Z^V, A A READING &> 1 LANGUAGE | LESSONS R EVENING SCHOOLS WILLIAM ^ E-CHANCELLOR Hid iV /c ST A'TE MOIMAI. SCHCK^L LOS ANGEIJSS. CAUi-OBi^iA -i-ix^oiiKU ■LOS Al^Q^i^^o .v^, ^ . ^ • " READING AND LANGUAGE LESSONS FOR EVENING SCHOOLS BY WILLIAM E. CHANCELLOR SUPKRINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, NORWALK, CONN. WITH AX INTRODUCTION BY MRS. MONTAYNE PERRY FORMERLY DIRECTOR OF NIGHT SCHOOLS IN SALEM, MASS. NEW YORK •: CINCINNATI :• CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Copyright, 1904, 1912, bt WILLIAM E. CHANCELLOR. Entered at Stationers' Hall, London. BSADIN(: AND LANOUAQE. W. P. 13 zs C 3^T PREFACE The purpose of this book is to present a series of practical lessons in reading, spelling, and language for the foreign-born and for adult beginners. The method is that of the word with the object represented picto- rially. This method is combined with a system of ele- mentary instruction in the principles and practice of English speech and writing. All the lessons are based upon class-room experience in teaching the foreign-born. The subject-matter is familiar to students of evening schools. In all of the lessons talking the language precedes writing it. This text-book is designed for use in classes composed of students of several nationalities as well as in classes of but one nationality. It may also be used in classes of native-born adults who do not read and write English. Evening-school students wish to know the vernacular, both spoken and written, and are not concerned with language as a means of understanding literature. They study English for the sake of communicating with others, and need an accurate and fairly large vocabulary of words relating to common matters. The subject is here presented in a plain, direct, matter- of-fact, conversational way, such as has been found suc- cessful through a period of years. In the preparation of this book several teachers have given helpful counsel, among whom I am especially in- debted to Mr. Frederic N. Brown, Principal of the Bloomfield Evening Schools, and to Mrs. Montayne Perry, formerly Director of a Night School in Salem, Mass., who has supplied the introduction, showing how to use the book. W. E. C. iii CONTENTS PAGE How TO Use this Book v Reading fur Adult Beginners ..... 1 Lessons in Language 83 5v HOW TO USE THIS BOOK « DIRECTIONS FOR THE DAILY GUIDANCE OF TEACHERS AND LEARNERS I Study the reading lessons to page 15. Learn to pronounce and spell all the words on page 15. On pages 11 and 12, write a paragraph about each picture, answering the questions at the bottom of the page. — JR«ad page 83. Answer all the questions. Learn the lines in italics. Make a sentence about each of the words at the bottom of the page. Study page 84 and fill the blank spaces, as directed. Write simple subjects for these statements : went home. will go tomorrow. can swim. are flying. Write modified subjects for tliese statements : is very pretty. are sour. are heavy. are sweet. ran away. cannot go. n Study the reading lessons on pages 16-23. Learn to spell all the words on page 24. Write answers to the questions on page 19. Write answers to the questions on page 21 . vi n01V TO USE THIS BOOK Copy the luinies of the thirteen original states. Fill the blank spaces in the sentences on page 85. Study pages 85 and 86 very carefully. Write a modified subject for each verb at the bottom of page 85. Make sentences combining the nouns and verbs, as sug- gested. Ill Study the reading lessons on pages 25-32. Learn to spell all the words on page 33. Describe the picture on page 27 by answering the ques- tions at the bottom of the page. Answer the questions on pages 30 and 32. Fill the blanks in the sentences on page 87. Write sentences, as directed at the bottom of the page. Write answers to the questions on page 88. Underscore all the verbs. IV Study pages 34-37. Answer the questions on page 36. Answer those on page 37. Write five sentences about the sky. Learn to spell the first two columns of words on page 43. Study page 89. Fill the blank spaces in the sentences. Underscore the singular subjects. (The singular is the form that denotes but one. The plural is the form that denotes more than one.) Write sentences, as directed at the bottom of the page. HOW TO USE THIS BOOK Vll Write the plural forms of the following words : boy man baby knife girl woman country wolf baker child daisy half Learn the list of abbreviations on page 90. V Study pages 38-42. Answer the questions on pages 39 and 40. Describe the picture on page 41. Write in sentences basket, people, mountains, command, contains. Learn to spell the last two columns of words on page 43. On page 91, learn the months. Learn to write the name and the abbreviation, and also to tell the number of days in each month. Complete the following sentences by writing the correct dates : My birthday is . Christmas day is . Washington's birthday is America was discovered - President Taft was inaugurated . January and August have each days. is the shortest month in the year. Fill the blank spaces in the sentences on page 92. Write the sentences suggested at the bottom of the page, and underscore the verbs. VI Study pages 44-48. Learn to spell the first two columns of words on page 58. viii UOW TO USE THIS BOOK VII. Review Lessons 1. Write a sentence having a modified subject. 2. Write a sentence having a simple predicate. 8. Write a sentence containing the plural form of the word child. 4. Complete the following sentences by filling the blanks with verbs : The girl . The boys . The bird . The dogs . The children . Some men . 5. Write the abbreviations for street, south, morning, number. Mister, post office, company, railroad, afternoon. United States. 6. Write the name and the abbreviation of the name of each month having thirty-one days. 7. In the following sentences fill the blanks with either /or we: am going. It is . are very busy. She said could not go. have some money. wish • could go. 8. Write the plural forms of hahy, man, knife, grocer. 9. Write sentences containing kerosene, provisions., obey, umbrella, medicine. 10. Write five sentences about American citizenship. 11. Write the names of five common occupations VII Study pages 49-53. Describe tlie picture on page 52. Write five sentences about sugar. Answer the questions on page 53. HOW TO u^i: rui^s book ix Learn to spell the last two columns of words on page 58. Learn the underscored sentence on page 93. Fill the blank spaces, as directed. Write in a sentence each noun at the bottom of the page. Underscore the pronouns used in these sentences. Fill the blank spaces in the sentences on page 9-4. Write the questions suggested at the bottom of the page. VIII Study pages 54-57. Describe the picture on page 56. Answer the questions on pages 54-57. Review the spelling on pages 15, 24, -33, 43, 58. Page 95. Copy the stanza from " The Village Black- smith." Answer the eight questions about this stanza. Secure a book which contains " The Village Blacksmith" and read the whole poem. Make a list of all the verbs in the poem. Write each word at the bottom of page 95 in a sentence. IX Study pages 59—62. AVrite five sentences about salt. Write in sentences convenient, invented, wooden, steam, weight. Describe the picture on page 61. Answer the questions on page 62. Study page 96. Learn the underscored sentences. Fill the blank spaces, as directed. Write sentences, as suggested at the bottom of the page. Fill the blanks on page 97. Underscore each noun once. Underscore each pronoun twice. X HOW TO USE TUIS BOOK X Study pages 63-66. Write live sentences about feathers. Answer the questions on pages 64, 65, and 66. Make a list of all the nouns on page 6Q. Page 98. Learn what is said about adjectives. Fill the blank spaces with adjectives. Study the explanation at the top of page 99. Make phrases with the nouns and adjectives, as sug- gested. XI. Review Lessons Look over all the lessons to page 66 and be prepared to be examined on spelling or dictation. 1. Write a sentence containing two nouns. 2. Write a sentence containing one pronoun and two adjectives. 3. Write a sentence containing a possessive pronoun. 4. Write a sentence having a modified subject and a simple predicate. 5. Write the abbreviations for the names of the win- ter months. Write also the abbreviations of the names of the days of the week. 6. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with adjectives : The blacksmith has and hands. He gave me apples. Coal is a mineral. Copper is a . There arc stripes in the American flag. 7. Write five sentences about the American flag. HOW TO USE THIS BOOE XI 8. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with verbs : The dog . The dogs . The books on the table. The book on the table. The boys going. 9. Write in sentences the singular form of women, stories, children, mice, geese. 10. Write the abbreviations for Avenue, southeast, dozen, New York, Reverend. XII Study pages 67-69. Make sentences containing furnace, bottom, heavier, plugged, channels. Write five sentences about wrought iron. Make a list of all the adjectives on page 69. Answer the questions on page 67. Study the lines on page 100 which contain italicized words. Fill the blank spaces, as directed. Combine the sentences on page 101, as directed. XIII Study pages 70-72. Select five words at the top of page 70, and write each in a sentence. Answer the questions on pages 70 and 71. Make a list of all the nouns on page 72. Study page 102. Learn the correct use of the apos- trophe. What is a contraction? Write five common contractions. xii ]I0]\' TO USE THIS BOOK Write each of the nine contractions, beginning with ilon'U ill a sentence. Write the sentences at bottom of the page, as suggested. Study page 10:5. Learn tlie correct use of has and have. Write answers to the questions on this page. Fill the blank spaces, as directed. XIV Study pages 78-74. Write sentences containing dispute, immediately, tre- mendous, conquered, resist. Make a list of all the verbs and the pronouns on page 74. Read the fable of the "Wind and the Sun" several times, then write it from memory. Copy the stanza at the top of page 104. Answer the twelve questions. Learn the last sentence. Secure a book containing "The One Hoss Shay," and read the whole poem. Make a list of all the nouns in this poem. XV Study pages 75-76. ^ Write compound predicates for the following nouns : bridge, brook, world, property, persons. Make a list of the adjectives on page 75. Answer the questions on page 75. Write the story of "The Kind Mayor". from memory. Study the first two columns of words on page 82. Study page 105. Fill the blanks in the sentences. Do the work suggested at bottom of page 100. Memorize the lines about "The Mountain and the Squirrel." BOW TO USE THIS BOOK XIU XVI. Review Lessons Look over all the lessons to page 76, and be prepared for examination in spelling or dictation. 1. Make a list of the adjectives on page 69. 2. Make a list of the nouns on page 70. 3. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with this, that, these or those : book is mine and book is John's. grapes on the vine are not so sweet as 1 have. 4. Write sentences containing expands, artificial, scarce, support, reflection. 5. In the following sentences, write the contracted forms in full : I don't like him. We're going to visit you. She can't learn her lesson. He doesn't know where his hat is. They're going to visit their mother. 6. Make a list of the pronouns in question 5. Under- score the possessive pronouns. 7. In the following sentences fill the blanks with has or have : I not seen him. She gone home. Mary and Jane gone to church. I think they been here. She been seen near here. 8. Write two sentences containing was. Write three sentences containing were. 9. Write two sentences with plural subjects. Write a rule for the use of capital letters. 10. Combine these five sentences into a single sentence: A dog is running down the street. He is a small, brown dog. He is chasing a squirrel. The squirrel is a large, gray one. The dog is barking furiously. xiv HOW TO USE THIS BOOK XVII Study pages 77-78. Write ten sentences about trades-unions. Write sentences containing the singular form of worJc- men, employers^ societies^ hours. Describe the picture on page 78. Fill the blanks in the following sentences by telling what part of speech each italicized word is : Whale is a . Dangerous is an . Carried is a . Throwing is a . He is a . Eight is an . Rope is a . Make is a . Study the third column of words on page 82. Study about adverbs on page 107. Fill the blank spaces, as directed. Write in a sentence each adverb at the bottom of the page. XVIII Study pages 79-80. Write sentences containing burden^ nutriment., import., plentiful., sivift. Learn to spell the words at the top of page 80. Write ten of these words in sentences. Make lists of the nouns and adjectives on page 80. Answer the questions at the bottom of page 80. Learn italicized sentences on page 108. Write possessive singular and possessive plural forms of hoy, man, sister, cat, girl, child, uncle. Write the sentences at the bottom of page 108, as flirected. HOW TO USE THIS BOOK XV On page 109 combine the groups into single sentences. Copy the following exercise, underscoring each of the adverbs : To-day I took my dog for a walk. I often take him with me, so he came quickly when he heard my whistle, wagging his tail joyfully. He was soon chasing squirrels, but they soon escaped him and chattered saucily at him from the treetops. It was quite cool, so we came home earlier than we usually do. XIX Study page 81. Select ten words and write them in sentences. Fill the blanks in the following sentences by telling what part of speech each italicized word is : Paper is a . Write is a . Is is a . Editor is a . Each is an . Sell is a . Thei/ is a . Great is an . Answer the questions at the bottom of page 81. Study the last column of words on page 82. Learn the italicized lines on page 110. Write the sentences suggested at the bottom of the page. Study page 111. Write the two letters suggested at the bottom of the page. XX. Review Lessons 1. The teacher will dictate fifty review words for spelling. 2. The teacher will dictate five sentences to write. xvi HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 3. Write a letter to Chas. B. Cross, 64 Brookfield Street, New York City, asking him to send fifteen boxes of eolorc'd crayons to your address. 4. Make separate lists of the nouns, the pronouns, the verbs, the adjectives, and the adverbs in the following- exercise : Nearly everything that we wear or use is made or manu- factured from raw material, such as wool, cotton, wheat, iron, or clay. Most of the things we wear are made in large factories which are scattered over the United States. From the eastern cities of Massachusetts we get most of our boots and shoes and cotton and woolen goods. The United States does about one third of the manu- facturing in the world. 'I'hings are made very cheaply here. 5. Write a sentence containing the possessive plural of child. 6. Write sentences in which these words are properly used : were, has, those, that, their. 