THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES A / / THE SOUTHERN WORLD. THE SOUTHERN WORLD. JOURNAL OF A DEPUTATION WESLEYAN CONFERENCE AUSTRALIA AND POLYNESIA INCLUDING NOTICES OF A VISIT TO THE GOLD-FIELDS. BY THE REV. ROBERT YOUNG. THIRD THOUSAND. LONDON: HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND CO.: SOLD BY JOHN MASON, 66, PATERNOSTER-ROW. 18.55. 7.1 yn PREFACE, THE Author of the following pages having in eighteen months passed over a large portion of the globe, his remarks on the different countries visited are necessarily brief. He has described things as they appeared to him; and although interspersing his journal with several miscellaneous subjects, he has endeavoured to keep in view the object of his mission. No labour has been spared to obtain correct information on the various topics introduced : and he would here gratefully acknowledge his obligation to the Missionaries and other gentlemen, for the readiness and clearness with which they answered his numerous inquiries, and thus put him in pos- session of much valuable information, which he could not otherwise have obtained. It was the Author's intention to have offered some sugges- tions on Emigration; but having seen that other writers have anticipated him, and furnished muqh suitable advice to emi- grants, the only remarks which he would now venture to make on the subject are these : If people are doing well at home, they had better be content to remain there, lest, like many he has met with, they should change for the worse. To those who thiflk they must emigrate, he would respectfully intimate that if they are delicate, and have been tenderly brought up, they ought not to emigrate to the "diggings," unless they are A 3 1217184 IV PREFACE. prepared to dig their own graves. Mechanics, agriculturists, labourers, and miners are the classes best adapted to the present state of Australia; and if such parties be healthy, sober, industrious, of good principles, possessed of common sense, and willing to endure hardship and discomfort for a season, they may emigrate to any of the Australian colonies with a reasonable hope of success. The writer is thankful to be able to state that the object of his mission to the Southern World has been satisfactorily accomplished, and that the Wesleyan Mission churches in Australia and Polynesia have been formed into a distinct Connexion, with a Conference of its own. This important arrangement is now committed to the watchful care and guidance of Him, without whose blessing nothing is wise, or good, or strong. London, September 23, 1854. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE. INTRODUCTORY remarks Parting scene Sea-sickness First Sabbath Loss of masts Screw entangled Flag of distress A leak springs Steer for Lisbon Arrival Appearance of the city Popery Tomb of Doddridge Anniversary of the great earthquake Murder on board the " Melbourne" Bull- fighting Procession of the Host Deputation from London Return to England . . . . . .1 CHAPTER II. Sailing of the "Adelaide" Disaster Return to Plymouth Starts again Gale Cabin flooded Ship on fire Canary Isles St. Vincent No coals Character of passengers Crossing the Line Boy drowned Burial at sea St. Helena An execu- tion Visit to Napoleon's tomb Another death Gambling on board Arrival at the Cape . . . . .18 CHAPTER III. Cape-Town Visit to Constantia Duel prevented School anniver- sary Departure Gale Another death Alarm of fire t Albatross Fearful gale Passengers assist at the pumps Religious views Uncle Tom's Cabin An evening party Land in sight Arrival in Australia . . . .41 Vlll CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV. PAGE. Australia Swan-River Aborigines Funeral "in the wilderness Departure Kangaroo- Island Arrival in South Australia Visit to Adelaide Departure Hobson's Bay Arrival in Melbourne Visit to St. Kilda Brighton, and Geelong Departure Squatters and Diggers Arrival in Sydney -. 58 CHAPTER V. New South Wales Sydney Official Address Missionary Meetings Visit to Windsor, Richmond, and Paramatta Snow Sydney University State support of Religion A peculiar character Legislative Council Speaker Visit to the University Census Schedules . . ,89 CHAPTER VI. Schools Australian Board of Missions Emancipated convicts Public Library Convict establishment Sydney District- Meeting Wesleyan College More Ministers wanted Govern- ment immigrants Atheist reclaimed New Constitution Bill Speeches on the second reading A fallen Minister imprisoned Death-adder Debate in the Council New Exchange Arrival of Missionaries from Polynesia Dust-storm . 118 CHAPTER VII. Embark for New Zealand Passengers New Zealand in sight Tradition as to its origin North Cape Waingaroa Arrival at Auckland The town V/esleyan Chapel District-Meeting Education Letter from the Governor Government scheme Members of the Mission churches Mission property The union of the Mission with Australia Missionary Meeting Mr. Whiteley's replies to sundry questions .... 139 CONTENTS. IX CHAPTER VIII. PAGE. Missionaries' bush costume Long journey Tea-meeting Mount Eden Visit to "Three Kings' Institution" Sermon in the Free Church Interview with Epiha Putini Message to the Queen Wesleyan College Auckland Day-school Letters from native Christians . . 161 CHAPTER IX. Interview with natives Tattooing Cannibalism Statements of Christian natives A. Christian Chief Land squabbles Letter from a Chief Anniversary of Captain Cook's discovery of New Zealand Massacres Canoes Intellectual character of the natives John Hobbs Review of the work Bishop Selwyn Missionaries Colonization Colonists Departure for the Friendly Isles . . . . . . .184 CHAPTER X. Friendly Isles Arrival in Tongatabu Visit to King George- Normal Institution Family worship Queen Charlotte Pre- paration for the Sabbath Meeting of Missionaries Sabbath Class-meetings Tapa beating King's visit to Australia Offers to provision the ship Visit from the Queen Present from the King Visit to the seat of the late war Mua Popery Extraordinary tornbs God-houses School examination Chief Justice Mr. Adams's astronomy , . . 210 CHAPTER XI. Departure from Tonga Queen's letter Population Political con- stitution Recognised ranks Mental character Education Arrival at Vavau Sabbath Church-meeting School examination Kava drinking Letter to the King His reply Native Minister Produce of the islands Employment of the people Social condition Domestic circle Tradition How the people speak of their former condition. . . 234 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XII. PAGE. Departure from Vavau Vampyre-bat Introduction of Christianity into Vavau Revival in 1834, 1846 Introduction of Popery Prevalence of the Wesleyans Church-members Contri- butions Character of the people Diseases Tradition Review of the work Sabbath observance Family worship Love of the Scriptures Civilization King George . . 256 CHAPTER XIII. Feejee Lakemba Church-meeting Joel Bulu Arrival of the Mail Dinner sent by the King Native pottery Kind children Another dinner sent School examination King George preaches A marriage Cannibalism King of Lakemba Popish Priests foiled Rotumah Departure Political Consti- tution Ranks Character of the people Improvement Native agents Education Hindrances War Considerations which sustain Missionaries Arrival at Vewa. . . . 277 CHAPTER XIV. Vewa Meeting of Missionaries Visit to Bau Thakombau King of Somosomo School examination Meditated revenge Change in Christian Feejeeans Civilization Native's esti- mate of Missionaries Sacrifice of human life Effects of European and American visitors Mental character Roman- ism Means of support Treatment of women Resources for trade Prospect of Christianizing the people General aspect and character of the country Climate Commerce Cannibal- ism Character of the Heathen Means of civilization Super- stition Tradition Courtship "Women in power Contrast between Christians and the Heathen Clothing . . 302 CONTENTS. XI CHAPTER XV. PAGE. Visit to the tomb of Mr? Hunt The war at Ovalau Death and character of Varani Women strangled Heroic conduct of Missionaries to save life Contents of cannibal ovens obtained for interment Customs apparently of Asiatic origin De- parture from Vewa Review of the work of the Mission Voyage to Sydney ...... 324 CHAPTER XVI. King George in Sydney Legislative Council The King at a party Missionary Meeting Valedictory address Departure from Sydney Review of the rise and progress of Methodism in New South Wales Letter from Rev. R. Mansfield Arrival in Melbourne Departure for Mount Alexander Journey Arrival at Forest Creek Digger's wedding Christmas-day on the gold-fields Bendigo State of the digging population Influence of Methodism Large tea-meeting Average earnings of gold-diggers Return to Melbourne . . . 352 CHAPTER XVII. New-year Hot wind and dust-storm Departure for Van Diemen's Land Arrival in Launceston Journey through the island Hobart-Town Various meetings Sandy-Bay Return to Launceston More meetings Contributions for additional Ministers Inconvenience of departing from a penal Colony Rise and progress of Methodism in the land Arrival in Mel- bourne Meetings Review of the Mission in Victoria Mission to the Aborigines Cause of its failure Native Institution at Loddon . 383 Xll CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVIII PAGE. Departure from Melbourne Arrival at Adelaide Wesleyan church in that colony Unhappy death of a passenger Arrival at King George's Sound Review of the work in Australasia- New Ecclesiastical arrangement Character of Missionaries Departure for Ceylon Unfortunate letter Tropical sunset Arrival at Point-de-Galle Cinnamon gardens Budhist temple Interview with priests Conversations with Native Christians Mission-schools Missionaries' challenge to the Devil-priests 409 CHAPTER XIX. Departure from Ceylon Letter from a native Christian Passengers Arrival at Aden Scriptural illustrations Arabs Departure Red Sea Mount Horeb Passage of the Israelites Suez Loading camels Journey across the Desert Mirage Rag- tree Arrival in Cairo Grand Mosque Joseph's Well Slave- market Bazaars Enmity of Mohammedans The Nile Canal Mohammedan Bailors Alexandria Malta Meeting of the English and French soldiers Gibraltar Arrival at home . . . . . .42 NOTES REFERRED TO IN THE VOLUME. A. Rules and Regulations of the Wesleyan Immigrants' Home . 441 B. Table, showing the state of the Labour-market . . . 442 C. Extract from the Minutes of the New South Wales District- Meeting 443 D. Imports and Exports of New South Wales .... 444 E. Minutes of a Leaders' Meeting, held at Auckland, New Zealand, September 23, 1853 444 F. Skeleton of a Sermon by Shadrach Mumui, Chief Judge of Tonga 445 G. The Laws of the Kingdoms of Tonga, Haabai, and Vavau . 446 H. Brief Outline of King George's Sermon ..... 454 I. Letter from the Rev. J. Wesley to Mr. Valton .... 455 K. Statistical View of Mission Churches in the Australasian Connexion 455 L. Public challenge to the Devil-priests of Ceylon noticed . . 456 JOURNAL OF A DEPUTATION AUSTRALIA AND POLYNESIA, CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY remarks Parting scene Sea-sickness First Sabbath Loss of masts Screw entangled Flag of distress A leak springs Steer for Lisbon Arrival Appearance of the city Popery Tomb of Doddridge Anniversary of the great earthquake Murder on board the " Melbourne" Bull-fighting Procession of the Host Deputation from London Return to England. CHRISTIANITY is essentially aggressive. Its precepts direct, and its spirit excites, its recipients to labour in its diffusion ; whilst its prophecies and promises encourage them to anticipate the most glorious success. Missionaries, therefore, must be sent forth, and, in some instances, for a time " take nothing of the Gentiles," but derive their support from the churches at home. The necessity of the case may require this, and the example of the primitive Church can be cited^ in behalf of such arrangement. But this state of things is only preliminary to that which is more perfect. It is not intended to continue, and indeed in the nature of things cannot do so. Churches raised by Missionary instrumentality must not be pauperised, but as soon as practicable provide for themselves, and contri- bute their exertions to send the Gospel still farther into the regions beyond. That this from the beginning has been the plan of the Great Head of the Church for disseminating Christianity, is an undoubted fact. Of this England itself, the origin of whose Christianity is to be traced to Missionary 2 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. labours among our pagan ancestors, affords a very striking illustration. Were this plan to be practically abafldoned, much evil would ensue. Mission churches which might continue to lean upon the support of others when they had passed their infancy and were capable of providing for themselves, would thereby cramp their own operations, deprive themselves of a healthy and well-developed activity, and, as an inevit- able result, become deteriorated in their religious character; whilst the churches at home, impoverished by such conduct, would not be able to prosecute the great work of evangelizing the world with that vigour which they otherwise would exert. This manifest order of God therefore requires that at the proper time Mission churches should undertake the duty of providing for themselves and managing their own local affairs. And if this ought to be done by churches raised up in heathen lands, how much more so by those established in Christian colonies ? After much deliberation on the part of the Wesleyan Mis- sionary Committee and Conference, it was thought the time had arrived when their important Mission churches in Australia, including Van Diemen's Land, ought thus to be cast upon their own resources. In those churches it was believed there were adequate pecuniary resources to supply the means for the accomplishment of this arrangement, and piety and intel- ligence rendering them capable of taking with advantage this higher position among the churches of Christ. To make preliminary arrangements for the introduction of this important measure, a deputation to the Southern World was deemed highly necessary, and the author was requested to undertake its duties. After much anxious thought on the subject, he consented to do so, and the following pages contain extracts from the journal which he kept whilst prosecuting the work to which he had been appointed. October 15th, 1852. Having taken my passage by the " Melbourne," one of the vessels of the " Australian Royal Mail THE SOUTHERN WOULD. 6 Steain Navigation Company," bound for Sydney, I left my much-beloved family, and embarked at Plymouth. I found 150 passengers on board; amongst whom was the Rev. John Kirk, who had been appointed to accompany me. This being the last English port at which the ship was to touch, some very affecting scenes occurred whilst attached friends and relations were being separated, with but little or no hope of ever meeting again in this world of change. Here was a fond sister, in a paroxysm of grief, hanging on the neck of an only brother ; and there a venerable parent, of more than threescore years and ten, struggling with deep emotion whilst giving his last blessing to his adventurous son. In another direction was seen a respectable lady in deep mourning, bowed down with sorrow, as she leaned on the arm of a friend. Joseph was not ; Simeon was not; and now Benjamin was about to be taken from her. A very different scene appeared in another part of the vessel. Two Sheriff's officers were engaged in arresting a debtor who was escaping from his creditors. The unhappy man compromised^ the matter by the payment of a large sum, and was allowed to proceed. Similar officers were sent after another culprit; but, although they went in the ship some dis- tance beyond the breakwater, he managed to evade their most diligent search. Honest men may be brought into difficulty, but in all such cases they will be disposed to arrange honourably with their creditors, and not covertly escape to some distant land. IGth. The vessel rolled much, and nearly all the passengers were affected with sea-sickness, which induced several of them to regret their having left the shores of England. I saw many a prostrate form and ghastly look, and thought if any member of the medical faculty should discover either a preventive or cure for this distressing malady, he would be gratefully remembered as a public benefactor. 17 ill. Sabbath. Held a religious service in the saloon, and was much pleased with the attendance. The ship was very unsteady, but by " holding on" we managed to get through without interruption. B 2 4 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 18th. Commenced visiting the sick on board, amongst whom I found an interesting young man, who had ruptured a blood- vessel, and appeared to be dying. He belonged to a very respectable family, and wept when he referred to his parents. His cabin was flooded with water, and I was obliged to stand upon a thick piece of timber ; but even then I could not keep myself dry, and the bedding of the afflicted youth was saturated. I directed him to the Friend of sinners as his only hope, and commended him to God. 19th. About 1 o'clock this morning we met with a serious accident. Our vessel being a full-rigged ship, and her steam power but auxiliary, the Captain was anxious to make the best of the very fine breezes with which we were favoured, and therefore put upon her a heavy press of canvass ; when, unfor- tunately, she rolled her masts overboard, carried away part of her bulwarks, and received other damage. The spars, sails, and other parts of the rigging became entangled with the screw propeller, and rendered it totally powerless. Thus in a few minutes we were completely disabled, deprived of our twofold power, and left to the mercy of the waves. When the day dawned the disaster became more manifest, and I perceived that several of the passengers had put on their "life-preservers," and, from their very anxious countenances, were evidently expecting to have a plunge. One person had hung a bag of sovereigns around his neck, and seemed determined to save his money, or to perish with it. Another individual, under great alarm, inquired anxiously of an officer on duty as to the safety of the life-boat, and being informed that one of the sailors had left the plug out of it when at Plymouth, his alarm was much increased. The waggish son of Neptune, who had been in many a storm, and who feared no danger, seeing the effect of his statement, very coolly said to his trembling inquirer, that the case was not so bad as he appeared to think it, for the first officer, having found out the defect, had with great promptitude put some strong brown paper into the hole, to meet the present emergency. On hearing this, the poor excited and simple man immediately communicated the matter to the doctor, and said, as there THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 5 would no doubt be a tremendous rush to the life-boat, and as he was greatly enfeebled through sickness, he felt assured that there would be no chance of his getting a place therein unless the doctor would give him a certificate as to the state of his health; and in order to secure that favour, he voluntarily offered to take his place in the boat before it was lowered, and solemnly engaged to sit firmly upon the brown paper, and thus render the boat doubly secure ! It was too bad thus to sport with the fears of an almost distracted man, especially as he heard the Captain say there was great danger of the ship going down; but some men will yield to their prevailing tendency in the very presence of death. A little after 6 o'clock a vessel was seen in the distance, and the Captain made the usual signal of distress. She ap- proached, and learned the nature of our disaster. About noon another vessel appeared, and as our signal was still flying, she also came and ascertained our circumstances. The former was the brig "Reaper," of Dundee, bound for Berbice; the latter, the schooner " Alexander," of Exeter, bound for the Brazils ; and although the wind was favourable, they gallantly stood by us for thirty-six hours, until we conceived our danger past. The whole of the day was spent in labouring to clear the screw, but without effect. 20th. After much exertion the screw was lifted, and disen- tangled; and about 8 o'clock P.M. resumed its work, to the joy of every one on board. In the afternoon, two swallows, much exhausted, came on board; and as we were about 400 miles from land, they were doubtless migrating to a more congenial clime. As "the stork in the heaven knoweth her appointed time, and the turtle, and the crane, and the swallow observe the time of their coming," I was encouraged to believe that He who guided the swallow in her flight across the trackless.ocean, would direct the course of those who put their trust in Him, and in due time conduct them to the city of habitation. 2lst. We began to repair in some degree our damage, until we should reach Cape de Verd Islands, but our disasters were B 3 O THE SOUTHEBN WORLD. not yet past; for about 9 o'clock P.M. the Captain summoned the passengers into the saloon, and informed them that the vessel had sprung a leak; and that, as it would be danger- ous to proceed on our course, he had, on consulting his officers, determined to steer for Lisbon. He also stated that should the leak dangerously enlarge during the night, the .boats would be ready for our escape, but they would not accommodate more than one-half of the persons on board. Certainly this was not a very pleasing announcement! We were in the midst of tremendous waves, and upwards of 400 miles from land. I ceased from man, retired to my cabin, committed my case to Him who holds "the wind in his fists," and "the waters in the hollow of his hand," laid myself down and slept in peace, and did not awake until the break of day. 22d. Many acknowledged the kind providence of God in having preserved us during the night; and as we were still in danger, I perceived a disposition on the part of some of the most ungodly to cry unto the Lord in their trouble. Human nature was obviously the same in the days of the Psalmist. Speaking of those " who go down to the sea in ships," and who in consequence of the waves thereof are brought to their " wit's end,". he declares that "then they cry unto the Lord in their trouble." Of this truth we had some striking examples on board the " Melbourne :" many a cry was heard, and many a prayer went up to heaven, from lips evidently unaccustomed to devotion. 23d. A meeting of the first-class passengers took place to consider the propriety of our not proceeding farther than Lisbon in the " Melbourne." Very much against my inclina- tion I was called to the chair; and from the manifest discomfort and danger of the vessel to passengers, as indicated by the statement of the medical officer, the meeting unanimously resolved that it would be unsafe to proceed farther in the ship, and agreed to request the "Australian Royal Mail Steam Navigation Company" to provide them with a proper and efficient steam-vessel, to enable them to continue their voyage ; or to refund their passage-money, and pay their expenses from THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 7 Lisbon to England. The second and third-class passengers addressed a similar request to the Company. 24rth. /Sabbath. We entered the spacious and beautiful harbour of Lisbon. The morning was lovely, and as the sun shone upon the city, which stands upon seven hills, its appear- ance from the river exceeded in beauty anything of the kind I had ever witnessed; and I should have gazed upon it with intense delight, had not certain indications reminded me most affectingly that the " Man of sin " reigned there. The con- fusion on board prevented our holding any religious service, and was much calculated to distract the mind. Most of the passengers went on shore; and many of them, I regret to say, attended the theatre. How unstable is man ! Some of those who thus desecrated the Sabbath had, but a few days before, made solemn vows to God ; but, now that the danger was past, their vows were forgotten, and their Divine Preserver insulted. Nor was this any new phase in human nature. When the plague was upon Pharaoh, endangering his life, he "called for Moses and Aaron, and said unto them, I have sinned this time : the Lord is righteous, and I and my people are wicked," and he made vows unto the Lord; but when "he saw that the rain and the hail and the thunder had ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, neither would he let the children of Israel go." So the parties in question, who during the season of danger made solemn vows to God, seem to have been no more sincere than the Egyptian King, or they would have exalted their Deliverer in the con- gregation of the saints, rather than have dishonoured Him in the assembly of the ungodly. 25^/4. After breakfast, I went on shore, and soon found that Lisbon looked best at a distance. Its streets are generally narrow and filthy, and its churches externally are not imposing, but internally many of them are magnificent, and exhibit most costly decorations. Its population is estimated at 260,000. 27th. The ship was surveyed by the doctor of the Naval Hospital, and the surgeon of Her Majesty's steam-ship the " Inflexible," who reported very unfavourably of her sanatory 8 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. condition. I do not like, without good and sufficient cause, to express any censure upon a public Company. It is, however, but simple truth to say, that there was not a passenger on board who did not feel that he had been thoroughly imposed upon. I do not say it was designedly done, as I believe the Company incapable of that ; but the vessel having been built for other service, was never adapted for passengers; and from her being over-crowded and over-loaded, together with her defective fitting-up and general arrangements, it was impossible for them to realise that comfort which they had been so confidently, and in the most glowing terms, taught to expect. The ports being low, could not be opened for ventilation without admitting water; and there being no other means of ventilating the berths, their closeness became most oppressive and unbearable; and being generally flooded with sea-water, even in fine weather, comfort was rendered impossible. I had one of the best cabins in the ship, but frequently there were several inches of water in it. Others were much more deluged, and some of them fairly presented foaming billows during the rolling of the vessel. The accumulation of filth, and the want of arrangement throughout, led to serious complaints, and not a little bitter- ness. To have been thus treated in any vessel would have created dissatisfaction; but these things occurring in a Royal Mail steamer, where much better things had been amply paid for, and might have been reasonably expected, gave an impulse to discontent; and but for the good sense of the passengers we should have had an outbreak of feeling. I think it a great mistake for three classes of passengers to be in the same vessel. It creates caste, and leads to various heartburnings, as I fre- quently witnessed. In the Royal Mail steamer especially, there should be but one class of passengers. It would be much more comfortable for the passengers themselves, and I have no doubt ultimately more profitable to the Company. 28^. Having received from the British Consul an unfavour- able account as to the seaworthiness of the " Melbourne," the passengers had a meeting on shore ; and, after considering the whole case, several of them determined to return to England THE SOUTHERN WORLD. they were all uncovered. As the procession moved on, the women on either side of the street, fell down upon their knees, and the old men took off their hats; but the young men generally took refuge in the houses, or suddenly turned aside into some other street or lane, until the Host had passed. I alone met the procession with a firm step and covered head. 19th. I conversed with several gentlemen as to the pro- priety of a Protestant Missionary being sent to Lisbon; and they expressed a favourable opinion of such an arrangement. They said' that a Missionary, speaking the language of the country, would be gratefully received by many, and would be tolerated by the authorities, on condition that he did not preach blasphemy, oppose the ^jrovernment, nor build a church. . 20th. I had hoped that the Australian Royal Mail Steam Navigation Company would have sent a vessel to Lisbon, to take forward the passengers of the " Melbourne ;" but, that hope being cut off, I went on board the Mail Steamer "Tagus," and sailed for England. Mr. Kirk remained for farther orders. 23d. We reached Vigo, and were beset by a multitude of Spanish women, who used various methods to induce the pas- sengers to purchase the articles they exhibited for sale; and, in not a few instances, by good address succeeded in practising most shameful imposition. The Bay is capacious and well defended; and the scenery on either side is bold and exceed- ingly imposing. Spain must indeed be a beautiful country, if this part of it be a correct specimen. We took on board a large quantity of eggs and oranges for the English market. 27th. After a most stormy passage of seven days, we reached Southampton. Truly I had been brought by a way I knew not. The disaster, however, which had befallen me, and the perils to which I had been exposed, though much calculated to test my motives and principles, had not in any degree, I am thankful to say, shaken my determination to proceed in 18 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. the prosecution of that important work to which I had been appointed. I felt I had no reason to complain, but much to be grateful for; and, on a review of the whole, I "thanked God, and took courage." 29ik. I met the Australian Royal Mail Company's Board of Directors in London, and was happy to be informed that they had agreed to defray the expenses of the " Melbourne's " passengers from Lisbon to London, and to give them the same class of accommodation in the "Adelaide " which they had paid for in the former vessel. This was liberal. Not indeed more than the passengers were in equity entitled to receive, but to which there would have been some difficulty in establishing a legal claim. CHAPTER II. SAILING of the "Adelaide" Disaster Return to Plymouth Starts again Gale Cabin flooded Ship on fire Canary Isles St. Vincent No coals Character of passengers Crossing the Line Boy drowned Burial at sea St. Helena An execution Visit to Napoleon's tomb Another death Gambling on board Arrival at the Cape. AFTER enduring the pain of another parting from those I dearly loved, I embarked at Plymouth, December 19th, on board the " Adelaide," a beautiful iron screw steamer of 1,800 tons, and 450 horse power. I was much pleased with her general arrangements, and more than satisfied with my com- fortable little cabin. The Captain and his officers inspired confidence in the passengers, and we fully anticipated a safe, speedy, and pleasant voyage. About 4 o'clock we weighed anchor, and passed the breakwater in gallant stylet Those THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 19 who had been in the " Melbourne " congratulated each other on their greatly improved circumstances, and spoke with con- fidence as to the future. But how short-sighted is man ! During the night the water broke into the fore part of the ship, and the stream, according to the Captain and others who saw it, " was as large as a man's arm," and as it gushed in with irresistible force, that compartment of the vessel was soon quite filled. Alarming as that accident undoubtedly was, there was something still more so. The ship, from what cause I know not, refused to obey her helm; aud, but for the great skill of the Captain, we might have been driven on a lee-shore. We put back, and reached Plymouth-Sound the following morning at 9 o'clock, thankful for God's preserving care. I held a religious service on board at noon, which was well attended; and in the evening I returned to Plymouth, where I was most heartily received by my valued and hospitable friends, Mr. and Mrs. John Pope. 25th. "It is an ill wind that blows nobody good." By reason of the accident which had befallen the " Adelaide," I was permitted to enjoy my Christmas in the bosom of my family. Some good people more than intimated that the things which had happened to me should be regarded as evi- dence that I ought not to proceed to Australia. But the path of duty is not always a smooth one ; it is frequently beset with difficulties and dangers. "Jesus constrained his disciples to get into a ship;" and when the evening was come, "the ship was in the midst of the sea, tossed with waves, for the wind was contrary." On another occasion, he said unto them, "Let us pass over unto the -other side;" and we are told "there arose a great storm of wind, and the waves beat into the ship, so that it was now full." In both cases the disciples acted under the direction of their Divine Master, and were never- theless placed in circumstances of discouragement and "jeopardy," but which resulted in their increased confidence in the power and goodness of Him at whose bidding they had launched forth into the deep. St. Paul, too, was thrice shipwrecked, and in other perils by water, when prosecuting 20 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. the duties of his high mission. I did not, therefore, feel disposed to yield to discouraging suggestions, come from what quarter they might, but to put my unwavering trust in Him "Who walked the wave." It is but just to say, that no discouraging suggestion pro- ceeded from any member of my own family. 27th. More letters of sympathy from friends, expressing surprise at my succession of disasters, after so many prayers had been presented to God on my behalf, and intimating that such prayers must have been unavailing. But I was of a very different opinion, and believed that those prayers to a certain extent had been graciously answered. Not, perhaps, answered according to the thoughts of man, but according to the wisdom and goodness of God. I was much inclined to believe that there might have been an answer to prayer' in the very disasters through which I had passed ; for, had not the " Melbourne " met with an accident, the probability is, that on her reaching the tropics her defective sanatory condition would have induced fatal and most extensive disease; but just before we reached that latitude, we were necessitated to steer for Lisbon; and had not the " Adelaide " discovered her weak parts soon after leaving port, it is highly probable that she would have foundered at sea. Besides, I was deeply impressed with the thought that the gracious support and comfort afforded me in the time of peril, must have been vouchsafed in answer to prayer. Nor could I forget that the trying circumstances in which I had been placed had taught me important lessons, which were likely to be very useful in the discharge of my somewhat difficult duties. I did not, therefore, conceive that the time spent in my unsuccessful voyages had been spent entirely in vain; and whilst the people of God continued their intercessions in my behalf, I hoped, by grace assisting me, to be willing to brave any storm, and to face any danger, in the cause of Him who had done so much for me. 28^. The "Adelaide" was to have recommenced her voyage, but in consequence of her requiring more repairs and altera- THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 21 tions than anticipated, the time of her sailing was postponed. This brought out more objections to my proceeding on my mission. I knew, however, that no good work had been accomplished without sacrifice; and, as I believed the deputa- tion to Australia was designed to lay the foundation of extensive and permanent good, I never once hoped to fulfil its duties without what men are apt to call " untoward " events. In counting the cost of the undertaking, I put down many more perils than I had yet experienced, and I should have felt ashamed, as a Minister of Christ, had I not been prepared to expose myself to far greater hardships than those which had yet come upon me, in the accomplishment of a work intended to influence a great people, and to benefit generations yet unborn. "He that observeth the wind shall not sow; and he that regardeth the clouds shall not reap." January 1st, 1853. The "Adelaide" having been repaired, I was summoned on board, and had to endure another parting scene, to which nothing but a deep conviction of duty could have induced me to submit. I expected to sail about mid-day ; but the wind being strong and unfavourable, the pilot thought it unsafe to leave the harbour. 2d. Sabbath-day. Being ready to proceed to sea, we expected to sail at 8 o'clock, but just then the Captain entered the saloon and informed us that he and his first officer had both resigned. This unexpected announcement produced great surprise and consternation. A meeting was at once held. I was unanimously called to occupy the chair; but for weighty reasons respectfully declined the honour. Resolutions, however, were passed, declaring that a majority of the passengers would leave the vessel if Captain Jackson did not command her. One of the Directors came on board, and after a little mediation, in which I was happy to take part, a reconciliation was effected, to the joy of the passengers generally. This altercation, how- ever, delayed our sailing another day. 3d. We left Plymouth this morning on a trial trip, and, after some hours' beating about, returned within the breakwater to land the gentlemen who had been testing the vessel. The 22 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. trial was pronounced highly satisfactory, and about 4 o'clock P.M. we finally proceeded on our voyage. 8th. On our leaving Plymouth we had to encounter a head wind, which in a few hours increased to a gale ; but as the ship had been pronounced by legitimate authority quite seaworthy, and as the ability of the Captain and officers inspired confi- dence, we had no fear as to the result. The passengers retired to rest, hoping that the elements in a few hours would be more propitious; but in this we were disappointed. About midnight, I was suddenly aroused by the shriek of some one, I think a female, and leaped out of my berth. All was darkness; but I heard a frightful rush of waters, and soon ascertained that the sea had burst into the ladies' saloon, and was rapidly inundating our sleeping apartments. My cabin was ankle-deep, and many others were in similar circumstances. Dead-lights were at once fixed in the saloon, which afforded some defence : other measures were employed, but did not wholly prevent the water from coming in. Our circumstances were undoubtedly those of peril, as well as discomfort ; and fearing that the severe strain- ing and jerking of the vessel might result in something more serious, we anxiously waited for the morning light. The gale, which stove in and carried away one of our life-boats, continued with more or less severity for three days, and most of the cabins were flooded, mainly from the ports, which, if not greatly altered, must always admit a quantity of water in turbulent weather. My cabin being uninhabitable, I was necessitated, for three nights, without undressing, to take refuge in the dining-saloon, amongst other passengers whom the water had also driven from their berths. Nor was this the only cause of alarm and disquietude to which the passengers of the " Adelaide" were subjected. On the morning of the 6th instant, about 4 o'clock, the alarm of fire was given ! There was an immediate rush on deck. Spontaneous combustion of the coal was taking place, which filled with smoke the saloon and cabins in the fore part of the ship. The fate of the " Amazon " came with peculiar force to the mind. The night was dark, the tempest high, the sea THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 23 raging, and it is not marvellous that in such a combination of frightful circumstances some parties should have manifested great alarm. Both fire and water now seemed in league to effect our destruction. It was a solemn moment ! But the Lord was merciful. By prompt and judicious measures the catastrophe so much dreaded was happily prevented ; but as some of the coal was very inflammable, and such as ought never to have been put on board, we had frequent, and greatly aggravated, returns of the alarm ; and it was not until several days had elapsed that the indications of fire entirely dis- appeared. Too much praise cannot be awarded to Captain Jackson for the skill with which he managed the whole of this perilous affair. The comic and the tragic are sometimes closely allied, and so it was on the night when the first alarm of fire was given. One man appeared on deck in his night-dress, girt about by his life-preserver, encumbered with dollars, and with an umbrella in his hand. It appears he was afraid that the weight of his cash might sink him, notwithstanding his belt of safety, and therefore took his umbrella to act as a sail, and make him more buoyant ! In the confusion which ensued, he by some means lost a portion of his solitary garment, and appeared in a more pitiable plight than David's ambassadors on their return from Hanun. Another, who in the hurry of the moment had been deprived by a fellow-passenger of a part of his attire, cried aloud for the missing article, exclaiming, " I am prepared to meet death like a Briton, but I wish to die in my own breeches !" 