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 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 GIFT 
 
 Dr. Emil Bogen
 
 The Scope and Importance to 
 
 the State of the Science of 
 
 National Eugenics 
 
 BY 
 
 KARL PEARSON, F.R.S. 
 
 THIRD EDITION 
 
 LONDON 
 
 Published by the Cambridge University Press, Fetter Lane, E.G. 4 
 
 191 1
 
 PREFATORY NOTE TO SECOND 
 EDITION 
 
 This lecture was originally delivered as the fourteenth 
 Robert Boyle Lecture before the Oxford University 
 Junior Science Club, on May 17, 1907. The first 
 edition being out of print, the lecture is now reissued 
 as No. I of a series of papers dealing in non-technical 
 language with the problems of Eugenics. 
 
 The Staff of Galton Eugenics Laboratory has found 
 the need of some introduction to the science of Eugenics, 
 which shall place the purport of the investigations 
 conducted there in a simple form before the general 
 reader. This will be the aim of the present series of 
 publications. 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE TO THIRD 
 EDITION 
 
 The fact that the earlier numbers of the Galton 
 Laboratory Lecture Series are now out of print, shows 
 that they have met a distinct demand, and justifies the 
 present re-issue. 
 
 July, 191 1. 
 
 \An authorized translation of this lecture has appeared in 
 Germany, and a wholly unauthorized reprint in America^
 
 m 
 
 ON THE SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO 
 
 THE STATE OF THE SCIENCE OF 
 
 NATIONAL EUGENICS 
 
 It needs more than a little boldness to suggest within 
 the walls of one of our ancient universities that there is 
 still another new science which calls for support and 
 sympathy ; nay, which in the near future will demand 
 its endowments, its special laboratory, its technical 
 library, its enthusiastic investigators and its proper 
 share in the curriculum of academic studies. 
 
 The prestige of an ancient university does not wholly 
 depend on the extent and novelty of the fields it culti- 
 vates, nor even on the external reputation of its doctors 
 and masters. I remember my Savigny well enough to 
 know that historically a university does not express the 
 universality of the learning taught within its walls, but 
 that the w^ord emphasizes the corporate character of its 
 masters and scholars. I also understand — with the 
 experience of four universities behind me— not only 
 the social, but the educational value of the traditional 
 Mniversifas of the Middle Ages ; that common life of 
 teacher and scholar which we now find preserved in 
 broad outline, if in detail obscured, at two English 
 universities alone. 
 
 As your guest to-day, even if I had the necessar}' 
 knowledge, it would be ill-fitting to praise or to criticize 
 modern Oxford. My intellectual debt to Oxford is too 
 
 A 2
 
 4 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 great to make me an unbiased judge ; looking back on 
 the stadia of intellectual growth from the days of the 
 Oxford schoolmaster who taught me scientific method 
 and a love of folklore in failing to teach me Greek 
 grammar, the sign-posts are marked with Oxford names, 
 whose moment to me must be a small part of what it 
 formed to the mental life here. I not€ those : of Mark 
 Pattison, from whom I learnt that the method of science 
 is one with the method of true scholarship ; of Henry 
 Nettleship, whose width of view in academic matters 
 aided those of us who were struggling against preroga- 
 tive and prejudice in London ; of York Powell, who 
 taught me that a study of history is incomplete if it 
 pass by the great biological factors which make for the 
 rise and fall of nations ; of Raphael Weldon, whose life 
 culminated in Oxford, and whose activity will, I trust, 
 continue to bear fruit there, — of Weldon who taught us 
 that biology is ripe for receiving aid from the exact 
 sciences; who, breaking down yet another barrier, 
 emphasized the unity of logical method throughout the 
 whole field of knowledge. 
 
 The calm, critical judgement of these men, their scorn, 
 one and all, for the rhetorical, the superficial, the idola of 
 the market-place, have built up my Gentile conception 
 of Oxford and given me a not unwholesome fear of an 
 Oxford audience. Their keen power of sympathy, 
 however, their very intense, if much repressed national 
 spirit — amounting to the truest form of patriotism — 
 would, I believe and trust, have been not wholly with- 
 drawn from me to-day in my endeavour to put before 
 you the claims of this new science of mankind. 
 
 I do not demand your attention for this new field 
 of inquiry because a university is expected to embrace
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 5 
 
 all sciences. On the contrary, I do it partly because 
 I think the success of a university, as of an individual, 
 depends largely on specialization in study. Now there 
 is one form of technical education, which, although 
 Oxford is too modest to give it a name, has yet been 
 largely claimed for this University. I refer to the 
 education of statesmen and administrators. There is 
 need, I venture to hold, of a more conscious recognition 
 of the existence of a school of statecraft, and that 
 recognition must involve a fuller study of what can 
 make and what can mar national life and racial 
 character. We are told by a poet, who, understanding 
 the spirit of his age, carefully balanced himself on the 
 fence which separates the field of true insight from that 
 of conterminous platitude, that ' the proper study of 
 mankind is man'. But he has not helped us to see 
 wherein this proper study of man consists. In all our 
 universities there are branches of study which deal more 
 or less directly with man. We have Philosophy with its 
 discussions of man's mental processes. Ethics with the 
 consideration of man's affections, passions^ and conduct ; 
 Fichte, Hegel and other ethical philosophers have given 
 us, here and there, luminous ideas, flash-lights on society 
 and state. But has Philosophy, as such, taught us a 
 single law by aid of which we can understand how 
 a nation becomes physically or mentally more vigorous ? 
 Has it taught our statesmen to make their folk fitter for 
 its task on the world-stage, or helped a race to meet 
 a crisis in its history? We have had other branches 
 of the science of man, measuring him, classifying him 
 by his hair, by his skin, or by his skull. Yet Anthro- 
 pometry and Craniometry, while piHng up facts and 
 figures, have done little to enable us to see wherein
 
 6 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 human fitness for its functions really consists. Their 
 professors disagree, much as do those of another branch 
 of the study of man— Political Economy. What weight 
 have Philosophy, Anthropology, or Political Economy at 
 present in the field of statesmanship ? Would the man 
 who, rising in the House of Commons to-day, appealed to 
 the laws of economic science, be even sure of a hearing ? 
 And if we turn to the study of History, surely more potent 
 than these other branches in the aid it provides for the 
 administrator, is not its lesson rather that of example 
 and analogy than of true explanation and measurement 
 of the causes of national evolution ? 
 
 If the German people dominate to-day the French ; if 
 Japan rise like a mushroom, yet with the stability and 
 the strength of the oak ; if Spain and Holland disappear 
 from the fore-rank of nations, can we throw light even 
 for an instant on these momentous facts of history by 
 such studies of mankind as are summed up in Philosophy, 
 Anthropology, or Political Economy? I fear not. As 
 instruments of education, as means of illustrating logical 
 method, or of developing powers of healthy inquisitive- 
 ness and effective expression, they may be of value, in 
 part indeed of unrivalled value. But as they stand at 
 present they do not, alone or combined, form a technical 
 education in statecraft. 
 
 And here I would like to make a fundamental dis- 
 tinction between what I understand by a technical 
 education and a professional instruction. I do not be- 
 lieve that the university ought to busy itself in the 
 least with the latter. It is taught most effectively in 
 the barrister's chambers, in the architect's office, in the 
 engineering workshop, in the government department, 
 or in the hospital ward. The tendency nowadays to
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 7 
 
 replace apprenticeship by professional instruction in 
 college or university is a fatal one. The academic pur- 
 pose should be concentrated on the development of the 
 mind as an instrument of thought. It may do this by aid 
 of philosophy, or by aid of language, or by aid of science ; 
 but it cannot do it by any form of purely professional 
 instruction. By technical education I mean something 
 very different from an instruction in the facts, formulae, 
 and usages of a profession. It consists, I hold, not in 
 learning an art, but in developing the mind by studying 
 that branch of science which must lie at the basis of 
 each profession. The theory of Elasticity is as potent 
 an instrument for mental discipline if we illustrate it 
 on bridge-structure, as if we confined our attention to 
 metal spelks and snips of pianoforte wire in the phy- 
 sical laboratory. The science of Medicine— think for 
 a moment even of such points as immunity, incubation, 
 and crisis — affords material for reasoned observation 
 and leads to a mental alertness, which may be equalled 
 but cannot be excelled in any other branch of biological 
 inquiry. The true test of all technical education lies in 
 whether we can answer in the affirmative the question : 
 Does it provide adequate mental training for the man 
 who has no intention of following a profession ? If we 
 can, then, and then only, may we assert that it is a fit 
 subject for academic study. 
 
