La THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES liil ■^'• iiiliil?;! fi 1 lilfefe^ ;^ :'l' -r:;.^ mmmm- ,ik;');,'!j,^:|'.:i., !!. statesmanlike vision and plan. In every land and in every Church there are men competent, to do this — men with the capacity, and in a measure with the training, for true statesman- ship. Moreover, Christian missions abound with problems and situations calling for its exercise. The trouble is that many of the NEED FOR STATESMANSHIP 91 men possessing the ability or latent capacity to become statesmen are so absorbed with executive work, and have their time so frittered away by countless details, minor en- gagements and interruptions that they are unable to secure the prolonged periods of time and the conditions favorable for quiet reflection and constructive thinking. From the nature of the case the reason why so many problems are still unsolved, and why so many situations are still unmastered is be- cause men are not thinking long enough and deeply enough. Unceasing toil is one of the processes re- quired for the development of statesmanship. This is as true in the work of the Church as in the affairs of State. Morley speaks of the "infinite labor" of Gladstone as one of the causes of his unique leadership. Gladstone himself claimed that one thing which char- acterized his whole career was ''the desire to learn." The more closely we study the habits of the leading minds in missionary affairs, the more we are impressed by the fact that their leadership, their larger understanding 92 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION and their most distinguished services have been made possible in no small part by their prodigious toil. A deepening acquaintance and fellowship with God and a habit of pondering His de- signs, His ways, His wishes and His resources are essential and absolutely central. The Psalmist has said that God ^'made known His ways to Moses, His doings unto the children of Israel." To-day among the thousands of missionary workers and leaders there are many who apparently have recognized the wonderful acts of Almighty God, but how few give one the impression that they have entered into intimate acquaintance with His ways. The statesmanship of the apostolic age had its springs in a life of communion with the living God. The founders of Christianity did not sit at the feet of men of great gifts and experience, yet they saw further and built more largely and securely than the out- standing political or religious leaders of sub- sequent centuries. Whence did they acquire their statecraft? They developed the deeper penetration, the larger understanding, the NEED FOR STATESMANSHIP 93 true self-detachment, as the Master did, through communion with God Himself. To a degree of which we have not dreamed the statesmanship of the Kingdom so imperative- ly demanded in these days depends upon fre- quent and patient waiting upon God and upon the discerning and following of His providential leadings. If there be compara- tively little in missionary planning and policy which reminds us of superhuman wisdom and power, may not the reason lie right here? In a true sense the power of Christian states- manship is God-given. Is not the missionary statesman a prophet whom God has called, and to whom He has given a vision and the power to persuade men to follow it? The one adequate missionary mind is the Spirit , i of God. Except as He guides, inspires and emboldens workers and movements, how futile is all our devising, but when He mani- fests His presence, wisdom and power, how . the results transcend all human experiences,/' calculations and expectations! THE UNCHRISTIAN ASPECTS OF THE IMPACT OF OUR WESTERN CIVILIZATION IV THE UNCHRISTIAN ASPECTS OF THE IMPACT OF OUR WESTERN CIVILIZATION During the recent years there has been a vast multiplication of contacts of so-called Christian nations with non-Christian peoples. The marked improvement and the wide extension of all means of communication ; have had most to do with making this ^ possible. It has been said that steam has an- nihilated nine-tenths of the space of the world and that electricity has cancelled the re- mainder. There has been an enormous growth of trade and commerce. This is im- pressively shown by a map prepared by the editor of the periodical Cotton and Finance showing the regions which have been made commercially accessible since 1890 through exploration, through treaties and through railroad and telegraph extension. An ag- gressive policy of political expansion on the 97 98 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION part of European nations has served to multiply greatly the points of contact. Over three-fourths of the area of the habitable globe is under the control of civiHzed powers, and though vast multitudes remain non- Christian, there is scarcely a spot in which the influence of the Western nations is not felt, and in which the backward and uncivil- ized races are not being influenced by the ideas and practices of the more advanced nations. The streams of emigration of laboring classes from the Orient and from the Near East by their direct and refluent action tend to bring the more and the less advanced civilizations into closer touch with one an- other. The growing migrations of students from land to land are of large significance owing to the fact that they represent the future leaders of the nations concerned. The prodigious activities of the secular press in all parts of the world have accomplished won- ders in bringing before readers in any one nation what is going on in other nations. The development of international law and IMPACT OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION 99 the varied offices of diplomacy are further serving to destroy the isolation of nations. The multiplication of international societies affords a striking illustration of the contrac- tion and unification of the world and also reveals one of the principal causes facilitat- ing this process. There has been held within two years in Brussels a gathering of repre- sentatives of international societies. It per- fected an organization called ''The Union of International Associations." This society pubUshes a monthly entitled La Vie Inter- nationale. The annual report of this society. gives a list of over four hundred existing in- ternational organizations, commercial, indus-' trial, scientific, political, educational and social. The countless ships of commerce, the rail- way trains moving in every direction, and these many other agencies and influences, are serving as great shuttles which are weaving the nations together into one complex web. Every day civilization is becoming more and more international. National thought, na- tional custom and national action are giving 100 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION way in every sphere to internationalism. Races which have had nothing in common are discovering increasingly their interde- pendence, and are seeking earnestly to under- stand each other and to find ground for co-operation. For thousands of years the East and West have lived apart; but it be- comes more and more evident that their destinies are blending and that for all the future they must live together. Not except- ing the mingling of the peoples in the days of Alexander the Great, or at the time of the invasion of the Roman Empire by the north- ern nations, or at the coming together of the different civilizations in the Crusades, has there ever been a movement comparable in extent and significance with this modern spread of the civilization of the West, and the present-day intermingling of the races of mankind. From the point of view of Christian mis- sions this marked contraction of the world and the great multiplication of points of con- tact between Western civilization and the non-Christian nations is of the largest sig- IMPACT OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION 101 nificance. It not only has immeasurably widened the opportunity of Christian mis- sions and afforded faciUties which make pos- sible more prompt and efficient conduct of missionary operations, but has also enor- mously increased and intensified the diffi- culties of the task. In every part of the non-Christian world men of bad character and influence have gone to blast and destroy where missionaries have gone to save and upbuild. While on the one hand trade and colonial politics are opening the world's doors, they are, on the other hand, closing the peo- ple's hearts to the teachings of Christianity. The improved means of communication which facilitate the sending of missionaries to take to non-Christians the best that we have, also make it easier for the people of non-Christian lands to come among us and thus see much that belies and counteracts the message of the missionary. Thousands of Mohammedan traders are using the white man's roads as their trade routes, and every ^loslem trader is a Mohammedan mission- ary. While the Trans-Siberian Railway, the 102 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION Cape to Cairo Railway, the various lines reaching from the east, west and north coasts toward the heart of Africa, the German rail- ways penetrating the Asiatic Levant and the network of railways spreading over China, Southern Asia and Latin America have made hundreds of millions of the inhabitants of Asia, Africa and Latin America much more accessible to the Christian propaganda, they have at the same time exposed these multi- tudes to the devastating touch of that which Is evil in Western civilization. What are the unchristian aspects of the present-day impact of Western civilization upon the non-Christian world? One, cer- tainly, is that of the unchristian attitude and actions of Christian powers or governments. In some cases this has been exhibited in the seizure or stealing of territory. Thus ninety- six per cent, of the African continent has been parceled out among European nations. Persia has virtually been divided between two Christian powers. Other large sections in the heart of Asia have been claimed as zones of influence by European nations. IMPACT OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION 103 Considerable areas of China have been taken from her by so-called civilized powers. The history of the concessions demanded and wrung from China in her sea coast and river ports is one of which the West may well be ashamed. Through such seizure of great areas and ports in different parts of the world the men of Western lands have given notice that the yellow and black races must be obedient to their will. Such aggressions build up a high wall against the moral and religious teachings emanating from represen- tatives of these aggressive nations. Is it strange that many of the better informed of the peoples of these weaker countries say, ''Christianity is the religion of the lands which have thus insulted, injured and robbed us. We want none of it." The unchristian attitude of some Christian governments is seen in the ignoring of treaties with weaker states. Of this we have had illustration in the African and Asiatic Levant within very recent years. There is danger also that Japan may entertain similar feel- ings concerning America. One of her leading 8 104 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION men has said in another connection that the example of Western Christian powers shows that they do not recognize any universal ethical principles in their dealings with other nations. Who can measure the harm done to Christianity and to the name of Western civilization by the self-seeking and dominat- ing political intercourse of so-called Christian powers with more backward nations! At times laws are passed or tolerated which must impress the non-Christian peoples as unjust and certainly out of harmony with the prin- ciples of the Christian rehgion as expounded by the missionaries. It was recently reported that there might be grave danger that such an impression would be made upon millions of the blacks of South Africa should certain proposed laws regarding the buying or selUng of land by natives be carried into effect. The sending out and maintaining as officials those whose lives are a reproach and a con- tradiction to the Christian name does much to counteract the good accomplished by devoted missionaries. Notwithstanding the marked improvement in the personnel of IMPACT OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION 105 consulates and embassies of certain West- ern Christian nations, there are still far too many debasing examples among these men who represent Europe and America in Asia and Africa. The carrying of the policy of religious neutrality to extremes among peoples ruled by Western Christian nations militates strongly at times against the proper understanding and rapid spread of Christianity. Such a poHcy in fields Hke India and in the Sudan means in reality the undue favoring of Hinduism and Moham- medanism. Christianity does not require nor ask for preferential treatment but simply for equal opportunity and equal favor. Wrong practices in commercial and in- dustrial relations present another unchristian aspect of the impact of the civilization of the West. Too often this has been shown by a pohcy of cruel exploitation. The Congo horrors are too recent to call for restatement. When one remembers the promises of the Christian powers which, when that state was estabhshed, solemnly engaged to watch over the preservation of the native races and to co- 106 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION operate in the suppression of slavery, one realizes what an obstacle to the spread of Christianity has been the long record of sinful neglect. While the situation has been changed for the better in very recent years, it is still essential that all Christian govern- ments preserve an attitude of earnest vigil- ance to see that the policy of reform is faith- fully carried out. The Putumayo atrocities in Peru have afforded a still more recent example of what may go on as a result of the cupidity and cruelty of exploiters from Christian lands. More commonly these evil practices are exhibited in the form of dishonest and un- scrupulous commercial transactions. While some Western firms have enviable names for fair dealing with backward peoples, there are other companies and organizations, including some of the great syndicates of the world, which have a most unfavorable reputation and record in this respect. Far too often the white man has cajoled, bullied, threatened and bribed the Asiatic and the African, has reaped enormous profits, and when he has IMPACT OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION 107 fallen into entanglements has called upon his Government to help him out. It has been indeed a disgraceful record. What wonder that such treatment arouses bitter resent- ment not only against individuals who are immediately responsible but also against the race and the religion of the land represented by such men. Most frequently these very unsatisfactory commercial relations are operative through the influence of the corrupt lives of traders and merchants. This constitutes one of the greatest stumbling blocks in the way of Christianity. Scattered throughout Turkey, the Pacific Islands, all parts of Asia and other non-Christian lands are thousands of Western traders, large numbers of whom are exerting a demoralizing influence. Lord Bryce, one of the best informed and one of the most dis- cerning students of racial conditions, has thus characterized this handicap to the spread of Christianity: "Christianity has often come to them as a religion professed by adventurers, who, bearing the Christian name, have despoiled or tricked them out of their lands, 108 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION who have exploited their mines, who have grown rich upon their labor, who have ruined them by strong drink, who have treated them with roughness and with scorn, and sometimes even with barbarity. . . . Such men are the foul scum upon the advancing wave of civilization, and they undo and un- teach by their lives what Christianity is teaching by its precepts." The vicious practices of not a few soldiers and sailors are also akin to what has been said regarding so many of the traders. While words of highest praise should be spoken of those members of Western armies and navies who in the midst of indescribable temptations have preserved their Christian standards, the truth requires that we frankly admit the sad and tragic fact that many other repre- sentatives of these Western governments have exerted a decidedly opposite influence. One need only call attention to the zones of contamination around the cantonments in India and the too prevalent immoral practices of soldiers and sailors on shore leave when the naval vessels or army trans- IMPACT OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION 109 ports are in the ports of non-Christian countries. The letting down of standards by many Western tourists likewise tends to undermine much of the good influence of the Christian propaganda. Here reference is made not so much to examples of extravagance and gen- eral worldliness, but rather to the question- able associations and habits of dissipation of many travelers in non-Christian lands. Moreover, the attitude of superiority which at times they manifest toward members of other races and their thoughtless and irrev- erent actions while visiting places which have sacred or inspiring associations in connection with religious or other institutions, exert a most unfortunate influence against Chris- tianity. Even when American and Euro- pean tourists do not depart from their ethical and religious standards or give them- selves to actions which behe the principles of Christianity, their failure to interest themselves in the work of the mission- aries and to identify themselves in an open way with the Christian movement no THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION cannot but weaken the impact of Chris- tianity. The spread of the physical temptations and evils of the West constitutes one of the most serious aspects of the unfavorable im- pact of Western lands upon non-Christian peoples. The multiplication of points of contact with the West has introduced among these peoples new temptations as well as added intensity and virulence to old temp- tations. What a record against the fair name of a great Christian power has been its complicity in helping to fasten the opium curse upon China. In the whole history of moral reform there can be found no more inspiring example than that of the heroic and apparently remarkably successful effort of the Chinese reformers to shake off this terri- ble evil. It is a depressing fact that by far the greatest opposition which these reform- ers encountered, extending to the very recent past, was that presented by representatives of a Christian government who, with almost incredible persistency and force, stedfastly resisted the efforts to eliminate this great IMPACT OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION 111 evil. The comprehensive, persistent and vigorous measures employed by Western firms to introduce cigarettes among the tens of millions of the youth of China is another modern illustration of the same kind. Hun- dreds of able agents have been stationed in all parts of China for this purpose; and it is said that when they enter a new place there is for days a free distribution of cigarettes, even among small boys. The drink evil also was introduced among non-Christian peoples by emissaries from Western nations. Prior to the opening up of relations with the West this evil was com- paratively unknown in lands of the Far East, such as Japan, China and Korea. Moreover, the responsibility must ever rest upon Chris- tian nations for the introduction of liquor into all Moslem lands. It is a striking fact that Mohammedanism and Hinduism both forbid the drinking of intoxicating liquors. Christian nations have fixed upon the fol- lowers of these religions a great physical evil, have caused them to do violence to their con- science and their religion, and have blunted 112 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION their sense of right and wrong. What must be the feehngs of Christians from the West who hear, as one often does hear in Moham- medan lands, the remark "drunk as a Chris- tian." Among the pagan millions of Africa and in the Pacific Islands may be seen the worst ravages of the drink demon. It is re- ported that in Sierra Leone, Nigeria and the Gold Coast in 1911 there were imported 6,500,000 gallons of spirituous liquor of Euro- pean manufacture; and that in the Gold Coast alone a million cases of spirits are re- tailed every year. Drunkenness is on the increase in all parts of Africa. With truth, therefore, it may be said that so-called Chris- tian nations have been responsible not only for drugging China with opium but for de- bauching Africa with alcohol. It must be admitted also that much of the gross immorality all over Asia and Africa is traceable to Western influence. Men of the West have helped to make Eastern ports what Charles Darwin in his day called '^ moral plague spots." Disorderly houses have in- creased in the Near East as well as in the Far IMPACT OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION 113 East. The growing immorality in South Africa is traceable to the depravity of natives stimulated by contact with the evils of civili- zation. That this is true is made clear by the testimony of investigators who contrast con- ditions to-day with what they were one or two generations ago. The large number of illegiti- mate children in German Africa made neces- sary recent startling action in the Reichstag of Germany. The widespread custom among European and American traders of keeping concubines presents necessarily a terrible obstacle to the spread of Christianity. What an occasion for humiliating reflection is the fact that some of the chiefs on the Lower Congo forbid the women and girls of their towns to go to the railroad towns even to trade because they recognize that these centers are the source of unnameable evils.. The pitiful conditions that obtain at the settlements in mining communities, oil fields and construction camps where European and American men are concentrated in various parts of Asia and Africa, would seem almost unbelievable to those who had not had occa- 114 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION sion to observe the facts at first hand. It is a solemn reflection that the vices of Western life seem to work with added deadliness among the peoples of more simple civiliza- tions and of the less highly organized races, such as those of Africa, Oceania and parts of Asia. There are certain unfavorable influences in the realm of education which are unfor- tunately traceable to so-called Christian lands. In nearly every city of the Orient and in other parts of the non-Christian world may be found works of infidel authors such as Ingersoll, Voltaire and Bradlaugh. Moreover, materialistic, agnostic and rationalistic litera- ture setting forth many of the unchristian teachings and ideas of such men as Huxley, Spencer, Nietzsche, Haeckel and Schopen- hauer has been translated and is being widely read in the vernaculars in all parts of the Far East and Near East. For example, some of the best scholars in China are en- gaged in bringing out such translations. The latest writings of destructive criticism, of theosophy and kindred cults, and of the IMPACT OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION 115 philosophy of despair quickly find their way to Japan, as well as to other countries which are in touch with the West, and are repro- duced and widely circulated. Japan is cer- tainly an extraordinary welter of conflicting ideas and tendencies. Count Okuma is quoted by Commission IV of the Edinburgh Conference as saying: "Japan at present may be Hkened to a sea into which a hundred cur- rents of Oriental and Occidental thought have poured, and, not yet having effected a fusion, are raging wildly, tossing, warring, roaring," Attention should also be called to the de- velopment in the Far East and in Southern Asia, as well as in Latin America, and now beginning also in the Near East, of vast ex- panding systems of Western education com- pletely dominated by secularism, and, as a rule, by agnosticism. These constitute a great menace to the spread of true Christi- anity. Another evidence of the unfavorable im- pact of Western civilization is seen in the re- laxing and breaking down of the old-time sanctions of the non-Christian civilizations. 