i.i HRAK Y 
 
 i>r mi-: 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, 
 
 Accessions No.tf/s CA/ss No. 
 
The French in America 
 
 War of Independence of the United States 
 
 1777-1783. 
 
 A TRANSLATION BY 
 
 EDWIN SWIFT BALCH 
 
 AND 
 
 ELISE WILLING BALCH, 
 > 
 
 OF 
 
 LES FRANCAIS EN AMERIQUE 
 
 PENDANT LA 
 
 Guerre de L Independance des Etats-Unis. 
 
 THOMAS BALCH. 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 PORTER & COATES. 
 
 1895. 
 
Copyright, 1895, by Edwin Swift Bakh. 
 
TRANSLATOR S NOTE. 
 
 MY father intended to publish the second volume of " Les 
 Francais en Amerique " in France, but after he had received 
 the proofs from the printer, he decided not to do so, because, 
 as he says in the preface : " I received for the second part 
 so large a number of interesting communications that I have 
 found myself obliged to add to my finished manuscript." 
 He purposed also rewriting some of the biographical notices. 
 
 The present volume is a translation from these proofs, with 
 the addition of the numerous manuscript notes in the margin. 
 Most of these notes are in my father s handwriting. These 
 I have inserted as notes, with the explanation : " Marginal 
 note by T. B." A few other notes were added in a revision 
 of the book made at the " Archives" of the French Xavy. 
 These I have inserted a.s notes, with the explanation : " Mar 
 ginal note." My one aim in translating has been accuracy. 
 I have been as literal as possible, and have tried to get the 
 absolute meaning of every sentence. 
 
 The references, Archive* of War or Archives of the Navy, 
 refer to the French Archives. 
 
 The ranks of marechal de aunp, brigadier, and mcxtre <lc 
 camp occur frequently in the course of the book. These were 
 ranks in the French armv before the French Revolution, of 
 which we have no exact counterparts in Knglish. M. Littre 
 gives the following explanations about them in his dictionary : 
 Marfahal dc. camp : general officer, whose rank is immediately 
 above that of colonel, and who corresponds to the rank of gen 
 eral of brigade. Formerly, their office was to march ahead of 
 the armies to make sure of the road and arrange the camps. 
 Brigadier: officer in the armies of the King, whose rank was 
 
 (iii) 
 
iv Translator s Note. 
 
 between that of a colonel and a marechal de camp. Mestre de 
 camp : colonel of a regiment of infantry or cavalry. Mestre de 
 camp general de la cavalerie: officer who ranked next to the 
 colonel-general of the cavalry. The livre was a piece of money 
 in use before the franc, and slightly less in value. 
 
 To the names of the kind friends of my father, mentioned 
 in the "Translator s Note" to the first volume, I wish to add 
 those of General of Artillery Susane ; General Fave, com 
 mandant of the " ecole polytechnique " and aid-de-camp of 
 Napoleon the Third ; M. de Parieu ; and Friedrich Kapp, 
 member of the German Reichstag. 
 
 EDWIN SWIFT BALCH. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, May 1st, 1895. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGES. 
 Introduction 1_4 
 
 List of Koginicnts ................... .")-;> S 
 
 List of Officers 
 
THE FRENCH IN AMERICA 
 
 DURING 
 
 THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 THE list of the French regiments and officers who crossed 
 to America during the War of Independence is presented in 
 this part of my work for the first time in as exact and com 
 plete a manner as possible. The list of the regiments presents 
 no gaps, but it is not possible that it should be so with the 
 list of the officers, for the preparation of which official doc 
 uments either are wanting or are filled with errors. A lew 
 detailed remarks will explain the difficulties which I have 
 encountered in my researches for the compilation of the bio 
 graphical notices. 
 
 In all the memoirs of the time you often find the name of 
 one and the same person written in several ways, so that you 
 are at first led to believe in the existence of several officers 
 where in truth there is but one. In other cases, the same of 
 ficer bears several names, and is designated sometimes bv one, 
 sometimes by another, or perhaps he changes his name dur 
 ing the course of his career. Again, to a few names are 
 adapted titles of nobility entirely fictitious or quite in disaccord 
 with the rules of lieraldrv. 
 
 For instance, the Count de Bo/on is indifferently called 
 Bo/on, or de Talleyrand, or de Perigord, titles which in truth 
 belonged to him. 
 
 The Count de Sainte-Mesme, also called de Saint-Maime, 
 was known a few years after the American expedition only 
 
2 The French in America. 
 
 by the title of Count du Muy, which he inherited from his 
 uncle. The same observation applies to the Duke de Lauzun, 
 who became Duke de Gontaut-Biron. 
 
 De Chastellux is spoken of sometimes as Chevalier, some 
 times as Marquis, which would lead to the belief that there 
 were two officers of this name, while there was but one. 
 
 To make amends for this, there were two Yiomenil, and 
 while the older is called Baron, his brother receives more often 
 the title of Viscount than that of Chevalier. 
 
 The three Lameths are generally confounded under the 
 unique designation of Chevalier de Lameth. Only an atten 
 tive examination of the facts has permitted me to distinguish 
 between them, and to accord to each the share of merit that 
 belongs to him. 
 
 Count Mathieu Dunias becomes Du Mas in the Memoirs of 
 Lauzun ; de Leaumont is written Lomont in the Journal of 
 Cromot Dubourg; Choiseul is put in place of Choisy in the 
 Memoirs of Rochambeau, and so on for many more. 
 
 Without dwelling farther on this point I will call attention 
 to the fact that if I have found some difficulties in recogniz 
 ing the important personages under their multiplied or disfig 
 ured names, or under their inexact or variable titles, it has 
 been still more laborious for me to make this discrimination 
 for the officers of an inferior rank. 
 
 The Etats Militaires from 1777 to 1783, which I have 
 studied, present in this respect the most shocking inexactitudes ; 
 the names there are so altered that they often mislead the re 
 searches of the historian instead of facilitating them. In the 
 impossibility which I found of rectifying them all, I have con 
 tented myself in working out lists of the officers, following 
 after the notices on the regiments, from the fitats Militaires, 
 and indicating as often as possible the probable rectifications j 1 
 
 1 General of Artillery Susane has published, from a different point 
 of view, an interesting and remarkable work, IRstoire de I ancienne in- 
 fanterie francaise, Paris, 1853. 8 vole., awe atlas. 
 
Introduction. 3 
 
 then, in the biographical notices, I have followed the more 
 certain indications of the archives of the Ministry of War or 
 those of the original documents in my possession. 
 
 My researches in this direction have caused me to discover 
 unexpected names, which have since reappeared with distinc 
 tion in the events of this century. It is thus that, without 
 speaking of La Fayette, de Segur, de Rochanibeau, de Noailles, 
 de Broglie, de Saint Simon, de Mirabeau, de Lameth, and 
 many others to whom their birth assured a high social position, 
 I have found and been able to follow the trace of the Berthiers, 
 of de Menou, Miollis, Dumas, Gantheaurae, Truguet, Pichegru, 
 MacMahon, and many others, who, unknown when they per 
 formed their first military service in America, afterwards be 
 came celebrated among their countrymen. 
 
 It has, unfortunately, not always been possible for me to 
 procure precise information about the conduct during the 
 war of these personages, as nothing had as yet brought them 
 to public notice. But my investigations have sometimes 
 borne fruit, and I have the hope that I shall have furnished 
 to biographers and historians useful information. It also 
 seemed to me interesting to follow to the end of their career, 
 these men whom a generous impulse had brought, in their 
 youth, to the succor of the revolted colonies. I have thus 
 been led to complete a few biographical notices, written at first 
 only with reference to the expedition of 17S () - s - >. 
 
 It will be noticed, in looking over the list of the officers 
 attached to the army of Rochanibeau, that the decorations and 
 the pensions were accorded for the most part to the regiment 
 of Gatinais, later Royal-Auvergne, and to that of Deux-Ponts. 
 They were, in truth, the regiments that were ordered to cap 
 ture the great English redoubt during the night of the 14th 
 of October, 1781, and the ones who thus contributed most to 
 the capture of Yorktown. They lost also the largest num 
 ber of men during the campaign. 
 
 The legion of Lauzun did not receive any gratification, nor, 
 
4 The French in America. 
 
 as they said then, any grdce. Its chief had lost all favor at 
 court, and the important services which this army corps had 
 rendered during the whole campaign were unworthily forgot 
 ten. Neither the names of the officers, nor even the name of 
 the legion, appear in any way in the &ats Militaires from 1777 
 to 1783. This probably was due to the fact that this corps 
 was paid from the funds of the navy, and was classed among 
 the forces of the navy. 
 
 The legions were mixed corps, composed of infantry and 
 cavalry. 
 
 But little attention, moreover, was paid to acquired rights 
 and to merit at the Court of Versailles, where everything was 
 at the discretion of the favorites of the day. I have been able 
 to convince myself that the promotion of the officers was due 
 to an arbitrary will or to intrigue. While a soldier of some 
 value could not reach the grade of petty officer until after 
 twenty years of service, the nobles obtained at once this title, 
 and could become colonels in less than four years. A few of 
 them became lieutenants at fifteen years of age, like Chastel- 
 lux, or even at nine, like Custine. They left their regiments, 
 traveled according to their fancy, even carried on regular war 
 where it pleased them, without troubling themselves about the 
 functions that were attributed to their rank. 2 Their advance 
 ment was not retarded on that account ; they found, if nec 
 essary, on their return, a place as qfficier reformed But talent 
 and courage were of small weight in the scale of royal favors. 
 
 2 See Vol. I., page 96, and also Extrait du Journal d un officier dc 
 marine sous Us ordres de d Estaing, Paris, 1782. 
 
 3 Ojfficiers reformes were those who were serving away from their own 
 regiments while waiting for a vacancy. They were the officiers a la suite 
 of to-day. 
 
LIST OF THE FBEKCH EEGIMEHTS 
 WHICH SERVED IN AMERICA FROM 1777 TO 1783. 
 
 AGftXOIS. 
 
 The first and second battalions of this regiment were sent 
 to Cape Francais, Saint Domingo, and remained there from 
 1777 to 1783. In 1781 they crossed to the continent with 
 the regiment of Touraine, under the command of the Mar 
 quis de Saint-Simon, to take part in the siege of Yorktown. 
 They had previously fought before Savannah in 1779 under 
 d Estaing, and had distinguished themselves at the capture 
 of Saint Christopher with the same admiral. 
 
 These two battalions were taken back to Martinique by 
 de Grasse, between the 4th and the 2Gth of November, 1781. 
 
 In 1777 their stall was composed as follows: 
 
 Colonel- Command (intj 
 The Baron de Cadignan. 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 The Count de Crillon. 
 
 Lieutenant- ( "oloncl, 
 Rayne de Cantis. 
 
 J/q/or, 
 Dcsdorides. 
 
 (5) 
 
6 The French in America. 
 
 In 1779 their staff was thus modified: 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 The Chevalier Dulan d Allemans. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel, 
 Dupleix de Cadignan. 
 
 Major, 
 The Chevalier de Saguarigue. 
 
 Paymaster, 
 
 Barres. 
 In 1780 I find : 
 
 Colonel- Commandant, 
 The Count d Autichamp. 
 The rest as above. 
 
 In 1781 Paymaster Barres was replaced by Deriot, then 
 by Berruet, and the major was de Rommefort, or Rumfort. 
 The other officers were : 
 
 Captains- Commandants : 
 De Terson, L Espes, 
 
 De Lustrac, Saint-Germain, 
 
 De Bchagle or Behague, Bourguisson, 
 De La Rochecoquet, Ch. d Ypres, 
 
 Richard, Desbarry. 4 
 
 Captains en Second: 
 
 Ch. Dianous, Ch. de la Villebrune, 
 
 Desmarets, De Soyres, 
 
 De Marrans, Caumont, 
 
 De Caire, Feydeau. 
 
 De la Corbiere, 
 
 4 See in the List of Officers : Iinbert de Barry. 
 
List of Regiments. 
 
 First Lieutenants: 
 
 De Cauville, Saint-Sauveur, 
 
 Ch. d Imbert, La Conssaye, 
 
 Drouilhet, Latour, 
 
 Trauroux, L ftcotay. 
 De Najac, 
 
 Second Lieutenants : 
 
 Pioling, Gineste, 
 
 Dasnieres, Le Houx, 
 
 La Landelle, De Mazelier, 
 
 D lloiuletot de Colomby, Pignol de Rocreuse, 
 
 Do Voi.sins, Du Bouzet. 
 
 Sub-Lieutenant 
 
 Pujol, DC la Forgerie, 
 
 Lacroix, Marcussy, 
 
 Parfouru, Ijonioux, 
 
 Do Brugc, Chaussepied, 
 
 Bcssonay, Lavuutte, 
 
 Montaigut, ^lorroigo, 
 
 Fa has, Gotizie, 
 
 Coquet, De Month mr, 
 
 Drouillant, Leaumont or Laumont. 5 
 
 ANHALT. 
 
 This regiment, which originally was intended to form part 
 of the army of Rochambeau, had to remain at Brest, owing 
 to the lack of transports, and did not cross to America. 
 The same thing happened to the regiment of Neustrie, and 
 to half the regiment of Soissonnais. 
 
 6 See in the List of Officers: Blaiulat, Bouillet, Deidier, Kermaivc, 
 I/ Oiiurdy, Yrcsoseer. 
 
8 The French in America. 
 
 ARMAGNAC. 
 
 This regiment was sent to Guadeloupe in 1777, but did 
 not cross to the continent. In 1780 and 1781 it was com 
 manded as follows : 
 
 Colonel, 
 The Marquis de Livarot. 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 De Montval. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel, 
 Feydeau de Saint Christophe. 
 
 Major, 
 The Chevalier de Rostaing. 
 
 Paymaster, 
 Dufosse". 
 
 Captains : 
 
 De la Garde, De Tarragon, 
 
 Boulland, D Armentieres, 
 
 De Fresne, Ville, 
 
 Marin, Servilange. 
 
 Lieutenants : 
 
 De Roquefeuille, Londeix de la Brosse, 
 
 De la Chaussee, De la Ferte. 
 
 Saint Martin, 
 
 Further on I give biographical notices of those officers who 
 crossed to the American continent to take part in the siege 
 of Savannah and who fought with their regiment at Tabago, 
 Saint Christopher, Saint Lucia, and Dominica. 6 
 
 6 See in the List of Officers : Bosnier de Saint Cosme, Escury, Fou- 
 quet, Grillieres, Lecomte. 
 
List of Regiments. 9 
 
 ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERS. 
 
 After carefully examining the tats Militaires from 1777 to 
 1783, I find that the corps of these departments which crossed 
 to America daring that period were : 
 
 REGIMENT OF METZ. 
 
 Two of the ten companies of the first battalion and the 
 entire second battalion. 
 
 The positions were filial as follows : 
 
 Colonel, 
 
 De Faultrier, replaced at the time of Rochanibeau s 
 departure for America by d Aboville. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel, 
 De Gimel. 
 
 Major, 
 De la Barriere. 
 
 CJiiefo of Brigade : 
 
 De Missolz, De Villicrs, 
 
 La Borde, La Barrc de (Jarov. 
 
 De Grand court, 
 
 Aide- Major, 
 Vernier. 
 
 Paymaster, 
 Chapel le. 
 
 ( Captains : 
 
 De Mauroy, La Doaillere, 
 
 De Laborie, Maigrct, 
 
 Durand, Turgot, 
 
10 The French in America. 
 
 Calage, Pelletier de Glatigny, 
 
 Rotalier, Lefevre de Givry, 
 
 Tardy de Montravcl, Dupuy, 
 
 Olry de Valsen, Burtin, 
 
 De Vulmont, Bruxel de Sancy, 
 
 De Beaudre, Launaguet, 
 
 Dubuat, Berthier. 
 
 Captains en Second (detached) : 
 Greville, at Saint Domingo ; 
 De Peccault, at Martinique; 
 Mauduit-Duplesis, volunteer to America ; 
 Vatry, at Guadeloupe; 
 Douenne, at Guadeloupe. 
 
 First Lieutenants: 
 
 Prevost, Jupilles, 
 
 Marsilly, Le Blanc d Eguilly, 
 
 Olivier, Songis, 
 
 Douay, Blaize, 
 
 Duchat d Aubigne, Gimel, 
 
 Semecourt, Duglacy, 
 
 Durand de Gevigny, Belgrand. 
 Drozain, 
 
 Second Lieutenants : 
 
 Sucy d Auteuil, De Mestre, 
 
 Peyrelongue, La Pierre, 
 
 Caussanel, Duroz, 
 
 Dupuch, Gou plain, 
 
 Marieulle, Vernier, 
 
 Neuvy, Legrain, 
 
 Gervais, Humbert, 
 
 Pelletier de Voilemont, Goffard, 
 
 Sance, Pecqueux, 
 
 Durand, Contossct. 
 De Faultrier, 
 
List of Regiments. 11 
 
 REGIMENT OF AUXOXXE. 
 
 Only the second battalion of this regiment crossed to 
 America. 
 
 Chiefs of Brigade : 
 Nadal, I)e Buzelet. 
 
 Captains: 
 
 De Xcuris, Dufort, 
 
 Dupuy, De Boisloger. 
 
 Josserand, 
 
 Lieutenants : 
 
 De Jumecourt, De Yerton, 
 
 La Martiniere, Berthier, 
 
 De Pnsignan, Tardy de la Brosse. 
 
 D Andreossy, 
 
 Savournin, captain en second of the regiment of Grenoble, 
 was detached to America to join the corps of Rochambeau. 
 
 Chanteclair, captain en second of the regiment of Strasbourg, 
 was detached to Saint Domingo. 7 
 
 CORPS OF MIXERS. 
 
 The company of Dnpnch was sent to America in 1780 
 with the expeditionary corps. 
 
 Captain en Premier, 
 Dupuch. 
 
 Captain en Second, 
 Reimes. 
 
 First Lieutena n to, 
 
 De Corbeau, Yaiiriou. 
 
 Second Lieutenant, 
 I,e Roy. 
 
 Of the company of de Xoyremand, Captain de Xey remand 
 and Captain CH Second La Che/e were sent. 
 
 7 See in the Li.st of Ollicers : I*arolier, Bellanger, Lazie, Logo. 
 
12 The French in America. 
 
 Of the company of de Chazel two detachments were with 
 the army of Rochambeau. 
 
 Of the company of Barbariri, forty men were in Marti 
 nique. 8 
 
 ROYAL CORPS OF ENGINEERS. 
 
 Colonels : 
 
 Labbe" de Talsy, at Guadeloupe, in 1777 ; 
 Geoffroy de Bourget, at Martinique. 
 
 Under-Brigadier, 
 Taverne de Bois-Forest, at Saint Dominica. 
 
 Colonels : 
 
 Desandroins, commandant of the artillery and of the engineers 
 
 of the corps of Count de Rochambeau, in 1780; 
 
 Querenet de la Combe, in 1782. 
 
 Under- Brigadier, 
 Beylie, attached to the same corps. 
 
 Majors: 
 
 Palys de Montrepos, attached to the same corps ; 
 Deshautschamps, attached to the same corps. 
 
 Captains : 
 
 Ch. d Oyre, Gouvion, Sr., 
 
 Garavaque or Caravagne, Dubois de Crance, 
 
 De Turpin, De La Lustiere, 
 
 Laffite du Courteil, D Abadie, 
 
 Bonnet, De Prades, 
 
 Guerin de Fonsin, Crublier d Opterre or d Au- 
 Saint-Julien, beterre, 
 
 De Laurnoy, Blet de Villeneuve, 
 
 Briinck de Friindeck, Girard de Chantrant. 
 
 8 Mr. Barbarin, the artist, has given me some details about his fam 
 ily. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
List of Regiments. 13 
 
 Lieutenants : 
 
 Chevalier de Soalhat, De Fontalard, 
 
 Bouan, Rapine de Saxi, 
 
 Planchet, Chaussegros de Lery. 9 
 
 EMPLOYED ix THE COLONIES. 
 
 Captains : 
 
 Cantel d Aneteville, at Saint Dominica ; 
 Cluzel, at Guadeloupe ; 
 Merault de Monneron, at Guadeloupe ; 
 Bexon, at Martinique ; 
 Crubier de Saint-Cyran, at Martinique ; 
 Morlet, at Martinique ; 
 (iirard de Chateauvieux, at Martinique. 
 
 Chief of Brigade^ 
 Geoffrey, at Martinique. 
 
 Captains : 
 
 O Connor, at Martinique ; 
 Fontbanide, at Martinique ; 
 Rallier, at Dominica. 
 
 Gau, war commissioner for the artillery and engineer corps, 
 was attached to Rochambeau s corps in 1781. 
 
 To recapitulate, d Aboville was comniander-in-chief of the 
 artillery and of the engineers corps of the French expedi 
 tionary army in 1780; and Desandroins was the immediate 
 commander of the engineers. Part of the artillery that was 
 to cross to America with Count dc Rochambeau was left at 
 Brest owing to a lack of transport ships. Six companies of 
 canonniers started, one of bombardiers, a detachment of work 
 men, miners, and sappers ; in all live hundred and ninety- 
 nine men. 
 
 The field artillery followed Rochambcau s army by land 
 from Newport to Annapolis, where it was embarked for 
 
 See in the List of OHk-ers: Dumas, Pichegru, Plancher. 
 
14 The French in America. 
 
 Jamestown, while the siege artillery remained at Newport 
 under the guard of de Choisy, with five hundred French 
 soldiers and a thousand American militiamen. 
 
 The 21st of August, 1781, de Choisy, learning of the ar 
 rival of the army at AVilliamsburg, embarked his artillery 
 and four hundred of his soldiers upon the ships of the 
 squadron of de Barras. He left a hundred men at Provi 
 dence, under command of Desprez, major of Deux-Ponts, to 
 guard the hospital. The squadron set sail for Chesapeake 
 Bay. At the same time Count de Grasse advanced against 
 the English fleet commanded by Admiral Graves, who, owing 
 to an engagement with the vanguard of the French fleet 
 under Bougainville, was obliged to retire on August 24th. 
 De Barras, taking advantage of this circumstance, entered the 
 bay and landed de Choisy, with his troops and artillery, at 
 Cape Charles. 
 
 While the allied armies lay before New York, two artil 
 lery officers, de Neuris and de Verton, were ordered to place 
 a battery of eight cannon and six mortars on the left bank 
 of the North River to stop the incursions of the English 
 ships. At the first opportunity these batteries received the 
 English vessels in such a way as to prevent them from re 
 turning to annoy the Franco-American camp. 10 
 
 AUVERGNE. 
 
 According to the &ats Militaires, this regiment was sent to 
 
 the Antilles in 1781. 
 
 Colonel, 
 
 The Viscount de Laval. 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 
 The Marquis de Lameth. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel, 
 
 Duverdier. 
 
 10 Cromot Dubounr. 
 
List of Regiments. 15 
 
 Major, 
 
 Menou. 
 
 Paymaster, 
 Jean Bart. 
 
 It was from this regiment, divided in half, that the regi 
 ment of Gatinais, which distinguished itself so signally before 
 Yorktown, was formed. 11 
 
 AUXERROIS. 
 
 This regiment was sent to Martinique in 1777. It served 
 also at Dominica and Saint Lucia ; crossed with Saint Simon 
 to the continent to take part in the siege of Yorktown, and 
 then returned to the Windward Islands. 
 
 The chasseurs of the regiment tinder the orders of Major 
 de Frene, of Royal-Comtois, took part in the capture of Saint 
 Eustatius on November 26th, 1781. 
 
 In 1778 and 1779 the regiment was officered as follows: 
 
 Colonel- Commandant , 
 The Viscount de Damas. 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 
 The Marquis de Rostaing, replaced in 1779 by the Count de 
 
 Chapt. 
 
 Lieutenant- C blond, 
 
 The Count de Fondevaux, replaced in 1779 by Major de 
 
 Tunnel. 
 
 Major, 
 De Tunnel, replaced in 1 779 by Galaup. 
 
 Quartermaster and Paymaster, 
 Auricoste. 
 
 11 See in the List of Regiments : Gatinais. 
 
16 The French in America. 
 
 The following officers, the Chevalier de Saint Surin, Bre- 
 thous, Galaup, captains- commandants, and La Chaise and 
 Gailliot, first lieutenants, were decorated with the order of 
 Saint-Louis, in 1779, after the capture of Dominica. 
 
 BELZUNCE. 
 
 The dragoons of this regiment formed part of the troops 
 who landed at Savannah. The archives of the War Depart 
 ment and the Ultats Militaires of that time have furnished me 
 no information about the list of the officers of this regiment 
 or of the following one : 
 
 BERWICK. 
 
 Only one battalion of this regiment crossed to the Wind 
 ward Islands in 1777. It returned with the rest of the French 
 troops in 1783. 12 
 
 BOURBONNAIS. 
 
 This regiment took part in the German campaigns of 1760, 
 1761, 1762, and the whole of it was sent to America with 
 Count de Rochambeau. On March 16th, 1781, it fought in 
 Chesapeake Bay on the ships the Ardent and the Jason, un 
 der the orders of the Baron de Yiomenil and of de Laval. 
 The history of this regiment during the expedition is com 
 pletely given in the first part of this work. 
 
 In 1780 the regiment was commanded as follows : 
 
 Colonel, 
 The Marquis de Laval. 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 The Viscount de Rochambeau. 
 
 u See in the List of Officers: Mullens. 
 
List of Regiments. 17 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel, 
 De Bressolcs. 
 
 Major, 
 De Gambs. 
 Paymaster, 
 De Bezuchet. 
 Captains- Commandants : 
 De Montfort, De La Luderie, 
 
 De Lossc, Desondes, 
 
 De Lanet, De la Brue, 
 
 De Cazals, Duplessis, 
 
 Du Chevalier, De dial vet, 
 
 Captains en Second : 
 
 De Corn, De la Chassaigne, 
 
 Du Faure, Saint-Aubin, 
 
 De Manny, De Hitton, 
 
 ChennevioTes, Kininon. 
 
 De Morand, 
 
 First Lieutenants : 
 IVArlandes, Seilhae, 
 
 De Lamezan, Cieurae, 
 
 Salton, Chevalier de Coriolis, 
 
 De Bargues, D Artigues, 
 
 Desehaux, Eychc iiiu 1 . 
 
 Second Lieutenants: 
 Boiscontaud, Du Bayet, 13 
 
 De Roche, De Comeiras, 
 
 Casteras, Narbonne, 
 
 Saint-Cir, Crouzat, 
 
 Jousseran, De Conrcelles. 
 
 "This refers to d Aubert-Dubayet, who was Minister of War during 
 the French Revolution. 
 
18 The French in America. 
 
 Sub- Lieutenants : 
 
 De Silly, De Catey, 
 
 Chevalier Dufaute, Giemard, 
 
 Vidampierre, De Haussen, 
 
 De Berne, De la Garde, 
 
 Pochard, Villemonte s, 
 
 Tugnot, Hitton, 
 
 Gaudin, Gineste, 
 
 Mellet, Monmonnier, 
 
 Busselot, Marcognet. 14 
 
 CAMBISTS. 
 
 This regiment was at Mole Saint Nicholas, in Saint Do 
 mingo, in 1777. 
 
 Colonel, 
 The Marquis d Angosse. 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 
 The Count de Duras. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel, 
 
 De Morisot. 
 
 Major, 
 
 De Montgon. 
 
 Paymaster, 
 
 Jouen. 
 
 This regiment was afterwards incorporated in that of Saint- 
 onge. 
 
 CHAMPAGNE. 
 
 The second battalion was sent to the Windward Islands in 
 1779, and several of its officers were wounded at the capture 
 of Saint Vincent and in the fights fought by de Guichen. 
 
 14 See in the List of Officers: Coussol, Langeron, Mauny, Montes 
 quieu, Muderie. 
 
List of Regiments. 19 
 
 On June 16th, 1779, Captain Baritaut, fighting under the 
 orders of the Chevalier du Rumain, aided in the capture of 
 Saint Vincent, and on the 17th received the surrender of 
 Kingstown. On the 3d and 4th of July Grenada was taken. 
 At that engagement a hundred chasseurs of the regiment of 
 Champagne were at the van of the column on the right. 
 
 The soldiers of Champagne did many deeds of valor on 
 the 24th of September, 1779, before Savannah. Captain La 
 Mothe and a lieutenant were wounded there. 
 
 A detachment of the regiment was on board of the ships 
 of de Guichen on April 17th, and May 15th and 19th, 1780. 
 The whole regiment was on the fleet of Count de Grasse dur 
 ing the 9th and 12th of April, 1782. During those actions 
 Lieutenant Quetteville was dangerously wounded. 15 
 
 ROYAL-COMTOIS. 
 
 De Blanchelande, at the head of the second battalion, the 
 only one that was sent to the French West Indies before 1781, 
 left Saint Vincent on June 1st, 1780, to capture Tabag<>. 
 
 The Chevalier du Frene, the major, in command of the 
 c/w.s.sY M/ .s , carried the defenses of Saint Eustatius on Novem 
 ber 26th of the same year. In 1781 this battalion was sta 
 tioned at Grenada and at Saint Christopher. 
 
 Colonel, 
 The Count de Casteja. 
 
 ( olonel en Second, 
 The Chevalier de la None. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, 
 The Chevalier dc Pagny. 
 
 Major, 
 De Frcne. 
 
 Paymaster, 
 Lacroix. 
 
 15 See in the List of Officers: Petitot. 
 
20 The French in America. 
 
 ROYAL-DEUX-PONTS. 
 
 This regiment was first called regiment du Palatinat, be 
 cause originally it belonged to the prince palatine of Deux- 
 Ponts (Zweibriicken). 16 It was under this original name that 
 it took part in the German campaigns from 1757 to 1762. 
 Chosen to form part of the corps under the orders of Count 
 de Rochambeau, it embarked on the 4th of April, 1780, on 
 the Eveffl&, of sixty-four guns. Unfavorable winds detained it 
 at Brest until May the 12th. It arrived at Newport with the 
 squadron commanded by de Ternay, after a voyage of seventy- 
 two days. On the llth of June, 1781, it encamped at Prov 
 idence, and from there followed the general line of march of 
 the army to New York, and then to Annapolis, from where 
 it was taken by the Diligente to the mouth of the York River. 
 
 Four hundred men of this regiment were detailed to attack 
 the strongest redoubt of Yorktown during the night of the 
 14th to the 15th of October, 1781. Under the command of 
 Guillaume de Deux-Ponts, they formed the centre of the col 
 umn, whose van and rear guards were composed of the regi 
 ment of Gatinais, the van commanded by de FEstrade and 
 the rear by de Rostaing. I have related in the history of 
 the campaign of 1781 the glorious part that the regiment 
 took in the triumph of the allied armies. 
 
 This regiment returned from Boston to France in March, 
 1783. 
 
 Titulary Colonel, 
 The Count Christian de Deux-Ponts. 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 
 The Viscount Guillaume de Deux-Ponts, who became full 
 
 colonel in 1782, and whose position was filled 
 
 by de Fersen. 
 
 16 See in the List of Officers: Deux-Ponte. 
 
List of Regiments. 21 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonels : 
 
 De Haden, 
 The Baron d Esebeck. 
 
 Major, 
 De Prez or Desprez. 
 
 Paymaster, 
 Anciaux. 
 
 Captain*- ( ommandante : 
 Baron do Furstenwaerther, DC Sunnahl, 
 
 Baron DC Wisch, DC Slack, 
 
 DC Klock, Du Ilainault, 
 
 DC Find, Ri ihlc dc Lilienstern, 
 
 DC Thuillieres, Charles dc Cabanncs. 
 
 (\ip1aui8 en fceeond : 
 
 Max dc Oabannos, Dc I^udwig, 
 
 Baron dc Haacke, Baron de Johain, 
 
 Dc Fnrks, (/hcvalicr dc Haacke, 
 
 Baron d Escbcck, Baron de Closen. 
 
 Dc Miihlenfels, 
 
 First Lieutenants : 
 
 Count dc Spaucr, I5aron de Bibra, 
 
 Baron dc Kalb, 17 D lchtcrshcini the elder, 
 
 Baron dc Schwengsfeld, Dc Hm ii, 
 
 Baron dc Glaubitz, De Lutzon. 
 
 Baron de Truchscs, 
 
 Second Lieutenant* : 
 
 De Bertraml, Stoertz, 
 
 D Ichtersheim, Jiaron dc Rathsamhausen, 
 
 De Schauembourg, Baron dc Giintzcr, 
 
 Dn Pngct, De Gci spitzhciin, 
 
 J^althaz. de Schauembourg, Baron de Galatin. 
 
 Son of the general of the same name. 
 
22 The French in America. 
 
 Sub- Lieutenants : 
 
 De Pradelles, De Peschery, 
 
 De Schwerin, De Ribeaupierre, 
 
 De Bergh, D Egloffstein, 
 
 De Humbert, De Zoller, 
 
 De Gallois, De Rupplin, 
 
 Schutz, De Savignac, 
 
 Philippe de Hoen, De Martines, 
 
 De Galonnie de Yarize, De Tschudy, 
 
 Baron de Liickner, De la Roche, 
 
 De Custine, De Yerget. 18 
 
 DILLON. 
 
 When James the Second, driven from England, sought a 
 refuge with Louis the Fourteenth, Count Arthur Dillon, who 
 had supported James s cause, followed him to France with a 
 large number of Irishmen, and received permission to form 
 a regiment of his own name. 
 
 The regiment of Dillon distinguished itself in Spain un 
 der de Noailles and de Yendome, in Germany under Yille- 
 roy, in Italy under Yendome, and finally in the campaigns 
 in which Marshals de Yillars and de Berwick commanded. 
 
 The first battalion went to the Windward Islands in 1777, 
 under the command of de Bouille", and aided in the capture 
 of Grenada, Saint Eustatius, Tabago, and Saint Christopher. 
 It took part in the siege of Savannah, under the command 
 of Arthur Dillon, grandson of the one above mentioned. 
 
 Six hundred and thirty-three soldiers of this regiment, who 
 composed the second battalion which had remained in France, 
 were joined to Rochambeau s expedition, and embarked at 
 Brest in March, 1780, on the Provence. This vessel also 
 carried to America the legion of Lauzun. These two army 
 corps did not leave one another during the campaign. They 
 embarked at the same time at Head of Elk and were de- 
 
 18 See in the List of Officers: Leval. 
 
List of Regiments. 23 
 
 tailed for the attack on Gloucester. While Robert Dillon 
 carried out this attack with the second battalion, the first, 
 commanded by Arthur Dillon, was brought before Yorktown 
 by Saint-Simon. Arthur Dillon, immediately after the de 
 feat of Cornwallis, returned to the Windward Islands, 19 while 
 Robert Dillon remained on the continent. 
 
 The whole regiment returned to France in 1783. 
 
 One battalion of this regiment was in Martinique in 1780, 
 and the second was at Lille. 
 
 Its list of officers, at that time, was thus composed : 
 
 Colonel, 
 The Count de Dillon. 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 
 Taaffe. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel, 
 De Mahony. 
 
 Major, 
 Browne. 
 
 Paymaster, 
 Harvey. 
 
 "The French called at this time Windward Islands the present 
 Lesser Antilles, from Saint Thomas, Saint John, Saint Croix (the Vir 
 gin Islands), up to and including Saint Eustatius, Saint Bartholomew, 
 Saint Christopher, Monserrat, Pesirade, Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, 
 the Sain tea, Dominica, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Barbadoes, Saint Vin 
 cent, Grenada, Tabago, and Trinity. The Spaniards had thus named 
 them, because they were constantly exposed to the trade winds. 
 
 For the Spaniards, the Leeward Islands were those which were pro 
 tected from the trade winds by the coasts of America, from the mouth 
 of the Orinoco to the Gulf of Maracaibo ; that is, Margarita, Blunquillu, 
 Tortugas, Aves, Bonaire, Curacao, and Arouba. 
 
 The English, like the French, called Windward Islands those from 
 Martinique to Tabago ; and their Leeward Islands were not the South 
 ern Antilles, but those of the North, near the Great Antilles, the Car- 
 aibes. 
 
 To sum up, for all nationalities, the French possessions, from Saint 
 Eustatius to Tabago, were the Windward Islands. Saint Domingo be 
 longed to the Leeward Islands of the English. 
 
24 The French in America. 
 
 Among the captains there were : 
 
 Barthelemy Dillon, of the grenadiers, 
 Count Theobald Dillon. 
 
 Among the sub-lieutenants was : 
 Guillaume Dillon. 
 
 In 1781 the regiment was commanded as follows: 
 
 Colonel, 
 The Count Arthur Dillon. 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 The Count Theobald Dillon. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel, 
 Barthelemy Dillon. 
 
 Major, 
 O Moran. 
 
 Paymaster, 
 Mencarely. 
 
 Captains : 
 
 Gerard Moore, Shee, 
 
 Purdon, William Moore, 
 
 Banks, O Neil (with rank of major), 
 
 De Nugent, O Berin or O Brien, 
 
 Paul Swiny, TaafFe. 
 
 Captains en Second : 
 
 Mandeville, Macdermott, Jr., 
 
 Maguire, JSTowlan, 
 
 Macdermott, Sr., O Doyer, 
 
 O Reilly, Lynch, 
 
 Kelly, Coghlan. 
 
LiM of Regiments. 25 
 
 First Lieutenants : 
 Greenlaw, Welsh, 
 
 Th. Dillon, Evin, 
 
 O Keeffe, Joseph Comerford, 
 
 O Farell, Jean Browne, 
 
 Bernard Macderraott, Duggan. 
 
 Second Lieutenants : 
 D Arey, Hussey, 
 
 Fitzharris, Ch. Whyle, 
 
 Th. Browne, Edw. Swyny, 
 
 Christophe Taaffe, Denis O Farell, 
 
 Fennell, James O Farell. 
 
 Sub-Lieutenants : 
 
 Maclosky, Knopff, 
 
 Maurgan, Mahony, 
 
 Mac-Entire, Sheldon, 
 
 Edw. Fitzgerald, Char. O Moran, 
 
 Whill Shee, Owens, 
 
 Hyac. O Farell, Strange, 
 
 Fitz Maurice, Purdon, 
 
 Ch. O Reilly, Murphey, 
 
 Macdonald, Hays. 20 " 
 O Meara, 
 
 ENGHIEN. 
 
 According to the archives of the War Department, this reg 
 iment was sent to the West Indies in 1777. The Etats Mil- 
 itaires from 1777 to 1783, on the contrary, tell us that it was 
 sent to Saint Domingo only in 1780. At that time it was 
 commanded as follows : 
 
 Colonel, 
 
 The Marquis de Montazet, who was replaced in 1782 
 bv Count de Can iliac. 
 
 80 See in the List of Officers: Arcy, Tarragon. 
 
26 The French in America. 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 
 The Count de Canillac, who was replaced in 1782 by 
 de Senecterre. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel, 
 Dehaumont. 
 
 Major, 
 Le Beuf, replaced in 1782 by cle Campagnol. 
 
 Paymaster, 
 Eollet. 
 
 I also find two captains of the name of Dudemaine and 
 Lieutenants Grandseigne and de Bressoles. 21 22 
 
 FOIX. 
 
 The Etats Militaires do not even mention this regiment. 
 According to the archives of the War Department, it was sent 
 to the West Indies in 1777, fought at Savannah under 
 d Estaing, and returned to France in 1783. 23 24 
 
 FONTANGES. 
 
 A legion of that name, composed of mulattoes and free 
 negroes from Saint Domingo, saved the French army at Sa 
 vannah by courageously covering its retreat. 25 
 
 GATINAIS. 
 
 This regiment was formed by the splitting in half of the 
 regiment of Auvergne 26 and was sent in 1777 to Saint Domingo, 
 
 21 For these names see the List of Officers. 
 
 22 See in the List of Officers : Preval. 
 
 28 See Histoire de I infanterie, by General Susane. 
 
 24 See in the List of Officers : Trenonay. 
 
 25 See in the List of Officers : Fontanges. 
 
 26 Order of March the 25th, 1776. 
 
List of Regiments. 27 
 
 while that of Auvcrgne remained in France. The second bat 
 talion was at Cape Francais, Saint Domingo, since 1775. It 
 had served in Germany in the campaigns from 1757 to 1762, 
 and afterwards fought at Savannah under d Estaing. 
 
 Sub-lieutenant Levert was the first to enter the intrench- 
 ments from which the defenders fled ; but the English soon 
 returned in stronger force, and the French had to retire, car 
 rying with them their dead and wounded, among whom were 
 Count de Bethizy, colonel en second, with three gunshot wounds ; 
 Captain de Sirenil, struck by a grape shot in the side ; Cap 
 tain en Second de Foucault, Lieutenant Justamont, instantly 
 killed ; the Chevalier de la Rochenegly, wounded in the head ; 
 and the Chevalier de Tourville, wounded by a bullet. 
 
 In the naval engagement of the 7th of April, Sergeant 
 Charles Daurier, later general and baron of the Empire, was 
 severely wounded on the ship the Caton. 
 
 Saint Simon brought to Yorktown the regiment of Giiti- 
 nais, whose men regretted their ancient name. 
 
 I have related, in the account of the expedition, the glori 
 ous role that this regiment played during the night of the 
 14th and 15th of October, and in what way it succeeded in 
 changing its name for that of Royal-Auvergne. I will not 
 again relate this incident here. 27 
 
 Gatinais returned to France in 1783. 
 
 De Caupenne, 1777, 
 
 The Count de Briey, 177S, 
 
 De Rostaing, 1770. 
 
 Colonels en Second: 
 The Viscount dc Poudens, 1777, 
 
 De Bethisy, 1778, 
 The Baron de Saint Simon, 1781. 
 
 "See Vol. I., pa<je 198. 
 
28 The French in America. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel, 
 The Chevalier de PEstrade. 
 
 Major, 
 
 Chapuy de Tourville. 
 
 Paymasters : 
 
 De la Passe, 1779, 
 
 De Vaudrime, 1779. 
 
 Captains- Commandants : 
 Lalbenquc, Dudrot, 
 
 De Cabrieres, De Saint-Florent, 
 
 Vacheron, Pecomme, 
 
 De Chaumont, Langon, 
 
 De Sireuil, De Coussol. 
 
 Captains en Second: 
 De Jussy, Mascaron, 
 
 De Foucault, Molliere, 
 
 De Bordenave, Carrere, 
 
 S. Morel, Berthelot, 
 
 D Assas, Fontbonne. 
 
 First Lieutenants : 
 
 Dubroca, De la Fabregue, 
 
 Boisleve, La Morandais, 
 
 De Chalendar, Laubadere, 
 
 Chabot, Roussilhe. 
 Basquiat, 
 
 Second Lieutenants : 
 
 Terrade, DC la Kochcnegly, 
 
 De Kenty, De La Pierre, 
 
 Dalmas, D Emery, 
 
 De Genville, Chappuy de Courville. 
 De Villaubois, 
 
List of Regiments. 29 
 
 tiuh-Lieutenanls : 
 
 IJQ Vert, De Sillegue, 
 
 Dumont, Durand, 
 
 Oh. do Durat, DC Xaveres, 
 
 Calonnc, Marain, 
 
 Dcschaux, Beaiirin, 
 
 Pinray, Palliol, 
 
 De la Morandiere, Dejean, 
 
 Desgouttcs, Berenger, 
 
 De Caignet, Bonneville, 
 
 De Leonardy, Suffren. 28 
 
 HAINAULT. 
 
 This regiment, which had gone to the colonies in 1775, 
 formed part of the troops who landed at Savannah. 
 
 LAUZUN. 
 
 De Latmin, upon his return from a short and fortunate 
 expedition to Senegal in 1779, received the colonelcy of a 
 regiment, composed of Hungarians, that was then in process 
 of formation, and at the same time permission to recruit a 
 foreign legion to bear his name, of which he should be pro 
 prietary colonel. It was to consist of eighteen hundred in 
 fantry and six hundred cavalry ; it was also not to be divided. 
 But in fact this legion never had more than eight hundred 
 infantry and four hundred cavalry; and owing to lack of 
 transports to carry the force to America, a third of the legion 
 had to remain at Brest. During the absence of de Lau/un, 
 and without his approval, the force that remained at Brest 
 was sent to Senegal. 29 
 
 28 See in the List of Officers: Bonnot, Cornet, Foret, Gaillot, Laborde 
 de Beaunie, Lanniet, Menou, Stack. 
 
 29 See the first part of this book, quoted and followed as authority by 
 General Stisane in his lately published (1874) La cardlcrU Fr<tn<;i-*t , 
 article Lau/un. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
30 The French in America. 
 
 The part of Lauzun s legion that embarked on the Pro 
 vence to cross to America under the orders of de Rochambeau 
 included two squadrons of hussars and lancers, grenadiers and 
 chasseurs, consisting altogether of about six hundred men. 
 
 This legion arrived at Newport on July 13th, 1780, but, 
 owing to lack of fodder for the horses, could not take up its 
 winter quarters in that town. On November 10th it moved 
 on to Lebanon, and on July 21st, 1781, it started from there 
 to march along with the rest of the army towards New York, 
 the legion guarding the right flank. 
 
 Lauzun s cavalry rendered great services during the cam 
 paign. It reconnoitred the route of the army, supported 
 General Lincoln in reconnoitering before New York on July 
 3d, and fought successfully with Tarleton s cavalry before 
 Gloucester. The cavalry of the legion followed the land route 
 with the quartermasters, the baggage wagons, and the field ar 
 tillery, while the infantry of the legion embarked at Head of 
 Elk under the command of de Custine. 
 
 The whole legion was united before Gloucester under the 
 orders, first of Weedon, afterwards of de Choisy. It was the 
 first force to meet the corps of Tarleton, and it was for this 
 service that de Lauzun was chosen to carry the news of the 
 surrender of Yorktown to France. He was badly received, 
 and none of his officers, he says, received any rewards. 
 
 The legion continued to play a useful part in 1782, under 
 de Rochambeau, until Lauzun took it back from Boston to 
 France in March, 1783, with the rest of the expeditionary 
 
 corps. 30 
 
 SAINTONGE. 
 
 This regiment went to Cayenne, remained there from 1763 
 to 1768, then again left France and made the campaigns with 
 Rochambeau from 1780 to 1783. Its lieutenant-colonel, de la 
 
 30 See in the List of Officers : Arrot, Baudoin, Beffroy, Billy-Dillon, 
 Dutertre, Foks, Killemaine, Monthurel, Nortman, Sheldon. 
 
List of Regiments. 31 
 
 Valette, was sent with one hundred and fifty men to occupy 
 Conanicut Island, but as Rochambeau did not consider it a 
 safe position, he ordered him back to Newport. 
 
 The history of this regiment blends with that of the army 
 itself. 
 
 By an ordinance of April 26th, 1775, this regiment was 
 enlarged from one to two battalions by the incorporation of 
 the regiment of Carnbresis. Still the tats Miliiaires, which 
 give this information in 1776, continue to speak of the regi 
 ment of Cambresis, and give the list of its officers. 
 
 The regiment of Saintonge was composed in 1781 as fol 
 lows : 
 
 Colonel, 
 
 The Count de Custine, replaced in 1782 by the 
 Viscount de Rochambeau. 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 
 The Count de Charlus, replaced in 1782 by the 
 Prince de Broglie. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel, 
 The Chevalier de La Valette. 
 
 Paymaster, 
 Lafage. 
 
 Major, 
 De Fleurv. 
 
 Captains : 
 
 Baron de Ferrette, De la Foluere, 
 
 De Beaumont, De la Corbiere, 
 
 De Wonves, Des Forets, 31 
 
 De Brie, De Bedee. 
 
 Duchesne, 
 
 81 See in the List of Officers : Laforest. 
 
32 The French in America. 
 
 Captains en Second : 
 
 De Roche, De Champagne, 
 
 Denos or d Enos. De Saint-Cyr, 
 
 Scot de Coulange, De James de Longueville, 
 
 De Laganry, De Recusson, 
 
 De Courvol, De Dolomieu. 
 
 First Lieutenants: 
 
 De Marguerit, De Bellemare, 
 
 Du Rozel, De la Carre, 
 
 De Valles, De Chanipertier, 
 
 De La Chenaye, De Yillefranche. 
 De Coulaine, 
 
 Second Lieutenants: 
 
 De Tacher, De la Valette, 
 
 D Arpavon, De Reste, 
 
 De Quirit, De Mestre, 
 
 Desvignes, Le Monnier, 
 
 Duperron, Duteil. 
 
 Sub- Lieutenants : 
 
 De Jousselin, Desprez, 
 
 De Seguin, De Taffin, 
 
 De Lauberdieres, Denis, 
 
 De James, Milleville, 
 
 De Biotere, Fauville, 
 
 De la Chauss^e, Beaugendre, 
 
 Dague de la Voute, De Billemau, 
 
 Faust4, Ducluseau, 
 
 Bellegarde, Barbier de la Serre. 82 
 
 Lecomte, 
 
 32 See in the List of Officers: Brieres, Marcou, Montalembert, Noes, 
 Treesan. 
 
List of Regiments. 33 
 
 SOISSONNAIS. 
 
 This regiment, made up of those of Briqueville and Segur, 
 served in Germany in the campaigns from 1760 to 1702. It 
 distinguished itself at Laufcld, where de Segur, afterwards 
 marshal, was shot in the chest. It then served in the Cor- 
 sican campaign of 1769. 
 
 Two battalions of this regiment were sent to follow Ro- 
 chambcau to America. The rest of the regiment was left 
 behind at Brest, owing to lack of transport. These two bat 
 talions left Brest on May 12th, arrived at Newport on July 
 13th, 1780, moved on to Providence on June llth, 1781, 
 and formed the rear guard during the march from Provi 
 dence to Head of Elk, where they embarked. The rest of 
 their history is told in the account of the expedition. 33 
 
 C 1 oloncl-( oiiiina nd ant, 
 The Count Felix de Saint- Maime. 
 
 Colonel en Hecond, 
 
 The Viscount de Noailles, replaced in 1782 by the 
 Count, de Segur. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel, 
 
 D Aiiselme. 
 
 Major, 
 IV Kspeyron. 
 
 Paymaster, 
 L Kstrignier. 
 
 38 The Mercure. d<~ Frmirc of September, 1781, page .">: >, relates the 
 following act of courage : During the action of March H>th a grenadier 
 of Soissonnais, having had his leg splintered by a cannon shot, drew 
 his knife and cut the llesh holding his leg, which lie then threw into 
 the sea. He then sat down and loaded his gun, and said : " Thanks to 
 God, I still have two arms and one leg left for the service of my king." 
 
34 
 
 The French in America. 
 
 Captains- Commandants : 
 
 Didier, Anselrne de la Gardette, 
 
 De Bien de Chevigny, De la Boyere, 
 
 De Baudre, 
 De Marin, 
 De Gilbert, 
 
 Le Bret, 
 
 Sinety, 
 Bazin, 
 Baudot, 
 Menou, 
 
 Boisdelle, 
 
 Windling, 
 
 Barois, 
 
 De Cousin Duvales, 34 
 
 Caldagues, 
 
 Maquoi, 
 Mauvis, 
 De Menou, 
 De Guerpel, 
 De Gotho, 
 
 De Bonne, 
 
 De Gaillard, 
 
 D Eroux, 
 
 D Avalon, 
 
 Ola vis, 
 
 Bonnefons, 
 
 Loubat, 
 
 Marin, 
 
 Girard, 
 
 Robernier, 
 
 Saint-L6ger, 
 Dupalais. 
 
 Captains en Second : 
 Moyria, 
 Saint-Victor, 
 De Lagrange, 
 Vareilles, 
 De la Caterie. 
 
 First Lieutenants : 
 
 De Laburtlie, 
 
 Giou, 
 
 De Kaissac, 
 
 Saint-Hilaire. 
 
 De Caumont. 
 
 Second Lieutenants : 
 
 De Kninon, 
 De Bouilloney, 
 De Sully, 
 Montepin, 
 Dursue. 
 
 Sab- Lieutenants : 
 
 Miollis, 
 
 Barras, 
 
 Villeneuve, 
 
 Pothonier, 
 
 De Proyer, 
 
 D Arandel, 
 
 Dannebault, 
 
 Berthier de Berlhuis, 
 
 D Arthus. 35 
 
 34 See in the List of Officers: Ecoussin. 
 
 36 See in the List of Officers : Coussin, Dalpheran, Guichard, Magusis. 
 
List of Regiments. 35 
 
 TOURAINE. 
 
 This regiment served in the German campaigns from 1758 
 to 1762; was sent to Martinique, and remained there from 
 1780 to 1783. Saint-Simon, its colonel, took the regiment to 
 Yorktown, together with those of Age"nois and Giitinais. It 
 was stationed on the left of the allied army, between impass 
 able swamps and the York River, at the same time having 
 to the rear free communications with the rest of the army. 
 Saint-Simon built a strong battery of eight cannons and six 
 mortars, and was ordered to make a feint during the night 
 of the 14th and 15th of October, while de Viomenil in the 
 centre and La Fayctte on the right each captured a redoubt. 
 
 The regiment of Touraine returned to the West Indies with 
 Saint-Simon on the ships of de Grasse November 4th, 1781, 
 and arrived on the 26th at Saint Domingo. It returned to 
 
 France in 1783. 36 
 
 Colonel Meslre de Camp, 
 The Viscount de Poudens. 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 The Count de Flechin, replaced in 1780 by the Chevalier 
 
 de Mirabeau. 
 
 Lieutenant- ( Colonel, 
 
 De Montlezun. 
 
 Major, 
 
 De Menonville. 
 Paymaster, 
 Reynaud. 
 
 36 A soldier of the regiment of Touraine, Claude Thion, only seven 
 teen years old, distinguished himself at the capture of Bristone Hill, 
 on the Island of Saint Christopher, by an act of great heroism. The 
 20th of January, 1782, Thion was ordered to carry bombs, from the 
 magazine in the trenches, to the batteries. During one of his trips a 
 cannon ball cut off his right arm, which only hung by a tendon. He 
 borrowed the knife of one of his comrades, cut the tendon, had the 
 bomb replaced on his left shoulder, and carried it to his battery before 
 having his wound dressed. He was admitted to the Invalides. 
 
36 The French in America. 
 
 Captains- Commandants : 
 De la Coste, Chariot, 
 
 De Rommefort, De Savery, 
 
 De Beau regard, Ducasse, 
 
 De Launay, De Thorenc, 
 
 Desbordes, D Artel de Weinsberg. 
 
 Captains en Second: 
 
 D Aloze or d Alause, Normandin, 
 
 D Espenan, De Saint-Felix, 
 
 De Marcy, De Signy, 
 
 De Latour-Clarnouze, De Campan, 
 
 De Pesseplane, De Vezian. 
 
 First Lieutenants : 
 
 De Beaudreuil, De Pontavis, 
 
 Parmentier, Hemard, 
 
 De Vaubercey, Beatrix, 
 
 De Bonne, De Pre"chateau, 
 
 De Gourcy, Chevalier. 
 
 Second Lieutenants: 
 
 Desbranches, La Rochevernay, 
 
 De Cremoux, Pomerry, 
 
 Patet, Yidampierre. 
 
 Sub- Lieutenants : 
 
 Frai^ois, Maquette de Marcy, 
 
 De Bressoles, Banal, 
 
 De Mathey, Dubac, 
 
 Lecoq, Duhamel, 
 
 D Albenas, De Montlezun, 
 
 De Retz, De La Porte, 
 
 De Montalembert, Blondel de Bonnenil, 
 
 Dujonquoi, Dupeyron, 
 
 Latour de Clamouze, Castelnau. 37 
 
 37 See in the List of Officers: Bonne, Cazal, Crozat de Sarrazin, Des- 
 peyrons, Falquereitte. 
 
List of Regiments. 37 
 
 VIENNOIS. 
 
 This regiment served in the Windward Islands, under de 
 Bouille, from 1775 to 1783. 
 
 It was at Martinique in 1777, and was thus officered :- 
 
 Colonel- Commandant, 
 The Count de Miromenil. 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 The Marquis de Pardieu. 
 
 Lieutenant- C blotuj, 
 Rouxel de Blanchelande. 
 
 Major, 
 
 Villetard de Guerie. 
 
 Paymaster, 
 
 Mallet. 
 
 In 1779 and 1780 the colonel-commandant was the Mar 
 quis dti Chillcau, formerly colonel of the regiment of Gtiyenne. 
 
 ( blonel en Second, 
 The Count de La Porte. 
 
 The rest of the staff was as above. 
 
 In 1781 the regiment was at Dominica, and was commanded 
 as follows : 
 
 Colonel, 
 
 The Marquis du Chilleau. 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 The Count de La Porte. 
 Lieutenant- ( olonel, 
 De Blanchelande. 
 
38 The French in America. 
 
 Major, 
 De Gimat. 
 
