-:^;j;uKrS|5iS5r»!!!^ 
 
 SLvaMON COMPOSITION 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 = 
 
 8 
 
 GEORCJE S. HITCHCOCK, S.J.
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 SERMON 
 COMPOSITION
 
 SERMON 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 A METHOD FOR STUDENTS 
 
 By the 
 
 Rev. GEO. S. HITCHCOCK, S.J. 
 
 With an Introdudion by the 
 
 Rev. BERNARD VAUGHAN,S.J. 
 
 BURNS AND OATES 
 
 28 ORCHARD STREET 
 
 LONDON W 
 
 1908
 
 Nihil obs tat 
 
 FRANCISCUS M. WYNDHAM 
 Censor deputatus 
 
 Imprimatur 
 
 ^ GULIELMUS 
 
 Episcopus Arindelensis 
 Vicarius Generalis 
 
 JVestmonasterti 
 
 die 2 1 Mart a, 1908
 
 
 Do we not see howfe^v attain the highest eloquence^ 
 though everywhere the prof essors of rhetoric find their 
 schools noisy mth croyods of young men ? 
 
 St Augustine, T)e Utilitate Credendi^ c. vii. 
 
 12G8lii?
 
 THE PREFACE 
 
 A CERTAIN bishop once asked Better- 
 ton, the a6lor, how he accounted for 
 the fact that aSlors seemed to awaken so 
 much more interest \\\2Si preachers. Betterton 
 repUed : " Because aftors through their train- 
 ing have the gift of making the fabulous 
 appear real, whereas preachers make the 
 real appear fabulous." 
 
 The point of this not over-polite remark 
 seems to be that preachers, as a rule, negleft 
 training and preparation. Now no men can 
 less afford to negle6t them. The art of oratory 
 consists of a series of rules framed to enable 
 speakers to accomplish their object with the 
 greatest possible completeness and effeft. 
 That object — to instruct and persuade his 
 fellow-men — is the highest use to which 
 man can put his marvellous endowment of 
 speech. And when his instruction and per- 
 suasion arc concerned with the knowledge 
 
 a
 
 2 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 and performance of God's will, then he is 
 engaged upon the highest and noblest kind 
 of oratory. If men labour, then, to make 
 themselves efficient speakers in board-room 
 or council-chamber, on the platform or in 
 the House of Commons, much more should 
 the sacred orator devote hisenergies to attain- 
 ing the perfection of his art. For he is "the 
 ambassador of Christ"; supposing always 
 due mission and jurisdiction, his function is 
 to convey the divine message to the passing 
 generations, for "faith cometh by hearing." 
 And he speaks under the most impressive 
 circumstances: in the Presence, for the most 
 part, of the Master he represents; to an audi- 
 ence whose hearts are attuned by their sur- 
 roundings to a favourable reception of his 
 words. Nowhere is failure in the art of speak- 
 ing more to be dreaded and shunned, nowhere 
 is oratory, true oratory, more desirable. 
 
 This, be it observed, is no plea for artifici- 
 ality in the pulpit, no encouragement of 
 acting. Paradoxically enough, there are cer- 
 tain circumstances where art is necessary to
 
 THE PREFACE 3 
 
 make a man natural, to enable him that is, 
 to fit in with unnatural surroundings. Under 
 the conditions in which the preacher finds 
 himself, a mere man, full of human failings 
 yet charged by God Himself with a message 
 to His creatures, it would be "natural" for 
 him to be timid, diffident, halting, embar- 
 rassed; such must necessarily be his sense of 
 the disproportion between the work and the 
 instrument. Only practice, experience, art, 
 can enable him to forget the man in the 
 office, and to conduct himself in a manner 
 worthy of his f undions. Art is herein neces- 
 sary, in fadt, to give nature fair play, to 
 remove the obstacles to its free development. 
 You must become artificial before you can 
 be quite natural. 
 
 Although the present treatise concerns 
 the matter rather than the manner of pul- 
 pit oratory, the preceding remarks are not 
 out of place, for the framing of the message 
 has a close and immediate connexion with 
 itsdelivery. Clear logical persuasive thought 
 will seek similar expression, hut skill in pre-
 
 4 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 sentment must accompany skill in concep- 
 tion if the latter is to have its due effedl:. 
 However, unless the preacher's performance 
 is to be a mere matter of platitude and atti- 
 tude, undoubtedly his first attention must 
 be given to what he has to express. An 
 audience soon feels the difference between 
 the man who ascends the pulpit because he 
 has to say something, and the man who 
 addresses them because he has something 
 to say. Say what you have to say, and say 
 it in your own way, with charafter and 
 personality to support it, convinced that 
 there is One only you can be sure to please 
 — Him whom only you are bound to please. 
 I wish, therefore, every success to this 
 little book on Sermon Composition^ the aim 
 of which is so excellent and so admirably 
 carried out. Young preachers will find in 
 it a means of giving their discourses that 
 intelleftual framework without which they 
 will be shapeless, that imaginative glow 
 which will save them from dullness, those 
 appeals to heart and feelings which will
 
 THE PREFACE 5 
 
 make them effective. Faithfully carried out, 
 the well-tested suggestions of the author 
 will produce in sermons those qualities 
 which the great ornament of the Order 
 of Preachers, St Thomas of Aquin aptly 
 summarized as Stabilitas or solidity, founded 
 on truth, Claritas or luminosity, due to 
 reason lit by faith, and Uti/itas or useful- 
 ness, directed to the eternal well-being of 
 the hearers. We might add, in view of the 
 writer's insistence on the use of anecdote 
 as illustration, A5lualitas or the quality of 
 being up-to-date, vivid and topical, after 
 the example of the greatest of preachers, 
 our dear and blessed Lord Himself. 
 
 But whatever force or persuasiveness the 
 art of delivery or the art of composition 
 will give to the preacher, it is as nothing to 
 that conferred by another art, which is, alas! 
 still less "natural" tlian cither of the for- 
 mer, the art of right living. Unless the 
 orator is a man of known probity, who 
 pra6tises all and more tlian he preaches, 
 God may make use of him, indeed, as a
 
 6 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 sign-post; but his message will be nullified 
 in the main. A6tion is ever more eloquent 
 than word, and there are preachers whose 
 work is done before they appear in the pul- 
 pit, whose simplest and most casual utter- 
 ances carry weight with their hearers, 
 because they spring from a heart dead to 
 self. That then should be the preacher's 
 first aim, so to live that the world may 
 know that he does not seek what is his 
 own, but what belongs to Jesus Christ; 
 that he does not seek to please his hearers, 
 but rather to please his Master. 
 
 Let the preacher be sure of this, that his 
 sermons will do good in the measure in 
 which he himself loves "Christ and Him 
 crucified," and in the measure in which 
 he has toiled at his work, mediate and im- 
 mediate, of preparation for the pulpit. The 
 preacher's love being right, and his labour 
 great, he may ascend the pulpit feehng satis- 
 fied that not only will he make himself under- 
 stood as well as heard, but, what is more to 
 the point, will make himself felt by the con-
 
 THE PREFACE 7 
 
 gregation gathered round him. He will, so 
 to speak, not only heat the iron, but will 
 hit and shape and fashion it whilst it is hot. 
 BERNARD VAUGHAN, SJ. 
 
 Feast of our Lady of Mount 
 Car me 1, 1908
 
 MASSILLON 
 
 IF you still linger where pain and love 
 herald eternal glory, this inscription of 
 your name, still so renowned and so tenderly 
 cherished, may hasten the Vision by awaken- 
 ing a prayer in some young heart. 
 
 From your footprints on our road we 
 may well learn what is required by this art, 
 supreme in value and supreme also in the 
 demand made upon the artist. But the Minis- 
 try of the Word imposes a discipline and a 
 tribute greater than any an art alone may 
 exa6t. For all the charm of beautiful lan- 
 guage, all the enthralling power of intense 
 emotion and all the grandeur of noble 
 thought and lofty aspiration will only win 
 the preacher a cloud of human fame here 
 and a shroud of inhuman infimy hereafter, 
 unless he learn also your lowly gentleness 
 and your brave loyalty to the Crucified. 
 
 But if you are in the Presence, pray we 
 may remember that every true pulpit is a 
 cross. As we go to ours, teach our wayward
 
 lo SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 lips the simple speech of Jesus and Mary. 
 And though Eternal Love enfolds us, tell 
 Him our Way of Sorrows is rudely paved, 
 the burden presses, and at times we fall.
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 1. The Subject p. 15 
 
 2. The Divisions of the Sermon 16 
 
 3. The Eleven Sections 19 
 
 4. The Scheme 2 i 
 
 5. Illustrations and Anecdotes 25 
 
 6. The First Page, the Introductioji 28 
 
 7. The Second Page, the Picture 3 i 
 
 8. The Third Page, the Detail 34 
 
 9. The Fourth Page, the Scope 46 
 10. The Fifth Page, the Suggestion 52 
 I I. The Sixth Page, the Refutation 58 
 I 2. The Seventh Page, the Proof 65 
 I 3. The Eighth Page, the Glad Motive 70 
 14. The Ninth Page, iht Sad Motive 74 
 I 5. The Tenth Page, the Grand Motive 79 
 I 6. The Eleventh Page, the Conclusion 85 
 17. The Revision 89
 
 SERMON 
 COMPOSITION
 
 15 
 
 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 A METHOD FOR STUDENTS 
 I The SubjeB 
 
 CHOOSE a subject in which you are 
 interested, and one hkely to suggest 
 many ideas. Or if the subject be 
 given, dwell upon it, until it suggests many 
 lines ofthought, or one line of vivid thoughts. 
 Connect the subject with a text. Or if the text 
 be given, consider its relation to the subjedl 
 of the sermon. Find some interesting pic- 
 ture in the circumstances under which the 
 text was spoken or written, or in the cir- 
 cumstances to which the text refers, or in 
 the circumstances connected with the sub- 
 ject. Consider how the subjedt can be con-* 
 nected with the circumstances under which 
 the sermon is to be delivered.
 
 i6 
 
 2 The Divisions of the Sermon 
 
 IN a sermon there are naturally five divi- 
 sions; and these have received different 
 names from different writers; but all were 
 recognized as early as 466 B.C. by Corax 
 of Syracuse, who founded the art of ora- 
 tory. The first contains the openi?ig remar\s^ 
 and forms the introduction, exordium, open- 
 ing. The second relates \\\^ facts of the case, 
 and has been called the narration, the nar- 
 rative, the evidence. The third reasons out 
 the meaning of the facts ^ and was named the 
 " proof " by Aristotle, and the "arguments " 
 by Corax. The fourth unfolds the motives to 
 action^ and being treated somewhat indefi- 
 nitely, has been entitled the amplification, 
 the digressions, the appeal. The fifth con- 
 tains the closing remar\s^ and forms the 
 peroration proper, the conclusion. 
 