116 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION Non-Christian nations and peoples have one by one come to see that they must assimilate our Western knowledge and science if they are to maintain or regain their independence. Experience shows that this is likely to mean the destruction or radical transformation of most of their ancient faiths. Such an unset- tling process is attended with grave dangers. Possibly the greatest peril is that the people may be left without any restraint; that is, without any substitute for that which they have given up. This, for example, is the case with a multitude of the students of Japan. The blaze of modern science has dissolved faith in Buddhism and its ethical restraints have been thrown off. Well does it prompt the serious question of Count Okuma, ^'Whether we have not lost moral fiber as the result of the many new influences to which we have been subjected." The same situa- tion seems to obtain among an increasing number of the students in India, China and the Near East. Lord William Cecil takes the position that " it had been well for the world to be left with the imperfect light of IMPACT OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION 117 Confucius, with the dull darkness of Bud- dhism, than to have been plunged into the heU and misery of materialism." All fair- minded observers of the conditions in non- Christian countries must admit that while certain of the old customs were immoral and bad, others had a good influence upon con- duct; that these ancient systems served to hold society together; that such commend- able virtues as they possessed rested upon old customs; but that our material civiHza- tion has broken down the old habits and methods of Hving, and, without doubt, has rooted out some of the wheat along with the tares. The social life of the child races of Africa, exposed to the inrush of a civilization which they cannot understand or resist, has been disintegrated, and these people have thus often been left without any restraint. In different parts of the non-Christian world women are being placed in a most dangerous position under the influence of the woman's movement of the West. The desire for freedom has been widely imparted before the women of these nations have received the 118 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION protection of laws and conventions which alone make possible the safeguarding of that freedom. They are emerging from many_ centuries of seclusion, but have not yet been prepared for the larger liberty. It is indeed most perilous to give Western material civil- ization to the peoples of Asia and Africa without at the same time strengthening their moral and spiritual forces. Western civiliza- tion disintegrates and dissolves, and, there- fore, must be dangerous unless accompanied by a constructive work which will restore and reestablish the moral and religious bases of national life. It is of transcendent impor- tance that the Christians of Europe and America shall come to see vividly that West- ern civilization has thus created in Africa and Asia social, moral and religious problems of overwhelming magnitude and gravity. The unfavorable impression made upon the people of non-Christian lands while visiting or residing in Christian countries constitutes another serious aspect of our unchristian impact on the non-Christian world. Think of the influence exerted on the members of IMPACT OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION 119 pagan African tribes who go to work in the mining compounds of South Africa. In Johannesburg, for example, natives cannot walk on the sidewalks with white men but must keep to the middle of the street with the horses and oxen. As the more indepen- dent and ambitious members of these tribes return to their people in the sub-continent or beyond the Zambesi, what damaging reports they must bear regarding the treatment they have received. We do well also to give larger heed to the feelings engendered among British Indians in South Africa and in British Columbia, among Chinese and Japanese on the Pacific Coast of America and among Las- cars visiting European ports. A Hindu in commenting on the treatment which some of his people had received in one of these Christian lands asked, "Wherein is it better than the treatment given the pariah by the Brahman?" The unsympathetic and un- kind actions and the indignities to which certain Chinese students entering ports of the United States and Canada have been subjected, or British Indian and Egyptian g 120 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION students in England and Scotland, or Jap- anese at times in Germany, are not forgotten. These picked young men return to live among their people, and in positions of leadership as statesmen, or as editors, teachers, or in unofficial walks of life, they constitute a great barrier to the spread of Christianity. It is not only the unchristian treatment given to foreign immigrants and travelers while in Christian lands, but also what they there see of the unchristian aspects of our civilization which likewise militates against the triumph of Christianity in the non-Christian world. As they see for themselves the shocking prac- tical denials of Christ in our commercial, in- dustrial, social and political practice they cannot but say, " If Christianity cannot drive out these devils in the lands where it has long been prevalent, why should we believe in it? " Enough has already been stated to make it evident that by far the greatest obstacle to the world-wide spread of the Christian religion is the unchristian impact of our Western civilization. That impact must be Christianized. There are not two sides to IMPACT OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION 121 the question. This must be done because civihzation alone will not civilize. Dr. James Stewart, who had had exceptional oppor- tunities to study the effect of the most civil- ized nations in their contact with Africa, quoted approvingly the declaration of James Chalmers of New Guinea: "I have never seen a savage whom civilization without Chris- tianity had succeeded in civilizing." Well did Dr. Stewart insist that what is needed throughout the Dark Continent is a Chris- tian civilization, ''not a non-Christian one with the seven devils of the vices of modern civihzation entering the house, and making the latter end worse than the beginning." What he states about Africa could be said with like force about Asia and other parts of the non-Christian world. The impact of our Western civilization must be Christianized because that civiliza- tion as now extending misrepresents us. It is untrue to our best. We should be true to our best selves as Western nations, that is, to our Christian life and principles. We should not longer stand in a false light. 122 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION America (and the same could be said of cer- tain other Western nations) is Christian in its foundation. Christian in its traditions, Chris- tian in its strongest elements, Christian in its predominant sentiment and aspiration. The late Justice Brewer of the United States Supreme Court declared that the United States is not a non-religious nation but a Christian nation. It is the duty, therefore, of American Christians to see that a Chris- tian impression is made upon other lands by their country. We must Christianize our impact as West- em nations in order to make amends for the evil which we have done. We have allowed the non-Christian peoples to see much of our worst; we are under obHgation now to allow them to see more of our best. As deadly poison has been taken from our shores to these lands, so also should we bear to them the only sufficient antidote. The searching question of Lord Bryce should determine more largely our practice: "Are not we whose conquering march has destroyed the customs and beliefs of these backward races, are not IMPACT OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION 123 we responsible for their future? Are not we bound to turn to account for their good these changes which we have wrought?'^ The ultimate triumph of pure Christianity in non-Christian lands depends absolutely upon Christianizing this impact. Only a Christianity powerful enough to dominate all our social, national and international life and relationships will finally commend itself to the peoples to whom we go. It should solemnize us also to remember that the triumph of Christianity on the home field equally depends upon Christianizing this impact. If we neglect any race or people which may have been tainted by evils origi- nating among us, our sin of omission will find us out. If the evils which have spread from among us to the backward lands and races are not counteracted, then inevitably there will be in return a reactive effect of the most serious character. HOW THE IMPACT OF OUR WEST- ERN CIVILIZATION MAY BE CHRISTIANIZED HOW THE IMPACT OF OUR WEST- ERN CIVILIZATION MAY BE CHRISTIANIZED In view of the facts and considerations set forth in the last chapter, there is needed a large constructive pohcy which will result in Christianizing increasingly this impact of Western civilization upon the non-Christian world. This policy must deal with the prob- lem at home as well as abroad. On the foreign field it can best be dealt with by greatly expanding the missionary move- ment. Experience shows that this is by far the greatest single influence to counter- act the bad influences of our civihzation. It also teaches that it is the course of wis- dom to preempt regions to which the evil influences may not yet have spread. Every department of missionary work is valuable and should be enlarged, but for the pur- 127 128 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION pose here in mind certain phases of the work may be more effective than others. On every field educational missions are indispensable to counteract unfavorable intellectual in- fluences exerted from Western lands. In fields like Africa, China and Turkey medical missions constitute a powerful evidence of the transforming influence of Christianity. They show its ability to re-create and build up the physical life of the people just as certain evils of the West have shown their deadly power to injure this life. Christian apologetic lectures and hterature are im- peratively demanded in the educational centers of Asia and Latin America to offset the agnostic and rationalistic attacks upon the Christian positions. The spread of the Christian Student Movement, especially among the vast government student popula- tions, can possibly do more than any other one factor to influence right thinking and right relationships among the leaders of to- morrow. Doubtless the most potent single influence exerted by the missionary is through the CHRISTIANIZING THE IMPACT 129 object lesson of his home. Each missionary home is a center of vital contagion. Who can measure the power of even one devoted, Christlike missionary? He is an example and a convincing apologetic of the truth of his religion. He is an interpreter to non- Christian peoples of the best side of our Western civilization. He is an ambassador of all that is most truly Christian in our life. He is a teacher and a leader of the forces of righteousness. Even in the sphere of his daily calling and of his regular missionary activity he does more than all other factors to offset the deadly influence of the unchris- tian aspects of Western civilization. It is desirable, however, that more missionaries be led to seek directly to overcome the great evils due to the unchristian impact of our civilization. Who can overstate the extent of the good accomplished by Bishop Brent by throwing himself into the antiopium propaganda, in connection with which he acquired a position of unique leadership. The influence of Livingstone in making pos- sible the abolition of the slave traffic was 130 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION greater than that of hundreds of men of strength in other walks of life. Special efforts should be put forth to sur- round with good influences the men who go out to represent us in commercial and other secular pursuits. These men are exposed to special temptations and dangers. Often the very climate is unfavorable to the main- tenance of the highest efficiency. Moreover, our young men are thrown in the midst of strange civilizations and removed from the restraining influence of the ideals, standards, customs, institutions and associations of Christian lands. Add to this the fact that they are often isolated from their fellows, and it is not strange that so many of them succumb to the temptations to which they are subjected. In these new lands they find virtually all the old temptations with which we are familiar in the West, but manifesting themselves, especially in the port cities of the non-Christian world, with much more intensity and subtlety. Besides these they are called upon to face certain temptations which are entirely new to them. It is not CHRISTIANIZING THE IMPACT 131 surprising that there are so many examples of moral collapse and wreckage, and of lapses from the Christian faith. The gravestones in the cemeteries that surround the port cities tell the story. The men who do not yield to temptation are the exceptions. In certain of these cities the young men of Europe and America who have lived there for a time and have yielded to the prevailing temptations, challenge the newcomer and predict that within so many weeks he too will become a prey to the same influences. This proves to be sadly true in far too many cases. The Young Men's Christian Association has shown itself to be an agency specially adapted to help the young men of the West under these trying circumstances. It min- isters helpfully to all sides of their nature. It affords pleasant and profitable occupations for their leisure hours. It introduces them into the best companionships and society. It opens up opportunities for unselfish serv- ice. It wages uncompromising warfare against the enemies of young men. Being a world brotherhood with branches estab- 132 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION lished in nearly all cities of the world, it is able to pass young men on from center to center, and to introduce them to reliable and interested people everywhere. It should be more widely extended, and should be pro- vided with good buildings and able secre- taries in every port city, as well as in every other center where any considerable number of young men from the West congregate. Moreover, it is hoped that the day will come when similar facilities may be afforded for the more limited numbers of representatives of the West who gather in army and navy posts, mining camps, manufacturing centers, oil fields and political capitals. There is need of multiplying and maintain- ing more generously ably led churches for Eu- ropean and American communities in Asia, Africa and Latin America. What has been done in certain port cities of the Far East shows the rare value of this agency. Con- structive work of this kind, promoted under the guidance of the Committee on Providing Churches for Anglo-American Communities in Mission Fields, should be supported much CHRISTIANIZING THE IMPACT 133 inore generously by the Christians of different denominations. Similar provision should be made for representatives of the countries of *^he Continent of Europe. There is demand also for better treatment of 'Hhe domiciled communities" in India. These communities include all persons of English blood and de- scent in whatever degree who speak English, and have made or intend to make their home in India. The Roman Catholic Church has done better in this respect than the Protes- tant bodies. During the past thirty years in India the number of its communicants among this class has greatly increased, where- as among Protestants there has been an an- nual falling off. More missionaries should open their homes to the young men of the foreign communities. If necessary their Boards should provide them with an additional allowance to make possible the entertainment and cultivation of these young men from the West. The Boards should also instruct their new mis- sionaries so that they will recognize that they owe a Christian duty to every European and 134 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION American, as well as to the Asiatics or Africans to whom they go. Through all these varied activities the objective should be not alone to conserve the character and faith of the young men of the West who represent us in commerce, in industry, in government service and in other relations, but also to wield them as a force in advancing the interests of Chris- tianity. To this end they should be edu- cated regarding Christian missions, and should be related to definite opportunities for service where their particular gifts and experience can be made to count most. The official representatives of Western Christian nations or governments should maintain high Christian standards in all their dealings with the non-Christian peoples. A Christian nation should practise Chris- tianity just as truly as should an individual. It was said of Gladstone: ''He resisted with his whole might the odious contention that moral progress in the relations of nations and states to one another is an illusion and a dream." John Hay wrote the name of America high in the Far East when he in- CHRISTIANIZING THE IMPACT 135 sisted that the Golden Rule should apply to nations as well as to individuals. President Wilson is standing with great devotion for the same policy in all international relations. Toward the non-Christian nations, whether they be strong or weak, we should exercise a spirit of restraint, of generous confidence in their good-will, and of unselfish regard for their interests. This is the secret of overcom- ing any feeling of alienatipn. We should treat backward races and nations with jus- tice, sympathy and kindness. No race should be regarded as inferior. The aim should be to do what is for the good of these people and not for our own selfish advantage. Ambas- sadors and consuls should be men of high character. It is nothing less than a sin to send one whose life contradicts the principles and spirit of Christianity to represent a Chris- tian land in a non-Christian country. It would be difficult to exaggerate the good accomplished by such civilians as S. Wells Williams at Peking, Consul-general Wilder in different parts of the Far East, Governor Forbes in the Philippine Islands, or of men 10 136 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION like the Lawrences, or like Sir Herbert Edwardes, Sir Charles Eliot and