 . By a superficial knowledge of many things, we break 
 all continuity in education; we may reach a 'top- 
 dressing', but the subsoil has never been turned and 
 cultivated. From this standpoint, academic education 
 will, I feel certain, grow more and more technical 
 education ; the man who has exercised his mind in 
 thoroughly examining one small field of knowledge,
 
 8 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 who has seen its solved and unsolved problems, and 
 who has tried his own powers in even some little bit 
 of pioneer work, has received a training which will 
 stand him in good stead, whatever he may afterwards 
 turn his mind to in life. I can conceive a great univer- 
 sity for the training of Mind, in which the whole teaching 
 force should be devoted to the manufacture of problems, 
 calculated to exercise and develop the youthful mind, 
 without any regard to their bearing on real knowledge. 
 Such was very nearly the system of the Cambridge 
 Mathematical School of a generation ago. It produced 
 splendid lawyers, subtle theologians, and a few ardent 
 students of science. But the labour expended in the 
 manufacture of problems, the sole purpose of which 
 was to provide material for mental gymnastics, might 
 have achieved European reputation for the manufac- 
 turers had it been devoted to the pressing problems 
 of technical science. It is because every university 
 has a duty in the creation of new knowledge, as 
 well as a duty in education, that it seems desirable 
 that our mental training should take as its problems 
 those which are actually demanding solution in prac- 
 tical life. 
 
 If we are to have a school of statecraft, I venture to 
 suggest that a special technical education shall be 
 developed for it. We must not be content with the 
 mental gymnastics which can be provided by philosophy 
 or political history. We must add that study of the 
 biological factors which York Powell saw was so needful 
 to historical investigation. We must approach with the 
 detached mind and calm criticism of Mark Pattison 
 those problems as to the rate of change of races, a 
 knowledge of which Raphael Weldon has told us is
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS . 9 
 
 'the only legitimate basis for speculations as to their 
 past history and future fate \ 
 
 If we attempt to define the scope of statecraft we 
 enter no doubt the field of controversy, but may we 
 not extend the condition which so fitly expresses the 
 primary need of the individual — the healthy mind in 
 healthy body — to the swarm of individuals with which 
 the statesman has to deal ? Taking the word ' sanity ' in 
 its broadest sense of health and soundness, the primary 
 purpose of statecraft is to insure that the nation as a 
 whole shall possess sanity; it must be sound in body 
 and sound in mind. This is the bedrock on which alone 
 a great nation can be built up ; by aid of this sanity 
 alone an empire once founded can be preserved. There 
 are secondary important conditions — too often regarded 
 as primary — which are undoubted parts of statecraft. 
 The nation must have the instruments and the training 
 needful to protect itself and its enterprises; it must 
 hold the sources of raw material and the trade routes 
 requisite to develop the wealth upon which its popula- 
 tion depends ; it must have the education necessary to 
 make its craftsmen, its traders, its inventors, its men 
 of science, its diplomatists, and its statesmen the equals 
 at least of those of its rivals on the world-stage. Nay, 
 perhaps as important as all these, it must have traditions 
 and ideals so strong that the prejudices of individuals 
 and the prerogatives of classes will fall before urgent 
 national needs; it requires teachers, be they press- 
 men, poets, or politicians, who grasp the wants of the 
 nation as a whole ; who, independent of class and 
 party, can remind the people at the fitting moment 
 of their traditions, and their special function amid 
 nations.
 
 lO SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 Yet if we come to analyse these secondary conditions, 
 we shall find in each case that their realization depends 
 on the fulfilment of our primary condition. Without 
 high average soundness of body and soundness of mind, 
 a nation can neither be built up nor an empire preserved. 
 Permanence and dominance in the world passes to and 
 from nations even with their rise and fall in mental and 
 bodily fitness. No success will attend our attempts to 
 understand past history, to cast light on present racial 
 changes, or to predict future development, if we leave 
 out of account the biological factors. Statistics as to 
 the prevalence of disease in the army of a defeated 
 nation may tell us more than any dissertation on the 
 genius of the commanders and the cleverness of the 
 statesmen of its victorious foe. Lost provinces and 
 a generation of hectoring may follow to the conquered 
 nation whose leaders have forgotten the primary essen- 
 tial of national soundness in body and mind. 
 
 Francis Galton, in establishing a laboratory for the 
 study of National Eugenics in the University of London, 
 has defined this new science as * the study of agencies 
 under social control that may improve or impair the 
 racial qualities of future generations, either physically 
 or mentally'. The word eugenic here has the double 
 sense of the English wellhred, goodness of nature and 
 goodness of nurture. Our science does not propose 
 to confine its attention to problems of inheritance only, 
 but to deal also with problems of environment and 
 of nurture. It may be said that much social labour 
 has already been spent on investigating the condition 
 of the people; there have been Royal Commissions, 
 Parliamentary and Departmental Committees, and much 
 independent effort on the part of philanthropists, medical
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS II 
 
 men, and social reformers. I would admit all this, and 
 would try to appraise it at its true value. Some of 
 it has provided useful material for eugenic study ; 
 much of it is the product of wholly irresponsible 
 witnesses with comments by commissioners equally 
 untrained in deahng with statistical problems. Wit- 
 nesses, commissioners, philanthropists, social reformers, 
 as a rule, and medical men only too frequently, sadly 
 need that technical education, that power of reason- 
 ing about statistical data, which I think will become 
 general when Eugenics has been made a subject of 
 academic study, and minds specially trained to this 
 branch of scientific inquiry are placed at the disposal 
 of our statesmen. I do not, of course, say that there 
 was no eugenic research before Francis Galton invented 
 the word and named the new science. But I believe 
 the day not distant when we shall recognize that he 
 seized the psychological moment to assert its claim to 
 academic consideration ; and that in the time to come 
 the nation will be more than grateful to the man who 
 said that the university is the true field for the study 
 of those agencies which may improve or impair our 
 racial qualities. To become a true science, you must 
 remove our study from the strife of parties, from the 
 conflict of creeds, from false notions of charity, or the 
 unbalanced impulses of sentiment. You must treat it 
 with the observational caution and critical spirit that 
 you give to other branches of biology. And when you 
 have discovered its principles and deduced its laws, 
 then, and then only, you can question how far they are 
 consonant with current moral ideas or with prevailing 
 human sentiment. I myself look forward to a future 
 when a wholly new view as to patriotism will be
 
 12 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 accepted ; when the individual will recognize more fully 
 and more clearly the conflict between individual interests 
 and national duties. I foresee a time when the welfare 
 of the nation will form a more conspicuous factor in 
 conduct ; when conscious race-culture will cope with 
 the ills which arise when we suspend the full purifying 
 force of natural selection ; and when charity will not 
 be haphazard — the request for it being either a social 
 right, or the granting of it an anti-social wrong. But 
 if we are to build up a strong nation, sound in mind 
 and body, we shall have to work in the future with 
 trained insight : I feel convinced that real enlightenment 
 will only follow a scientific treatment of the biological 
 factors in race development. 
 
 There is an element of danger in the study of Eugenics, 
 which I would not have you overlook. If the attention 
 be fixed on the factors which make for deterioration ; 
 if we spend our days over statistics of the insane, the 
 m'^ntally defective, the criminal, the tuberculous, the 
 blind, the deaf, and the diseased, the inevitableness of 
 it all is apt to reduce us to the lowest depths of depres- 
 sion. But this is only one side of the picture; the 
 inevitableness is just as marked when we come to 
 deal with health and strength, with ability and intelli- 
 gence. If the iniquity of the fathers be visited upon the 
 children to the third and fourth generation — assuredly 
 so is their virtue. If this needs emphasis, study the two 
 pedigrees I put before you. In Fig. I we have the 
 pedigree of a family in which eccentricity, insanity, and 
 phthisis have recurred generation by generation — asso- 
 ciated occasionally with great ability. A general ' want of 
 mental balance' is the peculiar mark of the stock. In 
 Fig. II we have the pedigree of a family in which
 
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 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 13 
 
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 14 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 extreme ability not correlated with such want of mental 
 balance has descended through five generations. 
 
 Yet apart from this, to the true man of science, nothing 
 is impure or repulsive. His mission is to study all 
 phases of life ; and in the case before us to determine 
 their relation to national fitness and racial degeneracy. 
 I cannot put it better than in the words of Francis 
 Bacon : — 
 
 * But for unpolite or even sordid particulars which, 
 as Pliny observes, require an apology for being men- 
 tioned, even these ought to be received into natural 
 history, no less than the most rich and delicate ; for, 
 natural history is not defiled by them any more than 
 the sun, by shining alike on the palace and the privy ; 
 and we do not endeavour to build a capitol or erect 
 a pyramid to the glory of mankind, but to found a 
 temple in imitation of the world, and consecrate it to 
 the human understanding, so that we must frame our 
 model accordingly ; for whatever is worthy of existence 
 is worthy of our knowledge ; but ignoble things exist 
 as well as the noble.* 
 
 Those who have not the courage, or it may be the 
 strength to face life as it is, must avoid Science ; or at 
 least the portion of it termed National Eugenics. Those 
 who fear to know humanity in its degradation, as well 
 as in its nobler phases, will scarce reach the standpoint 
 of knowledge from which they can effectively help the 
 progress of our race. They will be ignorant of the 
 essential factors which alone can determine whether 
 a nation shall be sound in mind and body. Disease 
 and Health, Vigour and Impotence, Intelligence and 
 Stupidity, Sanity and Insanity, Conscientiousness and 
 Irresponsibility, Clean Living and Licence, — all things 
 which make for both strength andweakness of character — 
 must be studied, not by verbal argument, but be dissected
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 15 
 
 under the statistical microscope, if we are to realize 
 why nations rise and fall, if we are to know whether 
 our own folk is progressing or regressing. Only by 
 such examination can we understand the disease ; only 
 by such means can we suggest a valid cure where we 
 find there is that in any community which is making 
 for degeneracy. The study of Eugenics centres round 
 the actuarial treatment of human society in all its phases, 
 healthy and morbid. 
 