 Paymaster, 
 Moreau. 
 
 In 1782 the Count de Bouille took the place of du Chil- 
 leau, the Marquis de Coigny that of the Count de La Porte, 
 and La Be>illais that of Gimat. 
 
 WALSH. 
 
 The second battalion alone crossed to America in 1780, to 
 the West Indies ; it did not go to Yorktown. 38 
 
 Colonel, 
 The Count de Walsh-Serrant. 
 
 Colonel en Second, 
 The Viscount de Walsh-Serrant. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel, 
 De Butler. 
 
 Major, 
 O Brien. 
 
 Paymaster, 
 Bamelin. 39 
 
 38 We find the name of MacMahon among the sub-lieutenants. 
 :! See in the List of Officers: Macartby, Staack (Edouard). 
 
LIST OF THE FRENCH OFFICERS 
 
 WlIO TOOK PART IN THE WAR OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, 
 
 EITHER AS VOLUNTEERS WITH A COMMISSION FROM 
 
 CONGRESS, OR IN THE FRENCH EXPEDITION. 
 
 A. 
 
 ABOVILLK (Francois-Marie, Count <! ) was horn at Brest 
 in 1730, and died in 1817. He served with distinction un 
 der Rochambeau in the American campaign as colonel-com 
 mandant of the artillery. By his able arrangements he aided 
 materially in the capture of York town. 40 - 41 
 
 In 1781) he was appointed martelial de wimp, and com 
 manded the artillery of the Armies of the North and of the 
 Ardennes, with the rank of lieutenant-general, during the 
 French Revolution in 1792. 42 In 17D3 he declared against 
 
 40 Deux Fonts, 70. 
 
 41 One may judge from the following incident how d Aboville com 
 manded bis artillery: 
 
 The l")th of October Lord Cornwallis wrote to (ieneral Clinton: 
 " Last evening the enemy carried my two advanced redoubts on the 
 left by storm, and during the night included them in the second par 
 allel, which they are at present busy in perfecting. My situation now 
 becomes very critical ; we dare not show a gun to their old batteries, 
 and I expect that their new ones will open to-morrow morning. Ex 
 perience has shown that our fresh earthen works do not resist their 
 powerful artillery, so that we shall soon be exposed to an assault in 
 ruined works in a bad position and with weakened numbers. The 
 safety of the place is therefore so precarious that I cannot recom 
 mend that the fleet and army should run great risque in endeavoring 
 to save us." 
 
 41 Manuscript of Dupetit-Thouars, 7S. 
 
40 The French in America. 
 
 Dumouriez ; then, under the Empire, he became inspector-gen 
 eral of the artillery, senator, and grand officer of the Legion 
 of Honor. 
 
 The Count d Aboville invented a kind of wheel with metal 
 naves, which was first shown at the Industrial Exposition in 
 1802, and which has since been used for velocipedes. 
 
 AIGUISY (D ), an infantry officer, was killed in the naval 
 fight off Saint Lucia, the 19th of May, 1780. 43 
 
 Aix, an auxiliary officer, was killed. 44 
 
 ALAUSSE, ALOZE or ALAUSE (Joseph-Philemon Galtier d ), 
 born December 24th, 1742, in Languedoc; was in the three 
 battles fought by the Count de Guichen ; captain in the regi 
 ment of Touraine. 
 
 ANSELME DE LA GARDETTE (Joseph-Bernard-Modeste) was 
 born the 26th of August, 1737, at Apt in Provence, and began 
 to serve in 1745. His father was an officer in the regiment 
 of Soissonnais, and, according to the custom of the day, the 
 son was inscribed on the lists of that regiment when seven 
 years of age. He w r as captain in 1760, major in 1774, 
 lieutenant-colonel in 1777, and, in spite of poor health, he 
 followed his regiment to America and served in the small 
 expedition that started from Newport on the squadron of Des- 
 touches for Delaware Bay. An excellent officer, his brilliant 
 conduct at York town gained for him a pension of six hun 
 dred livres in the order of Saint-Louis. He was the oldest 
 of the lieutenant-colonels in America who was not a brigadier. 
 
 Lieutenant-general in May, 1792, he took, at the head of 
 a corps of the Army of the South, Nice, Montalban, and 
 Villefranche. But, having suffered a defeat at Sospello, he 
 
 43 Manuscript of Dupetit-Thouars, 42. 
 
 44 Manuscript of Dupetit-Thouars, 7, 186. 
 
List of Officers. 41 
 
 was accused of treachery and locked up at PAbbaye. The 
 9th Thermidor released him. 
 
 ANSELME DE LA GARDETTE (Jacques), brother of the 
 preceding one, was born at Apt, July the 3d, 1740, and 
 served in America with the rank of captain-commandant, in 
 the same regiment of Soissonnais. At first he only bore 
 the name of de La Gardette, which was that of his mother. 45 
 He died in 1812. 
 
 ARCY (Jacques-Philippe d ) was born at Paris in 1742; 
 captain in the regiment of Dillon ; died before Savannah. 
 It is probable that he was a son of the celebrated Patrick 
 d Arcy, who was born at Galway, September 27th, 1725; 
 was a member of the Academy in 1749, was colonel at the 
 battle of Rossbach, and died at Paris, October 18th, 1779. 
 The father left scientific works on artillery, Uie moon, a iicw 
 yun, electricity, and other subjects. 
 
 ARENDT (Baron d ), commanded Fort Island and the Ger 
 man battalion, and resigned in 1777 on account of his health. 
 He was one of the first to engage as a volunteer. 
 
 ARMAND (Charles, Marquis de la Rouerie), better known 
 as Colonel Aritmnd. He served for ten years in France in 
 the French Guards, but left the service to enter the order of 
 the Trappists, owing to a love ailhir. 48 He stayed with them 
 only a short time, and crossed to America, where he received 
 from Congress, March the 22d, 1777, the title of colonel, 
 and the permission to enlist a legion of two hundred men. 
 He fell in so readily with the republican customs of the 
 country that he wished to be known only by his baptismal 
 
 *\See in the List of Regiments: Soissonnais. 
 
 48 It was bis unfortunate love for the Beaumesnil, of the Opera, 
 which first caused him to enter the order of the Trappists, and then 
 induced him to cross to America. 
 
42 The French in America. 
 
 name. He showed during the whole war great courage and 
 activity, to which he joined a gay and witty character. He 
 fought at Red Bank, and then in New Jersey under La 
 Fayette. 
 
 In November, 1778, he commanded, as colonel, at the 
 camp at the Valley Forge, a corps of light armed troops ; 
 he was then only twenty-four years of age. His legion was 
 almost entirely destroyed at the battle of Camden, in Caro 
 lina. He captured, near Kingsbridge, the loyalist Baremore. 
 His corps was incorporated into the legion of Pulaski in 1780. 
 
 De la Rouerie returned to France in May, 1781. General 
 Washington intrusted him with a letter for Marshal de Biron, 
 in which he recommended him to the goodwill of the French 
 Minister, saying that this brave officer had not received in 
 America, in spite of his excellent services, the rank he de 
 served. 
 
 The Marquis received at that time the cross of Saint-Louis. 
 But he did not wish to abandon the cause that he had already 
 so well served ; he bought everything that was necessary to 
 arm and equip a legion, and returned to America, where he 
 oifered to Congress his purchases. 
 
 Upon the signing of peace, in 1783, he was promoted to 
 the rank of brigadier-general. 
 
 Returning to France in 1784 he took an active part in 
 the Revolutionary movement ; nevertheless, he opposed the 
 excesses of the Jacobins, but it was too late, and he had to 
 take part in the Royalist revolts of the Bretons and the 
 Vendeens. 
 
 He organized the Royalist insurrection of Brittany and pre 
 pared a general revolt for the month of March, 1793. For 
 a long time he was able to escape the researches of the agents 
 of the Convention, and lived for six months at Rennes, in 
 the midst of his enemies, all intent upon his conspiracy, dis 
 guised as a crippled beggar with a plaster on his eye. But 
 he was so much affected by the death of the king that he 
 
List of Officers. 43 
 
 was seized with a violent fever and died on January 30th, 
 1793, without having accomplished anything. He was buried 
 at night, by moonlight ; but his body was exhumed a few 
 days later by the Republicans, who found upon it papers 
 compromising several of his political friends. A few of them, 
 on these indications, were sought for and guillotined. 
 
 ARROT (Viscount d ) was on board of the Provence to 
 cross to America with Count de Dillon, under the orders of 
 de Lau/un. 47 
 
 ARUNDEL, enlisted as a volunteer, was appointed captain 
 of artillery the 19th of March, 1776, under the orders of 
 General Lee. 
 
 ASSAS (D ), captain en xecond in the regiment of Gatinais. 
 
 This d Assas was the nephew of the famous Chevalier 
 d Assas, who fell at Clostercamp under the bayonets whilst 
 crying out the famous, " A moi, Auvergne, voila 1 ennemi." 
 
 The Chevalier d Assas was captain of chasseurs in the regi 
 ment of Auvergne, and he had in the same regiment his elder 
 brother, father of the d Assas whom we find here, captain 
 in the regiment of Gatinais. 
 
 Rochambean had belonged to the regiment of d Assas, and 
 it was probably on this account that he chose this corps to 
 take part in the American expedition under his command. 
 The present Marquis d Assas must be the grandson of the 
 Captain d Assas of the American expedition, and he con 
 tinues to enjoy the pension of one thousand francs given by 
 Louis the Sixteenth to the posterity of the hero of Closter 
 camp, which was one of the four pensions 48 of the <m<- n u 
 regime which were kept up by the National Assembly. 49 
 
 47 Mf-moires de Laimm. 
 
 4c! " These four pensions were the following: Heirs of Mditcalm, 
 d Assas, de Chambers, and Marshal de Luckner." Marginal note. 
 " Archiirs of war. 
 
44 The French in America. 
 
 AUBETERRE or OPTERRE (D ), an officer of engineers at 
 tached to the expeditionary corps. 
 
 AURIER (Charles, Baron d ), officer in the French army 
 under Rochambeau. 50 
 
 AUTICHAMP (Antoine-Joseph-Eulalie de Beaumont, Count d 7 ) 
 was born October 10th, 1744, at Angers. He began to serve 
 in 1759, was officer in 1761, captain in 1763, and colonel 
 April the llth, 1770. He served in four campaigns in Amer 
 ica, and especially distinguished himself at Yorktown, where 
 he won by his gallant conduct the rank of brigadier mestre 
 de camp in the regiment of Agenois on the 5th of December, 
 1781. He was endowed with much talent, activity, and firm 
 ness. He distinguished himself at Saint Christopher, and upon 
 the signing of peace was appointed marechal de camp. 
 
 Cromot Dubourg found him at Williamsburg, where he had 
 returned with Saint-Simon, and Dubourg says in his Memoirs 
 that he was very glad to see him again on account of the 
 kindness that his brother had received from him. 
 
 AYMARD DE VILL (Louis-Francis d ), a captain in the 
 regiment of Armagnac, born at Verdun, November 5th, 1 749. 
 He was severely wounded in the battles fought, from the 9th 
 to the 12th of August, 1782, by the Count de Grasse. 
 
 B. 
 
 BALDIVIA (Potthier de), a well educated young man, son 
 of a chevalier of Saint-Louis, engineer attached to the Duke 
 of Orleans, whom Dr. Dubourg enlisted for America. He 
 started with Gillet de Lomont. 
 
 BARQUES. See CHAZEL.L.E. 
 
 60 Admitted (to what not said) July 4th, 1825, upon application of 
 La Fayette. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
List of Officers. 45 
 
 BAROLIER (La), captain of artillery, was almost killed dur 
 ing the night of the 28th of May, 1781, by one of his sergeants, 
 who gave him several cuts with a sabre, without known reason. 
 The would-be murderer was immediately tried and hung. 51 
 
 BARE AS (Louis, Count de), born in Provence of an old 
 family distinguished in the profession of arms. There was a 
 saying : " Noble as the Barras, as ancient as the rocks of 
 Provence." 
 
 The early part of his life is not clearly known. He first 
 followed d Estaing in his campaign in North America and 
 distinguished himself in the fight at Grenada. 
 
 After the death of the Chevalier de Ternay, Captain Drs- 
 touche, as the oldest officer, took command of the squadron; 
 but the command was given to de Barras, who came to take 
 possession of his post on the Sth of May, 17S1. He had 
 left Brest on the 26th of March on the frigate the Concorde, 
 with Viscount de Rochambeau and the two brothers Berthier, 
 and landed at Newport. He was escorted by the fimeraude 
 and the Bellone. At this time Washington was uncertain 
 what direction to take to strike a decisive blow. But de Bar 
 ras let him know, by a dispatch, that he was bringing him 
 six millions in place of the promised troops, wlio could not 
 come for lack of transport, and that Count de (Jrasse was to 
 start on the 4th of August from Cape Francais in Saint Do 
 mingo for Chesapeake Bay, with twenty-five or twenty-nine 
 war vessels and three thousand six hundred soldiers under the 
 command of Saint-Simon. The allied generals then immedi 
 ately made their arrangements to raise the siege of New York 
 unknown to the enemy, and to move by forced marches on 
 to York town. 
 
 At the same time that the troops under the command of 
 Washington and Rochambeau executed this movement, de 
 Barras remained with his squadron in the port of Rhode 
 
 "Blanchard. 
 
46 The French in America. 
 
 Island under the protection of five hundred French soldiers 
 under the command of de Choisy, and one thousand American 
 militiamen. Finally, having received news of the near arri 
 val of de Grasse in Chesapeake Bay, de Barras took on board 
 of the ten ships he commanded the troops of de Choisy and 
 the artillery, and, profiting by an engagement of the French 
 admiral with Admiral Graves, he entered the bay and suc 
 cessfully disembarked his stores and his troops. 
 
 De Grasse had just been appointed lieutenant-general, and 
 Count de Barras, although his senior officer, agreed to serve 
 under his orders until the end of the campaign. He gave 
 thus an example of devotion which has had few models and 
 few imitators, especially at that time. 52 
 
 De Barras followed Count de Grasse from Chesapeake Bay 
 to the West Indies, and fought bravely, on the 25th and 26th 
 of January, 1782, against Admiral Hood, whose squadron Avas 
 anchored under the guns of Saint Christopher. De Bouille 
 having captured this colony, de Barras was detached to cap 
 ture the islands of Nevis and Montferrat, which surrendered. 
 He returned afterwards to Europe and was not present at 
 the disaster of the following April. He retired at the Peace 
 of 1783, and died shortly after the French Revolution. 
 
 He was the uncle of Jean Nicolas de Barras, one of the 
 five Directors of the French Republic. 
 
 BARRE (De La) entered the service as cadet in the troops 
 of the colonies in 1759, passed as aspirant into the artillery 
 in 1764, volunteer in the carabiniers in 1767, sub-lieutenant 
 in 1770, lieutenant in the regiment of Conde" in 1776, be 
 longed to the squadron of the king commanded by Count 
 d Estaing, and to the troops which were landed at the siege 
 of Savannah in 1780, where he was wounded. He is, per 
 haps, the same as the following. 
 
 ^SeeA^ol. I., pages 109, 110, and pages 168-182, and extracts from 
 "Journal dun offidcr de marine," page 24, Paris, 1782. 
 
List of Officers. 47 
 
 BARRE (De La), French general. 
 
 The Biographic General? says that, carried away by liberal 
 ideas, this one followed La Fayette to America, where he 
 distinguished himself; that afterwards he returned to serve 
 in France, and was appointed brigadier-general. Employed 
 at the siege of Toulon, and afterwards in the army of the 
 Pyrenees, he was mortally wounded between Roses and 
 Figuicres. The Convention decreed that his name and his 
 deeds should be engraved on a column in the Pantheon. 
 
 BAUDIN DE BEAUUEGARD DE ROMEFORT (Charles-Pierre), 
 major in the regiment of Ag&iois, born at Cognac the 15th 
 of June, 1740. 
 
 BAUDOT. See TAYET. 
 
 BAUDOT; ix, lieutenant-colonel of the legion of Lauzun, 
 came to America and landed at Newport, with Rochambeau. 
 lie returned to France in October, 1780. Blanchard gave him 
 a letter for his uncle, Blanchard de Lavarie, residing in Saint 
 Domingo, member of the Superior Council at Port-au-Prince. 
 
 BAUDK (Olivier- Victor de), born at Bayeux the 21st of 
 May, 173G ; served since 1756 ; captain in 17<> 2 ; captain- 
 commandant in the regiment of Soissonnais, and the oldest 
 captain of that regiment during the American AVar; excellent 
 officer, full of honor, zeal, and intelligence ; good conduct at 
 Yorktown. 
 
 BA/IN (Guillaume de), born the 24th of March, 1740, at 
 Marmande, in Guyenne, captain-commandant of Soissonnais. 
 Twenty-four years and eight months of service ; three cam 
 paigns in Germany, two in Corsica in 17681761), two in 
 America ; wounded at Clostercamp and in Corsica ; decorated 
 for his good conduct before Yorktown. 
 
48 The French in America. 
 
 BEAUHARNAIS (Alexandre, Viscount de), born in Mar 
 tinique in 1760, guillotined in Paris in 1794; served as 
 major under Rochambeau in the United States. Deputy from 
 Blois to the States General, he was one of the first to join 
 the Third Estate, became President of the National Assembly, 
 general of division in the Army of the Rhine in 1792, 
 minister of war in 1793. 53 Falsely accused of having 
 aroused a disturbance at Metz, he was arrested and condemned 
 to death by the revolutionary tribunal. His widow, Josephine, 
 became Empress of the French, and his son was made Vice 
 roy of Italy by Napoleon. 
 
 BEAULIEU (De), former captain of infantry in France, ob 
 tained the same position in America, where he went to serve 
 in the legion of Pulaski. An infantry officer of this name was 
 wounded in the fight off Saint Lucia, on the fleet of Guichen. 
 Pontgibaud says that after the war he married an English 
 woman, and kept a tavern at Asylum. We think that per 
 haps he means de Pontleroy, secret agent of Choiseul, to 
 whom we have given another notice. 
 
 BEAUMARCHAIS (Pierre-Augustin Caron de). We do not 
 have to consider here the man of letters so celebrated from his 
 creation of Figaro, but only the merchant who covered his specu 
 lations with the flag of liberalism. Already in the beginning of 
 the year 1776, Barbue Dubourg, agent of the Americans in 
 Paris, had addressed to Congress two French officers, Penet and 
 de Pliarne, who engaged to furnish arms and ammunition to the 
 revolted colonies, and effectually, on the 10th of June, 1776, 
 Penet started from Nantes with fifteen thousand guns from 
 the royal gun shops. They were sent under the name of la 
 Tuillerie. Beaumarchais, associated with Pellctier du Doyer 
 and de Monticu, equipped, in January, 1777, the Amphitrite 
 
 53 Did not accept this position. Marginal note. 
 
List of Officers. 49 
 
 and two other ships, on which were Ducoudray, de la Rou- 
 erie, de Bore, Conway ; Captain Fautrclle was in command 
 of the Amphitrite. At the same time Arthur Lee ratified in 
 Paris, in the name of Congress, with the French Government, 
 a secret treaty, by which the latter agreed to secretly furnish 
 arms and ammunition to the Americans under the cover of 
 commerce. Beaumarchais undertook sending the arms and 
 the management of the funds. He took the name of Hor- 
 talSs Rodriguo, residing at Cape Franca is, Saint Domingo, 
 and he had addressed to that residence the convoys that Lee 
 sent him, under the namefli-^fee^Tfianiilacturer, Mairy John 
 son. The treaty \wf$not carried out until October, 1777; 
 the first convoys were loaded on the merchant vessel the 
 Heureux, and they arrived at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 
 on the 1st of November. The brave Baron Steuben was on 
 this same vessel. 
 
 The Fier-Rodriyuc, Captain de Montaut, then the Fermyus, 
 the Zephir, the Estargettc y the Thcrase, were armed in 1778. 
 The Fier-Itodrigue was a real war vessel with sixty guns, and 
 was convoying some ten merchant ships, when, in sight of the 
 island of Grenada in the beginning of July, 177* , it met the 
 fleet of Admiral d Estaing preparing to fight the fleet of Ad 
 miral Byron. The Ficr-Rodriyue had to take a position in 
 the line of buttle under the orders of d Estaing. De Montaut 
 was killed, and Gantheaume, afterwards admiral, replaced him 
 in command. 
 
 The arms were often of a poor quality ; several loads were 
 captured by English cruisers. Congress, whose finances were 
 in a bad state, could not always send to Beaumarchais the 
 moneys that he wanted. Nevertheless he showed himself as 
 able a financier and merchant as he was a literary man, and, 
 thanks to his good sense and his activity, he acquired some for 
 tune which he augmented by other speculations. He nearly lost 
 his riches as well as his life during the French Revolution; 
 his good luck, and perhaps his exaggerated love for money, 
 
50 The French in America. 
 
 had made him many enemies. He died in 1799 at the age 
 of seventy ; he had, it was said, committed suicide. 54 
 
 BEAUMONT. See GORAT. 
 
 BEAUMONT (Antoine-Francois, Viscount de), born the 3d of 
 May, 1753, at the Chateau of la Roque, in Perigord. He 
 was commander of squadron in 1781, and brought himself 
 into notice in the battle of the llth of September, 1781, 
 where he captured the English frigate the Fox. 
 
 Appointed in 1789 deputy from the tribunal of the nobil 
 ity 55 of Agen to the States General, he steadily voted with 
 the right in the Assembly Constituante, was opposed to the 
 uniting of the three orders, and protested against the decree 
 of the 19th of June, 1790, which abolished the nobility. 
 After the session, he withdrew to England, then to Russia. 
 Returning to France during the Consular Government, he 
 settled at Toulouse, where he died on the 15th of September, 
 1805. 
 
 BEDEAUX (Lebrun de). Appointed brevet captain with pay 
 the 10th of May, 1777 ; lieutenant-colonel of the legion of 
 Pulaski the 10th of December, 1777 ; 56 died in America. 57 
 
 BEDEE DE BOISBRAS (Ange-Armand de), born at Rennes 
 the 1st of March, 1742 ; entered the service in 1757 ; cap 
 tain-commandant in the regiment of Saintonge the 28th of 
 August, 1777 ; five campaigns at Cayenne, two in America. 
 
 4 This extraordinary man dipped into everything ; he was indeed 
 a jack of all trades. He almost succeeded in everything, so prodigious 
 were his abilities. He tried, however, in vain, one must admit, to be 
 an honest man. (lievue Retrospective, loth of March, 1870, page 168.) 
 See Vol. I., pages 82, 83. 
 
 65 Noblesse de la Sfoiechaiissee. 
 
 66 Perhaps 1778. Marginal note. 
 
 67 Auberteuil. 
 
List of Officers. 51 
 
 BEFFROY, officer of the legion of Lauzun, who distinguished 
 himself at Gloucester. 58 
 
 BEHAGLE or BEHAGUE (Jean-Baptiste-Emmanuel de), born 
 at Paris the 3d of February, 1735 ; captain-commandant in 
 the regiment of Agenois after twenty-six years of service ; 
 served in the campaigns in Germany. Six years of sojourn 
 in America ruined his constitution and incapacitated him from 
 continuing to serve. 59 
 
 BELLANGER (De), officer of artillery, who was killed in 
 the trenches before Yorktown on the 17th of October, 1781, 
 the day of the preliminary steps for surrender. 
 
 BELLECOUR (Lebrun de). See BEDEAUX. 
 
 BERAGE DE LA BovfcRE (Jean-Pierre), l)orn at Aix in 
 Provence, the 24th of February, 1736 ; captain-commandant 
 in the regiment of Soissonnais the 7th of June, 1770, after 
 twenty-five years of service. He made two campaigns in 
 America, proved himself a good officer, and was decorated for 
 his good conduct at Yorktown. 
 
 BERAXD DE MAURAIGE or MORIM-:K;E (Christophe-Phil- 
 ippe), born the 15th of March, 1759 ; appointed sub-lieuten 
 ant in the regiment of Agenois the 1st of November, 1779; 
 decorated for a wound received at Savannah, where he had 
 a leg broken the 9th of October, 1780. Remained on the 
 battlefield, and was for four months prisoner of war in the 
 enemy s hospitals. 
 
 BERGUISSONT, Boriicjuissox or BOURGUKJXOXT (De), cap 
 tain of Agenois, commanding the redoubt on the right against 
 which the English made a sortie during the night of the 15th 
 
 58 Report of Rochambeau. 
 
 59 Archives of war. 
 
52 The French in America. 
 
 to the 16th October, 1781. He was wounded and made 
 prisoner. 60 
 
 BERRUET. See BERVET. 
 
 BERTHELOT (Augustin-Clement de Villeneuve, Chevalier 
 de), born the 19th of August, 1750, at R6signe, in Anjou ; ap 
 pointed captain in the regiment of Gatinais (Royal- Auvergne) 
 the 17th of August, 1779 ; died in 1781 from wounds re 
 ceived at the siege of Yorktown. 
 
 BERTHIER (Louis- Alexandre), born at Versailles the 20th 
 of November, 1753 ; captain of the regiment of Soissonnais 
 the 26th of April, 1780 ; made four campaigns in America 
 as sub-assistant quartermaster. 61 " The two brothers Berthier, 
 recently arrived from France," says General Dumas in his 
 Memoirs, "are joined to our staff." 62 63 
 
 Berthier went in 1783 to Porto Cabello with Segur and 
 surveyed the latter s property at Saint Domingo. He re 
 turned to France a colonel, served the Republic with distinc 
 tion, then became closely attached to Bonaparte, who, having 
 become Emperor, covered him with favors, made him his 
 major-general, and created him Marshal of France, Prince 
 of Neuchatel and of Wagram. He died the 1st of June, 
 1815. 
 
 60 Manuscript of Cromot Dubourg. 
 
 61 Marcchal des logis. 
 62 1781. 
 
 63 In the reconnoitering expeditions that were made on the 21st of 
 July by the Count de Damas, the Count de Yauban and Berthier, all 
 aids-de-camp of the Count de Rochambeau, the leg of the Count de 
 Damas s horse was broken by a ball ; de Damas then took oft the 
 saddle and the bridle himself in front of the enemy s batteries, put 
 the saddle on the horse of a hussar, and got up behind the latter to 
 return to the generals. De Vauban and Berthier each took a prisoner, 
 but the latter officer killed the one he had made, because, having sur 
 rendered, he had fired at him with a pistol. (Kfcrcure de France, Octo 
 ber, 1781, page 172.) 
 
List of Officers. 53 
 
 BERTHIER (Cesar-Gabriel), the second brother of the pre 
 ceding one, was born at Versailles the 4th of May, 1765, 
 was only fifteen years old in 1780, and consequently could 
 not serve as aid-de-camp to Rochambeau, but he also went 
 to America. 
 
 BERVET or BERUET, quartermaster-paymaster in the regi 
 ment of Ag6nois; private in 1768, officer in 1779; was pres 
 ent at the siege of Yorktown. 
 
 - 
 
 BETHLSY (Jacques-Elonor, Viscount de), born at Calais 
 the 4th of December, 174S. Entered the service in 1764, 
 captain of dragoons in 1768, colonel en second of the regiment 
 of Gatinais 64 the 7th of August, 1778. Was unhappy at not 
 having been on the expedition to Grenada, and did all he 
 could with Count d Estaing in order to be on the following 
 expedition, which was granted him ; obtained the position of 
 third commander of the column of Dillon. He received two 
 gunshot wounds before Savannah on the 9th of October, 177-* ; 
 one went through his loft hand ; the other cut his skin near 
 the groin. 
 
 SEVILLE (De), served since 1746. Lieutenant-colonel in 
 1761, brigadier in 1778, marechal dc c<inip the 5th of Decem 
 ber, 1781; went through the German War on the staff, and 
 through the entire American War as quartermaster-general. 65 
 He made ten marches of over seven miles each, crossing fif 
 teen great rivers, with the whole army and few means, with 
 neither delay nor accident. His distinguished conduct at 
 Yorktown brought him a pension of twelve hundred llrrea; 
 asked, in 1783, for a place as commander of the order of Saint- 
 Louis, and hoped to be employed. 
 
 64 Royal-Auvergne. 
 
 Kt Marechal general des logix. 
 
54 The French in America. 
 
 BEVILLE (Chevalier de), son of the former, served since 
 1773. Officer in 1775, captain on leave 66 of the dragoons 
 of Noailles in 1779. In 1780 he went to America, where 
 Rochambeau first employed him as aid-de-camp and placed 
 him in the rear of the army as assistant quartermaster-general 
 of the regiment of Touraine. 
 
 BICHET DE ROCHEFONTAINE, enlisted as a volunteer, 
 brevet engineer with rank of captain the 18th of September, 
 
 1778. 67 
 
 BIEN DE CHEVIGNY (FredeYic-Fra^ois-Louis de), born 
 at Avallon the 13th of April, 1737. Lieutenant of the 
 chasseurs of Soissonnais, and commanded that company, dur 
 ing the absence of de Tarragon, before Savannah. He was 
 present at the sortie of the 25th of November and at the 
 attack of the intrenchments, where he lost half of his com 
 pany. He made as captain the campaign of Yorktown, al 
 though already on the retired list. 
 
 BILLY-DILLON (De), officer in the hussars of Lauzun; 
 wounded before Gloucester the 4th of October, 1781; 68 was 
 guillotined under the Terror with his brother and Lauzun. 
 
 BLANCHARD (Claude), born the 16th of May, 1742, at 
 Angers, of a family of that town ennobled by belonging to 
 the municipal magistracy. 69 He began, in 1762, in the war 
 office, under the orders of one of his relations, Dubois. 70 Ap 
 pointed commissary of war in 1768, Blanchard made in that 
 
 M Re/orme. 
 
 67 Major, November 16th, 1781. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
 68 Manuscript of Cromot Dubourg. 
 
 69 Echewnage. 
 
 70 Dubois had for successor in 1708, in the position of secretary- 
 general of Switzerland and the Grisons, the Abb6 Barthelemy, author 
 of the Young Anacharsis. (See the Almanack Royal of 1768.) 
 
List of Officers. 55 
 
 position the campaign of Corsica, where he stayed ten years. 
 The 29th of January, 1773, he received from the minister 
 of war, Monteynard, the permission to marry The"rese-Char- 
 lotte de Coriolis, of a noble family of Provence. Principal 
 commissary in 1780, he accompanied in that position Ro- 
 chambeau to America and I have indicated in my account 
 of the war the part he played in that campaign. 71 In 17S4, 
 commissary of war in Brittany. In 1788 he was command 
 ing commissary at Arras, and was called the following year 
 to the command of the National Guard of that town, of 
 which he soon became, with Carnot, the representative in the 
 National Assembly. In that chamber, with Lacuec and 
 Mathieu Dumas, he became the ordinary reporter of military 
 matters. He was expelled by the Committee of Public Safety, 
 and was obliged to hide to escape pursuit. It was then 
 that he wrote up his "Journal de la Campayne d Amei*ique" 
 from which we have taken interesting extracts. 72 " Xow that 
 I have some leisure," he says (Messidor, year II. of the Re 
 public), " I shall make a clean copv of my diary, without 
 changing anything important in the style or in the facts." 
 After the fall of Robespierre, Blancliard reassumcd the por 
 tion of chief commissary to the Army of Sanibre and Mouse, 
 then to the Army of the Interior, then to the Army of I>a- 
 tavia, where he was sent by Bernadotte, who thanked him, 
 in 17US, for his /eal and devotion, and lastly to the Hotel 
 des Invalides, where he died in 180*2, at the age of sixty, 
 leaving, says General Berruyer, Governor of the Invalides, 
 
 71 Bhmchard was the principal commissary of war, during the ex 
 pedition, with de Tarle, de Villemanzy, Jujardy, Chesnel, and de Corny 
 (Etatx Militaircx). He embarked at Brest on the To// /////- //,/, and slept 
 on board, the 14th of April, at Sainte-Barbe, with thirty or forty per 
 sons. Rochambeau added in a note in his own handwriting, to the 
 report on Blanchard which the Intendant de Tarle had written for the 
 minister of war after the siege of Yorktown, "a man of the greatest 
 distinction." Still, he received no reward, and complained about it. 
 
 "See Vol. I., page 9. 
 
56 The French in America. 
 
 in a letter to the minister of war, the reputation of an ad 
 ministrator remarkable for his talents and his virtues. 73 
 
 Claude Blanchard had a son, Edouard-Henri Blanchard, 
 who also became commissary of war, and who died about 
 1865, aged ninety-two, at La Fleche, Sarthe. 
 
 BLANCHELANDE (Philibert-Franyois Roussel de), general, 
 born at Dijon in 1735, guillotined, together with his son, 
 on the llth of April, 1793. He went to Martinique in 1779, 
 with the second battalion of the regiment of Viennois, of 
 which he was lieutenant-colonel ; 74 defended Saint Vincent, on 
 the 17th of December, 1780, with seven hundred and fifty 
 men against four thousand Englishmen, and was appointed 
 
 73 See Vol. I., page 222, note 222. See also Journal of Claude 
 Blanchard, pages 160-169. The stations on the return journey, accord 
 ing to Blanchard, were the following : 
 
 DATES. STOPS. DISTANCES. 
 
 23 June, 1782 Williamsburg. 
 
 24 " " Drinking Spring 9 miles. 
 
 5 July, " Bird s Tavern 8 " 
 
 6 " " Ravelaf House. 
 
 7 " " New Kent. 
 
 8 " " Newcastle (sojourn). 
 
 10 " " Hanover Town 5 miles. 
 
 11 " " Hanover Court House. 
 
 12 " " Brunk s Bridge. 
 
 13 " " Bullengreen (Bowling Green). 
 
 14 " " 12 miles south of Fredericksburg. 
 
 15 " " Fredericksburg and Falmouth. 
 
 16 " " (Sojourn). 
 
 17 " " Peyton s Tavern. 
 
 18 " " Dumfris. 
 
 19 " " Colchester. 
 
 20 " " Alexandria. 
 
 21 " " Georgetown. 
 
 22 " " Bladensburg. 
 
 25 " " Rose Tavern. 
 
 26 " " Spurier s Tavern. 
 
 27 " " Baltimore. 
 
 74 De Blanchelande also commanded the second battalion of Royal- 
 Comtois at the capture of Tabago. E. S. B. 
 
List of Officers. 57 
 
 brigadier as a reward. 75 After the capture of Tabago he 
 was appointed its governor ; afterwards he commanded at 
 Saint Domingo, which he left when the Revolution broke out, 
 by order of the commissioners sent by the Convention. He 
 followed Mauduit-Duplessis, commandant of the regiment at 
 Port-au-Prince, in his resistance to revolutionary ideas and 
 to freeing the negroes. He supported the Royalist side ; but 
 the assistance which he had asked from France was fatal to 
 him, as the Republic was proclaimed. He had to hide to 
 escape from the zeal of the republican soldiers of the regi 
 ments of Artois and Normandy, who had landed on the 2d 
 of March, \~\)\. lie was taken, brought back to France, 
 and executed. 
 
 BLAUDAT (Mathicu), born the 17th of January, 1725, at 
 Mulun, in Franehe-Comte ; enlisted as private in 1740, and 
 reached the rank of second lieutenant of Agenois in 1777. 
 First lieutenant in 1779. He was wounded by a musket ball 
 which passed through both thighs at the siege of Tmirnay 
 in 1745; received another bullet in the right thigh before 
 Laufcld in 1747, and was cut by a sword on the head at 
 Wartburg in 1700, for which wound he was trepanned. He 
 was killed at the siege of Savannah on the 24th of Septem 
 ber, 177D. 
 
 BoiS-BfiRTRAND (I)e), " young man full of honor, cour 
 age, and zeal, who held a brevet of lieutenant-colonel in 
 France in June, 1770," and whom Dr. Dubourg engaged that 
 month for the colonies. "He asks for nothing," he writes to 
 Franklin, "and will be placed as is desired." He embarked 
 with Dueoudray on the Amphitriie, belonging to Beauniarchais. 
 According to the American Archives, he left in August, 1770. 76 
 
 7R See Relation de$ combats d des ( Tenements de la guerre maritime entre 
 la France et VAmjletem , by Y. J. Kerguelen, former rear-admiral. Paris. 
 Year IV. of the Republic. 
 
 70 Sent to General Mercer by Congress. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
58 The French in America. 
 
 BOISLOGER (Henri-rnery de), captain of gunners in the 
 regiment of artillery. 
 
 BONNAFORCE DE BELLINAY was present at the capture of 
 Grenada and at the naval action off Saint Lucia. 
 
 BONNE (Jean, Chevalier de), born the 22d of July, 1750, 
 at Vivier-les Montagues ; captain in the regiment of Touraine ; 
 pensioned in 1782 for his good conduct at Saint Christopher. 
 
 BONNOT. Private in 1765 ; sub-lieutenant in the regiment 
 of Gatinais 77 in 1779 ; was present at the attack of the re 
 doubt of Yorktown. 
 
 BONY made the expedition of 1781, in the position of 
 paymaster attached to the army of Rochambeau. Mentioned 
 as holding this position at the camp of Dobbs Ferry by Cromot 
 Dubourg. 
 
 BORDA (Jean- Charles), born at Dax, Landes, the 4th of 
 May, 1733 ; died at Paris the 20th of February, 1799. Cel 
 ebrated mathematician and physicist. He studied at the col 
 lege of La Fleche, entered the army engineer corps while still 
 very young, and was at once noticed for important scientific 
 reports. In 1757 he was aid-de-camp of Marshal 78 Maillebois 
 and fought at Hastembeck. In 1767 he was attached to the 
 navy by the Minister de Praslin ; he at once made a cam 
 paign and never ceased traveling and doing useful things for 
 the navy. He went through the campaigns of 1777 and 
 1778 with Count d Estaing, with the rank of naval lieuten 
 ant, and afterwards reached the rank of major-general in the 
 naval army. In 1781 he commanded the Guerrier ; in 1782 
 he was charged to escort with the Solitaire a corps of troops 
 
 77 Royal- Auvergne. 
 
 78 Lieutenant-general. Marginal note. 
 
List of Officers. 59 
 
 that was being sent to Martinique. When these troops had 
 reached their destination he began to cruise ; but attacked 
 by a hostile fleet, he fought a long action and only surren 
 dered after a heroic struggle. The reputation he had acquired 
 as a scientist caused the English to treat him with distinction, 
 and to send him on parole to his own country. We need 
 not speak of his well-known works. Perhaps he is the author 
 of Journal (Tun ojficier de marine" already cited, Vol. II., 
 page 4. 
 
 BORDEXAVE (Jean-Ignace, Chevalier de), born at Mont- 
 Marsay the 13th of December, 1742; captain in the regiment 
 of Giitinais the 28th of August, 1777; decorated at the sur 
 render of Yorktown. 
 
 BORE (Prudhomme, Chevalier de), French officer who started 
 in January, 1777, on the Amphitrite, fitted out by Beaumar- 
 chais. lie embarked at L/orient with Ducoudray, Conway, 
 de la llouerie; arrived at Portsmouth in March, 1777, and 
 enlisted as volunteer in the army of the Americans. Elected 
 brigadier-general, he resigned the 14th of September of the 
 same year. 
 
 BOSXIER DE SAINT COSME ( Jacques- Antoine-Fran9ois- 
 Marie), born the 1st of February, 17 r >0, at Montpellier ; 
 entered the service in the Grey Musketeers in 17<>< % >, whence 
 he passed as sub-lieutenant into the regiment of Normandy 
 until 1772; lieutenant in waiting 79 for the colonies in 177-">; 
 captain in waiting of the regiment of Armagnac in 1777; 
 received a gunshot wound through the chest at the attack 
 on Savannah. 
 
 BOT/EX (Baron de), Polish lieutenant-colonel in the serv 
 ice of the Americans in the legion of Pulaski. He was killed 
 
 A la suite. 
 
60 The French in America. 
 
 at Egg Harbor in 1778. Cited as the Baron de Boze in 
 Records of Revolutionary War. 
 
 BOUCHET (Denis-Jean-Floriniond-Langlois, Marquis du), 
 born at Clermont, Auvergne, the 20th of October, 1752 ; died 
 at Paris in October, 1826. His family came from Normandy. 
 Entering the military engineers at the age of fifteen, he passed 
 into the artillery. He served with distinction in the campaigns 
 of Corsica in 1769 in the regiment of La Marche-Prince ; left 
 in 1776 for America as volunteer; reached the rank of ma 
 jor-general after the battle of Saratoga. It was then that Con 
 gress gave him a present of money to enable him to return 
 to France. In 1780 Rochambeau chose him as aid- major- 
 general. Returning to France in 1783, he re-entered the 
 service as colonel, received the decoration of the Cincinnati, 
 then the cross of Saint-Louis. He emigrated in 1791, served 
 in the legion of Conde, and was appointed marechal de camp 
 by Louis the Eighteenth in 1795. He returned to France in 
 1803, and commanded for Napoleon the fortresses of Ypres 
 and Breda from 1809 to 1810. He was made lieutenant- 
 general by the Bourbons in 1816, and resigned. 
 
 BOUGAINVILLE (Louis- Antoine, Count de), born at Paris 
 the llth of November, 1729; died the 30th of August, 1811. 
 Son of a notary of Paris, he studied in that town and first 
 intended to follow the law, although joining the Black Mus 
 keteers. At the age of twenty-five he was intimate with 
 d Alembert and Clairaut, and published his Traite de Calcul 
 Integral. In 1753 he started as aid-major in the provincial 
 battalion of Picardie, and Che vest, who commanded the camp 
 of Sarrelouis, chose him as aid-de-cam]). Pie went to Lon 
 don in 1754, was made member of the Royal Society, and 
 returned for the war of 1755 with the Duke de Mirepois. 
 As aid-de-camp, with the brevet of lieutenant of dragoons, he 
 joined his former general, who was commanding a cam]) of 
 
List of Officers. 61 
 
 manoeuvres at Metz. Captain in 1756, he was attached as 
 aid-de-camp to the Marquis de Montcalm, who was leaving 
 for Canada. His activity in this campaign won him the rank 
 of quartermaster 80 of the principal corps in that army. He 
 was wounded on the 5th of July, 1758, at Ticonderoga, while 
 defending victoriously the fort against Abercromby. Bougain 
 ville returned to Paris, sent by Montcalm to ask for succor. 
 He only obtained four hundred recruits and some ammuni 
 tion. Still Louis the Fifteenth appointed him colonel in 
 waiting of the regiment of Kouergue and chevalier of Saint- 
 Louis, despite his short service. He rejoined his general in 
 1751). He covered the retreat to Quebec, and when Mont- 
 calm had been killed on the 15th of September, 1759, Bou 
 gainville kept up the fight for a year, then surrendered. Can 
 ada was lost to France. Bougainville returned to France in 
 1761. 
 
 Bougainville served in Germany in 1762. Then, in 1763, 
 he obtained permission to change his title of colonel for that 
 of naval captain. lie had built at Saint Malo the Airjlc, of 
 twenty guns, and the Sphinx of twelve guns, and sailed on 
 the 15th of September with families from Acadia and landed 
 in the Malouin Islands on the 3d of February, 1764. He 
 founded there a colony which he had to give up the following 
 year to Spain. He returned bv the Paeilie, making discov 
 eries, from 1767 to 1701). 
 
 "When war broke out in 177-S he commanded the Ilicn- 
 Ainit y under the orders of Lamotte-Piquet. In 177 ( .> he was 
 appointed fleet commander, and took command of the L<tn- 
 guedoc as flag captain to Count d Fstaing. The same year 
 he was made marfchal de camp, and participated in various 
 combats fought in the Antilles against Hood. At Grenada, 
 against Lord Byron, he commanded the Gucrricr, whose 
 manoeuvres were very fine. 
 
 90 Martchal dcs logi*. 
 
62 The French in America. 
 
 At the action of Chesapeake Bay, the 5th of September, 
 1781, Bougainville commanded, on the Auguste, the vanguard 
 of the fleet of Count de Grasse. The English ship the Ter 
 rible was taken, and Washington and Rochambeau considered 
 that the victory was due to Bougainville. 81 
 
 The following year he participated in the capture of Saint 
 Christopher. The 25th and 26th of January, 1782, he fought 
 in the vanguard against Admiral Hood. The 12th of April, 
 at the fatal action of the Saintes, he covered with his ship the 
 Auguste, the Northumberland, which was in danger, and re 
 mained until he had rallied eight ships, which he brought 
 back first to Saint Eustatius, then to Cape Fran9ais. 82 In 
 1783 he received the decoration of the Cincinnati and was 
 made member of the Academy of Science. Vice-admiral in 
 1790, senator under the Empire, grand officer of the Legion 
 of Honor. 
 
 (Franois-Claude-Amour, Marquis de), born at 
 the Chateau de Cluzel, in Auvergne, the 19th of November, 
 1739; entered the service in 1754, and joined as cadet gentil- 
 homme the regiment of infantry of which the Prince de Rohan- 
 Rochefort was colonel ; the following year he passed into the 
 Black Musketeers, and in June, 1756, received a brevet of 
 captain in the regiment of dragoons commanded by de La 
 Ferronays. With this rank he fought in Germany during 
 
 81 Good action of Bougainville at the battle in Chesapeake Bay. 
 Seven vessels against fourteen. 
 
 " When General Washington and General de Rochambeau came to 
 compliment him (de Grasse) on this battle, de Grasse told them that 
 the compliments were due to me as having commanded the vanguard 
 and personally fought the Terrible" 
 
 Extract from a letter of Bougainville to de Vaudreuil, shown to me 
 by M. Pierre Margry, the learned archivist of the ministry of marine, 
 to whom I owe much useful information. 
 
 82 See the report of the council of war who judged his conduct in 
 this battle. 
 
List of Officers. 63 
 
 the Seven Years War, from 1758 to 1763. De Bouille 
 showed during these campaigns great courage and much skill ; 
 he received several wounds. As reward for the important 
 part he had played in the success of the battle of Griinberg, 
 he received, on the 19th of November, 1761, the brevet of 
 colonel, but his regiment was partly destroyed at the siege of 
 Brunswick, where he was himself wounded and made pris 
 oner. 
 
 He was sent in 1765 to Martinique with his regiment, 
 which had been remodeled, and, anticipating the coming 
 changes in the English colonies, he explored the Antilles, 
 which might soon become the scene of the impending struggle 
 against England. After a journey to France, he returned 
 to take his new position of Governor of Guadeloupe in 1768. 
 He aided the prosperity of this colony by his wise and en 
 lightened administration; but disappointed in his hope of hav 
 ing to defend it against England after the dismissal of Choiseul 
 from the ministry, he asked for his recall, and returned to 
 France in October, 1771. 
 
 In 1777 he was appointed marshal dc camp and was sent 
 once more to the Windward Islands, with the title of gov 
 ernor-general. At the outbreak of the war he seized Dominica, 
 and was getting ready to attack the other English islands, 
 when the arrival of Count d Estaing with a squadron paral 
 yzed his plans, or at least caused them to partly miscarry. 
 Placed in a most critical position on account of his isolation 
 and his being forsaken by dc Grassc and de Guichen, he 
 created resources for himself, repaired the disasters caused by 
 a hurricane, got together a small fleet and made himself feared 
 by the English, from whom he took Tabago and Saint Eu- 
 statius in 1778, then Saint Christopher in 1782. This last 
 success brought him, on his return to France the same year, 
 the rank of lieutenant-general. 
 
 At the peace of 17S3, de Bouille, having finally returned 
 to Europe, received the title of chevalier of the orders of 
 
64 The French in America. 
 
 the king, and the gift of two cannon captured at Saint Chris 
 topher. The Americans on their side announced to him his 
 admission to the order of the Cincinnati by autograph letters 
 from General Washington, containing the expression of the sen 
 timent of admiration and respect which the character of the 
 Marquis de Bouill6 had inspired in him. 
 
 He then became famous in France for his affection for Louis 
 the Sixteenth. Appointed in 1790 commander-in-chief of the 
 Army of the Meuse, Sarre and Moselle, he had to contend at 
 Metz with the spirit of insubordination which tended to disor 
 ganize his army, and had also to resist the town authorities. 
 He grew so disgusted with all this, that he had decided to quit 
 France, when he was prevented by the pressing letters of La 
 Fayette, of Latour du Pin, minister of war, and of the king 
 himself. From this time his only thought was saving the king 
 and the monarchy from the coming disasters, and he sounded 
 on this point La Fayette, who did not seem to enter into his 
 ideas. A formidable military insurrection broke out among 
 his troops at Metz and at Nancy. This time again his cour 
 age and his ability triumphed over the danger, but not with 
 out the shedding of blood (31st of August, 1790). 
 
 He refused patriotically the baton of marshal of France, 
 not wishing, he said, to accept a reward for having had the 
 misfortune to use his arms against Frenchmen. Nevertheless 
 his victory made him numerous enemies, and brought him 
 still nearer to the king, to whom he sent his eldest sou to 
 concert the plan and the means of a flight prepared and med 
 itated by Louis the Sixteenth himself. De Bouille was to 
 advance towards the king, receive him, protect him as well 
 as the remnants of his authority at Montmedy, in a camp 
 composed of his surest and most devoted troops. This plan 
 failed from a series of unexpected events, and the king was 
 arrested with his family at Yarennes, while de Bouille was 
 forced to quit France in 1791. 
 
 From Coblentz, where he took refuge, he still tried to serve 
 
List of Officers. 65 
 
 Louis the Sixteenth by making offers to foreign courts, but 
 they were all useless, and after the death of the king he 
 withdrew to England. He died in London in 1800. 83 
 
 BOUILLET (De), officer of the regiment of Agenois ; was 
 present at the siege of Yorktown. The 30th of September, 
 1781, early in the morning, he had his thigh broken by a 
 musket ball on the left of the line of the besiegers while 
 they were working to join together the abandoned fortvS. 
 
 BOULAND, captain in the regiment of Armagnac, thirty- 
 seven years of service ; wounded at the attack on the intrench- 
 ments of Savannah. 
 
 BOUIIAYNE (Cesar-Joseph, Baron de), naval captain, born 
 at Brest in 17(>8. lie enlisted as a volunteer at the age of 
 thirteen on the Auymte, commanded by Bougainville, which 
 formed part of the squadron of Count de Grasse. He was 
 present at the action in Chesapeake Bay, the 5th of Sep 
 tember, 1781 ; at the capture of Saint Christopher; at the 
 actions of the 25th and the 20th of January, 1782, off Saint 
 Christopher, and at the disastrous battle of the Saintcs. 
 
 Naval ensign in 17^2, naval lieutenant in 175)3; wounded 
 and captured by the English. Captain of frigate in 1706; 
 again a prisoner in 1810, was only freed in 1811; baron of 
 the Empire, with a present of four thousand francs, the 21st 
 of July, 1814. Louis the Eighteenth made him chevalier of 
 Saint-Louis. Died in active service at Brest in 1817. 
 
 BOURDON DE YATRY (Marc-Antoine, Baron), born at Saint 
 Maur the 21st of November, 1701. He followed de Grasse 
 
 83 "The Marquis de BouihY," says several times J. de Saint- Yallier 
 (Histoirc raisonnce de la dcruttre guerre), "showed in all his enterprises 
 rapidity, ability, and courage." An interesting biography of de Bouilld 
 was published in Paris by his grandson, the present Marquis de Bouille". 
 This book has the merit of a great sobriety of style when the author 
 is led by his narrative to give praise. 
 
66 The French in America. 
 
 in the position of general secretary of the expedition, and 
 was present at the battle of the 12th of August, 1782. At 
 the peace he was made chief of the division of the colonies 
 at the ministry of the navy. He was minister of the navy 
 under the Directory and under the Consulate, occupied various 
 positions under the Empire, and would not serve under the 
 Kestauration. He had no fortune at his death, which occurred 
 at Paris in 1828. 
 
 BOURGET (Geoffroy de). Colonel of engineers at Martin 
 ique. 
 
 BOURGUISSON. See BERGUISSON. 
 
 BOUVET (Fran 9013- Joseph), born at Lorient the 23d of 
 April, 1753 ; died at Brest in 1832. Made two campaigns 
 to the Antilles and to Saint Domingo. He was auxiliary 
 officer on the Belle Poule during the action of the 20th of 
 June, 1778, in which he was wounded. 
 
 Captain of the ship the Audacieux in 1793 ; rear-admiral 
 in 1802. He returned at this time to Saint Domingo with 
 General Richepance. He became vice-admiral and was re 
 tired in 1817. 
 
 BOYERE. See BERAGE. 
 
 BOYS (Pierre-Fran9ois de), enlisted as a volunteer, brev 
 eted the 7th of October, 1776, as major in waiting of the 
 army. 84 
 
 BOZE (Baron de). See BOTZEN. 
 
 Bozox DE PERIGORD (Count), came to America in 1782 
 with the Prince de Broglie, and rejoined the troops at Cram- 
 pond, then went from Boston to Porto Cabello with Dumas. 
 
 84 Auberteuil. 
 
List of Officers. 07 
 
 BRAIIM (Ferdinand de), engineer for South Carolina the 
 19th of February, 1776. 85 He is mentioned also in Records 
 of Revolutionary War in these terms: " The llth of Janu 
 ary, 1778, Congress gave him a brevet of engineer with rank 
 of major in the service of the United States." J 
 
 BRKXTANO (de), aid-de-camp of the Chevalier de Viomenil ; 
 distinguished himself at the attack of the redoubt of York- 
 town. 
 
 BRKSSOLES (Gilbert de), born the 3d of December, 1739, 
 at la Planche, in Bourbonnais. Entered the service in 1757 ; 
 wounded by several sabre cuts at the battle of Minden in 
 1759 ; badly crushed by a horse killed under him at Cassel 
 in 1702; captain in 1709 ; major in 1770; lieutenant-colonel 
 of Bourbonnais the 29th of December, 1777 ; received a pen 
 sion for his good conduct at Yorktown. " Serves with much 
 distinction, and is one of the best lieutenant-colonels." 87 
 
 BRICK or BnuE, 88 enlisted as volunteer aid-de-camp to La 
 Fayctte ; brevet lieutenant-colonel the 27th of October, 177>S. 
 Had a horse killed under him before Gloucester, the 25th of 
 November, 1777. 
 
 BRIE (Jean-Georges-Prosper Dauricr de Madron de), born 
 the 25th of November, 1737, at Brie, near Savendun, countv 
 of Foix ; served since 1749; captain in 17<><>; captain-com 
 mandant in the regiment of Saintonge ; received a pension for 
 his good conduct before Yorktown/ 9 
 
 BRIERES (Zacharie-Jaeques des), born at Paris the 2(>th 
 of March, 1730. Four campaigns at the lie de France, 
 
 ^American Archives. Series 4, Vol. V., page 584. 
 "Built Fort Moultrie. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
 87 Archive* of War. 
 
 88 Me moires of La Fayette. 
 M Archives of War. 
 
68 The French in America. 
 
 two in America ; captain-commandant in the regiment of 
 Saintonge. His good conduct at Yorktown brought him the 
 cross of Saint-Louis. 
 
 BROGLIE (Victor-Claude, Prince de), of an illustrious family 
 from Quiers in Piedmont, which, at the time of the Ameri 
 can War, had already given to France several marshals and 
 other eminent men. 
 
 The grandfather of Victor-Claude, who won the battles of 
 Parma and of Guastella (1734), afterwards commanded the 
 troops sent in 1741 to Bohemia with the Marquis 90 of Belle- 
 Isle, and was created duke by Louis the Fifteenth. His fa 
 ther was appointed, in 1759, Prince of the Holy Roman Em 
 pire by the Emperor of Germany, in return for the services 
 he had rendered him during the war against Prussia. In 
 1789 Louis the Sixteenth intrusted him with the ministry 
 of war. 
 
 Born in 1757, Victor-Claude de Broglie entered the service 
 in 1771, and was appointed colonel of the regiment of Saint 
 onge the 3d of June, 1779. He was sent to America in 
 1782, with the rank of mestre de camp. Mathieu Dumas 
 says in his Souvenirs that he started from Eochefort on the 
 12th of May of that year, 91 but he tells himself in his Me 
 moirs 92 that he embarked on the 19th of May at Brest, on 
 the Gloire, commanded by de Valonge. This was at the 
 time when several superior officers of the expeditionary corps, 
 who had come on missions or on leave of absence to France 
 after the capture of Yorktown, were returning to their posts. 
 Many of the young nobles, anxious to share in the glory 
 and the dangers of the Frenchmen who had preceded them 
 to the United States, had also obtained permission to join 
 
 90 Marshal. Marginal note. 
 
 91 It is by an error that Mr. Drake, in his new and excellent Dictionary 
 of American Biography, makes de Broglie serve in the campaign of 1781. 
 
