Comedy: But we are alTur'd this was in Ufe at Rcme^ 
 iang before the more perfect Drama's had gain'd a Place on 
 the Stage. Nor has the fame excellent Critick been more happy 
 in tracing the Original of this Sort of Poetry as far as Greece: 
 For we cannot fuppofe it to bear any Refemblance to the 
 Chorus, or Dance oiSdtyres^ which us'd to appear in the The- 
 atres at jltbenSy as an Appendage to fome of their Tragedies^ 
 thence cali'd S:.tyrique. This Kind ol Greek Farce was taken 
 v.p purely in rhc Charaftcrs of Mirrh and Wantonnefs, not ad- 
 nuttivig thofc farcaiiical Refleftions, which were the very Ef- 
 fence of the P.c:'ha;; Satire. Therefore Cafaiibm and 2)acier^ 
 rvithout calling an Eye toward sGrf^iT, make no Qiieftion but 
 the Name is to be deriv'd from Sanira a Reman \Vord,figni- 
 iyiRpj^W/; The (^/j being changM into an (/) ^ after the fame 
 Manner as opiumis and maxiimui were afterwards fpell'd o/- 
 thiiii^ and maximtis, Satiira^ being an Adie(Sive, mult be fup- 
 p€s\i to relate to the Subftantive Lcinx^ a Platter or Charger 5, 
 luch as they fill'd yearly with all Sorts of Fruit, and ofFer'd to 
 their Gods at their Feftivals, as the Primkiae^ or firft Gather- 
 inp£ of the Scafon.. Such an Expreffion might be well applied 
 to this Kind of Poem, which was full of various Matter, and 
 v;ritten on different Subjects. Nor are there wanting other In- 
 irances of the fame Way of fpeaking j as particularly per Sa- 
 mram Sentential exquirere^ is us'd by Sahifl, to fignifie the 
 Way of Voting in the Senate, when neither the Members 
 wcrc told, nor the Voices counted, but all gave their Suffrages 
 promifcuoufly, and without obferving any Order. And the 
 Ki(lcr'ice SaHircT, or per Satimim^ of Fe[tm^ were nothing 
 fife but Mifcellaneous Trads of Hiftcry. The Original 
 
 of
 
 Book V. ^k Romans. 285 
 
 of the Koman Satire will lead us into the Knowledge of the 
 firft 'Reprefentations of Perfons, and the rude E flays towards 
 Dramatick Poetry, in the ruftick Ages of Kome 5 for which 
 we are beholden to the accurate Refearch of2)aciery and 
 the Improvement of him by M.r.'Dryden. 
 
 During the Space of almoit four hundred Years from the 
 Building of the City, the Roraans had never known any En- 
 tertainments of the Stage. Chance and JoUitry iirll found out 
 thofe Verfes which they call'd Samrnian., becaufe they fup- 
 pos'd fuch to have been in Ufe under 6'^fz/n2 and Fefitimine^ 
 trom Fefcemiia^ a Town in 'T'iifcany\ where they were firft 
 pra6lis'd. The A(Sors, upon Occaiion of Merriment, with a 
 grofs and ruftick Kind of Raillery, reproach'd one anothec 
 ex tempore with their Failings 5 and at the fame Time were 
 nothing fparing of it to the Audience. Somewhat of thisCu- 
 fiom was afterwards retain'd in their Saturnalia^ or Feaft of 
 Saturn^ celebrated mDecember: At leaft all Kind of Freedom 
 of Speech was then allow'd to Slaves, even againft their Ma- 
 fters : And we are not without fome Imitation of it in our 
 Chripiias-Gamboh. We can't have a better Notion of this 
 rude and unpolifli'd Kind of Farce,than by imagining a Com- 
 pany of Clowns on a Holy-day dancing lubberly, and upbraid- 
 ing one another in ex tem;pore Doggrel, with their Defeats 
 and Vices, and the Stories that were told of them in Eake- 
 Houfes and Barbers-Shops. 
 
 This rough-caft unhewn Poetry was inftead of Stage- 
 Plays, for the Space of an hundred and twenty Years toge- 
 ther : But then, when they began to be fomewhat better 
 bred and entered, as one may fay, into the firft Rudiments 
 of civil Converfation, they left thefe Hedge-notes for ano- 
 ther Sort ot Poem, a little more polifti'd, which was alfo full 
 ofpleafant Raillery, but without any Mixture of Obfcenity. 
 This new Species of Poetry appear'd under the Name of Sa- 
 tire, becaufe of its Variety, and was adorn 'd with Compofi- 
 tions of Mufick, and with Dances. 
 
 When L'fjii'a Andrcnicm, about the Year of Rome 5 14, had 
 introduc'dthe new Entertainments of Tragedy and Comedy, 
 the People neglected and abandon'd their old Diverfion of 
 Satires : But, not long after, they took them up again, and 
 then they join'd them to their Comedies, playing them at 
 the End of the 'Drama ; as the French continue at this Day. 
 to a6l their Farces in the Nature of a feparate Reprefenta- 
 tion from their Tragedies. 
 
 A
 
 284 77;6^ Satires of Pare II. 
 
 A Year after y^«./ro;;/f//i haci open'd the Roman Stage with 
 his new Drama's, Ennms was born 3 who, when he was grown 
 to Man's Eilate, having ferioufly confider'd the Genius of 
 the People, and how eagerly they follow'd the firft Satires, 
 thought it would be worth his while to refine upon the Pro- 
 ieft, and to write Satires, not to be aftcd on the Theatre, but 
 read. The Event was anfwerable to his Expe(^1:ation, and his 
 Defign being improv'd by ^acuvius, adorn'd with a more 
 graceful Turn by Ijicilms, and advanc'd to its full Height by 
 Horace^ Jiivmc.L^ and'PerfiUS, grew intoadiftind Species of 
 poetry, and has ever met with a kind Reception in the World. 
 To the fame Original we owe the other Sort of Satire, call'd 
 Varroniany from the learned Varro, who firft compos'd it. 
 This was written freely, without any Reftraint to Vcrfe or 
 Profc, but confifted of an Intermixture of both ; of which 
 Nature are the Sutyriccn of 'Petronins^ Seneca\ mock Deifi- 
 cation of the Emperor CZ-^^fZ/j'/V/j, and Soff/J/?/5's Confolations. 
 
 As for the MtmiiSy from /Vi/|u«<&^ to imitate^ Scnliger de- 
 fines it to be, a ^oem imitatwg any Sort ofj^iions, fo ai to 
 m/ike them appear ridicidotis (a). The Original of it he refers 
 to the Comedies, in which, when the Chorus went off the 
 Stage, they were fucceedcd by a Sortof Ailors who diverted 
 the Audience for fome Time, with apifh Poftures, and an- 
 tick Dances. They were not mask'd, but had their Faces 
 imear'd over with Soor, and drefs'd themfelves in Lamb- 
 skins, which are call'd 'Pe[cia in the old Verfes of the Salii. 
 They wore Garlands of Ivy, and carried Baskets full of Herbs 
 and Flowers to the Honour of Bacchus^ as had been obfer- 
 ved in the fir.T- Inftitution of the Cuftom at Athem. They 
 afted always bare-foot, and were thence call'd 'Planipedes. 
 
 Thefe Diverfions being received with univerfal Applaufe 
 by the People, the Aftors took Affurance to model them in- 
 to a diftinfl: Entertainment from the other Plays, and prefent 
 them by themfelves. And perhaps it was not till now, that 
 they undertook to write feveral Pieces of Pqetry with the 
 Name o^ Mimiy reprefenting an imprrfei5t Sort of 'Drama^ 
 not divided into A6ts, and perform'd only by a fingle Per- 
 fon. Thefe were a very frequent Entertainment of the Ro~ 
 man Stage, long after Tragedy and Comedy had been ad- 
 ranc'd to their full Height, and feem'd to have always main- 
 tained a very great Etteem in the Town. 
 
 (,j) Dt Re Post. lib. I. cxp. ic. 
 
 The
 
 Book V. the Romans. 28^ 
 
 The two famous Mimicks, or 'Patitomimiy as they call'd 
 them, were Lciberilii and 'ptiblius, both conttmp^jrary to jfu~ 
 iizis Ccefar. Laberhis was a Perlbn of the Equeitnan Rank, 
 ^nd, at threefcore Years of Age, adfed the Mimick Pieces of 
 his own compofing, in the Games which Cecfar prefented to 
 the People j tor which he receiv'd a Reward of five hundred 
 Sejlertia^ and a Gold Ring, and fo recover 'd the Honour 
 which he had forfeited by performing on the Stage (^). Ma- 
 crobius has given us Part of a Prologue of this Author, where- 
 in he feems to complain of the Obligation which defiir laid 
 on him to appear in the Quality of an Aftor, fo contrary to 
 his own Inclinations, and to the former Courfe of his Life. 
 Some of them, which may ferve for a Tafte of his Wit and 
 Style, are as follows : 
 
 Torw.na. bmmderata in bono <eqne atqiie in malOy 
 Si tibi erat libitum literarmn laudibm 
 Floris caamen noJir<e ffunts frangerc, 
 Ctir^ cum vigebcim membris j^reeviridajitibus^ 
 Satisfacere fopulo £5f tali cum poteram virc^ 
 Non flexibile??i me concurv^Jli ut carj-eres^. 
 Nunc me quo dejicis^. ^lid adfcejia?n ajj'ero ? 
 decorum jormte^ an dignitatem corporis^ 
 jinimi vimitem^ an -vccis juamd^ fonum ? 
 Ut hedera [erpens vires arboreas necat ; 
 Ita me vetuftas amplexu anncrum enecat. 
 Sepukhri Jimilis nihil niji nomen retineo. 
 
 Horace indeed exprefly taxes his Compofures with Want of 
 Elegance (Jb) : But Scaliger (c) thinks the Cenfure to be very 
 unjuftj and that theVerfes cited by Macrcbiv.s are much better 
 than thofe oi Horace, in which this Refleflion is to be found. 
 
 There goes a fharp Repartee of the fame Laberius upon 
 ^iiUy, when, upon receiving the Golden Ring oi Ceefar, he 
 went to refume his Seat among the Knights ^ they out of a 
 Principle of Honour feem'd very unwilling to receive him 5 
 Cicero particularly told him, as he pafs'd by, That indeed he 
 would make Room for him with all his Heart, but that he 
 was fquecz'd up already himfclf No Wonder (fays Z^^fnV/i) 
 that you, who commonly make ufc of two Seats at once, 
 fancy yourfelf fqueez'd up, when you fit like other People. 
 
 (a) Suet, in JkI. cap. 39. Macrob. Satu'n. lib. 2, cap. 7, (1-) Lib, i. Sat. 
 
 10. (f) £s Re Fed. lib, I. cap. 10, 
 
 In
 
 2 86 The Tragedy and€oniedy Part IL 
 
 In which he gave a very fevere Wipe on the Double-dealing 
 of the Orator (a). 
 
 'Tnblms was a Syrian by Birth, but receiv'd his Education 
 eXRorae in the Condition of a Slave. Having by feveral Spe- 
 cimens of Wit obtain'd his Freedom, he fet to write Mimick 
 Pieces, and afted them with wonderful Applaufe about the 
 Towns in Italy. At laft, being brought to Rcfne, to. bear a 
 Part in Ceefar's Plays, he challeng'd all the Dramatick Wri- 
 ters and Adors, and won the Prize from every Man of them, 
 one by one, even from Laberkis himfclf f/'). A Colle«5^ion 
 of Sentences taken out of his Works are ftill extant, ^o- 
 feph Scaliger gives them a very high Encomium, and thought 
 it worth his while to turn them into Greek. 
 
 {a) Macreb. Saturn, lib. 2. cap. 7. (fe) Tdem. lib. z. cap. 7. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Of the Roman tragedy and Comedy. 
 
 'TT H E Roman Tragedy and Comedy were wholly borrow'd' 
 ■'- from the Grecians, and therefore do not fo properly fall 
 under the pefcntDeiign : Yet in order to a right underftand- 
 3ng of thele Pieces, there is Scope enough for a very ufeful 
 Enquiry, without roaming fo far as Athens, unlefs upon a 
 neceffary Errand. The Parts of a Play, agreed on by ancient 
 and modern Writers, are thefe four : Firlt, The Trotajis, or 
 Entrance, which gives a Light only to the Charaders of th« 
 Perfons, and proceeds very little to any Part of the Aflion. 
 Secondly, The Bpitafis, or working up of the Plot, where 
 the Play grows warmer 5 the Defign or Action of it is draw- 
 ing on, and you fee fomething promifing that it will come 
 to pafs. Thirdly, The Cataftafis, or, in a Ro7mn Word, the 
 Status, the Heighth and full Growth of the Play : This may 
 properly be call'd the Counter-turn, which deikoysthat Ex- 
 peaation, imbroils the A^^ion in new Difficulties, and leaves 
 us far dirtant from that Hope in which it found us. Laftly, 
 the Catallrophe, or AuVk, the Difcovery, or unravelling of 
 the Plot. Here we fee all Things fettling again on their firft 
 Eoundations, and the Obftacles which hindred the Defign 
 
 or
 
 Book V. of the Romans. 
 
 or A<3ion of the Play once remov'd, it ends with that Refem- 
 blance of Truth and Nature, that the Audience are fatisfied 
 with the Conduct of it (/?). It's a Qiiefiion whether the firii 
 Roman lir am oh were divided into Ads 5 or at lead it feems 
 probable, that thofe were not admitted into Comedy 'till after 
 it had loft its Chorus, and fo flood in need ot fomc more ne- 
 ceflary Divifions than could be made by the Mufick only. 
 Yet the five Ads were fo cftablifh'd in the Tiaaie oi Horace^ 
 that he gives it for a Rule, 
 
 Neve ini7io)\ 11m [it qiihito ;prcdn6iior aBu 
 Fahiik. 
 
 The Diflindion of the Scenes feems to have been an Inven- 
 tion of the Grammarians, and is not to be found in the old 
 Copies o^'Plaiitits and 'Terence^ and therefore thefe are whol- 
 ly left out in the excellent French and Englijb Tranilations. 
 
 The 'Drama's^ prefented 2itRome^ were divided in general 
 into 'Palliatcc and l^ogatcc, Grecian^ and properly Roman. Iit 
 the former, the Plot being laid in Greece^ the Adors were 
 habited according to the Fafliion of that Country 5 in the 
 other, the Perfons were fuppos'd to be Remans. Buc then 
 the Comedies properly Roman were of fevcral Sorts : '■J-re- 
 textatdP^ when the Adors were fuppos'd to be Perfons of 
 Quality, fuch as had the Liberty ot wearing the ^Pr<fftexta^ 
 or Purple Gown : 'Tabernarice^ when the Tahernce^ low or- 
 dinary Buildings, were exprefs'd in the Scenes, the Perfons 
 being of the lower Rank. Suetcrdiis, {b) informs us. That C. 
 MelijJ'US^ in the Time oi Jlngiijhis^ introduc'd a new Sort of 
 'itogatee^ which he coWA 2^7'abeat(C. Moniieur !Z/^acr is of 
 Opinion, that they were wholly taken up in Matters relating 
 to the Camp, and that the Perfons reprefented were fome of 
 the chief Officers {c) -. For the '^I'rabca was the proper Habit 
 of the Conful, when he fet forward on any warlike Defign. 
 There was a Species of Comedy different from both thefe, 
 and more inclining to Farce, which they call'd Atellana^itQin 
 Jltella^ a Town of the Ofciajis in Campania^ where it wasfirft: 
 invented. The chief Defign of it was Mirth and Jefting, (tho' 
 fometimes with a Mixture of Debauchery, and lafcivious 
 Poftures) and therefore the Adors were not reckon'd among 
 the Hifiricnes^ or common Players, but kept the Benefit or 
 their Tribe, and might be lifted for Soldiers, a Privilege 
 
 (/j) Mr. Dry den' s Lramat, EJJaj. (i) De C'Lirh Cru;r,mat. ;i. (c) yv^f. 
 
 cn Hgraee'i ,Art. Vctt,
 
 288 The Tragedy and Comedy Part II. 
 
 allow'd only to Freemen. Sometimes perhaps the Atellmt£ 
 were prcfented between the A6ls of other Cotnedit-s, by way 
 oi Exodiiimy or Interlude : As we meet viHth ^^ca-//^///^ ^^/e-^- 
 lamciim in Suetonius (a). 
 
 Tho' all the Rules by which t\\t1)rama is praftis'd at this 
 Day, either fuch as relate to the Jullnefs and Symmetry of 
 the Plot, or the Epifodical Ornaments, fuch as Defcriptions, 
 Narrations, and other Beauties not eirential to the Play, were 
 deliver'd to us by the Ancients, and the Judgments which we 
 make, of all Performances ot this Kind, are guided by their 
 JExamples and Dire6^ions j yet there are feveral Things be- 
 longing to the old Dramatick Pieces, which we cannot at 
 all underftand by the Modern, llnce, not being efTential to 
 thefc Works, they have been long difus'd. Of this Sort we 
 may reckon up, as particularly worth our Obfervation, the 
 jBuskin and the Sock, the Mafques, the Chorus, and the 
 Flutes. 
 
 The Cothzirnns and the Sccciis were fuch eminent Marks 
 of Diftinftion between the old Tragedy and (Comedy, that 
 they were brought not only to lignify thofe diilinft Species 
 of Dramatick Poetry, but to exprefs the fublime and the 
 humble Style in any other Compofitions : As Mnrnal calls 
 Virgil Cothiirnatus^ tho' he never meddled with Tragedy. 
 
 Grajide CotJoiirnati fone Maronis opis. 
 
 This Cothurmts is thought to have been a fquare high Sort 
 of Boot, which made the Aftors appear above the ordinary 
 Size of Mortals, fuch as they fuppos'd the old Heroes to 
 have generally been j and at the fame Time, giving them 
 Leave to move but flowly, were well accommodated to the 
 State and Gravity which Subjefls of that Nature required. 
 Yet 'tis plain they were not in ufe only on the Stage 5 for 
 Virgil brings in the Goddefs Venus in the Habit of a -Tyrian 
 Maid, td\mg JEveas^ 
 
 Virginikis lyriis mos ejl gejlare fharetras^ 
 ^iirfurcoque cite fur as vincire cothurm. 
 
 From which it appears, that the Hunters fometimes wore 
 Buskins to fecvire their Legs : But then we mull fuppofe them 
 to be much lighter and better contriv'd than the other, for 
 fear they fhould prove a Hindrance to the Swiftncfs and Agi- 
 
 (j) Tibn. 4 J, 
 
 lity
 
 Book V. of the KouANS' iSp 
 
 Ihy requir'd in that Sport. The Women in fome Parts of Italy 
 flill wear a Sort of Shoes, or rather Stilts, fbmewhat like 
 thefe Buskins, which they call C/o/^/w/ : Z-^J/f^" informs us, 
 that he had feen them at Venice a full halt-yard high. 
 
 The Socci were a flight Kind of Covering for the Feet, 
 whence the Fafhion and the Name of our Socks are deriv'd. 
 The Comediani wore thefe, to reprefent the Vility of the 
 Perfons they reprefented, as debauch'd young Sparks, old 
 crazy Mifers, Pimps, Parafires, Strumpets, and the reil of 
 that Gang j for the Sock being proper to the Women, as it 
 was Very light and thin, was always counted fcandalous when 
 worn by Men. Thus Seneca{a) exclaims againft Caligula for 
 fitting to judge upon Life and Death in a rich P^ir of Socks 
 adorn'd with Gold and Silver. 
 
 Another Reafon, why they were taken up by the Aflors of 
 Comedy, might be, becaufe they were the fitteft that could 
 be imagin'd tor Dancing. Thus CatiiUus invokes Hymen the 
 Patron of Weddings ; 
 
 Hue "jem nheo gerens 
 Luteiim pede foccn /#?, 
 Excitufqne hilari die^ 
 Niiptialia co7icinens 
 Voce carmina tinnuk't. 
 Telle hummn fedibm.——-' 
 
 The (Perfona^ or Mafque, Jg^Ulm (b) derives (according 
 to an old Author) from 'Perfo?w^ to found thoroughly j be- 
 caufe thefe Vizards being put over the Face, and lett open 
 at the Mouth, render'd the Voice much clearer and fuller, by 
 contracting it into a leffer Compafs. But Scaliger will not 
 allow of this Conjedure. However the Reafon of it (whicK 
 is all that concerns us at prefent) appears from all the old 
 Figures of the Mafques, in which we find always a very large 
 ■wide Hole defign'd for the Mouth. Madam Dacier, who 
 met with the Draughts of the Comick Vizards in a very old 
 Manufcript oflerence, informs^ us, that they were not like 
 ours, which cover only the Face, but that they came over the 
 whole Head, and had always a Sort of Peruke of Hair fatt- 
 ened on them, proper to the P'erfon whom they were to re- 
 prefent. 
 
 , The Original of the Mafque is referr'd by Horace to ^f- 
 fhykis] whereas before the Ailors had no other Diiguifej but 
 
 (4) Benefit lib, s. cap. X2. (6) Neif. lib, J. cap. 7« 
 
 T to
 
 2^0 Th Trugedy and Comedy Pare II' 
 
 toTintar over rhcir Faces whh odd Colours 5 and yet this was 
 wcli enough, when their Stage was no better than a Care. 
 
 JgKcit.'m T'rrgiCif gem/s invcmjje Cam(£vce 
 UJ!citm\ ^. j^atfjiris vexijje 'Poemata 'Thefpis^ 
 ^iee caiitrait agenntque perunBi facibiii or a. 
 ^l-kjt hinic ;p(:r'^onee faflceqiie repenor boaejlcs 
 yrj'chyluSy £5 }?^odicis imfki:}it fiilpta tigmSj 
 at- duiiit mcgmimqzie loqui, mtique Cotburno. 
 
 tVhcn I'f.rfps firfl expos'd the Tragick Mufe, 
 Rude were die Aftors, and a Cart the Scene j 
 Wliere ghaltly Faces, itain'd with Lees of Wine, 
 Iriglited the Children, and amus'd the Croud. 
 I'his u'J'la.yliis ("with Indignation) faw, 
 And huilr a Stage, tound out a decent Drefs, 
 Brought ^'izards in (a civiler Difguife) 
 And taught Men how to fpeak, and how to a61:. 
 
 \lsly l^oxd Rojcoinmon, 
 The Chcnii Hedelin defines to be a Company of Actors, 
 rcprefenting the Aflembly or Body of thofe Perfons, who ei- 
 ther were prefent, or probably might be fo, upon that Place 
 or Scene where the Bufinefs was I'uppos'd to be tranfafted. 
 This is exactly obfcrv 'din the tourG/YC/<^;/Dramatick Poets, 
 JTifilrylui, Sopjocks^ Euripides, and Jlriftopbanes 5 but the on- 
 ^Y Latin Tragedies which remain, thofe under the Name of 
 ^eii^Cd^ as they are faulty in many Refpeds, fo particularly 
 arc they in the Chorus's ^ for fometimcs they hear all that's 
 faid upon the Stage, fee all that's done, and fpeak very pro- 
 perly to all 5 at other Times one would think they were 
 blind, deaf, or dumb. In many of thefe 2)r^;^/<!7's, one can 
 hardly tell whom theyreprefent, how they were drefs'd, what 
 Reafon brings them on the Stage, or why thev are of one 
 Sex m.ore than of another. Indeed the Verfes are fine, full 
 of Thought, and over-loaded with Conceit, butmayinmoft 
 Places be very well fpar'd, without fpoiling any thing either 
 in the Senfe or the Reprefentation of the Poem. Befides, the 
 'Thehais has no Chorus at all, which maj' give us Occafion to 
 doubt of what Scnliger affirms fo pofitively, that Tragedy 
 was never without Chorus's. For it feems probable enough 
 that in the Time of the debauch'd and loofe Emperors,when 
 ^limicks and BufFcons came in for Interludes to Tragedy as 
 weU as Coinedy, the Chtrvs ceas'd by Degrees to be a Part of 
 
 the
 
 Book V. o/rie Romans. 291 
 
 the Dramatick Poem, and dwindled into a Troop of Mufi- 
 cians and Dancers, who mark'd the Intervals of the Afl:s. 
 
 The Olfice of the C/Jcrus is thus exeeiiently deliver 'd by 
 Horace: 
 
 j^cicris partes Chorus rffic'mmqiie iiirile 
 ^efendat : neu quid medics intercmat r.fius 
 ^lod nonfropofito condiicat ^ heereat ape. 
 JUe bo72i s fa<veatqiie ^ conciliemr amicis^ 
 Et regat iratos^ Cfv amet peccare ti?ne7iTes-^ 
 JUe dapes laiidet r/ienfce brevis ; ilk falubrem 
 f/ujlitia7-a, legefque ^ apertis ctia portis. 
 'jlfe tegat ccjiimiJJ'a 5 decfqne ^recemr I'C oret 
 tit rede at 7}7iferiSy abeat forttina fuperbis, 
 
 A Chcnis fhould fupply what Aflion wants, 
 And has a generous and manly Part, 
 Bridles wild Rage, loves rigid Honefly, 
 And flri6l Obfervance of impaitial Laws, 
 Sobriety, Security, and Pcace^ 
 And begs the Gods to turn blind Fortune's Wheels 
 To raife the Wretched, and pull down the Proud 3 
 But nothing muft be fung between the A6ls 
 But what fome Way conduces to the Plot. 
 
 [My Lord Rofcornmont 
 
 This Account is chiefly to be underfiood of the Chorus of 
 Tragedies; yet the old Comedies, we are afTur'd, had their 
 Chort/s's too, as yet appears in Jlrifiopljanes ; where, belldes 
 thofe compos'd of the ordinary Sort of Perfons, we meet 
 with one of Clouds, another of Frogs, and a third of Wafps, 
 but all very conformable to the Nature of the Subjcft, and 
 extremely comical. 
 
 'T would be foreign to our prefent Purpofe, to trace the 
 Original of the Clocrus^ and to fhcw how it was regulated by 
 ^Joefpis^ (generally honour'd with the Title of the firil Tra- 
 gedian :,) whereas before 'twas nothing elfe but a Company 
 of Muficians finging and dancing in Honour ofSacchus. It 
 may be more proper to obferve how it came, after fome 
 Time, to be left out in Comedy, as it is in that of the JRo- 
 T72af2S. Horace's Reafon is, that the Malignity and fatiricai 
 Humour of the Poets was the Caufe of it;; for they made 
 
 T s, tlic
 
 2p2 Tl:>e Tragedy and Comedy Part 11. 
 
 the CJjcrvs's abufe People fo feverely, and with fo bare a 
 Face, that the Magiftrates at laft forbad them to ufe aiiy 
 at ali. 
 
 ■ Chomfqtie 
 
 "uurpter obticuir^ [ublato pre mcendt, 
 
 Eut perhaps, if the Rules of Probability had not likewifc 
 feconUed this Prohibition, the Poets would have preferv'd 
 their Chorus ftill, bating the fatirical Edge of it. Therefore 
 a farther Reafon may be offer 'd for this Alteration. Comedy 
 took its Model and Conftitution from Tragedy j and when 
 the downright Abufing of living Perfons was prohibited, they 
 invented nevV Subiefls, which they govern'd by the Rules of 
 Tragedy 5 but as they were nQcelTitated to paint the Actions 
 of the Vulgar, and confequently confin'd to mean Events, 
 they generally chofe the Place of their Scene in fome Street, 
 before the Houfes of thofe whom they fuppos'd concern'd 
 in the Plot: Now it was not very likely that there fhould 
 be fuch a. Company in thofe Placed, managing an Intrigue 
 of inconfiderable Perfons from Morning till Night. Thus 
 Comedy of itfelf let fall the Chorus^ which it could not pre- 
 ferve with any Probability. 
 
 The T'lhid^^ or Flutes, are as little underftood as any par- 
 ticular Subject of Antiquity, and yet without the Know- 
 ledge of them we can make nothing of the Titles prefix'd to 
 ^erence''s Comedies. Horace gives us no farther Light into 
 this Matter, than by obferving the Difference between the 
 fmall rural Pipe, and the larger and louder Flute, afterwards 
 brought into Fafhion ; however his Account is not to be 
 pafs'd by : 
 
 'J'ibia non m mmc crichako vh'Ja, tubdeqtte 
 JEwiulci 'y fed re7n!is Jimfkxqiie foramine fauco^ 
 j^dffirare ^ adej/e chcris erat utilis^ atqne 
 '}<[ondti?n fpijfa nimh comflere fediliaflani^ 
 ^10 [a?ie ;popilm nmnerahiliSy titpote farvus^ 
 Et frtigi cafmfqne vereciindufque coibat. 
 ^ojlqiiam c(£pit agros extendere vicior^ ^ urbeni 
 jAtior ain-pleBi muniii vinoqtie ditirno 
 ^lacari Gejiius fefiis imfune diebus 5 
 j^ccejfit mir/ierifqne modifqiie Uceiitia major. 
 Jndobns quid enbn faferet, liberque labomm 
 Hujiicus iirhano co7ifu[tiSj tiir^h honejk ?
 
 Book V. of theKou K"^ s. i^ 5 
 
 sic prifc<e motiimque £5? hixiiriam addidit arti 
 ^ibicen^ traxitque vagus J^er J^ulpta vejiem. 
 
 Pirft the /hrill Sound of a fmaJl rural Pipe 
 
 (Not loud like Trumpets, nor adorn'd as now) 
 
 Was Entertainment for the Infant Stage, 
 
 And pleas'd the thin and badiful Audience 
 
 Of our well-meaning frugal Anceftors. 
 
 But, when our V/alls and Limits were enlarg'd, 
 
 And Men (grown wanton by Profperity) 
 
 Studied new Arts of Luxury and Eafe, 
 
 The Verfe, the Mufick, and the Scenes improv'd 5 
 
 For how fhould Ignorance be Judge of Wit ? 
 
 Or Men of Senfe applaud the Jeits of Fools ? 
 
 Then came rich Clothes and graceful Action in, 
 
 And Inftruments were taught more moving Notes. 
 
 [My Lord Rofcommon, 
 
 This Relation, tho' very excellent, cannot falve the main 
 Difficulty j and that is, to give the proper Diftindion ot the 
 Flutes, according to the feveral Names under which we find 
 them, as the Tares and Impares^ the IJextrce and Smifirc^t 
 the Lydiee, the Sarran<e, and the Thrygice. Moft ct the 
 eminent Criticks have made fome Eflays towards the Clears 
 ing of this Subjeft, particularly Scaliger, Aldus Mdnutms^ 
 SalimfitiSy and 'Tanaquilhis Fabsr ; from whofe Collections, 
 and her own admirable Judgment, Madam !I)acier has lately 
 gjvcn usa very rational Account of the Matter. The Perr 
 formers of the Mufick (fays flie) play'd always on two Flutes 
 the wholeTime of the Comedyj that, which they ftopp'd with 
 their Right-hand, was on that Account call'd Right-hand- 
 ed, and t^at which they ftopp'd with their Left,Left-handed 5 
 the firft had but a few Holes, and founded a deep Bafc, the 
 other had a great Number of Holes, and gave amriller and 
 fharper Note. When the Muficians play'd on two Flutes of 
 a (different Sound, they us'd to fay the Piece was play'd Ti- 
 h'us imparihus^ with tifieqtial Flutes, or ^ibiis dextns ^ Ji- 
 
 lal 
 
 J^ight-handed Flutes, if they were of the deeper Sort, or elfe 
 I'fL'iis paribus Jiniflris, on equal Left-handed Flutes^ if they 
 were thofe of the fhrillqr Note. 
 
 T 3 Two
 
 194 Tl^e Trd^edy and Comedy Part II. 
 
 • Two equal Right-handed Flutes they call'd Lydian^ two 
 equal Lett-handed ones Sarran£^ or Tyrian j two unequal 
 Flutes Thrygian, as Imitations of the Mufick of thofe Coun- 
 tries : The laft Sort Virgil exprefly attributes to the Tbry- 
 giam, ^7ieid p. 
 
 O vere Thrygi<e^ neqtie enim 'JPhrygesl ite fer aha 
 ^ndyma^ ubi aJJ'ueth biforem dat T'lbkz cmitwn^ 
 
 Where, by biforem canttim^ the Commentators underf^and 
 an equal Sound, fuch as was made by two different Pipes, 
 one fiat, and the other fharp. 
 
 The Title oi 'Terence' sj^ndri a c2.vmQt be made out accord- 
 ing to this Explanation, unlefs we fuppofe (as there is very 
 good Rcafon) that the Mufick fometimes chang'd in the 
 ading of a Play, and at the proper Intervals two Right- 
 handed and two Left-handed Flutes might be us'd. 
 
 Our late ingenious Tranflatcrs of yerf^^e are of a different 
 Opinion from the French Lady, when they render 'Tibiis pa- 
 rwits dextris Iv fwijfris^ fxo eqzial Fhites^ the one Right- 
 handed^ and the other Left-handed -^ whereas the Mufick 
 ihouJd feem rather to have been perform'd all along on two 
 equal Flutes, fometimes on two Right-handed, and fome- 
 times on two Left handed. 
 
 Old 'iLonatits would have us believe that the Right-handed 
 cr Z>'iitf« Flutes denoted the more ferious Matter and Lan- 
 guage of the Comedy ; that the Left-handed, or Scirran<e^ 
 were proper to cxprefs theLightnefs of a more jccofe Stile , 
 and that, when a Right-handed Flute was join'd with a Left- 
 handed, it gave us to underftand the Mixture of Gravity and 
 Mirth in the fame Play. But fince the Title of the Heamon- 
 timer cuTntr.ci^ or Self-tcrmentcr^ informs us, that the Mufick 
 was perform'd the firfl Time of afting on unequal Flutes, 
 and the fecond Time on Right-handed Flutes, we cannot 
 agree with the old Scholiaft, without fuppcfing the fame 
 Play at one Time to be partly ferious, and partly merry, and 
 at anotherTime to be wholly of the graver Sort, which would 
 be ridiculous to imagine 5 therefore the ingenious Lady hap- 
 pily advanceth a very fair Opinion, that the Mufick was 
 not guided by the Subjeft of the Play, but by the Occafion 
 en which it was prefented. Thus in the Pieces which were 
 scitd at Funeral Solemnities, the Mufick was perform'd on 
 two Right-handed Flutes, as the moft ^rave and melan- 
 
 choiv.
 
 Book V. o/rk Romans. 295 
 
 choly. In thofe afted on any joyful Account, the Mulick, 
 confiited of two Left-handed Flutes, as the briskefc and moil 
 airy. But in the great FelHvals of the Gods, which parti- 
 cipated oi: an equal Share of Mirth and Religion, the Mur 
 lick in the Comedies was perform 'd with unequal Flutes, th^ 
 one Right-handed, and the other Left-handed 3 or clfe by 
 Turns, fometimes on two Right-handed Flutes, and fome- 
 times on two Left-handed, as may be jud^'d of Terence's 
 Fair ArJrian. 
 
 If any thing farther deferves our Notice in Relation to ;he 
 'Roman 'Dramch^ it is the remarkable Difterence between 
 their A6lors and thofe cS. Greece -^ for at J]tJ.K;;s the Afiors 
 were generally Perfons of good Birth and Education, for the 
 moft Part Orators or Poets of the firll Rank. Sometimes 
 \vc find Kings themfelves performing on the Theatres 3 and 
 Cornelius Nepcs aflures us, that to appear on the publick 
 Stage was not in the leall injurious to any Man's Charade? 
 or Honour (a). 
 
 But in Ro7?2e we meet with a quite contrary Pradice ; for 
 the Jlijirionej (fo call'd from Hifter^ fignitying a Player in 
 the Language of the Tiij'cajis^ from whom they were firil 
 brought to Rome to appeafe the Gods in Time of a Plague) 
 were the moft fcandalous Company imaginable, none ot that: 
 Profeflion being allow'd the Privilege to belong to any Tribe, 
 or rank'd any higher than the Slaves; however, if any of 
 them happen'd at the fan^e Time to be excellent Artifts, 
 and Men of good Morals, they feldom fail'd of the Eilcein 
 and Refpeft ot the chiefert Perfons in the Commonwealth. 
 This is evident from the Account we have in HiiK)ry of the 
 admirable ii(5/c/?/5, of whom */?///)', his familiar Friend, has 
 left this lafting Commendation : Gum artifex ejiifmodi fit^ 
 nt [oliis dignm videntur ejfe qui in Scciia fpeLleturj turn vir 
 ejujmodi efl^ at folns digitus videatur qui eo non accednt {h\ 
 So compleat an Artift, that he fecm'd the only Perfon who 
 deferv'd to tread the Stage ; and yet at the fame Time fo 
 excellent a Man in all other Refpeils, that he fcem*d 
 the only Perfon who of all Men fhould not take up that 
 Profeffion. 
 
 («) In Prsfat. Vit. {b) J^to qyina. 
 
 T 4 C H A Pif
 
 2p6 
 
 The Sacred Gajnes Pare II. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Of the Sacred^ Votive^ and Funeral Gaines. 
 
 'T" H E facred Gaines, beinj^ infiituted on feveral Occafiop 
 ■*- to the^Honour of leveral Deities, are divided into many 
 Species, all which very frequently occur in Authors, and may 
 be thus in ihort defcrib'd. 
 
 lihtLU^DIMEGJLENSBS were inflituted to the Ho- 
 nour of the great Goddefs, or the Mother of the Gods, when 
 her Statue was brought with fo much Pomp from ^effiniira 
 to Rcrae 5 they confiiled only of Scenical Sports, and were a 
 folemn Time of Invitation to Entertainments among Friends. 
 In the fblemn Preceffion the Women danc'd before the Image 
 or the Goddefs, and the Magiflrates appear'd in all their 
 Rcbcs, whence came the Phrafe of Ttirfnra Megale?ifts 5 
 they lalkd fix Days, from the Day before the Nones oi J;prily 
 to the Ides, At firft they fcem to have been called the Me- 
 gak?ijia^ from ju^y^^, great, and afterwards to have loft the 
 V 5 fince we find them more frequently under the Name of 
 Megdefid. It is particularly remarkable in thefe Games, that 
 no Servant was allow'd to bear a Part in the Celebration. 
 ' The LUa)T CERE ALES were defign'd to the Honour 
 of Ceres, and borrow 'd from Eleiifme in Greece. In thefe 
 Cjames the Matrons reprefented the Grief of Cerw, after fhe 
 bad loft her Daughter Tro^erfine, and her Travels to find 
 her again. They were held from the Day before the Ides of 
 JJfr'il, eight Days together in the C/Vr/zj-, where, befldesthe 
 Combats of Horfemen, and other Diverfions, was led up the 
 ^cir.pa Circevfis, or Cerealis, confifting of a folemn Procef- 
 iion ot the Perfons that were to engage in the Excrcifes, ac- 
 companied with the Magiftrates and Ladies of Quality, the 
 Statues of the Gods, and of famous Men, being carried 
 along in State on Waggons, which they call'd Tl:eii[<e. 
 
 lUTlT ELORALES, facred to Flora, and celebrated 
 (uyon Advice of'rhe Sibylline Oracles) every Spring to beg ^ 
 Bleffim., on the Grafs, Trees, and Flowers. Moft have been 
 cf Opinion that they ow'd their Original to a famous Whore, 
 II ho, having gain'd a great Eflate by her Trade, left the 
 fOf' Common-
 
 Book V. of the Romans- 297 
 
 Commonwealth her Keir, with this Condition, that every 
 Year they Hiould celebrate her Eirth-day v/ith publick Sports 5 
 the Magillrates, to avoid fuch a pubJick Scandal, and at the 
 fame Time to keep their Promile, held the Games on the 
 Day appointed, but pretended that it was done in the Ho- 
 nour of a new Goddefs, the Patronefs of Flowers, Whether 
 this Conjedure be true or no, we are certain that the main 
 Part of the Solemnity was manag'd by a Company of lewd 
 Strumpets, who ran up and down naked, fometimes dan- 
 cing, fometimes fighting, or afting the Mimjcks. However 
 it came to pafs, the wifeil and graveft Komam were not for 
 difcontinuing this Cuilom, tho' the molt indecent imagina- 
 ble: For 'Porciiii Cato^ when he was prefent at thefe Games, 
 and faw the People afhamed to let the Maids ilrip while 
 he was there, immediately went out of the Theatre, to let 
 the Ceremony have its Courfe {a). Learned Men are now 
 agreed, that the vulgar Notion of Flord^ the Strumpet, is 
 purely a Fiftion of LaBantius^ from whom it was taken. 
 Flora appears to have been a Sabine Goddefs j and the Lu- 
 di Florales to have been inilituted jJ. U. C. 615, with the 
 Fines of many Perfons then convi6led of the Crimen Tecu- 
 laws^ for appropriating to themfelves the publick Land of 
 the State (B). 
 
 L U7)I MAR TIALES, inflituted to the Honour of 
 Man^ and held twice in the Year, on the 4th of the Ides of 
 May\ and again on the Kalends oUAugiifi^ the Day on which 
 his Temple was confecrated. They had no particular Ce- 
 remonies that we can meet with^ bcfides the ordinary Sports 
 in the Circo^ and Amphitheatre, 
 
 LUTil ATOLLINARES, celebrated to the Honour of 
 Afollo. They owe their Original to an old prophetical Sort 
 of a Poem cafually found, in which the Romans were ad- 
 vis'd, that, if they defir'd to drive out the Troops of tlieir 
 Enemies which infcfled their Borders, they fliould inflirute 
 yearly Games to ApcllOy and at the Time of their Celebration 
 make a Colleflion out of the publick and private Stocks, 
 for a Prefent to the God, appointing ten Men to take Care 
 they were held with the fame Ceremonies as in Greece (c). 
 Macrobius relates, that the firft Time thefc Games were 
 kept, an Alarm being given by the Enemy, the People im- 
 rnediatelymarch'dout againft them, and, during the Figh-, 
 
 {a) Vakr. Maxim, lib. 2. cap. J. {b) V':d. Grxv. Trsfit..iid I. T<.m. Tliefi^' 
 lA. R. (c) Lii/. lib. 25. 
 
 faw
 
 2^8 The Sdcred Gai?ies P^rc 11. 
 
 faw a Clcud of Arrows difcharg'cl from the Sky on the ad- 
 vcrfc Troops, fo as to put them to a very difordcrly Flight, 
 ^nd fecure. tlic Viftory to the Romans (^}. The People fat to 
 fee the Qyce??JiJ.7i Pla)s, allcrovvn'd with Lawrel, the Gates 
 uere fet open, and the Day kept facred with all Manner of 
 Ceremonies. Ihefe Games at firfl: were not fix'd, but kept 
 every Year npon what Day the '■pr^tor thought fir, till about 
 the Year of the City 5-^5, a Law pafs'd to fettle them for 
 ever en a conftantDay, which was near the Kones oijiily: 
 This Alteration was occafion'd by a grievous Plague then 
 raging in Rome^ which they thought might in fome Mea- 
 fure be allay 'd by that Aft of Religion (^3- 
 
 LWBJ CATJTOLINT, initituted to the Honour of 
 jfupiter Cafitclmiii^ upon the Account of preferving his 
 Temple from the Gdnli. A more famous Sort of Capu(Ame 
 Games were brought up hy^G?nitian^ to be held every five 
 •Years, with the Name o^ j^gones Ccpitoluii^ in Imitation of 
 the Grecciam. In thefe the Profeffors of all Sorts had a pub- 
 iick Contention, and the Victors were crown'd, and prefent- 
 ed with Collars, and other Marks of Honour. 
 