Sir Mack- worth Young in India. A worthy influence has also been exerted for all that is best in our civilization by the object lesson and testimony when visiting non-Christian lands of such men as Senator Root, Colonel Roosevelt, Lord Bryce, and Mr. Bryan. The impact of our Western civilization must be Christianized, not only where this impact is made in the non-Christian world, but also where it is made at the home base or in the nominally Christian lands. Much more attention must be given to immigrants from the non-Christian countries. There are now in the United States about seventy-five thousand Chinese and about the same num- ber of Japanese, nearly five thousand British Indians and a few hundreds of Koreans, Fili- pinos and natives of other Oriental countries. Besides these there are large and increasing numbers from the Near Eastern fields of Asia and the needy and backward fields of Eastern and Southeastern Europe. Successful efforts have been put forth on behalf of Asiatics not CHRISTIANIZING THE IMPACT 137 only on the Pacific Coast and in the Hawaiian Islands, but also in a number of the princi- pal cities of the East and of the Mississippi Valley. All this work should be expanded and strengthened. It is not an impossible task so to develop helpful agencies now em- ployed that virtually every one of these Asi- atic inmiigrants may be surrounded with definitely Christian influences. The present is a most critical moment in the relations of countries like the United States, Canada, Australia and South Africa, _tG_ Oriental immigrants. Nothing is to be gained by minimizing the gravity of the situation. Serious as the problem is, it can be solved. How important it is that we hold the trust and friendship of Japan and China through the kindly courtesies and just treatment of their representatives among us. The Christians of America possess the key to the solution of the problem. Count Okuma was right in the statement which he made several months ago in Tokyo that this prob- lem cannot be solved by warfare, diplomacy or legislation, but only by the Christians of 138 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION America applying their principles to these practical problems of international life. Men of the largest influence in public life must be led to give profound study to the racial problems from the point of view of Jesus Christ. This should become the subject of earnest inquiry on the part of editors, clergy- men and educators. If these leaders of thought and action have right views and are animated by the proper spirit, then the large body of citizens of the land will be led to wise action. Nothing less than a comprehensive cam- paign of education and friendship must be waged up and down the whole land to create and maintain a right attitude and feeling toward other races. At present the attitude of most of the people is characterized too much by haughtiness, a sense of superiority and a feeling of suspicion and fear. It is evident that they think of the people of other lands and races too much as aliens. This betokens aloofness and conflicts with the Christian ideal according to which there are '^no more strangers and foreigners" but only CHRISTIANIZING THE IMPACT 139 ''fellow citizens." This lends large signifi- cance to the helpful activities of organizations like the Japan Society and like the Pan- American Union. An enormous service is also being rendered by such agencies as the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the Church Peace Union, the World Peace Foundation, and the American Association for International Concihation. The visits of representatives of these societies and of ex- change professors, such as President Jordan of Leland Stanford University, Dr. Ham- ilton Mabie, ex-President Eliot, Professor Francis Peabody, Dr. Nitobe a'nd Baron Kikuchi, have been of incalculable value in promoting right thinking and feeling on the part of different races toward each other. That race will be most blessed which gives to all the other races of its very best with generous hand, not in fear and not with ulterior motives but with sincere recognition of all that is good in others and with unself- ish motives; and which in all its intercourse tries to see with the other's eyes and to sym- pathize with the other's hopes. 140 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION Even more important is it that the Chris- tians of the West promote friendly relations among foreign students now pursuing their studies among us. There are large student migrations from non-Christian lands to the United States. While the number of Japa- nese in American schools and colleges may not be quite as large as it was in the '80's of the last century, nevertheless there are at the present time probably not less than twelve hundred Japanese students in these institu- tions. The number of British Indians study- ing in America is larger than ever and bids fair to continue to increase. Within a decade the number of Chinese students in American colleges and universities has increased from a few scores to over one thousand. It may surprise many to know that there are also in the colleges of the United States over fifteen hundred Latin-American students. The number from Near-Eastern countries, while not large, is growing. These foreign students will, on their return to their native lands, wield an influence out of all proportion to their number. From their ranks wiU come CHRISTIANIZING THE IMPACT 141 many of the leaders in all the more important walks of life. Happily these coming leaders of non-Christian nations are peculiarly ac- cessible and responsive to friendship while they are strangers in a strange land. The best agency for dealing with these large and increasing numbers of foreign stu- dents is that of the Christian Student Move- ments among both men students and women students. Efficient and fruitful as has been their work in the past, the time has come when these organizations should plan more comprehensively to influence for Christ this important class of students. In individual cities or universities where large numbers of foreign students from one or more countries are concentrated, it is desirable that local secretaries be employed to give all of their time to this work, as is done, for example, in New York, Berlin and London. At certain ports of embarkation from which the stu- dents sail in largest numbers special work for foreign students should be undertaken similar to that conducted so successfully by^ the Young Men's Christian Association in Shang- 142 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION hai. There a secretary for foreign students is stationed who serves these young men and women in every way in his power. There are certain ports of arrival where it is more prac- ticable to organize a helpful work on behalf of foreign students. Beginnings in such work have been made at San Francisco, New York and London. Here the new students should all be given a friendly welcome and every facility be placed at their disposal. The principal work and influence must be brought to bear upon these strangers in the particular city or university where they spend their student life. The Christian As- sociation in each university or coUege where there is even one foreign student should recognize and discharge its responsibility toward him. There are hundreds of colleges in which there are from five to one hundred or more foreign students. The Association should ensure their receiving the most thoughtful attention during the opening days of their student career in a foreign land. A list of desirable boarding houses which will receive foreign students should be prepared CHRISTIANIZING THE IMPACT 143 and placed at the disposal of the newcomers. Care should be exercised to put them where their fellow lodgers will be of the right sort. In some of the great cities special hostels for foreign students should be established, pro- vided these be properly managed. Appro- priate social attention and special courtesies should be extended to them. Both during term time and in vacations they should be given access to some of the best homes in the country. Experience shows that this has been one of the most potent means of im- pressing for good young men and young women from foreign lands. It is gratifying to see that at the suggestion of the Christian Student Associations the homes of some of the most distinguished citizens are being opened for such purposes. ^ The members of the Christian Associations in the West need instruction in order to remove their ignorance and often resulting discourtesy in their relations to foreign stn-j dents. Everything possible should be done to overcome race prejudice. It is shameful to hear how some foreign students have been 144 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION treated by those who should have considered themselves as hosts and friends. These young men and young women from abroad need persons who will actually befriend them, teach them Western ways, help them to over- come their first strangeness and serve as interpreters of the best side of the life of the country in which they are sojourning. Where there is a Cosmopolitan Club it is desirable that some of the leaders of the Christian Association identify themselves with its activities, for this will serve to multiply points of helpful contact with the students of other lands and races. The foreign students should be enlisted in Bible classes, investiga- tion circles, and discussion groups for the purpose of making them acquainted with . Christ and His principles. Professors and students of recognized scholastic standing, of intellectual abihty, of tact and of genuine religious experience should be appointed to lead the groups. It is this intensive work which counts most. These foreign students should be led to join the Christian Association and should be CHRISTIANIZING THE IMPACT 146 brought under the influence of its social service activities as well as of the work of the Church. In fact, they should be made more familiar with the spiritual side of the civiliza- tion of the country than with any other. Above all, there should be much friendly per- sonal work done with them. The best results follow from this siege work, in connection with which one Christian student comes to know in a very intimate way at least one foreign student and uses every opportunity to influence him spiritually. We should not stop short of leading these students from abroad into vital union with Christ and His Church, and into the formation of such habits as will ensure their adhering to their new purposes when they return to their native land and are exposed again to its temptations and, it may be, to its persecutions. If this campaign of friendship be made sufficiently comprehensive and continuous to embrace every foreign student who comes among us, the result will be of the most profound and far-reaching importance. Possibly no one thing can be done by Christian forces which \ 146 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION will do more to accomplish our great end. In this connection attention should be called likewise to the vital importance of the leaders of the Churches and of the Christian agencies giving special attention to dis- tinguished visitors from these non-Christian countries. More should be done to see that the right kind of men are sent out to represent Chris- tian lands in the commercial and industrial activities in the non-Christian world. From a business point of view it would be greatly to the advantage of business concerns, in selecting managers, agents and salesmen to represent them in these lands, to apply a character test as well as that of astuteness and efficiency in business matters. If even Christian business houses did their duty in this respect it would effect a marvelous change for the better in the commercial im- pact of the West. It should be burned in upon the leaders of these corporations and companies that a Christian business concern which sends out a dissolute man to represent it in a non-Christian country is disloyal to CHRISTIANIZING THE IMPACT 147 the Christian faith. The question is raised whether the ushering in of a better day in this respect might not best be accomplished through such an efficient interdenomina- tional agency as the Laymen's Missionary Movement. This Movement unites thou- sands of the most progressive and influential Christian laymen in all Churches. It has acquired a valuable experience which has given it the confidence of men of affairs. Were it to take hold of this matter with wis- dom and earnestness, its voice would cer- tainly be heeded. It is of transcendent importance that all the Christian forces be brought to bear on Christianizing our own civilization at home. If we wish to wage a triumphant warfare at the front we must have no untaken forts in our rear. It is well ever to remember that keen-eyed representatives of non-Christian lands are traveling and dwelling among us and see the unchristian aspects of our social order. It is not sufficient to explain to them that these are due not to Christ but to the lack of Christ and to the lack of \ 148 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION the application of His principles. A demon- stration must be afforded of His ability to conquer the areas of social injustice and neglect within our own borders. Christ must dominate our unchristian social conditions, not only because of the bad example we present through them, but also because such a victory is essential to our own largest vital- ity and helpfulness in the task of the world- wide spread of Christianity. As Robert E. Speer has pointed out, ''It is vain to send out little bands over the world to preach the Gospel of purity and peace, love and power, if in our social, industrial and racial condi- tions in America we are preaching unclean- ness, strife, enmity and failure." No one can easily overstate the power of the apolo- getic which a thoroughly Christianized Amer- ica would present and exercise in the non- Christian world. Finally, Christians must come to feel a deeper sense of personal responsibility to do all in their power to help Christianize this impact. It has become easy for Christians to avoid assuming obligation for the state CHRISTIANIZING THE IMPACT 149 of society or civilization, but in the light of the example and teachings of Jesus it is im- possible to escape such responsibility. There must be such an awakening and quickening of conscience among Christians throughout the Churches as shall lead to an uprising to prevent the spread of these evils among us which are contrary to Christ and His holy name and principles. In this connection there is need of Christians living more con- stantly under the sense of immediacy. If the evidence is wide-spread that the touch of Western civihzation without Christianity does harm, then it is nothing less than sin- ful for Christians to say of fields like China, Turkey and Africa, as they virtually have done in the case of Japan, "we will wait until these great fields are injured before we take adequate steps to avert such a calamity." Moreover, Christians should lead in such prompt and wide expansion of the Christian religion that they may preempt vast regions to which the vices and sins of corrupt civili- zation have not yet spread. This is a mo- ment when the Gospel should come to these 150 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION peoples both as a beneficent power protect- ing them from the deadly evils of other lands and as a pure religion releasing among them new energy and vitality. HOW TO ENSURE CLOSER CO- OPERATION AND UNITY ON THE PART OF CHRISTIAN FORCES 11 VI HOW TO ENSURE CLOSER CO- OPERATION AND UNITY ON THE PART OF CHRISTIAN FORCES Christian missions present the most strik- ing example of Christian unity and co-opera- tion to be found anywhere in the world. The drawing together of Christian forces in all mission lands is one of the most charac- teristic and encouraging facts of the time. It manifests itself in many ways. It is ob- servable in the growing spirit and practice of comity. The principles of comity are now to a greater or less degree accepted and observed on virtually every mission field. It is ob- servable likewise in the plans for districting or dividing different mission fields, such as Korea, West China, Mexico and the Philip- pines. Another illustration is the countless interdenominational conferences, local, sec- tional and national, which are being held by 153 154 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION missionaries and native workers on the dif- ferent fields. Certain interdenominational movements, such as the Young Men's Chris- tian Association, the Young Women's Chris- tian Association, the Christian Endeavor Society, the Sunday School Union, all of which are rendering valuable service to the Churches, illustrate and markedly promote the spirit and practice of concerted action. Missions and Churches are co-operating increasingly in various forms of mission- ary activity. They join with freedom in all parts of the world for the translation, pub- lication and distribution of the Scriptures. In like manner they have formed scores of societies for the preparation and circulation of Christian literature. In medical educa- tion, in the preparation of medical text-books and in the conduct of hospitals they find it practicable and advantageous to join. In innumerable forms of philanthropic and Christian social betterment work they are associating their efforts. Joint action is being taken increasingly by different Christian conmiunions in planning and conducting edu- CO-OPERATION AND UNITY 155 cational institutions; for example, the num- ber of Christian union colleges and universi- ties is increasing at a rapid rate. Some Chris- tian bodies are finding it possible to unite even in theological education. The largest and most fruitful evangelistic campaigns owe their success to the fact that Christians of different names join forces and present a united front. Meetings for united interces- sion are becoming common throughout the mission world. The Churches themselves are being drawn together. In some fields this takes the form of a federation of Churches. In others there has been an organic union effected by various denominations belonging to the same family; for example, the uniting of the various bodies of Anglicans in China, of Methodists in Japan, and of Presbyterians in India. On some mis- sion fields the movement toward church unity has been carried still further; for exam- ple, in South India several Churches of dif- ferent ecclesiastical families have formed the '^United Church of South India." On the home field it is observable that the drawing 156 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION together of Christians is far more advanced with reference to the foreign missionary ac- tivities than in connection with any other department of work; for instance, the Annual Conferences of representatives of the Foreign Mission Boards and their various supporting missionary movements, such as the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, the Missionary Education Movement, and the Laymen's Missionary Movement. One of the most significant recent develop- ments in this important direction was the creation at the Edinburgh Conference of the Continuation Committee which unites, as it were, all the foreign missionary forces par- ticipating in that most notable missionary gathering ever held. In this Committee and its many Special Committees the leaders of the Missionary Societies on both sides of the Atlantic are constantly collaborating in in- vestigation and in wise ways are facilitating the work of co-ordination and co-operation. Similar committees have quite recently been organized on each of the principal mission fields of Asia to promote like common under- CO-OPERATION AND UNITY 157 standing and action on the part of all the Missions and Churches. Notwithstanding the really remarkable progress which has been made throughout the foreign missionary enterprise, both at the front and at the home base, the present world situation demands that the Christians of our day enter into far closer and more efficient co- operation and into a more vital unity. The magnitude of the task renders this impera- tive. With a situation which is literally world-wide in its extent and all parts of which have to be dealt with simultaneously, the only hope of coping with it with any degree of adequacy is by concerted plan and effort. The overwhelming difficulty of the undertak- ing demands more intimate co-operation and a more real unity. Face to face with the powerfully entrenched systems of the non- Christian religions nothing less than unity of spirit and action can prevail. The unit}^ for which Christ prayed is essen- tial to a convincing apologetic. In the pres- ence of a world which is unbelieving to an extent and to a depth which is fairly over- A 158 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION powering, we must have the mighty and con- vincing evidence which Christ obviously had in mind when He prayed that we all might be one. An unbelieving world is the price paid for a divided Christendom. Unity is not to be regarded as an end in itself but as a means to the realization of the great objective of the conversion of the world. The urgency of the world situation enforces the importance of larger co-operation and unity on the part of the Christian forces. It were an idle dream to talk of counteracting the alarming perils of our day, of entering the marvelous doors of opportunity which are ajar in every field, and of