 92 Vol. I., page 15. 
 
List of Officers. 69 
 
 the army of Rochambeau. So we see leaving on the same 
 ship as the Prince de Broglie : the Duke de Lauzun, de Shel 
 don, the Count de Segur, de Lomenie, Alexandre de Lameth, 
 the Baron de Montesquieu, de Polereski, the Viscount de Vau- 
 dreuil, and an aid-de-camp of the king of Sweden, de Ligliorn. 
 
 The Aiyle, which left at the same time as the Gloire, had as 
 passengers Mathieu Dumas, the Baron de Viomenil, the Count 
 llicci, the Duke de Laval, de Langeron, Count Bozon de 
 Talleyrand, de Floury. This frigate was commanded by 
 Latouche-Treville. She carried two million five hundred 
 thousand llvren for Congress. I have narrated in the first 
 part of this book the events that happened during the passage, 
 and the circumstances that troubled the landing in Delaware 
 Bay. De Broglie, after having aided in saving the barn-Is 
 full of money which Latouche-Treville was obliged to throw 
 overboard at the mouth of the Delaware, joined the army at 
 Crampond. 
 
 The expeditionary corps had done its work ; there were no 
 more laurels for the young officer to gather in the now defin 
 itely established United States. So he soon embarked at 
 Boston for the United States of Columbia, which he explored 
 in company with several of his fellow passengers. 
 
 After his return to France he was made deputy to the 
 States General, then employed as umnrhul dc camp in the 
 Army of the Rhine. But he would not rccngni/e the act of 
 suspension of the king; he was, for this act of resistance, 
 accused, condemned to death, and guillotined at Paris, the 
 27th of June, 1 794. He was thirty-seven years of age. 93 
 
 93 In the Magazine, of American History for 1877 there appeared 
 the translation, by my sister, of the narrative of the Prince de Broglie, 
 with a preliminary notice, by my father, of the family of the Prince 
 de Broglie. 
 
 In 1886 the same magazine published a note by my sister on the 
 family of de Broglie, quoting passages from a letter of the present 
 Duke de Broglie, in which he says : " The facts quoted by your father 
 in regard to my family are in absolute conformity iritJi the truth. 1 E. S. B. 
 
70 The French in America. 
 
 BROMER (De), Swedish officer, wounded at the naval action 
 off Saint Lucia. He was present at the attack of Savannah. 
 
 BROVES (De), officer of artillery in the service of the 
 Americans, returned to France with La Fayette, Pontgibaud, 
 Mauduit-Duplessis, de Eaymondis and others on the Alliance, 
 in January, 1779. They arrived at Brest on the 6th of Feb 
 ruary. 
 
 BROWNE (Thomas), major of the regiment of Dillon, was 
 born at Castelloffre the 12th of October, 1732 ; killed the 
 9th of October, 1779, before Savannah. 
 
 BRUE. See BRICE. 
 
 BRUEYS D AIGALLIERS (Fran9ois-Paul), born at Uzes in 
 1753. He entered the navy at the age of thirteen, and in 
 1780 served as naval lieutenant in the fleet of Count de 
 Grasse. He took part in the five actions that were fought 
 with Admirals Hood and Graves. 
 
 Captain in 1792 and vice-admiral in 1798, he convoyed 
 to Egypt the army of Bonaparte, and was cut in two by a 
 cannon ball at the battle of Aboukir, on the 24th of August, 
 1798. 
 
 BRUIX (Eustache), born in Saint Domingo the 17th of 
 July, 1759; died as admiral at Paris the 18th of June, 1805. 
 He embarked first on a merchant vessel, and made his first 
 campaign on the Fox and his second on the Concord. After 
 1 laving served on the various squadrons which went to the 
 assistance of the United States, and been present at three 
 actions, he was appointed ensign in 1781. After much work, 
 and repeatedly distinguishing himself, he was made minister 
 of the navy at the beginning of the Empire. At the time 
 
List of Officers. 71 
 
 of his death he was charged by Napoleon with organizing 
 a landing in England. 
 
 ES (Count de), born in 1734; died in July, 1821. 
 He entered the navy very young, and distinguished himself 
 under d Estaing in the American War, and under the Bailli 
 de Suffren. Having been given the command of the Illustre 
 and remaining alone with the Heros, he drove away twelve 
 English ships. He returned to Europe in 1784, and was 
 despoiled of his rank and fortune during the Revolution, and 
 even of his liberty in 1703. Louis the Eighteenth made him 
 grand cross of Saint-Louis. 
 
 Buissox (Chevalier du), enlisted as a volunteer, brevet- 
 major the 4th of October, 1777 ; retired in 1781. The Penn 
 sylvania Gazette of the 4th of October, 1780, printed the fol 
 lowing letter from the Chevalier du Buisson to Generals 
 Smallwood and Gist. It was dated at Charlotte the 26th of 
 August : 
 
 " MY DEAR GENERATES : Having received several wounds 
 in the action of the 16th instant, I was made prisoner witli the 
 honorable major-general, the Baron de Kalb, with whom I 
 served as aid-de-camp and friend, and had an opportunity 
 of attending that great and good officer during the short time 
 he languished with eleven wounds, which proved mortal on 
 the third day. 
 
 " It is with pleasure I obey the Baron s last commands, in 
 presenting his most affectionate compliments to all the officers 
 and men of his division. He expressed the greatest satisfaction 
 in the testimony given by the British army of the bravery of 
 his troops, and he was charmed with the firm opposition they 
 made to superior force, when abandoned by the rest of the 
 army. The gallant behavior of the Delaware regiment and 
 the companies of artillery attached to the brigades afforded 
 
72 The French in America. 
 
 him infinite pleasure, and the exemplary conduct of the whole 
 division gave him an endearing sense of the merit of the 
 troops he had the honor to command. 
 
 "I am, dear generals, with regard and respect, your most 
 obedient humble servant, 
 
 "LE CHEVALIER DUBUYSSON, 
 
 "Lieutenant- Colonel. 
 "To Brigadier- Generals Smattwood and Gist."** 95 
 
 BUZALET (Charles- Adrien de), chief of brigade in the reg 
 iment of Auxonne, royal corps of artillery. 
 
 c. 
 
 CABANNES (Charles-Guillaume de), born the 21st of April, 
 1742; entered as second lieutenant the regiment of Royal- 
 Deux-Ponts the 9th of April, 1758 ; captain-commandant 
 the 4th of April, 1780; made five campaigns in Germany, 
 then two in America, where his conduct before Yorktown 
 brought him the decoration of Military Merit. 
 
 CABANNES (Adam-Maximilien de), born at Nassau-Sieghen 
 the 4th of January, 1741 ; entered the 30th of June, 1758, 
 as sub-lieutenant, the regiment of Royal-Deux-Ponts ; made 
 the campaigns of Germany and America like the former, and 
 received also the cross of Military Merit after the capture of 
 Yorktown, but was not appointed captain-commandant until 
 the 30th of June, 1782. 
 
 CABRIEBES. See ROUVERIE. 
 
 CALDAGUES (Pierre-Raymond de), bom at Aurillac the 
 3d of August, 1747. Entered the service in 1763 as sub- 
 
 94 See also Mercure de France, January, 1781, page 154. 
 96 He is not cited in the life of de Kalb by the Hon. Friedrich 
 Kapp. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
List of Officers. 73 
 
 lieutenant in the regiment of Soissonnais, appointed captain 
 en second in this regiment the 12th of May, 1781 ; had no 
 fortune, and received a pension for his conduct before York- 
 town. 
 
 CAMBRAY (Chevalier dti), entered the service as candi 
 date (aspirant) to the royal corps of artillery in 1770, and 
 was not made officer, as there was no vacancy. He left for 
 America with de Carmichael in 1778, and arrived in the 
 month of June. In the Memoirs of La Fayette at that time 
 is a letter where he writes to his wife that du Cambray will 
 be well placed. He was, in fact, appointed by Congress 96 lieu 
 tenant-colonel in the corps of the engineers, under the orders 
 of Du Portail, and fortified Charlestown in 1779. Then he 
 was commander of the artillery in the Department of the West. 
 At the peace he w r as appointed major in the provincial troops. 
 
 CAMPANES (La Muderie de). See MUDERIE. 
 CANTEL D INETP:VII.LE. See DAXETEVILLE. 
 
 CARAVAOXE or GARAVAQUE, officer of engineers attached 
 to the expeditionary corps. 97 
 
 CARMICIIAEL, arrived in America with du Cambray in 
 June, 1778. La Fayette writes at this time that lie had not 
 yet received a position. 98 
 
 CARRERE, enlisted as private in France in 17-V2, became 
 officer in 1767 and captain en second of the grenadiers of 
 Gatinais in 1770. Distinguished himself at the attack of the 
 redoubt before Yorktown. 
 
 06 October, 1778. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
 97 Blanc-hard. 
 
 96 Me moires of La Fayette. 
 
74 The French in America. 
 
 CATAY (Frai^ois-Ce sar de), lieutenant in the regiment of 
 Bourbonnais during the expedition of the United States ; was 
 wrecked during the action of the Jason, and only escaped 
 with difficulty. 
 
 CATERIE (Julien Drude de la). See DRTJDE. 
 
 CAZAL (De), captain-commandant in the regiment of Tou- 
 raine; entered the service in 1761. 
 
 CHABANNES (Jacques-Gilbert-Marie, Count de), born at 
 Paris the 3d of August, 1760. Officer in 1776, captain in 
 waiting of the regiment of Royal -Piemont in 1778. Made 
 the campaigns in America as aid-quartermaster-general of the 
 army of Rochambeau. He was also aid-de-camp of the Baron 
 de Viomenil, who, in his report of the capture of York- 
 town, calls attention to his bravery and his merit. Roch 
 ambeau asked for him, on account of his worth and his 
 valor, the rank of mestre de camp en second, which he ob 
 tained as soon as he was old enough, on the 3d of August, 
 1783. 
 
 CHABERT (Marquis de), born in 1724, died in 1805. As 
 tronomer and French admiral. Entered the navy as guard 
 in July, 1741, and distinguished himself in several expedi 
 tions, notably in Acadia, at Louisbourg, in 1746. He left, 
 February the 28th, 1778, on the sixty-four gun vessel, the 
 Vaittant, which he commanded and which formed part of the 
 fleet of the Count d Estaing. He took part in the actions 
 off Grenada. He changed, on the 20th of September, 1780, 
 to the eighty-gun ship, the Saint Esprit, in which he took 
 part, under de Grasse, in the actions of the 19th of April, 
 2d of June, 5th of September, 1781, and at the combat of 
 the 8th of the same month, where he was wounded. Ap 
 pointed chief of squadron the 20th of January, 1782, he 
 
List of Officers. 75 
 
 nevertheless did not neglect his scientific work. Commander 
 of Saint-Louis in 1784 and vice-admiral in 1792." 
 
 CHAISE (De la), commanded a little detachment of thirty 
 men who captured Fort Loubieres at the attack of Dominica, 
 the 7th of September, 1778. He was detached from the 
 regiment of Atixerrois, under the orders of Viscount de 
 Damas. Received the order of Saint-Louis in 1779. 100 
 
 CHALENDAR (Jcan-Baptiste-Marguerite, Chevalier de), born 
 at Bonay, near to Le Puy, the 16th of April, 1751. En 
 tered the service in 1771 as sub-lieutenant in the regiment 
 of Gatinais. Distinguished himself at the attack of Yorktown, 
 and was appointed captain in October, 1781. AVas made pris 
 oner the 12th of April, 1782, on the ship the Cnton. 
 
 CHAMILLAUD DE VARVILLE, lieutenant-colonel, com 
 mander en second of the J>on Horn me Richard under Paul 
 Jones, commanded a party of twenty men during the action 
 with the Serapis 
 
 CHAMPAGNY (Jean-Baptiste de Xompere de, Count <le 
 Champagny, Duke de Cadore), born at Rounne the 4th of 
 August, 1750; died the 3d of July, IS. vl ; entered the navy 
 in 1775 as naval ensign ; was wounded in the naval action 
 of the 12th of April, 1782. 10 ~ 
 
 He became naval lieutenant and chevalier of Saint-Louis; 
 was deputy to the States General from the nobilitv of Fore/ 
 in 1789; was imprisoned during the Terror; was in sneees- 
 sion state councillor, minister of the interior, and minister of 
 
 99 L. B., 96, 200, 204-243. 
 100 Longchamp. 
 
 101 Life of ./. Paid Jones, by Sherburne, 1825, page 129. Life of J. 
 Paul Jones, by Jeannette Taylor. New York, 1830. Page 162. 
 108 L. B., 262. 
 
76 The French in America. 
 
 foreign affairs under Napoleon, and also senator. He was 
 created Count de Champagny the 24th of April, 1808, Duke 
 de Cadore (Pieve di Cadore) the 15th of August, 1809, and 
 peer of France under the Restauration. He served also under 
 Louis Philippe. 
 
 CHAMPCENEZ (De), cited in the Memoirs of the Prince de 
 Broglie and in those of Dumas as having made excursions 
 with them in North America, then in Columbia. He was on 
 the Aigle during its passage, and showed the greatest courage 
 in trying to save the vessel and the crew at the mouth of 
 the Delaware. 
 
 CHAPPUY DE COURVILLE (Toussaint-Magloire), born the 
 6th of June, 1761, at Yiviers, in the Yivarais ; cadet gentil- 
 homme the 6th of June, 1776; sub-lieutenant of Gatinais the 
 28th of August, 1777; second lieutenant the 10th of March, 
 1780; first lieutenant the 2d of April, 1784; made the 
 campaigns in the Antilles with his regiment ; wounded by a 
 musket ball at Savannah, and made prisoner at the naval 
 action of the 12th of April, 1782, on the ship the Ardent. 
 
 CHAPUY DE TOURVILLE (Charles-Bertin-Gaston), born at 
 Metz the 4th of January, 1740. Entered the service in 
 1765, major in the regiment of Gatinais in 1776; fulfilled 
 for a year in America the duties of major-general. 
 
 CHARLOT, entered the service in 1759 ; made the American 
 expedition as captain-commandant in the regiment of Touraine. 
 
 CHARLUS DE LA CROIX (Count de), son of the Marshal 
 de Castries, minister of war in 1782. 103 He was born the 
 
 103 Minister of the navy in 1780. Marginal note. 
 
List of Officers. 77 
 
 3d of May, 1756; entered the service in 1766; captain the 
 4th of April, 1774; made the campaign of America as 
 m&ttre de camp en second of the regiment of Saintonge, a 
 rank he had obtained the 23d of May, 1779. He showed 
 much zeal and courage in all circumstances, according to the 
 report of Rochambeau. He left Brest with the expeditionary 
 corps, and embarked on the Jaxon with Dumas, Charles de 
 Lameth, and Ferscn ; then, after the capture of Yorktown, 
 he returned to France the 25th of October, 1781, on the 
 Andromaque, witli Guillaume de Deux-Ponts, the Count de 
 Damas, and the Marquis de Laval, to bear the news of the 
 success of the expedition. They had, however, been antici 
 pated by de Lauzun. 
 
 He emigrated during the French Revolution, and dial peer 
 of France in KS42. 104 
 
 CIIASTELLUX (Francois- Jean, Chevalier de), known by the 
 title of Marquis, which he took only in 17S4. He had be 
 fore that only the title of Chevalier, which Lauzun calls 
 him by, and which he calls himself by in his Voyage*. 
 Horn at Paris in 1734, died in 17SS. Entered the service 
 in 174!), at the age of fifteen ; colonel of the regiment of his 
 name at the age of twenty-one; colonel of the regiment of 
 la Marche in 1750; brigadier in 170-1; made the campaigns 
 of Germany; went to America with the title of major-general 
 in the army of Rochambeau in 17-^0, and devoted himself 
 especially, during his stay, to studying the territory of the 
 revolted colonies and the customs of the Americans. His 
 observations have been published in two volumes of Memoirs, 
 
 104 On the frigate the Amazone there were, besides de Charltis, the 
 Viscount de Rochambeau and Guillaume de Deux-Ponts. The Amim- 
 maque, which left the 31st of October, only took nineteen days to cross. 
 The Engageante arrived at Lorient four days later ; it had had a pas 
 sage of twenty-two days, and came from Boston. (J/mv/n 1 </< France, 
 1781.) 
 
78 The French in America. 
 
 under the title of Voyages daus I Amerique Septentrionale en 
 1780-81-82, Paris 1786, in 8. 105 
 
 He was present at the principal conferences of Count de 
 Rochambeau with Washington, and also at the first interview 
 of the American generalissimo with Count de Grasse, on the 
 Ville de Paris, before the attack on Yorktown, together with 
 General Knox and du Portail. Lauzuu reproaches him for 
 his frivolity in his Memoirs, and it is strange to see such a 
 judgment by the man who was considered the least serious 
 in the whole army. He did, at any rate, nothing of im 
 portance during the campaign, except that he repulsed with 
 a reserve corps the six hundred English who were making 
 a sortie on the batteries on the right during the night of the 
 15th to the 16th of October, before Yorktown. He com 
 manded, with the Baron de Viomenil, the retreat of the troops 
 in 1782. He returned afterwards to France ahead of the 
 army and at the same time as de Rochambeau, de Beville, 
 and the staif. 
 
 He was appointed marechal de camp immediately after his 
 arrival. Since 1775 he was member of the French Acad 
 emy. 106 He married in 1787 an accomplished woman of Irish 
 extraction, Miss Plunkett, whose acquaintance he had made at 
 the baths of Spa. Washington sent him his congratulations 
 in a letter which we find in his correspondence. But this 
 marriage was not happy and a year after the marquis died. 
 His fortune was doubtless lost during the Revolution, for in 
 1795 his widow asked help from the American Government 
 for herself and her son, invoking the remembrance of the 
 
 106 This book has been translated into English, with interesting and 
 instructive notes. Travels in North America in the years 1780-1-2, by 
 the Marquis de Chastellux. 2 vols. Dublin, 1787. Translated by an 
 English gentleman who resided in America at that period. 
 
 106 De Chastellux also published, among other books: Discours sur 
 les avantages qui peuvent resulter pour V Europe de la decouverte de I Amcr- 
 igue, Paris, 1787. Itiscours en vers adresse aux offitiers et soldats Ameri- 
 cains, Paris, 1786. 
 
List of Officers. 79 
 
 services performed by her husband. This petition had no 
 result. He was a member of the order of the Cincinnati. 
 
 Blanchard says in his diary : " He was received, he told 
 me, associate member of the Academy of Philadelphia. He 
 has had printed in two volumes the account of his journey, 
 and one can find there a few agreeable details, but much 
 minutiae, mediocre jokes and praise, often ill deserved, of 
 people who had flattered him. Brissot de Warville wrote a 
 bitter criticism on this work." 
 
 CIIAUSSEE. See YARIN. 
 
 CHAUSSEPIKD enlisted as private in the regiment of Agenois 
 in 1757, made the campaigns of Germany during the Seven 
 Years War, was appointed sub-lieutenant in 177-), and made 
 with his regiment the campaigns of America. He took part 
 in the sieges of Savannah and Yorktown. 
 
 CIIAZELLE DE BARQUES (Antoine), born the 23d of No 
 vember, 1752, at Sales in Auvergne ; made the campaign of 
 1780-81 in America, with the rank of lieutenant of Bour- 
 bonnais. During the sortie which the English made, during 
 the siege of Yorktown, against the battery on the right, dur 
 ing the night of the loth to the 10th of October, 1781, he 
 was dangerously wounded and remained crippled. 
 
 CHENXEVIERES (Guillaume), born the llth of June, 1734, 
 at P Hermitage in Normandy; enlisted as private in 1754; ap 
 pointed officer in 1707, and made the expedition of America 
 as captain en second of the grenadiers of Bourbonnais. He 
 distinguished himself before Yorktown, and obtained a pen 
 sion of three hundred livres. 
 
 CIIESXE (Du) or DrniESNE, entered the service in 1758; 
 made two campaigns in Germany, four at the lie de France; 
 
80 The French in America. 
 
 went to America with Rochambeau as captain-commandant of 
 the regiment of Saintonge. 
 
 CHESNEL, commissary of war of the expedition of Ro- 
 chambeau under the orders of Blanchard. 107 
 
 CHEVIGNY (Bien de). See BIEN. 
 
 CHEZE (De la), an officer of artillery ; made the campaigns 
 of 1780, 81, 82, and 83 on the American continent. He 
 was very intimate with Blanchard, with whom he lived. 108 
 
 CHILLEAU (Marquis de), colonel of the Viennois regiment ; 
 distinguished himself at the capture of Saint Domingo 109 under 
 Bouille", the 7th of September, 1778. There were in all two 
 thousand men in this attack ; they were drawn from the Aux- 
 errois and Viennois regiments, to whom were added a hun 
 dred volunteers. After the capture of the island de Chilleau 
 was intrusted to guard it with eight hundred men. He was 
 also at the capture of Tabago, the 2d of June. 1780. 
 
 CHOISY (De), entered the service in 1741, was major in 
 1763, lieutenant-colonel in 1767, brigadier in 1772, mestre 
 de camp in the fourth regiment of chasseurs in 1779, and 
 resigned this rank in order to go to America. "He was 
 very brave, and feared nothing," says Lauzun, " but had a 
 quick and violent temper." He obtained all his promotions 
 by deeds of valor, and had distinguished himself especially 
 in Germany at the defense of Cracow, where he requested to 
 serve with the expeditionary corps of Rochambeau. 
 
 He arrived at Newport on the 30th of September, 1780, on 
 the Gentille, with nine other officers, after having touched at 
 
 107 Etats Militaires. 
 
 108 , Journal of Blanchard. 
 
 109 Dominica. Marginal note. 
 
List of Officers. 81 
 
 Cape Francais, Saint Domingo. The brothers Berthier were 
 with him. 110 
 
 While the expeditionary eorps was going first to New York, 
 then to Yorktown, he was charged with guarding the fleet 
 and stores at Rhode Island, with one thousand American mil 
 itiamen and five hundred French soldiers. At the news of 
 the arrival of the allied armies at Yorktown he left a hun 
 dred men at Providence, under command of Dcsprez, major 
 of Deux-Ponts. Then he embarked with five hundred men 
 and all the artillery on the ten vessels which composed the 
 squadron under the command of de Barras, on the 21st of 
 August, 1781, and, taking advantage of the action between de 
 Grasse and Admiral Graves, he penetrated into Chesapeake 
 Bay, and landed his men and stores in sight of the French 
 camp. The 27th of September he left Williainsburg to take 
 command of the siege on the side of Gloucester, until then 
 intrusted to the too pacific General Weedon. He took some 
 artillery there undisturbed, and assembled under his orders the 
 one thousand American militiamen under command of Weedon, 
 the legion of Lauzun, and eight hundred men taken from the 
 marines of the ships furnished by de Grasse. The Ameri 
 can general henceforth had only a nominal authority in that 
 quarter. Moreover, Weedon, at first scared by the audacity 
 and the bravery of the French commander, which he called 
 foolhardiness, never for a moment thought of taking his place 
 at the head of the troops on the battlefield, nor to eonte>t the 
 authority which de Choisy had taken in the camp. 
 
 De Choisy, in an impetuous charge which he made with the 
 legion of Lauzun, broke up the cavalry of Tarleton ; he op 
 posed afterwards the attempts at flight of Lord Cornwallis, and 
 after having advanced his outposts up to the walls of Glouces 
 ter, he was preparing an assault on that side when he learned 
 that the articles of surrender were signed. He was appointed 
 
 Mercnre de Prance, 1781. 
 
82 The French in America. 
 
 marcchal de camp and promised the governorship of a fortified 
 town. 
 
 CHRISTOPHE (Henri), King of Hayti in 1767, committed 
 suicide in 1820; received a wound at the siege of Savannah. 
 
 CLAIRAUD (De), infantry officer, killed at the naval action 
 off Grenada, the 7th of July, 1779. 
 
 CLAVIS, enlisted as private in the regiment of Soissonnais 
 in 1749, passed through all the lower grades, and was appointed 
 officer in 1769. He received several wounds. 
 
 CLOCHETTERIE (De la), captain of the ship the Jason; left 
 Brest with the squadron under command of de Ternay ; dis 
 tinguished himself in a number of actions, especially at the one 
 which was fought on the 16th of March, 1781, by Destouche, 
 in Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 At the beginning of the war the English vessel the Aretlmsa 
 attacked the Belle-Poide, commanded by de la Clochetterie. He 
 sustained gloriously the unequal fight, and forced his antagonist 
 to fly ; he brought back to Brest his frigate riddled with shot 
 and a crew reduced to one-half. He was received with enthu 
 siasm by the people and the court. 
 
 CLOZEN (Jean-Christophe-Louis-Frederic-Ignace, Baron de), 
 born the 14th of August, 1752; entered as sub-lieutenant the 
 regiment of Eoyal-Deux-Ponts the 10th of September, 1769 ; 
 captain en second the 4th of April, 1780; made the expedition 
 of America as aid-de-camp of de Rochambeau. He was very 
 intimate with Cromot Dubourg. 
 
 (Franyois-Marie-Casimir-Franquetot de), general, 
 son of the duke of that name, born in 1756, died the 27th 
 of January, 1816; served in America under the orders of de 
 
List of Officers. 83 
 
 Bouille; came back to France and returned in the beginning 
 of 1782. He was made marechal de camp the 9th of March, 
 1788; emigrated during the Terror, then returned to France. 
 
 COLERUS (Chretien de), serving with the rank of major the 
 19th of September, 1776. 111 
 
 COL.LOT, entered the service in 1765, captain in 1778, at 
 tached to the regiment of Bercheny. 112 Nephew and aid-de 
 camp of Rochambeau during the expedition of 1781. He 
 embarked on the same vessel as Dumas, who mentions him. 
 
 COLOMBE (Chevalier de la), enlisted as volunteer in the 
 American service ; left France with La Fayette, to whom he 
 was aid-de-camp. He was breveted captain by Congress the 
 16th of November, 1777. In January, 1779, La Fayette, 
 about to start for France, wrote to Washington a letter to 
 recommend de la Colombe and ask for him a brevet of major. 
 At the end of the war de la Colombe returned to France and 
 was employed by the Republican Government. 
 
 He was made prisoner with La Fayette, in 17^ J, by the 
 Prince of Coburg, and shut up in the citadel of Olmutz. 
 He was released, and returned to Philadelphia to await 
 events. 113 
 
 Cox WAY (Thomas), born in 173,"), in Ireland ; lieutenant 
 in an Irish regiment in the French service in 1747; served 
 in the German war from 1760 to 1761. In January, 1777, 
 he went to America on the Aiupliitritc, fitted out by Beau- 
 marchais, who recommended to him his nephew, des Kpiniercs, 
 also a volunteer in the service of the Americans. 114 He was 
 
 11 Arch. Sparks. 
 
 112 For subsequent history of this regiment see Mrmoires <>f Duron de 
 Marbot, who at first served in the hussars of Bercheny. K. S. 1>. 
 
 113 Pontgibaud. 
 
 114 Lomenie. 
 
84 The French in America. 
 
 commissioned by Congress the 13th of May, 1777. 115 It is 
 by an error that the translator of the memoirs of Gouverneur 
 Morris says that he came with La Fayette. 116 He served 
 under the orders of La Fayette, and commanded a division 
 at the battle of the Brandywine and at Germantown. 
 
 Congress, fearing the influence of a military chief, and be 
 ing actuated by jealousy, often annoyed Washington. The 
 most detestable intrigues were at work to replace General 
 Washington by General Gates or General Charles Lee. In 
 these intrigues we find the names of Conway, Joseph Reed, 
 and others. 117 The conspirators even forged letters, which 
 were accredited to Washington. 118 No doubt these miserable 
 intrigues were kept up by the English, who had discovered 
 that to displace or suspend Genwal Washington would be to 
 finish the war. This was also the real aim of Arnold s trea 
 son, and we know to-day that it was declared in the English 
 camp that no reward could have paid so important a serv 
 ice Fortunately, all the plots to accomplish this end failed, 
 including the conspiracy of Arnold. 
 
 " Ambitious and dangerous," says La Fayette of Con way, 
 " he wished to put General Gates and Washington in compe 
 tition. His intrigues in this direction having become known 
 to the latter, 120 an explanation followed, after which he re 
 
 signed." 
 
 This resignation was handed in three times, and only ac 
 cepted the fourth time by Congress, which was most unworth 
 ily disposed to create troubles for Washington. Conway was 
 wounded in 1779 in a duel with General John Cadwalader, 
 
 115 Auberteuil. 
 
 116 Memorial de Gouverneur Morris, traduit de J. Sparks, par Augustin 
 Gandais. Paris, 1842. I., 128. 
 
 117 See Vol. I., page 82. 
 
 118 June and July, 1776 ; reprinted in 1795. 
 
 119 See Vol. I., pages 68, 82, 116, 124, and the authorities mentioned. 
 
 120 The letter of Joseph Reed to Charles Lee only became known 
 after the death of Washington. Irving II., 284. 
 
Li,st of Officers. 85 
 
 of New Jersey, who had sharply criticised his conduct. The 
 American officer wounded Conway with a bullet which en 
 tered his right jaw and came out through his neck. 121 Think 
 ing he was going to die, Conway wrote a repentant letter to 
 Washington. All the men who led these intrigues fell into 
 contempt sooner or later. After he had recovered his health 
 he abandoned the cause of the Americans. 122 
 
 Finally he returned to serve in France. He received, in 
 1779, the rank of aid-major-general in the army of Flan 
 ders. Colonel of the regiment of Pondichery in 1781, mare- 
 cJicd de camp in 1784, governor-general of the French sta 
 tions in India in 1787. He was still living in 1792. 
 
 COPPIN DE LA GARDE enlisted as volunteer; recommended 
 for some position in the division of General Sullivan the 
 26th of May, 1777. 
 
 (Rcne-Anne-Gilbert-Fran9ois dc la), born the 
 llth of February, 1742, at Saint-Martin de Juliers, near 
 Avranches ; entered the service in 1701 ; went to the col 
 onies with the regiment of Agenois, in which he was captain, 
 and distinguished himself before Yorktown. He was deco 
 rated after this campaign. 
 
 CORBIERE (Antoine-Madeleine dc la), brother of the former, 
 born at Avranches in 1743, was also decorated for his con 
 duct before Yorktown. 
 
 CORIOLIS. This family furnished several defenders to the 
 American cause. 123 They were : 
 
 CORIOLIS (Jcan-Baptiste-Elzear, Chevalier de), cadet of an 
 ancient and illustrious family of Provence, born the 18th of 
 
 m Auberteuil II., 277. 
 
 m !779. 
 
 ^ Manuscripts furnished by M. Maurice La Cheenais. 
 
86 The French in America. 
 
 May, 1754, at Aix ; sub-lieutenant in the regiment of Bour- 
 bonnais the 7th of April, 1773, lieutenant the 29th of De 
 cember, 1777. He embarked at Brest at the same time as 
 the expeditionary corps of Rocbambeau on the transport " the 
 Isle-de-France, which carried three hundred and fifty men of 
 his regiment. He distinguished himself before Yorktown, ac 
 cording to the army reports. He was the brother-in-law of 
 War Commissioner Blanchard, who speaks of him Avith much 
 esteem in his Journal de la Campagne d Amerique. 
 
 The Chevalier de Coriolis was appointed captain after his 
 return from America, the 15th of July, 1784. He entered with 
 this rank the constitutional guard of Louis the Sixteenth the 
 13th of November, 1791. This corps having been disbanded 
 the 30th of May, 1792, Coriolis remained none the less de 
 voted to the king, and defended him as a volunteer at the 
 Tuileries during the 10th of August, 1792. He retired to 
 Nancy during the Terror, and married there. He re-entered 
 the service under the Empire, and in 1809 made the cam 
 paign of Holland as captain-commandant of the reserve com 
 pany of the Meurthe. He died the 15th of February, 181 1. 124 
 
 His son, Gustave Coriolis, who died in 1842, was a cel 
 ebrated French scientist. His works on Rational Mechan 
 ic^ brought him membership in the Institute of France. 
 The Chevalier de Coriolis also left a daughter, who married 
 the learned physicist Peclet, one of the founders of the cen 
 tral school of arts and manufactures. 
 
 124 The Chevalier de Coriolis left an unpublished manuscript describ 
 ing a few episodes of his return from the expedition of America, with 
 the troops under the command of the Baron de Viomenil. The most 
 interesting portion of this manuscript was published as a separate 
 pamphlet in 1870 by M. Maurice La Chesnais. It is the stirring ac 
 count of the shipwreck of the French vessel, the Bouryognc, of seventy- 
 four guns, on the coast of New Spain. Part of the crew and of the 
 passengers perished, and the Chevalier de Coriolis only escaped with 
 difficulty from a similar fate. 
 
 125 M&canique Rationnellc. 
 
JM of Officers. 87 
 
 CORIOLIS (Pierre-Gabriel-Xavier, Chevalier de), brother of 
 the former, entered the royal school of artillery of Grenoble 
 the 1st of April, 1704; second lieutenant of the regiment of 
 artillery of Grenoble the 15th of January, 1767; sub-lieu 
 tenant of the second company of artillerymen-bombardiers at 
 Saint Domingo the 19th of September, 1770. Resigned the 
 1st of May, 1775, and entered the navy. 
 
 The 1st of April, 1780, de Coriolis, in command of the 
 brig the Heros, sailed from Cape Conserve at Saint Domingo, 
 and was chased by a privateer, of strength superior to his 
 own, who came up with him. The fight which took place 
 was so severe that one-third of the crew of the Hcros was 
 disabled. De Coriolis himself was severely wounded in the 
 head by a grape shot. After trying to board several times, 
 which the enemy avoided, de Coriolis succeeded in getting 
 away. He made several captures on the same vessel. The 
 20th of March, 1781, pursued, then caught again by a ves 
 sel stronger than the Heros, he captured it by boarding, after 
 having been wounded in the thigh and the hand. 126 
 
 Captain of a fireship the 12th of January, 1782 ; naval 
 lieutenant the 1st of May, 1780. On leave the 2d of May, 
 1780. Was chevalier of Saint-Louis from the 5th of August, 
 1780. 
 
 Gabriel de Coriolis, having left the service in 178 .), with 
 drew to the lie de France, now Mauritius, where his son, 
 aged eighty, still lives with his family, who is entirely set 
 tled there*. 127 
 
 COKIOLLS D ESPINOUSE (Commandeur de), a relative of 
 the former, became chief of squadron during the War of In 
 dependence. He took part in the principal naval actions of 
 the war, and distinguished himself at the attack of Dominica. 
 
 Archives of the Navy. 
 1870. E. S. B. 
 
88 The French in America. 
 
 CORNET (Le) enlisted as private in the regiment of Gati- 
 nais in 1769, sergeant in 1789; marched at the head of the 
 attacking column of the principal redoubt of the English at 
 York town. He was charged with Sergeant Foret, of the same 
 regiment, to direct the sappers or axe-bearers who were to 
 break down the palissades. 
 
 CORNY (Louis-Dominique-lSthis de), commissary of war, 
 who started with La Fayette from Rochefort two weeks be 
 fore the squadron which was at Brest under command of de 
 Ternay, to announce to the Americans the succors promised 
 by France and to prepare for the landing in Rhode Island. 128 
 
 He did not belong to the expedition under the command 
 of Rochambeau, and he was sent with the Marquis de La 
 Fayette when the latter left, because de Corny happened to 
 be at Versailles just then, and because, as time was short, it 
 was not possible to send to Brest to inform either Blanchard 
 or any one else. " Pie brought about large expenditures," says 
 Blanchard, " and was not of much assistance." Blanchard 
 adds later in his diary : " He left in the first days of Feb 
 ruary, 1781, for France, on the Alliance. He was a clever 
 man, but intriguing and grasping. He went away because 
 there was nothing for him to do. Still his stay in America, 
 short as it had been, had not hurt his success." 
 
 De Corny was better known as a writer under the name 
 of this. He was born at Metz in 1738, and was at first 
 a lawyer at the bar of that town. He kept up a regular 
 correspondence with Voltaire, at Ferney. 
 
 On his return from America he was appointed attorney of 
 the king. He was in favor of the Revolution, and was one 
 of the commissaries sent by the people to summon the Gov 
 ernor of the Bastile to open its gates on the 14th of July, 
 1789. He died at Paris in 1790. 
 
 128 Mcmoires of La Fayette. 
 
List of Officers. 89 
 
 CORTE, medical director of the expeditionary corps, went 
 to visit the hospital prepared by de Corny at Rhode Island 
 immediately after the landing of the expeditionary corps. He 
 was with Blanchard and Demars. He showed much zeal after 
 the capture of Yorktown, and took care, with the same devo 
 tion, of both allies and enemies. 
 
 COTTINEAU DE ViLOGUENE (de), captain of the Pallas in 
 the action between the lionhomme Richard and the Serapis. 
 
 CoUDE (Louis-Marie), rear-admiral, born at Auray the 17th 
 of December, 1752, died at Pontivy in 1822. 
 
 His father intended him for the priesthood, but he ran away 
 at the age of fourteen and embarked at Lorient as assistant 
 pilot. Ensign in 1775; lieutenant of the frigate the Iphigenie 
 in 177<S, he went to cruise on the coasts of New England. 
 Me made an expedition to Senegal in 1779, and was wounded 
 in an encounter by the explosion of a package of cartridges. 
 
 In 1780 Coude took, at Brest, command of the ISaumon, a 
 rapid-sailing brig, which, during the three years he passed in 
 the Antilles, served successively as scouting ship for de Ter- 
 nay, de I5urras, and de Gnusse, and Coude was present, there 
 fore, at the various naval actions fought bv these officers. 
 
 He re-entered the merchant navy at the peace, and re 
 called to the service of the State in 1792 as nuval lieutenant, 
 he distinguished himself by the most glorious struggles against 
 the English. Naval (Captain in 1793. Prisoner of the English 
 from 1795 to 1790, and from 1805 to 1814. Rear-admiral 
 on his return, and retired in that rank. 
 
 COULANGE (Scot de). See SCOT. 
 
 COUSSIN (Dc), entered the service in 1763, captain en sec 
 ond in the regiment of Soissonnais in 1781 ; had made with 
 distinction the campaign of Corsica, where he was wounded, 
 and kept up before Yorktown his reputation for courage. 
 
90 The French in America. 
 
 COUSSOL, D ESPARTAC, captain-commandant of Bourbonnais ; 
 made the campaigns of Germany and of America. 
 
 CROMOT DuBOURG 129 (Marie-Fra^ois- Joseph-Maxime, Baron), 
 born at Versailles the 28th of April, 1756. The reports of his 
 services at the ministry of war say : volunteer in the dragoons 
 of La Rochefoucauld in 1768 ; rank of sub-lieutenant in the 
 dragoons of Monsieur in 1770 ; sub-lieutenant of infantry in 
 1772; captain in 1774; put on the waiting list in 1776, at 
 his request. 
 
 He was permitted to go to America to join the expeditionary 
 corps as aid-de-camp to Rochambeau; but he did not leave 
 on the fleet under the command of the Chevalier de Ternay, 
 for Blanchard says positively in his diary : " Cromot Dubourg 
 only left later." He says himself that he embarked at Brest 
 on the Concorde, in March, 1781, at the same time as Vis 
 count de Rochambeau and the new chief of squadron, de 
 Barras. His conduct before the capture of Yorktown brought 
 him, after its successful issue, the rank of assistant-quarter 
 master-general of the army, with which rank he made the 
 campaigns of 1782 and 1783. He returned to France and 
 became successively major in 1783, lieutenant-colonel in 1787, 
 colonel in 1788. 
 
 The political events found him devoted to royalty. He 
 handed in his resignation in 1790, emigrated, and was aid-de 
 camp of Monsieur (Louis the Eighteenth) in the army of the 
 princes in 1792 ; then he was a volunteer in the corps of 
 Williamson in 1795 and 1796. 
 
 On the return of the Bourbons he was retired as colonel, 
 and in 1826 was appointed honorary marechal de camp. He 
 died the 26th of April, 1836. He was member of the order 
 of the Cincinnati and chevalier of Saint-Louis. 
 
 129 Manuscripts lent to me by his grandson, the Baron Varaigne 
 Dubourg, and by M. Camille Rousset, of the French Academy. 
 
List of Officers. 91 
 
 Cromot Dubourg left an unpublished diary of his first cam 
 paign in America in 1781, of which I have a copy, but of 
 which the original has been lost or mislaid. 130 
 
 CROZAT DE SARRAZIN (Jean-Francis), born at Vionnc, 
 Isere, the 7th of January, 1733; captain of the regiment of 
 Touraine in 1778; killed on the squadron of de Guichen the 
 15th of May, 1780. 
 
 CUSTINE ( Adam-Phil ippe-Jarreck, Count de), born at Metz 
 the 4th of February, 1740 ; entered the service in 1747 ; sub 
 lieutenant at the age of seven, lie took part, at the age 
 of eight, in 1748, in the campaign of Germany 131 under Mar 
 shal Saxe. Captain of dragoons in 1 7-">8 ; mcxtrc dc wimp in 
 1 7(>3 ; brigadier in 1780. He served with distinction in the 
 Seven Years War. 
 
 After this war the Duke de Choiseul, who favored him, 
 created for him a regiment of dragoons by the name of ( us- 
 tine. He exchanged this regiment for a regiment of inihntrv, 
 which was going to America; it was, I think, the regiment of 
 Saintonge. It was under his orders that the infantry of Lau- 
 zun s legion embarked at Head of Elk, went to Annapolis, 
 where it stopped two days, then reached Cape Ilenrv. Be 
 fore Yorktown he was always in the trenches every second 
 day, because he was the only brigadier, and Rochambcaii 
 praises in his reports his zeal, his courage, his talents, and his 
 honesty. 
 
 On his return to France he became iii<tr< <-/t(t/ <1c camp and 
 governor of Toulon. Deputy from Lorraine to the State- Gen 
 eral of 1781), he favored the Revolution, which put him at the 
 head of the Army of the Rhine in 17 ( ,) _>. At first he had 
 some successes ; but, forced to retire before the Prussians, he 
 was recalled to Paris and guillotined the -J8th of August, 1793. 
 
 130 See Vol 1., pages P_>, 13, and 14, and page 141. 
 
 131 Flanders. Marginal note. 
 
92 The French in America. 
 
 The good opinion which Rochambeau had of Custine was, they 
 say, exaggerated. He was, doubtless, a good officer, but he 
 has been reproached for his bad temper and his excessive 
 severity. 132 It is, moreover, extremely difficult to judge a no 
 table man by the invariably partial reports of his contempo 
 raries. 133 This is almost impossible in an epoch of revolution, 
 where partisanship destroys all sense of justice. 
 
 D. 
 
 DALPHERAN (Felix), born the 6th of April, 1744; sub 
 lieutenant in the regiment of Soissonnais in 1781. He made 
 the campaigns of 1780-81-82-83 in America, and was pres 
 ent at the capture of Yorktown. 134 
 
 N (M.), naval lieutenant, who came on the Con 
 corde with de Barras. 135 
 
 DAMAS (Joseph-Fran9ois-Louis-Charles, Count de), of the 
 older branch of the Damas d Anlezi, the only one surviving 
 to-day ; born in 1758 ; served since the 9th of February, 1777, 
 and entered as second lieutenant the infantry regiment of the 
 king. He went then to America in the position of aid-de 
 camp of de Rochambeau, and distinguished himself during the 
 entire campaign of 1781. The 29th of April, 1781, he ob- 
 
 132 De Custine left a diary of his journey in North America, says 
 Blanchard. The latter relates in his own diary, the 17th of February, 
 1781, that these memoirs are accurate and very sensible. It is not 
 known what became of this diary of Custine, but from what Blanchard 
 says of it, it only contained analogous observations to those of de 
 Chastellux about General Washington, the nature of the soil in the 
 United States, the climate, &c. 
 
 133 The diary of Blanchard relates an anecdote about this which 
 explains the judgment of the soldiers about this general. See in the 
 List of Officers : Laforest. See also the Life of Custine, by one of his 
 aids-de-camp, 1802. His character and his conduct, as general, are very 
 severely judged there. 
 
 Archives of War. 
 135 Blanchard. 
 
List of Officers. 93 
 
 tained the title of colonel, to take rank from the 1st of 
 September. He was present at the interview at Hartford 
 between Washington, Rochambeau, and La Fayette ; had a 
 horse killed under him at Morrisania while reeonnoitering on 
 the 23d of July, 1781, and took part in the attack of the 
 great redoubt before Yorktown, although he had not been 
 ordered to do so, and against the advice of Guillaume de 
 Deux-Ponts, who commanded the attack. He returned to 
 France on the 26th of October, 1781, with de Charlus, Guil 
 laume de Deux-Ponts, and de Laval, and was appointed 
 gentleman of honor of the Count de Provence. Arrested with 
 Louis the Sixteenth at Varenncs, he succeeded in emigrating, 
 fought in the army of Cond6 against his country, and re 
 mained in exile the faithful companion of the Bourbons, who 
 made him duke and peer of France at the beginning of the 
 Restau ration. He was always hostile to political liberty. 136 
 He died in 1829. 
 
 DAM AS (Claude-Charles, Viscount de Pamas de Mar iliac), 
 served in the campaigns of America at the Windward Islands 
 during the War of Independence, but did not set foot on the 
 Continent. He was colonel of the regiment of Auxerrois 
 when Bouille, supported by the fleet of d Kstaing, attacked 
 Dominica in 1778. He was the first to go ashore with 
 his chasseurs, and helped in capturing the island. He also 
 took an active part in the capture of Tabago on the 2d of 
 June, 1780, and of Saint Christopher in February, 1782. 
 
 He was not a brother of the before mentioned, but came 
 from another branch of this important family. lie was born 
 at Lyons in 1731, and was successively ensign in the regi 
 ment of Beauce in 17-18, lieutenant in 1752, aid-major in 
 
 188 The Count de Dumas was the owner, under the Restauration, of 
 the Chateau de Livry, near Paris. Louis the Eighteenth slept there 
 the 18th of April, 1814, the night before his entry into Paris. Lcs En 
 virons de Paris, by A. Joanne, Hachette, Paris, 1857. K. S. B. 
 
94 The French in America. 
 
 1753, captain in 1755, major in 1763, colonel of the regi 
 ment of Auxerrois in 1776, brigadier of infantry in 1778, 
 and marechal de camp in 1781, the 5th of December. He 
 was appointed Governor of Martinique in 1783, then Gov 
 ernor of the Windward Islands. He repressed vigorously the 
 revolts at Martinique during the Revolution, defeated the in 
 surgents at Saint Pierre the 3d of June, 1790, but was ac 
 cused by Barnave and some of the colonists of being the 
 cause of the disturbances and of having asked the help of 
 the English of Saint Domingo. Impeached in February, 
 1791, with all the members of the government of Martin 
 ique, he was set free after being cleared of the charges. He 
 died in 1800. 
 
 DANETEVILLE or D ANNETEVILLE (Cantel), major in the 
 corps of engineers, went to America with de Rochambeau. 
 
 D AiJDiFREDY or DAUDIFREDY, infantry officer, wounded 
 at Saint Lucia on the fleet of de Guichen the J 9th of No 
 vember, 1780. 
 
 DAUKE (Hector, Count), superintendent of the food supplies 
 during the campaign of America, 137 was successively chief treas 
 urer 138 of the expeditionary corps to Saint Domingo ; then in 
 Egypt, under Bonaparte ; minister of war and of the navy 
 at Naples ; without employment under the Restauration ; ap 
 pointed, after 1830, director of the administration at the min 
 istry of war. 
 
 DAVIN, " former very distinguished sergeant-major/ says 
 Dubourg, who engaged him in June, 1776, for America, 
 with some advance pay, the journey paid, and the promise 
 of the rank of captain. 
 
 137 Blanchard. 
 
 138 Ordonnaieur. 
 
of Officers. 95 
 
 DECATOURS or DECATUR (James), volunteer French lieu 
 tenant in the service of Congress. 139 Perhaps a relation of 
 the celebrated Commodore Stephen Decatur, of the American 
 navy. 
 
 DECRES (Denis, Duke), vice-admiral, minister of the navy, 
 born at Chaumont in 17(>1, died in 1820, at Paris. Em 
 barked as candidate guard of the marines in 1780 on the 
 Richmond, of the squadron of de Grasse. He took part in all 
 the combats which this fleet had to sustain. In the action of 
 the 12th of April, 1782, he went in a boat, under fire of the 
 English fleet, to tow the ship the Glorieux, whose masts had 
 fallen, out of the danger in which it was placed. He was 
 then appointed naval ensign. Naval lieutenant in 178(>, cap 
 tain in 1793. He was deprived of his position on account 
 of being a noble. Chief of squadron in 1 7W>, rear-admiral 
 in 1798, minister of the navy from 1801 to 1814 and during 
 the "Hundred Days." Retired under the Restauration. In 
 1820 his servant stole some of his things, and blew him up 
 in l>ed with some gunpowder. The servant was killed and 
 Decres received wounds of which he died. 
 
 DKIDIKK, surgeon-major in the regiment of Agc nois, showed 
 /eal and knowledge. 
 
 DE KALH. See KALH. 
 
 DKLAUNAY or DE LAUNAY. Sec LATNAV. 
 
 DEMARS, director of the hospitals, left on the Ardent with 
 de Villeman/y. 140 
 
 DESANDROINS (Viscount), brigadier-general who commanded 
 the corps of engineers under the orders of de Rochambeau 
 
 ^Records. 
 140 Blancluird. 
 
96 The French in America. 
 
 during the campaign of 1781. Falling sick at Williamsburg, 
 he was obliged to intrust the care of the work to du Portail 
 and Querenet. As early as 1740 he had left for Canada; in 
 May, 1756, he was appointed captain of engineers, and be 
 came the aid-de-camp and the secretary of Montcalm. He dis 
 tinguished himself at Ticonderoga and in the other operations 
 in Canada; brigadier of infantry in December, 1781; chief 
 of brigade in the engineers and chevalier of Malta in 1789 ; 
 member of the National Assembly for Calais. He was, per 
 haps, a member of the Cincinnati. 
 
 DESBORDES entered the service in 1755, was appointed 
 captain in the regiment of Touraine in 1769, and made the 
 campaign of 1781 in America as captain-commandant. 
 
 DES FORETS. See LAFOREST. 
 
 DESOTEUX (Pierre-Marie-Felicite, Baron de), born in 1750, 
 died at Lyons in 1812. Son of a surgeon, he made at first 
 a few journeys in Europe, then entered the service, and left 
 for America. He served in the campaign of 1781 in the 
 position of aid-de-camp of the Chevalier de Viomenil, and 
 distinguished himself while under his orders at the attack of 
 the redoubt of Yorktown. He was captain of dragoons, and 
 aid-quartermaster-adjutant. 141 He embarked the following year 
 at Boston to go to Porto Cabello with de Broglie, Dumas, 
 and de Segur, who mention him in their memoirs. He was 
 especially intimate with the de Larneths. He helped the side 
 of the Revolution in France, and was amidst the women who 
 went to Versailles on the 5th of October, 1789. But, wit 
 nessing the progress of the demagogues, he turned towards 
 the Royalist party, served as staff officer to de Bouille, and 
 
 141 Desoteux drew the two geographical charts in the Voyages of de 
 Chastellux. See preface by the printer of that work. Paris, 1786. 
 Marginal note by T. B. 
 
List of Officers. 97 
 
 tried to help the flight of the king. He emigrated, returned 
 and emigrated anew after the 10th of August. He landed 
 in Normandy, with a mission from the Count d Artois, in 
 July, 17J4, and went to de Puisaye, who eommanded the 
 Vendeens on the right bank of the Loire, and who made him 
 his treasurer-general. He served there under the name of 
 Comudin. A treaty of pacification having been signed by 
 him on the 20th of April, 1705, at La Mabillais, Hoche 
 had him arrested in October as having infringed on it. He 
 was kept under arrest at Cherbourg, then at Ham. The 
 Consulate freed him, and he withdrew to his estate near 
 Macon. He left several literary works. 
 
 DKSPEVKON (Pierre), born the 24th of March, 17^4, at 
 Barthelemy, in the Perche. He entered the service in 1717, 
 was made captain in 1700, and major in the regiment of 
 Touraine the 24th of March, 1 7<SO. He showed in his career 
 much valor and intelligence, gave up a considerable fortune 
 to pass to America with de Rochambeau, and obtained a 
 pension for his conduct in front of Yorktown. 
 
 DKSPRI:/ (Etienne-Philibert de Crassier), born at Crassier, 
 A in, the IStli of January, 17o->, died about ISOo at Ornaix. 142 
 He entered the service of France as cadet in the Swiss regi 
 ment Yigier, which became Chateauvieux ; he was in succes 
 sion ensign in May, 174S, sub-lieutenant in April, 1 7~>-l ; 
 passed as captain to l\oyal-Peux-Ponts in April, 17-">7; then, 
 during the campaign, became lieutenant-colonel of the same 
 regiment in June, 1702; put in waiting 143 in 1703 with a 
 pension of eight hundred //nvx, he was appointed major of 
 Deux-Ponts. 144 He made with this rank the campaign of 
 America. He was left, with a hundred men, to watch the 
 
 142 He is also called de Prez in many memoirs and books. 
 141 Reform! . 
 
 144 
 
 See Deux-Ponts and Cromot Dubour<r. 
 
98 The French in America. 
 
 storehouses and the hospitals of Providence while the troops 
 were going by land to Williarnsburg, and while de Choisy 
 was embarking at Newport on the 21st of August, 1781, 
 with the siege artillery and the rest of his troops. 145 
 
 Returning to Europe after having been appointed adjutant- 
 general at the siege of Yorktown, he went with Count de 
 Maillebois to Holland, where he stayed until the 19th of 
 July, 1788. His corps having been broken up, he was ap 
 pointed marechal de camp in 1791, and employed in the 
 Army of the North. Lieutenant-general the 5th of Septem 
 ber, 1792, he passed to the Army of the Centre, where he 
 commanded the vanguard which repulsed the Prussians at the 
 camp of La Lune and at Fonton. Suspended as a noble in 
 April, 1793, he was reinstated the 6th of June following, 
 and employed in the Army of Italy, and later in that of the 
 Western Pyrenees. He retired in June, 1796, and withdrew 
 to his chateau of Ornaix. 
 
 DE STAACK or DESTAACK (Joseph), born at Neukirch the 
 4th of March, 1737; entered as ensign the regiment of Alsace 
 in 1758, and was appointed captain-commandant in the regi 
 ment of Royal-Deux-Ponts the 3d of June, 1779. He began 
 by making three campaigns in Germany, and received two 
 wounds at Clostercamp. He passed to America with his 
 regiment, and distinguished himself at the capture of York- 
 town. He received the cross of Military Merit and the order 
 of the Cincinnati. 
 
 DESTOUCHES was the oldest naval captain of the squadron 
 under command of de Ternay, which left Brest with the ex 
 peditionary corps. He was on the Duc-de-Bourgognc. He 
 took command of the squadron before Newport at the death 
 of de Ternay, and until the arrival of de Barras, and in that 
 
 145 Deux-Ponts. 
 
Inst of Officers. 90 
 
 short interval lie made an expedition to Chesapeake Bay, 
 having on his ships twelve hundred men under command of 
 the Baron de Viomenil and of de Laval. He could not force 
 the passage, and returned to Rhode Island. 
 
 DEUX-PONTS. The town of Deux-Ponts is situated on the 
 Erbach, near the junction of that river with the Sarre, five 
 miles to the west of Speyer. It was first the capital of a 
 duchy which afterwards passed under the domination of Swe 
 den, then of Bavaria. The ducal family of Deux-Ponts gave 
 kings to both of these countries. 
 
 Later, Christian, Count Palatine and reigning duke of Doux- 
 Ponts-Birkenfeld, uncle of King Maximilien the First of Ba 
 varia, had married morganatically a dancer, famous in Paris 
 under the name of Fontenay, who was created on that occur 
 rence Baroness de Forbach. But Christian and Guillaume, 
 who were born from this marriage, were not admitted as heirs 
 to the father, so that it was Charles, nephew of Duke Chris 
 tian, and elder brother of King Maximilien, who obtained the 
 government of the Dukedom. 
 
 The two sons of Christian, Christian and Guillaume, at 
 first took the name of their mother, then thev joined thereto 
 the name of their father and called themselves Barons For 
 bach de Deux-Ponts. Later, they took without contest the 
 title of Counts, which is given them by all Frenchmen, and 
 by which they are indiscriminately mentioned. Their con 
 temporaries, among whom I will cite Franklin and Colonel 
 Trumbull, often made mistakes about their titles, and have 
 sometimes mistaken the two either for one another, or for a 
 member of their family who was made King of Bavaria by 
 Napoleon. 
 