 LU'DI ROAIJNI, the moft ancient Games, inflituted at 
 the firfl: Building of the Ciraifs by TarquiniusTrifiiis. Hence 
 in a {Irifl Scnfe, Jji-it Circenfes is often us'd to fignify the 
 fame Solemnity. They were defign'd to the Honour of the 
 three great T)Qinzs, Jupiter^ jfi'.no^ and Minerja. 'Tis worth 
 cbferving, that tho' they were ufually call'd Circe//fes^ yet in 
 JJiy we meet with the Ijidi Ro'raani Sceuici {c\ intimating 
 that they were celebrated with new Sports. The old Fnjli 
 make them to be kept nine Days together, from the Day 
 before the Nones, to the Day before the Ides o{ September : 
 |n which too we find another Sort of Li'.di Rcmani^ cele- 
 brated five Days together, within two Days after thefe. 
 ^T, Manutit!^ thinks the lafl to have been inflituted very 
 late, not till after the Profecution of I'enrs bv Cicero {dy 
 
 LU'DI CONSUJLES, inftitured by Romulus, with De- 
 iign to furprize the Sabine Virgins j the Account of which is 
 thus given us by 'Plutarch. " He gave out as it he had found 
 *' an Altar of a certain God hid under Ground j the Go.d 
 *' they call'd Confus, the God of Counfel : I'his is properly 
 *' Neptune, the Inventor of Horfe-riding j for the Altar is 
 " kept cover'd in the great Circo ; only at Horfe-races, then 
 " it appears to publick View j and fome fay it was not with. 
 
 (a) Satnrn. lib. i. cap. 17. (l>) Liv. Ii!>. 25. (r) L'lv. 3. {d) Mj<mt. in I'crr'tn. 
 
 " out
 
 Book V. oftheKouANs. 199 
 
 •^ out Reafon, that this God had his Altar hid iinder 
 *' Ground, becaufe all Counfels ought to be fecrct and con- 
 *' ceal'd. Upon Difcovery of this Altar, Rvjnnlns, by Pro- 
 *' clamation, appointed a Day for a fplcndid Sacrilicc, and 
 ** forpublick Games and Shows to entertain all Sorts ot Pco- 
 " pic, and many flock'd thither 5 he himfelf Hit uppermoft^ 
 " among his Nobles, clad in Purple. Kow the Sign ci 
 ^' their tailing on was to be, whenever he arofeand gathcr'd 
 " up his Robe, and threw it over his Body; his Men flood 
 " all ready arm'd, with their Eyes intent upon him ; and 
 <' when the Sign was given, drawing their Swords, and lal- 
 " ling on with a great Shout, bore away the Daughters of 
 " the Sabines^ they themfelves flying, without any Lett or 
 ^' Hindrance." Thefe Games were celebrated yearly on the 
 twelfth of the Kalends 01 September, conlilling for the moft 
 Part of Horfe-Races, and Encounters in the Circus. 
 
 LU'DI COM'TlTJLrTlI, To call'd from the Ccmpita, 
 or Crofs-Lanes, where they were ini^ituted and celebrated 
 by the rude Multitude that was got together, before the 
 Buildino oiRome. They feem to have been laid down for 
 many Years, till ServiiiS ''Tullms reviv'd them. They were 
 held during the Ccmpitalia, or Feaftsof the/^ri?;, whoprc- 
 iided as well over Streets as Houfes. Stietcmiis tells us, that 
 Jzigiipis order'd the Lares to be crown'd twice a Year at 
 the Ccmpitdiuan Games, with Spring-Flowers {a). This 
 crowning the HouHiold-Gods, and offering Sacrifices up and 
 down in the Streets, made the greateft Part of the Solem- 
 nity of the Feaft. 
 
 LUDI AUGUST JLES ^xi^ "PALATmi, both inrti- 
 tuted to the Honour oiAi(g2{ftits, after he had been enrol I'd 
 in the Number of the Gods ; the former by the common 
 Confent of the People, and the other by his Wile Li'vi^y 
 which were always celebrated in the Palace {b). They were 
 both continued by the fucceeding Emperors. 
 
 LUDIS JECULARES, the mod: rem.arkable Games 
 thet we meet with in the Rofnan Story. The common Opi- 
 nion makes them to have had a very odd Original, of which 
 we have a tedious Relation in Valerius Mdxhn7(i (0, of the 
 Ancients, and Aagelns -Tditimvs (d) of the Moderns. Mon- 
 fieur i)mer, in his excellent Remarks on the Secular Poem 
 o^ Horace, pafles by this old Conceit as trivial and fabulous. 
 
 U) ^t'g. cap. 31, (h) Dio. lib. iC Snetin. CuUg. J 6. U) Lib. 2. 
 
 car, 4, (li) Mifallun. cap. 58. , 
 
 * and
 
 joo Tl^e Sacred Games Part II. 
 
 and afl'urcs us, that we need go no further for the Rife of 
 the Cuitom, than to the SibyUme Oracics, for which the 
 J!ic7uaiis had fo great an Eiteem and Veneration. 
 
 In thefe facred Writings, there was one famous Prophecy 
 to this Eftedt j That if the Ko7nanSy at the Beginning of eve- 
 ry i\ge, fliould hold folen^n Games in the Catn^iis Martins 
 to the Honour of Tlnto^ 'Proferpne^ J^^^'^o, JjwUo^ 'Diana ^ 
 Ceres^ and the 'Pnrcce, or three fatal Silters, their City fliould 
 ever ilourilh, and all Nations be fubjeited to their Dominion. 
 Thev were very ready to obey the Oracle, and, in all the Ce- 
 remonies us'd on that Occafion, conform 'd themfelves to its 
 DiredHons. The whole Manner of the Solemnity was as fol- 
 lows : In the firft Place, the Heralds receiv'd Orders to 
 make an Invitation of the whole World to come to a Feaji 
 iz-bic/'j ttey had never feeu already^ and potild never fee 
 i'ga'w. Some few Dajs before the Beginning of the Games, 
 the ^lindecemviriy taking their Seats in the Capitol, and in 
 the 'Jr-alatine Temple, diltributed among the People puri- 
 fying Compofirions, as Flambeaus, Brimllone, and Sulphur, 
 trom hence the People pafs'd on to 2)iana^s Temple on the 
 Jlvcntine Mountain, carrying Wheat, Barley, and Beans, as 
 an Offering 3 and after this they fpent whole Nights in De- 
 votion to the Dei^inics. At length, when the Time of the 
 Games was a61:ually come, which continued three Days and 
 three Nights, the People aflembled in the Ca??2pns Jllartius^ 
 and facri^fic'd to Jtifher^ 7^^^^^-> ^pollo^ Latona^ jDiana^ the 
 '■ParcdP, Ceres, Pliito^ and Troferpine^ On the firft Night 
 of the Feall, the Emperor, accompanied by the ^.'indecem- 
 viri, commanded three Altars to be rais'd on the Bank of 
 ^iber^ which they fprinkled with the Blood of three Lambs, 
 and then proceeded to burn the Offerings and the Viftims. 
 After this they mark'd out a Space which ferv'd for a 'The- 
 atre, being illuminated by an innumerable Multitude of 
 Plambeaus and Fires ; here they fung fome certain Hymns 
 compos'd on this Occaiion, and celebrated all Kinds of 
 Sports. On the Day after, when they had been at the Ca- 
 pitol to offer the Vidims, they return 'd to the Campis Mar- 
 tivs, and held Sports to the Honour q{ Apdlo and Diana, 
 Thefe lafted till the next Day, when the noble Matrons, at 
 the Hour appointed by the Oracle, went to the Capito! to 
 ilng Hymns to Jupiter. On the third Day, which conclu- 
 ded the FeaPf, twenty-feven young Boys, and as many 
 Qirls, {ung in the Temple oi'-palatine Jlpollo, Hymns anci 
 
 Verfcij
 
 Book V. of the Ko MANS* 3 o t 
 
 Verfes in Greek and Latin^ to recommend the City to the 
 Prote£lion of thofe Deities whom they defign'd particularly 
 to honour by their Sacrifices. 
 
 The famous Secular Poem of Horace was compos'd for 
 this laft Day, in the Secular Games held by Augujtm. tDa- 
 cier has given his Judgment on this Poem, a$ the Mafter- 
 piece of Horace 3 and beheves that all Antiquity cannot fur- 
 nifh us with any thing more happily compleat. 
 
 There has been much Controverfy, whether thcfe Games 
 were celebrated every hundred, or every hundred and ten 
 Years. For the former Opinion, Ce72[orums {a) alledges the 
 Teflimony of Vakrhis Antiaiy Varro^ and Livy 3 and this 
 was certainly the Space of Time which the Kotnans call'd 
 S^ciihmi^ or an Age. For the latter he produceth the Au- 
 thority of the Regi iters, or Commentaries of the ^ii?!.iecei7i- 
 viri, and the Edith of Angnjim J befides the plain Evidence 
 of Horace in his Secular Poem 3 
 
 Cetus tmdenos decks ^er an7tos. Sic. 
 
 This laft Space is exprefly injoin'd by the SyhilUne Ora- 
 cle itfelf 3 the Verfes of which, relating to this Purpofe, arc 
 tranfcrib'd hy Zofirmts inthefecond Book of his Hiiiory. 
 
 Zatii, «j iTim iactrnv J^iKec KVKhov oJ^d>uv, &c. 
 
 Yet according to the ancient Accounts we have of their 
 Celebration in the feveral Ages, neither of thefe Periods are 
 much regarded. 
 
 The firft were held A. U. C. 245. or 298. 
 
 The fecond A. 330, or 408. 
 
 The thirds. 518. 
 
 The fourth either A. ($"05, or (S'oS, or (J28. 
 
 The fifth by Mgufius, ^. 7 3(J. 
 
 The fixth by Clatidms, A. 800. 
 
 The feventh by 1)o??iitian^ 841. 
 
 The eighth by Severiis^ A. 9^-], 
 
 The ninth by Philip ^ 1000. 
 
 The tenth hy Hof2orins^ A. 11 5 7. 
 
 This Diforder, without Queftion, was owing to the Ambi- 
 tion of the Emperors, who were extremely defirous to have 
 the Honour of celebrating thefe Games in their Reign 3 and 
 therefore, upon the llightett Pretence, many Times made 
 
 {a) De Vei Natalj, cap- i?- 
 
 them
 
 7 01 Tf^^e Sao'cd Games^ &ic. Part II. 
 
 them return before their ordinary Courfe. Thus CLuiiiui 
 pretended that Jlng7!jlt!S had held the Games before their 
 due Time, that he might have the lealt Excufe to keep 
 them within fixty-tour Years afterwards. On which Ac- 
 count, SuetonhiS tells us, that the People fcofFed his Cryers, 
 when they wentahout proclaiming Games that no Body had 
 ever feen, nor would fee again 5 whereas there were not on- 
 ly many Perfons alive who remember'd the Games of y^?/- 
 gii(tl!S^ but feveral Players, who had aded in thofe GameSj 
 were now again brought on the Stage by Claiidms (a). 
 
 What Part of the Year the Secular Games were celebrated 
 hi, is uncertain 3 probably in the Times of the Common- 
 wealth, on the Days of the Nativity of the City, /. e. the 
 5?, 10, ir Ka/. Afai. but under the Emperors, on the Day 
 waien they came to their Power (l^), 
 
 We may conclude our Enquiry into this celebrated Sub- 
 iefl, with two excellent Remarks of the French Critick. 
 The firf t is, that in the Number Three, fo much regarded in 
 thefe Games, they had probably an Allufion to the Tripli- 
 city of y/'ce^f/i", o^ 'Diana, and of theDeflinies. 
 
 The other Obfcrvation, which he obliges us with, is, that 
 they thought the Girls which had the Honour to bear a Part 
 in finging the Secular Poem, fhould be the fooneft married. 
 This Superftition they borrow'd from the Theology of the 
 Gr<^cians, who imagined that the Children, who did not fing 
 and dance at the Coming oi j^pollo, fliould never be married, 
 and fliould certainly die young. To this Purpofe Callimn- 
 chui in his Hymn to A^clk : 
 
 t} 7i\ietv /xiAABcr/ yd[ji.ov, ToKtdv t« x«f«^. 
 
 And Horace, encouraging the Chorus of Girls to do theif 
 beft in finging the Secular Poem, tells them how proud 
 they would be of it, wiien they were well married. 
 
 J^upta ja?n dices : Ego diis cimiciim, 
 Seculofeftas referente htces, 
 Reddidi carmen, dccilis modonim 
 
 Vatis Horatt, 
 
 W Smcn. CUud. 21; fi) Mr. Walker vfCttn:, p. l58» 
 
 AH
 
 Book V. 17;^ Votive Games ^ Sec, 353 
 
 All thofe Games, of what Sort foever, had the common 
 Kame of Votivi^ which were the EfFeft of any Vow made by 
 the Magirtrates or Generals, when they fet forward on any 
 Expedition, to be performed in cafe they returned fuccefsful. 
 Thefe were fomctimes occalion'd by Advice of the Sibylline 
 Oracles, or of the Southfayers 3 and many Times proceeded 
 purely from a Principle of Devotion and Piety in the Gene- 
 rals. Such particularly were the Liidi Mugni^ often menti- 
 oned in Hiftorians,_efpecially by Lroy. Thus he informs ul^ 
 That in the Year of the City 5 36", Fabim Maximus the Dic- 
 tator, to appeafe the Anger ot the Gods, and to obtain Sac- 
 cefs againit the Carthaginian Power, upon the Direction of 
 the Sibyllhie Oracles, vowed the Great Games to Jupiter ^ 
 with a prodigious Sum to be expended at them 5 bcfides 
 three hundred Oxen to be facrificed to Jupiter^ and feveral 
 others to the rei^ of the Deities {a). M. Acilius the Conful 
 did the fame in the War againil: Jlntiochiis {b). And we hive 
 fome Examples ot thefe Games being made ^linqimmial^ 
 or to return every five Years (f). They were celebrated with 
 Circeiifian Sports four Days together {d). 
 To this Head we may refer the 
 
 Ludi ViBoricC mention'd by Veil. 'Patercului(e\ and Jf- 
 co'riius (f) : They were inflituted by Sylla^ upon his conclu- 
 ding the Civil War. It fecms probable, that there were ma- 
 ny other Games with the fame Title, celebrated on account 
 of fome remarkable Succefs, by feveral of the EmperorSi 
 
 The Ztidi qui7iqiminaJes^ inltituted by Juguftiis Ceefar af- 
 ter his Victory againft Antony ; which refolving to deliver 
 famous to fucceeding Ages, he built the City Nico^clis, near 
 A5fium^ the Place of Eattle, on Purpofeto hold theie Games 5 
 whence they are often call'd Ziidi Affiaci. They confifted of 
 Shows of Gladiators, Wreftlers, and other Exercifes, and were 
 kept as well at Ro?ne as at Isiccpolis. The proper Curators of 
 them were the four Colleges of Pricfts, the '^ontijicei^ the 
 Augurs^ the Septemviri and ^tindecemviri. 
 
 Virgil m Allufion to this Cuftom, when he brings his Hero 
 to the Promontory of Aclium., make him hold fblemn 
 Games, with the Luftrations and Sacrifices us'd on that Oc- 
 cafion by the Koinans. 
 
 Luftramiirque Jovi, 'votifqiic incendimns arcs 5 
 A(5liaque Iliacis cekbramiis. Uttora Lndis. JEn. 3. 
 
 (a) LJv. lib. 2 2. (i) Idem. lib. j6. (0 Lh. lib. 27. & lib. jo. {d) Ibii. 
 (f) Lib. cap. 27. (/") Inyyrrin. j. 
 
 ifiro^
 
 504 The Funeral Game's Part IL 
 
 Jslero^ after the Manner of the G/"^c/^m, infiitutcd ^wV;- 
 qtmimal Games, at which the mofl celebrated Mafters of 
 Mufick, Horfe-racing, WrelHing, c>f: difputed for the Prize 
 
 The fame Exercifes were perform'd in the ^linqimmial 
 Caxnes oV2)o?mtia7?^ dedicated to jfni^irer Capiii^liims^ ^^oge- 
 ther with the Contentions ot Orators and Poets (^b)^ gt which 
 the famous Statins had once the ill Fortune to lofe the Prize 5 
 as he complains feveral Times in his MifccDany Poems. 
 
 Ludi deccnnakSy or Games to return every tenth Year, 
 were inftituted by j^ugufiiis^ with this political Defign, to 
 fecure the whole Command to himfeJf, without incurring 
 the Envy or jealoufy of the People. For every tenth Year 
 proclaiming Iblemn Sports, and fo gathering together a nu- 
 merous Company of Spedtators, he there made Proffer of 
 reiigning his imperial Office to the People, tho' he immedi- 
 ately refum'd iV, as if contlnu'd to him by the common Con- 
 feat of the Nation (c). Hence a Cuflom was deriv'd for the 
 fucceeding Emperors, every tenth Year of their Reign, to 
 keep a magnificent Feaft, with the Celebration of all Sorts 
 of publick Sports and Exercifes f^j. 
 
 The Lti'dt Tr'mmpkaks were fuch Games as made a 
 Part of the triumphal Solemnity. 
 
 Lndi Isatalitii, inftituted by every particular Emperor to 
 commemorate his own Birth-day. 
 
 Ludi 'Juijenaks^ inflituted by Nero at the Shaving of his 
 Beard, and at firft privately celebrated in his Palace or Gar- 
 dens -J but they foon became Publick, and were kept in great 
 State and Magnificence. Hence the Games held by the 
 following Emperors in the Palace, yearly on the firft oi ^a~ 
 ^iuif.ry, took the Name o^ jfuvenalia (e). 
 
 Cicero fpcaks of the J.iidi Jnventiith^ inftituted by Sali- 
 iiator in the Senerifian War, for the Health and Safety of 
 the Youth, a Plague then reigning in the City (j ). 
 
 The Ludi MifceUi^ which Suetonius makes Caligula to 
 have inftituted at Lyons in France^ feem to have been a 
 Mifcellany of Sports, confifting of feveral Exercifes join'd 
 tocrcther in a new and unufual Manner (g). 
 
 The LUDI FUNBSRES, affign'd for one Species 
 of the Romaji Publick Games, as to their Original and 
 
 {a) Sueton, Ner. 12. (b) Idem Domit. 4. (r) Dio,\\h. JJ. {i) Ibid, 
 
 (e) Sueton. Ker. il. CafuuLon. ad lac. (f) In Bruto. (^) Sueton, Cat, 20, Torrents 
 
 *i. Lo:, 
 
 Manner,
 
 Book V. of the Romans. 305^ 
 
 Manner, have been already defcrib'd in the Chapter of the 
 Gladiators. It may be proper to obferve farther, that 'I'er- 
 tidiian in his particular Traft 'x)e SpiBo.culis^ as he dtr;\es 
 the Cuf lorn of the Gladiatorian Combats from the Funeral 
 Rites J {o he takes notice, that the Word M'unv.s^ applied 
 originally to thefe Shows, is no more than Officiiim^ a kind 
 Office to the Dead. We muft remember, that tho' the 
 Shows of Gladiators, which took their Rife from hence, 
 were afterwards exhibited on many other Occafions, yet the 
 primitive Cuflom ofprefenting them, at the Funerals ot great 
 Men, all along prevail'd in the City and Roman Provinces ; 
 nor was it contin'd only to Perfons of Quality, but almofl 
 every rich Man was honour 'd with this Solemnity after his 
 Death 5 and this they very commonly provided tor in their 
 Wills, defining the Number of Gladiators who /hould be 
 hir'd to engage} infomuch that when any wealthy Perfon 
 deceas'd, the People u fed to claim a Show of Gladiators, as 
 their Due by long Cuflom. Suetomv.i, to this Purpofe tells 
 us of a Funeral, in which the common People extorted Mo- 
 ney by Force from the deceas'd Perfon's Heirs, to be expenh 
 ded on this Account (a). 
 
 Julius Ccefar brought up a new Cuflom of allowing this 
 Honour to the Women, when he oblig'd the People with a 
 Feafl: and a publick Show in Memory of his Daughter (Ip). 
 
 It is very memorable, that tho* the Exhibitors of thefe 
 Shows were private Perfons, yet, during the Time of the 
 Celebration, they were confider'd as of the higheft Rank 
 and Quality, having the Honour to wear the Trcetexray and 
 to be waited on by the Liftors and Beadles, who were necef- 
 fary to keep the People in Order, and to affifl the ^eftgna^ 
 tores^ or Marfliallers ofthe Proceflion (c), 
 
 (a) Suet. Tih. 37. (i) Idim. Jul. 26. (c) Kirchman de Vy.ntr. Reml 
 
 'dh. ^, cap. 8. 
 
 t> U CHAP.
 
 ^o6 The Habit of Part IL 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 Of the Roman Habit. 
 
 nr H E Rom^ji Habit has given as much Trouble to the 
 -'■ Criticks, as any other Part of Antiquity 3 and tho' the 
 moft Jearned Men have been fo kind as to leave us their 
 Thoughts on this Subjetl:, yet the Matter is not fuliy ex- 
 plain'd, and the Coniroverfies about it admitof noDecifion* 
 However, without enquiring into the feveral Falhions of the 
 'B.oruo.m^ or defining the exa^lif Time when they firit chan- 
 ged their Leathern Jerkins, or primitive Hides of wild 
 JBeails, for the more decent and graceful Attires, it will be 
 fufficient to the prefent Defign, to obferve the feveral Sorts 
 of Garments in Ufe with both ^tyjtSy and to give the beft 
 Diftinction ot them that can be found out at this Diftance. 
 
 The two common and celebrated Garments of the Roma72S 
 were the loga and the '■Tunica. 
 
 The Tiga^ or Gown, feems to have been of a femi-circu- 
 lar Form, without Sleeves, different in Largenefs, according 
 to the Wealth or Poverty of the Wearer, and us'd only upon 
 Occafion of appearing in Publick, whence 'tis often cail'd 
 Vejlisforef?Jis {a). 
 
 The Colour of the GoWn is generally believ'd to have 
 been white. The common Obje£^tions, againft this Opinion, 
 are, how it could then be diftinguifli'd from the "Tcg.i Can- 
 dida^ us'd by Competitors for Offices ? Or how it comes to 
 pafs that we read particularly of their wearing white Gowns 
 on Holidays and publick Feftivals, as in Horace, 
 
 Jlle refotia^ vatdks^ aliofqiie diemni 
 Fejlos alhatiii cekbret (b). 
 
 if their ordinary Gown were of the fame Colour? But both 
 thefe Scruples are eafily folv'd j for betwc-n the Ttga alba, 
 and Candida^ we may apprehend this Difference, that the 
 former was the natural Colour of the Wooll, and the other 
 an artificial White, which appear 'd with a greater Advan- 
 (1) terrar. de re Vepal. lib, i. cap, iS: ('0 Lib. 2. Sat. 2. 
 
 tage
 
 A3£^ 
 
 2/ J'cL/ucu/.f -I'lU:!- Si tcteJT tutus . 
 
 lFa//uitus. 2.^ .f. tyfri!KcX.2^-^r/mt?is . ^
 
 ij'iiKaiuj - n,,,,
 
 Book V. ^/3e R o M A N s. 3 of 
 
 tage of Luftrej and therefore Tclybiiis chufetli rather to call 
 the Candidates Gown ^A^.-jrc^-, than /dL^cH) not of a bare 
 White, but of a bright fliining Colour 3 for this Purpofe they 
 made Ufe of a fine Kind of Chalk, whence Terfius took the 
 Hint of Cretata Amhino (a). As to the Holidays, or folemn 
 Feftivals, on which we find the Romans always attir'd in 
 White, 'tis reafonable to believe that all Perfons of any Fa- 
 fliion conflantly put on new Gowns, which were of the pu- 
 reft White, on thefe Occafions, and thofe of meaner Condi- 
 tion might perhaps chalk over their old Gowns, which were 
 now grown rufty, and had almolt loft their Colour {b). 
 
 ThcDifpute between Mantitms and Sigonms^ whether the 
 'Koman Gown was tied about with a Girdle or net, is com- 
 monly decided in Favour of il/^«//m/J 5 yet it muft be ac- 
 knowledg'd that the beft Authors allow fome Kind o^ Cinc- 
 ture to the Gown, but then it muft be underftcod to be per- 
 form 'd only by the Help of the Gown itfelf, or by that Part of 
 it which, coming under the Right Arm, was drawn over to the 
 JLeft Shoulder, and fo covering the Umbo^ or Knot of Plaights 
 which refted there, kept the Gown clofe together. This Lap- 
 pet ^I'mtiltan calls the "Belt in his Advice to the Orators 
 about this Matter: Ille qtiijhb himiero dextro ad Jimjlrmn 
 cUiijiie diicitm\ vehit haltevs^ vec ftrangtiler, nee fiuat (c). 
 
 This Selt being loosM^ and the Left-Arm drawn in, the 
 Gown flovv'd out, and the Simis, or main Lappet, hung about 
 the Wearer's Feet j this was particularly obferv'd in C<efar^ 
 who commonly let his Gown hang dragging after him $ 
 whence Sylla us'd to advife the Noblemen, ut pienimmak 
 ■proecinBiim caverQiit (d). 
 
 The accurate Ferrarhis is certainly in a Miftake as to this 
 Point, for maintaining that the Gown had no Kind ofCinc^ 
 tm but what they called Gabimis, he will have this meant 
 only of the ^I'linka 3 but the plain Words o^ Macrobius make 
 fucha Suppofition impoffible, and Laciniam trabere expreC- 
 ly points out the Gown, for the T'^mick, being only a fhort 
 Veft, cannot by any means be conceiv'd to have a LappeC 
 dragging on the Ground (e). 
 
 The fame Fault, which Sy/la oh]eS:ed to Ctffar, was com- 
 monly obferv'd in Mcecenas^ and is a Mark of that effeminate 
 Softnefs, which makes an unhappy Part of his Chara(fler in 
 Hiftory. U z The 
 
 {a) Sat. s- ver. 177. {b) Lipf. EleB. lib. 1. cap. 13. (c) /n,to*/f. lib. 
 
 It. cap. 3- (i^) Sucton. "Jul, cap, 45, Mjcroi. Sdturr.al, Ub- 2. cap. 3- 
 
 Gravins ad Sueton, Jul, 4J.
 
 3o8 TheHahkof Part IL 
 
 The learned Grcevins obfcrvcs, that the Word Trancing} 
 was proper to the Gown, becaufe the Lappet did not clofe 
 about the whole Gown, but only the f ore-jpart of it {a). 
 
 The Crcciui Gabiniii is moil happily delcrib'd by l-'erra^ 
 rim: Chitlus Gab mm non aim A fun quam cum tcg<e lac'mia 
 IcfVQ hrachio fubdiiBa in tergiim it a rejiciebamry m central a 
 retraheremr ad ;pecim, atqiie ita in nodum necleremr j qui 
 nodus five civBm tcgam coinrahebat ^ bycjioremq-^ ^ Jiriciio- 
 rem reddidit (b). Ttt Cindus Gabinus -zvas nothing elfe^ but 
 ^xhen the Lafpet of the Goixny •shich zis'd to be brought up 
 to the Left Shoulder ^ being dra^xn the?ice^ ii'as cafl off in fuch 
 a Manner upon the £ack, as to come rotmdfhortto the^reafi^ 
 end there jaften in a Kmt^ ^xhich Knot or CwElure tiick'd 
 up the Gozvn, and made it jbcrter and Jlraighter. This Cinc- 
 tus was proper only to the Confuls or Generals upon fomc 
 extraordinary Occasions, as the denouncing War, burning 
 the Spoils oFthe Enemy, devoting themfelves to Death for 
 the Safety of their Army, and the like ; it was borrow'd from 
 the Inhabitants diGabii^ a City of Campania^ who at the 
 Time of a publick Sacrifice, happening to be fet upon fud- 
 denly by their Enemies, wcrcoblig'd thro' Halle to gather 
 up their Gowns in this Manner, and fo march out to oppofe 
 them ((•}. 
 
 In the ordinary Wear, the upper Part of the Gown us'd 
 to lie over the Right Shoulder, yet upon Occafion 'twas an 
 eafy Matter to draw back that Part again, and make it co- 
 ver the Head j and learned Men are of Opinion, that the 
 Homans, while they continued in the City, made life of this 
 .Sort of Covering only for the Head, never appearing in any 
 Kind of Caps or Hats, unlefs they were on a Journey out of 
 Town. Thus T'lutarch informs us of the Deterence paid to 
 the great Men as they pafs'd the Streets : O/ PafMtioi r dv- 
 
 ifxd-nov i;^i''iif, 'imr^hv-^ov'^. The Romans -when they meet 
 any 'Perfon ixho deferzjes a particular R efpeci^ if they chance 
 to have their Go-iX7i en their Head^ prefently uncover. And 
 the fame Author, reckoning up the Marks of Honour which 
 Sylla fh.Gw'dT'ouipey^ adds, x} -^ yjii>ct?Kiii d-mfov'j©- to ifmnov, 
 f.nd pulling off his Go-zvn frcm his Head. 
 
 The feveral Sorts of the Reman Gowns were the Toga^ 
 ^ratexta^ the T'ulla^ the Sordida^'&.nd. the \Pida, Turpic- 
 rea, Talmata^ &c. or the Trabea. 
 
 <;*) Ibid, (v) De He Veji'tar, lib. i. cxp. 14. (c) Smim ad Virgil, H.n. 7. v. 612 
 
 Every
 
 Book V. the Romans. 309 
 
 Every one knows that the Gown was the diflinguilhing 
 Mark of the Romans from the Greeks, who wore the 'T'aUi- 
 zim, or Cloak, as their common Garment, whence •jTcgami 
 and ^PalUatus are often us'd for Koman and Grecian 3 as al- 
 fo that the Gown was the proper Badge of Peace, being 
 generally laid afide upon engaging in any martial Delignj 
 yet it appears from fcveral Paflages of Livy and 'Pliitarchy 
 that it was fometimes worn in the Camp j it fo, perhaps the 
 Equites and Centurions had this peculiar Privilege, and that 
 only when they lay in the Camp without any Thoughts of 
 fudden Adlion, ds Alanutius learnedly conjectures (,?). 
 
 The Toga 'irccrexta had a Border of Purple round the 
 Edges, whence it took its ISTame, and in Allufion to which, 
 the Grecia7i Writers call it -afe^ . o;'?ug;^ It feems originally to 
 have been appropriated to the Magiftrates and fome of the 
 Priefts, when at firft introduc'd by T'lillus Hoftilms. How it 
 came to be bellow 'd on the young Men, is differently rela- 
 ted. Some fancy that Tarquinius Prifcus, in a Triumph for 
 a Victory againll the Sabines, firft honour'd his own Son 
 with the Treetexta and the Stdla aiirea, as Rewards of his 
 Valour, for killing one of his Enemies with his own Hands 5 
 for as the former was the Robe of the Magiltratcs, fo the 
 'Bulla aiirea was till then us'd only by Generals in their tri- 
 umphal ProcefTion, being a Sort of hollow golden Ball 
 hanging about their Necks, in which was inclos'd fome fe- 
 cret Amulet or Prefervative againfl: Envy. Others, without 
 regarding this firft Story, tells us, that the fame Tarqtiin, 
 among other wife Conttitutions, took particular Care in af- 
 figning the proper Habit to the Boys, and accordingly or- 
 dain'd that the Sons of Noblemen fhould make Ufe of the 
 'Praetexta and the Sulla aurea^ provided their Fathers had 
 born any curule Office, and that the reft fhould wear the 
 ^r<stexta only, as low as the Sons of thofe who had ferv'd 
 on Horfeback in the Army the full Time that the Law re- 
 quir'd. A third Party refer the Original of this Cuftom to 
 Bjormilus himfelf, as the Confequence of a Promifemade to 
 the Sabine Virgins, that he'd beftow a very confiderable 
 Mark of Honour on the firft Child that was born to any of 
 them by a Koman Father. Many believe that the Reafbn 
 of oivlng them the 'Bulla and the Trcetexta was, that the 
 former, being fhap'd like a Heart, might, as often as they 
 look'd on it, be no inconfiderable Incitement to Courage 5 
 
 U) i^e Huefitis per Epiji. lib. 2. Ep. ?. 
 
 ' U 3 and
 
 5 I o Tloe Hahit of Part 11. 
 
 and that the Purple of the Gown might remind them of th© 
 Modefty which became them at that Age ( }. 
 
 But on what Account foever this Inltitutioii took its Rife, 
 it was conilantly obTerv'd by all the Sons of the liige?nti^ or 
 Free born. The Liheruni too in fome Time obtain'd th» 
 fame Privilege, only inftead of the golden 'Bulla they wore 
 a leathern one, as 7^/-W7M/ intimates, Sat. 5. 
 
 — — — Efriifcuin fmrofi contigit aiiriim^ 
 
 Vel nodus tanmm ^ fignum de fmipere kro. 
 
 It's commonly believ'd that the Boys chang'd this Gown 
 at the Age of 14 Years for the ^cga yirilis ; bui Motifitur 
 Racier makes this a great Miftake 5 for till they were 13 
 Years old, he fays, they wore a Sort of Veil with Sleeves, 
 which ihey calVd J^lkara ChlnmyS, and then left off that to 
 put on the Trci'texTf.^ which they did not change till they 
 had reach'd the Age of Puberty, or 17 th Year (^). 
 
 'Tis a very pertinent Remark, that this Troftexta was not 
 only a Token of the Youth and Q^uality of the Wearer, but 
 befides this had the Repute of a facred Habit, and therefore, 
 when they affign'd it for the Ufe of the Boys, th^y had this 
 efpecial Coniideration, that \x might be a Kind of Guard or 
 Defence to them againil the Injuries to which that Age was 
 expos 'd {c\ Thus the poor Boy in Horace cries out to the 
 Witch Canid'ia that was tormenting him, 
 
 'Ter hoc inane piTpUTds decui, precor. Epod. 5. 
 
 And T'erfitis calls it cuftcs piirpira in his 5th Satyr. But 
 ^ihitilian moft exprefly, ligo vobis alkgo etia'nz illudfacrum 
 frcctextarum^ quo [acerdctes 'velannir ; quo Magiflmms^ quo 
 infirnntatcm pieriti<e [acram facirpMS ac venerahikm (d), 
 *' I allege tco the fucrcd Habit of the Trcftexta^ the Robe 
 '' of PrieftS and Magiftrates, and that by which we derive 
 a* an holy P^everetxe and Veneration to the helplefs Condi- 
 *« tion of Childhood." 
 
 We find farther, that the Citizens Daughters were allow'd a 
 ^on o^ 'PreCtexta^ which they wore till the Day of Marriage. 
 Thus Ciccrc againf} Verres^ Erij ies fuJ^'iU.^ togam prdtextam. 
 And Trcfjerthis, Mcx rM jam facibmceffit pratexta mantis. 
 The Tratorii and Cc-nfiilares too ( if not all the Senators) 
 at the Liidi Romaui made Ufa of the 'Pri^texta (e). And 
 the Matrons on the Caprofme Ncnes celebrated the Feftival 
 in this Sort of Gown (f). The 
 
 {a) MacYcb. Haturnal. lib. i. cap. 6. {b) Duckr on Horace, lib. $• Ocje J. 
 
 i<-) JDacicr. ib. (d) /;; Diclamat. {c) Cicero Philip. 2. (f) V*rr» de Livg. Ut. lib._5.
 
 Book V". the Ko MAN s. 511 
 
 The Toga pllT'a was the ordinary Garment of private Per- 
 fons when they appear'd abroad, lb call'd becauCe it had not 
 the leart Addition of Purple to tlieWhite^ we meet with 
 the fame Gown under the Name of Virilh and Libera 3 it 
 was cali'd Toga virilis^ or the T/ianly Gown, becaufe when 
 the Youths came to Man's Eitate, or to the Age of i 7 Years, 
 they chang'd the ^Pr<etexta for this Habit, as was before ob- 
 ferv'd 5 on which Occafion the Friends of the Youngftercar- 
 ry'd him into the Forum (or fometimes into the Capitol) and 
 attir'd him in the new Gown with Abundance of Ceremo- 
 ny 5 this they call'd dies tyrocin'ii^ the Day on which he 
 commenc'd a Tyro^ in Relation to the Army, where he was 
 now capacitated to ferve. 
 
 It had the Name of Toga libera^ becaufe at this Time the 
 young Men enter'd on a State of Freedom, and were deliver^ 
 ed from the Power of their Tutors and InftrufStors. Thus 
 the young Gentleman intimates in 'Perfms : 
 
 Cmn frimum favido cuftos mihi purpura cejjlt^ 
 Stillaque fiiccmEiis larmis donata fepeiidit j 
 Cnm hlandi comites^ totaqtie tmpime ^iihurra 
 Permifn [parfijfe ociilosjam candidm umbo. Sat. 5, 
 
 When firft my childifh Robe refign'd its Charge, 
 
 And left me unconfin'd to live at large j 
 
 When now my golden 'Bulla (^hung on high ^ 
 
 To Houfhold-Godsj declar'd me pait a Eoy, > 
 
 And my white Plaights proclaim'd my Liberty 5 j 
 
 When with my wild Companions I could rowl 
 
 From Street to Street, and fin without Controul. 
 
 [M. Tiryden. 
 But for all this Liberty, they had one remarkable Re- 
 ftraint, being oblig'd for the firil whole Year to keep their 
 Arms within their Gown, as an Argument of Modefly. This 
 Cicero obferves, JVb^/5 qiiidem olim annus erat iiniis ad cohi" 
 hendiim brachiiim toga confiittims (a). 
 
 The Toga pnlla and jordida are very commonly con- 
 founded, yet, upon a ftrift Enquiry, it will appear that the 
 firft Sort was proper to Perfons in Mourning, being made of 
 black Cloth, whence the Perfons were call'd atrari. The 
 Toga [ordida was black as well as the other, but from a dif- 
 ferent Caufe, having grown fb by the long wearing and ful- 
 lying of it 5 and this (as has been already obferv'd_^ was worn 
 
 (d) Ciceta pro Cmlio, 
 
 U 4 bv
 
 312 Tlje Habit of Part IL 
 
 by the Prifoners at their Trial, as well as by the ordinary 
 People. It may here be remark'd, that the '■Ptillati^ whom 
 we meet with in the ClafTics, were not only thofe who wore 
 the Tcga pilla, or the I'cga [ordida^ but inch too as were 
 attir'd in the 1'e7ml(£ ot Lciceriice^ which were ufually black. 
 Thus the learned Cafatibon interprets ftiUatonim turba in 
 Siietomiii (<rj) 5 and ^jntilian calls the Rabble piUanis 
 ciraiLiis (b), and pt'.llata turba (c). Hence it may reafonably 
 be conjeflur'd, that when the Ko7nan State was tum'd into 
 a Monarchy, the Gowns began to be laid afide by Men of 
 the lower Rank, the Temilce and Z<?ccn;^ being introduc'd 
 in their Room, and commonly worn without them, or fome- 
 times over them ^ this Irregularity had gain'd a great Head, 
 even in Jugufttts'^ Time, who, to rectify it in fome meafure, 
 comrranded the Jiidiks that they Ihouid fufifer no Perfon in 
 the Forum or Circus to wear the Lactrna over his Gown, 
 as was then an ordinary Pradice. The fame excellent Prince, 
 taking Notice at a publick Meeting of an innumerable Com- 
 pany of Rabble in thefe indecent Habits, cried out with In- 
 dignation, En 
 
 Romanes, renm dcmims gentemqiie togatam (d)'. 
 
 The TbgapiBa^ prrpfrea, falmata^ the cotifular 7r^^^<!7, 
 the ^^aliidamentiim^ and the Lljlamys^ had very little Diffe- 
 rence (except that the latl but one is often given to military 
 Officers in general, and fometimes pafles for the common 
 Soldiers Coat (e),) and are promifcuoufly ufed one for the 
 ether, being the Robes of State proper to the Kings, Con- 
 fuls. Emperors, and all Generals during their Triumph. 
 This Sort of Gown was call'd 'PiBa^ from the rich Em- 
 broidery, with Figures in P'brygi an VJork-, and pirpurea^ 
 becaufe the Ground- work was Purple. The l^oga falmc.ta 
 indeed very feldom occurs, but may probably be fuppos'd. 
 the fame with the former, call'd fo on the fame Account a^ 
 the l^iinica jahnata^ which will be deicrib'd hereafter. That 
 ft was a Part of the triumphal Habit, Martial intimates, 
 
 / m7ies^ ^ magiws ilUfa merere trhimphos^ 
 'Palmateeqm dticem (fed cito) redde tog£. 
 
 Antiquaries are very little agreed in Reference to theTra- 
 t?ea. Tatilm Maj2i/rms was certainly out, when he fancied 
 it to be the fame as the Tbga^i5fa^ and he is accordingly 
 
 (a) ^,y^uf{. cap. 40. (F) Lib. 2. cap. 12. (<■) Lib. 6. cap, 4. (rf) Sneton. 
 'y4u£uft. cap. 40, (c) Vid. Bayf, de R« Vefi.'Jcip. H. 
 
 corrcfted
 
 Book V. the Ko MANS. 315 
 
 correded by Grce-vius (a). The vulgar Opinion follows the 
 Diftin(Sion of Ser-vms and Scaliger into three Sorts, one pro- 
 per to the Kings, another to the Confuls, and a third to 
 the Augun. But Li0Jis {b) and Riibcnim \c) acknowledge 
 only one proper Sort of 'trabea belonging to the Kings j be- 
 ing a white Gown border 'd with Purple, and adorn 'd with 
 claiji or trabei of Scarlet. Whereas the Vefts of the Confuls, 
 and the Avgiiri^ and the Emperors, were cail'd by the fame 
 Name, only becaufe they were made in the fame Form. 
 For the old Tdiidamentum of the Generals was all Scarlet, 
 only border'd with Purple j and the Cblamydes of the Em- 
 perors were all Purple, commonly beautified with a golden 
 or embroider 'd Border. 
 
 SUoniam pB:o chkmydem circtmdata Umbo. Virg. JEn. 4. 
 
 When the Emperors were themfelves Confuls, they wore 
 a Trabea adorn 'd with Gems, which were alJow'd to none 
 elfe. Clmidian^ in his Poems of the third, fourth, and fixth 
 Confulfhip of Hojiorms^ alludes exprefly to this Cuttom. 
 
 CinBus miitata Gabinos 
 
 tDives Hjdajpicis aiigefcat purpira gemmis. 
 And again, 
 
 Afperat Lzdus ^ 
 
 Velameitta Uph^ ;pretiofaque fila fmarc.gdis 
 
 DtiBa virent 
 
 And in the laft, 
 
 Merabraqiie geramato trabea viridaiitia chiBu. 
 