9th. The blessed /Sabbath; and, as the gale had subsided, we had service in the saloon. The attendance was good, and great interest apparently was excited whilst I endeavoured to expound the words of the disciples, to which they gave utter- ance on their being delivered from the dangers of a stormy voyage. " They said one to another, What manner of man is this, that even the winds and the sea obey him 1" I had some hope that my labour was not in vain in the Lord. 13th. We passed the Canary Islands, and as we skirted 24 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. Teneriffe, the day being fine, and the atmosphere unusually clear, we saw not only the grape vines on the slopes of the abrupt mountains, and the capital of the island to advantage, but the very summit of the celebrated peak. It was covered with snow, though with us the heat was more than 70. We gazed upon it with intense interest; and as the sun was setting, the whole mountain seemed enveloped in glory, exhibiting now a golden tint of exquisite beauty, then a deep crimson of surpassing brilliancy, and ultimately wrapped itself in a fleecy mantle of many colours. But soon the light faded, the lovely hues melted away, and Nature's pyramid was seen no more. lth. This evening the ocean presented a most luminous appearance, and especially in the track of the ship. Amongst the numerous subjects which have long engaged the attention of philosophers, that of the luminous appearance of the sea during the night is highly curious. It would appear from the experiments of many learned men, that the phenomenon is produced by various causes, both jointly and separately. It has been proved by one set of experiments, that the putrefac- tion of animal substances produces light, and scintillations in the sea. A little white fish, placed in water, renders it luminous in the space of twenty-eight hours ; and it is certain that there is in the ocean a quantity of shining insects, or animalcules, which undoubtedly contribute to this phenomenon. Other naturalists ascribe it to the t>ily and greasy substances with which the sea is impregnated; in proof of which, a fish resembling the tunny is cited as being provided with oil which shines with considerable lustre. Other philosophers contend that the phenomenon is caused by small animals, either by their luminous aspect, or by some liquor or effluvium which they emit ; but they do not exclude other causes, and amongst them they mention the spawn of fish as deserving attention. M. Dangelet, in sailing into one of the bays of Madagascar, observed a prodigious quantity of spawn, which covered an extent of sea for more than a mile, and which he at first, on account of its colour, mistook for a bank of sand. The im- THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 25 mense accumulation of spawn exhaled a disagreeable odour ; and the sea for some days before appeared with uncommon splendour. The same accurate observer, perceiving the sea in the road of the Cape of Good Hope, during a calm, remarkably luminous, observed that the oars of the boats presented a whitish and pearl-like lustre. When he took in his hand the water, which contained phosphorus, he discovered in it, for some minutes, globules of light as large as the head of a pin ; and on pressing them they appeared to his touch like a soft and thin pulp. Some days after, the sea was covered with immense shoals of small fish, in innumerable multitudes. From all these facts, it may be decided that various causes contribute to the light and scintillation of the sea; and that the light which has been exclusively attributed to agitation and friction, differs from that which extends far and near, seeming to cover the whole surface of the ocean, and producing a very beautiful and striking appearance, particularly in the torrid zone. \5th. I saw the "stormy-petrel," or, as it is most frequently called, " Mother Carey's chicken." This very interesting bird is seen in most parts of the seas, especially those of the north, west, and south-west of England, where it is the last bird to leave the outward-bound ships, and the first to meet vessels returning home. It plays about the ships, and outstrips their swiftest course ; skimming the surface of the water with equal ease and grace, and tipping so regularly with its wings and feet, that it appears to be running on all-fours. The wings, however, do not get wet, or splash ; and the bird can make way in any direction against a moderate wind, apparently with very little fatigue. " She rises often, often drops again, And sports at ease on the tempestuous main." 17^/i. Yesterday being Sabbath, we had religious service on board. I preached ; but as the passengers were expecting to see land, I fear in many cases the service was submitted to, rather than enjoyed; and in one case there was a painful exhibition of the aversion of the carnal mind to the things of 26 THE 8OT7THEEX WORLD. the Spirit of God. "Wherefore is there a price in the hand of a fool to get wisdom, seeing he hath no heart to itP We reached St. Vincent, Cape de Verd, early this morning, where I expected to meet Mr. Kirk and family, who had left the " Melbourne," at Lisbon, and proceeded hither by the Brazilian packet, to take the "Adelaide ;" but I found that after waiting 15 days, in most uncomfortable circumstances, and exposed to fatal disease, they concluded that she had either passed on, or met with some accident, and they had therefore returned to England. Nor was this the only disappointment. We had put in for coal, and found none, and were told that we must remain until a supply should arrive from home ! Many of the passengers were indignant at this want of forethought on the part of the Company, and would have left the ship, had there been any other in the port to take them forward. 18th. This morning I went on shore with the medical officer, and a few of the passengers. The island is moun- tainous, bold, rugged, and exceedingly sterile ; and the town, consisting of a very few houses, principally negro cottages, is, without exception, the most disagreeable and repulsive I ever visited. There is a morass adjoining the town; and I am not surprised that, a short time ago, disease had been generated to such an extent as nearly to depopulate the place. The cemetery is an instructive enclosure, telling of the ravages of fever amongst British and American seamen visiting the port, and of the great uncertainty of life in this insalubrious island. IQt/i. Last evening, five of the sailors, being intoxicated, were placed in irons, and created great disturbance. Another man was flogged for unfaithfulness ; and a similar punishment was this morning inflicted upon one of the stewards, for having pilfered a knife. This mode of dealing with a criminal was most abhorrent to my feelings, and the cries of the unhappy sufferer haunted me throughout the day. Discipline must undoubtedly be maintained; but surely that might be effected THE SOUTHERN WORLD. L 7 without subjecting a man to the brutalizing process of flogging. It is, in my opinion, an intolerable outrage on board a passenger- ship, especially where there are ladies, and it ought never to be resorted to. Nor is it likely that any man will be the better for being thus degraded and mortified before the ship's company. 21st No coals having arrived, and Captain H. Thompson, the Agent of the West India Royal Mail Company, with more than 3,000 tons on hand, having refused Captain Jackson's application for a supply, I wrote a respectful letter to him this morning, to which the first-class passengers attached their signatures. He returned a curt reply, refusing the favour solicited, and apparently glad to see us in such a " fix." 23A to make peace between contending parties, or prevent the shedding of blood. He has even followed heathen parties to the remote district of Taranaki, who have gone on expeditions of blood, to prevent their killing and eating the people; and not unfrequently brought them home, having succeeded in defeating their object. In this way he has made some little restitution for his former deeds of cruelty. He embraced Christianity about eighteen years ago, and has had a Mis- sionary living with him for at least fifteen years. He is much respected among the tribes, and exerts a most salutary influence through the Waikato district. He is a great friend of Europeans, and always ready to promote the spread of Christianity. His face is partially tattooed; and he is about fifty years of age. I had the following conversation with him, my willing friend Mr. Buddie acting as interpreter. " I am glad to see you, and was pleased to hear you speak of Jesus yesterday." " I spoke the truth. My word was straight." " Have you any message to send to the good people in England, who have supported Missionaries among you 1 ? They will be very glad to learn that their labour has not been in vain." " Tell them what I said yesterday. I could have said more, much more, but I did not wish to boast. I owe all to Christi- anity. I live because of this, and might have given you much more talk, but I feared lest I should exalt myself. There is one thing in the land which gives us trouble. Only one THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 193 thing that disturbs my mind, and makes me feel confusion all over, it is the constant squabbles we have about land." " What do you think is the cause of these squabbles'?" " Think of your own garden. You make yourselves a garden; fence it, cultivate it, and when you have got it straight, some fellow pounces upon it, says he will have it, and tries to take it. In such cases, you can soon get the matter settled; but we cannot settle it so easily. We can only sit down upon our land, and say, ' You shall not have it.' Then the struggle begins. One cause of this dispute is the coming of the white man to our country, and the money he has brought. Our land is worth money now. Formerly, when a tribe thought themselves insulted or injured, they went and took a piece of land as utu, (payment,) and we allowed them to do so. Now, the native man holds fast his land." "How do you think these disputes can be prevented?" " There is only one thing that will end them, that is, Christianity. If all men's hearts were changed by the grace of God, we should not have trouble. If the Chiefs would for- sake the thoughts of the native heart, give up native customs, and take the law of God for their rule, then should we have peace. No law but God's law will put things straight. My own heart dwells on the word of Christ, in the 5th chapter of Matthew, that says, 'Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children of God;' and upon that word, in the 15th of John, that says, 'Now ye are clean through the word I have spoken unto you. Abide in me, and I in you.' Now, if all the Chiefs would look at these words, and make these words straight in their works, then should we be at peace." "Very good. I am glad to hear you refer to the word of God as the rule of life, and that you seek to promote peace." " This is my foundation. I take my stand on this word. This is my law. Not that I have found this out for myself: it was God that taught me this word. I have had much to endure for the sake of peace. Some envy me, and are jealous of my influence. If I were like them, I should pay them back again ; but I feel it better to endure, that we may sit in peace. 194 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. Should any serious evil arise when you have left us, I must still look to the Missionaries; and if they want help they must send across the water to you, and you and the fathers there must help them." " The Queen is very anxious to promote your welfare ; she loves her subjects in New Zealand, and wishes them to be happy." " Perhaps," said Rakina, who was present, " if the Queen were to make a Maori King, and give him authority over the native tribes, he might put down all these things. A good man like William, with such power, might do much to make and keep peace." This proposition evidently did not meet with William's approbation. 4rth. I received the following letter from a Christian Chief. It is written in Maori, and the translation is by Mr. Buddie. It is evidently intended for Christians in England : " October 4th, 1853. " Go, my letter, to ny European relatives, to my beloved friends. I send this to you, because ye are friends. From the greatness of your love you supplied money to send Ministers here, to bring the Gospel of God to this island, that I might hear the word of God and live. When they reached us, I was sitting in darkness and in wickedness, but the Gospel of God took me up out of the wickedness; and therefore I write my letter to the Ministers and Elders in England, to the sacred men of God, to the men that believe. " Friends, I salute you. Ye children of the light, listen you to my thought. When I was sitting at the ' Three Kings' I heard the talk about Christ's coming into the world. Then I began to have thoughts about the meaning of the love of God to me. At this time great is the joy of my heart to God; and my desire is, that my heart may walk always to God. Friends, my heart does not forget to pray to my God; because thus saith the word to the people of Thessalonia, ' Rejoice ever- more. Pray without ceasing. Quench not the Spirit.' " This is what I have to say : though you may never see me THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 195 in the body, there is a place where we shall see each other in body and soul, when the Son of Man shall come. While Mr. Young was with you, I did not know him; now I have really seen his person. So it is with my thoughts about you. As I have seen him, so I hope to see you sitting at the right hand of God, and myself also. I pray for my Ministers and teachers. Do you pray for my people to God, that he may soften them, and make them willing to send their children to be taught. Mr. Whiteley'and myself have been to talk with them about their children; but they have no mind to send them to the ' Three Kings' to school. But I pray continually for my people to God, as for myself. I feel in my thought, I am a child of God. True is my word, and I think of the word of Christ, which saith, ' Be thou faithful unto death;' and therefore never intend to end my prayer to God. This is all." 5th. It is just 85 years, this day, since Captain Cook first saw New Zealand. It had been discovered 126 years previ- ously by Tasman, but no farther account was taken of it until the visit of the celebrated circumnavigator, on October 5, 1768. There is, however, ground to believe, from certain com- munications made by the natives to this distinguished seaman, that some European ship had touched on the coast a short time before his arrival; but, as the visit was never reported in England, there is too much reason to apprehend that the vessel foundered at sea. During Cook's risit, he unfortunately involved himself in a quarrel with some natives, which resulted in the shedding of innocent blood, and the exasperation of the people ; and although he endeavoured to palliate, if not defend his conduct, yet it is evident that he was the aggressor. While Cook was on the coast, a French ship arrived, com- manded by M. de Surville, whom the natives kindly received. The Chiefs bestowed upon the invalids of his crew the greatest attention ; one of them surrendered his house for their accom- modation, supplied them k with the best food he could provide, and would not accept the smallest compensation. But this humane conduct was most cruelly requited. Surville, having K2 19G TUB SOUTHERN WORLD. missed one of his small boats, probably lost during the storm which he had encountered, and suspecting that the natives had stolen it, determined to be avenged for his supposed injury. Accordingly, seeing one of the Chiefs on the shore, he invited him, with many professions of friendship, to come on board the ship : he complied, and at once found himself a prisoner. Not satisfied with this outrageous treachery, he next gave orders that a village, to which he pointed, should be set on fire, and it was accordingly burnt to the ground. This was found to be the very village in which his sick men had a few days before been so kindly received ; and the Chief whom he had inveigled on board was the generous Naginoui, who had acted towards them the part of the good Samaritan, which greatly aggravated the crime committed against personal freedom and property. The unfortunate captive was carried away from his own country by the stranger whom he had assisted; but he did not long survive the separation from his family and the land of his birth, but died of a broken heart about three months afterwards, on his passage to Peru. In 1771 the Court of France despatched two vessels to New Zealand, under the command of M. Marion, with instructions that, after attending to some less important objects, he should make himself intimately acquainted with the resources of the two islands recently visited by the English navigator. On his arrival he established an amicable intercourse with the natives, which continued without interruption for about five weeks, when a fearful massacre took place. The Captain having gone on shore with a party of 16 men, including 4 ofiicers, they all were attacked, murdered, and eaten. Next morning a boat's crew landed for the purpose of procuring wood and water, and being still free from suspicion, allowed themselves to be surrounded by a multitude of the savages, who put to death 11 of the 12 individuals of whom the party consisted. The survivor saw the dead bodies of his companions cut up, and divided among the assassins, each of whom carried away the portion he had received. This horrid deed of treachery, cruelty, and blood, was doubtlessly the result of Surville's atrocity. The one TUB SOUTHERN WORLD. 197 French commander reaped what the other had so wickedly sown. Nor did Cook, who had shed innocent blood, escape retribu- tion. On his second voyage, whilst one of his vessels lay in Ships'-Cove, a boat was sent on shore under the care of a midshipman, with instructions to gather a few wild greens, and to return in the evening. The crew, which consisted of 10 men, were killed, cooked, and eaten. It would appear from these, and other well-authenticated facts, that the mas- sacre of ships' crews in New Zealand, and in various islands of the Pacific, is to be regarded generally, if not invariably, as the consequence of injuries sustained by the natives in their intercourse with white men ; and as in many cases the inno- cent have suffered for the guilty, the most stringent laws ought to be enacted against any outrage committed by the crews of' vessels on the natives of those islands. 6th. Several native canoes having arrived, I went down to the beach to see them. They were each formed of a single kauri tree, and some of them forty feet long. Others, I un- derstood, were double that length. Formerly a stone adze was the only implement used in their construction, but that has been superseded by an iron one. The workmanship was of the plainest description. The figure-heads of some of them showed a great deal of Carving, remarkable chiefly for its regularity, and the vast amount of time and patience which must have been spent upon it. These figures were generally carved with the tongues protruding two or three inches, to express, according to New Zealand custom, derision of their enemies. The sails were triangular, and made of the light raupo rushes. The canoes are steered by a paddle, and can sail very close to the wind. These canoes having brought together parties who had for some time been separated, the usual salutation of rubbing noses took place. Food was then provided. A round hole was made in the ground, into which a layer of stones was put ; then fire, and upon the fire a covering of stones. When the oven was sufficiently heated, the embers were taken out, green 198 THE SOUTHERN WOELD. leaves laid on the stones, then potatoes, and on the top of them the meat they desired to cook. A small quantity of water was now thrown on, to create steam ; more leaves were added and placed on the meat, and the whole covered over with a layer of earth, to prevent the escape of the steam. Food cooked in this manner I understand is most excellent, and any quantity can be made ready at the same time. The process, however, takes a good deal of time and trouble, and iron pots are now generally adopted. When the food was cooked, it was served up in small baskets, made of the flax leaves. 7th. Having had a good deal of intercourse with natives since my arrival in New Zealand, and being very anxious to obtain a correct knowledge of their character, I came to the conclusion, from what I heard and saw of them, that their intellectual capacity is of a high order. Many of them have fine intelligent countenances, with the expansive forehead of a philosopher. The shortest intercourse with them is quite suffi- cient to satisfy any one that he is dealing with minds in no degree inferior to his own, and that knowledge only is wanting to enable them to become formidable rivals in mental attain- ments. They are admirable speakers: their manner is very animated, and full of natural and appropriate gesture. Speech- making is their favourite amusement, and forms the regular social entertainment. On occasion* of a ceremonious meeting, I was told, their behaviour would bear a very favourable comparison with the best-conducted meetings in civilized countries. A New Zealand audience listens to the speaker with the utmost attention; nor is there any chance of his meeting with interruption ; on the contrary, he will be listened to in the most profound silence, so long as he may continue to address them. To make up for the want of a platform, which obtains for our speakers the better attention of the audience, the New Zealand orator secures an opening in the assembly, so as to permit him to advance and retreat for the space of 10 or 12 yards. A sentence is delivered while he advances, ample room being thus given for all the energy and effect which the united powers of mind and muscular exertion can THE SOUTHERN WOULD. 199 accomplish; and when he retreats he finds time to arrange his thoughts, as well as to obtain a temporary rest for his muscles. In this way they continue alternately advancing and retreat- ing until they have exhausted their ideas. When their speech is of much importance, every sentence is repeated. In such exhibitions they find their chief pleasure; but on ordinary occasions they are continually talking with each other, show- ing that their pleasures are evidently of an intellectual cha- racter.* 8th. Had a conversation with John Hobbs, an intelligent New Zealander, about 30 years of age. He belonged originally to the Ngatimaniapoto tribe, Rawhia, but was taken captive in war by a Waikato Chief. He subsequently became connected with Tomati Waka, (Thomas Walker,) the hero of Hokianga, and ally ef the British troops in the war with Heki and Kawiti, in 1845 and 1846. John greatly distinguished himself during the campaign, and became a great favourite among the officers, and with His Excellency the Governor. He was the only man who volunteered to join the troops in a desperate attack upon Heki's pa; and was the instrument of saving the troops on one occasion when Kawiti had left his fortification, and formed an ambush on the outskirts of the forest. John discovered the hiding-place, gave timely warning, and to him our troops ascribe their escape from a surprise that might have cost them much loss of life. His conduct induced His Excellency to bring him to Auckland, where he had resided since the termination of the war, employed as a messenger in the Native Secretary's Office, and living in a house provided for him by the Govern- ment. He is a member of the Wesleyan church, and a regular attendant on the means of grace. ,..._ The following conversation took place between John and myself, my valued friend Mr. Buddie kindly interpreting. " How long have you been a Christian 1 ?" "My first believing was like children playing. I was in ignorance. I did not believe straight. It was when Mr. Turner lived amongst us." * See Brown's " New Zealand." 200 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. "When did you then really believe, and gain true religion?" "It is twelve years ago, when my friend and companion Isaacs died. As he was dying, he said to us, ' Be strong, and believe, after I am gone.' We were all assembled to see him die, all the Chiefs and people ; and I ventured to ask, ' Who will lift up this word, and make it straight?' Repo, a Chief, said, 'It will all end; and when Isaac is gone we shall have no more of this work.' So said all. But though I was the least and alone, I said, ' This word shall be made straight by me.' I then became decided for God, and made a true oath that I would serve him. The Chiefs and others told me I should not be true ; but I vowed to God, and told them I would there and then give up all my sins; all that I had loved in the world, and all that was wrong, I would cast off at once, and give myself to the Lord. So I did. They called to me, 'Be true then.' I told them that I would be true till I died; and I went to Mr. Hobbs and told him, then to Mr. Woon and told him, and we had much talk about it, and they became my friends. After this I never joined in the native wars or customs. I was in the late wars against Heki, but I said that was a straight war. He had shed the blood of the innocent, and I saw it to be right to join the Europeans against him. My heart was light all the time I was engaged. I did not feel any darkness or fear. When the war ended, the Governor wished me to come to Auckland, and enter the mounted police ; but I did not like this, and said, 'It is bad work. Do you wish me to be ruined ?' He said it was good work, and I must engage in it. I told him I could not obey his word in this thing, but would ask my Ministers about it. To my own thoughts it was bad for the spirit, and I had no mind to it." " I shall be glad to know that you now feel the love of God in your heart." "I always have his fear before me. While I now speak to you of these things it is with fear. Not that I am afraid of you, but I fear God." " Yes, you fear God; but do you enjoy his love in your heart ? It is that I wish to know." THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 201 "Is it that you ask? Then here it is," (laying his hand upon his heart,) " I feel it here. Whence came these fruits I have told you about ? They spring from the love of God. The work of the Spirit is here. He makes me fear, he makes me watch, he makes me pray, he guides and saves me. When sin appears, and I am in danger, he makes me startle. When I was fighting in the straight war, he kept me in peace ; I did not fear." " Do you think the people will fight again 1 " " My ears sometimes hear their talk, and some of them say they will, if there should be a cause. The men that believe true will not fight ; but the men who have only the shadow of religion, and the men who are still in the Maori state, will fight if they be offended." " Are there many who, in your judgment, have only the shadow?" " Many. Some among the Englanders, (members of the Church of England,) many among the Pikopos, (Papists,) and some among ourselves." " Th religion of * Jesus teaches us to do good to others ; what are you doing?" " Three times the thought has come to my heart to return to the North, that I might teach my people, as I formerly did; but the Governor would not consent to my going, and I have listened to the mouth of man and remain here." "I did not refer to your leaving this place, but wished to know what you are doing here." "I do some work. I carry some talk to my countrymen who sit about the town. I reprove their wickedness, and invite them to chapel. I preach to them, but they won't regard me. They are not good to listen to me. They say mine is not pakeha mouth, but only a Maori mouth, like their own, and they won't attend to me." " Be faithful to the end, and we shall meet in heaven." " Great is this your word. I intend to be true till I die. Many of my friends who began with me have gone back. They K 5 202 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. have turned aside one after another ; but I hope to be true, and meet you in heaven." " If you have any word to send to the friends in England who sent the Gospel, I shall be glad to take it." " You have spoken straight. Tell them they have saved New Zealand by sending the Ministers of the Gospel. When they came, we were eating one another. It was love to us that made them send us Ministers; and now when men die we bury them, and eat human flesh no longer. They have prayed for us too. It is the power of their prayers that has made us live. They are strong to pray for the dark people, and God has heard their prayer for us. This is my word to you and them." 9th. Having been detained by adverse winds, I preached twice to-day in Auckland to overflowing congregations, and if I might credit statements made, it would appear that my detention was rendered a special blessing to several persons. To God be all the glory! In leaving New Zealand I could not but deeply regret that a blessed and extensive work of God, the reward of many labours, sufferings, and prayers, should have been marred by the hand of man, which sought to mould it after the rigid and uncomely image of Tractarianism. Previously to the arrival of the Bishop in New Zealand, the Missionaries of the Episcopal Church and those of the Wesleyan Body had laboured together in harmony; and although they had prosecuted their work separately, each in his own communion, and in accordance with those distinctions of internal arrangement which were therein to be observed, yet it had been a separation of love, and they were united in object, in affection, in sympathy. God had greatly honoured this Christian, oneness, in the rapid spread of the Gospel, and in the recovery of multitudes of people from darkness, superstition, and death. When the baptized natives of the Wesleyan community removed to the district of a Church Missionary, they became members of that Minister's com- munion, the original claim upon their membership having been resigned for the sake of the general principle of non- THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 203 interference, and so vice versd on the part of the Church brethren. On the arrival of the Bishop, however, this state of things was interrupted. Whilst travelling on the coast, he astonished the natives, with (to them) unheard-of assertions, that the Wesleyans were a " crooked branch," a " fallen people," and that they had no "Scriptural Ministers/' that they were " schismatics," their " ordination invalid," and their baptisms at most the " acts of laymen. " One of the Bishop's Missionaries rebaptized several parties previously baptized by Wesleyan Missionaries, marking them with the "sign of the cross," and had thereupon admitted them to partake of the Lord's Supper, seeing that " now their baptism was complete." The Mission- aries, in a letter to the Bishop, complained of this, but no remedy was provided against its repetition, as the offending individual continued the practice. Disastrous results followed. The Bishop found the natives generally settled down into a state of domestic peace, family feuds were ended, and parents and children worshipped God together, according to their limited knowledge. Perhaps one part of the family had been baptized into the Episcopalian, another into the Wesleyan church. The Bishop appeared amongst them, telling them that they must no longer worship together, but separately; that the teachers of the one party were no longer to be allowed to instruct the other; that they were a distinct communion, and that all the distinctions of the church were to be rigorously observed. And what was the effect 1 Why the Scripture was literally fulfilled, that " a man's foes shall be they of his own household ;" and the fearful spectacle was seen of father and son, mother and daughter, hating and opposing each other. In some cases they divided themselves into separate pas; in other cases into separate divisions of the same pa; and in one village, at least, had the party-spirit risen so high between near kinsmen that one of them had erected a fence across the Kainga, and lined it thickly with fern, not as a break wind or shelter, but, as he told one of our Missionaries, " that the one party might not be able even to look upon the other." The Bishop would doubtless disapprove of this, and every such 204 THE SOUTHEBN WORLD. thing, but it is the natural effect of an exclusive religion upon an uninstructed mind. If such be the injurious ten- dency of high-church principles upon the domestic and civil interests of the natives, it is very evident that it will exert no better influence on their religious feelings. If it be injurious to them as families and as tribes, it must be equally injurious to them as men and as Christians ; and so it has been found. In April, 1844, the Rev. H. H. Turton, one of our Mission- aries, addressing the Bishop on the subject, said, " It is but three weeks ago since I accompanied the Rev. J. Whiteley to Waimati, and so intemperate were the proceedings of some of your Lordship's disciples at Wareatea against that devoted and successful Minister of the Saviour that an unhappy collision had wellnigh taken place. Feelings of no ambiguous character were perceived to arise in the breasts of a few Waikatos that attended us, as they stood gazing in astonishment; and but for the timely precaution of my friend, who ordered them to leave the village, and proceed on their journey, there is no knowing what the result might have been : and yet these were natives, most of whom were recovered from slavery through the kind interposition of the very man whom they were now so grossly insulting, and who, but for him, would have been in slavery still. They had the confidence to plead your Lordship's personal instructions, as an excuse for their conduct. But of course, whatever those directions may have been, they must have ex- ceeded them on the present occasion. But if your Lordship chooses to lay the foundation of an intolerant exclusiveness in the minds of uninstructed men, you need not be surprised at any excesses of conduct into which they may run; or at any events, however fatal, or however distant, in which such prin- ciples may terminate. Coming from a station in Waikato, where all was peace and comparative prosperity and encourage- ment, great indeed were my surprise and grief on my arrival here, to find the people involved in party contentions as to mere forms and opinions. Instead of meeting me with in- quiries as to the great doctrines and blessings of the Gospel, THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 205 the time of both Ministers and people is lavishly wasted away with useless discussions on matters of mere ecclesiastic arrange- ment. The spirit of the Gospel has evaporated in the form, and the mind perversely surrendered to the influence of foolish questions and genealogies, and contentions which are unpro- fitable and vain. And as to the Church party, it is lamentable to behold the pride and presumption which they evince. On the journey just alluded to, Mr. Whiteley was forbidden to preach at Warea, the natives declaring that your Lordship had so ordered it, and that they dare not transgress; and so a scene was presented at once ludicrous and disgraceful, of two Mis- sionaries found seated on the ground, whilst an ignorant Maori lad stood up in triumph to deliver himself of a load of most egre- gious nonsense. And when in the morning we called upon the natives to prayers in our own sleeping-house, they forthwith left the place, rang their own bell out of mere opposition, en- gaged in their own worship, and left but three to listen to the ' tale of the Saviour's cross.' At Wareata we were grossly mocked whilst in the attitude of prayer. My Lord, I feel perfectly indignant when I think of the alleged cause of this conduct. Here is an old Missionary of eleven years' standing, through whose moral influence and single intervention great and contending tribes have more than once laid down their arms, and become reconciled; through whose interposition, chiefly, the Waikato wars have been ended, and Taranaki re- peopled, and the European settlement of New Plymouth been saved on more occasions than one from the hostile visits of the exasperated Ngatimaniapoto tribe ; I say, here is that very man forbidden by your Lordship's alleged directions to exercise his commission in a village which owes its erection to him, and to natives who, under God, even owe their present existence to him. In the meantime the natives are thus debarred from all means of European instruction, save what they may imperfectly derive from the quarterly and half-yearly visits of Church Ministers, who as yet are unable to address them in their own language; so that they are rather to be held in the bondage of ignorance, than permitted to hear the Gospel as delivered 206 THE SOUTHEKN WOBLD. from the lips of a Wesleyan Minister, and that too in his own district"* As it is much more agreeable to praise than to blame, I mention these things with much reluctance and sorrow; and should not have referred to them had the Bishop become less intolerant in his views, or expressed any regret for proceedings so uncharitable in their nature and disastrous in their results ; but it appears, on legitimate evidence, that such reasons for silence do not exist. This I record with most unaffected and deep regret ; especially as in other respects there is so much in his Lordship to admire. But notwithstanding this opposition, Methodism in the land is a great fact, an important reality; and that it has effected extensive benefit even its enemies admit. Its influence for good is much wider than its statistics would indicate. Many who have heard its Missionaries, and felt the word to be the power of God unto their salvation, have from various causes gone through the land; and, like the disciples of the Pentecost, have told of the great things the Lord has done for them. Their simple word has been with power, inquiry has been excited, consciences awakened, and many sinners made the partakers of saving grace. By this humble instrumentality congregations have been collected, family worship established, and houses of prayer erected, in several parts of the country, previously to their being visited by any European Missionary. Had the Wesleyans availed themselves of these interesting fruits of their labours, their churches numerically would have been much larger; but they acted upon the principle of non-interference with the operations of the Church, and left certain localities to be occupied by the Missionaries of that Body, according to an arrangement entered into by the parent Committees of the Church and Wesleyan Missionary Societies, and thus lost many people legitimately belonging to them, and abstained from entering upon some populous and inviting fields of labour. The Bishop having practically disregarded this arrangement of the two Societies, it ought to become a serious question with the Rev. H. H. Turton's letter to Dr. Selwyn. THE SOUTHERN WOBLD. 207 Wesleyan Missionary Committee whether they should not now send men to localities from which they have hitherto kept aloof, in support of a good principle, that they may witness for spiritual religion, and endeavour to save the poor natives from the direful influence of a semi-Popery. Our Missionaries who live in the " bush" have many priva- tions ; and, shut out as they are from nearly all European society, they could not be otherwise than unhappy did they not feel themselves in the path of duty. Nor is their life one of idle- ness and ease; the impress of premature old age which many a countenance exhibited greatly affected me, and told of the labours and sufferings of a New Zealand bush Missionary, in a manner not to be mistaken, nor yet to be forgotten. Their reward is on high. New Zealand, doubtless designed to become a populous and great co'untry, consists of two lar : islands and a smaller one, situated to the south-east of New South Wales. The northern island is separated from the middle island by Cook's Straits; and the latter from the southern island by Foveaux Straits. The area of the whole being 86,000 square miles, is about equal to that of England, Scotland, and Walea The climate of the northern island much resembles that of England; it is, however, milder, and more humid, but, on the whole, highly favourable to health. The middle and southern islands are somewhat colder. The country, in its natural state, is covered with ferns, brushwood, and timber; but possesses much rich soil, and is likely to become the granary of the Southern World. It possesses copper and other minerals. Missionaries prepared the way for British settlers, and, after a colony had been for some time formed, it was proposed, at a great meeting held at the Waitangi, on the 5th of February, 1840, that the rights and powers of sovereignty over the whole of New Zealand islands should be ceded to Her Majesty the Queen of. England. This proposition, so novel and startling, elicited determined and violent opposition. The speeches of the opposers were clever and impressive; and Her Majesty's Representative began to fear for the result; when, behold, 208 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. Tomati Waka stepped forward. He had been instructed, gained, and baptized by the Wesleyan Missionaries; and now, in a strain of natural and powerful eloquence that surprised the Europeans, he subdued the opposition, and removed the unfavourable intentions of the previous speakers. Addressing his countrymen first, he called upon them to remember the degraded position in which they had formerly been, and how much their character had become exalted by their intercourse with Europeans. He reminded- them that they could not govern themselves without frequent wars and bloodshed; and he advised them to receive the British as their rulers, and to place confidence in their promises. Having thus done his duty to his countrymen, the noble Chief next turned to the Queen's representative, on whose gratitude he had established such claims, and, appealing to him as a witness of what had passed, said, " You must now be our father. You must not allow us to be] enslaved. You must preserve our customs, and never permit our lands to be wrested from us." The die was cast. New Zealand became a portion of the British Empire. Unconquered, without bloodshed, it was freely and nobly ceded; a home for unborn millions, where abundance reigns, where industry must always be rewarded, and where health is said to prevail to a greater degree than in any known part of the world. A gentleman occupying a high official position, speaking of this Waitangi Act, says, " Not to the Wesleyan Missionaries alone was this triumph to be attributed : there were Missionaries of other denominations, especially those of the Church of England Mission, in the country ; and it was by the joint efforts of these Missionaries that there was achieved a triumph unsurpassed in history, necessarily be- longing to an advanced state of Christianity, in itself won- derful, in its promises for the future full of hope, and in its very nature stable, certain, and progressive." The European population, comprised in the several settle- ments of the ceded country, is about 26,000 persons, and will no doubt ere long be greatly augmented. The pi'oductiveness of New Zealand, and the salubrity of its climate, are becoming THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 209 more generally known and appreciated, and will attract many to its shores from Australia, as well as from the mother country. Although the colonization of New Zealand has for the present seriously interfered with the spiritual progress of the Mission to the natives, yet amongst the colonists there are many estimable men, whose influence is favourable to Mission- ary operations ; that of His Excellency the Governor, Sir George Grey, is especially so, and has in various ways been highly beneficial. Several Europeans are worthy members of our own church ; possessed of the same liberal spirit which I witnessed and so much admired in Australia, and are very anxious that the Mission churches in New Zealand should become self- supporting, and thereby relieve the parent Society, whose kind and liberal assistance they fully appreciate and gratefully acknowledge. 10th. Early this morning I left my kind friends Mr. and Mrs. Lawry, who had entertained me with genuine hospitality. During my brief sojourn in Auckland I had met with the greatest respect and kindness, and felt not a little on parting with numerous friends, under a deep conviction that our next meeting would be in eternity. I committed them to God, went on board the "John Wesley," and sailed for the Friendly Islands. 