 In every branch of science there exist, I believe, three 
 chief stages of development. These stages are not 
 always completely differentiated, and forms of the earlier 
 stages may usefully survive into the later periods. 
 
 The first stage is the Ideological. Men have formed 
 ideas about phenomena on the basis of very limited 
 experience. They spend their time and energy in 
 discussing these ideas without much reference to the 
 phenomena themselves. This discussion of ideas — this 
 wrangling over definitions — is not idle. It not only 
 led in mediaeval times to a philosophy which gave a by 
 no means contemptible educational training; but in 
 some of the most developed forms of science, as in the 
 foundations of our most advanced pure mathematics, 
 ideology can again do work of the greatest service. It 
 corresponds to the pre-Baconian state of most sciences. 
 
 The second stage is the Observational. It is a 
 reaction against the purely introspective attempt at a 
 natural philosophy. It consists in observing phenomena 
 critically, and recording and describing their sequences. 
 It is a fundamental stage towards any really scientific 
 theory of nature. It will always remain a large factor 
 in scientific work. But while it needs the mind of 
 special width and creative power to invent a reasonable
 
 l6 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 theory, and demonstrate it by the right type of observa- 
 tion, it is possible for the average man to observe care- 
 fully and to go on observing through a long lifetime. 
 The result is the accumulation for decades and decades 
 of observations made with little idea of testing a definite 
 theory of organic or inorganic nature. These observa- 
 tions form a large proportion of scientific literature; 
 and, I fear, are not always of service when the creative 
 scientist desires to test his theories. The time spent in 
 hunting up data, which may after all fail to give the 
 special small detail requisite, would often have sufficed 
 to produce more adequate observations made ad hoc. 
 Hence I think there will be, if there be not already, 
 a reaction against purely observational or descriptive 
 science. 
 
 The third stage in all science is the Metrical. We 
 proceed from observation to measurement, to accurate 
 numerical expression of the sequences involved. It 
 has been more than once asserted that by quantitative 
 analysis you cannot obtain more than lies in the data 
 from which you start. The statement is either merely 
 platitude ; or else, if more than idle, it is false. The 
 object of analysis is not to obtain more from data than 
 exists therein ; but to find out what actually does exist 
 therein ; and that is usually far from obvious to untrained 
 inspection. The actual positions of the moon can be 
 observed and recorded day by day. Such are the data. 
 Shall we assert that Lunar Theory as it exists to-day — 
 the product of nearly two and a half centuries of work 
 by some of the finest mathematical intellects — contains 
 no more than the data from which it started? I think 
 we may leave such an attitude to those who do not grasp 
 that the highest aim of science is not the presentation
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 17 
 
 of facts, but the regulating of a world of conceptions, by 
 aid of which we can mentall}' describe those facts. 
 From the data themselves we have to determine 
 whether this * statuting of mind ' is legitimate within the 
 limits of our observations. ' Analysis cannot get more 
 out of the data than is already in them,' cries the 
 biologist. On the contrar}', having added to the data 
 7mnd, the combination provides a great deal that had no 
 previous existence. Even Huxley could write : ' Mathe- 
 matics may be compared to a mill of exquisite work- 
 manship, which grinds your stuff to any degree of 
 fineness, but nevertheless what you get out depends on 
 what you put in ; and as the grandest mill in the world 
 will not extract wheat-flour from peascods, so pages of 
 formulae will not get a definite result out of loose data.*^ 
 
 On the contrary, I assert that our modern mathe- 
 matical methods reach a perfectly definite result when 
 applied to such data ; they measure the deviation, the 
 differentiation of pease-meal from wheat-flour ; that is to 
 say, they determine quantitatively the exact degree of 
 looseness in the data themselves. Is it fear of dis- 
 covering the exact degree of looseness in their own 
 data, which leads some votaries of descriptive science 
 to belittle metrical investigations ? 
 
 Nay, I do not hesitate to assert that any branch of 
 science, until it reaches its third or metrical stage of 
 development, is incomplete and fails to provide the 
 highest mental training possible. There are few depart- 
 ments of scientific investigation which provide so 
 thoroughly for discipline in all the three branches of 
 science, the ideological, the observational, and the metri- 
 cal, as biology ; this is particularly true of its applications' 
 to man. What better training in ideology than a study
 
 l8 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 of the theory of the state from Plato, through Aristotle 
 and Hobbes till we reach, in Comte, the view that 
 the science of society is impossible without biology? 
 What fitter training in observation than the biologist 
 provides, when he teaches us experimentally the facts of 
 inheritance and the influences of environment? What 
 more precise exercise for the mind than the actuarial 
 appreciation of these biological factors ' as agencies 
 which improve or impair the racial qualities of future 
 generations ' ? 
 
 Here, I firmly believe, is in broad outline the scheme 
 necessary to form a school of statecraft. The mind must 
 be led through each of the ascending stages of science 
 — till it is able to measure accurately and to describe in 
 fitting words those fundamental biological factors on 
 which the progression and the debasement of human 
 societies alike depend. 
 
 But you may ask me if 1 am not painting a science of 
 the future; if I am not merely repeating the vague 
 words of the old sociologists, from Comte to Herbert 
 Spencer ? Where is the material, what are the methods, 
 how definite are the deductions of this new science of 
 Eugenics ? 
 
 First then : where is the material ? 
 
 I reply that every large school and university in this 
 country can provide physical and psychical material for 
 the student of Eugenics if he will set to work and 
 observe. Every medical officer in asylum and hospital 
 is in charge of a great Eugenics Laboratory if he would 
 only realize it. And many indeed are realizing it. 
 Quite recently between 300 and 400 pedigrees of tuber- 
 culous stock ; 400 family histories of insanity ; 400 
 descriptions of parentage and home environment of
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 19 
 
 mentally defective children, with as many of normal 
 children from one district, and upwards of 1,000 from a 
 second district, have reached the Eugenics Laboratory 
 in London. If this seem to la}^ all stress on the abnor- 
 mal and defective side, I may add that the Laboratory 
 possesses records of nearly 400 noteworthy families — a 
 part of which have been published — and that I have 
 completed now a series of nearly 500 normal family 
 histories, many of them containing 50 to 100 individuals, 
 with psychical and physical descriptions and entries as 
 to ailments and causes of death. These are but, of 
 course, the beginnings of a collection which one hopes 
 and trusts will one day represent large samples of the 
 physique, the mentahty, the fertility, and the disease of 
 wide classes of the nation. The success of this sort of 
 Eugenics Laboratory collection depends upon spreading 
 widely three convictions : (i) that really useful results 
 have flown, and will flow, from contributing to it ; 
 (ii) that individuals, if appealed to frankly, will frankly 
 tell the truth that lies within their knowledge ; and (iii) 
 that the individual becomes a non-identifiable statistical 
 unit 'before the record passes into the hands of the 
 computer.^ 
 
 Beyond the special collections of an individual labora- 
 tory there is already available a fair amount of published 
 material. The United States have issued special cen- 
 suses of the bhnd and of deaf-mutes. The Edinburgh ' 
 Charity Organization Society has issued an excellent 
 memoir on the home environment and the physique of 
 700 to 800 school children ; above all, there are the 
 
 ^ The Eugenics Laboratory will gladly forward schedules (i) for general 
 family history or (ii) for special family abnormalities to any one interested 
 in Eugenic inquiry and willing to aid by filling in and returning them. 
 
 B 2
 
 20 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 Registrar-General's Annual Reports, the Censuses, the 
 Reports of Fever Hospitals, of Lunacy Commissioners, 
 and of the Medical Officers of Asylums. Of some, but 
 less value, are the Reports of Government Commissions 
 and the works of energetic, but statistically untrained, 
 philanthropists like Charles Booth and Seebohm 
 Rowntree. Important special researches, Hke that of 
 Mr. Tocher on the insane of Scotland, or that now 
 being carried out by Dr. Goring on the convicts in His 
 Majesty's Prisons, ser\^e to increase the total data 
 alread}- available or nearly so. While all Eugenics 
 workers crave for more material, and for better quality 
 of material, yet there already exists ample material upon 
 which to base the beginnings for our science. 
 