 There are feveral other Names under which we fbmetimes 
 find the Gown, which have not yet been explain'd, nor 
 wou'd be of much Ufe, if thoroughly underfiood : Such as 
 the Tcga iindiilata, [ericidata, rafa^ paver at a ^ Tloryxiana^ 
 fcinulata. Sec. See Ferrar.de Re Veft. lib. 2. cap. 10. 
 
 The 'Tunica^ or clofe Coat, was the common Garment 
 worn within Doors by itfelf, and abroad under the Gown: 
 The 'Proktariiy the Capite cenfi^ and the reft of the Dregs of 
 the City, could not afiford to wear the I'oga^ and fo went in 
 their Ttinics^ whence Hcrace calls the Rabble tnnicams fc- 
 fellus^ and the Author of the Dialogue de Claris Oratoribiis^ 
 ;pOpiltis tU7ticauis. The old Romans^ as Gellius informs us, 
 
 {a) Prdfat. ad i \o\.Thef. Rom. (0) ^d Tacir. ^nn. 3. (c) Be Ee 
 
 V'efiiar. & ^rtidSHi de Latidavo, lib. I. cap. 5. 
 
 ■ ' C^0> at
 
 5 1 4 TI^^ Habit of Part II. 
 
 ((3), at firfl: were cloth'd only in the Gown. In a Jittl© 
 lime they found the Convenience of a /hort ftrait 'TimiCy 
 that did not cover the Arms 5 like the GrdEcian ^c i^Mf. 
 Afterwards they had Sleeves coining down to the Elbow, 
 but no farther. Hence SticTonius tells us that Ccffar was re- 
 rnarkable in his Habit, becaufe he wore the Lciticiavian 
 '■jT-unic^ clos'd with Gatherings about his Wrilit (b). Rnbeni- 
 •m thinks he might ufe this Piece of Singularity to fhow 
 himrdf defcended from the Trojans^ to whom Ror/iithiS ol> 
 jefts, in Virgil^ as an Argument of their Effeminacy, 
 Et tiinicds mankas^ ^ habent redimicula mitree (c). 
 
 And R'hs, qr JjCa?2iiis, is ilill to be feen dref&'d after the 
 fame Fafliion in fome old Gems (d). 
 
 Yet in the Declenfion of the Empire, the Tiinici did not 
 only reach down to the Ankles, whence they arc call'd '\ta~ 
 larei^ but had Sleeves too coming down to the Hands^ which 
 gave them the Name of Cbirodot<e. And now ir was counted 
 as fcandalous to appear without Sleeves, as had been hither- 
 to to be ^ztn in them. And therefore, in the Writers of that 
 Age, we commonly find the accufed Perfons at a Trial ha- 
 bited in the Clinic without Sleeves, as a Mark of Infamy 
 and Difgrace (je). 
 
 The Several Sorts of the Timic were the ^alraata^ the 
 Angzi^iclav'w^ and the LaticUvia. 
 
 The T'lniica ^almata was worn by Generals in a Triumph, 
 and perhaps always under the 'Tcga pi6la. It had its Name 
 either from the great Breadth of the Clavi^ equal to the 
 Palm of the Hand 5 or elfe from the Figures of Palms, em- 
 broider'd on it (/). 
 
 The whole Body of the Criticks are flrangeJy divided about 
 the Clcwi. Some fancy them to have been a Kind of Flow- 
 ers intcrv^oven in the Cloth : Others will have them to be 
 the Buttons or Clafps by which the I'umc was held together. 
 A third Sort contend, that the Latm claviis was nothing elfe 
 but a T'lmic border 'd with Purple. Scaliger thinks the Clavi 
 did not belong properly to the Veil, but hung down from 
 tlie Neck, like Chains and Ornaments of that Nature. But 
 the moft general Opinion makes them to have been Studs or 
 Purls fomething like Heads of Nails, of Purple or Gold, 
 work'd into the T'nmc 
 
 All the former Conjectures are learnedly refuted by the ac- 
 
 (flj Lib. 1. c. 12. {b)SKct, JuL c. SS- (e) t/£neid. 1 1. (f) Rubenius 
 de Laticldv. lib. i. c. is. (e) Ibidem. (f) Fefiusmwce. 
 
 curate
 
 Book V. the Ko MAILS' 51^ 
 
 curate Rnben'ms^ who endeavours to prove, that the Clavi 
 were no more than Purple Lines or Streaks coming along the 
 Middle ot the Garments, which were afterwards improv'd 
 to golden and embroider'd Lines of the fame Nature. We 
 muft not therefore fuppofe them to have receiv'd their Name 
 as an immediate Ailufion to the Heads of Nails, to which 
 they bore no Refemblance 5 but may remember that the 
 Ancients us'd to inlay their Cups and other precious Uten- 
 fils with Studs of Gold, or other ornamental Materials.. 
 Thefe, from their Likenefs to Nail-heads, they call'd in ge- 
 neral Clavi. So that it was very natural to bring the fame 
 Word to fignify thefe Lines of Purple, or other Colours 
 which were of a different Kind from all the reft of the 
 Garment 5 as thofe ancient Clavi were of a different Colour 
 and Figure from the VefTels which they adorn 'd. 
 
 Theie Streaks were either tranfverfe or ftreight down the 
 Veft ; the former were ufed only in the Liveries of the 'Popte 
 and other publick Servants, by the Muficians, and fome 
 Companies of Artificers, and now and then by Women, be- 
 ing term'd ^aragaiid<ff. The proper Clavi came f freight 
 down the Veft, one of them making the I'lmic^ which they 
 call'd the ^figitjfi clave ^ and two the Latklave. 
 However this Opinion has been applauded by the Learned, 
 Monfieur 2jaciefs Judgment of the Matter cannot fail to 
 meet with as kind Reception. 
 
 He tells us, that the Clavi were no more than Purple 
 Galoons, with which they border'd the Fore-part of the 
 I'lmic, on both Sides, in the Place where it came together. 
 The broad Galoons made the Laticlave ; and the narrow 
 the jJ7igzifliclave . Therefore they are ftrangely miftaken, 
 who make the only Difference between the two Vefts to 
 confift in this, that the one had but a fingle Claviis^ the 
 other two, and that the Senatorian Clamis^ being in the Mid- 
 dle of the Veft, cou'd poflibly be but one. For 'tis very 
 plain they had each of them two Galoons, binding the two 
 Sides of the Coat where it open'd before 5 fo that joining 
 together with the Sides, they appear'd juft in the Middle, 
 whence the Greeks call'd fuch a Veft (y.iero'7ro^(pvc9V' That 
 the Galoons were few'd on both Sides of the Coat, is evi- 
 dent beyond Difpute from the following Paftage o? Vc.rro: 
 Natn fi q2in mincam ita confiiity m altera flagnla fit angii- 
 fiis clavh, altera latis^ utraque fan in fuo generc caret ana- 
 lpgia„ For Jf any ne Jhould fe-zv a Coat in this Manner, tJjat 
 
 one
 
 }i6 The Habit of Partir. 
 
 one SidcpGiild have a broad Gakon^ and the other a ^larroiv 
 i)ne^ neither Tart has any 'Thing froperly anjhvering to it. 
 As to the Name of the Clavi^ he thinks there needs no far- 
 ther Reafon be given, than that the Ancients call'd any 
 Thing, which was made with Defign to be put upon another 
 Thing, Claviis (a). 
 
 It has been a recciv'd Opinion, that the ^ngtijlidave di- 
 ftinguiili'd the Knight from the Common People, in the 
 fame Manner as the Latjclave did the Senators from thofe 
 cf the Equelkian Rank 3 but Rubemis avers, that there was 
 no Manner of Difference between the 'Tunics of the Knights, 
 and thofe of the Commons. This Conjefture feems to be 
 favour'd by A^pian^ in the fecond Book of his Hiftory, 
 where he tells us, S^^h^cdv o^ 7^ 5c"/^-«t '"o'f S'icaToTffJi ofj.oi- 
 ^, %<ye£f >^ 'f' ^ii?^<dJ]iK»i M *AA» roAjj roi? Qi£cl'7r>i7rtf amKoiv<^. 
 The Slave in Habit goes like his Majler j and^ excej^iing only 
 The Scjiaicfs Rcbe^ all other Garments are common to the 
 Servants. And Tliny^ when he fays that the Rings dif- 
 tinguifh'd the Equeftrian Order from the Common People, 
 as their Tunic did the Senate from thofe that wore the 
 Rings, would not probably have omitted the other Diftinc- 
 tion, had it been real. Befides both thefe Authorities, 
 Lampidius^ in x]\e'L\''^coi jllexatider Severus^ confirms the 
 prefent Affertion. He acquaints us that the aforefaid Em- 
 peror had fome Thoughts of affigning a proper Habit to Ser- 
 vants different from that of their Mafters : But his great 
 Lawyers, Ulfian and Taiikis^ difluaded him from the Pro- 
 jeft, as what would infallibly give Occafion to much Qi?^r- 
 relling and DifTenfion j fo that, upon the Whole, he was con- 
 tented only to diflinguifh the Senators from the Knights by 
 their Claviis. 
 
 But all this Argument will come to nothing, unlefs we can 
 clear the Point about the Ufe of Purple among the Romans^ 
 which the Civilians tell us was ftriftly forbid the Common 
 People under the Emperors. It may therefore be obferv'd, 
 that all the Prohibitions of this Nature were reftrain'd to 
 Ibme particular Species of Purple. Thus 'Julius defar for- 
 bad the Ufe of the Conchylian Garments, or the tfAafyicTsj 
 (b). And Nero afterwards prohibited the ordinary Ufe cf the 
 Amethyftine, or Tyrian Purple (c). Thefe Conjeftures of 
 RubeniJis need no better Confirmation than that they are re- 
 peated and approved by the moft judicious Graevius (^d). 
 
 According to this Opinion, it is an eafy Matter to reconcile 
 
 (a) Dacier on Hoymc lib. 2. Sat. 5. {h) Sueton. Jul. cap. 43. (0 I'iem Utrtne.; 
 up. 32. id) Siietcn.Jul. Hi. Otho. 10. Dtmhian. IP. tUC
 
 Book V. t/;e R O M A N S. 517 
 
 the Conteft between Alanmms and Lipfuis^ and the inferior 
 Criticks of both Parties, about the Colour of the T'limc^ the 
 former afi'erting it to be Purple, and the other White : For 
 'tis evident, it might be call'd either, if we fuppofe the 
 Ground-Work to have been White, with the Addition of 
 thefe Purple Lifts or Galoons. 
 
 As to the Perfons who had the Honour of wearing the 
 JLaticlavey it may be maintain'd, that the Sons of thofe Se- 
 nators, who were fatricians^ had the Privilege of ufing this 
 Veft in their Childhood, together with the 'JPr^texta. But 
 the Sons of thofe Sefmtors^ who were not -Patriciatis^ did not 
 put on the Latklave^ 'till they applied themfelves to the Ser- 
 vice of the Common-wealth, and to bearing OflRces {a). Yet 
 Augufius chang'd this Cuftom, and gave the Sons ot any Se- 
 nators Leave to affume the Laticla-ve prefently after theTime 
 of their putting on the T'cga Virilis^ tho' they were not yet 
 capable of Honours {b). And by the particular Favour of 
 the Emperors, the fame Privilege was allow'd to the more 
 fplendid Families of the Knights. Thus Ovid fpeaks of him- 
 felf and Brother, who are known to have been of the Eiue- 
 ftrian Order : 
 
 Interea^ tac'ito pajfti^ labent'ihiis aimis^ 
 Liberior fratri fitmpta mihiqiie toga 5 
 
 Indt'Jtnrque hinnerh aim lato pirpiira clavl, &c. (r). 
 
 And Statins of Metiiis Celery whom in another Place he 
 terms SpkndidiJJlmits (d), (the proper Stile of the Knights], 
 — — 'Puer hie fit davit in armis 
 
 Nottis adhtic tantmn ?naicris iniinere clavi (e). 
 
 Befides the Gown and 1'uniCy we hardly meet with any 
 Garments of the Kcman Original, or that deferve the La- 
 bour of an Enquiry into their Difference. Yet, among thefe, 
 the Lacerna and the 'Pemila occur more frequently than any 
 other. In the old Glofs upon TerfmSy Sat. i. Ver. (J8. they 
 are both call'd pallia ; which Identity of Names might pro- 
 bably arife from the near Refemblance they bore one to the 
 other, and both to the Grcecian 'Pallium. The Lacerna was 
 firft us'd in the Camp, but afterwards admitted into the City, 
 and worn upon their Gowns to defend them from the Wea- 
 ther. The 'Te?mla was fometimes us'd with the fame De- 
 lign, but, being fhorter and fitter for Expedition, it was 
 chiefly worn upon a Journey (/). 
 
 (a) See Vlmy, Lib. 8. Epift. 2j. (b) Sutton. IAu^. cap. 37, {c) Tripum 
 
 \. 3. £/«?. 10. {d) Prsfat. ad I. j. Syharum. (e) Sylv. 1. j. <arm. 2. (f) S?e 
 iAf[. Ekff. 1. I. c. 15. &Dx.Holjday on jHwnai. Sac. i. 
 
 Rubemiis
 
 3 1 § ne Habit of Part II. 
 
 Rtiheiiins will have the Lacerna and the ^eniila to be both 
 clofe-bodied Kind of Frocks, girt about in the Middle, the 
 only Dift'erence between them being, that the 1?muld£ were 
 always brown, the Ldcerna of no certain Colour ^ and that 
 the CucnUtis^ the Cowl or Haod, was few'd on the former, 
 but worn as a diftinft Thing from the other {(i). But Fer- 
 rariiis^ who has fpcnt a whole Book in animadverting on 
 that Author, wonders that any Body fhould be fo ignorant, 
 as not to know thefc two Garments to have been quite di- 
 ftina Species {b). 
 
 It will be expelled that the Habits of the Roman Priefts 
 fhou'd be particularly dfefcrib'd 3 but we have no certain In- 
 telligence, only what concerns the chief of them, the Augurs^ 
 the Flamens, and the Pontifices. The Augurs wore the '■J'ra- 
 beafix^ dy'd with Scarlet, and afterwards with Purple. Rii-^ 
 hemus takes the Robe which Herod in Derifion put on our 
 Saviour to have been of this Nature, becaufe St. AlattJoeiv 
 calls it Scarlet, and St. Lnke Purple. Cicero ufeth ^iba^hus 
 (a Garment twice dy'd) for the Augural Robe (c). 
 
 The proper Robe of the Flamens was the L£na^ a Sort of 
 Purple Chlamys, or almoft a double Gown, faften'd about 
 the Neck, with a Buckle or Clafp. It was interwoven curi- 
 oufly with Gold, fo as to appear very fplendid and magnifi- 
 cent. Thus Virgil defcribes his Hero in this Habit^ 
 
 — — — . Tyricqne ardebat mtirice liena 
 iDemiJfa ex hiimeris : dives qu^e miinera 1)ido 
 Fecerat, ^ temii telas difcreverat aiiro, M,n. 4. 
 
 The Pontiffs had the Honour of ufing the Trietexta- and 
 fo had the Ffulones^ as we Jearn from Livy^ Lib. 43. 
 
 The Priefts were remarkable for their Modefty in Appa- 
 tel, and therefore they made ufe only of the common Pur- 
 ple, never affecting the more chargeable and fplendid^ 
 Thus Cicero, Vefiims afper 72ofira hac purpura fkbeia ac pene 
 fufca {d). He calls it our purple, becaufe he himfelf was a 
 Member of the College of Jugws. 
 
 There are two farther Remarks which may be made in 
 Reference to the Habits in general. Firft, that, in theTime of 
 any publick Calamity, 'twas an ufual Cuftom to change their 
 Apparel, as an Argument of Humility and Contrition; of 
 which we meet with many Inftances in Hiftory. On fuch 
 
 (a) De Laticlav. lib. i, cap. 6. (b) ^naleif, de Re Veft, cap. ult. (0 Lpiji^ 
 Tamil, lib. 2. Ei>ij}. 16. (d) Pro Sextk. 
 
 Oc«
 
 Book V. the Romans. 319 
 
 Occafions the Senators laid by the Zdticlave, and appear'd 
 only in the Habit of Knights. The Magiftrates threw aiide 
 the 'Prceicxta, and came abroad in the Senatohan Garb. 
 The Knights left off their Rings, and the Commons chang'd 
 their Gowns for the Sagiim or Military Coat {a). 
 
 The other Remark is the Obfervation of the great Ca[cAi- 
 hon^ that the Habit of the Ancients, and particularly ot- the 
 RomanSy'in no Refpeft differ'd more from the Modern Drefs, 
 than in that they had nothing anfwering to our Breeches and 
 Stockings, which if we were to exprefs in Lc.t'iv^ we fhould 
 C2i\\ femcralia and tthialia. Yet, inilead of thefe, under their 
 lower Tunics or Waiftcoats, they fometimes bound their 
 Thighs and Legs round with Silken Scarfs or fc<,[ci(S j tho' 
 thefe had now and then the Name di foiminal'm ot jemoraliti 
 and tibialia^ from the Parts to which they were apply'd {by 
 
 As to the Habit of the other Sex, in the ancient Times of 
 the Common-wealth, the Gown was us'd alike by Men and 
 Women {c). Afterwards the Women took up the Stola and 
 the 'Palla for their feparate Drefs. The Stola was their or- 
 dinary Veft, worn within Doors, coming down to their An- 
 kles : When they went abroad they flung over it the 'Palla 
 or 'Thallium a long open Manteau {d\ which cover'd the 
 Stela and their whole Body. Thus Horace ^ 
 
 Ad talos fiola demijfa ^ circinndata ^alla (e). 
 
 And Virgily defcribing the Habit o^ Camilla, 
 
 'Pro crinali auro^ fro longds tegmine fallcc^ 
 jT/gridis extiviee fer dorfimz a "jertke fendent (f). 
 They drefs'd their Heads with what they call'd Vitt^e and 
 TafcicC^ Ribbons and thin Saflies ; and the laft Sort they twitt- 
 ed round their whole Body, next to the Skin, to make them 
 flender 3 to which '^I'erence alludes in his Eunuch (g); 
 
 Rtihemns has found this Difference in the Stclc^^ that tho^e 
 
 of the ordinary Women were white trimm'd with golden 
 
 Vnth(h): 
 
 Hand funilis Virgo efl virginum no fir arum ^ qttaimatresfith 
 
 tDemifJis him'!eris ejje^ v'raBo feBore^ m gracUesjia7it. (d^nt 
 
 The former Ovid makes to be the diftijiguilliing Badge of 
 
 honeft Matrons and chafte Viri^ins. 
 
 (a) See Verrar. de Ke Vejliar. lib. I. cap. 27. (h) Sueton. ^u^uft. cap. 82. 
 
 Cafjubon, ad locum. (c) Vid. Terrur. de Re Vcjl. lib. 2. cap. 17. (d) Da- 
 
 tier on Horace, lib. i. Sat. 2. ver. 99. («) Horace, ibid. (/) i/£n. it, 
 
 ■Ver. 576, (g) De Laticlav. lib. 1. cap, j6. {'n) .Aii. 2. Seen, 4.
 
 3 20 The Habit of Part If. 
 
 EJle frccnl v'itr<e temies^ ivjigne pidorh {a). 
 
 And defcribiiig the chaite ilja^hiic\ he iays, 
 
 Vitta ccercebat j^cjircsjine iege capim (b). 
 
 It's very obfervabje, that rhe common Courtezans were not 
 allow'd to appear in rhe -S/W;?, but oblig'd to wear a Sort of 
 Gown, as a Waik 'A Intamy, by rea'fon of its Refemblance 
 to rhe Kabit of the oppofite Sex. Hence in that Place of 
 Horace^ ^lid inter — 
 
 jE/?, in mdtrona^ amilla, pccefje togata^. L.i. S. 2. V. 53. 
 The moft judicious Dacier underdands by '^Tcgata the com- 
 mon Strumper, in Oppofition both to rhe Matron and the 
 Serving-Maid. 
 
 Some have thought that the Women (on fome Account or 
 other) wore the Lacerna too: But the Rife of this Fancy 
 is owing to their Millake of that Verfc in Juvenal^ 
 Ifje lacernatec cum fe ja^aret arnica. 
 
 Where it muft be obferv'd, that the Poet does not fpeak 
 of the ordinary Miffes, but of the Eunuch Sporiis^ upon 
 whom is/(?ro made an Experiment in order to change his 
 Sex. So that jfuvoial's Laarnata arnica is no more than 
 if we (liould fay a AUftrefs in 'Breeches. 
 
 The Attire of the Head and Feet will take in all that re- 
 mains of this Subje<^. As to the firft of thefe, it has been 
 a former Remark that the Kcmmis ordinarily ufed none, 
 except the Lappet of their Gownj and this was not a con- 
 ftant Cover, bur only occafional, to avoid the Rain, or Sun, 
 or other accidental Inconveniencies. Hence it is that we fee 
 none of the old Statues with any on their Heads, befides nom 
 and then a Wreath, orfom.ethmg of that Nature. Enficitbi- 
 tis, on the firft of the O.iyJJes, tells us that the Lct'im deriv'd 
 this Cuflom of going bare-headed from the Greeks, it being 
 notorious, that in the Age of the Heroes, no Kind of Hats 
 or Caps were at all in Fafliion : Nor is there any fuch Thing 
 to be met with in Homer. Yet at fome particular Times 
 we find the B^omam ufing fome Sort of Covering for the 
 Head 5 as at the Sacrifices, at the Publick Games, at the 
 Feail of Saturn, upon a Journey, or a warlike Expedition. 
 Some Perfons too were allow'd to have their Heads always 
 cover d, as Men who had been lately made free, and were 
 thereupon Jfhav'd clofe en their Head, might wear the 'Pi- 
 lem, both as a Defence from the Cold, and as a Badge of 
 their Liberty. And the fame Privilege was granted to Per- 
 fons under any Indifpofition (h). As 
 id) Uitimor^h. lib. I, Fab. 9« (i) L>^f,ni de ^mplMt. cap. I9.-
 
 Book V. the KoM AN S^ 32! 
 
 -As for the fevcral Sorts of Coverings defign'd for thefe 
 Ufes, many of them have been long confounded beyond any 
 Poilibility of a Diflindtion 5 and the learned Sali/iafius (a) 
 has obfcrv'd, that the Mitra^ and the ^Ueus^ the OiculluSy 
 the Gaknii^ and the 'J^allickira^ u'cre all Coverings of the 
 Head, very little differing from one another, and promifcu- 
 oufly us'd by Authors 5 however, there are fome of 'em which 
 deferve a more particular Enquiry, 
 
 The Gakrns, FoJJitis {b) derives from Galea^ the Koman 
 Helmet, to which we muft fupptife it to have born fome Re- 
 femblance. Ssr-viiis^ when he reckons up the feveral Sorts of 
 the Prielfs Caps, makes the Galcrus one of them, being com- 
 pos'd of the Skin of the Bealt offer 'd in Sacrifice : the other 
 two being the j^pcx, a ftitch'd Cap in the Form of a Helmet, 
 with the Addition of a little Stick fix'd on the Top, and 
 wound about with white Wooll, properly belonging to the 
 Flmnines 5 and the 'jTutulus^ a Woollen Turban, much like 
 the former, proper to the High-Prieft. By the Gakrus it's 
 likely he means the albo-Gakrus^ lAade of the Skin of a 
 white Beaft offer'd in Sacrifice, with the Addition of fome 
 Twigs taken from a wild Olive-tree, and belonging only to 
 ^iipiter\ FlarM7i-j yet we find a Sort oi Gakrus in Ufe a- 
 mong the ordinary Men, and the Gakriculum (which fome 
 do call Gakrus) common to both Stxcs ; this was a Skin fo 
 neatly drefs'd with Men or Womens Hair, that it could not 
 eafily be diftinguifli'd from the natural ^ it was particularly 
 us'd by thofe who had thin Heads of Hair, as Suetonius re- 
 ports of iVero (c) 5 as alfo by the Wrefllers, to keep their own 
 Hair from receiving any Damage by the nafty Oils with 
 which they were rubb'd all over before they exercifed. This 
 we learn from Martians Diftich on the Gakriculum. 
 
 ■ Ne lutet irmmmdum nitidos ceroma capilloSy 
 Hac potcris madidas condere pelk coraas. 
 
 The ^ikiis was the ordinary Cap or Hat worn at publick 
 Shows and Sacrifices, and by the freed Men ; for a Journey 
 they had the Tetafus^ differing only from the former in that 
 it had broader Brims, and bore a nearer Refemblance to ouc 
 Hats, as appears from the common Pidures oi Mercury 5 
 and hence it took its Name from '^rijdvi'v^t, to open or 
 fpread out (^d). 
 
 U) In Vopif. & Grxv. in Sueton. Claud. 2. {b) Cap. 1 2. (e) Vojpui 
 
 Ei^mlog. in v. PttaCtn. {d) Lipfius de yAmi'bi'.lmt. cap. i^. 
 
 X The
 
 pi The Habit of Part II. 
 
 The Mitra, the T'iara^ and the 'Diadem, tho' we often 
 meet with them in Komaii Authors, are none of them be- 
 holden to that Nation for their Original. The Mitre feems 
 to owe its Invention to the jTrojajis, being a crooked Cap 
 tied under the Chin with Ribbons j it belong'd only to the 
 Women among the Roi'aans, and is attributed to the foreign 
 Courtefans that fet up their Trade in that City, fuch as the 
 
 ' p£la kipa harbara mltra 
 
 in Juvenal ■•, yet among the 'I^rcj.iJis we find it in Ufe among 
 the Men. Thus Remnlm fcouts them in Virgil, 
 Et tunica manicas ^ habmt rcdimicula mitrds : 
 O vere 'Phrygite j ?ieqne enira 'Pbryges (a) ! 
 
 And even JEneai himfelf is by larbas. dcfcrib'd in this Drefs, 
 
 M,*c7na mentinn mitra crmcmque mademem 
 
 Sttbnexui. jEn. 4. xi6. 
 
 The T'lara was the Cap of State us'd by all the Eaftem 
 Kings and great Men, only with this Difterence, that the 
 Princes wore it with a /harp flrait Top, and the Nobles with 
 the Point a little bending downwards {b). 
 
 The diadem belong'd to the Kings of Ro7)ie as well as to 
 the foreign Princes 3 this feems to have been ro more than 
 a white Scarf or i'rt/a^ bound about the Head, like chat which 
 compofeth the ^Ttirktp Turban. Thofe, who are willing to 
 find fome nearer Reiemblance between the 'T}iadc7n and our 
 modern Crowns, may be convinc'd of their Miilake from 
 that Paflai?e oi'Pliitarcb, where he tells us of a Princefs that 
 made Ufe of her Diadem to hang herfelf with (c). 
 
 Thefe white I'afcice among the Remans were always look- 
 ed on as the Marks of Sovereignty j and therefore when 
 *Pcm'pey the Great appear'd commonly abroad with a white 
 Scarf wound about his Leg, upon Pretence of a Eruife or an 
 Ulcer 5 thofe, who were jealous of his growing Power, did 
 not fail to interpret it as an Omen of his affcding the fu- 
 preme Command j and one Favonitis plainly told him, it 
 made little odds on what Part he wore the Tiia-iem^ the In- 
 tention being much the fame (d.). 
 
 To defcend to the Feet, the feveral Sorrs of the Roman 
 Shoes, Slippers, ^c. which moft frequently occur in Read- 
 ing, are the 'Peroiies, the Calcei litnari, the Miillei, the So- 
 lece and Crepid<e, and the Caligce, befides the Ccthmmis and 
 SocciiSy which have been already defcrib'd, 
 
 U) Kn. 5. 616. (/■) Denpfter dd Rofri. lib. j. cap. jj. (r) Pint, in 
 
 LmhU. id) Valtr. Max. .iib. 6. cap. 2. 
 
 The
 
 Book V. rk Romans. 325 
 
 The 'Perones were a Kind of high Shoes, rudely form'd 
 of raw Hides, and reaching up to the Middle of the Leg 5 
 they were not only us'd by the Cotjnrry People, as fome ima- 
 gine, but in the City too by Men of ordinary Rank ; nay, 
 Riibefutis avers, that in the elder Times of the Common- 
 wealth, the Senators, as well as others, went in the herd's 
 {a)j however, when they came to be a little polifh'd, they 
 left this clumfy Wear to the Ploughmen and Labourers, and 
 we fcarce find them applied to any one elfe by the Authors 
 of the flouriihing Ages. Thus 'Perjitis brings in the 
 
 Teronatus arator 'y S. 5. V. 102, 
 
 And Jmenal^ 
 
 — ^lem non piidet alto 
 
 Ter glaciem ferone tegi.—S. i/\.. V. iSfi". 
 
 Virgily indeed, makes fome of his Soldiers wear the ^ero^ 
 but then they were only a Company of plain Rufticks, Le- 
 gio agrcflii^ as he calls them 5 befides, they wore it but on 
 t>ne Foot: 
 
 Veftigia nndafiniftri 
 
 Inft'miere pedis ^ crudtis tegit altera fero. JEn. 7. 690. 
 
 The Calcei lunati were proper to the Patricians, to diflin- 
 guifh them from the Vulgar, fo call'd from an Half-moon 
 in Ivory worn upon them. Sald'w'm will have the Half-moon 
 to have ferv'd inflead of a Fibula or Buckle (h') ; but Ritbe- 
 nius (c) refutes this Conje6lure, by fhewing from ^hilojlra- 
 fns that it was worn by way of Ornament, not on the Fore- 
 part of the Shoe, like the Buckle, but about the Ancle. ^Iti- 
 tarch^ in h\s Roman Queftions, gives Abundance of Reafons 
 why they us'd the Half-moon rather than any other Figure ; 
 but none of his Fancies have met with any Approbation from 
 the Learned. The common Opinion makes this Cuftom an 
 AUulIon to the Number of Senators at their firft Inftitution, 
 which, being 100, was fignified by the numeral Letter C. 
 
 Yet the 'patricians^ before they arriv'd at the Senatorian 
 Age, and even before they put on the ^reetexta, had the 
 Privilege of ufing the Half moon on their Shoes. Thus 
 Statins^ Sylv. 5. 
 
 Sic te dare pucr genitiim fibi curia fe72fit : 
 Trimaqtte Patricia claiijit vejligia luna. 
 
 U) Dt Laticlav lib. 2. cap. r . {h) De Calcto ^nt'rq, cap. 9'. 
 
 id De Ldtidav. lib. :. cap. 4. 
 
 X z A»
 
 ;24 Tl^e Halk of P.irt 11. 
 
 As for the Senators, who were not 'Parriciam, they did 
 not indeed wear the Half-mcon ^ but that Ornament fcems 
 not to have been the only Dift'crcnce between the Senatorian 
 and the common Shoes 5 for the former are commonly re- 
 prefented as black, and coming up to the Middle of the Leg, 
 as in Horace^ JBook r. Sat. 6. 
 
 Nigris me.imm imfediit cms 
 
 "Pcllihns. 
 
 Knhe?2ins will have this underftood only of the four Black 
 Straps, which he fays fallen 'd the Senators Shoes, being ty'd 
 pretty high on the Leg (a). 'Dacier tells us the Senators 
 had two Sorts of Shoes, one for Summer, and the other for 
 Winter 3 the Summer Shoes he defcribes with fuch Leathern 
 Straps croffing one another many Times about the Leg, and 
 nothing but a Sole at the Bottom : Thefe he calls Campagi 5 
 tho' Rubenius attributes this Name to a Sort oiCalig^e worn 
 by the Senators under the later Emperors (b). The Winter 
 Shoes, he fays, were made of an entire Black Skin, or fome- 
 times of a White one, reaching up to cover the greateft Part 
 of the Leg, without any open Place, except on the Top (c). 
 
 It is uncertain whether the Cakei AhUlei were fo call'd 
 from the Colour of the Mullet^ or whether they lent a Name 
 to that Fifli from their reddifh Dye j they were at iirft the 
 peculiar Wear of the Alban Kings, afterwards of the Kings 
 QlKome^ and upon the Eftablifhment of the free State, were 
 appropriated to thofe Perfons who had born any Cnrnk Of- 
 fice 5 but perhaps they might be worn only on great Days, at 
 the Celebration ol fome publick Sports, when they were at- 
 tir d in the whole Triumphal Habit, of which too thefe 
 Shoes made a Part. Julius Ccefar^ as he was very Angular 
 in his whole Habit, fo was particularly remarkable for wear- 
 ing the Mullei on ordinary Days, which he did to fliew his 
 Defcent from the Alban Kings (d). In Colour and Fafhion 
 they refcmbled the Cothurin^ coming up to the middle Leg, 
 ^tho' they did not cover the whole Foot, but only the Sole, 
 like Sandals (^), 2)acie}' informs us,, that at fuch Time as the 
 Emperors took up the Ufe of thefe red Shoes, the CuriUe 
 Magiftrates chang'd the Fafliion for embroider'd ones {f). 
 
 The Roman Sckoe were a Sort of Sandals or Pantofles, 
 without any Upper-Leather, fo that they cover *d only thff 
 
 (-1) £)e ReKe/Z. lib. 2. cap. 3. {h) Ibid. cap. J. (c) Dacier on Horace, 
 
 Book I. Sat. 6. {d) £)«. lib. 45. («) Lib. t. eap. 2. (f) Dacier 
 
 en Horace, Book i . Sat. 6. 
 
 Sole
 
 Book V. ^/;^ R O M A N s. 325 
 
 Sole of the Foot, being faften'd above with Straps and 
 Buckles ; thefc were the ordinary Fa/hion of" the Women, 
 and therefore counted fcandalous in the other Sex j thus 
 Cicero expofeth l/'errcs (a), and Clcd'nis (b), for iifing this in- 
 decent Wear j and Lroy acquaints us, that the great Sci;pio 
 ■was cenfur'd on the fame Account {c) , yet upon all Occa- 
 fions of Mirth and Recreation, or lawful Indulgence, 'twas 
 cuffomary for the Men to go thus loofly fliod, as at Enter- 
 tainments, and at the publick Shows of all Sorts in the Cir- 
 co's or Amphithearres. 
 
 The Cre^ulec^ which now and then occur in Roma7i Au- 
 thors, are general iy fuppos'd to be the fame as the SokcCy 
 under the Gredi Name K.;'HT<«r«?, but 'Baldiv'm is fo nice as 
 to affign this Difference, that the Crepida had two Soles, 
 whereas the .S'i^/e'^^ coiiiiited but of one j therefore he is not 
 willing 10 be beholden to the Greeks tor the Word, but thinks 
 it may be denv'd from the Crepitus^ or Creaking that they 
 made, which could not be fo well conceiv'd in thofe which 
 had but a fingle Leather {dy That the Grecian xj/iT/cTsf, 
 did really make fuch a Kind of Noife, which we can't ea- 
 fdy imagine of the Sclci^^ is plain from the common Story 
 of Momus^ who, being brought to give his Cenfure of Ve^ius^ 
 could find no Fault, only that her K^mrU, or Slipper, creak- 
 ed a little too much. 
 
 The Caliga was the proper Soldier's Shoe, made in the 
 Sandal Fafhion, fo as not to cover the upper Part of the 
 Foot, tho' it reach'd to the Middle of the Leg j the Sole was 
 of Wood, like our old Galochcs, or the Sabots of the French 
 Peafants, and ffuck full of Nails 5 thcfe Nails were ufually 
 fo very long in the Shoes of the Scouts and Centinels, that 
 Suetonm (e) and Tertv.Uian (f) call thofe Calig<e Specila- 
 tofes^ as if, by mounting the Wearer to a higher Pitch, they 
 gave a greater Advantage to the Sight. 
 
 'Twas from thefc CaJigce, that the Emperor Caligula took 
 his Name, "having been born in the Army, and afterwards 
 bred up in the Habit of a common Soldier {g). And hence 
 Juvenal {1j\ and Suetomus{i'), uCeCaligari for the common 
 Soldiers, without the Addition of a Subltantive. 
 
 {a) Verrin. 4. (i) Be Hariifp. Rffponf. (<-) Lib. 2p. (d) Baldvoin 
 
 Cislc. .yint'nj. cap. 15. (f) Cali?Hl. cap. 52. (/; -D' Coron. MHit. 
 
 ^ Sueton. Cdligul. cap. 9. (,h) Sac. 16. v. 24.. {i) ^ngujl. 25. 
 
 X s CHAP.
 
 326 Tl?e Man'ia^es of Part 11. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of the Roman Marriages. 
 
 nr H E Marriages of the Komam, which have been fo learn- 
 edly explain'd by fo many eminent Hands, as the great 
 Lawyers 'Tiragnel^ Sigonms^ Srijjomns^ and the two Hotto- 
 mans^ will appear very intelligible from a diligent Enquiry 
 into the Efpoufals, the Perfons that might lawfully marry 
 with one another, the proper Seafon for Marriage, the feve- 
 ral Ways of contrafl^ing Matrimony, the Ceremonies of the 
 Wedding, and the Caufes and Manner of Divorces. 
 
 The Efpoufals, or Contrail before Marriage, was perform 'd 
 by an Engagement of the Friends on both Sides, and might 
 be done as well between abfent Perfons as prefent, as well in 
 Private as before Witneflfesj yet the common Way of be- 
 trothing was by Writings drawn up by common Confent, 
 and feal'd by both Parties. Thus Juvenal^ Sat. 6. 
 
 Si tibi kgitimh paBam ]tmBamqiie tabellis 
 Non es amatiirus. 
 And again, Sat. lo. 
 
 Veniet aim Signatcribus flu[pex. 
 
 Befides this, the Man fent a Ring as a Pledge to the Wo- 
 man, which in 'Fltny*s Time was us'd to be of Iron, with- 
 out any Stone in it (^). Thus the fame Satyrift, 
 Cofi'ventiim tamen ^ paBtmz ^ fponfalia nojfra 
 'Jempejiate paras^ jamqite a Wijore inagijiro 
 ^leBeriSj ^ digito pigmiifortajfe dedijli. Ss.t- 6. 
 There was no Age determined by the Laws for Efpoufals, 
 but they might be made at any Time, provided that both 
 parties were fenfible of the Obligation, which they were not 
 fuppcs'd to be till their yth Year; ytt Jttgzifitts afterwards 
 order'd that no ^pfpoufals fliould be efleemed valid, except 
 fuch as were confummated by the Nuptials within two Years 
 Time {b). ' 
 
 Kc Reman might marry with any other than a Romm 5 
 but then this was extended to any fiee Denizon of the City, 
 
 W H'm. Nat. Hill, lib. 33- cap. i. (i) S^don. ^xg. ca;« 34* 
 
 tho'
 
 Book V. tJ?e Romans. ; 27 
 
 tho' born in any other Parts 5 for thus Tiiciiyfius (^a) reports 
 of the Latins^ Livy {b) of the Cam^'animis^ and Qcero (c) 
 of the Inhabitants o{ Aricia j yet in Rome we meet with one 
 eminent Refiiaint about thefc Matters, and that is a Law 
 of the 2)ecei/2Viri, prohibiting any Marriage between the 
 'patrician Families and the 'pkbeiafis. But within feven 
 or eight Years, the Commons had-given fo many dangerous 
 Tokens of their Refentment ot this Injury, that upon the 
 Motion of Canv.leiiis^ 'IriOime of the People, the Confids 
 were e'en forc'd to give Confent to the enafting of a con- 
 trary Decree, allowing a free Alliaiice in Marriage between 
 Peribnsof all Orders and Degrees (.-^j. 
 
 The Romans were very fuperltitious in Reference to the 
 particular Time of Marriage, fancying feveral Days and Sea- 
 ions very unfortunate to this Defign j the Kdenis^ Nojiej^ 
 and Ides of every Month, were ftriftly avoided 5 fo was the 
 whole Feaft of the ^parent alia in February^ as Oi;/.'2iobferves, 
 Fajlor. 1. 
 
 Conde tuas^ Hymenae^ faces, ^ ab ignibiis.atris 
 Aiifer-j habent alias m(xjla fej^ulchra faces. 
 
 Go, Hymen, flop the long expefling Dames, 
 And hide thy Torches from the difmal Flame.sj 
 Thy Prefence would be fatal while we mourn, 
 And at fad Tombs muft other Tapers burn. 
 
 The whole Month of May was look'd on as ominous to 
 contrafting Matrimony, as 'Plutarch acquaints us in his Ro- 
 man Queltions, and Ovid, Fajt. 5. 
 
 Nee viduce tcedis eadem, nee virginis apta 
 I'empora, quce nupfit nee ditmirnafiiit. 
 Jiac quoque de can fa, fi teproverbia tavgunt, 
 Mefife malas Alaio niibere vulgtis ait. 
 
 No Tapers then fliould burn, nor ever Bride 
 Link'd at this Seafon long her Blifs enjoy'd 5 
 Hence our wife Mafters of the Proverbs fay, 
 T'te Girls are all f ark naught that wed in May. 
 In fliort, the moft happy Seafon, in all Refpeds, for cele- 
 brating the Nuptial Solemnity, was that which follow'd the 
 Ides o^June. Thus Ovid, fpeaking of his Daughter : 
 Banc ego cum vellem gemro dare, tempora tecdis 
 Apta requirebam, qtiaque cavendaforent. 
 
 {<) Lib. 6. (h) Lib, 38, (c) InPhilipp. (d) Liv. Lib.4. 
 
 X 4. 'Twig
 
 giS The liarm^es of Part II. 
 
 'Hlfnc 7/7ibi J^ojl facras moijfiramr Junius Idus. 
 IJtitn ^ inipis^ tit His eJJ'e viris. Faft. z. 
 
 Refolv'd to match the Girl, I try'd to find 
 
 What Days unpiofp'rous were, what Moons were kind 5 
 
 After ''/line's (acred Ides my Fancy ftay'd. 
 
 Good to the Man, and happy to the Maid. 
 
 The three Ways of contrafling Matrimony were, farre^ 
 aemptione^ and ?//?/, which fall properly under the Confidc- 
 rationof the Civil Lawj the main Difference of them, in 
 fhort, was this: Cojifarreatio was, when the matrimonial 
 Rites were perform'd with folemn Sacrifices, and Offerings 
 of burnt Cakes, by the Tcntifex Maximus^ and thcFlamen 
 fDif.lis, 'Pliny fays this was the moft facred Tie of all (a); 
 yet we are aflur'd, that after fome Time, it was almoft uni- 
 verfally laid afide, as thought to include too many trouble- 
 fome Ceremonies {b). A Divorce, after this Way of Marri- 
 age, Feftzis calls Uitfarrcatio. Coemftio was, when the Per- 
 fons folemnly bound thcmfehes to one another by the Cere- 
 mony of giving and taking a Piece of Money. 1 he Marri- 
 age was faid to be made by Ufe, when, with the Confcnt of 
 her Friends, the W^oman had liv'd with the Man a whole 
 Year compleat, without being abfcnt three Kights, at which 
 Time Hie was rcckon'd in all Refpefts a lawful Wife, tho' 
 not near fo clofely join'd as in the former Cafes. 
 