 These explanations have seemed to me necessary to establish 
 a precise distinction between the two members of the family 
 of Deux-Ponts who made the campaign of America, and this 
 distinction is all the more necessary as the two brothers, having 
 
100 The French in America. 
 
 both served in the regiment of their name and having been 
 present at the same actions, have often been mistaken for 
 one another. 
 
 To finish the general history of this family, I will men 
 tion that Gnillaume married a Polignac and Christian a B6th- 
 une ; then, after the French Revolution, the two brothers 
 lived in Bavaria, where they were intrusted with important 
 commands. 
 
 DEUX-POXTS (Christian, Count de Forbach, Marquis de), 
 born the 20th of October, 1752, at Deux-Ponts; received on 
 the 20th of April, 1768, the rank of second lieutenant with 
 out pay in a French regiment. In 1772 he was appointed 
 colonel of the regiment of Royal-Deux-Ponts, but on account 
 of his youth he did not take command until the 20th of 
 September, 1775. It was with this rank that he was in 
 America, under the orders of Rochambeau, from 1780 to 
 1783. He distinguished himself according to all accounts 
 during this expedition, obtained there the cross of Saint-Louis, 
 and the assurance that he would be appointed brigadier at 
 the first vacancy. The French Revolution forced him to take 
 service in Bavaria, where he commanded an auxiliary Ba 
 varian corps against Moreau, at Hohenlinden, in 1800. He 
 distinguished himself in spite of the defeat, and received the 
 grand cross of the order of Maximilien- Joseph of Bavaria, 
 newly created. He left two daughters. One of his sons-in- 
 law, Count de Wittgenstein, was killed at Borodino. 
 
 DEUX-POXTS (Guillaume, Count de Forbach, Count de), 
 born at Deux-Ponts the 18th of June, 1754. He was ap 
 pointed sub-lieutenant in his brother s regiment the 12th of 
 November, 1770, captain the 25th of April, 1772, then lieu 
 tenant-colonel en second in the same regiment the 2d of Oc 
 tober, 1777. He rejoined his regiment at Landerncau, after 
 the useless attempt in 1779 at landing in England. He made 
 
List of Officers. 101 
 
 the campaign of America under the orders of de Rochambeau, 
 and left an interesting account of it. 146 He embarked at 
 Brest on the 4th of April, 1780, on the fhettlt, of sixty-four 
 guns; disembarked at Newport after a seventy-two days trip, 
 and went into camp on the llth of June, at Providence. 
 During the march of the troops towards Xew York he was 
 given the command of the grenadiers and of the chasseurs of 
 Bourbonnais, between New York and Annapolis, and he em 
 barked on the 21st of September, 1781, on the DUiyente, to 
 return to Cape Henry, then to Williamsburg. 
 
 He played a more brilliant role than his brother during 
 the siege of Yorktown. Although only lieutenant-colonel, he 
 was intrusted with the assault, on the 14th of October, 1781, 
 of the principal redoubt, at the head of four hundred men of 
 his regiment. He was preceded by a detachment of Gatinais 
 under command of de 1 Estrade, and followed by the remain 
 der of the same regiment under command of de Rostaing. 
 Guillaume de Deux-Ponts sprang first into the redoubt and gave 
 his hand to a grenadier to help him to follow. This gren 
 adier having been that instant mortally wounded, Guillaume 
 withdrew his hand and gave it with great coolness to another. 
 Guillaume was slightlv wounded, but the redoubt was cap 
 tured in seven minutes with such brilliant courage that Lieu 
 tenant-colonel Tarleton, who defended it, could not help 
 mentioning in his report the merits of his adversary. Kodi- 
 ambeau was so much pleased with the exploit that he asked 
 for a regiment for de Deux-Ponts in preference to his own 
 son. He was made chevalier of Saint-Louis and returned to 
 France on the 2(>th of October on the .ImfroiiuH/tic, with 
 Damas, Charlus, and de Laval, to carry the news of the 
 capitulation. 
 
 During the French Revolution he was captain of the bodv 
 guards of King Maximilien of Bavaria, who was particularly 
 
 14<i See Vol. I., page 17. 
 
102 The French in America. 
 
 fond of him. He died sixteen years before his brother, leav 
 ing two sons, Charles and Christian, of whom the first per 
 ished at Borodino. The Deux-Ponts and, I think, all the 
 superior officers were members of the order of the Cincinnati. 
 
 DILLEMBOURG (Chevalier de Hoehn, Philippe-Frederic), 
 born the 16th of June, 1759; sub-lieutenant of grenadiers of 
 Royal-Deux-Ponts the 18th of October, 1777 ; second lieuten 
 ant the 22d of July, 1779; was at the attack of the redoubt 
 of Yorktown the 14th of October, 1781, and received a re 
 ward for the courage he showed there. 
 
 DILLON. This family belongs to a very noble house of 
 Irish origin, whose members received on three several occa 
 sions the titles of Viscounts of Dillon, Counts of Roscommon, 
 and Lords Clonbrock. After the fall of James the Second, 
 Arthur de Dillon, the best known (1670-1733), entered the 
 service in France, and was placed by Louis the Fifteenth at 
 the head of his Irish guard, which took the name of regi 
 ment of Dillon. 147 He married Christiana Sheldon, by whom 
 he had five sons and four daughters, who all reached high 
 positions. 
 
 DILLON (Arthur, Count de), grandson of the former, born 
 at Bray wick, in Ireland, the 3d of September, 1750. While 
 still a child he was appointed colonel of the regiment of his 
 name in the service of France, passed to the Antilles with a 
 battalion of his regiment, under command of de Bouille, in 
 1777, and helped in the capture of Grenada, Saint Eustatius, 
 Tabago, and Saint Christopher. He was appointed governor of 
 these last two islands. He was present also at the fruitless 
 attack on Savannah, went to Yorktown with the troops led 
 by the Marquis de Saint-Simon, was wounded before Glou- 
 
 147 See the historical notice of this regiment. 
 
List of Officers. 103 
 
 cester, 148 and returned to the Antilles with him. 149 He mar 
 ried Lucie, daughter of the Count de Roth, who died in 1782. 
 Afterwards he married a widow, cousin of the Empress Jo 
 sephine, Countess Delatouche, by whom he had two daughters. 
 One of them, Fanny, was married to General Count Bert- 
 rand, so famous for his fidelity to Napoleon. 
 
 Having returned to France at the peace, Count Arthur 
 Dillon favored the cause of the Revolution of 1789. Still, 
 appointed deputy from Martinique to the States General, he 
 sometimes voted against the Revolutionists. He received, in 
 1792, the command of an army corps, at whose head he 
 fought against the Prussians ; but he protested against the 
 insurrection of the 10th of August; then, the 12th of Octo 
 ber, 1792, he retook Verdun from the Prussians, yet he was 
 wrongfully accused of having organized a conspiracy to save 
 the Dantonistes. He was arrested in 1793, and freed by 
 Garat ; arrested again in July, he was defended by Desmou- 
 lins, who compromised him. He perished on the scaffold 
 the 13th of April, 1794. 
 
 Many members of his family were in the service of France, 
 so that contemporary writers often mistake them for one 
 another. 150 Thus we find in the Archives of War the fol 
 lowing account : 
 
 DILLON (Barthclemy), born the 17th of October, 1729, in 
 Ireland; lieutenant-colonel the 24th of June, 1780; married 
 Mademoiselle de La Bourdonnaie, widow of the Marquis de 
 Montlerun, and no mention of his acts in the service. 
 
 From the memoirs of Lauzun and of Mathieu Dumas, and 
 from the Almanack Royal for 1781, it appears also that : 
 
 148 Mentioned by Rochambeau. 
 
 149 "Do Noailles and de Dillon fought a duel on the evening of the 
 Ctli of September, 1780, for a matter which is not worth mentioning," 
 says Blanchard. 
 
 160 See in the List of Officers: Billy Dillon. 
 
104 The French in America. 
 
 DILLON (Count douard) was also wounded while under 
 the command of d Estaing at the action of Grenada the 5th 
 of July, 1779, against Admiral Byron. He commanded the 
 column of the centre, and Arthur the one of the right. Born 
 in 1751, died in 1839. Colonel, the 2d of December, 1781, 
 of the regiment of Provence, he followed the Bourbons in 
 their emigration, and returned with them in 1814. He was 
 then appointed lieutenant-general. 
 
 DILLON (Robert), embarked on the 23d of March, 1781, 
 at Brest, on the Concorde, with the six hundred and thirty- 
 three remaining men of the regiment of his name, under com 
 mand of de Lauzun. He distinguished himself before Glou 
 cester in a charge against Tarleton, and commanded, during 
 the return to Boston, the cavalry of Lauzun, which he brought 
 back to France. He reconnoitered on the right of the army 
 between Williamsburg and Boston. 
 
 Robert Dillon had made the campaign of 1778 as aid-de 
 camp of de Lauzun. " He was there the hero of an adven 
 ture of which our modern dramatists would avail themselves 
 of with profit if it came to their knowledge." 151 
 
 DILLON (Count Theobald), colonel en second of the regi 
 ment of Dillon ; marechal de camp the 13th of June, 1783. 
 Served under Rochambeau in 1792. 152 Assassinated by his 
 soldiers in April, 1792. 
 
 In a pamphlet of the day of which I have a copy, "Ac 
 curate account of the capture of the Islands of Saint Eustatius, 
 Saint Martin, and Saba, where were found two millions belonging 
 to Admiral Rodney" the Marquis de Bouille praises warmly 
 the conduct of the Dillons, of de la Fresne, and others. 
 
 151 See Memoires of the Count de Pontgibaud, page 187. 
 
 152 In the Army of the North. Marginal note. 
 
 153 Detail circonstantlc de la prise des lies Saint-Eustaclic, Saint-Martin 
 et Saba, do.ns Icsquels il s est trouvc deux millions appartenant a Vamiral 
 
 Rodney. 
 
List of Officers. 105 
 
 DOLOMIEU DE MARGUERITE (Charles-Fran9ois-Sebastien, 
 Chevalier), born at Falaise the 21st of March, 1746; captain 
 the 9th of December, 1780, in the regiment of Saintonge ; 
 made with this rank the campaign of America. 
 
 DOMERGUE DP: SAINT-FLORENT (Francois-Isaac), born in 
 1742 at Conse in Languedoc, twenty-one years of service, three 
 campaigns in Germany, six in the colonies ; captain-command 
 ant of Gatinais the 16th of June, 1775 ; was decorated with 
 the order of Saint-Louis for his good conduct before York- 
 town, where he took part in the attack of the redoubt. 
 
 DORR ft (Fidele), volunteer, recommended on the 20th of 
 July, 1776, by Congress to Washington, that he should give 
 him employment suited to his ability. 
 
 DORSET (Chevalier), admitted as lieutenant in the volun 
 teers who had gone to America with Tronson-Ducoudray, the 
 17th of November, 1777. Congress gave him a reward to 
 enable him to return to France. 
 
 DOUVILLE, infantry officer, killed at the naval action oft* 
 Saint Lucia the 10th of May, 1780. 
 
 DovRft or D OvRft, son of a marecluil dc camp, director of 
 the fortifications of the towns of the Meuse. He was captain 
 in the royal corps of engineers, and directed in this position 
 part of the laying down of parallels before Yorktown. His 
 merit brought him a pension. 
 
 DROI ILIIET DE FKJALAS (Ignace), born the 26th of Sep 
 tember, 17 ) "), at Marmande ; entered the service in 1776 as 
 lieutenant of the grenadiers of Agenois. In the false attack 
 made against the right of the enemy on the 1st of Septem 
 ber before Yorktown he received a severe wound, from which 
 
106 The French in America. 
 
 it was feared he would remain crippled. The 1st of Decem 
 ber, 1781, he was appointed captain. 
 
 DRUDE DE LA CATERIE (Julien), born at Vire, in Nor 
 mandy, the 1st of August, 1742. He entered the service in 
 1761. He had made two campaigns in Germany and two in 
 Corsica, when he was appointed captain in the regiment of 
 Soissonnais the 19th of March, 1780. He went with the 
 expeditionary corps to America, where he gave proofs of 
 bravery. He was decorated for his good conduct before York- 
 town. 
 
 DUBOIS (Louis), enlisted as volunteer ; received, with the 
 title of colonel, the command of a battalion newly raised for 
 the army of Canada on the 26th of June, 1776. 154 155 
 
 Du BUISSON. See BUISSON. 
 DUCHESNE. See CHESNE. 
 
 DUCOUDRAY (Philippe - Charles - Jean - Baptiste Tronson-), 156 
 born at Reims the 8th of September, 1738, the third of ten 
 children, amongst whom we must mention more especially 
 Guillaume-Alexandre Tronson-Ducoudray, defender of Queen 
 Marie Antoinette. 
 
 Entering the service, he obtained the rank of lieutenant of 
 artillery in the regiment of La Fere, and deserved the con 
 fidence of de Gribeauval, one of the reformers of the artillery 
 in France. Amid companions in arms who were almost all 
 nobles, the rather modest position of his family, which was 
 in trade, kept him long in the category of blue officers, name 
 given to officers from the lower classes. 
 
 164 Aubertcuil. 
 
 166 Resigned 28th October, 1776, by leave of Congress. Marginal note 
 by T. B. 
 
 166 Manuscript communicated by M. Michelin Tronson-Ducoudray. 
 
List of Officers. 107 
 
 Of a naturally ambitious and rather haughty character, he 
 found it hard to bear the consequences of this position, which 
 wounded his vanity, and fought more than thirty duels after 
 entering the regiment. It was doubtless to these social dis 
 tinctions and to the jars that resulted therefrom that we must 
 attribute the unkindly judgment that the Marquis de La Fay- 
 ette gave of Tronson-Ducoudray, saying that he did not look 
 on his death as a loss. 
 
 In 1776 he became chief of brigade of artillery and pre 
 ceptor of the pages of the Count d Artois, afterwards Charles 
 the Tenth, and formed part of the first expedition sent by 
 Beaumarchais with some fifty French officers. There were 
 three vessels laden with arms and ammunition, of which the 
 strongest was the Amphitrite, Captain Fautrelle. This ship 
 was to start from Havre in December, 1770; but the la/i- 
 ness of Ducoudray resulted in its still being at Lorient at the 
 end of January, 1777. After several mishaps, it finally ar 
 rived at Portsmouth in March, 1777. 
 
 The 17th of September, 1777, he was on the march with 
 a troop of French officers to join Washington, when, while 
 crossing the Schuylkill, the young and skittish horse he was 
 riding backed oii the fiat boat where he had embarked. 
 Horse and rider fell into the river and were drowned. His 
 aid-de-camp Roger tried in vain to save him. 157 The body of 
 Ducoudray was buried a lew days later at the expense of 
 Congress. 
 
 The family Tronson-Ducoudray is represented to-day by a 
 daughter of (itiillaume-Alexandre, who has herself two chil 
 dren ; a son, Michelin Tronson-Ducoudray, inspector-general 
 of finances, and a daughter married to Edouard Labonlayc, 
 member of the Institute, member of the National Assembly, 
 and a distinguished writer. 
 
 The writings of Tronson-Ducoudray are all about artillery. 
 
 See Vol. I., page 80. 
 
108 The French in America. 
 
 DUDROT (Marc-Antoine), born at Charleville the 16th of 
 January, 1743 ; appointed captain-commandant of grenadiers 
 in the regiment of Gatinais the 23d of April, 1773, and made 
 with this rank the campaign of America. He took part at 
 the head of his company in the attack of the great redoubt, 
 and was decorated with the order of Saint-Louis after the 
 capture of Yorktown. 
 
 DUGAN, enlisted as volunteer, and received, among the first, 
 on the 27th of April, 1776, a reward from the American 
 Government for his services in the campaign of Canada, and 
 was recommended to the generals of the Continental Army to 
 be employed according to his merit. He served afterwards 
 under the orders of cle Bouille. I find his name, and, I think, 
 his portrait also, in the "Collection of engravings representing 
 the different events of the war which brought about the Independ 
 ence of the United States of America." Drawn by Godefroy, 
 17 sheets. 158 
 
 DUMAS (Count Mathieu), born at Montpellier in 1753, is 
 silent in his own memoirs about his origin and about his fam 
 ily, which, it seems, was numerous. He entered as sub-lieu 
 tenant the regiment of Medoc at Montauban, in the spring 
 of 1773. Appointed captain in 1780, he was attached as aid- 
 de-camp to General Rochambeau, and embarked at Brest, the 
 12th of April, 1780, on the Jason, commanded by the brave 
 Captain La Clochetterie ; but, held back by head winds, they 
 only sailed on the 2d of May. During the whole campaign 
 he served as officer in the engineers, and was intrusted, with 
 his friend Charles de Lameth, with leading the grenadiers and 
 the chasseurs who were to occupy, in the beginning of the 
 siege of Yorktown, the strong redoubt of Pigeon Hill. This 
 
 158 Rccucil d estampcs reprt sentant les dijferents evenements de la guerre qid 
 procured Vindi pendunce des Etuts-Unis d Aincrique. 
 
List of Officers. 109 
 
 redoubt was already abandoned by the English and not a 
 single shot was fired there. A few days later his friend de 
 Lamcth, who had just replaced him in the trenches, was 
 severely wounded. When Count de Rochambeau had left 
 America, Dumas stayed as chief of staff under the orders of 
 the Baron de Viomenil, then he embarked with this general 
 officer the 24th of December, 1782, on the Triomphant, Com 
 mander de Vaudreuil, to go to Porto Cabello in Venezuela. 
 There he explored the country in company with de Segur, de 
 Broglie, the Marquis de Campcenetz, Berthier the future mar 
 shal, Count Bozon de Perigord, Desoteux, and others, and 
 found at Caracas the Marquis de Fleury, the Duke de Laval, 
 and Alexandre de Lameth. He then went to Cape Fran- 
 eais, Saint Domingo, and afterwards returned to Paris. In 
 1784 he was ordered to explore the coasts of the east of the 
 Mediterranean and the islands in the Archipelago. 
 
 On his return from this mission he organized with La 
 Fayette the National Guard, escorted the king and protected 
 him while returning from Varennes, and fought then witli 
 might and main against the anarchists. Obliged to exile him 
 self during the Terror, he reappears after the 18th Brumaire 
 and served in the administration of the Empire. He helped 
 the Revolution in 1830, was made peer of France in 1831 
 and died in 18o7. 15<J 
 
 DUPETIT - THOUARS (Georges -Aristide-Aubert), born near 
 Saumur in 17<>0. He studied at the College of la Fleche ; 
 entered at the age of fourteen the Military School of Paris. 
 Cadet genlUhomme in the regiment of Poitou in 177(>; sub 
 lieutenant in 1778. Midshipman in the navy the 1st of 
 March, 1778, he embarked on the Pendant and took part in 
 the battle of Ouessant. In the same ship he was present, in 
 
 169 1 have cited his Souvenirs in several places in the first volume. 
 They were published by his son in 1839. 
 
1.10 The French in America. 
 
 1779, at the capture of Saint Louis in Senegal and at the 
 three actions which de Guichen fought in the Antilles in 1780. 
 In 1781 he changed to the Couronne, and returned to the 
 Antilles soon enough to be present at the unfortunate action 
 of the 12th of April, 1782. He visited the ports of the 
 United States, the Antilles, and Porto Cabello. Ensign in 
 1784. I have often used the manuscript 160 mentioned as by 
 Dupetit-Thouars, especially in the account of the operations 
 of the siege of Savannah. 
 
 Naval lieutenant in 1792, he left with his brother to search 
 for La Perouse, but was arrested in Brazil, where his vessel 
 went ashore and was confiscated. He went to the United 
 States and spent there the years 1795 and 1796. He then 
 wished to return to France. But his rank had been taken 
 away from him. He received an offer of reinstatement. He 
 left Toulon the 19th of May, 1798, on the Franklin, which 
 formed part of the fleet under command of Brueys. The 1st 
 of August, 1798, he perished at the battle of Aboukir. 161 
 
 DUPLECIX (Colonel). 162 
 
 DUPLEIX (Girard-Jean-Baptiste, Chevalier de Cadignan or 
 de Badiguay), lieutenant-colonel of the regiment of Agenois 
 the 19th of August, 1777; distinguished himself especially 
 at the capture of Saint Christopher. 
 
 Du PONCEAU (Pierre-fCtienne), born at the Island of R6 the 
 3d of June, 1760, where his father held a military command. 
 He showed as a boy much ability in the study of languages. 
 Before he was thirteen years old he knew English and Italian 
 thoroughly. His father intended him for an engineer in the 
 
 160 See Vol. I., page 10. 
 
 101 At Paris and at Calais there were streets named after Dupetit- 
 Thouars. There is also a Cape Dupetit-Thouars in Korea. E. S. B. 
 162 See Landais Memoirs, 9. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
List of Officers. Ill 
 
 army, but he was obliged to abandon this career because he 
 was shortsighted ; he was then sent to a college of Benedictine 
 monks at Saint- Jean-d Angely. Having stayed there eighteen 
 months he returned to the Island of Re, where his father had 
 just died. His mother wished him to become a priest. He 
 long resisted her desires, because he had embraced the prin 
 ciples of Protestantism ; but his friends pushed him on, and 
 he received the tonsure. He was then about fifteen years of 
 age. The Bishop of La Rochelle, who was a friend of his 
 family, sent him as regent to the College of Bressuire, where 
 he taught Latin. The persecutions he had to endure from 
 the other professors, older than himself by nine or ten years, 
 caused him to escape from the college, which he did on 
 Christmas Day, 1775, with a shirt in one pocket and " Para 
 dise Lost" in the other. 
 
 Pie went to Versailles, where there were old friends of his 
 father, who received him with kindness. Going thence to 
 Paris, he made his living by translating English books. At 
 de Beaumarchais he was presented to the Baron von Steuben, 
 at the time when Steuben was about to start for America. 
 The Baron needed a secretary who could speak and write 
 English. Du Ponceau suited him. 
 
 They embarked at Marseilles, and arrived at Portsmouth, 
 New Hampshire, the 1st of December, 1777. As the Baron 
 could not speak a word of English his secretary accompanied 
 him everywhere. At a dinner at George Langdon s they 
 learned the defeat of General Burgoync. 
 
 In Boston he made the acquaintance of many eminent men, 
 among whom were John Hancock and Samuel Adams. The 
 latter, hearing Du Ponceau upholding Republican principles, 
 asked him where he had found them. He answered, " In 
 France." Adams said that was impossible, but Du Ponceau 
 answered immediately, " Because a man is born in a stable it 
 is not necessary that he should be a horse." This proverb was 
 borrowed by Du Ponceau from his mother tongue. 
 
112 The French in America. 
 
 They were three weeks going from Boston to York, in 
 Pennsylvania, where Congress was sitting. At the request of 
 the Baron, Du Ponceau was appointed captain in the army. 
 
 At Valley Forge Du Ponceau was presented to General 
 Washington, and endured with him and his army of recruits 
 the sufferings of a severe winter. 
 
 Baron von Steuben having been appointed major-general, 
 du Ponceau became his aid-de-camp, with the rank of major. 
 At the end of the campaign of 1779 the Baron and his sec 
 retary came to Philadelphia, where Du Ponceau was attacked 
 with trouble in his lungs, and his case seemed desperate to his 
 physician. To cure himself he lived on nothing but milk. 
 At the same time he wrote satires on consumption. 
 
 Baron von Steuben received orders to join General Greene, 
 who had been put in command of the Army of the South. 
 Du Ponceau, thinking that riding on horseback would do him 
 good, obtained from the Baron permission to go with him. 
 His health grew worse in Virginia, and at the express wish 
 of the Baron he returned to Philadelphia, where he was soon 
 appointed secretary of Robert R. Livingston, Secretary of 
 Foreign Affairs, who was living in a house at the corner of 
 Chestnut and Ninth Streets, where Du Ponceau remained until 
 his death. 163 He occupied the office which was formerly Mr. 
 Livingston s. 
 
 At the end of the war Du Ponceau decided to become a 
 lawyer. He studied with William Lewis, an eminent lawyer 
 of Philadelphia, was admitted to the bar in June, 1785, 
 and soon obtained a large and lucrative practice. He married 
 in 1786. 
 
 President Jefferson offered him the position of Chief Justice 
 of the Territory of Louisiana, which he declined. 
 
 163 Between Walnut and Spruce Streets, Philadelphia, opposite the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital, is a small street called Duponceau Street. 
 E. S. B. 
 
List of Officers. 113 
 
 He was an active member of several societies in Philadel 
 phia. Among the offices which he filled were that of Chief 
 Provost of the Academy of Law, of the American Philosophical 
 Society, and President of the Historical Society of Pennsyl 
 vania. Thanks to several learned writings, he was elected in 
 1827 corresponding member of the Institute of France, 
 Academy of Inscriptions, and in 1835 he received from this 
 celebrated body the prize of linguistique founded by Volney. 
 
 In 1829 he took a large part in the attempt to introduce 
 bilk worms into the United States. 
 
 Besides being nearsighted he was very absent minded, and 
 some amusing anecdotes are told of him. He died in Phila 
 delphia the 1st of April, 1844. Among the papers of Du 
 Ponceau was found an interesting biography. 
 
 DITPONT J/AUHKVOYK DE LiAUBARDiEUKS (Louis-Fraucois- 
 Bcrtrand), born the 27th of October, 1759 ; student of the 
 Military School of Cadets in 177(> ; entered as sub-lieutenant 
 the regiment of Saintonge the 30th of January, 1778; made 
 the campaign of America with the rank of captain, in the 
 position of aid-de-camp to Count Rochambeau, whose nephew 
 h<; was. After the capture of Yorktown he obtained, with 
 out paying anything, the position of captain in waiting of 
 cavalry, as a reward for his distinguished conduct. 
 
 DUPORTAIL (Louis Le Begue), student at the Military 
 School of Mezieres; entered the engineers as ollicer in 17<>1 ; 
 captain in 1773. The 28th of July, 1777, he was sent to 
 America by Franklin with Gouvion, Radiere, and Laumoy. 
 He obtained from Congress the title of chief engineer with 
 the rank of colonel; brigadier-general the 17th of Novem 
 ber, 1777. The 25th of April, 1780, he was attached as 
 lieutenant-colonel to the corps of French infantry, and dur 
 ing the siege of Yorktown he directed, under the orders of 
 Dcsandroins, the work on the trenches. He is one of the 
 
114 The French in America. 
 
 higher officers whom Washington mentions particularly as 
 having most helped in the capture. He obtained afterwards 
 the cross of Saint-Louis, with a pension of twenty-four hun 
 dred livres and the promise of the rank of brigadier-general 
 after the peace. Congress, on its side, raised him to the 
 rank of major-general. He returned to France, where he was 
 marcchal de camp in 1788. Through the influence of La 
 Fayette he obtained, the 16th of November, 1790, the port 
 folio of minister of war. He resigned after the disgrace of 
 La Fayette; was condemned by accusation on the 15th of 
 August, 1792, and hid in Paris for twenty-two months. In 
 1794 he fled to America, and on the 28th of June, 1797, 
 Mathieu Dumas succeeded in having his name struck off the 
 list of emigrants. He died at sea while returning to France 
 in 1804. 164 
 
 DURAND, agent of de Choiseul at London from 1766 to 
 1770. 
 
 Beaumarchais also took this name in December, 1776, 
 when he went to Havre to send ammunition and guns to 
 America with Tronson-Ducoudray and some fifty officers. 
 
 It was also the name of a friend of Beaumarchais who 
 accompanied him to London about the sale of guns to the 
 French Government in 1793. 
 
 DUE AT (Count de), colonel en second of the regiment of 
 Cambresis, commanding the fifty volunteers and the one hun 
 dred and thirty grenadiers who composed the vanguard of 
 the column of attack against Grenada, under d Estaing, in 
 July, 1779. It is supposed that he was present at the attack 
 of Savannah. 
 
 164 Among the numerous literary curiosities which I have examined 
 is " Love and Patriotism, or the extraordinary adventures of Mr. Du- 
 portail, late major-general in the armies of the United States. 1797. 
 12mo., pp. 120." 
 
List of Officers. 115 
 
 DURSUS or DURSIE (Jacques-Philippe-Auguste), born the 
 26th of April, 1758, at Mondeville, in the generalite of Caen; 
 lieutenant in the regiment of Soissonnais in 1774; was se 
 verely wounded at the siege of Yorktown during the night 
 of the 12th to the 13th of October while laying out the sec 
 ond parallel. 185 
 
 DUTERTRE, officer of the hussars of Laii/un ; slightly 
 wounded the 4th of October before Gloucester. 166 
 
 E. 
 
 Ecoussix (Jean-Gregoire Duvalcs d ), born the 27th of 
 January, 1740, at Montmorin in Languedoc ; served since 
 1703; was wounded at Horgo, in Corsica, the Sth of Octo 
 ber, 1708, by a shot in the left thigh; captain in the regi 
 ment of Soissonnais the 15th of April, 1780; made the cam 
 paign of America, and received a reward for his good conduct 
 before Yorktown. 
 
 KGLISE (Do L ), volunteer in the Army of the North ; 
 commissioned lieutenant-colonel the 23d of October, 1778. 
 
 EMERIAU (Maurice-Julien, Count), vice-admiral, peer of 
 France; born at Carhaix, Finistere, the 20th of October, 1702; 
 a descendant of an old familv of Scotch descent ; embarked at 
 the age of fourteen on the tfi/ljjhc. Volunteer on the Intrt - 
 pldc and the J)ia<]hne, he was present at the action of Oues- 
 sant, at the attack and capture of Grenada, where he was 
 one of the foremost in the storming ; at the action of the 4th 
 of July, 177D, in front of that island, as well as in those 
 of the 20th, 21st, and 22d of March, 1780, in one of which 
 
 l " Archives of War and Croinot Dtibourg. 
 66 Mentioned in the Mi-moires of Rochambeuu. 
 
116 The French in America. 
 
 he was wounded in the right foot. At the siege of Savan 
 nah, in September, 1780, young Emeriau was employed in 
 erecting batteries, and at the time of the general attack he 
 was one of the first to jump into the trenches and was se 
 verely wounded in the right eye. His good conduct in this 
 combat made d Estaing appoint him lieutenant of frigate. He 
 was only seventeen years of age. At the end of the war he 
 received the decoration of the Cincinnati. In November, 1781, 
 he embarked at Brest on the Trwmphant, Captain de Vau- 
 dreuil, of the squadron of the Count de Grasse, and was pres 
 ent at the actions of the 9th and 12th of April, fought with 
 Admiral Rodney. In the last of these combats a splinter from 
 a cannon ball wounded Emeriau in the small of the back, 
 another wounded him in the groin. The captain of the Tri- 
 omphant was killed and the ship lost three hundred men. 
 
 Emeriau was appointed naval lieutenant in 1786, captain in 
 1794, chief of squadron in 1797. He had his arm shattered 
 at Aboukir in 1798 on the Spartiate while resisting five Eng 
 lish ships, and was obliged to surrender. In 1800 he was 
 made military commander of the port of Toulon; in 1802 
 rear-admiral. Every advance in rank or distinction he won, 
 w r as the reward of some service. Count of the Empire in 
 1810, vice-admiral in 1811, peer of France in 1815, he 
 kept aloof during the "Hundred Days," and was called back 
 to high office in 1831 by Louis Philippe. 
 
 EPINIERES (Des), nephew of Caron de Beauniarchais, en 
 listed as volunteer ; appointed brevet-captain by Congress the 
 llth of August, 1777; afterwards appointed major; obtained 
 permission to return to Erance the 4th of December, 1778, 
 and died at Paris in 1782. He was the son of a watch 
 maker, de Lepine, and had transformed his name. He started 
 in the position of artillery officer on the Amphitrite, the first 
 vessel armed by his uncle for the service of the Americans. 
 He was with Conway, de la Kouerie, and Ducoudray, who 
 
List of Officers. 117 
 
 all arrived in America in March, 1777, before La Fayette. 167 
 Longchamps calls him Despini&res. 
 
 ESCURY (fclouard des), born the 3d of June, 1760; sub 
 lieutenant of the company of chasseurs in the regiment of Ar- 
 magnac ; went to the colonies with that regiment, and was 
 present at the siege of Savannah in 1780. Although he was 
 shot in the hand during the sortie of the 4th of September, 
 he took part in the bloody and useless attack on the intrench- 
 ments of the town. 
 
 KSTAING (Charles-Hector, Count d ), born in 1729 at the 
 Chateau de Ruvel in Rouergue, of an illustrious family. His 
 first rank was that of colonel of infantry. He embarked as 
 brigadier the 2d of May, 1757, with Lally-Tollendal for the 
 Fast Indies, and learned there something about naval matters ; 
 taken prisoner in 17-~>9, at Madras, after having been wounded, 
 he was put in liberty on parole. In October, without waiting 
 for his exchange, he went into the Persian Gulf to take the 
 fort of Bender-Abasse, with three Fnglish vessels captured at 
 Sumatra, manned by two hundred men. He was anew taken 
 prisoner while returning to Franco in 17(>0. Appointed lieu 
 tenant-general in 170)], his good luck raised much jealousy. 
 He showed for blue officer* 16 * a partialitv which otVendcd 
 many navy officers. All say of him that he was a brave 
 soldier, but a poor general or naval oilicer. 
 
 Vice-admiral in 1777, he raised his pennant on the Laiif/- 
 ucdoe of ninety guns; left Toulon on the loth of April, 177S; 
 reached Rhode Island on the 2 ( Jth of July. On the Sth of 
 August lie forced the passage into Newport, and entered (\m- 
 necticut Bav. The next day he sailed against the forces of 
 Howe, who had joined Byron. A tempest which raged from 
 
 167 de Lomonie, Life of fieaumnrchai*. 
 
 W 0flicicrn bleus, name in the old navy, applied to un officer a captain 
 appointed on his own ship. (Littre.) 
 
118 The French in America. 
 
 the llth to the 12th of August, 1778, divided d Estaing s 
 fleet. The Languedoc only escaped by the unexpected assist 
 ance of two French ships. From Newport, where he was 
 kept by Sullivan and La Fayette, d Estaing withdrew to 
 Boston, and aroused thus the anger of the Americans, who 
 accused him of treason. La Fayette defended him. He went 
 to the Windward Islands, and his title of Commander-general 
 of the Windward Islands aroused the antagonism of de 
 Bouille. He tried in vain to take Saint Lucia, but captured 
 Saint Vincent and Grenada on the 4th of July, 1779, by a 
 sudden attack, at the head of thirteen hundred men. The 
 next day he gave battle to the English squadron of Byron, 
 who took refuge at Saint Christopher. He then tried vainly 
 to take Savannah. 169 Wounded and repulsed, he was dis 
 graced in 1780 on his return to France, and remained with 
 out employment until 1783. 
 
 In 1787, member of the Assembly of the Notables, com 
 mander of the National Guard of Versailles, he was a be 
 liever in the Constitution by principle, but wished to save 
 the king. His role was difficult. His deposition about the 
 queen before the Revolutionary Tribunal was variously criti 
 cised. He soon followed her to the scaffold, on the 28th of 
 August, 1794. 
 
 " D Estaing found himself, alone, charged with a very im 
 portant mission in America. Only twelve vessels had been 
 intrusted to him, and no hope had been left him of any suc 
 cor or any increase of strength. He might meet, not only 
 during his passage, but especially in the Antilles, forces much 
 superior to those he commanded, and, despite this incontest 
 able inferiority, he was able to raise the honor of the new 
 French navy, to obtain genuine successes, and dispel the very 
 unfavorable opinion then general in Europe on the possibility 
 of France ever placing seriously a few vessels on the ocean, 
 
 See Vol. I., page 88. 
 
List of Officers. 119 
 
 and especially of being able for one instant to sustain a 
 struggle with England. This is a glory which the contem 
 porary writers accord without contest to the French admiral, 
 a glory which the misfortunes he endured and the actual sit 
 uation of the navy of France has too much effaced." 17 
 
 I find in the Journal (Tun officier dc marine 111 a most in 
 teresting account of the manoeuvres of the fleet of d Estaing 
 from the 9th to the 12th of August, 1778. The author 
 blames d Estaing for " the worst conceived plan of battle 
 possible." Me praises the ability of de Barras, who com 
 manded the vanguard, but as soon as " we have perceived 
 the English squadron to windward " the author changes Ins 
 criticism. It is no longer d Estaing, but the officers under 
 his command. lie reproaches them for their egotism and 
 their insubordination. "The general gave the signal all day 
 with cannon shots to put on all sail. I cannot hide that 
 some captains were neglectful and others in the rear took in 
 sail." lie says also that on the morrow "d Estaing, in the 
 same position as the day before, gave the same signal to form 
 in line of battle." 
 
 " The intention of the general, who was at the head of the 
 line, was doubtless that the line of battle should be formed 
 as soon as possible, without regard to rank or seniority, and 
 for each one to take his position wherever he was, which was 
 all the same for success, as the strongest of the enemy s ships 
 was not stronger than the weakest of ours. I do not know 
 by what fatality, nor why, each captain understanding the 
 signal, they all tried to take the 4 position given to the rank 
 of their ships in the line of battle, which lost much time, and 
 once more the best opportunity which was ever seen to light 
 and conquer the English. \Ve shall see the same thing arrive 
 at the action of Grenada." 
 
 l }[istoire raisonnee dc la dernttre guerre, by J. de Saint- Vallier, Liege, 
 1783. 
 
 171 Vol. II., page 4. 
 
120 The French in America. 
 
 I quote these remarks as another example of the disasters 
 brought about by the spirit of indifference and insubordi 
 nation of the officers of the French navy. De Grasse in 
 his Memoire already mentioned 172 attributes to the same causes 
 the fatal consequences of the action of the 12th of April. 173 
 
 ESTRADE (Claude, Baron de 1 ), born at Puy-en-Velay 
 the 5th of April, 1730, entered the service in 1746, was ap 
 pointed captain in 1757, and lieutenant-colonel of Gatinais 
 the 17th of August, 1777. It was with this rank that he 
 made the campaign of America. The 14th of October, 1781, 
 before Yorktown, he served as second for Guillaume de Deux- 
 Ponts in reconnoitering the great redoubt. The same even 
 ing the attack was made by the regiment of Deux-Ponts, under 
 the lead of Guillaume, its colonel, as commander-in-chief, aided 
 by the regiment of Gatinais. A detachment of this formed 
 the vanguard under the command of de FEstrade, the remain 
 der of Gatinais was in the rearguard under the command of 
 de Rostaing. The redoubt was taken in a few minutes, and 
 the regiment of Gatinais regained there its old name of Royal- 
 Auvergne. 
 
 "He was as much respected for his merit as for his age/ 
 says Cromot Dubourg in his narrative. " He was present at 
 fourteen sieges or battles. He marched at the head of his 
 grenadiers, amidst the abatis and the palissades, as if he had 
 been only twenty years of age, and was one of the first in 
 the assault of the redoubt. A soldier, not recognizing him, 
 seized him by his coat to help himself up, and caused him 
 to fall into the ditch, where nearly two hundred men walked 
 over him. Pie rose nevertheless, entered the redoubt, and the 
 next day, although bruised all over, he did his turn of duty 
 in the trenches." 
 
 172 See Vol. I., page 9 and page 109. 
 
 173 See in the List of Officers : de Grasse 
 
List of Officers. 121 
 
 EYROUX (Marie-Jean-Balthasar Pontives d ), second lieuten 
 ant in the regiment of Soissonnais ; obtained a reward for 
 his services before Yorktown. Entered the service in 1777. 
 
 F. 
 
 FABRKGUES (Jean-Barthelemy Montalegre, Chevalier de), 
 born the 7th of January, 1755, at Vigan in Languedoc; lieu 
 tenant of chawurx in the regiment of Gatinais in 1775; 
 made captain in the same regiment the 1st of July, 1782, for 
 the courage he showed before Yorktown. 
 
 FAIT.LY (Chevalier du), enlisted as volunteer in the "War 
 of Independence the 1st of December, 1770; brevet lieuten 
 ant-colonel with salary from Congress the llth of August, 
 1777. 
 
 FALUER (Le Fevre de la), captain-commandant in the reg 
 iment of Saintonge, entered the service in 1700; made the 
 campaigns of Cayenne and of the United States with his reg 
 iment. 
 
 FALQUEREITTE (Louis-fitienne-Arondc dc Saint Felix, 
 Chevalier de Rebourquil), born the 10 th of February, 171 ), 
 at Milhau ; entered the service in 17W>, \va< appointed captain 
 in the regiment of Touraine in December, 177-). He was 
 employed as aid-major at the siege of Yorktown, and ob 
 tained, the 5th of December, 17S1, the promise of the rank 
 of major in recognition of the zeal and talent he showed. 
 
 FAXKUIL, enlisted as volunteer in the War of Independ 
 ence the 24th of March, 1777, with the rank of colonel, with 
 neither pay nor rations. 174 
 
 174 Auberteuil. 
 
122 The French in America. 
 
 FAUSTE DE MAYENCE (Charles-Gaspard), bom the 23d of 
 February, 1735, at Blangy in Normandy sub-lieutenant the 
 12th of March, 1780 ; lieutenant in the regiment of Saintonge 
 the 8th of April, 1784. Made with his regiment the cam 
 paign of America. 
 
 FAUTRELLE, captain of the merchantman the Amphitrite, 
 a ship equipped and loaded with stores of war by Beaumar- 
 chais. 
 
 FERNEAU, officer of the Vengeance. 
 
 FERRETTE (Jean-Baptiste), born the 13th of January, 1736, 
 at Cernay in Alsace; entered the service in 1753, appointed 
 captain in 1758 ; received the rank of major in the regiment 
 of Saintonge the 3d of March, 1774. It is not sure that he 
 went to America with his regiment, on account of his age, 
 although his name is mentioned in the regimental books in 
 the Archives. 
 
 FERSEN (Axel, Count de), born at Stockholm the 4th of 
 September, 1754. Son of a minister of state in Sweden, he 
 came in his youth to France, and entered the army in 1769, 175 
 where he commanded as colonel the regiment Royal-Suedois. 
 Appointed first-aid-de-camp of de Rochambeau for the expe 
 dition of America, he embarked on the Jason with Damas 
 and Mathieu Dumas, at Brest, in April, 1780. 
 
 He played a rather important part in the campaign, and 
 became colonel en second of the regiment Royal-Deux-Ponts 
 in 1782. The 15th of August, 1781, de Rochambeau an 
 swered the letters that de Barras, who had just arrived, had 
 written him, and de Fersen was intrusted with taking them 
 to Newport. This circumstance was commented on, because 
 up to that time an American dragoon had been chosen for 
 
 175 1779. Marginal note. 
 
List of Officers. 123 
 
 this duty. The other officers drew from this fact more or 
 less exact inferences about the projects of the generals-in-chief. 
 De Fersen was also sent from Cape Henry to Annapolis with 
 ten transports of the squadron of de Barras, by Washington, 
 to hasten the arrival of the troops. He acquitted himself of 
 this mission with diligence, and the troops were able to em 
 bark at Head of Elk and at Annapolis to reach by water the 
 James River. He himself took the land route, and with his 
 friend de Dumas he accompanied de Rochambeau, while Van- 
 ban and Laubardiere embarked at Elk with the troops under 
 command of de Custine, and while Closen and Cromot Du- 
 bourg followed the same route as the cavalry of Lauzun across 
 
 AT"* * 1"fl 
 irgmia. 
 
 On his return to France he showed himself entirely devoted 
 to the Court, and tried to protect it against the Republican-. 
 For instance, disguised as a coachman, he followed the king, 
 and got out of Paris the coach which took the king in his 
 flight to Varennes. Arrested, then released, he tried after 
 wards to make the king escape from the Temple. After the 
 death of Louis the Sixteenth he returned to Sweden, and was 
 there in great favor with Charles the Thirteenth, who ap 
 pointed him Grand Marshal of the Palace and Chancellor of 
 the University of Upsala. He was sent to Vienna with a 
 secret mission in 171) I. Ambassador to the Imperial Diet in 
 1797, and afterwards, in 1803, at Dresden. Unjustly accused 
 by the people of having helped in the death of the Duke of 
 Augustenburg, he was killed in .June, 1S10, during a riot. 
 
 FIGAXIERE (Cesar- Henri de la), of the Figaniero family of 
 Provence, entered the French navy when a boy. He offered 
 his services to John Paul Jones, who gave him a commission 
 as lieutenant on the Bonhomme Richard when he was only 
 seventeen years old. A certi tieate, dated October the 29th, 
 
 176 Various manuscripts and memoirs. 
 
124 The French in America. 
 
 1779, signed by Paul Jones, attests the courage of the young 
 officer, who afterwards served on the squadron of the Count 
 de Grasse. He was decorated with the order of the Cincinnati. 
 
 He served afterwards under La Motte-Piquet, and was 
 badly wounded in an action before Trincomalee, in Ceylon. 
 When the Kevolution broke out he was offered the command 
 of a frigate by the Republican minister of the navy, but as 
 he was a Royalist he refused it, and emigrated to Italy. He 
 then served as lieutenant in the British navy, but resigned in 
 1797 on account of being a Catholic. When the government 
 of Portugal asked the British government for some officers to 
 serve in the Portuguese navy de Figaniere was one of those 
 sent. He became in succession captain of corvette, captain of 
 frigate, and naval captain. 
 
 In Portugal he married Donna Violante Rosa Morao. He 
 died at Lisbon, October the 31st, 1830. 177 
 
 FLADEN or FLAD (Charles-Louis de), born at Manheim 
 the 17th of July, 1738 ; cadet in the service of the Palatinate 
 in 1757; captain in the regiment of Royal-Deux-Ponts the 
 18th of October, 1777 ; made the campaigns of Germany and 
 that of America with Rochambeau; distinguished himself at 
 Yorktown, and received the cross of Saint-Louis. 
 
 FLECHEN DE VAMIN (Charles-Franyois-Joseph, Count de), 
 entered the service in 1760 ; was appointed captain the 7th 
 of June, 1776, and mestre de camp en second in the regiment 
 of Touraine the 13th of April, 1780. He went to the col 
 onies with his regiment, and distinguished himself especially 
 at Saint Christopher, where, with a small corps of three hun 
 dred grenadiers and chasseurs, he repulsed a troop of fourteen 
 hundred men, whom the English had disembarked. His con 
 duct before Yorktown was also worthy of praise. 
 
 "information received from the Viscount de la Figaniere, Portu 
 guese minister to Saint Petersburg. T. B. 
 
List of Officers. 125 
 
 FLEURY (Francis-Louis Teisseidre, Marquis de), the hero 
 of Stony Point ; son of Francis de Fleury and Marguerite 
 Domadieu, his wife. He was born the 28th of August, 1749, 
 at Saint-Hippolyte, in Languedoc. 
 
 La Fayettc says in his Memoirs that de Fleury belonged 
 to the regiment of Gatinais, but in a document in the archives 
 of the French \Yar Department it is stated that he entered 
 the regiment of Kouergue as volunteer on the loth of May, 
 1768, and served in it during the campaign of Corsica, ris 
 ing gradually to the rank of first lieutenant. 
 
 In 1776 he sailed for America with Tronson Ducoudray, 178 
 having received a leave of absence and the rank of captain 
 of engineers from his government. On his arrival he joined 
 the American army as volunteer, and accompanied it in this 
 capacity during a part of the campaign of 1777. He receivcxl 
 the rank of captain for his gallant conduct at the battle of 
 Biscatagua. 179 He was then sent to Philadelphia, coming the 
 atre of the war, to map its suburbs, sound the Delaware, and 
 fortify Billingsport. He rejoined the army with the rank of 
 major of brigade when the enemy landed at Hith. 
 
 His brave and gallant conduct at the Bramlvwine on the 
 llth of September, 1777, where he remained on the battle 
 field after the rout of his brigade, and had his horse killed 
 under him, attracted the notice and admiration of AVashing- 
 ton, who drew the attention of Congress to him. The quar 
 termaster-general received orders to present de Fleury with a 
 horse, " in token of the high esteem in which his merit was 
 held by Congress. 180 He served as major of the brigade of 
 dragoons at the battle of Germantown ; was wounded in the 
 leg, took several prisoners, and had the horse, given to him by 
 Congress, killed under him. He was then sent as engineor-in- 
 chief to Fort Mifflin, on Mud Island, which was threatened 
 
 178 See Vol. I., pages 80, 81. 
 
 179 Mi moire of de Fleury in Archives of French War Department. 
 
 180 J/t woiVe of de Fleury in Archives of French War Department. 
 
126 The French in America. 
 
 by the English squadron and army. There he sustained a 
 siege of six weeks, during which the August, of sixty-four 
 guns, and the Merlin, of twenty-two guns, were blown up by 
 the fire of the fort. The commandant and the garrison of 
 six hundred men were relieved three times, but de Fleury 
 steadily refused to quit his post. He was severely wounded 
 on the 16th of October, and the same night the fort was 
 evacuated. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and received 
 a letter of thanks for his able and valiant conduct from the 
 President of Congress. 
 
 During the winter of 1778 he formed the bold project to 
 cross the ice and set fire to the English squadron. The 
 Delaware not being entirely frozen that winter, he invented 
 " batteaux mines," which were to be worked by the repul 
 sion of fusees; but whilst he was working on them he was 
 ordered to the Army of the North. The expedition into 
 Canada did not take place. On his return he was made in 
 spector, and was charged Avith instructing and disciplining the 
 troops. 
 
 At the opening of the campaign of 1778 he was the second 
 in command of a picked corps (which comprised the body 
 guard of the general) of six hundred men, two pieces of 
 artillery, and fifty cavalry. He led it into action at the battle 
 of Monmouth. Washington sent him to meet the Count 
 d Estaing on the latter s arrival in America, and he accom 
 panied him to Rhode Island, which was to be attacked. His 
 entreaties prevailed on the admiral to raise the useless siege 
 of Newport, and to retire to the north of the island. His 
 company repulsed the enemy and covered the retreat. 181 Count 
 d Estaing wrote to General Washington : " Allow me to recom 
 mend M. de Fleury especially to your good graces. General 
 Sullivan will tell you all about his conduct at Rhode Island. 
 He is an excellent officer and a useful Frenchman. I hope 
 
 181 Mcmoire of de Fleury in Archives of French War Department. 
 
List of Officers. 127 
 
 to serve again with him. He is a man made to unite private 
 individuals in the same way that our nations are united. 182 
 
 De Fleury commanded a regiment of light cavalry when 
 the campaign of 1779 opened. He was the first to scale 
 the ramparts of Stony Point, and he carried off the English 
 flag with his own hand. For this brilliant deed Congress 
 awarded him a medal, which was fastened to a band cut from 
 the flag he had so gallantly captured. He was the only 
 Frenchman to whom such an honor was accorded. This medal 
 is in the collection given by M. Vattemare to the Bibliotheque 
 Nationale of Paris, and he describes it as follows : " A general 
 in Roman costume, standing on a pile of ruins, holding in 
 one hand a drawn sword and in the other a flag, on which 
 he is trampling. Let/end: VIRTUTIS KT AroAci.E MONTM 
 ET PR.EMUM. Exeryue. D. DE FLEURY EQUITI GALL<> 
 PIUMO SUPRA Muiios, RESPUIJ. AMERIC. (Duvivier fecit.) 
 Reverse A fortress built on a rock and besieged by a 
 squadron. Lcycnd : AGGERES, PALUDES, HOSTES VICTL 
 Excrc/uc. STONY POINT. Jul. mdcclxxix." 
 
 The President of Congress wrote to him : " Congress hopes 
 that your own country will show its appreciation of your 
 merit." 183 And the French minister wrote "that he flattered 
 himself that the Court would give, in the person of M. dc 
 Fleury, a proof to America of the satisfaction with which it 
 has seen that a French officer had been so useful in her 
 service." 184 When de la Lu/erne arrived (ieneml Washing 
 ton begged him to give an account of de Flcury s gallant 
 conduct to the French Court; and de la Lu/erne wrote to 
 the Council about it. 
 
 At the end of the campaign de Fleury asked for and ob 
 tained a leave of absence of nine mouths, and General Wash 
 ington wrote to Congress on de Fleury s departure that he 
 
 182 Letter of d Estaing. 
 
 183 Alfonolre of de Fleury in Archives of French War Department. 
 
 184 Memoirc of de Fleury in Archives of French War Department. 
 
128 The French in America. 
 
 hoped for the return of an officer who had rendered such 
 important services. 
 
 De Fleury returned to France. While there he addressed 
 a memoir to the Court, wherein he gave an account of his 
 services, ending as follows : " M. de Fleury having thus by 
 his services risen from the rank of simple soldier to that of 
 lieutenant-colonel, honored by the goodwill of the nation 
 and the army, by the esteem of Congress, by the confidence 
 of his general, ventures to solicit some sign of the approbation 
 of his prince and of the minister under whose auspices he 
 passed into the service of the allies of France. Although 
 convinced that he owes his success more to his good fortune 
 than to his talents, and that his zeal alone was able to com 
 pensate for his inability, he ventures to hope that his country 
 will not disdain his services, and that that happiness of every 
 Frenchman, the return to a loved land, will not be for him 
 a sorrow and a disgrace. P. S. M. de Fleury has drawn 
 some plans and written some memoirs which have received 
 the approbation of M. Girard. He asks leave to present 
 them to the minister." 
 
 De Fleury received the rank of chevalier of Saint-Louis 
 on the 5th of December, 1781, and a pension of four hundred 
 livres was awarded to him for his services at the siege and 
 capture of Yorktown. He returned to America on the Aigle 
 with the Prince de Broglie and several other officers, and re 
 joined the army; but finding that the war was practically 
 over, and that his services were no longer necessary, he went 
 to South America to make some explorations. On his return 
 to France he was made colonel of a regiment at Pondichery in 
 1784, and died in his native land with the rank of marechal 
 de camp. 185 
 
 185 This notice of de Fleury was dictated by my father to rny sister 
 and published in the Magazine of American History for 1877, pages 
 724-726. I have inserted it in place of the original one in the List of 
 Officers, as it is more complete. E. S. B. 
 
List of Officers. 129 
 
 FLORENT (Domergue de Saint). See DOMERGUE. 
 
 FOKS (Baron de). De Lauzun in his Memoirs mentions 
 this officer as his aid-de-camp at Newport just as he was re 
 turning in March, 1783. 
 
 FOLIE (De La), infantry officer, wounded at the naval ac 
 tion off Saint Lucia the 19th of May, 1780. 
 
 FOLUERP;. See FALUER. 
 
 FONTANGES (Viscount de), born the 21st of March, 1740, 
 at Monthiyon in Allicr. Entered the service as lieutenant in 
 the infantry regiment of Poitou the 1st of January, 17-~>< >; 
 appointed captain in the same regiment in 1 758. He made 
 first the campaigns of Germany from 1757 to 1763, was 
 wounded at Rosbach the 5th of November, 1757, and served 
 with his rank of captain until May, 1775, at which time he 
 passed into the Department of the Navy and of the Colonies, 
 and was appointed major in the regiment of the Cape at Saint 
 Domingo. He reached his post in September, 1775. Chevalier 
 of Saint-Louis in 1777; lieutenant-colonel in 1778; colonel in 
 1780. In the position of major-general of the landing forces 
 of the naval army of the Count d Estaing in July, 177->, he 
 took part in the siege of Savannah. He commanded there a 
 legion of mulattoes, 18 * 1 and he saved the army after the useless 
 assault on the fortifications by bravely covering the retreat. 
 He was there, on the 7th of October, 177 >, dangerously 
 wounded bv a gunshot. Among the blacks who distinguished 
 themselves in this action were Andre Kigaud, Beauvais, Yil- 
 latte, Beauregard, and Lambert, who became afterwards gen 
 erals under the Convention, and also Henri Christophe, the 
 future King of Hayti. 187 
 
 1W According to my manuscripts, of more than eight hundred men. 
 187 Manuscript of Dupetit-Thouars. 
 
130 The French in America. 
 
 De Fontanges was in command at Saint Domingo at the 
 time of the revolt of the negroes. He was forced to fly to 
 France, where he died on the 18th of June, 1822. 
 
 FONTIVEAUX (Chevalier de). Lieutenant in the service of 
 
 Congress. 188 
 
 FORET, sergeant of chasseurs of Gtltinais, who was chosen 
 with Le Cornet, sergeant-major, to march at the head of the 
 column of attack of the great redoubt at Yorktown, and to 
 direct the men with axes who were to cut down the palis- 
 sades and the abatis. He showed much bravery on this oc 
 casion. Private in 1769, sergeant in 1781. 
 
 FORGERIE (De la), infantry officer, sub-lieutenant of Age- 
 nois, killed at the naval action off Saint Lucia. 189 
 
 FOSSELIX DE LEAUMONT. See LEAUMONT. 
 