7. Write a composition of not less than one hundred words about the United States. READING AND LANGUAGE LESSONS FOR EVENING SCHOOLS READING FOR ADULT BEGINNERS THE ALPHABET There are a great many words in the English language, hut only twenty-six letters. These letters in their proper order are called the alphabet. Learn both the printed and the written form of each letter. NAMES OF THE LETTERS CC hay ^J ball ^ face ABC ^ f\ ^ o a b c -^ clog ^ wheel c/ fan D E F d e f Note. — 5 has a soft sounrl — fnce, city. € has a hard sound — cat, coal. 1 HEADING (/- cage G P A p ill. I J J pear # hat H JC key K -A ^ k n 2. Q f quail J I 1 L 1 72- name (/ R A. r fire #1 4^ lock oar rope NoTK. — g has a so/( sound — cage, gem. i> has a hard sound — goat, game. q is a letter that, in the English language, is always followed by another letter, u. Other words with q in them are queen, squeal, quart, question. BEADING 3 ^ safe c7 top S T s t u vine Z^ watch y . W ^^ ^ u^r © V w •^ mule U u Y y fly ^ zebra 7 Note. — These letters of the English alphabet represent many more sounds than their number seems to indicate. There are twenty-six letters. Tlie language has forty-four distinctly different sounds, and in all eighty and more different sounds, of which some, however, are but slightly different from the others. The letters b, k, m, n, p, q, r, t, v, and w have each but one important sound to be learned. 4 BEADING ENGLISH ALPHABET A a Uiy Oy N n n ^n. B J B -& a cr C c C C- P V p A D d jy d Q 4 =2 f E e c ^ E r B A- F f c7 / S s J ^ G g ^ 9- T t c7 ^ H "i A^ A U u u .-Uy I • 1 J 9 V V r ^ J • J / t W AV Vf u^y^ K k Z 4> X X z X Li 1 X ■/ Y y ¥ y- M in M -rrb Z z ? ? • 111 these words each letter in roman type lias its alphabet sound : ate face dry date hold me go time j)ole jay kind box mule vote quite wife rope adz BEADING NUMBERS one twenty-five cent half dollar five fifty nickel doll al- ien hundred dime make twenty thousand quarter liow Can you count ? Can you count a hundred ? 1 can count more than a hundred. I can count one thousand. Can you ? It is easy to learn the numbers in English. Five cents make a nickel. Ten cents make a dime. Twenty-five cents make a quarter. One hundred cents make a dollar. Fifty cents make a half dollar. Five nickels make a quarter. Ten nickels make a half dollar. Twenty nickels make a dollar. Five dimes make a luilf dollar. Ten dimes make a dollar. Four quarters make a dollar. How many cents make a dollar? How many dimes make a half dollar? How many cents make a dime? How many cents make a quarter? A LESSON IN FIGURES 1 one 5 five 9 nine 13 thirteen 17 seventeen 30 thirty 70 seventy 2 two 6 six 10 ten 14 fourteen 18 eighteen 40 forty 80 eighty 100 one hundred 3 three ' 7 seven 11 eleven 15 fifteen 19 nineteen 50 fifty 90 ninety 1000 one thousand 4 four 8 eight 12 twelve IG sixteen 20 twenty 60 sixty 6 • READING OUR BODIES *■ man head two (2) arm hand finger leg feet mouth eye ear knee teeth tongue hair and the has A man lias two eyes and one mouth. The tongue is in the mouth. The hair is on the head. The teeth are in the mouth. A man has two arms and two hands. A man has two legs and two feet. A man has two ears on his head. A man has ten fingers. What has a man on his head ? What has a man in his mouth? How many fingers has a man? How many fingers has a man on one hand ? How many legs has a man ? How many ears has a man ? ALPHABET LESSON A a B b Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh I i J J Kk LI Mm N n Oo P p Qq R r Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz & and ball bat feet it next playing game put home air just back quit went touch that whizzed thought catch other side run seemed through How the ball whizzed through the air ! It went far. The man did not catch it. The batter thought that he made a home run, but he did not touch third base. He went back but was put out. His side did not quit play- ing. The next man hit just as hard and won the game. BEADING IN THE CORNFIELD picking corn him field stands stalk good his has doing is very- with eat above he like higher The man stands in a cornfield. He is picking the corn from the stalk. He has an ear of corn in his hand. He will take the corn home with him. Corn is very good to eat. The cornstalk stands higher than the man. The man has the corn in his right hand. He has the stalk in his left hand. Where does the man stand ? Do you like to eat corn ? What is the man doing? What 'has he in his hand? In which hand has he the ear of corn? Does the corn stand higher than the man ? 8 JiEADING carrying very- tied boy gathered girl home they back warm fire trees from make have branches CARRYING WOOD wood straps dropped heavy The boy and the girl are carrying wood on their backs. The wood is tied on their backs with straps. The wood is very heavy. The boy and the girl have gathered the branches. The branches have dropped fro'i the trees. They will make a fire from the branches. The fire will keep them warm. What are the boy and the girl carrying ? Where is the wood ? How is the wood tied on their backs ? Where are they carrying the wood ? Is the wood heavy ? What will they make from the branches ? BEADING CLOTHING coat collar cuff trousers boots butt( sleeve shirt cloth foot my your black made where leather on are 9 My boots are on my feet. Your boots are on your feet. What is on your foot? Your coat is on your back. Your trousers are on your legs. My boots are black. My coat is made of cloth. My shirt is white. Buttons are on your coat. Your coat has two sleeves. Your boots are made of leather. How many boots have you ? Where is your coat ? Of what is your coat made ? How many buttons are on your coat ? How many sleeves has your coat ? Is your coat black ? Is your shirt white ? Where are your boots ? A ROOM room door window desk pencil floor wall seat wood chalk book four (4) smooth paper sharp of is a, an You are in a room. The room has four walls. The floor is made of wood. The desks are made of wood. The desks are smooth. The chalk is white. The paper is white. Yo-n- pencil is sharp. Your pencil is in your hand. You have one pencil. You are on a seat. You have a book. The room has one door. How many desks are there in the room ? Of what is your pencil made ? Of what is your book made ? Where is your pencil ? How many walls has the room ? How many windows are there in the room ? Is paper smooth ? 10 READING >«^<^ A FARMER hoe iron earth handle field there around behind hard soft not his The man has a hoe in his hands. The hoe is made of iron and wood. The handle is made of wood. Iron is hard. Cloth is not hard but soft. The man is in the field. There is a fence around the field. The fence is made of wood. The man's hair is black. His shirt is white. His hat is on his head. His feet are on the earth. What has the man in his hands ? Where is the man ? What is around the field ? What is the fence made of ? Where is the man's hat? Is iron hard or soft? Has the man a coat? BEADING 11 A HOUSE ON FIRE picture house brick this street in fire firemen hat ax red smoke window out who coming many they There are two houses in the picture. One house is on fire. The smoke is coming out of the door. This house has five windows. There are five men in the street. They are firemen. One fireman has an ax in his hand. The fire is hot. This house is made of brick. How many houses are there in the picture ? How many windows are there in this house ? How many men are there in the street? Who has the ax? Are the bricks red ? Is there a man in the window ? How many houses are on fire ? 12 HEADING WASHING woman tub window clothes washing bench phoes kettle hoops handle around open The woman is washing clothes. She is washing them in a tub. The tub is made of wood. The tub is on the bench. The tub has two hoops around it. The hoops are made of iron. The woman has an apron. The win- dow is open. The woman has shoes on her feet. There is water in the tub. The kettle is on the fire. What is the wouian doing? Where is the tub? What is there in the tub? How many hoops are there around the tub? Where is the kettle? Of what is the kettle made? What has the woman on her feet? Is the win- dow shut? Where is the tub? RE A DIN O 13 ^^'^^ IN THE HAYFIELD horse hay load fork cart harness light wheel sun work bridge tree leaves brook water leather black green There is a load of hay on the cart. Hay is light. Iron is heavy. A man is on the load of hay. Another man is on the ground. The men are at work. The man on the ground is putting hay on the cart. He has a fork in liis hands. The horse has tlie harness on his back. The harness is made of leather. The cart is in the field. A tree stands near the river. The leaves on the tree are green. The cart has two wheels. Where is the load of hay? How many men are there in this picture? How many legs has the horse? Of what is the harness made? Of what are the wheels made? What stands near the river? What is in the river? What is the color of the leaves? What has the man in his hands? 14 READING post pail four tied ground mane A STABLE rope water nose horse halter cleaning brush suspenders to The horse is tied to the post. The horse is tied to the post with a rope. The horse has a halter on his head. The post is made of wood. The pail is on the ground. The pail has some water in it. The pail has a handle. The man is cleaning the horse. The man has a brush in liis hand. The man lias suspenders on his back. To what is the horse tied? How many legs has the horse? What has the horse on his head? What is there in the pail? Of what is the pail made? What is the man doing? Where is the brush? What is the man doing with the brush ? Has the man a coat on his back ? BEADING 16 REVIEW man my there open head buttons his horse leg your picture light feet room fire leaves tongue wall window hay teeth smooth house wheel hair road chimney draw mouth door fireman brook two seat out load arm paper brick sun eye write hat water hand wood this fork ear sharp ax work finger desk coming leather knee chalk street cart coat pencil red bridge sleeve book many harness black ground they tree collar four smoke green shirt hoe in post made around woman mail cuff iron shoes tied cloth behind tub mane where earth kettle rope trousers hard hoops water foot handle clothes nose leather soft washing cleaning boots field bench suspenders very who that stalk on carry up pick 16 BEADING A WORKSHOP saw wood apron upon shop dull sharp collar file chisel plane hatchet vise wall board table floor cut The man has a hat upon his head. The man is working. The man has a file in his hand. He is sharpening tlie saw. We cut wood with a saw. The saw has a handle. The handle is made of wood. The table is made of wood. Tlie vise holds the saw. There is a hatchet on the table. It is dull. There is a chisel on the table. The chisel is sharp. The man has an apron. What has the man on his head ? Where is the file ? What is the man sharpening ? What do we do with the saw ? Of what is the saw made ? Of what is the handle of the saw made ? What holds the saw ? What is on the table ? Is the hatchet sharp ? READING 17 THE CLOCK name short call time to which clock fastened hour minute long past by sixty seven week year fifty Tlie clock is fastened to the wall. The clock has two hands. The two hands are called the hour hand and the minute hand. The hour hand is short. The minute hand is long. By this clock it is twenty-seven minutes past one. Sixty minutes make an hour. Twenty-four hours make one day. Seven days make one week. Fifty-two weeks make one year. Where is the clock ? . How many hands has the clock ? What are the names of the two hands of the clock ? Which hand is long ? Is the hour hand short or long ? Is there a clock in this room ? What time is it now ? How many minutes are there in one hour ? Of what are the hands made ? BEAD. EVE. SCH. — 2 18 READING \^ RIDING A HORSE fast walking horseshoe running sitting harness revolver stirrups holds belt reins back slow saddle whip The horse is running fast. The man is on the back of the horse. The man has a revolver in his belt. The man is sitting on a saddle. The saddle is made of leather. The man's feet are in the stirrups. The man holds the reins. The man has a whip in his hand. The harness of the horse is made of leather. There are horseshoes on the feet of the horse. How is the horse running? Is he walking? What are made of leather? On what is the man sitting? Where are the man's feet? How many horseshoes has the horse? Of what are the horseshoes made? Where is the revolver? What does the man hold in his hand? What has the man on his head? BEADING 19 AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP foreign country right abroad different citizen vote elections Union foreigner become free State return naturalization native serve army papers protection Every foreigner who comes to this country may become a citizen of this country. He gives up his old country and takes a new one. When he is a foreign lord, he must give up his title. We have no lords in America. The laws about citizenship are different in the different States of the Union. After being in this country five years, a foreigner may become an American citizen. Then he is under the protection of the United States. He is not a citizen of his native country any more. His native country cannot make him come back. His native country cannot make him serve in the army. But he must not return there to live. He may vote at all elections in his adopted country. He has all the rights of native-born citizens. The thirteen original States were : New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Vir- ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. How may a foreigner become a citizen of the United States ? What does he give up ? From what is he free ? How many years must he wait in New Jersey before he can become a citizen ? May he return to his native land ? When he becomes a citizen of the United States, what must he do ? What rights has he ? Are the laws alike in all the States of the Union ? 20 MEADll^G A KITCHEN full flatiron hanging stocking straw shut She is ironinsr. She kitchen ironing left rug right basket stove flowers line heavy cold light The woman is in the kitchen, has a flatiron in her right hand. She is ironing a shirt. The shirt is on the table. A basket is on the rug. The basket is full of clothes. There is a stove in the room. There are some flowers in the window. Some stockings are hanging on the line. The flatiron is heavy. On what is the woman standing ? Is the flatiron in her left hand ? Is the flatiron' light ? What color is the stove? What is hanging on the line? Is the window shut? What is in the basket? Is the basket made of straw? Is the stove hot or cold? Is the flatiron hot' What is there in the stove? It t: A DING 21 CUTTING GRAIN sharp dull sickle large small people woman boy baby hammock tree barrel foot grain leaves color green steel There are four people in this old picture. There are a man, a woman, a boy, and a baby. They are in the field. The man has a sickle in his hand. He is cutting grain with the sickle. The man is large. The boy is small. The baby is in a hammock. At the foot of the tree there is a barrel. There are leaves on the tree. Leaves are green. The sickle is made of steel. It is sharp. This picture tells of the old times. How many people are there in this picture ? Which is the smallest ? Where is the baby ? What has the woman on her head ? What are they cutting with the sickle ? What is there at the foot of the tree ? What is the color of leaves ? Is the boy large? Is the sickle dull ? oo READING AT THE POST OFFICE umbrella behind under letter each stamp corner long short beard glass panes keeps rain wet This man is old. He has a basket on his right arm. The old man has an umbrella under his right arm. He has a letter in each hand. The letter has a stamp in the corner. Tlie man's coat is long. He has a beard. The post office is behind him. The window of the post office is made of glass. There are four panes of glass in it. The umbrella keeps off the rain. Rain is wet. On which arm is the old man's basket ? Of what is the basket made ? Where is the umbrella ? Under which arm is the umbrella ? How many letters has the old man ? What has each letter in the corner ? Is his coat short ? How many panes of glass are there in the window ? READING 23 A SITTING ROOM sewing machine needle thread steel pointed bookcase corner sitting chair over fireplace beyond some carpet The woman is sewing on the machine. The machine has a needle and some thread. The needle is made of steel. It is pointed. There is a bookcase in the corner of the room. The woman is sitting in the chair. There are two pictures on the wall. The large picture is over the fireplace. The small picture is beyond the large picture. What is the woman doing ? Where is she sitting ? Of what is the chair made ? What is in the bookcase ? How many books can you see ? Which picture is large ? Which picture is small ? How many rugs are in the room ? Is there a carpet on the floor ? What is in the fireplace ? Of what is the needle made ? 