 The Nuptial Ceremonies were always begun with the ta- 
 king of Omens by the Ji/fpices. Hence Tttlly, Niibit gemro 
 focrus miUis aiifpcibits, nuUis auBoribm, fimejlis cininibm 
 cmrjum (c). 
 
 In drefling the Bride, they never omitted to divide her 
 Locks with the Head of a Spear, either as a Token that their 
 Marriages firft began by War and A6ls of Hoflilityupon the 
 Rape of the Snbine Virgins {d')-^ or as an Omen of bearing a 
 valiant and warlike Off-fpring ; or to remind the Bride, that, 
 being married to one of a martial Race, fhe /liould ufe her- 
 felf to no other than a plain unaffefted Drefs j or becaufe 
 the greateft Part of the Nuptial Care is referr'd \.ojiino^ to 
 whom the Spear is facred, whence fhe took the Name o'^'iDea 
 ^xiiris, ^niris among the Ancients fignifying this W^eapon 
 (e). Ovid alludes to this Cuflom in the fecond of his Fajli : 
 
 Nee tihi quie mpU<s matnra videbere matfi 
 Coviat "jirgineas hnjla reciirva comas. 
 
 (a) Lib. 18. cap. 2. (i) Tach. ^r.nnl. 4. (<■) Oral, pro Clucnt. 
 
 (a) Tlntarch in Romnl, («) Idem Sf' *j*- K"^- 8?. 
 
 Thou
 
 Book V. tk Romans. 329 
 
 Thou whom thy Mother frets to fee a Maid, 
 Lei no bent Spear th) Virgin Locks divide. 
 
 In the next Place the}' crown'd her with a Chaplet of 
 Flowers, and put on her Veil or Flammewn^ proper to this 
 Occafion. Thus Catullus. 
 
 Civge umfcra fiorlbiis 
 
 Sti'aveckmis amaraci : 
 
 And Juvenal^ defcribing AlfJJalina, when about to marry 
 SiUus: 
 
 — Ijiidum fedet ilia ^arato 
 
 J-'lammcclo. Sat. lo. 
 
 Inftead of her ordinary Cioaths, fhe wore the Timica rec- 
 ta^ or common "Tunic ^ call'd reRa^ from being woven upr 
 wards, of the fame Nature with that which the young Mei? 
 put on with x}cic\x jMavly Gcjon (^a) j this was tied about 
 with a Girdle which the Bridegroom was to unloofe. 
 
 Being drefs'd after this Manner, in the Evening flie was 
 led towards the Bridegroom's Houfe by three Boys habited 
 jn the '^PrcCtexta, whofe Fathers and Mothers were alive. 
 Five Torches were carried to light her; for which particu- 
 lar Number, 'Pliuarch has troubled himlelf to find out feve- 
 ral Reafons {^b). A DKtaff and a Spindle were likewife born 
 along with her, in Memory of Caia Ccecilia^ or Tmmqiiil^ 
 Wife to Tarqut'/iiiis Tr'ifcns^ a famous Spinfler(c); And on 
 the fame Account the Bride call'd herfclf Caia^ during the 
 ■Nuptial Solemnity, as a fortunate Name. 
 
 ^eing come to the Doer, (which was garnifh'd with 
 Flowers and Leaves, according to that oi Catullus : 
 Vefiibulum nt molli velatu7n frovde vireret.') 
 
 flic bound about the Pods with Woollen Lifts, and wafli'd 
 them over with melted Tallow, to keep out Infedion and 
 Sorcery. This Cufiom ^/>^/7 alludes to j^n. 4. 
 
 I^TdCterea fv.it in teffis de inarjmre temflum 
 
 Cooijiigis antiqui^ miro quod boner e cole b at y 
 
 Velkribus niveis ^) fefta fronde reviiiElwa. 
 
 Being to go into the Houfe, fhe was not by any Means to 
 touch the Threfliold, but was lifted over by main Strength. 
 Either becaufe the ThreHiold was facred to Ve(la^ a mod 
 chafte Goddefs, and fo ought not to be defil'd by one in 
 ihefe Circumftances ; Or (t\{c^ that it might feem a Piece of 
 
 (<») Vliny, lib. ?. cap. 4?. (i) Rtm. §iixft. 2. (c) VUnj, lib. S. cap. 48. 
 
 Modefty
 
 550 H;e Marriages of Part II. 
 
 Modcfiy to be compell'd into a Place where Hie fliould ceafc 
 to be a Vlirgin (^.). 
 
 Upon her Entrance, fhe had the Keys of the Houfe deli- 
 ver'd to her, and was prefented by the Bridegroom with two 
 VelTels, one of Pire, the other of Water, either as an Em- 
 blem of Purity and Chafiity, or as a Communication of 
 Goods, or as an Earncit ot (ticking by one another in the 
 greateii: Extremities (l'). 
 
 And now fhe and her Companions were treated by the 
 Bridegroom at a fplcndid Feaft j on which Occafion, the 
 Sumptuary Laws allow'd a little more Liberty than ordinary 
 in the Expences, This Kind of Treat was feldom without 
 Mufick, compos'd commonly of Flutes ; the Company all 
 the while iinging 'Tbc-lajf,iii^ or T'takJJio, as the Greeks did 
 Hymencevs. There are fcveral Reafons given by 'PluTarcb 
 (f), for the Ufe of this Word : The common Opinion makes 
 it an Admonifliment to good Hufwifry 3 the Greek Word 
 TdKcLuia. fignifying Spinnwg-^ and among the Conditions 
 which were agreed upon by the Sabines and Koma7is^ after 
 the Rape of the Virgins, this was one, that the Women 
 fliould be oblig'd to no fervile Office for their Husbands, 
 any farther than what concern 'd Spinning. 
 
 At the fam.e Time the Bridegroom threw Nuts about the 
 Room for the Boys to fcramble : Thus Virgil^ Eclog. 8. 
 
 SParge, rdarite^ mices 
 
 Out of the many Reafons given for this Cuftom, the moft 
 commjonly rcceiv'd makes it a Token of their leaving child- 
 ifti Divertifcmenrs, and entring on a more ferious State of 
 Lire 3 whence Nitcibas re'kctis has pafs'd into ^ Proverb. 
 This Conjeilure is fivour'd by Catullus y 
 1)a mices pueris^ iners 
 Co'iKubine : Saris dm 
 Zujifii nucibiis. Liihet 
 Jamfervire ^balafjio. 
 Cojicnbine, nuces da. 
 In the mean time the Genial Bed was got ready, and a Set 
 ot good old Wives, that had been never married but to one 
 Man, plac'd the Bride on it wiih a great deal of Ceremony. 
 Thus Catullus^ Vgs bm<c ^enibus viris 
 Cog72it(e breve fainincf^ 
 Cclkcate pvAlidani 
 Jam licet venias^ marhe^ Sec. Ko- 
 
 (a) Tint.trch. Rtm. Hutjl. I. Servfas id yirgil. Eclog. 8. (l/) PlHlarcb, Kem- 
 
 ^i«;J. I. (f) Idem jn Rm::l, ^ Ra/n. ^ej. Ji.
 
 Book V. the Romans. 531 
 
 Nothing now remain'd but for the Bridegroom to loofe 
 her Gird]e, a Cullom that wants no Explanation j only it 
 jnay be obferv'd to have been of great Antiquity : Thus 
 MofJj'US in his Srory oS. Jupiter and Eur op a : 
 
 Homer Odyfs. 2. 
 
 Avffzv TA^^ivtichv C,uvw- 
 And Ml/feus in Hero and Leander . 
 
 €li M [xiv TA^T H'TTetV' cT' O/JllKA AuVtfTO A.JTs'^'i 
 
 Kou ■^iij-fy.iov iTriCwAV 'X.^i^ovoa Kv^i^eHH- 
 There feldom wanted a Company of Boys, and mad Sparjcs 
 got together, to fing a Parcel of olDfcene Verfes, which were 
 tolerated on this Occafion. They confided of a Kind oiFef- 
 ceiinine Rhimes. Hence Catullus ? 
 
 "Nee din taceat procax 
 
 Fefcemiina locutio. 
 And Claiidian : 
 
 TermiJJifque jocis turba licenticr 
 
 Exult et tetricis libera legibus. 
 The Day after, the new married Man held a fiately Sup- 
 per, and invited all his old Companions to a drinking Match 5 
 which they term'd repctia. 
 
 The whole Subject of Divorces belongs entirely to the 
 Lawyers, and the Dillindion between repiiditim and divcr- 
 tmm is owing to their Nicety 5 the firft they make the break- 
 ing ofif a Contra<^T-, or Efpoufalj and the laft a Separation 
 after aftual Matrimony. 'Plutarch mentions a very fevcre 
 h&vj 0^ Romulus^ which fuffer'd not a Wife to leave her 
 Husband, but gave a Man tlje Liberty of turning off his 
 Wife, either upon poyfoning her Children, or counterfeiting 
 his private Keys, or for the Crime of Adultery. But if the 
 Husband on any other Occafion put her away, he order'd 
 one Moiety of his Eflate to be given to the Wife, and the 
 other to fall to the Goddcfs Ceres :, and that whofoever fent 
 away his Wife, fliou'd make an Atonement to the Gods of 
 the Earth (a). 'Tis very remarkable, that, almoft fix hun- 
 dred Years after the Building of the City, one 'P. Servilius^ 
 or CarviliiiS Spurius, was the firft of the RcrM7is that ever 
 put away his Wife (b). 
 
 U) tlutjrch in Romid. (M ValcT. Max. lib. ?. C»p. 1. Fhitarch Compar Romiil.
 
 3^2 T7;^ Marriages of Part If. 
 
 The common Way of Divorcing was by fending a Bill to 
 the V/oman containing Reafons of the Separation, and the 
 Tender of aJl her Goods which /he brought with her 5 this 
 they tcrm'd npvdnim mittere. Or clfe it was perform 'd in her 
 Prcfcnce before fufficient Witnefles, with the Formalities of 
 tearing the Writings, refunding the Portion, taking away the 
 Keys, and turning the Woman out of Doors. But however 
 tlie Law of Ronnilvs came to fail, it's certain that in latter 
 71mes the Women too, as well as the Men, might fue a Di- 
 vorce, and enter on a feparate Life. Thus y«w;W, Sat. 9. 
 . -.^Fiigientem fccpe fiiellam 
 
 jlinfkxu rnput, tabiilm quoque fregeraty ^ jam 
 
 Signabat. 
 And Martial^ Lib. ic. Epigr. 41. 
 
 Menfe novo Mdii vererem 'Promkia inaritiim 
 iDeferis, at que jubes res fibi habere [iias. 
 
 We have here a fair Opportunity to enquire into the 
 Grounds of the common Opinion about borrowing and lend- 
 ing of Wives among the Romans. He, that chargeth them 
 moft fevcrely with this Praftice, is the moft learned T'ertiiL 
 lian, in his ylpclcgy\ ch. 39. Omnia indifcretafimt aptidms^ 
 ike. All 'Things (fays he, fpeaking of the Chrijlians) are com- 
 won among ns^ except cur Wives : We admit no Tartnerpip 
 in that one 1 hing, in --xhich other Meti arc mere profejjedly 
 'partners, ivho not only f??ake Ufe of their Friend'' s Sed, but 
 'very patiently expose their oivn Wives to a ne^w Embrace : I 
 ftippofe, according to the T?iftittiticn of the 7770JI v:ife J?!cients, 
 r^c- Grjecian Socrates, and the KomsLnOdto, v: ho freely lent 
 cut their Wives to their Friends l And jrefently after, fa- 
 pienti(g AtticdS ^ RomandS gravitatis exemphim ! leno ejt 
 Philofiplms £5? Ceiifor. ^wondrous Example 0/" Attick Wif- 
 dom, and of Roman Gravity'! a Philofopher and a Cenfor 
 turn a Pair of Pimps. 
 
 Chiefly on the Strength of this Authority, theRcmans have 
 been generally tax'd with fuch a Cuftom : And a very great 
 Man of our own Country (a) expreileth his Compliance with 
 the vulgar Opinion, tho' he ingeniouOy extenuates the Fault 
 in a parallel Inftance. So much indeed muft be granted, that 
 tho' the Laws made thofe Husbands liable to a Penalty who 
 either hir'd out their Wives for Money, or kept them after 
 they had been aftually ccnvicled of Adultery, yet the bare 
 Permiffion of that Crime did not fall under the Notice of the 
 W Sir William Temple'^ mtrodnUkn to the H'tfi. of Eng. 
 
 civil
 
 Book V. the Romans. 33? 
 
 civil Power. And Ulpian fays exprefly, el qui pat'itiir nxorem 
 fmm delinqnerCy matrimcmiu/ique j'mim contemnit 5 qtiiqne 
 contaminatione 71071 indignatiir^ paiia adulterorimi non i77fligi- 
 Uir. He that fujjh'S hntVije to dejik his 'Bed^ mid conteimi- 
 ing bis tnammonial CojitraB^ is net difpleafed at the 'Pollu- 
 tiOT?, does net incur the 'Penalty cf Adulterers. But 'tis al- 
 molt impoffible that this Ihould give Occafion to fuch a Fan- 
 cy, being no more than u'hat is tolerated at prefent. It may 
 therefore be alledg'd in Favour of the Remans^ that this 
 Opinion might probably have its Rife from the frequent 
 Pra6^ice of that Sort of Marriage, according to which a Wo- 
 man was made a Wife only by Pofleffion and Ufe, without 
 any farther Ceremony. This was the mofl; incompleat of all 
 conjugal Ties 5 the Wife being fo, rather by the Law of 
 Kature, than according to the Rc7na7i ContHtution j and 
 therefore fhe was not call'd Mater-fmmlias^ nor had any 
 Right to inherit the Goods of her Husband j being fuppo- 
 fed to be taken purely on the Account of procreating Iflue. 
 So that after the bearing of three or four Children, flie might 
 lawfully be given to another Man. 
 
 As to the Example ofCato (not to urge that Tertiillian has 
 miftook the Cenfor for him ofUtica, and fo loft the Sting of his 
 Sarcafm) the beft Accounts of that Matter may be had from 
 Strabo and Tlutarch. The 'Place o^ Strabo is in his 7th Book. 
 
 v reia, TiKva.'KctQa.'Tri^ 39 Kcircov O{jt)a'to) J^aiQiuji ^4/<yxs r Ms«f- 
 aietv 4w' MA<^, if^ itaKoaov T?fi)[/.cuav riS@-, I'hey report of the\e 
 Tapurians, that 'tis cotmted la^wfiil amc7ig them to give a-zvay 
 their Wives to other Men^ after they have had t-zvo or three 
 Children hy them : Js Cato, inmr Time^ upon the Reqiiejl of 
 Hortenfius, gave him his Wife Marcia, according to the old 
 Qijio'm of the Romans. Here by lnJ'iJ'ovcu and ^iXaKi we 
 fhou'd not underftand the lending or letting out of Women, but 
 the marrying them to new Husbands ; as 'Plato ufeth iK<i'Q(xty 
 ^vyctlk^m -TToieiif^ to bejlo-iv daughters in Marriage. 
 
 ^Plutarch, before he proceeds to his Relation, has premis'd 
 that this Paflage,in the Lifeof C^A?, looks like a Fable in a 
 Play, and is very difficult to be clear'd, or made out with 
 any Certainty. His Narration is taken out o'iJ'hrafeaSy wh© 
 had it from Mtmatius, Cato's Friend and confiant Compani- 
 on, and runs to this EfFeft. 
 
 " ^intus Horterfiiis, a. Man of fignal Worth, and appro-' 
 ** ved Virtue, was not content to live in Friend/hip and Fa- 
 
 " miliarity
 
 ^^4 Tl?e Funerals of Part II. 
 
 *' miliarity with Cato^ but defir'd alfo to be united to his 
 " Family, by fomc Alliance in Marriage. Therefore waiting 
 " upon Cato, he begun to make a Propofal about taking 
 *' Care's Daughter 'I>orcia from 'Bibulm^ to whom flie had 
 " already bc;rn three Children, and making her his own 
 " Wife 5 offering to reftore her after /he had born him a Child, 
 " \{ "Bibulm was not willing to part with her altogether: 
 " Adding, that tho' this, in the Opinion of Men, might feem 
 *' ftrange, yet in Nature it wou'd appear honeii and profita- 
 " ble to the Publick, with much more to the fame Purpofe. 
 *' Cato cou'd not but exprefs his Wonder at the itrange Pro- 
 ** jefl, but withal approv'd very well of uniting their Hou- 
 ** fes : When //orrf/vj??/;, turning the Difcourfe, did not flick 
 " to acknowledge, that it was Cat(j\ own Wife which he re- 
 *' ally defir'd. Cato^ perceiving his earneft Inclinations, did 
 " not deny his Requeft, but faid that '^Philip^ being the Fa- 
 " ther QX Mania ^ ought alio to be confuked. Philip, being 
 *' fent for, came, and finding they were well agreed, gave 
 •* his Daughter Marti a to Hortenfiiis, in the Prefence of 
 " Cato^ who himfelf alfo aflilled at the Marriage." 
 
 So that this was nothing like lending a Wife out, but actu- 
 ally marrying her to another while her firfl Husband was a- 
 live, to whom fhe may be fuppos'd to have come by that 
 Kind of Matrimony which is founded in the Right of Pof- 
 feflion. And upon the Whole, the Roma.ns feem to have 
 been hitherto unjuftly taxed with the Allowance of a Cu- 
 ftom not ufually pradis'd among the moft barbarous and 
 favage Part of Mankind. 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 Of the Roman Funerals. 
 
 TH E moft ancient and generally receiv'd Ways of Burying, 
 have been Interring and Burning, and both thefe we find 
 at the fame Time in Ufe among the Romania borrow'd in all 
 Probability from the Greecians. That the Grdcciani interr'd 
 their dead Bodies may, in fliort, be evinc'd from the Story 
 of the Efhefmn Matron in Tetro7iius, who is defcrib'd fitting 
 and watching her Husband's Body laid in a Vault. And from 
 the Argument which Solon brought to juflify' the Right of 
 the Mcmajis to the Kle ef Sfila?nis^ taken from the dead 
 
 Bodies
 
 Book V. the Romans. j 3 5 
 
 Eodicfs which were buried there not after the Mahnerof theii' 
 Competitors the AUg^rei.fiaiiSy but according to the Athenian 
 Fafliionj for the I\kgo:revjiam turnM the Carcafe to the 
 Eafl-, and the Athenian^ to the Weit j and that the Athenian^ 
 had a diftin61: Sepulchre for each Body, whereas the Mega- 
 i'enjiani put two or three into one (a). That the fame People 
 fometimes burnt their Dead is beyond Difpute, from the 
 Teilimony oiTlutarcI.\ who, fpeaking of the Death of'Phc- 
 cic?;, tells us, that for f(;me Time none of the Athenians da- 
 red light a Funeral Pile to bum the Body after their Manner. 
 As alio from the Defcription of the Plague o^ Athens in 
 ^Thtic^Jides^ hm -yrv^i ^6 elf^KoJei-ca, &c. with the Tranflation, 
 of which Paflagc, Lucretius concludes his Poem. 
 "Namque fuos covfavguinecs aliena rcgcrmn 
 Jnfiiper exjlru£fa ingeiiti clamore locabant^ 
 SubdehaAitque faces^ multo cwn [anguijie [eepe 
 Rixajites potius qinim ccrpcra defererentur. 
 
 To prove that both thefe Ways of Burial were us'd by the 
 Roma?2S^ is aimoft unneceflary ^ for Burning is known by 
 every one to have been their common Praflice. And as for 
 Interring, their great Lawgiver NiiJna particularly forbad the 
 Burning of his own Body, but commandetl it to be laid entire 
 in a Stone Coffin (b). And we learn from Cicero (c), and 'Fli- 
 7iy {d\ that the Family of the Cornclii interr'd their Dead all 
 along 'till the Time of Sylla the 1)i6iator^ who in his Will 
 gave exprefs Orders to have his Body burnt 5 probably to a- 
 void the Indignities that might have been offer 'd it after Buri- 
 al by the Marian Fa(S}:ion, in Return for the Violence fhew'd 
 by Sylla's Soldiers to the Tomb and Rclicks of Marius. 
 
 But tho' Burning was the ordinary Cullom, yet in fome 
 particular Cafes it was pofitively forbid, and look'd on as the 
 highett Impiety. Thus Infants who died, before the breeding 
 of Teeth, were enclofed unburnt in the Ground (ej. 
 
 Terra clauditur infans, 
 
 Et minor igne rogi. Juvenal. Sat. 15. 
 
 The Place, fet apart for the Interment of thefe Infants, was 
 caird Suggnindarium. The fame Superflition was obferv'd 
 in Reference to Perfons v;ho had been ftruck dead with 
 Lightning or Thunder (f). For they were never burnt again, 
 but after a great deal of Ceremony perform 'd by the Ai.'Jpices 
 
 {a) Plutarch, in Solon. (b) Plutarch, in Num. (<0 De Le^. lib. 2. 
 
 (d) N. H. lib. 7. c. 54. («) Ict^. lib, 7. c. 16. (/) Idem. lib. 2. c. S4# 
 
 and
 
 356 T^he Funerals of Part IL 
 
 and the Sacrifice of a Sheep, were either put into the Earthy 
 or fometimes let alone to lie upon the Ground where rhey 
 had fallen. In both Cafes the Place was prefently inclos'd 
 either with a Stone Wall, or Stalvcs, or fometimes only with' 
 a Rope, having the Name oi'Bidentdl from the Sidens or 
 Sheep that was offer 'd. 'Perjius ufeth 'Buieutal for the Per- 
 fon that had come to this unhappy End. 
 
 All quia mnfibris o'vium Ergennaqiie jtibente 
 ^rijie jaces luciSy evitajidumqiie biimtaL 
 
 For they fancied that wherever a Thunder-Bolt fell, the 
 Gods had a particular Defire to have the Place facrcd to their 
 Worfhip 5 and therefore, whether the Man had been kill'd of 
 no, they us'd the fame SuperlHtion in hallowing the Ground 
 
 The feveral Sorts of Funerals fall under the common 
 Heads of Fimns indi6iiviim and Fiimii taciturn. The Fumts 
 indi^ivumhdiA its Name ab indictndo from inviting, becaufe 
 on fuch Occafions there was made a general Invitation of the 
 People by the Mouth of a publick Cryer, This was cele- 
 brated with extraordinary Splendor and Magnificence, the 
 People being prefented with publick Shows, and other com- 
 mon Divertifements. The Funui 'Fitblicimi^ which we meet 
 with fo often, may be fometimes underflood as entirely the 
 fame with the Indi6iive Funeral, and fometimes only as a 
 Species of it. It is the fame when it denotes all the State 
 and Grandeur of the more noble Funerals, fuch as were u- 
 fually kept for rich and great Men. It is only a Species of 
 the Inditiive Funeral, when either it fi^nifies the proclaim- 
 ing of a Vcicatio7i^ and an Injunilion of publick Sorrow, or 
 the defraying the Charges of the Funeral out of the publick 
 Stock. For 'tis probable that at both thefe Solemnities, a 
 general Invitation was made by the Cryer 5 yet in this latter 
 it was done by Order of the Senate, and in the former by 
 the Will of the deceas'd Perfon, or the Pleafurc of his Heirs. 
 Butno one will hence conclude, that the Funerals of all fuch 
 rich Men were attended with the Formality of a Voxatioiiy 
 and an Order for publick Grief. For this was accounted 
 the greatefl: Honour that cou'd be fhow'd to the Relicks of 
 Princes themfelves : Thus the Senate decreed a publick Fu- 
 neral for Syphax^ the once great King of Macedon, who 
 both died in Prifon under the Power of the Romans (b). 
 
 (*) Dackr on Horace Art. Poet. vir. 471. (i) Vd.Ma!:, Hb. 4. car- '• 
 
 ^ And
 
 P,3 lO. 

 
 Book V. ^fc R O M A N S. 117 
 
 And Sttet072itis informs us, that 7'iberius (a), and Vitellius 
 (l^)y were buried with the fame State 3 yet upon Account of 
 having perform'd any lignal Service to the Common-wealth, 
 this Honour was often conferred on private Men, and fome- 
 times upon Women too, as 2)/o relates o^ Jhtia the Mother 
 of jfukits Ccffar (c) 5 and Xiphilm of Livia {d). Nor was 
 this Cuflom peculiar to the Romans^ {ov Laertins reports of 
 2)e?}2ccrims, tha.t deceafing, after he had liv'd above a hun- 
 dred Years, he was honour'd with a. fiiblick Funeral. And 
 ^/ujlin tells us, that the Inhabitants of Alarfai/k:, then a 
 Grcccian Colony, upon the News oi' Rofr/e's being taken by 
 the Gati/s, kept a fublick Funeral to teftify their Condolence 
 of the Calamity {e). 
 
 There feem to have been different Sorts o^ fiibUck Fune- 
 rah in RoffW, according to the Magiiiracies, or other Ho- 
 nours, which the deceas'd Perfons had born. As the 'Fr^eto- 
 riuu?^ the Confiilare, the Cenjbrium^ and the ^trmmfhak. 
 The two lail: were by much the more magnificent, which 
 though formerly diftinguifli'd, yet in the Time of the Em- 
 perors were join'd in one, with the Name of Funiii cen^ornrm 
 only, as F'acinis often ufeth the Phrafe. Nor was the Cevjb- 
 riam Funeral confin'd to private Perfons, but the very Em- 
 perors themfelves were honour'd with the like Solemnity 
 after their Deaths, as ^ac'nm reports oiClaii.im{^j\ and 
 Capitclimis of 'Pertinax. 
 
 The Fmms 'Taciturn^ oppos'd to the hidiElhe^ or Publick 
 Funeral, was kept in a private Manner without the Solemni- 
 zation of Sports, without Pomp, without a Marfhaller, or a 
 oeneral Invitation. Thus Seneca de T'ranquiL Anim. Morti 
 nattis es : miiim mckftiarum babet j'lmm taciturn. And Ovid, 
 Trifl. I. Eleg. 5. 
 
 ^mimqm ^fficeres^ hMus gemitiifque fonabanty 
 
 Fonnaque non tacitifimeris injiar ero.t. 
 This is the fame that CapitoUniis calls Fimiis milgare, when he 
 reports, that Marcus Antonitis was fo extremely kind and mu- 
 nificent, as to allow even vulgar Fuiierah to be kept at the 
 Charge of the Publick. Tropertins cslWs \t pebeium funus. 
 
 ' Adfmt 
 
 'Plebeii farv^ ftmeris exequice. Lib. 2. El. 4. 
 Aufonms : Fu72US commune. 
 
 q'u gremio in proavi fmms commune hcatum. 
 
 (4) Cip. 75. (i)Cap. 3. (t) Lib, 47. {d) InTiherio. (c) Lib. 45. 
 
 ^ Y And
 
 5:^8 The Funerals of Part 11. 
 
 And StietofikiSy fttmis tranjlathium^ when he informs us 
 that 'Bruannicus was buried after this Manner by IJero {a'). 
 
 t'o \\it fuent funerals may be rekrr'd the Funera acerha, 
 or ui.timeiy Obfequies of Youths and Children 3 which y«- 
 ^jf^f// {peaks o[, Sat. 11. 
 
 J<[on fr<en2amn cineres^ nonftimis acerhim 
 ZuxuriiC^ &:c. 
 
 And Virgil Mn. 6. 
 
 Jfifanttimque anima fle'ntei in limine fri mo : 
 ^los dzilcis 'viTee expertes ^ ab nbere raptos 
 JtbpUit atra dieSy ^ fmiere tnerfa acerbo. 
 
 The Funeral Ceremonies may be divided into fuch as were 
 us'd to Perfons when they wer» dying, and fuch as were af- 
 terwards perform 'd to the dead Corpfe. 
 
 When all Hopes of Life were now given o'er, and the Soul 
 as it were juft ready for its Flight, the Friends and neareft 
 Relations of the dying Party were wont to kifs him, and 
 embrace his Body till he expir'd. Thus Suetonms (b) re- 
 lates that Av.gtijlui expir'd in the Kiffes r/ Li via. Nor need 
 there be any farther Proof of a Cultom, which every Body 
 is acquainted with. The Reafon of it is not fo well known ; 
 Moli probably, they thought by this pious A6t to receive in- 
 to their own Bodies the Soul of their departing Friend. Thus 
 AlhinDi:antis in the Epicede o^ Livia : 
 
 Scffite te [ahem moriar^ Nero^ tu meacoitdas 
 Xtwiinct^ ^ acci^ias jomic mimam ore ^io. 
 
 For the Ancients believ'd that the Soul, when it was about 
 leaving the Body, made Ufc of the Mouth for its Paflage 5 
 whence animam infrimo cre^ ov in j^rims labris tenere^ is 
 to be at ^eatlfs 7)oor. And they might well imagine the 
 Soul was thus transfus'd in the latl Aft of Life, who could 
 fancy that it was communicated in an ordinary Kifs, as we 
 find they did from thefc Love-Verfes, recited by MacrobinSf 
 the Original of which is attributed to 'Plato : 
 
 T/iim [emihiilco Jhavio 
 Meiim pilliim fiiavicr^ 
 
 («) Ker. 3 Jo (t) lAitefell, si, 
 
 2?r/A
 
 Book V. theKoMANs^ 339 
 
 ^iilce77iqtie florem fpiritiis 
 2)tico ex aperto tramite^ 
 Anima mnc cfigra i<^ faiicia 
 Qicmrit ad labia mihi^ &c. {a). 
 
 Kor did they only kifs their Friends, when juft oipiringj 
 but afterwards too, when the Eody was going to be kid on 
 the Funeral-Pile. Thus Tibtillus^ Lib. i. Kleg. i. 
 
 Fkbis ^ (ir^uro fcfmim me^ Tielia^ UBo^ 
 Irifiibiis ^ lacLrymis ofciila mixta dabis. 
 
 And Tropertius^ Lib. z. Eieg. 12. 
 
 Ofailaque in gelidis fcnet [tifrema lahellis^ 
 Cum dabitur Syrio mtinere pkniis myx. 
 
 Another Ceremony, us'd to Perfons expiring, was the ta- 
 lcing off their Rings. Thus Suetonius, reports, that wheil 
 the Emperor " T'iheritis fwooned away, and was reputed 
 *' dead, his Rings were taken from him, tho' he afterwards 
 " recovered, and ask'd for them again (^)". They are much 
 miftaken, who fancy him to have done this with Deiign to 
 change his Heir 5 for tho' 'twas an ufual Cuftom with the 
 Ancients to conftitute their Heir or Succei3R)r, by delivering 
 him their Rings on their Death-bed, yet this fignified no- 
 thing, in Cafe a legal Will was produced to the contrary (c). 
 
 But whether they took off the Rings to fave them trom 
 the Perfons concern 'd in wafliing and taking Care of the dead 
 Body, or on any other Account, 'tis very probable ,that they 
 were afterwards reftor'd agaiji to the Fingers, and burnt in 
 the Funeral Pile, as may be gather'd from that Verfe oi'Prc- 
 fertitis^ where, defcribing the Ghofl of his Miflrefs in the 
 Habit in which fhe was burn'd, he fays, 
 
 Etfclittim digito beryllon redder at ignis. Lib. 4. El. 7. 
 
 The Cuflom ofclofing the Eyes of a departing Friend ^ 
 common both to Homam and GraPcians, is known by any one 
 that has but look'd in a Claflic Author. It may only here be 
 obferv'd, that this Ceremony was perform'd for the moft 
 Part by the ncareft Relation, as by Husbands to their Wives, 
 
 (4) Matrob, Sattirn, I. 2, c. 2, (b) c.75. (f) SeeVaUr. Maxthj- c. 8. 
 
 T z and
 
 340 7l:>e Funerals of PafC 11, 
 
 and by Wives to their Husbands, by Parents to their Chil- 
 dren, and by Children to their Parents, ^c. of all which we 
 have a Multiiudeof Inflanees in the Poets. 'P/n^y tells us that 
 as they clos'd the Eyes of the dying Perfons, fo they open'd 
 them too again when the Body was laid again on the lune- 
 j-al Pile; And his Reafon for both Curtoms is, titiieqiieab 
 homine §uj>remiim f^ecJari fas fit, ^ cock non rfendi nefas 
 (a) } bccaufe they counted it equally impious^ that the Eyes 
 ponld be fen by Men at their lafi Motion, cr that they 
 Jhoti'd net be exj-ofed to the View of Heaven. 
 
 And for the Ceremonies us'd to Perfons after they were 
 dead, they may be divided into three Sorts, fuch as were per- 
 form'd before the Burial, fuch as concern'd the Acl of the 
 Funeral, and fuch as were done after that Solemnity. 
 
 Before the Burial, we meet with the Cuftoms of wafhing 
 and anointing the Corpfe, not by any Means proper to the 
 Rcinans, but anciently us'd byahnoft all the civiliz'd Parts 
 cf the World, owing their firlt Rife to the Invention of the 
 JPgyptians. Thefe Offices in Rone were either perform 'd by 
 the Women whom they term'd Ftmerce ^ or elfe in richer or 
 nobler Families by the Libitinarii, a Society of Men who got 
 their Livelihood by preparing Things in order to the Solem- 
 nization of Funerals. T hey had their Names from Libitirta 
 the Goddefs, who prefided over Obfequies. Hence the 
 Word Libitum is commonly us'd for Death itfelf 5 or for 
 every Thing in general relating to the Funerals, becaufe in 
 the Temple of that Goddefs, all Neceflaries, proper on fuch 
 Occafions, were expos'd to Sale. 'Phcedrus alludes to this 
 Cullom, fpeakingof a covetous Mifer, Lib. 5. Fab. 77. 
 
 J^j/i circttmcides omnem in7fenfam Fimeris, 
 
 Libit ina ne quid de tuofaciat liicnim. 
 
 But, to return to the Libitinarii, they feem to have been 
 the chief Perfons concern'd in ordering Funerals, undertak- 
 ing the whole Care and Charge of fuch Solemnity at a fet 
 Price 5 and therefore they kept a great Number or Servants 
 to perform the working Part, fuch as the 'RollinBores, the 
 Ve[filk}2es,Si.c. The firft of thefe were employ'd to anoint 
 the dead Body, and the others we may chance to meet with 
 hereafter. In Allufion to this Cuftom of anointing the Corpfe, 
 Martial plays very genteelly on the Marter of an Entertain- 
 ment, where there was much Eflence to be got, but very lit- 
 tie Meat 5 
 
 {a) Lib. 1 1 . cap. 
 
 Ungtiejzttim
 
 Book V. ^/;^ R O M A N s. 541 
 
 Ungiientiim fateor honum dedijli 
 Convwis^ here^ fed nibiljcidifii. 
 Resjalja efi bene dere I'y efurire. 
 ^11 non catiat ^ zmgitiir, i'abulle^ 
 h vere mihi raomms videmr. 
 
 When the Body had been wafh'd and anointed, they pro- 
 ceeded to wrap it in a Garment : The ordinary People for 
 this Purpofe made Ufe of the common Gown, and tho' in 
 fome Parts of jtu^y the Inhabitants v/ere fo rude as not to 
 wear the Gown while they liv'd, yet Juvenal informs us 
 that they did not want it at their Death j 
 
 ^ari magna JtaU<g efl^ ft verum admitfimus^ in qua 
 tiemo togamfimit niji raortmis. Sat. 3. 
 
 But thofe who had born any publick Office in the State, or 
 acquir'd any Honour in War, were after their Death wrapp'd 
 in the particular Garment which belong'd to their Place, or 
 to their Triumph 5 as Livy (a) and 'Polybitts (b) exprcfly re- 
 port. It may here be obferv'd, that the Ancients were fo ve- 
 ry careful and fuperftitious, in Reference to their Funeral 
 Garments, that they often wove them for themfelves and 
 their Friends during Life. Thus ^/r^/7 brings in the Mo' 
 thcr of Euryalm complaining, 
 
 -^Nec te, tiiafimera^ mater 
 'Prodiixiy freffwe cmlos, nee vulnera lam : 
 Vefle regens, tibi qiiam no5les fejiina diefqm 
 Urgebam^ i$ tela curas folabar aniles. M\\. 11, 
 
 If the Deceas'd had by his Valour obtain'd any of the ho- 
 nourable Coronets, it was conflantly put on his Head, when 
 the Body was drefs'd for the Funeral 5 that the Reward of 
 Virtue might in fome Meafure be enjoy 'd after Death 5 as 
 Cicero obferves in his fecond Book of La^i'S. Other Perfons 
 they crown'd with Chaplets of Flowers, and with thofe too 
 adorn-d the Couch on which the Body was laid. The pri- 
 mitive C/;r//?/^m inveigh 'd feverely againft thisCuftom, a? 
 little lefs than Idolatry, as is to be fcen particularly in Mi- 
 mitiiis Felix (c) and Terttillian (i). 
 
 M Lib. J4- (^) Lib. 6. W OSiav. pag. 109. Edit. Oxon. (d) De CoranS 
 Mil'. 
 
 Y 3 The
 
 242 Tl^^ Funerals of Part II. 
 
 The next Ceremony that follow'd was the coUocatio or hy- 
 ing out of the Body, perform'd always by the neareft Rela- 
 tions. Whence T)io cenfures Tibemis for his Negleft of Li- 
 
 J{e neither vifited her^ 'when pe ^xas fick., nor laid her out 
 Hiirh his o-wn Hands ^ after pe 'xas dead. 
 
 The Place, where they laid the Body, was always near the 
 Threfliold, at the Entrance of the Houfe. 
 
 — recifitqiie ad Umina greJJCwn^ 
 Corpus tihi exanimi pcfrntm ^allantis ^cejies 
 Servabat fenior. Virg. JEn. 9. 
 
 And they took particular Care in placing the Body, to turn 
 the Feet outward, toward the Gate, which Cuftom Terfms 
 has leh us elegantly defcrib' d in his third Satyr. 
 
 tandemqzie beatuhts alto 
 
 Com;pcJitiis UBo^ crafffqiie kitatm amomis^ 
 InJ^ortara rigidos calces extendi^ 
 
 The Reafon of this Pofltion was to fhew all Perfons, whe- 
 ther any Violence had been the Caufe of the Party's Death, 
 which might be difcover'd by the outward Signs. 
 
 We muft not forget the Conclamatio^ or general Out-cry 
 fet up at fuch Intervals before the Corpfe, by Perfons who 
 waited there on Purpofe 5 this was done, either becaufe they 
 hop'd by this Means to flop the Soul which was now taking 
 it:: Flight, or elfe to awaken its Powers, which they thought 
 might only lie filent in the Body without Adion. For the 
 firfl: Reafon we are beholden to Troj^ertius : 
 
 At mihl non ociiks qiii^qiiam inclamavit eimtes^ 
 Umira im;^etrajfem te revocante diem. 
 
 The other is taken from the Erjplication of this Cufiom by 
 Servim^ on the flxth of the j^neids, ?nd feems much the 
 more pro! ' 'bio Defign. For the Phyficians give feveral In- 
 iftances of Pirfoi.s, v.ho being buried thro' Hafte, in an apo- 
 pleftick Fit, have afterwards come to themfelves, and many 
 Times miferably peiilli'd for want of Affiftance. 
 
 If all this Crying out fignified nothing, the Deceas'd was 
 
 faid to be Conclamatus^ or paft Call, to which Praflice there 
 
 2, • are
 
 Book V. ^/;e Romans. 245 
 
 are frequent Allufions in almoft every Author. Lucan is 
 very elegant to this Purpofe, 
 
 \ Sicfunere frimo 
 Attonitds taciiere dcnms^ qmim corpora nondiiin 
 Conclamatci jace^t^ nee mater crine fokuo 
 Exigit ai ^dS^oi famularum hracb'm ^j^lanEius. Lib. 2. 
 
 There is fcarce any Ceremony remaining which was per- 
 form 'd before the Burial, except the Cuftom of {ticking up 
 fome Sign, by which the Houfe was known to be in Mourn-_ 
 ing. This among the KomanS'^z.^ done by fixing Branches of 
 Cyprefs, or of the Pitch-tree, near the Entrance, neither of 
 which Trees being once cut down, ever revive, and have on 
 that Account been thought proper Emblems of a Funeral (C'}. 
 
 Thus much was done before the Funeral : In the Funeral 
 we may take Notice of the JElatio^ or Carrying forth, and the 
 A61: of Burial. What concerns thefirrt of thefe, will he made 
 out in obfcrving the Tiay\ the T'ime^ the Tef'fons, and the 
 'Place. What '3ay after the Perfon's Death was appointed 
 for the Funeral, is not very we^l agreed on. Serviiis on that 
 Pafll^ge oiVirgil^ Mn. 5. Verf. 6-). 
 
 Tr(£terea^ fi nona dies mortalibiis (egris, &c. 
 
 exprefly tells us, that the 'Body lay feven Days in the Hotifs^ 
 on the eighth "Day -was biirn^d^ and en the ninth the Relicks 
 -sere buried. But there are many Inftanccs to prove that 
 this fet Number of Days was not always obferv'd. There- 
 fore perhaps this belonged only to the Indiftive and Publick 
 Funerals, and not to the private and filent, efpecially not to 
 the acerba Funera, in which Things were always huddled 
 up with wonderful Hafle, Thus Suetonius reports of the Fu- 
 neral of Sritanniciis (b\ and of the Emperor Otho (c) : And 
 Cicero fro CluentiOy Eo ipfo die fuer cum hora tindecima in 
 publico ^ vale7is vifus ejfety ante 7io6lem mortum^ ^ fofiri- 
 ' die ayite lucein cortibufius. 
 
 As to the Z/^z^ of carrying forth the Corpfe, anciently they 
 made Ufe only of the Night 5 as Servitis obferves on thofc 
 Words of Virgil^ 
 
 2)(? more vetujlo 
 
 Funereas rapiere faces. Mn. n. v. 14^. 
 
 ii) Plin, lib. 16. c. 3J- Sov. ad i/£». 4. (fc) Ner. 32. (c) Otho. it'. 
 
 ¥4 The
 
 344 ^•'^ Funerals of Part II. 
 
 The Realo,. lie gives for it is, that hereby tliey might avoid 
 Meeting with the Magillrates or Prieft.s whofe Eyes they 
 thought wou'd be defii'd bv fuch a Spedacie. Hence the 
 Puneral had its Name a jUyi^'jiibas from the Torches, and 
 the Veffilhmi^ or Vef^ercnes, v.-ere io call'd from Vej'fer the 
 Evening. 
 