 If we turn from material to method, we note that 
 except in as far as results for animals have application 
 to man, we cannot experiment on individuals, and our 
 methods must therefore be those applicable to mass- 
 observations — that is to say, those actuarial methods 
 applied to biological data which we now term the 
 methods of^ biometry. It is not needful for me to 
 enlarge now or here on these methods. Suffice it to 
 say that they appear to measure effectively the relation- 
 ship between factors which are not causally linked 
 together. For the explanation of what follows I would 
 state that the arithmetical value of a certain quantity— 
 the so-called coefficient of correlation — is chiefly used 
 to measure this relationship. Starting when the 
 quantities are absolutely independent with zero value, 
 it rises with their complete causal relationship to unity. 
 Table I shows the sort of values taken by this coefficient 
 for various kinds of association, when the variates lack 
 the absolute dependence of pure causation.
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 21 
 
 From method I turn finally to illustrate the nature 
 of the conclusions which have already been reached 
 by Eugenic inquiry. As a preliminar}^, I must picture 
 for you what I think evolution means in the case of 
 human societies. 
 
 TABLE I. CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS 
 
 High Correlation i to -75. 
 
 Right and left femur in man ...... -98 
 
 Finger and forearm in man . 85 
 
 Foot and forearm in man -Bo 
 
 Middle phalanges of middle and little finger . . . -76 
 
 Considerable Correlation -75 to .5. 
 
 Weight and stature in women . . . . . . -72 
 
 Finger and stature in man . -66 
 
 Vaccination and recovery in cases of small-pox . . . -60 
 
 Weight and strength of pull in man -55 
 
 Moderate Correlation 5 to -25. 
 
 Forearms of two brothers . -49 
 
 Deviations in bank reserve and discount rate • • • -37 
 
 Coat colour in horse and its grandsire -3° 
 
 High barometer in Portugal and low barometer in Norway . 27 
 
 Low Correlation 25 to 00. 
 
 Resemblance of Aphis to its grandmother .... -24 
 
 Size of family, mother and daughter -21 
 
 Duration of lives, mother and daughter .... '15 
 
 Length and breadth of Parisian skulls -05 
 
 There was a time when, thinking over the mar- 
 vellous intellectual, artistic, and physical development 
 of ancient Greece, I could wonder how still more ample 
 it might have been had there existed a master spirit 
 or an imperious motive to weld those statelets into one 
 great nation and check the rarely ceasing internal wars 
 and personal feuds. Looking back — from what some 
 of you may consider a less ethical, but I believe a more 
 scientific standpoint — I now see a direct association 
 between the achievements of Greece and the intensity 
 of its intertribal struggles. The pax romana did not 
 provide the Greek spirit with an atmosphere as bracing
 
 22 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 to either bodily or spiritual development, as the 
 instabiht}' and storm which accompanied the earlier 
 conditions. 
 
 The struggle of man against man, with its victory to 
 the tougher and more crafty: the struggle of tribe 
 against tribe, with its defeat for the less socially organ- 
 ized : the contest of nation with nation whether in trade 
 or in war, with the mastery for the foreseeing nation, 
 for the nation with the cleaner bill of health, the more 
 united purpose of its classes, and the sounder intellec- 
 tual equipment of its units : are not these only phases of 
 the struggle for existence, the factors which have made 
 for human progress, which have developed man from 
 brute into sentient being? We have been told that 
 'the cosmic process is opposed to the ethical* ! But 
 from the standpoint of science, is not the ethical the 
 outcome of the cosmic? Are not the physique, the 
 intellectuality, the morality of man, the product of that 
 grim warfare between individual and individual, between 
 society and society, and between humanity and nature, 
 of which we even yet see no end ? The ethical as the 
 product of the cosmic process will indeed aid us when 
 we pass outside the field of science. But standing well 
 within the boundaries of that field, are men to cry 
 like little children because the world is not ' as it ought 
 to be ' ? 
 
 Nach ewigen ehrnen 
 Grossen Gesetzen 
 Mussen wir alle 
 Unseres Daseyns 
 Kreise vollenden. 
 
 Nay, what has been rather man's method in mastering 
 the physical universe ? Has he not studied those brazen
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 23 
 
 eternal laws, and guided the course of his being b}- that 
 knowledge ? Realize that the most valuable part of that 
 knowledge is scarcely two hundred years old. And 
 when we turn to biology — to the biological factors 
 which control man's life and its relations to that of 
 other organisms — are we not yet at the very dawn of 
 discovery, — a dawn whose actual storm-drifts foretell 
 the coming flood of light ? 
 
 Plato, in the Fifth Book of the Laws, describes what 
 he terms a purification or purgation of the state. 
 Permit me for my weakness, not yours, to cite it from 
 Jowett's translation : — 
 
 ' The shepherd or herdsman, or breeder of horses, 
 or the like, when he has received his animals will not 
 begin to train them until he has first purified them in 
 a manner which befits a community of animals ; he will 
 divide the healthy and unhealthy, and the good breed 
 and the bad breed, and will send away the unhealthy 
 and badly bred to other herds, and tend the rest, 
 reflecting that his labours will be vain and without 
 effect, either on the souls or bodies of those whom 
 nature and ill-nurture have corrupted, and that they 
 will involve in destruction the pure and healthy nature 
 and being of every other animal, if he neglect to purge 
 them away. Now, the case of other animals is not so 
 important : — they are only worth mentioning for the 
 sake of illustration, but what relates to man is of the 
 highest importance ; and the legislator should make 
 inquiries, and indicate what is proper for each in the 
 way of purification and of any other procedure. Take, 
 for example, the purification of a city — there are many 
 kinds of purification, some easier and others more 
 difficult; and some of them, and the best and most 
 difficult of them, the legislator, if he be also a despot, 
 may be able to effect ; but he who, without a despotism, 
 sets up a new government and laws, even if he attempt 
 the mildest of purgations, may think himself happy if 
 he can complete the work. The best kind of purifica-
 
 24 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 tion is painful, like similar cures in medicine, involving 
 righteous punishment or inflicting death or exile in 
 the last resort. For in this way we commonly dispose 
 of great sinners who are incurable, and are the greatest 
 injury to the whole state. But the milder form of purifi- 
 cation is as follows : when men who have nothing, and 
 are in want of food, show a disposition to follow their 
 leaders in an attack on the property of the prosperous — 
 these, who are the natural plague of the state, are sent 
 away b}^ the legislator in a friendly spirit as far as he is 
 able, and this dismissal of them is euphemistically termed 
 a colony. And every legislator should contrive to do 
 this at once.' 
 
 Now may we not claim Plato as a precursor of the 
 modern Eugenics movement ? He grasped the intensity 
 of inheritance, for he appeals to the herd and the flock ; 
 he realized the danger to the state of a growing band of 
 degenerates, and he called upon the legislator to purify 
 the state. Plato's purgation, if you will accept the view 
 I have endeavoured to lay before you to-da}^, has in fact 
 hitherto been carried out by natural selection, by the 
 struggle of man against man, of man against nature, and 
 of state against state. This very cosmical process has 
 so developed our ethical feelings, that we find it difficult 
 to regard the process as benign. A hundred years ago 
 we still hung the greater proportion of our criminals or 
 sent them for hfe across the seas, not even euphemis- 
 tically terming it a ' colony '. We shut up our insane, 
 making no attempt at cure ; the modern system of 
 hospitals and institutions and charities was scarcely 
 developed ; the physically and mentally weak had small 
 chance of surviving and bearing offspring. There was 
 a constant stern selection purifying in Plato's sense the 
 state. The growth of human sympathy — and is not this 
 one of the chief factors of national fitness ? — has been so
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 25 
 
 rapid during the century that it has cried Halt! to 
 almost every form of racial purification. Is not this 
 the real opposition which Huxley noticed between the 
 ethical and cosmic processes? One factor— absolutely 
 needful for race survival — sympathy, has been developed 
 in such an exaggerated form that we are in danger, by 
 suspending selection, of lessening the effect of those 
 other factors which automatically purge the state of the 
 degenerates in body and mind. 
 
 Do I therefore call for less human sympathy, for more 
 limited charity, and for sterner treatment of the weak ? 
 Not for a moment; we cannot go backwards a single step 
 in the evolution of human feeling! But I demand that 
 all sympathy and charity shall be organized and guided 
 into paths where they will promote racial efficiency, and 
 not lead us straight towards national shipwreck. The 
 time is coming when we must consciously carry out 
 that purification of the state and race which has hitherto 
 been the work of the unconscious cosmic process. The 
 higher patriotism and the pride of race must come 
 to our aid in stemming deterioration ; the science of 
 Eugenics has not only to furnish Plato's legislator 
 with the facts upon which he can take action, but it has 
 to educate public opinion until without a despotism he 
 may attempt even the mildest purgation. To produce 
 a nation healthy alike in mind and body must become 
 a fixed idea — one of almost reHgious intensity, as Francis 
 Galton has expressed it — in the minds of the intellectual 
 oligarchy, which after all sways the masses and their 
 poHtical leaders. 
 
 Let me put before you a little more in detail the 
 biological aspects of national growth. The Darwinian 
 hypothesis asserts that the sounder individual has more
 
 26 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 chance of surviving in the contest with physical and 
 organic environment. It is therefore better able to 
 produce and rear offspring, which in their turn inherit 
 its advantageous characters. Profitable variations are 
 thus seized on by natural selection, and perpetuated by 
 heredity. 
 