210 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. CHAPTEE X, FRIENDLY Isles Arrival in Tongatabu Visit to King George Normal Institution Family worship Queen Charlotte Preparation for the Sabbath Meeting of Missionaries Sabbath Class-meetings Tapa beating King's visit to Australia Offers to provision the ship Visit from the Queen Present from the King Visit to the seat of the late war Mua Popery Extraordinary tombs God-houses School examina- tion Chief Justice Mr. Adams's astronomy. THE Friendly Islands are situated in the Pacific, between 18 and 23 South latitude, and 173 and 176 West longitude. They consist of three groups, Tonga, Haabai, and Vavau, and are about 200 in number. Many of them are mere islets, and without inhabitants. Some are very low, but others are of considerable height, especially Tofua, Kao, and Late. The former has an active volcano, which occasionally pours forth streams of lava : in the middle of the island is a large sheet of water, and for a great distance round the crater the surface is torn to pieces by the eruptions which have taken place. Kao is a conical island, 800 or 1,000 feet above the sea : it stands near Tofua, a little to the north. Tradition says it was thrown out 'by the gods from the middle of Tofua, where the sheet of water now is. There are few inhabitants and but little food on these two islands. The climate of the Friendly Islands is humid, and the heat rather oppressive, rising to 93 in the shade. Hurricanes are frequent, scarcely a season passing without some occurrence of the kind. The months of February and March are those in which they occur; but they have also taken place in November and December. These islands are remarkable for their fertility, and the variety of their vegetable productions. They abound in those fruits indigenous to the tropics, as the cocoa-nut, the bread- fruit, the banana, the pine-apple, the orange, the citron, the THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 211 lime, the custard-apple, &c. : melons and pumpkins are very plentiful and of excellent quality. The bays and shores all teem with various kinds offish. The most southern group of these islands was discovered by Tasman, in 1643. Subsequently they were visited by Captain Cook, and designated by him, in evidence of the kind reception he met with, the Friendly Islands. Various estimates have been formed of their population, some being as high as 50,000, others as low as 20,000; but from several inquiries made in the country, I am led to think it is somewhere about 30,000. In 1797 Missionaries from the London Missionary Society were sent to the Friendly Islands; but some of them were murdered, others left the country, and the Mission was aban- doned. In 1822 a Wesleyan Mission was begun in Tonga by the Rev. W. La wry; but the next year, before witnessing any visible good, family affliction necessitated him to return to New South Wales. The Mission was resumed, in 1826, by the Rev. John Thomas and others; and the following year that gracious work began which has resulted in bringing the whole popula- tion, with the exception of a few in Tonga, more or less under the influence of Christianity. October 2lst. After a passage of eleven days from Auckland, we arrived in Tongatabu. Cross seas, adverse winds, and the very lively character of the "John Wesley," rendered the voyage very uncomfortable. On approaching Nukualofa, the morning being beautifully fine, I distinctly counted from the deck of the vessel twenty verdant islands of various sizes, studding the bosom of the now placid deep, and presenting a scene of loveliness seldom equalled, and probably of its kind never sur- passed. No sooner did we drop anchor than several women and children appeared on the beach. Mr. N. Turner, who had twenty-two years previously been a Missionary in Tonga, accompanied me on shore; and, being at once recognised, the people surrounded him, and gave novel but ardent expressions of pleasurable feeling. The news rapidly spread, and our retinue of half-nude men, women, and children, increased at 212 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. every step as we passed through the town on our way to the Mission-House. Many of the children and young people appeared with the upper part of the head shaven, which gave them a very singular appearance, making them look like miniature old men. On inquiry I was told that this peculiar custom originated not only in a wish to strengthen the hair, but in the belief that a large quantity of it on the upper part of the head retarded the growth of the person. On arriving at the Mission-House, a structure of posts, reeds, mats, and native cloth, we met with a hearty reception from Mr. and Mrs. Adams and Mr. and Mrs. Amos, and were plentifully regaled with bananas, cocoa-nut milk, and other dainties of tropical growth. Having rested for a while, we went at once to pay our respects to the King. We found him attired in the native costume, occupying a mat on the floor ; but, on my being intro- duced to him by Mr. Adams, he rose, shook me heartily by the hand, and having in the most gentlemanly manner offered me a chair, he resumed his squatting position. He is a fine manly person, possessing powerful muscle, and exhibiting an intelligent, thoughtful, and benevolent countenance. His smile is fascinating, and his whole bearing that of dignified meek- ness. I presented him with several kinds of seeds entrusted to me by Sir Everard Home. The young Prince, a most interest- ing boy of nine years of age, was also introduced; but the Queen being engaged could not be seen. We looked through the King's establishment ; and although he possesses not European grandeur, riches, or equipage, he has that which is much more satisfactory, the hearts of a grateful people, and the heirship of a kingdom which shall never end. After examining the scattered town, embowered in groves of cocoa- nut, banana, and bread-fruit tr^es, and meeting with many warm congratulations, we returned to the Mission-House to dine. The party consisted of the two Mission families, Miss Fletcher, Mr. Turner, and myself, and the establishment could furnish but one small spoon on the occasion. Mrs. Amos said that in the morning they had several more, but the servants being so determined to rub them bright, and make them shine, THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 213 as a compliment to the visitors, had overdone the thing, and broken them all but one, and that was greatly injured. After dinner we walked through the ground of the Training Institu- tion. It contains several acres, tastefully laid out, and well cultivated by the pupils. The centre walk, 500 yards in length, is beautifully fringed on either side with pine-apples. The plantain, yam, cocoa-nut, sugar-cane, banana, bread-fruit, kumera, cotton tree, and other tropical plants, all flourish here. The produce of the cocoa-nut tree astonished me. I counted the nuts upon a few trees, and found the average number more than 150; and, according to a moderate calculation, each tree would supply twenty gallons of most refreshing and nutritious drink. What a kind provision in a sultry climate ! In the early part of the evening, a sound of distant music came floating on the breeze, and when told it was the incense of praise arising from many a domestic altar, it became in- creasingly interesting and delightful, filling my heart with grateful feeling. 22d. Early this morning I walked to the chapel, which stands upon the only elevated ground in the town, and com- mands a fine view of the harbour. By order of the King, some scores of men, women, and children, were engaged in cleaning the chapel, cutting the grass on the premises, and making the establishment look as well as possible, that the Deputation might see it to the best advantage. The men were somewhat reserved in their manners; but the women came round me with smiling faces, and heartily shook my hand. Some of the children also attempted to follow their example, walking as near to me as they thought consistent with safety ; then by a vigorous stride and outstretched arm ventured to take hold of my hand, which being done, they bounded away like antelopes, and seemed to think a great thing had been accomplished. In the course of the day the King sent six men with a present of several bunches of splendid bananas, and a basket of delicious fish. Shortly afterwards I had a visit from himself. It appeared that he had expressed a wish to visit Sydney, and was intend- ing to go in a man-of-war; but the Missionaries, fearing that 214 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. influences unfriendly to his spirituality might possibly act upon him in such a vessel, were more than delighted when I offered him a passage in the "John Wesley." In doing so I felt assured that I was but giving expression to the high sense the Missionary Committee entertain of his character and efficiency as a Christian King, and devoted Wesleyan Methodist. He accepted the offer, and promised to be ready in time for sail- ing. Having stated, that if he required any linen I had a good supply of my own, which I should be most happy to place at his service, he modestly replied that he had enough, and indeed everthing necessary for the voyage, save trousers ; that he possessed but one pair, and those unhappily were at Haabai ! Here was a predicament, the King's person at Tonga, and his only pair of trousers 90 miles distant ! After a good deal of pleasantry, an arrangement was made to meet the emergency. Towards the evening I paid my respects to the Queen, and found her in the native costume, sitting on the matted floor. She rose and received me with much dignity ; and although exceedingly corpulent, she is decidedly a handsome woman, and when in the bloom of youth must have been particularly so. I walked through the different parts of the town, and found the inhabitants preparing for the Sabbath, that the day of the Lord might be kept holy. I saw several female hair- dressers at work, practising their art with much taste. In the morning I had seen the heads of most of the people covered with lime, giving to them a most extraordinary appearance; but now the lime had been washed off, and the hair well oiled. The process is intended to render the hair stiff, so as to stand erect. This is the fashion of both sexes; and when the hair is properly trimmed, it looks most beautiful, not to say graceful, and shows the well-developed forehead of these people to great advantage. I met the Missionaries, and conversed with them freely on the state and prospects of the Mission ; made some arrange- ments to lessen the expenses of the District; and, after a lengthy conversation on the subject of connecting these Missions with the Australian Conference, resolutions approving of the proposition were unanimously adopted. THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 215 The Rev. Messrs. P. Turner and Wilson, after many years of successful labour, had been obliged on the ground of ill health to leave these islands some months ago; the health of the Rev. G. H. Miller now required an immediate change, and unless a decided alteration takes place for the better in the health of Mr. Adams, he too will be compelled to remove to a more con- genial climate, or be cut down in the midst of his days. Indeed, had there been any available means of supplying his place, he ought at once to have been removed to Australia. 23d Sabbath in Tongatabu. At half-past 5 o'clock A. M. the bell of the chapel summoned the inhabitants to worship. It was a meeting for prayer, and attended by about 300 per- sons. The King and Queen were present, and both engaged in prayer. The former took a review of God's mercies to them as a people, contrasting their present with their former condi- tion, noticing the arrival of Missionaries, together with the book of God in their own tongue; and describing in grateful language, and with much hallowed feeling, the happy results they had realized. He then referred to my arrival, and spoke of it as a farther evidence of the love of God, and of the great kindness of Christians in England to him and his people. The " John Wesley" having brought several cases of the New Testament, he also alluded to that as a very great boon bestowed upon them : and when he thanked God that the cases had arrived, were in the bay, and would soon be landed, there was from every part of the chapel a burst of joyous feeling. The Scriptures are so valued in these islands that a sovereign would not have purchased a copy of the New Testament before our arrival. Many possessed the holy treasure, but esteemed it more precious than gold, yea, than much fine gold, and would on no account part with it. The Queen in her prayer also gave thanks for the arrival of the Scriptures, and said the book was valuable, not because of its paper and ink, but because it brought good-tidings to sinners, and from Genesis to Revelation was full of the Saviour. And when she, in a tremulous but earnest and melodious voice, thanked God for his book, the response from every part of the chapel told that she had 216 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. touched a tender chord, and elicited the grateful feelings of many a heart. Another female in her prayer praised the Lord that I had come amongst them, and prayed that my visit to Tonga might be as the visit of Barnabas to Antioch, that I might see the grace of God and be glad, and exhort them with purpose of heart to cleave unto the Lord. Several other per- sons exercised their gifts; and although I understood little of what was said, yet I felt that the people had power with God, and that his presence and glory filled the house. At 8 o'clock the Sunday-school began, and the children were examined in the Conference Catechism. The result was highly satisfactory. At 9 o'clock the chapel bell was again heard, and in every part of the town the beating of the native drum announced that the hour had come for beginning the public worship of God. The people repaired with ready steps to their beloved Mount Zion ; and as they went up to worship the Lord the joy which sparkled in their eyes and beamed from their countenances seemed to say, " Lord, we have loved the habita- tion of thy house, and the place where thine honour dwelleth." The chapel, which is without benches, and will accommodate on its matted floor six or seven hundred persons, was much crowded. Many also were outside, seated upon the grass. Mr. Amos began the service. The singing was good, and when an abridgment of the Liturgy was read, the responses from every part of the sanctuary indicated deep and reverential feeling. I preached, Mr. Amos acting as interpreter ; and the people listened with great attention, whilst I set before them the glorious Redeemer and his claims upon their affections and services. It was a novel method to me of communicating Gospel truth; but I submitted to the inconvenience rather than not enjoy the pleasure of preaching unto them Jesus. After the sermon, several, amongst whom were the King and Queen, engaged in prayer for God's blessing upon the word. When the King prayed, many a tear was shed, and many a burst of praise was heard. The Queen, in her petition, alluded to the angelic anthem sung on the plains of Bethlehem ; exclaiming, " It is true ! 'Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 217 good-will toward men.' This glory we now see; this peace and good- will we now feel" And, on referring to myself, she thanked God for my visit, not merely that they had seen my face, and heard my voice, but that I had preached unto them the glorious Redeemer; then, overcome with emotion, she sobbed aloud, and many a heart was moved, and many a sigh went up to heaven. what a service ! May I never lose its holy savour ! The chapel is without windows, but it has nine doors. They are, however, so low that when the people stand up to sing, the light is greatly obscured, and would be more so did it not penetrate between the reeds which form the sides of the building. The King having ordered the people to clothe well to-day, in honour of the Deputation, and to render themselves more agreeable to the European taste, grotesque figures were greatly multiplied, which, under other circumstances, must have made a large demand upon my risible powers. Some men had dressed the upper part of their persons in the European costume, but the lower part in that of the Tongese. On the former, there was the white shirt, neat waistcoat, and even dress-coat ; on the latter, there was a roll of native cloth, so folded as to leave the feet and legs in their normal state. Some of the females wore two dresses; others were attired in shawls of flaming colours; whilst a few were habited accord- ing to the English fashion, with the exception of their feet, and looked exceedingly well, amongst whom was Queen Charlotte. She wore a modest-looking silk dress, and a very neat Tuscan bonnet. At 2 o'clock the Sunday-school re-assembled in the chapel. 1 counted thirteen classes, all squatted on the floor, each one forming a ring; and amongst the teachers was the Queen, who takes deep interest in the welfare of the rising generation, and, indeed, in everything calculated to extend and consolidate the work of God in these beautiful islands. At 3 o'clock the public worship commenced, and the tribes again appeared before the Lord. Some of them, feeling the inconvenience of European clothes, had left much of their finery behind them. I perceived one man go behind a cocoa-nut tree, and put on his shirt L 218 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. previously to his appearing in the great congregation. Mr. Turner officiated; and whilst he referred to former times, describing the difficulties he had experienced in commencing the Mission amongst them, and then contrasting that state of things with the scene of moral glory which now appeared before him, very powerful emotion was excited, and both preacher and people seemed as if they would have departed in a chariot of fire. I envy not the feelings of that man who could, in such circumstances of interest, remain stoical. After the usual service a prayer-meeting was held, and many fervent suppli- cations were presented to God. The Queeu again prayed; and, in referring to Mr. Turner, she said, he redeemed, at much labour, a little garden from the entangled forest ; but since that period, by the blessing of God upon the labours of the Missionaries and the King, the thicket had been cut down, and now nearly the whole land was as the garden of the Lord. On returning from the chapel, the principal rebel Chief during the late war was introduced to me. The clemency of the King had broken his heart, and had destroyed the enemy, without slaying the man. The triumph of Christian love and forgive- ness during the recent conflict in Tonga seems utterly to have confounded both Paganism and Popery, and brought much glory to God. Thus ended the public services of my first Sabbath in the Friendly Islands, a day of light, and power, and glory, which can never be forgotten in time or in eternity. If these islanders be in many things behind the polished nations of Europe, they are much before them all in their high reverence of the Lord's- day. In no part of the world have I ever seen the claims of the Sabbath so fully and so universally regarded as they are in this land. 21th. This morning, at 5 o'clock, most of the classes met, and the voice of prayer and praise ascended to heaven from many a native dwelling. The remainder of the classes were to meet in the afternoon. About G o'clock, the beating of the tapa commenced in every part of the town. I was anxious to see the manufacture of native cloth, and after breakfast Mr. THE SOUTHEEN WORLD. 219 Amos kindly took me to one of the places where the process was going on; and the women, evidently much gratified in having their work thus noticed, applied themselves to it with so much energy that my head suffered not a little incon- venience. The fabrication of the gnatoo, or native cloth, is the chief employment of the women. Its substance is some- what similar to cotton, but not woven, being rather of the texture of paper. It is prepared from the inner bark of the Chinese paper mulberry tree, and is used for dress and other purposes. A circular incision being made round the tree, near the root, deep enough to pierce through the bark, the tree is broken off at that part, which its slenderness readily admits of. When a number of trees are thus laid on the ground, they are left in the sun a couple of days to become' partially dry, so that the inner and outer bark may be stripped off together, without danger of leaving any of the fibres behind. The bark is then soaked in water fora day and a night, and scraped carefully for the purpose of removing the outer bark, which is thrown away. The inner bark is next rolled up lengthwise, and soaked in water for another day; it now swells, and becomes tougher and more capable of being beaten into a fine texture : being thus far prepared, the operation of tutu, or beating, commences. This part of the work is performed by means of a mallet, 1 foot long and 2 inches thick, three sides being grooved longitudinally, with the interval of a quarter of an inch. The bark, which is from 2 to 5 feet long and 1 to 3 inches broad, is then laid upon a beam of wood about G feet long and 9 inches in breadth and thickness, which is supported about an inch from the ground by pieces of wood at each end, so as to allow of a certain degree of vibration. Two or three women generally sit at the same beam; each places her bark transversely upon the beam immediately before her, and while she beats with her right hand, with her left she moves it slowly to and fro, so that every part becomes beaten alike : the grooved side of the mallet is generally used first, and thu smooth side afterwards. The women beat alternately. Early in the morning, when the air is calm and still, the beating of L 2 220 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. the tapa at all the plantations around has a very pleasing effect; some sounds being near at hand, and others almost lost by the distance; some a little more acute, others more grave, and all with remarkable regularity, produce a musical variety that is very agreeable, and not a little heightened by the singing of birds and the cheerful influence of the scene. When one hand is fatigued, the mallet is dexterously trans- ferred to the other, without occasioning the smallest sensible delay. In the course of about half-an-hour it is brought to a sufficient degree of thinness, being so much spread laterally as to be now nearly square when folded ; for it is doubled several times during the process, by which means it spreads more equally, and is prevented from breaking. The bark thus far prepared is called fetaaki, and is put aside until they have a sufficient quantity to go on at a future time with the second part of the operation, which is called kokaaga, or printing with koka. When this is to be done, a number employ themselves in gathering the berries off the toe, the pulp of which serves for paste; but the mucilaginous substance of the mahoa or arrowroot is sometimes substituted for it : at the same time others are busy scraping off the soft bark of the koka tree, which yields a reddish brown juice to be used as a dye. The kobe-chi, or stamp, is formed of the dried leaves of the paoongo sewed together, so as to be of sufficient size; and afterwards embroidered, according to various devices, with the wiry fibre of the cocoa-nut husk. It is generally about 2 feet long and 1 foot and a half broad, and is tied to the convex side of the half-cylinder of the wood used, which is about 6 or 8 feet long, to admit two or three similar operations to go on at the same time. The stamp being thus fixed, with the embroidered side uppermost, a piece of the prepared bark is laid on it, and smeared over with a folded piece of the gnatoo dipped in the reddish brown liquid before mentioned; so that the whole surface of the bark becomes stained, but particularly those parts raised by the design on the stamp. Another piece of loufetaaki is now laid on it, but not quite so broad, which adheres by virtue of the mucilaginous quality in the dye, and THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 221 this in like manner is smeared over : then a third, in the same way, and the substance is now three layers in thickness. Others are then added, to increase its length and breadth, by pasting the edges of these over the first, but so that there shall not be in any place more than three folds, which is easily managed, as the margin of one layer falls short of the margin of the one under it. During the whole process each layer is stamped separately, so that the pattern may be said to exist in the very substance of the gnatoo; and when one portion is thus printed to the size of the kobe-chi, the material being moved farther on, the next portion either in length or breadth becomes stamped, the pattern being close to where the other ended. Thus they go on printing and enlarging it to about 12 or 14 feet in breadth, and generally about 40 or 50 yards in length. Then commences the finishing operation of toogihea, or staining it in certain places with the juice of hea, which constitutes a brilliant red varnish. This is done in straight lines along those places where the edges of the printed portions join each other, and serves to conceal the little irregularities there : also in sundry other places in the form of round spots, about t\vo inches and a quarter in diameter. It is then care- fully folded up, and baked under ground, which causes the dye to become somewhat darker, and more firmly fixed in the fibre ; besides which it deprives it of a peculiar smoky smell which belongs to the koka. When it has been thus exposed to heat for a few hours, it is spread out on a grass-plot, or on the sand of the sea-shore. Afterwards the gnatoo is exposed one night to the dew; and the next day being dried in the sun, it is packed up in bales to be used when required. The unstained part of the cloth is called tapa. The whole of these operations are performed by women.* The cloth thus made is worn by the natives, but its texture is so fragile that a new dress is generally necessary every week. After having examined the process of gnatoo-making, I called upon the King, and had some conversation with him about his voyage. He said he wished to provision the " John * " Mariner's Tonga Islands." 222 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. Wesley" during the period he might be on board; and when I assured him that no remuneration for his passage was expected, and that the Missionary Committee would be delighted to know that he had been gratuitously accommodated, he pleasantly replied, that I was now in a strange land, and must be kind enough to abide by the will of its King. Of course I at once submitted. He went on board with me, saw his cabin, and appeared well pleased with the reception he met with, and the arrangements made for his comfort. At 5 o'clock there was a prayer-meeting in the chapel, which was well attended; and the earnestness of the people in their petitions was truly gratifying. The King and Queen, as usual, were there, and both engaged in prayer; the Missionaries told me that the sermons of yesterday, in every case, furnished matter for supplication, thanksgiving, and intercession ; and what one omitted, another took up; and that every principal part of the sermons was brought out in prayer, clearly showing that they had fully understood and appreciated the word dispensed. 25th. This morning the Queen paid us a visit, bringing a present from the King. My portion of it consisted of a quantity of tortoise-shell, and a large bale of native cloth, more than I could lift. The King had apprized me of it, and said the present was not for the Society, ^but for myself; that it was not tribute, but his own private property; and he wished me to receive it in evidence that he and I were now friends, and that we should ever hereafter remain so. After an early dinner, Messrs. Turner, Adams, and Amos started with me for Mua, a distance of 1 2 miles. We were all mounted. The King kindly furnished me with his blood- mare, for which an extortioner had charged four tons of oil. We commenced our journey in good spirits, amidst the mirth of many persons. The country through which we rode was perfectly level, and teeming with vegetation. We passed through many plantations of yams and bananas. Part of the road on either side was lined with cocoa-nut trees, intended both as a shade and as food for travellers. Other parts of the THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 223 road were so entangled by various withes and vines that I was more than once very forcibly reminded of Absalom's fate. I saw several fine specimens of sugar-cane, and of cotton, and here and there the coffee plant in great luxuriance. Much of the land was uncultivated, but only waiting the labour of the husbandman to render it amazingly productive. The soil I found exceedingly rich, and it being equally so throughout the island, ten times the present population might be amply pro- vided for. On reaching Bea, we examined the fort, or stockade, so recently the place of conflict, and where King George had so successfully mitigated the miseries of civil war by the clemency of Christianity. The heathen, instigated by the emissaries of Rome, had refused submission to the King's authority, and had committed various atrocities. After long forbearance, he was at length necessitated to take up arms in the defence of the laws and liberties of his country. But he went forth as the disciple of Him who came not into the world to destroy men's lives, but to save them ; and by conduct previously unknown in military tactics, he des- troyed his enemies without slaying them, and transformed them into admiring and ardent friends. We halted under the shade of a large tree, where King George had sat to receive the submission of his rebel subjects; and where, according to the custom of the country, they came to rub their noses against the soles of his feet, in token of surrender. They approached with fear and trembling, knowing that they had forfeited their lives to the laws of the land, but as they came, George magnani- mously said, " Live!" In a transport of joy and wonder they thanked the King for his clemency, when he told them to thank Jehovah, whose lotu had influenced him to spare their lives. As he regularly observed in his camp the hours of morning and evening prayer, these subdued Chiefs, whose " hearts" (as one of them told me) " the King had slain," requested permission to unite in God's worship; and, for the first time, were they to be seen bowing the knee to Jesus. The King returned from the field, not with garments rolled in 224 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. blood, but richly laden with the blessings of them that had been ready to perish, and rejoicing more in the triumphs of grace which God had enabled him to achieve than in the con- quests gained over his enemies. Long will this shady place be remembered with gratitude as that where hearts were conquered by love, and foes overcome by something more potent than powder and ball. " During the war," says Mr. Amos, " the young people were rather wild, and the effect was dissipating. But our members generally maintained their religion, though some fell away. The local-preachers showed themselves faithful servants, and it was delightful to go up to the camp, and preach to these God-fearing men amid their privations and perils at the seat of war. First and foremost of all those Christian warriors was the King. His conduct throughout was unimpeachable." The result of the victory gained I was happy to find had been highly gratifying. The land was now at peace ; the country open to man, woman, and child ; the Gospel preached without let or hindrance in all the villages ; and the people generally had received the lot u. Tubouleva, Maqfu, Vaea, and other Chiefs, were now, thank God, meeting in a Christian class. The King's forgiving the rebels had heaped coals of fire upon their heads in the Scriptural sense ; and it is hoped that some of them have repented in dust and ashes, and found peace with God. The interview between the King and the Commander of a French frigate, which took place immediately after the war, was very interesting. The vessel was from Tahiti, and came at the instigation of the Popish Missionaries. The Priest Calignon informed the Captain that he would be attacked if he came near Tongatabu ; so all the way down, according to the testimony of one on board, the brave "weewees" as the natives called them, practised drill, and were ordered to prepare for battle. When they neared the land, they saw a large number of persons fishing on the reefs, and the Priest suggested that it was a party preparing to attack the vessel. Captain Belland at once shotted his guns, drove full sail into the harbour, THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 225 dropped several anchors, to which they moored " La Moselle," and there they waited all night without any communication with the shore. " Next day," says Mr. Amos, " we went on board, but the ' Jack Priest ' would not face us, nor have I seen him since the war. We gave Captain Belland all the information we could. He visited the King, when he ap- pointed the following Tuesday for an investigation of the complaint made against King George by the ' Gustave,' and the Priest. The Priests were at the bottom of that complaint. It was thus : the surgeon of the 'Gustave' had nearly been frightened to death by some warriors, who drove him from the reefs at the back of the island, where he was selling cutlasses and powder. The vessel came round here, and I went on board; the doctor pulled a long face, and, shrugging his shoulders a-la-mode Frangaise, he said, in his broken English, ' Is bat people : de front is bat prospect : ' meaning that their faces wore a bad aspect, which poor little Esculapius changed in his agitation to ' prospect.' In vain did I tell him they would do him no harm, if he sold no cutlasses and powder. At another time I went on board, and the 'Captain told me on that occasion that the doctor was gone to Bea, with the Priest, having sat up all night previously on board, 'talking politics.' That same little gentleman did the Priest's business at Tahiti, and sent the man-of-war down to the islands. " Nothing surprised the French Commander more than the copies of all letters on the subjects relative to the war which King George had kept in a tin box. The King, too, gave him so succinct an account, and displayed so much coolness, that Captain Belland passed a very high eulogium upon him, and twice invited him on board to dine. Captain Belland behaved impartially." Much odium had been incurred by the Priests. Their own followers bitterly upbraided them that they did not bring a man-of-war, according to promise, that the King might be put down; and our_ people ridiculed them for raising false hopes, and abhorred them for distributing powder and ball to their enemies, and afterwards denying it with a bold front. Popery L5 226 THE SOUTHERN WOULD. I found now in the background; and although tolerated more than before, it was doing less than ever. In one of the King's forts we have a chapel, and on riding up to it I perceived that it was the hour of worship, and a local-preacher was addressing a good congregation. About six miles farther on we passed the largest tree in Tonga. Its dimensions are prodigious, but its exact size could not be ascertained. On reaching Mua we were kindly received and hospitably entertained by Mr. and Mrs. Davies, who have a lovely place of residence overlooking the bay commanding a fine prospect, and who are deservedly beloved. 26th. Early this morning I walked through the town or village, which is thickly interspersed with various trees of beautiful and luxuriant foliage. I visited the school, conducted by a native teacher who was trained in the Normal Institution at Nukualofa, and examined the chapel, a well-finished native building, capable of accommodating 600 persons. Here Popery has obtained a footing, and secured the Tui- Tonga as its disciple. I met a boy with a medal suspended from his neck, bearing the alleged likeness of the Virgin Mary, and, on asking him to whom he prayed, he replied that he prayed to the Virgin Mary. One Missionary stated that the Romish converts were much more offensive in their behaviour than those remaining in their pagan state, and showed no little bitterness to Protestants. Apt disciples ! After breakfast we passed beneath the shade of a large tree, Avhere the last human victim in these islands, about sixteen years previously, had been sacrificed to appease one of their pagan gods. About half a mile from that tree we were shown the entrance to Hades, where a distinguished god was said to enter. From the hollow sound we heard on stamping with our feet, it was evident that there was a cavern beneath. A little farther on, in the same direction, we visited several tombs of the Tonga Kings. Each one is on a large mound 50 yards square, terraced by well-squared stones of immense size. We measured one stone, and its dimensions were 23 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 8 feet deep. Some boys accompanying us took THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 227 up a few pebbles near one of them, and presented them to us as the "children of the stone," one of which I took to place amongst my curiosities. Where these huge stones came from, and how they were placed there, are questions involving great mystery. The son of the Tui-Tonga, who attended us, said the tradition was, that the large stone we measured had been brought from Wallis's Island, and others from the opposite side of Tonga, by vessels much larger than the canoes of the present day; and that at that period the inhabitants were much more numerous and powerful than they are now, the whole country being full. On returning from these mysterious sepulchres I was shown the remains of a " god-house." Houses of this character were always made out of the bread-fruit tree, and built with great neatness. There were scores of these houses in the Tonga Isles, and every Chief of any note had one. It was sacrilegious for any person to go within the enclosure, and death for any one, except the Priest, to touch the god. Once a year the idol was dressed by the Priest, and the best mats were used for the purpose. At such times an abundance of kava and food were prepared, and one of these gods called Eikitubu would not have his kava presented unless he had 100 pigs killed. The shrine of this god was a whale's tooth, and worshipped by the Tui-Tonga and principal Chiefs only. It was the work of the Priests to present offerings, and to make known the mind of the god to the people. To these gods they applied in time of war, famine, drought, hurricane, taking a voyage, sickness, &c. ; and when yams, &c., were planted, a prayer was offered to them. They invariably received the offerings of the first-fruits of the lands ; frequently the sacrifice of the little fingers of devotees, and occasionally that of human beings. The Tongese believed that they possessed the power of life and death; they were therefore feared by all, but loved by none. The first cup of kava prepared at the kava-party was always poured out as a libation to the god. When the Tui-Tonga embraced Popery, his son, who attended us, and who is not only a very influential Chief, but a local-preacher in our church, told one of our Missionaries 228 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. that he knew his father had from worldly policy embraced Popery, and was so much grieved at his folly, that he set fire to his god-house, being determined that his father should not have both his heathen and popish gods, as he intended to have. The house was burned down, but the god to which a hundred pigs were wont to be sacrificed was rescued, after being well singed; and that very idol, still bearing marks of fire, was kindly given to me by a friend, and shall never again receive an offering. On returning to the Mission-House, several persons called to pay their respects ; and I was more than satisfied with the clearness with which many of them gave an account of the work of grace upon their hearts. A distinguished lady, mentioned by Mr. Lawry as recently married, also called; and during our interview she very busily employed her fingers in the work of cleaning her toes; but nevertheless in other respects she was a very agreeable and interesting person. We left in the afternoon, and I suppose all the boys of the place accompanied us some miles. They had but a scanty supply of native cloth around the loins, and that, in many cases being tattered, streamed in the wind as they scampered over the ground. They were full of fun, making numerous somersets ; so that, altogether, our retinue was the most grotesque that can well be imagined, and calculated to relax the muscles of the most rigid countenance. After a most romantic ride, and drinking largely of cocoa-nut milk by the Way, we reached Nukualofa about 5 o'clock. 27th. The schools in Nukualofa were examined, and a scene of interest presented which cannot be adequately described. At 8 o'clock the examination commenced, and continued without intermission for nearly eight hours. The students of the Normal Training Institution were first brought forward, fourteen in number, three of whom were females, comprising the Queen, the wife of the Chief Justice, and a hair- dresser, who said to Mr. Amos, in the true Oriental style, that her house was carpeted with the hair of Chiefs, a most extraordinary woman, a poetess, the Mrs. Hemans of Tonga. The Queen THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 229 submits to the rules of the Institution, and toils, as a student, that she may keep pace with others, as she says it will never do for any native of the country to know more than the Queen. They were examined in reading, spelling, and Arithmetic as far as reduction, acquitting themselves well, and indeed making but one mistake. Their answers to questions on Scripture History were prompt and correct. Their attempt to read English was encouraging; but in translating. English into Tongese they were not so successful. They all appeared in the European costume, and looked remarkably well. Three of the students, men of considerable promise, were being trained with a view of their entering the Ministry, and the other male students to prepare them for taking charge of village schools. No sooner did the examination of the students terminate, than an adult school marched up to the chapel, singing an appropriate chant. One party sung, "We thank thee, Jesus, thou art come." Another party responded in melodious strains, and with fervent hearts, "We will believe on thee." This was the King's school, being under his special patronage, and consisting of 99 fine athletic fellows, all dressed according to Tongese custom. The pupils read a chapter, and repeated another with great ease and correctness. In the Conference Catechism they evinced considerable proficiency. They com- bined spelling with Geography, spelling the names of the various islands of the Pacific, and describing their inhabitants, produce, &c. In Scripture History and Arithmetic they had, considering their circumstances, acquired a very respectable knowledge. Their writing in many cases was good, and in some even elegant. On the dismissal of this school, the sweet voices of the children connected with the Normal Institution were heard in the distance; and after approaching the chapel, and going through the various evolutions connected with the Glasgow training system with much spirit and manifest pleasure, they 230 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. presented themselves for examination in the usual squatting posture. They were dripping with oil; and the young Prince, in a beautiful native dress, sat at their head. They read the Scriptures, some of them with much fluency. Their writing on slates was creditable; but the slates being greasy from the oil dropping from their hair, in some cases the writing was so faint that one of them complained it was "dead." Only a few could do anything in Arithmetic. In spelling they gave the correct orthography of the different countries in America, thus embracing both spelling and Geography. They stated the distances of the principal English towns from London with tolerable correctness; repeated the 10th chapter of John, and answered questions in the Second Conference Catechism very satisfactorily. These little people, upwards of 80, having passed through their examination, gave place to the school under the patronage of the Queen. It consisted of 100 adults, principally married women; and Charlotte having changed her attire, now appeared in her native costume at the head of her school. As they came in procession to the chapel, they sang the following native chant: LITERAL TRANSLATION. 