taking advantage of the many favoring influences and movements which so character- ize our time, unless we effect some more com- prehensive and efficient unification of the different divisions of the Christian army. At such a time, if ever, the trouble and the sinful waste of time, money and effort due to any overlapping or duplication should be avoided. On parts of some great mission fields there are doubtless a sufficient number of mis- sionaries to accomplish the thorough plant- CO-OPERATION AND UNITY 159 ing of Christianity provided they were redistributed and properly related to one another by a unified plan. The lack of unity goes far to explain the disappointing weakness in much missionary strategy. In visiting some mission fields to- day one might still receive the impression that there were thirty or more separate armies all moving toward a common goal but without a common strategy. In view of the remark- able recent victories of Christianity in the non-Christian world even without united strategy one wonders what would come to pass as a result of entering into a truer unity. It would without doubt lead to a speedy and complete occupation of the wide field. There is growing conviction among Chris- tian leaders and thoughtful observers in dif- ferent parts of the world that it is not neces- sary or desirable to reproduce on the mission field many of the denominational and eccle- siastical differences of the West, not a few of which are occidental, incidental and un- essential, and some of which are absurd when transplanted to the Orient. It is to be 160 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION feared that some of them are even unchris- tian, judged by Christ's principles and by results. Too often they confuse the Chris- tians, weaken testimony, and are a stumbling block to the non-Christians. Bishop Sel- wyn's words are weighty: ^'We make a rule never to introduce controversy among a native people. My observation, covering one-half of the Pacific Islands, has shown that wherever this law of religious unity is observed, there the Gospel is in its full un- checked and undivided power." The great object on every mission field is not to perpet- uate unnecessary denominational distinctions of Christendom, but to build up on scriptural fines the Kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ. In view of the overwhelming need for a much closer drawing together of all those en- gaged in the work of extending the Christian religion throughout the world, it is well to ponder the question. How bring about closer co-operation and unity? This question can best be answered by fixing attention upon those processes by which a larger unity may be reafized. In the first place, Christians of CO-OPERATION AND UNITY IGl different names should cultivate the habit of reminding themselves that they are one. One in union with Christ as the source of their life, one in dominant desire to become more like Him, and one in the inspiring objective to make His reign co-extensive with the entire inhabited earth — being one in these most vital things they are one, whether at times they think they are or not, and whether at times they feel that they are or not. A citizen of one country who for many years lives in some foreign land may be out of touch with much that concerns his native land and may have a very hazy idea of the require- ments of citizenship there, but this, however, does not invahdate the fact that he is still a citizen of his country. A son may have moved from his parent's home when but a lad and have lived away from it so long that he does not remember clearly his own father and mother, and may never have seen some of his own brothers and sisters, but this does not change the fact that he is still a mem- ber of that family. It is well that Christians keep dwelling on the fact that they arc one 162 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION with all Christians who acknowledge in truth the deity of Our Lord. Another process or duty of Christians, if they are to enter into the larger unity so much demanded, is that of sincere repentance and confession. If we dwell upon our lack of unity and love the sense of its sinfulness will deepen within us. While recognizing God's free mercies and blessings even in spite of much intolerance, uncharitableness and pride on our part, let us not obscure the fact that such things are wrong in the sight of Christ and in the light of His purposes. Not until we realize this with sufficient poignancy to bring forth fruits meet for repentance are we likely to pay the other prices which have to be paid to accomplish the drawing together of all true Christians in triumphant unity. As we think, therefore, of our sins of aloofness, self-satisfaction and haughtiness, and likewise of our sins of the tongue, let us make frank confession and turn from them. Christians should not speak lightly or superficially of the advantages of their divisions. Such bene- fits as they may think themselves able to CO-OPERATION AND UNITY 163 trace to disunion are not so much due to division as in spite of it. The time has come when Christians should busy themselves more with the process of considering and seeking to understand the differences which separate them from one another and the causes which have brought about these differences. It is well for a Chris- tian to make it a rule to try to put himself in the position of those who differ from him. We should also try to learn from one another. Thus we can help to develop what the Bishop of Oxford, in speaking of the Edinburgh Con- ference, so happily characterized as the at- mosphere in which ''we come to loathe to differ and to determine to understand." All this lends significance to the proposal to hold within a few years a World Conference on Faith and Order. Possibly even more im- portant than this proposed conference is the thorough educational campaign in prepara- tion for it. It will be well to keep in touch with the literature issued in connection with this movement, also with such periodical lit- erature as the Constructive Quarterly and the 164 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION International Review of Missions, which en- able us to obtain a better understanding of Christian bodies and agencies with which we may not seem to have much if anything in common. The process of comprehension should also be much emphasized. What is desired, to use an expression of the Archbishop of York as amplified by the Bishop of Bombay, is ^^not compromise for the sake of peace and success, but comprehension for the sake of truth and hfe." What is needed is not the oneness and dullness and unproductivity of uniformity, but unity with diversity and free- dom; not undenominationalism but interde- nominationalism. There is all the difference in the world between the two. If the mis- sionary movement is to have really conquer- ing power it needs something much more vertebrate, something with much more rich- ness, life and power than undenominational- ism. In the unity to be promoted, therefore, we would emphasize not a minimum of belief but a maximum, preserving all that is true or vital and vitalizing. Thus we seek not to CO-OPERATION AND UNITY 165 surrender or abolish or to minimize our difTer- ences but to compose them. Differences of conviction, diversities of administration, and differences incident to historic development and racial conditions will all assume right proportions under the divine principle of the unity of the Kingdom. Such Christian unity is the supremacy of the whole over the parts. If we value rightly what we call our order, doctrines and ritual, it is not so much because these are our own that we should value them as because we honestly believe that they are true and helpful and therefore desire to have others know, appreciate, and receive help from them. Some Christians give the im- pression that they have a very small Christ. To hear them speak one would form the idea that they believe that Christ has revealed Himself wholly to their particular denomi- nation or communion or nationality. But Christ is so infinite that He requires all the Christian bodies which acknowledge Him as Lord, and all nationalities and races of the world, through which to reveal Himself and to accomplish His purposes. 166 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION The process of transcendence is also neces- sary to the realization of the larger unity. We need to rise into the mountains and to spend more time there. Amid the great peaks of Christian experience things assume true perspective. In the mount of transfigu- ration seeing no man save Jesus only we shall be better able to discover our true relation- ship to one another. On the mount of vision also, from which we see the kingdoms of this world become the kingdoms of our Lord, we shall see how necessary we are to each other. The true path does not He in treating our differences as unimportant, but in finding the higher point of view which transcends them and in which they are truly reconciled. Christians more and more will find in their common faith in God, in their common love for Christ, and in their common purpose toward mankind, a power of union which will be irresistible and triumphant. By traveling the pathway of intercession we find ourselves drawing more closely to- gether. Christ was familiar with the prob- lem of division and disunion. His solution CO-OPERATION AND UNITY 167 was strikingly original and unique. He sum- moned men to prayer. That there might be no ambiguity about His wish He set the example by embodying in the heart of His high priestly prayer the petition that all His followers might be one. This clearly shows that He regards the drawing together of His followers as a superhuman work, which can be accomphshed only through divine assist- ance in answer to prayer. This suggests the capital distinction between His method of meeting the problem and ours. We have failed to follow His example and therefore the bringing together into vital oneness of those who bear His name has been long delayed. Doubtless many are not praying for other Christians and for Christian unity because they have been ignorant of His clearly re- vealed will on the subject. Others have not done so because of practical unbelief. Not to pray shows they think that in some way by the use of their own schemes, numbers and power, unity can be achieved; whereas were they to give themselves to prayer it would show that they humbly and truly recognize 18 168 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION that God only can accomplish this wonder- work. Many others do not pray because they have allowed themselves to become so occupied with other things that this, the most important of all means, is left unutilized. Christians everywhere should seek to develop this comparatively latent talent of interces- sion. When Christians of different names, especially those who are not in sympathy with one another, begin to pray for each other, they will find that they cannot long continue in such intercession without begin- ning to work in the direction of the answer to their own prayers. By promoting genuine fellowship among leaders and members of various Missions and Churches the progress of the cause of co- operation and unity is greatly advanced. Real unity is based upon intimate knowledge, confidence and affection, and all this is the result of seeing much of each other in close fellowship. Unity of heart must precede any more formal unity. Christ left His disciples a unit because of the intimate fellowship which He fostered among; them. The a,pos- CO-OPERATION AND UNITY 169 ties and other early Christians wonderfully perpetuated this spirit. This was one of the secrets of the rapid spread of Christianity during the early generations. Even in the political relations between nations a formal treaty is not so satisfactory and vital as the entente cordiale, or union of hearts. There- fore, let us welcome increasing travel by dep- utations which are visiting various mission fields, the interchange of visits between ad- ministrators of Mission Boards on both sides of the Atlantic, the multiplication of inter- denominational and international conferences of leaders of the Christian forces. Sometimes one wonders whether so many conferences and congresses are worth while; but where they are well planned and ably led and where there is some serious and high end to serve, experience shows that they are abundantly worth while. It is not so much because of their value for legislative, educa- tional and inspirational purposes as because they serve to create an atmosphere, an atti- tude, a spirit, a disposition which make pos- sible the larger discovery of the will of God 170 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION and the greater obedience to that will. In an interview with the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church in South India, I asked him what he considered to be the secret of bringing about Christian unity. He re- plied, "First, we must pray for it; secondly, the exercise of gentleness and courtesy; third- ly, we must see more of each other." Christians of different communions by keeping before them the colossal task in- volved in making Christ known and obeyed throughout the world will find themselves being irresistibly drawn together. Just as a war fuses together a great and complex nation, even its differing and conflicting political parties, so a true and definite con- ception of the magnitude and difficulty of the task involved in the world's conquest will tend to bind together all those who have at heart this undertaking. It would be diffi- cult to exaggerate the federative power of a great and difficult objective. This has been shown in a most striking way by the influence of the watchword of the Student Volunteer Movement, namely, The Evangelization of CO-OPERATION AND UNITY 171 the World in This Generation. This lofty and sublime ideal, this which one has happily called a possible impossible, has done more than any other one idea to unify the aggres- sive Christian forces among the students of all the Churches in the different nations. This goes far also to explain the mighty power for unity exerted by the Edinburgh Confer- ence which was really the first occasion when the leaders of all the missionary forces have come together to face the wholeness of the task and the oneness of the task in its infinite complexity. Possibly in no other way more than by undertaking to do definite pieces of work together do the Christians of different bodies come to recognize the true unity which already exists between them. To do one thing unitedly suggests and makes more easily possible the doing of other things to- gether. The number of things which Chris- tians have been doing together has increased from decade to decade in a geometrical ratio. From present indications the decade which was ushered in by the Edinburgh Conference 172 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION will transcend by far all preceding periods in the number and importance of union enter- prises undertaken by different Missions and Churches. Leaders do well, therefore, to con- tinue to look for tasks which can best and can only be done together. In all such activity the end in view will not be unity so much as the larger good to mankind which such unity makes possible. This process of doing things together serves to break down divisions, to promote mutual knowledge and respect, to afford convincing evidence of the benefits of union, to remove unbelief as to its practi- cability, and to make the cause of unity truly contagious. The great need of the hour is that for apos- tles of reconciliation. Christians must not be contented to stop with a reahzing sense of the advantages of unity, with a feehng of re- sponsiveness to this noble ideal, and with an inspiring vision of what it would mean to have it spread widely throughout the world, but they must do all in their power to pro- mote unity. Each one can do much. What should characterize these apostles of unity CO-OPERATION AND UNITY 173 and reconciliation? They should be men of catholic mind and of conciliatory spirit. They should be men of large and growing knowl- edge of church history and of reverential re- gard for God's dealings with all members of His family throughout the past. They should at the same time be men of vision who have their gaze fixed intently on a better day. They should be men of constructive ability, able to build their part into the great struc- ture. They should be men of courage and of undiscourageable enthusiasm, and, above all, they should have a passionate desire to realize the wish of our Lord. Political states- men tell us that the most difficult task of statesmanship is that of effecting treaties be- tween rival or conflicting nations, especially between those which have been at war with each other. Christ has said, ''Blessed are the peacemakers." In quoting this beati- tude it is usual to emphasize the word peace, but has not the time come when the greater emphasis should be placed upon the word makers? We shall not drift into peace or unity. Christian leaders must lay aside 174 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION their indifference, inertia and neglect with reference to this matter; they must arise, accept a burden of responsibility, and take the initiative in earnest constructive efforts to bring about a better relation between all who bear the Christian name. PRESENT POSSIBILITIES OF CO- OPERATION IN THE MISSION FIELD VII PRESENT POSSIBILITIES OF CO- OPERATION IN THE MISSION FIELD One of the principal impressions left on my mind by my recent journey through those Asiatic mission fields having in them three- fourths of the inhabitants of the non-Chris- tian world, especially by the series of twenty- one conferences of leaders over which in the name of the Continuation Committee I pre- sided, was that of the urgent necessity of closer co-operation on the part of all the Christian forces if they are to meet success- fully the present unprecedented situation throughout the Asiatic continent. At this time it is not my purpose to deal with the principles and hmitations of co-operation but to fix attention on several aspects of the mis- sionary enterprise which particularly demand co-operative consideration and action. It is desirable that the different missionary 177 178 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION forces or agencies co-operate in the work of securing a comprehensive survey of the field. We did not go far in any one of the Con- tinuation Committee Conferences without discovering that we did not know enough. It became evident in the discussion of each subject that no one knew the facts with sufficient fulness and accuracy. It is not strange, therefore, that each of the twenty- one conferences voted unanimously in favor of a thoroughly scientific, united survey of the field and work in the area represented. There was also agreement that such surveys should be made periodically, the general period mentioned being once every ten years, although some urged that the interval be- tween surveys should not exceed five years. A truly comprehensive survey is essential before any adequate plan for occupation, or, in fact, before any statesmanlike action in other directions, can be determined. It will be recognized that such a gathering, arrange- ment and interpretation of the facts as is here called for, if it is to be complete and satisfactory, can best, if not only, be accom- POSSIBILITIES OF CO-OPERATION 179 plished by co-operative effort. For this sur- vey the assistance of the Continuation Com- mittee, which is composed of representatives of the missionary forces of Europe and North America, will be indispensable to help dis- cover and train suitable men to conduct the surveys; to place at the disposal of the Committee on Survey in a given field the lessons of experience of similar committees in other fields; to standardize the surveys in different fields to such an extent as may be desirable; and to bring the results of the surveys to the attention of those who should be most interested. In some countries it will be best to begin by conducting a model sur- vey of one province, or district, or city; in others it may be wiser to plan at once for a complete survey of the whole country. Co-operative consideration on the part of the various Christian bodies at work in a particular country is essential in order to determine more clearly than has ever been done what is meant by the adequate occu- pation of a field. There are few subjects on which there is more confusion of thought than 180 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION on this one. Even missionaries of the same Society, Hving at a common mission station, were found to hold diametrically opposite views on the subject. It is not so surprising to find leaders of different Missions and com- munions holding widely differing views on certain aspects of the problem of occupation. Now, if we do not know where we want to go we are not likely to arrive at our destina- tion. It is doubtless too much to expect that all the Societies, or even all the missionaries of the same Society, will come to agree exactly on what is meant by the adequate occupation of a field; but it is reasonable to believe that as a result of co-operative consideration, that is, of concerted investigation and discussion, the number of theories or plans of occupa- tion can be reduced to two, three or pos- sibly four. This will be a great gain over the present confusion. Even though we find that the views and policies of occupation