 Now if we are to apply these biological ideas to the 
 case of man, we must have evidence (i) that man varies, 
 (ii) that these variations, favourable or unfavourable, are 
 inherited, and (iii) that they are selected. 
 
 Is it needful now to show that man varies ? We not 
 only know he varies, but the extent of variation in 
 both man and woman has been measured by the 
 Biometric School in nearly two hundred cases. The 
 variability within any single local race of man amounts 
 from 4 or 5 to 15 or 20 per cent, of the absolute value of 
 the character. 
 
 Secondl}', are these variations inherited? Of this 
 there is not the slightest doubt. They are not mere 
 somatic fluctuations, but correspond to real geminal 
 differences. The problem of inheritance is closely 
 associated with that of the resemblance of members of 
 the same stock, due caution being paid to the possi- 
 bilities of environmental influence. Now we may 
 separate the characters in which we are at present 
 interested into three : {a} the Physical, {b) the Patho- 
 logical, and {c) the Psychical. 
 
 Table II gives us the resemblance between parent 
 and offspring for a number of physical characters in man. 
 Please note that the coefficient recorded is zero if there 
 be no relationship and unity, if parent and offspring 
 show an invariable relationship in the character under 
 discussion. We see that the resemblance in the case of
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 27 
 
 man lies between -4 and -5. It is about half-way up the 
 correlation scale. Again the lower part of Table II 
 gives us corresponding measures of resemblance be- 
 tween brethren for hke characters, we notice that the 
 resemblance lies between -5 and -6. 
 
 TABLE II. INHERITANCE OF PHYSIQUE 
 Paternal Inheritance. Males only. 
 
 Method. 
 
 Authority. 
 
 Ages. 
 
 Intensity. 
 
 Family Measurements : 
 
 Stature 
 
 Span 
 
 Forearm 
 
 Family Records : 
 
 Eye Colour 
 
 Pearson and Lee 
 
 ?> 11 
 
 Adults 
 
 >> 
 
 •51 
 
 •45 
 .42 
 
 •55 
 
 Fraternal Inheritance. 
 
 Family Measurements : 
 
 
 
 
 Stature 
 
 Pearson and Lee 
 
 Adults 
 
 •51 
 
 Span 
 
 ?> if 
 
 >> 
 
 •55 
 
 Forearm 
 
 11 jy 
 
 jf 
 
 •49 
 
 Family Records : 
 
 
 
 
 Eye Colour 
 
 JJ n 
 
 „ 
 
 •52 
 
 School Observations : 
 
 
 
 
 Eye Colour 
 
 Pearson 
 
 Boy and Boy 
 
 •54 
 
 School Measurements ^ : 
 
 
 
 
 Head Breadth .... 
 
 )' 
 
 ?; jy 
 
 •59 
 
 Head Length .... 
 
 5> 
 
 ?> »' 
 
 •50 
 
 Head Height .... 
 
 >> 
 
 n JJ 
 
 •55 
 
 Cephalic Index . . . 
 
 J> 
 
 7> n 
 
 •49 
 
 Mean Paternal Value .48. Mean Fraternal Value -53. 
 
 For both parental and fraternal inheritance in man 
 we find for physical characters much the same values 
 as we find in the cases of cattle, horses, and dogs. This 
 is illustrated in Table III. 
 
 Turning now to diseased or pathological cases, we 
 have at present only three types that have been dealt 
 
 1 Reduced to standard age of t%yelve years.
 
 28 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 with. These are Mr. Edgar Schuster's results for the 
 inheritance of deaf-mutism, Mr. Heron's results for 
 the inheritance of the insane diathesis, and my own 
 work on pulmonary tuberculosis. It is worth noting 
 that these results are all first-fruits of Mr. Galton's 
 foundation of a Eugenics Laboratory. 
 
 TABLE III. PARENTAL INHERITANCE IN DIFFERENT 
 SPECIES 
 
 Species. 
 
 Character. 
 
 Mean Value. 
 
 No. of pairs used. 
 
 Man 
 
 Stature 
 Span 
 Forearm 
 Eye Colour 
 
 •51 
 .48 
 42 
 •50 
 
 4,886 
 
 4.873 
 4,866 
 4.000 
 
 Horse 
 
 Basset Hound . . 
 Greyhound . . . 
 
 Aphis 
 
 Daphnia .... 
 
 Coat Colour 
 
 Coat Colour 
 
 Coat Colour 
 \ Right Antenna 
 / Frontal Breadth 
 I Protopodite 
 \ Body Length 
 
 •52 
 •52 
 
 •51 
 •44 
 
 •47 
 
 4,350 
 
 823 
 
 9.279 
 
 368 
 
 96 
 
 Mean . . 
 
 — 
 
 •48 
 
 
 TABLE IV. PATHOLOGICAL INHERITANCE 
 
 Condition. Investigator. 
 
 Parental. 
 
 Fraternal. 
 
 Deaf-mutism 
 
 Insanity 
 
 Pulmonary Tuberculosis . . . 
 
 Schuster 
 
 Heron 
 
 Pearson 
 
 •54 
 •58 
 •50 
 
 •73 
 .48 
 •48 
 
 Mean Value 
 
 — 
 
 •54 
 
 •56
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 29 
 
 Now it must be admitted at once that these diseased 
 states are far harder to deal with than simple quantita- 
 tive characters. Their treatment involves more assump- 
 tions, and the data are less trustworthy. But from what 
 
 TABLE V. SCHOOL OBSERVATIONS 
 
 Resemblance of Siblings.^ 
 
 Psxchical Characters. 
 
 Character. 
 
 Boys. 
 
 Girls. 
 
 Boy and Girl. 
 
 Health . . . 
 £3-6 Colour . 
 Hair Colour . 
 Curliness . . 
 Cephalic Index 
 Head Length . 
 Head Breadth 
 Head Height . 
 
 • 
 
 
 •52 
 •54 
 .62 
 
 •52 
 •49 
 •50 
 •59 
 •55 
 
 •51 
 •52 
 •56 
 •52 
 •54 
 •43 
 •62 
 
 •52 
 
 •57 
 •53 
 •55 
 •52 
 •43 
 •46 
 
 •54 
 •49 
 
 Mean 
 
 •54 
 
 •53 
 
 •51 
 
 TABLE VI. SCHOOL OBSERVATIONS 
 
 Resemblanxe of Siblings 
 
 Psychical Characters. 
 
 Character. 
 
 Vivacity .... 
 Assertiveness . . 
 Introspection . . 
 Popularity . . . 
 Conscientiousness 
 Temper .... 
 Ability .... 
 Handwriting . 
 
 Boys. 
 
 •47 
 •53 
 •59 
 •50 
 •59 
 •51 
 .46 
 
 •53 
 
 Girls. 
 
 Boy and Girl. 
 
 ' The term 'sibling' is used for the offspring of the same pair without 
 regard to sex.
 
 30 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 I show in this table I think we may safely draw two 
 conclusions : {a) the tendency to diseases of mind and 
 body is inherited, (b) this inheritance may be slightly 
 greater, it is hardly hkely to be less, than the inheritance 
 of quantitatively measurable physical characters. 
 
 INTtNSITY OF RESEMBLANCE! 
 
 
 I- 
 
 
 
 
 
 "1 
 
 
 ' ■ 
 
 
 
 -~~~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 /' 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 z 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 >m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 --J- 
 
 < 
 o 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 UT 
 
 H 
 ifi- 
 
 ^ 
 
 T" 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tn 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q. 
 
 
 
 
 1 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \JA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 ">, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m- 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 j.^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 q>qor>a>to^<T><J*'rO 
 
 INTENSITY OF RESEMBLANCE
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 31 
 
 I now turn to the inheritance of the psychical charac- 
 ters. Here again we tread on more difficult ground. 
 On first investigating the problem myself I worked 
 with school children, and for the following reasons. 
 The teacher compares the individual with his general 
 experience of many children ; he thus approaches much 
 more nearly an absolute standard than if we ask for an 
 isolated return as to a single family from this or that 
 relatively inexperienced recorder. Secondly, it is not 
 often that we can find any data of the psychical characters 
 of father and son taken at about the same period in life. 
 If you will look at Tables V and VI and Fig. Ill you will 
 see that I have not been able to discover any difference 
 in intensity of inheritance between the psychical and 
 physical characters in children.^ Mr. Schuster has been 
 able to get over my difficulty at least for one character, 
 
 TABLE VII. INHERITANCE OF ABILITY. MALE AND MALE 
 Paternal Inheritance. 
 
 Method. 
 
 Authority. 
 
 Ages. 
 
 Intensity. 
 
 Oxford Class Lists 
 
 Family Records 
 
 Schuster 
 Pearson 
 
 Adults 
 Adults 
 
 •49 
 ■58 
 
 Fratern 
 
 AL Inheritance. 
 
 
 Oxford Class Lists 
 
 Family Records 
 
 School Class Lists 
 
 School Observations .... 
 