1 "A guilty world stood exposed to wrath, But Jesus beheld it in love. (Chorus of response.) And we weep whilst we sing his dying love. 2 " In Gethsemane's garden he sweat drops of blood, That for us he might slay the last foe. And we weep whilst we sing his dying love. 3 " Thou saidst to thy few disciples there, That sorrow oppressed thy soul. And we weep whilst we sing thy dying love. 4 " He was judged to cruel death, Yet he opened not his mouth. And we weep whilst we sing his dying love. "We look to thy wounded side, once pierced By the Roman soldier's spear. And we weep whilst we sing thy dying love. THE SOUTHERN WOKLU. 231 6* " We pray and not faint in Jesus's name, And worship for evermore. And we weep whilst we sing his dying love." Both words and tune were prepared by Jochabed Fehia, the poetic hair-dresser, and produced a powerful effect. The school read and repeated chapters of the New Testament, answered several questions in the Catechism, and spelled different words found in Wesley's Hymns, all with correctness. In Geography, considerable proficiency had been made; the writing was very creditable; and the Queen, who mainly con- ducted the examination, retired with her pupils evidently much gratified with their proficiency. The next school presented was under the patronage of the wife of the Chief Justice, a most excellent and intelligent woman. Indeed, she is so fond of learning, that I found she was not merely the patroness but the teacher of this school. It contained upwards of 70 young women, the flower of the population, and, as I was told, the beauty of the place. Certainly they were handsome young women, and they seemed to have vied with each other who should appear most attractive. Ingenuity had been at work to give variety and beauty to the native costume. They were all profusely oiled, and on the foreheads of some was vermilion, and on the heads of others grated sandal-wood, furnishing, in their opinion, both beauty and sweet odour. They repeated the Lord's prayer in English with credit ; read and recited chapters of the New Testament correctly; wrote on slates beautifully; and showed a good knowledge of the Catechism. They also read a little in English, and translated several English phrases into Tongese with much ease. In Arithmetic they did well ; and several questions as to the distances, revolutions, magnitudes, &c., of the heavenly bodies they answered correctly. Their remarks on Natural History were good, and somewhat amusing. In describing the beaver, they said, "a house-building animal. Beavers cut wood with their teeth : they have four teeth, two above, and two below, with which they gnaw large trees until they fall. They then drag them to a running stream, and 232 THE SOUTHERN WOELD. erect the pillars of their houses in its centre, and make an upper room above the water, where they reside, and thatch it with clay. For a drum they strike the water with their tails, with which to call their brethren to labour." In describing the squirrel, they said, " An animal that is a sailor. It is in the habit of climbing ; and when it journeys, it jumps from branch to branch of the trees, instead of walking on the ground. Squirrels make canoes from the bark of trees, by stripping off the bark, drying it, and dragging it to the water. They then embark, and each one lifts up his tail, which forms a sail. Away they go to a warmer clime, when the winter arrives at the place where they reside." The patroness of this school used the whistle with telling effect, and at the close of the examination presented it to me. Now followed a school of 60 men, under the patronage of an aged Chief. One half of them had formerly been boys in the Training Institution. In reading, and in Scriptural know- ledge, they appeared to much advantage. In Geography they were respectable, and in spelling the different fountains and streams of Feejee they seemed to excel In Arithmetic they were less perfect. The concluding school of 150 men, under the patronage of a great Chief, the son of the late King Josiah, was -full of vigour. They read, spelled, went through part of the Second Catechism, answered questions in Scripture Geography, and worked a few sums in Arithmetic, with as much energy as if the war-whoop had been sounded, and they were preparing for battle; and when they chanted the multiplication table to one of their wild native airs, the effect was startling, and produced a powerful influence upon the assembly. At the conclusion I delivered a short address, and thus ended the most interesting examination it has ever been my privilege to witness. Nor were these all the schools of Tongatabu, but simply those of the town of Nukualofa. In the island there are 60 village-schools, taught by 12 persons trained in the institution, and a number of local-preachers, both parties giving their services gratis. THE SOUTHERN WORLD. . 233 In the examination, which was not got up, the pupils chanted almost everything; this mode of receiving instruction being very attractive to these merry islanders, and making a deeper impression on the mind than the same truth would do un- associated with tune. The state of the schools indicated the diligence and efficiency of Mr. Amos. At the close of this interesting service, by the invitation of Mr. and Mrs. Adams, the King and Queen dined with us, and after dinner Charlotte presented me with the native dress she had worn at the head of her school, that I might convey it to Mrs. Young, this being the highest compliment, according to Tongese notions, that could be paid to my wife. As the " John Wesley " was to sail the following morning, the King went on board in the evening. I saw him take leave of his household, and the scene was deeply affecting. They wailed as for the dead. Thousands lined the shores; and as George passed through among them with unfaltering step, the burst of grief was overwhelming, causing his lips to quiver, and so thoroughly piercing my heart that I wept like a child. As soon as the King stepped into the boat, it was surrounded, and not without much difficulty could it be pushed off. That being effected, many plunged into the sea, and followed until they were obliged to stop. Here they remained, above the waist in water, until darkness enveloped them, pouring forth their wailings, and exclaiming, " Your love is dead ! Your love is dead ! " Amongst them was the King's daughter, overflowing with affection, and frantic with grief; but the Queen, though feeling the parting most acutely, conducted herself with much Christian propriety, remaining in secret, praying and weeping there. After this affecting scene, I called, with Messrs. Adams and Amos, upon the Chief Judge, who had for some time been unwell. I found him in a delightful state of mind, intent upon the great business of life. He being an eloquent, powerful, and useful local-preacher, as well as a Judge, I wished for an outline of one of his sermons, which he kindly furnished. The subject is the Judgment, a suitable topic for the Chief Judge 234 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. of these islands; and the outline, though respectable, I was told did not convey an adequate idea of his preaching power. [Note F.] On returning to the Mission-House, I held a short service, and baptized the son of Mr. and Mrs. Adams. Mr. Adams, who is the brother of Adams the celebrated astronomer of Cambridge, also possesses a taste for the same ennobling science. Some time ago, having calculated the eclipse of the moon, he stated the hour it would take place. Much interest was awakened, especially among his pupils. When the period approached, the whole population of the place became excited; and, as the eclipse occurred according to calculation, the astonishment of the people was indescribable. Since then, Mr. Adams has regularly, and with perfect accuracy, calculated the eclipses of both sun and moon, and is regarded in these islands as a most extraordinary man. CHAPTEE XL DEPARTURE from Tonga Queen's letter Population Political con- stitution Recognised ranks Mental character Education Arrival at Vavau Sabbath Church-meeting School examination Kava drinking Letter to the King His reply Native Minister Produce of the islands Employment of the people Social condition Domestic circle Tradition How the people speak of their former condition. AT 5 o'clock in the morning of October the 28th, I went down to the beach to go on board the " John Wesley." The morning was exceedingly fine, and the Queen, with her attend- ants, was there to bid me good-bye. In doing so, she presented me with the native dress which the King had worn at the school on the previous day. " And Jonathan stripped himself THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 235 of the robe that was upon him, and gave it to David." The present of the King's robe brought this token of friendship to my mind, and furnished a very impressive and interesting illustration. The Queen also gave me a letter addressed to Mrs. Young, beautifully written with her own hand. The following trans- lation is by Mr. Amos : " October Nth, 1853. "0 MRS. YOUNG, " I WRITE this to you to make known my love to you, and to express the feelings of iny heart. I thank the Lord that I am spared to live until these days,and just at the time of the coming of the 'John Wesley.' And Mr. Young came in her, and to our house, and conversed of you and of your children, and of your dwelling in sorrow because he has come to visit the work of the Lord in these seas. Whilst I listened to the conversation of Mr. Young concerning you, love sprang up in my heart towards you, and I said at once, I will write this writing to show my love to you. Another reason why I feel disposed to write this letter is, that you are the wife of a great Minister. A farther reason why I write to you is, because I know you to be a pious lady of the true lotu. I make known to you that I have no present to send you commensurate with the fulness of my mind, but only this, my writing. Were I to send you the perishing trash of earth, it would crumble away ; but this my writing [alluding to her undying love] will not perish. My mind is, that while I live I may keep the commandments of the Lord Jesus, which bring salvation, and have a recom- pense of reward, a reward, not of filthy lucre of this world, but an eternal reward in heaven. I am moved to obey the commands of the Lord Jesus by the word of God, thus : ' If ye love me, keep my commandments.' These commandments sustain my mind in doing the will of the Lord. " Concerning you, Mrs. Young, I do wish I could see you in this world, but the great ocean rolls between and severs us : therefore we are separated from each other, and cannot see 236 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. each other's person. that we may live by faith in the Lord, that we may meet in the world invisible to mortal eye ! And this is my conversation to you, Mrs. Young. When the 'John Wesley ' arrived, I did not know it was her. The vessel came in on the twenty-first of the days of the moon October, which was Friday. I was sitting in my house, waiting for the time of the Institution-bell, and at the hour I went; and, as I passed out at the gate, I saw a vessel letting down the anchor in the harbour : but, when I got to the Institution, an order came from Mr. Amos and Mr. Adams to postpone the Institution, for the 'John Wesley' was come, and had brought Ministers. When I heard she had Ministers on board, my heart rejoiced greatly; and, as I walked down the road, tears started into my eyes through the grace which operated on my mind. And when I knew the love of God to Tonga, by his sending these Ministers to visit this Tonga, and when I saw the countenances of the two Ministers, love to them arose in my heart, and since that day the Lord has wrought upon my soul and mind. And then again at the Friday evening prayer-meeting, Mr. Amos told us the new Scriptures were come, and my joy was increased. Then, when the Sabbath came, Mr. Young preached in the morning from the writing of Matthew xxii. 42, and, under the sermon, my heart was like a fire whilst listening to the preaching of Christ. So it was under the afternoon sermon. Mr. N. Turner preached from the Acts of the Apostles, xi. 23; and they were two sermons which did my soul very much good. When Mr. Turner narrated the origin of the lotu here, my mind felt great peace, for I knew that I was turned from darkness to light, raised from death unto life. I was then a Heathen, I am now a Christian of the Lord Jesus Christ. " At the time I wrote this letter we were in the midst of confusion, as it was just when George Tubou, the King of Tonga, was going on board the 'John Wesley' to sail for Port Jackson. And as I remain in sorrow with my boy, [Prince George, the heir apparent,] I leave him [the King] with the Lord, to take him in safety and bring him back in safety. As he is known to have done, or wont to have done, THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 237 to David of old, so may he do to Tubou ! May he save him from the sea, and in a far-distant land! " To-day we held our school-feast; and it was a good one. We rejoiced, and the Missionaries rejoiced. " And this is the end of my writing, but it is not the end of my love. " I am, " CHARLOTTE TUBOU." " A correct translation. R AMOS." At 7 o'clock the " John Wesley" sailed, but not until several Chiefs had been on board to rub noses with the King, and to pour forth their grief in loud lamentations. During my sojourn in Tongatabu, I obtained the following information respecting the country and its inhabitants: . " The population of the Friendly Islands," says Mr. Amos, " I should judge to be more than 22,000, but we will try to take a census." According to tradition, the population was immense in former times; but war, famine, and pestilence swept thousands upon thousands from these lands; and cer- tainly the deserted towns and villages in the country are numerous. The Missionaries think the population is now decreasing, but it may not be so. A few years of peace and plenty, no doubt, would show a great difference, as war and famine, as well as frequent influenza, carry off many people. The Political constitution of the country is an absolute monarchy. Each clan has its Chief; and that Chief is Governor, or Lieutenant, in the town or village where he lives. The King rules the Chiefs, and the Chiefs rule the people. Various ranks are recognised among the inhabitants. It appears that the Tamaha stood first as a divine Chief, and the Tul Tonga would make kava for her. This rank is lost. The last Tamaha died two years ago. The Tui Tonga ranks next, and the Tuikanokubolu would make kava for him as a sign of inferiority. The present Tui Tonya is the last of his race, and the rank will die with him. The Tuikanokubolus have 238 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. been the crowned Kings of the land for nearly two hundred years; but the Tuihaa takalaua was above him formerly, although that office is now defunct. King George is Tuikano- Jcubolu, and that title will doubtless be abolished, the present King choosing to be called King only. Formerly any member of the royal family used to be eligible for King, but now Prince George is regarded as Crown Prince, and all parties look up to him as their future King. His rank and family connections will unite all parties of the population. Next come the Chiefs, who are of various grades, but I need not mention them : then Matdbules, or gentlemen, who are the associates and companions, or satellites of the Chiefs. Muas are next in rank, and form the connecting link between the lower and the higher classes. Tuas are the common people, who have not been taken captive in war. TamaioeiMs are slaves, who have forfeited their liberty by crime, or who have been taken captive in war. But slavery is now abolished. These are the general ranks of society, and they create much of caste among the people. The metftal character of the Friendly Islanders is respectable. Mr. Amos, in a communication with which he favoured me, says, " I am not aware that the intellect of the people is more stultified than that of the other nations of the earth. I would not of set purpose overrate the native mind, nor am I willing to depreciate it in any measure. I am not prepared to make any unqualified statements, either for or against their intel- lectual character. But, as far as I have observed, I am not sensible of any deficiency of understanding in them. I would not say that it is very vigorous, yet we frequently see indi- . cations of power, especially in grappling with Popery. " We have an old local-preacher who is Mr. Adams's pundit. At present he is lying ill at the other end of the Circuit, and a more powerful preacher, I think, could not be found among the native Missionary agents of Wesleyan Methodism rn any quarter, of the globe. Johnny, as we familiarly call him,fmore than once came in contact with the French Priests ; but bfingi an intelligent Christian, he was able to give a reason of the THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 239 hope that was in him. On one occasion he was attacked by a padre at the village of Hoi, who asked him if it were not safe for a sheep to be in the true fold when the wolf was nigh? ' Yes,' said Johnny; ' and when I see a wolf in sheep's clothing near me, depend upon it I am on my guard ; and whilst in the keeping of Christ, the Great Shepherd, I am quite safe.' The enemy was thus unexpectedly foiled. The Tongese are fond of metaphor, and are apt at a figure, having a lively imagination, although not exactly brilliant. At a gibe they are clever, and at repartee they are adepts. Vulgar sarcasm is not common; but gentle satire distinguishes all their conversation. Decision of mind, and promptness of action, are sometimes observed, especially in the King, who, though far superior to the generality of his Chiefs and people, may nevertheless be fairly instanced in illustration of my subject. 5f practical wisdom, united with calm courage and daring enterprise in a military leader, attended by a succession of victories, without one defeat, constitute a hero, then is the King of the Friendly Islands a hero in the proper military sense of that term. The late war brought out the character ' of the King in all its dignity and nobleness ; and in the decisions of his mind, as well as the tactics of his campaign, there was much of majesty. " The range of their knowledge is at present, of course, limited; but I think them capable of a high state of cultiva- tion, were the circumstances of their country favourable, and their intercourse with Europeans frequent. That, however, which is of most value in the eye of the Christian philan- thropist is the respectable stock of religious knowledge which they have acquired, and the correct manner in which they speak upon the Scripture facts and characters. Whatever "is printed in the native language is soon bought up by them, and read with great care : witness the first edition of the New Testament, which was sold immediately; and for the last two years a copy could not have been obtained in Tonga, even though a man had offered a sovereign for one. " Their acquaintance with the truths of religion is ascertained 240 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. best in their prayers; and they sh6w a retentive memory in analyzing a sermon which they have heard on the preceding- Sabbath, at a week-night prayer-meeting. Take, for example, the sermon you preached to them on Sunday morning last, from 'What think ye of Christ?' At the Monday evening prayer-meeting it formed the subject of most of their prayers; and what part one had not got the other remembered, so that it gave a pleasing variety to their addresses to the throne of grace, and diffused a hallowed feeling through all hearts. The Queen praised God for your coming amongst us, preaching Christ, the only foundation of a sinner's hope and comfort; and that you had brought no new-fangled doctrine, but the same burden to which they had listened from the first. One of my young men took up the several parts of the sermon, and in his* prayer showed that he had made the discourse his own; and I have no doubt that many of the local-preachers will give a second edition of your sermon to many a Tonga village ; and that long after the voice we heard last Sabbath shall be lost in unbroken silence, that sermon will be preached by the Friendly Islanders. These natives have therefore understand- ing, imagination, memory, and prompt volition. I have formed ' a high estimate of them, and may almost say that I am an enthusiastic admirer of the intelligent Tonga teacher, and love to hear him preach." The social condition and isolated character of these islands are prejudicial to the advancement of educational operations. The people are poor, and require to work much, especially the children. When a youth has acquired a tolerable knowledge of school lore, there being no commerce here, he knows not to what he can apply it, unless he becomes a local-preacher or 'school-teacher. Hence there is but little incentive to the youth of Tonga to attend to instruction. Should the visit of the King to Australia open commercial relations between that country and these islands, then we may hope to see education more desired and valued. But I must name another difficulty in the way of educa- tional operations, we have no salaried teachers. Every school- THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 241 teacher in the Friendly Islands works for nothing; and even teachers who have been three years students in the Institu- tion have gone to schools without a farthing's salary, and some of them have charge of three schools. But this must have an end. Mr. Amos says : " The men who were under my instruction have been again and again to say that they cannot teach so many schools, and work for their families besides. My proposal is, therefore, that the teachers be paid out of an educational grant from the Society, or we may look in vain for first-class schools here. We have done all that we could with the means hitherto at our disposal, and the word of God is read regularly and with delight." But, notwithstanding the disadvantages under which the Friendly Islander labours in reference to education, much has been already accomplished. Not fewer than 8,000 can read the Scriptures with more or less ability ; and learners to read, who are numerous, are not reckoned in this estimate. About 5,000 can write, and some of them a beautiful hand. The writing is taught on slates in the schools. Numbers have also made respectable progress in Arithmetic, Geography, and some other branches of learning. The number of books in the Tongese language as yet is limited. There are the New Testament, second complete edition, but that may properly be styled the third edition, as the whole of the New Testament was in the hands of the natives many years ago, except Hebrews, Mark, and Revela- tion ; a Hymn-book, second edition; a Sunday-service, second edition, just printed off at Vavau, not yet bound; First and Second Conference Catechism, third edition; Geography of the World, second edition; Sacred Geography, second edition; Code of Laws, a copy of which I possess. A periodical was started in 1845, called the "Friendly Visitor," and might have done good if bound in volumes; but the Tongese will not take in books by numbers, and they like a book with a good binding. Several books of the Old Testament have also been translated; and it is expected that the whole Book of God will soon be in the hands of the people. M 24:2 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. October 29th. After a splendid run we reached Vavau group at sunrise. I went on deck, and what a scene of beauty was presented ! I counted about 30 islands of various forms and sizes, gilded by the rays of the rising sun. We soon entered the bay of Vavau, and proceeded for 10 miles to the town of Nieafu, off which we anchored. The bay is capacious; full of beautiful islets ; and would hardly be second to Port Jackson in point of grandeur, did villas and gardens adorn its numerous sloping banks, and ornament its many coves. The water in the har- bour is of great depth, and the navy of every nation might safely anchor here. A canoe approached; but no sooner was it known that the King was on board, than the natives paddled off with the greatest speed. On their reaching the shore we soon heard the beating of the drum, and the shouting of the people. This brought forcibly to my mind the words of the prophet : "Rejoice greatly, daughter of Zion; shout, daughter of Jerusalem : behold, thy King cometh unto thee." The Kev. G. Daniel, our excellent Missionary, was soon on board ; and after breakfast we went on shore, the King having previously gone. On our arrival at the Mission-House we received a most kind reception from Mrs. Daniel. Benjamin Latuselu, Native Assistant-Missionary, came to congratulate us: he had but two garments on his person, a white calico shirt, and a surtout of the same material. In a few hours, however, he returned well attired, with the exception of his lacking shoes and stockings, and I found him a most interesting and pious man. Having had some refreshment, we walked through the town, which contains about 2,000 inhabitants. It is very much like Nukulofa, embowered in a grove of cocoa-nut and other beautiful trees peculiar to the tropics. The climate must be salubrious, or a town so situated, where the decomposition of vegetable matter is so extensive and continuous, would produce the most destructive malaria. The town, however, is healthy; and fever, that plague of the West Indies, is entirely unknown. The only epidemic to which the people appeared to be subject was influenza, and that, I understood, had occasionally been very fatal. THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 243 Several local-preachers and leaders called at the Mission- House to pay their respects; and one of them having inquired if I had come to remain, I replied that my age forbade that. He then said, the great work in these islands required the direction of men, rather than children, and hoped that I would make my abode amongst them. The Missionaries now in the islands are all young; and in speaking of them as children he did not in any respect intend to disparage them, for they are all greatly beloved, but simply to intimate that the state of the churches in those islands needed the influence of age and ex- perience in their direction and government. I had a good deal of conversation with many of them, and found their knowledge of Christian truth very satisfactory. Mr. Daniel fully concurred with the Missionaries of Tonga, as respects the desirableness of connecting these Missions with the Australian Conference. 3(M. Sabbath in Vavau. At daybreak, the beat of the native drum summoned the people to the house of God. A prayer-meeting was held, and well attended. The King being present, the people in their prayers made many allusions to his leaving the country, and prayed that if the thing were not of God it might be prevented, but that if it were of God the King might be preserved and returned in safety, full of knowledge and blessing. I was informed that the King did not like to be prayed for in public. He said, that some in their prayer sought to instruct him as to what he ought to do; others took that opportunity to censure him for what he had done; and others evidently intended to flatter him, both as a Christian and as a King. He declared, therefore, that the people would please him better by praying for him in private rather than in public. At 8 o'clock the Sunday-school began, and at 9 o'clock the public worship. The chapel, a good native building, capable of accommodating 700 persons, was quite full. About one-third of the men, including the Chiefs, appeared in shirts, three in the European costume, and four or five more with trousers. About ten women were in the English attire; not, however, M 2 244 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. according to the Bond-street fashion, but more like that of some country village fifty years ago; and from the very peculiar manner in which some of the articles of dress were arranged, it was evident that the wearers had not been much instructed in the mysteries of the toilet. About one-fourth more of the females had some portion of European attire, which seemed to have been put on out of respect to their visitors. Mr. Daniel read the Liturgy in the native tongue, with great ease and fluency, the people chanting the responses with much earnest- ness and harmony. I preached, Mr. Daniel interpreting, and began to feel myself quite at home in this mode of preaching salvation to the people. Attention was kept up, and I hope some good effected, whilst I preached repentance and the remission of sins in the name of Jesus. Sevei-al prayed after the sermon, amongst whom was the King; and it was evident that they had fully understood the discourse. At half-past 2 o'clock the Sunday-school assembled, and at half-past 3 o'clock public worship was again celebrated. Mr. Miller preached in the native tongue, and the people manifestly drank in the word. Many came to congratulate me; and a few honoured me with the salutation given to superior Chiefs, in which salutation the nose and the lips come in contact with the back of the hand, attended with two or three sounds, resembling something between kissing and smelling. I found that my physical pro- portions greatly contributed to my popularity, the people declaring that any one might see that I was a great Chief. Nor did it detract from my fame, when it was known that I had a wife and seven children. In the evening, at 5 o'clock, a prayer-meeting was held in the chapel, evidently attended with much good. Thus ended the services of a most interesting Sabbath. I could not but contrast the present state of this people with their former condition, and gratefully exclaim, " What hath God wrought!" I thought of the first Christian Sabbath acknowledged in Vavau, little more than twenty years ago, when Finau, the King, for the first time bowed his knee before the Lord, and gave orders to his servants to do likewise. A number of the THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 245 people, of their own accord, ere long joined them. The first act that a person performs, who in these islands becomes a Christian, is to bow the knee to the Most High, and many now performed that act. They had a blessed Sabbath, the first of a series which, I hope, may end only with time. As soon as the Sabbath was over, the King gave directions that seven of the principal .idols should be placed in a row. He then addressed them in language similar to the following: " I have brought you here to prove you, and I tell you before- hand what 1 am about to do, that you may be without excuse." Then commencing with the first, he said, " You profess to be a God, and to do great things. I doubt the truth of your claims; but, if you really are a God, show it by running away, or you shall be burned in the fire which I have prepared!" The god, of course, made no attempt to move. He then addressed the next in like manner, until he came to the last, when he expressed himself in most cutting irony, much in the style of the prophet on Mount Carmel : and ag none of the gods ran, to establish their claim to divinity, the King gave orders that they and their temples should be destroyed. His orders were promptly obeyed; and many temples, with their several deities, were set on fire. The weather being wet, it was three days before they were entirely consumed. Some of the people were greatly alarmed at these proceedings, considering them very bold and wicked; but others were utterly fearless, and with great zeal and alacrity carried on the work of destruction. "And the idols he shall utterly abolish." 31st. Took a walk about sunrise, and from an eminence near the town had a splendid view of the bay. Its various islets and numerous windings, giving to it the appearance of many lakes embosomed amid rich and romantic scenery, rendered the view exceedingly picturesque. In the afternoon there was a meeting of the church-members. The drum having given the notice, the tapa-beating throughout the place at once ceased, and the people repaired with all speed to the house of God. I stated, through the medium of Mr. 246 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. Daniel, that I should like to hear from them what they knew experimentally of the Gospel of Christ; and several of them spoke in succession with much fluency and deep feeling. Mr. Daniel took notes, and kindly furnished me with the following, as specimens of the statements made on the occasion. Lote Ikahihifo. " I have long enjoyed the work of God in my heart. I was converted at Feletoa. I know that my life is short ; that hell is a terrible place ; and I wish to use all diligence. I enjoy peace with God, and pray much to God that I may be filled with grace. In times of temptation I seek Christ ; feeling, as I do, that I cannot trust or depend upon myself." Ilaiakimi Taufa. "When the Gospel reached Tonga I heard, and was convinced of its truth, but not saved. I was converted at the great revival here. In reading the book of the Prophet Isaiah, I was power- fully impressed. I read in the Psalms, that praise could not he offered from the grave, therefore I sought earnestly ; when, one night, it appeared to me as though a light shone within, and brought to my view my many sins. I started with alarm, and felt that had I died then I must have gone to hell. I saw that Christ alone could save, and that nothing else was sufficient for me. The Lord saved me ; when I felt an imme- diate desire to praise him, and to show others the way to that good which I had obtained. I greatly rejoice to see the two new Ministers (Messrs. Young and Turner). My heart cleaves to God's Ministers ; they are my guides." David Malubo. " I speak not of my former state : all I know is, that I was a vile sinner, a heathen. But the lotu came when I was in Tonga. I was wicked, and came to Vavau during the first revival. I got to know the Lord, and embrace Christianity. Heard Mr. Thomas preach from ' He that being often reproved,' &c., and found it useful to my soul. At the second revival in this chapel, I received the love of God. Mr. Turner is my spiritual father. When you go to England, tell them I am their child in the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. I am thankful when I think of that time." Moses Lomu. " I wish to speak of the goodness of God to my soul. The devil obstructs, but Christ helps me, and commands me to speak. I thought to let the old man speak, but the Lord has opened my mouth. When young I joined with all who despised Christ, his servants, and his work. I grew in stature, and the Lord worked in my soul. I went from hence to Tonga with a Chief who has gone. I still heard the word, and with power sometimes, but resisted. Sickness came, and I had nearly gone ; and it struck me, O, where is my soul ? I recovered, but still resisted. I went to live with Mr. Daniel. Saw the Sacrament administered. I sat outside. It seemed as though the Lord came and said, ' What doest THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 247 thou here ? How is it thou wilt not submit ?' I then determined to give my heart to God ; sought him earnestly. Heard a sermon on ' For we must all appear before the judgment-seat of Christ,' &c. I heard of the shame some would experience who would be there ; and I thought I must be there. I found the Lord, and now ' the love of Christ constraineth.' This is that which urges me to work on, till I get home to heaven, to cast myself at Jesus's feet." Belenaise Tutoe. " I became a Christian, not because I wished it, but the King in his zeal commanded my father and others to lotu. I did so in consequence ; heard Mr. Thomas preach, and began to see the truth. I feared God, and commenced meeting in class. My mind was enlightened at the first revival. One day I expected to fall into hell ; I cried, and prayed, and feared I should die. At a prayer-meeting, held at Mr. Turner's house, I was saved. I remember him with affection. I am the fruit of his labour and prayer." llaija Tahifote. " I resided here during the existence of the first chapel. I heard Mr. Turner preach on the sufferings of Christ. I went home to weep, and wondered at the mercy of God to me. During the revival, I felt peace with God, was alive to Christ, and, in the course of time, preached.^ At my first attempt to preach, the Lord broke in upon the people. I boasted not, it was the Lord's work. I still continue firm by the grace of God. 1 voyaged to the Navigators', and saw much of the work and grace of God there. I remember all, but especially that time when the Lord called me to himself." Benijamane Latuselu." I praise God for being permitted to behold Mr. Young. I feel much grace in my heart. Yesterday was a good day to my soul, and I felt greatly benefited whilst listening to the sermon of Mr. Young. I know the value of repentance. I met in Mr. Cross's class: my heart was hard, and Mr. Turner came and preached. My sins seemed all heaped on my head, and appeared like a great hammer constantly thumping me. I could get no rest, night or day, took no food, and con- tinued thus for some time. Some sixteen years back Mr. Turner took me to Feletoa, and preached from ' The city of Refuge.' I then saw Christ as my refuge, and rejoiced: this I hid, but Mr. Turner inquired, and dis- covered it, and begged me not to bury the good I had received. After- wards he brought me to a Local-preachers' Meeting, that I might speak of the good I had received. I became a local-preacher, and saw the good of the work of God. I engaged in the ministry, and have gone about in the work to Samoa, but am now labouring here. At one thing my mind is greatly pained ; it is at the little we as a people do for the cause of God, for our Missionaries. See what they have done for us, left home, friends, and all ! See Mr. Young ; there is love ! But what do we do ? "Why, we sit at ease, with our arms folded. But let us do our duty, act like men, and God will bless and prosper us." At the conclusion of the meeting, scores came and shook hands with me; and, though differing in language, country, 248 THE SOUTHEBN WORLD. manners, station, and colour, I felt we were one in Christ, and possessed common sympathies. I was introduced to a very old woman, who said she distinctly remembered the visit of Captain Cook to these islands. November 1st. At daybreak visited the King's premises, and canoe-house, where I saw a very large double canoe, 90 feet in length, made without a nail, all being sewed together by sinnet, and indicating considerable skill. At 8 o'clock the examination of the schools took place in the chapel. The first that came forward belonged to Nieafu, and consisted of 125 scholars; and although called the children's school, some of the pupils were arrived at womanhood. They read the Scriptures pretty well, and repeated the 1st chapter of St. John's Gospel with much freedom. I then questioned them upon what they had repeated, and to each question received a prompt reply. " Who is the Lamb of God?" " Jesus Christ." "Why is he called the Lamb of God 1 ?" "Because he was a sacrifice." " What is he said to do 1 " "To take away the sins of the world." " Is he not called by another name in this chapter 1 ?" " Yes, the Word." "And what is ascribed to the Word?" " The making of all things." Their writing on slates was creditable; and their Arithmetic, as far as subtraction, was generally correct. The next school consisted of 50 children, and came from the adjoining village of Makave. They read the Scriptures very fairly, repeated the llth chapter of John with much ease, and replied correctly to several questions suggested by what they had read. They spelled in English the names of the different States of America, or, at least, professed to do so; but their pronunciation was so extraordinary, that had any American citizen been present he might have thought the work of annexation had been rapidly progressing, and that some provinces of Japan had been taken into the Union. In trans- lating some easy Tongese phrases into English, they appeared to much greater advantage. Their writing merited commenda- tion. They chanted the multiplication-table to a melodious native air, appeared to know the Second Catechism well, but did not show much proficiency in Arithmetic. The pupils of THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 249 both schools were profusely oiled ; but some of them appeared in beautiful native dresses. After the examination they came in procession to the Mission-House, singing a beautiful chant. The object was, to present me with some token of their love. I was therefore presented with yams, fowls, eggs, cocoa-nut oil, shells, combs, fish-hooks, native dresses, &c. ; and although the articles were not of much value, I nevertheless prized them as the gift of the young people. Those schools were only a specimen of many others, there being 70 in the Vavau group, com- prising 3,000 scholars, including adults and children; and, throughout the Friendly Islands, 185 schools, containing 7,279 pupils. The seeds of knowledge thus extensively de- posited, I found springing up, bearing fruit, and promising ultimately to produce in these islands a rich harvest. In the afternoon, in company with a pleasant party, I visited an eminence commanding an extensive view of the harbour, and of many islands of the Vavau group, which appeared like so many emeralds sparkling in the bosom of the Pacific deep. We were attended by about fifty natives, of both sexes and of different ages, and thus had a fine opportunity of observing their character and manners. Their buoyant spirits and merry countenances rendered them very agreeable. The place was very difficult of access, but they aided us in climbing the rocks with much energy and pleasure, some pulling, others pushing, and making the forest echo with their mirth. On reaching the summit, they prepared a native oven, proceeded to cook our food; and the yams and fowls thus cooked were most delicious. We took our meal on the top of a rock spread over with the broad banana leaf, and drank our tea from cups made of the same material. This was certainly the most extraordinary picnic that I was ever connected with, and can never be forgotten. 