which certain groups of workers hold are radically different, it will be advantageous to know it. The possibilities of misunderstanding and friction will be reduced, and the fields con- POSSIBILITIES OF CO-OPERATION 181 cerned are much more likely to be occupied. To facilitate clearer thinking and a much more nearly common understanding on the subject, conferences should be held both by missionaries on the field and by representa- tives of Boards at home. There also should be careful writing on the principles which should guide as to occupation and distribution, and the proper application of these principles. The completely unoccupied fields and the virtually unoccupied fields of the non-Chris- tian world challenge and require the united consideration of all the Churches. It seems highly incongruous and startling that so many centuries after Christ rose from the dead and initiated the world-wide missionary movement, it should be possible for a body of Christian leaders to assemble, as was the case at the late World ^lissionary Conference in Edinburgh, and be confronted with facts showing so many areas totally destitute of the Gospel. This situation is all the more strange at a time when there are so many genuine Christians in the world that they might easily and fully give to all men now 182 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION living the opportunity to learn of the living Christ. Different reasons might be given to explain why there are still so many com- pletely unoccupied fields, but is not the chief reason the fact that no one has been made responsible for pressing the facts and claims of the world's unoccupation upon the brain, conscience and will of Christendom? What is everybody's business is nobody's business. Therefore, let it be stated reverently, God has had no adequate opportunity to impress the facts upon the Church. The united surveys which have been pro- posed must not be regarded as ends in them- selves. The Continuation Committee Con- ferences in Asia were impatient on this point. They desired that their information be brought to the attention of the home Churches and Societies with reference to securing action. The impression was received in the conferences that only a small minority of the Missionary Societies have definite and recognized plans for occupying their respect- ive fields. Moreover, it was most disap- pointing to find how few had concerned them- POSSIBILITIES OF CO-OPERATION 183 selves with the matter of evolving a united plan for occupying the whole country. The time has come when the Missionary Societies should collectively make it clear and em- phatic that it is their fixed and unalterable purpose to stand for the planting of pure Christianity in every part of the non-Chris- tian world. It is undoubtedly the will of Cod that the whole field be occupied, and, however great and difficult the task, there are resources available in Jesus Christ and His Church sufficient to make possible the accomplishment of His perfect will. Experience on many mission fields em- phasizes the value of co-operation in the work of evangelization. The Continuation Committee Conferences brought out clearly the fact that the most powerful and fruitful evangelistic efforts have been those in which the various Missions and Christian agencies united for this purpose. In different lands the delegates agreed on plans calling for concentration evangelistic campaigns in great centers of population, and, in some cases, over wider areas. In Japan there was un- 13 184 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION animous action, at the suggestion of the Japanese Christian leaders, in favor of a three-years' nation-wide campaign. It is expected that all Churches and agencies will participate, each being free to co-operate in the ways which it deems most effective. The leaders in Japan desire the special co-opera- tion of the Missionary Societies at home in helping to select and send out able apologetic lecturers, wise evangelists and recognized au- thorities on methods of evangelization. It is of first importance that Christian leaders in Europe and America recognize that the present is one of the days of God's visitation in Asia, and that it is preeminently the time to bring to bear our united power in intercession and in every other way which the trusted workers at the front may indicate. The statements of the Bishop of Madras and those in the findings of the Indian Conferences regarding the marvelous opportunity pre- sented just now by the mass movements in India to influence for Christ literally tens of millions who will otherwise be absorbed by Hinduism and Mohammedanism are not POSSIBILITIES OF CO-OPERATION 185 exaggerations. If this be true, the situation calls for a far closer co-ordination and co- operation of the Christian forces that we may not miss the day of our visitation. Contrary to the popular impression the present opportunity in Japan is absolutely unequaled. At the conference held there in April, 1913, two questions were put to the Japanese Christian leaders and to the mis- sionaries: ''Are the educated classes as ac- cessible now as they were in the eighties?" In answering, all agreed that the educated classes are fully as accessible now as they were then. The second question was, ''Are the masses as accessible and responsive now as they were then? " All the Japanese work- ers and all but two of the missionaries agreed that they are more accessible and responsive now than at that time. This fact is not generally known in the West. As the pendu- lum swings more rapidly in Japan than in most countries, this is a fact of large and urgent significance. Only prompt and con- certed effort on the part of all Societies re- lated to this field will avail. \ 186 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION Far more vast and quite as urgent is the evangelistic opportunity presented to-day in China. During my three previous visits to China within the last twenty years I found nothing approaching in ripeness for evangel- istic effort the fields visited in that land last year. In South China, in North China, in East China and in the heart of China, the field among government students as well as among other classes was dead ripe unto har- vest. The Confucian reaction which has set in has not seriously contracted the oppor- tunity; in fact, it is serving the great advan- tage of compelling men to count the cost more thoroughly. It is an idle dream to think of meeting such a colossal situation as that presented by the evangelistic oppor- tunity in virtually every province of China and in the Chinese colonies by anything less than union in plan and effort on the part of Christ's messengers. In every field there is a clamant demand for a much larger number of able native Christian workers and leaders. In fact, noth- ing short of an army of well-qualified sons POSSIBILITIES OF CO-OPERATION 187 and daughters of the soil will suffice to meet the demands of the Church. What is the secret of obtaining them? While the mission schools and colleges constitute the principal recruiting ground, the agency which has proved itself most effective in influencing young men and young women to devote their lives to Christian service is the Student Chris- tian Movement. This has been shown con- clusively by the Student Volunteer Move- ment in North America, the British Isles, Australasia and South Africa, and in certain parts of the Continent. Recently the same plan has been tried in China, where during the last five years the Student Volunteer Movement has led more Chinese students to decide to enter the ministry than have been secured in as many decades before in that country, and also more than have been secured in the other non-Christian countries during the same half decade. This is a co- operative or interdenominational movement. There is something which can be secured through esprit de corps, through consciousness of unity and of strength of numbers, tlii'ough 188 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION common purpose and fellowship, and through the spirit of propaganda, and which cannot be obtained in any other way. The Missionary Societies of the West, therefore, should seek to strengthen the hands of the rising Student Christian Movements among both men and women students, in government as well as in mission schools, by allocating to this service some of their ablest and best adapted mis- sionaries and native workers. There is a demand for better trained work- ers as well as for larger numbers. While the rank and file of the prospective native leaders had probably best be educated in the theo- logical and other training institutions of their respective Christian communions, there is a growing belief among missionaries that a selected company of the best of these stu- dents should receive advanced or post-grad- uate training in union theological colleges. To this end the missionaries and native lead- ers have voted for the establishment of a few really high-grade union theological institu- tions, similar to the one recently opened in Bangalore, India. It is believed that in ad- POSSIBILITIES OF CO-OPERATION 189 vantages and facilities for training these should rank with, and if possible surpass, the theological seminaries and colleges of Chris- tian lands, thus obviating the necessity, ex- cept in very rare cases, of sending young men to Europe or America to complete their theo- logical studies. Without some such provi- sion as this in fields like India, Japan and China there is serious danger that the Church will not have leaders sufficiently well pre- pared to command the intellectual confidence and following of the educated classes. In these institutions men would be trained to take charge of the more important city parishes, to serve as teachers in theological schools, and to minister to the student class in different communities. As a rule, no one mission has a sufficient number of young men requiring such advanced training to warrant maintaining such a large and able staff of professors as would be needed in a theological institution of this rank and character. Such an enterprise should be a union effort. When deemed necessary, provision could be made by certain Christian bodies or groups of cog- 190 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION nate denominations to provide for their own students separate facilities for worship and also for teaching their distinctive doctrines and pohty. Happily there is almost universal agree- ment among missionary administrators at home, as well as among their representatives abroad, in favor of close co-operation in the establishment and maintenance of union lan- guage schools for missionaries on the field. Among the most successful already in opera- tion are those at Lucknow, Nanking and Cairo. Not less than fourteen of these union schools are called for in the findings of the conferences recently held in Asia by the Continuation Committee. A special com- mittee of the Continuation Committee is deal- ing in a comprehensive manner with the whole subject and, in conjunction with the mission- aries and the Mission Boards, is seeking to determine the number, location and scope of schools required in the different fields and to work out the best plan for their financial support. It is evident that to ensure their highest efficiency each school will require an POSSIBILITIES OF CO-OPERATION 191 able director, a highly quahfied teaching staff and suitable accommodation for residences and for classes. In this connection the grow- ing importance of the recently constituted Boards of Missionary Preparation of Great Britain and of North America should be em- phasized. These boards are purely co-opera- tive enterprises, and as they gradually suc- ceed in bringing together the varied and rich experiences of all the Missionary Societies on this vital problem of the training of mission- ary candidates, the inevitable result will be a raising of the standard of requirements, and a marked increase in the efficiency of new mis- sionaries. In view of the increasingly exacting demands of the modern missionary career this united emphasis is both timely and prophetic. The problems and responsibilities of the Church in each non-Christian land suggest the need of some co-operative arrangement by which the influence of the Church in other lands may be brought to bear most helpfully. The Continuation Committee through its Special Committee on the Church in the Mis- sion Field may possibly best meet this rec- 192 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION ognized need. It should place at the disposal of the missionaries and the native Christian leaders in each mission field the best experi- ence of other fields. It should conduct investi- gations on certain subjects, among them the following: ''How can truly indigenous Churches be developed?" ''What are the tendencies leading to closer co-operation or to separation between the Churches and Mis- sionary Societies of the West and the rising Churches on the mission field?" "The eco- nomic position and problems of Christianity in the various non-Christian lands." Such studies could be promoted through the activity of special commissions and also through carefully planned series of papers or magazine articles. Moreover, it will be well here and there, in such fields as China, to hold conferences to discuss these and other questions relating to the development of self- governing, self-supporting and self-propagat- ing Churches. Conferences on Faith and Order, such as have been suggested in the findings of some of the gatherings, will also be timely in certain fields. POSSIBILITIES OF CO-OPERATION 193 Everything practicable should be done to strengthen the bonds of union between the new Churches in non-Christian lands and the Church Historic, the Church Universal. This point is one of cardinal importance just now, when independent Churches are springing up on every hand, and when, owing to the growing national spirit, there is danger of the development of Churches in the East which will be separate in aims and sympathies as well as in activities from the Church in the yest. In this connection the importance of the study of church history should be em- phasized, among both the missionaries and the native leaders, as well as among the stu- dents in theological colleges and Bible schools. This point should be brought to the attention of those who do most to shape the curricula of the training institutions on the field. More of the best works on church history should be I translated into the various vernaculars of Asia. Original works in this field of scholar- ship should be prepared, having in mind the special requirements of the developing Churches in different countries. The fact 194 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION that many of the native Christian leaders have such a poor historical sense makes it all the more important and necessary that in this and other ways we seek to keep the growing native Churches in closer touch with the great consensus of the continuous Church of all the ages. There could be no greater danger than for native Christianity to become separate from historical, credal, ecumenical, living Christianity. It may be well for the Continuation Com- mittee to associate with its Committee on the Church in the Mission Field an increasing number of able church historians and of those who have dealt most largely with the prob- lems involved in planting and developing the Christian Church. This Committee should also concern itself much with the problem of how best to ensure the spiritual vitality of the native Churches, and how to influence them to realize their missionary responsi- bility. The collection and dissemination of the most inspiring facts regarding the evan- gelistic outreach and spiritual achievements of the Church in different parts of the non- POSSIBILITIES OF CO-OPERATION 195 Christian world would prove to be most stimulating. A great service may also be rendered from time to time by sending great and inspiring Christian leaders as visitors to lands where the Church is in special need or is subject to peculiar strain. Such a step taken just now with reference to certain parts of the Orient where an ultraliberal spirit has recently asserted itself with great power, would be most timely and wise. The findings in every conference held in Asia reveal the need of a far better co-ordina- tion and a closer co-operation in the educa- tional work. Back of this hes the need of a well considered and well understood policy for Christian education. In not one of the twenty-one conferences was a satisfactory answer given to the following question: ''Have you in this area a well thought-out and generally accepted policy of Christian education? " We should not be satisfied until such a policy is formulated and adopted. The help of the Continuation Committee has been requested in order to increase the effi- ciency of educational missionary work in all 196 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION its phases and grades. To this end it should, in co-operation with the Boards of Missionary- Preparation, take steps to ensure the better training of missionaries who are to engage in educational work. In every field there is a noticeable lack of men trained for this partic- ular work, that is, men who are strictly educa- tionalists and yet thoroughly missionary. It would be a good plan if the Committee on Christian Education related to the Con- tinuation Committee would undertake to issue occasional, if not regular, bulletins, especially with educational missionaries in mind. Such a paper would do much to keep them abreast of the thought on educational problems throughout the world, and would help to raise the standard of efficiency. This committee should serve in every way in its power the missionary educational associa- tions on the different fields. This can be done by enabling them to employ expert educational directors or superintendents who would serve the interests of all Missions with- in certain areas. In any effort to increase the efficiency of the educational work, chief em- POSSIBILITIES OF CO-OPERATION 197 phasis should be given to making it more pro- ductive in a truly missionary sense. To ac- complish this great result a large increase in the staff of educational missionaries is de- manded. On every field there is imperative need of bringing about larger and more practical co- operation between the different Missions as to specific educational institutions already established or called for. In several fields the members of the Continuation Commit- tee Conferences came to unanimous agree- ment as to the number, and in some cases as to the location, of the Christian colleges and universities required to serve the inter- ests of the Christian Church. The policy embraced not only colleges for men but also those for women. It included medical colleges, normal schools, theological institu- tions and, in certain cases, secondary schools. The leaders on all these fields very much de- sire that on the home field representatives of the Missionary Societies which are chiefly concerned in the different areas be brought together in conference, that they may face 198 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION the facts and decide what should be done to effect the co-operation so much desired. It is evident that the missionaries are prepared to go much further than most of the Boards. The co-operation of a committee, consti- tuted as is this Committee on Christian Education in connection with the Continua- tion Committee, is greatly needed to help to decide on the best plans of administration of union schools and colleges, and also on the best methods of financing them. Owing to the growth of government educational sys- tems in all parts of Asia, great not only in size, but also in efficiency and influence, Christian missions must greatly expand their educational work and raise its standards. This may involve great expenditure, for ex- pansion and efficiency are costly, but it will result in savings which in the course of the next decade will aggregate millions. It is the deep-seated conviction of all who have thought much on educational missionary problems that we are summoned irresistibly to a united policy and to corporate action, and that the more quickly and strongly the POSSIBILITIES OF CO-OPERATION 199 question in its varied and practical aspects is grappled with unitedly by the representa- tives of the missionary forces, the better it will be for the interests of the Christian Church. Those who have given most careful study to the question agree that much of the medi- cal missionary work should be conducted on the basis of co-operation. Thus the con- vention of the China Medical Missionary Association, held at Peking in January, 1913, adopted a policy calling for union in all medi- cal college work in that country and agreed upon the number, location and staff require- ments of such colleges. A similar policy has been approved in other Asiatic fields. There is also agreement in nearly every country as to the wisdom of co-operation in the planting and conduct of more of the mission hospitals. The production of text-books and other technical Hterature required by medical workers is obviously another matter which can best be cared for by the different Mis- sions in concert. Even cursory investigation has revealed 14 200 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION the fact that possibly no phase of missionary work is so poorly in hand as that dealing with Christian literature. Certainly no other de- partment is suffering more from lack of sys- tem and co-operation. The secret of the wonderful results in the translation, revision, circulation and study of the vernacular Bible is found largely in the fact that the home Societies and Churches have believed pro- foundly in such work and have co-operated earnestly in furnishing for it both men and money. Similar interest and co-operation are imperatively demanded with reference to the general Christian literature required on every mission field. Many leaders ac- knowledge this in theory, but fail to adopt and follow a policy in accord with their theory or ideal. Special attention should be given to working out the problem of the federation or unification of more of the literature socie- ties and activities in India and China, just as has been accomplished recently in Japan, where one comprehensive society now serves all the Missions and Churches. A policy should be elaborated and adopted by the POSSIBILITIES OF CO-OPERATION 201 regular Missionary Societies whicii will make possible the employment of able editorial sec- retaries. These secretaries are needed not so much for authorship as for directorship; that is, to study the needs of the respective language areas and to discover and enlist capable writers. Owing to the progress of education in all parts of Asia the literacy of the people is con- stantly rising. The chief religious systems are manifesting growing literary activity. Antichristian literature continues to spread from the West to the East. The native Church is growing in numbers as well as in intelligence. Owing to these and other con- siderations there is urgent need of much more extensive and serious literary activity both on the part of and on behalf of the Christian Church. There is an imperative demand for new apologists and new apologetic literature to minister to educated non-Christians. The leaders and members of the Churches also re- quire a far larger body of literature by which to enrich and strengthen faith and character and to help to qualify for Christian service. 