 Kothing is more evident, than that this Cuftom was not 
 long obferv'd, at leaft not in the 'Ptiblick Funerals, tho* it 
 feems to have continu'd in the /iknt, and J^rivate, s.s Serviiis 
 acquaints us in the fame Place. Hence Nefo took a fair 
 Excufe for hurrying his Brother Sritaiinicus's Body into 
 the Grave, immediately atter he had fent him out of the 
 World. For 'Tacitus reports that the Emperor defended the 
 liafly Burial which had caus'd fo much Talk and Sufpicion, 
 in a publick Edifl, urging that it was agreeable to the old 
 Inftitutions, to hide fuch untimely Funerals from Mens Eyes, 
 as foon as poffible, and not detain them with the tedious 
 Formalities of Harangues, and pompous Prcceffions. It may 
 not be too nice a Remark, that in the more fplendid Fune- 
 rals, the former Part of the Day feems to have been defign'd 
 
 or the Proceffion. Thus 'Plutarch relates of the Burial of 
 Sylhy that the Morjiing behg very clctidy over Head, they 
 deferfd carrying fcrtb tbeCcrpfe till the ninth Hour, or three 
 in the Afternoon. But tho' this Cuftom of carrying forth the 
 Corpfe by Night, in a great Meafure, ceas'd, yet the bearing 
 of Torches and Tapers ftill continu'd in Pradicc. Thus 
 Virgil in the Funeral o^Tallas, Mn. ii. 
 
 - — - Lticet via longo 
 
 Ordine fiam7nariim^ £v hte difcriraijiat agros. 
 
 And Terfiiis, Sat. 5. 
 Kinc tiiha^ candeU, Sic. 
 
 And becaufe Tapers were likewife us'd at the Nuptial So- 
 lemnity, the Poets did not fail to take the Hint for bring- 
 ing them both into the fame Fancy. As 'Propertiiis, Book 4. 
 Eleg. lafl : 
 
 Vixirmis injignes inter inramqiie facem. 
 
 And Ovid, in the Epiftle o£Cydi;ppe to Acontius: 
 
 Etface tro thalami fax m'lhi mortis erat. 
 
 Among
 
 Book V. ^^^^ Romans. 345 
 
 Among the y«'j^;;5 concern 'd in carryiiig forth the Corpfe, 
 we may begin with thofe that went before the Funeral-Bed] 
 fuch as the Siticims^ the Trccfk^e, the LtiJii and Hijlnoiies, 
 the new Freed-Men, the Bearers of the Images, ^.c. The 
 Name of Siticines J. Gellius {a) derives from Sinn and 
 Cano, from finging to the Dead. 'I'hcy were of two Sorts, 
 fome founding on the Trumpet, others on the Flute or Pipe. 
 That the Trumpets had a Share in this Solemnity, we learn 
 from Virgil in the Funeral of \PaUas^ JLw. 1 1. 
 
 Exorinir chmorqiie 'omim^ clanger que tiihanim. 
 
 And from Troferthis^ Book z. Bleg. 7, 
 
 j^h I mea tmn qiiaki caneret t'lbi^ Cynthia^ fanncs 
 1'ibia^ fimejta trifiior ilia tuba. 
 
 And Tlutarch tells a notable Story of a Magpye, that up- 
 on hearing the Trumpets at the Funeral of a rich Man, for 
 fomeTime after quite loft her Voice, and cou'd raife no Man- 
 ner of Notej when, on a fudden, as if fhe had been all this 
 while deeply meditating on the Matter, fhe {Iruck up exaflly 
 the fame Tunes that the Trumpets had play'd, and hit all 
 the Turns and Changes to Admiration {b). 
 
 For 'tis likely that the Trumpets were us'd only in the 
 Publick Funerals, to give the People Notice to appear at the 
 Solemnity, as IJpfais inftrufts us (c). 
 
 The Tibicines fome rellrain to the Funerals of Children, 
 and younger Perfons, as Servitis obferves on the firft of the 
 ^neids^ and Statins, T'heb. 6. in the ^wnctalo^ Achemoriis y 
 
 Ttim Jigfitim kiBzis ccrrm grave miigit adimco 
 'Tibia, cui teneros [uetiim f reducer e manes. 
 
 The learned 'Dacier has lately declar'd himfelf of the fame 
 Opinion {d). But 'tis certain that this cannot always have 
 held good. For Siiet07iim mentions the T^ibice in the Funeral 
 of jftilitis Cerfar (e), and Seneca in that of Clandius^ in his 
 j^ocolocynthcjls. And Ovid fays of himfelf in plain Words, 
 
 Jnterea noftri quid agant nifi trijle libelli ? 
 'Tibia funeribus convenit ijla meis. Trift. i. Eleg. i. 
 
 (<*) Lib. 20. cap. 2. {b) Pint, de Animal. Solert. (c) De Militia, lib. 4. 
 
 cap. 10. {d) Hcrace, Book i. Sat. 6. v, 44. (e) Cap. 83. 
 
 There-
 
 5 4^ ^'^ Funerals of Part II. 
 
 Therefore it feems more probable, that the Flutes or Pipes 
 were us'd in all Sorts of Funerals, as the moft accurate Kirclo- 
 wan has given his Judgment, 
 
 It appears from the Jbigures of Trumpets and Flutes on the 
 old Monuments, that Inilruments of rhofe Kinds, us'd at Fu- 
 neral Solemnities, were longer than the ordinary ones 5 and 
 fo fifted to give a fharper and more mournful Sound. Hence 
 Ovid calls the Funeral Trumpet Longa tuba. 
 
 ^ro lor.ga refonct carmina veftra tuba. Amor. 2. El. 6. 
 
 After the Muiicians went the ^raejicde^ or the Mourning 
 Women, hir'd on Purpofe to fing the naiiia or kjfiis^ the 
 Funeral Song, filTd with the Praifes of the Deceas'd 3 but 
 for the moft Part trifling and mean. Hence the Gramma- 
 rian in Gellius took his Flout againft the Philofophers, Ves 
 ^JPbilofofbi mera efiis (ut Af. Cato ait) 77iormaria Ghjjaria. 
 'Namque coUegifiis ^ leEfitafiis res terras ^ ijzanes ^ frivo- 
 las^ tanquam raiilicrum vcces fneficarum (a) : Tou Thilofo- 
 fhers {as Cato fays) are mere 'Dealers in ^I'rap ; for you go 
 iind collect a Tarcel (f dry -zvortblefs Stuff I jnfifncbfor all 
 the World as eld JVc772en ivhiTie otit^ ixbo are hifd to pig the 
 Mo7!r77ii2g-So7'!g at a Fimercil. 
 
 That the Ltidii and Hi(tc7'io7ies^ the Mimicks and Players, 
 went before the Funeral-Bed, and danc'd after the Satyrick 
 Manner, we have the Authority o^ 'Dio7iy fills in his Kinth 
 Book. Siietmiitis tells a Story of the Arch-Mimick who 
 ai^ed at the Funeral o{Veffafia77 {b). 
 
 The Cuflom for the Slaves to go with their Caps on be- 
 fore the Corp'^'e, and to be thereupon made tree, is confirm'd 
 by a Law oi Jufi277ia7?, and we m^ct with many Examples 
 of it in Hiilory. 
 
 As to the Beds or Couches born before in the Funeral So- 
 lemnity, the De/ign of thefe was to carry the waxen Ima- 
 ges of the deceas'd Perfon's Anceftors j which were there- 
 fore us'd only in the Funerals of thofe who had the j lis 1777 a- 
 gi7iiim^ the Right of keeping the Effigies of the Men of their 
 Family, which at Home were fet up in wooden Preffes, 
 and taken thence to be publickly fliown after this Manner, 
 on the Death of any of their near Relations (r). Before the 
 ,Corpfe of Princes, or fome extraordinary Perfons, not only 
 
 U) -4. Gdl. lib. 18, cap. 7. (h) Cap. 19. (r) Win. N- H. lib. 3J. cap. :. 
 
 the
 
 Book V. the Ko MANS' -547 
 
 the Effigies of their Anceftors, but the Statues too of other 
 great Men were born in State. Thus yJiigufliis order 'd Six 
 Hundred Beds of Images to be carried before, at the Fune- 
 ral oi Marcelhis 'j and Sylk the Didator had no lefs than 
 Six thoufand (a). 
 
 Belides all this, fuch as had been eminent for their At- 
 chievements in War, and gain'd any confiderable Conqueft, 
 had the Images and Reprefentations of the Enemies they 
 had fubdu'd, or the Cities they had taken, or the Spoils won 
 in Battle ^ as Tiionyfms (b) reports in the Funeral of Corio- 
 lanus^ and 1)10 (c) in that o^ Jugttfius. This Cuftom Virgil 
 alludes to in the Funeral oi 'Pallas: 
 
 Multaqtie pTceterea Laiirentis frdsmia fiigvds 
 Jigger at ^ ^ longo ^rcedam jiibet ordine duci. 
 
 And a little after; 
 
 Jiidtttofqtie jtibet truncos hojlilibtts armis 
 Jpfosferre duces ^ inimicaque nominafigi. 
 
 The LiBors too made a Part of the Proceffion, going be- 
 fore the Corpfe to carry the FafieSy and other Enfigns of Ho- 
 nour, which the Deceas'd had a Right to in his Life-time. 
 *Tis very remarkable, that the Rods were not now carried 
 in the ordinary Pofture, but turn'd quite the contrary Way, 
 as Tacitus reports in the Funeral of Gennanicus {d). Hence 
 Mbimvamis in the Funeral ofDrufiis: 
 
 ^10$ frimiim vidi fafces^ in ftmere vidi^ 
 Et vidi verfoSy indiciitmqiie mali. 
 
 We may now go on to the Perfons who bore the Bier, or 
 the Funeral-Bed 5 and thefe were for the moft Part the 
 neareft Relations, or the Heirs of the Deceas'd. Hence 
 Horace^ Book 2. Sat. 5. 
 
 Cadaver 
 
 UnBum oko largo midis himeris tiilit hares. . 
 
 ia) ServiHS inRn. 11. ,(0 Lib. 8, (r) Lib. ^6. (</) ^'nmil. 5. 
 
 And
 
 ^4^ The Funerals of Part 11. 
 
 Kndi Jirccual^ Sat. lo. 
 
 Jncoltimi 'Trcja Triaimis venijjet nd umbras 
 jljjacrai ma^jns folemnibus^ He6icre fwms 
 '■}'irtanti\ ^ 7'eliquis fratrum cerviabus — 
 
 Thus they report of Mcrcllm who conquer'd Mdce.iov^ 
 that he was earned to the Funeral Pile by his four Sons j one 
 of which was the TrcCtcr, the other three had been all Con- 
 fnls, two had triumph 'd, and one perform'd the Office of 
 Cevjir (a). 
 
 Sometimes Perfons who had deferv'd highly of the Com- 
 monwealth, were born at their Funerals by the Magillrates, 
 or the Senators, or the chief of the Nobility. Thus'Plutarcb 
 relates oi Nvmr ^ S>'etmus di Julius Cecfar (b)-^ and ^Tucitus 
 oi yliigufiu.s{c). And the very Strangers and Foreigners, that 
 happen'd to be at Ro77i€ at the Death of any worthy Perfon, 
 were very defiro'.'s of fignifying their Refpedl to his Memory, 
 by the Service of carrying the Funeral-Bed, \a hen he was to 
 be buried : As Thitarch tells us in the Funeral of Taiihis 
 JEmilius, that as many Spaniards^ Ligiirians^ and JiJacedo- 
 iiians as happen 'd to be prefent at the Solemnity, that were 
 young and of vigorous Bodies, took up the Bed, and bore it 
 to the Pile. 
 
 Perfonsof meaner Fortunes, and fometimes great Men too, 
 jf they were hated by the People, were carried to their Burial 
 by the Ve^yiUones or by Sandafiknes^ who liv'd by this Em- 
 ployment, T\\\x&Siietcmin (d) diViA Etitropm (f) relate of the 
 JEmperor 'D'-mit'ian. Therefore in this laft Way of bearing 
 out, we may fuppofe them to have us'd the Sandafila or 
 common Bier, as in the former the I.eWc(e or LeBi^ the 
 Litters or Beds. This Bier is what Horace and L^ican calls 
 c'/V/i Area, 
 
 Anguflis eje&a cadavera cellis 
 
 Ccnjerviis vili fonanda kcabat in area. Hor. L. i. S. 8. 
 
 lia 'Dikm Magno flebeii ftineris arc am 
 
 ^'(f lacerum corpus ficcos effimdat in ignes. Luc- L. 8. 
 
 'Tis worth obferving, that fometimes the Bier or Bed was 
 covcr'd, and fometimes nor. It was expos *d often, if the 
 
 U) Ylin. lib. 7. cap. 44. Val. Max, lib. 7. {h) Cap. 84. (f) ^Anral. 1. 
 
 (i) Cap. 17. (e) Lib. 7. 
 
 Party
 
 Book V. the Ko MAN s^ 549 
 
 Party had died a natural Death, and was not very much de- 
 torm'd by the Change j and therefore now and then they us'd 
 to paint the lace, efpecialiy ot Women, to make them ap- 
 pear with more Advantage to the Sight. 2)iO tells us in the 
 Life of NerOj that he daub'd the Eody of 2*/VM?/;;/c«i over 
 with a Sort of White- wafh, to hinder the Eiuenefs of th'^ 
 1 leHi, and fuch other Marks of the Poifon,from being dif- 
 coveredj but a great Rain, falling at the Time of the Pro- 
 cclTion, wafh'd off the Paint, and expos 'd the fatal Tokens 
 to the View of the whole People. 
 
 But in cafe the Vifage was very much diilorted, or upon 
 fome other Account not fit to be fliown, they threw a Cover- 
 ing over the Eed. Thus ^Parerciilns reports that Scipio ^fri^ 
 cmms was carried forth to the Burial veLiTo co.pte {a). Some- 
 times too when the Face or the Head had been mifcrably 
 bruifed, as if the Fall of a Houfe, or fome fuch Accidenr, 
 had occafion'd the Party's Death, they us'd to enclofe the 
 Head, and Face in a Mafque, to hinder them from appear- 
 ing, and the Funerals in which this was prad:is'd, they 
 term'd larvata funera. 
 
 But the greateft Part of the ^erfons were thofe that fol- 
 lowed the Corpfe. Thefe in private Funerals were feldoin 
 many befides the Friends and Relations of the Dcceas'd ; 
 and 'twas very ufual in a Will, to beftow Legacies upon fuch 
 and fuch Perfons, upon Condition they fliou'd appear at the 
 Funeral, and accompany the Corpfe. But at the IndiLfhe 
 or Publick Funerals, the whole Cityflock'd together upon 
 the general Invitation and Sumnjons. The MagiOratesand 
 Senators were not wanting at the Proceffion, nor even the 
 Priefls themfelves, as we find in the Funeral o^ Ntima de- 
 fcrib'd by Tliitarcb. 
 
 To give an Account of the Habit and GeRure of the Mourn- 
 ers, or of the Relations and others that follow'd the Corp(e, 
 is in a great Meafure unnecefTary 5 for the Weeping, the bit- 
 ter Complaints againll the Gods, the letting loofe the Hair, 
 or fometimes cutting it off, the changing the Habit, and the 
 laying afide the ufual Ornaments, are all too well known to 
 need any Explication. Yet there are many Things fingular in 
 thefe Subjedts, which deferve our farther Notice. Thus they 
 did not only tear or cut off their Hair, but had a Cuftom to 
 lay it on the Breafl, or fometimes on the Tomb of the de- 
 €cas'd Friend. Hence Ovid of the Sillers of NarciJ/hs: 
 
 (,«) Lib. 2.
 
 250 T7;e Funerals of Part IL 
 
 ..'Pla?2xere forcres 
 Naiades, ^fctfosfratri imj/ofaere capllos. 
 
 And Statins, Theb. 7. 
 
 "fergcqm £ff /f <^or£ fttlam 
 
 Ccf^fariem ferro rainuit, fe^lijque jacemis 
 01^ nub it 1 672111 a or a comis 
 
 'Tis no lefs obfervable, that at the Funerals of their Pa- 
 rents, the Sons went cover'd on their Heads, and the Daugh- 
 ters uncover'd : Perhaps only to recede as far as poffible from 
 their ordinary Habit. Yet 'tis likely that in ordering the Sons 
 to cover their Heads at fuch Solemnities, they had Regard 
 to the common Pradice of always wearing fomething on their 
 Heads when they worfliipp'd the Gods, and efpecially when 
 they were prefent at a Sacrifice. The Original and Grounds 
 of this Superftition are m.o(^ admirably given by Virgil, in 
 the Prophet Hekmis's Infiruftions to ^V^^-^^i ; 
 
 ^1171 iibi tra77f7}?ijfce ftetefmt trans cequora dajjes, 
 Jii.t fofitis aris, ja7}2 'uota 171 littcre folves, 
 ^tirpireo ^^elare cojnas adofertiis amid:u : 
 Jseqna inter [a72Bos ig7ies in ho7iore deorum 
 Hcjlilis fades occur rat, ^ omijiattirbet. 
 Jiunc [cciL morei7Z [acroniin, Inmc ipfe te7ieto : 
 Hac cafii inameant i7i rdligio7ie ne^ctes. Na\. 5. 
 
 As to theMoiirning Habits, it has been already obferv'df'^^ 
 that the Senators fomctimes on thefe Occafions went attir'd 
 -like Knights, theMagiftrateslike *S(?7A'rfo?'5, &c. and that the 
 common Wear for Mourning was Black. But we may far- 
 ther remark, that tbo' this was the ordinary Colour to ex- 
 prefs their Grief, us'd alike by both Sexts 5 yet after the 
 Eflablifhment of the Empire, when Abundance of Party- 
 Colours came in Fafhion, the old primitive AVhite grew fo 
 much into Contempt, that at lafl: it became proper to the 
 Women for their Mourning Cloaths. Thus Statins in the 
 Tears o€ Hetri/fcm : 
 
 Hue "oittata comam niveoqiie ifijigjzis amiEiu 
 
 Mitibiis exeqtiiis ades. 
 
 And tho' it may with fome Reafon be thought that the 
 Poet here, direding his Speech to the Goddefs "^iety, gives 
 
 {a) Book S. Cap. 7, 
 
 her
 
 BookV. tk Romans. 351 
 
 her that Habit, rather as a Mark of Purity and Innocence, 
 than as the proper Badgeof Grief in her Sex j yet the Mat- 
 ter of Fact is Itill evident from the Authority o^^Plutarch^ 
 who ftates this as the Subje61: of one of his Problems, and 
 gives feveral Reafons for the Practice. 
 
 After the "PERSONS follows the PLACE whither the 
 Proceffion was direfted, by which we muil: be guided in our 
 next Enquiry. In all the Funerals of Note, efpecially in the 
 Publick or hididive^ the Ccrpfe was firli brought with a vait 
 Train of Followers into the Eormn. Thus Horace^ Book i. 
 Sat. 6. 
 
 • j^t hicfiplojlra Aucenta^ 
 
 Concurrantqiie fcro triajztnera^ 7nc.gna ^Gnahlt 
 
 Cormia quod mncatque tubas. 
 
 Here one of the neareft Relations afcended the Roflra, and 
 oblig'd the Audience with an Oration in Praife of the De- 
 ceased. If none of the Kindred undertook the Ofhce, it was 
 difcharg'd by fomeof the moft eminent Perfons in the City 
 for Learning and Eloquence, as Appian reports of the Fune- 
 ral of Sylla (a). And 'Pliny the younger reckons it as the laft 
 Addition to the Happinefs of a very great Man, that he had 
 the Honour to be praifed at his Funeral by the moft eloquent 
 I'acitiis^ then Conful (^) j which is agreeable to ^lin^iilian's 
 Account of this Matter, Nam ^' funehres^ &c. For the Fune- 
 ral Or at i 077 s (fays he) depend 'very often on [ome puhl'ick Of- 
 fice^ and by Order of Senate are many 'Tii'nes given in Charge to 
 the Magi fir at ei to be perform'' d by themfelvQS in Perfcn (c). 
 
 The Invention of this Cuftom is generally attributed to 
 Vakritis Pcplkola^ foon after the Expulfion of the Regal Fa- 
 mily. Plutarch tells us, that, honouring his Collegue's Obfe- 
 qtnes -jcith a Funeral Oration^ it fo plea fed the Romans, that 
 it became ciiJloj7iary for the bef Alen to celebrate the Funerals 
 of great 'Perfons -zvith Speeches in their Commeridation. 
 
 Nor was this Honour proper to one Sex alone, for Idvy re- 
 ports, that the Matrons^ upon Account of makhzg a Cclk^ion of 
 Geld for the ^Deliverance of B^omt prom the Gauls, i^ere al- 
 hiv'd as afignal Favour to have Funeral Panegyncks in the 
 fame Manner as the Men. Plutarch^ Relation of this Matter 
 differs from Livy only in the Reafons of the Cuftom : " He 
 *' acquaints us that when it was agreed after the Taking of 
 " Veii^ that a Bowl of MafTy Gold fhou'd be made and fent 
 
 {a) 'E^pj/\. lib, », (i) Lib. 2. Epift. i. fc) Inpm. lib. 3. cap. 9. 
 
 " to
 
 3)2 The Funerals of Part 11. 
 
 " to Delphi^ there was fo great a Scarcity of Gold, and the 
 " Magiitrates fo puzzled in confidering how to get it, that the 
 " iic/AYT/i' Ladies meeting together, and confulting among 
 " themfelves, out ot the golden Ornaments that they wore, 
 *' contributed as much as went to the making the Offering, 
 " which in Weight came to eight Talents of Gold. TheSe- 
 " natc, to give them the Honour they had deferv'd, ordain- 
 " cd that luneral Orations fliou'd be us'd at the Obfequies 
 " of Women as well as of Men, which had never been a 
 *' CulLnni before". But it feems probalile, that this Honour 
 was at fii'rt only paid to aged Matrons 5 fince we learn from 
 the fame excellent Author, that there was no Precedent of 
 any Funeral Oration on a younger Woman, till Jiil'nn defar 
 £d\: made one upon the Death of his own Wife. 
 
 dceyo (n) and Zivy {b) complain very much of this Cuflom 
 of Funeral Speeches, as if they had conduc'd in a great Mea- 
 fure to the Corruption and Falfifying of Hiflory, For it be- 
 ing ordinary on thofe Occafions to be diredled more by the 
 Precepts ot Oratory, than by the true Matter of Faft, it u- 
 fually happened, that the deceas'd Party was extoU'd on the 
 Account of feveral noble Atchievements, to which he had 
 no jult Pretenfions: And efpecially when they came to en- 
 quire into their Stock and Original, as was cuflomary at 
 thefe Solemnities, they feldom fail'd to clap in three or four 
 of the moll renov,/n'd Perfons of the Commonwealth, to il- 
 lurtrate the Family of the Deceas'd 5 and fo by Degrees well 
 nigh ruin'd all proper Dillinftions of Houfes and Blood. 
 
 The next Place, to which the Corpfe v/as carried, was the 
 Place of Burning and Burial. It has been a Cuflom amongft 
 jTioIt Nations to appoint this without the City, particularly 
 among the jfe-yM and Greeks 5 from whom it may be fuppos'd 
 to have been deriv'd down to the Romans. That the jeivs 
 buried without the City, is evident from feveral Places of 
 the Ne-zv ^efiament. Thus the Sepulchre, in which jfofepb 
 laid our Saviour's Body, was in the fame 'Tlace in "which he 
 ^jcas crucified (c\ which was neai^ to the City (d). And we 
 read in St. j\Iatthe\i\ that at our Lord's Paffion the Graves 
 ivere opened ^ and many "Be dies cf the Saints ivhich Jlept a- 
 rofe, and came out cf the Graves after his RefiirreEfion^ and 
 ijce7it into the Holy City^ and afpeafd unto many (e). 
 
 As to the Gr<£cia?2Sy Serviiis in an E pi file to 'T'uUy (f)y 
 giving an Account of the unhappy Death of his Collegue 
 
 {a) In Brtito. (/-) Lib. 8. (r) John ix. 41. (d) John xix. 20. 
 
 (f) MatthcTV xxvli. 5 2, 5 J. if) F.imil. lib. 4, Epift. 12. 
 
 z Mar-
 
 Book V. the KouANS^ 3 5 J 
 
 MarcellnSy which fell out in Greece^ tells him, that he cou'd 
 not by any Means obtain Leave of the Athenians xo allow 
 him a Buiying-Place within the City, they urging a religi- 
 ous Rertraint in that Point, and the Want of Precedents tor 
 fuch a Practice. 
 
 The Romans follow'd the fame Cufiom from the very firll: 
 Building of the City, which was afterwards fettled in a Law 
 by the ^JJecemviri^ and often reviv'd and confirm'd by feveral 
 latter Conftitutions. The Reafon of this ancient Pradice 
 may be refolv'd into a facred and a civil Conflderation. As 
 to the former, the Ronans^ and moft other People, had a 
 Notion, that whatever had been confecrated to the fupernal 
 Gods, was prefently defiled upon the Touch of a Corpfe, or 
 even by bringing fuch a Spedlacle near it. Thus Jlgellius 
 tells us, that the Flameti 1)ialis might not on any Account 
 enter into a Place where there was a Grave ; or fo much as 
 touch a dead Body {a). And if the Tontifex Maximiis hap- 
 pened to praife any one publickly at a Funeral, he had a 
 Veil always laid over the Corpfe to keep it from his Sight; 
 as !Z)io reports of Jlugiifius {b\ and Seneca of "Tibemis (c), 
 'Tis likely that this might be borrow'd from the ye-ixtp 
 I^aw, by which the High-Prieft was forbid to ufe the ordi- 
 nary Signs of Mourning, or to go in to any dead 'Body {d). 
 
 The civil Conflderation feems to have been, that neither 
 the Air might be corrupted by the Stench of putrified Bo- 
 dies, nor the Buildings endanger'd by the Frequency of Fu- 
 neral Fires. 
 
 The Places then, appointed for Burial without the City, 
 were either private or publick ; the private Places were the 
 Fields or Gardens belonging to particular Families. Hence 
 Martial took the Jeft in one of his Epigrams, on a Gentle- 
 man that had buried feven Wives : 
 Sepiraa ]am^ 'Phikros^ tibi cmditzir tixor in agro, 
 ^liis mdli^ ^hileroSj quam tibi reddit ager. 
 
 If it was poffible, they always buried in that Part of the 
 Field or Garden which lay ncareft to the common Road, 
 both to put PafTengers in mind of Mortality, and to fave th» 
 beft Part of their Land. Thus Juvenal^ Sat. i. 
 
 Exj^eriar quid co?2cedatur in illos 
 
 Riorum Flajninia tegitiir cinis atq; Zatina. 
 
 {a) Lib. lo. cap. ij. (i) Lib. j*. {c) Stnftlat, ai Mfr. «p. IJ* 
 
 Z And
 
 3 54 '^^^ Funerals of Part II. 
 
 And we have fcarce any Relation of a Burying in Authors, 
 but they tell us the Urn was laid near fuch a Pf'ay. ^roper- 
 this is very earncft in deliring that he may not be buried af- 
 ter this ordinary Cuftom, near a celebrated Road, for fear 
 it fliou'd difturb his Shade : 
 
 ^ii fad ant mea ne ten' a kcet cjfa freqiienti 
 
 J^iafacit ajjldiio tramite vtilgm iter. 
 tPo/? mortem tumuli fic injama7itiir amantiim 5 
 
 Me tegat arhorea devia term co?na. 
 Atit hiimet igmtds aimiihn vallatiis are72de ; 
 
 ]<[cn pivat in media nomen habere via. Lib, 5. Eleg. 15. 
 
 The Publick Burying Places were of two Sorts 5 thofe 
 which were allotted to the Poor, and thofc which were put 
 to this Ufe only at the Funerals of great Perfons. The for- 
 mer were the ^]?iitieiil(g^ or TtitiaUi^ without the Efqi'.ilian 
 Gate 5 theycontain'd a great Quantity of Ground, and were 
 put to no other Ufe, than the burying of the Bones and 
 Aflies of Perfons of the loweft Rank, who had no private 
 Place of their own to lay the Corpfe in. But becaufe the 
 vaft Kumber of Bones depolited here, infefting the Air, 
 render'd the neighbouring Parts of the City unhealthy, Aii- 
 gtijins gave away a great many Acres of this Common Field 
 to his Favourite Jilcecems, who turn'd it into fine Gardens. 
 This Horace tells us at large, Book i. Sat. 8. 
 
 Hue frius angtijlis eje^a cadavera cellis 
 Coufervus 'vili portanda locahat in arca^ 
 Hie 7/2i[er<e ^lebi ftabat comraiine fepiikhnim^ &c. 
 
 The publick Place aflign'd for the Burial of great Perfons 
 was commonly the Campia, Martins. 5 this Honour cou'd not 
 be procur'd but by a publick Decree of Senate, and was ne- 
 ver conferred but on Men of the higheft Stations and Merits. 
 Thus Plutarch relates ol Liiciillm and Tomfey^ Jppian of 
 Sylla (a\ Siietoniui of Tinifiis {b\ and Virgil of MarceUus. 
 
 ^lantoi ille virtim magnam Mavortis ad urbem 
 Campus aget geraitus^. vel qu^e^ 'Tiberine^ videbis 
 Tuner a ^ cum turaiikim praeterlabere recenteml Mxi. 6. 
 
 ^ (a) 'E^tfi/X. lib. I. {b) Ctaud. cap. i." 
 
 It
 
 Book V. the KouAN s» 3 5 j 
 
 It has been faid, that the ordinary Cuftom was to bury 
 without the City, but we muft except fome Sepulchres, as 
 thofe of the Vejf^l Virgins, whom Servius tells us the Laws 
 allow'd a Burying-place within the City (^). The fame Ho- 
 nour was allow'd to fome extraordinary Pcrfons, as to Vale- 
 ritis Toflicola {b)^ and to Fabritms (c), being to continue to 
 their Heirs. Yet none of the Family were afterwards there 
 interr'd, but the Body being carried thither, one plac'd a 
 burning Torch under it, and then immediately took it away$ 
 as an Atteftation oftheDeceafed's Privilege, and his receding 
 from his Honour : And then the Body was remov'd to ano- 
 ther Place. 
 
 Cicero in his ninth 'Philippic moves, that Serums Sidpicms^ 
 upon account of his many fignal Services to the Common- 
 wealth, may be honour'd with a publick Sepulchre in the 
 Campus Efqiiilinus^ or in any other Place where the Conful 
 fhould pleafe, thirty Foot in Dimenfion every Way, and to 
 remain to his Heirs and Pofterity. But there are not many 
 Inftances of the like Praftice. 
 
 Having done with the carrying forth ^ we come to thej^ci 
 ofStfryir/g. The Corpfe being brought in the Manner alrea- 
 dy defcrib'd, without the City, if they defign'd to burn ir, 
 was carried direflly to the Place appointed for that Purpofe, 
 (which,if it wasjoin'd with the Sepulchre,wascairdSf//?«»2, 
 if feparate from it, UJlrind) and there laid on the Rogus oc 
 'Pyra^ a Pile of Wood prepar'd to burn it on. This Pile was 
 built in the Shape of an Altar, differing in Height according 
 to the Quality of the Deceased, Thus Virgil in the Funeral 
 q{ MifenuSy JEn. 6. 
 
 ' -—^Aramq', fepukhri 
 Congerere arhoribus^ cxloq, edncere certant. 
 
 And OwW againfl Ibis : 
 
 £t dare pleheio corpus inane rcgo. 
 
 The Trees, which they made Ufe of, were commonly fuch 
 as had moft Pitch or Rofin in them, and if they took any 
 other Wood, they fplit it, for the more eafy catching Fire ; 
 
 Trocumbimt pice<p, fonat i^a fecuribus ikx, 
 
 {*) ,Ad FEti, 9. it) TUtarcb in his Lifg, (*) Clctr«. 
 
 Z 3- Freixi'
 
 356 77;e Funerals of Part If, 
 
 Fraxhe^e^', traces ; cuneis ^ Jijfile robiir . 
 Scinditur. Virg. Mn. 6. 
 
 Round about the Pile they us'd to fct a Parcel of Cyprefir 
 Trees, perhaps to hinder the noifom Smell of the Corpfc. 
 This Obfervation is owing to f^irgil in the fame Place ; 
 
 Jngentem jlmxere fyram^ cut frondibus atris 
 hiteximt later a^ ^ fera.es ante cu^rejftis 
 Conftituimt. 
 
 That the Eody was plac'd on the Pile, not by itfelf, but 
 together with the Couch or Bed on which it lay, we have 
 the Authority of ^//^?/////5, Book i. El. i. 
 
 Fkbis ^ arf tiro fofmim 7/26^ Delia, le[lo. 
 
 This being done, the next of Blood perform'd the Cere- 
 mony of lighting the Pile 5 which they did with a Torch, 
 turning their Face all the while the other V7ay, as if it was 
 done out of Neceffity, and not willingly. Thus l^irgil^ ^n. 6, 
 
 ' Sitbje5famt raore ^arentiimy 
 
 Averji tenner e facem. 
 
 As foon as the Wood took Fire, they wi/h'd and pray'd 
 for a Wind to aflift the Flames, and haften the confuming 
 of the Body, which they look'd on as a fortunate Accident. 
 Thus Cynthia in 'JPro^ertkis : 
 
 Otr ventos non i^fe roghy ingrate^ ^etijii ? 
 
 And 'Phitarch in the Life of Sylla reports, " That the 
 ** Day being cloudy over Head, they deferr'd carrying forth 
 ** the Corpfe 'till about three in the Afternoon, expe6ling 
 *' it wou'd rain : But a ftrong Wind blowing full againft the 
 *' Funeral-Pile, and fetting it all on a Flame, his Body was 
 " confum'd in a Moment. As the Pile flirunk down, and 
 *' the Fire was upon going our, the Clouds fhower'd down, 
 " and continu'd raining till Night. So that his good For- 
 *' tune was firm even to the laft, and did, as it were, offici- 
 *' ate at his Funeral. 
 
 At the Funerals of the Emperors or renowned Generals, 
 SIS fggn as the Wood was lighted, the Soldiers and all the 
 
 Company
 
 Book V. ^/;^ R o M A N s. 5 jy 
 
 Company made a folemn Courfe (JHecurfio) three Times 
 round the Pile, to fliow their AfFeftion to the Deceas'd ; of 
 which we have numerous Examples in Hiftorj'. yirgilhdL& 
 not forgot to exprefs this Cuflom : 
 
 ^er dram accenfos c'mEli ftdgentibus arm'is 
 liecumre rcgos^ ter m(xftum funerh ignem 
 Ltifiravere in eqiiis^ til:ilatii[q-j ore dedere, Mn. ii. 
 
 The Body never burnt without Company, for becaufe they 
 fancied that the Ghoits delighted in Blood, 'twas cuftomary 
 to kill a great Number of Bcalls, and throw them on the Pile. 
 
 Mitlta hoiim circa ma^amur corpora morti^ 
 Setigera^q-j fues^ rapafq-, ex omnibus agris 
 In flammam jitgtilant ^ecudss — Virg. JEn. 1 1 . 
 
 In the more ignorant and barbarous Ages, they us*d to 
 murder Men, and caft them into the Funeral Flames of 
 Princes and Commanders. The Poets never burn a Hero 
 without this inhuman Ceremony. Homer gives ^atrochis 
 
 AuJ^iKA {jLnv Tf a«f (Myet^vy.eiv vUas ii^AiV* 
 
 And Virgily lib. lo. 
 
 ^icttuor hie juvenes^ tot idem quos educat Ufens, 
 Viventes rapit^ infernis quos immolet umbris^ 
 Capivoq-j rogi pcrfundat fangime flammas. 
 
 But befides thefe, there were Abundance of Prefcnts 
 thrown into the fatal Flames, of feveral Sorts; Thefe con- 
 lifted for the moft Part of coftly Garments and Perfumes 
 thrown on the Body as it burn'd. Thus Virgil^ Mn. <S. 
 
 <iPtirpttreafq; [uper veJieSy velamim nota, 
 Co72Jicmnt. 
 
 And 'Pliitiirchma.'kes the extravagant Expencesof CVr^o.T"?-?- 
 ^lior at the Funeral of his Brother Cc^/Zo, to have been taken 
 Hip in a vnft ^lantity of cofily Gannents and Ter fumes. 
 
 All the precious Gums, Effences, and Balfams, that the 
 Ancients were acquainted with, we find employ'd in their 
 
 Z q Ftti:ierals :
 
 ^58 The Funerals of Part IL 
 
 Funerals : Hence Juvenal defcribes a Fop that us'd Abun- 
 dance of Eflence : 
 
 F.t matutino fiidans Crifpinus amomo, 
 ^.anttim vix ndok^it duofiinera — Sat. 4. 
 
 The Soldiers and Generals had ufually their Arms burnt 
 with them on the Pile. Thus Virgil in the Funeral o£ Mife- 
 titiS: 
 
 - — 2)ecorantq'y fi/J^er fulgejitihis armis^ JEn. 6. 
 
 And in another Place he adds the Spoils taken from the 
 Enemy ; 
 
 Hinc /^lii fpclia cccifis direfta Ldtinis 
 Ccnjic!U72t igni gakas ejzfef^j decoros^ 
 Fr^ndq-j fervent efq-y ret as : pars^ mimera notdy 
 Jj>foni/-a chfecs^ ^ no7i felicia tela. 
 
 When the Pile was burnt down, they put out the Remains 
 of the Fire, by fprinkling Wine, that they might the more 
 eafily gather up the Bones and Afhes. 
 
 ^cfiqiiajn ccllafji cineres^ acflamma qtiievit, 
 Kelkqiiias vim l3 hibitlam lavere favillam. Virg. ^En. 6. 
 
 This gathering up the Eones and Afhes, and putting them 
 into the Urn, was the next Office paid to the Deceas'd, 
 which they term'd qfJUegitrra. The whole Cuftom is moil 
 fully and elegantly defcrib'd by T'ihullm in his Third Book, 
 Eleg. 2. 
 
 Brgo tihi cum tenem^ &c. 
 
 How the Aflies and Bones of the Man came to be difiin- 
 guifled from thofe of the Beafts, and Wood, and other Ma- 
 teria, is, is not eafy to be conceiv'd, unlefs we fuppofe the 
 Difcerence to have arofe from the artificial placing ot the 
 Corpfe on the Pile, fo that every Thing elfe fhould fall away 
 on each Side, and leave the Humane Relicks in a Heap by 
 themfclves. 
 
 Nothing now remain'd but to put the Urn into the Sepul- 
 chre, and fo fprinkle the Company with Holy Water, and 
 difmifs them. Virg. JEn. 6. 
 
 OJJaq-j k6ia cava texit Chorinsus aJseiio^ 
 
 Idem ter focios p*ra circunitulit tinda^ Spar.
 
 Book V. the Roma n s.^ j 59 
 
 Spargem rore levi^ t3 rmnofelich oliveey 
 Ltifiravitq-, viros^ dixitq-, mvifftma verba. 
 
 Thefe novijjima verba were either direded to the Decea- 
 fed, or to the Company. The Form of Speech, with which 
 they took Leave of the Deceas'd was, l^^ale^ vale^ vale, nos te 
 crdiiie, quo namra permijerit^ czmElifequemur. The Form » 
 with which the Trccfica difmifs'd the People, was ILICET, 
 1. e. ire licet. As they went away, they had a Cuftom of 
 wifhing for light Earth, to lay on the Relicks, which they 
 reckon 'd a great Happinefs. Hence 'tis an ufual Infcription 
 on ancient Funeral Monuments S. I'.'T. L. or Sit tibi terra 
 levis. 
 
 To enquire into the Original of Sepulchres, their feveral 
 Kinds and Forms, the Variety of Ornaments, the Difference 
 of Infcriptions, and the many Ways of violating the Tombs 
 of the Dead, wou'd be too nice a Difquifition for the prefent 
 Defign. Yet we muft not pafs by the Cenctapbia or Monu- 
 ments ereftcd on a very fingular Account, either to Perfons 
 buried in another Place, or to thofe who had receiv'd no 
 Burial, and whofe Relicks cou'd not be found. 
 
 Thus Suetcniiis tells us that the Soldiers in Germany rai- 
 fed an honorary Tombs to the Memory oi'Drtffics, tho'his 
 Body had been carried to Rome, and depofited in the Cara- 
 pm Martins (a): And we often find the Generals raifing 
 Tombs to the Honour of thofe Soldiers whofe Bodies cou'd 
 not be found after a Fight. Thefe TiimiiU inanes or honor a- 
 rii, when erefted to the Memory of particular Perfons, were 
 ufually kept as facred as the true Monuments, and had the 
 fame Ceremonies perform 'd at them. Thus Virgil defcribes 
 Andromache keeping the Anniverfary of He^ofs Death. 
 ^n. 3. 
 
 Solemnes tiira forte dapes, ^ trip a dona 
 Zibabat cineri Andromache, mani[q-j vocabat 
 HeBoretim ad tumidwn, viridi qiiem cefpite inanera, 
 Et geminas, caiifam lachrymis, facraverat aras. 
 
 And JEneas tells T)eiphobiis, that he has paid him fuch 
 an Honour. 
 
 Tunc egmnet tiimiihm Rheeteo in litore inanem 
 Cmftitiii, ££? magna manes ter voce vocavi : 
 Nomen ^ arma loam fervant. jEneid. 6. 
 
 (j) Suetoft. Claud, cap. i. 
 
 Z 4 AFTER
 
 360 The Funerals of Pare II. 
 
 AFTER the FUNERJL, we are to take Notice of 
 tlie feveral Rites perform 'd in Honour of the Dead, at the 
 Feftivals inftituted with that Defign. The chief Time of 
 paying thefe Offices was the Feralia^ or the Peaft of the 
 G hells in the Month o^ February ^ but 'twas ordinary for 
 particular Families to have proper Seafons of difcharging 
 this Duty, as the Jsoveiinc.l'ia^ the "Decemialia^ and the like. 
 The Ceremonies themfelves may be reduc'd to thefe three 
 Heads, Sacrifices, Feafts, and Games; to which if we fub- 
 ioin the Cuttoms of Mourning, and of the Confecration, we 
 ftal] take in all that remains on this Subjefl". 
 
 The Sacrifices (which they call'd Jnferi<e) confifted of 
 Liquors, Vi.5iims, and Garlands. The Liquors were Water, 
 Wine, Milk, Elood, and liquid Ealfam. 
 
 Flic duo rite mero Uhans carchefia Saccho 
 
 Ftindit loiimi^ dtio laBe novo, diio f anguine facro, Vir. Sja.^. 
 
 The Elood was taken from the Vidims offcr'd to the 
 Manes^ which v/ere ufually of the fmaller Cattle, tho' in an- 
 cient Times 'twas cuftomary to ufe Captives or Slaves in this 
 inhumane Manner. 
 
 The Balfams and Garlands occur every where in the Poets* 
 Proper t. Lib. 3. Eleg. 15. 
 
 Jljeret Imc migtienta mihi^ fenifqtie [efnkjjntm 
 Ornabir^ aijlcsad mea bujlafedens, 
 
 7'ibiillm, Lib. 3. Eleg, 4. 
 
 At(ji, aliqiiis femor^ veteres vemratus amoves^ 
 Annua ccnjlnido ferta dabit mmtilo. 
 
 Bcfidcs thefe Chaplets, they ftrow'd loofe Flowers abou^ 
 the Monument. 
 
 Tt>r;ptireos jecit ficres^ a^, taliafatur. 
 
 And again, ^n. 6. 
 