 Schuster 
 Pearson 
 Schuster 
 Pearson 
 
 Adults 
 
 Adults 
 
 Boys 
 
 Boy and Boy 
 
 •56 
 •54 
 •56 
 •52 
 
 Mean Paternal Value -54. Mean Fraternal Value -54. 
 
 ^ The tables reproduced here are drawn from my Huxley Lecture or 
 other biometric memoirs.
 
 32 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 /*foAAe^v3 anct /V" of C/j'/c/^Grj 
 
 z o JO 
 
 Fig. IV. 
 
 /^^/■/Tcr^:s anc/ /V - of Ch^/c^r-cn 
 
 r 
 
 JO ^o "so 
 
 •So ro 
 
 Fig. V.
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 33 
 
 that of ability in father and son as judged by the 
 Oxford Class Lists. In a recent memoir published by 
 the Galton Eugenics Laboratory he obtains the results 
 given in Table VI L If we allow for an academic selection 
 of intelligence, we reach values singularly close to those 
 obtained for the physical characters. I have added some 
 results of my own, not hitherto published, taken from 
 my Family Record Schedules. To sum up, there 
 appears no doubt that good and bad physique, the 
 liability to and the immunity from disease, the moral 
 characters and the mental temperament, are inherited in 
 man and with much the same intensity. 
 
 As a next stage, I point out— if it be needful to do 
 so — that Figures IV and V show that those who live 
 longest, and may be presumed to be the healthiest, leave 
 most offspring.^ One link still remains unproven — Are 
 these variations subject to selection ? Is the death-rate 
 in man a function of his constitution ? Or does man fall 
 in his 3'Outh or prime or dotage b}^ the purely random 
 bolt of Death ? The possibilit}^ of solving this last pro- 
 blem occurred to me when studying the inheritance of 
 longevity. If longevity depended onl}^ on the physical 
 constitution, we might expect it to be inherited at the 
 same rate as other physical characters. I found it to be 
 inherited alwa3^s at a lesser rate. The difference could 
 only be accounted for by the partly random character 
 of Death's aim. This was the key to measuring the pro- 
 portion of the selective and non-selective death-rates in 
 man. Table VIII gives you the results. With these 
 results it appears to me that Darwinism is clearly and 
 definitely established for Man. 
 
 ^ The data are from the records of the Society of Friends, and show with 
 little doubt an unrestricted birth-rate.
 
 34 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 It is not SO many years ago since a distinguished 
 statesman, speaking within the walls of this University, 
 asserted that ' No man has ever seen natural selection 
 at work '. At that time all the criticism possible seemed, 
 * Every man who has lived through a hard winter, every 
 man who has examined a mortality table, every man 
 who has studied the history of nations, has probably 
 seen natural selection at work.' And thirteen years 
 later I should add : The time has now come for statesmen 
 to inquire whether natural selection is doing its work 
 efficiently ; that it applies to man no longer admits of 
 question. Can it possibly be that agencies under the 
 control of the legislator are suspending that Platonic 
 purification of the state which in olden time natural 
 selection worked almost automatically ? 
 
 TABLE VIII. NATURAL SELECTION IN MAN 
 
 Percentages of Deaths due to Selective Death-rate. 
 
 Deduced from Age nt Death of Kindred. 
 
 From Parental Heredity Data. 
 
 From Fraternal Heredity Data. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Selected %. 
 
 Non-Selected. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Selected %. 
 
 Non-Selected. 
 
 •3 
 
 •4 
 •45 
 
 67-5 
 58-4 
 55-1 
 
 32-5 
 4T.6 
 
 449 
 
 •4 
 
 ■■f 
 
 84.1 
 79-3 
 
 752 
 
 15-9 
 207 
 04.8 
 
 Thus between 55 and 75 per cent, of deaths in the case of Man are 
 selective. 
 
 This is the next point concerning which Eugenics 
 may have something to tell us. In order that natural 
 selection should be suspended, it is not sufficient to 
 reduce the selective death-rate ; it is necessary that the 
 relative fertility of the unfit should be higher than that
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 35 
 
 of the fit. If the unfit variations leave to any state their 
 heritage of unfitness, what can save that state from 
 degeneracy, what hinder a catastrophe when that state 
 has to prove its only title to seizin in deed of the earth? 
 
 TABLE IX. FERTILITY 
 
 IN PATHOLOGICAL AND NOR 
 
 MAL 
 
 
 STOCKS 
 
 
 
 Pathological. 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 Authority. 
 
 Nature of Marriage. 
 
 Size of 
 Family. 
 
 Deaf-Mutes, England . . . 
 
 Schuster 
 
 Probably completed 
 
 6.2 
 
 Deaf-Mutes, America . 
 
 Schuster 
 
 J5 M 
 
 6.1 
 
 Tuberculous Stock .... 
 
 Pearson 
 
 5> J' 
 
 5-7 
 
 Albinotic Stock 
 
 Pearson I 
 
 v " 
 
 5-9 
 
 Insane Stock 
 
 Heron 
 
 
 6.0 
 
 Edinburgh Degenerates . . 
 
 Eugenics Lab. 
 
 Incomplete 
 
 6-1 
 
 London Mentally Defective . 
 
 
 
 7.0 
 
 Manchester Mentally Defective 
 
 >j 
 
 5) 
 
 6-3 
 
 Criminals 
 
 Goring 
 
 Completed 
 
 6-6 
 
 Normal. 
 
 English Middle Class . . . 
 
 Pearson 
 
 \ 15 years at least — 
 i begun before 35 
 
 6.4 
 
 Family Records 
 
 Pearson 
 
 , Completed 
 
 5-3 
 
 English Intellectual Class . . 
 
 Pearson 
 
 ! All completed mar- 
 1 riages 
 
 4-7 
 
 Working Class N.S.W. . . 
 
 1 Powys 
 
 1 Completed 
 
 5-3 
 
 Danish Professional Class. . 
 
 ; Westergaard 
 
 ' 15 years at least 
 
 5-2 
 
 Danish Working Class . . . 
 
 j Westergaard 
 
 25 years at least 
 
 5-3 
 
 Edinburgh Normal Artizan . 
 
 1 Eugenics Lab 
 
 Incomplete 
 
 5-9 
 
 London Normal Artizan . . 
 
 5J 
 
 >> 
 
 i '■' 
 
 American Graduates . . , 
 
 Harvard 
 
 1 
 Completed ? 
 
 2-0 
 
 English Intellectuals . . . 
 
 S. Webb 
 
 Said to be completed 
 
 1-5 
 
 All childless marriages are excluded except in the last tw^o cases, 
 elusion of such marriages usually reduces the average by j to i child. 
 
 In- 
 
 In Table IX I have placed the fertility of deaf-mute, 
 tuberculous, criminal, and insane stocks, and below them 
 
 c 2
 
 36 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 the fertility of more normal classes in the community. 
 It is at once obvious that degenerate stocks under 
 present social conditions are not short-lived, they live 
 to have more than the normal size of family. Natural 
 selection is largel}^ suspended, but not the inheritance of 
 degeneracy nor the fertility of the unfit. On the contrar}^ 
 there is more than a suspicion of the suspension of the 
 fertility of the fit. If further evidence be needful, look at 
 the resuhs in Table X for the correlation between all 
 that makes for unfitness and the number of children per 
 married woman under fifty-five. Dr. Heron has indeed 
 shown us that the survival of the unfit is a marked 
 characteristic of modern town fife. Every condition 
 which makes for bad nurture as well as bad nature 
 seems to emphasize the birth-rate. 
 
 TABLE X. CORRELATION OF BIRTH-RATE MEASURED ON 
 WIVES OF REPRODUCTIVE AGES WITH SOCIAL AND 
 PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF POPULATION OF LONDON 
 
 For 1901 Census. David Heron. 
 
 Characters Correlated. Correlation Coefficient. 
 
 Birth-rate. 
 
 With males engaged in professions .... 
 
 With female domestics per 100 females . 
 
 With female domestics per 100 families . 
 
 With general labourers per 1000 males . 
 
 With pawnbrokers and general dealers per 1000 males 
 
 With children employed ages 10-14 .... 
 
 With persons living more than 2 in a room 
 
 With infants under i year dying per 1000 births . 
 
 With death from phthisis per 100,000 
 
 With total number of paupers per 1000 . 
 
 With number of lunatic paupers per 1000. 
 
 -.78 
 —80 
 -.76 
 + •52 
 + -62 
 + .66 
 + •70 
 + •50 
 + •59 
 + -20 
 
 + •34 
 
 Infant Mortality. 
 