202 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION An examination of the Christian books avail- able in the vernacular for the Chinese, Ko- rean, or Japanese pastor or other Christian worker, in contrast with the Christian litera- ture accessible to the average clergj^nan in England, America, Germany or Holland, would occasion not only surprise but real solicitude, and yet we are looking to these men to build national Churches, to feed the flock, and to wage a triumphant propaganda. From the nature of the case more than nine- teen-twentieths of the Christian literature required in Asia can best be produced in co-operation. Moreover, co-operative action is required to ensure its wisest and most eco- nomical distribution. There is special need just now of co-opera- tion with reference to the subject of mission- ary co-operation itself; that is, there is great need that workers and leaders in the mis- sionary movement, both at home and abroad, make a united or co-operative study of prob- lems and experiences in connection with co- operation. A study of the volume of findings of the Asia Conferences of 1912-13 reveals POSSIBILITIES OF CO-OPERATION 203 literally hundreds of practical plans or pro- posals for the drawing together of the forces for common effort. The findings on co- operation, particularly of the three National Conferences, constitute a practical, sane and really masterly approach to the problem. This co-operative movement can no more be resisted than can the tides of the sea. Dis- cerning leaders do not wish to resist or to stay it, but they do see the wisdom of guiding it. They desire to make it a helpful and not a dangerous or a weakening process. They recognize that there are perils to be avoided. It is desirable that the representatives of the Societies hold from time to time conferences | / 1 on co-operation similar to the one held in January, 1914, in New York, to review the progress being made in different fields in co- operative missionary enterprises, that they may learn and make available the lessons as to limitations and difficulties involved in this process, and how best to avoid or counteract possible dangers and unsatisfac- tory experiences. WHERE TO PLACE THE CHIEF EMPHASIS IN THE MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE VIII WHERE TO PLACE THE CHIEF EMPHASIS IN THE MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE On my return from my first journey around the world I placed chief emphasis upon the need of a large increase in the number of foreign missionaries. At the end of my second journey throughout the principal mis- sion fields of the world I tried to call special attention to the necessity of augmenting greatly the native arm of the service. In the fight of my more recent journeys, which have taken me not only to Asiatic but also to African and Latin American fields, I am con- strained to shift the emphasis entirely from numbers to quality, and especially to the spiritual aspect of the life and activity of the workers. While thousands of well-qualified new missionaries and tens of thousands of the best furnished native leaders and workers 207 208 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION are required to enable the Christian forces to meet the present world situation, beyond a shadow of doubt the principal requisite is that of a far greater manifestation of spiritual vitality and power in all departments of the missionary movement. This point applies with just as much force to those who further the work of the Church at home as to those responsible for its extension abroad. The world-wide expansion of pure Christianity is essentially a spiritual and a superhuman movement. Therefore, the chief emphasis throughout the entire enterprise should be placed on the spiritual. In the aims of the missionary enterprise the spiritual should hold the central place. The aim of Christian missions is not the ex- pansion of commerce, not the extension of the spheres of political influence of Western Christian nations, not the spread of Western learning and culture, not the disintegration of the beliefs, worships and practices of non- Christian religions, not even the reproduc- tion in non-Christian lands of the organized forms of Western Christianity. The central WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 209 and governing aim is the presentation of the living Christ to all men, and doing so in such a way among each people or in each nation as will result in domesticating, naturalizing or making truly indigenous pure Christianity among them. The primary charge of the Founder of the Christian religion — a charge which has never been repealed and has not yet been fulfilled, constitutes this the initial or major aim. It is this most vital purpose — the bringing of the knowledge of the living Christ to living men — that makes possible the working out of His life in the life of a nation. This central aim of the missionary enter- prise should not be confounded with the various missionary methods, such as the planting of Christian schools and colleges, the establishing of hospitals and dispensaries, the production and distribution of Christian literature, the introduction of the countless forms of social service and of other special applications of Christianity. These and other methods and means simply multiply the opportunities for releasing divine life and energy. 210 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION Moreover, the aim should not be confused with the results of missions. One result of medical missions in China has been the im- provement of the physical well-being of the Chinese race, but this was not the dominating aim of the early medical missionaries. One result of the founding of Robert College was to facilitate the emancipation of Bulgaria, but this was not the design of the founders of that beneficent institution. No enterprise or movement among men has yielded larger social and moral results than the missionary movement, but these results have largely been by-products of the enterprise and a necessary consequence of holding in promi- nence the central spiritual aim. The work of Christian missions is to impart divine vitality to decaying civilizations or to those characterized by low vitality. In doing so forces are liberated whose influence and out- reach no one can foretell or estimate. The spiritual aim may well be called the governing aim; for it should determine the missionary program or policy to be followed, the methods and means to be employed, the WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 211 extent and distribution of the financial re- sources, the quahfications and expenditure of the time of the workers and the spiritual forces to be enHsted. The largest, most beneficent and most enduring results have followed where this goal has been kept clearly in view and steadfastly pursued. Many un- fortunate pages of experience in the name of missions would never have been written had this spiritual aim always been given the absolute right of way in missionary policy and practice. It is well, therefore, in all our thinking and acting that we be dominated by the conviction that only the living Christ can bring life to a dying world. The spiritual should be uppermost in mis- sionary methods. Every method is proper which is consistent with this dominant, vital aim, and which helps to realize it. There are, of course, some methods which help more than others to attain the central spiritual end. It is wise to relate all methods to this aim and test them by it. Medical missions, edu- cational missions, industrial missions, the use of Uterature, social betterment projects, 212 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION Christian homes and countless apphcations of Christian principles have demonstrated their right to be. They should be multiplied on a vast scale throughout the non-Christian world and should be developed to the highest possible degree of efficiency. They are abun- dantly worth while for their own sake. They are indeed evidences of Christianity. They exhibit the life of Christ and the helpfulness of Christ. "The works that I do in my Father's name, these bear witness of me." AH such helpful expressions of the spirit of Christ should be encouraged. These meth- ods, however, must not be regarded as ends in themselves but as means tributary to the realization of the great objective — the bring- ing of men under the actual sway of Jesus Christ. How easy it is to lose sight of the end in the methods or the means. A wise missionary in the Far East when asked some twenty years ago to give his opinion about the work of another prominent missionary in that part of the world, replied, ''He is so absorbed with means that I am afraid that he will get tired WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 213 out before he gets to the end for which all of his means exist." That worker seems to be no nearer arriving at the true end now than he was at the time this criticism was made. Dr. Young of Arabia, after dealing with 40,000 surgical cases, said, ''The curse of Islam is not to be stopped by surgery any more than immorahty is to be cured by free breakfasts." Then he went on to point out that it can be overcome only by meeting its weak points and making men dissatisfied with its illogical or unreasonable basis. It is possible for men to go out as mission- aries with the purpose to make Christ known and yet to become so busy in the work of teaching or other worthy activities that they never proclaim Christ to those over whom they have won influence. The principal of a Christian college in Asia remarked in a re- cent conference, that he did not expect to have conversions in his college in this genera- tion but simply to do the work preparatory for making conversions possible in the next generation. He then added that his home committee agreed with him that conversions 214 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION should not be expected in the present genera- tion. It need not be pointed out that this attitude and practice is not hkely to result in the desired conversions in the next genera- tion. Education alone, for example, will not evangelize the world. The many regular and established methods of missionary work, educational, medical, literary, philanthropic, are right and should be employed as convin- cing expressions of the unselfish and con- structive spirit of Christ, but it is not the expression or illustration of the spirit of Christ which converts and transforms men, but the living Christ Himself. He is the Life as well as the Way and the Truth. All other methods are to be regarded as schoolmasters pointing the way to Him. If the worker keeps this before him as the aim and goal and vital aspect of every missionary effort, then the use of any good means will abound in marvelous opportunities to present Christ. The deeper one penetrates into the problem of the non-Christian world the more one recognizes that the chief hindrance is not ignorance, disease or unfavorable en- WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 213 vironment, but deadened consciences and unredeemed wills. The proof of this is that pure Christianity meets some of its greatest obstacles in parts of the non-Christian world where ignorance and disease and other un- favorable external conditions have been most completely banished. Some missionary methods are more highly productive than others. These may be char- acterized as the most vital processes, and in all cases where other methods are employed these vital processes should be employed with them or be related to them. The most important and productive method of all is that of relating men one by one through reasonable and vital faith to Jesus Christ. By reasonable faith is meant a faith for which men can give reasons which will stand. By vital faith is meant a faith which actually transforms life. This individual work for individuals was the method most constantly employed by Christ Himself and has ever been given a large place in the activities of the most helpful spiritual workers. It is the crowning work, the most highly multiplying 15 216 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION work, the most enduring work. The most influential converts in India have been the product of personal siege work. The largest and most satisfactory results in conversions both in colleges and in hospitals have come from the use of the same method. In fields like Korea and Manchuria, where Chris- tianity has recently spread most widely and effectively, the secret has been that the leading of others one by one to Christ has been inculcated as one of the primary duties of the Christian convert. Gibbon assigns as one of the principal causes explaining the rapid spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire the fact that each convert regarded it as his greatest privilege and responsibility to disseminate among his acquaintances the inestimable blessings which he had received. Harnack, in his ''Expansion of Christianity," has strongly enforced this point. Another one of the most vital methods, judged by results, is that of preaching. Wherever there have been preachers who were truly wise guides and interpreters and genuine prophets, the spiritual results have WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 217 transcended all human calculations. One of the most serious defects of the missionary enterprise and of the native Churches in nearly every field of the non-Christian world is the dearth of able gospel preachers. The time of most missionaries is so fully taken by administrative and other work that the conditions are unfavorable for the development and exercise of the pro- phetic function. This goes far to explain why there are comparatively so few great preachers among the natives; they need in- spirational models or examples. Quite as great as the need for many preachers of power for the masses is that for a larger number of very able apologetic lecturers or preachers for the educated classes. The building up of vital indigenous Churches constitutes another method of car- dinal importance. The Christian Church is the society entrusted with the Gospel for all mankind. Through its life and work the nations are to be redeemed. It is gratifying, therefore, to observe multiplying evidences that the Church in different parts of the non- 218 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION Christian world is becoming truly indigenous and spiritual. Whatever is done to facilitate this desired end will greatly hasten the Chris- tian conquest of the world. The promotion of the reading and thorough study of the original writings of Christianity is likewise a method of living power. In all fields Bible study has shown power to awaken conscience. It gives the impression in some cases of having created conscience. One of the leading ministers in Japan in describing his conversion, said, "Behind the Sermon on the Mount I found the living God. My con- science was enlivened and henceforth I could do nothing wrong." A Mohammedan in Arabia, in speaking of the Gospels, said that he liked the historical parts but that the words of Jesus made him tremble. The Bible multiplies sins; that is, under the blaze of its light things come to be regarded as sinful which otherwise are condoned or regarded as right. The diffusion of the Bible and the study of its principles is a precursor of spiritual awakenings. It goes far to explain the Puri- tan paradox that with increasing holiness WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 219 grows the sense of sin. The study of the Christian Scriptures vitahzes. Emerson in speaking of the words of de Montaigne, says, "Cut these words, and they would bleed j they are vascular and alive." With much greater aptness and force might these words be applied to the Christian writings. In those communities where Christ's teachings and life are most studied and applied one is remind- ed of nature in springtime. ''Everything shall Hve whithersoever this river cometh." The releasing of the truth of the Bible results in wonderful transformations of individuals and communities. Men are changed not simply in name or opinion but also in character and spirit. Communities are completely transformed. One need only con- trast communities in which Christ's teachings are known and obeyed with those which are ignorant of them. This is well expressed by Professor Francis G. Peabody of Harvard, in writing of a recent journey in the Near East: "I was riding one day across the Lebanon range between Damascus and the sea, and passed through many Turkish villages, 220 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION squalid and unclean, with women veiled and children slinking from the stranger, and fields but thinly sown. Of a sudden I came upon another scene. It was a village where thrift and order prevailed, where there were flowers in the windows and unveiled women at the doors, and children caUing a welcome as I passed. What did this transformation mean? It was a Christian village. Fifty years before there had been set up by the sea, at Beirtit, the mission station of American Presby- terians. It was about fifty miles away and year by year, one mile a year, the influence of that teaching had radiated like sunshine over a darkened land; and a new way of life, a converted conduct, an assimilated civiliza- tion had become unconsciously naturalized and appropriated. The mission of Christi- anity had been fulfilled in a better way than some of its supporters had desired or dreamed. It was not the victory of a creed, but the witness of a spirit. It was not Pres- byterianism that met me, but Christ. The word had been with power: 'The Life had become the light of men.'" WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 221 The study of the Bible releases vital energy. De Quincey has divided all literature into the literature of knowledge and the literature of power. These writings are preeminently the literature of power. As a Jewess in speaking of the teachings of Jesus, remarked, ''They make me wish to obey them." From what other writings have there poured forth such streams of moral energy? The maxi- mum of responsiveness to duty is found in those i^laces where Christ's principles are best expounded and understood. It is not strange that in such communities we find men devoting themselves most truly to un- selfish service. The beneficent, reformatory, philanthropic and social betterment activi- ties are found in the lands which have come most under the influence of the Bible. In most cases where this spirit of unselfish- ness is breaking out within the sphere of other religions it may be traced indirectly if not directly to the life and principles of Christ. Other methods should be regarded as tributary to these most vital processes or as 222 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION furnishing points of contact or opening doors of opportunity for them. The New Testa- ment has misled us and Christ did not mean what He said if incomparably the most im- portant work in Christian missions be not that of introducing men to Him as a divine person and bringing them under His sway. As one travels over the world he finds here and there, in foreign lands as well as at home, individual missionaries or workers who are apparently by their lives influencing the spread of Christianity far more profoundly and extensively than others. Judged by re- sults, certain individuals of this kind are achieving more than scores or hundreds of other workers possessing like general quali- fications and having Hke opportunities. While some of