 FOUCAULT (Jean-Simon-David de), born in the Island of 
 Re on the 26th of February, 1741 ; entered the service in 
 1760 ; captain of chasseurs of the regiment of Gatinais the 28th 
 of August, 1777 ; was wounded at the attack on Savannah; 
 took part in the combats of La Motte-Piquet ; was decorated 
 the 4th of April, 1781, and was present at the attack of the 
 redoubt of Yorktown. 
 
 FOUQUET D AUVILLERS (Jean-Gabriel-Rene-Fran9ois), mestre 
 de camp commanding the regiment of Armagnac, born at Metz 
 the 13th of March, 1751. Decorated for the bravery he 
 showed at the capture of Saint Christopher. 
 
 FRANCHESSEN (Jacques-Antoine de), enlisted as volunteer 
 the 20th of July, 1776 ; was chevalier of Saint-Louis. He 
 
 188 Records of the Revolution. 
 
 189 L. B., 261. 
 
List of Officers. 131 
 
 received from Congress the rank of lieutenant-colonel on en 
 tering the service. 190 
 
 FKANCY (Theveneau de), after being a student in the navy, 
 was employee of Beaumarchais in France. He showed much 
 intelligence, and obtained the confidence of his employer to 
 such an extent that he intrusted him to go and look out for 
 his interests and represent him in America. Franey started 
 towards the end of 1777. He had accumulated a rather large 
 fortune in the service of Bcaumarchais, and, nevertheless, while 
 supporting his interest before Congress, he took service in the 
 militia as volunteer. He fought bravely, especially at the 
 Brandywine, under the orders of Conway. 
 
 Beaumarchais asked for him and obtained a commission of 
 captain for the colonies, which he scut to him in America, 
 with epaulettes made by Madame de Beaumarchais. But 
 young Francy had delicate health. He was troubled with 
 his lungs, and having returned from America to Paris in 
 1782, he died in that city in 1783. 191 
 
 FRKNE (Chevalier de), major of the regiment Royal-( om- 
 tois. At the head of the chaxxcurv of this regiment, and with 
 the help of that of Auxerrois, he co-operated actively in the 
 recapture of Saint Fustatius, the 26th of November, 1781. 
 
 FuRSTENWERTHER (Charles, Baron de), born at Muscnheiiu 
 the 2 3d of August, 1741 ; entered the service as ensign in 
 the regiment of Royal-Deux-Ponts the Sth of January, 1758; 
 made the campaigns of Germany during the Seven Years 
 War, and was appointed captain-commandant in the same 
 regiment in 1770. lie went to America in 1781, and ob 
 tained the cross of Saint-Louis for his good conduct before 
 York town. 
 
 190 Auberteuil. 
 
 101 De Lornenie. Beaumarchais ct son temps. 
 
132 The French in America. 
 
 G. 
 
 GAILLOT (Antoine), entered the service as private the 1st 
 of February, 1756; was appointed sub-lieutenant of grenadiers 
 of Gatinais the 21st of April, 1779. Distinguished himself 
 before Yorktown. 
 
 GALATIN, second lieutenant in the regiment of Royal-Deux- 
 Ponts; entered the service in 1776; was at the attack of the 
 redoubt of Yorktown. Mr. Galatin, of New York, told me 
 that he was a near relative of the following : 
 
 GALATIN (Albert), born at Geneva the 29th of January, 
 1761; went to America in 1780; served as volunteer, and 
 commanded for some time Fort Passarnaquoddy ; Senator of 
 the United States, Minister of Finance, Ambassador to Saint 
 Petersburg, London, and Paris ; literary man and distinguished 
 statesman. Died the 29th of August, 1849. 
 
 GALTIER D ALAUSSE (Joseph-Philemon). See ALAUSSE. 
 
 GALVAN (De), French officer, enlisted as volunteer in the 
 service of the United States ; was charged by La Fayette 192 
 to await the arrival of de Rochambeau at Cape Henry in 
 case he should have disembarked at the entrance of Chesa 
 peake Bay, instead of at Boston. Gal van was to give him the 
 instructions of de Yergennes and valuable advices about the 
 situation of the hostile armies. Another officer, whose name 
 is not given, had received the same mission to Rhode Island. 
 
 GAMES (Jean-Daniel de), born at Strasbnrg in 1741 ; en 
 tered the service in 1757 ; was appointed captain in the 
 
 192 See Mcmoires of La Fayette. 
 
List of Officers. 133 
 
 regiment of Bourbonnais in 1772, and major in the same 
 regiment in December, 1777. He made the campaigns of 
 Germany and Corsica, and then went to America. He was 
 an officer of great distinction, and the oldest major in the 
 expeditionary corps. He was in the expedition of Destouches 
 in Chesapeake Bay in September, 1781. He received a pen 
 sion for his courage before Yorktown. He died at Naples 
 the 8th of June, 1823. 
 
 GAN, commissary of artillery, arrived at Boston the 20th 
 of August, 1780, on the Alliance, which brought also de 
 Pontgibaud and Commissary Lee. 193 
 
 GANTHEAUME (Henri-Honore-Joseph-Antoine, Count de), 
 born the 13th of April, 1755; enlisted at the age of four 
 teen as a sailor on a ship of his father s ; at twenty-two years 
 of age had made seven campaigns to the East and to the 
 Antilles; then officer of the merchant navy in the service <>f 
 Beaumarchais ; was present at the action of Grenada, fought 
 by d Estaing with Admiral Byron the 12th of July, 1779, on 
 board of the Fier-Itmlrif/ue, which was much damaged, and 
 whose captain, de Montaut, was killed. 1 * 4 
 
 Beaumarchais made Gantheaume enter the navy. 19 He was 
 present at the rapture of Grenada and at the siege of Sa 
 vannah, and took part in the last actions fought by the > ///- 
 vclllantc and the Apollon. m 
 
 Naval captain in 17-)4, he made the campaigns of the 
 Republic ; was chief of staff of Bruevs and wounded at 
 Aboukir; returned from Egypt with Bonaparte, and was 
 
 !W Blanchard. 
 
 l * Manuscript of Dupetit-Thouars and Joimud d uii orUcn-r <le inn rim . 
 
 rx> According to the Archiirs of the French navy; but the Encyclo 
 pedia of Chronology, London, Longmans, says he had entered the royal 
 navy in 17(>9. 
 
 196 De Lome nie. 
 
134 The French in America. 
 
 covered with honors after the 18th Brumaire ; vice-admiral 
 in 1804, and later commander of the naval army charged 
 with making a descent on England. He joined the Royalists 
 when the Emperor fell, kept aloof during the " Hundred 
 Days/ and served the Bourbons, who gave him the cross of 
 commander of Saint-Louis and the peerage. He died the 
 28th of September, 1818. 
 
 GARAVAQUE. See CARAVAGNE. 
 GAUGUET, officer of the Vengeance. 
 
 GENVILLE (Barthelemy-Laurent Levert de), born in 1759 
 in Franche-Cointe ; cadet gentUhomme in 1776; second lieu 
 tenant in the regiment of Gatinais in November, 1781. Fol 
 lowed this regiment to the colonies, then went with it to 
 America ; distinguished himself at Savannah, at Yorktown, 
 and was taken prisoner in the action of the 12th of April, 
 1782, on the ship the Hector. 
 
 GEOGHEHAM. Name of two brothers, Irishmen, mentioned 
 by Dr. Dubourg in his letter of the 10th of June, 1776, to 
 Dr. Franklin. He has not been able to promise them any 
 thing, but he gives to understand that they are very distin 
 guished, and that if they should go to America they ought 
 to be made general officers. One is lieutenant-colonel of cav 
 alry in France, the other captain in India, where he is in 
 reality at the head of a small army. 
 
 GILBERT (Melchior-Joseph de), born the 4th of October, 
 1737, at Die in Dauphine ; entered the service in 1756; ap 
 pointed captain-commandant of Soissonnais the llth of May, 
 1769. Distinguished himself before Yorktown, and was dec 
 orated. 
 
List of Officers. 135 
 
 GIMAT (De), enlisted as volunteer ; first-aid-de-camp of La 
 Fayette, who liked him especially. 197 He saved perhaps La 
 Fayette at the battle of the Brandywine in 1777, by giving 
 the General his own horse at the time La Fayette received 
 a ball through the leg. He it was whom La Fayette, in 
 1778, intrusted a challenge to for Lord Carlisle, for offensive 
 remarks to the honor of France which the diplomatist had 
 published. Lord Carlisle declined, covering himself by his 
 position of plenipotentiary. 
 
 De Gimat also had the mission of awaiting the Count de 
 Grasse at Cape Henry in 1781, when this admiral was ar 
 riving with Saint-Simon and some troops. He gave him the 
 instructions of La Fayette. 
 
 DC Gimat was appointed lieutenant-colonel by Congress on 
 the 17th of November, 1777, was promoted the following year 
 to the rank of colonel, and received the command of a regi 
 ment of riflemen. He was wounded before Yorktown at the 
 attack of the redoubt on the left of the enemy. After the 
 peace of 1783 he received a command in the French Antilles, 
 and was appointed colonel of the regiment of Martinique. 
 Decorated with the order of the Cincinnati. 
 
 GOIIAT !>!: BEAUMONT (Alexis-Jean- Francois), born at Li 
 moges the 2r>th of July, 17oo; entered the service in 1 7-"> 1 ; 
 was appointed captain-commandant in the regiment of Saint- 
 onge in 1770. He made with distinction the campaigns of 
 Germany, then served with his regiment in Cayenne. He re 
 turned to France, where he was appointed captain, and started 
 again with the expeditionary corps of Rochambeau. He 
 showed zeal and bravery before Yorktown. 
 
 197 De Chastellux speaks in high terms of de Gimat, saying: ; A 
 
 French officer over whom I claim the rights of a sort of military 
 
 paternity, having brought him up in my regiment from his earliest 
 youth." 
 
136 The French in America. 
 
 GOUVION (Jean-Baptiste), born the 7th of January, 1747 ; 
 lieutenant in the Military School of Mezieres in 1769 ; in the 
 engineers in 1771 ; engaged at Paris by Franklin in 1777 
 with de Laumoy, La Radiere and Du Portail to be employed 
 as engineer. He had served since 1769 in the engineers. 
 Congress admitted him as engineer with the rank of major 
 the 28th 198 of July, 1777, and breveted him colonel the 17th 
 of November of the same year. He was appointed captain 
 on the lists of the French army in 1779, and the services he 
 rendered to the Americans caused him to receive, at the peace, 
 the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the provincial troops, rank 
 he already held in the United States. Pie was decorated with 
 the order of the Cincinnati. 
 
 La Fayette chose him in 1789 for major-general of the 
 National Guard of Paris. In 1791 he was deputy from Paris 
 to the Legislative Assembly, resigned in 1792, and served 
 under La Fayette as lieutenant-general in the Army of the 
 North. 
 
 Gouvion was killed the llth of June, 1792, by a cannon 
 ball near the village of Griduelle, in the neighborhood of 
 Maubeuge. He was the son of a lieutenant of police of 
 Toul. 
 
 His brother had been killed while serving under the or 
 ders of de Bouille during the revolt of the troops at Nancy 
 in 1791. 
 
 He was a relation of Gouvion Saint-Cyr, who did not go 
 to America, as has been sometimes said. 199 
 
 Gouzi, private in the regiment of Agenois in 1757 ; was 
 made officer in 1779. Made all the campaigns of the Seven 
 Years War, and showed great firmness before Yorktown. 
 
 198 8th of July? Marginal note by T. B. 
 
 199 Saint-Cyr was captain en second in the regiment of Saintonge. 
 Marginal note by T. B. 
 
List of Officers. 137 
 
 Go VERT (Jacques- Paul), breveted captain -lieutenant of artil 
 lery by Congress the 29th of July, 177G. 200 
 
 GRANCHAIN (De), naval captain, who was joined to Lau- 
 rcns and de Xoailles to arrange the articles of capitulation of 
 Yorktown. 201 
 
 GRANDIERE (De La), captain of the ship the Conquerant, 
 forming part of the squadron that started from Brest. Distin 
 guished himself at the naval action of the 10th of April, 1781. 
 His son had been killed in the naval action off Saint Lucia 
 on the lJ)th of March, 17SO. At the battle of Ouessant, the 
 20th of July, 1778, he commanded the ship the Indien, of 
 sixty-four guns. 20 " 2 
 
 " De la Grandiere," says Blanchard, " is ill-humored, big 
 oted, little enlightened, a gambler, self-interested, taking the 
 communion every Sunday without being more humane Ibr his 
 sailors and his sick ; in short, a Moliniste."- 011 Further on 
 the same writer adds : " But one forgives him his defects on 
 a day of battle. He has much activity and coolness." 
 
 GRANDSEIGNE (Dc), infantry officer ; wounded at the naval 
 action off Saint Lucia fought by de (Jtiiehen the Itlth of 
 May, 1780. 
 
 GRASSE (Francois-Joseph-Paul, Marquis de Tilly, Count de), 
 born at Valette in Provence in 1723 ; entered the (!<il/ct/N of 
 IMiyion (Ships of Malta) as early as July, 1734, with the rank 
 
 ^Auberteuil. 
 
 2"! I I? 1()0 
 lj. J}., !,. 
 
 202 L. B., 08. 
 
 ^Followers of Molina, a. Spanish Jesuit, of whom Pascal (Pensees) 
 says : " They are people who know the truth, but only uphold it as 
 lonjr as it is to their interest." E. S. B. 
 
138 The French in America. 
 
 of marine guard, and made several campaigns against the 
 Turks. Entered the French fleets in 1749, and served under 
 La Jonquiere at Pondichery ; was captured by Admiral Anson, 
 and kept prisoner two years in England. Naval lieutenant 
 in May, 1754; captain in January, 1762. At the battle of 
 Ouessant, in 1778, he commanded the ship the Robuste, of 
 seventy-four guns. In 1779, under the orders of d Estaing, 
 he helped in the capture of Tabago. In 1781, although he 
 had been a shorter time in the service than the Count de 
 Barras, he was intrusted with the command of a fleet which 
 brought succor to the Americans, and received the title of 
 lieutenant-general, which gave him the command over all 
 the other general officers. The Count de Barras had enough 
 greatness of character to serve under his orders in these 
 conditions until the happy ending of the War of Independ 
 ence. 
 
 The co-operation of the Count de Grasse was much more 
 profitable to the Americans than that of d Estaing. Count 
 de Rochambeau having asked him for help by the Concorde, 
 which found him at the Windward Islands, the Admiral 
 answered that he would start with twelve hundred thousand 
 livres 204 and three thousand five hundred men under the com 
 mand of the Marquis de Saint-Simon. De Rochambeau would 
 have liked five or six thousand men. Still, this news brought 
 by the Concorde filled with joy the allied generals. De Grasse 
 kept his word ; he started on the 4th of August from the 
 
 204 De Grasse tried to procure this sum among the inhabitants of the 
 Cape, but it was impossible to find it. He sent the frigate the Aigrette 
 to Havana. The commander of this port made known to the principal 
 inhabitants the needs of the French army ; at once every one sub 
 scribed ; the ladies especially brought their money, and even their 
 jewels, and the same day there was collected five hundred thousand 
 piastres (two million five hundred thousand livres), which the Aigrette 
 took to de Grasse, who then wrote from Matanzas to the ladies of 
 Havana to thank them for the essential service they were doing to the 
 French army, and to praise them for their patriotic devotion. 
 
List of Officers, 139 
 
 Antilles with all the promised succors. 205 He brought them 
 to the shores of Chesapeake Bay; then, the 3d of September, 
 he won a victory over the fleet of the English Admiral 
 Graves, victory which allowed the troops embarked at Annapo 
 lis under the command of Custine to make their junction with 
 those de Grasse brought himself, and with the army of La 
 Fayette. This circumstance decided the fate of Cornwallis 
 and that of his army shut up in Yorktown. 
 
 The 12th of April, 1782, forced to fight Admiral Rodney 
 near the Saintes with inferior forces, he was taken prisoner. 
 There were only three men entirely sound left on his ship 
 when he was forced to strike. 206 
 
 I have a printed sheet, having for title: " Account of the 
 
 206 De Grassc had on board three thousand four hundred and sixty- 
 four men, besides the ordinary crews of the ships. (Mercure d<> / /<///<>, 
 October, 1781, page 77.) 
 
 This news was brought to France on the cutter the Mouclir, Captain 
 de Negrier, an English pri/e recently captured at Tabago, which left 
 the fleet of the Count de Grasse after the difficult passage of the canal 
 of the Bahamas. (Idem, page 123.) 
 
 918 This is what one reads in the book of M. de Saint-Yallier, already 
 cited. It is an example of the insults which were hurled at de (irasse 
 in France on account of his want of success : 
 
 "After his important victory of the 12th of April, 17S2, Admiral 
 Rodney hastened to send de Grasse to London, as the principal trophy 
 of his victory. The French admiral was well received ; he seemed to 
 be assisting at a real triumph ; he was received at Court, and he never 
 missed accepting the numerous invitations he received, nor to show 
 himself on the promenades or on his balcony. The people who ac 
 claimed him wished, doubtless, by exaggerating his merit, to increase 
 their own glory and the success of Admiral Rodney; but Count de 
 Grasse did not seem to look on it thus, and until the peace he enjoyed 
 this strange infatuation of his enemies. 
 
 " De Grasse stupidly attributed this reception to his own merit. In 
 France he was treated quite otherwise; he was jeered at; the women 
 wore golden crosses d la Jcunnettc, with a heart on them. Those made 
 a la de Cirasse had no heart. 
 
 " De Grasse, in his naivete, told how the King of England had said 
 to flatter him : I would see you with pleasure again at the head of the 
 French armies. " 
 
140 The French in America. 
 
 naval action of the Count de Grasse with Admiral Rodney" 207 
 It is dated from Martinique on the 17th of April, 1782, and 
 begins thus : " There has arrived to-day, at three o clock in 
 the afternoon, a cutter bringing the following news of the 
 French army, which is to windward of Guadeloupe." They 
 were far off from the truth. De Grasse only returned to 
 France two years later, when peace was concluded. He con 
 tributed, however, during his captivity, towards bringing about 
 peace. He justified himself in a memoire" 08 on his return, 
 and was acquitted by a court-martial held in March, 1784. 
 He died the llth of January, 1788. 
 
 In a letter of Washington to Kochambeau of the 22d of 
 April, 1788, the American general, alluding to the misfortunes 
 of de Grasse s later years, said : " But his frailties should 
 now be buried in the grave with him, while his name will 
 be long deservedly dear to this country on account of his 
 successful co-operation in the glorious campaign of 1781." 
 
 GRASSE-LIMMERMONT (De), 209 about whom I have no in 
 formation. 
 
 GRILLIERES (Fran9ois-Marin des Bouillieres, Chevalier des), 
 born the 28th of October, 1752; captain en second in the 
 
 207 Detail du combat naval de M. le Comte de Grasse avec Vamiral Rodney. 
 
 208 See Vol. I., page 9. 
 
 In his memoire he said, after having related the facts of the battle : 
 " Such are the circumstances of this misfortune to the arms of the 
 king and to mine. One must not be surprised thereat; the most im 
 portant manoeuvres were not carried out ; nine of my signals were ab 
 solutely neglected. It is for my judges to decide whether the move 
 ments ordered were suitable to the circumstances of the combat and 
 to the winds then blowing. I submit myself to their knowledge with 
 as much confidence as respect. It is my signals, it is the defense of 
 my ship which I have purposed giving to their examination. * * # # 
 I am the first general of the French army to be judged by a court- 
 martial." 
 
 209 L. B., page 96. 
 
List of Officer*. 141 
 
 regiment of Armagnac; distinguished himself at the taking of 
 Saint Christopher ; commanded a picket of his regiment at 
 the attack of the intrenchments of Savannah, and was wounded 
 there by two gunshots. He was then under the command of 
 Count de Dillon. He also took part in the expedition to 
 Hudson s Bay on the 13th of June, 1782. 210 
 
 GuiciiARi) entered the service as private in 1746; made 
 all the campaigns of Germany as non-commissioned officer, 
 and was wounded at Laufeld. Appointed sub-lieutenant of 
 Soissonnais in 1776, he made the campaign of America, and 
 was wounded in the battle of the 16th of March, 1781, be 
 fore New York. 
 
 GriciiKN (Louis-Urbain du Bouexic, Count de), born at 
 Eougeres in 1712, died at Morlaix in 1790. He entered the 
 navy in 1730 as guard, and went through all the ranks. 
 Appointed naval captain in 1756. The following year he 
 commanded the Atalantc, and captured four English privateers 
 and nine merchantmen. In 1778 chief of squadron and com 
 mander of Saint-Louis. He was present on the 27th of July, 
 1778, at the battle of Ouessant, when; he took the place of 
 Count Du ChafFault de Bcsne, who was wounded while com 
 manding the rearguard. In 177!) he became lieutenant- 
 general, and the following year he left Brest witli fifteen 
 vessels to replace d Kstaing in the Antilles. lie escorted a 
 fleet of merchantmen, and arrived safely in March, 1780, at 
 the Martinique. The 17th he met Admiral Rodney and 
 fought a successful naval action with him near Dominica, 
 another on the lf>th of May following, and a third on the 
 19th. Rodney abandoned the town after the loss of the 
 Cormorant, of seventy-four guns. But the English have 
 always held that Rodney won the victory. 
 
 210 See in the List of Officers : Perouse. 
 
142 The French in America. 
 
 In 1781 de Guichen was made grand cross of Saint-Louis, 
 and left Brest on the 10th of December with nineteen war 
 vessels and many merchantmen, some of which the English 
 Admiral Kempenfeld captured. Let ns note that at this time 
 the escorting of merchantmen had become, for the officers of 
 the royal navy, a secondary matter, a thing indeed below 
 their dignity. 211 
 
 He did nothing more that was remarkable. In 1784 Louis 
 the Sixteenth made him chevalier of the Saint-Esprit, which 
 position was not generally considered suitable for the dignity 
 of a grand cross of Saint-Louis. 
 
 H, 
 
 HAAB or AHAAB, naval ensign, a Sw r ede. Killed the 5th 
 of September, 1781, in the operations before Savannah. 5 
 
 212 
 
 HAAK (Frederic-Charles, Baron de), born at Lappe the 14th 
 of March, 1744. Made three campaigns in Germany in the 
 regiment of Royal-Deux-Ponts ; was appointed captain of the 
 grenadiers of that regiment in April, 1779. He received the 
 cross of Military Merit for the bravery he showed at the 
 attack of the redoubt of Yorktown. 
 
 HADEN (Charles-Louis de), born at Manheim the 17th of 
 July, 1738 ; entered as cadet the service of the Palatinate in 
 1757 ; captain of a company, lieutenant-colonel of Royal- 
 Deux-Ponts the 18th of October, 1777. Received the cross 
 of Saint-Louis for his conduct before Yorktown. 
 
 HAINAULT (Charles-Theodore), born at Manheim the 1st 
 of October, 1738 ; entered as cadet the service of the Prince 
 
 211 See Vol. I., pages 109, 110, and pages 168-177. Also an extract 
 from " Journal d un officier de marine" page 24, Paris, 1782. 
 
 212 Manuscript of Dupetit-T houars. 
 
Lixt of Officers. 143 
 
 Palatine the 20th of August, 1756 ; captain-commandant of 
 Royal-Deux-Ponts the 22d of July, 1779. Made six cam 
 paigns in Germany and went to America with his regiment. 
 He received the cross of Military Merit. 
 
 H(EX (Chevalier de Dillenbourg). See DILLEXBOURG. 
 
 HOUDETOT DE COLOMBY (Marc-Joseph d ), born the 18th 
 of June, 1752, at Saint Martin in Fressin ; entered the service 
 as sub-lieutenant of Agenois in 1777; lieutenant the 21st of 
 April, 177-). He was wounded at the siege of Yorktown by 
 a bayonet thrust in the right thigh, in the sortie which the 
 English made during the night of the 15th to the 16th of 
 October, 1781, on the battery on the right of the allies. 
 
 HoLZENDORF (Baron de), one of the first enlisted volun 
 teers in the War of Independence, received the brevet of lieu 
 tenant-colonel the 21)th of July, 1777, with pay from the 
 preceding 17th of November. He resigned the 31st of Jan 
 uary, 1778. 
 
 HUMBERT (Claude-Jacques-Francois), born the 15th of Au 
 gust, 1757 ; entered as sub-lieutenant the regiment of Royal- 
 Deux-Ponts the 28th of August, 1777. He received a re 
 ward for his good conduct before Yorktown, and the rank of 
 lieutenant in Royal-Deux-Ponts the 30th of January, 1 7S2. 
 
 I. 
 
 ICIITERSHEIM (Francois-Charles), born the 25th of Octo 
 ber, 1 756 ; entered the service in the regiment of Royal- 
 Deux-Ponts in 1775 ; second lieutenant the 28th of April, 
 1778. Received a reward for his good conduct before York- 
 town. 
 
144 The French in America. 
 
 IMBERT (Jean-Louis), enlisted as volunteer in the War of 
 Independence; employed as engineer with the rank of captain 
 the 19th of September, 1776. 213 
 
 IMBERT DE BARRY (Denis), born the llth of February, 
 1742, at Puylaurens in Languedoc ; entered the service the 
 4th of May, 1759, as sub-lieutenant in the regiment of Age"- 
 nois ; sub-aid-major the llth of August, 1771 ; captain en sec 
 ond the llth of June, 1776. Was wounded at the attack of 
 Savannah by a shot in the left arm ; distinguished himself at 
 Saint Christopher. 
 
 j. 
 
 JAMES. See LONGUEVILLE. 
 
 JONES (John-Paul), born the 6th of July, 1747, at Arbig- 
 land in Scotland; died in Paris the 18th of July, 1792. His 
 family name was Paul, but he added to it Jones, to show his 
 gratef ulness to his Virginian benefactor. At the age of twelve 
 he was apprenticed to a merchant of Whitehaven, who traded 
 Avith America, and he made his first voyage to the United 
 States, where his brother was already established, and where 
 he was to find a new country. 
 
 In 1775, when the War of Independence broke out, and 
 the American Congress thought of organizing a navy, Paul 
 Jones, who had already commanded several merchantmen, and 
 who found himself in Virginia in very straightened circum 
 stances, accepted the position of first lieutenant 011 board of the 
 Alfred. He was soon appointed captain of the Providence, and 
 took an active part in those little known but heroic early 
 struggles of five or six ships against the numerous vessels of 
 England. In May, 1777, he was sent to the American com 
 missaries in France with the promise of a more important com 
 mand. But the Court of Versailles had not yet pronounced 
 
 a8 Auberteuil. 
 
List of Officers. 145 
 
 officially for America, and they had to be content with sending 
 him to cruise with his frigate, the Ranger, of eighteen guns, 
 wherever he wanted to, with no other instructions than to do 
 the most harm he could to England. 
 
 In consequence, he started from Brest on the 10th of April, 
 1778, on that famous cruise, which, says one of his American 
 biographers, showed the. weak side of England, and showed for 
 the future where to attack it in its own home. Using the inti 
 mate acquaintance he had with the northern coasts, lie made a 
 descent at Whitehaven, burnt the port, attacked the Island of 
 Saint Mary s and surprised the castle of Lord Selkirk, of which 
 his father had been gardener, lie also took the sloop the 
 Drake on the coast of Ireland. He made 1 a second no less 
 brilliant expedition in August, 177 ( ^, with the rank of commo 
 dore, and at the head of a little squadron composed of French 
 and American ships and crews. He was on a forty-gun ship 
 equipped by France to which he had given the name, popular 
 in America, of Bonhomme Richard. These forces were intended 
 to act against Liverpool, and La Fayette, on his return from 
 America, was to command a landing corps of seven hundred 
 men. The project became known and was abandoned; but to 
 make this cruise famous there was the action of the 2 2d of 
 September with the *sV/Y/y;/x, an English ship of greater 
 strength, which Paul Jones took by boarding after an en 
 gagement of four hours. On his return from these two cruises, 
 in which he had captured more than eight hundred prisoners 
 and spread terror on all the coasts of England, the brave sailor 
 went to Versailles, where he became the hero of the dav. The 
 king decorated him with the cross of Military Merit, and gave 
 him a sword with a golden handle on which was engraved : 
 [^ndicciti niarix Ludovicus A T r /. remunerator xfrcmio rindici. 
 Other honors awaited him at Philadelphia, where he returned 
 on the 18th of February, 1781. He received there the con 
 gratulations of Congress, a gold medal, and a flattering letter 
 from Washington. 
 
146 The French in America. 
 
 The rest of his career offers few remarkable events. He 
 went on board of the fleet of Count de Vaudreuil to join 
 Count d Estaing, who was planning an expedition against 
 Jamaica, but peace was made. He then returned to France 
 for the liquidation of the moneys coining from the prizes 
 made in common with that power, and negotiated this affair 
 to the satisfaction of Congress. The following year, in 1784, 
 he entered the service of Russia, and was employed as rear- 
 admiral in the war against the Turks. Court intrigues and 
 quarrels with Potemkin and the Prince of Nassau, his superi 
 ors, made him leave the service about 1789. He asked in 
 vain for a command at the Court of Vienna, and returned to 
 Paris in 1790. He lived two years more in that city un 
 known, forgotten, and displeased with all governments, who, 
 he said, did not appreciate his merit. His adventurous career 
 finished on the 18th of July, 1792, and the Legislative As 
 sembly decided that a deputation should be present at his 
 interment. 214 
 
 Paul Jones had all the instincts of a real sailor. He loved 
 battle as did the battle-horse spoken of in the Book of Job. 
 As he was very able in manosuvring his vessel, he always 
 tried to get as near as he could to the bowsprit of the enemy s 
 ship and to give him a broadside, followed by boarding. It 
 was to this manoeuvre that he often owed his successes. In 
 the action between the Bonhomme Richard and the flerapis, he 
 fastened his ship to the enemy s with grapnels, according to 
 his old privateersman s customs. 215 
 
 214 Didot. 
 
 215 " Of whatever size was the ship, the buccaneers went without 
 hesitation to boarding. As soon as the grapnel was thrown it was a 
 captured ship." (Raynal, Histoire philosophique. X., page 10.) 
 
 His adventures furnished the matter for several romances, among 
 others the Red Rover of J. Fenimore Cooper. De Pontgibaud recounts 
 a singular occurrence, an attempt at murder on Paul Jones by Captain 
 Landais, of the American frigate the Alliance. Among the curious books 
 which I have collected are : Paul Jones, ou propMties sur I Amerique, 
 
List of Officers. 147 
 
 Paul Jones left the imprint of his genius on the American 
 Navy. One of his cardinal principles was "the large ball." 
 He said that one large bore cannon was worth two of smaller 
 calibre, and the brilliant and numerous victories of the Amer 
 icans in the war of 181215, between the United States and 
 England, showed the truth of the principle. 
 
 JUJARDY, commissary of war of the expedition under the 
 orders of Blanchard.* 16 
 
 JUM6COURT (IV), oilicer of artillery, Freemason, caused 
 his friend Blanchard to be received apprentice of the Society 
 of Freemasons, at Providence, together with de Pisancon, sec 
 retary of Blanchard. 217 
 
 KALB (Ilenry-Jules-Alexandre von Robaii, .Baron De), 218 
 born at Hiittendorf, in the Margravedom of Baireuth, the 29th 
 of June, 1721 (there are different dates given in different 
 notices); served first in the French army, in the regiment of 
 Royal-Deux- Pouts, during the Seven Years War, witli the 
 title of lieutenant-colonel of infantry. He received from de 
 Choiseul the secret mission to go t> America to see whether 
 the germs of revolt were sufficiently developed, and to stir up 
 the feelings of the malcontents. He left London on the 4th 
 of October, 17(>7, and acquitted himself with intelligence of 
 
 VAngleterri , la 7<Vamv, etc., }><tr I*<inl Join s, corxnii t, i>r<>i>hi tf it w/v/, / 
 coinmc il nVn fut jainaix, An \ </, rindt pfndi ix; <l< / .I //////</>/<. There 
 are several biographies of Paul Jones. The be.st is Lift- <>j J <ti// ,////< x, 
 by Siinins, New York, 1845, in 12mo. See also the Monism- I nir, r.-l 
 and Naval History of the United >SYa/t x, ))y J. F. Cooper. 
 
 Ktnts Militaircs. 
 
 ^Journal of Hlandiard. 
 
 n8 The knowledge of his name, von Kobaii, I owe to M. Pierre 
 Margry, which information 1 have found nowheres else. 
 
148 The French in America. 
 
 this dangerous role. 219 He traveled under a disguise, and was 
 arrested in Canada as a suspect, but was freed through want 
 of proofs. He returned then to France, but soon started 
 again for America with La Fayette and other officers in the 
 spring of 1777. 
 
 De Kalb held in France the position of brigadier from 
 1775. Congress commissioned him major-general the 15th of 
 September, 1777. He was with the column which La Fay 
 ette commanded in his march from South Carolina towards 
 Philadelphia, and always showed the greatest courage. His 
 death was most glorious. 220 He fell at Camden, pierced with 
 eleven wounds, and died three days later, on the 16th of Au 
 gust, 1780. Congress proposed to raise for him, at Annapolis, 
 in Maryland, a tomb of which the inscription said that he 
 was then forty-three years of age. However, General Henry 
 Lee, who knew him intimately, says in his memoirs that he 
 was nearly seventy, but that the vivacity of his mind and the 
 energy of his physique, kept up by great sobriety of living, 
 would give the idea that he was twenty years younger. 221 
 
 KALB (De), son of the former, was born in the Margrave- 
 dom of Baireuth in 1753, and served also in America. He 
 was lieutenant in the regiment of Royal-Deux-Ponts ; was 
 present at the assault on Yorktown and received the order of 
 the Cincinnati. He is mentioned in the Etats Militaires of 
 177980 as being in the Antilles. 
 
 KERANDROAN (De la lioche de), naval ensign ; killed on 
 the Belle-Poute the 20th of June, 1778. In July, 1776, 
 Congress appointed him engineer in the service of the United 
 
 219 See Vol. L, page 54. 
 
 220 See in the List of Officers (for the letter of his aid-de-camp) : Du 
 Buisson. 
 
 221 This notice of De Kalb must be rewritten. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
List of Officers. 149 
 
 States, with sixty dollars pay a month and the rank of lieu 
 tenant-colonel. He served in the army of Gates, in the corps 
 of riflemen commanded by Morgan, and retired from the 
 service with the rank of colonel the 5th of March, 1778. 222 
 
 KERMAREC (Louis- Jean -Eusebe Ivoron de), born at Qiiim- 
 perle the 8th of December, 1 749 ; was lieutenant of Agenois 
 during the siege of Yorktown, where he distinguished himself. 
 He was wounded at the action of the 12th of April, fought 
 by Count de Grasse, and received the rank of captain the 
 1st of February, 1782. 
 
 KERMORVAN or KERMOVAN (Chevalier de), one of the 
 tirst French volunteers in the service of the Americans. It 
 was Barbier 223 Dubourg who sent him to Franklin. De Krr- 
 morvan distinguished himself at Saratoga on the 7th of Octo 
 ber, 1777, by turning the right of the English, and by oppos 
 ing thus a clever maiKcuvre of Burgoyue. 
 
 KEKN (Do), infantry officer, wounded in the naval battle 
 off Saint Lucia, fought on the 10th of May, 17.SO, by do 
 Guichen with Admiral Rodney. 
 
 KEROVAN. See QrEKoriiANT. 
 
 KERVEGUEN (Gauthier do), entered the service in 1755 in 
 the position of naval engineer; wont to Saint Domingo as 
 aid-de-camp of d Fstaing in 17<>(); appointed engineer-geog 
 rapher of the camps in 17(>7; was sent to Corsica and stayed 
 there until 17(>9. Appointed captain of infantrv in 17<JO, 
 ho was employed on the coasts and on the frontiers of France 
 until ho returned to the Antilles in 1777. 
 
 " Auberteuil and American Archit c-s. 
 833 Vol. I., page 81. 
 
150 The French in America. 
 
 He was present at all the battles on land and sea which 
 took place during the twenty-one months of campaign of the 
 squadron of d Estaing. He mounted, one of the first, to the 
 assault of the hills 224 near the hospital of Grenada, and he 
 also gave proof of courage at the attack of the intrenchments 
 of Savannah. Decorated with the order of the Cincinnati. 225 
 
 KILLEMAINE, or better, KILMAINE (Charles- Joseph), 226 born 
 at Dublin in 1754 ; entered the service in France, and went 
 to America as sub-lieutenant in the legion of Lauzun. De 
 Rochambeau having ordered Dumas, in July, 1781, to rec- 
 onnoiter as near to New York as he could, Dumas took a 
 detachment of lancers of the legion of Lauzun, at whose 
 head was Kilmaine, whose vigor and intelligence enabled the 
 reconnoitering party to get within rifle shot of the enemy s 
 works. 
 
 Captain in 1789. He was employed later in France in the 
 Army of the North ; was at Jemmapes and in the Vendee ; 
 general of division in 1793 ; soon after general-in-chief of 
 the Armies of the North and of the Ardennes. Distinguished 
 himself in Italy under Bonaparte ; general-in-chief of the 
 Army of England in 1798. He died at Paris in 1799. 227 
 
 KLOCKER or DE KLOCK (Bernard-Antoine), born in the 
 Palatinate the 16th of June, 1736; enlisted in the regiment 
 of Royal-Deux-Ponts ; was made sergeant the 1 8th of October, 
 1756, and reached the rank of captain-commandant in the 
 same regiment in 1778. He distinguished himself before 
 Yorktown, and received the decoration of Military Merit on 
 this occasion. 
 
 224 Morne*. 
 
 225 Manuscript of Dupetit-Thouars. Marginal note. 
 
 226 Memoires of Dumas. 
 
 227 The Encyclopedia of Chronology, London, Longmans, gives the name 
 of Charles Jennings Kilmaine, and makes a mistake in saying that he 
 served under La Fayette instead of under Lauzun. 
 
List of Officers. 151 
 
 KOSCIUSKO (Thaddeus), born in Lithuania of an ancient 
 and noble family. The date of his birth is uncertain. The 
 Biographie Universelle gives the 28th of October, 1740, which, 
 I think, is the most likely date ; in the Convcr. Lax and 
 several other works the years 1753, 1755 and 1750 are 
 mentioned. He was a student at the Military School at 
 Warsaw ; studied in France, in Germany and in Italy, then 
 served in Poland. In 1775, after a disappointment in love, 
 he embarked on a ship which was going to Martinique. 
 Thence, in 1770, he went to the United States, where he 
 found Pulaski, who presented him to Washington. He was 
 successively aid-de-camp of Gates, Armstrong, Greene and 
 Washington. He was appointed engineer bv Congress, with 
 the rank of colonel, in the autumn of 1777, and succeeded to 
 La Radiere, on the Upper Hudson, in 1778. He fortified 
 the camj) of Gates, and directed the works of West Point. 
 Much esteemed by the American officers, and a member of the 
 society of the Cincinnati. He returned to Poland after the war 
 in 178o ; there he became major-general under Poniatowski. 
 
 In 17 ( .)4, when a new revolution upset Poland, he was 
 made generalissimo, with dictatorial powers. He won a victory 
 against the Russians at Raclawice on the 4th of April, 17JM. 
 His defense of Warsaw was glorious. The 10th of October 
 he was wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of Mazciewice, 
 and taken to Saint Petersburg, where he was kept until the 
 death of Catherine in 17.M>. The Emperor Paul restored 
 him to liberty, and wished him to accept a command in his 
 army, but Kosciusko refused. He then made a joiirncv to 
 the United States in 17 .>7; went to Philadelphia and New 
 York, and Congress ottered him, as a reward for his services, 
 a land grant, which he refused. He returned to Switzerland, 
 and stayed there until his death, on the 10th of October, 
 1817. His remains were taken to Cracow. 
 
 Popular imagination, in England as well as in America, took 
 hold of Kosciusko. The sympathy felt for his unfortunate 
 
152 The French in America. 
 
 country was much increased by the virtues, the patriotism, 
 the worth, and the moral height of the man it had chosen for 
 dictator. He was the hero of the popular romance of Miss 
 Jane Porter, Thaddeus of Warsaw, and in one of the finest 
 poems of the English language, the Pleasures of Hope, by 
 Campbell, his defeat is immortalized in bitter regret : 
 
 Hope, for a season, bade the world farewell, 
 And Freedom shrieked when Kosciusko fell. 
 
 L. 
 
 LABLAXQUE or LABEXQUE or LALBEXQUE (Jean-Francois 
 de), born in December, 1730, at la Touray in Quercy. En 
 tered the service in 1744; captain in 1757 in the regiment 
 of Gatinais. 
 
 LABOKDE DE BEATJME (Jean-Franois), born the 7th of 
 February, 1743, at La Bastide in Armagnac; captain-com 
 mandant in the regiment of Gatinais the 17th of August, 
 1775. Made the campaigns of Germany and of the colonies, 
 and was decorated after the capture of Yorktown. 
 
 LABORDE-MEREVILLE (Fran9ois-Louis-Joseph, Marquis de), 
 financier and politician. Made the American campaign, and 
 was filling, in 1789, the functions of guard of the royal treas 
 ury. Signer of the oath of the Jeu de Paume ; defended and 
 sustained the ideas of political and religious liberty ; then 
 retired in 1791 to England, and died at London in 1801. 
 Two of his brothers, Laborde-Bouteville and Laborde de 
 Marchainville, were on the expedition of La Perouse. 
 
 LA COMBE. See QUEREXET. 
 
 LACY (L abbe), chaplain of the French hospital, of Irish 
 origin. 228 
 
 Blanchard. 
 
List of Officers. 153 
 
 LA FAYETTE (Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du 
 Mothier, Marquis de), born the 6th of September, 1757; son 
 of Michel-Louis-Christophe-Roch-Gilbert du Mothier, Marquis 
 de La Fayette, Baron de Vissac, Seigneur de Saint-Romain 
 and other places, and of the Lady Marie-Louise-Julie de la 
 Riviere; baptized the 7th of September, 1757, parish of Char- 
 vanliac, bishopric of Saint-Flour. His army records say : 
 
 1771, 9th of April, musketeer of the second company; 1773, 
 7th of April, sub-lieutenant in the regiment of dragoons of 
 Noailles; 1774, 19th of May, captain. In waiting in 1776. 
 1777, went to North America, where he commanded an army 
 corps. He pays eighty thousand livrcx for the regiment of 
 de Crequy, whose titulary colonel he becomes. 1779, 3d of 
 March, incxtre dc camj), commander of the dragoons of the 
 king. 1779, 1st of June, returns to France to beg help in 
 men and money for the Americans, and is appointed aid- 
 quartermaster-general of the army of Brittany and Normandy, 
 which was being prepared for a descent on England. 17SO, 
 returns to America, preceding by a few days de Rochambeau. 
 1783, 12th of March, brevet of marechdl <1e nnnjt sent with 
 the date 1 of the 1st of November, 1781. Received the order 
 of the Cincinnati. 
 
 1788, loth of July, the king has thought tit to take from 
 him his letters of service in the rank of acting iiu drc <h- camp. 
 1789, 15th of July, commander-general of the National Guard 
 of Paris; protected the royal family during the 5th and (Hli 
 of October ; dispersed by force the people assembled on the 
 Champ de Mars the 17th of July, 1791. 17 ( -M, 30th of 
 August, commands with success one of the armies intended to 
 drive back the foreign invasion on the frontier of the north. 
 
 1702, 20th of June, is placed out of the pale of the law for 
 having tried to make the king leave Paris, and leaves his com 
 mand on the 20th of August with Laumoy, Latour Maubourg, 
 Lallemand, du Ron re and others. Arrested during his flight 
 by the Austrian*, he was shut up in the citadel of Olmiitz 
 
154 The French in America. 
 
 for having aided in the revolution. He remained there a 
 prisoner until 1797, when a special article of the treaty of 
 Campo-Formio restored him to liberty. 
 
 He would not take any part in public matters under the Em 
 pire, and was elected deputy by the opposition from 1814 to 
 1830. The bitter struggle which he kept up against the Bour 
 bons was only interrupted by a journey to the United States in 
 1825, journey which was a continuous ovation. After the Rev 
 olution of July, 1830, and for the second time, after an inter 
 val of forty years, he was appointed general-in-chief of the 
 National Guard, and tried to found on a liberal basis the gov 
 ernment of Louis Philippe, Avhile maintaining order ; but by 
 1831 he had recognized that the hope he had placed in the 
 new government w r as an illusion, and he re-entered the ranks 
 of the opposition. He stayed there till his death, in 1834. 
 
 It would be too long to give here the complete history of 
 his sojourn in America, from 1777 to 1782. It would be to 
 rewrite the story of the War of Independence during that 
 period. The reader will find some notice on the character 
 and the role of La Fayette in the chapter devoted to foreign 
 volunteers. 229 
 
 I will summarize this part of his life by saying : 
 
 He arrived in America in July, 1777, on a vessel equipped 
 at his own expense and accompanied by a number of French 
 officers, among whom were de Valfort and de Ternan. He 
 made the campaign of that year with the rank of major-gen 
 eral, and was wounded by a gunshot in the leg at the battle 
 of the Brandy wine. " Care for him as if he were my son/ 7 
 said on this occasion General Washington to the surgeon who 
 was attending him. 
 
 In 1778 he was appointed general commanding a corps of 
 troops intended for an expedition into Canada. This expe 
 dition did not take place, but La Fayette stayed at the head 
 
 Vol. I., Chapter VII. 
 
List of Officers. 155 
 
 of a part of the American army and helped in the defense 
 of Ilhodc Island. 
 
 He helped also the cause of the Americans, during the year 
 1 770, by going to France to ask for succors ; and on his return 
 to America, in March, 1780, he commanded a picked corps in 
 the van of Washington s army. In 1781 he was charged with 
 the defense of Virginia with a little army of ten thousand men, 
 of whom three thousand two hundred were French. By his 
 brilliant manoeuvres he forced Lord Cornwallis to take refuge 
 in Yorktown, where he was soon blockaded by all the allied 
 forces on land and sea. 
 
 Before Yorktown, La Fayette held the right of the line of 
 attack, and during the night of the 14th of October, while the 
 Baron de Viomenil captured the great redoubt on the left, at 
 the head of the American militia La Fayette carried the one on 
 the right. After this double success the town had to surrender 
 on the 19th. In November, 1781, he went to France to carry 
 the full accounts of this success, but he did not return. His 
 task was accomplished. Yet he was still under the orders of 
 d Fstaing, ready to fill the position of major-general of the 
 combined armies of France and Spain that were to be sent 
 to Jamaica, when the preliminaries of peace were signed. 
 
 LAFORKST or DKS FOKKTS, captain in the regiment of Saint- 
 onge, highly esteemed. Blanchard speaks of him in his diary. 
 De Custine one day made reproaches to him in such terms that 
 the captain had to ask for satisfaction. Xot having been able 
 to obtain it, lie committed suicide from despair. This event, 
 which became known a few moments before parade, the kli of 
 March, 1781, caused a great sensation. De ( 1 ustine was in 
 sulted, and had it not been for some of the higher officers, the 
 soldiers would have given him a severe punishment. - * 
 
 230 See Vie dc Cuxtine by one of his aid-de-camps, 1802. See also in the 
 List of Officers : Custine. 
 
156 The French in America. 
 
 LALBENQUE. See LABLANQUE. 
 
 LAMETH. There were three officers of this name, three 
 brothers, who came to America and fought there. They were 
 nephews of Marshal de Broglie. They are often mistaken for 
 one another, and I will here make as clear as possible the his 
 tory of each. 
 
 LAMETH (Theodore, Count de, and later Marquis de), the 
 eldest, was born at Paris in 1756. He was naval ensign at 
 the age of fifteen, and was wounded in the naval action off 
 Grenada the 7th of July, 1779. He it was who was ordered 
 to take to France the news of that success. He served after 
 wards, at the age of twenty-six, as captain of cavalry in the 
 French army. He was appointed marechal de camp in 1791, 
 did not adopt the Republican ideas, took no part in the Revo 
 lution, and was content to maintain discipline in his regiment ; 
 he emigrated in 1793 to Hamburg, returned after the 18th 
 Brumaire, and took no further part in politics. He died in 
 1834 at his niece s, the Marquise de jSTicolai . 
 
 LAMETH (Charles-Malo-Franpois, called the Chevalier Vis 
 count de), the second brother, was born at Paris in 1757 ; 
 served first in the regiment of Royal-Cavalerie ; sub-lieuten 
 ant the 29th of July, 1776; captain the 6th of November, 
 1779. He started as aid-de-camp of de Rochambeau with 
 the rank of aid-major-quartermaster-general. In the cross 
 ing, which he made with the expeditionary corps, he was on 
 the Jason with de Fersen, Collot, Charlus, and his intimate 
 friend Dumas. He showed talent and courage during the 
 campaign. Dumas tells how de Lameth wished to take part 
 in the attack of the great redoubt of Yorktown, although it 
 was not his turn of service. AVliile heading the assault he 
 received two gunshot wounds, one of which broke his knee 
 cap, and the other went through the thigh of the other leg. 
 
List of Officers. 157 
 
 He would not allow his legs to be amputated, luckily for 
 himself, since at the end of two months he was able to re 
 turn to France almost cured. He received then the command 
 of the cuirassiers of the king with the title of colonel. 
 
 Chosen deputy to the States General by Picardy, whence 
 his family came, he was noted for his advanced liberalism. 
 He sat with the left and voted for the abolition of the 
 privileges. 
 
 In 1791, he fought a duel with the Duke de Castries, who 
 wounded him. The people gave him an ovation after this 
 duel, and sacked the house of de Castries. Lameth brought 
 about the arrest of the king and that of de Bouille, and 
 was elected President of the Assemby the 5th of July, 1791. 
 
 Appointed commander of the cavalry of the Army of the 
 North, he fled on the 10th of August, and took refuge at 
 Hamburg, where he established, with his brother Theodore 
 and the Duke d Aiguillon, a rich mercantile house. He re 
 turned to France after the 18th Brumaire, re-entered the 
 service in 1809, and was lieutenant-general in 1814. He 
 helped the Revolution in ISoO; was deputy from Pontoise, 
 and died in 18o*2. 
 
 LAMETH (Alexandre-Theodore- Victor de), the third brother, 
 was born at Paris in 1700; left for America only in 1782; 
 arrived there on the 15th of July together with the Baron de 
 Viomenil, who was returning to his post, and with the Count 
 de Segur, the Prince de Broglie, Count Ricci and others, who 
 had all left Rochefort on the Aiglc and the (Y/o//r, under 
 the command of Latouche-Treville. Alexandre de Lameth 
 came to replace his brother Charles as adjutant-general, but 
 he did no lighting. He went then with the companions of 
 his ocean trip into Columbia, commanded as adjutant-general 
 the attack against Jamaica, and was made colonel on his re 
 turn to France. Appointed deputy to the States General, he 
 distinguished himself, like his brother Charles, by his eloquent 
 
158 The French in America. 
 
 speeches on behalf of public liberties. He respected, how 
 ever, the royal prerogatives, and had on this subject frequent 
 quarrels with Mirabeau. In 1792 he served under La Fay- 
 ette, emigrated with him, and shared his captivity in Austria. 
 Liberated by an exchange of prisoners, he rejoined his broth 
 ers at Hamburg. He was employed in the administration of 
 the Empire and under the Restauration, and was created baron 
 and peer of France. He died in 1829. 
 
 LANDAIS (Pierre de), of a noble ruined family of Nor 
 mandy, born in 1734 at Saint Malo ; died in 1820 at New 
 York. He was lieutenant in 1763 in the French navy, but 
 he resigned to go into that of the United States, with the 
 rank of captain, in 1778. In January, 1779, he commanded 
 the Alliance which brought back La Fayette to France. His 
 extravagant conduct and the clouding of his mind made it 
 necessary for him to resign ; he lived afterwards poor and 
 forgotten. 231 
 
 LANGEROK (Andrault, Count de), born at Paris in 1763. 
 Entered as sub-lieutenant the regiment of Bourbonnais in 
 1780; left on the Aigle for America, 232 and made the cam 
 paign under the orders of the Baron de Viomenil. 
 
 Captain of Conti-Dragoons 233 on his return to France, colo 
 nel en second of the regiment of Medoc in 1786, colonel of 
 Arrnagnac in 1788. Emigrated in 1790 and entered the serv 
 ice in Russia, where he distinguished himself against Sweden 
 and Turkey; served then the Princes of Nassau and Bruns 
 wick against France in 1792; re-entered the service in Rus 
 sia, where he was appointed, in 1799, lieutenant-general and 
 count by Paul the First; was at the defeat of Austerlitz 
 under Kutusoff, and afterwards sought cheaper laurels against 
 
 231 See in the List of Officers: Paul Jones, note 215, and Pontgi- 
 baud. See also Cooper s Naval History. 
 
 232 See Mcmoires of de Segur and de Broglie. 
 2: " Cond6-Dragoons. Marginal note. 
 
List of Officers. 159 
 
 the Turks in Moldavia and Valachia. Entered France with 
 the Allies in 1814; took the Buttes Montmartre, and con 
 tinued to serve the Russians. Emperor Nicholas the First 
 covered him with honors. He died of cholera, at Saint Peters 
 burg, in 1831. 
 
 LANGON (Jean-Jacques), born in 1737 at Aire in Guy- 
 enne ; served in the regiment of Gatinais, and made the Seven 
 Years War, then the expedition of America, as captain-com 
 mandant. He was decorated ai tcr the capture of Yorktown. 
 
 LANNP:T (Francois-Claude de), 234 born in November, 1738, 
 at La Garde in Berry ; captain in the regiment of Gatinais ; 
 decorated for his conduct before Yorktown. 
 
 LA PEYROUSE. See PEROUSE. 
 
 LATOUR-FOLSSAC (Philippe-Francois de), born the llth of 
 July, 1750; entered the engineer corps and served as captain 
 in the American War ; returned witli ideas favorable to the 
 Revolution; served in 17 ( .H in the Army of the North, and 
 was present at the siege of Namur and the battle of Jem- 
 mapes. Appointed general in 1793 ; then arrested as a sus 
 pect, he was freed at the fall of Robespierre and employed 
 in Italy. Intrusted with the defense of Mantua, he was 
 captured by the Austrian* with his annv in July, 1 7- )< - > . 
 This surrender excited much indignation in France. After 
 the 18th Brumairc, Bonaparte degraded him from his rank, 
 forbidding him to wear the French uniform. lie then witli- 
 drew to his estate near Poissy, where he died in February, 
 1804. 
 
 LAUBARDIERES or LAUBERDIERES. See DUPONT. 
 
 z:M In the List of llegiments De Lanet appears as captain-command 
 ant of Bourbonnais. E. S. B. 
 
160 The French in America. 
 
 LAUMONT (De). See LOMONT. 
 
 LAUMOY or LOMOY (De), was captain in the royal corps 
 of engineers, when he was chosen by Franklin for the service 
 of Congress in the position of engineer, with Du Portail, La 
 Radiere and Gouvion. He arrived in America on the same 
 ship as La Fayette, became major, then colonel, during the 
 War of Independence. It was with this rank that he served 
 at Stono, where he was wounded on the 20th of June, 
 1779. 235 He received afterwards in France a position of lieu 
 tenant-colonel in the provincial troops. 236 
 
 LAUNAY (De) or DELAUNAY (Jean-Baptiste-Kene-Clement), 
 born in 1739 at Ratieville in Normandy. He enlisted in the 
 regiment of Touraine in 1757, and reached the rank of cap 
 tain in July, 1769. He made the campaigns of Hanover, 
 then w r ent to the colonies, where he obtained in succession, a 
 reward after the capture of Saint Christopher, the cross of 
 Military Merit after the battles fought by Count de Guichen, 
 and a pension after the capture of Yorktown. 
 
 LAUZUX (Armand-Louis de Gontaut-Biron, Duke de), born 
 at Paris in 1747 ; was long known only under the name of 
 Lauzun, and only took the title of Duke de Biron after the 
 death of his uncle in 1788. He served in the French guards, 
 as early as 1761. In 1767 he made the expedition of Corsica 
 as aid-de-camp of de Chauvelin, and on coming to announce 
 the success of the French on June 29th, 1769, he was made 
 chevalier of Saint-Louis. After being intrusted with various 
 missions, which he pretends in his Memoircs only to look upon 
 as the occasion for various love affairs, he was sent, in 1779, 
 
 235 Ramsey. 
 
 236 October 8th, 1783. Congress gives "leave to retire" to Brigadier- 
 General de Laurnoy, Du Portail and Gouvion. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
List of Officers. 161 
 
 with some .ships under the command of de Vaudreuil, to Sen 
 egal, and captured this budding colony from the English, who, 
 however, recaptured it directly after his departure during the 
 same year. He received on his return to Paris the title of col 
 onel of hussars, and became proprietary colonel of a foreign 
 regiment which was to bear his name. This legion was to 
 consist of eighteen hundred infantry and six hundred cavalry, 
 who were not to be separated. In reality, it never had more 
 than eight hundred infantry and four hundred cavalry, almost 
 all Germans. Custine served with or under the orders of 
 Lau/un. Four hundred men of this reduced legion were 
 kept at Brest during the expedition of America and sent to 
 Senegal, contrary to the agreements and to the great displeas 
 ure of Lau/un. 
 