 The second division, \\\^facts^ will con- 
 tain three se6lions, for the fa6ts are to be 
 presented to the imagination in a picture^
 
 THE DIVISIONS 17 
 
 then as centred in a particular ^f/^// of that 
 pifture, and finally in their scope^ their refe- 
 rence to something lying beyond ih^ picture, 
 that is, in their aim, purpose, issue, future 
 aspe6t. 
 
 The third division will contain three 
 sections, for the reasoning out the meaning 
 of the fa6ls will include the suggestion of a 
 proposition, the refutation of an opponent 
 view, and the proof of the suggested pro- 
 position. 
 
 The fourth division also will contain three 
 sections, for there will be x\\Qglad, the sad, 
 and the grand motives. 
 
 It is interesting to compare these, the 
 natural divisions of a sermon, with the order 
 of a meditation as suggested by St Ignatius, 
 and with the (jrder of a lesson in class as 
 directed by the Ilerbartian educationists. 
 The plan of St Ignatius is in three parts, 
 corresponding to the three points of the 
 meditation. Considering the first part, we 
 note that the preparatory prayer and the 
 historical prelude^ it there be one, correspond 
 to the text, invocation and introduction of the 
 sermon. The composition of place corresponds 
 to the picture, the point to the detail, the
 
 i8 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 petition and the 'VPor\ of the intellect to the 
 meaning of the facts ^ the ivork of the will to 
 the motives^ and the colloquy to the conclusion. 
 The Herbartians begin a lesson by a 
 statement of its aim^ the text, as it were. 
 They proceed to the preparation., arousing 
 ideas already known, that they may have 
 something to which they may attach the 
 new ideas. And this preparation corresponds 
 to our introduction. Then there is the presen- 
 tation., that is, the fafts of the case. It is 
 followed by the association of ideas, the 
 abstraction., the finding of the valuable 
 matter we want. This is parallel to our 
 wor\ of the intellect in regard to the mean- 
 ing of the facts; but this division in our 
 scheme includes also the Herbartian gene- 
 ralization^ the registration of the idea and 
 formulation of the rule. The Herbartians 
 conclude with the application., the associa- 
 tion of the knowledge with the needs of 
 life, this section of theirs corresponding to 
 our motives.
 
 19 
 
 3 . The Eiel^en Sections 
 
 TAKE eleven half sheets of foolscap, and 
 label them respeftively, Litroductiofi, 
 Picture, Detail, Scope, Suggestion, Refutation, 
 Proof, Glad Motive, Sad Motive, Grand Mo- 
 tive, Conclusion. 
 
 Carefully avoid these words in the ser- 
 mon, that your method may not become 
 evident to anyone who has read of this 
 scheme. Learn them in order, for they form 
 the rational chain, on which the memory sus- 
 pends the whole theme. The visual memory 
 also is greatly helped, when each of the 
 eleven sections is strictly confined to its page, 
 and written in a plain, bold hand. 
 
 A sermon of this length will occupy 
 about twenty minutes in delivery. For 
 longer efforts we make the same prepara- 
 tion, and introduce extempore passages. A 
 longsermon,entircly committed to memory, 
 can hardly fail to become monotonous. 
 Some may find a slight dilliculty in dis- 
 
 U I
 
 20 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 tinguishing between the detail^ the scope 
 and the suggestion. The detail is the main 
 feature of the event, given in the picture, 
 and so refers to the past. The scope shows 
 the tendency of the detail., its issue, and 
 therefore generally represents its future re- 
 sult. But the suggestion unfolds some par- 
 ticular relation, in which the detail stands 
 to ourselves at the present time. It is the 
 "lesson for us."
 
 21 
 
 4- The Scheme 
 
 CONSIDER the subjeft of the sermon 
 till an idea arises in respedl of each 
 section; and note the thoughts briefly on a 
 copy of this form. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 Matter to instrud: the Memory: 
 
 Picture^ 
 
 Detail^ 
 
 Scope. 
 
 Meaning to convince the Intellect: 
 Suggestion^ 
 Refutation^ 
 Proof. 
 
 Motives to persuade the Will: 
 Glad^ 
 Sad^ 
 Grand. 
 
 Conclusion 
 
 Suppose the subject were our Lady as the 
 Mirror of Justice: we might begin by speak-
 
 22 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 ing of that sense in which justice is the 
 harmony of all the virtues, as in St Luke's 
 account of the childless saints, Zachary and 
 Elizabeth. But we take the picture from 
 another household, that of the Holy Family, 
 and the detail will be found in the relations 
 between the Mirror of Justice, our Blessed 
 Lady, and the Sun of Justice, her Divine 
 Child. These relations would include justice 
 between superior and subjed:, for our Lady 
 possessed authority over her Son, since she 
 could say," Son, why hast Thou done so to 
 us.?" and because He was subjeft to them, that 
 is, to our Lady and St Joseph. The relations 
 would further include justice between the 
 member and the community, illustrated by 
 our Lady's labour for the Holy Family, and 
 also justice between one and another, of 
 which burying the dead seems a universal 
 example, and one especially powerful in the 
 case of our Blessed Lady and our Blessed 
 Lord. The scope would show the Church as 
 the full realization of the Holy Family. The 
 suggestion^ dealing with our own immediate 
 circumstances, might indicate the question 
 of Catholic children and their right to 
 religious education. The refutation would
 
 THE SCHEME 23 
 
 exclude the view, that we are not our bro- 
 ther's keeper, or that we are not responsible 
 for the spiritual life of the young, as if we 
 need only feed them when alive and bury 
 them when dead, ignoring their presenta- 
 tion, their way of the cross and their resur- 
 rection. The proof might well consist of 
 three quotations, one being the testimony 
 of some able man, who had witnessed the 
 consequences of permitting children to grow 
 up without religiouseducation; another, the 
 testimony of one, whose reason had been 
 enliijhtened bv faith and holiness; and the 
 third, the testimony God has communi- 
 cated through the Church. But as our Lord 
 is the Sun of Justice, our Lady is the Moon, 
 mirroring His Light; and we may be as the 
 earth, retiecting the moonlight. So we look 
 for motives, which may induce us to imitate 
 her justice, particularly as it was shown in 
 her regard for the Child, entrusted to her 
 care. The Glad Motive \.o protect and educate 
 Catholic children religiously may be found 
 in the fact that the service rendered them 
 is, according to our Lord's own words, ren- 
 dered directly to Himself. The Sail Motive 
 may deal with the Day of Judgement, as
 
 24 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 that will afFe6t both the children and our- 
 selves. The Grand Motive may place us 
 before the eternal glory, the Vision of God 
 and our Lady and the Guardian Angels, all 
 of whom have lovingly watched the earthly 
 path of those children's souls. The Qonclusion 
 need only mention the right of the children, 
 our responsibility and the example given by 
 the Mirror of Justice.
 
 25 
 
 5 . Illustrations and aAnecdofes 
 
 THE Suggestion will be helped by an illus- 
 tration or poetical simile. The Proof is 
 made strong by quotations which express 
 the testimony of common sense, enlightened 
 reason and inspired authority. The Glad 
 Motive and the Sad Motive are made inte- 
 resting by anecdotes, one in each. 
 
 It will be found helpful to keep a com- 
 monplace book to preserve serviceable quo- 
 tations and anecdotes; and these ought to be 
 verified, if possible. 
 
 Sometimes a poetical expression may seem 
 too elevated, if we read it in a cold and cri- 
 tical mood; but it is to be remembered that 
 it may be welcome to most of those we are 
 addressing, as a change from their life's hard 
 prose. Such a fine poetical illustration we 
 have in Francis Thompson's Passion of 
 Mary^ when he says: 
 
 The salt tears in our life's dark wine 
 Fell ill it from the saving Cross.
 
 26 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 The witness of common sense and natu- 
 ral Reason to our Lady's glory is found, for 
 example, in the forty-first letter of John 
 Ruskin's Fors C/ay/gera, where these words 
 occur, " Every brightestandloftiestachieve- 
 ment of the art and strength of manhood 
 has been the fulfilment of the prophecy of 
 the poor Israelite Maiden, 'He that is 
 mighty hath magnified me.'" 
 
 As an example of enlightened reason, we 
 may read Newman's explanation of the 
 Church's influence over young people. It 
 occurs in his sermon on the Fitness of the 
 Glories of Mary ^ and runs, " It is the boast of 
 the Catholic religion that it has the gift of 
 making the young heart chaste; and why is 
 this, but that it gives us Jesus for our food, 
 and Mary for our nursing Mother?" 
 
 An infallible testimony to our responsi- 
 bility for the little children around us is 
 found in these words of our Lord, recorded 
 in the eighteenth chapter of St Matthew, 
 " See that you despise not one of these little 
 ones; for I say to you that their angels in 
 heaven always see the Face of My Father, 
 who is in heaven." 
 
 The anecdotes, or short stories, should be
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS G?ANECDOTES 27 
 
 very short and very simple. As an example, 
 Clarke's Life of St Fra?2cis Borgia will pro- 
 vide us a little anecdote, possibly useful in 
 unfolding a glad motive to become all things 
 to all men. " ' Father Francis is too good for 
 a Spaniard,' the poor in the Portuguese 
 towns would say; 'he is so holy and kind, 
 that he might pass for a Portuguese.'" 
 
 The anecdote in the section, which deals 
 with the sad motive, is designed to awaken 
 the deeper emotions of the audience, and 
 may sometimes move them even to tears. 
 A very simple but very beautiful story is 
 found in Goldie's Life of Saint John Berch- 
 mans. It tells how Father Caesar Laurence 
 died a holy death. " Before Extreme Undtion 
 he asked to tell his fault. 'By order of holy 
 obedience, that is, of the most Holy Trinity, 
 the Blessed Virgin and my angel guardian, 
 as a little penance, I am commanded to die.' "
 
 28 
 
 6. The First Page, the Introduftion 
 
 THIS is the Froem of Corax, Isocrates 
 and Aristotle, the Preparation of Her- 
 bart, the Historical Prelude of St Ignatius, 
 the Exordium, the Opejiing. 
 
 It is very important and in accordance 
 with ancient advice that we fully arrange 
 our scheme before writing one sentence of 
 the Introduction. 
 
 This section may refer to the occasion 
 of the sermon; or in some other way it 
 forms an introdu6lion to the subjeft. Its 
 style should be modest and meditative, for 
 words and voice should be quiet, gentle and 
 simple at the beginning. It is not the place 
 for striking sayings, or for those cheap 
 tricks which gain the attention and lose 
 the respeft. 
 