24 READING REVIEW halter which Union grain brush fast return sickle saw walking papers baby wood horseshoe become leaves apron slow protection large hatchet saddle free hammock file whip kitchen color chisel running right small pane sitting line people sharp riding ironing barrel vise revolver basket steel wall stirrups heavy umbrella board holds left stamp table belt stove glass cut reins cold corner dark back rug panes long wet flowers under seven citizen eight keeps fastened states full letter post native hanging rain week country straw each liour vote flatiron beard year serve stocking cost minute closed shut sewing sixty elections sharp printed fifty army smart over shoot naturalization dull macliine time abroad boy bookcase American different soup foreigner upon gathered original dull READING 25 THE COBBLER tools earning money buy food cobbler mending sole driving nails bread butter starve between breakfast This man is a cobbler. He is mending a boot. He is putting a new sole upon the. boot. He is driving nails into the sole of the boot. His tools are on the bench. The cobbler is earning money. He must have money to buy food. He will buy bread and butter. If he does not have food, he will starve. This man has had breakfast. He will work hard all day. Who is this man ? What is he doing ? What has he between his knees ? What is he driving into the sole of the boot ? Why is the cobbler working ? What will he do with his money ? (^an he live without food ? Is this man working before his breakfast ? What is on the floor ? What is in the tub ? 26 READING Iiiii'ia3jpfe-Xi; Q/iU^ THE BJ ACKSMITH blacksmith made anvil pincers holes because strong weak behind fireplace This man is a blacksmith. He is making a horseshoe. He holds the horseshoe with the pincers, because the horseshoe is hot. The horseshoe is on the anvil. The blacksmith is a strong man. The fire is behind him. The fireplace is made of bricks. Who is this man ? What is he making ? In which hand are the pincers ? Why does he hold the horseshoe with the pincers ? Where is the horseshoe ? Is the blacksmith a strong man or a weak man ? Where is the fire? Of what is the fireplace made ? Wliut is the color j)f the bricks ? READING 27 soldier guns shot soon battle fight SOLDIERS horseback fire spokes standing ground enemy powder both looking There are six soldiers in this picture. Two soldiers are on horseback. Four soldiers are standing on the ground. They have two guns. They will fire off the guns at the enemy. The guns have powder and shot in them. One of the guns is on wheels. There are eighteen spokes in the wheel. The soldiers may soon fight in a battle. How many soldiers do you see ? How many horses are there in the picture ? Are all the soldiers on horseback ? What will the soldiers do with the guns ? What is in the guns ? How many spokes are there in the wheel ? Are both the guns on wheels ? At what are the soldiers looking ? 28 READING ■i*"9 TRAVELING BY TRAIN train several ticket ride steam engine conductor pulls railroad fast car station mile track collects A man can travel very fast on tlie railroad. He gets into a train at the station and rides many miles an hour. There are several cars in the train. The conductor col- lects the tickets. The engine pulls the train over the track. The engine goes by steam. Those who travel should buy their tickets at the railroad station. How many cars are there in a train ? Where does a man get into the train ? What must a man buy before he gets into the train ? What does the conductor do ? What pulls the train ? What makes the engine go ? Is travel- ing in the train slow? Where should we buy our railroad tickets ? Why should we do this ? BEADING 2d EATING table plate knife spoon fork knife cup saucer glass mouth food coffee milk sugar drink When we eat, we sit down at a table. Each person has a plate, a knife, a spoon, a cup and a saucer, and a glass. I cut my food with my knife. My food is on my plate. I put my food into my mouth with my fork and my spoon. I drink coffee out of my cup and set the cup in the saucer. What do you jout in your coffee to make it sweet? Which do you like the best, coffee or milk ? What is the color of milk ? What do you do with your knife ? With what do you put your food into your mouth? Out of what do you drink water ? What things does each person have? DAILY MEALS breakfast salt supper morning noon beefsteak dinner soup bread butter night potato meals meat apple I eat breakfast in the morning. I eat dinner at noon. I eat supper at night. Beefsteak is meat. We put butter on our bread. We have three meals a day. The apple is a kind of fruit. The potato is white. Wlien do you eat dinner ? When do you have supper? When do you have breakfast ? Which meal do you like the best ? Where do we get beefsteak ? What is the shape of the apple ? What is the color of butter ? What kinds of meat do you like? 80 BEADING TRAVELING BY SHIP ship captain rope laud thousand wharf deck ocean crew passengers sails cargo sick across great bottom walk tied orders painted hundred carries rough harbor baggage We travel across the ocean in a great ship. The ship carries many hundred people and their baggage. The ship is tied to the Avharf by ropes. The water in the harbor is quiet. The water in the ocean is often rough. The ship goes thousands of miles on the water. The people on the ship are the passengers and the crew. The passengers are traveling. The crew must work to make the ship go. The captain gives the orders to the crew. On the ship we do not see land for many days. The passengers walk on the deck. They have no work to do. Some of the passengers are sick. Many ships are painted black. Some ships go by sails and others go by steam. The cargo is in the bottom of the ship. In what do we travel across the ocean? Have you traveled across the ocean ? What country did you come from? How is the water in the harbor? Who are the people on the ships? Who gives the orders to the crew? Where is the cargo? What makes the ships move? What color are many ships? Do the passengers Avork? How far can a ship go on the water? Which goes faster, a sailing ship or a steam ship? How is a ship tied to the wharf ? Do you like the ships ? Do you like better to travel by land or by water ? READING 31 THE FARM lives oxen their help grain barn cattle cows grass seed eggs corn beets cabbage pasture dog farmer hens chickens potatoes mow berries hatch dries vegetables The farmer has a house and a barn. He lives in the house. He keeps his cattle and their food in the barn. The farmer's cattle are his oxen and his cows. The horses help him on his farm. The cows give to him milk and meat. The cows have horns. The cows eat the grass in the pasture all day long. The horses eat hay and grain in the barn. The farmer feeds his hens several times a day. The hens give him eggs. The eggs are good to eat. Sometimes the hens sit on the eggs and hatch chickens from them. The chickens will grow to be as large as the hens. The farmer has a dog. The dog watches the farmer's house. The farmer raises potatoes, corn, beets, and cabbage. He sells some of these and eats the rest. He mows the grass and dries it. Then he puts it in his barn for the horses. When grass is well dried, it is called hay. What does the farmer keep in his barn? What do horses eat? What does the farmer get from his hens? What kind of noise does the hen make? Of what use is the dog? How does the farmer make hay? Where does he put the hay ? What does he do with his vegeta- bles? Where do the cows stay in the daytime? What do the cows eat? What does the farmer get from the cows? How large are the chickens? 32 nEADTXG TIIE POST OFFICE clerk stamp before cent public envelope address government mail distance foreign cost sending newspaper wrapper postman ollice thirty brings outside take care include which package manage written anywhere after goes etc. et cetera, "and others," or "and so forth." We get our letters by mail. The post office takes care of the mail, which includes letters, papers, packages, etc. Sometimes the postman brings them to us. We always like to get a letter from our friends. It costs us two cents to send a letter to any part of this country. We can send a letter to any foreign country for five cents. Tlie letter goes in an envelope. The address is written on the outside of the envelope. The cost of sending a newspaper anywhere in this coun- try is one cent. We can send a newspaper to any foreign country for two cents. We put the newspaper in a wi-apper before we send it. The government owns and manages the post office. The post office is public. Ten two-cent stamps cost twenty cents. Tln'ee five-cent stamps cost fifteen cents. The clerk in the post office sells the stamps. How do we get our letters? Who brings them to us sometimes? Do you have to go after your letters? From wliat country do you get letters? When did you write your last letter ? How many two-cent stamps can you buy for thirty cents? Who sells the stamps? Who owns tlie post office ? How much does it cost to send a letter to Italy ? In what do you send a newspaper? Can the mail be sent a very great distance? READING 3;; REVIEW fireplace pincers knife great needle soldier plate painted beyond guns cup rough thread shot coffee barn setting horseback saucer potatoes some spokes milk farmer chair standing spoon pasture carpet enemy sugar cattle cobbler tooth drink corn tools ground ship dog bread powder wharf berries mending looking bottom cows earning train sails beets butter engine hundred hens sole car captain hatch money several deck grass starve conductor cargo cabbage driving station carries chickens buy ticket ocean dries between pulls passengers seed nails mile baggage mow food ride land eggs breakfast railroad crew vegetables blacksmith track across clerk because steam orders envelope anvil fast harbor foreign strong collects thousand postman weak table sick address package take care anywhere include after before manage READ. EVE. SCH. — 3 84 READING THE SKY day hours night dark stars sun moou rise set size bright clouds rain number twenty-four light earth contain called different There are twenty-four hours in a day. Every day is divided into two parts. These two parts are called day and night. Day is light. Night is dark. Men work in the day and sleep in the night. There are many objects to be seen in the sky. The clouds are sometimes light and sometimes dark. The clouds contain water. This water comes down upon the earth as rain. The brightest object in the sky is the sun. The sun is very large and very hot. The sun keeps the earth warm. The sun is a globe a thousand times as large as the big round earth. The sun rises in the morning and makes everything light. The sun sets at close of day. Then everything is dark. The stars look very small. Some of the stars are many times as large as the sun. There is a very large number of stars in the sky. The stars are very far away. Plow many hours are there in a day ? How many hours of the day is it light ? How many hours of the day is it dark ? How many different things are there in the sky ? Which is the larger, the sun or the moon ? What makes the earth warm ? How many stars are there ? How many moons does the earth have ? Is the moon always round ? What do men do in the daytime ? When do men sleep ? What color are the clouds ? What do we get from the clouds ? What is the use of the rain ? HEADING 35 OCCUPATIONS butcher grocer farmer druggist baker provisions tea wheat medicine bread fruit dealer bananas oranges berries quart pound pie kerosene flour juicy We buy our provisions of the butcher. The butcher sells us meat. We buy our meat by the pound. The grocer sells us tea, coffee, sugar, salt, and kerosene oil. We burn kerosene oil in a lamp. The farmer raises vege- tables and wheat. Wheat is made into ilour. The baker makes bread out of flour. Bread costs five cents a loaf. The baker also makes pies. Pies are round. The druggist sells medicines for sick people. Pie makes the medicines very carefully out of drugs. The fruit dealer sells fruit of all kinds. From the fruit dealer we buy bananas, oranges, strawberries, plums, apples, and grapes. Bananas are long and yellow. P'hey are not juicy. Oranges are round and yellow. Oranges are juicy. Strawberries are small and are sold by the quart. Oranges are sold by the dozen. From whom do we buy our provisions ? From whom do we buy our bread ? From whom do we buy our medi- cine ? From whom do we buy our coffee ? Who raises our vegetables ? Who raises wheat ? What is made out of wheat ? What is made out of flour ? Who sells apples ? What is the color of an apple ? How much do apples cost ? Do you like oranges ? Are all oranges sweet ? Which is the larger, an apple or a strawberry ? What things can we get from the grocer ? What things can we get from the farmer ? 36 HEADING THE POLICE policeman brass blue club order arrest thieves law fight court prison judge line license guilty patrol obey charge listens disobey wagon city hall issues punishment The policeman sees that no one disobeys the law. The policeman walks about on the street. He watches every- thing. He has a blue coat. He carries a heavy club in his hand. He has brass buttons on his coat. When the policeman sees a tight, he stops it and arrests the lighters. The policeman also arrests tliieves. He puts them in the patrol wagon and drives them to the station house. Then he takes them to court. There the judge listens to the charge against them. If they are guilty, they may have to pay a fine. Sometimes they have to go to prison. Every man who sells fruit must buy a license to do so. The office that issues licenses is at the city hall. If the policeman finds a man selling fruit without a license, he will arrest him. If we obey the law, we need not fear tlie policeman. Wliat does the policeman do for us? Could we get along without the policeman? What kind of a coat does the policeman wear. What has he on his coat? What does he carry in his hand? What does the policeman do with thieves? What happens to a man if he is guilty? What must a man buy who wants to sell fruit? What will happen to him if he does not buy it? Who listens to the charge against the prisoners? Who says what the punishment will be? READING 37 THE SEASONS calendar tell week Christmas plants spring summer fall winter twelve seasons months year Januar}- February March April May June July August September October November December There are four seasons, spring, summer, fall, and w in- ter. There are twelve months in the year. Each season has three months. The spring months are March, April, and May. The summer months are June, July, and August. The fall months are September, October, and November. The winter months are December, January, and February. The first month of the year is January. The last month of the year is December. The winter is cold. The summer is hot. We have ice and snow in the winter. The farmer plants the seed in the spring. We get the fruit in the fall. In the winter we have to burn a fire to keep warm. In the summer we do not need to wear a coat. Christmas comes on the 25th of December. We tell the days of the month and of the week by the calendar. How many months are there in the year? How many months are there in the spring? Which do you like the better, summer or winter? Do you wear a coat in the summer? When do we burn a fire to keep warm? In what season of the year do we get the fruit? When does the farmer plant his seed in the ground? What are the summer months ? What is the difference between the summer months and the winter months? In what month does Christmas come? What day of the month is it ? 