 Appointed brigadier the 1st of March, 1780, Lau/un em 
 barked at Brest on the 12th of April. Contrary winds held 
 him back until the 12th of May, on the Provence of seventv- 
 four guns, commanded by de Champaurein. He arrived with 
 his two regiments of hussars, his grenadiers and his chasseurs 
 on the loth of July at Newport, and took up his winter 
 quarters at Lebanon. During the march between Providence 
 and the Hudson River, Lauzun protected the right of the 
 army with his cavalry. He also supported brilliantly, before 
 New York, on the 3d of July, 17<S1, a reconnoitering party 
 of General Lincoln. 
 
 At Elk, the infantry of his legion, with all the grenadiers 
 and the (. Jxisxeurx of the army, were embarked on all sorts 
 of boats and put under the direction of Custine. They hoped 
 thus to bring help sooner to La Favctte. Custine, in iact, 
 soon arrived alone at the mouth of the James Kiver. But 
 Lau/un, with the troops and General Lincoln, who were fol 
 lowing on other boats, had to stop at Annapolis to await 
 news of de Grasse. The presence of an English fleet had 
 been signaled, and it was neccssarv to wait until de Grasse 
 had driven it olf or dispersed it, which took place two days 
 
162 The French in America. 
 
 later, on the 3d of September, 1781, after a combat glorious 
 for the French and decisive for the success of the campaign. 
 Lauzun had only just arrived, with neither artillery, men nor 
 powder, when he was charged with the blockade of Gloucester, 
 already begun in a scarcely serious way by General Weedon 
 and his three thousand American troops. Lauzun, having 
 asked the General-in-Chief for what was indispensable, took 
 his place under the orders of de Choisy, who arrived with 
 the artillery and eight hundred men taken from the ships. 
 
 Lauzun had immediately, and first of all the army, the 
 chance to show his brilliant courage. He beat back, with 
 French impetuosity, the cavalry of Tarleton, three times as 
 numerous as his own, and forced it to retire precipitately 
 into Gloucester. This fight brought him the honor of going 
 to Paris to bear the news of the capitulation of Yorktown 
 with Guillaume de Deux-Ponts, who had directed the attack 
 on the great redoubt. They left on the Surveillante on the 
 24th of October, and after a twenty-two days passage they 
 reached Brest. 237 As de Maurepas, Lauzun s protector, had 
 just died, Lauzun s regiment received scarcely any rewards. 
 
 Lauzun started again from Brest, on the 12th of May, 
 1782, with de Coigny, then from La Rochelle, on the 14th 
 of July, with de Segur and de Broglie. 238 He stopped at 
 Terceyre and reached the mouth of the Delaware, whence he 
 rejoined the army with his numerous traveling companions. 
 Finally Rochanibeau, on his departure, left the command with 
 de Lauzun, who received the order to sail for France on the 
 llth of March, 1783, at Wilmington. 
 
 2;!T De Lauzun returned to Brest on the Surveillante, Captain de Cillart ; 
 there were with him Duplessis-Pascaut, captain of the Intr&pide, which 
 had been burnt in the harbor of the Cape, and who was carrying dis 
 patches from Count de Grasse ; Lord Rawdon, his wife, the brother of 
 Lord Cornwallis, and a major of the English army, captured during the 
 siege. The last two went immediately to England. Lord Eawdon spoke 
 highly, in a letter, of the courtesy de Lauzun showed to him. 
 
 238 See Mcmoires of de Segur and de Broglie. 
 
List of Officers. 163 
 
 On his return he accompanied Talleyrand in his embassy 
 to England, and became friends with the Prince of Wales, 
 afterwards George the Fourth. Elected deputy to the States 
 General in 1789, he entered the party of the Duke d Orleans ; 
 then, accepting the ideas of the Revolution, he served the 
 Republic as general, was ordered to crush the insurrection 
 in the Vendee, and commanded in succession the Armies of 
 the Rhine, of Italy, and of the coasts of La Rochelle. Becom 
 ing suspected, he was called before the revolutionary tribunal, 
 condemned to death, and executed on the 31st of December, 
 1793, witli the two Dillons, who had served with him in 
 America. 
 
 Besides the Mbnioirex left by de Ijauzun, 239 there are Lcttr<*-^ 
 written by him while he was member of the States General. 
 
 He was courageous, handsome, and well educated for the 
 time when he lived. He conciliated the friendship of the 
 Americans by his bravery and his good looks. But he had 
 the fault of allowing himself to be carried away by the 
 easy, loose morals of the time. His wife, Anne de Boufflers, 
 was guillotined on the 27th of June, 1794. 
 
 LAVAL (Anne- Alexandre - Marie -Sul pice- Joseph, Marquis 
 de), born at Paris the 22d of January, 1747. Entered the 
 musketeers in 1702; captain of the regiment of cavalry of 
 Berry in 1705; colonel of Touraine in 17~v), and of Bour- 
 bonnais in 177 "); made the campaign of 1709 in CWsica as 
 quartermaster. He started ior America with his regiment 
 under the orders of de Rochambeau, and took part imme 
 diately in the expedition to Chesapeake Bay which Destouches 
 commanded. There were on the ships twelve hundred men, 
 commanded by the Baron de Viomenil, with de Laval second 
 in command. He wa.s present thus at two naval battles. In 
 
 OT Vol. I., page 17. 
 
 " Printed by Bachelin-Deflorenne, Paris. 
 
164 The French in America. 
 
 the last, on the 16th of March, 1781, he remained alone on 
 the rear poop deck of the Conquerant with his major, the 
 enemy having killed or wounded every one else. This at 
 tempt was glorious, but useless, since it was for the purpose 
 of putting troops ashore in Virginia, and they could not even 
 enter Chesapeake Bay. He distinguished himself also before 
 Yorktown, and left on the 26th of October, 1781, with de 
 Damas, Christian de Deux-Ponts and Charlus, on the Andro- 
 maque, to carry the news of the surrender. Lauzun had pre 
 ceded them. De Laval returned on the Gloire?* 1 with the 
 rank of brigadier mestre de camp of Bourbonnais, and brought 
 back the troops from Will iarnsburg to Boston with de Viome"nil, 
 Lauzun and Custine. " Laval and Custine," says La Fayette, 
 " never stopped quarreling during the march. At every place 
 where a battle had been fought they said that the English 
 and American generals had bungled the matter, and that they 
 would have done it better. Still, they were never of the same 
 opinion." 
 
 Laval then went to Columbia, at Porto Cabello, and re 
 turned to France in 1783. 
 
 LAVAL (Montmorency-Mathieu-Paul-Louis, Viscount, then 
 Duke de), born at Paris in 1748, died there in 1817. Son 
 of the Marshal de Montmorency. Very severe about dis 
 cipline. 
 
 LAVAL-MONTMOKENCY (Mathieu-Jean-Felicite), son of the 
 former ; served under his father s orders in America, and 
 was wounded in 1781 on the squadron of Destouches, in 
 Chesapeake Bay. He was minister of foreign affairs in 1821, 
 and died in 1826, at fifty-nine years of age. 
 
 LAZIE, major of artillery. 242 
 
 241 See de Broglie. 
 
 242 Blanchard. 
 
List of Officers. 165 
 
 LEAUMONT (Marie-Robert de Castile, Chevalier de), born 
 in 1762 on the Island of Saint Domingo; was at the siege 
 of Yorktown as sub-lieutenant of Agenois, and was wounded 
 by a bayonet thrust in the chest during the night of the 
 loth to the 16th of October, 1781, in a sortie of the English 
 on the battery on the right of the besiegers. He received a 
 pension from the king. He must not be mistaken for Gillet 
 de Lomont. 243 
 
 LE BRET (Jean-Fran9ois), born in 1742 at Belusson in 
 Normandy. Captain in the regiment of Soissonnais ; had 
 made the Seven Years War and the campaign of Corsica of 
 170S. AVent with his regiment to America, and was deco 
 rated after the capture of Yorktown. 
 
 LECOMTE (Joseph), born the 3d of January, 1743, at Beau- 
 four in Calvados. Private in the regiment of Armagnac the 
 14th of January, 1772, corporal in 1778, sergeant in 1780, 
 sub-lieutenant in 1792, lieutenant in 1793. Commissary of 
 war in the Army of the Coast of Cherbourg ; died at the 
 siege of Thionville the 5th of January, 179."). 
 
 He made the campaigns of 1778 to 1783 in America, and 
 received the cross of Saint-Louis the 17th of June, 1792. 
 He was the grandfather of General Leeointe, who was shot 
 by the Communists on the ISth of March, 1871, at Mont- 
 martre. 244 
 
 LE FEVRE, servant of Colonel Armand de la Kouerie, who 
 followed his master to America, and went with him when he 
 was presented to Congress. " He was a very handsome and 
 a very brave man. They were going to give him, for his 
 good looks, a brevet of colonel, a,s they did to his master, 
 
 243 See in the List of Officers: Lomont. 
 244 Manuscript loaned by M. La Chesnais. 
 
166 The French in America. 
 
 when he refused it, calling attention to the error they were 
 making about his merit and his social position. 245 
 
 LE FEVRE. See FALTJER. 
 
 LEHOUX (Michel), born in 1736. Lieutenant in the regi 
 ment of Agenois; went to the colonies in 1775, and took 
 part in the siege of Yorktown in 1781. 
 
 LENFANT (Pierre- Charles), born in France in 1755. Was 
 lieutenant in the troops of the colonies, when, in 1777, he 
 entered as engineer the American army, in which he was ap 
 pointed captain the 8th of February, 1778. He was wounded 
 at the siege of Savannah, on the morning of the 8th of Octo 
 ber, 1779, and was left for dead on the field. He served 
 afterwards under the immediate orders of Washington, and 
 was appointed major the 2d of May, 1783. He was known 
 as Major Lenfant. He lost his fortune during the War of 
 Independence, and received at the peace a pension of three 
 hundred livres and the rank of captain. 
 
 Not only did Major Lenfant receive the order of the Cin 
 cinnati, but he was intrusted with having the medals of the 
 order struck in Paris, which he did to the complete satisfac 
 tion of the Council, who thanked him. He was still in Paris 
 in 1786. 246 
 
 He was employed as engineer at Fort Mifflin in 1794, and 
 refused the position of professor of the department of engin 
 eering at West Point in July, 1812. He was the designer 
 of the plan of the city of Washington and architect of several 
 important buildings of that city. He died in Prince George 
 County, Maryland, the 14th of June, 1825. 
 
 245 Pontgibaud. 
 
 246 See Proceedings of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Vol. VI., 
 1858. 
 
List of Officers. 167 
 
 LEONARD Y (Charles-Joseph de), born in 1758; cadet gcn- 
 tilhomme in 1777 ; sub-lieutenant of the chasseurs of Agenois 
 in 1779. Distinguished himself at York town. 
 
 LESPES (Jean-Joseph de), born in 1731 at Meugron, near 
 Sartres, in Gascony. Captain of the regiment of Agenois 
 in 1774; decorated after the capture of Yorktown, and died 
 on the 17th of March, 1782, from wounds received at the 
 siege of Saint Christopher. 
 
 LESTRADE. Sec ESTRADE. 
 
 LEVAL (Jean-Fran9ois), born in 1761 at Paris; died in 
 1834. Son of a goldsmith, he enlisted in 1779 in the regi 
 ment of Poitou ; made the campaigns from 1781 to 1783 as 
 private on a war vessel; took, in 1793, the command of the 
 regiment of lloyal-Deux-Ponts ; made the wars of the Ke- 
 public under Hoche and Jourdan as brigadier-general. He 
 then became general of division in Spain. He was retired 
 after 1816. 
 
 LEVALIER DE SAiNTE-MARiE. 247 Captain the 9th of Octo 
 ber, 1779, in the first regiment of South Carolina. My in 
 formation is not exact enough to say whether he was a French 
 volunteer or descended from a family of Protestant refugees. 248 
 
 LEVERT DE GEXVILLE. See GENVILLE. Mentioned in 
 manuscripts and books by both names. 
 
 L HERMITE-MAILLANE (Jean-Marthe-Adrien), born at Cou- 
 tances in 1766. He entered the navy at the age of fourteen 
 
 247 Manuscript belonging to Mr. H. Carey Baird, brought to my notice 
 by Mr. J. C. .Sims. 
 
 248 Vol. 1., page 36. 
 
168 The French in America. 
 
 as volunteer, and embarked at Brest in 1780, on the Nor 
 thumberland, of the squadron of de Grasse. He was present 
 at the principal actions fought with Admirals Hood, Graves, 
 and Rodney, as well as at the capture of Saint Christopher. 
 He entered the merchant navy in 1793 ; was appointed 
 naval lieutenant ; captain the same year of an English frigate 
 he had captured. Made prisoner by the English, he was ex 
 changed in 1801. Rear-admiral in 1807, and baron of the 
 Empire a few months later. He was retired in 1816, and 
 died near Paris in 1826. 
 
 LIGLIORN or LILIEHORX (De), aid-de-camp of the King 
 of Sweden ; mentioned by de Broglie and de Se"gur, in their 
 memoirs, as one of the passengers on the Gloire, which took 
 them back to America in 1782. 
 
 LITOMSKY (Charles), friend and companion of Pulaski ; 
 lieutenant in his legion at Savannah. When his commander 
 was killed, he took the body and buried it at the foot of a 
 tree on the Island of Saint Helena. 
 
 LOGE (De la). "The 6th of October, 1781, before York- 
 town, the regiment of Touraine opened the trench on the right ; 
 seven grenadiers were killed or wounded, and de la Loge, 
 officer of artillery, had a thigh carried away in his battery 
 and died from the effects. The trench on the right was 
 opened more quietly." 249 
 
 LOMENIE (Athanase-Louis-Marie, Count de Brienne de), 
 born in 1730. Officer passenger on the Gloirc, in 1782, 
 with de Segur, de Broglie and others. Became lieutenant- 
 general and was minister of war from 1787 to 1788. He 
 was guillotined under the Terror. 
 
 249 Cromot Dubourg. 
 
List of Officers. 169 
 
 LOMONT (Fran9ois-Pierre-Nicholas Gillet de), born the 26th 
 of May, 1747; died in 1834. Son of a lawyer, he followed 
 at first the career of his father, and was, in 1768, lawyer at 
 the parleinent of Paris. After the exiling of that court he 
 entered the Military School in 1772, joined the royal grena 
 diers, and reached in less than five years the rank of com 
 mandant. He entered the service in the troops of Congress 
 on the 10th of June, 1776, through the intervention of Bar- 
 bier Pubourg, who says in his memoirs : " He is a young 
 man of rare merit, to whom nothing is wanting except to 
 have served in war." 
 
 Having returned to France in 1784, he abandoned the 
 military career and studied mineralogy. He was appointed 
 inspector-general of the mines of Brittany and of the Pyr 
 enees, and discovered, in Finistere, the green phosphated lead 
 and the fine leolite, which Haiiy called " Lauronite." He 
 studied the deposits of coal in France, helped in the or 
 ganizing of the School of Mines, and was member of the 
 Academy of Sciences in 1816. A fine character and a la 
 borious Mtrdiit, to whom France owes much. 2 - 30 
 
 LOMOY. See LA r MOV. 
 
 LONDEIX DE LA BuossE, born in 17<>1 ; lieutenant of the 
 regiment of Armagnac in 1779; wounded in the face in the 
 battle of the 12th of April, 17S2, fought by do Grasse. 
 
 LONGUEVILLE (Jean-Joachim, Chevalier de), born in 1762; 
 appointed sub-lieutenant in the regiment of Saintonge in 
 1779 ; was wounded at the siege of Yorktown, but doubtless 
 slightly, for Cromot Dubourg, in his very detailed list of the 
 killed and wounded, does not mention him, nor any officer 
 of the regiment of Saintonge. 
 
 260 Sec in the List of Officers : Lcaumont. 
 
170 The French in America. 
 
 LOSSE DE BAY AC (Charles- Joseph), born in 1742 at Fim- 
 eray in Perigord ; captain of Bourbonnais in 1771; was 
 at the battle of the Jason, under Destouches, the 16th of 
 March, 1780, and was decorated after the capture of York- 
 town. 
 
 LOYAUTE (Anne-Philippe-Dieudonne de), born at Metz in 
 1756, died in 1830. He served under his father in the ar 
 tillery in Germany and Corsica ; captain in 1776. He was 
 sent with fifty cannons and ten thousand muskets to Virginia ; 
 stayed in America, and served during the War of Independence 
 as inspector-general of artillery and of fortifications in Vir 
 ginia. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and served under 
 Steuben before Yorktown. He showed himself a partisan of 
 royalty during the French Revolution; was arrested, then 
 exiled. He remained, in spite of this, in obscurity under the 
 Restauration. 
 
 LOWENDAL (De), son of the marshal of France of that 
 name ; commanded the centre of the attacking corps at Saint 
 Lucia, on the 14th of December, 1778, with d Estaing on the 
 right and de Bouille on the left. 
 
 LUCAS (Jean-Jacques-tienne), naval captain, commander 
 of the Legion of Honor, chevalier of Saint-Louis; born at 
 Marennes in 1764, died at Brest in 1819. 
 
 He enlisted at the age of fourteen in the navy. In 1779 
 he went as under assistant pilot on the Hermione, which 
 Latouche-Treville commanded. This vessel joined, in 1780, 
 the naval army of Count de Guichen, and Lucas was present 
 at all the principal battles of this campaign in which the 
 Hermione took part. He was grievously wounded in the arm 
 in one of them. Assistant pilot in 1783, pilot in 1791, 
 ensign in 1792, naval lieutenant in 1794, captain of frigate 
 
List of Officers. 171 
 
 in 1799, naval captain in 1803. He distinguished himself 
 on the Redoutable at Trafalgar, and was wounded there and 
 made prisoner. Liberated on parole, he was able to return 
 to France, where Napoleon appointed him commander of the 
 Legion of Honor. The fall of the Empire prevented him 
 from obtaining the rank of rear-admiral, which his bravery 
 entitled him to. 
 
 LUSTRAC (Jean-Joseph de), born in 1733 at Aire in Gas- 
 cony; entered the service in 1756; made the campaigns of 
 Germany ; was appointed captain-commandant of Agenois in 
 1760, after having been severely wounded before Minister. 
 
 It is he, I think, whose name I find in the manuscripts 
 as having been at the siege of Savannah. 
 
 LUTZON (Guillaume-Frederic-Bernard de), born in 1758 ; 
 entered the service in 1775 as sub-lieutenant of Royal-Deux- 
 Ponts ; was wounded at the siege of Yorktown at the attack 
 of the great redoubt. 
 
 LrzERXK (Anne-Cesar, Chevalier de la), descended from an 
 old family of Normandy, and nephew of Malesherbes on his 
 mother s side, was born at Paris in 1741, and studied at the 
 School of the Light Horse. He was aid-de-camp of the Duke 
 de Broglie, his relation, made several campaigns with him, and 
 became, in 1702, major-general of cavalry, then colonel of 
 grenadiers. He abandoned afterwards the military career, and 
 was sent, in 1776, on a mission to the Court of the Elector of 
 Bavaria, Maximilien-Joseph, and was appointed minister to 
 the United States in 1779, in place of M. Gerard. He was 
 not long in acquiring a great influence in the direction of 
 affairs in this country. For instance, in 1780, he arranged, on 
 his own responsibility, a loan which was to help the Ameri 
 can troops. All the memoirs of his time speak highly of his 
 
172 The French in America. 
 
 merit and his pleasant manners. 251 On his departure, in 
 1783, he received the most honorable tokens of esteem from 
 the Americans. At a reception which was given to de la 
 Luzerne the Quaker Benezet said to him : " Thou knowest 
 I cannot use the compliments which the company have ex 
 pressed, but I wish thee the favor of heaven and a safe re 
 turn to thy country." The count exclaimed : " Oh, Mr. 
 Benezet, you have exceeded them all." The citizens of Penn 
 sylvania, as a mark of gratitude, called one of the counties of 
 the State after him. In January, 1788, he was appointed 
 ambassador at London, and he stayed in that city until his 
 death there in 1791. 
 
 LYNCH or LINCH (Isidore), born at London in 1755, of 
 Catholic parents, who sent him as a boy to France. He was 
 studying in Paris when he was taken to India by one of his 
 uncles on his mother s side, colonel in a French regiment. 
 Lynch received, in 1770, the position of lieutenant in the 
 regiment of Dillon. He distinguished himself under d Es- 
 taing at the capture of Grenada and at Savannah, where he 
 showed extraordinary coolness 252 in carrying an order through 
 the cross fire of the combatants. He rejoined the army of 
 Rochambeau, was aid-de-camp of Chastellux, was present at 
 the siege of Yorktown, and went to Porto Cabello with de 
 Segur. He was nearly captured and shot by Nelson, the future 
 admiral, in sight of the port of La Guayra, and owed his life 
 to the generosity of the young English captain. 253 He re 
 turned afterwards to Paris, where he was appointed colonel. 254 
 Marechal de camp in February, 1792, shortly afterwards lieu 
 tenant-general. He took part in the successful battle of 
 Valmy. Arrested in 1793 at Dijon, then freed, he preferred 
 
 251 See Vol. I., page 233. 
 
 262 Mcmoires of de Segur, page 460. 
 
 263 Memoires of de Segur. 
 
 254 Walsh. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
List of Officers. 173 
 
 to resign rather than to go to fight in Vendee. He was 
 division inspector under the Empire ; was retired in 1815, 
 and died in 1838. 255 
 
 M. 
 
 MACARTHY, officer in the regiment of Walsh, and lieu 
 tenant of volunteers on the lionhomme Richard. 
 
 MACDERMOTT (Thomas), born in 1742 ; entered the service 
 in the Irish regiment of Dillon in 1750 ; made the campaigns 
 of the Seven Years AVar and those of the Windward Islands ; 
 was present at the capture of Grenada, at the naval battle oil 
 Saint Lucia, and at the siege of Savannah, where, although he 
 was only captain en second, d Estaing put him in command of 
 a picket of sixty volunteers in the action of the ( Jth of Octo 
 ber, 1779. 
 
 MAC-MAHOX (Charles-Laure, Marquis do), descended from 
 a noble Irish family who ruined itself for the cause of the 
 Stuarts, and who followed them to France. He was officer 
 of artillery on the Aiyfe, in 1782, with de Broglie and de 
 Segur. 256 When this frigate had stranded at the mouth of the 
 Delaware, and after the money had been saved, he escaped on 
 a boat with the eighteen men of the crew who remained, in 
 spite of the steady fire of the English, who were three times 
 as numerous. He became the intimate friend of Charles the 
 Tenth, formerly Count d Artois, was made imiru-hul de m//,y> 
 in 1814 and peer of France in 1827. He married Mademoi 
 selle de Caraman, by whom he had four sons and four daugh 
 ters. Marshal Mac-Mahon, Duke de Magenta, was the last 
 survivor of this numerous familv. 
 
 Manuscript of Dupetit-Thouars. 
 tiouvcnirs of de Segur. 
 
174 Tlie French in America. 
 
 MAGON (Charles-Rene), rear-admiral, born at Paris in 1763 ; 
 candidate for the navy in 1777, at the age of fourteen; guard 
 in the marines the following year on the Brdagne, which 
 d Orvilliers commanded, was present at the action of Oues- 
 sant; ensign, in 1780, on the Solitaire, which took part in all 
 the battles of de Guichen. The following year he was pres 
 ent, on the Caton, in the fleet of the Count de Grasse, at the 
 actions of the 28th and 29th of April, and of the 5th of Sep 
 tember, 1781. The Caton, having been captured by the Eng 
 lish on the 12th of April, 1782, Magon was kept as prisoner 
 in England until the peace. 
 
 Naval lieutenant in 1786, captain of frigate in 1791, na 
 val captain in 1796, chief of squadron in 1799, rear-admiral 
 in 1802 ; killed at the battle of Trafalgar the 21st of October, 
 1805. 
 
 MAGUSIS, entered the service as private in 1742, in the 
 regiment of Soissonnais ; went through every grade, and was 
 made officer in 1763. He was present at the siege of York- 
 town, in spite of the numerous wounds he had received in 
 preceding wars. 
 
 MALLEVILLE (De), officer of infantry ; wounded at Saint 
 Lucia, under de Guichen, the 19th of May, 1780. 
 
 MALMADY (Marquis de), volunteer ; breveted major by 
 Congress the 19th of September, 1776. 257 
 
 MALOUIN, commander of the Alliance after Landais re 
 signed. 
 
 MARCOGNET, sub-lieutenant of Bourbonnais ; became gen 
 eral under the Convention. 
 
 267 Auberteuil. 
 
List of Officers. 175 
 
 MARCOU, grenadier in the regiment of Saintonge ; made 
 the entire campaign. He was wounded on the Zelee while 
 boarding the Romulus, and received some of the prize money. 
 
 MARGUERITE. See DOLOMIEU. 
 
 MARIGXY (Charles-Rene-Louis, Viscount de Bernard de), 
 vice-admiral, grand cross of Saint-Louis ; born at Seez, Orne, 
 in 1740. His parents intended him to enter the church, but 
 he ran away from them at the age of fourteen and went to 
 his brother, who was guard in the marines at Rochefort, 
 and embarked. He entered the marines as guard in 1754; 
 ensign in 1757; captain in 1778, after the action of Oues- 
 sant. He obtained the command of the ship the Ardent, 
 which he had captured in 1770, and which formed part of 
 the squadron which sailed from Brest, under command of de 
 Ternay, with the expeditionary corps. He distinguished him 
 self at the naval battle of the 16th of March, 1781, fought 
 by Destouches at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay. The Anlcnl 
 had fifty-four men killed and many wounded. On the 25th 
 and 2(>th of January of the following year he took part in 
 the combat of Saint Christopher and in the capture of that 
 island. Ordered to France by de Grasse to inform the (iov- 
 ernment of the operations, de Marigny embarked on the A uj- 
 rctte, and was not present at the action of the 12th of April, 
 1782, where his brother, the Count de Marigny, was blown 
 up with his ship, the rvw/r. In 1783 he became Viscount, 
 and commanded the Victoirc. Rear-admiral in 1792, he op 
 posed the excesses of the Revolution, and resigned. Arrested, 
 he owed his safety only to the fall of Robespierre. Did not 
 serve under the Empire, but was made vice-admiral in 1S14 
 by Louis the Eighteenth, and died in 1816. 
 
 MA KIN (Jean-Baptiste, Chevalier de), born at Tarascon. 
 He entered the service in 1757 ; was captain-commandant of 
 
176 The French in America. 
 
 Soissonnais in April, 1762 ; received two severe wounds at 
 the capture of Yorktown, and died from the effects. 
 
 MASCARON (Philippe-Louis-Beau), born in January, 1744, 
 at Vauvert, Languedoc. He entered the regiment of Gatinais 
 as sub-lieutenant in 1767; was captain in 1779, and made 
 with this rank the campaign of America. 
 
 258 
 
 MAUDUIT DU PLESSIS (Thomas- Antoine, Chevalier de), born 
 the 12th of September, 1753, at Hennebont; massacred at 
 Port-au-Prince the 4th of March, 1791. He was scarcely 
 twelve years of age, and had just entered the artillery school 
 at Grenoble, when he ran away with two of his comrades to 
 travel. They went on foot to Marseilles, and engaged as cabin 
 boys. They visited Greece, the East, and Alexandria, where, 
 attacked by fever, they went into a hospital, having no money. 
 The two companions of Mauduit died. The latter, being left 
 alone, went to Constantinople, and was sent home by the 
 French ambassador. His family received him very well. 
 He studied for the artillery, and left in 1777 for America. 
 
 He distinguished himself on the 4th of October, 1777, at 
 the battle of Germantown, where he attacked with twenty- 
 eight men a " white house/ 7 which was the key of the English 
 position. He escaped scot free from this reckless attempt. All 
 his soldiers were killed, and his friend, Colonel Laurens, who 
 
 258 MASSON, born about 1756; died at the age of ninety-seven; came 
 to America as a volunteer, and served during the entire war. He was 
 for some time under the orders of La Fayette. He w r as present at the 
 battle of Saratoga and at the sieges of Savannah and Yorktown. " The 
 troops suffered greatly at times from exposure to the weather, from 
 the want of shelter and provisions, and from the fatiguing marches in 
 thick forests and desert plains." 
 
 Information received from his grandson, M. Masson, librarian at 
 Laon, France. E. S. B. 
 
List of Officers. 177 
 
 had followed him, received a wound in the shoulder. They 
 had both advanced to this stone fortress and tried to enter 
 it, Laurens by the door and Maud nit by the window, and 
 when they saw that they were the only survivors, and that 
 they could accomplish nothing, they retired quietly among a 
 shower of bullets. 
 
 The 22d of October following, de Mauduit was at Red 
 Bank at the head of three hundred men, when he was at 
 tacked bv a corps of two thousand five hundred Hessians, 
 commanded by Colonel Donop. Xot only did he refuse to 
 surrender unconditionally, as he was ordered, with the threat 
 of receiving no quarter if he resisted, but he repulsed the 
 assault so vigorously that the Hessians lost a great many 
 men. Among the dying was found Colonel Dnnop. De 
 Mauduit treated him with all the respect due to ill-fortuned 
 bmvery, and Donop died in his arms next day. The colonel 
 showed him much gratitude and esteem. 
 
 De Mauduit commanded the right wing of the artillery at 
 Monmouth, where the English lost so many men through 
 cannon fire. His character was as original as his valor was 
 brilliant. It was on account of a bet of an <ri/,- ~ ; about the 
 real position of the Athenians and the Persians at the battle 
 of Plattva, that in his boyhood he ran away from the Mili 
 tary School at Grenoble to go himself to verify the fact, and 
 that he took the singular journey mentioned above. 
 
 Ordered one day to reconnoiter the intrenched camp of the 
 enemy, he approached it alone under cover of night, crawled, 
 lying down, to the foot of the palissades, tore some of them 
 away, and only returned to the American camp after having 
 penetrated the intrenchments lie was to reconnoiter. 
 
 During the War of Independence de Mauduit carried to an 
 extreme his love of equality. He got angry when he was 
 railed "Monsieur," and had himself called "Thomas Duplessis." 
 
 The ecu was a piece of money in use before the franc. E. S. B. 
 
178 The French in America. 
 
 On his return, in 1779, he was made chevalier of Saint- 
 Louis and major of the chasseurs of the Vosges. In 1787 
 he was appointed commander of the regiment of Port-au- 
 Prince, when, by a singular contradiction, he proved a most 
 violent adversary of revolutionary principles and of the eman 
 cipation of the blacks. Carrying along in his reactionary 
 spirit de Blanchelande, Governor of Saint Domingo, they both 
 refused to promulgate the orders coming from the metropolis, 
 disarmed the National Guard, and arrested the members of the 
 Colonial Committee on the 29th of August, 1790. Mauduit 
 even formed a company of Eoyalist volunteers from the rich 
 est colonists, which was called the " White Pompons," with 
 which he made some bloody expeditions, which led to no other 
 result than to make the whole island revolt. The battalions 
 of Artois and Normandy, sent for by de Blanchelande as 
 succors, arrived on the 2d of March, 1791, crying, " Hurrah 
 for freedom ! " and wearing the tricolor cocade. The regi 
 ment of Port-au-Prince, the sailors and the people joined 
 them. Blanchelande had to hide and Mauduit, after trying, 
 with the brothers d Anglade, to rally the White Pompons to 
 oppose the movement, was massacred and torn to pieces by 
 his own soldiers. A mulatto, who was much attached to 
 him, spent several clays in collecting his scattered remains, 
 buried them, and killed himself on his grave with a pistol 
 shot. 260 
 
 MAULEVRIER (Chevalier de), commander of the cutter the 
 Guepe, which was lost on Cape Charles in October, 1781. 
 He succeeded in saving his crew. 261 
 
 MAUNY (Louis-Fran9ois-Philippe de), born in 1749; pupil 
 at the Military School in 1767, captain of chasseurs of Bour- 
 
 260 De la Fosse de Rouville. Eloge historique du chevalier Mauduit du 
 Plessis, Senlis, 1818, in 8. 
 
 261 Mcmoires of Deux-Ponts, page 28. 
 
List of Officers. 179 
 
 l>onnais in 1779; was at the attack of the redoubt of York- 
 town, and obtained a pension after the siege. 
 
 MAURAIGE (Berand de). See BRAND. 
 
 MAUROY (De), officer, enlisted volunteer, who left France 
 with La Fayette in 1779. 262 
 
 MATRVILLE (Count Bide dc), French admiral ; born at 
 Rochcfort the 17th of November, 1752; died at Paris in 
 March, 1840; embarked at the age of twelve, and behaved 
 bravely at the battle of Ouessant, the 27th of July, 1778. 
 Appointed naval lieutenant the following year, he received 
 the command of the lugger the Chasseur, and was employed 
 in the wars of America under Guichen, then under the Count 
 of La Motte-Piquet. The 26th of April, 1781, he captured 
 an English privateer stronger than his own ship. A few davs 
 later he captured four merchantmen which formed part of a 
 convoy escorted by two line of battle ships and two frigates. 
 The 17th of January, 1783, on board of the eighteen gun 
 cutter the Matin, he was attacked in the waters of Porto Rico 
 by a strong English frigate, which he forced to retreat ; and 
 afterwards took part, under de Yaiulreuil and de Soulangcs, 
 in the various actions which preceded the peace of 1783. Was 
 naval captain in 1792, and emigrated. Returned to France 
 in 1802 without being employed. The Bourbons made him 
 rear-admiral in 1816, major-general and commander of the 
 port of Rochefort, grand cross of Saint-Louis, officer of the 
 Legion of Honor. He was retired by Louis- Philippe. 
 
 MKLFORT (de), officer who was on board the Aiyle, in 1782, 
 with de Segur, de Broglie and others. He helped to save 
 
 of La, Fayette. 
 
180 The French in America. 
 
 the two million five hundred thousand llvres that this frigate 
 was bringing to Rochanibeau. 
 
 MNONVILLE (Fraii9ois-Louis-Arthur Thibaut, Count de), 
 a descendant of an English family which had taken refuge 
 in France during the troubles caused by the establishment of 
 the Church of England. One of his ancestors, Armand Thi 
 baut, was employed by the Court of France in negotiations 
 with Cromwell, and obtained letters of nobility as a reward. 
 
 The one I am especially writing of, was born the 2d of July, 
 1740, at the Chateau of Ville, near Rambervilliers, Vosges. 
 His father was Francois-Louis Thibaut de Menoiiville, coun 
 sellor of the king and commissary of war, and his mother was 
 Marie- Anne de Bazelaire de TEsseu. He entered the service 
 as student of the School of Artillery and Engineers the 1st of 
 May, 1757. He had been from the 1st of January, 1756, 
 cadet gentilhomme of Leczinski, King of Poland and Lorraine. 
 Engineer in 1760, he served as such in Corsica. He was sent, 
 after the submission of this island, to the assistance of the Con 
 federation de Bar, under the orders of the Baron de Viomenil. 
 His conduct brought him the rank of lieutenant-colonel, the 
 24th of March, 1772. The 1st of January, 1773, he was put 
 on staff duty and received the cross of chevalier of Saint-Louis. 
 He left as aid-major-general with de Tarle ; was present on 
 the ships of Captain Destouches 263 at the action in Chesapeake 
 Bay the 16th of March, 1781, and by his skillful manage 
 ment during the siege of Yorktown helped in bringing about 
 the surrender. He was made major-general in November, 
 1781, and lieutenant-general in 1782. On his return to 
 France he married, in September, 1783, Mademoiselle de 
 Martimprey, of the same family as the present French generals 
 of that name. He was brigadier of the armies of the king 
 
 263 For an incident showing the coolness of de Menoiiville during the 
 action, see Vol. I., page 136. 
 
List of Officers. 181 
 
 at Saint Die, where he received permission from Louis the 
 Sixteenth to wear the decoration of the Cincinnati, the 24th 
 of August, 1784. 
 
 Martchal dc camp the 21st of September, 1788. He had at 
 this time a pension of eight thousand three hundred and ninety 
 francs. Deputy from the nobility to the States General, he 
 voted the abolition of the privileges, and was deprived of his 
 pay through the passing of the measure to revise the pensions. 
 
 The king, who knew his fidelity, had asked him not to 
 leave him, intrusting to him several pieces of work. But 
 he had to go to Lorraine to look after his affairs, which were 
 in bad shape. He was arrested in 1792 at Saint Die, and 
 came near being torn to pieces, as happened to one of his 
 friends and relatives, de Spisemberg, whose house was pil 
 laged. From there he was taken to fipinal, where he stayed 
 four years. Bonaparte gave him a pension of a thousand 
 francs, a sum much inferior to what his rank deserved. He 
 would accept no official position for his son, and left no for 
 tune to his children. 
 
 It is to his grandson, Francois-Michel-Antoine de Menon- 
 ville, present head of the family, that 1 owe these notes.- 114 
 
 MKXOU (Louis-Armand-Francois dc), born at Monsegur, 
 Guyenne, in 1744; served from 17<>1 ; captain in the regi 
 ment of Soissonnais in 1778; appointed major of the regiment 
 of Gatinais, which became Royal-Auvergne, after the capture 
 of Yorktown. 
 
 " He was a distinguished officer and brilliant in war," says 
 a note. One must not mistake him for the Baron dc Menou 
 who served later in Egypt, and who took the command of 
 the French troops after Kleber, when the latter was assas 
 sinated. 
 
 284 General de Menonville left a journal which has been very useful 
 to me. See Vol. I., page 10. 
 
182 The French in America. 
 
 MENOU (Pierre-Armand, Chevalier de), born at Monsegur, 
 Guyenne, in 1755 ; made the expedition of America as cap 
 tain in the regiment of Soissonnais. 
 
 MICOUL (Chevalier de), who seems to have been at Sa 
 vannah ; defended to the last ditch, with de Bouille, Saint 
 Lucia, of which he was governor, on the 13th of November, 
 1778, against Brigadier-General Meadows and General Prevost. 
 The island was taken, but the garrison received the honors of 
 war, and Chevalier de Micoul obtained permission to remain 
 long enough to take away all his personal effects. He was 
 soon exchanged for other prisoners. 265 
 
 MIOLLIS (Sextus-Alexandre-Frangois, Count de), born in 
 1759 at Aix, one of the sixteen children of Joseph-Laurent- 
 Miollis, counsellor to the Chamber of Accounts of Aix; en 
 tered, in 1772, the infantry regiment of Soissonnais, became 
 sub-lieutenant in 1779 and left for America. Was wounded 
 in the face by a splinter from a bomb, before Yorktown, dur 
 ing the night of the 13th of October, 1781, in the line of 
 the second parallel ; was appointed lieutenant in 1782 and 
 captain on his return to France. Decorated with the order 
 of the Cincinnati. Served under the Republic and the Em 
 pire with distinction and was made general in 1795. He it 
 was who carried out the orders of Napoleon against Pius the 
 Seventh, but with a moderation for which the Pope was very 
 grateful. He died in 1828, at Aix. 
 
 MIRABEAU (Andre-Boniface-Louis-Riquetti, Chevalier de), 
 born at Bignon, Gatinais, in 1754; was inscribed at his birth 
 on the lists of the Knights of Malta. His studies were very 
 poor, but he had much natural wit. He went to Malta from 
 1775 until 1778, and then embarked to serve in America 
 
 265 Longchamps. 
 
List of Officers. 183 
 
 under the orders of de Guichen. He showed a bravery akin 
 to recklessness in the actions before Yorktown, Saint Eustatius 
 and Saint Christopher, where he was dangerously wounded. 
 Later he was deputy to the States General ; but, a Royalist, 
 he was constantly annoying the left of the Assembly by 
 pointed, witty and sarcastic remarks. An open champion of 
 the aristocracy and of the privileges, he attacked even his 
 brother, who kept sparing him, and fought with Latour- 
 Maubourg a duel in which he was severely wounded. De 
 voted to good eating and creature comforts, he grew so fat 
 that at the age of thirty he weighed over two hundred pounds, 
 which made the people nickname him, Mirabeau Tonneaa. The 
 Assembly was about to take steps against him when he emi 
 grated. He raised then the celebrated Legion of Mirabeau, or 
 Hussars of Death, of three thousand men, who in 1792 fought 
 a bloody skirmish war with the Republicans. Died in 1792, 
 and was buried at Salt/bach, at the place where Turenne was 
 killed. Decorated with the order of the Cincinnati. 
 
 MISSIESSY (Edouard-Thomas-Burgues, Count de), born the 
 23d of April, 1754. Enlisted at the age of ten on the vessel 
 of his father, the Altler ; marine guard in 1770, ensign in 
 1777. The Vaillant, on which he then served under d Estaing, 
 took part in the campaign at Newport, and in the actions of 
 Saint Lucia, Grenada and Savannah. In 1780 he embarked 
 on the frigate the Surveillarde, Captain de Cillart, which was 
 taking troops to Rochambeau. After the landing at Newport 
 he went to Saint Domingo, and had occasion to fight a brilliant 
 combat of three hours against an English ship, the /7/vx.sr.v, <>f 
 sixty guns. The frigate had only thirty-two, of smaller si/e. 
 Missiessy received the rank of captain of frig-ate in May, 17S1. 
 He served afterwards in European seas. Naval captain the 
 1st of January, 1792, rear-admiral the following year. He 
 was then at Toulon, and fled to Italy during the Terror. He 
 returned in 1795, was kept arrested for some time, then 
 
184 The French in America. 
 
 acquitted. Vice-admiral in 1809, he defended the mouth of 
 the Scheldt against the English, and was made count by Napo 
 leon, with four thousand francs income. In 1811 grand officer 
 of the Legion of Honor, with twenty thousand francs income ; 
 made grand cross in 1814 by Louis the Eighteenth. He kept 
 aloof during the " Hundred Days." Commander of Saint-Louis 
 in 1816 and grand cross in 1823; chevalier-commander of 
 the Saint-Esprit in 1827. Eetired in 1832. 
 
 MOLIERES (Andre-Louis-Floret de), born in 1749, pupil of 
 the Military School in 1767 ; was captain en second in the 
 regiment of Gatinais during the campaign of 1781. 
 
 MONTALEGRE (Jeaii-Barthelemy Fabregue de). See FAB 
 REGUE. 
 
 MONTALEMBERT (Louis - Francois - Joseph -Bonaventure de 
 Tryon, Count de), born the 18th of October, 1758, died in 
 1831 ; entered early the army, and made the American cam 
 paigns with the regiment of Saintonge. In 1789 he resigned 
 from his position of commander of squadron in the regiment 
 of Gevaudan. Under the Empire, as also under the Kestau- 
 ration, he had a seat in the Assembly. He was chamberlain 
 of Napoleon the First. 
 
 MONTAUT (De), captain of the Fier-Rodrigue, three-decker 
 of sixty guns, belonging to Beaumarchais, and serving as escort 
 to the merchant fleets sent by the latter to America, The 12th 
 of July, 1779, d Estaing ordered this ship to take its place 
 in the battle line before the Island of Grenada to fight the 
 fleet of Byron. De Montaut was killed in the action. 
 
 MONTCALM (Paul-Fran9ois-Joseph, Marquis de), born in 
 1756 in the Rouergue, died in Piedmont in 1812, was the 
 son of the General killed at Quebec. Entered the navy and 
 
List of Officers. 185 
 
 served as naval captain under d Estaing and Suffren. He dis 
 tinguished himself at Grenada and at Gibraltar. Deputy to 
 the States General, he proposed abolishing the pensions. Those 
 of the Montealms and the D Assas were retained. 266 He emi 
 grated in 1700, and went into Spain and Piedmont. He died 
 from a fall. 
 
 MoNTCOURRiER (De), infantry officer, killed in the naval 
 action off Saint Lucia, the 19th of May, 1780. 
 
 MONTESQUIEU (Baron do), grandson of the author of the 
 Spirit of the /yw.s-, went to America in 1782 on the Gloire with 
 de Broglie and do Segur. He had made before this the expe 
 dition of 1780-81 as aid-de-camp to de Chastellux. 267 He re 
 ceived the order of the Cincinnati, and was appointed colonel 
 of the infantry regiment of Bourbonnais, whence he went to 
 that of Cambresis. He emigrated in 171)2, and joined the 
 army of the princes, where lie served on the staff of the 
 Duke de Laval and also on that of Lord Rawdon, later Mar 
 quis of Hastings. lie died near Canterbury, in England, in 
 1822. 
 
 MOXTFOIIT (Count de), enlisted as a volunteer ; sent to Wash 
 ington, to fill the position of lieutenant, the 27th of March, 
 
 1777. 268 
 
 MONTHUREL, officer of hussars of the legion of Lan/nn, 
 distinguished himself before Gloucester." 69 
 
 MONTIEU (De), privateersman at Nantes, friend of Beaumar- 
 chais, desired to go to America, although no longer young. 
 
 206 See in the List of Officers: Assas, note 48. 
 207 Blanchard. 
 
 268 Auberteuil. 
 
 269 Report of Rochambeau. 
 
186 The French in America. 
 
 Dubourg wished at first to engage him on account of his tal 
 ents and his experience, but recoiled before his pretensions. 270 
 A de Monthieu went later to America; perhaps he is the same. 
 
 MONTLEZCXN (Jean-Francois du Moulin de la Bastille), born 
 in 1729 at Aire, Guyenne; entered the service in 1744, cap 
 tain in the regiment of Touraine in 1755, lieutenant-colonel 
 in 1779 ; received a severe bruise in the action fought by de 
 Grasse on the 12th of April, 1782. 
 
 MONTLONG, served in 1777 as sub-lieutenant of Agenois, 
 and was present at the sieges of Pensacola and Yorktown. 
 
 MOEAED DE GALLE (Jtistin-Bonaventure), vice-admiral, 
 grand officer of the Legion of Honor, senator ; born at Gon- 
 celin, Dauphine, in 1741. Private of the marine guard at the 
 age of sixteen; entered the navy; flag guard in 1757, ensign 
 in 1765. 
 
 He was naval lieutenant on the Ville de Paris, under de 
 Grasse, at the action of Ouessant, the 27th of July, 1778. In 
 1780 he was present on the Couronne at the three actions 
 fought by de Guichen. He served afterwards under Suffren 
 in the East Indies, and died at Gueret, Creuse, in 1809. 
 
 MORREIGE. See BERAND. 
 
 MORY (De), infantry officer, wounded in the naval action 
 off Grenada. 
 
 MOTTE or MOTHE (Durand de La), officer of the regiment 
 of Champagne ; was at the capture of Grenada and at the naval 
 action off Saint Lucia. Wounded at Savannah. 
 
 270 American Archives. 
 
List of Officers. 187 
 
 MoTTE-PiQUET (Toussaint-Guillaume, Count de La), lieu 
 tenant-general of the naval armies, grand cross of Saint-Louis, 
 born at Rennes in 1720. Marine guard in 1735, naval lieu 
 tenant in 1745, made the same year a campaign to Canada; 
 captain of corvette in 1755, chevalier of Saint-Louis in 1756, 
 naval captain in 1763. Chief of squadron in 1778, he was 
 present on the Kaint-Esprit at the action of Ouessant, the 27th 
 of July, 1778, as flag captain to the Duke de Chartres. In 
 1779 he went to the Antilles under the orders of the Count 
 d Estaing, was present at the capture of Grenada the 4th of 
 July, and at the action of the 6th. When d Estaing resolved 
 to capture Savannah, the Chevalier de La Motte-Piquet \va- 
 charged to protect, with seven vessels, the landing of three 
 thousand five hundred soldiers. He distinguished himself by 
 several brilliant deeds ; was appointed lieutenant-general in 
 1782, grand cross of Saint-Louis in 1784. He died at Brest 
 the llth of June, 1791. Doubtless decorated with the order 
 of the Cincinnati. 
 
 MOTTIX DE LA BALME, enlisted as volunteer the 2<>th of 
 May, 1777; brevet lieutenant-colonel of cavalry. The 18th 
 of July following he was appointed inspector of cavalry, with 
 the rank of colonel. He resigned on the 12th of October of 
 the same year. 
 
 There was a DE LA KALME, infantry officer, wounded at the 
 naval action off Saint Lucia the 19th of March, 1780. He- 
 is perhaps the same as the above, who mav have re-entered 
 the service in the French colonial troops. 
 
 MOYRIA (Joseph-Marie-Anne), born at Bourg in Bresse in 
 1744; student at the Military School, then officer, in 1762, 
 in the regiment of Soissonnais. He made campaigns in Ger 
 many, in Corsica and in America. He was captain at the 
 time of the siege of Yorktown, and was decorated after the 
 siege. 
 
188 The French in America. 
 
 MUDERIE DE CAMPANES (Pierre La), born in 1739 ; 
 appointed captain in the regiment of Bourbonnais in 1777, 
 obtained a pension of four hundred livres at the time of the 
 capture of Yorktown. 
 
 MUHLENFELS (Charles- Adam), born in 1748 ; sub-lieu 
 tenant of Royal-Deux-Ponts the 3d of August, 1765, captain 
 in 1779; obtained a reward for his courage before Yorktown. 
 
 MULLENS, enlisted as volunteer ; private in the regiment of 
 Berwick in 1757, sub-lieutenant in 1770, lieutenant in 1778 
 and captain in 1779. He made two campaigns in Germany, 
 two to Mauritius and seven in America. 
 
 MURNAND (Jean-Bernard de). 
 
 MUY (Da), name that de Sainte-Mesme, colonel of Sois- 
 sonnais, took on his return to France. See SAINTE-MESME. 
 The notice of Didot is under the name of Du Muy. 
 
 1ST. 
 
 NADAL, director of the artillery trains during the expe 
 dition of Rochambeau ; 271 lieutenant-colonel, chief of brigade 
 in the regiment of Auxonne. 
 
 NEURIS (De), officer of artillery, who belonged to the ex 
 peditionary corps of Rochambeau ; captain in the regiment of 
 Auxonne. He was intrusted with establishing and command 
 ing a battery of mortars and cannons at the narrowest point 
 of the North River, above Peekskill. The 18th of July, 1781, 
 he did much harm to the English squadron, which had ven 
 tured into this part of the river. 272 
 
 ^Blanchard. 
 
 272 Journal of Cromot Dubourg. 
 
List of Officers. 189 
 
 NEUVILLE or DE LA NEUVILLE, enlisted as volunteer on 
 the 27th of October, 1777 ; served as aid-de-camp of La Fay- 
 ette, and under the orders of General Parsons. 
 
 De Neuville asked for nothing less, says General Washing 
 ton, 273 than the creation of a position of brigadier-general for 
 him, the 24th of July, 1778, to which Morris answers from 
 Philadelphia the 2d of August, 1778: "The faith of Con 
 gress is in some measure plighted to M. de la Neuville, but 
 it is not to their interest that his brevet shall give command. 
 The Baron has a claim from his merit to be noticed ; but I 
 will never consent to grant what I am told he requests, and 
 I think Congress will not." He obtained this title of brig 
 adier-general, but resigned the 4th of December, 1778. 274 
 
 NlEMCEWlCZ, born at Skoki, Lithuania, in 1757; entered the 
 service at Warsaw, followed Kosciusko to America ; wounded 
 at the same time as Kosciusko at Savannah, Niemewicz took 
 care of him with the most devoted friendship. Having re 
 turned to his native laud he was elected, in 1788, a mem 
 ber of the Polish Diet and became noted for his eloquence 
 and his liberal writings. In 17->4 he made the campaign 
 against Catherine and was taken prisoner with Kosciusko. 
 Restored to freedom, he returned to the United States and 
 only returned thence in 1807. Jle died at Mnntmorency, near 
 Paris, in 1841. He was a distinguished man of letters and 
 a poet. 
 
 NoAILLES (Louis-Marie, Viscount de), second son of Mar 
 shal de Mouchy, born at Paris the 17th of April, 17") ). He 
 was brother-in-law of La Fayette, and a great friend of his 
 and of de Segur. They had formed the project of starting 
 together for America, but their parents, having discovered 
 
 278 Life and Writings of Gouvernev.r J/o/r/*, by J. Sparks. Vol. I., page 174. 
 274 Auberteuil. 
 
190 The French in America. 
 
 their plans, prevented them. La Fayette alone had will and 
 independence enough, thanks to his fortune, to carry out his 
 generous project. 
 
 Captain the 7th of March, 1773 ; colonel of Soissonnais the 
 28th of February, 1778, but only to take his rank when he 
 w r as twenty-eight years old. He made with this rank the 
 expedition of America and had several times the chief com 
 mand of the work on the trenches before Yorktown. He was 
 intrusted with arranging the terms of surrrender with Col 
 onel Laurens and de Granchain. Washington several times 
 praises his courage and his intelligence. 
 
 On his return he was appointed mestre de camp, lieutenant- 
 commandant of the regiment of dragoons of the king, and 
 was replaced in his position of colonel en second of Soissonnais 
 by de Segur in 1782. He had conceived in America a great 
 enthusiasm for liberty, and he took up with eagerness the cause 
 of the French Revolution ; he proposed, during the famous 
 night of the 4th of August, the principal reforms against the 
 privileges. He commanded the advanced posts of Valenciennes 
 in 1792 ; but not approving the excesses of the Terror, he 
 resigned and withdrew to England and thence to the United 
 States, where he played a strange role. 273 He re-entered the 
 service again under the Consulate, and went in 1803 to Saint 
 Domingo with the rank of brigadier-general. 
 
 The rest of his life is so well told by his sister-in-law, 
 Madame de Montagu, that I insert here her account which 
 is found in the very interesting book : Anne-Paule-Dominique 
 de Noailles, Marquise de Montagu, by the Duke de Noailles. 
 Paris, 1868. 276 
 
 " The Viscount de Noailles, considered one of the best of 
 ficers of his day, who had followed La Fayette, his brother- 
 in-law, to America during the War of Independence ; who, 
 
 275 Pontgibaud. 
 
 278 See that book, pages 386-392. E. S. 13. 
 
List of Officers. 191 
 
 much smitten with the ideas of 1789, had sat in the Consti 
 tutional Assembly beside Maury, Barnave and Mirabeau ; 
 who, in the famous night of the 4th of August, taking the 
 initiative of the three propositions, indispensable basis of the 
 great reforms, then in every mind, the equal distribution of 
 all taxation among all Frenchmen, the abolition by purchase 
 of feudal rights, and the abolition without purchase of the 
 corvee* and personal servitude, had given the signal for the 
 enthusiasm with which in that same sitting the nobility and 
 the clergy despoiled themselves so generously and so patriot 
 ically of their rights and privileges. This same Viscount de 
 Noaillcs was none the less an emiyre like the others.- 77 
 
 ""When war wa.s declared, in April, 1792, he commanded 
 a brigade in the advance guard during the first invasion of 
 Belgium, and he found himself surrounded in the flight of 
 our troops, which took place with the cry of "Treachery !" and 
 amid which General Theobald Dillon was massacred, and ho 
 himself was obliged to seek a refuge beyond the frontier, 
 where he was immediately declared an emigre and proscribed. 
 
 " He first went to England, then to America, where he en 
 tered with success into the commercial operations of the house 
 of Bingham. Madame de Montagu succeeded in having his 
 name struck oil the list of emiyi fa. His return was retarded 
 by a long lawsuit, where he argued his case himself in Kng- 
 lish before the American courts. So well did he speak that 
 language, of which we will see the importance to him later, 
 that he won his suit, amid universal applause. But the 
 obligation of following out the consequences forced him to go 
 
 277 " Those who by hatred for the past," Bays de Chateaubriand, "cry 
 out to-day against the nobility, forget that it was a member of that 
 nobility, the Viscount de Noailles, supported by the Duke d Aiguillon 
 and Mathieu de Montmorency, who overthrew the edifice which was 
 attacked by republican prejudice. On the motion of the feudal deputy 
 the feudal rights were abolished. As the old France owed its glory to 
 the feudal nobility, the new France owes it its liberty, if there is lib 
 erty for France. (Mi-moires d Outre-Tombe, Vol. II., page 69.) 
 
192 The French in America, 
 
 to Saint Domingo, where our possessions had fallen into the 
 power of the negroes, and which a French army was trying 
 to reconquer. 
 