these lives which are most productive spiritually are men of prominence, others are of humble station and are comparatively un- known. One need only reflect upon the career and influence of such Christlike workers as Hudson Taylor, Pastor Ding Li-mei, and the teacher, Chang Po-hng, in China; the Hon. Yun Chi-ho of Korea; Mr. Ishii, recently de- WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 223 ceased, who was the George Miiller of Japan, and the late Archbishop Nicolai of the Russian Mission in that country; Kah Charan Banurji of Calcutta, Mr. Chacko, the student worker in Madras, and Bishop Azariah of India; Donald Fraser of Livingstonia; and Baroness Wreda, the worker among the prisons of Fin- land. As the influence going forth from such lives is studied, the conviction deepens that what is needed is not so much to quadruple our numbers as to quadruple ourselves, the better to allow God to do through us what He has been doing through these and what He did through the workers in the apostolic age. One student of the early days of Christi- anity has noted that the predominant traits of the early Christians, explaining the depth and outreach of their spiritual influences, were purity, honesty, unworldliness and love of one another. As we study the lives of these more recent Christian workers, what seems to characterize them? Apparently they have all preserved the sense of divine mission. They have maintained as a reality fellowship with God. They have kept their 224 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION sensitiveness, never becoming hardened or callous to the tragic facts of the sins and spiritual needs of those about them. They have never lost the power of sympathy or compassion. They have not stagnated intel- lectually or spiritually, but have preserved their capacity for growth. Recognizing that one of the principal qualifications of the mis- sionary is that he must have life to give, they have maintained at all costs right habits of nurture or feeding their own spiritual lives. These workers constantly remind one of the living Christ. Thus the true missionary is a missionary because he cannot help it. He has the life of Christ pulsating within him. He is like Christ not because he laboriously imitates Him but because he is so truly and constantly related to Christ that Christ's Spirit manifests Himself in and through him. The scriptural sense of glory, accord- ing to George Adam Smith, is, ''God become visible." Thus these workers show forth the living God. Their lives remind men that Christ not only was, but is. '' If all English- men were like Donald McLeod," said a WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 225 Hindu, ''India would soon become a Chris- tian country." Only as the workers place the chief empha- sis on the spiritual in their lives and in their work, in their plans and in all relationships, are they able to meet successfully the many spiritual dangers which beset them. The more important the career, the more numer- ous, subtle, and powerful the spiritual perils. All the home supports are removed from the life of the missionary. He lives in compara- tive isolation and loneHness. He is sur- rounded with a most depressing environ- ment. He is subjected to positive and fierce temptations. He has to maintain a high level of spiritual life without the support of visible Christian fellowship and without the con- tinual renewing and stimulus which comes from the many helps with which we are familiar at home. Great drafts are made upon his whole being by those who are look- ing to him for sympathy, guidance and leadership. Removed far from the eye of all supervising boards and supporting constitu- encies he is subjected to special dangers of 226 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION spiritual slothfulness or slackness. There is much in his position to encourage dictatorial- ness and self-sufficiency. In the midst of such conditions nothing but a consistent and constant emphasis upon the spiritual side of life can save him from being over- come and hold him true to his high and holy purpose. It is equally important that chief emphasis be placed upon the spiritual in the life of the home Church in its relation to the expansion of the Christian religion. One of the most crucial factors in the evangelization of the world is the state of the Church in Christian lands. This point was strongly emphasized in the opinions of the leaders of the Chris- tian forces in all lands as expressed in the in- vestigation carried on by Commission I of the World Missionary Conference at Edinburgh. There is without doubt a direct and vital con- nection between the performance of our work at the ends of the earth and the quality and fulness of our spiritual life on the home field. The missionary enterprise shares in much larger measure than is usually recognized the WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 227 ideals and spirit of the home Church and car- ries these influences into the life of the Church it creates in the non-Christian world. Cer- tainly in the initial stage of the missionary- enterprise — a most critical stage — the Church at home which produces, chooses, trains, and sends out the missionary, determines the faith, ideals and practices which are being propagated. The object lesson of the home Church also profoundly influences native Christian work- ers who come to us year by year in increasing numbers for purposes of study and investiga- tion. They, as well as unbelievers, when they see the unchristian aspects of our civili- zation — our shocking denials of Christ — ^must be affected by it all. At times we may seriously question whether we have a Christianity worth propagating over the world. If there be grounds for such skepticism, however, history shows that the last thing to do under such conditions is to abandon or contract the missionary propa- ganda. We should rather augment our mis- sionary efforts, for therein lies the secret of 228 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION maintaining and increasing our vital energy. Moreover, the world of Christianity is meas- ured by what it has of Christ. In what land and in what generation has Christ been better known than in America to-day? If He be necessary to us, He is necessary to all men, and it is our solemn duty to make Him known to all men. The missionary movement exists to make Him known, to fix the attention of aU men upon Him, to expose them to His influence. We say to the non-Christians, '^The things in our civilization which you de- spise and of which we are ashamed are not due to Jesus Christ but to our lack of Him.'* To meet the present colossal world situa- tion great spiritual forces must be released. In the present generation of Christians in the West are vast capacities for sacrifice. "Except a grain of wheat fall into the earth and die, it abideth by itself alone; but if it die, it beareth much fruit." The secret of large fruitage so much desired and needed on every field lies in releasing this latent force of sacrifice. The spirit of Christian mis- sions is the spirit of Christ; and His spirit WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 229 was and is essentially a spirit of supreme self-sacrifice. With Him it reached further than from Gethsemane to Calvary. He lived a life of constant self-denial. His law of sacrifice His disciples gradually made their own. The Roman world was conquered by it. When will the Christians of Western lands make it their own? Great is the need of recovering the New Testament conception of discipleship. Both ai the home base and on the mission field there is imperative need of a far more serious and resolute following of Christ. Christians have been prone to make the Gospel too cheap. There has not been enough patient endurance of hardness. We forget that Christ has summoned men to count the cost. Only the Cross brings heroes and martyrs. How may this spirit of sacri- fice, which is the spirit of true triumph, be developed? Not so much by calling attention to the needs and possibilities of the non- Christian world, nor bj' dwelling on the mag- nitude and wonder of the present opportu- nity, but by pondering the price that must be paid to meet these needs, to improve these 230 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION opportunities and to realize these possibili- ties. All followers of Christ should think deeply on what it cost Him to bring into the world the knowledge of God and the forgive- ness of sin and the life everlasting. Another mighty spiritual force which must be far more largely released is that of faith. The whole missionary enterprise needs to be lifted up into a sphere of large dimensions, the sphere of faith in the living and the almighty God. Christians at home and abroad have been regulating their plans and activities too much by precedents and by visible resources and not enough by the ob- vious designs of God and by His invisible and boundless resources. We need to recover more largely Christ's conception of the char- acter and ability of God. Then will we be characterized more by the faith which domi- nated the Christians of the apostolic age. One of the most hopeful aspects of the present world situation is its overwhelming magni- tude and difficulty, for the history of the Church clearly shows that such conditions greatly facilitate a deepening acquaintance WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 231 with God and the discovery of His ways and the releasing of His power. It becomes increasingly evident that the present world situation can be met only through a great manifestation of superhuman wisdom, superhuman love and superhuman power. Intercession is the means which re- leases these omnipotent forces and brings them to bear upon the missionary movement. The Church has not yet discovered, still less begun to realize, the limitless possibilities of intercession. The most alarming fact is that there are so few Christians who are devoting themselves with conviction and faithfulness to prayer on behalf of the extension of Christ's Kingdom. Well, therefore, may the question ^be raised. Why are there not more intercessors, and why are we ourselves not more faithful in intercession? In the case of many Christians this is due to a lack of meditation upon God and His ways of work- ing. It is impossible for anyone who honestly desires to be Christlike, to think thoroughly and conclusively upon praj^er in its relation to the resources of God, and also upon the 16 232 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION deepest and most pressing needs of men, and not have the purpose take shape within him to imitate Christ in intercession as in other things. The reason some do not give themselves to intercessory prayer is that they have fallen under the spell of insidious unbelief. This is due, on the one hand, to the scientific temper which emphasizes exclusively a certain order of nature, and, on the other, to the idea that the infinite goodness, omniscience and omni- potence of God make intercessory prayer needless. We do well to remind ourselves that if the Bible teaching and record about prayer be true, then no matter with how much mystery its practice and achievements may be surrounded, it is a central reality in human experience. At times in my own life I have had grave doubts as to the objective power of prayer. To help remove these I have read possibly forty treatises on the sub- ject; but, while many of these were helpful, they did not of themselves dissolve my doubts. Among other aids to faith, I might mention two which have helped to carry me WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 233 through my difficulties into a sense of cer- tainty as to the achieving power of prayer for others. The first is the practice of interces- sion. The more one reflects upon it the more strongly will one come to believe that this form of prayer can be verified only by em- ploying it. The other thing which has in- variably helped me in moments of doubt or perplexity is the simple reflection — Jesus Christ prayed for others. Then I have said to myself, If He found this practice necessary or even desirable, what presumption to as- sume that I can do without it! Let us face the fact that not to intercede for others implies a fundamental lack of faith in God as revealed in Christ, whereas to forget our- selves in intense prayer for others is an ab- solute proof that we believe in God as a living God who is actually presiding over the affairs of men. It is painful but necessary to add that some Christians do not devote themselves to prayer for others because they are living on a plane which violates the conditions of effect- ive intercession. It passes comprehension 234 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION how some men can expect to believe in inter- cession as the mightiest force wielded on earth, in view of what they tolerate within the chambers of their imagery, in their mo- tive life, in their attitude and spirit toward others — not to mention outbreaking sins and practices. Without doubt, many are kept from the immeasurable possibilities of the life of inter- cession because of the difficulties which beset the path. It is not easy to forget ourselves and become absorbed in unselfish thought and prayer for others. It requires energy to exercise the imagination to such an extent that we are able to put ourselves so sympa- thetically in the place of the man for whom we pray that we literally give ourselves to prayer on his behalf. It requires an exercise of the imagination to realize, so vividly that our very soul is moved, the mind of Christ concerning any man or cause for which we pray. David said, "I give myself unto prayer" — not simply his words or thoughts, but himself. Professor George Adam Smith once preached at Yale University a remark- WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 235 able sermon on Christ's intercession in the Garden. It will be found rewarding to read that sermon, noticing the point he makes about the nervous energy which Christ ex- pended in His intercession. While this kind of prayer, like everything else of most value, costs vitality, it is equally and happily true that under the gracious influence of the Holy Spirit, Who helps our infirmity, it may be free from all anxious striving and strain. Yes, more than this, ''They that wait upon the Lord shall renew their strength.'' All the more, therefore, should we avoid drifting into slothfulness in habits of prayer. There is no way to make intercession easy. It will ever remain true that while the spirit may be will- ing the flesh is weak. We do well, therefore, to give no cause for the well-merited com- plaint of the prophet in the ancient time, "There is none . . . that stirreth up him- self to take hold of Thee." Christ's concern for man, associated with His hfe of unbroken prayer to God on behalf of others, suggests a root reason why many otherwise loyal Christians are not more faith- 17 236 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION ful in intercession; it is because they do not sufficiently care for men, and their hearts are not sufficiently responsive to the solicitude of God on behalf of men. Think of those who are being captivated by the luxurious life of our day without realizing its consequences, of others who are already slaves of body and soul-destroying habits, of still others who are suffering from serious doubt or subtle pride or selfish and overmastering ambition. How shall a Christlike sympathy in prayer for in- dividuals like these take the place of our selfish indifference or undue absorption in other things? Our own recollection and ex- perience of temptation or failure must be used to impress upon us the needs of tempted and discouraged men. Every victory or achievement accomplished with a true sense of Christ's sufficiency and our own insuffi- ciency must impel us to exercise faith for others also. To have the most helpful rela- tions with our fellow men, and the closest fel- lowship with our Lord, who prayed for tempted Peter, we must share at any cost His present work of intercession. WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 237 The fact should not be overlooked that in- tercession does not have a larger place in the lives of Christians because of their failure to master the conditions in which they find themselves. It is desirable to have a stated and unhurried time for intercession. Our most profitable employment should not be crowded into a corner. The words of the Apostle, ''That ye may give yourselves unto prayer," are rendered by Dean Alford, ''That ye may have undisturbed leisure for prayer." This emphasis is especially needed in these days because of the impetuosity and restless- ness of our times. One of the chief reasons, apparently, why Christ went apart for pro- longed prayer is the very reason why many busy Christians excuse themselves — the fact that He had so much to do and that the issues at stake were so great. How much better for those of us who can control the time of going to our accustomed place of labor, to go per- chance one half-hour later, or for those of us who cannot, to retire at night a half-hour later, or, better, to rise a half-hour earlier, that we may help others by prayer — the most 238 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION effective way known among men — rather than be slaves to our present schedule and rob men of that which can be given to them only through our intercession. Let us not labor under the delusion that there will come a leisure time for unhurried retreat with God on behalf of men; for if ever that time comes, many of the occasions which demand our in- tercession will have passed. Moreover, days of special retreat invariably mean most to those who have faithfully observed from day to day the requirements of true intercession. Let us learn to utilize many unrecognized opportunities for intercession. What are some of these lost opportunities which might be transmuted into the most profitable expe- riences of life? On street cars, even when standing in the press of strangers and holding to the swaying strap; waiting at stations for trains, or in reception rooms or outer ofl&ces for appointments or interviews; before the beginning of a religious service; or perchance during addresses, sermons or debates; some- times when our souls are especially moved, or quite as much when there seems to be WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 239 nothing to stir us to this highest calHng — these are times and places for ^'buying up the op- portunity." In the conferences with Christian leaders in India conducted in the name of the Con- tinuation Committee of the Edinburgh World Missionary Conference, it was a special satis- faction to have with us at three of the gather- ings one of the most prominent Christian leaders in the life and thought of Great Brit- ain. Noticing that he had his hands before his eyes much of the time, I thought at first that it must be because he was seated where the light was troubling him. Then I thought that he was occupied in meditation. But later I discovered that he was giving himself almost constantly to intercession on behalf of those participating in the discussions and on behalf of the momentous interests which they were seeking to serve. Nor shall I for- get how he came to some of the evangeUstic meetings with Mohammedan, Hindu and Buddhist students, and from the beginning to the close, sat bowed in prayer while I sought to proclaim the vital message. It is 240 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION my belief that to such prayer on the part of this friend and others Hke him are traceable the otherwise inexphcable results of these conferences and evangelistic meetings. To nearly every person there come periods when he is set aside for a season from the activities of his regular vocation. It is a tragic fact that this experience has marked the undoing of some Christians; but what an inspiring fact, on the other hand, that it has been an open door to many another, ushering him into the most productive period of his life. Each person must evolve the plan of using lists of objects for intercession which experi- ence shows to be most workable in his partic- ular case. We should not slavishly follow the plans of others, although presumably we may learn something from the methods of every genuine man of prayer. A plan which is the product of our own faith and experi- mentation should not be irksome. Many have heard of that wonderful Chinese Chris- tian, Ding Li-mei, famous as an evangelist and even more as a man whose attractive WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 241 character and conduct constitute a convin- cing evidence of the Hfe of Christ in man. In recent years he has influenced the largest number of students to devote their lives to the Christian ministry ever secured by one man during the history of the Church in Asia. Those who know him best will say that the dynamic secret of his life is the central place which he gives to intercession. The last time I saw him he had recorded in a book the names of many hundreds of individual Christians from all parts of the world for whom he prayed day by day. In traveling with him from Shanghai to Dairen on our way to the conference in Mukden, I observed that he spent hours alone, either walking on the deck, or seated with this book open in his hand. Mr. Brockman says that the Student Volunteer Movement of China is the product of this man's prayers. Some find it useful to employ mechanical devices to help keep before them the needs and opportunities for intercession. Photo- graphs of friends and workers for whom we should pray may serve as prayer reminders. 