38 READING -^ PIONEERS family wagon forest daughter father children garden farm playing mother cattle pioneers view yard timber animals frontier scene clearing rope cabin labor shade stew whip maul building youngest cooking wilderness Here is a view of pioneers in a forest. The men are building a cabin of logs. The mother is cooking a stew in the kettle. The daughter is playing with the dog. The youngest son is driving a cow with a rope and whip. All came here in the great wagon. The cattle are resting in the shade. Do you see the animals and the chickens ? Tliere have been many scenes like this upon the Amer- ican frontiers. All the timber will soon be cut away to make room for a yard and a clearing for garden and farm. Without the labor of men with ax and maul forests cannot be made into farms. The fathers and mothers worked hard in the backwoods that the children might profit by their labor. This is a cheerful picture of strong, free men making a home in the wilderness. RE A DING 39 SEEKING FOR GOLD pan gold glitters found mixed tent wealthy canvas rocks valuable washing soil miner stones seeking metal yellow rush pieces scoop These men are seeking for gold. Gold is a bright yellow metal which glitters. It is found mixed with rocks and stones of the soil. As the rivers rush along, they tear down their rocky sides and the gold is left behind on the sides of the rivers. The men scoop up the soil and water in a pan. Then they wash out the soft pieces of soil. This leaves the gold behind in the pan. Sometimes such men get very wealthy. Gold is valuable. What are the men seeking ? What kind of metal is gold? Why do they want the gold? Where do the men live ? What is the tent made of ? How do they get the gold ? What do we make out of gold ? 40 READING THE ARMY telegram rifles tired camp marching shoulder general contains log dusty war obey another country soldiers command This is an army marching against the enemy. There will be a battle when they meet. The general is sitting on the log by the roadside. He is writing a telegram to another generaL The telegram contains a command. We do not know what the command is. The road is dusty and the soldiers are tired. When night comes, they will stop marching and pitch camp. Where is tl»e general sitting ? What is he writing ? Will the other general obey the command? What will the soldiers do when night comes ? On which shoulder do they carry their rifles ? READING 41 THE FERRY returning calling ferryman come over finished row across boat wish take evening Europeans homes women These two women are calling to the ferryman. They wish him to come across the river in his boat and to take them over to the other side. It is evening, and the women are returning to their homes. They are not Americans. They are Europeans. The ferryman will row them across. They will pay him something for traveling in his boat. What time of day is it ? What kind of shoes have the women on their feet? What are they carrying? Does each woman have a basket ? Why are they calling the ferryman ? How much will they give him for taking them across ? How can you tell that they are not Americans ? 42 1{ FADING THE BALLOON balloon gas than lighter rise clouds above throw basket people dangerous sand want higher bag full let when mountains air The balloon is high up in the air. The basket has three people in it. They are above the mountains. The balloon is full of gas. This gas is lighter than air. This makes the balloon rise up above the clouds. There are some bags of sand in the basket. When the men want to go higher, they throw out the sand. When they want to come down, they let out the gas. Why does the balloon rise up above the clouds ? What do the men do when tliey want to go up higher ? What do they do when they want to come down ? How high can we go in a balloon ? Is it dangerous to go up in a balloon ? REVIEW . iU government pound coast yellow sending grocer guilty telegram mail punishment tea rifles newspaper bananas spring camp brings pie seasons log public wheat summer shoulders distance oranges months general wrapper kerosene full marching outside winter druggist dusty sun medicine family war bright baker cabin command light quart cattle obey hours children juicy battle moon arrest garden returning cloud policeman building finished earth prison labor take night brass wagon calling contain thieves daughter row day judge playing evening set prisoner cooking ferry number blue father balloon called law mother sky stars fine pan dangerou seize charge tent gas dark club metal above different bright gold sand butcher license wealthy lighter provisions order soil higher than throw want when come boat homes pitch 44 READING THE MILLER sells mill standing floor flour grind grain fine top stones miller happy inside round ])0wder This is inside a flour mill. You can see the bags of flour standing around on the floor. You can also see two large, round stones. One is on top of the other. They grind the grain into a fine powder. This powder we call flour. You all know what we can make out of flour. The stones are very heavy. The miller looks very happy. He is thinking how much money he will make when he sells the flour. What does the miller make? What can you see stand- ing on the floor ? How many bags can you see ? What is the color of flour? What can we make out of it? Does the miller look happy or sad? What is he thinking of? What will the miller do with the bags of flour? READING 4& THE CANAL canal towpath mule difference coal straight second canal behind walks different from steering longer patient This is a picture of a canal. The mule pulls the canal boat with a long rope. The mule is different from a horse. The mule has longer ears than the horse. The mule is a patient animal. He walks along the tow- path all day long. The man standing on the canal boat is steering it. There is a second boat coming behind the first. The canal boats carry coal. They go straight across the country for many miles. What can you see in the picture ? What is the boy on the mule's back doing ? Do you think the canal boat is going fast ? How far behind do you think the second canal boat is ? What is the difference between a mule and a horse ? Which animal is the better of the two ? Does the mule travel as fast as the horse ? 46 EEADIXG c ^1 \* /^^^^f^f^ cotton woven spring thread away deal COTTON sends negro Southern climate seeds planted cloth quantity greatest crop every spun New Orleans England The negroes are picking cotton in the field. Cotton grows in the Southern States. The climate is very warm there. The seeds are planted in the spring of the year. The city of New Orleans sends away the greatest quan- tity of cotton every year. The cotton is sent to the mills, wliere it is spun into thread. Then the thread is woven into cloth. We send a great deal of cotton to England. Who are picking the cotton? Are the negroes white or black ? Wliat city sends away the greatest quantity of cotton ? To what country do we send a great deal of cotton ? What two things are made out of cotton ? BEADING 47 foundation covers entirely THE DIVER diver bridge rubber building suit breathe supplies crowbar tube through pumping beneath The diver can work beneath the water. His suit is made of rubber. His suit covers him up entirely and keeps out the water. The diver can stay beneath the water a long time. He must have air to breathe. The men in the boat are pumping the air down to him through a long tube. The diver is building the foundation of a bridge. He has a crowbar in his hand. What can the diver do ? What kind of a suit has the diver got on ? Will the suit let the water in? Who sup- plies air to the diver? How does the air get to the diver? What is the diver doing with the crowbar? What can you see in the water besides the diver? 48 READING A STORM AT SEA life savers storm wrecked drown rough vessel sailors struck safely brave coast wind waves sink There is a storm at sea. The wind is blowing hard. The waves are rough. The vessel has struck upon the rocks. The vessel is wrecked and will sink. The men on the beach are life-savers. These life-savers are brave men. The life-savers will save the sailors and passengers. Some of tlie men may drown. The life of sailors on the sea is full of danger. Is the sea smooth? What makes the water rough? What are the life-savers trying to do ? Do you think the life-savers can swim? Can they save the vessel? What will become of the vessel? How many men are there on the beach? Do sailors meet with many storms on the sea ? Are ships often wrecked in these storms? BEADING 49 THE BRICKLAYER brick stick together tight trowel baked bricklayer earns wages lime close mortar wall clay laying The man is laying bricks. He is a bricklayer. He has a brick in his left hand and a trowel in his right hand. He is putting some mortar on the wall with the trowel. Then he will put the brick down close into the mortar. The mortar is wet and soft. When the mortar gets dry, it will be hard. The mortar will make the bricks stick together tight. Mortar is made of lime and sand. The bricklayer earns good wages. He earns four or five, oi even six, dollars a day. What is the man doing? What has the bricklayer got in his left hand? What has he got in his right hand? What is he doing with the trowel? What makes the bricks stick together? What does the bricklayer earn? READ. EVE. SCH. 4 50 READING daily churn skin MAKING BUTTER cream floating milk butter turning shake substance changes object shaking forms pound Milk is a part of our daily food. When we let milk stand for a time, a thick substance forms on top. This substance is called cream. We skim off the cream and put it into a churn. Then we shake the churn. The girl is shaking the churn. The purpose of shaking the cream is to change the cream into butter. We sell butter by the pound. Do you like to drink milk? How do we get cream '^ Is the cream floating on top of the milk ? What is the girl changing the cream into? Wliere is the cream? What is the color of cream ? What is the color of butter ? How much do you pay for butter ? BEADING 51 THE TINSMITH tin tinsmith useful easily rust tinware mixture solder lead melts cups join articles shining cooking The tinsmith is working at his bench. He is making tinware. Tin is a shining metal. Tin will not rust. The tinsmith joins the pieces of tin together with solder. Solder is a mixture of tin and lead. It melts very easily and quickly. The tinsmith can make many useful articles out of tin. These articles are used for cooking. Where is the tin ? What is the tinsmith making ? What kind of a metal is tin? Will tin rust? What metal will rust ? How does the tin join together pieces of tin ? What is solder ? Why does the tinsmith use solder to join the pieces of tin together ? How do we use tinware ? 62 READING SUGAR squeeze crushed sweet rollers short solid scene sugar cane changes tall cutting Cuba boil juice putting The sugar cane grows very tall. This scene is in Cuba. Some of the men are cutting the cane. Others are putting it into the carts. The carts will carry the sugar cane away. The sugar cane contains a sweet juice. The men will crusli the sugar cane with rollers and squeeze out the juice. Then they will boil the juice until only the solid sugar remains behind. The juice changes into sugar. Where does the sugar cane grow ? Where is Cuba ? How many men are there in the field ? Are all the men cutting the sugar cane? What are the other men doing? Wliat will they do with the sugar cane ? Is the juice sour or sweet ? How will they get the sugar out of the juice ? How do you use sugar ? BEADING 53 THE AMERICAN FLAG red stripes government only blue building school waving thirteen stars names nation white now seven This is a picture of the American flag. It is waving m the wind. The colors are red, white, and blue. The flag has thirteen stripes. At first there were only thirteen States in the nation. There is one stripe for each of those thirteen States. Upon page 19 are their names. There are seven red and six white stripes in the national flag. There is a star for each State in the nation. There are now forty-five States in the United States. The American flag waves over every school and over every government building in the country. To love our country is our duty. Let us honor the American flag. Why are there thirteen stripes in the American flag? How many red stripes are there? What waves over every school and government building in the country? What nation owns the American flag? What are the colors in the flag of Germany ? How does the French flag differ from the German flag? Describe the flag of Italy. 54 READING THE LIGHTHOUSE lighthouse warn danger vessels keeper burning rocks shallow perilous striking always bell dark ringing along The lighthouse is a tall building. It has a light at the top. This light warns the vessels when they come too near tlie rocks. There is a lighthouse at every dangerous place on the coast. The keeper always keeps the light l)urning at night. Sometimes the lighthouse has a bell. When the sailors hear the bell ringing, they know that they are in danger. Shallow water is perilous to the vessels. What prevents the vessels from striking on the rocks ? What do the sailors do when they see the light? What kind of a building is a lighthouse? At what places are the lighthouses put? What is dangerous to the vessels? READING 55 LOGGING snow stream drawing bank farmers chop firewood boards ground woodchoppers roll circular branches planks logging In the winter the snow is on the ground. Then the farmers cannot work in the fields. They go into the forest and chop down the trees. The horses are drawing the logs to the bank of the stream. The logs will float down the stream until they come to the mill. There a large circular saw will cut the logs into boards or planks. The farmers will carry the branches home for firewood. At what time of the year do the farmers cut down the trees? Why do they cut down the trees in the winter? How do the woodchoppers get the logs to the bank of the stream? What cuts the logs up into boards? How do the farmers use the branches of the trees? Is the mill up the stream, or down? 56 HE A niNG THE BUFFALO skins herd flesh prairie One of the spearing the Indians spear spearing number buffalo formerly chasing valuable smaller few remaining constantly The Indians are chasing the buffalo. Indians has a spear in his hand. He is buffalo. Formerly, there were a great many buffaloes on the prairie. The number of buffaloes has grown smaller because so many have been killed. There are only a few remaining. They go about in herds. The Indians will use the skins for clothing. They will eat the flesh. The buffalo is not as valuable to man as is the cow. What are the Indians chasing? Will the Indian kill the buffalo? What will the Indians do with the skin? Are there many buffaloes remaining ? Why are there only a few buffaloes remaining? How does the Indian kill the buffalo? Are the skins warm? BEADING 57 THE VOLCANO volcano red-hot ashes smoke hundreds lava cinders escape happened terrible lost dust heaps Vesuvius suddenly Asia Here is a volcano. The volcano throws out red-hot stones, lava, smoke, and ashes. Lava is melted stones. Lava is very hot. Volcanoes are very dangerous. Some- times hundreds of lives are lost, and cities are covered up. Sometimes the cinders and ashes cover the earth fifty feet deep. Vesuvius is a terrible volcano. Vesuvius acts so suddenly that people cannot escape. Did you ever see a volcano? What things does a volcano throw out ? What is lava ? Are volcanoes dan- gerous? Are you afraid of volcanoes? Do we have volcanoes in North America? Where do we find vol- canoes ? How deep do the cinders and ashes cover the earth sometimes? 