2d. Rose at daybreak, and went to see the King and his Chiefs drink kava. As kava-drinking is an ancient national ceremony, and associated with all important State affairs, I M 5 250 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. was anxious to see it. The root of the kava plant was distributed among several persons to masticate. Previously to their undertaking this work, they squatted themselves down upon the lawn in front of the King's house, and rinsed their mouths for the important operation. The process of chewing then commenced, and the root, having thus been made into a pulp, was placed on a banana leaf, and brought by each chewer to the Chief who was to make the kava. It was now put into a large wooden bowl, and, after being well watered, the kava-maker put his hands into the bowl, and for some time appeared as if he were kneading dough. The next part of the process was to strain it; which was done with great dexterity by means of the fine fibres of a tree. The Chiefs, Matabules, &c., had already formed the kava-ring on the beautiful lawn; and the beverage being ready, a cup constructed of the banana leaf was filled, and a person next the kava-maker exclaimed, "Who is this for?" The Matabule who was the appointed speaker on this occasion, then named the person, who at once clapped his hands, and it was accordingly borne to him with much gracefulness by the official cupbearer. The King, being poorly, was not present; but his place in the ring was left vacant, and a cup of kava placed before it. "Who is this for?" was the inquiry, as every succeeding cup was filled, and then presented according to the direction of the Matabule. In answer to the question, " Who is this for?" I heard, to my indescribable dismay, the Matabule mention my name ! The cup was accordingly presented. What was to be done? I did not like to seem rude by refusing to taste ; but then the chewing ! How to get rid of that idea was the difficulty. My stomach being delicate, was already in a state of rebellion. In this perplexity, the King's interpreter, who stood next me, most opportunely came to my relief. " You," said he, "just put your lips to the cup, and then hand it to me." I did so; and, as I tasted, involuntarily shook my head, which occasioned* a laugh. I then offered it to the King's interpreter as my proxy, and in a moment he finished its contents, smacking his lips with peculiar gusto, to the great THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 251 amusement of the whole party. I then bowed to the Master of the Ceremony and retired, lest a worse thing should come upon me. This morning, the King, in accordance with the determination he had already expressed, sent on board the "John Wesley," as provision for the voyage, 5^ tons of yams, 1,548 Ibs. weight of pork, upwards of 2,000 cocoa-nuts, and nearly 600 fowls ! A kingly provision indeed! During the forenoon the King paid me a visit, that he might have some conversation on the subject of the following letter, which I had addressed to him a few days previously. " To George Tubou, by the Providence of God King of the Friendly Islands. " BELOVED KING, I am grateful to God that I have seen your face, heard your voice, and witnessed the triumphs of grace among your people. "It is about thirty years since the "Wesleyan Missionaries first visited these islands. The people were then in darkness; but the Sun of Righteousness appeared, and the Gentiles have come to his light, and the King to the brightness of his rising. The land was then a wilderness; but instead of the thorn has come up the fir tree, and instead of the brier the myrtle tree; and although every poisonous weed has not been eradicated, I am nevertheless thankful for what has been done, and would give God the glory. "When I had the pleasure of meeting you at Tonga, I desired, as a Deputation from the parent Society, to lay an im- portant subject before you, connected with the cause of God in the Friendly Islands; but your time being so fully occupied in preparing for your voyage to Australia, I deferred doing so at that period, but would now very respectfully call your atten- tion to it. " The subject relates to the churches in these islands pro- viding for their own Ministers. It is clearly the duty of Christians to provide for those who are called and separated from worldly pursuits to the office and work of the Ministry 252 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. and who are ' over them in the Lord.' This is matter of dis- tinct revelation. On this subject St. Paul says, ' If we have sown unto you spiritual things, is it a great thing if we shall reap your carnal things'? Do ye not know that they which minister about holy things live of the things of the temple? and they which wait at the altar are partakers with the altar? Even so hath the Lord ordained that they which preach the Gospel should live of the Gospel.' 1 Cor., 9th chap., 11, 13, 14. The same Apostle farther says, 'Let him that is taught in the word communicate unto him that teacheth in all good things.' Gal, 6th chap., 6. The meaning of these passages is sufficiently obvious, and Christians who have the ability of sustaining their Ministers ought most assuredly to exert it, or they will neglect a very important duty, and thereby prevent the full development of the Christian character,as an inevitable result. " When the people in these beautiful islands were in their infantile state as to religion, we treated them as babes in Christ, and nourished and cherished them accordingly, and rejoice greatly that we did so; but now that they have attained some degree of maturity, and many of them become men, we desire them to occupy a higher position, and a more perfect state as Christian churches. " England was once like these islands, a dark nation ; but Missionaries were sent to it. The people embraced the truth ; and now they sustain not only their own Ministers, but also many hundreds of Missionaries in different dark places of the earth, full of the habitations of cruelty. We are anxious that the inhabitants of the Friendly Isles, according to their ability, should in this respect follow the example of the British Isles, whose Christian benevolence has conferred upon them so many blessings. " If the Wesleyan Missionary Committee were relieved from supporting the work in these islands of the sea, they would be enabled to send Missionaries to some of the dark and perish- ing nations of the world, now calling for help ; and the godly example thus furnished by the Friendly Islands would exert a good influence upon other Mission churches. THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 253 " I submit these observations with great respect to your con- sideration, and shall feel much obliged by your favouring me with your views on the subject. " I am, beloved King, " Your sincere friend, " ROBERT YOUNG." " Yavau, Oct. 31s, 1853." The King furnished a reply to the above, of which Mr. Daniel took notes, and gave the following translation : "I received the letter sent me, and was glad. When I received it, I brought my friends the Chiefs together, and read it to them. They at once made known their minds that it was just, and good, and right for us to do. " On account of that place which mentioned in the letter a wish that I would make known my thinkings upon the sub- ject, I am come. But I said in my mind, when I read it, What can I make known 1 ? Why should I express my thinkings? There are subjects upon which, perhaps, it would be right to express my opinion. But is this a matter for individual opinion? Is not this a matter which has been revealed? Is it not a thing which is acted upon all the world over? and is Tonga always to sit down, and do nothing? This shall not be. My mind is to unite in this good work. " It is perfectly true, as the letter makes known, that light has come to Tonga; but it must not be thought that all are enlightened. No, many are yet dark, very dark, and especially upon this subject. But what of that? Should the light be governed or led by the darkness? There are those who are willing to join in the work, and we will do it. " You say I must not think England cares not for us. Can I look upon what England has done for so many years, and then think they have no love? Not so. But this is our duty, and we will thus help England on account of the world." On hearing this statement, I told the King I was thankful for his words, would take care of them as treasure, carry them 254 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. to England, and give them to thousands of the people in that land. In the evening Mr. Daniel obligingly favoured me with the annexed replies to the following questions : 1. "At what places in the District are Native Assistant Missionaries stationed? What are their number, character, and success 1 ?" " There are five stationed as follows : Two in Vavau, two in Haabai, and one at Niua. We believe them to be men devoted to God, and willing to spend their lives in his service. Their labours are generally acceptable to the people, and owned of God. Benjamin Latuselu, the oldest Assistant Missionary, sus- tained alone the Wesleyan cause in the Navigators' Islands for some considerable time, and was exceedingly useful to the church there, which consisted of many thousands of members." 2. "What prospect have you of natives being raised up in these islands, to sustain the office and work of the Ministry?" " We expect that in course of years the work may be carried on entirely by native agency. At present, however, though they render very efficient service, they could not be supposed equal to the work of sustaining alone the cause of God. We believe they are the best and brightest of their countrymen ; but they are only in a transition state, their minds, though capable of expansion, are yet contracted, their knowledge small." , 3. " What proportion of the people still remain heathen?" " Very few indeed ; perhaps not more than fifty in all the groups. Only one Chief of any importance remains heathen, whose name is Finautaeiloa." 4. " What articles of trade do these islands produce ?" " Cocoa-nut oil, coffee, sugar-cane, arrowroot, figs, yams, fowls, cotton, oranges, limes, citrons, tis universal hospitality. Their houses are open to all, and strangers, or passers-by, are invited to partake of the best 346 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. provision they have. They have frequently put me to shame in this respect, because I could not return their kind invita- tions. The parties entertaining strangers are bound to protect them. Circumcision. This rite is universally practised, which seems to indicate an Asiatic origin. First-fruits. It is unlawful to eat new yams, until those first taken out of the earth are offered at the temple. The Scriptures make several allusions to ' baldness,' and ' cuttings in the flesh for the dead.' Nothing is more common among the Heathen in Feejee than these practises. On the death of my late wife, the old Chief of the town where I lived, Josiah by name, though a Christian, shaved his head out of respect. He did it without my know- ledge. I have heard of a man who ran a spear through his leg on the death of his child. On the decease of the late King of Somosomo, a hundred little fingers were amputated. I counted upwards of seventy which were put in a slit made in the end of a reed, and stuck in the thatch of the King's house. It is a rare thing to meet with a Feejeean who has all his fingers, one or more having been cut off on the death of a relative or of a Chief. Their superstitious reverence for Chiefs, amounting, perhaps, to adoration; their sitting down in their presence, and crouching, when passing them, may also be of Asiatic origin. Their mourning for the dead. They frequently go to the house of the deceased, and propose to tangi, or howl, in a mere affected sympathy with the surviving relatives, who nevertheless like it, though it is known to be a mere sham. Those who have assisted in burying a corpse are forbidden to touch food till after bathing, a custom which the Jews were enjoined to observe. It is also a custom to receive a new name on the performance of some brilliant, generally murder- ous, action. This is universal. Hence the same person frequently will have three or four different names, at different periods of his life. Patronymics, or surnames, are not used at all. Parents are frequently called in a certain way after their children, or grandchildren, though children are not called after their parents. Thus a man who has a child called Rawanka, is himself called Tama-i-Rawanka, the father of Rawanka. A THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 347 man who has a grandchild called Vakambua is himself called Tuka-i-Vakambua, the grandfather of Vakambua. A woman who has a child named Ratu is herself named Tina-i-Ratu, the mother of Ratu. These are considered moi-e honourable than the proper names of the persons. Uncles and aunts are called fathers and mothers, and cousins are called brothers and sisters. They have no other mode of distinguishing those re- lationships, excepting the occasional use of the terms true, little, and great. As tamagu dina, my true father; tamagu levu, my great father, i. e., my father's elder brother; tamagu lailai, my little father, i. e., my father's younger brother. I think the consideration of these usages will relieve some diffi- culties accruing in the Scriptures." 19tk. This morning we lost sight of the Feejee group, those isles of beauty and of blood. The Wesleyan Mission to them was begun in 1835, and although everything desired has not been accomplished, yet God's servants have received the first-fruits of a glorious harvest. I found upwards of 3,000 church members, including those on trial, under different degrees of religious influence, walking in the fear of the Lord, and many of them in the comfort of the Holy Ghost ; 1 20 Day-schools, with about 4,000 Scholars, including both children and adults; 61 Chapels; 31 other preaching places; 50 Native Teachers; 56 Local-preachers; 244 Class-leaders; and about 6,000 persons attending public worship. The work appeared healthy, and in some instances vigorous. The efficient manner in which Mr. Lyth was working what is called the Lakemba Circuit astonished and greatly delighted me. That Circuit of 21 islands, some more than 100 miles distant from Lakemba, was being successfully worked by the aid of catechists and native teachers. The wise distribution of those agents gives a glorious idea of the aggressive movements of the Gospel in Feejee. Nor had the people been unwilling to support the cause of God amongst them; for, in addition to the sustenance of tho native teachers, the Lakemba Circuit during the previous year contributed the following articles in aid of the Mission : 348 THE SOTJTHEEN WOULD. 3,179 Gatu and Masi. 149 Mats. 267 Hanks of sinnet 414 Jibs. ditto. 78 Pearl shells. 15 Small whale's teeth. 13 Taunamu. 1 1 Gallons of oil. 12 Vesi spars. 129 Head dresses (sala). 158 Bowls. 55 Paddles. 14 Walking-sticks. 39 Spears. 4 Clubs. 45 Latu. With sundry small articles, as roga, tabakau, lalakai, Tonga fish-hooks, ivory black, combs, &c. Much has been already accomplished. Many souls have been saved, and a most important preparatory work has been effected. The language has been acquired, and grammatically arranged; the Scriptures have been translated, and other suit- able books prepared for the natives; and a most favourable impression has been made in relation to the Missionaries and their important work. Their motives and objects are now understood; and the dread of Jehovah has so fallen upon the people that they are afraid to touch his anointed, and to do his prophets any harm. Previously they could not believe that men, from mere motives of love to them, would come all the way from England to Feejee. The idea was new, and too large for their comprehension; but now they believe that it is even so, and generally regard the Missionaries as superior and disinterested men. Besides, a deep and very general conviction has been produced, that the Heathenism of Feejee, with all its dark superstitions and sanguinary practices, is inevitably doomed to fall before Jehovah and his conquering Son. The priests and Chiefs, as well as others, have this conviction, and not uufrequently express it. The faith, courage, and patience of the Missionaries have been severely tried. What Messrs. Hunt and Lyth, with their devoted wives, suffered at Somosomo cannot be told. The Chief or King being a cruel and desperately wicked savage, had the oven where human beings were cooked placed only two or three yards from the Mission-House; and if at any time the Missionaries attempted to shut the door while human flesh was being cooked, the King threatened to kill them, and had often THE SOUTHERN WOULD. 349 gone into the house to do so. " Mr. Hunt," says Mr. Watsford, "has told me that he has heard them planning outside the house how they were to kill them ; and one week in particular, they were in constant alarm, expecting every moment to. die. Mr. Lyth went one day to speak to the King about Christi- anity, and His Majesty, considering himself insulted, laid hold of Mr. Lyth, and called for his club to kill him ; but Mr. Lyth providentially escaped, leaving behind him the skirt of his coat." Happily things are now greatly improved, but still these devoted men have strong claims upon the sympathies and prayers of the church : nor should their excellent wives be forgotten. Ladies of education and refined taste must feel their residence in Feejee severely trying; and nothing but a sense of duty, and a gracious influence from on high, can sus- tain their minds amid the scenes of impurity and blood of which they are involuntary witnesses. And yet I heard no complaint uttered, neither any wish expressed for another field of labour. Their position, though exceedingly trying, is, how- ever, an honourable one; and when viewed in connection with its issue in the salvation of a deeply degraded, yet noble race of people, might well be envied, even by crowned heads. In taking my leave of the islands of the Pacific, I felt grateful for the great work which had been effected, in little more than a quarter of a century, by means of Missionary exertions. Previously to that period, I could not have visited any of these islands but at the imminent risk of my life; but now, I had been everywhere received with joy, and treated with the utmost respect and kindness. St. Paul said, " I am not ashamed of the Gospel of Christ, for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth." It was so in his days, and it is so still; of which the natives of New Zealand, of Feejee, and of the Friendly Islands are striking examples. The Gospel is God's remedy for the world, and when faithfully proclaimed, and cordially received, never fails to produce the same regenerating and saving results, whether the parties to* whom it is ministered be Greeks or barbarians, natives of the frigid or the torrid zone. The gracious work in these islands 350 THE SOUTHERN WORLP. very much resembles primitive Christianity. No sooner are the natives brought under the saving influence of the Gospel, than they endeavour to lead others to the enjoyment of the same blessing. Like the disciples of the Pentecost, they make known wherever they go the riches of the grace of God; or, like the men of Cyprus and Cyrene, they teach and preach Jesus; and in this service the hand of the Lord has been with them, and a multitude has believed and turned unto God. Had the Wesleyan Missionary Society achieved nothing more than those triumphs which I have witnessed in the isles of the Pacific, it would have received an ample reward for the property and life expended in the prosecution of its noble enterprise; but its agents in many other places also have laboured, and suffered, and triumphed. 2Qtk. Sunday. This morning the Rev. G. H. Miller preached on deck, in the Tongese language, for the edification of the King, and those on board who understood that tongue. In the evening Mr. Turner preached in the saloon. A very pleasant and, I hope, profitable day. 22d. I was much pleased with the behaviour of the crew of the "John Wesley." It comprehended an Englishman, an Irishman, a Scotchman, a Portuguese, an African, a New Zealander, a Tongese, a Feejeean, a Rotuman, and two from other islands of the Pacific. The Captain and Officers were Englishmen. Wesley said, "The world is my parish," and here was a vessel called by his name, manned by a crew from nearly every part of that parish. The cause too in which the vessel was employed contemplated the conversion of "all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues;" the crew therefore was fitting, and even symbolic. Nor had we any quarrelling; but the heterogeneous material amalgamated, and harmonized very agreeably, and much more so than could have been reasonably expected. From our leaving Auckland we had worship in the cabin, morning and evening, which the men ^regularly attended. The New Zealander informed me that he was a child when Hongi returned from England; and in the war which im- THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 351 mediately ensued, his father was slain, cooked, and eaten. He and his mother being captives, were compelled to witness the horrid process; and, after enduring fearful hardships, were liberated as the result of Christianity. 27th. /Sunday. Fine weather, and I preached on deck. In the evening Mr. Turner took the service in the saloon, and sought with much earnestness to impress his congregation with the importance of an immediate preparation for another world. 28th. King George had hitherto appeared in his Tongese costume, but as we were drawing near to the termination of our voyage, I furnished him with certain articles which he had not previously worn, and amongst other things I had the pleasure of giving him, as I was told, his first shoes and stockings ! I had now spent several weeks in company with the King; and during that period I had not observed an act contrary to the strictest Christian propriety, nor had I heard a foolish word from his lips. In all my intercourse with him, I was deeply impressed with his mental power, and his genuine piety, and felt persuaded that had he possessed European advantages he would have been one of the greatest men of the age. 30^/i. After a most delightful voyage of eleven days, we anchored, at 8 o'clock P.M., in the magnificent harbour of Sydney. Captain Ryle had shown himself a very suitable commander for the "John Wesley;" kind, gentlemanly, and so cautious that he is not likely to run the vessel upon any of the reefs which render navigation among the islands of the Pacific so exceedingly perilous. It is said that King George is so cautious that he never commits himself by the 'expression of a hasty opinion, of which he this evening furnished a good illustration. As we sailed up the harbour I pointed him to the imposing city of Sydney, which, with its forest of shipping, had just opened before us; and, thinking that he would be unable to suppress his astonishment, I said, " King, what do you think of this 1 " He very deliberately replied, "I will tell you to-morrow." I found my way to the residence of the Rev. W. B. Boyce, who only two days previously had returned from his arduous 352 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. and deeply interesting adventures in New Zealand. We were more than delighted to meet, and I hope we both felt our obligation to Him who had so manifestly watched over us during our journeying by sea and by land. A large packet of letters from England, India, China, and other parts of the world, awaited me, the reading of which occupied me until 2 o'clock the following morning. All good news. What a mercy ! CHAPTER XVI, KING GEORGE in Sydney Legislative Council The King at a party Missionary Meeting Valedictory address Departure from Sydney Review of the rise and progress of Methodism in New South Wales Letter from Rev. R. Mansfield Arrival in Melbourne Departure for Mount Alexander Journey Arrival at Forest Creek Digger's wedding Christmas-day on the gold-fields Bendigo State of the digging population Influence of Methodism Large tea-meeting Average earnings of gold-diggers Return to Melbourne. THE weather had greatly altered during my absence from Australia. It was now summer, warm, but exhilarating. All nature had put on her beautiful garments ; and the groves and forests were vocal with the chirping of the locust, and other noisy insects. December 3d. The arrival of King George created intense interest. He was taken to-day to inspect the Gas-works, and on being asked what he thought of the objects he beheld, he replied that he thought himself in a " spirit world," a form of words intended to express an intellectual world, or world of mind. One of his attendants laid his hand upon the gasometer, and said, " George, when will you have anything like this in your country?" He looked very archly, and, in reply, said, " How long after receiving the Gospel was Britain in obtaining such a thing 1 ?" THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 353 4:th. Sunday. Preached twice in the chapel at Surrey- Hills. In the morning the congregation was very large ; but in the evening a thunder-storm operated against the attendance ; nevertheless the chapel was very well attended. Many thanks were offered to God for my safe return from the Polynesian Islands. 5th. Attended a public meeting at Surrey-Hills. The object was to obtain means for the erection of galleries in the chapel to accommodate the increasing congregation. The amount contributed was nearly 500. The Wesleyans in Australia are acting wisely in chapel extension, at once paying for what they build, or arranging definitely for the speedy liquidation of any debt that may be incurred, but generally meeting the whole expense at first. 1th. I went to the Legislative Council, which had been adjourned for three months to allow the country time to speak out on the "Constitution Bill." Many public meetings had been held, and inflammatory speeches delivered, but only two peti- tions were presented to the House against the Bill, and one of them bore the signatures of women and children. Mr. Went- worth exposed the way in which some signatures had been obtained, and cited, amongst other cases in illustration, the glazier whom the speaker had employed to repair his windows. He said that a party, paid to carry about the petition, applied to the glazier in question, who hesitated ; but when the appli- cant said, " Wentworth is about to impose a tax upon glass," the glazier needed no farther urging, and his name was attached to the petition in a trice. Other instances he mentioned, to show that the mode of getting up petitions was fearfully corrupt. The Bill went into Committee, giving up the hereditary clause, and making a few other alterations, but retaining intact the nomination of the Upper House. 8th. I received from England the " power of attorney," empowering Mr. Boyce and myself to make such arrangements for the management of the "John Wesley," as we might on the spot deem wise and important. After due consultation, we resolved upon a course which we thought would give all the 354 THE 80UTHEBN WORLD. required assistance to the Missionaries, and greatly reduce the expenses of the vessel. In the evening, Mr. Allen, of Toxteth-park, kindly invited all the Wesleyan Ministers and their families, in and about Sydney, to meet me previously to my departure from New South Wales. King George was also present, and the evening was spent very agreeably. I stated to the King that Sydney was but a faint representation of London, and endeavoured to describe the extent of the city by reference to a tract of country in Tonga. He replied, that was only what his mind had already told him ; for if a country so far from England had in a few years become so great by English people, what would not that people have accomplished in their own and ancient land ! The King has an innate sense of propriety; for although this was his first visit to the land of white men, he never committed himself in any company, but invariably showed the bearing of a Christian and a gentleman. 9th. Engaged all day with Mr. Boyce in preparing reports for the Missionary Committee, and in arranging certain appoint- ments for Australia. \\th. Sunday. This morning preached in Chippendale Chapel. It had recently been enlarged, and greatly improved. In the afternoon King George preached. The crowd was so immense that the royal preacher had to adjourn outside. He preached from Acts x. 38 : " Who went about doing good." The Rev. S. Rabone interpreted with great ease. The sermon was clear, pointed, and effective. In the evening I preached in York-street Chapel. One of the days of the Son of Man, I2tk. Missionary Meeting at Chippendale. The chair was taken by George Allen, Esq., who opened the business in a very neat and appropriate speech. The meeting was addressed by the Rev. Messrs. Lawry, Williams, P. Turner, N. Turner, and Young; but the King very properly was the point of attrac- tion, the lion of the night. In a speech, interpreted by Mr. Rabone, and replete with the King's usual good sense, he described the past and present state of himself and country; passed a high encomium upon Great Britain, and the Mis- THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 355 sionaries sent from that country, and stated several particulars of interest illustrative of the power of the Gospel. It appeared that the King had many years previously given to Mr. Rabone a celebrated idol of the royal family. The idol was brought to the meeting; and when the King took it, and showed it to the people as the identical god which he had formerly worshipped, but which he now called a devil, deep feeling was excited throughout the congregation. Nor can I ever forget the effect produced when he held up his right hand, minus two joints of the little finger, and, pointing to the mutilated member, said, " My father cut off that finger, and offered it to this thing I now hold in my hand." Then holding up his left handj which had suffered similar mutilation, he said, " Here you see the farther darkness of my country : this finger too was cut off, and pre- sented in sacrifice by my father." But George had been terribly revenged upon the idol gods of the land. When he became the recipient of the Gospel, he destroyed his god- houses, and suspended his idols by the neck in one of his kitchens, and left them dangling there, that the people might see they could not save themselves, and were therefore unable to save their worshippers. The meeting was truly effective, and the proceeds of the anniversary were nearly sixfold the amount of the previous year. 13th. This evening a meeting of the Ministers, office- bearers, and principal members of the Wesleyan churches in and about Sydney was held on the occasion of my departure from the colony. Mr. Boyce took the chair, and, after a few speeches, an address was presented to me, mainly valuable as an expression of unwavering determination to carry out the views of the Committee and Conference in relation to Australia. The King being present, spoke with his usual good taste and modesty; and, on taking leave of him, I felt that, with the exception of our beloved Queen Victoria, there was no earthly Monarch to whom I would so willingly yield allegiance as George of Tonga. . I parted with Mr. Boyce's very interesting ^family. I 356 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. had spent altogether three months under their roof, and the unwavering kindness and abounding hospitality of the whole family made an impression on my mind so deep, that whilst memory retains her seat it can never be forgotten. I was far away from a happy home; and to have met with such genuine and Christian kindness was the more felt, and must ever be referred to with grateful emotion. May they be abundantly blessed, and all find mercy of the Lord in that day ! At 3 o'clock I bade farewell to Sydney with mingled feelings, and with a hope that when the Lord cometh it will appear that my visit to New South Wales was according to His will, and not made in vain. I went on board the " Hellespont " steamer for Melbourne, and after passing down the majestic harbour, we turned round the South-head, and the rising and truly interesting city of Sydney, where I had many beloved and never-to-be-forgotten friends, suddenly disappeared. Peace be within thy walls, and prosperity within thy palaces 1 I shall see thee no more, but hope to meet many of thy children in a happier land. On leaving New South Wales, I employed myself for some time in reviewing the rise and progress of Wesleyan Methodism in that colony. The earliest records I have been able to find respecting it are contained in the " Methodist Magazine " for the year 1814. The first class-meeting was held on the 6th of March, 1812, and the first lovefeast on the 3d of April following. At this lovefeast, a letter published in the Maga- zine thus speaks : " Our friends at Windsor, a town on the banks of the Hawkesbury, about thirty-five miles from Sydney, came down, and we held a lovefeast, which was a most blessed season : God was evidently present, and gave us that meek, humble, simple, loving spirit, that the place was a little heaven, and each thought himself the most unworthy of so great a blessing." In July, 1812, there were three Classes in the colony, two at Sydney, and one at Windsor. Of those in Sydney, one was led by Mr. Thomas Bowden, and the other by Mr. John Hosking. Each of the three Classes had six members : so that THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 357 the principal Society in this part of the world, formed before the arrival of a Minister, consisted of eighteen members. About the time of the first lovefeast, the members of Society consulted on the most effectual means of procuring a Minister from England; and with that object, determined to address the Missionary Committee, and also to" provide ways and means for the Minister's support. The official letter written in pursuance of this resolution is without date, but was received by the Committee in March, 1814. It bears the signatures of the two leaders above mentioned. Mr. Bowden had formerly been schoolmaster at the Great Queen-street Charity School, London; and he died in the colony many years ago. He was the father of our most excellent friend, Mrs. Allen, of Toxteth-park, near Sydney, one of the oldest Australian Methodists now living. The language in which these two excellent men, the lay- fathers of Australian Methodism, appeal to the Committee for Ministerial help, is most touching. " In the land which gave us birth," they say, " we enjoyed the privilege of the glorious Gospel; and in our union with the Methodists we had access to those blessed means of grace which are the glory of that people. Here, we may truly say, ' The people sit in darkness, and in the shadow of death;' around us, on every hand, we see ignorance and profanity greatly abound. To our God we make our complaint, and look for help; and, under Him, fathers, to you, as the instrument of bringing us from darkness to his marvellous light. We call upon you, in our own behalf: leave us not forsaken in this benighted land. We call upon you, in behalf of our children : let not them be left to perish for the lack of knowledge. We call upon you, in behalf of those who have neither opportunity nor inclination to speak for them- selves, perishing, dying sinners : leave them not in their blood. We call upon you, in the name of the outcasts of society, sent and daily sending hither: administer to them that word of life which will make their exile a blessing. Send us that Gospel which you have received from the Lord, to preach to 358 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. every creature. Send among us one of yourselves; and we and a seed to the Lord shall rise to bless you." In compliance with this earnest request, the Conference of 1814 placed New South Wales for the first time upon the list of Missionary Stations, appointing the Eev. Samuel Leigh as the first Wesleyan Minister in the infant colony. Mr. Leigh sailed from England on the 28th of February, 1815, and arrived at Sydney on the 10th of August following. On the next day he waited upon His Excellency Governor Macquarie, who received him with great kindness, and pro- mised him every encouragement he could desire. In his first letter to the Committee after arriving in the colony, and dated 2d of March, 1816, Mr. Leigh thus describes the state in which he found the Society, and the steps he took at the outset of his ministerial labours. " My next business was to inquire after the Classes that had been mentioned to you, and I was grieved to find that Satan had entered among them, and had scattered the feeble few. But, thank God, I found one Class, consisting of six persons, who have since continued to meet; and I hope the fear of the Lord is among them of a truth, and that they will show forth his praise continually. August 24th. I met a few men and women who professed a regard for Methodism, and wished to enjoy its privileges. I explained to them the Rules of the Society, and formed two Classes, containing six members each. Since the 24th we have had the pleasure of seeing three Classes established, in addition to the three above mentioned, one at Paramatta, one at Windsor, and one at Castlereagh. The number of members of Society is at this time forty-four. Eligible Leaders have been chosen. We have likewise a Steward, one Local-preacher, and one Exhorter. By this account you will perceive we are but few, and, 1 may say, feeble; yet, blessed be God, we live in expectation of an increase. I took the first opportunity of calling upon the Clergy, the Rev. Messrs. Marsden, Cowper, Cartwright, and Fulton ; from all of whom I have received the treatment of friends, and Ministers of Jesus Christ; and can say from my knowledge of them, that they are men of God, THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 359 and strive to reclaim the outcasts of Israel. May Jehovah crown their labours with success! My Circuit extends 150 miles, which distance I travel in ten days. I preach at 15 places; and in every place there appears to be a desire to hear the word of God. All that I can do is to preach once in three weeks in each place. This is complained of as being too seldom. But what can I do ? Come over and help us, ye servants of the Most High!" Mr. Leigh mentions that there were then four Sunday- schools established in the Colony, and in a flourishing state. His letter was accompanied by an Address from the Society to the Committee, thanking them for having so readily complied with the request contained in their former communication, pledging themselves that Mr. Leigh should be no further expense to the Committee, describing their endeavours to build a chapel in Sydney, and two in the country, and earnestly praying that a second Preacher should be sent out as soon as possible. This request was as promptly complied with as the first; for, at the Conference of 1817, the Rev. Walter Lawry was appointed as Mr. Leigh's colleague. Towards the end of that year Mr. Lawry sailed from England, and arrived at Sydney on the 1st of May, 1818. The first Wesleyan Chapel erected in Australia was the one situated in Princess-street, Sydney, built at the sole cost of the late Mr. James Scott, and by him nobly presented to the Society. This neat and substantial place of worship was opened on Sunday, the 14th of March, 1819, by Mr. Lawry, and is to this day (having, however, been much enlarged) in constant use and in excellent repair. In 1820 Mr. Leigh sailed for England, on account of ill- health, but returned to the colony the following year, and proceeded thence to New Zealand, to commence a Wesleyan Mission in that country. While Mr. Leigh was on his homeward voyage, two Missionaries were sailing for the late scene of his labours, the Rev. B. Carvosso, who arrived at Sydney the 8th of May, 1820, and the Rev. R. Mansfield 360 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. who arrived on the 24th of the following September. Both of these Missionaries landed at Van Diemen's Land, and preached at Hobart Town almost every day during their stay, thus laying the foundation of Wesleyan Methodism in that beautiful island. The work now advanced with greater rapidity; and the following statistics, kindly furnished by the Rev. R. Mansfield, will give some idea of its progress, as well as that of other religious communities. Table showing the numbers, increase, and proportions of the several religious Denominations in the Colony of New South Wales, based on the Census Returns of the year 1841 and 1851. RELIGION. Number. l'r< iportion to each 1,000 of thepopulation. Increase. 1841. 1851. 1841. 1851. Numerical. Centesimal. Church of England Church of Scotland Wes. Methodist . . Other Protestants . Total Protestants.. Roman Catholics . Total Christians . . Other Persuasions-)- Total Population . . 66,361 11,046 2,585 1,503 93,137 18,156 10,008* 6,472 578 96 22 14 497 97 54 35 26,776 7,110 7,423 4,969 40-35 64-37 287-16 5679 76-05 81,495 32,319 127,773 56,899 710 281 683 304 987 13 46,278 24,580 113,814 987 184,672 2,570 991 9 70,858 1,584 62-26 114,801 187,242 1,000 1,000 72,442 63-10 * The "Wesleyans have greatly increased since the census was taken. f Jews 790 976 Mohammedans and Pagans 197 852 Other creeds 742 987 2,570 Total Population in 1841 Deduct Population of Norfolk Islands and Port Phillip, afterwards separated from the Colony 1 3,925 Crews of Colonial vessels whose religion was not returned 2,130 130,856 16,055 Population per annexed Table 1 14,801 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 361 The reason why these tables do not commence with an earlier period than the year 1841 is, because the census of thatyear is the first in which there appears any distinction of religious Denomi- nations, other than between Protestants and Roman Catholics. No census has been taken since that of 1851. WESLEYAN METHODISTS. In point of numerical increase, during these ten years, the Wesleyan Methodists take the lead of each of the other Pro- testant Denominations, except the Church of England; the numbers added to their Societies throughout the colony exceeding those added to the Church of Scotland by 313. As regards the centesimal increase upon their own respective members, the specified Denominations stand in the following order : Wesleyan Methodists 287*16 per cent Roman Catholics 76-05 ditto. Church of Scotland 64-37 ditto. Church of England 40 '35 ditto. In these several proportions to each 1,000 of the whole population, the Denominations have undergone the following alterations : 1841. 1851. Wesleyan Methodists 22 . . 54 Increase 32 Roman Catholics 281 .. 304 ditto. 23 Church of Scotland 96 . . 97 ditto 1 Church of England 575 . . 497 Decrease 81 PROTESTANTS AND ROMAN CATHOLICS. The distinction between Protestants and Roman Catholics begins, in the returns of New South Wales, with the Census of 1828. The progress of the two Bodies respectively during the subsequent twenty-three years will be seen by the follow- ing table. Number. Proportion to each 1,000 of the Population. Increase. 1828. 1851. 1828. 1851. Numerical. Centesimal. 222-8 187-6 212-0 25,248 11,236 81,495 32,319 692 308 716 284 56,247 21,083 77,330 Roman Catholics . Total Number . 36,484 113,814 1,000 1,000 362 THE 80UTHEEN WORLD. In numerical increase the Protestants are here shown to have exceeded the Roman Catholics by 35,164 souls. In centesimal increase upon their own numbers the Protestants are also considerably in advance of the Roman Catholics, the difference being 35 '2 per cent, in favour of the former. In their respective proportions to the whole Christian population the Protestants have gained 24, the Roman Catholics having, of course, lost to the same extent. RALPH MANSFIELD. Mr. Mansfield also politely gave me the annexed replies to the following questions : " 1. How does the Wesleyan Body stand in the estimation of the public?" " It stands well, and has done so for more than thirty-three years." " 2. Are the Wesleyans in this colony, as in all other parts of the world, loyal to our beloved Queen? " " They are : and I believe quite as much so as in England." " 3. What, in your opinion, is likely to be the result of the altered ecclesiastical arrangement about to be applied to the Wesleyan churches of Australia? " " The arrangement will, I am fully persuaded, be beneficial to all concerned, and especially to the efficient working of Australian Methodism." " 4. Would you advise Wesleyans to emigrate to this country? If so, of what class or calling? " "By all means encourage Wesleyan emigration, especially amongst the working-classes, mechanics of all kinds more particularly." "5. What are your views as to the future progress and prosperity of these colonies?" " I can only say, that long before our gold-fields were thought of I foresaw that Australia must become a great nation. The great discovery has, of course, wonderfully confirmed my anticipation, and is hastening the period of its fulfilment." \5th. We had head-winds and a terrible rough sea, pro- ducing the usual results. Every passenger was affected, and THE SOUTHEEN WORLD. 