 " He found this army partly destroyed by yellow fever, and 
 its remains attacked on one side by the negroes, on the other 
 by the British squadrons. Rochambeau was in command. 
 Noailles devotedly put himself at the disposition of his old 
 comrade in arms, and, amongst other deeds, helped materially 
 in the capture of Fort Dauphin. 278 
 
 " Rochambeau gave him the command of the Mole Saint 
 Nicholas, whose garrison, reduced to eighteen hundred men, 
 was besieged by twenty thousand blacks and a British squad 
 ron. He defended himself there for five months. But Roch 
 ambeau, shut in at the Cape, was at length forced by famine 
 to surrender with his negroes. He was going to retire with 
 his troops on neutral vessels, but the English fleet sur 
 rounded these ships, forced them to surrender, and prepared 
 to take them to Europe. The commander of the squadron 
 which was blockading Mole Saint Nicholas informed General 
 de Noailles of these events, asking him to cease a useless re 
 sistance. 
 
 " i A French general/ he answered, cannot surrender with 
 out shame as long as he has supplies, ammunition and de 
 voted soldiers. France, like England, has fleets on the ocean. 
 I will wait. 7 
 
 " This answer hid his intrepid project of escaping with his 
 entire force from the hostile fleets. Informed that the con 
 voy which took with it the ships of Rochambeau was to pass 
 three days later before the Mole during the night, he pre 
 pared his men, and on seven ships which were in the port 
 
 278 In striking him off the lists of emic/res he had been reinstated in 
 his military rank, for he wrote to his son Alexis: "I have not yet re 
 ceived the confirmation of the rank of acting brigadier-general, which 
 position I have filled for eight months. I desire that the commission 
 bear the date of the capture of Fort Dauphin." 
 
List of Officers. 193 
 
 mounted his soldiers, his cannons, his ammunition, with some 
 of the inhabitants of the Mole, and awaited in silence the 
 passage of the convoy. When the ship s lights appeared the 
 order for departure was given, and during a dark night the 
 seven ships, profiting by the confusion of the passage and de 
 ceiving the blockading squadron, joined the convoy. Xoailles 
 himself led, and, speaking English perfectly, answered himself 
 all the hails from the nearer ships. Little by little he drew 
 away with his ships, and spread all sail at dawn, and although 
 the English then discovered what had happened and sailed 
 after him, he reached successfully, with his seven ships, J>ar- 
 acoa, a port in the Island of Cuba. He landed there the 
 inhabitants of the Mole, as well as his troops, of whom lie 
 sent some back to France and kept the others, intending to 
 lead them to Havana, where General Lavalette was in com 
 mand. 
 
 "He chartered for this purpose three small vessels, got as 
 escort the war schooner the ( burner, and sailed himself on 
 this schooner, which was only armed with four guns, with 
 his stall and a company of grenadiers of the olth half 
 brigade. Four days afterwards, on the 31st of December, 
 1803, off the Great-Nuevita, he met at dusk an English 
 corvette, the Jluzarrfj of seven guns, which hailed him. lie 
 hastened to raise the English colors, and answered in such 
 good English that the commander of the corvette informed 
 him that he was in search of a French boat carrying (ieneral 
 de Noailles. I have precisely the same mission, he answered, 
 and began to sail with the corvette. Then, when the night 
 became dark, he proposed to his soldiers to board the Kngli.sh. 
 The proposal being received with delight, Lieutenant Deshayes, 
 who was commanding the Courrier, sailed it so as to bring it 
 all of a sudden alongside of the corvette. The shock was so 
 violent that the stem of the Courrier was broken. The English, 
 surprised, rushed to arms ; but de Noailles dashed with his 
 grenadiers on to their deck, and after a terrible combat, the 
 
194 The French in America. 
 
 corvette, which had lost half its crew, surrendered. Unfor 
 tunately, at the end of the battle, an enemy s bullet struck the 
 heroic descendant of a race of warriors, of whom he had 
 showed himself so worthy ; and on the morrow, on board of 
 his prize, but mortally wounded, and towing the Courrier, half 
 broken to pieces, he entered gloriously Havana. He lived 
 only six days after his triumph, and died on the 5th of Jan 
 uary, 1804. His heart was inclosed in a silver box by his 
 grenadiers, who fastened it to their flag and brought it back 
 to France, which the brave Frenchman had desired to have 
 reopened to him by his glory." 279 
 
 NOAILLES (Viscount de), perhaps a brother of the pre 
 ceding one, was with Edouard Dillon at the head of an at 
 tacking column at Grenada on the 6th of July, 1779. 280 
 
 NOES (Augustin-Rousselin de), born at Caen in 1741. En 
 tered the regiment of Saintonge in 1762, captain in 1779 ; 
 decorated for his conduct before Yorktown. 
 
 NOMPEKE DE CHAMPAGNY. See CHAMPAGNY. 
 
 NORTMAN, officer of the legion of Lauzun, of Avhom Croniot 
 Dubourg speaks as follows : " While on patrol before New 
 York, with six hussars, during the night of the 17th to the 
 18th of July, 1781, a few pistol shots were exchanged with 
 some dragoons of Delancey; Nortman was killed. The in 
 fantry advanced to support the hussars, but the enemy had 
 gone under cover of the darkness. The riderless horse re 
 turned to camp ; a sentinel hailed it, and, receiving no answer, 
 killed it with a single shot." 
 
 feat of arms was painted by Gudin in one of his 
 best pictures." 
 
 280 "The Marquis de Noailles has written to me that there is a mis 
 take here. Must be looked up." Marginal note by T. B. 
 
List of Officers. 195 
 
 O. 
 
 O FARREL (Claude), born at Alais in 1751. Served four 
 years in the regiment of Lally in India ; put on the waiting 
 list, and entered the regiment of Dillon as cadet in 1775. He 
 was appointed officer in 1770, and was present at the assault 
 on the Morne of Grenada, at the naval action and at the 
 assault of Savannah, where he received a gunshot wound in 
 the leg. He served in the campaign of America as lieuten 
 ant in the regiment of Dillon. 
 
 OLLOXE (Chevalier d ), sub-lieutenant in the regiment of 
 Schomberg since 1773. Went to America as aid-de-camp of 
 the Baron de Viomenil. His uncle was employed on the 
 staff, in waiting. He received a brevet of captain after the 
 capture of Yorktown. 
 
 O MoRAN (Jacques-Joseph), born at Elphin, Ireland, in 
 1739. At the Revolution was colonel of the regiment of Dil 
 lon. Appointed marechal dc camp, he made under Dumouriez 
 the campaigns of Champagne and Belgium. In 1793, he took 
 Tournay and Cassel, but accused of inrapacity, he was arrested 
 by the orders of the deputies Lcvasseur and Delbret, sent to 
 Paris and condemned to death. Guillotined the Gth of March, 
 1794. 
 
 O XEIL (Bernard), born at Saint Omer in 1730. Was the 
 fifth generation to serve in the Irish regiment of Dillon since 
 its formation in France. He made first the campaigns of 
 Germany, then went to the Antilles and was present at the 
 capture of Grenada, at the naval action and at the siege of Sa 
 vannah, where he received a gunshot wound in the chest. He 
 died in America in 1780, after twenty-nine years of service. 
 
 OUIBERT, lieutenant-colonel, 20th of June, 1776. 
 OPTKRRE (II). See AUBETERRE. 
 
196 The French in America. 
 
 P. 
 
 PAILLOT or PALLIOL, enlisted as private in the regiment 
 of Gatinais in 1756, sub-lieutenant of grenadiers in 1779; was 
 present at the attack of the redoubt of Yorktown. 
 
 PANGE (De), aid-de-camp of the Chevalier de Yiomenil ; dis 
 tinguished himself at the attack of the redoubt of Yorktown. 281 
 
 PARENT (Charles), enlisted as a volunteer ; started in the 
 beginning of the war with another volunteer named War 
 ren, of English extraction. Was present at the battle of the 
 Brandywine. He returned to France after the war, entered 
 the regular army, and retired in 1816 with the rank of chief 
 of battalion. 282 
 
 PARMENTIER (Jacques- Joseph), born at Heigen in 1728 ; 
 private in the regiment of Touraine in 1746, officer in 1764, 
 lieutenant in 1776. He received a gratification after the cap 
 ture of Yorktown. 
 
 PECOSME (Laborde de). See LABORDE. 283 
 
 PELISSIER (Christophe), enlisted as volunteer the 29th of 
 July, 1776, one of the first; appointed engineer with the 
 rank of lieutenant-colonel. 284 
 
 PEROUSE (Jean-Fran 901 s-Galaup, Count de La), chevalier 
 of Saint-Louis, chief of squadron, born at Albi in 1741 ; 
 shipwrecked in 1788. 
 
 281 Dupetit-Thouars and Blanchard. 
 
 282 Information given by his great nephew, M. Charles Louandre, 
 literary man and French historian. 
 
 283 1 leave this as it is in the French. I think he is perhaps the same 
 as Laborde de Beaume. E. S. B. 
 284 Auberteuil. 
 
List of Officers. 197 
 
 Enlisted as marine guard at the age of fifteen, ensign in 
 1764, naval lieutenant in 1777; commanded the Amazonc of 
 twenty-six guns, which took part in the capture of Saint 
 Vincent and of Grenada, as well as in the action of the 4th 
 of July, 1779, against Admiral Byron. In October, 1779, 
 while cruising on the coast of Georgia, he captured the frig 
 ate Ariel, of twenty-six guns, after an hour s fight, and on the 
 8th of December following he captured, in the neighborhood 
 of Savannah, the English privateer the Tiyer, of twenty-two 
 guns. 
 
 In April, 1780, he became naval captain, and was ap 
 pointed to the command of the Aatrfc. The 21st of Jtilv fol 
 lowing, while cruising with the frigate the Hermione, Captain 
 de La Touche-Treville, he fought a brilliant action in sight 
 of Royal Island against six British ships, of which he cap 
 tured two. 
 
 In 1782, La Perouse, who commanded the Sceptre, was 
 sent to destroy the English establishments of Hudson s Buy. 
 The Astrfe. and the Engageante were placed under his orders. 
 On these three ships were embarked two hundred and fiftv 
 infantry, forty artillerymen, four field guns, two mortars and 
 three hundred bombs. La Perouse carried out his mission 
 with skill, and overcame the difficulties of navigation in these 
 icv regions. lie reconciled the duties of a soldier and those 
 of humanity by giving supplies and arms to the Knglish, who 
 had taken shelter in the woods on his approach, and who 
 were there in danger of starvation. 
 
 In 1785 he started on a trip around the world, with the 
 frigates the Bomsolc and the Astrolabe and a hundred men 
 in the crews. It is well known how he was lost on the 
 north shore of the Island of Vanikoro. 
 
 PKTITOT, officer of the regiment of Champagne ; was pres 
 ent at the capture of Grenada and at the naval action. 
 
198 The French in America. 
 
 PEYRELONGUE (De), infantry officer ; wounded at the naval 
 action of Grenada. 
 
 PICHEGRU (Charles), born at Arbois the 16th of Febru 
 ary, 1761, of little-known parents, studied there, and showed 
 a turn for the mathematical sciences. Enlisted very young 
 in the first regiment of artillery, where his good conduct and 
 his education caused him to be appointed sergeant soon after 
 wards. He was sent to America, where he noticed with great 
 benefit all the relations between the navy and the siege troops. 
 He was going to be made an officer when the Revolution 
 broke out. He adopted the new ideas, and was put at the 
 head of a battalion from the Var. One of his contempo 
 raries says of him : 
 
 " Pichegru is five feet five inches high ; he is very solidly 
 built, without being fat. His constitution is very strong ; in 
 other words, he is cut out for a man of war. His face at 
 first is severe, but it softens down in conversation, and in 
 spires great confidence. His politeness does not resemble that 
 which is called of etiquette, which is ordinarily only duplicity 
 and deceit. His own is without affectation. One sees that 
 he is genuinely obliging and by nature kind, but he has 
 none of that which formerly made courtiers succeed. 
 
 " I do not know his family. From what he has himself 
 told me it is neither illustrious nor rich. But men of true 
 worth do not need the help of their ancestors to seem great. 
 Like those luminous meteors whose causes we ignore, but 
 which leave us charmed with admiration, even after they 
 have disappeared, Pichegru needs neither ancestors nor de 
 scendants; he forms alone his entire race. We have shaken 
 off the prejudices of a nobility of birth, and we only recog 
 nize personal nobility. Nothing is more sensible, for as it is 
 no use to a blind man for his parents to have had good 
 eyes, so it must be very useless to a coward and a scamp to 
 have had virtuous parents. 
 
List of Officers. 199 
 
 " Pichcgru made his first studies at the College of Arbois, 
 and studied his philosophy at the Minimes 285 in that little 
 town. Having passed a special examination, and showing a 
 strong turn for the exact sciences, the Minimes advised him 
 to repeat his course in philosophy and mathematics at the 
 college they had at Brienne. He went there, not only to 
 strengthen himself in the knowledge he already had, but to 
 teach it to others. This is what has made some think that 
 Pichcgru had been a Mini me, but this is a mistake. 
 
 " In teaching mathematics to others Pichegru had improved 
 himself in that science. He enlisted in the first regiment of 
 artillery. The officers of that corps were not long in finding 
 out that the young man had valuable knowledge in the art 
 of the artillery. They appointed him sergeant. One knows 
 that that was then a great gift to make to a plebeian, and 
 that it was the ultimatum of his advancement, because the 
 nobility was as exclusive as the Jacobins. The Revolution 
 came on ; Pichegru, without seeing much of the proconsuls, 
 whom lu; did not esteem, was known to them, and he rose 
 rank by rank to the generalship of three great armies, and 
 he led them a.s well as if he had been taken from the thigh of 
 Jupiter, 7io,sr, Fabert, Chevertj Laubanie, Jeun-Bartj Duguay- 
 Tromn y should have proved to the French nobilitv that mili 
 tary talent needs no genealogy, but that caste lias always been 
 inexorable on that article. Proof that it preferred its privi 
 leges to the welfare of the State. We have had the experience 
 that this mania is inherent to the species. Our dirty 
 culottes were as intolerant as the nobles. 7 2S6 
 
 ^Minimes. A religious order founded in the fifteenth century by 
 Saint Francis of Paule in Calabria (Francesco Martorillo, whom Louis 
 the Eleventh sent for, to pray for him in his last illness). Lltdr. 
 E. S. B. 
 
 286 llixtoirf Chronologifjue dcx operations de Vanncc du Xord. et de edit de 
 Sambre-et-Meuse (March, 1794-95), taken from the books and orders of 
 the two armies, by the Citizen Da rid, a witness of most of their ex 
 ploits. Paris, no date. 
 
200 The French in America. 
 
 PIERRE (La), private in the regiment of Gatinais in 1746, 
 officer in 1770; lieutenant of grenadiers in the same regiment 
 during the siege of Yorktown. 
 
 PIGNOL DE ROCREUSE (Gaspard-Jean-Joseph-Ollivier), lieu 
 tenant in the regiment of Agenois, was, during the crossing, 
 on the ship the Trois-Henriettes, which was wrecked in 1780. 
 By his energy and his courage he saved from death one 
 hundred and eighty men of the two hundred whom he was 
 commanding:. 
 
 ;-* 
 
 PISANCON, secretary of Blanchard, a Freemason, who with 
 de Jumecourt was sponsor for Blanchard when he entered an 
 American lodge at Providence, on the 7th of February, 1781. 
 
 re- 
 
 PLANCHER, lieutenant in the royal corps of engineers ; 
 ceived a pension after the campaign. 
 
 PLESSIS DE MAUDUIT (Du). See MAUDUIT. 
 
 PLEVILLE LE PELEY (Georges-Rene), admiral, born at 
 Granville the 26th of June, 1726 ; died at Paris on the 2d 
 of October, 1805. He ran away from college at the age of 
 twelve, and embarked at Havre as ship s boy under the name 
 of Du Vivier. After having gone fishing for cod, he was 
 employed as lieutenant on a privateer from Havre. Meeting 
 two English ships, with whom he fought a sharp action, he 
 lost his right leg and was made prisoner in 1746. On his 
 return to France he sailed on the Argonaute, commanded by 
 de Tilly le Pele, his uncle ; but he was captured again by 
 the English in 1756, on the Mercure, which was part of the 
 fleet of the Duke d Anville. A cannon ball carried off his 
 wooden leg during the action. He fell, then rose, laughing 
 and saying : " The ball has made a mistake ; it has only 
 given work to the carpenter." In 1759, he commanded the 
 
List of Officers. 201 
 
 y of fourteen guns, and caused three vessels stronger 
 than his own to strike. His wooden leg was again carried 
 away in this action. On account of his health he was given 
 service in port. He commanded at Marseilles in 1770. He 
 saved from a tempest, at the risk of his life, the English 
 frigate Alarm, Captain Jervis, since Lord Saint-Vincent. Ple- 
 ville had himself tied to a rope, and went on board of the 
 ship in distress. The English Admiralty sent him, for this 
 deed of bravery and generosity, some important presents, 
 which Jervis handed to him himself. 
 
 In 1778 he embarked on the Languedoc, and served through 
 the American war under the orders of Count d Estaing. He 
 received the order of the Cincinnati. 
 
 He remained on the side of the Revolution, but served 
 only in the administration. In June, 17^7, he was minister 
 plenipotentiary at the Congress of Lille, and in July lie re 
 placed Truguet in the ministry of the navy. His health 
 forced him to resign in 170S; he was made senator in IT- *.*, 
 and grand cross of the Legion of Honor in 1804. 
 
 PLUQUKT, infantry officer; wounded in the naval action oil 
 Grenada. 287 
 
 POIUEY, secretary of do La Fayette. " He is getting pretty 
 well used to the life of a soldier," says La Fayette in his 
 memoirs. 
 
 POLERESKI or SOLERSKI, Polish officer, who crossed on the 
 Gloirc in 1782 with de Segur and de Broglie. 288 
 
 POXDEVAUX (De), commanded the feigned assault on the 
 Morne, at the capture of Grenada, under d Estaing, the 6th 
 of July, 177 ^. His column consisted of two hundred men 
 
 287 L. 15. 
 
 ipt of de Broglie, also Dupetit-Thouars. 
 
202 The French in America. 
 
 of the regiments of Champagne, Viennois, Martinique, and 
 legion of Lauzun. 
 
 PONTEVES D EYROUX. See EYROUX. 
 
 PONTEVES GIEN (Henri-Jean-Baptiste, Viscount de), sailor, 
 born in 1740. Came from the family of the Ponteves de 
 Carces ; entered the navy, distinguished himself in several 
 actions against the English, and received the position of ma 
 jor-general in the marines, at Brest. Decorated with the 
 order of the Cincinnati. 
 
 Appointed chief of squadron in 1790, he served under the 
 command of Count de Vaudreuil, who sent him to destroy 
 the English establishments on the Gambia and at Sierra 
 Leone. He captured seven hundred prisoners, seventy-six 
 guns arid fourteen ships. Appointed to the command of the 
 station of the Antilles, he died, before Martinique, of an epi 
 demic fever on the ship the lllustre, the 23d of July, 1799. 
 
 PONTGIBAUD (Count de More", Chevalier de), born at Pont- 
 gibaud, Auvergne, the 21st of April, 1758, was a younger 
 son and as such not well off. Shut up by a lettre de cachet 
 in the castle of Pierre-en-Cise, near Lyons, at the age of 
 eighteen, at the instance of his stepmother, who was too se 
 vere with him, he escaped in 1777, giving thus a proof of 
 his decision and his energy. He made use of his liberty to 
 join his countryman, de La Fayette, who had just left for 
 America. After his father s anger had subsided, he received 
 from him an allowance of a hundred louis, and then em 
 barked at Nantes on the Arc-en- del. The passage took sixty- 
 seven days and terminated in the capture of the little French 
 vessel, which had stranded at the mouth of the James River, 
 within shot of the English ship Isis of sixty-four guns. 
 
 De Pontgibaud succeeded in escaping, and went immedi 
 ately to Williamsburg to Governor Jefferson, who gave him 
 
List of Officers. 203 
 
 a sort of passport to go to Valley Forge, where La Fayette 
 was encamped. Finally, after a most arduous journey, in 
 an unknown country, all forest and sand, whose rare inhabit 
 ants spoke a language he did not understand, de Pontgibaud 
 reached La Fayette in the beginning of November, 1777. 
 La Fayette received him with kindness, and, touched by his 
 youth and the story of his adventures, enlisted him as volun 
 teer on the 5th of November, 1777, and soon made him his 
 aid-de-camp, in which position he introduced him to Wash 
 ington. 
 
 He returned to France on the Alliance with dc J^a Fayette 
 and Mauduit Duplessis in January, 177). He was warmly 
 welcomed by his family, and received in April from the king 
 a commission of captain in waiting, for which he did not 
 have to pay the brevet price of seven thousand tivrcs. 
 
 While La Fayette was returning to America on the Aif/le, 
 Captain de la Touche-Treville, de Pontgibaud embarked once 
 more on the Alliance with Captain Landais, who went mad 
 during the passage. 289 Two American commissaries were on 
 this frigate. 
 
 After having helped his general at the siege of Yorktmvn 
 he returned to France. He was on the Arid, a fast ship, 
 commanded by his friend de Cupcllis, and which had been 
 captured by the squadron of the Count d Estaing. Still, 
 they took fifty-six days to reach Corunna, in Spain. During 
 the passage the Ariel captured the English ship Dublin. 
 
 De Pontgibaud emigrated with his family at the outbreak 
 of the Revolution. He was completely ruined, and learnt 
 just then that Congress was paying off, with interest, the pay 
 of all the officers who had served during the war. He em 
 barked at once at Hamburg for Philadelphia, where he re 
 ceived immediately and with no trouble the sum of fifty 
 
 289 See Vol. I., page 120, and in the List of Officers: Paul Jones, 
 note 215. 
 
204 The French in America. 
 
 thousand francs. He was,, with his brother and his nephew, 
 one of the five hundred and thirty-six gentlemen who be 
 longed to the Coalition of Auvergne, which was intended to 
 deliver the king from his prison. 290 
 
 He returned to his elder brother, who, having sacrificed 
 all his fortune in trying to save the king, had succeeded in 
 founding in Trieste a mercantile house under the name of 
 Joseph La Brosse. This establishment succeeded on account 
 of the confidence that its director inspired. He had gathered 
 round him some of his old comrades in war. Among these 
 was the Marquis de Mac-Mahon and several other meritorious 
 officers. 
 
 The Count de More published his Memoir es in 1828. 
 
 1 desire to publish here two letters which I have received 
 from one of his descendants : 
 
 ROME, this 20th of December, 1869. 
 
 SIR : It is I, who am to-day, as you thought, the representa 
 tive of the name and of the collateral descent of M. Charles 
 Albert, Count de More, younger brother of the Count de Pont- 
 gibaud, my grandfather, and formerly called the Chevalier de 
 Pontgibaud. We had the sorrow to lose him in 1839, when he 
 was about reaching his eightieth year, after a green old age still 
 enlivened by the remembrance of the memorable events of which 
 he had been the bravest witness and at the same time a close 
 observer. We have often regretted that his memoirs, perfectly 
 exact from the historical point of view, and inexact only in a few 
 details relating to his elder brother, had not brought out many 
 small points which he excelled in telling about, and which were 
 the delight of my younger years. No one united in conversation 
 a quicker wit to a more delicate courtesy ; he was the type of the 
 French chevalier of the Old Regime. His bravery was always 
 ready to serve the cause which he thought just and his cordiality 
 had no limits. He often said that Providence had done him a 
 great service in giving to his face a certain appearance of sever- 
 
 290 See Vol. I., page 16. 
 
List of Officers. 205 
 
 ity, " for," he said, " without my appearance of stiffness, what 
 would become of my purse/ Therefore he had friends, numer 
 ous and devoted, in all ranks of society. 
 
 General Washington, who had seen him at work, always hon 
 ored him with his kindest friendship. Despite the divergence of 
 political opinions which separated him from General La Fayette, 
 they remained bound in a close friendship, and during the revo 
 lutions which agitated the old world, they more than once re 
 gretted the happy days of their expedition to the new world. 
 
 During half a century the Count de More held in France a 
 distinguished position in society. He had wedded the only 
 daughter of Marshal de Vaux, widow of the Count de Fougiere, 
 and who was, before the Revolution, one of the ladies of honor 
 of her Royal Highness Madame la Comtesse de Provence. 
 
 The qualities of the warrior had not excluded from him those 
 of the writer. His private letters might have been used to com 
 plete contemporary history, of which he knew how to bring out 
 the principal points with remarkable truth. He had written anon 
 ymously different comedies which were given on the theatres of 
 Paris. The fineness of the allusions sometimes gave them a bril 
 liant vogue. But he would never make any profession of being 
 a literary man, so as not to damage the profession of warrior. 
 Therefore it was said jokingly, there were sometimes fusees ex 
 ploded in his knapsack. He carried to the highest degree the 
 affection for his family, and when he had lost the faithful com 
 panion of his long career, he wished to finish his life near his 
 nephew, whom he looked on still as the head of the family. 291 
 He had been made chevalier of the order of Saint-Louis, and 
 felt an especial honor in the decoration of the order of the Cin 
 cinnati, which he had received at the time when that order only 
 numbered fifty members. 
 
 I am the oldest of his great nephews ; it has been given to me 
 to carry out one of his wishes by restoring in Auvergne the fam 
 ily mansion where he was born. While waiting for this restoration 
 
 291 Armand-Victor de More, Count de Pontgibaud, peer of France 
 under the Restauration, who made in France notable changes in the 
 working of metallurgical deposits, and the work begun by whom still 
 remains in the mountains of Auvergne. See in the Times the Mines 
 of Pontgibaud quoted every day at the London Exchange. 
 
206 The French in America. 
 
 to be completed, I have taken up my residence in the Manche, 
 devoting my spare time to the cultivation of my lands and to 
 literature and art. I see my successors growing up around me, 
 and I like to hope that they will inherit some of the rightminded- 
 ness, of the delightful wit, and of the bravery of he who was their 
 great uncle. 
 
 Please accept, sir, with my most sincere thanks for your gracious 
 letter, the assurance of my distinguished sentiments. 
 
 THE COUNT DE PONTGIBAUD, 
 
 Member of the General Council of the Department of the Manche. 
 
 P. S. I shall be much obliged if you will let me know when 
 your interesting work has appeared. 
 
 CHATEAU DE FONTENAY, NEAR MONTEBOURG (MANCHE), 
 
 the 1st of May, 1870. 
 
 Please accept, sir, all my thanks for the article relating to the 
 memoirs of the Count de More, my great uncle. It gives a true 
 idea of his style and of his character, but I must point out to you 
 a slight inexactitude from a genealogical standpoint. The Count 
 de More had married, as his second wife, the Countess de Fougiere, 
 daughter of Marshal de Vaux ; it is one of my cousins of the 
 Gevaudan who married into the family of Chaulnes. Finally, I am 
 not the only representative of the family of Pontgibaud, but only 
 the head of the house, being the oldest of three brothers, of whom 
 one was killed by the enemy at Solferino, leaving a son not of age, 
 and the other, counsellor-general in Maine-et-Loire, has been one 
 of the most active propagators of the best agricultural processes as 
 applied in that region. 
 
 I am glad to find a fresh occasion to offer to you, sir, the ex 
 pression of my distinguished and grateful sentiments. 
 
 THE COUNT DE PONTGIBAUD. 
 
 PONTHIERE (De), enlisted as volunteer, brevet captain of 
 cavalry the 18th of February, 177S, 2U2 the same as Louis du 
 Pontier, captain in the service of Congress. 293 
 
 292 Auberteuil. 
 
 293 Records, &c. 
 
List of Officers. 207 
 
 POQUET DE PUYLERY DE SAINT - SAUVEUR (Mathieil- 
 
 Louis), born in 1750 at Martinique; lieutenant of Agenois 
 in 1770; captain after the capture of Yorktown. He was 
 wounded in the chest at Savannah, and in the thigh during 
 the siege of Yorktown. 
 
 PORTAIL (Le Begue du). See DUPORTAIL. 
 
 POUDEUX or POUDENS (Henri-Franyois Liemart, Viscount 
 de), born at Paris in 1748. Served since 1700; captain in 
 1708, mextre dc c(nnj) in 1774, colonel of the regiment of 
 Touraine the 17th of April, 1780; was present at the siege 
 of Yorktown. 
 
 PREVAL (Claude-Antoine, Chevalier de), born at Salins ; 
 died the 13th of January, 1808, at Besancon. Entered as 
 volunteer the regiment of Enghien ; served in the Seven Years 
 War, and in two campaigns in America; captain in 17* Jo; 
 brigadier-general for his good conduct at Landau. 
 
 PREVAL A YE (Pierre-Bernardin, Marquis de la), born at the 
 Chateau of la Prevalaye in 1745; died at the same Chateau 
 the 28th of July, 1810. Showed as much courage as talent 
 in the war in North America, and received after the war the 
 rank of naval captain, with the decorations of Saint-Louis 
 and of the Cincinnati. In 1783 he was intrusted by the 
 French Government to carry to America the treaty which 
 assured to the United States their independence, lie returned 
 to Paris to serve in the Council of the Xavy ; emigrated 
 in 17UO, and served in the army of Comic. Reprieved 
 during the Consulate, he lived in retreat until the Bour 
 bons withdrew him from it by appointing him rear-admiral. 
 He left a Memoire Sur la Campagne de Boston en 1778, in 
 folio. 
 
208 The French in America. 
 
 PULASKI (Casimir, Count de), born at "Winiary in Lithu 
 ania, the 4th of March, 1748; 294 had studied law, but was 
 turned therefrom by the military events. He took part in 
 the revolt of his country against Stanislas in 1769, and was 
 one of the most active members of the Confederation of Bar. 295 
 After his father had been captured and executed, he was put 
 at the head of the insurrection, but soon had to take refuge 
 in Turkey, where he entered the service against Russia. 296 His 
 property was confiscated, and he came to Paris, where he had 
 an interview with Franklin. He then decided to start for 
 America. He embarked at Marseilles in 1775. He rejoined 
 the army of Washington, and was put in command of a corps 
 of cavalry. His legion rendered great services. It was sur 
 prised at Egg Harbor by the English and partly destroyed. 
 
 294 Life of Frederick the Great, by Thomas Carlyle, Tauchnitz edition, 
 1865, XIII., pages 92, 93, 94, 95, for the defense of Kloster Czenstochow, 
 Several authors spell Pulawski, but they mistake two different families. 
 One comes from Pulazie, from which come the Pulaskis, and the other 
 are natives of Pulawy, whence the Pulawski. The first alone became 
 celebrated, after the Confederation of Bar. They were seven in num 
 ber: Joseph, his three sons, Casimir, Francois and Antoine, and his three 
 nephews. I have to consider here only Casimir. 
 
 295 He was the terror of the Russians, whom he astonished and sur 
 prised by the rapidity of his marches. In 1770 he shut himself in the 
 fort of Czenstochow, where he repulsed all attacks. He tried to carry 
 off the King of Poland the 3d of November, 1771, but the plotters did 
 not succeed. They were declared regicides, and Pulaski was obliged to 
 fly in 1772, after the Russians had carried out the partition of Poland. 
 
 ^Marshal of Terre de Lozma, in the Palatinate of Mazowie, in 
 1768 ; military chief of the Confederation of Bar from 1769 to 1772 ; 
 general of cavalry under the orders of Washington in 1777 ; command 
 ing the foreign legion in the service of the United States in 1779. 
 Marginal note by T. B. 
 
 A cutting from the Philadelphia Press, of January 29th, 1875, says 
 of a miniature of Pulaski in the author s possession : " Mr. Thomas 
 Balch, whose investigations into the antecedents of the French parti 
 sans of the American cause during the Revolution are well known, has 
 deposited in the National Museum a fine original miniature of Count 
 Pulaski, a gentleman who, having fought for the independence of his 
 own country, tendered his services to Congress in 1777, was appointed 
 
List of Officers. 209 
 
 Lieutenant-colonel Baron de Botzen was killed there. In 
 1779 Pulaski was serving under the orders of Lincoln at 
 the siege of Savannah, and was mortally wounded there the 
 9th of October, 1779. His companion and friend, Lieutenant 
 Charles Litomski, buried him at the foot of a large tree, on 
 the Island of Saint Helena. 297 
 
 La Fayette says of him, while speaking of the battle of 
 Germantown, that he was a brave knight, devout and dissi 
 pated, better captain than general. But these judgments, 
 given by officers who were generally jealous of one another, 
 are liable to be inaccurate. 
 
 FUSION AN (De), lieutenant of artillery, regiment of Aux- 
 onne ; wounded before Yorktown in the sortie which the 
 English made upon the batteries on the left, during the night 
 of the 15th to the 16th of Octolxjr, 178 1. 298 
 
 Q. 
 
 QUERENET DE LA COMBE (Do) made the campaign with the 
 expeditionary corps in the position of colonel-under-brigadier 
 in the corps of engineers. He contributed greatly to the cap 
 ture of Yorktown, and received a pension after the campaign. 
 
 brigadier-general, and given the command of the cavalry. He fell 
 mortally wounded, gallantly fighting for the cause of American inde 
 pendence, in the assault upon Savannah. The identical bullet which 
 caused his death was extracted by a physician whose son now resides 
 on Chestnut Hill, and who still cherishes the deadly missile, and who 
 will, we presume, place it on deposit during the Centennial with the 
 portrait. The above miniature was painted by Froissard jeune, and 
 possesses additional interest for Americans from the fact that it repre 
 sents him in his uniform as commander of the American cavalry, 
 while the familiar Chodzko portrait was taken earlier in life, and in 
 his uniform as a Polish general." E. S. B. 
 
 297 The gratitude of the Americans made them erect a monument to 
 Pulaski, of which the tirst stone was laid by La Fayette in 1824. 
 
 298 Berthier. 
 
210 The French in America. 
 
 QUROUHANT (De), whose name should perhaps be spelled 
 KEROUAN, infantry officer, wounded at Saint Lucia, under 
 Guichen. 
 
 QTJESNAY DE BEAUREPAIRE, grandson of the well-known 
 political economist Quesnay, entered first the gendarmes of the 
 guard of the king, and on the remodeling of this regiment 
 went to America. "Carried away," he says, "by a glow 
 ing hope of distinguishing myself in the profession of arms, 
 I went to serve in Virginia during the years 1777 and 1778, 
 with the rank of captain ; but the loss of my baggage, that 
 of my letters of recommendation, mislaid in the offices of Gov 
 ernor Patrick Henry, to whom I had intrusted them, finally a 
 long and painful illness, together with a lack of funds at 
 this great distance from home, forced me to give up the career 
 of arms." 299 300 
 
 He had traveled over the United States in all directions. 
 Sir John Peyton, 301 touched by his ill fortune, with great kind 
 ness, took him to his house, and made him live there for 
 nearly two years, while awaiting assistance from his home, 
 giving him all the time proofs of great friendship. 
 
 299 Memoires, Statuts et Prospectus sur I Academic des Sciences et Beaux- 
 Arts d Amtrique, Paris, 1788, page 19. 
 
 300 M. Reboul, librarian at Albi, France, wrote a letter in June, 1892, 
 to my brother, about Les Fran$ais en Amerique, in which he said : " The 
 only thing I can certify to is the general infatuation of the aristocracy 
 at that time for the American cause, which went so far as to give Amer 
 ican names to the servants of good families. Thus, my mother has 
 spoken to me of the valet of my grandfather, the Count de Sampigny ? 
 the only one who remained faithful to him during the Terror, and whom 
 he only spoke of by the name of Boston, having entirely forgotten his 
 family name." E. 8. B. 
 
 301 He was called Sir John Peyton, but was not a real baronet. A de 
 scendant of his, Colonel Jesse Enlows Peyton, of Haddonfield, New 
 Jersey, was the proposer and organizer of the centennial celebration of 
 the surrender of Yorktown, which took place at Yorktown on October 
 the 19th, 1881, and at which some of the descendants of the French offi 
 cers the Marquis de Eochambeau among others were present. E. S. B. 
 
List of Officers. 211 
 
 During the whole time of his sojourn with Peyton, the 
 house of that good man, as well as those of different mem 
 bers of his family, seemed to him refuges for oppressed and 
 unfortunate strangers. He mentions the sons-in-law of Pey 
 ton : Traeher, Washington, Throgmorton, John Dixon, Tabb 
 and Boiling. He speaks also of the generosity of the de 
 ceased Colonel Samuel Washington, brother of the General ; 
 of John Page, Whiting, Perin, the Rev. Mr. Fontaine, Willis, 
 Hubard, Xutal. 
 
 He says in his work already mentioned : " If part of the 
 Americans have a poor opinion of Frenchmen in general, it 
 is because they judge from a few adventurers who have come 
 to America." 
 
 He helped to found an Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts 
 at Richmond. This academy, which gained rapidly in im 
 portance, was inaugurated the 24th of June, 1780, and Ques- 
 nay de Beaurepaire was appointed president. 
 
 QUETTEVILLE (De). 302 
 QUINART. 303 
 
 R 
 
 RADIKRE (De la), was engaged in 1777, with Duportail, 
 Laumoy and Gouvion, by Franklin, who had been intrusted 
 witli a mission to engage engineers. They were all four, of 
 ficers of engineers, and received permission from the French 
 Government to enter the service in America. " They left on 
 the same ship as La Fayette." 304 
 
 On his arrival on the 2i)th of July, 1777, de la Kadierc 
 was appointed engineer with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, 
 then colonel on the 17th of November. He died in service. 30 5 
 
 803 L. B., 262. 
 
 803 L. B., 262. 
 
 804 Mhnolres of de Segur. 
 
 806 Died at West Point late in 1779. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
212 The French in America. 
 
 RAFFIN, officer of infantry, wounded in the action off 
 Grenada. 306 
 
 REBOTJRQUIL DE FALQUERETTE DE SAINT-FELIX. See 
 FALQUERETTE. 
 
 REQTJIER DE Rossi, lieutenant-colonel, July the 12th, 1777. 
 
 RIBEAUPIERRE (Charles-Roger de), born in 1752 ; entered, 
 in 1778, the regiment of Royal-Deux-Ponts as sub-lieuten 
 ant of chasseurs. Received a reward for his services before 
 Yorktown. 
 
 RICCI (Count de), left Rochefort on the Aigle with de 
 Segur, de Broglie and others, and accompanied them in South 
 America. 
 
 RICOL (P.), captain of the Vengeance. 
 
 RIONS (Franyois-Hector d 7 Albert, Count de), born at Avig 
 non in 1728, died the 3d of October, 1802 ; entered, as guard, 
 the marines in 1743 in the company of Rochefort; ensign 
 in 1748. He was naval lieutenant on the Foudroyant when 
 it fell into the hands of the English in the battle of the 28th 
 of February, 1758. After having served in the infantry and 
 the artillery of the navy, he was appointed naval captain the 
 24th of March, 1772, and was present, under the orders of 
 d Estaing, at the attack on Saint Lucia in 1778, and at the 
 two combats of Grenada in 1779. During the American 
 war he commanded the Pluton in 1781-1782, and was pres 
 ent at the capture of Tabago and at the actions of Fort 
 Royal, of Chesapeake Bay, of Saint Christopher and of Do 
 minica. His brilliant services were rewarded by the grand 
 
 306 L. B., 106. 
 
List of Officers. 213 
 
 cross of Saint-Louis in 1784, and the position of naval com 
 mander at Toulon in 1785. A revolt having broken out in 
 that town on the 1st of December, 1789, he was beaten and 
 insulted by the furious population, who threw him into a 
 dungeon with a former convict. The National Assembly, on 
 the 10th of January, 1790, passed a decree which freed him, 
 without doing him the justice which was his due. Called af 
 terwards to Rochefort to command the fleet named the Ocean 
 Fleet, he was again the victim of a revolt which the publica 
 tion of the penal code produced. He resigned from his posi 
 tion. Appointed rear-admiral in 1792, he emigrated shortly 
 afterwards, and took part the same year in the campaign 
 against France in the army of the princes ; he then with 
 drew into Dal mat ia. Returning to France under the Con 
 sulate, he was retired with a pension of four thousand francs ; 
 he only enjoyed it one year. 
 
 307 
 
 ROBILLARD, surgeon-in-chief of the expeditionary corps. 
 
 ROBIN (L Abbe), chaplain of the expeditionary corps; left 
 an interesting account of the siege of Yorktown. 
 
 RocHAMBEAU (Jean-Baptiste- Donation dc Vimeur, Count 
 de), born at Vendonie in 172."). His father was Governor of 
 Vendome and lieutenant of the marshals of France. Roch- 
 ambeau was first intended for the church, and was about to 
 receive the tonsure at the Jesuits of Blois, when news came 
 of the death of his elder brother. On the 24th of May, 1742, 
 he entered as cornet the cavalry regiment of Saint-Simon, with 
 which he went through the campaigns of Bohemia. The army 
 reports of his services say : 
 
 1743, 23d of July, captain. 
 
 1740, aid-de-camp of Louis-Philippe d Orleans. 
 
 307 Dumas. 
 
214 The French in America. 
 
 1747, 4th of March, colonel of the infantry regiment of 
 la Marche. 308 Wounded at the battle of Laufeld. 
 
 1755, 1st of June, Governor of Vendome after the death 
 of his father. 
 
 1756, 23d of July, brigadier-general ; sent to Minorca under 
 the orders of Richelieu. He received the cross of Saint-Louis. 
 
 1757, 1st of May, employed in the Army of Germany. 
 Distinguished himself at the battle of Hastembeck, then at 
 Creveldt, Minden, Forbach and Clostercamp, where he was 
 wounded in 1760. 
 
 1759, 7th of March, colonel of the regiment of Auvergne. 
 
 1761, 20th of February, mareehal de camp. 
 
 1761, 7th of March, inspector-general of the infantry. 
 
 1766, 1st of April, commander of the order of Saint-Louis. 
 
 1771, 9th of December, grand cross of the same order. 
 
 1776, Governor of Yillefranche. 
 
 1778, 1st of June, employed in Normandy and Brittany 
 in the army corps intended to invade England. 
 
 1780, 1st of March, lieutenant-general and commander-in- 
 chief of the expeditionary corps sent to America. He em 
 barked at Brest on the Due de Bourgogne. Here his history 
 is so intimately connected with that of the expedition that 
 we refer the reader to the first volume for the account of 
 that memorable campaign. He returned in 1782, leaving his 
 army under the orders of the Baron de Viornenil and of de 
 Lauzun. He was then overwhelmed with favors, received the 
 blue ribbon of the Saint-Esprit, the order of the Cincinnati, 
 and was appointed to the government of Picardie and Artois. 
 
 In 1791, marshal of France; intrusted by Louis the Six- 
 
 308 He had become aid-de-camp of the Count de Clermont. At the 
 siege of Namur, sent to reconnoiter the place, he climbed a hill on which 
 he found only two sentinels quietly smoking. He sent at once word 
 to the Count de Clermont, who made an attack on that side, and Namur 
 was taken. This service brought him the rank of colonel. He distin 
 guished himself also at the siege of Maestricht. After peace was made 
 he married Mademoiselle Telles d Acosta, in 1749. 
 
List of Officers. 215 
 
 ieenth with the command of the Army of the North, he tried 
 in vain to establish discipline there and resigned the follow 
 ing year. Condemned to death under the Terror, he was 
 about to mount the fatal cart, when the executioner, 309 seeing 
 it was full, said to him : " Withdraw, old marshal ; thy turn 
 will soon come." A tradition says that Andre Chenier then 
 mounted the cart. The fall of Robespierre saved Rocham- 
 beau. 
 
 When he was presented to the First Consul, the latter, 
 pointing out Berthier, Dumas and some others who were on 
 his staff, said to him : " Marshal, here are your pupils." 
 " The pupils," answered Rochambeau, " have much surpassed 
 the master." In 1803, Napoleon made him grand officer of 
 the Legion of Honor and gave him a pension. He died in 
 1807, at the age of eighty-two. 
 
 He left some memoirs which I have often mentioned. 
 
 ROCHAMBEAU (Donatien-Marie-Joseph <le Vimeur), son of 
 the former; born at Paris the 7th of April, 1755. Although 
 very young, he entered as sub-lieutenant, in 1709, the royal 
 corps of artillery; was captain in 1773; incut re de camp en 
 second of Bourbonnais in 1779. He served with this rank 
 in the campaign of America under his father, but the latter 
 only speaks of him as of a stranger. 
 
 After the interview of Hartford between Washington and 
 Rochambeau, the son made a journey to France at his own 
 expense, to make known the result of the conference, hasten 
 the departure of the remainder of the expeditionary corps 
 and ask for new succors. He started on the 17th of Octo 
 ber, 1780, on the frigate the Amazone, commanded by La 
 Perouse, and returned on the Concorde with de Barras and 
 Cromot Dubourg, in April, 1781. He had obtained some 
 
 m It is said that this man had been one of Rochambeau s sergeants. 
 E. 8. B. 
 
216 The French in America. 
 
 help in moneys and the promise of the co-operation of the 
 Count de Grasse. Arrived before Yorktown, he placed the 
 battalion of grenadiers and chasseurs he commanded, so close 
 to the intrenchments of the enemy, that the latter, without 
 striking a blow, abandoned the redoubt of Pigeon Hill, which 
 was immediately occupied by Dumas and Charles de Lameth. 
 On the return of the expedition he was decorated with 
 the orders of Saint-Louis and of the Cincinnati, and was ap 
 pointed colonel of the regiment of Royal-Auvergne. 310 Mare- 
 chal de camp in 1791 ; was sent to Saint Domingo in 1792 
 to replace de Beliague, commander of the Windward Islands. 
 Sent to Martinique in 1793, he drove out the English 
 and de Behague, who had joined them with the Royalists; 
 forced recognition there of the Republican Government ; but, 
 besieged by superior forces, had to surrender in 1794. He 
 held out in Saint Pierre during forty-two days of siege, with 
 six hundred men against fourteen thousand. On his return 
 to France he was employed for some time in the Army of 
 Italy ; but he soon returned to Saint Domingo with General 
 Leclerc, whom he replaced at his death on the 2d of No 
 vember, 1802. Not receiving any assistance, he was obliged 
 to surrender to the insurgents. The English kept him pris 
 oner on the galleys in utter disregard of agreements, and he 
 only recovered his freedom in 1811. He went as general 
 to the Army of Germany in 1813, and was killed at Leip 
 zig, where he was commanding a division of the fifth corps, 
 under the orders of Lauriston. 
 
 ROCHEFERMOY (Mathieu-Alexandre de La), volunteer in the 
 service of the Americans the 5th of November, 1776; one of 
 the first to enlist ; was appointed brigadier-general of the 
 Continental army. Resigned on the 31st of January, 1778, 
 and died away from the service. 
 
 310 Gatinais. 
 
List of Officers. 217 
 
 ROCHEFONTAINE (Bichct de), enlisted as volunteer in the 
 service of the United States ; brevet captain of engineers the 
 18th of September, 1778, then major the 16th of November, 
 1781. Returned after the peace to France, and was employed 
 as captain in the provincial troops. 
 
 ROCHEXEGLY (Gabriel-Frai^ois de La), born in 1757 at 
 Chamblay ; entered the service in the regiment of Gatinais 
 in 1770; was wounded at the attack of the intrenchments 
 of Savannah ; appointed lieutenant in 1779, he came to the 
 siege of Yorktown, and was made prisoner in the action of 
 the 6th of June, 1782, on the Oiion. 
 
 ROCHES (Philippe-Henri DCS), born at Perigueux in 1742; 
 entered as officer the regiment of Saintonge in 1762, and 
 served at Cayenne, then in North America. He was decorated 
 after the capture of Yorktown. 
 
 ROGER (Nicolas), volunteer; enlisted the loth of September, 
 1777; aid-de-camp of Ducoudray, with the rank of major; 
 lieutenant-colonel the 16th of December, 177S. 311 He tried in 
 vain to save Ducoudray at the crossing of the Schuylkill by 
 swimming to him. 
 
 ROMA ix (Jules), born at Angers about 1763 ; guard in the 
 marines in 1778; embarked on the Vcnycirr, which belonged 
 to the squadron of the Count de Grasse, in 1779. He was 
 present at the capture of Grenada and at the action off Sa 
 vannah, and died at Martinique on his return from tins ex 
 pedition. Blanchard was a relative of his, and speaks of him 
 in his Journal 2 
 
 11 Auberteuil. 
 
 312 There is a notice about this interesting young man in the book 
 of his brother: Souvenirs <Vun officlcr royulistc, by M. de Remain, former 
 colonel of artillery. Paris, 1824. 
 
218 The French in America. 
 
 ROMEFORT. See BAUDIN. 
 
 RONCHANT, grand-provost of the expeditionary corps ; men 
 tioned by Cromot Dubourg at the camp of Dobb s Ferry, and 
 by Blanchard. 
 
 ROQUELAURE (Chevalier de), an ensign; escaped from the 
 wreck of the Bourgogne 
 
 ROSSEL (Elisabeth-Paul-fCdouard, Chevalier de), scientist 
 and French sailor, born in 1765 at Sens, died in 1829 at 
 Paris. His father, Colomban de Rossel, marechal de camp, 
 was killed at Quiberoii in 1795, at the age of seventy, and 
 his mother perished on the revolutionary scaifold. He was 
 brought up at the College of La Fleche, and entered the 
 navy in 1780 as marine guard. Took part in all the battles 
 which de Grasse fought up to the peace of 1783. He served 
 then under d Entrecasteaux, and became naval lieutenant in 
 1789. He was sent in 1791, with Huon de Kermadec and 
 d Auribeau, in search of La Perouse. But, on his return, in 
 1795, he was captured by the English in the latitude of the 
 Shetlands and kept a prisoner in London until 1802. He 
 received the honorary title of rear-admiral in 1822, and was 
 made member of the Institute de France. His work in nau 
 tical astronomy is remarkable. He wrote numerous pamphlets, 
 and was the first president of the French Geographical Society. 
 
 ROSTAIXG (Juste -Antoine - Henri - Marie - Germain, Marquis 
 de), of an ancient and noble family of Forez ; born at Mont- 
 brison in 1740; died in September, 1826, at the same place. 
 
 He belonged at first to the household of the Grand Dauphin, 
 then became first page of Louis the Fifteenth ; cavalry officer 
 in 1750; went through the campaign of Germany under Mar- 
 
 313 Blanchard. 
 
List of Officers. 219 
 
 shal de Broglie; captain in 1759; became colonel of the regi 
 ment of Auxerrois ; then in 1770, colonel of the regiment of 
 Gatinais ; in 1778, went to America with Gatinais, and dis 
 tinguished himself at Martinique and at Saint Lucia. Came 
 with Saint-Simon to the siege of Yorktown in 1781. Cromot 
 Dubourg relates that, at de Saint-Simon s, on the 9th of Sep 
 tember, 1781, he was present at a discussion between these two 
 superior officers, and that de Rostaing did not show all the 
 deference which is due to a chief, especially when on a cam 
 paign. " We sin too much," he adds, " by our want of sub 
 ordination." 
 
 De Rostaing was chosen to command the rear guard of the 
 column of attack of the great redoubt of Yorktown, under 
 the orders of Count Guillaume de Deux-Ponts, on the 14th 
 of October. He bore himself bravely, and received as reward 
 the rank of brigadier on the 17th of December, 1781, the 
 cross of Saint-Louis and the order of the Cincinnati. Marcchal 
 de camp in 1783. He belonged to the Assemblee Comtituantc 
 in 1789, as deputy from Forez, and was then appointed 
 lieutenant-general. Soon after he retired to his country seat, 
 and neither served again nor took any further share in poli 
 tics. 
 
 ROUEHIE. See AIJMAND. 
 
 ROUSSILLE (Raymond de), born in 17 ~>f>; sub-lieutenant in 
 the regiment of Gatinais in 1775, lieutenant in 1778. Was 
 staff officer of the Baron de Viomenil when the latter was in 
 command of the intrenchments before Yorktown. 
 
 ROUVEKIE (Chevalier de Cabrieres, Charles de), born at 
 Nimes in 1741 ; served in the regiment of Gatinais since 
 1757 ; went through the Seven Years War, and was appointed 
 captain in 1701. He commanded at Yorktown the second 
 
220 The French in America. 
 
 battalion belonging to the column of attack under the com 
 mand of the Baron de Viomenil. His valor brought him 
 the cross of Saint-Louis and the order of the Cincinnati. 
 
 RUHLE DE LILIENSTERN (Guillaume - Charles), born in 
 Saxony in 1740 ; was at first ensign in the service of Hol 
 land. He entered the regiment of Royal - Deux - Fonts in 
 1760. He went through the Seven Years 7 War, then made the 
 campaign of America as captain-commandant of Royal-Deux- 
 Ponts. After the capture of Yorktown he received the cross 
 of Military Merit. 
 
 s. 
 
 SAIGE DE VILLEBRUNE. See VILLEBRUNE. 
 
 SAINT-AMAND, aid-de-camp of the Baron de Viomenil; dis 
 tinguished himself at the attack of the redoubt of Yorktown. 
 
 SAINT-ATJLAIRE (Chevalier de), enlisted, among the first, 
 as volunteer in the United States ; employed as captain of an 
 independent company to serve in Canada the 21st of March, 
 
 1776. 314 
 
 SAINT-COSME (Bosnier de). See BOSNIER. 
 SAINT-CYR. See GOUVION. 
 SAINT-FELIX. See FALQUERETTE. 
 SAINT-FLORENT. See DOMERGUE. 
 
 SAiNT-Luc, born in France. After having served in the 
 troops of Canada against the English, he put himself at the 
 head of the savages of Lake Ontario to massacre the Ameri- 
 
 n *Auberteuil. 
 
List of Officers. 221 
 
 cans. He quarreled with them in 1777, before the defeat of 
 Burgoyne, and oifercd his services to General Grates, who re 
 fused them with indignation. 810 
 
 SAINT-MAIME. See SAINTE-MESME. 
 
 SAINT-MARTIN, enlisted as volunteer in the War of Inde 
 pendence ; received the rank of lieutenant-colonel the 23d of 
 July, 1776. 316 
 
 SAINTE-MESME or SAINT-MAIME (Jean-Baptiste-Louis- 
 Philippe-Felix d Ollieres, Count de), born in 1751 at Olli- 
 eres, near Aix ; took later, on his return to France, to date 
 from 1784, the name of the Marshal Du MUY, his uncle, who 
 died without heirs. Entered the service in 1769; officer of 
 cavalry, in the chevau-ttgers, in 1770; colonel of the regiment 
 of Soissonnais in 1775. Remained in America until 1783, 
 and was on his return appointed brigadier, and received a 
 pension and the cross of Saint-Louis. 317 He made several 
 campaigns during the French Revolution, was intrusted with 
 the siege of Lyons, took part in the campaigns of Egypt and 
 Syria ; was created baron of the Empire in 1SOS. Retired 
 at the Restauration, he was made peer of France the 17th of 
 August, 1815. He died at Paris in 1820. 
 
 SAiNT-OuARY, enlisted as volunteer; was made prisoner at 
 the battle of the Brandywine. 
 
 SAINT-SAUVEUR (De Poquet de Puylery). See POQUET. 
 
 SAINT-SAUVEUR, Frenchman killed in a riot at Boston in 
 1777. The Bostonians accused at this time the French of hav 
 ing jeopardized the success of the campaign by the defection 
 
 315 Auberteuil. 
 
 316 Auberteuil. 
 
 317 
 
 I think he returned to Philadelphia. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
222 The French in America. 
 
 of their fleet before Khode Island. It was not a defection; 
 but the Americans did not understand at once that Count 
 d Estaing had been obliged to retire before superior forces. 
 
 SAINT-SIMON (Claude-Anne-Montbleru, Marquis de), born 
 in 1740 at La Faye, near Ruffec, son of Louis-Gabriel de 
 Saint-Simon, of the branch of the family of Montbleru. On 
 coming out of the Military School of Strasburg he went into 
 the regiment of Auvergne. At the age of eighteen he was 
 appointed lieutenant-chief-of-brigade in the guards of King 
 Stanislas. Soon colonel, he commanded in 1771 the regiment 
 of Poitou, and in 1775 that of Touraine, with which he left 
 in 1779 for America. He was serving in the Windward 
 Islands when the war with England broke out. He started 
 from Saint Domingo with about three thousand five hundred 
 men of his regiments on the fleet of Count de Grasse, to join 
 La Fayette before Yorktown, which he reached on the 26th 
 of August, 1781. On the 17th of October, he was slightly 
 wounded in the trenches, but in spite of this, he would not 
 quit his post. After the surrender, the 3d of November, 1781, 
 he returned to the Antilles with Count de Grasse. He re 
 ceived the order of the Cincinnati. 
 