58 HEADING REVIEW inside entirely clay school round suit trowel stripes sells breathe lime blue mill through laying waving orrind tube daily breeze stones rubber churn lighthouse grain supplies skim rocks miller crowbar cream burning top beneath churning always fine life shake warm happy brave tin shallow canal coast easily danger second vessel mixture chop coal sailors solder drawing donkey wind useful snow patient storm lead branches cotton waves join number woven wrecked melts chasing negro sea tall few quantity drown oxen buffalo spun safely boil eating planted sink juice herds thread stick , Cuba flesh crop mortar squeeze volcano diver together sweet heaps covers earns crushed lost book tight rollers ashes page wages solid suddenly formerly escape valuable perilous scene changes names only READING 59 THE SALT MINE blocks busy- darkness descend passages stairs salt mine candles surface earth torches below need article These men are getting salt from the mine. They have cut their Avay down below the surface of the earth. They are cutting the salt into blocks with their picks. The stairs down into the mine are cut in the rock. It is hard to see in the darkness. The mine is lighted by torches. Some miners have candles in their hats. It would be easy to get lost in the passages of the mine. We need salt for our food. We cannot live without it. How do the miners descend into the mine ? Are the miners busy ? Would you like to be a miner ? How do the miners cut the salt ? How is the mine lighted ? Can you see easily in a mine ? Is salt a useful article ? How do you use salt ? Can you live without salt ? 60 READING THE WATER MILL power wheel force rushing weight steam lower hillsides stedp wooden machinery grinding convenient invented hundreds sawing This is a water mill. The water wheel gets its power from the stream. The stream comes rushing down the hillsides with great force. The water strikes the big wooden wheel. The wheel makes the machinery move. The weight of the water makes the wheel go round. Some mills are run by steam. The water mill was in- vented hundreds of years ago. It is very convenient. It is used in mills for grinding grain and for sawing logs. Have you ever seen a water mill? Where does the water mill get its power ? What makes the big wooden wheel go round ? What makes the machinery move ? Is the power of water better than the power of steam ? How long ago was the water mill invented ? How is the water mill used ? READING 61 THE DOG faithful domestic friend asleep guard return everywhere watching world unlike fur master fearless obedient child protect The dog is a faithful animal. The dog is a domestic animal. The dog is always a good friend to his master. All that he wants, in return for his friendship, is some food with a little kindness. This fearless dog has found a little child asleep. He will guard and protect the child. He is watching the child until his master comes. The dog is always obedient. What kind of an animal is the dog ? Have you a dog ? Are all dogs alike ? Is the dog the friend of his master ? What does the dog want in return for his friendship ? Will the dog protect the child ? Does the dog obey his master ? Is the dog afraid ? Is the child awake ? 6li BEADING COAL fuel black shiny because breaks ton easily coke furnaces engines cars sold hoisted passages freight dug mineral hole burned shaft Coal is dug out of the ground. It is found in coal mines. The miners dig down hundreds of feet below the surface of the earth. They cut great passages through the coal. Coal-mining is a dangerous occupation, because of the coal gas. The coal is hoisted up the shaft by engines. The engines are run by steam. When the miners have got the coal up on the surface, they put it on freight cars. The freight cars carry the coal all over the country. Coal is a very good fuel because it gives out a great deal of heat. When coal is burned, a gas is formed. This gas gives us our gaslight. Coal is a black, shiny mineral. It is easily broken up into small pieces. Coal is sold by the ton. A " long ton " of coal is twenty -two hundred pounds. A " short ton " is two thousand pounds. We get a great deal of coal from Pennsylvania. We put coal in our stoves and furnaces. Wliere do we get our coal? Do you burn coal at your house? Do you burn it in a stove or in a furnace? What kind of a mineral is coal ? How far down below the sur- face of the earth do the miners dig for coal ? How do they get the coal up to the surface of the earth ? Why is coal a very good fuel ? How is coal sold ? How is the coal carried all over the country ? Where do you buy your coal ? Is all coal alike ? BEADING FEATHERS K>6 feathers quill hollow help flying ladies bonnets beautiful ornament costly ostrich Africa pluck simply cruel stuffing pillows cushions wicked adorn All birds have feathers. Feathers help the birds in flying. Feathers also keep the birds warm. Ladies like to wear feathers upon their bonnets. There are many different kinds of feathers. Some feathers are very beautiful and costly. Others are not worth any- thing, because they are not beautiful. It is wicked to kill beautiful birds simply to wear them for ornament. Many song birds have beautiful feathers. The ostrich feather is very long and beautiful. Ostriches grow in Africa. The men pluck these feathers from the birds while they are alive. This is cruel. Formerly, men used the quills of feathers for pens. We use steel pens now. Feathers are useful for stuffing beds, pillows, and cushions. Feathers are very light and hollow. If the feathers were not light, the birds could not fly with them. The feathers keep the birds warm. Why do birds have feathers ? How can feathers help the birds in flying? Are all feathers useful? How do ladies use feathers ? Why do the ladies adorn their bon- nets with feathers ? Where does the ostrich grow ? Are ostrich feathers costly ? Is it cruel to pluck the ostrich feathers ? What three things do we stuff with feathers ? Why do we stuff pillows with feathers ? Is it because the feathers are soft ? Why are the feathers hollow ? G4 READING WATER liquid dissolves tilings plenty necessary sluipe colorless odor level tasteless clear drinking smell human cleaning solid sickness clothing without vegetables covers boiling fresh rivers disappears Water covers the greater part of the earth. The water in the seas and oceans is salt. The water in the rivers and ponds is fresh. Water is a liquid. Water has a level surface. Water has no shape of its own. Water is colorless and has no odor. Water dissolves salt and sugar. Water will not dissolve coal. Water is used for drinking and for cleaning our clothing and houses. We keep away sickness by being clean. Vegetables and plants cannot live without water. If we did not have rain, we could not have potatoes. Boiling water changes to steam and disappears. You can see the steam coming out of a kettle of boiling water. Water is very useful. It is more necessary to human life even than food. We need to drink plenty of water every day. Is water a solid? Do you drink fresh water or salt water ? How much of the earth does the water cover ? Will water dissolve coal ? Will water dissolve sugar ? What else will water dissolve ? Wliat kind of surface do all liquids have ? Why do all liquids have a level sur- face ? Wliy is water so useful ? How do you use water? Do vegetables, need water? What does boiling water change to ? Have you ever seen a steam engine ? Have you seen steam coming out of a kettle of boiling water ? Have you ever tasted salt water ? BEADING 65 FISHES pointed catch teeth backward swallow whole gills fierce greedy rapid movement trout fins towards throat another waiting chew often seize hooks baited lungs devour brooks Fishes live in the water. They have gills, not lungs, for breathing. They have sharp, pointed teeth. These teeth are turned backward towards the throat. The fishes do not chew their food with their teeth. They only seize their food with their teeth. Then they swallow their food whole. Fishes have a rapid movement and go through the water very fast. They move through the water with their fins and tails. They are sometimes fierce and greedy. The larger fishes eat the smaller fishes. We eat a great deal of fish. The fishermen catch them on baited hooks. Sometimes the fishermen catch a great many fishes at one time in their large nets. It is good fun to catch fish with hook and line. Often there are .trout in the mountain brooks. Do you like to eat fish ? What kind of fish do you like to eat best ? What is the largest fish you know of ? Have you ever been fishing ? What kind of teeth do the fishes have ? Do the fishes chew their food before they swallow it ? What kind of food do the fishes eat ? Do the fishes move through the water slowly or rapidly? How do the fishermen catch the fishes ? What is bait ? How many fishes can a fisherman catch in his net at one time ? Do you like to fish ? Do you know how fishes breathe in the water ? Why can they not live out ot water f READ. EVE. SCH. 6 66 READING common copper beaten twist notice saucepans useful frequently COPPER wire polish pure thin bend strips boilers seldom electricity conductor removed application You will notice that copper is a briglit red metal. Cop- per is seldom found pure. Copper is frequently found in the earth mixed with other substances. These substances must be removed before the copper becomes pure and useful. Then it is beaten into broad, thin strips. Tiiese strips are made into saucepans, kettles, boilers, and many other useful articles. Sometimes the copper is drawn out into long wire. You can bend and twist this wire any way that you please. The wire will not break. This wire is used a great deal in all the applications of electricity. Copper wire is a fine conductor of electricity. Copper is a very common metal. When you polish copper it becomes very bright. What is a cent made of ? What is the color of a cent ? Does a new cent look like an old cent ? What is the dif- ference between the two ? Which is the brighter ? Is copper frequently found pure ? What must be done to the copper before it becomes pure and useful ? What is copper beaten into ? What articles can be made out of copper strips ? Have you ever seen a copper kettle ? How is copper made into wire ? Why is copper wire so useful? Can you bend and twist copper wire easily? How is copper wire used a great deal ? Is copper a rare metal or a common metal ? BEADING 67 CAST IRON best worth cools furnace poker heavier bottom stones channels wheelbarrow molds plugged flows bedstead railings Iron is found in the earth, mixed with other substances just as copper is. The iron must be removed from the other substances. It is wheeled to the top of a great fur- nace in wheelbarrows. In the furnace it is melted. The iron is heavier than the other substances, and falls to the bottom of the furnace. Then the plug at the bottom of the furnace is taken out. The iron flows out into chan- nels made in the sand on the floor. There it cools. Which is the better metal, iron or gold ? Where is iron found ? How do you remove the other substances from the iron ? Which is worth more, a pound of gold or a pound of iron ? What things can you make out of cast iron ? 68 READING WROUGHT IRON steel tough forge wrought hammered beams arches weld chains strength tugging bear must brittle machines Wrought iron is very different from cast iron. Wrought iron is tough. Cast iron is very brittle. Cast iron will break easily. Wrought iron is very tough. Wrought iron will not break easily. You can make wrought iron into any shape you please. Wrought iron has very great strength. We make chains out of wrought iron because it will bear a great deal of tugging. We can weld two pieces of wrought iron together when we heat them red- hot and then hammer them. Wrought iron is pounded, rolled, or hammered iron. Wrought iron must be heated red-hot before it can be bent. Wrought iron is useful for making beams and arches for bridges and large buildings. We make all kinds of machines out of wrought iron. Steel is even stronger than wrought iron. The frames of many great buildings are made of steel. Is wrought iron the same as cast iron ? How is wrought iron different from cast iron? Which kind of iron is tougli ? Have you ever been in a blacksmith's shop ? What does the blacksmith make wrought iron into ? Does the blacksmith heat the wrought iron red-hot ? After the wrought iron is heated red-hot, how does the blacksmith change its shape ? Can the blacksmith change the shape of cast iron ? What is wrought iron useful for ? Why are Vjeams and arches made of wrought iron ? What is wrought iron ? Will wrought iron break easily ? READING 69 LEAD lead heavier sheets flat rolled lining poured tanks aluminum silver arts cisterns hardens bullets plumber roofs shot pipe gutters think Lead is a soft metal. Lead is very easily melted. It is very easily cut with a knife. Sometimes, it is rolled out into thin sheets. It can be made into thin sheets by melting it and then pouring it over a flat table covered with fine sand. The plumber likes to use lead because he can cut and bend it so easily. Our water pipes are often made of lead. Lead also makes a good lining for cisterns and tanks. We make bullets and fine shot out of lead. The bullets are used in war and in shooting large animals. We shoot birds with fine shot. Lead is heavier than silver or aluminum, but lighter than gold. Clean lead shines like silver. Copper, iron, tin, and lead are called the useful metals. Gold and silver are used in some of the arts and trades. Have you ever seen a plumber at work ? Did you ever melt any lead ? Can you melt lead very quickly ? Did you ever try to cut lead with your knife ? How is lead made into thin sheets ? Is the roof of your house covered with lead or with shingles ? Of what are water pipes made ? Why does the plumber like to use lead ? What is the diiference between bullets and fine shot? For what do we use bullets ? For what do we use fine shot ? What are the useful metals ? What are the precious metals ? Do you know the price of lead by the pound ? 