 With children aged 2-4 +^59 
 
 5-14 +-54 
 
 ,. 13-15 +34 
 
 (per 100 wives) 
 These last results show that the infantile mortality of the fertile classes 
 does not compensate for their predominant fertility.
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 37 
 
 As we have found conscientiousness is inherited, so 
 I have Httle doubt that the criminal tendency descends 
 in stocks. To-day we feed our criminals up, and we feed 
 up the insane, we let both out of the prison or the asylum 
 ' reformed ' or ' cured ' as the case may be, only after 
 a few months to return to state-supervision, leaving be- 
 hind them the germs of a new generation of deteriorants. 
 The average number of crimes due to the convicts in His 
 Majesty's Prisons to-day is ten apiece. We cannot 
 reform the criminal, nor cure the insane from the stand- 
 point of heredity, the taint varies not with their moral 
 or mental conduct. These are products of the somatic 
 cells, the disease lies deeper in their germinal constitu- 
 tion. Education for the criminal, fresh air for the 
 tuberculous, rest and food for the neurotic — these are 
 excellent, they may bring control, sound lungs, and 
 sanity to the individual; but they will not save the 
 offspring from the need of like treatment, nor from the 
 danger of collapse when the time of strain comes. They 
 cannot make a nation sound in mind and body, they 
 merely screen degeneracy behind a throng of arrested 
 degenerates. Our highly developed human sympathy 
 will no longer allow us to watch the state purify itself by 
 aid of crude natural selection. We see pain and suffer- 
 ing only to relieve it, without inquiry as to the moral 
 character of the sufferer or as to his national or racial 
 value. And this is right — no man is responsible for his 
 own being; and nature and nurture, over which he had 
 no control, have made him the being he is, good or evil. 
 But here science steps in, crying, ' Let the reprieve be 
 accepted, but next remind the social conscience of its duty 
 to the race. No nation can preserve its efficiency unless 
 dominant fertility be associated with the mentally and
 
 38 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 physically fitter stocks. The reprieve is granted, but 
 let there be no heritage if you would build up and pre- 
 ser\^e a virile and efficient people.' 
 
 Here, I hold, we reach the kernel of the truth which 
 the science of Eugenics has at present revealed. The 
 biological factors are dominant in the evolution of man- 
 kind; these, and these alone, can throw light on the 
 rise and fall of nations, on racial progress and national 
 degeneracy. In highly civilized states, the growth of the 
 communal feeUng — upon which indeed these states de- 
 pend for their very existence — has not kept step with our 
 knowledge of the laws which govern race development. 
 Consciously or unconsciously we have suspended the 
 racial purgation maintained in less developed communi- 
 ties by natural selection. We return our criminals after 
 penance, our insane and tuberculous after 'recovery', to 
 their old lives ; we leave the mentally defective as flotsam 
 on the flood tide of primordial passions. We disregard 
 on every side these two great principles : (a) the inheri- 
 tance of variations, and {b) the correlation in heredity of 
 unlike imperfections.^ The statesman as usual is inert, 
 waiting for the growth of popular opinion. Doctors, we 
 are told, do not believe in heredity. If that be so, they 
 have small idea of the most plentiful harvest j^et 
 
 * We are at present only reaching light on what is a very important 
 principle, namely, that stocks exist which show a general tendenc}' to 
 defect, taking one form in the parent, another in the offspring. Neuroses 
 in the parents become alcoholism or insanity in the offspring ; mental defect 
 may be correlated with tuberculosis, albinism with imbecility ; and one type 
 of visual defect in the father be found associated with a second in the son. 
 We cannot at present give this fact scientific expression, but it would 
 appear that there is something akin to germinal degeneracy which may 
 show itself in different defects of the same organ or in defects of different 
 organs. The solution, perhaps, lies in a tendency to general defect in the 
 gamete. Even now, I doubt whether it is absolutely unscientific to speak of 
 a general inheritance of degeneracy.
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 39 
 
 reaped by modern science. The philanthropist looks to 
 hygiene, to education, to general environment, for the 
 preservation of the race. It is the easy path, but it can- 
 not achieve the desired result. These things are needful 
 tools to the efficient, and passable crutches to the halt ; 
 but at least on one point Mendelian and Biometrician 
 are in agreement — there is no hope of racial purification 
 in any environment which does not mean selection 
 of the germ. 
 
 If I speak strongly, it is because I feel strongly ; and 
 the strength of my feeling does not depend on the few 
 facts I have brought before you to-day. It would be 
 possible to paint a lurid picture— and label it Race- 
 Suicide. That is feasible to any one who has seen, 
 even from afar, the nine circles of that dread region 
 which stretches from slum to reformatory, from casual 
 ward and stew to prison, from hospital and sanitorium 
 to asylum and special school; that infernal lake which 
 sends its unregarded rivulets to befoul more fertile 
 social tracts. But the scope of Eugenics is not to ^^ 
 stir the social conscience by an exaggerated picture 
 of racial dangers. Those dangers are not wholly recent, 
 if they are increasing in intensity ; they are not peculiar 
 to England, as a brief acquaintance with French and 
 German conditions will suffice to show. Nay, even in 
 the New World men are awaking to the peril which 
 high civilizations risk from their treatment of de- 
 generates. What we leave to private effort, the 
 establishment of a Eugenics Laboratory, they propose 
 in the United States to do by a Government Office. 
 The American proposal to establish a laboratory in 
 the Department of the Interior for the study of the 
 abnormal classes and the collection of sociological and
 
 40 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 pathological data, has only one, but that a grave defect. 
 No Eugenics Laboratory which confines its attention 
 to the study of the abnormal can fulfil its functions. 
 The positive side is as important as the negative side, 
 and the application of the laws of inheritance to the 
 betterment of the good is as vital as, and far more 
 likely to inspire us with hope of achievement than con- 
 centrating our investigations on the excision of the bad. 
 If we realize the antinomy which Eugenics brings 
 to our notice between high civilization and racial 
 purgation, we ask : How can the dominant fertility of 
 the fitter social stocks be maintained when natural 
 selection has been suspended ? I do not think any wise 
 man would be prepared with a full answer to this 
 question to-day. There is no sovereign remedy for 
 degeneracy. Every method is curative which tends to 
 decrease the fertilit}^ of the unfit and to emphasize that 
 of the fit. We may find it difficult to define the socially 
 fit, although physique and abihty will carry us far; 
 but when we turn to the habitual crimmal, the pro- 
 fessional tramp, the tuberculous, the insane, the mentally 
 defective, the alcoholic, the diseased from birth or from 
 excess, there can be little doubt of their social unfitness. 
 Here every remedy which tends to separate them from 
 the community, every segregation which reduces their 
 chances of parentage, is worth}^ of consideration. Strange 
 as it may seem, we are not much beyond the cure 
 suggested by Plato — what is * euphemistically termed a 
 colony', for the degenerates of each sex. The duty of 
 the man of science is to find out the law, and if possible 
 waken the conscience of his countrymen to its existence. 
 It is the function of the statesman to discover the feasi- 
 ble social remedy which is not at variance with that law.
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 41 
 
 But, thus far, I have touched on only one side of the 
 problem, the reduction in bad stock. Is not something 
 more to be insisted upon with regard to the increase of 
 good stock ? Have we not treated the birth of children 
 as something that concerned the individual and not the 
 state? May not a source of racial greatness lie in 
 a national spirit, like that of Japan, which demands the 
 healthy able child from fitting parents, and looks with 
 sinister eye on those who provide the state with the halt 
 and diseased? I may have overlooked the point, but 
 I have not noticed that this first principle of duty to the 
 race, of national morality, has been fully insisted upon 
 by our ethical writers. I have often heard false pride 
 of ancestry condemned, but I have not seen the true 
 pride of ancestry explained and commended. Surely 
 the man who is conscious that he comes of a stock 
 sound in body, able in mind, tested in achievement, and 
 who knows that, mating with Hke stock and maintaining 
 himself in health, he will hand down that heritage to 
 his children — surely such a man may have a legitimate 
 pride in ancestr}^, and is worthy of honourable mention 
 in eugenic records? It seems to me that those who 
 have the welfare of the nation and our racial fitness for 
 the world-struggle at heart, must recognize that this is 
 the ideal which the racial conscience demands of its 
 saner members. 
 
 A clean body, a sound if slow mind, a vigorous and 
 healthy stock, a numerous progeny, these factors were 
 largely representative of the typical Englishman of the 
 past ; and we see to-day that one and all these character- 
 istics can be defended on scientific grounds; the}^ are 
 the essentials of an imperial race. 
 
 As we have found an antinom}^ between high civiliza-
 
 42 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 tion and race purification b}' natural selection, so there 
 appears to be, a corresponding antagonism between 
 individual comfort and race welfare. It is again the 
 tendency of higher civilization to suspend the more 
 drastic phases of the struggle for existence and the 
 survival of the fitter. The man of education, or made 
 position, says 'the chances of my children are better 
 if I have but few of them ', and we reach the startling 
 condition of America, where the classes of ability — the 
 classes which take as their standard an academic edu- 
 cation — are not reproducing themselves, their average 
 number of offspring being less than two ; we reach the 
 state of affairs which Mr. Sydney Webb tells us is de- 
 monstrable in another intellectual circle in this countr}^, 
 an almost childless population with no inheritance of its 
 abilit}^ And against this we have to set the maximum 
 fertility which is reached by the degenerate stocks! 
 Individual welfare and race welfare, are they really as 
 opposed as they appear? Is it true insight to consider 
 that the fewer children the better is their prospect in 
 life ? I cannot think that the time has come when the 
 famil}^ is no longer an effective social unit. Is the 
 family of two really in a stronger condition to face 
 the world ? Is there not mutual help and strength in 
 kinship, and as age comes on must the old and 
 feeble be left to the care of strangers? Eugenically 
 Mr. Powys, in his fine memoir on fertihty and duration 
 of life in New South Wales,^ has shown that in Australia 
 the longest-lived women are neither the mothers of small 
 nor of inordinately large famihes. They are the mothers 
 of five to six children. Eugenically we have shown that 
 the two or three first-born members of a family are more 
 
 ^ Eiometrika, vol. iv. pp. 233-92.
 