 We should remember that the con- 
 gregation is sure to contain one tired or 
 lonely soul who is looking for the hope we 
 bring.
 
 THE INTRODUCTION 29 
 
 When Cardinal Manning began his ser- 
 mon on Missions to the Heathen a Test ofLo^e, 
 he chose for his text our Lord's words to 
 St Peter, the direction to feed His sheep, 
 and then said, " These are words of divine 
 power, which have moved the world. They 
 are also words of divine pity, which reveal 
 the Sacred Heart of Jesus in all the tender- 
 ness of the Good Shepherd, and in all the 
 compassion of the Absolver of Penitents. 
 Three times Pie asked of Peter: 'Lovest 
 thou Me? ' for three times Peter had denied 
 Him. So tenderly and so sweetly, without 
 an explicit word. He brought to remem- 
 brance his threefold sin of infidelity to his 
 Divine Master. Peter, well taught by the 
 experience of his own infirmity, answering, 
 said: 'Lord, Thou knowest all things; Thou 
 knowest that I love Thee.' He no longer 
 made professions; he no longer spoke out 
 the blindness of his own self-trust; he 
 appealed only to the Sacred Heart to con- 
 firm the truth of his words, that, faitliless 
 as he had been, he loved his Master still. 
 Then three times the charge was given, l)y 
 which the test of love was estabhshed for 
 ever. Let no man say he loves Jesus who
 
 30 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 has not the love of souls. Let no man think 
 he loves the Good Shepherd who does not 
 love His flock. The test of our love is this: 
 'Feed My sheep. Feed My lambs.' "
 
 31 
 
 7- The Second 'T^ age ^ the Picture 
 
 WE now enter on the Facts of the Case^ 
 the Narrative, the Na?'ration of Aris- 
 totle and Cicero, the Presentation of Her- 
 b art, the Catechism Questions in Dupanloup's 
 scheme, the IVork of the Memory in that of 
 St Ignatius, the Evidence. 
 
 Our second page will contain our 'Picture, 
 the Scene, the Composition of Place, as St 
 Ignatius named it. It is through this, the 
 imagination of the audience is enlisted. And 
 the Picture itself becomes more interesting, 
 if some touch of local colouring is added 
 from books of travel, or from paintings. 
 
 For the purposes of this section it is 
 well to study thcword-painting of the poets, 
 especially of those who write descriptions 
 in a style simple and austere. It is true that 
 the preacher needs the fire of the Hebrew 
 prophets, the Greeks' care for artistic pro- 
 portion and perfection, and sometimes a 
 little of the Asiatics' exuberant imagination
 
 32 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 and didtion. He is a debtor to each of the 
 three types finely described by Jebb in his 
 Attic Orators. None the less, the impression, 
 generally speaking, ought to be one of self- 
 restraint. Matthew Arnold found a symbol 
 of Art, and described it in his sonnet on the 
 lAusterity of 'Poetry. He told how a poet sat 
 with his bride to watch a public procession. 
 The platform gave way; and when they 
 drew forth the dead body of her to whom 
 the Artist had vowed himself, they found 
 a hair-shirt beneath her bridal robe. 
 
 We may illustrate this seftion by a pas- 
 sage from Faber's Foot of the Cross. He is 
 describing the Fhght into Egypt. " The 
 night w^as dark and tranquil over the little 
 town, when Joseph went forth. No com- 
 mandment of God ever found such promp- 
 titude in highest saint or readiest angel as 
 this one had found in Mary. She heard 
 Joseph's words; and she smiled on him in 
 silence as he spoke. There was no pertur- 
 bation, no hurry, although there was all a 
 mother's fear. She took up her Treasure as 
 He slept, and went forth with Joseph into 
 the cold starlight; for poverty has few pre- 
 parations to make. She was leaving home
 
 THE PICTURE 33 
 
 again. Terror and hardship, the wilderness 
 and heathendom were before her; and she 
 confronted all with the calm anguish of an 
 already broken heart. Here and there the 
 night-wind stirred in the leafless fig-trees, 
 making their bare branches nod against the 
 bright sky; and now and then a watch-dog 
 bayed, not because it heard them, but from 
 the mere nocturnal restlessness of animals. 
 But as Jesus had come like God, so He went 
 like God, unnoticed and unmissed."
 
 34 
 
 8. The Third Page ^ the Detail 
 
 T'HIS seftion may be compared with the 
 point in the scheme of St Ignatius. We 
 may tell the story of the piSlure^ or analyse 
 its features; but in any case, we choose some 
 salient detail in it as the object of special 
 attention. 
 
 Sometimes, in the field of the piBure^ we 
 may find two principles or two fafts, form- 
 ing a contrast which may well serve for our 
 detail. Then we can refer them to their final 
 issues in the scope; and in the suggestion we 
 offer a third principle which harmonizes the 
 two. 
 
 In regard to the piSlure^ we considered 
 Father Faber's description of the Flight 
 into Egypt. We may now examine what 
 he finds in his piSfure : " Here now was the 
 very Creator Himself, in the reality of 
 human childhood, wandering over that his- 
 toric wilderness, reversing the Exodus, going 
 to make Egypt His home, driven out of the
 
 THE DETAIL 25 
 
 delectable land of the old Canaanites by the 
 very people whom He had led thither by a 
 pillar of light, whose battles He had fought, 
 whose victories He had gained, and whose 
 tribes He had established, each in its charac- 
 teristic and suitable allotment. There was 
 Mary with her Magnificat, instead of 
 Miriam and her glorious sea-side song; 
 and another Joseph, greater and dearer 
 far than that saintly patriarch of old, who 
 had saved the lives of men by husbanding 
 the bread of Egypt, whereas this new Joseph 
 was to guard in the same Egypt the living 
 Bread of everlasting life. And that very 
 wilderness both the Josephs had crossed." 
 
 St Ignatius gives three points for each 
 meditation; but it is to be noted that he 
 deals with each pointy as we with our one 
 detail; so that his one hour's meditation is 
 equivalent to three of our twenty minutes' 
 sermons. And if we adopt his simple and 
 easy method of finding the points^ we need 
 only treat the persons, or the words, or the 
 actions connected with owx pitlure. This wc 
 do without saying explicitly that we propose 
 to consider the persons, or whatever it be, 
 for that would lend a formal and artificial 
 
 (J 2
 
 36 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 airtooursermon. Father Peter Gallwey,S J., 
 in his Watches of the Passion^ both explains 
 the method of St Ignatius and gives a fine 
 illustration. Rewrites thaf'a painter, teach- 
 ing his pupils, might direft them to notice 
 in all paintings — no matter what the sub- 
 ject — xhtdrawuig^xht shading and the coiou?'- 
 ing. So St Ignatius teaches us to notice in all 
 the scenes of our Saviour's life, the persons, 
 words, actions." 
 
 Father Gallwey analyses our Blessed 
 Lady's contemplation of our Blessed Lord, 
 and says that " she sometimes in silence, 
 with her eyes^ watched His features, His 
 looks, His gestures, and through His exter- 
 nal deportment, tried to read the beauty and 
 loveliness and holiness of His soul within 
 and of His divinity. Or again, she was con- 
 trasting the majesty of the hidden God with 
 His outward littleness; His infinite wisdom 
 with the fool's garment put upon Him by 
 men; His boundless charity and goodness with 
 the little love shown to Him.Thenshe turned 
 back, or reflected on herself, and considered 
 what she could imitate, how profoundly she 
 ought to adore, how intensely she ought to 
 love Him.
 
 THE DETAIL 37 
 
 "At other times she listened most attentively 
 to His words, 2n\(i laid them up in her memory, 
 and, as we read, compared word with word 
 in her heart, and when she had industriously 
 studied all their hidden sense and meaning, 
 and also noted well the tones of His voice, 
 the earnestness, calmness and gentleness with 
 which He spoke, then she again turned or 
 reflected on herself, and thought what fruit 
 these divine seeds ought to bring forth in 
 her soul. 
 
 "Lastly, with her eyes she watched His 
 movements. His actions, how He walked, 
 how He did His carpenter's work, how 
 He ate His food, and, later on, how 
 men struck Him and bound Him with 
 cords and crucified Him, and what was 
 the a(^tion of His Sacred Heart towards 
 them. After this turning or reflecting on 
 herself, she considered what increase of 
 sanctity and love she could gather from 
 this spectacle." 
 
 Father Gallwey says also that in many 
 books of meditation which profess to follow 
 the method of St Ignatius, the points are the 
 parts into which the story of the scene is 
 divided. "For instance, in proposing the
 
 38 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 contemplation on the Nativity, they call 
 the journey xht, first point; the second pointy 
 what passed in the stable; the third pointy the 
 apparition of angels to the shepherds." He 
 adds that some spiritual masters call St 
 \^x\-2i\A\\^%\.0YiZ'i, points of method^zx\^ the his- 
 torical scenes points of matter. 
 
 It is, indeed, well to remember the narra- 
 tive character of this section, and its need, 
 therefore, of life and vividness. We may find 
 much help in studying the manner of a 
 great novelist, and in reading such passages 
 as that in which Burke relates the devasta- 
 tion of the Carnatic by Hyder Ali, and of 
 which John Morley wrote that it "may fill 
 the young orator or the young writer with 
 the same emotions of enthusiasm, emula- 
 tion and despair that torment the artist who 
 hrst gazes on the Madonna at Dresden, or 
 the figures of Night and Dawn and the 
 Penseroso at Florence." I will quote the 
 passage, though it is easily found in the 
 middle of Burke's speech on the Nabob of 
 Arcot's debts. 
 