70 READING ICE ponds frozen pure skating store float indoors hailstones snow- cooling natural artificial also ice chest what sawdust packed preserve important manufacture In the winter time the ponds are all frozen over. They are covered with ice. Ice is frozen water. Snow and hailstones also are frozen water. We can g-o skatinar on the ponds in the winter time. Ice is lighter than water. Ice floats on the surface of the ponds. In the winter time men cut the ice and store it in large ice houses. The ice is packed in sawdust to keep it from melting. In the summer time the men sell the ice. We put ice in our ice chests to preserve our provisions. We also use ice for cooling drinks. The ice we get from the ponds is natural ice. A great deal of the ice that is now used is made indoors. The ice we get from manufacture is artificial ice. Artificial ice is made from pure water. Sometimes, natural ice is not pure. Ice is a very impor- tant article. We must have it in summer. Have you ever been skating ? Can you go skating in the summer time? What is ice? Is ice a solid or a liquid? Is ice heavier than water? Where do the men store ice ? Why do they pack the ice in sawdust ? When do they sell the ice ? Have you an ice chest at home ? What is natural ice? Have you ever seen snow in the summer time ? Do the ponds freeze over in the summer time? Why don't the ponds freeze over in the summer time? READING 71 MERCURY mercury spoken bottle careful spill drops temperature heaviest nearly fourteen thermometer degrees looking-glass remarkable warmth expands scale fluid printed amount Mercury is a very remarkable metal. It is the heaviest metal of which we have yet spoken. We can keep mercury in a bottle. If we should sj^ill the mercury, it would sepa- rate into little round drops. Mercury is nearly fourteen times as heavy as water. Mercury is put on the backs of looking-glasses. We put mercury in thermometers. A thermometer is a scale with a tube of mercury on it. Heat expands the mercury. When the air becomes warmer, the mercury rises in the tube. When the air becomes colder, the mer- cury goes down in the tube. Some figures are printed on the scale behind the tube. These figures tell how many degrees the temperature is. Water boils at two hundred and twelve degrees. Water is a fluid. Mercury also is a fluid. Every other heavy metal is a solid. Why is mercury a remarkable metal ? Is mercury a solid metal ? What will the mercury do if you spill it ? How many times heavier than water is mercury ? Have you a thermometer at home ? Can you tell the amount of warmth in the room by the thermometer ? When does the mercury rise in the tube ? When does the mercury go down in the tube ? At what temperature does water boil ? What is on the scale ? 72 HE A 1)1 MG SILVER AND GOLD eagle polish precious case scarce scratch enough chamois mint nickel tarnish watch filling dime quarter bracelet dollar dentist ring stamped Gold and silver are clled the "precious metals." Silver is a white metal. It looks like nickel and tin. Silver is heavier than aluminum. Pure silver is not hard enough for practical use. Silver must be mixed with copper to make it tough. Silver can be scratched with a knife. The cases of some watches are made of silver. Some watches are made of gold. Gold and silver are used to make our coins. We have silver dimes, quarters, half dollars, and dollars. Gold money is more scarce than silver money. All the gold and silver money is made in the government mints. The metal is brought to the mint in bars. There it is rolled out, cut into pieces, and stamped. Dentists use gold and silver for filling teeth. We polish gold and silver with chamois. Many ornaments are made of gold. Is your watch made of gold or of silver ? Which metal is the more precious, gold or silver? Why must silver be mixed with copper to make it tough? Can you scratch silver with a knife? How can you polish silver ? Have you ever seen a gold bracelet ? How many cents is a sil- ver dollar worth ? How many dimes is a silver half dollar worth ? Has the dentist ever put gold or silver in your teeth? Do you like to go to the dentist? Where is all tlie money made ? Who controls the mints in which money is made ? READING 73 THE COW stout support hide food horns peaceful already cloven once hoofs calf feeding pasture cud beef This is the picture of a cow and her calf. They are in the pasture. The calf is feeding. The cow is a very peaceful animal. The cow has short, stout legs to sup- port her heavy body. The cow chews a cud. The cud is food that the cow has already eaten once. The cow has cloven hoofs and two horns. The calf has no horns. The cow is a valuable animal. The cow gives us milk to drink and beef to eat. Have you ever milked a cow? Do you like to drink milk ? Will the calf have horns sometime ? What kind of hoofs does the cow have ? What does the cow give us? What does the cow chew? Where is the cow? Is the cow a fierce or a peaceful animal ? Is the cow a light or a heavy animal ? What kind of legs has the cow? 74 READING THE WIND AND THE SUN settle dispute question fable compel immediately began agreed resist tremendous instead furiously closely finally conquered wrapped thought pleasantly traveler proved Once upon a time, so the fable runs, the Wind and the Sun had a dispute that they wished to settle. The question was as to which of the two was the stronger. Just then they saw a traveler coming along the road. They agreed that the one who could first compel the traveler to take off his coat was to be called the stronger. Immediately thereafter the Wind began to blow furi- ously. The Wind thought that the traveler could not resist such tremendous strength. But instead of taking off his coat, the traveler only wrapped it more closely around him. Finally the Wind got tired and stopped. Then the Sun took his turn. He came out pleasantly and warm. This pleased the traveler and made him feel 80 warm that he took off his coat at once. In this way the Sun conquered and proved to the Wind that he was the stronger of the two. What was the dispute of the Wind and the Sun? How did they agree to settle the dispute? What did the Wind do to make the traveler take off his coat? What did the Wind think? What did tlie traveler do instead of taking off his coat? How did the Sun try to make the traveler take off his coat? Did the Sun conquer the Wind? What does this story mean ? Is it a true story or a fable ? READING 76 THE STORY OF A DOG stole brook greedy opened snapped fell property reacli belonged carried world persons neither seized passing reflection bridge hungry indeed disappointed A hungry dog once stole a large piece of meat. He was very glad indeed to get the meat. He had seized the meat in his teeth and was running away with it as fast as he could. On his way he came to a brook. As the dog looked from the bridge into the water, he thought he saw another dog with another piece of meat in his mouth. This piece of meat was just like his own. He was so greedy that he opened his mouth and snapped at the piece of meat which belonged to the other dog. His own piece of meat fell into the water and was carried beyond his reach. The dog was very much disappointed to find that the other dog was simply his own reflection in the water. He had neither his own piece of meat nor the other dog's. In this world there are a good many persons who are so eager to get the property of others that they lose their own. What did the dog steal? Did you ever see a dog steal a piece of meat? Why did this dog steal the meat? What was the dog doing with the meat ? What did the dog come to on his way? What did the dog see when he looked from the bridge into the water ? Why did he snap at the piece of meat that belonged to the other dog? What became of his own piece of meat? Was the other dog a real dog ? Have you ever seen the reflection of your face in the water? 76 READING THE KIND MAYOR ragged peddling station railroad good-looking gentleman orphan start handed stranger paying counted mayor despised meanness attention received value sure angrily A ragged little girl was peddling apples at the railroad station of a great city A train was about to start. Just then a good-looking gentleman jumped off the train, and asked the girl for fifteen cents' worth of apples. The girl counted the apples and handed them to him. Sud- denly the train began to move, and the stranger got on quickly without paying for the apples. He gave no atten- tion to her at all, but laughed as she called out for her money. The mayor of the city was standing by. The mayor was a man who despised all meanness. He looked very angrily after tlie train. Then he took the little girl by the arm, and led her home with him. You may be sure she received the full value of her apples. When the good mayor learned that she was an orphan girl without a home, he found a kind family who were glad to take care of her. Every one liked the mayor. He was always friendly. What was tlie ragged little girl peddling? Who bought some apples of the ragged little girl? Did the little girl receive any pay for her apples? How many cents' worth of apples did she give the stranger? What did the stranger do when she called out for her money? Who was standing by? What kind of man was the mayor? READING 77 TRADE UNIONS strike afford idle trade union longest masters wise remain society divides yield savings shorter labor refuse dissatisfied workingmen enough workmen employers Sometimes workingmen become dissatisfied with their work. They think that they are working too long or that they are not getting enough pay. Then they strike for shorter hours of labor and more pay. They refuse to do any more work until their employers give them shorter hours and more wages. But the workmen are usually poor, and the employers are often rich. Often the workmen cannot live without money from wages long enough upon their savings to compel the em- ployers to yield. You can easily see that the employers can usually afford to remain idle longer than the work- men. Sometimes the wage-earners form a trade union to help themselves. A trade union is a society that helps to protect workingmen from their masters. The men, while they are working, give part of their savings to the trade union. The trade union divides this money among the men while they are striking. Why do the workmen become dissatisfied with their work? For what do the workmen strike? What do the workmen refuse to do? Do the workmen have more property than the employers, or less? Can tlie workmen live very long without working ? What is a trade union ^ What do the men give to the trade union ? Do you think that it is wise for workingmen to belong to trade unions ? I 78 READING WHALE FISHING capture exciting whaler whaleboats head stern whalebone attached coiled backward exhausted blubber whale fitted harpoons instantly Whale fishing used to be a very dangerous business. It is still very exciting to try to catch whales. The whalers were especially equipped for the work. They carried six or eight whaleboats. The old whaleboats had head and stern alike, so that they could go either forward or backward. Each boat had a harpoon, which was attached to a long rope. This rope was coiled up in the bottom of the boat. In this picture a man is tlirowing his harpoon into the whale. When the whale is struck, he will instantly rush away. The whale will pull the boat after him until he is exhausted. Tlien the men will capture him and take his blubber and whalebone. What is the man in the boat doing ? How were whales captured in the old days ? What do men get from whales ? READING 79 THE CAMEL desert plentiful purpose burden journey supply swift hump wool camel nutriment imported The camel is well fitted for its life on the desert. The desert is a very dry region where food and water are found at very long distances apart. The camel can make a journey of several days without either food or water. You can see the two humps on the camel's back. The two humps contain nutriment. The camel uses this nutriment when he can find nothing to eat. In the camel there is also a bag, in which he stores water for the same purpose. The camel is very swift and can carry a heavy burden. The camel has a plentiful supply of milk. We import a great deal of camel's hair. Write about the camel. 80 READING THE UNITED STATES foremost according consists foreigners President republic prosperous population Senate elected monarchy area millions serve representatives Congress square immigrants wonderful governed The United States is the foremost republic in the world. A republic is governed by the people. A country that is governed by a king is called a monarchy. The United States is perhaps the most prosperous country in the world. The area of the United States is three and a half million square miles. The population of the United States is over seventy-six millions. Thousands of immigrants from all the nations of Europe come into the country every year. Mt is wonderful how quickly these foreigners become Americans. The President of the United States is elected to serve four years. The laws of the nation are made by Con- gress. Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Every State has two senators. The number of representatives depends upon the population of the State. How is the United States governed? Is the United States a monarchy or a republic ? How is It^ governed ? Which is the most prosperous nation in tKe world ? What is the area of the United States ? What is the population of the United States ? Who come into the country every year ? Do these foreigners become Americans quickly ? How many years does the President of the United States serve ? BEADING 81 NEWSPAPERS printed events advertisements reporters copies commerce affairs sports account charge politics rent editor describes manager music position newsboys advertise next The newspaper is a printed sheet of paper. The news- paper gives an account of all the events of the day. Each newspaper has a great many reporters. It is the business of the reporters to find out what is going on. If there is a great fire in the city, a reporter describes it. The next morning the paper will give an account of the fire. The newspaper also tells about commerce, national and foreign affairs, music, politics, and sports. The newspa- pers contain a great many advertisements. They advertise houses for sale, houses for rent, horses, positions, and many other things. Each newspaper is in charge of editors and managers. Some of the editorg write editorials upon pub- lic affairs. The newsboys sell the newspapers on the street. Do you read the newspaper ? Which newspaper do you read? Did you ever sell newspapers ? How many copies can a newsboy sell in a da}'^ ? What does the newspaper give an account of ? Who finds out what is going on ? What other things does the newspaper tell about ? What do the newspapers advertise ? Do you read the advertise- ments in the newspapers ? If you had a house for sale, would you let the newspapers advertise it ? Who sells the newspapers? Do you read the editorials in the news- papers ? READ. EVE. SCH. 82 READING REVIEW pick ton notice beef stairs dug thin compel busy shiny useless began salt coke seldom agreed below hoisted poker kind mine freight bedstead mayor candles feathers chains handed surface ladies poured peddling descend pillows tanks counted power beautiful bullets strike weight cushions flat savings steep cruel roofs idle wheel liquid gutters afford wooden shape pipe attacked invented clear ice whale lower sickness frozen immense machinery smell skating supply faithful fresh important wool guard level float imported world movement spill republic unlike another thermometer governed friend hooks degrees immigrants fur greedy cai-eful prosperous asleep chew dentist square watching wire mint printed protect copper dime newspaper fuel twist watch advertise furnace common enough national railroad wages commerce manager pleasantly remain orphan editor LESSONS IN LANGUAGE STATEMENTS 1. The river is frozen. 