 Ti.t.,:r-cc/aui OffiM'.ng 
 
 Cr-,m,r,al 0/fifi,-,r,S 
 
 m 
 
 p^</e^ <y e„ 

 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 43 
 
 liable to insanity (Heron), tuberculosis (Pearson), crimin- 
 ality (Goring), and mental defect.^ Fig. VI will illustrate 
 this. The excess of pathological cases among the earlier 
 born is very significant. Economically is it not true that if 
 six degenerates are born to two, and not six, sound men 
 and women, those two will have to do triple work to pro- 
 vide — in prison, asylum, institution, and hospital — for this 
 mass of the incompetent ? I am not sure that a strong 
 case could not be made out against the small family even 
 on the basis of individual welfare! But I would rather 
 appeal on this point to race instinct and to the social con- 
 science. The progress of the race inevitably demands 
 a dominant fertility in the fitter stocks. If that principle 
 be not recognized as axiomatic by the mentally and 
 bodily fit themselves, if the statesman does not accept 
 it as a guide in social legislation, then the race will 
 degenerate, until, sinking into barbarism, it may rise 
 again through the toilsome stages of purification by 
 crude natural selection. I am not pessimistic in this 
 attitude. I know that the EngHsh people has been 
 aroused to self-consciousness more than once in its 
 history, and I believe that now it can be brought to 
 realize that safety lies in a conscious race-culture. If 
 race feeling can be appealed to by men trained to see 
 the bearing of great biological laws on human growth, 
 then we shall not create a mere passing wave of 
 national emotion conveniently satisfied by the appoint- 
 ment, dead before the report, of a Royal Commission. 
 The time seems upon us when the biological sciences 
 shall begin to do for man what the physical have done 
 for more than a century; when they shall aid him in 
 
 ^ It seems to me that here science has a word to say with regard to 
 reform of an hereditary peerage.
 
 44 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE TO THE STATE 
 
 completing his mastery of his organic development, as 
 the physical sciences have largely taught him to control 
 his inorganic environment. To bring this about we 
 need above all two factors. First: a knowledge of 
 inheritance, variation, selection, and fertihty in man, 
 and the relation of these results to racial efficiency. 
 To this special branch of biology, Francis Galton has 
 given the name of the science of National Eugenics, 
 and in founding the Francis Galton Laboratory for 
 National Eugenics in the University of London he 
 has been the pioneer in asserting that even from the 
 academic standpoint, ' the proper study of mankind is 
 man.' Eighty years ago there were no physical 
 laboratories in the universities of this country, sixty 
 years ago there were no physiological laboratories, 
 thirty years ago there were no engineering laboratories. 
 To-day there is only one laboratory for National 
 Eugenics. I believe that every university twenty years 
 hence will offer its students training in the science 
 that makes for race-efficiency and in the knowledge 
 which alone can make a reality of statecraft. The Eu- 
 genics Laboratory then will require no apology, it will 
 be too well recognized a part of university equipment. 
 The second factor which seems to me needful is an 
 altered tone with regard to those phases of our sexual 
 life upon which the health and welfare of the nation 
 as a whole so largely depend. In this matter I think 
 we can learn from the spirit of our youngest allies, the 
 Japanese, and from the practice of our oldest allies, the 
 Jews. With both, race-preservation and race-better- 
 ment have assumed the form of a religious cult. And 
 one aim of my lecture to-day is that I may appeal to the 
 younger members of my audience, on whom responsi-
 
 OF THE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL EUGENICS 45 
 
 bility for forming opinion will shortly fall, to weigh 
 these things well, for they touch closely our national 
 safety. On the one hand I do not raise an alarmist 
 picture of our coming decadence, nor on the other hand 
 would I leave you without insisting that there is grave 
 occasion for earnest thought. I would raise interest 
 in a new and, I believe, potent branch of science; 
 I would call for a strengthening of racial conscience, 
 and a scientific basis for conduct, as our growing 
 civilization stems natural selection as the purifier of 
 the state. Thus it is that Eugenics passes from Science 
 into Practice, from knowledge to a creed of action. 
 This cannot be expressed better than by Francis 
 Galton's concluding words in his Eugenics as a Factor 
 of Religion. 
 
 ' Eugenic belief extends the function of philanthropy 
 to future generations, it renders its actions more per- 
 vading than hitherto, by dealing with famihes and 
 societies in their entiret}^, and it enforces the impor- 
 tance of the marriage covenant by directing serious 
 attention to the probable quahty of the future offspring. 
 It sternly forbids all forms of sentimental charity that 
 are harmful to the race, while it eagerly seeks oppor- 
 tunity for acts of personal kindness, as some equivalent 
 to the loss of what it forbids. It brings the tie of 
 kinship into prominence and strongly encourages love 
 and interest in family and race. In brief, Eugenics is 
 a virile creed, full of hopefulness, and appealing to many 
 of the noblest feelings of our nature.'
 
 OXFORD : HORACE HART 
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 THE FRANCIS GALTON LABORATORY FOR 
 NATIONAL EUGENICS 
 
 The Francis Galton Laboratory is issuing in parts, ^t sl^^ 'l^^Vfli^' 
 a collection of published and unpublished family pedigreeimilJetrltMig 
 the inheritance in man of mental and physical characters, of disease 
 and of abnormality. 
 
 Students of heredity find great difficulty in obtaining easy access to 
 material bearing on human inheritance. The published material is 
 voluminous, scattered over a wide and often very inaccessible journalistic 
 area. The already collected although unpublished material is probably 
 as copious, but no central organ for its rapid pubHcation in a standard- 
 ized form exists at present. The Eugenics Laboratory alone possesses 
 several hundred pedigrees of family characteristics and diseases which 
 it is desirable to make readily accessible. Many medical men possess 
 similar material, and there is a growing desire among genealogists to 
 pay more attention to family characters and supplement the merely 
 nominal pedigrees current in the past. 
 
 For a publication of this kind to be successful at the present time, 
 it should be entirely free from controversial matter. The Treasury 
 of Human Inheritance will therefore contain no reference to theoretical 
 opinions. It will give in a standardized form the pedigree of each 
 stock. This will be accompanied by a few pages of text describing 
 the individual members of the stock, giving references to authorities, 
 and, if the material has been published, to the locus of original publica- 
 tion. When necessary the characteristic will be illustrated by photo- 
 graphy or radiography. In this way it is hoped in the course of a few 
 years to place a large mass of material in the hands of the student of 
 human heredit3\ It will not cut him off from, but directly guide him 
 to original and fuller sources of information. Further, the Treasiuy 
 will provide students of eugenics and of sociologj^, medical men, and 
 others, with an organ where their investigations will find ready publica- 
 tion, and where as time goes on a higher and more complete standard 
 of family history than has hitherto been usual can be maintained. 
 It is proposed to issue the Treasury of Httman Inhen'tance in quarto 
 parts at about quarterly intervals. Each part will contain about six 
 to ten plates of pedigrees and of such other illustrations as may be 
 needful. 
 
 The following parts have alread3' been issued : — 
 
 Parts I and II (double part) contain pedigrees of Diabetes In- 
 sipidus, Split-Foot, Polydactylism, Brachydactylism, Tuberculosis, 
 Deaf-Mutism, and Legal Ability. Price 145. net. 
 
 Part III contains pedigrees of Angioneurotic Oedema, Hermaphro- 
 ditism, Deaf-Mutism, Insanity, and Commercial Ability. Price 65. net. 
 
 Part IV contains pedigrees of Hare-Lip, Cleft Palate, Deaf-Mutism, 
 and Congenital Cataract. Price 105. net. 
 
 Parts V and VI (double part) contain pedigrees of Haemophilia. Price 
 15^. tiet. 
 * Parts VII and VIII containing pedigrees of Dwarfism are at press. 
 
 The subscription to each set of four parts will in future be 245., and 
 all communications with regard to pedigree contributions should be 
 sent to : The Editors, Treasury of Human Inheritance, Eugenics 
 Laboratory, University College, London, W.C. Subscriptions should 
 be made payable to Miss H. Gertrude Jones, at the above address. 
 
 Single parts may be purchased from Messrs. Dulau & Co., Ltd., 
 37 Soho Square, London, W., either directly or through any bookseller.
 
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