363 seemed very ill. A gentleman on board was taking to the Melbourne market about 200 geese and ducks. He expected to realize a pound each for the former, and a guinea a pair for the latter. Nor were his expectations thought extravagant. 17th. I found that one of the passengers had formerly been a scholar in the Hinde-street Sunday-school, when I was stationed in that part of London. Four years had elapsed since she had left England, and during that period many trials had befallen her. She and her husband had been wrecked in Torres Straits, losing all they possessed; and, after sailing a distance of 600 miles in a frail open boat, reached a place of security, all but exhausted from the want of water. Soon afterwards her husband was drowned on that part of the Australian coast which we were this day passing, and she was now on her way to Melbourne, a disconsolate widow, with a young delicate child. Truly Australia had been to her a Bochim, a place of weeping. 18th. Sunday. I reached Hobson's Bay, and went on shore. In the evening I preached to a large congregation, and received many hearty congratulations. 19th. A thorough dust-storm. The weather being dry, and the wind strong, the city was filled with such clouds of dust as to render it sometimes difficult to see across the street. Mr. Butters drove me a few miles into the country to examine some sites he had obtained for chapels; and I ascertained that within a circle of seven miles from the centre of Melbourne, 12 Wesleyan Chapels were erected, 5 were in the course of erection, and 13 sites were procured for similar buildings; thus contemplating, within the circumference specified, 30 places of worship for the Wesleyan Body. 2Qth. I was greatly surprised to find the rapid increase of buildings in Melbourne since my last visit. Several new streets had been formed; many substantial and even elegant buildings erected; and some large plots of ground entirely covered, on which not a house was built at the period referred to. Omnibuses and coaches too were now plying through various parts of the city. When, six months ago, I landed u 2 364 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. from the " Adelaide," I could not get a conveyance to Mel- bourne under 50s., but now omnibuses were running every hour, and taking passengers for 2s. 6d. each. A railroad, also, between the Bay and Melbourne, was in a forward state, and would soon be opened. 21 st. I waited upon His Excellency the Governor, who received me with great kindness. As he learned it was my intention, in company with Mr. Butters, to visit the gold-fields, he gave us, unsolicited, a letter to each of the Gold Commis- sioners, desiring that suitable attention might be shown us, and such services rendered as we might require. In the afternoon I opened a neat chapel in the rapidly increasing town of Brunswick, about three miles from Mel- bourne ; and, in the evening, a person from the " diggings," who had, as he said, formerly obtained benefit from my ministry, presented me with a small nugget of gold, as a token of his love. The spirit in which this was done greatly enhanced the value of the gift. 22e Started in company with Mr. Butters for the gold- fields. We were each provided with a blue veil, to afford us some protection from showers of dust, and swarms of flies : nor were we in this respect singular ; for not only was every traveller we met similarly protected, but bullock-drivers, and even horses, were sporting veils. Our vehicle was much like an English market-cart, and the road being so full of ruts and roots, we had jolting extraordinary, and bumping in the superlative degree. After travelling ten miles we halted to refresh our horse, and were charged 5s. for a small feed of corn. We journeyed twelve miles farther, and then dined. For a little roast mutton we were each charged 4s., and Is. for a very indifferent glass of ale. Proceeding thirteen miles farther, we reached Gisbourne, a beautiful settlement in a rich valley, where we remained for the night. The charges here were, tea 4s. each, bed 4s. each, horse for the night 20s. ; and all these charges were thought very reasonable. And certainly they were, com- pared with the charges made but a few months previously. During the day we travelled through a rich country; some of THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 365 it cultivated and very productive, and nearly the whole of it capable of amply repaying the labour of the husbandman. Townships were being laid out in different parts of our journey, and in nearly every one of them a site had been obtained for a Wesleyan Chapel. 23d. After a night's rest at " The Mount Macedon Hotel," a very comfortable inn, we commenced our journey at 5 o'clock, and proceeded through the Black Forest. The traffic on the road was very considerable. Some families were on their way to the gold-fields with various vehicles, containing all their goods and chattels, in many cases surmounted by women and children, who appeared to have been a long time strangers to soap and water, and presented forms of great wretchedness. In some cases the horses becoming restive, or feeling unable to proceed, men and women were seen pushing behind the vehicles. Other parties were encamped by the roadside, ct, la gipsy, and one man was seen crawling out of a hollow tree, where he had been reposing for the night. Ever and anon we met with the skeleton of a bullock, or horse, which had fallen beneath the terrible labour of a journey through the Black Forest. About 8 o'clock we reached Wood End, where we halted for breakfast, and had to pay according to the same exorbitant scale to which we had already been subjected. We inspected a site for a chapel, there being no place of worship in the village. Travelling fifteen miles farther, we reached Malmes- bury, a new and rising settlement, where we remained a couple of hours, and paid 7s. Qd. for a feed of corn. We examined the township, and Mr. Butters, with his usual discernment and promptitude, selected a site for a Wesleyan Chapel. Our horse being still very fresh, we determined, if possible, to drive eighteen miles farther, in order that we might reach Forest Creek, the first part of the Mount Alexander gold-fields, which we happily accomplished about 7 o'clock P.M. Much of the country through which we had passed during the day was covered with large gum trees, in such degree as to give it generally a most splendid park-like appearance. The road was 366 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. well supplied with houses for the accommodation of travellers ; but many of them were of the rudest construction, and some of them mere calico tents flapping in the wind. Having found our way to the humble residence of the Rev. W. C. Currey, our Missionary in the Forest Creek part of the gold-fields, we met with as kind and hospitable a reception as a lonely bachelor in his tabernacle home could give. 2ur work," says Mr. Hurst, " to the care of our heavenly Father, and with the view of obtaining as much warmth as possible, we wrapped our wet blankets around us, and sat and lay as near together as possible, doubting whether we should survive the night. But though our outward man was miserable in the extreme, our souls had rest and peace. Our assurance of the Divine favour was clear, and our hope of heaven bright and exhilarating. We did not regret having left friends and home, to' preach among the Gentiles the unsearchable riches of Christ, and we were content to go at once to our reward in glory, if such should be the will of our heavenly Father. But although sleep forsook us, the morning came after long delay, and as soon as daylight appeared we set out to find our friends, and happily succeeded in doing so. The walking relaxed our stiffened limbs, and caused our youthful blood to warm, so that we did not experience any lasting inconvenience from the wet and cold and hunger of that never-to-be-forgotten night. Having rested for a day on the beach, we put our horses into a small grassy nook to recruit their strength, and started for home on foot, which we reached after having been absent sixteen days on our fruitless expedition." After another journey to the neighbourhood of the Grampian Hills, they decided on locating themselves at Bunting-Pale. 402 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. They now commenced their work in good earnest. Their plan was, for one of them alternately to travel with the natives in their wanderings, or from tribe to tribe, and the other to remain in charge of the Station, and perform the duties there. At first the prospects of the Missions were cheering, but subsequently the expectations of the Missionaries were disappointed, and several years of labour apparently expended in vain. The design of the Missionaries was, to induce as many of the natives as possible to settle on the land reserved for their use by Government, 10 miles square, or 100 square miles, in order that they might educate the young, and teach the adults religion and agriculture. For this purpose, the school was regularly attended to, the Missionaries' wives taking their full share of the duties, and teaching the girls the art of sewing. At first Divine service was conducted morning and evening in English, and subsequently the natives were addressed in their own tongue. Cultivation-paddocks were formed, and the men were taught to grow a part of their own food. Notwithstanding their undisciplined state, the children made great progress in reading; some of the girls were tolerably expert with their needles; the young men soon learned to drive bullocks, and perform other manual labours; Divine light and truth were im- parted, and the minds of several were undoubtedly so impressed with a sense of their sinful ness in the sight of God, as to be led earnestly to inquire what they must do to be saved. But, notwithstanding these hopeful indications of success, the Mission as to its main design failed. And whence did the failure arise? This question merits serious consideration. It did not arise from any deficiencies on the part of the agents employed. Messrs. Hurst and Tuckfield were most devoted, laborious, and enterprising men, well adapted to the duties of the Mission, physically, intellectually, and spiritually. Nor did the failure arise from any incapacity in- the natives to receive and profit by evangelical teaching. The progress of the children in reading, &c., was fully equal to that of which European children are capable; and the instances of a religious concern evinced by the youths already referred to, together with other THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 403 similar instances occurring amongst the natives in other localities, are sufficient to show that when the Australian savage is placed in circumstances favourable to the cultivation and development of the religious sentiment and principle, he is as capable thereof as any other member of the great human family. Where then shall we look for the cause of failure ? Undoubtedly to colonization. The deep mental and moral degradation of the natives no doubt presented formidable obstacles to their immediate reception of the pure and elevating truths of Christianity; but the past history of Christian Missions, the declarations of inspired truth, and the incipient success attending the labours of the Missionaries at Bunting-Dale, prove that if the Mission had not been met at every stage of its progress by the baneful influences of colonization, it would have succeeded to the satisfaction of its most ardent friends. But when from time to time the hopes of the Missionaries were raised, and they expected soon to put forth their hands and gather in the fruits of their anxieties, and prayers, and toils, the withering blight of the white man's influence and example spread desolation and death over the fair prospect. When the wandering habits of the natives began to give way, and they gathered around in considerable numbers, beginning to take an interest in cultivating the soil, and building for themselves suitable habitations, the white man allowed motives most base to lead him to a course of conduct the most dishonourable, in order to draw them away from the station and from the influence of the Missionaries. No one who has read the statements of Christian Missionaries of various Denominations, as to the injurious effects which intercourse with depraved Europeans has had upon the mind of the Heathen, or who is acquainted with what is now going on in some parts of New Zealand, notwithstanding the advancement which was made by the natives in religion and civilization before that land was colonized, will be astonished at the views here expressed. " Let me show," says Mr. Hurst, " how colonization counter- acted our labours, and prevented our success. First, I would 404 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. mention the total neglect of religious duties by which most of the Europeans, especially the shepherds and hut-keepers, were characterized, and which was well calculated to induce the natives to undervalue and disregard the instructions we gave to them. For although I am happy to say there were a few delightful exceptions, yet truth compels me to state, that in general the white men were utterly negligent of their spiritual interests. Then again, there were a few who did not disdain to prejudice the natives against us personally, and against the objects of our Mission and the doctrines we taught, that they might the more easily secure their own ends. In addition to which, efforts were constantly made to induce the young men who were capable of performing manual labour to leave us and attach themselves to the stations of the settlers. Amongst the lower class chiefly, although I am sorry to be obliged to say not exclusively, an appalling amount of vice and wickedness prevailed. Occasional fits of drunkenness were indulged in, profane swearing was common, the desecration of the Sabbath was constant, and the prostitution of the native women and girls was literally universal. Can it then be matter of surprise if with these agencies constantly at work against us, and without intermission sending their direct and withering influ- ence upon the naturally unpropitious field we were endeavour- ing to cultivate, we all but laboured in vain, and spent our strength for nought. But these things, distressing though they were, would not have disheartened us, had they not been connected with another circumstance, more appalling than they; and that was, the rapid diminution of the Aboriginal population. Within three years from the commencement of the Mission, the three tribes with which we were more im- mediately connected had decreased fully one-half, and the progress of annihilation was still going on with fearful rapidity. Some fell before the musket's deadly aim, a few died in the course of nature, and a few were killed clandestinely by their countrymen, or fell in war; but fatal disease, introduced by licentious Europeans, committed the most fearful ravages, and brought multitudes to a premature grave. Added to this, was THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 405 the effectual interference with the natural source of supply and increase. Within the limits of the three tribes already men- tioned, there were only two really Aboriginal children born after our arrival at Port Phillip. It is true there were many children born, but they were ' half caste,' and were invariably destroyed. And so early as 1840, a little more than a year subsequent to my arrival in the colony, in my report to the Colonial Government, and after speaking of the decrease of the native tribes and its causes, I stated, ' Upon a review of the whole we are decidedly of opinion, that unless prompt and decided measures are taken to preserve these degraded and deeply injured tribes, in a few years they will be entirely extinct.' These are the causes of the almost total failure of our Mission. I say almost total failure, as I cannot admit that our labours were altogether in vain. As far as the main object of our labour was concerned, I am ready to allow that we were not successful; and yet, so far as our influence over, and inter- course with the natives, tended by the Divine blessing to promote their physical and social welfare, and frequently pre- vented collision both amongst themselves and Europeans, we have the satisfaction of knowing that some good resulted from our toil ; and assuredly our record is on high, and our witness is with God." There is a school at Loddon, in the same colony, supported by the Government for the instruction of the natives, which is conducted by Mr. Carvosso, the son of the Rev. B. Carvosso. Having made some inquiries respecting the Aborigines, that gentleman kindly furnished me with the annexed replies. " 1. What opinion have you formed of the mental capacity of the Aboriginal inhabitants of Australia 1 ?" " Their mental capacity is doubtless of a lower order than usual. This is obvious from their extreme inaptness to appre- hend any truth or principle when brought before their notice for the first time ; from the marked indifference they evince for subjects of the most interesting character; and from the general slow progress they make in their studies. The intellect 406 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. of the adult is for the most part exceedingly dull, and in many instances seems quite impervious to light. I am nevertheless of opinion that the standard of the Aboriginal mind is higher than that at which it is generally rated. Deeply degraded as is their natural condition, I still consider their character capable of considerable elevation. Sanguine expectations must not be cherished. Success similar to those rich harvests which have been reaped almost universally, must not be looked for here; but earnest, patient, persevering, and prayerful effort would, I am sure, be attended with encouraging and even satisfactory results." " 2. What number have you under instruction? And what are the acquirements of your pupils?" " The number under instruction, in connection with the Loddon Aboriginal Institution is about twenty. They are chiefly boys of ten or twelve years of age. Their present acquirements are but of a limited description, the instructions as yet given them being for the most part elementary and preliminary. "When I first became connected with the school some eighteen months ago, I found it in a most enfeebled condition. It included but five or six children, and upon those scarcely any attention had been bestowed. In the prosecution of my interesting work I have had but few facilities, and but little encouragement from others, and have had to grapple with numerous difficulties. The general advancement, however, made by those committed to my care has been to me satis- factory, and I am inclined to think fully commensurate with the labour I have been enabled to bestow on them. I have some boys who are sharp and intelligent, and these can read and write well, and possess some slight knowledge of Arithmetic. I am certain, however, that their advancement intellectually, socially, and morally, would have been more apparent had there been such periodical inspection, and such general aid afforded, as the Government I feel persuaded would be willing to give." " 3. Do the youths you instruct generally return to their former habits on leaving your Institution f ' " The school has not been sufficiently long in existence to THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 407 enable me to say what will be the subsequent career of those educated in it. The boys who were on the establishment when I first came are still with me. When they arrive at a suitable age, it will be our effort to localize them on the station, by giving them land for cultivation ; and, generally speaking, I think we shall succeed. There are already some young men on the station who have farms under cultivation, and of these, both socially and morally, I cannot speak too highly." " 4. What are the religious views of those Aborigines with whom you have had intercourse?" " The natives, both here and elsewhere, with whom I have come in contact, generally possess some faint gleams of religious light. So far as the natives of this tribe are concerned, this religious knowledge is mainly attributable to the instruction they received from Mr. Parker, during the existence of the Protectorate; and I am inclined to believe that this acquaint- ance with scriptural truth, though very limited, exerts a favourable influence on their character. But the religious knowledge of those natives I speak now of adults, who for the most part usually reside on this station is of a more extensive kind, and some of them, I have every reason to believe, duly improve the spiritual light they have received." "5. Are the natives diminishing in number? If so, how is that to be accounted for?" " The natives of this colony, who a short time since were computed at 4,000, are doubtless rapidly diminishing in num- ber. The principal causes of this I deem to be the three following : First. The . introduction of European vices, especially that of drunkenness, to which the natives are becoming increasingly addicted. Secondly. The slight regard they now pay to their health in the way of clothing. Once there was uniformity in this respect; now there is none. On one day they are clothed in the garb of whites; the next they may have on a slight under-garment, with a blanket thrown loosely over them; and, on the following day be seen in a state of complete nudity. Such a practice alone, in this variable climate, would of course tend to induce many diseases which would 408 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. soon became fatal. Thirdly. Their indifference about marriage. This is a striking feature, and although polygamy is tolerated among them, it is not frequent; and celibacy is far more common. We have many young men on our station, some of whom I have again and again urged to marry for their own comfort; but they generally say in reply, that there are no suitable females for them to take as wives. This is correct, females being more deeply degraded, less attention having been paid to them than to the males. Formerly their frequent wars threatened their speedy extermination; but this belligerent spirit is now but seldom developed." "6. Be kind enough to mention anything else about the natives, not contemplated by the above questions." " The natives of this colony are said to be addicted to theft. I have had ample opportunity of judging on this point, and my experience would lead me to decide on the contrary. I have remained for days alone in the bush amongst scores of natives quite strangers to me, and although I have had at the time abundance of flour, tea, tobacco, blankets, &c., I am not aware of the least effort having been made to steal a single article. The children, too, under my care, pilfer less than white children would do; and I have seldom or never known a boy to tell me a wilful untruth. The natives are partial to singing, and possess a good ear for it. The boys at school sing well, and acquire the knowledge of a tune with great facility. The whites in this locality are continually seeking to seduce the females, and are but too successful, so that the half-caste population is increasing much faster than the natives. On this protected station, however, considerable good has been effected, there being several natives here, of whose safety, in case of death, I should entertain but little doubt." 29th. Sunday. Mr. Boyce having arrived from Sydney, on his way to South Australia, preached this evening in Collins- street ChapeL A very faithful sermon. THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 409 CHAPTER XVIII. DEPARTURE from Melbourne Arrival at Adelaide Wesleyan church in that colony Unhappy death of a passenger Arrival at King George's Sound Review of the work in Australasia New Ecclesiastical arrange- ment Character of Missionaries Departure for Ceylon Unfortunate letter Tropical sunset Arrival at Point- de-Galle Cinnamon gardens Budhist temple Interview with priests Conversations with Native Christians Mission-schools Missionaries' challenge to the devil- priests. HAVING engaged a passage in the " Madras" for England, I left Melbourne on January the 30th, at 12 o'clock. Many esteemed friends accompanied me to the ship, amongst whom were several of my fellow-passengers by the " Adelaide." The Rev. William Butters was also there, whose truly honest and disinterested character had won my confidence and esteem; and whose genuine kindness, and that of his interesting family, I can never forget. At 2 o'clock we weighed anchor ; friends shook hands and parted; the "Madras" steamed away with great rapidity ; and the wonderful city of Melbourne soon faded from our view. Should my eyes never again be fixed upon its busy marts, nor my feet stand within the gates of its hallowed temples, for my brethren and companions' sakes, I will ever say, Peace be within thee. February 2d. Arrived early this morning at Adelaide. The Rev. D. J. Draper came on board, requesting that I would take proper steps to send from England, as soon as possible, two additional Ministers for South Australia, the people paying, as in the other colonies, the expenses of outfit and passage. Wesleyan Methodism in this colony has advanced with con- siderable rapidity. Amongst the first settlers that arrived were some Wesleyans, who very soon organized a church after the model of that with which they had been connected in their T 410 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. fatherland. Before the formal foundation of this colony by Governor Hindmarsh, the parties specified were accustomed to meet together for religious conversation and prayer. Two worthy men, still associated with the Wesleyan church in South Australia, Messrs. East and Boots, were fellow-labourers in Kangaroo Island, and in a carpenter's shop at Kingscoate Divine service was performed as early as the close of 1836. In a little memorandum-book, the following interesting entry is found, which casts light upon the early eiforts of Methodism in South Australia: " 15th May, 1837. At a meeting, held this night, at the dwelling-house of E. Stephens, Esq., (Adelaide,) for the purpose of establishing a religious Society, to be called the Wesleyan Methodist Society, the following persons gave in their names as desirous of becoming members." After this comes a list of fifteen members. This was the first organized Christian Body in South Australia. The first Class-meeting was held by Mr. Abbott, on the 15th of May, in a rude hut on the banks of the Torrens. The first sermon was preached in the open air; but subsequently a reed-hut was obtained as a place of worship, and then the kitchen of Mr. E. Stephens. The infant cause greatly prospered, and the building of a commodious chapel was determined upon. This was commenced, and in March, 1838, the Hindley-street Chapel was opened. There were at this period 6 Local-preachers, 7 Class-leaders, about 50 members, and 100 Sabbath-school children. The want of a shepherd was now greatly felt by the little flock. As individuals, they had prayed for the coming of a Pastor; but now they set apart seasons for special prayer, that the Great Shepherd would compassionate their case, and send some one to minister unto them. Their prayers were heard. An accident, as some would call it, a providence, as the parties in question considered it, brought them the aid they so earnestly desired. The Rev. William Longbottom had for several years been .labouring in India, but, his health being greatly impaired, he was appointed to Australia, in the hope that its more salubrious climate would soon recruit his strength. His appointment was THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 41 1 Swan River, in Western Australia; but there being no vessel direct from India to that port, he sailed for Hobart-Town. Thence he took a passage in a small vessel of 40 tons called the " Fanny," bound for Swan River. After some days, the vessel was wrecked in Encounter-Bay, on the 16th of June, 1838. The Captain, the four seamen, and the Missionary family, took shelter on the other side of the sand-hills, going each day to the ship for provisions and water. The charts and nautical instruments were missing, and, being totally ignorant of their position, they knew not how to proceed. For one month did they remain in this forlorn condition upon a wild sandy coast. At length, however, a party of white men appeared, who repre- sented themselves to be shipwrecked mariners. Their vessel, the "Elizabeth," had struck the rocks, about 100 miles lower down, and their wretched appearance at once indicated their sufferings from hunger. They had for some time subsisted upon shell-fish; but they possessed one advantage over the people of the " Fanny," they had a compass and a chart. Mutual assistance was proffered, food by one, and guidance by the other. All were now occupied in building a boat, by means of which they might reach the home of civilized man. On the 16th of August, 1838, they set off from their melan- choly sojourn in the desert. They carried the boat a mile over the sand-hills, and launched it upon the dreary salt waters of the Coorong, a long, narrow lake, uniting itself with Lake Victoria. Here they were sheltered by the high bank of sand from the violence of the sea-breezes. The frail bark passed across the noble river Murray ; and the party, from fear of the natives, walked during the night a distance of twenty miles, to the station of the whale fisheries upon Encounter-Bay. Here they were most hospitably treated. In the meantime the Captain of the " Elizabeth " had started off on foot ; and, reaching Adelaide, communicated to Edward Stephens, Esq., the fact of the shipwreck of the Wesleyan Missionary family. A vessel was immediately sent for the unfortunate voyagers. They parted with their rough but kind-hearted friends the whalers, and were soon the objects of universal sympathy and T 2 412 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. regard in the rising settlement of Adelaide. Subscriptions were opened for the purchase of clothes and other necessaries for the 'family; and also to procure books to supply the lost library of the Minister. Mr. Longbottom at once entered upon his work. To his astonishment he found a flourishing Society, with an interest- ing Sunday-school, and a substantial place of worship. The labours of Mr. Longbottom were successful ; the cause in- creased, so that a larger place of worship became necessary; and in June, 1839, another and much larger chapel was opened. Since that period the cause has still advanced; a more capacious and handsome chapel has been erected in Adelaide, and much good has been effected throughout the colony. The Wesleyan Church in South Australia has 27 chapels, 19 other preaching-places, 12 Missionaries, 3 Day- schools, 26 Sunday-schools, 1,534 Scholars, 63 Local-preachers, 1,122 church members, and 5,500 members of congregations. In this colony the respective Denominations are entirely cast upon their own resources, there being now no State support afforded to any church in South Australia. In the evening we sailed. Here Mr. Boyce left me. We had been associated for several months in the prosecution of an important work. He had invariably treated me with the kindest attention, and genuine hospitality. I felt that I sincerely loved him, and could not now bid him farewell, with but little hope of meeting him again in this imperfect state, without deep feeling and solemn thought. 3d. During the night one of the passengers died. The circumstances of his death were melancholy and instructive. He had recently become possessed of a large fortune by the death of his uncle, who had, as an Australian merchant, amassed great wealth. The young man, being thus suddenly raised to affluence, became dissipated, drank immoderately, and, as the result, died in a fit of delirium tremens. An interesting young man had thus in a few months been ruined by the sudden influx of Australian gold ; and it is to be feared that he is but a type of a certain class of persons to whom Australian gold THE SOUTHERN WOULD. 413 baa been a curse, rather than a blessing. I committed his body to the deep, in the presence of many who deeply lamented his unhappy death. " Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap." 5th. Sabbath. I preached on board. The passengers, with scarcely an exception, attended, and appeared generally in- terested. Many of them were Melbourne merchants, who had acquired immense wealth, but they did not appear unduly elated by their rapid and extraordinary success. 6th. Arrived at King George's Sound. Here I had a letter handed to me from Perth, the capital, asking for an additional Minister to be appointed to that locality. I learned that one was also desired for Albany, the town connected with the shipping here, which is expected to become an im- portant place, especially as a coaling station for steamers plying between Australia and India, as well as between Australia and Europe. 7th. Having now reached the last port in Australia, I occupied the leisure of this day in reviewing various subjects connected with my mission to the Southern World. It is a pleasing feature in the Wesleyan Missionary Society, that it cares not merely for the perishing Heathen, but for our own countrymen who have emigrated to distant lands, and who, in many cases, but for the wisely-directed efforts of this Society, would be entirely destitute of Gospel ordinances. This is true as respects Australia; and in thus speaking of the labours of the Wesleyan church, I have no wish to depreciate the exer- tions of other religious communities; but, on the contrary, rejoice in stating that God has blessed them all, and made them a blessing. But in that form of Christianity designated Wesleyan Methodism, there is, as I think, and as the venerable and truly Christian Bishop of Melbourne has publicly stated, a peculiar adaptation to the population of this very remarkable island continent. It possesses facilities for going after emigrants into the wilderness not possessed in an equal degree by any other community, and in this work it has been so enterprising and aggressive, that its agents, as already stated, were first 414 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. amongst the colonists of Victoria, and first amongst the diggers on the gold-fields. About forty years only have elapsed since the seed of Methodism was deposited in Australia, which, in the estimation of many, was " less than the least of all seeds;" but it germi- nated, and, in opposition to the predictions of many of its foes and the fears of some of its friends, it has become a great tree, extending its branches to every colony in Australasia, as well as to several groups of islands in Polynesia; and is affording shelter to thousands of immortal beings, who are now joyfully reposing under its refreshing shade. Australia is doubtless designed to occupy a prominent position in the world's future history, and to become the centre of light in the Southern Hemisphere. The Australian Wes- leyans being aware of this, are evincing an earnest and noble solicitude to increase the number of their faithful Ministers, that Wesleyanism may take its full share in giving a Christian impress to the institutions, and in directing the destinies of this great country. Many of them are wealthy, and are also liberal. During the last twelve months, in addition to contri- butions in support of local objects, they have contributed .1,950 towards the outfit and passage of additional Ministers, besides upwards of 3,000 to the Funds of the Parent Society; and I am happy to say that on the Wesleyan churches in Australia being formed into a distinct, though affiliated connexion, they will cheerfully undertake to support all their Ministers, main- tain their own institutions, and contribute a handsome sum annually for purely Missionary purposes. Ifr has sometimes been said that the British Conference will sacrifice the cause of Christ, rather than part with any of its power. That witness is not true. It possesses power in Australasia and Polynesia, legitimately obtained, and hitherto wisely exercised, but now proposes to give up that power. And why 1 ? Not as the result of any pressure from without, for there has been none; nor yet at the request of the parties concerned, for no such request has been made; but simply because it believes that the time has arrived when it can transfer THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 415 its power to other hands with advantage to the cause of religion; thus subordinating its power to the interests of the Redeemer's kingdom, a principle upon which, as I believe, it invariably endeavours to act, whatever may be said to the contrary. This arrangement will invest our Mission churches in Australasia and Polynesia with great responsibility; and some have anxiously inquired, Are they sufficiently qualified to undertake that responsibility? I believe they are. But are the Ministers not too juvenile to occupy a position so important? I think they are not. In Australia alone there are nineteen Ministers who have sustained the sacred office from eighteen to thirty-three years ; and there are several others in New Zealand and Polynesia of equal standing. Comparison here would be improper; but there are in these regions Ministers, of deep piety, ardent zeal, sober judgment, noble enterprise, and con- siderable mental power, equal to any emergency that may arise ; and amongst whom will doubtless be found the Thompsons, Barbers, Pawsons, and Mathers of the Australasian Connexion. Nor is there any lack of enlightened and able laymen to co- operate with the Ministers in rendering the contemplated arrangement a blessing to the Southern World. I have no fear lest they should betray the generous confidence about to be reposed in them, or disappoint the expectation formed of their ability to manage their own affairs. [Note K^\ 8th. Having taken on board a sufficient quantity of coal, we started with a fair wind for Ceylon, and soon lost sight of Australia, the land of the world's attraction, where the " freaks of fortune" have been most extraordinary, occasioning in some excessive joy, in others excessive sorrow; and, with a startling prodigality, filling purses, and breaking hearts. 12th. ftunday. Held service in the saloon. The weather was beautiful, the congregation most encouraging, and all seemed to feel that the day was holy unto the Lord. l^th. A letter written by a passenger to a friend having been washed out of the cabin by a heavy sea, was picked up by one of the stewards and read. Very improperly, the con- tents soon became known, and produced not a little excitement ; 416 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. especially as the writer had designated the passengers " gold- diggers and snobs," and had intimated that the ladies on board were not well-bred. It was a most unfortunate production, even had the allegations it contained been true ; but much more so, seeing that there existed no ground for the offensive senti- ments expressed. The offender, however, met the displeasure excited with amazing good-nature, and, to the credit of all parties, nothing serious ensued. 19th. The Sabbath. The weather now being very hot, I preached on deck, under a well-spread awning, and was much pleased with the congregation. 2Qth. This evening we. had one of the finest tropical sun- sets I ever witnessed. The foreground on the horizon pre- sented a succession of splendid castles, some of which were dismantled, others apparently covered with ivy, and others with their towers bristling with cannon. The background appeared to be formed of mountains of great altitude, whose sides here and there were covered with snowy clouds, and whose elevated summits occasionally exhibited the lurid glare of craters in volcanic action. In the intermediate space, there appeared arid deserts, with figures which to the deluded vision seemed like caravans comprising camels, dromedaries, and numerous pilgrims. In other parts of this imposing landscape lakes were seen, some like molten silver, and others like bur- nished gold. In these lakes appeared islets of fantastic form, covered with exquisitely beautiful trees of most remarkable foliage. In some cases the colour of the foliage was verdant, in others lilac, in others crimson, and in others blue ! This scene of magnificence was constantly changing, until it entirely passed away; but it left upon my mind an impression which can never be obliterated so long as I have any power to appreciate the grand and the beautiful. 22d. Aa several of our passengers were to leave us at Ceylon for India and China, I was presented with an Address, and a handsome Testimonial, as an expression, as they said, of their "appreciation of my character and services." This, of course, was gratifying, and the more so as they were all entire THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 417 strangers to me when I embarked at Melbourne, and belonged to other religious communities than that with which I stood connected. In all my voyaging I never met with greater courtesy or respect than that with which I was honoured from all parties on board the " Madras," and shall be very happy to meet with any of them again. 23c Early this morning, after a most rapid and comfort- able passage, we arrived at Point-de-Galle. I sent my card to the Rev. Joseph Rippon, our valuable Missionary stationed there, and soon had the pleasure of seeing him on board. Having to change steamers at this port, my baggage was taken on shore, and with great politeness passed through the Custom-House. Mr. Rippon drove me to his residence, where his amiable wife, afflicted as she was at the time, gave me a truly Christian welcome. In a few hours the steamer with the English mail arrived, and I was soon poring over files of English newspapers, with an interest which perhaps no one can justly estimate who has not, like myself, been deprived for many months of such a medium of information. In the evening the Rev. Mr. Clarke, Presbyterian Minister, and Mrs. Clarke dined with us, and the day proved to be one of much pleasure. 