2. Winter is gone. 3. The robins liave come. Of what does the first sentence tell something? What is told about it ? i Of what does the second sentence tell something? What is told about it? What does the third sentence tell? Write a sentence that tells something about the weather. Write a sentence telling what your occupation is. Write a sentence telling where you live. Write a sen- tence telling what time it is. A sentence that tells or states something is a statement. With what kind of letter does the first statement at the top of the page beg'n? the second statement? the third? What punctuation mark is placed after these statements? Rules : — The first luord of every sentence begins with a capital letter. A period is placed after every statement. Learn to spell the following words, and make a statement about each : — sun factory policeman river moon school pencil skating mayor wheel world dollar friend working-man book fishing thought railroad cattle government 83 84 LANGUAGE SIMPLE AND MODIFIED SUBJECT 1. The robin sings. 2. The little red robin sings. In these two sentences what are spoken of ? In the second sentence what two words show the kind of robins spoken of ? Tlie name robin is called the simple subject of the sen- tence. The words little and 7'ed are called modifiers of the simple subject. The little red robin is the modified subject of the sentence. Write the following sentences, filling the blanks with modifiers of the simple subjects : — 1. The fox runs fast. 2. The boy will succeed. 3. The dog watched the stranger. 4. Tlie leaves fall to the ground. 5. The moon has risen. 6. A squirrel is on the tree. 7. Some chestnuts were on the fire. 8. The beach was a nice place to bathe. 9. The Indians were on the march. 10. The gentleman will speak to you. 11. The flower smells sweet. 12. Tlie stars have disappeared. 13. The soldier has come home. 14. The street is stopped up with carts. 15. The man will lift the stone, 16. The weather has come. LANGUAGE 85 WORDS USED TO ASSERT 1. The wind blows. 3. The picture is beautiful. 2. The moon rises. 4. The lemon is sour. What word tells what the wind does ? What does the wind do ? What word tells what the moon does ? What does the moon do ? Is the picture beautiful ? What word do you use to say this of the picture ? What does the word is do in the fourth sentence ? Words like blows, 7'ises, and is, used to make assertions, are called verbs. We cannot make a statement without using a verb. We cannot say anything about a thing or a person unless we use a verb. Therefore it is very important to understand what verbs are. Complete the following, filling the blanks with verbs : — 1. The monkey . 10. Horses hay. 2. The tree . 11. The year twelve 3. Birds in the air. months. 4. The apples green. 12. Bees honey. 5. The buildino- tall. 13. John his kite. "» 6. Fishes in the water. 14. An acorn an oak. 7. Charles the ball. 15. The letter well 8. The horse the fence. written. 9. The snake on the 16. The clock seven. ground. Write in a sentence each of the follomng verbs : — run hear fear eat write read walk like push hurry tear wear ride drive rise buy stand fail S6 LANGUAGE WORDS USED TO ASSERT 1. The horse ran away. 2. Ihe birds come in the spring. In the first sentence the verb, ran, tells the action of the horse. In the second sentence the verb, eome, tells an action of the birds. A verb asserts something of its subject. In the follow- ing sentences pick out the verb and tell what it asserts of its subject : — 1. The blacksmith is shoeing the horse. 2. Columbus discovered America. 3. The train travels fast. 4. The policeman arrested the thief. 5. The men were unloading the vessel. Make twenty sentences by combining the following nouns and verbs : — Nouns 1. baby, babies. 6. lion, lions. 2^ woman, women. 7. star, stars. 3. boy, boys. 8. wind, winds 4. dog, dogs. 9. horse, horses. 5. mail, men. 10. Verbs bird, birds. 1. twinkle, twinkles. 6. blow, blows. 2. run, runs. 7. swim, swims. 3. fly, flies. 8. vote, votes. 4. cry, cries. 9. roar, roars. 5. bark, barks. 10. sew, sews. LANGUAGE 87 SIMPLE AND MODIFIED PREDICATE 1. The robin sings. 2. The robin sings merrily. What is the subject of the first sentence ? of the second ? What word tells what the robin does? What word tells how the robin sings ? The word sing is called the simple predicate. The word merrily is called the modifier of the simple predicate. Write the following sentences, filling the blanks with modifiers of the simple predicates : — 1. Snow falls . 2. He went to work . 3. The ship crosses the ocean . 4. They placed the sick man in the carriage . 5. The letter was written . 6. The employer spoke . 7. He held his own . 8. The river wound — to the sea. 9. The breeze blew . 10. He fell to the ground. Write five sentences, each containing a modified predi- cate. Write five sentences, each containing a modified subject. Write each of the following modifiers in a sentence : — early soon quickly well finely honestly best wholly fast badly 88 LANGUAGE \ EXERCISE IN MAKING SENTENCES j i Write answers to the following questions. Make each answer a complete sentence : — 1. Where does the sun rise ? 2. When do the leaves fall from the trees ? 3. At what time of year do the ponds freeze over ? 4. What makes the locomotive engine move "^ 5. What makes the clouds move in the sky? 6. At what time of the year are the fruits ripe ? 7. When do the farmers plant their seed ? 8. Who is now the President of the United States ? 9. What is the color of the sunset ? 10. At what time of the year does the hot weather come? 11. What game is played in summer? 12. What kinds of ships sail on the sea ? 13. What carries the ships across the sea? 14. How can you tell what direction the wind blows ? 15. Who makes bread ? 16. Who delivers letters ? 17. Who shoes horses ? 18. What does the glazier do ? 19. How many hours are there in a day? 20. Who sells drugs ? 21. What does the cobbler do ? 22. Who makes tables ? 23. What does the bootblack do ? 24. Wliere do the horses drink ? 25. When does Thanksgiving Day come ? 26. How many senators are there from each State? 27. Do you like to go fishing ? ,| LANGUAGE 89 VERBS — SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS 1. The fishes swim. 3. The boys jump. 2. The fish swims. 4. The boy jumps. 5. The girls sew. 6. The girl sews. What is the subject of the first sentence ? What is the predicate ? Wiiat is the subject of the second sentence ? What is the predicate of the second sentence ? Is the subject of the first sentence singular or plural? Is the subject of the second sentence singular or plural ? How does the verb in the second sentence differ from the verb in the first ? What is the verb in the third sentence? in the fourth? Which has a plural subject ? Which has a singular sub- ject ? What is added to a verb when it has a singular subject ? What is the verb in the sixth sentence ? Has it a sin- gular or a plural form ? Why ? How has it been made ? The singular form of most verbs is made by adding s to the plural form. Copy the following, filling the blanks with verbs : — 1. The bell . 5. The cow . 2. The bells . 6. The cows . 3. The river to the ocean. 7. A dog . 4. The rivers to the ocean. 8. Dogs . Write in sentences both the singular and plural forms of the following verbs : — cut steal bakes send sells finish find keeps collect trusts •.•0 LANGUAGE ABBREVIATIONS Some words are shortened or abbreviated when writ- ten : — 1. Doctor Smith lives at Number 78 Main Street. 2. Dr. Smith lives at No. 78 Main St. 3. A letter was directed to Mister Henry Shaw, Bloom- field, Essex County, New Jersey. 4. A letter was directed to Mr. H. Shaw, Bloomfield, Essex Co., N.J. What are the abbreviations in the second sentence? What is the abbreviation for " Doctor " ? for " Number " ? for "Street"? What are the abbreviations in the fourth sentence? For what word is "Mr." an abbreviation? For what word is "Co." an abbreviation? For what is "N.J." an abbreviation ? A period must be placed after every abbreviation. Learn the following abbreviations : — St., Street. U.S., United States. Ave., Avenue. N.Y., New York (State). PI., Place. P.O., Post Office. N., North. R.R., Railroad. s.. South. Co., County, Company. E., East. No., Number. w.. AVest. Mr., Mister. S.W., Southwest. Mrs., Mistress, " Misses." N.E., Northeast. Rev., Reverend. M., Noon. Hon., Honorable. A.M., Morning. No., Number. P.M., Afternoon. Doz., Dozen. LANGUAGE 91 THE MONTHS Learn the following : — The twelve months are January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, and December. Write twelve sentences, telling something about each of the twelve months ; weather, etc. When written as dates, the names of nine of the months are sometimes abbreviated as follows : — January, Jan. August, Aug. i February, Feb. September, Sept. March, Mar. October, Oct. I April, Apr. November, Nov. December, Dec. ; Copy the following : — 1 Thirty days have September, i April, June, and November ; ' All the rest have thirty-one, i Excepting February alone, ! Which hath but twenty-eight, in fine, j Till leap year gives it twenty-nine. I « Answer the following questions : — j 1. Which are the spring months? { 2. Which are the summer months? i 3. Which are the fall months? i 4. Which are the winter months? i The names of the months begin with capital letters. Put a period (.) at the end of every sentence. ' 92 LANGUAGE WORDS USED IN PLACE OF NAMES 1. I am going away with Charles. 2. Charles and I are going away. 3. We are going away. In the first sentence, for what does the word /stand? In place of wliat name is it used? Which word in the second sentence is used in the place of the speaker? In the third sentence, for what does the word We stand? When speaking for yourself alone, use I. When speak- ing for one or more persons and yourself, use we. The words /and we are called pronouns. Write the following sentences, filling the blanks with the word / or ive : — 1. He said might do it. 2. go walking together very often. 3. cannot afford to spend the money. 4. John and will be there at half-past seven. 5. am not willing to do it. 6. are going into business together. '''• pretended that was very angry. 8. He said, " cannot agree with you." 0- have not bought our tickets. 10. Neither James nor have seen him. 11- will soon be among my friends. Learn to spell each of the following words, and then write it in a sentence : walking, business, seven, tickets, among, going, friends, agree, spend, money, angry, often. LANGUAGE 93 PRONOUNS — POSSESSIVE CASE 1. I am reading the book. It is my book. 2. We are reading the book. It is our book. 3. You are reading the book. It is your book. 4. He is reading the book. It is his book. 5. She is reading the book. It is her book. 6. They are reading the book. It is their book. 7. It is a large book. Its pictures are beautiful. 8. They are large books. Their pictures are beautiful. In the first column of sentences, the pronouns are used as the subjects. In the second column the possessive forms are used. The pronouns m^, our, your, his, her, their, its, are possessive pronouns and are used to tell to whom a cer- tain thing belongs. Write the following sentences, filling the blanks with suitable pronouns : — 1. They have put on skates. 2. Always keep things where belong. 3. Henry has learned lesson. 4. were walking in the woods and lost — — way. 5. has torn dress. 6. Hang your coat in place. 7. We have finished — — work. 8. George has taken my umbrella, and broken handle. 9. He has made up mind to stay at home. Write each of the following words in a sentence : — shoe rubbers button lace necktie string stocking trousers collar handkerchief 94 LANGUAGE PRONOUNS Write the following sentences, putting the proper pro- nouns in the blank spaces : — 1. The man has brought dinner. 2. If a man finds some money, should return it to the owner. 3. The jury brought in verdict. 4. The workmen were on the way to homes. 5. William, I see that are not doing right. 6. He knows what wants. 7. I will do anything to help that I can. 8. I will give all money, if you will give all time. 9. If I were in place, have everything • wished. 10. The gentleman had taken off hat. 11. How can we get money back? 12. Shall we give what they want? 13. If she will give money, I will give . 14. When you see Tom, tell that will be there. 15. Will Mr. Smith sell house? 16. Have the men received pay? Questions When we want to find out something, we ask a ques- tion about it. If we want to know what time it is, we ask a friend, "What time is it?" A question mark (?) stands after every question. Write questions about the following: the weather, horses, the country, the theater, to-morrow, school, this evening, money. LANGUAGE 95 EXERCISES For dictation : — Under a spreading chestnut tree The village smithy stands ; The smith, a mighty man is he, With large and sinewy hands ; And the muscles of his brawny arms Are strong as iron bands. — II. W. Longfellow. The above selection from Longfellow's poem, called ''The Village Blacksmith," is a stanza of six verses. Notice that each verse begins with a capital letter. Pick out all the names in the stanza and write them in a column. Then write each in a sentence of its own. Write answers to the following questions. Make each of your answers a complete sentence : — 1. Where does the village smithy stand ? 2. Who owns the smithy ? 3. What kind of hands has the blacksmith ? 4. How strong are the blacksmith's arms ? 5. What kind of a tree stands near the village smithy ? 6. What kind of work does the blacksmith do ? 7. Why are the blacksmith's muscles strong ? 8. What is there in a blacksmith's shop ? Learn to spell the following words, and use each in a sentence : — forge anvil hammer nail screw bellows iron nut vise horseshoe 96 LANGUAGE PRONOUNS 1. I had a key but lost it. 2. My mother thought she had seen it. 3. Tom said that he had seen it. 4. They were both mistaken. In the first sentence, for wliat does the word it stand ? Who did tlie mother tliink had seen it? Who did Tom say had seen it ? In the second sentence, for what does the word she stand ? In the third sentence, for what does the word he stand ? In the fourth sentence, for what does the word they stand ? Words used instead of names are called pronouns. Write the following sentences, filling the blanks with suitable pronouns : — 1. Mary will come if can. 2. My father thinks that will go away to-morrow. 3. John and Frank have gone home, because want to read. 4. I asked him and said would like it. 5. Alice cannot sew, because has lost her needle. 6. If my brother has no money, cannot go. 7. Mr. and Mrs. Smith will move into their new house, when return. Learn to spell the following words, and then write each in a sentence : — box bell house fence find liorse drive story board strike car street grass nail boat LANGUAGE 97 I EXERCISES IN MAKING SENTENCES Make sentences by filling the blanks with subjects : — j 1. swim in the pond. ' 2. shod the horse. 3. mended the table. 4. play baseball. ; 5. rises in the morning, ; 6. is behind a cloud. I 7. strikes the hour. ,l 8. has written a letter. ! 9. blows cold. \ 10. float in the sky. , 11. is a graceful tree. i 12. are closed t)li Sunday. Make sentences by filling the blanks with predica,tes : — , 1. The stars . | 2. Christmas . ! 3. Columbus . ; 4. The river . 6. Gold and silver -— — . | 6. The rainbow . 7. Bees and wasps — — 8. Autumn leaves — 9. The American flag 10. The moon . 11. The large ship . Use modified subjects and predicates, and tell the nouns, pronouns, and verbs that are added. READ. EVE. SCH. — 7 98 LANGUAGE WORDS USED WITH NAMES 1. John has a sharp knife. 2. William has a new hat. 3. The large house is on fire. 4. The horse is pulling a heavy load. What word is used with the name knife? What does it tell? What word is used with the name hatJ What does it tell? What word is used with the name house? What does it tell? What does the word heavy do? What is the difference between " John has a knife " and " John has a sharp knife " ? IJ Names are called nouns. ft Words used to qualif}^ nouns or to limit the meaning of nouns are called adjectives. « , Write the following sentences, filling the blanks with suitable adjectives : — 1. weeks make a year. 2. The clouds are passing over. 3. The apples are on the ground. 