 Tu Marcelhii eris. Mamhzis date Uliafkms: 
 ^nr;lmrecs fpargara flcres 'j a?iimamq-^nepcfn 
 "His [ahem accurazikm dj7iis^ ^fungar iuani 
 Mtinere, • - ■ > 
 
 Tke
 
 Book V. ^fe Romans. 3^1 
 
 The Feads, celebrated to the Honour of the Deceas'd 
 were either private or publick. The private Feafts were 
 term'd Silicemia^ from Siltx and C(zna^ as if we fliould fay 
 Sul>fen made on a Stone. Thefe were prepar'd both for the 
 Dead and the Living. The Repaft deiign'd for the Dead, 
 confifHng commonly of Beans, Lettices, Bread, and Eggs* 
 or the like, was laid on the Tomb for the Ghofls to come 
 out and eat, as they fancied they wou'd 5 and what was left 
 they burnt on the Stone. Travellers tell us that the hidiam 
 at prefent have a fuperttitious Cuftom much of this Nature 
 putting a Piece oi: Meat always in the Grave with the dead 
 Body, when they bury in the Plantations. 
 
 'Twas from this Cufiom, that, to cxprefs the moft mifera- 
 ble Poverty of Creatures almofl: ftarv'd, they us'd to fay. Slick 
 ^?« one got his Visuals from the "Tombs. Thus Catullus: 
 
 Uxor Meneni ftepe quam in [eptikhretis 
 Vidifiis ipfo rapere rogo cosnam^ 
 ^lum demliitiim ex igne fro[eqiiens ^anem 
 jifemirafo timderetttr tijiore. 
 
 And 7'ibtilhis's Curfe is much to the fame Purpofe : 
 
 Jpfa fame fiimnlante fiirens efcafq-j fepitkhro 
 ^leeraty ^ af^evis ojfa reli6ia litpis. 
 
 The private Feafts /cr the Living were kept at the Tomb 
 of the Deccas'd, by the neareft Friends and Relations only. 
 
 The Publick Feafts were when the Heirs or Friends of 
 fome rich or great Pcrfon oblig'd the People with a general 
 Treat to his Honour and Memory 5 as Cicero reports of the 
 Funeral of Scipio Jlfricaniis(a)^ and Tiio of that oiSylla (b). 
 And Suetonitis (c) relates that jiiliiis Ceffar gave the People 
 a Feaft in Memory of his Daughter. There was a Cuftom 
 on thefe Occafions to diftribute a Parcel of raw Meat among 
 the poor People, which they term'd vifceratio 5 tho' this was 
 fometimes given without the Publick Feafts. 
 
 The Funeral Games have already been difpatch'd among 
 the other Shows. 
 
 As to the Cuftom of Mourning, befides what has been before 
 obferv'd by the bye, we may farther take Notice of the Time 
 sappointed for that Ceremony, and fome of the moft remark^ 
 
 (c) !n Qxat.pro Murxna, (i) Lib. 37, (0 Czp. 23. 
 
 able
 
 5^2 Tl^e Fmierals of Part IL 
 
 able Ways of exj)rcffing it. " Nwna (as Tlufarch tells us in 
 *' his Life) prelcrib'd Rules for regulating the Days of 
 " Mourning, according to certain Times ana Ages. As for 
 " Example, a Child of three Years, and fo upwards to ten, 
 *' was to be mourn'd for fo many Months as he was Years 
 *' old. And the longeft Time of Mourning, for any Perfon 
 *' whatfoever, was not to exceed the Term often Months: 
 " which alfo was the Time appointed unto Widows to la- 
 *' ment the Lofs of their deceas'd Husbands, before which 
 " they cou'd not, without great Indecency, pafs unto fecond 
 " Marriage : But in cafe their Incontinence was fuch as 
 *' cou'd not admit fo long an Abftinence from the nuptial 
 " Bed, they were to facrificc a Cow with a Calf, for Expi- 
 " ation of their Fault. 
 
 Now Ro772nlus's Year coniifling but of ten Months, 
 when Nuina afterwards added two Months more, he did not 
 
 ^. ^ ^.^ o, upon 
 
 eminent Perfon, we mull: take it only for the old Year of 
 Jloimdiis, or the Space of ten Months. 
 
 There were feveral Accidents which often occafion'd the 
 concluding of a publick or private Mourning before the fix'd 
 Time, fuch as the Dedication of a Temple, the Solemnity of 
 publick Games or Feflivals, the folemn Lustration perform'd 
 by the Ce;;fo'/% and the difcharging any A^ow made by a Ma- 
 giflrate or General j which, being Times of publick Re- 
 joicing, wou'd have otherwife imply'd a Contradiftion. 
 
 As to the Tokens of private Grief, they had none but what 
 are common to moll: Nations, as the keeping their Houfe for 
 fuch a Time, the avoiding all Manner of Recreations and 
 Entertainments, and the like. But in publick Mourning, 
 'twas a fingular Cuftom to exprefs their Concern by making 
 the Term and all Bufinefs immediately to end, and fettling 
 a Vacation till fuch a Period, of which we have frequent 
 Inftances. 
 
 The laft Ceremony, defign'd to be fpoken of, was Confe- 
 cration. This belong'd properly to the Emperors, yet we 
 meet too with a private Confecration, which we may ob- 
 ferve in ourWay. This was, when the Friends and Relations 
 of the Deceas'd canoniz'd him, and paid him Worfliip in pri- 
 . vate ; a Piece of Refpe61: commonly paid to Parents by their 
 Children, as Tltitnrc/j ohi'erves in his Rojuan Ql'-ef^ions. Yet 
 the Parents too fometimes conferr'd the fame Honour on 
 
 their
 
 Book V. ^/;^ Romans. 363 
 
 their deceas'd Children, as Cicero promifeth to do for his 
 Daughier Tri/^ia, in the End of his ConfoJation 3 and tho* 
 that Piece be fufpeded, c\s we now have it j ) et the prefent 
 Authority Jofes nothing cf its Force, being cited heretofore 
 by J.a6l'dfui:iSy according to the Coj'ies extant in his Time. 
 
 I'he pubiick Confecration had its Original from the Deifi- 
 cation o{ KcniUkiSy bui was afterwards difcontinu'd till the 
 Time of the Emperors, on moit of whom this Honour was 
 conferr'd. The whole Ceremony is mofl accurately defcri- 
 bed by Hercdiaji^ in his fourth Eoojc, the Tranflation of 
 which Place may conclude ihis Subject. 
 
 " The Remans, (fays he) have a Cullom to confecrate 
 " thofe Emperors who leave either Sons or deiign'd Succef- 
 *' fors at their Death 5 and thofe who received this Honour 
 " are faid to be enroU'd among the Gods. On this Occafion 
 " the whole City maintains a pubiick Grief, mix'd as it were 
 " with the Solemnity of a Feftival. The true Body is buried 
 " in a very fumptuous Funeral, according to the ordinary 
 •*' Method. But they contrive to have an Image of the Em- 
 " peror in Wax done to the Life 5 and this they cxpofe to 
 *' pubiick View, juit at the Entrance of the Palace Gate, on 
 *' a ftately Bed of Ivory cover'd with rich Garments of em- 
 *' broider'd Work and Cloath of Gold. So the Image lies 
 " there all pale, as if under a dangerous Indifpofition. Round 
 " the Bed there fit the greateft Part of the Day, on the Left 
 " Side, the whole Senate in Black 3 on the Right, the aged 
 " Matrons, who, either upon Account of their Parents or 
 " Husbands, are reputed noble 5 they wear no Jewels or 
 *' Gold, or other ufual Ornaments, but are attir'd in clofe 
 " white Veils, to exprefs their Sorrow and Concern. Thijs 
 *' Ceremony continues feven Days together j the Phyficians 
 *' being admitted every Day to the Bed, and declaring the 
 *' Patient to grow all along worfe and worfe. At laft when 
 " they fuppofe him to be dead, a felefl: Company of young 
 " Gentlemen of the Senatorian Order take up the Bed on 
 " their Shoulders, and carry it thro' the Holy IVay into the 
 " old Forura, the Place where the Roman Magiftrates us'd 
 " to Jay down their Offices. On both Sides there are rais'd 
 " Galleries with Seats one above another, one Side being 
 " fiU'd with a Choir of Boys all nobly defcended, and of 
 " the moft eminent Tatriciaji Families; the other with a 
 " like Set of Ladies of Quality, who both together fing 
 V- Hymns and Pseans compos'd in very mournful and paffio- 
 
 nate
 
 364 T7;e Funerals y 3cc, Part IT. 
 
 ** nate Airs, to the Praife of the Deceas'd. When thefe are 
 " over, they take up the Bed again, and carry it into the 
 ♦' CcMiv.i Alanhis-y where, in the widcft Part of the Field, 
 « is erf ded a four-fquare Pile, entirely compos 'd of large 
 '• Planks, in Shape of a Pavilion, and exaftly regular and 
 *' equal in the Dimeniions. This in the Infide is fill'd up 
 ** v/ith dry Chips, but without is adorn 'd with Coverlids of 
 " Cloth ot Gold, and beautified with Picliures and curious 
 ** Figures in Ivory. Above this is plac'd another Frame of 
 *' Wood, much lefs indeed, but fet off with Ornaments of 
 *' the flime Nature, and having little Doors or Gates ftand- 
 *' ing about ir. Over this are fet a third and fourth Pile, 
 *' e\ery one being confidcrably lefs than that on which it 
 *' {iar-ds ', and fo others perhaps, till they come to the laft 
 *' ot iLil, which forms the Top. The Figure of this Struc- 
 " turf, altogether, may becompar'd tothofe Watch-Towers, 
 " which are to be feen in Harbours of Note, and by the Fire 
 " on their Top dired the Courfe of the Ships into the Ha- 
 " yen. After this, hoifting up the Body into the fecond 
 *' Frame cf Building, they get together a vaft Quantity of 
 " ail Manner of fweet Odours and Perfumes, whether of 
 *' Fruits, Herbs, or Gums, and pour them in Heaps all a- 
 *' bout it : There being no Nation, or City, or indeed any 
 *' eminent Men, who do not rival one another in paying thefe 
 " laft Prefects to their Prince. When the Place is quit'e fiU'd 
 " v/ith a huge Pile of Spices and Drugs, the whole Order of 
 *' Kn'ghts ride in a folemn Proceffion round the Strufture, 
 *' and imitate the Motions of the Tyrrhic Dance. Chariots 
 " too, in a very regular and decent Manner, are drove round 
 " the Pile, having the Coachmen cloath'd in Purple, and 
 *' bearing the Images of all the illuftrious Romam, renown'd 
 *' either for their Counfels and Adminiftration at Home, or 
 " their mem,orable Atchievements in War. This Pomp be- 
 " ing finifh'd, the Succeflcr to the Empire, taking a Torch 
 " in his Fland, puts it to the Frame, and at the fame Time 
 *' the whole Company affirt in lighting it in feveral Places 5 
 " when on a fudden, the Chips and Drugs catching Fire, the 
 " whole Pile is quickly confum'd. At laft from the higheft 
 ?' and fmalleft Frame of Wood, an Eagle is let loofe, which, 
 ■' afcending with the Flames towards the Sky, is fuppos'd 
 t' to carry the Prince's Soul to Heaven." 
 
 CHAR
 
 Book V. The Entcf'tainmentSy Sec. -^6^ 
 
 CHAP. XL 
 
 Of the Roman Entertainmejits, 
 
 'T' H E peculiar Cuftoms of the Rommis^ in reference to 
 "■■ Eating and Drinking, will eafily fall under the three 
 Heads, of the Time, the Place, and the Manner of their 
 Entertainments. As to the firfl-, the Komain had no proper 
 Repaft befldes Supper, for which the ordinary Time was 
 about their ninth Hour, or our Three-a-clock. Thus Mar- 
 tial reckoning up the Bufinefs of every Hour, 
 
 Im^erat exfiniBcs frangere nona tores. 
 
 But the more frugal made this Meal a little before Sun-fct, 
 in the Declenfion of the Day : To which ^/rg/7 might poffi- 
 bly allude, tho' fpcaking of the Cuftoms of C^rf^^^6', and of 
 its Queen, when he fays, 
 
 Nii72C eadem lahente die ccnvivia qiiderit^ JEx\. 4. 
 
 On the other Side, the Voluptuous and Extravagant com- 
 monly began their Featts before the ordinary Hour. Thus 
 HcracCy Book i. Od. i. 
 
 Nee partem folidoderaere dcdie 
 Spernit, 
 
 And Juvenal^ Sat. 10. 
 
 Exiil ah oEiava Mariits hibit. 
 
 Thofe, that cou'd not hold out till Supper, us'd to break 
 their Fait in feme other Part of the Day, fbme at the fecond 
 Hour, fome at the fourth, anfwering to our ei^ht and ten j 
 fome at the fixth, or about Noon 5 others at the eighth, or 
 our two, as their Stomachs requir'd, or their Employments 
 gave them Leave. At this Time they feldom eat any Thing 
 but a Bit ot Dry-bread, or perhaps a ^cw Raifins or Nuts, or 
 a little Honey.Prom the difterent Hours of taking this Break- 
 faft, 'tis likely that the jentaculum^ prandmm^ mere7ida^ &c. 
 had their Original, being really the fame Repaft made by 
 fcveral Perfons at ieveral Times (a). The 
 
 (4) Cacier on Horace, Book i . Od. i .
 
 7^66 7l?e Entertainments of Part II. 
 
 The ^LACEy in which the Ro?/ians eat, was anciently 
 call'd Cdnaculiim. Seiicca^ Suetonius, and others, ftiie it Ca- 
 natio. But the moH: common Appellation, which they bor- 
 row'd from the Grcecians, was ^friclinnmi. Serviiis on the 
 firft of the JEneidi^ at that Verfc, 
 
 Aiirea comj^ofuit [pcnda medminq-, Iccavit^ 
 
 takes an Occafion to reprehend thofe Grammarians who will 
 have 'TrKlinium to fignify a Room to fup in, and not barely 
 a Table. Yet (to omit a tedious Number of Citations from 
 other Authors) 'Tully himfelf ufeth the Word in that Senfe : 
 For in one of his Epiftles he tells Attiais {a\ that, when C(£- 
 far came to '■philifpi, the Town was fo full of Soldiers as to 
 Jeave C<f[ar fcarce a Trici'miiim to fup in. 
 
 Anciently the Komam us'd to fup littting, as the Europe- 
 C71S at prefent, making ufe of a long Table. 
 
 ^erpmis fcliti ^atres C072fijtere raenfis. Virg. Mn, 8* 
 
 Afterwards the Men took up a Cuftom of lying down, 
 but the Women for fome Time after ftill kept fitting, as the 
 moft decent Poflure (b). The Children too of Princes and 
 Noblemen, for the fame Reafon, us'd to fit at the Backs of 
 Couches (c), whence after a Difh or two, they withdrew 
 without caufing any Diflurbance. Yet as to the Women, 'tis 
 evident, that in after Times they us'd the fame Poflure at 
 the Table as Men. Thus Cicero in an Epiflle to Pcetus, tel- 
 ling him of one Clyteris, a Gentlewoman that was lately at 
 a Treat with him, makes ufe of the Word acciibuit. And 
 Of/'i, in his fourth Love-Elegy of the firft Book, advifeth 
 his Miftrefs about her Carriage at the Table before her Huf- 
 band, 
 
 Ctim f remit ille torum^ viiltu coines if^a racdejlo 
 Ibis zit accwnbas — 
 
 And Suetonius relates, that, at an Entertainment of the 
 Emperor Caligula, he plac'd all his Sifters one by one below 
 himfelf, uxore fupra mbante^ Ijis Wife lyi'ng above him. 
 
 When they began thus to lie down, inftead of fitting at 
 Meat, they contriv'd a Sort of Beds or Couches of the fame 
 Nature with thofe on which they flept, but diftinguifli'd 
 
 W Lib. 15. Epift. <o. (t; Vol. Max. lib, 2. cap. i. (r) Tacitus Arm. if 
 Suetonius Claud, cap. j;. 
 
 a irom
 
 Book V. the Ko MANS' 5 67 
 
 from them by the Name of Ze6Ii triclitnommj or tric/ima- 
 g-es, the other being call'd le^ii cubicularii. 
 
 They were made in feveral Forms, but commonly four- 
 fquare, fometimes to hold three or four, fometimes two 
 Perfons, or only one. Yet in the fame Entertaining-Room, 
 it was obferv'd to have all the Couches of the fame Shape 
 and Make. After the round Citron-Tables grew in Fa/hion, 
 they chang'd the three Beds (which denominated the 7?7- 
 climiim) for the Stihadkim^ one iinglc large Couch in the 
 Shape of a Half-Moon, or of the Grecian Sigma, from which 
 it fometimes borrow'd its Name, as in Martial. 
 
 jlcci^e lunata fcripum tejttidifze Jfgma. 
 
 Thefe Stihadia took their feveral Names of the Number 
 of Men that they held, as the Hexaclinon for Six, the He^- 
 taclmon for Seven, and fo on. 
 
 The higher the Beds were, the more noble and flately, 
 and the more decent too they were thought. Hence Virgil^ 
 JEn. z. 
 
 Inde toro pater Mneasfic orfus ab alto. 
 
 And again, ^n. 6. 
 
 ——Liicevt genialibm altis 
 Jizirea fulcra torii——' 
 
 On the contrary, low Couches were look'd on as fo ex- 
 tremely fcandalous, that {Valerius Maximum tells the Stor}-) 
 one Minis Izibero, a Man of great Integrity, and of very 
 noble Progenitors, being a Candidate for the Prjetor/hip, lolt 
 the Place, only for making Ufe of a low Sort of Supping- 
 Beds, when he gave the People a publick Entertainment (a). 
 
 On the Beds they laid a Kind of Ticks or Quilts, fluffed 
 with Feathers, Herbs, or Tow ; which they call'd ctilcitrce. 
 Over thefe they throve in ancient Times nothing but Goats- 
 Skins; which were afterwards chang'd hr the Ji rag k la. the 
 Coverlids or Carpets : Thefe we fometimes find under the 
 Name of tcralia^ on Account of belonging to the torus. Thus 
 in Horace^ 
 
 Ne ttirpe torale ne fordida mappa 
 
 Corruget nares. Lib. 2. Epift. 5. 
 
 {*) FW/. Max. Lib. 7. cip. jv 
 
 And
 
 3 68 TJ^e Entertainments of Part If. 
 
 And again, 
 
 £t 'Jyrias dare circura illota toralia 'vejles. Lib. 2. Sat. 4. 
 On the Carpets were laid Tulviniy or Pillows, tor the Guefts 
 to Jean their Backs on. 
 
 'Twou'd be endlefs to defcribe the Variety and Richnefs 
 of the Furniture with which they fet ofF their Tables. It 
 will be enough to obferve from '\Plinyy that, when Carthage 
 was finally deliroyed by Scipio Jjjricanui^ the whole Mafs of" 
 Treafure found in that City, which had fo long contended 
 for Riches, Glory, and Empire, with Home itfclt, amounted 
 to no more than what, in ^Flinyh Time, was often laid out in 
 the Furniture of a Table (a)'. 
 
 As to the Manner of the Entertainment, the Guefts in the 
 firft Place bath'd with the Mafter of the Feaft, and then 
 chang'd their ordinary Cloaths for the veflis convivalis^ or 
 ccLnatoria^ a light Kind of a Frock 5 at the fame Time hav- 
 ing their Sole<e puU'd off by their Slaves, that they might 
 rot foul the fine Carpets and Furniture of the Beds. And 
 now taking their Places, the firft Man lay at the Head of the 
 Bed, refting the Fore-part of his Body on his Left-Elbow, 
 and having a Pillow or Bolder to prop us his Back. The 
 next Man lay with his Kead towards the Feet of the firft, from 
 which he was defended by the Bolfler that fupported his own 
 Back, commonly reaching over to the Navel of the other 
 Man 5 and the reft after the fame Manner. Being fettled 
 on the Beds, in the next Place they wafh their Hands : 
 
 Stratoq-yfuper dijcumbinir ofiro 5 
 
 fDant manihiis famuli lym;phaSy Virg. jEn i. 
 
 After this they were ferv'd with Garlands, or Rofes, and 
 whatever other Flowers were in Seafon, which they did not 
 wear only on their Heads, but fometimes too about their 
 Necks and Arms ; This too was the Time to prefent them 
 with Eftences and Perfumes. 
 
 The Number of Guefts is by JgellwA ftated according to 
 VarrOy that they ftiou'd not be fewer than three, or more 
 than nine j either to exprefs the Number of the Graces or 
 the Afr/fes. 
 
 The moft honourable Place was the middle Bed, and the 
 Middle of that. Horace defcribes the whole Order of fitting 
 in his eighth Satyr of the fecond Book: 
 
 Sinnraus ego, ^ froj^e me Vifciis SabhtnSy ^ 'mfra^ 
 
 Si mminiy Variiis: cum Servilio Salatrone Yidi- 
 
 {fi) Isax. Hijl. lib. 33. cap, lit
 
 Book V. the Roman s'. 3 6p 
 
 Vibidius^ qtios Maecenas adduxerat umbras^ 
 l^oimntanui erat fn_per ip[tm^ ^orcm infra. 
 
 So that infra all qjiem cnbare is the fame as to lie in one's 
 Eofom, as Si. jfobn is faid to have done in our Saviour's 5 
 whence learned Men have thought, that either the fame 
 Cuflom was obferv'd in almolt all Nations, or elfe that the 
 Je--xs, having been lately cenquer'd by 'Pcrafey^ conform'd 
 themfelves in this, as in many other Refpcds, to the Ex- 
 ample of their Mafters. 
 
 At the Beginning of the Feaft they lay on their Bellies, 
 their Breafts being kept up with Pillows, that they might 
 have both their Hands at liberty 5 but towards the latter 
 £nd they either refted themfelves on their Elbows, as Uo- 
 'Tace fays, 
 
 Languidns in cubitumjamfe conviva re^onet. 
 
 And in another Place, 
 
 £t ctihito rermnete j)reffo. Carm. i. Od. 2.7. 
 
 or if they had not a Mind to talk, they lay all along 5 all 
 which Portures are to be feen in the old Marbles, which 
 prefent the Figure of an Entertainment. 
 
 They feem to have brought in the feveral Courfes in Ta- 
 bles, and not by ilngle Diflies 5 as Servins obferves on that 
 vt^Virgily JEn. 5. 
 
 <J>ofiqnam f>rima qtties epulis^ jnejifccque remotde. 
 
 But fome will underftand by menfcC in that Place, rather 
 the Diflies than the Tables, becaafe it follows prefently after, 
 
 fDixit) ^ in menfa Uticum libavit honorem, 
 
 unlefs we fuppofe that as foon as the Table of Victuals was rc- 
 mov'd, another was fet in its Place with nothing but Drink. 
 
 They wanted no Manner of Divcrfion while they were 
 eating, having ordinarily Mufick and antique Dances, and in 
 ancient Times Combats of Gladiators. 
 
 (Pkitarcb tells us that Julius defar^ once in a Treat which 
 he made for the People, had no lefs than azooo 'Triclinia^ 
 -which ia enough to give an Idea of their publick Entertain- 
 
 laents* 
 
 Aa CHAP*
 
 I/O T7;c Karnes of Part U, 
 
 SSL-i^^i^i 
 
 T 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 Of the Roman Names. 
 
 HE Koman Names, which many Times grievoufly puz- 
 zle ordinary Readers, may be divided into four Sorts, 
 the Names ot the J;?gem!i^ or free-born, the Names of the 
 freed Men ai-d Slaves, the Names of the Women, and the 
 Names of adopted Perfons. 
 
 The Ingenui had three feveral Names, the '^Ydinomm^ 
 the Nome?2, &nd the Cog7/o//:ef?. Hence Juvenal^ Sat. 5. 
 
 - - ■ Si quid tentaveris tinqiiam 
 
 Hifcerey tanquara babeas trin nomina 
 
 The 'P cC7W772cn anfuers to our Chrifiidii Name, but was 
 not imposed till the afluming the Manly Goitm, The Names 
 of this Sort molt iii Ufe, together with the initial Letters 
 which ordinarily uand for them in Writing, are as follows : 
 
 A. ^.'/'.'i, C. Cams. D. 2j£cius, K. Cajo, L. Lncms, M. 
 Mavins 2ind Mcvrcm, 'S. Numenus^ V.Tubliiis^ Q^^tiitc- 
 ttis^ T. 'fittis. 
 
 A P. y^f}'ws,CS. Cnei'.s, SP. Spnrim, Tl. Tiberius, MAM. 
 Mamerciis, SEK. Servii/s, SEX. Sextus. 
 
 The Nothcu immediately follow'd the 'Pr<f«ow2?«,anrwer- 
 ing to the Grcecip.72 '■Patnjiymicks. For as among them the 
 Pofterity o^ j^c.cns had the Nam.e o^JEacidce, Co the Julian 
 Family in Kome were fo call'd from lulm or Aj'canius. But 
 there were fc-vcral other Reafons which gave Original to 
 fome ot the 1-rccnanevs, as living Creatures, Places, and 
 Accidents, which are obvious in Reading. 
 
 The Cognomen was added in the third Place, on the Ac- 
 count of dilingui^iing Families, and was aflum'd from no 
 certain Caufe, but ufually rrom fome particular Occurrence. 
 Eut this mute b" undcritood principally of the firlt Original 
 of the Name, for afterwards it was hereditary, though fre- 
 quently chang'd tor a new onr*. 
 
 Grammarians ufually add a fourth Name, which they call 
 Jigno?/2en, but this was rather an honourable Title 5 as Cat9 
 was oblig'd with the conftant Epirhet of the ^^je, Craffus 
 ©f the Rich ; And hence came the Jfricaniy the JJiatici, 
 
 iha
 
 Book V. ^/;^ R o M A N s. 371 
 
 the Macedcnki^ Sec. 1'ully fretpently ufci Cognomen to fig- 
 nify thcfe Appellations j and tlicretbrc there is no Need of be- 
 ing fo fcuipuious, as to exprcfs ourfelves in thcfe Cafes by 
 the fourth Word. 
 
 1 he Slaves in ancient Times had no Name but what they 
 borrow'd trom the ^lYduoraen of their Maimers, as Liici^cr^ 
 *jPf//'///(?r, Mani^oi\ as much as to fay, Lucii p7!er, '-Vi'.hlii 
 ■puer^ &c. {a). When this CuRom grew out of Fafhion, the 
 Slaves were ufually call'd by feme proper Name of their own, 
 i'ometimes of J dun^ fometinjes of Grce.inn Original ; this 
 was very ofton taken from their Country, as "U.vjiis^ SyniS^ 
 Geta^ ckc. Upon their Manumiffion they took up the ^7'ceno- 
 7Mn and the iVLV/ie/;! of their Mailers, but, inltead of theCog^- 
 oiomen^ made ufe of their former Name ; as Ahrcas 'Tullnis 
 ^yro, the freed Man oi' Cicero. After the fame Manner ic 
 was cultomary tor any Foreigner who had been made a free 
 Denizen oi Ko(/ie^ to bear the NomeudViA t\\e-Trce7iomen of 
 the Perfon on whofe Account he obtain'd that Privilege. 
 
 The Women had anciently their 'Pnevcmeni as well as the 
 Men, fuch as Cnia., Cdcilic.^ Lwia^ 8:c. But afterwards they 
 feldom us'd any other befides the procer Name of their Fami- 
 ly, asy////;7, AMrcidy and the like. When there were two 
 Sillers in a Houfe, the diliinguifhing Terms u'ere jMajor and 
 Minor 'j if a greater Number, 'Prima ^ Seainda^ 'Tertia^ 
 ^'.arta, ^linta, or by Contraction, Secundilk^ (^^lartilla^ 
 and ^lintiUa. 
 
 Adopted Perfons aiTum'd all three Names of him who 
 oblig'd them with this Kindneis, but, as a Mark of their pro- 
 per Defcent, added at the End cither their former Nomen or 
 Crg?2omen 5 the firll exaftly the fame as befofe, (as ^ Servi- 
 Urn Ccpo Agalo 'DrutuSy the Name of At. Jimm 'Brutus^ 
 when adopted by ^. Serviliiis Cppio Agalo :) The o.her with 
 Tome flight Alteration, asC. OBdvitu^ when adopted by Jil- 
 liiLS Cccpir^ was call'd C. Jiilim dffar 0:faviam/s. 
 
 Tho' the Right and the Ceremony o{ Aioption be a Sub- 
 je(3 properly belonging to the Notice of civil Lawyers 5 yet 
 it cannot be amifs to give fome little Hints about the Naturs 
 of that Cuftom in general. Every one knows the Meaning 
 of the VVord, and that to adopt a ^erfon was to take him 
 in the Room of a Son, and to give him a Right to all Privi-, 
 leges which accompanied that Title. Now theV/ifdom of 
 the Roman Conftitution made this Matter a publick Con- 
 
 (») §luiniiiUan jn^iht. lib', l- cap. 4- f''"- A'.//. Hb. jj, cap. i. 
 
 A a s tern.
 
 37 i The Money of P^rt IL 
 
 cern. When a Man had a Mind to ^..^oft another into his 
 Family, he was obJig'd to draw up his Reafons, and to 
 offer them to the College of the 'Poiitif.ces^ for their Appro- 
 bation. If this was obtain'd, on the Motion of the y^;/f/;?- 
 ces^ the Confiily or fome other prime Magiftrate, brought in 
 a Bill at the Comhia Ciiriata^ to make the Adoption valid. 
 The private Ceremony confilted in buyin» the Pcrfon to be 
 adopted., of his Parents, for fuch a Sum cf Money, formally 
 given and taken 3 as Suetonim tells us yf;/^.7y?z/5purchas'd his 
 Grandfons Cahn'3^\^ Lucius of their Y dx\itx Agrlppa. 
 
 Auliis Gelims makes a Diftindion betv^cen Aioptio and 
 Arrcgatio, as if the former belong'd only to the Care of the 
 ^J^rcCtor, and was granted to Perfons only under Age ^ the 
 latter to the Cognizance of the People, and was the free Aft 
 of Perfons grown up, and in their own Power 3 but we learn 
 from almofl every Page of HiTrory, that the Roinans were 
 not fo nice in their Praflice as he is in his Obfervation. 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 Of the Roman Money. 
 
 f N enquiring into the Difference and Value of the 'k.oinan 
 ■■ Coins, we may begin with the loweft Sort, that of Brafs, 
 The A^s then, or moil ancient Money, was firit ftamp'd by 
 Servi'iis T'tiUiiis^ whereas formerly it was diftinguifli'd onfy 
 by Weight, and not by any Image. The firft Image was that 
 oi^Pecus^ or fmall Cattle, whence it took the Name of ^f- 
 'Cimia. Afterwards it had on one Side the Beak of a Ship, 
 on the other ^ijfdmis-^ and fuch were the Stamps of the As^ 
 for as for the Triens^ ^ladrans^ and Sextans^ they had the 
 Impreffion of a Boat upon them. A long Time did the 
 Ro'/navs ufe this and no other Money, till after the War with 
 <PynhnSy A. IJ. C. 484, five Years before the firfl: 'Ptmck 
 War, Silver began to be coin'd. The Stamps upon the Silver 
 ^c'^crii are for the moll Part Waggons with two or four 
 Beafls in them on the one Side, and on the Reverfe the 
 Head o^ Rome^ with an Helmet. The ViHcriati have the 
 Image of Viftory fitting, the Seftertii ufually Cajl'^r and 'Pol- 
 lux on the one Side, and both on the Reverfe the Image of 
 the City 5 fo the Cuftcin continu'd during the Common- 
 5 wealth*
 
 Book V. it/;e Romans. 575 
 
 wealth. Aiigtifiiis caus'd Capricorn to be fet upon his Coin, 
 and the fucceeding Emperors ordinarily their own Eitigies ; 
 Lafl of all came up Coin of Goid, which was firft iiamp'd 
 iixty-two Years after that of Silver, in the Confullliipof Jf. 
 Lmnis SdinatoTy with the fame Stamp and Images. So 
 much tor the feveral Kinds of Moneys we may now proceed 
 to the feveral Pieces under every Kind. 
 
 The j'h was fo nam'd quaji jJls^ or Brafs, being pf that 
 Metal, and at firlt confiiied of i lb. Weight, till in the firft 
 ^Jr'imic War, the People, being greatly impoveri/h'd, made 
 6 Ajjes of the fame Value out of one. In the fecond 'Punic 
 War, HMmibct I "^rtffmg very hardly upon them, and putting 
 them to great Shifts, the AjJes were reduc'd to an Ounce 
 a-piece ; and in Coi^clufiori, by a Law of Taf-yrius, were 
 brought down to half an Ounce, and fo continu'd. I'he ,^S 
 contained the loth Part ot the 'JJenariui^ and was in Value 
 of our Money about cb. qua. The Seiniffis, or Semi-ccs^ half 
 as much. The T'riens was the 3d Part of the As^ the ^la- 
 drans the 4th, by fome call'd ^Iriuncis and Teninclm^ be- 
 caufe it contain'd 3 Ounces, before the Value wasdiminifh'd. 
 The Sextans^ or CTth Part, was that which every Head con- 
 tributed to the Funeral ot' Jlfej^enius Agrippa^ but thefe were 
 not fuificient for Ufe, and therefore there were other Pieces 
 made, as the Uncia^ or izrh Part of the Pound, the Scuun- 
 cia of the Weight of 4 Drachms^ and the Scxtula, or 6xh 
 Part of an Ounce. Varro fpeaks too of the 7)ecuf}}S^ in Va- 
 lue 10 AJfeSj or of a. 2)c7iarhis ^ the FkelJJs of 2 2)6',7;^?77, 
 and fo upwards to the CerJufJh^ the greateft Brafs Coin, in 
 Value IOC AJJ'es^ 10 'Denarii, and of our Money 6S. ^d. 
 
 For the Silver Money, the old 'Denarius was fo nam'd, 
 bccaufe it contain'd Denoi JEris or AJfes, ic AJfcs, tho' its 
 Weight and Value was not at all Times alike j for the old 
 Kcman Dejiarius, during the Commonwealth, weigh 'd the 
 7th Part of an Ounce, and was in Value of our Money S//. 
 cb. q. with |- c; but the new Deiiarius^ which came up in 
 theiime of C/(«?Z/.'//V/j, or a little before, weigh'd exactly an 
 j^ttick Drachm ; fo that the Greek Writers, when they fpeak 
 of it, for every Denarius mention a Drachm, which or our 
 Money was worth 7 A. ob. Computations are generally made 
 with Reference to this new Sort o^ Denarius 5 if Refpeft be 
 had to the ancient Times, then all Reckonings are to be jn- 
 creas'd one 7 th Part, for juft fo much the old one exceeded 
 the new. When we meet with Sigatus and ^uadrigams, 
 
 A a :? we
 
 2 74 ^'^ Money of Part 11, 
 
 we muft undcrftand the Tame Coin as die Denarins^ fo cal- 
 led from the B.giC and ^ladng^e Ikmp'd upon it. There 
 was another Coin cail'd l^'Scrir.tv.S, trom the Image ot Vic- 
 tory upon it, firit fiamp'd in Rcme by an Order o'i Clodnis^ 
 in Value half a Xeuanvx, and theretore nam'd alfo ^ww^- 
 ri«5, as containing the Value of fi\e .Ajjci 5 it was worth of 
 our Money 3.'/. ii). q. The next that follows, and which 
 makes fo much >oife iii Authors, is the Sef.erntis, fo cali'd 
 qi!^fi Seyjtntertiiii, becaufe it contaiu'd two JJja and a half, 
 beiij" hr.lfthe f^'i&cri^rvs, and aiourth Part of the':l'fVc!ni!S. 
 'Tis^often cali'd abfolutely N?///.-;//?^^, becaufe it WcS in nioit 
 frecuentUfe, as alfp Seprtiiis Isttmmvs-^ it was worth of 
 ou/ Money 1 -i. cb. qti. q. The Obelus was the fixth Part of 
 the Denarius^ equal to the Jttick hQ^x-^'^ as much as i d. 
 qn. with us. The iJbella was the tenth Part of the '^Jjena- 
 riuSt and equal in Value to the Js ; fo cali'd as a little Pound, 
 beii:? fuppos'd equal to a Pound of Erafs, wcrth oi^"our Mo- 
 r.ey 'cb. qn. The Sembeda^ as if written Semi-libella, was half 
 this. And hpy.) the TemrKh'.s was the fortieth Part of a 
 ^enarmi^ fo nam'd, becaufe it was worth three dunces of 
 Brafs, b. ing inconfiderablc in Value, and next to nothing. 
 To come at lafi to the Golden Coins 5 thofe mort remark- 
 able were the^//m 'Lenarii^ fo term'd, either becaufe they 
 had the fame Stamp as the Silver T'enaru^ or becaufe in 
 Eignefs they much rclembled them. The old Aureus, ftamp- 
 ed, duriniT the Commonwealth, weighing two Silver 2)f«^- 
 r'ii-^ worth of our Money 1 7 5. i d. cb. q;'a. The new Aureus^ 
 {lamp d about the Beginning of the Empire, was lighter 
 than tl:e former by one feventb Part, weighing two 2?r<!?<:/'//W, 
 worth 2 bout 1 5 5. of our Money. Thus they continued 0/- 
 dracbnii for the Time cf the hril five C<fpr^ ; and then loft 
 much in their V/cight by the Fraud and Avarice of the fuc- 
 ceedinw Princes. In Nice's Time they wanted a few Grains, 
 under G^/^^ a little more, under ¥lerm^ Tra'-aii, and Adri- 
 an no fewer than eight ; under Vefpafian ten, and the like 
 under Antommis This, M. Aurel'ms Sever'', and others. 
 djcm'iticin, indeed, had in his Reign reftor'd to the Aurei 
 their full Weight of two drachms, "and fo did ^melian af- 
 terwards, which was the laft Regulation of the Matter, 
 while 'Rome continued to be the Seat of the Empire. 
 
 The Marks cf the ordinary Coins are as follow. The ASy 
 becaufe at firft it was a Pound Weight, is thus exprefs'd L. 
 and the Sellertkis, becaufe it contain'd in Value two Pounds 
 
 3 °f
 
 Book V. the Romans. ivy 
 
 of Brafs and a half, thus HS.or LLS. The Mark of thc^w- 
 narins or yi^foriantb was a- ^'■^<^ of the 1)enarnis X or ij. 
 
 The Sums in L'fean.oii^ ihei?(?///:.7-?i were chieily three j 
 the Sejtertimn^ the Libra ^ and the L'al^nt. I'he SejicniUiit 
 contain'd a rhoufand Stfiertu^ about 7/. idi". and ^^z^. ot 
 our Moi.ey. We don't, indeed, fii^d it in any ancient Author 
 in the lingular Kumber, as now it is us'd, but we veryotten 
 meet with it in the Plural, tho' with the fame Signification. 
 In reckoning by SeJIerces, the Ror/iaiis had an Art, which 
 may be underltood by thefe three Rules 5 the firli is, it a 
 numeral Noun apree in Cafe, Gender, and Number with 
 Sejternt'^y then it denotes precifely lo many Scftertii^ as de- 
 cern Sejlerm/jiii): fo many j the fecond is this, if a numeral 
 Noun of another Cafe be join'd with the Ger.itive Plural of 
 Sejiertius, it denotes fo many Thoufand, as decern Se/iertiiir/Z 
 fignifies Ten-thoufand Sejlerni. Laltly, it the Adverb nu- 
 meral be join'd, it denotes fo many Hundred- thoufand, as 
 decies Sefiemiim fignifies Ten-hundred-thoufuid Stftertii ; or 
 if the numeral Adverb be put by itfelf, the Signification is 
 the fame ^ [Decies or i/^igejies ftand for fo many Hundred- 
 thoufand Seftertii^ or, as they fay, fo many hundred Scjicrtia.. 
 
 The Libra, or Pound, contain'd twelve Ounces of Silver, 
 or ninety-fix 'Jjrachms^ or latter 2)f7/^r/7, and was worth of 
 our Money 3 /. 
 
 The third Sum was the Talent^ which contain'd Twenty- 
 four Sejferria^ and Six-thoufand latter Denarn, beinc* the 
 fame with the Attick L'alent j for the Names of Talent^ 
 Mind, and iDr.tchma, the Romans took from the Greeks, as 
 the Greeks borrow 'd from them the Libra and the Uncia, 
 The Taknt was wor'di of our prefent Money 187 /. \oS. 
 
 We meet too with a leCfer Sum, term'd the Stortnla, be- 
 ing what the rich Men gave to every one of th-ir Clients, 
 after having waited upon them in publick, and now and then 
 at other Times, as they pleas'd to appoint j it was in Vakie 
 about a Hundred ^ladr antes, or 18./. ob. qua. Formerly 
 inftead of this Sum they us'd to deal a Doal to the Cii nts 
 without the Door, who receiv'd the Vi£iuals in a little Bas- 
 ket made of a Kind of Broom, call'd S^iTUim. 
 
 A a 4. INDEX. 
 
 F I N I X
 
 INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 ABleStf, a Sort of Soldiers, 
 192 
 
 ^CC^ Lj^URENTU 66 
 
 4ccenji J 2,3 »i 99 
 
 ^ccufatio 139 
 
 JICILIUS GLABKIO 112 
 ^Ifioncrn imendere, vid.edere 136 
 
 jSEiiones Legit I49 
 
 ABium (the Fight there) 17 
 
 y^ffor 135 
 
 ASluariui 1 23 
 
 Ad befiias 1 47 
 
 y/</ /«rfo/ ibid. 
 
 ^</ met all* ibid. 
 
 AddiBio 137 
 
 Adoption 37 1 
 
 ^DR//f ^^ (Emper.) 22 
 
 Advocati 1 3 5 
 
 .^<j'fx /af r^ 3 8 
 
 ,%dicul» ^bid. 
 
 JEdiles 116 
 
 MdiUs Cereaks 1 1 7 
 
 /Edilet CuruUt ibid. 
 
 Mdiles Plebii 1 1 6 
 
 ^dilitii 194. 
 