2&th, Rose at daybreak, and, in company with Mr. Rippon, took a walk through the Fort, from which we had a fine view of the town and harbour. After taking our coffee we drove through the bazaar, where the natives were busily employed in exposing the various articles they had for sale, which did not appear to be of great value. Leaving the bazaar we proceeded through a most beautiful grove of cocoa-nut trees for nearly four miles, to visit some cinnamon gardens. On our way I saw several cocoa-nuts covered with a kind of woven grass to prevent their being injured by "an evil eye." We met many travellers, and the women, with hardly an exception, bearing burdens; but the men, shame upon them ! free from all such incumbrances. I observed charms on the persons of several individuals ; and, on inquiry, ascertained they were intended to appease the devil, and to promote health. It seems that in T 5 418 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. sickness various incantations are used by the priests to expel from the patient the evil one, who is supposed to be the author of the malady. On such occasions cocoa-nuts are brought, and during the mutterings of the incantation the wicked demon is believed to pass from the afflicted party to the fruit, and it is supposed that whoever eats of that fruit will be visited with the malady. Frequently do our native Catechists present themselves when such incantations are practised, defy the power of any priestly charm, eat of the fruit with impunity, and in that way succeed in weakening the confidence of many people in the efficacy of these dark and debasing superstitions. During our journey I saw not only youths, but mere children, smoking cigars; and on my animadverting upon the practice, I was assured by Mr. Eippon that not unfrequently were children taught to smoke before they were weaned ! and that he had seen cases of the kind. We passed a few bungalows in which weary travellers were resting. On reaching the cinnamon gardens, the odour was delicious, and I furnished myself with a few specimens of the wood of this remarkable tree. On returning to breakfast, I was beset with many natives, who wished me to purchase various curiosities they had for sale. Their importunity was remarkable, their tact extra- ordinary, and their perseverance irresistible. But they were wily extortioners, asking always thrice the amount they were willing to take. Having made a few purchases, I soon had many of the curiosities of the place brought to me for sale. This gave me an opportunity of seeing and having intercourse with a great number of persons of various complexions, lan- guages, and creeds. 25tk. Mr. Rippon kindly drove me a few miles from Point- de-Galle, to visit a Budhist temple. On our journey we halted to examine the traveller's tree. Its form was peculiar, and in connection with each leaf there appeared to be about a pint of water to refresh the weary traveller, but so secured that human art was necessary to render it available. In the neighbourhood of the temple we visited a native Christian, a man of great simplicity, who had given ample THE SOUTHEBN WORLD. 419 proof of true conversion. After some preliminary remarks the following conversation took place between us : "In what religion were you educated?" " In the religion of Budha." " Did you go to the temple, present flowers to Budha, and attend to other ceremonies'?" " I did." " What led you to become a Christian?" "I attended the Mission-school, and saw the folly of Budhism. Besides, I felt I was a sinner and required pardon, but Budhism offered none. I wanted a Redeemer, and found that Redeemer in Jesus Christ." " In what respect has Christianity benefited you?" "Budhism gave me no hope; Christianity has given it." " Do you feel that Christianity has altered your spirit and conduct ?" " I do. My spirit is sometimes quick, because of my wife, who is not converted, and wishes to take our children to the temple; but it is restrained by the power of Divine grace." "You must pray for your wife, and let her see in your whole deportment the superiority and desirableness of Christianity." " I endeavour to do so, and if my wife were only converted I should have a heaven on earth." " What, in your opinion, is the great obstacle to the followers of Budha becoming the followers of Christ 1 " "Prejudice. They say their religion is older than Christianity; that it was the religion of their forefathers, and they will not change it. They are also afraid of being reproached by their neighbours, and of being discarded by their families." This interesting man guided us through the jungle to the temple, which is situated upon a considerable elevation. I entered the place of abomination. It contained two apartments, the walls of which were covered with hieroglyphic characters, representing the different transmigrations of Budha. In the inner apartment there was the image of Budha, twenty-seven feet in height, and in width proportionate, being the reputed 420 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. dimensions of his last birth. The temple, not being of suf- ficient height to allow him to stand erect, he appeared in a recumbent position, surrounded by numerous flowers which had been presented to him that day by his deluded votaries. Two priests were in the temple, and we had, substantially, the following conversation : " Why do you worship Budha?" " That we may have a reward." " But what is there in Budha to claim such homage?" " He is greater than all." " How do you know that?" "From the sacred books." "Where is Budha now, whose image you here worship?" " He has attained to annihilation." " Then you believe he ezists nowhere. If so, how can a non-existence confer on you a reward?" " He does not do it, but it follows as a natural result." " What is the highest reward to which you can attain 1 " " Annihilation." After a good deal of metaphysical reasoning about creation, I told them that their sacred books, to which they referred, contained false statements; and, if in one thing they spoke false, they might do so in others. Their sacred books said the world was flat, whereas it was round like a ball. This had again and again been proved by navigators who had sailed round the world. A boy being near us, I put my hand upon his head, which was very round, and said, " The world is some- thing like this boy's head." I then fixed the locality of England at one ear, Australia at the other, and traced my passage from England to her Antipodes, and showed how vessels went forward, and without turning back reached the place from which they started. I also pointed out the relative position of Ceylon, and the course I should take for England. The boy looked unutterable things whilst I put England upon one ear and Australia upon another, and spoke of vessels sailing over the crown of his head, and returning under his chin to the place whence they had started. This somewhat remarkable THE SOUTHERN WOULD. 421 lesson in Geography, taught in the temple of Budha, I venture ' to say made an impression upon the mind of the astounded boy that he will never forget. This was the only thing that seemed to fasten upon the minds of the priests, and which they did not attempt to answer. I now told them that I was obliged to them for showing me the temple, but that I was deeply afflicted when I considered their perishing condition, and that I earnestly hoped and prayed that they would turn from dumb idols to serve the living God. One of them replied, that he would like to examine our sacred books; and, if he were convinced that Budhism was false, he would give it up. Mr. Rippon at once engaged to supply him with a Bible, and I could not but pray that the entrance of the word might give light. On returning, we passed through several paddy or rice fields, and saw natives busily engaged in preparing them for seed. Some of them were covered with water, which forcibly reminded me of Ecclesiastes xi. 1 : " Cast thy bread upon the waters, and thou shalt find it after many days." I passed also through a nutmeg-garden, and plucked some of its fruit. 26tk. Sabbath. In the morning I preached in the Mission Chapel, a very neat, plain, and suitable building. The congre- gation, consisting of Europeans and natives who understood the English language, was respectable and attentive. I had preached in Europe, in Africa, in America, in Australia, as well as in many of the islands of the sea; and to-day I was per- mitted to proclaim the Gospel in Asia. May I in the day of the Lord have the pleasure of seeing some to whom I have ministered the Word of Life coming from the East, and from the West, and from the North, and from the South, to sit down in the kingdom of the Father ! In the afternoon I heard one of the Native Missionaries preach in Singhalese with much fluency and zeal. After service three Native young men followed me into the Mission- House, when the following conversation took place : First young man. "How long have you been a Christian?" 422 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. " About three years." " What were you previously to that?" " I was a Budhist." "Did you ever go to the temple to make offerings?" " I did. I offered flowers and money." "What led you to forsake Budhism, and become a Christian?" " The Spirit convinced me of sin. I was miserable, and wanted forgiveness; but there was no pardon in Budhism; in Christianity I understood there was." " Then you knew something of Christianity : how did you obtain that knowledge?" " By attending the Government Schools, and hearing sermons." "Have you found in Christianity the pardon you desired, and which Budhism could not give?" "I have: God has for Christ's sake forgiven me; and I am happy." Second young man. " How long is it since you became a follower of Christ ? " " About four years." " Previously to that, were you also a worshipper of Budha?" "I was." "Did you ever pray when you were a follower of Budha?" " I did not : there is no prayer in Budhism." " What induced you to turn from dumb idols to serve the living God? " " I went to the Government School ; read several books ; and was convinced that Christianity was true." " Do you feel its saving power upon your heart?" " I cannot answer that satisfactorily; but I am seeking to be saved." " Although you did not pray as a Budhist, you now pray ? " " I do." " And does not God answer your prayer ? " " I have some doubts on that subject ; but I know he will do so, if my prayer be sincere and right." THE SOUTHEEN WORLD. 423 Third young man. "And did you formerly worship Budha?" " I did, when I was in ignorance." " You now believe that Budhism is false, and Christianity is true 1 ?" " I do, and feel quite assured of it." "What evidence have you of that?" " Christianity has changed my heart, and filled me with love." " Then you have the witness that Christianity is no cunningly devised fable, but is of God?" " I have that witness within." "Is it your opinion that many of the followers of Budha believe that Christianity is true?" " Many of them believe what Christianity says about a Creator, and several of the priests believe it, but not so many believe in what it says about a Redeemer." "But, as Budhism denies the Creator, their belief in that Creator must shake their confidence in the system 1 ?" " It does, and they will all by-and-by become Christians." " What prevents those who fully credit the truth of Christianity from becoming Christians now?" " The fear of being abused and persecuted." In the evening I heard the Rev. W. C. Milne, from China, who was to be my fellow-passenger to England. His sermon was full of Christ as the great Teacher and Saviour of men. 27^. Visited one of our Mission Schools, and felt much interested with the appearance and proficiency of the children. In the evening I preached to a large and respectable assembly ; after which Mr. Rippon obligingly furnished me with the annexed replies to the following questions I had proposed. " 1. To what extent has the Wesleyan Mission in Ceylon been successful 1 ?" " We have 1,456 full church members in the South Ceylon District, and above 300 on trial. Of the full members about 424 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 300 are Singhalese, and, for the most part, converts from Budhism. The remaining 150 are Europeans and Burghers. This has been the direct result of our Missionary operations. Many incidental results have also doubtless followed; and the people may be considered in many respects more prepared for the Gospel than they were. There has been a growing convic- tion that Budhism is false, and Christianity is true. Many are fully convinced of this, who are restrained from an open pro- fession of the Christian religion by fear of persecution. There is a very extensive knowledge of the doctrines of Christianity amongst the people. Though they do not embrace the truth, they know what we teach." " 2. What are the principal hindrances to your ministry among the people?" " There are no difficulties in the way of the conversion of the natives, except such as may be overcome by prayer, faith, diligence, zeal, and perseverance. The influence of Europeans, especially of soldiers and sailors, upon the native mind, however, is of a very pernicious character, as they bring continual reproach and scandal on the Christian name, and our work is doubtless greatly retarded by this means ; but I believe a want of dependence upon the Divine faithfulness in the fulfilment of the Scripture promises is the main cause of discouragement and failure where these take place. Caste exists among the Singhalese in a mild form; but it is as much opposed to the Budhist religion as it is to Christianity, and presents no obstacle to the conversion of the people. Before they become Christians the different castes will not eat together or intermarry. After their conversion they associate together with the utmost good- will. It is a remarkable fact, however, that at Morotto, where we have 400 native converts, we have not a single instance of marriage between persons of different castes. One of our Catechists, who is of the fisher (a low) caste, refused to marry a Christian female of the highest caste, who was willing to accept him, saying that he did not like the goigama (agri- cultural) girls, because he wished his bride's friends to make him presents of fish !" THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 425 " 3. What has been the effect generally of the instruction imparted to those who have attended our Mission Schools'?" " We have many members and some Native Ministers who were trained in our Mission Schools, and who by this means were rescued from Heathenism. The number is doubtless small in proportion to the total number who have passed through our schools during the last thirty years, and the only way to secure a larger proportion is, to increase the efficiency of the schools. This can only be done by a greatly increased outlay for Educational purposes, which is quite impossible without a further grant from home. Multitudes whom we have educated still remain Heathens : but one great advantage we derive from the instruction they have received is, that nearly the whole population can read; and are not only willing, but anxious, to receive the books and tracts which we distribute freely among them. The priests try to collect these and destroy them, but the people hide them; and a native will frequently bring out from his cottage a bundle of 40 or 50 tracts, which he had formerly received, and all of which he has read." " 4. Is it your opinion that in the prosecution of the Mission work in the East too much has been expected from education and too little from the preaching of the Gospel, the Divinely appointed instrument of the world's salvation?" " Not in this district. Our policy has always been to aim principally at the conversion of the adult population through the direct agency of a preached Gospel, and when a number of persons in one neighbourhood profess a willingness to attend preaching, and to embrace Christianity, we establish a school among them for the education of their children, and hold religious services in the school-bungalows on the Sabbath. Our method is what is termed in India the Evangelical; that is, we make preaching our great work, and education entirely subor- dinate, though we consider it a valuable auxiliary." " 5. What are your views of a Native Ministry?" " The importance of having a well-trained Native Ministry cannot be over-estimated. A really qualified Native Preacher is more likely to be extensively useful than an English Minister, 426 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. because he has no difficulty with the language in the first instance, and from the beginning has an intimate knowledge of the manners, habits of thought, and religion of the people, which a stranger can only acquire by long residence and close study. A Native Ministry is the most economical. Taking into account the expenses of outfit, passage, &c., an European costs as much as three natives. They will always require efficient European superintendence however; and so far as my acquaintance with them goes, they lack the higher powers of mind which are required for the direction of great movements. They are timid, soon discouraged, and, perhaps, as a rule, are less disinterested and self-denying than European Missionaries." " 6. What have been the effects of the challenge given by the Missionaries of Ceylon, some time ago, to the devil priests of the country 1 ?" [Note Z.] " The effect has been salutary. When Europeans challenged the priests, and exposed the hollowness of their pretensions, the priests admitted, and the people universally believed, that their devils had no power over foreigners ; buWhen the priests were challenged and defeated by Native Singhalese Christians, the conviction became general that the Christian religion is a sufficient protection against demoniacal influence. This is a very important point gained. Again, the devil priests profess to have a twofold power. First, to cure the sick; almost every kind of sickness being attributed to the malice of demons, which the priests profess to propitiate. Second, to inflict various kinds of evils, such as sickness, death, &c., upon whom- soever they choose, by invoking the demons to take possession of them. The challenges which were given were directed against the latter point, and it is here principally that a salutary impression has been made : but the natives still believe in the power of incantations to cure diseases, and to ward off evil ; and devil ceremonies are therefore practised in case of sickness almost as universally as ever. These ceremonies often produce beneficial results upon the patients, by working strongly upon their imaginations; and it is therefore difficult to shake the belief of the people in their efficacy. THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 427 CHAPTER XIX. DEPARTURE from Ceylon Letter from a Native Christian Pas- sengers Arrival at Aden Scriptural illustrations Arabs Departure Red Sea Mount Horeb Passage of the Israelites Suez Loading camels Journey across the Desert Mirage Rag-tree Arrival in Cairo Grand Mosque Joseph's Well Slave-market Bazaars Enmity of Mohammedans The Nile Canal Mohammedan sailors Alexandria Malta Meeting of the English and French soldiers Gibraltar Arrival at home. I PARTED with my kind friends Mr. and Mrs. Rippon early in the morning of the 28th of February, and went on board the "Bengal," a beautiful screw steamer; but was told I could not have a berth. Many of the Australian passengers met with similar treatment. We had paid first-class fare without any condition, from Melbourne to Southampton, and were now abruptly informed that there was no accommodation for us. We however determined to proceed; and the servants were turned out of their berths to furnish accommodation, such as it was, for a portion of us. I got the cook's berth, which being close to the galley, rendered it all but unbearable; others did not fare so well, and had to sleep on deck. The vessel was sadly overcrowded, having upwards of 200 passengers on board, besides 250 persons belonging to the ship. Some great mis- management occasioned this terrible inconvenience ; and unless a better arrangement be made, few Australian passengers, I presume, will return to England by the East. Having on the previous evening seen the Native Christian who had spoken of the heathenism of his wife being a great trial to him, and having requested him to present to her my respects, and to say that I was much interested in her welfare, and should feel personally obliged if she would impartially consider the claims of Christianity as the only true religion, 428 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. this morning, after going on board, I received the following letter on the subject : " DEAR REVEREND FATHER, I have conveyed your kind message to my wife : she said she would inquire about it, and if she found the Christian religion to be true, she would embrace it, I now thank you heartily for your kindness. I hope God will shower blessings on your endeavours to do good wherever you go. I forgot to lay one word before you last night, which makes me write this note. I earnestly request that you will remember Martin and his family, and pray for their conversion. " Hoping that by the blessing of God you will make a prosperous voyage, " I remain, dear Sir, " Your most obedient servant." March 1st. I met with several pious persons amongst the passengers, who delighted to talk on religious subjects : they were very intelligent, and chiefly connected with the Indian army. An East Indian Prince, the grandson of Hyder-Ally, was also on board; but he soon gave evidence, by a strict observance of the various rules connected with the system of the false prophet, that he was a most zealous Mohammedan. 5th. Salbath. We had worship on deck. Mr. Milne read the liturgy, and I preached. The day was exceedingly fine, and the attendance and deportment of the passengers highly satisfactory. The persons present belonged to twelve different nations; but, generally, they understood the English language as well as their mother tongue. 8th. Arrived at Aden, on the coast of Arabia, a strongly fortified place, belonging to the East India Company. On coming to anchor, the vessel was surrounded by a shoal of Arabs, swimming like fishes, and asking for " buckshsheesh," or a gift. Several coins were successively cast into the sea, when in an instant the Arabs all disappeared, and after being a con- siderable time under water came popping up one after another, always with success, the fortunate one exhibiting the coin, and then placing it in his mouth. In the afternoon I went on shore with several of the passengers; and, on our landing, the scene we witnessed re- minded me of the description a writer gives of his landing in THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 429 Madeira, where he says that the contention of the donkey-men about his person was so fierce, that in the scuffle which ensued he found himself astride two donkeys at the same time, and his head laid upon a third ! After a great deal of shouting, and pushing, and kicking, and sprawling, and laughing, and crying, on the part of the Arabs, we all found ourselves mounted either on donkeys, or fine Arabian horses. Off the party went, helter-skelter, to visit the town, a distance of four miles; and as some had not made themselves acquainted with horsemanship, they presented figures sufficiently grotesque, and encountered perils not a few. One might be seen with but one stirrup, a second holding on by the crupper, and a third as eagerly grasping the mane. The heels, too, of some of the animals were occasionally much higher than their heads; nor was the journey performed without illustrations of gravitation, in the falling of heavy bodies to the earth ! The town is built in what was once the mouth of a crater, with the black lava piled up around it in the wildest confusion, affording no vestige of vegetation, and giving such an impres- sion of desolation as I had not felt^before. In riding through the town, I was forcibly reminded of certain passages of Scripture, for I saw " two women grinding at a mill," and a poor man " take up his bed and walk." In another direction I saw a well, where " the damsels were drawing water for their camels and asses" with which they were surrounded, and the appearance and manners of the people altogether reminded me of Old Testament times. After passing through the bazaar we went up to the fortification, which commands a fine view of the bay, and the Arabian coast. I picked up a few specimens of scoria; and by the light of the moon returned to the place whence we had started, and went on board. During my brief visit I was much impressed with the appearance of the wild Arabs. As I gazed upon their dark and restless countenances, I thought of Ishmael with his bottle of water in the wilderness, and of the prediction respecting him, that his hand should be against every man, and every man's hand against him, so fully accomplished in the history of his race. 430 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 9th, Left Aden early, and towards evening we passed through the " Gate of Tears," and entered the Red Sea. The .Arabian coast, along which we skirted, was apparently without a shrub or blade of grass. 12th. Sunday. Head-wind and rough sea. This prevented us holding service on deck ; but I read with peculiar interest the whole Scripture history connected with the waters over which we were passing, and thought of Israel's God. 13th. We had a fine view of the Abyssinian mountains. They appeared abrupt, broken, wild, and barren. 15th. Early this morning we were opposite Mount Sinai ; but in consequence of the haziness of the atmosphere it could not be seen. Mount Horeb, however, loomed in the distance, and filled my mind with awe. Here " the Angel of the Lord appeared unto Moses in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush; and he looked, and behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed." Here God called to his servant and said, " Put off thy shoes from off thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground. I am the God of thy father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. And Moses hid his face ; for he was afraid to look upon God." Here Moses received a Divine commission to go down to Egypt, God saying unto him, " Come now therefore, and I will send thee unto Pharaoh, that thou mayest bring forth my people the children of Israel out of Egypt." Here Jehovah invested his servant with power to work miracles, that he might show signs and wonders unto Pharaoh, in evidence that the Lord had sent him to deliver his people from their house of cruel bondage. Here the man of God, at the bidding of Jehovah, smote the rock, whence issued an abund- ance of water to allay the thirst of the murmuring and ungrateful Israelites. Here God, in terrible majesty, delivered his holy law unto Moses; and "there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud, so that all the people in the camp trembled." And here Elijah, when he fled from Jezebel, stood upon the mount, " and behold the Lord passed by, and THE SOUTHERN WORLTX 431 a great and strong wind rent the mountain, and broke in pieces the I'ocks before the Lord, but the Lord was not in the wind; and after the wind an earthquake, but the Lord was not in the earthquake; and after the earthquake a fire, but the Lord was not in the fire ; and after the fire a small still voice." As I gazed upon the mount, and thought of these things, I felt that I sympathized with Moses, when he stood afar off, and said, " I exceedingly fear and quake." And yet while these solemn things were passing before my mind, and wholly absorbing my attention, a passenger walked up to me, and inquired what there was about the mountain to merit so much notice ! In the afternoon we passed between " Has Abooderadge" and " Ras Ligiah," about forty miles from Suez, the place where the Israelites are supposed to have passed through the Red Sea, as upon dry land. I am aware that other places near Suez have by various writers been contended for as the scene of this great miracle ; but Captain Morseby, who for five years was employed by the East India Company in surveying the Red Sea, has fixed upon this as the place most in accordance with the Scriptural history, and, in my opinion, has most fully succeeded in establishing his position. " After having examined," says the Captain, " the whole Egyptian coast of the Red Sea, with the Bible as my guide, and considering the matter in all its bearings, I am enabled to state that no other position on the whole beach, from Suez downward to Aden, at all accords with the description given of the position in Scripture." The weather was fine, and as we steamed away in the centre of the channel I had a clear view of both coasts; and from the character of the Egyptian coast I at once perceived how probable it was for Pharaoh to say of the Israelites, when they had arrived at this place, and encamped by the sea, " They are entangled in the land, the wilderness hath shut them in." I looked with intense interest upon the shore on either side. I thought of the numerous host, filled with dismay on finding themselves " entangled in the land;" Pharaoh's army cutting off their retreat, and the sea forbidding their advance. I thought of Moses, under 432 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. Divine impulse, standing forward at that juncture, and saying, " Fear ye not, stand still and see the salvation of God; for the Egyptians you have seen to-day, ye shall see them again no more for ever." I thought of the pillar of the cloud which went from before their face, and stood between the camp of the Egyptians and the camp of Israel, being a cloud of darkness and terror to the former, but to the latter a shining light and a symbol of blessing. I thought of Moses, at the bidding of God, " stretching out his hand over the sea," and causing the waters to divide, as he devoutly stood on the very shore to which my attention was now directed. I thought of the path- way of the elect of God, with its crystal wall on the right hand and on the left, which was not to be trodden by any of the defiled of Egypt, who served strange gods. I thought of the tribes emerging from the deep on the opposite shore, to pro- claim the greatness of their God, whilst the waters returned, "and overthrew the Egyptians in the midst of the sea." I thought of Miriam, the prophetess, with a timbrel in her hand, followed by all the women, with timbrels and with dances, as they celebrated with joyful hearts their glorious deliverance; and, catching the inspiration of the theme, I involuntarily exclaimed, " Sound the loud timbrel o'er Egypt's dark sea : Jehovah hath triumphed, his people are free ! " 16th. Last night we arrived at Suez, and I came on shore this morning at 4 o'clock. Another steamer from Bombay arrived at the same time ; and the cargoes of both vessels, with the baggage of all the passengers, were landed with the utmost despatch, and at 6 o'clock were ready to be placed on the backs of camels to be transported across the desert to Cairo. One thousand camels were required on the occasion. I witnessed the process of loading; and, certainly, the sighing and groan- ing of the animals as they knelt down to receive their burdens, and the shouting and quarrelling of the Arabs arid the Egyptians, which resulted in heavy blows and broken heads, rendered the scene very exciting. I was exceedingly struck THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 433 with the camel's expression of countenance, indicating the deepest anguish, when the load was too heavy for it. The poor animal looked back at the burden with tears, and refused to rise until relieved. In a few hours these " ships of the desert" had received the whole of the goods from the two steamers, and the thousand camels were on their way to the capital of Egypt. The passengers of the " Bengal " were to be conveyed in twenty-nine vans, four of which were to start in company every three hours, and each van to contain six passengers. Parties were made up, and lots drawn for the different numbers; and I was fortunate enough to be in the first van, with a very intelligent and agreeable party. We started at 10 o'clock, and in a few minutes were in the desert, which furnished no mark of vegetation, but appeared, as far as the eye could reach, one unbroken waste of stones and sand. In a short time, however, the aspect was changed, and we were favoured with a most splendid mirage. Peaceful lakes appeared, studded with beautiful islands of various forms and sizes. Mountains of different altitudes, covered with heavy timber, occupied the background, and here and there exhibited sparkling waterfalls. Fields were seen, as if but newly tilled; and rivers, with rippled surface, winding their course to the distant ocean through a richly cultivated valley. Flocks seemed to be grazing on verdant slopes, and herds luxuriating on fruitful plains. Through certain vistas of the enchanting scene, the ocean's waves, breaking upon numerous reefs, and displaying their whitened crests, were presented to the imagination ; and, indeed, the whole desert before us seemed to be transformed into the most rich and varied landscape upon which I had ever gazed. But, alas! it was all delusion. It tantalized the desert traveller, and fled at his approach. Like dissolving views, it was continually changing; and at length, entirely melting away, left nothing to gaze upon but a parched desert and a cloudless sky. Towards sunset we passed the lonely, but celebrated acacia tree, under the shade of which pilgrims halt on their way to Mecca; and from their leaving some portion of their wardrobe 434 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. on its branches in evidence of their pilgrimage, it is called the " rag-tree." I saw several of these relics, and thought of the multitudes that had been there, "spending money for that which is not bread, and their labour for that which satisfieth not." Near to this tree is the central station, where we halted to dine ; and, for the first time, I drank of the delicious waters of the Nile, which had been brought in skins from the neigh- bourhood of Cairo. Here I picked up a few specimens of the agate. After remaining at this comfortable station for an hour, we resumed our journey, and reached Cairo in safety, though much fatigued, in seventeen hours from Suez. The journey through the desert is by no means a difficult one. There are stations, and a change of horses every five or six miles, and an abundance of refreshments for passengers, liberally supplied by the Company, in whose vessel they have come to Suez; and although there is a good deal of jolting, and occasionally a restive horse or two, which may try the nerves of the timid traveller, yet upon the whole the trip across the desert is both safe and agreeable. Ylih. After a few hours' repose at the "Oriental Hotel," we engaged a suitable guide, and sallied forth to visit the most attractive parts of the city. We went to the citadel, and gained admission to the grand mosque, entirely built of rich marble. I was much impressed with its magnificence, but felt no pleasure when I thought of the God-dishonouring purpose for which it was built. Near to this mosque we saw the place where the Mameluke forced his horse over the battlements of the citadel, that he might escape from the hand of cruel treachery. It was impossible to look upon the spot, and think of the frightful leap, without a feeling of terror. We next directed our steps to Joseph's well. I drank of its water, which was being drawn from a great depth by two oxen, and which I found to be most refreshing and delicious. We now were conducted through a densely populated part of the city to the slave-market, where we found thirty human beings exposed for sale. One third of them were children from Nubia; and, according to the constrained admission of the salesman, THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 435 they had been stolen from their parents. The average price asked for those children was 10. The poor helpless victims, expecting to be purchased by some of our party, looked anxiously at each of us, evidently scanning our features with considerable solicitude; and when we turned away without making any purchase, they evinced considerable disappoint- ment. They were in wretched circumstances, and doubtless thought that any change would be an improvement. May the Lord pity the helpless captives ! On a gallery overlooking the square in which the slave-market was held, several young women presented themselves; and, on inquiry, we found that they, too, were for sale. But on our going up the steps leading to their apartments, they hastily disappeared to perform the duties of the toilet; and in a few minutes stood before us adorned with flowers, and arrayed in all the finery they could command, evidently expecting to produce an impression ; and certainly they did so, but it was that of deep pity for rational beings so degraded by a cruel and most unrighteous traffic. We next visited the bazaars, the nurseries of the plague; and, from the general aspect of things, and the dense crowds that jostled us, we felt not a little afraid that we should leave them with an increase of animal life; but happily our fears were not realized. As we proceeded we had various manifesta- tions of the deep enmity which the followers of the false prophet cherish toward Christians. Some of the adults made frightful grimaces as we passed them; and several of the children, with countenances indicating the deepest contempt and hatred, spat at us ! All the women we met were thickly veiled, excepting their eyes, which were left at liberty, and, in reference to our party, they certainly used that liberty without any ceremony. In the afternoon we visited the gardens of the Pasha ; and, although very well laid out, they want variety, and are very much inferior to many gardens of private gentle- men in England. We had not time to visit the Pyramids, but, from the citadel, had a fine view of them ; and, from their great altitude, they appeared to be much nearer than u2 436 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. they really were. In the evening we left by a Nile steamer for Alexandria. 18th. During the night, the fog upon the Nile being so dense, we were obliged to remain several hours at anchor. In the morning we got under weigh, and were borne forward with great rapidity. I had a fine view of the rich country through which the Nile flows; and thought, if it were in the hands of the English, it would soon become the garden of the world. It was at this season of the year that the plagues came upon the land of Egypt, and I saw the face of the country as described by the sacred historian. "And the flax and the barley was smitten : for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was boiled. But the wheat and the rye were not smitten, for they were not grown up." I plucked an ear of barley, but saw nothing of wheat or rye. Many thoughts crowded upon me. I thought of Israel's bondage for so many years in the very land through which I was now passing; I thought of the wonderful preservation of Moses in his ark of bulrushes, as I passed by the locality where this is said to have taken place; I thought of the river on which I was sailing being turned into blood, and of its bringing forth frogs in frightful abund- ance, for the conviction and punishment of a despotic and idolatrous King; I thought of the great cry heard in Egypt when the destroying angel passed over the land at the mid- * night hour, and smote the firstborn of Pharaoh that sat on his throne, unto the firstborn of the captive that was in the dungeon, and all the firstborn of cattle; I thought of the country as the cradle of science, as the scene of the most stupendous miracles, and as the subject of prophecies now most strikingly fulfilled; and I thought of its future glory, when, according to ancient prophecy, it is to lose its baseness, and become a bright and sparkling gem in the diadem of Him to whom it once afforded an asylum. During the day, I was forcibly reminded of our Lord's words in relation to the transactions of the last judgment; for I saw on the banks of the river a shepherd dividing his sheep from THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 437 the goats. After sailing 120 miles on the Nile, we reached a town which is 48 miles from Alexandria, but connected with that city by means of a canal, which a few years ago was made by the Pasha at an immense cost of human life, not fewer than 20,000 persons having perished in its construction. We went on board the canal-boat, and as night very soon cast its mantle over us, I had little opportunity of seeing more of the country, and therefore sought repose below for a few hours, but with- out effect, and was glad to take a position on the deck. The sailors on board the Nile and canal boats were Mohammedan, and their punctual attention to their religious duties was very remarkable. At the hour of prayer they performed various ablutions, and then several times prostrated themselves upon the deck, placing their forehead upon it, and muttering sundry prayers. This was done three times a day, before all the passengers, without any embarrassment or shame. I thought if Christians were to be as bold in confessing Christ as these people were in confessing Mohammed, and as attentive to the rational and elevating duties of Christianity as the Egyptian boatmen were to those imposed by the system of the false prophet, the world would soon feel it, and the renovation of our race would, by the blessing of God, be speedily accom- plished. Idth. Sabbath. Arrived at Alexandria this morning, at 1 o'clock, and the hotels being all full, I had some difficulty in finding accommodation. The city is a more respectable and interesting place than Cairo. Its appearance, too, is much more European; but, being Sabbath-day, I did not think it proper to spend my time in sight-seeing; and, as I had to go on board the " Ripon " in the evening, I did not therefore see any of the lions of the place, with the exception of Pompey's Pillar, which has been so frequently described. 20th. Sailed in the "Ripon," a fine vessel of 1,800 tons. The Australian passengers were well accommodated, as some compensation for the privations they had endured on board the "Bengal." I had the poop-cabin, corresponding with that of the Captain, and felt very comfortable; but many of 438 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. the Indian passengers uttered grievous complaints as to their accommodation. 24:th. After a beautiful passage, we arrived early in the morning at Malta. I went on shore, and was remarkably struck with the largeness and beauty of Valetta. Its streets, though generally narrow, are exceedingly clean; its buildings are good, and many of them even magnificent. I visited St. John's Cathedral, a building of great beauty, and whose inlaid marble pavement, exhibiting the arms of the Knights of St. John and sundry other devices relating to that order, is probably unequalled in any part of the world. Some of the sculptures and paintings greatly interested me; but, amidst the magnificence of the place, sat here and there a sinister-looking Priest in his confessional-box, listening to the mutterings of a devotee, and imposing penance, or giving absolution, according to his humour or caprice. "If the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch." Leaving St. John's, I proceeded to the palace, and was very politely shown through it. It is a splendid place; the wall of the council-chamber is covered with rich tapestry, and although nearly two hundred years old, it looks as fresh as if it had but recently come from the needle. After passing through many of the fortifications, and witnessing a grand review of the troops lately arrived from England on their way to help Turkey against Russia, I returned to the " Ripon," in time to witness the arrival of a French steamer, bringing troops to be employed in the same service. The English soldiers turned out of their barracks, and recognising the French soldiers as companions in arms, they received them with vehement, prolonged, and enthusiastic cheers. A new thing on the earth ! Often had the English and French met in deadly conflict; but now they met in friendly alliance to resist despotism, and to preserve the liberties of Europe. Whilst I gazed upon the interesting spectacle before me, and listened to the loud cheering of both parties, I could not but pray that their arms might never more be turned against each other, but that the two great nations might remain on terms THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 439 of unbroken friendship, uniting their counsels and influence for the maintenance of right, and for the promotion and es- tablishment of peace. In the afternoon we left for Gibraltar. 