4. Here are a dozen oranges. 5. The boy is not tall enough to get the fruit. 6. The man was convicted. 7. weather has come again. 8. The boy will succeed. 9. We walked up the very mountain. 10. The book has many pictures in it. 11. Ice is water. 12. He was riding a very horse. LANGUAGE 99 WORDS USED WITH NAMES Honest man. Kind father. Good dog. Fast horse. In each of these phrases an adjective is used to modify a noun. It tells something about the thing of which the noun is the name. A phrase is a group of related words expressing a single idea. The words honest, Jcind, good, and fast are adjectives. Each tells something about the noun it modifies. The word honest describes man ; the word kind describes father ; the word good describes dog ; and the word fast describes horse. Write nouns with the following adjectives : — soft good this large shiny first many clear ten American these great white heavy industrious cold lovely sharp cruel pleasant fine able brave slow costly Write adjectives w ith the following nouns • - . book gentleman chair hat house stove boat dinner train wagon glass merchant ship water music evening carpenter room carpet pen bank oak street paper letter Name some things that may be approximately described by the following adjectives : — sweet sticky wet dry sour loose rough hot smooth tough green thin long handsome smart 100 LANGUAGE THIS, THESE — THAT, THOSE 1. Look at this book. 8. Look at that book, 2. Look at these books. 4. Look at those books. Does the word book mean one or more than one? What is the plural of book? Is the word this used before the singular or the plural form? Before which form is the word these used? the adjective that? the adjective tho?e? On the desk in front of me there is a small knife, and on another desk farther away from me there is a large knife. In speaking of these knives I would say : — This knife is a small one. That knife is a large one. If there were several small knives and several large knives, I would say : — These knives are small. Those knives are large. When speaking of the nearer of two objects, use this. When speaking of the farther of two objects, use that. When there are several objects near and far, and you wish to speak of the nearer, use these; in speaking of the far- ther, use those. Write the following, filling the blanks with this or that, these or those : — 1. hat is mine, and hat is yours. 2. apples in the other room are sweeter than . 3. coat in my hand is more expensive than one. 4. He came to land for the sake of freedom and opportunity, leaving that land of political inequality. LANGUAGE 101 MAKING SENTENCES . Combine the sentences in each of the following groupis into one sentence : — Model The dog was eating the bone. The dog was big. The dog was eating hungrily. The big dog was eating the bone hungrily. 1. John has a sharp knife. John is whittling with it. , John is whittling a piece of pine wood. ] 2. My friend broke his finger, | He did it playing ball. j It was his little finger. 8. The little boy went to the doctor. He went with his mother. He was sick. { i 4. The children are coming down the street. They are merry. There are five children. 6. Mr. Johnson lost his handkerchief. It was a silk handkerchief. He lost it out of the car window. 6. The stars come out one by one. They are very bright. They come out after the sun goes down. 7. The farmer is cutting the grass. The grass is tall and thick. He is cutting the grass in the meadow. 102 LANGUAGE CONTRACTIONS 1. It is going to snow to-day. 2. It's going to snow to-day. 3. Tliey have not received their pay. 4. Tliey haven't received their pay. In the second sentence, for what does Its stand ? What letter is left out ? What mark talces its place ? The mark (' ) is called an apostrophe. In the fourth sentence, for what does haven't stand? What letter is left out? What is put in place of it? Learn the following contractions : — 1. Don't for do not. 2. Doesn't for does not. 3. You're for you are. 4. We're for we are. 5. They're for they are. 6. I'll for I will. 7. Hasn't for has not. 8. Aren't for are not. 9. Isn't for is not. Copy the following sentences, writing the contracted words in full : — 1. It's too high for me to reach. 2. Doesn't the train go fast ? 3. Tliey're rowing down the river 4. We're too late to catch the boat. 5. John hasn't any book. 6. They don't speak English. 7. I'll tell you about it to-morrow. LANGUAGE 103 HAS AND HAVE 1. Mr. Williams has many horses. 2. Mr. Williams and Mr. Shaw have many horses. 3. I have finished my work. 4. John and I have finished our work. About what is something said in the first sentence ? in the second sentence ? How many things are there in the subject of the first sentence ? How many things are there in the subject of the second sentence, one thing or more than one thing? In which sentence is has used? In which is have used ? What is the subject of the third sentence ? Is has or have used ? How many are there in the subject of the fourth sentence ? Is has or have used ? JTas is used when speaking of one person or thing, and have is used when speaking of more than one persou or thing, or of yourself. Complete the following sentences, filling the blanks with has or have : — 1. I been sick for a long time. 2. He been promoted. 3. John and Charles lost their way. 4. Tlie policeman caught the thief. 5. I received a letter. 6. The soldier gone to war. 7. The trees been rooted up by the wind. 8. they found the lost child ? 9. Mr. Monroe, who is now twenty-one years of age, become a voter. 10-i LANGUAGE DICTATION So the Deacon inquired of the village folk Where he could find the strongest oak, That couldn't be split nor bent nor broke, — That was for spokes and floor and sills ; The crossbars were ash, from the straightest trees ; The panels of whitewood, that cuts like cheese, But lasts like iron for things like these. — 0. W. Holmes. Write in one column all the nouns in the selection above. In another column write all the verbs. Answer the following questions, making each answer a complete sentence : — 1. Of whom did the deacon inquire about wood for his carriage ? 2. What kind of an oak did he wish to find ? 3. For what part of his carriage did the deacon use the wood of the oak ? 4. What kind of wood did he use for the crossbars ? 5. What kind of tree did he use for the crossbars ? 6. Of what wood did he make the panels ? 7. Is it easy to cut whitewood with a knife ? 8. Will whitewood last a long time ? 9. Why did the deacon use whitewood to make the panels ? 10. Why did the deacon make the spokes of oak? 11. What kind of wood would you use in making a bat ? 12. What kind of wood would you use to make a fish- pole ? The first word of a line of poetry always begins with a capital letter. LANGUAGE 105 WAS AND WERE 1. The man was in the carriage. 2. Tho men were in the carriage. 3. Jolm was walking down the street. 4. John and James were walking down the street. How many men are spoken of in the first sentence? Is something said about more than one horse in the second sentence? In which sentence is was used? In which sentence is were used? How many boys are spoken of in the third sentence? How maiiy boys are spoken of in the fourth? Why is was used iu the third sentence, and were in the fourth? When speaking of one, use was. When speaking of more than one, use were. Copy the following, filling the blanks with was or were so as to make sentences : — 1. They not at home. 2. I at home. 3. The stars shining brightly. 4. The moon shining brightly. 5. The soldiers drilling. 6. The boys sailing the boat. 7. The soldier cleaning his musket 8. He glad to see us. 9. We glad to see you, 10. The policeman making an arrest. 11. The rivers frozen over. 12. The wind blowing a gale. 13. This once a land of negro slavery. 106 LANGUAGE THE MOUNTAIN AND THE SQUIRREL The mountain and the squirrel Had a quarrel, And the former called the latter " little prig." Bun replied, " You are doubtless very big ; But all sorts of things and weather Must be taken in together, To make up a year And a sphere. And I think it no disgrace To occupy m}^ place. If I am not so large as you, You are not so small as I, And not half so spry. I'll not deny you make A very pretty squirrel track ; Talents differ ; all is well and wisely put ; If I cannot carry forests on my back, Neither can you crack a nut." — R. W. Emerson 1. Tell the names in the above poem. 2. Write each name first in the singular and then in the plural. 3. Write the ideas of this poem in your own words. 4. What words begin with capital letters? Why? 5. Write each of the following words in a sentence : — mountain squirrel quarrel forest neither track disgrace weather year place back small This (,) mark of punctuation is a comma. This (;) mark is a semicolon. LANGUAGE 107 WORDS THAT TELL HOW, WHEN, WHERE 1. The fox runs fast. 2. The fox will get away soon. 3. The fox is there- How does the fox run? When will the fox get away? Where is the fox? Words which tell how, when, or where are called adverbs. Write the following, filling the blanks with adverbs : — 1. Every one should do his work . 2. The storm came very . 3. He gave the money to the poor. 4. The old gentleman spoke very to him. 5. You must be on time. 6. John came , and missed the train. 7. The old man walked down the street. 8. The policeman will be here . 9. The train stopped . 10. He does his duty. 11. He was vexed and spoke . 12. Charles did not come , but he will be here Learn to spell each of the following adverbs, and then write it in a sentence ; — quickly late soon yesterday to-morrow early finely gladly quite truly usually politely slowly plainly often 108 LANGUAGE THE POSSESSIVE FORMS OF NAMES 1. The boy has a new coat. 2. Tlie boy's coat is new. 3. The boys have new coats. 4. The boys' coats are new. Who has a new coat? Whose coat is new? What is added to the name hoy to make it denote possession ? Who have new coats ? Whose coats are new ? What is added to the name hoys to make it denote possession ? To make a singular name denote possession^ add 's to it. To make a plural name denote possession, add the apostrophe. When the plural form does not end in s, add the apjostrophe and s thus, women's, men's. Write the following sentences. Change the names denoting possession to the plural form, and make any other necessary changes : — 1. The boy's knife was new. 2. The boys' knives were new. 3. The bird's wing is broken. 4. The girl's dress is torn. 5. The ship's sail can now be seen, 6. The dog's ear is bleeding. 7. The robin's breast is red. 8. My sister's book is on the table. 9. My neighbor's house is very old. 10. My brother's dog is hungry. 11. I must answer my cousin's letter. 12. The man's boots are dirty. LANGUAGE 109 ] I MAKING SENTENCES We saw the sly monkey. We saw the cuniimg monkey. We saw the wild monkey. We saw the sly, cunning, wild monkey. Combine the sentences in each of the following groups into a single sentence : — 1. The tall pine tree stood on the river's bank. The lonely pine tree stood on the river's bank. The old pine tree stood on the river's bank. 2. He was lying on the cold ice. He was lying on the smooth ice. He was lying on the hard ice. 3. There were many smooth pebbles on the beach. There were many round pebbles on the beach. There were many white pebbles on the beach. 4. The gay children are coming down the street. The noisy children are coming down the street. The frolicsome children are coming down the street 5. She had some fresh flowers. She had some bright flowers. She had some beautiful flowers. 6. We saw sloops in the harbor. We saw schooners in the harbor. We saw yachts in the harbor. 7. The blacksmith was a strong man The blacksmith was a large man. The blacksmith was a dark man. no LANGUAGE THE PLURAL OF NOUNS 1. The mill is closed on Sunday. 2. The mills are closed on Sunday, 3. The wheel turns quickly. 4. The wheels turn quickly. How many mills are spoken of in the first sentence? How many are spoken of in the second sentence? Does the subject of tlie third sentence stand for one or for more than one thing? For how many things does the subject of the fourth sentence stand ? How do the words mill and 7n{lls differ in meaning? How do they differ in spelling ? How do the words wheel and wheels dijffer in meaning? How do they differ in spelling? The plural of most nouns is formed hy addiiig s or es to the singular. Write the following sentences, using the nouns in the plural instead of the singular number. Use is, Aas, and was, when speaking of one thing, and are, have, and were, when speaking of more than one thing. 1. The car was overloaded. 2. The class was dismissed at nine o'clock 3. The light has gone out. 4. The street is blocked with teams. Write sentences, using for subjects the plural forms of the following words : — paper shoe soap towel water brushes coin needle collar button LANGUAGE 111 LETTERS Copy the following business letter, noticing the capital letters, abbreviations, and punctuation. You will notice that on the first two lines are written the address of the writer and the date of writing. These are on the right- hand side of the page. On the following lines and on the left-hand side of the page the name of the company to which you are writing and its address are written. Then follows on the next line the word G-entlemen. When the body of the letter has been written, the writer signs himself, Yours very truly, Thomas Jones. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 1, 1904. The American Book Company, Washington Square, New York, N.Y. Gentlemen, Kindly send me by express one complete set of Shakespeare's works. I inclose check for $15 in payment. Yours very truly, Thomas Jones. 1. Write a letter to Warwick Brothers, Market Street, Chicago, 111., ordering three umbrellas at f 2 each. 2. Write to the Century Company, ordering the Cen- tury Magazine for one year at $4. 112 LANGUAGE TOPICS FOR ADDITIONAL LESSONS The foregoing lessons are intended partly as outlines, partly as examples. With some classes of foreigners or of illiterates this course may be completed in a hundred evenings. AVith most classes the materials used as sugges- tions should serve for many more than a hundred evenings. Additional lessons may be given on such topics as the following : — The Alphabet and Phonics ; Birds and Animals ; Clothes ; Drawings and Pictures; Forms of Labor; Conduct in Society ; The Industrial Arts ; Music and Musical Instruments; Articles of Manufacture; National Banks ; Books ; Forms of Merchandising ; Savings Banks ; Government and its Offices, Duties, Privileges ; Building and Loan Associations ; Buying Goods ; Newspapers ; Rights of American Citizens ; Truth ; Beauty ; Goodness. Any topic within the knowledge of the students and centralized upon some typical feature may be made to serve the purpose of familiarizing them with the English language, written and spoken. The illustrations in good weekly papers and popular monthly magazines are often helpful. It is very important to review every evening all words previously learned, both for their sound and for their spelling, until the strange words have become entirely familiar. ^ This book is DUE on the last date stamped below University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. c m URL Form I 007 617 431 7 ■•-I 1*2 mr JOB A^ UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000 352 567 2 JN; of CAL. IT ^ ANGELEj^ JBRARY ^>(A 3rsity of Ca uthern Regi j^ibrary Faci]