 "When at length Hyder Ali found that 
 he had to do with men who either would 
 sign no convention, or whom no treaty and
 
 THE DETAIL 39 
 
 no signature could bind, and who were the 
 determined enemies of human intercourse 
 itself, he decreed to make the country pos- 
 sessed by these incorrigibles and predes- 
 tinated criminals a memorable example to 
 mankind. He resolved, in the gloomy recesses 
 of a mind capacious of such things, to leave 
 the whole Carnatic an everlasting monu- 
 ment of vengeance, and to put perpetual 
 desolation as a barrier between him and those 
 against whom the faith, which holds the 
 moral elements of the world together, was 
 no protection. He became at length so con- 
 fident of his force, so collected in his might, 
 that he made no secret whatsoever of his 
 dreadful resolution. Having terminated his 
 disputes with every enemy and every rival, 
 who buried their mutual animosities in their 
 common detestation against the creditors of 
 the Nabob of Arcot, he drew from every 
 quarter, whatever a savage ferocity could add 
 to his new rudiments in the arts of de- 
 struction; andcompounding all the materials 
 of fury, havoc, and dcs(jlation into one black 
 cloud, he hung for a while on the declivities 
 of the mountains. Whilst the authors of all 
 these evils were idly and stupidly gazing on
 
 40 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 this menacing meteor, which blackened all 
 their horizon, it suddenly burst, and poured 
 down the whole of its contents upon the 
 plains of the Carnatic. Then ensued a scene 
 of woe, the like of which no eye had seen, 
 no heart conceived, and which no tongue 
 can adequately tell. All the horrors of war 
 before known or heard of, were mercy to 
 that new havoc. A storm of universal fire 
 blasted every field, consumed every house, 
 destroyed every temple. The miserable in- 
 habitants, flying from their flaming villages, 
 in part were slaughtered; others, without 
 regard to sex, to age, to the respedt of rank, 
 or sacredness of function, fathers torn from 
 children, husbands from wives, enveloped in 
 a whirlwind of cavalry, and amidst the goad- 
 ing spears of drivers, and the trampling of 
 pursuing horses, were swept into captivity 
 in an unknown and hostile land. Those who 
 were able to evade this tempest fled to the 
 walled cities. But escaping from fire, sword 
 and exile, they fell into the jaws of 
 famine." 
 
 We may observe the fullness and depth of 
 the final impression left by this passage of 
 nervous and lurid narrative. Much of the
 
 THE DETAIL 41 
 
 effect is due to the unity, the whole being 
 fused in the fire of the orator's emotion. 
 Burke's power in narrative was well des- 
 cribed by Miss Burney when she told her 
 own experience of his speech against Has- 
 tings. The orator's opening struck her " with 
 the highest admiration of his powers, from 
 the eloquence, the imagination, the fire, the 
 diversity of expression, and the ready flow 
 of language with which he seemed gifted in 
 a most superior manner for any and every 
 purpose to which rhetoric could lead." She 
 continued, "And when he came to his two 
 narratives, when he related the particulars 
 of those dreadful murders, he interested, he 
 engaged, he at last overpowered me. I felt 
 my cause lost. I could hardly keep on my 
 seat. My eyes dreaded a single glance to- 
 wards a man so accused as Mr Hastings; I 
 wanted to sink on the floor that they might 
 be saved so painful a sight. 1 had no hope he 
 could clear himself Not another wish in his 
 favour remained. But when from this narra- 
 tion Mr Burke proceeded to his own com- 
 ments and declamation, when the charges of 
 rapacity, cruelty, tyranny were general, and 
 made with all the violence of personal detes-
 
 42 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 tation, and continued and aggravated with- 
 out any further faft or illustration; then 
 there appeared more of study than of truth, 
 more of inve6tive than of justice; and, in 
 short, so little of proof to so much of passion, 
 that in a very short time I began to lift up 
 my head, my seat v/as no longer uneasy, my 
 eyes were indifferent which way they looked 
 or what objeft caught them; and before I 
 was myself aware of the declension of Mr 
 Burke's powers over my feelings I found 
 myself a mere spectator in a public place, 
 and looking all around it with my opera- 
 glass in my hand! " 
 
 To illustrate the treatment by contrast 
 or antithesis, we may take a passage from 
 the chapter on "Helotage" in Carlyle's 
 Sartor Resartus. "Two men," says he, "I 
 honour, and no third. First, the toilworn 
 craftsman,thatwith earth-made implement, 
 laboriously conquers the earth and makes 
 her man's. Venerable to me is the hard hand, 
 crooked, coarse, wherein, notwithstanding, 
 lies a cunning virtue, indefeasibly royal, 
 as of the sceptre of this planet. Venerable, 
 too, is the rugged face, all weather-tanned, 
 besoiled, with its rude intelligence, for it is
 
 THE DETAIL 43 
 
 the face of a man living manlike. Oh, but 
 the more venerable for thy rudeness, and 
 even because we must pity as well as love 
 thee! Hardly-entreated brother! For us was 
 thy back so bent, for us were thy straight 
 limbs and fingers so deformed. Thou wert 
 our conscript, on whom the lot fell, and 
 fighting our battles wert so marred, for in 
 thee, too, lay a GoD-created form, but it 
 was not to be unfolded; encrusted must it 
 stand with the thick adhesions and deface- 
 ments of labour; and thy body, like thy soul, 
 was not to know freedom. Yet toil on, toil 
 on ; thou art in thy duty, be out of it who 
 may; thou toilest for the altogether indis- 
 pensable, for daily bread." 
 
 "A second man," proceeds Carlyle, "I 
 honour, and still more highly, him who is 
 seen toiling for the spiritually indispensable, 
 not daily bread, but the bread of life. Is not 
 he, too, in his duty, endeavouring towards 
 inward harmony, revealing this by act or 
 by word, through all his outward endea- 
 vours, be they high or low? Highest of all 
 when his outward or inward endeavour arc 
 one, when we can name him artist, not 
 earthly craftsman only, but inspired thinker.
 
 44 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 who, with heaven-made implement, con- 
 quers heaven for us! If the poor and humble 
 toil that we have food, must not the high 
 and glorious toil for him in return, that he 
 have light, have guidance, freedom, im- 
 mortality? These two, in all their 
 degrees, I honour: all else is chaff and 
 dust, which let the wind blow whither 
 it listeth." 
 
 Then Carlyle suggests something which 
 harmonizes both, for he continues: "Un- 
 speakably touching is it, however, when 
 I find both dignities united ; and he that 
 must toil outwardly for the lowest of man's 
 wants, is also toiling inwardly for the 
 highest." And he adds, "Sublimer in this 
 world know I nothing than a peasant 
 saint." 
 
 But suppose our own subjedl: were the 
 "Ark of the Covenant." The Introduction 
 might refer to a feast of our Blessed Lady, 
 or to the Litany of Loreto, or to the value 
 of types, or to the study of the Old Testa- 
 ment. In the piSlure we might describe 
 Moses on Sinai, as he received the older 
 revelation and the directions to build the 
 tabernacle. The detail would be furnished
 
 THE DETAIL 45 
 
 by the ark, made of gold and incorruptible 
 wood, adorned with crown and mercy seat, 
 and possessing the law, the word of God, 
 within it.
 
 46 
 
 9- The Fourth Page^ the Scope 
 
 NOW we discuss the tendency of the 
 Detail^ its reference, tendency, objed:. 
 The Detail, as it were, gave us something 
 within the picture ; the Scope, a relation 
 between that internal feature and something 
 external; and the Suggestio?i will give us a 
 relation between both and our own need. 
 Of course, everything will depend upon 
 our reach of vision. It is interesting to 
 compare two views, the one temporal and 
 the other spiritual, as we may do in the 
 following statements about the Catholic 
 Church. Here are Macaulay's words as to 
 her scope, and they form a well-known 
 passage in his essay on Ranke's History of the 
 Popes. "The Catholic Church is still send- 
 ing forth to the farthest ends of the world 
 missionaries as zealous as those who landed 
 in Kent with Augustine, and still confront- 
 ing hostile kings with the same spirit with 
 which she confronted Attila. The number
 
 THE SCOPE 47 
 
 of her children is greater than in any former 
 age. Her acquisitions in the New World 
 have more than compensated her for what 
 she has lost in the Old. Her spiritual 
 ascendancy extends over the vast countries 
 which lie between the plainsof the Missouri 
 and Cape Horn, countries which, a century 
 hence, may not improbably contain a popu- 
 lation as large as that which now inhabits 
 Europe. The members of her communion 
 are certainly not fewer than a hundred and 
 fifty millions, and it will be difficult to 
 show that all the other Christian secfts 
 united amount to a hundred and twenty mil- 
 lions. Nor do we see any sign which indi- 
 cates that the term of her long dominion 
 is approaching. She saw the commence- 
 ment of all the governments and of all the 
 ecclesiastical establishments that now exist 
 in the world, and we feel no assurance that 
 she is not destined to see the end of them 
 all. She was great and respe6ted before the 
 Saxon had set foot on Britain, before the 
 Frank had passed the Rhine, when Grecian 
 eloquence still flourished in Antioch, when 
 idols were still worshipped in the temple 
 of Mecca. And she may still exist in un-
 
 48 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 diminished vigour, when some traveller 
 from New Zealand shall, in the midst of a 
 vast solitude, take his stand on a broken 
 arch of London Bridge, to sketch the ruins 
 of St Paul's." 
 
 We may now turn to a passage in New- 
 man's eighth lecture on ^Anglican Difficulties. 
 "The Church," it reads, "aims, not at 
 making a show, but at doing a work. She 
 regards this world, and all that is in it, as 
 a mere shadow, as dust and ashes, compared 
 with the value of one single soul. She holds 
 that, unless she can, in her own way, do 
 good to souls, it is no use her doing any- 
 thing. She holds that it were better for sun 
 and moon to drop from heaven, for the earth 
 to fail, and for all the many millions who 
 are upon it to die of starvation in extremest 
 agony, so far as temporal affliftion goes, 
 than that one soul, I will not say should be 
 lost, but should commit one single venial 
 sin, should tell one wilful untruth, though 
 it harmed no one, or steal one poor farthing 
 without excuse. She considers the adtion of 
 this world and the action of the soul simply 
 incommensurate, viewed in their respec^tive 
 spheres. She would rather save the soul of
 
 THE SCOPE 49 
 
 one single wild bandit of Calabria, or whi- 
 ning beggar of Palermo, than draw a hun- 
 dred lines of railroad through the length 
 and breadth of Italy, or carry out a sanitary 
 reform, in its fullest details, in every city 
 of Sicily, except so far as these great na- 
 tional works tended to some spiritual good 
 beyond them." 
 
 Then as to our sermon on the "Ark of 
 the Covenant," we might show that the 
 scene on Sinai pointed forward to Mount 
 Sion, for what happened to the people of 
 the older dispensation, as St Paul told the 
 Corinthians in the tenth chapter of his first 
 epistle, "happened to them in figure; and 
 they are written for our corredtion, upon 
 whom the ends of the world are come." 
 And so the tabernacle, like the Passover, 
 has its antitype in the Christian revelation. 
 