25th. I had a fine view of the mountains of Tunis, and passed by the site of the ancient Carthage. This awakened various feelings. While I thought of Hannibal and his mighty army crossing the very sea over which I was sailing, now all numbered with the dead, and of the splendour, riches, and potency of the city before which the world quailed, now so completely blotted from existence that its exact site can with difficulty be identified, I felt the force of God's truth, that " the glory of a man is as the flower of grass," and that it is the truest wisdom to seek a "city which hath foundations, whose Builder and Maker is God." 26th. Sabbath. I preached this morning in the saloon, and Mr. Milne in the evening: Captain Morseby kindly offered us every opportunity and facility for being useful; and indeed his whole conduct towards us was that of a gentleman and a Christian. 28th. Arrived at Gibraltar ; but as the vessel remained a few hours only, I had not time to see much of the place. I however managed to visit the Wesleyan Spanish School, and was favourably impressed with the proficiency of its pupils. The Rev. G. Alton, our Missionary, who preaches in both English and Spanish, was engaged in pastoral visitation, and could not be found. I therefore had not the pleasure of meeting him, but received from Mrs. Alton some very interest- ing and encouraging information respecting the Mission. From what I saw of Gibraltar, I certainly think that, whilst in the possession of the English, its fortifications must be impregnable. April 3d. This evening I arrived at Southampton, and im- mediately started for London to meet my family. In eighteen months I had travelled, by sea and by land, about forty thou- sand miles; had been in sundry perils, and exposed to many trying changes of climate ; yet, such had been the kindness of Divine Providence, that, with the exception of my usual sea- sickness, I had not suffered an hour's illness; and now that I 440 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. found the same kind Providence had watched over every member of my numerous family, I must have been ungrateful indeed had I not felt my deep obligation. " Bless the Lord, my soul, and all that is within me bless his holy name. Bless the Lord, my soul, and forget not all his benefits." NOTES REFERRED TO IN THE VOLUME. NOTE A. Rules and Regulations of the Wesleyan Immigrants' Home, 1. THAT the hours of admission be from 8 o'clock in the morning until sun-set throughout the year. 2. That as the primary object of the institution is the accommodation of the members and friends of the Wesleyan church, six beds shall daily be reserved for their use. 3. That all applicants for admission will be required to produce a note of recommendation from a Wesleyan Minister, or other member of Com- mittee, except in cases of emergency, when the Governor shall have power to admit, for one night, any stranger he may deem respectable. 4. The scale of charges at present will be, for every person above 14 years of age, 4s. per diem ; and from 3 years of age to 14, one moiety of that sum ; and no charge will be made for children under 3 years of age. 5. All persons will be required to pay in advance. 6. Family worship will be conducted in the large room every morning and evening; in the morning, at a quarter before 8 o'clock, and in the evening, at 8 o'clock in the winter and 9 o'clock in the summer. 7. The hours for meals will be, breakfast, 8 o'clock ; dinner, 1 o'clock ; and tea, 6 o'clock. No arrangement will be made for those who are not punctual at these hours. 8. The use of all intoxicating drinks in the establishment is prohibited, and no smoking will be allowed within the walls of the house. 9. No person will be allowed to have more than one clothes chest or bag in the house. The beds, bedding, and other luggage belonging to the immigrants may be placed in the stores without charge, but without responsibility to the Committee. 10. Families occupying bedrooms will be expected to keep them clean, and allow the matron to inspect them at all times between the hours of 10 in the morning and 6 in the evening. 11. All lights will be extinguished before half-past 10 o'clock at night, except in cases of sickness, or by permission of the matron. 12. Any person proved to be guilty of profane swearing, or any other act of immorality, will be immediately expelled from the establishment. 13. No person will be allowed to carry on any trade, or work at any business, at the house. 14. All persons who may have been in the establishment ten days will be required, if necessary, to give place to others who, on their arrival, may need its benefits. u5 442 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. NOTE B. The following table, taken from the " Argus" newspaper, May 23, 1853, shows the state of the labour-market, &c. Married couples, without family, per annum, with rations. . 70 to 100 Married couples, with family, ditto, ditto . . 60 to 85 Shepherds, ditto, ditto . . 35 to 40 Housekeepers, ditto, ditto . . 32 to 35 General useful servants, ditto, ditto . . 70 to 75 Bullock drivers, with rations on farm, 2 10s. to 3 10s. per week. Bullock drivers, ditto, on roads, 2 10s. to 4 Os. ditto. Gardeners, per annum, with rations 70 to 80 Cooks, (Males,) 2 Os. to 4 Os. per week. Waiters, ditto, 1 Os. to 1 10s. ditto. Grooms, from 60 to 80 per annum. Carpenters, good house, town work, 20s. to 25s. per day. Wood splitters and fencers, with rations, 15s. ditto. Storekeepers, ditto 55 to 75 per annum. Blacksmiths accustomed to country work, and to horse-shoeing, from 20s. to 25s. per day. Good farm labourers, with rations, from 25s. to 30s. per week. Labourers on the roads, 10s. per day, with wood, water, and tents. Ploughmen, with rations, 30s. to 40s. per week. Seamen for London, for the run home, 45 to 50. Ditto Calcutta, ditto, 40 to 45. Ditto Callao, ditto, 40. Coasting, 9 to 10 per month. FEMALE SERVANTS. Thorough servants, per annum 25 to 35 Housemaids, ditto 20 to 30 Laundresses, ditto 30 to 40 Nursemaids, ditto 20 to 26 Cooks, ditto 35 to 50 In cases where rations are supplied, they consist of lOlbs. of flour, lOlbs. of meat, 21bs. of sugar, |lb. of tea, weekly, for each person, with salt, &c., and these rations are generally found to be more than sufficient. These wages will doubtless appear to the English public very exorbitant ; but other things are as much so. Take the following articles as an example ; I give the retail prices : Bread, 4Jd. per Ib. ; butter, 3s. Gd. to 4s. per Ib. ; potatoes, 3d. per Ib. ; milk, Is. 6d. to 2s. per quart; eggs, 6d. each; cheese, 2s. 6d. to 3s. per Ib. ; ham, Is. 9d. to 2s. per Ib. ; coffee, 2s. to 2s. 6d. per Ib. ; cabbages, Is. 6d. to 2s. 6d. each ; fowls, 14s. 6d. to 16s. per pair; turkeys, 21s. each; porter, 30s. per dozen; firewood, 3 5s. to 3 10s. for a small load; coals, from 6 to 8 per ton; washing, from 7s. 6d. to 10s. per dozen. A few other things, however, I found reasonable. THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 443 Beef, 5d. to 6d. per Ib. ; mutton, 4>\d. per Ib. ; sugar, 3d. to 5d. per Ib. ; Best tea, 3s. 6d. per Ib. House rent was fearfully high ; on an average not less than a thousand per cent, upon the amount paid in London. I was truly startled at the -rent of shops, which, in some cases, reached 2,000 per annum ; and I found that a family could not obtain two small rooms, in the cheapest and most uncomfortable part of the city, for less than from 35s. to 40s. per week, and the rent paid in advance. A friend of mine hired two small rooms, miserably furnished, not in the business or best part of the city, for which he paid 4 per week. NOTE C. Extract from the Minutes of the New South Wales District-Meeting. " The Brethren cannot conclude this District-Meeting without re- cording the high gratification they have realized, in being favoured during its sitting with the presence and valuable counsels of the Rev. Robert Young, the Deputation from the British Conference. They feel honoured by their Fathers and Brethren in having so gifted a Minister appointed to the office he sustains. They take the opportunity to express their sympathy with Mr. Young in the varied inconveniences and dangers to which he has been exposed, and unite with him in grateful acknowledg- ments for the special providence which has brought him thus far in safety. They pray that he may still abide under the Divine charge and blessing, and that his family in England may be preserved from all danger, and kept in perfect peace, relying upon the continual providential care of our Heavenly Father." " The members of the Financial District-Meeting cannot allow its proceedings to terminate without expressing the gratification they feel in being favoured with the presence and judicious counsels of the Rev. Robert Young, the Deputation from the British Conference. They thank God and the Conference for the appointment of one whose rich and evangelical ministration amongst us are productive of such cheering results, and who so well sustains the high anticipations that were raised by the knowledge we previously had of his position and usefulness in the churches at home. " We pray that the great object of his mission may be brought to a conclusion that shall afford the richest gratification to his own mind, and lead to the promotion of God's glory in the welfare and extension of the churches in this part of the world. We would also record our grateful acknowledgment to the Parent Society for the many benefits conferred upon us by their paternal superintendence, and for the expression of con- fidence they now so obviously repose in us, in committing to us the management of our own affairs." 444 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. NOTE D. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Imports in 1850, 1,334,413; in 1851, 1,563,931 ; in 1852, 1,900,436. Exports in 1850, 1,357,784 ; in 1851, 1,796,912 ; in 1852, 4,604,034. The revenue for the year ending Decemher 31st, 1852, was as follows ; General Revenue 523,991 11 10 Territorial ditto 90,595 2 3 Goldditto 62,307 9 5 Church and School Fund 5,24218 1 Total 682,137 1 7 The Expenditure of the year was 600,322 2 NOTE E. Memorandum of Minutes passed at a Leaders' Meeting held at Auck- land, New Zealand, September 23d, 1853, The REV. T. BUDDLE IN THE CHAIR. Resolved, " 1. That the cordial Thanks of the Meeting are due, and are hereby presented, to the Wesleyan Missionary Committee, for the Deputa- tion sent to visit the Wesleyan churches in these islands. The Meeting would thankfully recognise the guiding hand of the Divine Head of the Church in the selection of the Rev. Robert Young for this important service ; the eminent gifts and graces of that honoured servant of Christ have been found profitable in all respects, and his name will be gratefully remembered in the future history of the rising Wesleyan churches in New Zealand." Resolved, " 2. That the Deputation be respectfully requested to assure the Missionary Committee and Conference, that in the trials they have been called upon to endure in defence of the great principles of Methodism, the churches in this land have sympathized with them ; and this Meeting rejoices in the conviction that the Wesleyan churches which have been raised in New Zealand, by the blessing of God upon the labours of the Missionaries, are firm in their attachment to the doctrines and discipline of Methodism, and earnest in their wish that its agencies may be multiplied till the earth is full of the knowledge of God." Resolved, " 3. That the Deputation be farther requested to convey to the Missionary Committee the greatful acknowledgments of the Meeting for the liberal aid they have given to the Circuit in the support and appointment of Ministers to labour in the word and doctrine ; and to express the gratification it feels in the prospect of the Circuit being able to support its own Ministers, which pleasing duty it now most cheerfully undertakes." "THOS. BUDDLE, Chairman. " W. HUGHES, Secretary." THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 445 NOTE F. Skeleton of a Sermon by Shadrach Mumui, Chief Judge of Tonga. Acts, 17th chap., 31st verse. This is Paul's discourse to the people of Athens. He makes known to them the command of God (30th verse) thus, " And the times of this ignorance," &c. " Because he hath appointed," &c. I. Direct attention to THE DAY OF JUDGMENT. Thus saith the text, " He hath appointed a day, in the which He will judge the world." 1. The day of judgment will be a great day, and a great thing will be the judgment. 2. It will be a righteous judgment. " In righteousness." He will be no respecter of persons. 3. It is an appointed day. We cannot tell when it will take place j but it is known to God, for He hath appointed it. II. Direct attention to THE " MAN " WHOM HE HATH APPOINTED AS JUDGE. It is true the text saith, "the man;" but know ye that He is also " Christ the Lord." 1. God the Father ordained Jesus as the Saviour, and as the Judge of our race from the beginning. 2. He will judge the "world," all mankind. And none will answer for another : " We must every one give an account of himself to God." 3. He will judge them (men) according to their works, by the evidence of their works, which He knows. He is infinite in wisdom, and knows everything. III. The ASSURANCE God has given of the CERTAINTY OF THE JUDG- MENT, by raising Jesus from the dead. 1. Hence it is absolutely necessary that we believe in Jesus ; that all people believe, Jews and Gentiles: since He will descend in the day of judgment, in His own glory, and the glory of His Father. The dead, all the dead, will hear His voice ; and then escape will be impossible. 2. He will descend to distribute to every man that eternal portion which each has chosen in this world. He once descended to instruct us, as our Teacher ; but He is also our King, as well as our Prophet and Priest He has given us His word and His Ministers to guide us in the way of salvation ; so that His last judgment of us will be holy and just in the last great day. 3. That day will be the end of time, to us the beginning of eternity ; and all peoples will be arraigned before Jesus. He will give up the wicked to eternal punishment, but the holy will congregate with Jesus in the life that is eternal. We are taught thus much about the day of judgment, that we may prepare for it A true and literal translation, R. AMOS. Nukualofa, October 27th, 1853. 446 THE SOUTHERN WOELD. NOTE G. THE LAWS OP THE KINGDOMS OF TONGA, HAABAI, AND VAVAU. I. The Law referring to the King. 1. The King, being the root of all government in the land, it is for him to appoint those who shall govern in his land. 2. Whatever the King may wish done in his land, it is with him to command the assemblage of his Chiefs, to consult with him thereon. 3. Whatever is written in these laws, no Chief is at liberty to act in opposition, but to obey them together with his people. 4. The King is the Chief Judge; and anything the Judges may not be able to decide upon, shall be referred to the King, and whatever his decision may be, it shall be final. II. The Law concerning Taxes. Whatever the King deems proper, shall be done by the people for the King. III. The Law referring to the Judges. 1. It is the province of the King to appoint all the Judges in his kingdom. 2. This is the office of the Judges: If any one or more be charged with having committed a crime, it is the business of the Judges, when such are brought up for trial, to hear the person by whom the charge is made, as also the statement of the prisoner. The trial being over, and his guilt proved, the Judge shall then pronounce sentence, according to what is written in these Laws. 3. The remuneration which the Judges and Officers shall have made to them by the King, is the distribution of the convicted persons amongst them, to labour for them at their respective places. A brief allusion to the business of the Judges. 1. There shall be no respect of persons with the Judges in their trial of offenders. Though the offender be a Chief, or next in rank, he shall be tried according to these Laws; it being unjust to differ between the trial of a Chief and that of a common man. 2. On no account for the Judges to receive food or payment from those about to be tried: should any one so receive, and it be discovered, he shall be deposed from his office, having acted unjustly. *** 4. The day of trial arrived, and the Judges seated, the prisoner, com- plainants, and witnesses, shall be brought before them ; and the Judge then state the crime with whichjhe prisoner is charged, and about to be tried for. 5. The Judge shall then inquire of the accused, whether the charge against him be true or not ; and if he admits its truth, the Judge shall at once pronounce sentence ; but if he denies it, the Judge shall order the witnesses to state what they know, the accused being at liberty, if he can, THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 447 to produce witnesses to prove his innocency of the crime of which he is charged. 6. Should the accused wish to question the 'witnesses on anything they may state, he is not at liberty to address them, but make known his inquiry to the Judge, and for the Judge to put his question to the wit- nesses, that on no account there be either talking or quarrelling in the presence of the Judges; and if any one breaks this law, it is with the Officers present in court to put a stop to it. 7. And with regard to any serious crime, such as murder, incendiarism, the burning a canoe, or personal assault, or the like, when the Judges shall have tried the case, and they are of one opinion as to the punishment to be inflicted, not for it to be enforced immediately, but for the Judges and King to confer; and should the King deem it proper to lessen the punishment, well, but not for him to increase it. IV. The Law referring to Witnesses. If any one accuse another, or any one confirms it, but on trial it is afterwards found that both the accuser and witnesses have lied, the punishment which would have been inflicted on the accused, the Judge shall order to be enforced against the accuser and false witness ; but when any one works unjustly through a false accuser and a false witness, the Judges shall order the false witness to pay him who has laboured con- trary to justice, according to his amount of work done for the Governing Chief, and punish the false witness according to the punishment unjustly inflicted on the accused. V. The Law of the Chiefs and those who govern. 1. The Chiefs to whom these Laws refer are those whom the King has appointed to govern portions of the land, and their people. 2. It is with those Chiefs only to harangue and govern their people, and it is not admissible for any other to order or govern those people. 3. And any one, not being a Chief of high rank, who shall break this law, shall be tried for the same, and be ordered to pay to such persons according to the work they have been made unlawfully to do for him. 4. This is the labour which the Governing Chiefs shall lawfully demand from their people yearly, even to the extent they may think proper; and such Chief shall pay strict attention in seeing the King's work properly executed, but in case of his negligence his people shall do the less for him. VI. The Law referring to Officers. 1. On the perpetration of a crime being made known to the Judges, it is the province of the Officers to take care and bring the offender to the place of trial on the day appointed. 2. On the accused being brought before the Judges, it is for them to prevent confusion and quarrelling between the persons on trial and the witnesses ; and should any speak loud, or shout, it is for them to put a stop to it, and demand silence. 3. The trial of offenders being over, and they being condemned to pay 448 THE SOUTHERN WOKLD. or work, it is for the Officers to see that their payment is brought on the appointed day, and to see that the work of the offenders is performed in a proper and correct manner. 4. It is with the King to remunerate the Officers according to their labours. 5. It is the duty of the Governing Chief of the land or place to bring the offender to the place of trial. VII. The Law referring to Man and Wife. 1. Marriage is a covenant between man and woman, that they shall be one, and their property one, until the termination of the existence of one of them. 2. Those who are eligible to marry must be 16 years of age, and no one who is less than 16 can be married. 3. No man can have two wives, no woman two husbands at once, but each to live with his or her lawful partner : should this law be broken, the parties shall be judged, and work as for committal of adultery. 4. Another thing forbidden is, the improper interference of any one to promote or stop a marriage. Where the parties are of one mind to marry, they shall not be prevented, unless there be a just and sufficient cause : should this law be broken, the punishment to be inflicted shall be with the Judge. 5. When a man and woman marry, their parents shall no longer govern them; they shall act as they like, and no relative shall forcibly influence them : should they, it is with the Judge what punishment to inflict 6. From the present evil and impoverishing system at marriages, what- ever the friends may think proper to present to either the man or woman about to be married, it shall be his or hers, and on no account be again distributed. 7. Let all men know that it is just to labour and provide food for their families, and in case of their voyaging, to leave food for them ; and who- soever shall neglect to keep this law, the Judge shall inflict punishment to the extent he may think proper. 8. In reference to man and wife separating, this is the law : Nothing can justify their separation but the crime of adultery committed by either party. And if any man cast away his wife, or any woman her husband, save for that crime, the Judge shall order the offending to support the offended party, and on refusal, the man or woman offending shall labour until such time as he or she shall be. willing to live together again. In case of separation, these things are to be regarded : (1.) The thing which makes it lawful for a man and wife to separate. (2.) But the thing which is right and commendable is, to forgive, and live together again ; and on no account, after so doing, ever more to refer to it (3.) In case of either party doing wrong, and the other takes no notice of it at the time, but they continue to live together; at any future time, when the mind of the injured party may be pained towards the other, he or she shall not then be at liberty to refer to it THE SOUTHERN WORLD. . 449 (4.) Let all know that the separating of man and wife is a difficult matter. Since the marriage contract is a command of God, the Minister must first marry them ; but, in case of trial, and the crime proved, then the Minister must pronounce them separated, in the large Chapel, before all the people, even as their marriage was performed. Then the writing of divorce shall be given to the innocent party. (5.) All parties who have separated, but not according to this law as here written, shall be considered as man and wife; and it shall not be lawful for either again to marry whilst both are still living. (6.) Where both parties do wrong, and it is their minds to separate, they may separate ; but it shall not be lawful for either of them to marry until one of them become deceased. VIII. The Law referring to Adultery. When a man or woman shall be tried for adultery, and be found guilty, if the man has transgressed, he shall pay to the injured man, with whose wife he has sinned, three large hogs and sixty yams, and afterwards work three months ; and where the woman sins, the payment shall be the same as in the other case. IX. T)ie Law referring to Fornication. When a case of fornication is tried, and proved, the guilty man shall work for two months, as also the guilty woman. Where the crime is repeated, the parties shall work three months, and so on. X. The Law referring to Illegitimate Children. Let all persons know it shall not be just for a relative to take forcibly a bastard child from its mother, but by her consent only ; and if any one break this law, the Judge shall order the child to be restored. XI. The Law referring to Dances, and other Heathen Customs. Let all people know that Dancing is strictly forbidden, as well as all Heathen Customs : and if any are found practising such, they shall be tried, and, on being proved guilty, work one month ; and, in case of a repetition, two mouths. XII. The Law referring to the Sabbath-day. The breaking of the Sabbath is a great sin in the sight of God. Work which cannot be dispensed with, such as preparing food for a sick person, may be done, or any unforeseen accident occurring ; but other works, such as house-building, making canoes, gardening, seeking fish, journeying to a distance, and assembling together for wicked purposes, are all forbidden. Any person found guilty shall work one month, and on repetition of the crime, two months. XIII. The Law referring to taking anything forcibly. Let all persons know, that taking anything forcibly, or on the score of relationship, is strictly forbidden. If any one takes that which is the pro- perty of another without his (the owner's) consent, the Judges shall repri- mand him, and he shall bring back that which he took ; and in case of his 450 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. repeating the act, he shall pay four times the value of the article he has taken by force; or, on the score of relationship, twice the value of the thing taken to the owner, and twice its value to the King. XIV. The Law referring to Fighting, Quarrelling, and things very disorderly. Should any persons fight, quarrel, or create any disturbance, they shall work three weeks; and if all concerned be equally bad, their punishment shall be the same. XV. The Law referring to Murder. Persons committing murder, from an evil mind, shall be hung. XVI. The Law referring to Manslaughter. The signification of manslaughter is, the killing another accidentally, whilst working, or with the weapon of another, but not designing to kill. Should such a case occur, be tried, and an individual found guilty, but it appear that he had no bad design towards the deceased, or expectation to commit such an act, but that it was purely accidental, he is not guilty, and shall be discharged. But on trial, if it be discovered that they quarrelled, or fought, or fought with clubs, or wrestled, or did anything from which sprang the death of one, but w"hich was not done with an intent to kill, he shall work for the space of two years. XVII. The Law on producing Abortion. That to which this law refers is a most disgusting crime, and highly deserves punishment. In case any woman should take any medicine, or eat anything, or do anything, in order to produce premature delivery, and she be tried and found guilty, she shall work for the King a whole year. XVIII. The Law referring to Incendiarism. Should any person set fire to a canoe, or house, with intent to destroy it, and be found guilty, such person shall pay the value of the house, as well as of all the property it contained. XIX. The Law referring to Robbery. If any one steals a thing from the house or plantation of another, or from elsewhere, the thief shall pay four times the value of the thing stolen, half to the person he robbed, and half to the Government Any one stealing a trifle, whom the Judges think proper to punish, it shall be done unto him as they may see to be right XX. The Law referring to the breaking, or committing a nuisance on, a Canoe. If any one breaks, or commits a nuisance upon, a canoe, the property of another, and is detected, he shall be tried, and the Judge order him to pay a carpenter for repairing her. The offender shall afterwards work for Government according to the extent of damage he has done to the canoe. This law extends also to a similar injury done to a house. THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 451 XXI. The Law referring to breaking of Fences. Should a man or woman break the fence of any one, the person so transgressing shall repair it, and work for Government according to the extent of the injury committed. If the animal of any one, whether dog, pig, or goat, shall injure a good fence, the property of another, the owner of such animal shall repair the fence ; and should he not afterwards secure the animal in his own premises, but permit it again to injure a fence, he shall forfeit his animal to Government, and Government shall do as it deems proper with it. XXII. The Law referring to Pigs, and all destructive animals. In case the animal of any one be discovered injuring a plantation, or anything else, it shall first be made known to the owner of such animal that he may put it in a sty, or tie it up. If the same animal should destroy a second time, the Judge shall order the owner of it to pay the person who has sustained the injury, that which may be equivalent to it, and forfeit the destructive animal to Government. But should the fence injured be an old or rotten one, the owner shall pay for the first damage it does, agreeably to this law, but he shall not forfeit his animal to Govern- ment for the first offence. XXIII. The Law referring to lost Property. 1. Anything, the property of a person, being lost, and found by another, the finder knowing the owner, but does not make it known to him, shall be tried as for theft. Anything being found, but the owner unknown, it shall remain with him who finds it. 2. Payment shall not be demanded by the person who finds the lost property of another. XXIV. The Law referring to such persons as shall make known a Crime about to be perpetrated. Should any persons agree to commit a great evil, whether two, three, or ten ; and they shall have determined to perpetrate it, but one shall repent and make known what they were going to do, he shall be forgiven ; but all the others concerned shall be punished according to the evil they intended committing, even as though it had been committed. XXV. The Law referring to Chiefs and People who may cause any Evil to arise in the Land. If such Chiefs or people are discovered, the same shall be banished from the land they live in, into another land ; nor shall they be permitted to return to their land, but it shall be with the Government, their returning or remaining until the end of their lives. XXVI. The Law referring to Voyaging. Should any Chief, with his crew, voyage and do wrong in any land, on his return they shall be tried, and punished according to the evil com- mitted. It shall not be lawful for persons voyaging to bring away the people of the shores they may visit, unless at the request of the Chief of such land, in that case they may j but if they are brought away without 452 THE SOUTHERN WORLD. the knowledge of the Chief of that land, such Chief so taking them shall pay ten dollars. ****** XXIX. The Law referring to the Soil. It shall not be lawful for any Chief or people in Tonga, Haabai, or Vavau, to sell a portion of land to strangers (i.e., foreigners) ; it is for- bidden ; and any one who may break this law shall be severely punished. XXX. The Law referring to Carpenters. Carpenters, working at their trade, shall do their work faithfully, and shall be paid by those for whom they work ; but should those for whom they work not pay them, the Judge shall order them to pay them even more than was originally designed. XXXI. The Law referring to waving to Canoes. Canoes may be waved to, and should the canoe not come to the beckon, the person in it shall be fined a pig. In particular cases of urgency, Chiefs may wave to a canoe under sail. XXXII. The Law referring to the Roads of the Land. The Chiefs shall see that the roads are hoed. The payment for not hoeing a road of any length shall be a pig and twenty yams j aud the not hoeing a short path, the fine shall be twenty yams. XXXIII. The Law referring to the digging Graves. It shall not be lawful for any other than the appointed persons, called " Haatufuga," to dig graves ; but, should there be no Haatufugas where the deceased is to be interred, in that case only others may dig the grave. The relatives of the deceased shall pay to the Haatufuga according to the work done ; and, should the friends of the deceased refuse to do so, the Judges shall compel them to pay the Haatufuga. XXXIV. The Law referring to Deceased Persons. There shall be five days of cooking food for the Chiefs, four days for the matabule or gentlemen, and three days for the common people ; the "tukuofo," with the "toka" and the " lanu kilikili," shall be given up; and if the friends have not wherewith to inter the dead in, others may furnish what is needful. The thing most becoming is, for the relatives to take care of the afflicted whilst yet alive; to feed, clothe, give drink, &c., and contribute something towards the burial before his decease. The people shall please themselves about the cooking at the burial. If the corpse is buried as to-day, not to cook until to-morrow ; and not for the burial to be as a feast, for it is a visitation of God to that family, and it is right that they should humble themselves before God. XXXV. The Law referring to the Tortoise. If any man catch a tortoise, and take the first he catches to the Governor, and then take another, the second shall be his, the third he catches shall be the Governor's, the fourth his, and so on. THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 453 XXXVI. The Law referring to Men. You shall work and persevere in labouring for the support of your family, as well as yourself, and in order to trade and contribute to the cause of God, and the Chief of the land ; and each man shall seek his piece of land to cultivate. Any man not willing to work, he shall neither be fed nor assisted ; all such persons being useless to the land and its inhabitants, and unprofitable to their friends. XXX VI I. The Law referring to the Women. You must work, women, and persevere in labouring to clothe your husbands and children ; unmarried women shall work to be useful to their relatives and parents. If they do not work, they shall not be fed or assisted ; for our assisting the indolent is supporting that which is an evil. XXXVIII. The Law referring to Chiefs, and those who have people under them to govern. The duty of such is, to make known these laws to the people they govern, whether they keep them or not ; and, if they do not keep them, exhort them to do so : but, if they still break them, make known their disobedience. XXXIX. The Law referring to persons who depreciate the character of others, and to Evil-speakers. If there is any one who shall depreciate the character and speak evil of the King, the Chiefs who govern the people, the Judges, or the Mission- aries, and, when tried, are found guilty, the Judge shall order him to be punished according to the evil he has done. XL. Ttie Law referring to Foreigners. If any foreigner desire to reside in this kingdom, and will act agreeable to the laws of this land, the laws of this land shall protect him ; but if he breaks the laws of this land, he shall be tried as the people of this land ; and if any of the inhabitants injure him in any way, they shall be punished accordingly. Foreigners shall pay yearly according to the portion of land they hold, whether large or small ; and it shall be with the Judges to demand such payment from the foreigners. XLI. The Law referring to Clothing. The Chiefs, Governors, and people shall clothe. XLII. The Law referring to Catching Fish. Any persons catching the larger fish shall not do as they please with them, such as the turtle, albicore, bonito, and ulua, &c., but, on obtain- ing one, shall take it to the Chief ; the second he takes shall be his, and so on afterwards. X LI 1 1. The Law referring to Disobedience. All persons disobedient to the King, or to the Governors of the people, shall be taken to the Judge to be punished, according to the evil they have done. Lifuka, Haabai, January, 1852. Translated by G. R. H. MILLER, 454 THE SOUTHERN WOULD. These laws are not all that could be desired, but they are, nevertheless, much in advance of those which previously existed; and are interesting, as showing the first attempt at Christian legislation by a people who had but just emerged from a state of barbarism. The King is aware of their defects, and I have reason to believe that they will ere long be revised, and greatly improved. The power of George is great; and although he ex- ercises it with much wisdom and equity, it may be very unsafe to transmit that power to his successor. NOTE H. Brief outline of King George's Sermon. "My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge." Hosea iv. 6. Hosea wrote this book at a time when evil abounded among the people of Israel. You are aware that they were the people of God, but unfaith- ful ; and the root of their evil is in this place apparent, &c. I. Make known the evil of ignorance. 1. The importance of man, as the creature said to be destroyed by ignorance. Not the least, but the best of God's works. He was not created in the same way as other things. God said, " Let there be light, and there was light," &c. But in the creation of man he said, " Let us make man in our own image, after our likeness." No other being in the world had such a creation, bore such a likeness. 2. God raised man on high, to govern the things of the world. "Have thou dominion," &c. 3. The ransom paid for man when he had sinned shows his importance. " You were not redeemed with corruptible things, such as silver and gold, but with the precious blood of Christ," &c. 4. The ability of man for xisefulness. He has great powers which show his worth as a creature. But ignorance, or the " lack of knowledge," destroys man. It destroys his excellency, his happiness, his usefulness, his soul : he perishes " for lack of knowledge." See what knowledge has done for the white man ; See what ignorance has done for the men of this land ! Is it that white men are born more wise ? Is it that they are naturally more capable than others ? No: but they have obtained knowledge; and that know- ledge has come from the Book. This is the principal cause of the difference. II. Inquire what should be done to prevent the destruction of the people. 1. We must pray to God. " If any man lack wisdom, let him ask of God," &c. We receive wisdom, earthly, from man; spiritual, from God. Call upon God, but not anyhow. Pray in the name of Jesus, pray in earnest. God is not poor, but the fountain of blessing ; nor will giving largely, impoverish him. He does not lose knowledge by giving it 2. We must read the sacred Book. What kingdom was ever wise without reading ? This book is a compass, a chart, telling us where we are and where to go. Can the lotu prosper without reading the Book ? The Bible is the thing to confirm us in religion. What do the people who are wise ? They delight in the law of God, and in that law meditate both . THE SOUTHERN WORLD. 455 day and night What else should we do ? Parents, urge your children to attend the school, that they may gain knowledge. Seek to obtain the Book if you have it not. I shall not say much. A little more, and then I have done. Some say, " Praise God, the lotu has come to the land!" but if thou believe it not, wilt thou live by it ? Thou mayest deceive me deceive the Missionary, but thou canst not deceive God. Wilt thou not have to stand at the judgment-seat of Christ ? Too late to repent when death seizes thee. Attend at once to what Solomon says : Put away folly, and thou shall live. NOTE I. Letter from the Rev. John Wesley, addressed to Mr. Valton. " Leeds, June 23d, 1782. "MY DEAR BROTHER, I cannot allow Joshua Scolefield to be any longer a Leader. And if he will lead the class whether I will or no, I require you to put him out of our Society. If twenty of his class will leave the Society too, they must. The first loss is the best. Better forty members balost, than our discipline lost. They are no Methodists that will bear no restraint. Explain this at large to the Society. " Your affectionate friend and brother, " JOHN WESLEY." NOTE K. A statistical view of the Mission Churches in the Southern World, to be embraced in the Australasian Connexion. ' Australia and vo-nr -Pr-'on/iw Van Diemen's 7o ., w ^ y Feejee. Total. Land. ^eaiima. sies. Missionaries 66 20 11 11 108 Circuits 33 17 5 4 59 Chapels 142 104 107 61 414 Other Preaching-places 145 148 13 31 337 Catechists 3 5 8 50 66 Day-school Teachers 44 12 724 368 1,148 Sunday-school do 887 424 .. .. 1,311 Local-preachers 303 322 527 56 1,208 Church members 5,322 4,093 6,834 2,707 18,956 On trial 231 389 59 384 1,063 Sabbath-schools 116 188 . . . . 304 Sabbath-scholars 7,891 5,730 .. .. 13,621 Day-schools 27 88 185 120 420 Day-scholars 2,288 2,618 7,279 3,916 16,101 Members of the Congregations 34,100 10,864 9,800 5,760 60,524 There is no return in the above from Feejee and the Friendly Islands of any Sunday-schools. There are, however, such schools in those islands, but both teachers and scholars belong to the day-schools, and are reported accordingly. 450 THE SOUTHERN WOELD. NOTE L. THE whole system of devil-worship received a severe shock in 1850, at Matura, its great stronghold. Mr. Murdock, being at that place on busi- ness, challenged the priests publicly; and offered them a large reward if they would make any of their incantations take effect upon him, by causing him to fall down dead, for these priests profess to be the dis- pensers of death to the living, as well as of life to the dying. They employed the usual methods of preparation, such as sleeping in graves at night, frying eggs in human skulls, &c., and then met Mr. Murdock in the presence of many hundreds of Singhalese. For more than an hour they tried to effect their purpose ; and the people " looked when he should have swollen or fallen down dead suddenly; but, after they had looked a great While, and saw no harm come to him, they changed their minds," if not in reference to him, at least in reference to these charms. A derisive cry was raised throughout the crowd, and the devil-priests have since been hooted through the streets of Matura. These priests at Matura endeavoured, however, to maintain the devil's cause. Some said that though they had failed, there were priests who would succeed; whilst others affirmed that Mr. Murdock's being an Englishman was the cause of their failure; but if Singhalese men would submit to be charmed, the charm would take effect. Another challenge was therefore given early in 1851, and four principal places were chosen for the trial, namely, Kandy, Colombo, Galle, and Matura, which, being suffi- ciently central to leave any priest without excuse who should refuse to go from any town or village in the island, to the nearest of these four places, for the purpose of obtaining so large a sum of money. The experiments were to be superintended at Kandy by the Rev. Mr. Vondadelson, Colonial Chaplain, and Mr. Murdock, Secretary of the Singhalese Tract Society ; at Colombo, by the Rev. Mr. Allen, Baptist, and Dr. Elliot, Editor of "The Colombo Observer;" at Galle, by the Rev. J. H. Clark, Presbyterian, and the Rev. George Parsons, Church of England ; and at Matura, by the Rev. Mr. Oudatje, Colonial Chaplain, and the Rev. Joseph Rippon, Wesleyan. At none of the places did any priest appear ; and the people who had come together evidently felt that their religion had suffered an inglorious defeat. The superstition was greatly shaken, and the way for direct Missionary operations was thus prepared. London : R. Needham, Printer, Paternoster-Row. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 305 De Neve Drive - Parking Lot 17 Box 951388 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. 961 421 5 DIJ ?1 Y86s