242 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION The map of the world on my working table has often helped extend the range and make more concrete the world-embracing sphere of prayer. If experience shows that a card index or other system is useful in bringing to mind our duties in executive work, why not avail ourselves of similar helps on this highest level of personal responsibility? We should be on our guard, however, lest such devices fetter our prayer-life or make it mechanical. In view of the alarmingly small number of intercessors, and the insistent need for the work which they can do, the most important question of all to consider is. How multiply the number of intercessors? This work of increasing the volume of intercession has not received the attention it deserves, al- though the experience of all the centuries clearly points the path. Ministers and lay- men who can speak with reality and from actual experience should give addresses and talks on the subject of intercessory prayer. Here we have in mind not dissertations on the grounds of prayer, nor on the reflex benefits WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 243 of prayer, important as are these phases of the subject, but on that aspect of prayer which occupies itself with bringing definite help to other men and enterprises. Addresses on this subject, born out of sincere efforts to practise what is enjoined upon others, will have contagious power. Wide but careful use should be made of the best Hterature on the subject. Pamphlets and books by such men as Andrew Murray, Dean Bosworth, Robert E. Speer and the late Professor Gustav Warneck should be pressed upon the attention of each succeeding gener- ation. There is much on this vital subject that will reward one's reading in the reports of Commission I, Commission IV, and Com- mission VI, of the World Missionary Con- ference. Christians as they meet from time to time should interchange experiences concerning the habits and conditions most favorable for intercession and the achievements of inter- cessory prayer. Great care should be exercised to limit the speaking at such a meeting to those who will present the subject with that 244 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION reasonableness, sanity and restraint which characterize those who are reflecting real experience. One of the best means of promoting inter- cession is that of laying before men objects which are so important and so immediate in their claims that men will realize that they must pray. This can be accomplished by writing letters devoted exclusively to the subject. An even better plan, where prac- ticable, is an interview for the express purpose of enhsting prayer. If time is well spent in personally asking for gifts of money and service, is it not even more important to fol- low this plan in order to call forth interces- sion? Group meetings of Christians during religious conventions or in every-day life for the sole purpose of united prayer for objects of common concern will serve as training schools and propagating centers of interces- sion. This has been illustrated in times of actual crisis in all parts of the world. Once when visiting a Scandinavian university a most serious situation confronted us in a WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 245 series of special religious meetings. During the meeting, on which apparently everything hinged, a number of earnest Christians quietly withdrew and devoted themselves the entire evening to special prayer. It was, therefore, no surprise to me to see the walls of opposition fall before our eyes. One of the encouraging facts of our day is the increase among workers of the practice of holding retreats. There is incalculable value in the going apart of men to whom have been entrusted responsibilities beyond their own strength, that they may cultivate a larger acquaintance with God and yield themselves more fully to the ways of Christ for bringing to bear the power of God upon human life. We need to study the methods of Christ in training men; and, in this connection, there are no more impressive lessons than those which He taught His disciples by precept and by example in relation to prayer. It is a matter of regret that the book by Andrew Murray, ''With Christ in the School of Prayer," is not so widely studied now as a few years ago. The truths there expounded are 246 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION worthy the closest study. It would be even better to go, as he did, to the sources — the teaching and example of Christ Himself. No man can do this persistently and obe- diently without going forth a changed man. We often say that one of the most far-reaching things Christ ever did was to train a little band of men, but we do not act as though we believed what we say. If we did believe it more of us would be sharing our thought and experiences with others and associating our- selves with them in actual intercession. This would multiply the number of intercessors in a truly Christlike way. Above all, we ourselves must be burdened with a sense of the transcendent importance of increasing the number of men who will seek to release the power of God by prayer. The sufficient proof that we are thus bur- dened is what we do in our own secret hour of intercession. Mr. Moody used to say, "A man is what he is in the dark." We may test the strength and the purity of our desire and motive by what we do where God alone sees us. If there be genuineness and reality WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 247 there, God will have His opportunity to break out through us, and our experience as Inter- cessors will become truly contagious. Are men moved to pray as a result of conscious or unconscious touch with our lives? No more searching question could be addressed to us. By the answer we give in our inmost souls, and by the steps which we take as a result of that answer, will be measured not only the quahty but also the outreach of our lives. There is greater need to-day than ever be- fore of relating the limitless power of united intercession to the missionary enterprise. A time of unexampled opportunity and crisis like the present is one of grave danger. There never has been a time when simultaneously in so many non-Christian lands the facts of need and opportunity presented such a re- markable appeal to Christendom as now. In every conference throughout Asia I was charged by those who have penetrated most deeply into the heart of the problems to press upon the Missionary Societies the imperative need of more intercession; above all, of 17 248 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION united intercession. In no way can those of us who are responsibly related to the mis- sionary forces better, in fact in no way can we so well, serve the deepest interests of all the Societies, Missions, and Churches as by multiplying the number of real intercessors, and by focussing the prayers of Christendom upon those great situations, wonderful open- ings, grave crises, alarming perils and re- markable movements which demand the al- mighty working of the Spirit of God. This is fundamental and central to everything else we are called upon to do. Far more impor- tant and vital than any service we may ren- der in the realm of promoting the science, strategy, efficiency, statesmanship, leader- ship and unification of the vast and complex missionary enterprise, is that of helping to release the superhuman energies of prayer, and, through uniting in this holy ministry true intercessors of all lands and of all com- munions, of helping to usher in a new era abounding in signs and wonders characteris- tic of the working of the living Christ. We should be on our guard lest we devote a dis- WHERE TO PLACE CHIEF EMPHASIS 249 proportionate amount of time and thought to investigation and discussion and to plans for the utilization of available human forces, and not enough attention to what is immeasur- ably more important — the relating of what we do personally and corporately to the foun- tain of divine life and energy. The Christian world has the right to expect from the leaders of the missionary forces not only a more thor- ough handling of the facts and methods, but also a larger discovery of superhuman re- sources and a greater irradiation of spiritual power. INDEX INDEX Africa, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 15, 19, 33, 62, 68, 69, 73, 102, 104, 105, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118, 119, 121, 128, 132, 137, 149, 187, 207 Alford, Dean, referred to, 237 Allier, Prof. R., referred to, 32 American Association for In- ternational Conciliation, 139 Anderson, Riifus, referred to, 74 Apologetics, 63, 201 Arabia, 213, 218 Asia, 3, 8, 12, 15, 19, 27, 30, 68, 75, 102, 105, 107, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 121, 128, 132, 136, 156, 177, 182, 184, 190, 193, 195, 198, 201, 202, 207, 213, 247 Australasia, 4, 8, 137, 187 Azariah, Bishop V. S., referred to, 39, 223 Banurji, Kali Charan, referred to, 223 Bible, distribution of, 154, 218; influence of, 219, 221; study of, 218, 221; translation of, 154 Boards of Missionary Prepara- tion, 191, 196 Bombay, Bishop of, referred to, 164 Bosworth, E. I., referred to, 243 Bradlaugh, Charles, referred to, 114 Brent, Bishop Charles H., re- ferred to, 129 Brewer, Justice, referred to, 122 Brockman, F. S., referred to, 241 Bryan, WiUiara J., referred to, 136 Bryce, Lord, quoted, 107, 122; referred to, 136 Buddhism, 40, 41, 116, 117 Buddhist missionaries, 41 Buddhist students, in Ceylon, 41; in India, 37, 41, 239 Burma, work among the stu- dents of, 40 Canton, evangelistic campaign among students in, 48 Carey, William, referred to, 39 Carnegie Endowment for In- ternational Peace, 139 Cecil, Lord William, quoted, 116 Ceylon, 39, 40, 41; work among students of, 40 Chacko, K. C, referred to, 223 Chalmers, Dr. James, quoted, 121 Chang Po-ling, referred to, 222 China, 4, 13, 27, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 63, 65, 67, 69, 77, 83, 88, 90, 102, 103, 110, HI, 112, 114, 116, 128, 137, 149, 153, 155, 186, 187, 189, 192, 200, 210, 222; unification of 253 254 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION Christian literature societies in, 200; work among stu- dents of, 46 China Medical Missionary As- sociation, convention of, 199 Christian Endeavor Society, 154 Christian fellowship, promo- tion of, 168 Christian literature, 66; in China, 200; in India, 200; in Japan, 66; in Russia, 26; in Turkey, 32 ; preparation and circulation of, 154 Christianity, present oppor- tunity for spread of, 3; re- cent unparalleled triumphs of, 14; world-wide spread of, 10 Christians, capacities of pres- ent-day, 5, 74 Church federation, 155 Church history, study of, 88, 193 Church Peace Union, 139 Churches for Anglo-American Communities in Mission Fields, Committee on Pro- viding, 132 Churches on the mission field, building up of, 217 Cigarettes, free distribution of, in China, 111 Comity, principles of, observed, 153 Commercial expansion, 97 Commercial representatives in non-Christian lands, 146 Communication, improved means of, 5, 101 Conferences of Mission Boards, 86, 156 Conferences on Faith and Order, 163, 192 Confucian reaction, 186 Congo, 105, 113 Continuation Committee, 179, 195; creation of, 156; special committees of, 87, 190, 191, 194, 196, 198 Continuation Committee Con- ferences in Asia, 177, 178, 182, 183, 190, 195, 197, 202, 247; in India, 64, 184, 239; in Japan, 185 Co-operation and unity, as ex- hibited in missions, 153; between Churches, 73; be- tween Missions, 73; con- ference on, in January, 1914, 203; discussed at Edinburgh Conference, 70; importance of, 158; in distribution, publication and translation of the Scriptures, 164; lack of, 159 Cosmopohtan Club, 144 Curzon, Lord, quoted, 87; re- ferred to, 75 Darwin, Charles, quoted, 112 Denominational differences of the West, 159 De Quincey, Thomas, referred to, 221 Ding Li-mei, referred to, 222, 240 "Domiciled communities," 133 Drink evil, in Africa, 112; in Asia, 111; in Moslem lands, 111 Duff, Alexander, quoted, 77; referred to, 87 Eclecticism, 14, 37 Eddy, Sherwood, referred to, 1 25, 32, 37, 54 INDEX 255 Education, inadequacy of as bulwark of morals, 9, 10 Educational missions, oppor- tunity of, 65 Edwardes, Sir Herbert, referred to, 136 Egypt, 34; work among stu- dents of, 33, 34 Eliot, Charles W., referred to, 139 Elliot, Sir Charles, referred to, 136 Emerson, R. W., quoted, 90, 219 Far East, 3, 19, 42, 65, 111, 112, 114, 115, 134, 135, 212 Farquhar, J. N., referred to, 79 Focchow, evangelistic cam- paign among students in, 54 Forbes, W. Cameron, referred to, 135 Foreign students in American colleges, 140 Frajser, Donald, referred to, 223 Gairdner, W. H. T., referred to, 36 German Africa, illegitimate children in, 113 Gibson, Dr. J. C, referred to, 88, 90 Gladstone, William E., referred to, 91, 134 Gold Coast, 112 Haeckel, Ernst H., referred to, 114 Harada,, President, referred to, 78 Harnack, Adolph, referred to, 216 Hart, Sir Ilobert, referred to, 9 Hawaiian Islands, 137 Hay, John, referred to, 134 Hindu students, in India, 86, 37, 39, 239 Hinduism, 105, 111, 184 Huxley, Thomas H., referred to, 114 Immorality, increase of, in Near East and Far East, 112; traceable to Western influence, 112 India, 4, 29, 36, 37, 39, 40, 64, 68, 69, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 88, 105, 108, 116, 133, 136, 155, 170, 188, 189, 200, 216, 223, 225, 239; unification of Christian literature societies in, 200; work among stu- dents of, 30 Individual work for individu- als, 215 Ingersoll, Robert G., referred to, 114 Interdenominationalism vs. un- denominationalism, 164 Internationalism, 100 Ishii, J., referred to, 222 Japan, 9, 27, 43, 49, 63, 66, 68, 78,82,88, 103, 111,115,116, 137, 149, 155, 183, 184, 185, 189, 200, 218, 223; Christian Student Movement in, 44; conference of leaders of different religions in, 9; uni- fication of Christian litera- ture societies in, 66; work among students of, 43 Japan Society, 139 Jordan, David Starr, referred to, 139 Kikuchi, Baron, referred to, 139 256 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION Korea, 42, 43, 111, 153, 216, 222; work among students of, 42 Latin America, 3, 12, 102, 115, 128, 132, 140, 207 Lawrence, Dr. Edward A., re- ferred to, 88 Lawrence, Lord, referred to, 136 Lawrence, Sir Henry M., re- ferred to, 136 Laymen's Missionary Move- ment, 147, 156 Lebanon, 29, 219 Levant, 102, 103 Lincoln, Abraham, referred to, 80 Livingstone, David, referred to, 129 Literati in China, 46, 47, 48 Literature, Christian, 66; co- operation in production of, 202; in Russia, 26; in Turkey, 32; spread of antichristian, 114, 201 Literature societies, unification of, in China, 200; in India, 200; in Japan, 66 Mabie, Hamilton W., referred to, 139 Mackay, Alexander, referred to, 77 Madras, Archbishop of, quoted, 170 Madras, Bishop of, referred to, 82, 184 Manchuria, 51, 53, 216; work among students of, 51 Marshall, John, quoted, 83 Mass movement in India, 64 McLeod, Donald, referred to, 224 Medical missions, opportunity for, 66, 67 Medici, Lorenzo de, referred to, 10 Mexico, 153 Missionaries, number of Prot- estant, 71; training of, 71 Missionary Education Move- ment, 156 Missionary homes, influence of, 129; open to foreign young men, 133 Mohammedan students, in Cairo, 33, 35; in Con- stantinople, 27, 28, 31; in India, 36, 37, 39, 239 Mohammedanism, 4, 35, 105, 111, 184, 213 Montaigne, Michel E. de, referred to, 219 Moody, D. L., quoted, 246 Morley, Lord, quoted, 81, 91 Mukden, conference in, 241; evangelistic campaign among students in, 51 Murray, Andrew, referred to, 243, 245 Nationalism, rising tides of, 11 Near East, 3, 19, 65, 112, 114, 115, 116, 219 Nevius, Dr. J. L., referred to, 77 Nicolai, Archbishop, referred to, 223 Nicolay, Baron Paul, referred to, 25 Nietzsche, F. W., referred to, 114 Nigeria, 112 Nile Valley, 4, 29 Nitobe, Inazo, referred to, 139 Non-Christian civilizations, cancerous growths of, 13 INDEX 257 Non-Christian lands, peoples of, accessible and responsive, 19,54 Occupation, co-operation in, 70; enlargements of plans of, 60; of unoccupied fields, 72; problem of, 180; what is meant by adequate, 179 Okuma, Count, quoted, 115, 116; referred to, 137 Opium, 110, 112, 129 Oriental immigrants, number of, in United States, 136; re- lation to, 137; work for, 136 Outcastes, policy for reaching, 64 Oxford, Bishop of, quoted, 163 Pacific Islands, 3, 107, 112, 114, 153, 160 Pan-American Union, 139 Parsee students, in India, 37 Patriotism, racial, 11 Paul, K. T., referred to, 79 Peabody, Professor Francis, quoted, 219; referred to, 139 Peking, evangelistic campaign among students in, 51 Periodicals, missionary, need for, 88 Persia, referred to, 102 Peru, referred to, 106 Philippine Islands, referred to, 135 Pitt, WilUam, referred to, 82 Preaching as a vital method, 216 Putumayo atrocities, 106 Races, amalgamation of, 8; segregation of, 7 Racial contact, 6, 7, 8, 69, 97, 98, 100, 110, 139 Ramsay, Sir William, referred to, 76 Reconciliation, apostles of, 172 Restraints of non-Christian civilization broken down, 115 Robert College, 210 Roosevelt, Col. Theodore, quoted, 26; referred to, 136 Root, Elihu, referred to, 136 Rouse, Miss Ruth, referred to, 25 Russia, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29; agnostics among, 23; in zone of power, 26; Student Christian Movement in, 25; tendency toward suicide among students of, 22; work among students of, 20 St. Paul, as a statesman, 75 Schopenhauer, Arthur, referred to, 114 Scriptures, see Bible Selwyn, Bishop, quoted, 160 Sierra Leone, referred to, 112 Smith, George Adam, quoted, 224; sermon by, 234 Spectator, of London, quoted, 59 Speer, Robert E., quoted, 148; referred to, 243 Spencer, Herbert, referred to, 114 Stamboul, Moslem University in, 30 Statesmanship, shown by vision, 75, 76; by ability to grasp, define and apply cor- rect governing principles, 77; by recognizing and observing relationships, 78; by capac- ity to select and guide men, 80; by sympathy and imag- ination, 80; by understand- 258 THE PRESENT WORLD SITUATION ing of the times, 82; by wis- dom in planning, 82; by profiting from knowledge and experience of others, 83; by judgment, 84; develop- ment of, 84-92 Statesmen, missionary, char- acteristics of, 75; examples of, 74; needed to enlarge plans, 59; to improve mis- sionary strategy, 61; to develop evangelistic work, 62; to establish indigenous Churches, 64; to meet the educational opportunity, 65 ; to produce and distribute Christian Hterature, 66; to create the medical profession for non-Christian world, 63; to help solve social problems, 67; to help solve racial prob- lems, 69 ; to guide the move- ment toward co-operation and unity, 69; to ensure better training of mission- aries, 71; to work out plans of occupation, 72; to bring about helpful relations be- tween Mission Boards and leaders on the field, 73; as leaders at the home base, 73 Stewart, Dr. James, quoted, 121 Strategy in distribution of forces, 62 Student Christian Movement, 187, 188; among foreign stu- dents in Christian lands, 141; in Japan, 44; in Russia, 25; in Turkey, 33; spread of, 128 Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, 156, 187; watchword of, 170 Student Volunteer Movement of China, 187, 241 Students, foreign, accessible, 141; foreign, in American •colleges, 140; migration of, 98, 140; Oriental, number of, studying in America, 140 Sudan, 105 Sunday School Union, 154 Survevs of fields called for, 178, 182' Syncretism, 14 Taylor, J. Hudson, as a states- man, 83; referred to, 72, 222 Tientsin, evangelistic campaign among students in, 54 Tokyo, Imperial University in, 45 Training of missionaries, 71 Transcendence, process of, 166 Tsinanfu, evangelistic cam- paign among students in, 49 Turkey, 4, 13, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 69, 107, 128, 149; Chris- tian Student Movement in, 33; work among students of, 27 Union colleges and universi- ties, 197 Union hospitals, 199 Union language schools, 190 Union medical schools, 197, 199 Union of International Asso- ciations, 99 Union theological colleges, need for, 188 United Church of South India, 155 Unity, Church, 155 Unity, see Co-operation INDEX 259 Universal Day of Prayer for Students, 50 "Untouchabloa," 64, 82 Vatican, 75 Venn, Henry, referred to, 74 Verbeck, Dr. Guido, referred to, 78 Voltaire, referred to, 114 Warneck, Prof. Gustav, re- ferred to, 82, 243 Washington, George, referred to, 76, 83 Western civilization, corrupt influences of, 12, 60, 102, 110; unchristian aspects of, 147 Wilder, Consul-general A. P., referred to, 135 Wilder, Robert P., referred to, 32 Williams, S. Wells, referred to, 135 Wilson, President Woodrow, referred to, 135 Woman's movement, influence of, 117 World Conference on Faith and Order, 163 World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh, 1910, 70, 71, 115, 1.56, 163, 171, 181; re- port of Comrai-ssions of, 243; work of Commissions of, 86, 226 World Peace Foundation, 139 World Student Christian Fed- eration, Conference of 1907, 44; of 1913, 26; in Con- stantinople, 28; reception oi Russian Movement into, 20 World situation, unprece- dented in opportunity, 3; in danger, 5; in urgency, 11, 14 Wreda, Baroness, referred to, 223 York, Archbishop of, referred to, 164 Young, Dr. John C, of Arabia, quoted, 213 Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation, 131, 154; in Shang- hai, 141 Young, Sir Mack worth, re- ferred to, 136 Young Women's Christian As- sociation, 154 Yun Chi-ho, referred to, 222 Zwemer, S. 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