 A happy illustration oi picture^ detail and 
 scope may be found in Cardinal Wiseman's 
 '^collections. With him we enter the gal- 
 leries leading to the Vatican Library. "You 
 walk," he says, "along an avenue, one side 
 adorned by the stately and mature or even 
 decaying memorials of heathen dominion; 
 
 the other by the vouiig and growing and 
 
 o
 
 50 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 vigorous monuments of early Christian cul- 
 ture." Then he describes the imperial in- 
 scriptions and those from the catacombs. 
 The detail is found in the contrast. " Here," 
 he continues, "are the two antagonist races, 
 speaking in their monuments like the front 
 lines of two embattled armies, about to 
 close in earnest and decisive battle ; the 
 strong one that lived upon and over the 
 earth, and thrust its rival beneath it, then 
 slept secure like Jupiter above the buried 
 Titans ; and the weak and contemptible 
 that burrowed below, and dug its long deep 
 mines, and enrolled its deaths in them, 
 almost under the palaces whence issued 
 decrees for its extermination, and the am- 
 phitheatres to which it was dragged up 
 from its caverns to fight with wild beasts." 
 Immediately follows the scope. "At length," 
 it reads, "the mines were sprung, and 
 heathenism tottered, fell, and crashed like 
 Dagon on its own pavements. And through 
 the rents and fissures basilicas started up 
 from their concealment below, cast in 
 moulds of sand unseen in those depths; 
 altar and chancel, roof and pavement, bap- 
 tisteries and pontifical chair, up they rose
 
 THE SCOPE 51 
 
 in brick or marble, wood or bronze, what 
 they had been in friable sandstone below. 
 A new empire, new laws, a new civilization, 
 new art, a new learning, a new morality, 
 covered the space occupied by the monu- 
 ments to which the inscriptions opposite 
 belonged." 
 
 D3
 
 52 
 
 lo. The Fifth Page, the Suggestion 
 
 WE now pass to the Meaning of the Facts, 
 the Argtmients of Corax, the Troofs of 
 Isocrates, the '\^tionaI Proof of Aristotle, 
 the Work of the Intellect in the method of St 
 Ignatius, the Address to the Understanding in 
 that of Whately, Dupanloup's Instruction. 
 
 This section deals with the Suggestion, the 
 Proposition oi Cicero, the Defnition of St Vin- 
 cent de F2Lu\,lierha.rt's Association and Gene- 
 ralization and Formulation of the Principle. 
 
 It contains the idea which we desire to 
 make the real basis of our appeal. But we 
 call it the Suggestion, because it is most effec- 
 tively delivered when the listeners seem to 
 themselves to have guessed it before its dis- 
 tinct expression. Here, then, is room for the 
 play of allusiveness and the employment of 
 parable ; and here, too, is the place for familiar 
 illustrations. The style should be delibera- 
 tive, and the idea itself simple, definite, im- 
 portant, and appropriate to the occasion.
 
 THE SUGGESTION 53 
 
 In this seftion we ought to make the idea 
 as clear and distinct as possible, by means of 
 illustrations and comparisons. 
 
 Some further care is necessary on account 
 of the principle known as the "Association 
 of Ideas." The ideasweemploy to introduce 
 or illustrate the chief idea of the sermon, 
 may have been associated with quite dif- 
 ferent ideas in the previous experience of 
 the listener, just as the word "bear" may 
 suggest the Zoological Gardens to one child, 
 a fairy tale to another. King David's exploit 
 to a third, the Rocky Mountains to a boy, a 
 hearth-rug to some one else, an operator on 
 the Stock Exchange to yet another. This 
 causes some difficulty when we are preach- 
 ing to those whose minds are filled with 
 parodies and other trifles. 
 
 Cardinal Newman, when lecturing on the 
 Protestant VicVP of the Catholic C/u/rc/i.v/hhed 
 to suggest a reason for the hostile attitude, 
 and he said: "The young have their own 
 view of things; the old have theirs; high and 
 low, trader and farmer, each has his own by 
 which he measures everything else, and 
 which is proved to be but a view and not a 
 reality, because there are so many other views
 
 54 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 just as good as it is. What is true of indi- 
 viduals is true of nations. However plausible, 
 however distinct, however complete the 
 national view of this or that matter may be, 
 it does not follow that it is not a mere illusion, 
 if it has not been duly measured with other 
 views of the same matter. No conclusion is 
 trustworthy which has not been tried by 
 enemy as well as friend. No traditions have 
 a claim upon us which shrink from criticism, 
 and dare not look a rival in the face. Now 
 this isprecisely the weakpointof Protestant- 
 ism in this country. It is jealous of being 
 questioned; it resents argument; it flies to 
 State protection; it is afraid of the sun; it 
 forbids competition. How can you detect 
 the sham but by comparing it with the true? 
 Your artificial flowers have the softness and 
 brilliancy of nature till you bring in the liv- 
 ing article fresh from the garden. You detect 
 the counterfeit coin by ringing it with the 
 genuine. So is it in religion. Protestantism 
 is but a fine piece of wax-work which does 
 not look dead, only because it is not con- 
 fronted by that Church which really breathes 
 and lives. The living Church is the test and 
 the confutation of all false Churches; there-
 
 THE SUGGESTION ss 
 
 fore get rid of her at all hazards; tread her 
 down, gag her, dress her like a felon, starve 
 her, bruise her features, if you would keep 
 up your mumbo-jumbo in its place of pride. 
 By no manner of means give her fair play; 
 you dare not." 
 
 Sometimes it will be well to treat this 
 section as a frank and direct statement, 
 thrown down as it were a challenge to the 
 listener. 
 
 Both the parabolic and the direct state- 
 ment are combined in Nathan's speech to 
 David, 2 Kings xii, 1-7, Vulgate^ and in 
 our Lord's words to Simon, St Luke vii, 
 40-47. 
 
 Prcachino: on"the Ark of the Covenant " 
 we would say that the primary reference, 
 as of all Type and Prophecy, is to our Bles- 
 sed Lord. But that does not forbid a secon- 
 dary reference; and if we ask who, in later 
 times, corresponded to the Ark which pos- 
 sessed the Word of God within it, the answer 
 surely would point to our Blessed Lady. The 
 gold within and without speaks of her vir- 
 tues, interior and exterior; and these were 
 seen in her Annunciation, as humbleness 
 of heart, and in her I^urification, as meek-
 
 56 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 ness. The incorruptible wood indicates her 
 Immaculate Conception; the crown is the 
 symbol of her Coronation in Heaven's Most 
 Holy Place; the mercy-seat tells of her ad- 
 vocacy at Cana and always; and the posses- 
 sion of the Word is her divine Maternity. 
 
 To illustrate the value of simple and clear 
 statement, we may add the following pas- 
 sage from the sixth appendix in Newman's 
 Campaign. " Questions," he said, " may be 
 multiplied without limit, which occur in 
 conversation between friends, in social inter- 
 course, or in the business of life, where no 
 argument is needed, no subtle and delicate 
 disquisition, but a few direct words stating 
 the fact. Half the controversies which go 
 on in the world, arise from ignorance of the 
 facts of the case; half the prejudices against 
 Catholicity lie in the misinformation of the 
 prejudiced parties. Candid persons are set 
 right and enemies silenced by the mere state- 
 ment of what it is that we believe. It will 
 notanswerthepurpose for a Catholic to say: 
 'I leave it to the theologians,' 'I will ask 
 my priest'; but it will commonly give him 
 a triumph, as easy as it is complete, if he can 
 there and then lay down the law. I say, 'lay
 
 THE SUGGESTION S7 
 
 down the law,' for remarkable it is, that 
 even those who speak against Catholicism 
 like to hear about it, and will excuse its ad- 
 vocate from alleging arguments if he can 
 gratify their curiosity by giving them infor- 
 mation. Generally speaking, however, as I 
 have said, such mere information will really 
 be an argument also. I recolleft some twenty- 
 five years ago three friends of my own, as 
 they then were, clergymen of the Establish- 
 ment, making a tour through Ireland. In 
 the west or south they had occasion to be- 
 come pedestrians for the day; and they took 
 a boy of thirteen to be their guide. They 
 amused themselves with putting questions to 
 him on the subject of his religion; and one 
 of them confessed to me on his return that 
 that poor child put them all to silence. How? 
 Not, of course, by any course of argument, 
 or refined theological disquisition ; but 
 merely by knowing and understanding the 
 answers in his catechism."
 
 s« 
 
 I I . The Sixth Page, the Refutation 
 
 THIS seftion bore the same name in the 
 ancient Rhetoric, in Cicero's scheme 
 for example. St Vincent de Paul speaks of 
 it as the Answers to Objectioijs, 
 
 The style here is forensic, that of the 
 barrister; but nowhere are charity and 
 sweet reasonableness so well in place; and 
 nowhere does sarcasm, or any other form of 
 bitter expression, so defeat the speaker's 
 purpose. It is unnecessary to prove our 
 opponent a fool or a rogue, even if it were 
 possible to do so without proving at the 
 same time that we are uncultured and un- 
 christian. But we may quietly, courteously 
 and with sympathy, show that he has made 
 a mistake. 
 
 There may be occasions, but they are 
 rare, and not to be approached without care 
 and forethought, when a preacher may em- 
 ploy such irony as that of Isaias xliv, 9-20, 
 dealing with idolatry. Still rarer are the
 
 THE REFUTATION 59 
 
 moments when one may use the denuncia- 
 tive language of Dante, as it appears in 
 Gary's fine translation of the Purgatorio^ 
 Canto vi, 76-153. 
 
 The opponent we refute may be an infi- 
 del, but he may also be one who believes, 
 but hesitates to aft; and again, he may stand 
 for any of the fears in our own heart. It is 
 not always wise to choose an Atheist or a 
 Protestant as a type of those who oppose 
 the Catholic preaching. 
 
 We begin by pointing out that the oppo- 
 nent view confuses two things, which we 
 must distinguish. Then we must show that 
 this is due to the omission of some fa6t or 
 consideration. Lastly, we unfold what that 
 opponent view produces, when it is reduced 
 to practice. We prove that it is impi'acti- 
 cable, that it would not work properly; and 
 we support this by some historical example, 
 or by a moral fable. 
 
 Wc may now take an example o^ Refuta- 
 tion from Bishop Hedlcy's Sermon on the 
 Abiding Presence. He said, " The New Cove- 
 nant, the era of redemption, would hardly 
 have been that favoured time which the 
 pro}>het foresaw, unless there had been in
 
 6o SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 it a Presence, greater than that of angel or 
 cloud or fiery pillar. A Christian Church, 
 if it had in it only a pulpit and a reading- 
 desk, or even a table with bread and wine, 
 would have been no better than a syna- 
 gogue of the Old Law and far less favoured 
 than that grand Temple where God's glory 
 dwelt, and His Holy Name was invoked 
 with sacrifice and incense and the sound of 
 praise. . . . The Temple of Jerusalem would 
 have been better than a Christian Church; 
 and as the Temple of Jerusalem has no longer 
 a stone upon a stone, the bands of pilgrims, 
 who went up on festival days, would now 
 have nowhere to go, and would be obliged 
 to be content with houses, in which God 
 dwelt not, save as He dwells everywhere, 
 and is in the midst of every two or three, 
 gathered together in His Name." 
 