 According to the memoirs of the time, he was one of the 
 handsomest men in the army. He sat in 1789 in the States 
 General as deputy from Angoumois. He defended the priv 
 ileges of the nobility and of royalty. In 1790, he left for 
 Spain, was appointed in 1793 marechal de camp colonel of 
 the royal legion of the emigres, and fought against France. 
 He received two gunshot wounds, one at Irun, the other at 
 Argensu. In 1796, he was appointed captain-general of old 
 Castille. When the French besieged Madrid, in 1808, he 
 defended the town ; taken and condemned to death, he ob 
 tained a delay, then a commutation of his sentence. He was 
 shut up in the citadel of Besan9on, where his only daughter 
 took care of him. Becoming free in 1814, Louis the Eight- 
 
List of Officers. 223 
 
 eenth declared that he had done well for the house of Bour 
 bon and revoked the sentence. He returned to Spain, where 
 he was made duke and grandee of Spain. He did not occupy 
 himself further with politics. He died at Madrid in 1819. 
 
 SAIXT-SIMOX (Claude-Henri, called Baron or Count dc), a 
 distant connection of the former one. This one belonged to 
 the branch of the family of the Sandicourt. He was born 
 at Paris on the 17th of October, 1700. He, who was to be 
 come an apostle of Socialism, was brought up among aristo 
 cratic prejudices, as a descendant, through the Counts of Ver- 
 mandois, of the Emperor Charlemagne. He drew from this 
 tradition an immoderate love for glory, which, joined to a 
 vivid imagination, made him do the most eccentric things 
 and aided him to endure the greatest misfortunes. At the 
 age of thirteen he refused to make his first communion, be 
 cause, he said, he was incapable of bringing to this act the 
 slightest conviction. Shut up for this at Saint-Lazare, he 
 beat the jailer, took his keys and ran away to his father, 
 who forgave him. Soon afterwards he was bitten by a mad 
 dog, and cauterized himself witli a red hot iron to prevent 
 fatal consequences. He armed himself at the same time with 
 a loaded pistol, which he carried for a long while, intending 
 to commit suicide if the cautery proved inefficacious. At the 
 age of sixteen he ordered his servant to wake him every 
 morning by saying: "Get up, Sir Count; you have great 
 things to do." He studied philosophy, as was the fashion of 
 the day, and attended the lectures of d Alembert. At the 
 age of eighteen he entered on a military career, and tin s is 
 what he says himself of this period of his life : 
 
 "I entered the service in 1777. I left for America in 
 1779; I served under the orders of de Bouille and those of 
 Washington. * * * On my return to France I was ap 
 pointed colonel. I was not yet twenty-three years of age." 318 
 
 p re f uce to Lettres au bureau des Longitudes, pages 1 and 2, in 4, 1808. 
 
224 The French in America. 
 
 And elsewhere : " The year following my entry into the 
 service, France declared in favor of the American insurgents, 
 and I profited of this circumstance to go to America, where 
 I have made five campaigns. 
 
 " I was present at the siege of Yorktown ; I contributed 
 in a rather important manner to the capture of General Corn- 
 wallis and of his army ; I may therefore regard myself as 
 one of the founders of liberty in the United States, for it 
 was that military operation, which, by bringing about peace, 
 fixed in an irrevocable way the independence of America." 319 
 
 The dearth of material furnished by Saint-Simon himself 
 on his military career is easily explained by the way he 
 looked on that career since he had resolutely plunged into 
 the study of the new social system, which he elaborated from 
 1803 to his last hour. I have given in my account of the 
 campaigns of the French in America all the information I 
 have been able to find about the movements of the corps of 
 volunteers which the Baron de Saint-Simon commanded be 
 fore Yorktown. 
 
 While returning to France, in 1782, he was present at the 
 defeat of the French squadron under the orders of de Grasse, 
 by Admiral Rodney, near the Saintes. He was on the ad 
 miral s ship, the Ville de Paris, and was taken as prisoner 
 to Jamaica, where he remained until the peace. 320 He then 
 went to Mexico, where he presented to the Viceroy a project 
 to make the river navigable in partido, to make a communi 
 cation between the two oceans. 
 
 Scarcely arrived in France, he was appointed chevalier of 
 Saint-Louis and colonel of the regiment of Aquitaine. He 
 received also the title of member of the society of the Cin 
 cinnati. As peace ill suited his active spirit, after having 
 passed some time at Metz as commandant of the town, and 
 
 319 L* Industrie, Vol. II., pages 23 and 24 of the original edition, in 8. 
 Paris, 1817. Letlres d un Amcricain, collection of M. Henri Fournel. 
 820 Saint-Simon, sa vie et ses travaux, pages 12 and 13, 1859, by Hubbard. 
 
List of Officers. 225 
 
 followed the lectures of the mathematician Monge, he resigned 
 and went to Holland in 1785, then to Spain in 1787. He 
 afterwards started various enterprises, which he had to abandon 
 at the Revolution. He did not occupy himself much with 
 politics, but speculated in the national finances, and seemed 
 especially possessed with the passion of growing rich. Arrested 
 as a noble in 1793, he spent eleven months in prison, and was 
 only freed at the fall of Robespierre. 
 
 Then begins another phase of his life. He abandoned 
 financial matters for the study of social questions. He re- 
 applied himself to the study of the exact sciences with an 
 ardor all the more remarkable that he was thirty-eight years 
 of age. He settled down for this purpose opposite to the 
 polytechnic school ; then he lived near the medical school, 
 whose lectures he attended. Pie married, and ruined himself 
 with sumptuous entertainments, to which he invited the elite 
 of Paris society. 
 
 Having learned that Madame de Stael was a widow, he 
 obtained a divorce from his first wife, and proposed to the 
 daughter of Xecker to unite their existence and their genius. 
 He hoped from this union a most brilliant result and one 
 most useful to humanity. Madame de Stael rejected this 
 proposal. Saint-Simon then settled at Geneva; he wrote there 
 his Letters of an inhabitant of Geneva to Jiix contemporaries* 21 
 in which he lavs down the basis of a new social orirani/a- 
 
 ^~* 
 
 tion, where power is divided between science and capital, 
 and ends by the declaration that religion is only a human 
 invention. 
 
 Becoming very poor in 1808, he was taken care of by one 
 of his former clerks, Diard, who paid his expenses, and even 
 the cost of printing the work entitled : Introduction to f/ic 
 scientific works of the nineteenth century.^ 2 Saint-Simon here 
 
 321 Lcttirx (run habitant de Goitre d ses contemporains. 
 
 322 Introduction an.c traran.v Scientifiques da XlX e tiit cle. 
 
226 The French in America. 
 
 rises to a great height in his general opinions, and he asks 
 for nothing less than the complete transformation of the 
 methods of scientific instruction and the substitution of in 
 duction for analysis. 
 
 The death of Diard, in 1810, plunged Saint-Simon again 
 into wretched poverty. Cuvier alone sustained him ; his 
 petitions to the emperor remained fruitless. Later his family 
 was able to make him a small allowance, and he took up 
 his work afresh. Augustin Thierry became, after the Revolu 
 tion, his most intimate friend ; he co-operated in the Re 
 organization of European Society^ a work which created a 
 great stir. Saint-Simon afterwards took as disciples and col 
 laborators Saint-Aubin and Auguste Comte. 
 
 The poverty which clung to him threw him into despair. 
 On the 9th of March, 1813, he shot himself in the head 
 with a pistol, but only succeeded in disfiguring himself by 
 blowing out one eye. Olinde Rodrigues, Leon HaleVy, Bailly 
 de Blois, Duvergier, then became followers of his, and he 
 published in 1825 his most remarkable work, The New 
 Christianity which was, so to speak, the crowning point 
 of his life. He died on the 19th of March, 1825, at the 
 age of seventy years and seven months. To the names of 
 his disciples whom I have already mentioned I must add 
 Bazard, Enfantin, Buchez, Carnot, Michel Chevalier, Talabot, 
 Pierre Leroux, mile Pereire, Felicien David, Gueroult, Char- 
 ton, and M. Henri Fournel, who has kindly furnished me 
 with some materials for this notice. 325 
 
 323 Reorganization de la Sotiett Europcenne. 
 
 324 Le Nouvcau Christianisme. 
 
 325 There was a Saint-Simon wounded on board of the ship Ville de 
 Paris in 1782. (See L. B., 202.) It was undoubtedly this one, and 
 he remained so long insensible that they were near throwing him 
 overboard. (Saint-Simon, by Arthur John Booth. Longmans, 1871.) 
 M. Henri Fournel kindly sent me the following letter about Saint- 
 Simon : 
 
List of Officers. 227 
 
 SALLE (De La), infantry officer; wounded at the naval 
 action of Chesapeake Bay, the 10th of September, 1781. 
 
 PARIS, the 16th of March, 1870. 
 
 DEAR SIR: I have been long in answering the question which you 
 have been good enough to ask of me, and yet I have not lost sight 
 of it for a single instant. 
 
 Barring some pieces written by the hand of Saint-Simon, I have 
 gathered together the on/// complete collection of his printed works, 
 and I wished to find among these numerous works anything that 
 might touch on the subject you are working at. I have been able to 
 find only the two following passages : 
 
 "Je suis entre au service en 1777; je partis pour I Amerique en 
 1779; j ai servi sous les ordres de M. de Bouille et sous ceux de Wash 
 ington. * * * I)e retour en France, je fus fait colonel. Je n avais 
 pas encore vingt trois ans." 
 
 (Preface to Lettre* an bureau, ilex Lttny dnam, pages 1 and 2, in 4. 
 1808.) 
 
 Saint-Simon wa.s born the 17th of October, 17(>0. It was therefore 
 between January and October, 1783, that this appointment took 
 place. 
 
 The second passage is found in Lettrex a, mi American^ which are 
 part of the work which lie published tinder the title of / /// //x/nV. 
 This passage is thus worded : 
 
 "Dans 1 annee <jui suivit mon entree au service, la France se declara 
 en faveur des insurgents americains, et je profitai de cette circonstanee 
 pour passer en Amerique ou j ai fait cinq campagnes. 
 
 " Je me suis trouve au sit ge de York ; j ai contribue d ime maniere 
 assez importante a la prise du general Cornwallis et de son armee ; je 
 puis done me regarder coinme un des fondateura de la liberte des Ktats- 
 Unis, car c est cette operation militaire qui, en determinant la paix, a 
 fix6 d une inaniere irrevocable 1 independance de 1 Amerique. (/, In 
 dustrie, Vol.11., pages 23 and 24, in 8. Paris, 1817.) 
 
 The truth of the explanations furnished by the <)<nn-< * of Saint- 
 Simon on his military career, is easily explained by the way in which 
 he looked at that career, from the time he resolutely plunged into the 
 study of the new social system, which he elaborated from 1803 (the 
 date of the publication of the first sketch) up to his last hour, on the 
 l ( ,>th of March, 1825. 
 
 I should have much liked, sir, to furnish you with more ample doc 
 uments; but if they exist, which I think doubtful, they have escaped 
 me in the forty-two years during which I have been occupied with 
 this collection. If it were otherwise, I should have hastened to let 
 you know of them ; I should have thought it only a duty to help the 
 
228 The French in America. 
 
 SANTERRE (De), was captain of grenadiers of the regiment 
 of Martinique, in garrison at Saint Domingo, and was deco 
 rated with the order of Saint-Louis 326 after having served in 
 France for twenty-four years. He was recommended by M. 
 Moleau, of Providence, on the 19th of February, 1776, to 
 Washington, as possibly useful to the Americans on account 
 of his knowledge of war. " He has/ 7 adds M. Moleau, " a 
 rather large fortune in France, and has only the intention of 
 gaining some glory. He will probably settle in America, if 
 he does not die in the service." 327 De Santerre wrote a let 
 ter on the 27th of January, 1776, to General Washington, 
 
 researches of a historian who is trying to throw light on the youth 
 of the man whose name will be so great in the future. 
 Accept, I pray you, sir, my very cordial salutations. 
 
 HENRI FOURNEL. 
 
 P. S. In a little volume published by M. Hubbard in 1857, under the 
 title of Saint-Simon, sa tie et ses travaux, one finds, on pages 12 and 13, 
 a story which touches on the subject you are treating of. According 
 to this account Saint-Simon was on the Ville de Paris, one of the ves 
 sels of the French squadron, which, on its return from America, had 
 to fight a naval action with the English fleet, commanded by Admiral 
 Rodney. I do not know from what authentic paper this account was 
 taken, but it must be true, for the work of M. Hubbard is in reality 
 due to Olinde Rodrigues, who died on the 17th of December, 1851, and 
 who often spoke to me about it, and even read me some extracts. 
 
 After the decease of Rodrigues, several manuscripts of Saint-Simon, 
 perhaps simply consisting of loose sheets, were not found, and I sup 
 pose it is from one of these lost manuscripts that the episode on the 
 Ville de Paris has been taken. H. F. 
 
 If you mention these passages you have here the original editions 
 from which I take them. 
 
 (I leave the quotations in the note in French, as they are translated 
 in the text. In A. Joanne s Environs de Paris, Hachette, Paris, 1857, 
 at pages 100-103, there is an account of the life of the disciples of 
 Saint-Simon at Memilmontant. On the 27th of August, 1833, Enfantin, 
 Chevalier and Barrault were fined one hundred francs each and con 
 demned to a year s imprisonment. E. S. B.) 
 
 326 American Archives, Series I., Vol. IV., pages 1, 202. 
 
 327 American Archives, 4th Series, Vol. IV., page 866. 
 
List of Officers. 229 
 
 in which he says he had served twenty-four years and gone 
 through the Seven Years War. 
 
 SARRAZIX. See CROZAT. 
 
 SAUVAGE DE SERVILANGE (Jean-Gaspard), born in 1743 
 at Narlxmne ; was captain in the regiment of Armagnac, which 
 only fought in the Antilles. He received a severe wound in 
 the left leg at Saint Lucia. 
 
 SCOT DE COULANGES (Jacques), born in 1742 in Touraine ; 
 captain of Saintonge in 1777. Served in this regiment at 
 Cayenne and before Yorktown. 
 
 SEGUIER DE TERSON entered the service as officer in 1756; 
 captain of Agenois in 1700; captain of grenadiers in 1777. 
 Was present at the siege of Savannah, where he filled the 
 functions of superior officer. 
 
 SKGUIX (De), infantry officer, killed the 10th of May, 1780, 
 at the naval action off Saint Lucia. He appears to have 
 been present at the siege of Savannah. 
 
 SKGUK (Louis- Philippe, Count dc), born in 1753, of an 
 illustrious family of Rouergue, son of the marshal, Minister 
 de Segur, uncle and friend of La Favette. He entered the 
 service in 1701), and was appointed captain -commandant of 
 the dragoons of Orleans in 1770. lie planned, while still 
 very young, in 1770, the project of going to America with 
 La Fayette and de Xoailles, but was kept back by his par 
 ents, and only took part in the war in 1782, when he went 
 to replace de Noailles as colonel en second of Soissonnais, 
 under de Sainte-Mesme, colonel. The regiment of Soissonnais 
 had been formed from the regiments of Segur and of Brique- 
 ville, which had fought in Germany during the Seven Years 
 War, under the generals of those names. 
 
 He left Rochcfort on the 15th of July, 1782, on the Gloire, 
 
230 The French in America, 
 
 with de Lauzun, de Broglie, de Montesquieu, Sheldon, de 
 Lomenie, de Polereski, de Ligliorn and Alexandre de Lameth. 
 This frigate was commanded by de Valonge. At the same 
 time the Aigle started, commanded by de La Touehe-Treville, 
 whom de Valonge was jealous of, because he had been less 
 long in the service than himself, and yet was his superior in 
 rank. The Aigle carried as passengers the Baron de Viomenil, 
 de Laval, de Vauban, de Melfort, Bozon de Talleyrand, de 
 Champcenetz, the Marquis de Fleury, de Chabannes, Ricci 
 and others. The voyage was interrupted by a rather long 
 stop at Terceire in the Canary Islands, where the young of 
 ficers practiced their gallantry on the young nuns of a con 
 vent ; 328 there was then a very sharp and brilliant action with 
 the Hector, which the English had taken from de Grasse in 
 the battle of the Saintes. One of the passengers of the Gloire, 
 Grandeau, lieutenant in the merchant navy, was very helpful 
 in the manoauvring during the action ; he aided in the dis 
 embarking off Cape Charles at the mouth of the Delaware, 
 and was able to save the money which the frigates carried 
 and which was destined to the expeditionary corps ; but the 
 Aigle had to be sunk so as not to fall into the hands of the 
 English. Champcenetz was the last to leave the sinking ship, 
 and saved by his firmness the eighteen men of the crew who 
 had got into the long boat. De La Touche-Tre"ville was made 
 prisoner ; the disaster was somewhat due to him, as he had 
 embarrassed himself at starting with a merchant vessel, for 
 the sole reason that the latter bore a woman whom he was 
 in love with. This vessel and the woman had been captured 
 on the way by the English. 
 
 De Segur joined his regiment at Fishkill on the 24th of 
 December, 1782, after having left on his way the dispatches 
 which the minister, his father, had given him for de la 
 Luzerne, de Vaudreuil and de Rochambeau. 
 
 328 See the Mcmoires of de Broglie and of de Segur. 
 
List of Officers. 231 
 
 He went to Columbia the same year, then to Saint Do 
 mingo, where he owned some lands, of which his friend 
 Berthier made a survey for him. Finally he returned to 
 France with the latter on the 30th of April, 1783, was ap 
 pointed ambassador to Russia, despite his youth, and remained 
 in France during the Revolution, living by his pen. He was 
 academician in 1797, senator in 1813, and peer of France in 
 1818. He died in 1830. 
 
 SKKCEY (Pierre -Cesar- Charles -Guillaume), born in 1753, 
 near Auttin. At the age of thirteen and a half lie left for 
 Brest and embarked as volunteer on the frigate the LeyPrc, 
 which made a cruise to the Windward Islands in 17<>S. He 
 then went to the Kast Indies, to the Southern Seas and to 
 the Leeward Islands. He commanded the Relic Iconic while 
 de la Clochetterie, the captain, who had been wounded, had 
 gone to Paris. Naval ensign in 177.), he cruised in succes 
 sion on the ships the Triton, the Conronne, the Villc <le Paris 
 and the Concorde, until the month of November, 1779, when 
 he was commandant of the cutter Sans-Pareil. lie served 
 then at the Windward Islands under de Guichen, and was 
 present at the three actions de (Juichcn fought on the 17th 
 of April, and 15th and 19th of May, 1780. Sercey was made 
 prisoner on the 20th of June, and returned to Saint Domingo, 
 in October, to take command of the cutter the tfcrpenf, then 
 of the Levreth . Naval lieutenant after aiding in the capture 
 of Pensacola in 1781. He returned to France in 1782, and 
 was made chevalier of Saint-Louis at the age of twenty-nine. 
 
 He served then in various quarters; was appointed captain 
 of frigate in 1790, and rear-admiral the 1st of January, 
 1793; was arrested as a noble in July, but was liberated 
 a year later, and then made a seven years cruise in the 
 Indian Ocean. Pie resigned in 1804. He was appointed 
 vice-admiral in 1814, commander of Saint-Louis in 1816, 
 grand cross of the same order in 1820, and grand cross of 
 
232 The French in America. 
 
 the Legion of Honor in 1825. He was pensioned off in 
 1832, with the title of peer of France. 
 
 SERIEUL or, better, SIREUIL (Jean de), born in 1742 in 
 Pe*rigord ; served in the regiment of Gatinais ; was wounded 
 at Savannah, and was present at the three naval battles 
 fought by de Guichen. As captain of chasseurs of Gatinais, 
 he was present at the attack on the redoubt of Yorktown, 
 during the night of the 14th to the 15th of October, 1781. 
 He had a leg severely injured, and died from the effects of 
 this wound forty days later. 
 
 SERVILANGE. See SAUVAGE. 
 
 SHEE (Jacques), born in Ireland in 1735; went through 
 the campaign as captain in the regiment of Dillon. 
 
 SHELDON, officer of English extraction, related to the Dil 
 lons ; was mestre de camp attached to the hussars of the legion 
 of Lauzun and distinguished himself before Gloucester. He 
 returned to France after the surrender of Yorktown, but re 
 turned to America in 1782 with de Segur and de Broglie. 
 
 SHWERIN or SCHWERIX (Guillaunie-Henri-Florus, Count 
 de), born at Wiedrangel, Germany, in 1754. Sub-lieutenant 
 of Koyal-Deux-Ponts in 1777, he took part in the attack on 
 the redoubt of Yorktown, and received, after the surrender, 
 the rank of lieutenant and a reward. 
 
 SIGALA (Drouilhet de). See DROUILHET. 
 
 SILLKGUE (one finds SiRVEQUE in Cromot Dubourg ; Jean- 
 Fran9ois de), born in 1761 ; cadet gentilhomme, then sub 
 lieutenant of Gatinais in 1777; was present with this rank 
 at the siege of Yorktown, and took part in the assault of 
 
List of Officers. 233 
 
 the redoubt during the night of the 14th to the loth of 
 October, 1781. Having mounted the breach, and while help 
 ing the Viscount de Deux-Ponts to mount also, he was struck 
 by a gunshot which went through his thigh. He obtained 
 a pension of three hundred litres. He embarked for Saint 
 Domingo in June, 1782, bearing a letter from Blanchard to 
 the latter s uncle, who was in business at Port-au-Prince. 
 
 SINETY (Fran9ois-Bernard de), born in 1743 at Apt ; en 
 tered the service in 17G1 ; served through the Seven Years 
 War and the campaign of Corsica before going to America 
 with the regiment of Soissonnais, of which he was captain 
 since 1777. 
 
 SIREUIL. See SERIEUL. 
 SIRVQUE. Sec SILLEGUE. 
 
 SOLERSKI. See POLERESKI. 
 
 SOXTAG (von), later admiral in the service of the Tsar. 
 
 STAACK or STACK (Edouard), lieutenant of the regiment of 
 Walsh, and officer of volunteers on board of the Honhoimne 
 Richard; commanded the main top during the action with 
 the ft 
 
 STACK (Joseph de). See DE STAACK. 
 
 STACK (De), captain attached to the third battalion of 
 mounted ehuwcurs of Gatinais. 
 
 STEDIXG (Baron de), a Swede, who served as volunteer 
 with the title of colonel ; was wounded at the siege of Savan 
 nah and took part in the naval battle. 
 
234 The French in America. 
 
 STEUBEN or STUBEN (Friedrich-Wilhelrn- August, Baron 
 von), born on the 15th of May, 1730, and served with dis 
 tinction first in the Prussian army as aid-de-camp of the 
 Great Frederic, then under Prince Charles of Baden. He 
 had retired, when, in going to England, he met in Paris his 
 old friend the Count de Saint-Germain, who advised him to 
 go to America. He started on the Heureux, from Marseilles, 
 the 26th of September, 1777, with the arms and stores which 
 Beaumarchais was sending to the Americans under the name 
 of Hortales Rodrigues & Co. 329 Steuben arrived on that ship 
 at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on the 1st of November. 
 He succeeded at once to Conway as inspector-general of the 
 Continental army and instructor of the recruits, with rank and 
 pay of major-general. He brought his new volunteers into 
 discipline, and America had no braver officer nor one more 
 devoted to its cause. 
 
 He joined the army at Valley Forge, was present at the 
 battle of Monmouth, and commanded in the trenches before 
 Yorktown. On the 14th of October, 1781, while the col 
 umn under the orders of Guillaume de Deux-Ponts was as 
 saulting the redoubt on the left, Steuben carried the one on 
 the right with La Fayette. 
 
 After the war he remained in America, where the State 
 of New Jersey, the State of New York and the Govern 
 ment of the United States overwhelmed him with gifts. He 
 died of apoplexy at Steubenville, near New York, on the 
 28th of November, 1795, at sixty-four years of age. 
 
 His life has been very carefully written by M. Frederic 
 Kapp : Lebcn des Amerikanischen Generals, Friedrich Wilhelm 
 von Steuben, Berlin, 1858. 
 
 SUXDHAL or SUNNAHL (Chretien-Louis- Philippe de), born 
 at Deux-Ponts in 1734; ensign in the service of the Prince 
 of Waldeck in 1754; captain-commandant of Royal-Deux- 
 
 329 For the impertinent letter of Beaumarchais, see Vol. I., page 82. 
 
List of Officers. 235 
 
 Fonts in 1779. Received the cross of Military Merit after 
 the rapture of Yorktown. 
 
 T. 
 
 TAAFE (Georges), born in 1757 in Ireland; served in the 
 regiment of Dillon since 1777, and went at first to Germany 
 and to Minorca. He was taken from under the wreckage 
 caused by the explosion of a mine l>efore Gloucester. 
 
 TALLEYRAND DE PERIGORD. See Bo/ox. 
 
 TAL.SY (Labbe tie), colonel in the royal corps of engin 
 eers in 1777. 
 
 TARL (Pe), entered the service in 1759; was appointed 
 captain in the regiment of Bouillon, and received the rank of 
 lieutenant-colonel the 24th of March, 1780. 330 Served in the 
 campaign of America with the rank of aid-major-general ; :>:;1 
 was commissioner 33 - at the camp of Dobb s Ferry, before Xe\v 
 York, in 17<S1. He served with distinction and talent. 
 
 PC Tarle arrived at Brest on the 30th of March, 17-SO, 
 ten days alter Blanchard, to whom he brought the commis 
 sion of commissary-in-chief. He embarked on the admiral s 
 ship, the Bourgoyne. He had at Newport, in August, 1780, 
 a rather sharp discussion with Blauchard, in the presence of 
 de Rochambeau and de Yiomenil, at a meeting of the coun 
 cil of administration, on account of some meat which Blanch 
 ard reproached him for buying at too high a price. They 
 made up, thanks to the intervention of the Baron de Yio- 
 menil, but Blanchard speaks of de Tarle as " but ill enlight 
 ened, cold, surly, and with an unresponsive disposition." De 
 Tarle stopped living at the mess in February, 1781, and 
 from that time Blanchard lived with his friend de La Cheze, 
 an artillery officer. 
 
 330 Archive* of liar. 
 
 331 Blanchard. 
 
 332 Intcmlnnt. 
 
23G TJie French in America. 
 
 TARL (Chevalier de), brother of the preceding one ; aid- 
 major-general with de Menonville. 333 
 
 TARRAGON (Anne-Claude de), born at Bonneval in Beauce; 
 entered the regiment of Dillon, and was present at the ex 
 peditions of Savannah, of Tabago, of Saint Lucia and of Saint 
 Christopher. He had a leg severely injured on the Jason in 
 the action of the 12th of April, 1782. 
 
 TASCHEREAU (De), infantry officer; wounded at the battle 
 of the Chesapeake in 1781. 
 
 TAYET DE BAUDOT (Jean-Baptiste-Antoine), born at Charle- 
 mont in 1739; served since 1759; captain-commandant of 
 Soissonnais in 1777; had been wounded at Minorca and at 
 Borgo in Corsica. Received a reward for the courage he 
 showed before Yorktown. 
 
 TEISSEIDRE DE FLEURY. See FLEURY. 
 
 TERNANT (De), French officer who started for America 
 with La Fayette, de Valfort and others in 1777. He carried 
 out several commissions with which he was intrusted, then 
 took service in the American army in March, 1778. He was 
 appointed, by the intervention of Washington, sub-inspector 
 under Steuben. He had much wit and talent, says de Chas- 
 tellux in his memoirs ; he drew well, and spoke English as 
 well as he did French. Made prisoner at Charleston, he did 
 no more fighting in America, but, later, took service again in 
 Holland as colonel of the legion of Maillebois. 
 
 TERNAY (Chevalier de), 334 formerly governor of the lie de 
 France ; tried to get himself appointed chief of the squadron 
 
 533 Blanchard. 
 
 534 For this notice of de Ternay see speeches of Senator Anthony, let 
 ters of de Noailles, and Sydney Everitt s article. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
List of Officers. 237 
 
 which was to make an expedition to India against the English. 
 He wanted thus to supplant de Bussy, but he did not succeed 
 in so doing. As compensation, he was given command of 
 the squadron which was to conduct to America the expedi 
 tionary corps of llochambeau. On the 12th of May, 1780, 
 the troops embarked were able to put to sea; they had been 
 kept at Brest, since the 12th of April, by contrary winds. 
 The fleet was composed of two vessels of eighty guns, one 
 of seventy-four, four of sixty-four, and two frigates. During 
 the passage, de Ternay met some English ships on the 20th 
 of June; but wishing to follow his instructions, which en 
 joined him to reach America as soon as possible, 335 he dec-lined 
 the combat and arrived at Newport on the 23d of July, after 
 
 888 De Ternay, on starting from Brest, had taken with him sealed in 
 structions, which he was only to open at sea, and if he should meet 
 the enemy. On sighting the squadron of Captain Cornwallis, which 
 was taken for that of Admiral Graves, which he knew was ready to 
 follow him, he opened his orders. He found there the one ordering 
 him not to attack the English, no matter what good opportunity 
 should present itself, no matter how inferior he found them, and to 
 sail straight to Rhode Island. Time was important; the least delay 
 might have had fatal consequences. A battle at sea, with a convoy 
 disturbing the attention of the commander, would have retarded his 
 arrival at his destination. He effectually only anchored at Newport 
 three days before Admiral Graves and General Clinton had already re 
 turned to New York. The latter, at tin 4 first news of the arrival of 
 the French, had hastened to abandon Charleston, in hopes of being 
 before them in Rhode Island, to defend that island and prevent them 
 establishing themselves there. A brilliant or Meeting advantage, to 
 which de Ternay might have aspired, might have rendered difficult or 
 murderous, or perhaps prevented, the disembarking of the army of the 
 Count de Rochambeau. The capture or the destruction of some English 
 vessels would not have made up for it. Victories have a brilliancy 
 which may touch ardent imaginations and superficial minds, who only 
 see the present moment, and never that which is to follow. It is by 
 their effects that we must judge them, and those of de Ternay would 
 have been more fatal to France and her allies and more favorable to 
 England than a complete defeat. (M ercure dc France, January, 1781, 
 page 11.) 
 
238 The French in America. 
 
 a seventy-two days 7 crossing. 336 By unanimous opinion lie lost 
 there a fine occasion to begin by making some valuable prizes. 
 It was, in fact, a convoy of three thousand troops, escorted 
 only by four or five frigates, sailing from Charleston to New 
 York, which he had let escape. He was much affected by 
 the unanimous reproaches of the army on the subject, and the 
 sorrow he felt thereat is said to have hastened his death, on 
 the 27th of September, 1780. He was only able before his 
 death to be present at the interview of Hartford, between 
 Washington, Rochambeau and Chastellux, on the 20th of 
 September, 1780. 
 
 "He was rough and obstinate/ 7 says La Fayette, "but 
 firm and of good counsel. On the whole, he is a loss to 
 France. 77 
 
 TERRADE (Jean-Marie), born in 1731 at Perissac in Guy- 
 enne; private in the regiment of Auvergne, officer in 1769, 
 lieutenant in 1779, lieutenant of grenadiers of Gatinais after 
 the capture of Yorktown, where he had distinguished himself. 
 
 TERSON. See SEGUIER. 
 
 TEXIER (Felix), French sergeant in the service of Con 
 gress. 337 
 
 THIEBAULT DE MENONVILLE. See MENONVILLE. 
 
 THUILLIERES (De), captain in the regiment of Royal-Deux- 
 Ponts ; arrived at Newport on the 30th of September, 1780, 
 on the Gentitte, coming from Cape Frangais with de Choisy 
 and eight other officers, among whom were the two Berthiers. 
 
 ^Thanks to Mr. Sheffield, I find that the report of de Ternay s 
 having been killed in a duel by a lieutenant in the navy is mentioned 
 in Governor Bull s memoirs of Newport. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
 337 Records of Revolutionary War. 
 
List of Officers. 239 
 
 TILLY (Dc), major-general of the troops at Martinique 
 under cle Bouille. He was in the rear guard of the attack 
 ing column against the Island of Martinique the 2d of Sep 
 tember, 1778. He commanded also a little expedition which 
 was transported by the squadron of Destonches to Chesapeake 
 Bay, where he captured the Romulus in 1780. 338 
 
 TOTT (Chevalier dc), arrived from Constantinople in Paris 
 the 27th of June, 1776; went to see Dr. Dubourg, who en 
 gaged him for America. He had handled with talent the 
 artillery of the Turks in their war with the Russians. He 
 left with Ducoudray in January, 1777. 339 
 
 TouciiE-TiiftviLLE (Louis -Rene"- Madeleine Levassor de 
 La), born at Rochefort in 1745. He entered the marines as 
 guard at the age of thirteen; became naval ensign in 1768; 
 was retired and enlisted in the musketeers. He followed as 
 aid-de-camp General Dcnnery to Saint Domingo, with the 
 rank of captain of cavalry. 
 
 In 1771, he entered with the same rank the reiriinent of 
 
 O 
 
 La Rochefoucauld, and became aid-de-camp to General La 
 Valliere, commandant of the Windward Islands. Pie was 
 reinstated in the navy as captain of a fire ship in 1772, and 
 became naval lieutenant of the Rotxiynol in 1778. He was 
 in command of the Hcnnlonc when, in the month of March, 
 1780, he fought a two-hours action with the Knglish frigate 
 the Iris. He lost in this affair thirty-seven men killed and 
 fifty-three wounded, and his left arm was pierced by a bullet. 
 He was then appointed naval captain and chevalier of Saint- 
 Louis. He brought back then to America on the Hermione, 
 La Fayette and several other officers. On his arrival in 
 
 338 (I think this must be the De Tilly who commanded the Evettle of 
 de Ternay s squadron. See Vol. I., page 104. E. S. B.) 
 339 .1 in erica n A rch ivcs. 
 
240 The French in America. 
 
 Ehode Island he was intrusted to establish the coast defense 
 batteries, and proved himself there a skillful engineer. 
 
 In the month of July, 1781, the Hermione, in concert with 
 the Astr6e, which La Perouse commanded, sustained on the 
 coast of Acadia an action of several hours, against four Eng 
 lish frigates and two corvettes. Two of these ships were 
 captured. The following year, La Touche-Treville was in 
 trusted to carry on the Aigle and the Gloire, with de Broglie, 
 de Segur and many other officers as passengers, the three mill 
 ions which France was sending to the expeditionary corps. 
 We have related this trip as told by de Broglie. In disem 
 barking, La Touche-Treville was captured with the Aigle, and 
 kept prisoner by the English until the peace. 
 
 Deputy of the nobility from Montargis to the States Gen 
 eral in 1789, he was among the first to join the Third Es 
 tate, and then formed part of the Assemblee Constituante until 
 1791. Appointed rear-admiral in 1791. Deprived of his rank, 
 and kept prisoner as a noble in 1793, he was freed in 1794, 
 and would not serve again until 1799. He became vice-ad 
 miral in 1801, after an expedition to Saint Domingo. 
 
 He died in 1804 at Toulon, where he was in command, 
 on board of his admiral s ship, the Bucentaure. 
 
 TOUZARD (De), was captain of artillery in the regiment of 
 la Fere, when he obtained leave to start for America. He 
 took his rank on the 27th of October, 1777. In September, 
 1778, he lost an arm while withdrawing a battery at Rhode 
 Island. He was filling the position of aid-de-camp to La 
 Fayette. His arm was amputated, and he received from 
 the American Government the title of lieutenant-colonel with 
 an annuity of thirty dollars a month. The President sent 
 him besides a most flattering letter. 340 
 
 840 Longckamps and Mcmoircs of La Fayette. 
 
List of Officers. 241 
 
 TRAURONT (Chevalier de), entered the regiment of Agenois ; 
 sub-lieutenant in 1771, lieutenant of grenadiers in 1777. 
 
 TRESSAN (De), captain in the regiment of Saintonge. 
 
 TRENONAY (De), lieutenant in the regiment of Foix in 
 1757, captain in 1762; appointed major at Savannah by 
 d Estaing in 1779. 
 
 TROGOFF (Jean-Honore", Count de), born the 5th of May, 
 1751, at Laumeur ; died at the Island of Elba in 1794; of 
 an ancient family of Brittany. Ensign in 1773; distinguished 
 himself in the War of America and fell with de Grasse into 
 the hands of the English. Naval captain in 1784, rear-ad 
 miral in 1793. He surrendered Toulon to the English, and 
 fled to Spain when the French retook the town in 1793. 
 He died on board of a merchant vessel. 
 
 TRONSON. See DUCOUDRAY. 
 
 TROUDE (Aimable-Gilles), rear-admiral, officer of the Legion 
 of Honor, chevalier of Saint-Louis; born at Cherbourg in 
 1762, died at Brest in 1824. Embarked as under pilot in 
 1776; made in 1777 two cruises to Martinique on the Aim- 
 ablc-Vidor. In 1781 lie was on the llerculc, which belonged 
 to the naval army of de Guichen and de Grasse. 
 
 He served in European waters from 1782. Naval ensign 
 in January, 1793, lieutenant in July of the same year, cap 
 tain of frigate in 1796. He sustained in 1801, within sight 
 of Cadiz, on the Formidable, a most glorious combat and was 
 appointed naval captain. Hoar-admiral in 1811, he was re 
 tired in 1816. 
 
 TRUGUET (Laurent-Jean-Fran9ois, Count de), son of a chief 
 of squadron, was born at Toulon in 1752, and entered in 
 1766 the marines as guard. He was naval ensign, and had 
 
242 The French in America. 
 
 already made eight cruises when the American war broke 
 out. At the siege of Savannah, Truguet, then naval lieuten 
 ant, saved the life of Count d Estaing, who was unable to 
 move on account of his wounds. De Truguet placed him on 
 the shoulders of two grenadiers, who were killed by grape- 
 shot, but were immediately replaced by others, and he suc 
 ceeded in bringing d Estaing back to the reserves. 
 
 In 1784, he accompanied the French ambassador to Con 
 stantinople, and drew the first marine charts of the Black 
 Sea, of the Sea of Marmora and of the Archipelago. His 
 maps are to be found in the Journey of the Young Anachar- 
 sis. He returned to France in 1789 and was appointed naval 
 captain, then rear-admiral in 1792. Imprisoned as a suspect, 
 he was delivered on the 9th Thermidor and appointed vice- 
 admiral. Minister of the navy under the Directoire in 1795, 
 he gave up his position in 1797 to Pleville Le Peley, 341 and 
 was sent as ambassador to Spain. Disgraced under the Em 
 pire, he only took service again in 1809 as vice-admiral, 
 then in 1811 as prefect of the maritime provinces of Hol 
 land. He remained prisoner of the allies until the peace. 
 
 Made count and grand cross of the Legion of Honor by 
 Louis the Eighteenth in 1814, peer of France in 1819, hon 
 orary admiral in 1831. He died in 1839. 
 
 TURPIN (De), officer of engineers who worked actively with 
 Gouvion in laying down the parallels before Yorktown. He 
 was attached to the French expeditionary corps while Gou 
 vion was serving with the Americans. 342 
 
 V. 
 
 VACHOX or VACHERON (Pierre-Charles-Fraii9ois), born in 
 1742 at Retournac in Velay ; served since 1760. Captain in 
 
 341 See in the List of Officers : Pleville Le Peley. 
 ^Blanchard. 
 
List of Officers. 243 
 
 the regiment of Gfitinais in 1771 ; was decorated, after the 
 capture of Yorktown, with the orders of Saint-Louis and of 
 the Cincinnati. 
 
 VALETTE (Charles-Francois Chaudron, Chevalier de La), 
 born at Montfort-l Amanrv in 1731. Entered the service in 
 1740; lieutenant-colonel of Saintonge in 1773; brigadier in 
 December, 1781, after the capture of Yorktown. Although 
 he had only the rank of lieutenant-colonel, yet he was in 
 trusted with the command of the rear guard after the capture 
 of Yorktown and during the retreat. lie was left at York- 
 town with six hundred men and the siege artillery, while the 
 rest of the army went ahead. He rejoined the bulk of the 
 army at Baltimore. 
 
 In the beginning of the campaign he was detached with 
 one hundred and fifty men to guard Conanicut Island, but 
 was soon called back to Newport by Rochambeau, who did 
 not think he was in safety. 
 
 VAT, FORT (De), captain in the regiment of Aunis, witli 
 brevet of colonel in the French Islands. lie went to North 
 America on the same ship as La Fayette, de Ternant and 
 others. His long experience, his profound knowledge and 
 his uprightness drew to him the friendship of the Americans, 
 and he would have stayed among them if his health had per 
 mitted, but he was forced to return to France in October, 
 1777. La Fayette gave him a letter for his family. 
 
 The minister of war, de Segur, appointed de Valfort di 
 rector of the Military School at Brienne, and he thus became 
 the principal instructor of Napoleon Bonaparte. 343 
 
 VALLENAYS (De), enlisted as volunteer ; brevet captain of 
 cavalry with pay the 28th of July, 1777. 
 
244 The French in America. 
 
 YALONGE or YALOGNE or YALONGUE (Chevalier de), cap 
 tain of the Gloire, a frigate of thirty-six twelve-pounder can 
 nons, which sailed for America on the 19th of May, 1782, 
 carrying two millions of livres and a number of officers. 344 
 
 YAMIN (Count de Flechin). See FLECHIN. 
 
 YAKAIGNE, captain of engineers with Ducoudray, with pay 
 from the 7th of November, 1777. 
 
 YAEIN DE LA CHAUSSEE (Charles-Alexandre), born in 
 1759 at Rouen; sub-lieutenant in the regiment of Saintonge ; 
 was wounded at the siege of Yorktown. 
 
 YAUBAN ( Jacques- Airne- Joseph Le Prestre, Count de), great 
 grand-nephew of the marshal of Louis the Fourteenth ; born 
 at Dijon in 1754, died there in 1816. He entered at the age 
 of sixteen as sub-lieutenant the regiment of dragoons of La 
 Rochefoucauld; was captain in 1775; received the rank of 
 lieutenant-colonel in the gendarmerie in 1777, mestre de camp 
 in 1779, attached to the regiment of Chartres in 1780. He 
 obtained permission to join the army in America, which would 
 seem to indicate that he did not go with the expedition in 
 May, 1780. He was attached as aid-de-camp to the staff of 
 Rochambeau, and showed the greatest valor, especially at the 
 attack of the redoubt of Yorktown, where, ordered by de Ro 
 chambeau to make a report of everything that should happen, 
 he took his position near to de Yiomenil and de Deux-Ponts 
 and shared all the dangers of the assault. He went, in 1782, 
 into Columbia with de Broglie and de Segur. 
 
 At the French Revolution he had been colonel of the in 
 fantry regiment of Orleans since 1784. He emigrated and 
 served in the war as aid-de-camp of the Count d Artois. He 
 
 344 Narrative of the Prince de Broglie. 
 
List of Officers. 245 
 
 took part in the expedition of Quiberon, and only abandoned 
 the Royal cause when he saw it was lost. He re-entered 
 France under the Consulate, was arrested in 1806 for Royalist 
 manoeuvres and intrigues, but was released. He took no fur 
 ther part in public life, and died without having been able 
 to obtain an audience from the Bourbons, whom the publica 
 tion of his Hixtoire de la Guerre de Vendee, revised by the 
 Imperial Government, had indisposed towards him. He died, 
 it was said, of sorrow. 
 
 VAUDREUIL (Louis-Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de), 345 son 
 of the sailor lieutenant-general of that name, and grandson 
 of the Governor of Canada. He was born at Rochefort in 
 17*24; fought as ensign the 25th of October, 1747, against 
 the English on the Inflexible, of which his father was cap 
 tain. Naval lieutenant in 1754. He escorted with the frig- 
 
 O 
 
 ate Arethmc a numerous convoy, for whose safety he sacrificed 
 himself by sustaining, on the 19th of May, 1759, at the en 
 trance of the Bay of Audierne, an action of two hours against 
 a frigate and three English ships. His arm was broken and 
 he had to strike. Chief of squadron in 1777, he started 
 from Brest in December, 1778, with a fleet bearing troops 
 for the Antilles, and on his road seized, with de Lauzun, the 
 Senegal. 
 
 Vaudreuil took part in the actions of the 17th of April 
 and 15th and 19th of May, 1780, fought in the Antilles 
 by de Guichen with Admiral Rodney, and was afterwards 
 made grand cross of Saint-Louis and Governor of Saint Do 
 mingo. Preferring an active life to this sedentary occupa 
 tion, he asked for a position at sea ; joined the fleet of de 
 Grasse, and was present, on the 12th of April, 1782, at the 
 battle of the Saintes. Feeling that the critical position of the 
 
 345 See the history of de Vaudreuil, Histoirc raiwnnce da la dernicre 
 Guerre, by J. de Saint-Vallier, pages 116, 117, 118. 
 
246 The French in America. 
 
 Admiral s ship, the Ville de Paris, might prevent de Grasse 
 from paying attention to the other ships, he made general sig 
 nals, which were approved ; but when the Ville de Paris had 
 struck, de Grasse made a complaint against de Yaudreuil, 
 who, on his demand, was, as well as the other officers who 
 had been present at this action, brought before a council of 
 war assembled at Lorient in March, 1784. On the 21st of 
 May, de Vaudreuil was freed from all blame, and even con 
 gratulated for his conduct in the battle. 
 
 Raised on the 14th of August, 1782, to the rank of lieu 
 tenant-general, he was elected deputy to the States General 
 in 1789 by the nobility of Castelnaudary. He sat on the 
 right and opposed the revolutionary measures. During the 
 night of the oth to the 6th of October he penetrated to the 
 royal family, and by his firmness held in check the people 
 who were invading the palace. In 1791 he emigrated to 
 England, returned to Paris under the Consulate, and died 
 in 1802. 
 
 YEXCE was at the head of the fifty filibusters who, sus 
 tained by a few soldiers under command of de Bouille, 
 bravely seized, by a sudden attack, Dominica in 1778. He 
 distinguished himself afterwards at the capture of Grenada 
 and at Savannah. 346 
 
 YERMONET (Jean-Arthur de), enlisted as volunteer, and 
 was brevet captain as early as the 29th of July, 1776. On 
 the 18th of September following, he was appointed major in 
 consideration of his services, on the demand of Washington. 
 
 YERTON (De), officer of artillery ; was charged to defend 
 the passage of the North River against an English squad 
 ron which was annoying the allied troops at the camp of 
 
 m Auberteuil, Vol. II., page 399. 
 
List of Officers. 247 
 
 Dobb s Ferry. He was aided in this duty by another artil 
 lery officer, de Neuris. 347 
 
 VERTON (Baron de), lieutenant-colonel of artillery ; was a 
 passenger on the Aiyle, to return to America in 178*2 with 
 de Segur. He saved the money which was aboard of the 
 frigate, with the help of Mac-Mahon. The minister of w r ar, 
 de Segur, addressed to him, in the name of the king, a letter 
 of congratulation. 
 
 VIEBP:RT (Antoine-Felix), enlisted as volunteer on the 26th 
 of June, 1776. Recommended to General Washington in the 
 capacity of engineer. 
 
 VIENXE (Marquis de), enlisted as volunteer on the 15th of 
 June, 1776 ; served without any rank during one campaign, 
 and was then breveted colonel. He had before been major 
 in the French army, and he resigned in. America in October, 
 1777, to return to serve in his own country. 
 
 VILLE (Aymard de). Sec AYMARD. 
 
 VILLEBRUNE (Servant-Paul Le Saigc de), born in 1747 
 near Saint Malo ; entered the service in 17(>2; captain in 
 the regiment of Agenois in 1751). He fought bravely at 
 Pensacola and at Yorktown, and was killed in 1782 at the 
 siege of Fort Saint Christopher. 
 
 VILLEBRUNE, captain of the Romidm, of the squadron of 
 Destouches; deserved praise for the handling of his ship during 
 an action with the London, a three decker, in Chesapeake Bay, 
 on the 16th of March, 178 1. 348 
 
 M7 Cromot Dubourg. See Vol. I., page 159. 
 348 Blanc-hard. 
 
248 The French in America. 
 
 VILLEFRANCHE was in succession, student engineer in 1770, 
 sub-lieutenant in 1772, lieutenant in the dragoons of the king 
 in 1773. He resigned in 1777, to go to America, where he 
 received the rank of major. He wasted his fortune there, 
 and received after the war a pension of five hundred livres. 
 He was then appointed captain in the provincial troops of 
 France. 
 
 VILLEMANZY (De), commissary of war who followed the 
 expeditionary corps of Kochanibeau. He embarked at Brest 
 on the Ardent with Demars, director of the hospitals. He 
 was ordered to establish bakers ovens at Chatham, and to 
 pretend to bring up stores before New York and Staten 
 Island, while the allied army crossed the North River and 
 moved towards Baltimore. He acquitted himself perfectly of 
 this mission, got himself cannonaded, and kept constantly on 
 the alert, the garrison of New York under the orders of 
 Clinton. He became, later, peer of France. 
 
 NET, officer of the Vengeance. 
 
 VIOMENIL (Antoine-Charles du Houx, called Baron de), 
 born at Fauconcourt, in the Vosges, in 1728; entered the 
 service in 1740, at the age of twelve, with the rank of 
 sub-lieutenant in the regiment of Limousin, and became cap 
 tain at the age of nineteen, in 1747. He was wounded at 
 the siege of Berg-op-Zoorn ; served afterwards in Hanover 
 and in Corsica, became colonel in 1759, brigadier in 1762, 
 mareehal de camp in 1770. He started in 1771 for Poland, 
 where he fought against the Russians, and directed the defense 
 at the castle of Cracow. 
 
 The Baron de Viomenil crossed to America on the Con 
 quer ant, on which were de Custine, de Menonville, Blanchard, 
 de Chabannes and de Pange, aids-de-camp ; Brizon, naval 
 officer, secretary of the Baron, and part of the regiment of 
 
List of Officers. 249 
 
 
 
 Saintonge. During the expedition of 1781, Baron de Viomenil 
 played a very important part. He was at the head of the 
 expedition which started in March on the vessels of Destouches 
 to take succors to Virginia by way of Chesapeake Bay. The 
 expedition was fruitless ; but it was not the fault of de Vio 
 menil or de Laval, who were leading it, and who bore them 
 selves bravely. The Baron de Viomenil afterwards commanded 
 the rear guard, during the march between New York and 
 AVilliamsburg. It is he who directed the two simultaneous 
 attacks on the English redoubts during the night of the 14th 
 to the loth of October. While La Fayette and Steuben 
 were capturing the one on the right, he himself, sword in 
 hand, led towards the enemies intrenchments the first division 
 of the column on the left, commanded by Guillaume de Deux- 
 Ponts, de 1 Estrade and de Rostaing. The success was prompt 
 and decisive. The Baron de Viomenil then went to spend a 
 few months in France. He returned to America on the Aiylc 
 in 17<S2, after having been made commander of the order of 
 Saint-Louis and lieutenant-general. He rejoined the army at 
 Crampond, and handed over to de Rochambeau the two 
 million five hundred thousand live* he had brought him. 
 He took the troops back to France, and lived at La Rochelle 
 until 1789, epoch when he made part of the Army of Paris 
 under the orders of de Broglie. He opposed energetically the 
 Revolution. During the fighting of the 10th of August, 
 1792, he proved himself one of the lx>st and most courageous 
 defenders of the royal family. Severely wounded, he was 
 picked up and hidden in a friend s house, where he died at 
 the end of three months. Pie was a member of the order of 
 the Cincinnati. 
 
 VioMfcxiL (Charles- Joseph -Hyacinthe du Houx, called 
 sometimes Chevalier, sometimes Viscount de), younger brother 
 of the former, was born in 1734 at Ruppes, in the Vosges. 
 He entered the service in 1747 in the regiment of Limousin, 
 
250 The French in America. 
 
 and was present at the battle of Laufeld and at the siege of 
 Berg-op-Zoom. During the Seven Years War he was aid-de 
 camp of Chevert; was appointed colonel of the legion of 
 Lorraine in 1761, and made the campaign of Corsica ; he 
 was appointed brigadier in 1770 and marechal de camp in 
 1780. 
 
 The Viscount de Vionienil crossed to America on the Nep 
 tune. He served under the orders of his brother, the Baron 
 de Viornenil, who was six years his senior, and who gained 
 more laurels in the campaign. While the Baron had gone 
 to France, after the surrender of Yorktown, the Viscount re 
 placed him, and with de Chastellux led the return from 
 Yorktown to Crampond. The Baron rejoined him there, and 
 both together brought the army back to Boston, while de 
 Rochambeau was with the legion of Lauzun. 
 
 Despite the slight renown which the campaign of America 
 gave to the Viscount, yet he had a more brilliant destiny 
 than his brother. On his return to France, he received from 
 the king, a pension of five thousand litres. He was ap- 
 apointed Governor of Martinique and of the Windward Isl 
 ands in 1789; returned to Europe in 1791 and served in 
 the Army of Conde against his country in 1792 and 1793. 
 In 1794 he was put at the head of a regiment of his name 
 in the service of England; but in 1795 he returned to the 
 Army of Conde where he commanded a brigade in 1796 and 
 1797. He then went to Russia, where Paul the First ap 
 pointed him lieutenant-general of his army in 1798. Later 
 he went to Portugal, where King John the Sixth gave him 
 the title of Marshal-General of the Kingdom ; he had re 
 ceived a few months before the title of lieutenant-general 
 from the King of France. 
 
 On the return of the Bourbons, in 1816, he was made mar 
 shal and peer of France, marquis and chevalier of the Saint- 
 Esprit. He was also a member of the order of the Cincin 
 nati. He died at Paris in 1827, at the age of ninety-three. 
 
List of Officers. 251 
 
 VIUXEJOUX (Jean-Louis de), volunteer ; employed with the 
 rank and pay of captain on the 19th of September, 1776; 349 
 bore himself with much bravery, when he was made prisoner 
 at Brunswick, on the 14th of December, 1776. 350 
 
 VOSSELLK (De), infantry officer ; wounded at the naval 
 battle off Saint Lucia the 19th of May, 1780. 
 
 VHECOURT (Count de). Colonel, April the 12th, 1777. 
 
 VKIGXY (De), enlisted as volunteer ; received the rank of 
 captain the 15th of September, 1777; resigned on the 21st 
 of October, 1778. 851 
 
 W. 
 
 AViLLAUMEZ (Jean-Baptiste-Philibert, Count de), born in 
 1753 at Belle-He. He embarked as cabin boy in 1767; 
 was present at several fights with the English, and was em- 
 ploved in 1782 as first pilot on the frigate the Amuzone, 
 commanded by de Vaudreuil. Xaval lieutenant and deco 
 rated with the order of Saint-Louis in 1790, captain of frig 
 ate in 1795, naval captain in 1798, rear-admiral in 1804, 
 vice-admiral in 1819, peer of France in 1837 ; gave the first 
 instructions about naval matters to the Prince de Joinville ; 
 created count in 1843; died in 1845 at Suresnes near Paris. 
 He was the adoptive father of Admiral Count Bouet-AVill- 
 aumez. 
 
 AViMPFFEX (Georges-Felix, Baron dc), born at Minfelden 
 in 1741. He was in succession, lieutenant en second in the 
 regiment of Ixoyal-Deux-Ponts in 1757 during the Seven 
 
 349 Auberteuil. 
 
 ^George Moore, Treason of Lcc, page 62. 
 
 381 Auberteuil. 
 
252 The French in America. 
 
 Years War, commandant of a corps of volunteers in Corsica 
 in 1766, mestre de camp of the regiment of Bouillon in 1780. 
 He took part in the campaigns of America, then was pres 
 ent at the sieges of Mahon and Gibraltar; became lieutenant- 
 general and commandant of Thionville in 1792. No lon 
 ger able to hold the place, he was going to surrender to 
 the Duke of Brunswick, who did not know of his resolve, 
 when the latter offered him a million if he would capitulate. 
 Wimpffen answered : " I accept the million if an act is sworn 
 out before a notary public." Three days later, the 20th of 
 September, 1792, the victory of Valmy delivered Thionville. 
 Wimpifen, having taken service with the Girondins, hid 
 at Bayeux during the Terror. He was a witty man, a brave 
 soldier and a brilliant general. 352 
 
 WISCH (Jean-Christophe, Baron de), born in Holstein the 
 22d of May, 1739. Furnisher in the service of the Empire 
 in 1756, captain of the regiment of Royal-Deux-Ponts in 
 1777, captain of the grenadiers in 1780 ; was wounded at 
 Yorktown so as to be no longer able to serve. He received 
 the order of the Cincinnati and the cross of Military Merit. 
 
 WUIBERT. 
 
 T. 
 
 YRESOSEER, private in the regiment of Agenois in 1768, 
 reached the rank of officer in 1779; was present at the siege 
 of Yorktown. 
 
 ^Perhaps a relation of the General de Wimpffen who signed the 
 capitulation of Sedan. Marginal note by T. B. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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