 ^MrL//*N CEmper.) 23 
 
 /EMILIUS 12 
 
 jfEneatoret 20 8 
 
 .ffifw/ 7, 8 
 
 /Ersrium facere 1 1 3 
 
 .<€^re j^r»// 220 
 
 ^/ 373 
 
 JEjiimatio litir 141 
 
 ^r/w; 27 
 
 ^jf^-f** 212 
 
 Agener 86 
 
 A^onalitf 93 
 
 ALARIC King of the Gof^/ 
 
 ' 27 
 
 Albo-galerut 3H 
 
 yf/<* 192 
 
 ALEXANDER SEFERUS 
 
 (Empcr) 2'-{ 
 
 Alicata Chlam^f 310 
 
 Allocutio 210 
 
 Ambarvalia 66 
 
 Ambirt mMgiftratum 106 
 
 Ambit ut 138 
 
 Ampliatio I40 
 
 AMULIUS 1,3 
 
 Avad^i^ 277 
 
 ANGUS MARTIUS 4 
 
 Ancylia 74 
 Andab»t£ (a Sort of Gladiators) 
 
 277 
 Ammadverjto 141 
 
 Anlmam in pn'mo tre, or /» ^r:*- 
 »»// //i^r/; rewer/ 338 
 
 ANNA PERENNA 94 
 
 y^wwax bijfextilis 88 
 
 Anquifitio \^i 
 
 ANTH EMIUS ^Empcr ) 28 
 Antony I4. vid. A//ir<r 
 ANTIOCHUS King of Syr-s 
 
 12 
 A N TO NINVSCaracMlia (Em- 
 per.) 22 
 
 Vid Mar cut and Luciur 
 ANTQNINUS Piut 22 
 
 ^NrON7NC/5's Pillar 54 
 APER 25 
 
 >f-f* 321 
 
 AphraHum 243 
 
 App art t tret 122 
 
 AP PIUS Claudiuf ^,66 
 
 APPIUS the Decemvir 1 1 o 
 rf^^fK* dr- /^»// inter diBio 1 14 
 
 AquaduSff
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ^iqmlA (Standard of a Legion) 
 
 /iquila ^yaejfe ibid 
 
 ^'^^/tf (made a Province) 2.1 
 jir biter bibendi 249 
 
 j4rbiiri 155 
 
 Aichcs 52 
 
 yirea of the Amphitheatre 44 
 Arena ibid, 
 
 y^/a (the battering Ram^ 238 
 Armatura 2 1 5 
 
 Armenia (made a Province ,i 2i 
 jirrniiU 2Z i 
 
 v^ morint conci'JJio 209 
 
 Arms ot'the R(?//j<a7»/ 199 
 
 jirrc^atio 372 
 
 Arufpicesy vid. Harufpi'cet 
 
 JSC^NIUS a 
 
 jiiffyria (made a Province) 2r 
 ^/f//i»»<* (Sort of Plays) 288 
 Athens (taken by 5yZ?;i) 1 3 
 
 Atrati 3 1 1 
 
 -fTr^LtrsCKing oiPergamm) 
 
 13 
 -<TT1LA the Hk» 27 
 
 AuHorati 271 
 
 ArENriNUS (an <4?^«w King) 
 
 •:J2 
 Augur a!e 205 
 
 Auguries ^7,^3,69 
 
 Augurs ;^?V 
 
 AUGUSTULUS (Emp.) 28 
 ^D-GCT-srtT-S (EmpO Vid. 
 
 Oc?dt;/a; 
 A'vem (River) 32 
 
 AFITUS 28 
 
 AULUS PLAUTIUS 18 
 ^r^re/ denarii 3 74 
 
 -r^l7R£L//f ^;-(Emper) 24 
 Aufpieia 1 9 1 
 
 Aufplces 63 
 
 ■^ufpiciis fuis rem gerere 107 
 Auxilia j £9 
 
 B 
 BagnioV 5^, 57 
 
 BALBIFUS (Emper.) 2i 
 
 S^'i/?-» 238 
 
 Ban it us 209 
 
 Baftlicte 48 
 
 Bafiiicus (a Throw on the Dice) 
 249 
 Barralia of the Romans lo^ 
 Beds of Images earned in Pro- 
 
 crflTon at tunerals 34(5 
 
 Bentficiarii 1 S 9 
 
 Bcft:arii 146, 268 
 
 B: dental 356 
 
 Bigatus 373 
 
 ^'i?'« 257, 37 i 
 
 Btremis 24'$ 
 
 Bijfixtas dies SS 
 
 Elood'letting, a PunlftimenC 
 
 of the Row^in Soldiers 2lo 
 Borrowing and lending of 
 
 Wives among rhe Romans, 
 
 probablya ^ ii^ake 332.,C^f. 
 Bridges rf Roots 8 
 
 BRITAIN 17,18,22 
 
 BRUTUS 5,6,1?, ^6 
 
 Bucclnatores 2c 8 
 
 Bucuia ibid. 
 
 Buccin^ 201 
 
 Ba^a aw rf^ 3 i o 
 
 Burning of the Dead 535 
 
 B«j?«OT 3 5 $ 
 
 C 
 
 Caliolus, or minor delius 31 
 232 
 113, ^32 
 
 324 
 248 
 325 
 
 ibid. 
 
 ibid. 
 17 
 
 Divifion of 
 
 210 
 
 3^4 
 2.5 
 
 C^rites 
 
 Caritum tabuJ<e 
 
 C^SAR 
 
 Calcei Lunati 
 
 Calcei mullet 
 
 Ca 'cull 
 
 Caligati 
 
 Calig<e 
 
 Ca'iga Speculatorite 
 
 CA LI GU L A 
 
 CA MI LLUS 
 
 Camp ^Form and 
 
 it) 
 Camppgi 
 Campidociortt
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Campus Martt'us 47 
 
 Campus Scdcratus 79 
 
 Candida: us 'i'~-6 
 
 Candidatus Principis ' ' "i 
 
 Canicula CaTiuo 4V on the Dice) 
 249 
 
 Canva (the Battle there) j i 
 Cajuahria (Tubdued^ 17 
 
 Capitol 39 
 
 Cappadocia (made a Province) 
 
 Caps and Hats ordinarily us d 
 
 by the Romans 308, 320 
 
 Capite ccvfi I 3 ' 
 
 Caput porci/ium ^c6 
 
 Carcerrs 46 
 
 Cyl R IN US (Emper.) 2? 
 Carmen Sahare 75 
 
 Carr.ifcx 1 23 
 
 Cirr/b^^f (dtftroyed) 12 
 
 CAR US Emper ) 2 
 
 CASSIUS M» '<5 
 
 Cajira afiiva 2. ! i 
 
 Hi her 71 a ibid. 
 
 ■ Stativa ibid. 
 
 Catapult a 219 
 
 Cataftaji' of tlie Drama 286 
 Catafirophe of the Drama ibid. 
 Catilinarian Conlpiracy 14 
 
 CATTI 21 
 
 Cavea 44 
 
 Celeres I30 
 
 Cehuftes 244 
 
 Cf/i^a of a Temple 41 
 
 Cenotaph: a 3 "5 9 
 
 Cenfors ill, cf^-f. 
 
 Cenforii 1 94 
 
 Ce«/«j 1 1 2 
 
 Cew/«; (put for a rich Man) 1 70 
 Centt(imatio 1 1 9 
 
 Centumviri litibus judicandit 
 122, 135 
 Centurta pr^rogativa 1 32 
 
 Centuries 130 
 
 Centuries or Qrdines, of Soldi- 
 ers 190 
 Centurions 193 
 
 Centtirienum primu: 1 94 
 
 Cere all a 95 
 C(/7«j (the Exercifesdefcrib'd) 
 
 Chariot Races ibid- 
 
 Charifiia 93 
 
 Chirodota 314 
 
 Chlamys 3 1 2 
 
 vid. alicata 
 
 Chorus 290, c^'f. 
 
 CICERO J4 
 
 C IMBRI 13 
 
 CinBure of the Gown 307 
 
 CiriHus Gabinus 308,309 
 
 Circcnfiitn Shows 252 
 
 Circo'i 46 
 
 Circus Maximus ibid. 
 
 Ci"Cuitio rigilufa 214 
 
 C^viiis efiiercus 211 
 
 Civitates fcederattt 233 
 
 /k/t^ clajfem I'il 
 
 Clajfes 130 
 
 Clpjftci authores ibid. 
 
 Clafjicum 209 
 
 CLAU DITTS 18 
 C L// 17 D/f/S the Second 24 
 
 C/ai// 315, C^f. 
 
 Clavum pangere 1 09 
 
 CLMLIA 6,7 
 
 CLEOP ^TRA I5)*7 
 
 Clients 97 
 
 Cloaca 5 8 
 Clofing the Eyes of departing 
 
 Friends 339 
 
 Clujtum 7, 8 
 
 C O C L E S 6 
 
 Coemptio 328 
 
 Civnacutum 366 
 
 Ccenatio ibid. 
 
 Cognomen 371 
 
 Cohvrs Prtetorim 19 r 
 
 C';^o>'f prima ibid. 
 
 COLLATINUS 5 
 
 Co/Z/V Diat-a 35 
 
 Hortulorum 3'^ 
 
 Pincius rbid- 
 
 '—^^irinalit 31 
 
 Colhcaiit
 
 INDEX. 
 
 GoUocatto 
 Colonies 
 Cilumna bellic* 
 Columna rcjirata 
 Columns or Pillars 
 
 CotMl'tl'ii 
 
 r Calata 
 
 " Centjtyiata. 
 
 ' Cur tat a, 
 
 Trihuta. 
 
 Camiti'um 
 
 COMMQDV S 
 
 Commons 
 
 Companies of Charioteers 255 
 
 vid Fa[ii0 
 
 ' the Golden 
 
 the Purpl^ 
 
 "^ — the Silver 
 
 Ccnclamatio 
 
 Co7tcuJJio armorum 
 
 Confarreatio 
 
 Congiaria 
 
 Conquiftorct 
 
 342 
 231 
 
 54 
 ibid. 
 
 128,^^-^. 
 
 129 
 
 ibid. 
 
 130 
 129,133 
 
 50 
 
 22 
 97 
 
 ^J7 
 ibid, 
 ibid. 
 
 342- 
 .209 
 328 
 220 
 
 1S5 
 
 Confecracion of Temples 40 
 Conlccration of Emperors 562 
 
 Of Friends ibid- 
 
 CONSTy^NTINE the Great 2 5 
 Cotijluntinople ibid. 
 
 CONSTANTIUS 26 
 
 CHLOR.US 25 
 
 Co7ifHlargs 1 94 
 
 Confuls 107, (^c. 
 
 Confitles ordtnArii I : 8 
 
 CofifulesfujfeSfi ibid. 
 
 CORMELJUS SCIPJO 12 
 Cortiicijtet 2o8 
 
 Cornua (Mufick^ ibid- 
 
 Cornua (Parts of the Army) 192 
 
 Sub Corona njenire 
 Corona Cafirsnjis 
 "' '■- Civic a 
 
 ' muraltf 
 
 naval! s 
 
 ' 'ohjidionalis . 
 
 ■ rojfrata 
 
 •" triumphalis 
 
 "~ — vail avis 
 Cot'ONtt fiureie 
 
 231 
 222 
 221 
 
 211 
 
 ibid, 
 ibid, 
 ibid, 
 ibid- 
 ibid, 
 ibid. 
 
 Coyfica ("fubdued) 
 Corvus (Engine) 
 Cerybantes 
 Cothurnus 
 Cottian Alps 
 C P.y^S SUS 
 Cr^pid^ 
 Cre:ata amhitio 
 Crimen adulter it 
 
 ambit uf 
 
 falfi 
 
 inter jicariot 
 
 —— tnaj-fiati: 
 
 ■ parricidii 
 
 — peculatu: 
 
 Ptrduellionis 
 
 — —plagii 
 
 —- rtpet undaruvt 
 
 ■vmificii 
 ——vis puhlicA 
 Crifta 
 CrupeUarii 
 CutuSus 
 Culcitra 
 Culeus 
 Cultrarii 
 Cuneus 
 Curetes 
 Curia Hoflilia 
 Curia Pompeii 
 Curiae 
 
 Curio maximus 
 Curicnes 
 Cujlos purpura 
 Cybel 5 Priefl: 
 
 D. 
 
 240 
 8r 
 
 288 
 
 18 
 
 H 
 
 3^5 
 307 
 
 i?8 
 
 ibid: 
 
 ibid. 
 
 ibid^ 
 
 125, 138 
 138,1/;^ 
 126,138 
 
 131 
 13S 
 
 126, 133 
 iSS 
 
 ibid; 
 
 201 
 
 ^^6 
 
 317 
 167 
 
 14.6 
 
 8^ 
 
 305 
 
 31, 8r 
 
 48 
 
 ibid. 
 
 47>48 
 
 129 
 
 ibid: 
 
 81 
 
 Daci 1 1 
 
 Dacia ('made a Province) Ibid. 
 AtfX.7yABj Ti'i^eiV 286 
 
 Dalmatia (fubdued^ I7 
 
 Damnum 143 
 
 Dopes fall ares 75 
 
 Deccmjugis 256 
 
 Decemviri ilf 
 
 Decemviri litibut judicandis 122 
 Decemviri, Keepers of the S/^/- 
 line Oracks 79 
 
 PECU
 
 I N^ D E X* 
 
 DECn 
 
 Dec!nia:io 
 
 DEC lU S (Emper; 
 
 Dscuvja 
 
 Decumani 
 
 Decuria 
 
 Dccuriones 
 
 Decurjio, at Funerals 
 
 Decuffis 
 
 Dedu5iores 
 
 Defsnjio 
 
 Ip8 
 219 
 
 2) 
 
 233 
 
 ibid. 
 
 129, 192 
 195 
 
 33:' 
 
 107 
 139 
 
 Defunifi fro rojlris laudatio 5 r , 
 
 351 
 
 DejeBio e rupe Tarp<ia 145 
 
 Delatores I4I 
 
 Delubrum ■; 8 
 
 Denarius "iTit&C' 
 
 Decennalia 360 
 
 Depontayii 1 32 
 
 Deport at i 1 44 
 
 Deportatio ibid- 
 
 Dejignatoref 305 
 Devoting of the Generals 198 
 
 Diadem 321 
 i>/^Di7Ai£N (Emper) 23 
 
 Dibaphus 38 1 
 
 Dilator to9j&C. 
 
 DIDIUS JULIAN 22 
 
 Didrachmi 374 
 
 D/f; afr; 90 
 
 ' etmitialef ibid. 
 
 comperendtni 91 
 
 /«/?/ ibid. 
 
 /«/?/ S9 
 
 * t'ntercip ibid. 
 
 ■ ■ praliarei 9 r 
 
 />/-o/>/?/ _ 85, 90 
 
 ^ — poftriduani 9 o 
 
 <* — '/«(/ 91 
 
 D/fwJ fl^/VfC rfa 141 
 
 A/Mf«f 242 
 
 Diffarreatlc 32 8 
 
 A»Jte?T©- 242 
 
 DIOCLETIAN 25f 
 
 £)/r,^ 68 
 
 Diribitoret 132 
 
 Di{c(ptati9 tauf^ ill 
 
 Difcus (the Exercife defcrllfd) 
 
 AiffvTTAi^ no 
 
 Divorcers 332,<:^'f. 
 
 Dtf, D/V«, addico 90 
 
 Dolabrte 237 
 
 DO M IT I A N II 
 
 DuBu fiio i'^m gererp 1 5 j 
 
 Duumviri Cl^lJis 244 
 
 Duum'viyi, Keepers of the 5/^)'/- 
 
 //»e Oracles 78 
 
 Duumviri pcrduellhtiis, or capi- 
 
 tales 122 
 
 D».x Legianit 19^ 
 
 E. 
 
 Edere a&ionetu 13^ 
 
 £^/^j (Bills for a Show of 
 
 Gladiators) 277 
 
 EG E R lA 74 
 
 F.]K'oCo^t 245 
 
 EKtii/jo^Q- ibid. 
 
 EKKcuI'iKii^yH 242 
 
 EAiiTHf 252 
 
 £/^r/o 34? 
 
 Elephants running in the Circo 
 256 
 Emeriti 189 
 
 Enfigns 2o'j 
 
 Bntcrtainments 3^5>c^ir. 
 
 Epitafis of the Drama 2 85 
 
 £/>«/« or LcBiptrtiia 84 
 
 Epulae 84 
 
 Epulanes, or feptemviri epal tnum 
 
 84 
 
 £<7«?/, EcfUeflris Ordinis, (^ ■ Eqnc' 
 
 firi loco naim, the Difii ;rence 
 
 between them 98 
 
 Eqi;eftria 44 
 
 £y«/ redditio 187 
 
 ifjuitatus jvjiut 191 
 
 E'fuitcs U 85, 1 26 
 
 Equitum probatio 186 
 
 Ecfuiium recevfio ibid. 
 
 Equitum tranfveBio ibid. 
 
 Equum ndimere ll% 
 
 Eipoufals 32j5 
 
 i Ejftdarii
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Epdarn p-n 
 
 Ejf^dum ibid 
 
 £ yA N D E R. 66 
 
 EUDOX I /i 2S 
 Evocatio dcorum ttitelarium 235 
 
 Evoeati 1S9 
 Euphrates (the Bounds of the 
 
 Empire) 22 
 
 Excuhite 2 1 3 
 
 Exercitia ad palunt 2. 1 5 
 
 Exilium 1 44 
 
 Exire 27S 
 
 Exodium 2, c 8 
 
 Exodium j4ttellanicum ibid 
 
 Exrifpicet 69 
 
 Extraordiaarii igl, 2ii 
 
 3'4 
 F. 
 
 Fablus Maximus 11 
 
 F«5io «/^« 255 
 
 — frafrra ibid. 
 
 rujjata ibid. 
 
 ■ iientta ibid. 
 f7</. Coirpanies of Charioteers. 
 
 /<»?•/ ?>•;■<» "v^r^a 93 
 
 i:"afci4e 3 1 9 
 
 iT»'/f/V 217 
 
 /i»'. -iett Unguis 8 5 
 
 F^ITSTULUS 2,3 
 Feali^s in Honour of the Dead, 
 
 361 
 
 FebruA ca 65 
 
 Feciale. r ^ 7^, ^2.9 
 
 Femcr alia 3J9 
 
 Ferah'a 93 
 
 Ferentai ii 1 99 
 
 /(?r/^ « nceptiva 90 
 
 ■ iTMj Derati'vx ibid. 
 
 - — y?<f< /i;«e 89 
 
 Fefcennii ;e Vcrfes 283,331 
 Fertival is in the Roman Kalen- 
 
 d^i 93,€^f' 
 
 Filitts fa milia 171 
 
 Flamtn . Dialis 7 3 
 
 ■ tdartialit ibid* 
 
 ,^a irinaJis 1 bi d • 
 
 Flawinica ibid- 
 
 Fla./dna, or Flammcum (the i la- 
 
 nic I'h Tap) 72 
 
 Flammairn fche Bride's VciU 
 
 S-9 
 
 Flora! i a 95 
 
 Fcedcata c'lvitates 233 
 
 F(/i7; ;a .lort of Ball) 251 
 
 For/e.-tf a Way of drawing up an 
 206 
 40 
 ibid, 
 ibid. 
 iS.* 
 48, C^c 
 
 49 
 50 
 
 ibid. 
 49 
 
 ibid. 
 
 ibid- 
 50 
 30 
 49 
 5^^ 
 50 
 
 49 
 
 ibid. 
 
 212 
 
 66 
 
 Army) 
 Form of \brolution 
 
 of AmpIiario.T 
 
 ■ of Condemri?tion 
 
 Fortunate Names 
 
 Forums 
 
 Forum Augiifli 
 
 i ornm Roarium 
 
 Fora ciiiilia 
 
 Forum cupedinarlurn 
 
 Forum Hoiitoriutn 
 
 Forum Julium 
 
 Forum Latium 
 
 Forum Ncrvte 
 
 Forum Palladium 
 
 Forum Pijhrium 
 
 Forum Romanum 
 
 Fo'um Suarium 
 
 Forum Trajani 
 
 Forum trar.Jitorium 
 
 Fora VtnaUa 
 
 Fojfa 
 
 Fratres Arnjoles 
 
 Freedom by jManumlfllon leo 
 
 Freedom by Tcitament ibid. 
 
 Frontiiinufiio I4I 
 
 Frumentum ajiimatum 254 
 
 ' decumanum ibid- 
 
 —— etrptum ibid- 
 
 — — honorarium ibid. 
 
 — — imperatum ibid. 
 
 Fundi toret 1 99 
 
 Funera 340 
 
 Funerals 334 
 
 Fiintrriil Ceremonies before the 
 
 Burial 340 
 
 •in the Aft of Burying, 
 
 «*^^— « afte^
 
 I N D E >t. 
 
 aftc the Burial s6o,&c 
 
 Punera .jcerba 338 
 
 Funera la- vat a 349 
 
 Funus hiiiiElivamn 3^6 
 
 puhliuum ibid- 
 
 '*- — Taciturn 397 
 
 •"— trav/latitmtn 538 
 
 njult^are. or fleheium 337 
 
 Fwea ignominiofa 1 45 
 
 Fwc fanalit ibid. 
 
 iV</?« 219 
 
 GALEJ 19 
 
 Galericu/um 32; 
 
 G/^LER /I/ S (Emper.) 15 
 
 Galtrus 321 
 
 Gain ( Pr iefts of CyMe) 8 r 
 
 GALLJ KNU S 23 
 
 GALLUS 13 
 
 Games 247 
 
 Gates of RoTwe 37 
 
 Gauls, (ack Rome 8 
 
 General 196 
 Genfertc King of the Vandals 26 
 
 Gladiators 271 
 
 Gladiatoret catervarii ^74 
 
 ■ Jifcales ibid. 
 
 • meridiani ibid. 
 
 ■ erdinari'i ibid. 
 
 • poftulatitii ibid- 
 
 G/o^K/ (Way of drawing up an 
 
 Army; 
 Glyuritis, vid. Liariut 
 GO RDIAN 
 
 vid 7'o^^ 
 GR/^r/^W 
 Gregorian Style 
 G«^fr«^ror 
 
 206 
 
 23 
 
 17 
 
 24^ 
 
 H. 
 
 Habit of the Rffwjaw;^ 306 
 
 HANNlBy^L 11,12 
 
 Harangues of the Generals 210 
 
 Harpafiutn 252 
 
 Harufplces 6^> 70, 71 
 
 Haft a pur a aaa 
 
 H4/?rf J 99 
 
 Hajiati 190 
 
 HELIOGAB/ILUS 2} 
 
 Heptaclinen ^67 
 
 Hepteres 242 
 
 Hercules, his Chapel near the 
 Amphitheatres aad Circo's 
 
 2g| 
 
 Hexaclimn 'i6y 
 
 Hexeres 242 
 
 Htppagitics ibid. 
 
 HIRTIUS 16 
 
 Hi ftr tones 287,21.5 
 
 Hot <f^^ 84 
 
 Honorary Tombs 3")2 
 
 HONO R lU S 27 
 
 Hpplomachi 277 
 
 f7n/?.<» S4 
 
 H<i^f?, or Afff A«^«r ('a Form of 
 Speech us d by Glad.atcrs 
 after giving a Blow) 2; &; 
 
 I. 
 
 JanicuJum 
 
 Janus imus 
 
 ' Mcdius 
 
 • — — Smnmus 
 
 U,ei Daciyii 
 
 Ida 
 
 Jentaculum 
 
 I^nohiles 
 
 Ignomivi* 
 
 Iticet 
 
 Illyricum ffubdued) 
 
 Itrmolatio 
 
 Immunes 
 
 Irrperator, <vid. General 
 
 Imperatoris Contv.bernales 
 
 in criicem adeio 
 
 In integrum r jlltutia 
 
 Infra ali'qttem cuhare 
 
 Infula 
 
 n 
 
 42 
 
 ibid. 
 
 ibid. 
 
 8r 
 
 91 
 
 36J 
 
 97 
 1 44 
 
 359 
 i7 
 85 
 
 2tr 
 
 137 
 
 3^9 
 
 81 
 
 IngenvA
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ingenui 
 
 Interccjpii 
 
 Interrex 
 
 JO FIAN 
 
 IpfiU 
 
 Jrrogatio 
 
 JUByl 
 
 Judex ^aftlctiis 
 
 Judgments 
 
 Judices fehBi 
 
 99 
 id4, ii6 
 
 1 20 
 26 
 
 75 
 142 
 
 'J 
 
 134 &c- 
 133 
 
 L. 
 
 Judicia ci»tUfnviralia i22 
 
 Judicium calumniie I37> 14I 
 
 Judicium falp ibid- 
 
 Judicium pravaricatimis 1 3 6 
 Sub jugum mitti 231 
 
 JVGUKTHA ^ 13 
 
 Jugurthiue War ibid. 
 
 JULIAN 16 
 
 Julian Account 83 
 
 Jupiter Fereirius 227 
 
 7«rff vocatte (Centuries and 
 Tribes) 152 
 
 7a/ f/wVtf 149 
 
 S'wx civitatit I :?o 
 
 7«r <^/«rf AV.djudicafe (the Dif- 
 ference between them) j 1 2 
 7«; honorarium 1 49 
 
 ?«/ imaginis 99 
 
 7a/ Papirianum 14^ 
 
 7«f f r/aw liberorum 1 8 r 
 
 In jus reum vocare 1 :j6 
 
 /» j«/ vocatus am eat autfatifdet 
 ibid. 
 Juramentum calumnia 136 
 
 JUS TJNIyiN 149 
 
 K. 
 
 Kalends 92 
 
 Ke^etrg^fMla, ibid. 
 
 Killing of the dead Body ? 3 8 
 Knights 98 
 
 Knights Edaces ibid. 
 
 Mimlck 
 285 
 217 
 
 320 
 307 
 318 
 ^7^ 
 
 LABERlUS the 
 
 Lacerna 
 
 Lacernata arnica 
 
 Laciniam trahere 
 
 Lana 
 
 LaniftiE 
 
 TITVS L^RGIUS FLAVIUSy 
 
 the iirft Dittator 109 
 
 LATINS 7 
 
 L^TINUS Z 
 
 Latio fententia I40 
 
 LATIJJM % 
 
 Latrouei 249 
 
 Latrunculi 248 
 
 Laudatio (a Cuftom at Trials) 
 140 
 LAVINIA X 
 
 LAHNIUM ibid. 
 
 LyiUREtJTIA ibid. 
 
 LAURENTU M ibid. 
 
 Law, v/V. LfAT. 
 Laws 148. d^f. 
 
 de adulterio& pudicitia IT $ 
 
 Agrarian 265 
 
 ^e amhitu 1 77 
 
 ' of the AlTemblies and 
 
 Meetings 154 
 
 —— of Citizens 152 
 
 "^*^— of Conftitutions* Laws, 
 
 and Privileges 160 
 
 ■ of Corn 165 
 oft rimes 173 
 
 • of ExpcHces 166 
 
 Faljt 175 
 
 of Judges 171 
 
 — — ofjudgmcnts 173 
 of Magiftrates 157 
 
 ■ de Majejiate 174 
 
 of ;Vlartial Affairs i68 
 
 Mifcellancous 180 
 
 — of Money, Ufury.e^t 170 
 
 — — de parrictdit ' f$ 
 
 "— — de iicnniis rt^etundis 1 78
 
 INDEX. 
 
 — — of Provinces and their 
 
 Governors 16 [ 
 
 ——of Religion 150, c^c, 
 
 - of the Senate 175 
 — — Inter Sican'oi 175 
 — — de Tut ell t 169 
 
 de n 176 
 
 of Wills, Heirs, and Le- 
 gacies 170 
 
 Leagues (how made) 229 
 
 LeBi tricliniorum, or triclinia- 
 res 5<^7 
 LeEiica or LeBl (Funeral Bedsj 
 
 348 
 Legati 127,196 
 
 Legati Confularet ibid- 
 
 Legati praetor if ibid. 
 
 Legatio liter a I 57 
 
 Leges (how they difFerM from 
 Plebifcita) 1 34 
 
 Legions 191 
 
 Lcfftif 346 
 
 Levie of the Confederates it8 
 Levie of the Foot 183 
 
 Levie of the Horfe 185 
 
 Lex Acilia I79 
 
 ■ Acilia Calfurnia lyj 
 
 •■ - ■ /Elia 153 
 
 —— /Emylia ^ 1 67 
 
 - - j^pia Labiena 171 
 
 ^ntia J 67 
 
 ylntonia 151,159,172,174. 
 
 /ipuleia 1 74 
 
 •—jitia I > I 
 
 '— — At Hi a 169 
 
 — — Attinia 159 
 
 — - Aufidia 177 
 
 . /^«r«//<» 159,172 
 
 -— C/f //■» 1 5 J 
 
 " Cecilia Didia 1 60 
 
 ■' Cacilia de jure Italia &" 
 
 tributis tolltndit 180 
 
 ' Calia 
 
 ' Calpurm'a 
 • Campan* 
 ■C»Jfia 
 'Cincia 
 
 »55 
 
 178 
 
 173 
 
 165,176,182 
 
 — Cornelia 1 50,1 51,1 53» I 57, 
 
 158, 159,161,254,167,174, 
 
 175, 179- 
 
 — Curia 
 ~ Didia 
 ~^ Domitia 
 
 — Falia 
 
 — Fannia 
 
 — Flaminia 
 '" Flavia 
 
 — Furia 
 Fujia 
 
 J55: 
 i65 
 151 
 
 177 
 166 
 164 
 
 16y 
 
 170 
 
 Gabinia 155,1 56, 168,171, 
 
 174 
 — — G^///« Cornelia 1 54 
 
 ■ Genutia J 57 
 
 Hiercnica 1 66 
 
 Hirtia I58 
 
 Hortenfta 1 60 
 
 7«//« 163, 162, l5f, 167, 
 
 172, I74> '7?. il^^ »79 
 — ~ ?«//<» de Civitare 1 5? 
 ?«//<« de maritandis ordi- 
 
 nibus 
 
 Julia Papia 
 
 — Junia 
 
 Junia Licinia 
 
 ' — Junia Sacrata 
 L^toria 
 
 53 
 
 J 8a 
 
 i8i 
 
 , 179 
 160 
 
 '59 
 
 169 
 
 •^^Claudia 155,156,171,182 
 ^^^Clodia J5'i '^^i '5^i i<^3i 
 
 Licinia I5r,i52,i63, 166 
 
 — • — Licinia ^butia 
 — — Licinia Mutia 
 
 Licinia de Sodalitiis 
 
 Livia 
 
 — — Livia de Scciis 
 
 Mamilia 
 
 Manilia 165, 
 
 — — Manlia 
 — - ~ Marcia 
 — • — Maria 
 — •— Maria Porti* 
 
 Marita 
 
 Memmia 
 
 — — Muneralis 
 — — Ogulnia 
 — • Oppia 
 ■■■■■ Orchin 
 
 B b • i
 
 I N D E X. 
 
 — — Papi* 151, I Vi 
 
 —— Papia Popp^a J 8 » 
 
 Papiria I 50, I 55 
 
 —— Plautia 172, 176 
 
 "-^ Pompeia 159, 171, I 73, 
 
 17^.178 
 
 -——Porcia ^'i^ 
 
 ' Pupia I'M 
 
 • Rsmmia 1 7 i 
 
 ILofcia. ^ ^ i 5 i 
 
 Sacrata militarls 168 
 
 '—— Scatima 01 Scantinia 17 S 
 
 — — Sempronia i 5 3 , i ^5 5 , 1 56, 
 
 158,161,164,165,168,170,171 
 
 Sentia 15^ 
 
 •—^ ServUla I53.I<53.I7M79 
 
 ■ Sextia Li'cinia 150, 1)8 
 — — Silvahi Sc Carbonis 1 5 3 
 —— Sulpicia I ')4, 1 56,168 
 — — Sulpicia Sempronia 1 50 
 
 . Tcrentia, CaJJi* 1 65 
 
 — — Thoria 1 64 
 
 . Titia 159; 1 63 
 
 ■ Trebonia 1 63 
 
 7V<///« ^ I57»i77 
 
 — .— de Vacatione 1 5 1 
 
 — Valeria 151,159,170 
 
 — — Valeria Horatia 1 4 3 
 
 ^——Varia 153. '7-4 
 
 ■ yatinia 1^2, 
 •—— Fillia annalls ' 5 7 
 
 ■ yoconla 1 70 
 LI^RIUS or GLYCEP.IUS 28 
 Libamina prima 8) 
 Libatio ibid. 
 L/^e//« 374 
 L»^£/// (Bills for a Sword-Play) 
 
 277 
 Z,/^er tew/a, Scc 100 
 
 Liberti 99 
 
 Libertini ibid. 
 
 LIBITIUA ^340 
 
 Libitinarii ibid. 
 
 I./^r;» 375 
 
 Libri ekphantini 4I 
 
 Liburnica 243 
 
 Li Bores 123 
 
 Litem intendere 136 
 
 Liter a laureate 21 j 
 
 Lituus 58, log 
 
 LIFIUS j^ND RONICUS 
 28j 
 Lorica 202 
 
 L«a 4^ 
 
 LUCIUS ^ NTONINU S 
 
 22 
 
 Lufiu! am/uuf 
 LUCULLUS 
 
 Ludi aEiiaci 
 
 ApoUinares 
 ~-- " jiuguftales 
 ' Capitolini 
 """" Qereates 
 ' Circenfet 
 
 Compitalitii 
 
 ' Conjuales 
 
 ' Decetinales 
 
 ' Floralet 
 
 ■ Funebres 
 'Juvenalet 
 
 " '■ Juventuti/ 
 " ■- Magni 
 
 • Martiahf 
 
 — — Megalenfet 
 
 ■ • Mz/ff/// 
 
 *- Natalitii 
 ' Palatini 
 
 Pontificates 
 
 ^uintfuennales 
 
 ■ ' ■ Romani 
 ' Sacerdotales 
 Sttculares 
 
 ' Scenici 
 
 5 
 
 362 
 
 ij 
 ?o3 
 197 
 299 
 298 
 296 
 252 
 299 
 298 
 304 
 296 
 304 
 
 ibid. 
 
 ibid. 
 302 
 297 
 29<5 
 
 J04 
 
 ibid. 
 299 
 271 
 303 
 298 
 271 
 
 299>e^'f' 
 
 282,£<rf. 
 304 
 
 302 
 
 — - Triumphalet 
 
 ViBorijg 
 
 - ■ - yotivi 5-^^ 
 Lwui;; and Hiftrioms at a Funeral 
 
 LUP A z 
 
 Lupercalia 64, 6y 
 
 Luperci 64 
 
 Luperei Fabiani 63
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Luperct ^uinffiliaHi 65 
 
 Luflrum 1 1 3 
 
 Lu/frum condcre ibid. 
 
 Lying on Couches, at theTable 
 
 M. 
 
 Magifier eofuitum 100, 1 10 
 
 Magiftrates I05 
 
 »— when admitted '3i 
 
 whendefign'd ibid. 
 
 icj 
 
 ibid. 
 
 ibid 
 
 ibid. 
 
 ibid. 
 
 ibid. 
 
 ibid. 
 
 ibid 
 
 ibid. 
 
 ibid. 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 14& 
 
 I 3-, 
 
 190 
 
 8, 10 
 
 257 
 j6. ,7 
 
 Magiflratus Curtiles 
 Magijiratus extraordinarii 
 
 • majaret 
 — — minores 
 *- mixti 
 
 • ordinarti 
 
 • Patricii 
 
 • Plebeii 
 
 ■ proviaciaUr 
 
 ——— Urbani 
 
 My^G N ENT lUS 
 
 tAAjOK IJ NUS 
 
 Mandatores 
 
 Mandatum 
 
 Manipulus 
 
 MAHLIUS 
 
 MARC ANTOtJT 
 MyiRCUS ANTONItJUS %% 
 MARIUS 1} 
 
 Marriages 'i^6,&c. 
 
 Marriage by Ufe 328 
 
 Proper Time for Marriage 327 
 Matronal/a 94- 
 
 ]VI*>/f/.o' (Ships of War) 243 
 MAkENflUS 25 
 
 MAXIMIAN ibid. 
 
 MAXIMIN 29 
 
 MAXIMJSI Ai^ 2$ 
 
 MAXIMUM 28 
 
 hlegahjli 2o6 
 
 Mercidinus ot Mercidmius 87 
 Merenda 3^5 
 
 Meo-OTrr'f f vg?^ .5^5 
 
 Mefoforarai^ (ojadc « Province) 
 
 A/?r/» in the Circo 
 
 ^ 
 
 Metallici 
 
 H7 
 
 Miliarium aureum 
 
 55 
 
 Milites fubitarii 
 
 185 
 
 Mimus 
 
 284 
 
 Minerva 
 
 94 
 
 Miftlia 
 
 267 
 
 A?//«; (the Matches in the 
 
 Races) 256 
 
 A/i]^/ terarius 257 
 
 MITH RI DATES King of 
 
 A//fr« 321 
 
 Mittcre jttdices in ccnfJiam 140 
 A/o/« 8 5 
 
 Moneres 243 
 
 Of the Money 37^, d^f. 
 
 Mom yivevtittus 3* 
 
 — Auguflus 3 r 
 
 — Caballur, oxCaballir.us ibid. 
 
 — C^//«f ibid. 
 
 — CapitoUnus 30 
 
 — Efquihnus, exqulUnus, or f«- 
 cubtvus 32 
 
 — Murciut ibid. 
 
 — Pmlatinus 3O 
 
 — ^erculanuf, or qtiereettdanut 
 
 31 
 
 — Rimoniut 
 
 — Saturni 
 
 — Tarpejuf 
 
 — y^ticanus 
 
 — yimlnalit 
 Montorius 
 
 32 
 40 
 ibid. 
 33 
 32- 
 33 
 
 Mor/ (Capital Punllhment) 14') 
 Mortuaria glcjfaria 34*5 
 
 Mourning ^ 362 
 
 Mourning Habit 349 
 
 Municipia 232- 
 
 MaK«/ pronunciare, or propcnere 
 277 
 Mufculnt 237 
 
 Mufick of the Army 238 
 
 MUTIUS 6,7 
 
 Mnmllontt 27<5 
 
 N. 
 Js^w* 34'^^ 
 
 £b X Of
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Of the Names 37° 
 
 i^atalis urbis 9?»94 
 
 Naval Affairs of the Komam, 
 
 239, e^f. 
 
 Naves aperta 
 
 H? 
 
 . covjlrata 
 
 ibid. 
 
 — — — hnga 
 
 24Z 
 
 — — oncraria 
 
 ibid. 
 
 »—— Toftrata 
 
 243 
 
 teEf£ 
 
 ibid. 
 
 — — turrita 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Navis of a Temple 
 
 41 
 
 Naumachia (the PJace^ 46 
 
 NauTfiach!^ (the Spori 
 
 26g,&c 
 
 NE POS 
 
 28 
 
 N ERO 
 
 18 
 
 NE UFA 
 
 2r 
 
 Nervas Arch 
 
 50 
 
 Nohile: 
 
 99 
 
 Nomen 
 
 570 
 
 Nominis delatio 
 
 139 
 
 NonaCaprolina 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Nones 
 
 92 
 
 Notarius 
 
 123 
 
 Novennalia 
 
 360 
 
 Nvi 
 
 99 
 
 NoviJJima verba 
 
 3 59 
 
 Novus homo 
 
 97 
 
 Nuribus reliBis '^'^ 
 
 332 
 
 NUMyi 
 
 4 
 
 NU MERI ^^ N 
 
 25 
 
 NUMITOR 
 
 2,3 
 
 Nummus 
 
 3 74 
 
 Nundiv^ 
 
 89 
 
 Nuts ftrew'd at 
 
 Marriage 
 
 Feafts 
 
 330 
 
 Nymph** 
 
 57 
 
 0. 
 
 
 Cath of thfc Soldiers 
 
 188 
 
 Qholus 
 
 374 
 
 Ocrea 
 
 2o2 
 
 OCTAVIUS or AVGUS TUS 
 
 
 i<5,i7 
 
 OBerer 
 
 a42 
 
 Odeum 
 
 4(S 
 
 ODOACER. 27,28 
 
 Officers in the Army i^9,&c. 
 
 O^KxJ'if 2^ 3 
 
 O LYBRIU S 28 
 
 Omne tulit punBum 133 
 OPILIUS MACRINUS 23 
 
 OThijcLyuyoi 242 
 
 OttKoixx^oi 277 
 
 Optimates 98 
 
 Optionet I94. 
 
 Orchtjira 44 
 
 Orcini lOO 
 
 Or dines primi 195 
 
 ORESTES 28 
 
 O R M IS DAS 50 
 Ornare Apparitoribus, Scribls,&C' 
 125 
 
 Orvari provincta ibid- 
 
 Opiegiutn 358 
 
 q/?2« (the Port) 239 
 OSTORIUS SCAPULA 18 
 
 O TH O 19 
 
 Ovation 224 
 
 Ovilia I J 2 
 
 P. 
 
 PaBum 136 
 P^^d»zV<» (a Sort of Ball) 251 
 
 Palantes 30 
 
 Palaria 2 1 y 
 
 Palatium 50 
 
 PALES 94 
 
 Palilia 95 
 
 P/i//» 319 
 
 Palladium 77 
 
 Palliate (Plays^ 287 
 
 PaUiatus 3O9 
 
 Palmyra 24 
 
 Paludamentum -197, 3^2 
 
 Prf/«; Caprete 95 
 
 Pannici tcrrores 209 
 
 /><j«wflK/« (fubdued) 17 
 
 PANSA 16 
 
 Pantheon 39 
 
 Pantomimi 285 
 PAP IRIUS CURSOR 8 
 
 Paragauda 3 1 j 
 
 P<ir ;»)^<»r 251 
 P»ri0
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Paria componere 
 
 Parma 
 
 Parricidiutn 
 
 Pater pair at us 
 
 Patibulum 
 
 Pat ret confer ipti 
 
 Patricians 
 
 Patrons 
 
 Pay of the Soldiers 
 
 PeBorale 
 
 Pecunia 
 
 Pecunia extraordinaria 
 
 Pecunia ordinaria 
 
 PEDIUS 
 
 TlivlAKovjofQ- 
 
 Penrartilum^ 
 
 Penula 
 
 Percujfto fecuri 
 
 Perones 
 
 PERSEUS 
 
 Perfona 
 
 p ERTt^AX 
 
 Pefci'a 
 
 Petafus 
 
 Petere 
 
 Phalera 
 
 278 
 199 
 
 ^6 
 1 46 
 
 97 
 97,>35 
 
 217 
 202 
 
 ibid. 
 
 \6 
 
 243 
 
 253 
 
 24'^ 
 
 ibid. 
 
 312,317 
 
 H? 
 309 
 
 313 
 
 12 
 
 290 
 
 22 
 284 
 321 
 
 279 
 221 
 
 Place Cwhich reckoned the 
 moft honourable at the Ta- 
 ble) . 368 
 
 Places for burning and bury- 
 
 PHILIP (Einper.) u 
 
 PH I L I P (oi Macedon) 1 2 
 Philippi (the Battle there^ 16 
 
 Phrygians ( Priefts of Cjkle) 8 1 
 Pifts 22 
 
 Pila trigonalis 2 > ^ 
 
 PiU (the feveral Sorts) ibid. 
 Pilani J 90 
 
 Pilea donari l"° 
 
 Pileut 320, ^21 
 
 />;7;«x (the Reward of Gladia- 
 tors) iSo 
 Pilum 200 
 Pinarii 65,66 
 Pinnirapi 276 
 
 p/so 19 
 
 Pitch'd Shifts U7 
 
 ing the Dead 
 
 Planipedes 
 
 Plebeians 
 
 Plehifcita 
 
 Plutei 
 
 PoUicem prewere 
 
 Pollicein vertere 
 
 PoUtn6lores 
 
 Pomtsrium 
 
 Pomcerium proferre 
 
 Pampa Chcen/It 
 
 P O MPET 13 
 
 De pontc dejici 
 
 Pontes 
 
 Pontifices 
 
 Pontifices mftjores 
 
 Pontifices minores 
 
 Pont if ex maximus 
 
 Pontificum cana 
 
 PONTIUS PILATE 
 
 Popa 
 
 Poplifugium 
 
 Populares 
 
 Popularia 
 
 POR.SENNA 
 
 Porta Capena or ^ppia 
 
 • Cartntntalis 
 
 ■ Flatniftia 
 ——Flumentana 
 
 ■ U£via 
 
 • Sail ana 
 
 • Triumphalis 
 
 Portico'/ 
 
 Portitores 
 
 Portoria 
 
 Po'torium 
 
 Pofca 
 
 Pofiulatii aBionii 
 
 Potitii 
 
 Pracingi 
 
 Pracipitatio de Ps jkre 
 
 Pracones 
 
 Praficfiir^ 
 
 B b 
 
 353 
 
 284 
 
 97 
 
 I34.H9 
 238 
 
 279 
 ibid. 
 