 In the case of our sermon on the "Ark 
 of the Covenant," we consider the objection 
 that our Blessed Lord preferred those who 
 hear the Word of God and keep it, to the 
 womb that bore Him. So He seemed to 
 exalt those who have His Word in their 
 heart, beyond the Mother who carried 
 Himself in her bosom. Now the confusion
 
 THE REFUTATION 6i 
 
 consists in supposing our Blessed Lord to 
 speak of two classes, that is, of our Blessed 
 Lady and of certain other people; whereas 
 He was speaking of two titles to blessed- 
 ness. Further, the confusion arises from 
 omission of the fa6t that our Blessed Lady- 
 possesses both titles. When he wrote of the 
 "Finding in the Temple," the Evangelist 
 witnessed to her keeping of all these things 
 in her heart. The result of the objection in prac- 
 tice is seen in our Blessed Lord's loss of 
 honour among those who begin by depre- 
 ciating our Blessed Lady, and end by deny- 
 ing her Son. 
 
 In showing there is a confusion and an 
 omission, we are really following the method 
 familiar in scholastic disputations, as a little 
 consideration will prove. All discursive rea- 
 soning consists in connecting two terms by 
 a third. We have a subject and a predicate, 
 and these are brought together and com- 
 pared by means of an intermediate or mid- 
 dle term. As we are well aware, most errors 
 in reasoning arise from using that middle 
 term in two senses. By connecting the sub- 
 ject with one sense of the middle term, and 
 another sense of the middle term with the
 
 62 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 predicate, we have not connected the sub- 
 ject with the predicate, any more than we 
 connect Paris with London by a steamboat 
 from Paris to Bangor in Ireland and a train 
 from London to Bangor in Wales. Then 
 our simplest way to disclose the error is to 
 point out the confusion in the use of the 
 middle term, and to add the qualification 
 which was omitted in the reasoning. For 
 example, if it is argued that twenty shillings 
 are a pound, but a pound is sixteen ounces, 
 and therefore twenty shillings are sixteen 
 ounces, a schoolman would remove the error 
 in a moment by distinguishing the double 
 sense of the word "pound" and by adding 
 a modifying word or expression. He would 
 agree that twenty shillings made a pound 
 sterling but not a pound avoirdupois, as he 
 would grant that a pound avoirdupois but 
 not a pound sterling is sixteen ounces. Of 
 course, in a sermon, a formal method of 
 argument would seem pedantic; and it is 
 sufficient to point out that the objection 
 confuses diff^erent measures through omit- 
 ting all consideration of money and weight. 
 A more serious example of such a blunder 
 is sometimes found among uneducated or
 
 THE REFUTATION 63 
 
 superficial people, who deny the Catholic 
 doctrine of the ever-blessed Trinity on the 
 ground that three cannot be one. The ab- 
 stract three cannot be the abstract one; 
 but in the concrete order, memory, intel- 
 lect and will, the three, may be each essen- 
 tially mental and yet together be one mind; 
 and there is nothing in reason to contradict 
 the revelation that the three divine Persons 
 are the one God. 
 
 It may not be out of place here to remind 
 ourselves of the success obtained by St 
 Francis of Sales among heretics. Those who 
 ought to have helped him complained 
 bitterly of his gentleness, and denounced 
 him to the Bishop as hindering the restora- 
 tion of Catholic worship in the parishes of 
 Chablais. "Pic undoes more work in one 
 day," they said, "than we can do in a 
 month. His preaching to the heretics is 
 more in the manner of a minister than in 
 that of a priest, and he forgets himself so 
 far as to call them his brothers." The Bishop 
 paid no attention to the complaint. As to 
 St Francis, he himself simply answered, "I 
 never allowed myself to indulge in an invec- 
 tive or a reproach witlnnit being comjtellcd
 
 64 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 to repent of it. If I have had the happiness 
 of bringing back some heretics, it is gentle- 
 ness that has conquered them. Love has 
 more empire over souls, I do not say than 
 rigour, but than even the force of reasons." 
 Then from St Francis of Sales, as from St 
 Francis of Assisi and from St Francis of 
 Xavier, we can learn the spirit in w^hich 
 our refutation ought to be written. In them 
 we can also see how gentleness became 
 a6live in such piety towards God and such 
 courtesy towards men as may in a great 
 measure explain the success of French mis- 
 sionaries to-day.
 
 6s 
 
 I 2 . The Seventh Page, the Proof 
 
 THIS part was the subjedt of the topics 
 in the ancient rhetoric; for now we 
 need the "art of finding arguments." The 
 woric here must be done with rigour and 
 vigour, because the object of the p7'oqf is 
 conviction; and that can only be achieved 
 by clearness, force and earnestness. But it is 
 to three or four sentences of Cicero, that we 
 are most indebted for guidance in the treat- 
 ment of this section. 
 
 The proof must first of all be drawn from 
 the nature of the case, that is, it will contain 
 the Intrinsic Reason of Cicero, the view of 
 Common Sense, what would be held by any 
 reasonable man who had had an opportu- 
 nity of observing the matter. Often in reli- 
 gious and moral questions such judgements 
 will be found already expressed by well- 
 known authors and in good language; and 
 they may be quoted as the testimony of na- 
 tural reason; but, of course, we do not use
 
 66 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 this title, or mention any other belonging to 
 our scheme. 
 
 The further proof will be extrinsic to 
 the matter. It is the argumejit from autho- 
 rity^ Cicero's extrinsic reason^ and it will be 
 constituted by the testimony of those who 
 are specially qualified to speak. As Cicero 
 has told us, this testimony may be human 
 or divine. In the case of a sermon, the 
 human testimony will be that of the specia- 
 lists and experts in spiritual matters, the 
 saints and doctors; and we may note it as 
 the testiniony of enlightened reason. In this 
 connexion, we recall Joubert's words, 
 as they are quoted in Matthew Arnold's 
 Assays in Criticism^ "One should be fearful 
 of being wrong in poetry, when one thinks 
 differently from the poets, and in religion 
 when one thinks differently from the saints." 
 
 The divine testimony will be that of the 
 Holy Scriptures, the Voice of the Church 
 as known in the Creeds and General Coun- 
 cils, and the Decrees and Definitions of the 
 Popes. We may note it as the testimony of 
 infallible reason. But for those outside the 
 Catholic Church only so much of this proof 
 will be available as will be acknowledged
 
 THE PROOF 67 
 
 by the particular sect to which the listener 
 belongs, or in most cases by the particular 
 listener himself. 
 
 It is difficult to persuade everybody, but 
 it is really better, both on psychological 
 grounds connected with attention and to 
 avoid the appearance of pedantry, to quote 
 in English alone. One of the best Catholic 
 missionaries in England urged the Jesuit 
 students at StBeuno's College to avoid Latin 
 in sermons. Even good literary taste would be 
 opposed to the mixing of languages. No 
 doubt there was a time when it was fashion- 
 able, just as there was a time when an Ang- 
 lican bishop could boast he had won his See 
 by the aid of Shakespeare. 
 
 We may find our illustration in the ad- 
 dress delivered by Cardinal Wiseman, when 
 he founded an academy for English Catho- 
 lics. He was maintaining that the Church 
 had been at once inspirer and preserver of 
 the highest genius in art and literature, even 
 to the Reformation, "What a remarkable 
 proof and illustration of this truth," said he, 
 "is in the very period of which I have just 
 spoken! It was one in which it might have 
 been tliought that the world had most 
 
 i; 2
 
 68 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 mastered the Church. Love of art had been 
 pushed the nearest to luxuriousness; litera- 
 ture had apparently most nearly reached 
 enervation; even ecclesiastical life seemed to 
 have almost touched on voluptuousness. 
 And yet, at this moment, the jealousy of 
 truth, the ardent love of sound faith, the in- 
 tolerance of error, broke out with a vigour, 
 a firmness, a brilliancy, such as even at the 
 Arian epoch had not been surpassed, with a 
 learning, an acuteness, and extensiveness 
 never since rivalled. . . . And what further 
 evidence we have of this necessary mutual 
 action, in the fact that even St Charles, so 
 stern in his orthodoxy, so lynx-eyed in his 
 watchfulness over accuracy in faith, yet 
 considered himself bound, in graceful de- 
 ference to the classical taste of the world, to 
 clothe the teaching of the Church in pure 
 and elegant diction, and employ the taste- 
 ful scholar to impress the type of his age 
 upon the unalterable doctrine of the theo- 
 logian. Such, honoured Academicians, has 
 been the Church in every age. Whatever is 
 good, whatever virtuous, whatever useful in 
 the world, at every time, she has allowed to 
 leave its seal upon her outward form."
 
 THE PROOF 69 
 
 In regard to our Sermon on the "Ark of 
 the Covenant," we can, first of all, argue by 
 natural reason^ that our Blessed Lady and 
 her divine Child correspond to the Ark 
 and the Word of God. If the crown and the 
 mercy-seat seem to give her too much honour, 
 then we can reason that Solomon rose to 
 hear the pleading of his Qiieen-mother, 
 and placed her beside him on the throne, 
 and much more, therefore, will the all- 
 merciful King of kingshonour His Mother, 
 and grant her prayer. Then we may listen to 
 the testimony of enlightened reason^ for the 
 words of saints and doctors enable us to see 
 what wondrous virtues were typified by the 
 gold. Regarding our Blessed Lady's corre- 
 spondence to the incorruptible wood and to 
 the sanctity of the Ark, so holy that a man 
 who touched it fell dead, we have the testi- 
 mony of infallihle reason in the Eden pro- 
 phecy of perpetual enmity between the 
 woman and the serpent, in the Angelic Salu- 
 tation, and in the Decree of the Immaculate 
 Conception.
 
 7° 
 
 I 3. The Eighth Page, the Glad Motive 
 
 NOW we pass to the application, the mo- 
 tives, xht persuasion, the appeal, Dupan- 
 loup's exhortation, Herbart's application, the 
 digression in the scheme of Corax, the moral 
 and emotional proof m that of Aristotle, the 
 work of the will in that of St Ignatius, and 
 the address to the will in that of Whately. 
 
 This will occupy us, as we have seen, for 
 three sections. There will be xh^ glad motive, 
 which Aristotle regarded as tht peroration to 
 conciliate the hearer s.Th^n there will be th&sad 
 motive, which appears in Aristotle's scheme 
 as the peroration to ?nagnify or lower topics 
 already treated. Finally, there will be the 
 grand motive, the " Purple Passage," which 
 Aristotle described as the peroration to excite 
 emotion in the hearers. 
 
 The glad motive should be so treated as 
 both to be a relief from the intellectual argu- 
 ment of the previous section and to draw 
 out the kindly feelings of the audience.
 
 THE GLAD MOTIVE 71 
 
 It is to be strengthened by an anecdote, 
 which does not better illustrate pathos, for 
 this belongs to the next section. 
 
 We can take our example of the glad 
 motive from Cardinal Newman's sermon on 
 The Second Spring. Indeed, his successive 
 paragraphs, which correspond to this and 
 the following sections, will serve us excel- 
 lently as illustrations of the motives. 
 
 "Shall the past," he asked, "be rolled 
 back? Shall the grave open? Shall the Saxons 
 live again to God? Shall the shepherds, 
 watching their poor flocks by night, be 
 visited by a multitude of the heavenly army, 
 and hear how their Lord has been new-born 
 in their own city? Yes; for grace can, where 
 nature cannot. The world grows old, but the 
 Church is ever young. She can, in any time, 
 at her Lord's will, 'inherit the Gentiles, 
 and inhabit the desolate cities.' . . . 'Arise, 
 make haste, my love, my dove, my beauti- 
 ful one, and come. For the winter is now 
 past, and the rain is over and gone. The 
 flowers have appeared in our land. . . . The 
 fig-tree hath put forth her green figs; the 
 vines in flower yield their sweetsmell. Arise, 
 my love, my beautiful one, and come.' It is
 
 72 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 the time for thy Visitation. Arise, Mary, 
 and go forth in thy strength into that north 
 country, which once was thine own, and 
 take possession of a land which knows thee 
 not. Arise, Mother of God; and with thy 
 thrilhng voice speak to those who labour 
 with child, and are in pain, until the babe 
 of grace leaps within them. Shine on us, 
 dear Lady, with thy bright countenance, 
 like the sun in his strength, O stella matu- 
 tina, O harbinger of peace, till our year is 
 one perpetual May. From thy sweet eyes, 
 from thy pure smile, from thy majestic 
 brow, let ten thousand influences rain down, 
 not to confound or overwhelm, but to per- 
 suade, to win over thine enemies. O Mary, 
 my hope, O Mother undefiled, fulfil to us 
 the promise of this spring." 
 
 In our sermon on the "Ark of the Cove- 
 nant," we can illustrate the happy influence 
 of our Blessed Lady's welcomed presence by 
 the blessing of Obed-edom's house during 
 the three months' sojourn of the Ark within 
 it, by the still greater blessings our Blessed 
 Lady's Visitation of three months brought 
 the house of St Zachary, by the happiness 
 of England in tht days when the nation
 
 THE GLAD MOTIVE -ji 
 
 honoured our Blessed Lady, and of which 
 Wordsworth said truly: 
 
 They called thee Merrie England in old time; 
 A happy people won for thee that name.
 
 74 
 
 14- The Ninth Page, the Sad Motive 
 
 HAVING gained the friendliness of his 
 audience by the Glad Motive, the ora- 
 tor proceeds to secure their sympathy by 
 a motive that may prove even tearful. 
 Many large audiences have been swayed by 
 speakers, almost untrained, but employing 
 two anecdotes, a humorous and a sad one. 
 Feeling deep emotion himself, the preacher 
 holds himself in firm restraint; and the 
 pathos then becomes " tears in the voice," 
 perhaps the most potent weapon in the 
 orator's armoury. Of course, he who wishes 
 another to weep must first be moved him- 
 self. St Francis Xavier, in his letter of No- 
 vember II, 1549, writes: "I do not see 
 how you can communicate any emotion to 
 another unless the same be first thoroughly 
 impressed and burnt in upon yourself." 
 
 But this section must be so interpreted 
 that it may admit, not only sympathy for 
 others, but also our own crown of thorns.
 
 THE SAD MOTIVE Ji 
 
 our own way of the cross, our own cruci- 
 fixion, as well as our fears for ourselves. It 
 will include not only tears for others' sor- 
 rows, as this may easily become what 
 Dugald Stewart, in his Moral Philosophy^ 
 called the "luxury of pity," but also re- 
 morse for our own sins, our natural shrink- 
 ing from the cleansing fires, awe before the 
 Final Judgement, and trembling at the hell 
 which may await us. 
 
 In his sermon oi\l\\tSecond Spring^Qzx^x- 
 nal Newman said, "We know not what is 
 before us ere we win our own. We are en- 
 gaged in a great, a joyful work; but in 
 proportion to God's grace is the fury of His 
 enemies. They have welcomed us as the 
 lion greets his prey. Perhaps they may be 
 familiarized in time with our appearance; 
 but perhaps they may be irritated the more. 
 To set up the Church again in England is 
 too great an aft to be done in a corner. 
 We have had reason to expect that such a 
 boon would not be given to us without 
 a cross. It is not God's way that great 
 blessings should descend without the sacri- 
 fice first of great sufferings. If the truth is 
 to be spread to any wide extent among this
 
 76 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 people, how can we dream, how can we 
 hope, that trial and trouble shall not accom- 
 pany its going forth? And we have already, 
 if it may be said without presumption, to 
 commence our work withal, a large store 
 of merits. We have no slight outfit for our 
 opening warfare. Can we religiously sup- 
 pose that the blood of our martyrs, three 
 centuries ago and since, shall never receive 
 its recompense? Those priests, secular and 
 regular, did they suffer for no end? or rather 
 for an end which is not yet accomplished? 
 The long imprisonment, the fetid dungeon, 
 the weary suspense, the tyrannous trial, the 
 barbarous sentence, the savage execution, 
 the rack, the gibbet, the knife, the caul- 
 dron, the numberless tortures of those holy 
 victims, O my God, are they to have no 
 reward ? Are Thy martyrs to cry from 
 underThine altarfor their loving vengeance 
 on this guilty people, and to cry in vain? 
 Shall they lose life and not gain a better life 
 for the children of those who persecuted 
 them? Is this Thy way, O my God, righ- 
 teous and true? Is it according to Thy pro- 
 mise, O King of Saints, if I may dare talk 
 to Thee of Justice? Didst not Thou Thy-
 
 THE SAD MOTIVE ^j 
 
 self pray for Thine enemies upon the Cross 
 and convert them? Did not Thy first martyr 
 win Thy great apostle, then a persecutor, 
 by his loving prayer? And in that day of 
 trial and desolation for England, when hearts 
 were pierced through and through with 
 Mary's woe, at the crucifixion of Thy Body 
 Mystical, was not every tear that flowed 
 and every drop of blood that was shed the 
 seeds of a future harvest, when they who 
 sowed in sorrow were to reap in joy? And 
 as that suffering of the martyrs is not yet 
 recompensed, so, perchance, it is not yet ex- 
 hausted. Something, for what we know, 
 remains to be undergone to complete the 
 necessary sacrifice. May God forbid it for 
 this poor nation's sake! But still, could we 
 be surprised, my fathers and brothers, if the 
 wintereven now should not yet bequite over? 
 Have we any right to take it strange if, in 
 this English land, the springtime of the 
 Church should turn out to be an English 
 spring, an uncertain, anxious time of hope 
 and fear, of joy and suffering, of bright 
 promise and budding hopes, yet withal, of 
 keen blasts, and cold showers, and sudden 
 storms?"
 
 78 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 In regard to our sermon on the "Ark of 
 the Covenant," we might show how Satan 
 persecuted our Blessed Lady, and adduce 
 the great vision of the Apocalypse, which 
 St John saw, when the Ark was opened in 
 heaven. And then we might connect this 
 with the Flight into Egypt, which followed 
 our Lord's Nativity and Satan's Fall, and 
 with the scene on Calvary, when the Ark 
 and the Word of God were apparently over- 
 come by the hosts of evil. This suggests 
 further, what the defeat of the Ark by the 
 Philistines meant to Israel in the days of 
 Heli, and what the rejection of our Blessed 
 Lady has meant to England, once her 
 dowry; and in this connexion we might 
 recall these words of the Anglican Keble: 
 
 What, if our English air be stirred 
 With sighs, from saintly bosoms heard, 
 Or penitents, to leaning angels dear, 
 " Our own, our only Mother is not here."
 
 79 
 
 15- The Tenth Page, the Grand Motive 
 
 THE style here is that of one who is 
 pronouncing a panegyric, for this sec- 
 tion is the cHmax, the " purple " or eloquent 
 passage of the sermon. The true orator will 
 hold himself in check even here, lest he 
 should be impelled to say anything eccen- 
 tric; and he will remember the difference 
 between the work of genial enthusiasm and 
 the laboured strokes of effort. And just as 
 the refutation must be free from everything 
 offensive, so the grand motive must be pure 
 from all suspicion of display. Else we only 
 preach ourselves, and preach ourselves as 
 vain and shallow. 
 
 When people speak of a "glowing pero- 
 ration " they are generally referring to what 
 we would describe as a grand 7notive, elo- 
 quently expressed, and not followed by a 
 conclusion. 
 
 In connexion with our tlircc motives, the 
 glad, the sad and the grand, it is worth
 
 8o SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 noting that in the very brief and limited 
 world of schoolboy life, there are ordinarily 
 just three motives at play. They are plea- 
 sure, pain and the heroic sense of duty; and 
 they correspond to the three in our scheme. 
 There is a famous instance of an eloquent 
 passage in Edmund Burke's 'Reflections on the 
 French '^I^evolution ; but our quoting it must 
 not be interpreted as countenancing his 
 doctrine that vice, when polished, is the less 
 evil. " It is now sixteen or seventeen years," 
 he wrote, "since I saw the Queen of France, 
 then the Dauphiness, at Versailles ; and 
 surely, never lighted on this orb, which she 
 hardly seemed to touch, a more delightful 
 vision. I saw her just above the horizon, 
 decorating and cheering the elevated sphere 
 she just began to move in, glittering like a 
 morning star, full of life and splendour and 
 joy. Oh, what a revolution ! and what a heart 
 must I have, to contemplate without emo- 
 tion that elevation and that fall! Little did 
 I dream, when she added titles of venera- 
 tion to that enthusiastic, distant, respectful 
 love, that she should ever be obliged to 
 carry the sharp antidote to disgrace con- 
 cealed in that bosom. Little did I dream
 
 THE GRAND MOTIVE 8i 
 
 that I should have lived to see such disasters, 
 fallen upon her in a nation of gallant men, in 
 a nation of men of honour and of cavaliers. 
 I thought ten thousand swords must have 
 leaped from their scabbards to avenge even 
 a look that threatened her with insult. But 
 the age of chivalry is gone. That of sophi- 
 sters, economists and calculators has suc- 
 ceeded; and the glory of Europe is extin- 
 guished for ever. Never, never more, shall 
 we behold that generous loyalty to rank and 
 sex, that proud submission, that dignified 
 obedience, that subordination of the heart, 
 which kept alive, even in servitude itself, 
 the spirit of an exalted freedom. The un- 
 bought grace of life, the cheap defence of 
 nations, the nurse of manly sentiment and 
 heroic enterprise, is gone. It is gone, that 
 sensibility of principle, that chastity of 
 honour, which felt a stain like a wound, 
 which inspired courage, whilst it mitigated 
 ferocity, which ennobled whatever it 
 touched, and under which vice itself lost 
 half its evil by losing all its grossness." 
 