 34° 
 
 29.5'^ 
 
 30 
 
 295 
 
 14' "> 
 232 
 
 ibid. 
 
 7i>7i 
 
 71 
 
 ibid. 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
 128 
 
 &6 
 
 9'; 
 
 9S 
 
 44 
 
 57 
 '7 
 
 ibid' 
 ibid, 
 ibid. 
 
 30 
 ibid. 
 
 TI 
 
 rSo 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 '^U 
 219 
 
 »36 
 
 6e, 66 
 308 
 
 i 4 <:' 
 
 Pr^ef.f'iu;
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Prteffrfns £'■* '"'* 
 
 PiM-feBus ch'ffif 
 
 py^fefltis ftimotl 
 
 PrafrBus'Ug'onis 
 
 Pr^ft5iuj pratorio 
 
 Prafdhis 'vi,2:iiam 
 
 Pr<efiEius urbif 
 
 Prafice 
 
 pyalujio 
 
 Pranormn 
 
 PratextA, vid- Tvga. 
 
 Pratextat£ (Plays) 
 
 Prator percgrinus 
 
 P'tetor urhaiius 
 
 Pr£!orium 
 
 Praerors 
 
 Prcetors of the Provinces 
 
 Prandimn 
 
 Prerogative-Century 
 
 Prerogative»Tribe 
 
 Priefts 
 
 Pritiiopitarius 
 
 Primopilus 
 
 Prlncsps juventu'Js 
 
 princfps fsnutm 
 
 Principalis cunjiitutio 
 
 Principes 
 
 P' incipes Centurionum 
 
 principes ordinum 
 
 Principia 
 
 P ROBUS 
 
 PROC^S 
 
 Proconfuls 
 
 Procuratores 
 
 Procuratores C^laris 
 
 ProjeEiio in profluentem 
 
 Pi'olctarii 
 
 Proprsetors 
 
 Proquseftors 
 
 Profcenium 
 
 Profcripti 
 
 Prefcripcio 
 
 Protaps (of the Drama) 
 Provinces 
 
 Provinces ('Confular.^ 
 — — (PracoiianJ 
 
 195 
 III 
 
 244 
 
 IZI 
 
 »93 
 
 III 
 
 ibid. 
 
 278 
 370 
 
 z87 
 III 
 
 ibid. 
 211 
 
 ui.drc- 
 
 127 
 
 365 
 
 132 
 
 ibid. 
 
 64, &C' 
 
 194 
 
 193 
 
 lOI 
 
 149 
 
 190 
 
 193 
 
 ibid. 
 
 212 
 
 24 
 
 , &c. 
 
 Ii8 
 14? 
 131 
 127 
 ibid. 
 
 45 
 
 1 44 
 
 ibid. 
 
 286 
 
 127 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Provincial Magiftrates 24 
 
 Prcvocatores 276 
 
 Publius rhe Mimick 286 
 
 PUBLJUS SCIPIO IX 
 
 PuUarius 68 
 
 PuUata turha 3 1 2 
 
 PuUatorum circuJut ibid. 
 
 Ptdviuaria 84 
 
 Pulijiiii 368 
 
 Pumfbments i4'i.&c. 
 
 Punifhmcnts of the Soldiers 
 219 
 PUPJENI'S 2 1 
 
 Purpura hUgalenJis 296 
 
 Pureal Libonis 5 i 
 
 PttteaJ Scribunium ibid. 
 
 PuticuU, ox Pnticuli 354 
 
 P^r« 35 5 
 
 Pyrrhice, or Saltatio Pyrrhifa 263 
 P YRRHU s 9 
 
 Q 
 
 §lti/tdrans 375 
 
 §luadrig£ 2'y6 
 
 ^ladrigatus 3 7 j 
 
 §luadrirem!s 2^% 
 
 §iuatuor viri viarum curandarum 
 122 
 Qjitefitorcs 1 1 a 
 
 ^(efisores parricidii, vel rerum 
 
 IZi 
 
 CJpltalium I 22, 1 38 
 
 §lii£jiiones 1 09 
 
 §lu<eJior pal at it 1 1 5 
 
 j§« .^y/o?* pritjcipis ibid. 
 
 ^uaflcres peregrini IJ4 
 
 ^rbani ibid. 
 
 S^t/ajlon'i 194 
 
 ^u^eftarium 2 1 1 
 
 Quaeftors 1 1^. 
 
 ^uinafias (Coin) 37J 
 
 Lucius^ I NCTIUS 7 
 
 ^luincunx 203 
 
 ^indecemvi'ri CKeepers of the 
 
 Sibylline Oracles) 79 
 
 ^uinquatrus, or quincjuatria 94 
 
 Si^inqueremit 14-7. 
 
 ^inc^uertium
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ^inquertium 
 
 2n 
 
 ^intana 
 
 211 
 
 ^UINCTILIUS 
 
 24 
 
 ^iris (dea) 
 
 328 
 
 R. 
 
 
 Rudlus 
 
 252 
 
 Recuperatcref 
 
 J35 
 
 Referre ad fenatum 
 
 103 
 
 Regions of the City 
 
 ?4 
 
 KEGULUS 
 
 lo 
 
 Regulatio 
 
 144 
 
 REMUS 
 
 ^33 
 
 Renmciari conful, Scc« 
 
 J34 
 
 Repetere 
 
 278 
 
 Repotia 
 
 331 
 
 Ripudium 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Repudium mittere 
 
 33i 
 
 Retiarius 
 
 2-74 
 
 Review of the Cavalry > 8 5 
 Rent H5 
 
 Rex facrorum or facrificulus 7 3 
 RHEA STL VIA 1,2 
 
 Rings (taken cfFffom Perfons 
 
 juftexpir'd^ 339 
 
 Robigalia 9 5 
 
 RohigOy or Robigut ibid. 
 
 Robur 145 
 
 Rogatio ISO, 141 
 
 Rogui 3 55 
 
 Romanif df Civet Romani, the 
 Difference between them 232 
 Rome built 3 
 
 Sack'd by the Gault 8 
 
 — — Sack'd by Gfw/enV 28 
 ——taken by Odo»cer ibid. 
 the Circuit of it in the 
 
 Ktign oi yalerian l4 
 
 »— Number of Inhabitants 
 ibid. 
 ROMULUS 2,3,4 
 
 Rorarii 1 99 
 
 R0SC/C7S the Player 295 
 Rudiarii 280 
 
 R«^</// (the Reward of Gladia- 
 tors) ibid> 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabinet .7 
 
 Sacellum 38 
 Sacramenta (put for militet, Of 
 
 militia) 1 88 
 
 Sacrifices 84 
 SacrofavBi ('the Tribunes fo 
 
 call'd) 1 15 
 
 Saculum 3°* 
 
 Sagittarii 1 99 
 
 5<»^«>» 3 ' 3 
 
 S«/;2 47 
 SaliiCollim, OTAgonerfet ^ 7$ 
 
 Salii Palatini ibid. 
 
 Salifubfulut ibid. 
 
 S<i/ay?'s Garden 3» 
 
 Salutatio imperatorij 2,2j 
 
 Salutatores 1 07 
 
 Samnite Gladiators 276 
 
 Sandapilonet 34^ 
 
 Sardinia (fubdued) lo 
 
 Sarmatiant 2 1 
 Sarire iSl.d'f. 
 
 Satura hijiori/e ibid, 
 pfr Saturam fententiat exquirere 
 ibid. 
 
 Saturnalia 95 
 
 Saturnian Verfes 2,83 
 
 Scena 4J 
 
 SCIPIO II, IS 
 
 Scorpio 240 
 
 icors 21 
 
 5cr/^<f i23 
 
 Script ur» ^H 
 
 Scutum _ 2oo 
 
 ^r«f<z imbricate ibid. 
 
 5f8;<» OT/tffJ ibid. 
 
 Seftitijfe *;<' 
 
 SeElatores toy 
 
 Securit 1 08 
 
 ^ecutor 275 
 
 SeJHget ^50 
 
 Sembcffa ? 74 
 
 5ew#/ 373 
 
 Semuneia ibid* 
 
 Smaculum 4^ 
 
 B b 4 Tiit
 
 INDEX. 
 
 The Senates ioi,&c. 
 
 Senatorian Age 59 
 
 Senators ^8,&c. 
 
 Senator's Eftate loi 
 
 Senators Sons (their Liberty of 
 coming inro the Houfc) 105 
 Senaroret pc^an'i ibid. 
 
 Senatu fjicere 3^1 
 
 SenatU! indi6ius i''2 
 
 Senatu! hgitimut ibid. 
 
 Ser-atus authoritas 1^3 
 
 Senatuf ccvfuItHm ibid. 
 
 Senatus confulta taciia 104 
 
 Scv'o (aThrow on the Dice)249 
 Septa or Ovilia J 3 - 
 
 Septerr.jyges 
 
 Z^6 
 
 Serra (Way of drawing up an 
 Army) 206 
 
 Servitus I4J 
 
 SER^IUS TULLIUS 4 
 
 Sfjiertium %7Ai'i7S 
 
 way of counting by Sefterces 
 ibid. 
 Scflertius 
 S EFE RUS 
 SEVE RI AU 
 Sextans 
 Shoes 
 
 ShowofWi]d Beafls 
 S 1 B TLS 
 S IC A MBR I 
 C. S ICC I US Dentatu! 
 Sicily (fubduedj 
 
 375 
 22,25,28 
 
 379 
 322 
 
 80 
 
 17 
 
 223 
 
 10 
 
 Sportula 
 
 Sporttitn 
 
 Stadia 
 
 Stationcs 
 
 Status of a Play 
 
 Stibadium 
 
 Stipcndium 
 
 Stola 
 
 SiraguJa 
 
 Strangulatio 
 
 Suhjula 
 
 Succenturiones 
 
 Sudes 
 
 SUEFI 
 
 Suggruvdarium 
 
 SULP IGJUS 
 
 Suovetaurili'a 
 
 Supplicatio 
 
 S YLL/1 
 
 SigRsof Grief at Funerals 349 
 
 Silicernia 36 1 
 
 Sinus of the Gown 306 
 
 Sit i elms 345 
 
 Soccus 289 
 
 Socii 184 
 
 SodaUsTitii n,&C' 
 
 Sodalltia 177 
 
 SoUa 3 24 
 Sole,e puird off at Fejfts 368 
 
 Sort it io judicum 139 
 
 5;><i«//?) Swords 199 
 
 Spoil a oplma 227 
 
 .375 
 ibid. 
 
 219 
 285 
 
 367 
 
 233 
 319 
 
 367 
 145 
 242 
 
 75 
 
 194 
 
 212 
 
 17 
 
 335 
 
 13 
 
 115 
 
 213 
 13 
 
 TaheUa votiva 245 
 
 TabelU I30 
 
 Tabernaria (a Sort of Play) 287 
 
 Jii^/ff marked with A 133,140 
 
 Trf^/ff mark d with C I40 
 
 Tablet mark'd with N L. ibid. 
 
 Tablet mark'd with U R. 
 
 T^C ITUS (£mper.) 
 
 Talent 
 
 Tali 
 
 Talio 
 
 Tarentive War 
 
 TARSlUINlUS PRISCUS 
 
 TAR01U1N the Proud 
 
 Titus T jf T lU S 
 
 TempUnn 
 
 Temple of Janus 
 
 T«mple oi Saturn 
 
 Teruncius 
 
 Terminalia 
 
 Tefera 
 
 Tejfera, 5c tejferarum Indus 249 
 Tefferariuf 
 
 133 
 
 24 
 
 375 
 
 249 
 
 143 
 8 
 
 4.6 
 
 31 
 
 38 
 
 4' 
 
 ibid. 
 
 373 
 
 9i 
 
 243 
 
 210, 215
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Tejftrartus 
 Teftudo 
 
 Teutones 
 
 Thalajpus 
 
 Theatre 
 
 Theatre of Scaurus 
 
 Theatre of Pompey 
 
 THEODORIC theGoth 
 
 Thenfa 
 
 THEODOSIUS 
 
 Thracian Gladiators 
 
 Tiara 
 
 TIBERIUS 
 
 Tibia 
 
 • Dextra 
 
 • impuris 
 
 — Lydia 
 
 • pares 
 
 — — Phrygia 
 
 ■■ Sarrana 
 
 - " Jtniftra 
 
 Tibialia 
 
 TIGRA NES 
 
 Tirones 
 
 TITUS (EmperJ 
 
 Toga 
 
 " ■' alba 
 
 " Candida 
 
 ' libera 
 
 " palmata 
 
 />;*^/« 
 
 » ■ ■ Pratexta 
 
 ' pull a 
 
 • pura 
 
 213 
 
 237 
 303 
 
 44 
 
 ibid. 
 
 28 
 
 296 
 
 purpurea 
 
 — fordida 
 virilis 
 
 27 
 276 
 322 
 
 I? 
 
 292 
 
 293 
 
 ibid. 
 
 ib. 294 
 
 . 293 
 lb 294 
 
 293 
 ibid. 
 
 319 
 
 13, 14 
 2!6 
 20 
 306, C^'f' 
 ibid, 
 ibid. 
 311 
 108, 312 
 ibid. 
 309 
 3U 
 ibid. 
 312 
 311 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Togat£ fSort of Plays) 287 
 Togatus (oppos'd to Palliatut) 
 309 
 Tor all a 367 
 
 Tornamenta 26 g 
 
 Torques 221 
 
 Trabea 3 1 3 
 
 Trabeata (Sort of Plays) 287 
 Tragedy 286 
 
 TKAIAU 31 
 
 Trajan s Pillar 
 
 
 53 
 
 TrartfaEiio 
 
 
 136 
 
 TeiAKovlc^©- 
 
 
 243 
 
 Triarii 
 
 
 19a 
 
 Tribu movere 
 
 
 ilg 
 
 Tribes of the Ci 
 
 ity 
 
 34,133 
 
 Tribunal 
 
 
 3U 
 
 Tribunes (Junior.) 
 
 185 
 
 Tribunes (Senior) 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Tribunesof the People 11$ 
 Tribunes of the Soldiers 183, 
 194 
 
 Tribuni angufiiclavii 125 
 
 ' comitiati ibid, 
 
 ■ ararii 218 
 
 ■- ■■ ■ laticlavii 195 
 
 — — — milicum,confuJari potejlaie 
 
 r I! full 19"; 
 
 Tribunus, (ot Prafelius) Celerum 
 
 120 
 
 Tribunitia potefiate dottatl 1 1 C 
 
 Tribuf rufiide 133 
 
 ' Urbana ibid. 
 
 Tributa 2? 4 
 
 Triclinium 360 
 
 Triens ^T^,^!^ 
 
 Trierarchus 244. 
 
 TtiYi^ili 24I 
 
 Tripudium 68 
 
 ' folliflimum ibid. 
 
 ~ fomviam ibid- 
 
 Trircmis 242 
 
 Triumph 242, e>"r. 
 
 Triummri A- A- M- F- F. 1 2 1 
 — capi tales ibid- 
 
 " monetales ibid, 
 
 ■ -~ noBurni ibid. 
 
 Triuncis 37:? 
 
 Trochus 251 
 
 T ROy A, or Ludus TVok 259, 
 
 Trophies 5 5 
 
 r«^« 2 r 5{ 
 
 Tublcines ibid. 
 
 TuUianum j ,1 5 
 
 TULLUS HOSTILIUS '4 
 Tumuli inams, ot honotarii :3r9 
 2a;;,V.-r
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Tanisa ^13, bmjC^'c 
 
 •- angtt/ticlavia 315,^16 
 
 —• laticlavia ibid. 
 
 • — -• falmata 314 
 
 Tnnic^e talaret ibid. 
 
 Turns dt 1 92 
 
 Tarres mokikt 237 
 
 Turres (Way of drawing up an 
 Army) 206 
 
 Tutulus 
 
 V. 
 
 Vadari reum 1 39 
 
 VALENTINUtJ the firft 26 
 " ' the fecond 27 
 
 ————— the third ibid- 
 
 VALERIAtJ 23 
 
 FyiLEKlUS POPLICOLA 7 
 
 Vallum 212 
 
 Varronian Satire 284 
 
 VATIC AUm or VAGHAWJ^ 3 3 
 VeBi gales 233 
 
 ^£// 7,8 
 
 Velites 1 90 
 
 Venaiia dirtploni$ 266 
 
 Ventilatio 279 
 
 ^ew«5 (Throw on the Dice) 1^9 
 
 Verfura 
 Venere arnia 
 VESPASIAN 
 Ve/PelloneT 
 Vejial Virgins 
 ^^// convivalis , 
 
 U3 
 
 T7I 
 
 278 
 
 J 8, 20 
 
 340 
 
 77,78 
 
 or canatoria 
 
 3<58 
 
 '"~~~"~~~ forenjts 3 6 
 
 VETURIUS MAMURIUS 17 
 VexiOa 221 
 
 Vexiliarii 194 
 
 Vi at ores 
 
 Vice(tmati9 
 
 Vi&ima 
 
 Vi^imarii 
 
 ViBoriatuS 
 
 Figilite 
 
 yigintiviratui 
 
 Fill's area 
 
 Villa publica 
 
 Vincula 
 
 VindiHa 
 
 Vinea 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 Vifceratio 
 
 VITELLIUS 
 
 Vitis 
 
 Vitem pofcere 
 Vites 
 Vina 
 
 Umbo of the Shield 
 — of the Gown 
 XJncia 
 Volfci 
 
 Uriis vatalis 
 IJfrina 
 
 w. 
 
 War (how declar'd) 
 Watch word 
 Ways 
 
 X. 
 
 XANTIP PUS 
 XERXES 
 
 Xyjii 
 
 Of the Roman Year 
 
 110 
 
 219 
 
 84 
 
 86 
 
 372 
 
 Il2 
 
 122 
 
 348 
 
 47 
 
 Hi 
 100 
 
 237 
 
 iia 
 
 S6i 
 
 19,20 
 
 .'94 
 
 ihid. 
 
 219 
 
 85,319 
 
 200 
 307 
 375 
 7 
 95 
 355 
 
 2:9 
 
 209 
 
 I» 
 47 
 
 Z. 
 
 ZEtJOBIA 
 
 SCR IP-
 
 SCRIPTORES 
 
 Qui in duodecem Tomis Thefauri Antiquitatum 
 Romanarum, a Magno G r ^ v i o congefti, 
 inveniuntur. 
 
 TOM. I. 
 
 OC TA V. Terrarius de Origine Komanorum. 
 Paulus Alanut'ms de Civitate Romana. 
 Carolus s'tgonius de antique jure civium Rtmanorum* 
 Onuphrius Panv'tnius de civitate Romana, 
 
 * de Imperio Romano. 
 
 Paulus Manutius de Comitlis Romanoriim, 
 Nicolaus Gruchius de Comitiis Romanorum. 
 
 ■ Refponfio ejufdem ad binas C. S'tgomi repreh$nfioms. 
 Caroli Sigonh pofterior cum Nicolao Gruch'to difputatio, de binis Co- 
 mitiis & lege Curiata. 
 
 Nicolai Gruchil ad pofteriorem C. Sigonit difputationem refutatio. 
 Carolus Slgon'ms de lege Curiata Magiftratuum 6c Imperatorum, Sc 
 
 eorum jure. 
 Paulus Manutius de Senatu Romano. 
 joannes Sarius Zamofchius de Senatu Romano, 
 
 T O M. IL 
 
 Paulus Manutius de Legibus Romanis. 
 
 Antonius Auguftinus de Legibus, cum Notis Fulvii Urjini. 
 
 Carolus Sigonius de antiquo jure Ital'u. 
 
 " — De antiquo jure Provinciarum. 
 
 ■ « — De judiciis. 
 
 Sibrandus Tetardus Siccama de JudI<:io centumvirali. 
 
 Franc'ifcus Hottomanus J. C. de Magiftratibus RoTaanorunt^ eorum- 
 
 que Inftitutione. 
 *■ ' • De Senatu & Senatus Confulto. 
 »■■ — - De Formulis antiquis, 
 Jiicolai Rigaltii, Ifmaells Bullialdif & Henrici Gale/it, Obfervatlones 
 
 de Populis Fundis. 
 Carolus Sigonins de Nonxinibus RomamrMm^ 
 
 Ontt^hr'uis
 
 Thefaur. Grav. Catalog. 
 
 Onuphr'ms Panvhtius de antiquis Romanorum Nominibus. 
 
 ^ofephi Cijjlalionis J. C. adverfus Foeminarum Prjenominum afTcr- 
 
 tores difputacio. 
 " ■ De antiquis Puerorum Prxnominibus. 
 
 TOM. III. 
 
 Tranc'ifcm Robortellus de Provinciis Romanorum, dc earum diftribu- 
 
 tione atque adminiftratione. 
 - — De Judiciis, & omni confuetudine caufas agendi apud 
 
 Romanos. 
 Junius Rabirius de Haftamm & Auftionum origine. 
 Irancifcus Robortellus de Magiftratibus Imperatoruni. 
 * De Gradibus Honorum 6c Magiftratuum Romanorum, 
 
 Guido Pancirollus de Magiftratibus Municipalibus. 
 
 ~ — — De Corporibus Artificum. 
 
 Sextus Kufus de Regionibus Urbis. 
 
 P. ViSlor de Regionibus Rom&. 
 
 "BartholomAi Marliani Uibis Rom& topographia, cum Notis ineditis 
 
 Tulv'i'i Urjini. 
 Onuphrii Panvinii antiquas Urbis imago. 
 G. PanciroUi Urbis RomA Defcriptio. Ejufdem de quatuor Urbis 
 
 regionibus Commentarius, 
 Ceorgii Fabrk'ti Defcriptio Urbis Romi. 
 Alexandri Donati Roma vetus ac recens, utriufque aedificiis ad eru- 
 
 ditam cognitionem expofitis. 
 
 TOM. IV. 
 
 Tamiani Nardini Roma Vetus, lib. VIII. ex Ital'tca in Latinam Lin- 
 
 guam tranflati a Jacobo Tollio. 
 Otiavii FalcoKerii, de Pyramide C. CeJIii Epulonis, DifTertatio. 
 •- Ad Carolum Datum, V, CL. Epiftola de latere ex xdi- 
 
 ficii Veteris ruderibus eruto, quum paries ad inftaurandum Pan- 
 
 thei Porticum, A, 1661. dirueretur. 
 Ifaaci Vojfti de antiqua Urbis RomA Magnitudine. 
 Olai Borrichii, de antiqua Urbis Rowa: facie, Diflertatio compendiaria. 
 Sexti J.'dii Trontini, de Aquasduftibus Urbis Rami, Commehtarius. 
 Raphaelh Tabretti, de Aquis & Aqua^duftibus Urbis Roms, Diflertati- 
 
 ones tres. 
 ^oannh Chifletii Aqua Virgo, fons RomA celeberrimus, 5c prifca 
 
 Religione facer; oip\ii Xi.Agrippi, in vetere annulari gemma. 
 LucA Holftenii Commcntariolus in veterem pifturam Nymphasura 
 
 referentem. 
 Petri Ciacconii in Columnae Roftratx Infcriptionem, a fe conjeftu- 
 
 ra Tuppletam, Expiicatio. 
 
 Antique
 
 Thefaur. Gr£V. Catalog. 
 
 Antiquac Infcriptionis qua L, Scipionis, F. Barbaii, expreflum eft 
 
 elogium, Explanatio : Auftore Jacobo Sirmondo. 
 Jofephus Cajialio de Templo Pacis ; atque ex occafione, de Jani 
 
 Gemini Templo, bellique portis, 
 . Ejufdem Explicatio ad Infcriptionem Augufti, quae in 
 
 ball eft Obelifci ftacuti per Sixtum V. Ponr. ante Portam Flami' 
 
 niam^ alias PopuH. 
 Petri Angeli Barui de privatorum publicorumque aedificiorum Ur- 
 
 bis Rom£ everlbribus Epiftola. 
 
 • Commentaiius de Obelifco. 
 
 Jofephi Cafiallonh, de Columna Triumphali Imp. Antomni^ Com- 
 
 mentarius. 
 Fragmenta Veftigii Veteris Komi, ex Lapidibus Tarnefianh nunc 
 
 primum in lucem edita, cum Notis jfo. Belloni't, 
 Huic Tomo praemittitur Liv'tnl Crw^lii Defcriptio faciei varionim 
 
 Jocorum Urbis Roins,, tarn antique quam novae in XV. Tabulis 
 
 aeri incifa. 
 
 TOM. V. 
 
 ^acob't Guthmi, de veteri jure Pontificio Uibis Rotm, libri quanior.^ 
 jf(7. Andrei Bofii, de Pontifice Maximo B.omA Veteris, Exercitaiio 
 Hiftorica. 
 
 ■ - Ejufdem, de Pontificatu Maximo Imperatorum Romano- 
 rum^ Exercitatio Hiftorica altera. 
 
 Mic. Angelas Caufeus (de la Cliaufle) de infignibus Pontificis Maxi- 
 
 mi, Flaminis Dialis, Auguris, &: inftrumento Sacrificantium. 
 Auguftim Niphi, de Auguriis, libri duo. 
 j?«/. C&far Bulengerus de Sortibus. 
 De AuguriisSc Aufpiciis. 
 
 ■ . De Ominibus. 
 • De Prodigiis. 
 
 ■■■■■ De Terra; Motu, & Fulminibus 
 
 l}oh. Bapt. Belli Diatriba de partibus Templi Auguralis. 
 
 Johannes Pierius Valeriantis de Fulminum fignificationibus. 
 
 Jufii Lipfii, de VeJIa & Veftalibiis, Syntagma. 
 
 Ezechielis Spanhemii de Nummo Smyrn&orum, feu de VeJla & Prjta- 
 nibtis Gncorum, Diatriba. 
 
 Antiqux Tabulae Marmorex, folis effigie fymbolifque exfculptse, 
 explicatio. Auftore Hicr. Aleandro Juniore. Acceliit non abiirai- 
 lis argumenti expofitio figilloruin Zonx vetercm ftatuam mar- 
 mcream cingentis. 
 
 Michaelis Angeli Caufei Deorum Simulacra, Idola, alixque Imagi- 
 nes xrex. 
 
 ^0. Baptijii Hanfinii, de Jure-jurando Veterum, Liber, 
 
 ttephanus Trelieriui de Jure-jurando. 
 
 Erydj
 
 Thcfau. Grav, Catalog. 
 
 Erycii Puteam de Jure-jmando antiquorum Schediafma, m quo de 
 
 Puteali Libonis, 
 Marc't Zuerit Boxhornu, & aliorum, Quaeftiones ^mant. 
 
 TOM. VI. 
 
 Iranc'tfcus Bernardus Ferrarius de veterum Acclamationibus5c Plaufu. 
 
 Petrus Eerthaldas de Aia 
 
 Bened'i£tns Bacchinus de Siftris, eonimque figuris, ac differentia, 
 
 Cafparus Sagittarius de Janiiis Veterum. 
 
 Laz,arus Bayfius de Re Veftiaria, 
 
 Oefav'ms Ferrarius de Re Veftiaria. 
 
 jilbertus B^ibenius dt re Veftiaria Vr.teium, praecipue de Lato Clavo. 
 
 O^avii Ferrarii Analedla de Re Velliaria. 
 
 Jo. Bapt. Donius de utraque Pxnula. 
 
 Bartholus Bartholinus de Penula. 
 
 uildus Manuttus de Toga Romanorum. 
 
 » De Tunica I{omanorum, 
 
 » De Tibiis Veterum. 
 
 Theophllus Raynaudus de Pileo, cceterifque Capitis tegminibus, tarn 
 faais quam profanis. 
 
 TOM. VII. 
 
 I(khardus Streinnius de Gentibus & Familiis Romanorum. 
 
 Antonius A'^gufiinus de Familiis Romanorum. 
 
 Familise Romania nobiliores, z Fulvit Uifini Commentariis. 
 
 Notitia Dianit.itum utriifque Imperii, ultra Arcadit Honori'ique 
 tempora : & in earn G. PanciroUi J. U. D. celeberrimi, Commen- 
 tarius. 
 
 Marmor Pifanum, de Honore Bijfellii. Parergon inferitur de Vete- 
 rum Sellis; cura Val. Chinienielln ], C. Accedit Myodia, five, de 
 Mufcis odoris P'tfanis, Epiftola. 
 
 TOM. VIII. 
 
 Vetus Kalendarium Romanorum, e marmore dcfcriptuoi, in i€di- 
 -. bus Maffiorum ad A^rippinam, 
 
 Petri Ciacconit Toletani Notas in vetus Romanorum Kalendarium. 
 lulvii Vrfini Notx ad Kalendarium rufticum Farnefianum. 
 Kalendarii fragmentum quod vifitur in i^dibus Capranicorum. 
 Sibrandi siccam& Commentarius in Faftos Kalendares Romanorum. 
 Aliud vetus Kalendarium, quod in libris antiquis pra£figitur Faftij 
 
 Ovidii. 
 Kalendarium Romanum Tub. Imp. Confiantio Imp. Conjlantini mag- 
 
 ni Filio. ci^ca ann, Chrift. 354. compofitum. 
 
 Lambnit
 
 Thelaur. Grav. Catalog. 
 
 Lambeci't Nqtae in Kalendariiim vetus. 
 
 Thorns, Dempften Kaiendarium B^omanum, 
 
 Dionyjti Petavii Kaiendarium vetus Romanian, cum ortu occafuque 
 
 Stellaium. 
 Peiri Gajfendi Kaiendarium S^manum compendiofe expofitum. 
 Petri VioU Vueiwids Veteii nuvaque Romanorum lemporum ratione 
 
 libellus. 
 Jidrianm Junius de Annis & Menfibus, 
 
 • — ejufdem Faftorum liber. 
 
 Joannes Lalamantius de Anno l^omano. 
 
 ■f^. Jacobus Chrijlmanus de Kalendario Romano. 
 
 Francifcus I{oborteUus Utmenjis^ de Menfium appellatione ex nomi- 
 
 nibus Impp. 
 Jofephns Scali^er de Veteri Anno R^manorttm. 
 Dionyfms Petavius de Veteri Anno Kcmanorum. 
 Samueits Petiti Eclogx Chronologica: de Anno & Period© vcterum 
 
 RomanoruTT}, 
 Wtlhelmus Langius de veteri Anno F^rrMnorum. 
 Erycii Puteant de Biflexto liber 
 Petrus Tajfiniis de veterum Romanorum Anno Secular!, ejuCque po- 
 
 tiflimum per ludos Seculares celebritate, eorumque Cbronologia. 
 Erycii Puteani de Nundinis Romants Liber. 
 
 E. Georgii Tholofani Syntagmate Juris, de Nundinis & Mercatibus. 
 Jcannis Baptiji& Belli Diatriba de Pharfaltci Conflidus Menfe Sc 
 
 Die. 
 Petri Merejielli Philomufus five de triplici Anno Romamrum,^ Menfi- 
 bus eorumque partibus, deque Die civili, 5c diverfitate Dieium, 
 
 Hbri quinque. 
 » ■ Alypius, five de Prifcorum Rcmanorum Ferii« liber. 
 
 Julius Cdfar Bulengerus de Tributis ac Veftigalibus PopuU Romaiif, 
 Vincentii Contareni, de Frumentaria Romanorum Lar^itione, liber. 
 Joannis Shejferi Agrippa liberator, five Differtati.D de novis rabulii^, 
 Barnabas Brijfonius de Ritu Nuptiarum, 3c Jure Connubiorum. 
 Antonii Hotman/u, J. C. de veteri Ritu Nuptiarum, obfervatio, 
 «■ De Sponfalibus, de veteri Ritu Nuptiarum, & jure 
 
 Matrimoniorum, item de Spuriis 3c Legitimatione. 
 Joannes Menrfius de Luxu Romanorum. 
 Staniflai Kobierzykii, de Luxu Romanorum, Commentarius. 
 Joachimi Joanms Muderi de Coronis, Nuptiarum praefertim, facris 
 
 6c profanis, libellus. 
 
 TOM. IX. 
 
 Cnuphr'ms Panvintus Veronenfis de Ludis Circenfibus, cum Notis 
 
 loanhis Argoli J. U. D. & additamenta Nicolai Pmell J. C. 
 Jtd'mi Cifar BuUngerits jHliodumnJis, Doctor Theologus, de Circo 
 
 5 KemanOf
 
 Thcfaur. Grav. Catalog, 
 
 Romano, Ludifque Circenfibus, de Venatione Circl & Amphi- 
 tlieatji, ac de Tlieatro. 
 
 OKuphriuf Panvin'ms Veronenfis, de Ludis Secularibus, liber. 
 
 jigepiai Marefcotti de Peifonis & Laivis, earamque apud Vetercs 
 ufiriSc origine, Syntngmation, 
 
 Marquard'i Freheri Cccropiftroinachla, antiqua Duelli Gladiatorii 
 Sculptiira in Sardonyche expofita. Cum Notis Henrici Gunterit 
 Thuiemarll, J. U. DocV. 
 
 Jiifii Lip/it Satuinalium Sermonum libii duo, qui de Gladiatoribus, 
 
 ■ Ejufdem de Amphithearro liber : in quo forma ipfa lo- 
 
 ci expreffe, 6c ratio fpedandi : Ut &, de Amphitheatris quae extra 
 Romam funt, libellus: in quo form £e eorum aliquot 5c typi. 
 
 Onuphrii Panvimi de Triumplio Commentarius, Noiis & Figuris 
 illuftratus a joach'imo 'Joanne Mudero. 
 
 TOM. X, 
 
 Nicolai Bergkr'ii^ de publicrs & militaribus Imperii /low<i»/ Viis, li- 
 bri quinque, ^c. ex Gallica in Latinam Linguam tranflati ab 
 Henr, Chr, Henninio. 
 
 Benr. Chri, Henniaii Notae ad Bergierhim. 
 
 Francifci Patricii Res Miliiaris S^mana^ ex Itallca in Latinam Lin- 
 guam verfa Ladolpho Neccoro. 
 
 Hygml Grammat'icl ii. Polybii MegalopoUtani, de Caftrjs Romanis, qua; 
 extant; cum Notis 5c Animadverficnibus Ratbordi Hermanm 
 Schelil. 
 
 Rat. Herm. SihcU'i Dilfertatio de Sacramentis. 
 
 •— — — De Guftodia Caftrorum. 
 
 _ ^ De Stipendio Militari. 
 
 .— De Stipendio Equeftri. 
 
 • De Stipendio Duftorum. 
 
 •- De Die Stipendii. 
 
 .De Frumento 5c Vefte. 
 
 ^ De Tribute 5c yErario. 
 
 . De Pra:da. 
 
 . De Viftu Militum. 
 
 ______ De Itinere. 
 
 .^. De Agmine PolyLiano, 
 
 li De Agmine Vefpajiani. 
 
 «- De Cohortibus Legionis antlquae. 
 
 C. L. Salmafii, de re Militari Komanorum, liber. Opus pofthumum. 
 
 5o. Henrici Boecteri Difl'ertatio de Legione Romana. 
 
 Trancifcus Rohortellus Utinenfis, 1. de Legionibus Komanorum ex Tft- 
 one, lib. 4. II. de Commodis, Prsemiis, 5c Donis Militaribus. 
 III. de Pceni.s militum, 6c Ignominiis. 
 
 Ur'^cii Vnteani, do Stipendio Militari Zi)^\i^Komanoi, Syntagma: quo 
 modus ejus, hadenus ignoratus, conftituitur. 
 
 2 Vincentji
 
 Thefauf. Grav. Catalog,' 
 
 Vincentii Contareni^ de Milliari Romanorum Stipeiidio, Commentci« 
 
 rius. 
 Michael Angelus Caufeus, cfe SignisMilitaiibuS. 
 Pefrl K^mi de Militia jf«//i C^jarls^ liber. 
 
 TOM. XL 
 
 Ezechielis Spanhemli Orbis Romanus, feu ad Conftitutionen A^'itonmi 
 
 Imperatoris, de qua Vlpianus leg. 17. Dig. de Statu Hoiiiinum, 
 
 Exercitationes duaj. 
 Tafti Magiftratuum Romanorum ab Urbe coadita ad tempera Divi 
 
 Vefpa/iam Augujii^ a Stephana Vinando P'lghio fuppletis Capitolinis 
 
 Pragmentis reftitutf. 
 Defcriptio Confulum, ex quo primi ordinati funt ; five Integri Fafti 
 
 Confulares quos Idatlans dudi viri liaftenus appellarunt, opera 
 
 5c ftudio Philippi Labbe. 
 Tironis Profperi, A^mtani, Chronicon integrum ab Adamo ad Romatn 
 
 captam a Genferico, Wand. Rege. 
 Fafti Confulares Anonymi, quos e codice MS. Bibliothecae Ci/j- 
 
 reA deprompfit, &: dillertatione illuftravit, F. Henrkiis Noris. 
 Anonymus de Prasfedis Urbi ex temporibus Galieni ; ut & frag- 
 
 mentum Faftorum ab Anno Chrifii 205. ad 353. ex editione 
 
 JE^idii Bucherii, 
 Epiftola Confularis, in qua Collegia LXX. Confulum ab Anno 
 
 ChriftjanA Epochte XXIX. Imperii Tiberli AHgtifli decimo quinto, 
 
 ufque' Annum CCXXIX. Imperii Alexnndri Severi oftavum, in 
 
 Vulgatis Faftis haftenus perperam defcripra. cnrrisimtur, fup- 
 
 plenriir. -V ."lii.n-,.-..,*,,... a. .«•«.-» v f^mrico Noris Veronenji, Ati' 
 
 gufliniano. 
 Sertorii Urfati, Equitis, de 2^!?mJ^?»^;wr«?» Commentarius. 
 Didertationes de Nummis Antiquis, diviio; in quatuor partes, Auc- 
 
 tore Ludovico Savoto^ Ex Gatlica in Latinam Linguam tranftulit 
 
 L. Neocorus. 
 \Alberti Rubenii DifTertatio de Gemma Tiherlana 5c Augufiia. 
 
 De Urbibus Neocoris Diatribe. 
 
 Marquardi Freheri, Confiliarii Palatini, de Re Monetaria veterum 
 
 Koinanormn^ 5c hodierni apud Gerniatioi Imperii. 
 KobertHS Cenalis de vera menfurarum ponderumque Ratione. 
 LucA P£ti Juris Confulti, de Menfuris 5c Ponderibus R.otnants 5c 
 
 Gr£cis, cum his qux hodie I(om& funt, collatis, Libri quinque. 
 Prifciani C&farieTijis, Rhemnii Farwii, Bedd AngU, Volitfii Metiani, 
 
 Balbi ad Celfum, Libri de Nummis, Ponderibus, Menfuris, Nu- 
 
 meris, eorumque Notis, 8c de vetere computandi per digitos 
 
 ratione, ab Elia Vtmto Santom emendati, ut 5c a j. Frederico 
 
 Gronovio. 
 '^lexandri Serdiy Fcrrarienjis, de Nummis liber, in quo prifca Gr^- 
 
 corum 5c Romamritm pecunia ad noftri seris rationem rediiitur. 
 ^ C € TOM.
 
 Thefau. Gr£V. Catalog. 
 TOM. XII. 
 
 V'lncent'ms Hut'm de calido, frigido, 8c temperato Amiquorum po^ 
 
 tu, & quo modo in deliciis uterentur. 
 Julius Cdfar Bidengerui de Conviviis : libri quatuor. 
 Erycii Puuam reliquiae Convivii Prifci, turn ritus alii, & cenfurae.' 
 ^7jdres. Baccit de Thermis veterum, liber fingularis. 
 Franc/fci I{ohcrielli Laconici ; feu Sudationis, quas adhuc yifitur ia 
 
 ruina Balnearum/'//^»^ Urbis, explicatio. 
 Traijcifci MarU iurrigii Nota; ad retuftiffimam Urfi Togati, Ludi 
 
 Pila; vitreie inventoris, infcriptionena. 
 Martini Li^enii Strenaruni Hiftoria, a prima Origine per diverfas 
 
 Regum, Confulum, & Imperatorum l^omanorum, nee non Epif- 
 
 coporum astates ad noftra ufque tempora. 
 Mi-irci CfAeihomii, de Fabrica Triremium, liber. 
 Conjlamrai Opelii de Fabiica Triremium, Oi/leibomtana Epiftola per- 
 
 brevis ad amicum. 
 Ifaaci Vojfi de Triremium 5c Liburnicarumconflruftione diflertatio. 
 ^acobi Philippi Thotnajini, de Donariis ac Tabellis Votivis, liber 
 
 fingularis. 
 Vincenit: Alfanii, de Invidia 5c Fafcino Veterum, libellus.. 
 Joannis Sheffert, de Antiquorum Torquibus, Syntagma. 
 Michaelis An^Mi Cattfei Diflertationes tres, 
 
 — 1. De Vafis, BuUis, Armillis, Fibulis, Annulis, Clavibus^ 
 
 Tefleris, Stylij, Strigilibus, Guttis, Phialis Lachrymatoriis, & de 
 
 Alanibus icncio vota ••efcrentibus. 
 
 •—II. De Mutini SiniuUs.-;-. 
 
 «— III, De Mn&h Antiquorum Lucernis. 
 '06lavii Ferrarii Diflertaiio de Veterum Lucernis Sepulchralibus Pic- 
 
 turae antiquas Sepulchri Nafo-morum in Via Flaminia, delinpatas & 
 
 ari incifas, a Peiro San^o Bartolo ; explicatae vero 5c illuftratsc a 
 
 Joanne Petro Bellorio ; ex Italica Lingua in Latinam vertit LudoU 
 
 fhus Neocorus, 
 jAcobi Gutherii de jurae Manium, feu de ritu, more & Legibus pri/^ 
 
 ci Funeris, libri tres. 
 « —> ■■ Choartius major, vel de Orbitate toleranda ad Annum 
 
 J^hertum J. C. Pra^fario. 
 Peiri Morefielli Pompa Feralis, five Jufta Funebria Veterum : Libri 
 
 decern. 
 
 FINIS,
 
 BOOKS Printed for R. K n a p l o c k, at th^ 
 BiihopVHead in St. Paul'j Church-yard. 
 
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