 Now we turn to the grand motive of 
 Cardinal Newman's sermon on The Second 
 Spring. He said, "One thing alone I know.
 
 82 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 that according to our need, so will be our 
 strength. One thing I am sure of, that the 
 more the enemy rages against us, so much 
 the more will the saints in heaven plead for 
 us. The more fearful are our trials from the 
 world, the more present to us will be our 
 Mother Mary, and our good patrons and 
 angel guardians. The more malicious are 
 the devices of men against us, the louder cry 
 of supplication will ascend from the bosom 
 of the whole Church of God for us. We 
 shall not be left orphans. We shall have 
 within us the strength of the Paraclete, 
 promised to the Church and to every mem- 
 ber of it. My fathers, my brothers in the 
 priesthood, I speak from my heart when 
 I declare my conviction that there is no one 
 among you here present but, if God so 
 willed, would readily become a martyr for 
 His sake. I do not say you would wish it. I do 
 not say that the natural will would not pray 
 that that chalice might pass away. I do not 
 speak of what you can do by any strength 
 of yours. But in the strength of God, in the 
 grace of the Spirit, in the armour of justice, 
 by the consolations and peace of the Church, 
 by the blessing of the Apostles Peter and
 
 THE GRAND MOTIVE 83 
 
 Paul, and in the name of Christ, you would 
 do what nature cannot do. By the interces- 
 sion of the saints on high, by the penances 
 and good works and the prayers of the 
 people of God on earth, you would be 
 forcibly borne up as upon the waves of the 
 mighty deep, and carried on out of your- 
 selves by the fullness of grace, whether 
 nature wished it or no. I do not mean vio- 
 lently, or with unseemly struggle, but 
 calmly, gracefully, sweetly, joyously, you 
 would mount up, and ride forth to the 
 battle, as on the rush of angels' wings, as 
 your fathers did before you, and gained the 
 prize. You who, day by day, offer up the 
 Immaculate Lamb of God, you who hold 
 in your hands the Incarnate Word under 
 the visible tokens which He has ordained, 
 you who, again and again, drain the chalice 
 of the Great Victim, who is to make you 
 fear? What is to startle you ? What to seduce 
 you? Who is to stop you, whether you are 
 to suffer or to do, whether to lay the founda- 
 tions of the Church in tears, or to put the 
 crown upon the work in jubilation?" 
 
 In our sermon on the " Ark of the Cove- 
 nant," we might speak of its being hidden 
 
 K2
 
 84 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 in the Most Holy Place, and yet forming 
 the channel of all Israel's blessings, just as 
 our Blessed Lady's life in Nazareth formerly, 
 and in the hearts of Catholics now, was and 
 is a power for wondrous good, even to those 
 beyond her threshold. For, like the altar 
 tabernacle, itself another Ark of the New 
 Covenant, she was and is the dwelling-place 
 of God. Her life is hidden, and the model 
 of a hidden life; yet there is evidence of her 
 labour in the whole history of the Church, 
 in her care of the Apostolic College, in her 
 delivery of the account preserved by St 
 Luke's opening chapters, in her influence 
 upon the lives of the saints, and in her many 
 appearances during the Christian dispensa- 
 tion.
 
 85 
 
 1 6. The Eleventh Page^ the Conclusion 
 
 THIS is the peroi-ation prope7\ the closing 
 re?na7'ks^ the peroration of Corax, the 
 recapitulation of the Herbartians, Aristotle's 
 peroration to refresh the memory hy a brief re- 
 capitulation. 
 
 The epilogue of Aristotle and the perora- 
 tion of St Vincent de Paul include our 
 motives and conclusion. 
 
 This section should mediate between the 
 eloquence of \.\\^ grand motive and the silence 
 to follow. Therefore it should be a quiet and 
 simple cadence, a brief view of the sug- 
 gested idea and the motives to realize it. We 
 work then in the spirit of Browning's (tAht 
 Vogler., when he says: 
 
 I feci for the common chord asain. 
 Sliding by semitones, till I sink to the minor; yes. 
 And I blunt it into a ninth, and I stand on alien ground. 
 Surveying awhile the heights I rolled from into the 
 deep: 
 Which hark, I have dared and done, for my resting- 
 place is found. 
 The C Major of this life.
 
 86 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 If we would learn what is required in the 
 conclusion^ we should find it well expressed 
 in a judgement pronounced upon Lord 
 Brampton's address to the jury in the Penge 
 trial. One well qualified to judge declared 
 that "he summed up that case as no living 
 man could have done; every word told; 
 every point was touched upon, and made 
 so clear, that it was impossible not to 
 see It. 
 
 We may consider the co?iclusion^ which 
 Cardinal Manning wrote for his Life of Saint 
 Teresa. "Teresa," he said, "was, indeed, 
 saint, doctor, confessor and martyr, laden 
 with miraculous gifts, illuminated by mar- 
 vellous revelations, in a measure, perhaps, 
 never surpassed, and seldom equalled in the 
 hierarchy of the blessed. She was, neverthe- 
 less, a woman. What, then, strengthened her 
 woman's heart, and steadied her woman's 
 head, to walk unfaltering under such a 
 weight of glory? Her dying words give us 
 the answer. She was a child of the Church. 
 In all and through all, before all and beneath 
 all, she was a humble, simple Catholic 
 Christian. No foundation but the Rock of 
 Peter could have borne so lofty a super-
 
 THE CONCLUSION 87 
 
 structure; and by no hand: but the hand of 
 that wise Master-builder has such a super- 
 structure ever been raised." 
 
 There may come an occasion when the 
 concluding words may remain upon the 
 higher level and even speak the personal 
 mood of the preacher. Indeed, such seemed 
 almost natural in the middle of the nine- 
 teenth century and amid the Romantic 
 Movement, which made much of the indi- 
 vidual's impression and emotion. Always, 
 however, it is dangerous; for we are not 
 called to preach ourselves but to announce 
 Jesus Christ as Lord. To intrude ourselves 
 upon our message may mean disloyalty to 
 Him, and is quite other than the manner of 
 the great preacher who rejoiced to decrease 
 while his Master increased. Yet there may 
 be an opportunity for the preacher to speak 
 out his own hopes and his own heart. Still, 
 the younger men must pardon our hinting 
 that experience alone can employ such 
 moments with discretion and to good pur- 
 pose. To Lacordaire, famous as the Roman- 
 ticist of the Pulpit, but even to him only 
 after years of stern self-discipline and devoted 
 labour, it was possible to conclude hiscourse
 
 88 SERMON COMPOSITION 
 
 of sermons at Notre Dame with the cele- 
 brated apostrophe: 
 
 " Walls of Notre Dame, sacred domes 
 which have re-echoed my speech to so 
 many minds bereft of God, altars which 
 have blessed me, not mine in any way to 
 sever myself from you. I only tell what you 
 have been to one man, and unbosom my- 
 self to myself at the remembrance of your 
 kindnesses, as the children of Israel, present 
 or exiled, extolled the memory of Sion. 
 And you, my brethren, an already nume- 
 rous generation, in whom I have perhaps 
 sown truths and virtues, I remain in the 
 future as united to you as I have been in 
 the past. But should my strength one day 
 betray my leap, and should you happen to 
 slight the remnants of a voice once dear to 
 you, be sure you will never prove ungrateful, 
 for henceforward nothingcan prevent either 
 your having been the glory of my life or the 
 possibility of your becoming my crown in 
 eternity."
 
 89 
 
 1 7. The '^vision 
 
 SEE that paradox occurs but rarely, if at 
 all, as it seems to suggest the speaker's 
 cleverness. 
 
 Vary the cadences of the sentences, but 
 place the longer words and phrases after the 
 shorter, generally. 
 
 Avoid the close repetition of " to," " that," 
 and such w^ords. 
 
 Do not begin a sentence with "also" or 
 "likewise," and do not end one with a pre- 
 position. 
 
 Carefully avoid double genitives, as "of 
 the people of the Lord," such double ne- 
 gatives as " I did not wish not to come," 
 and split infinitives as "to greatly hope." 
 
 Do not leave out relative pronouns and 
 such words if the sentence becomes ambi- 
 guous by their absence. And in writing, the 
 omission of a comma may result in an am- 
 biguity, as in Shakespeare's "Making the 
 green one red," a phrase which would be
 
 90 SERMON COIVIPOSITION 
 
 made clear by a stop placed after the word 
 "green. 
 
 Do not employ superlatives overmuch. 
 Use the comparative, not the superlative, 
 when only two are in question, for example, 
 "He is the better of the two," not "the 
 best." And remember that understatement 
 is one of the most powerful figures in rhe- 
 toric. 
 
 Let the noun and its pronoun, the ante- 
 cedent and its relative, the qualified word 
 and its qualifying expression, be placed as 
 near each other as possible. And avoid such 
 constructions as this, for example, " Wanted, 
 a clock by a gentleman with a brass face." 
 
 The metaphors should harmonize with 
 the theme; and they should not be mixed. 
 Men of vivid imagination often pass into 
 anew metaphor before they have completed 
 the original one. We may instance, "He 
 never opens his mouth but he puts his foot 
 into it," for the "it" does not refer to 
 " mouth,"but belongs to another metaphor. 
 
 The construction of the sentence should 
 not be altered in its course; but this, like 
 mixed metaphor, is due to hasty thinking. 
 
 Avoid an anticlimax, such as " I think
 
 THE REVISION 91 
 
 the honourable member's proposal an out- 
 rageous violation of constitutional propriety, 
 a daring departure from traditional policy 
 and, in short, a great mistake." 
 
 As to style in general, we may take to 
 heart these words of Matthew Arnold, 
 " People think that I can teach them style. 
 What stuff it all is! Have something to say; 
 and say it as clearly as you can. That is 
 the only secret of style." 
 
 Note whether an expression is repeated 
 in the sermon, lest the memory pass from 
 the first occurrence to the second, and omit 
 the intervening matter. 
 
 Read the sermon aloud to co-ordinate the 
 memories of eye and ear with those of lips, 
 tongue and mouth. But learn it slowly and 
 quietly, page by page, without excitement, 
 during short and repeated studies, and pic- 
 turing an audience before the mind's eye. 
 If, however, the sermon has been carefully 
 thought out before being conimitted to 
 paper, the whole of it may be learned by 
 heart in a very short time.
 
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