PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA BY H. S. Bkuxnekt and V. V. Hagelstkom STUDENT-INTERPRETERS OF THE IMPERIAL RUSSIAN LEGATION, PEIPING REVISED BY N. Th. KOJ.E88UFF CHINESE SPCRETARY OF THE IMPERIAL RUSSIAN LEGATION, PEIPING TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSLIN WITH THE authors' S>"'»^TIO>r BY A. HELT.CHKNKO H.l.lt.M. CONSUL AT FOOCHOW; AND E. E. iMOKAN, Ph. H. (yale) OF THE ( HINESE IMPERIAl. MAKIllME I TSTOMS SEKVICE Sole Distributors I'ARAiinv niiuK liAi.i.iinY Booksellers and Publishers New York, N. Y. U.S.A. J ^ LIBRARY 1^0 3 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA / ^ / / SANTA BARBARA 111) C/X^ TRANSLATORS" NOTE. Since the issue of the original edition of the "Present Day Political Organization of China," in May, 11)10, numerous and varied changes have been effected in China's government system. Many esuiblishments and posts have been abolished, such as the Grand Secretariat and the Ministry of Civil Appointments ; others' have been re-organized, while some have been neuiy-instituted, ^r instance, the Cabinet and the Privy Council. These changes and modifications, thanks to the untiring energy of Metj6i"s. Brunnert and Hagel§trom, the joint-authors of the " Present Day Political Oi'ganizatiou of China," have been incorporated h\ the text of this translation or are separately treated in the Supplement. The trauslatoi:s tender their heartiest thanks to Mr. H. S. Brunnert, who kindly checked the translation with the original text, and to Mr. E. T. C. Werner, H. B. M. Consul at Foochow, for his kindly interest in re-reading the manuscript. A. BELTCHENKO. E. MORAN. Foochow, \bth August, I'Jll. PREFACE " The activity for reform in China haa of late become so intense that it has affected various branches of the Government, and the old organization of the State — an inheritance of grey antiqiuty — is gradually making way for another, based, for the most part, on principles brought to China from other countries. " An Imperial Edict stated that it was necessary for China to becbme a Constitutional State and, conforming to this, there began a radical demolition of existing institutions or their adjustment to a new govern- ment organization. The system of competitive examinations for literary degrees, held periodically, existing long since, was abolished, and the Grovernment is now occupied in the organization of a net of schools, where the younger generation may study sciences as in Europe, America and Japan. " There is being gradually introduced the principle of separation of judicial and administrative authorities and throughout the whole of China new judicial establishments are making their appearance, organized on the European model. " The Police have been organized on new lines and the prisons reformed. " With the object of strengthening the national power there is being carried out a scheme for the organization of an army, and measures are being taken to re-create a navy. " The Jiannermen, up to now .a favoured class, are l>eing gradually placed on an equal footing with the mass of the population and are, bit by bit, losing the privileges obtained three centuries ago. " In the various towns and villages the Government is striving by every means to inculcate the principles of local self-government. " The population is acquainted with the principles of representative government and an assembly of the people has been called, in the beginning to be a deliberative organization, for the discussion of government affairs. " The whole country watches with straiiied attention the activity of the Government in its efforts for the enlargement and improvement of means of communication, the fostering of industry and commerce, the reinforcement of the. colonization on the borders, and, finally, its measures looking towards the placing of' the control of the finances of the Empire in the hands of one responsible establishment — the Ministry of Finance. " In connection with general reforms the Government is materializing a practice of centralization of power and abolition of that • abnormal phenomenon, historically formed, by which the highest provincial official was its full and irresponsible master and ruler, to the Central Govern- ment appertaining a general supervision and the right of appointment of provincial officials only. At the same time there is observed on the part of thf> Chinese Government a policy of entire re-organization of the go^'ernriHiit of the dependencies, looking towards their gradual conver- sion into actual provinces of China. " Although all the proposed reforms are, so far, not completed, nevertheless, the achievement in this direction has greatly altered the political organization of the country. Many institutions have been entirely abohshed, others have been re-organized on new lines, while some have just been called into existence. "For everyone interested in the life of China, and following attentively all the reforms in progress, it is, of course, very interesting and important to know, at least in general, the internal organization of the old, the reformed, and the newly-organized institutions. " Until lately there was no dearth of works in European languages furnishing copious information in this direction. " Every student of Chinese is acquainted, of course, with the well- known work of AY. F. Mayers, " The Chinese Government," a work enjoying a well-deserved reputation in the sinological world and, as a classic, unique in its genre, which, notwithstanding its small size, gives in a very concise form a mass of information and acquaints the readei- with the government organization of China as it existed, with no substantial changes, for a long period. *' A good sequel to the work of W. F. Mayers is '* Melanj;:es sur rAdministration," by P. Hoang (from series " Varietes Sinologkiues/') which, though not a systematic exposition, gives much information concerning the politicjil organization of China, gathered from Chinese sources chiefly. "It is to l)e regretted that l)(^th works mentioned above, edited, the first in 189(1 (8rd edition) and the second in 1902, are now largely obsolete and hence their use by ]X'rsons unable to follow the reforms in China presents great inconvenience. "The Trade and Admiuistnitiou of the Chinese Empire," by H. B. Morse, issued in 1908, a masterpiece in all other respects, where the present government organization of China is treated, does nothing, we regret to say, but disseminate the information already compiled by W. F. Mayers, presenting nothing new in the literature on this subject. " The articles " Pekinger Zentralregierung," by Dr. Hauer, and " Die Provianzial behorden," by Dr. Betz, in " Mittheilungen des Seminars fiir Orientalisclie Spraclien an der Koniglichen Friedrich-Wilhelms- L'niversitat zu Berlin, Jahrgang XII," are, so far as wo are aware, the hrst and only attempts to draw a general j^icture of the administrative organization of China from the latest sources ot imorination. " In Russia our venerable and respected sinologue. Professor P. 8. Popoff, following attentively all movements in China, did not permit that part of which we are speaking to escape him and in his work " Government Organization of China and Branches of Adminis- tration," St. Petersburg, 1903, Supplement, St. Petersburg, r.ioO, in a compact form but, nevertheless, of suflRcient fullness, the ordinary rfji.der (the Ijook was chiefly intended for the use of the students of the Professor — students of the Oriental Languages Section of the St. Petersburg University) ia • made acquainted with the government organization, as well as with the latest reforms affecting iL " On the one hand, the obsoleteness of some works, on the other, the insufficiency of the information supplied (for those who arc constrained to a close jic(juaintance of the complicated mechanism of the government establishments of China), encouraged us to devote part of oar leisure to the study, frort Chinese sources, of the reforms undertaken by China during the past ten years. t "As a result of our labours we now present this book to the judgnieut of Russian students of Chinese, whose remarks as to mistakes, inexactitudes and imperfections in general will be gratefully received and, should a subsequent edition be needed, taken into consideration. " Invaluable assistance was rendered us by Mr. N, Th. KolessofF, Chinese Secretary of the Imperial^ Russian Legation, who not only placed at our disposal his numerous manuscripts but, also, undertook the heavy task of scrutinizing the text from beginning to end and corrected numerous errors therein, for which we express our sincere and grateful thanks. " In conclusion we consider it our duty to express our gratitude to Hia Excellency J. J. Korostovetz, Imperial Russian Envoy Extra- ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, to whose keen interest and moral support the issue of this volume is greatly due." H. BRUNNERT. V. HAGELSTROM. Peking, 28^/i March, 1910. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PARS PART T : — The Emperor aAd the Imperial Court. Metroiwlitan (Government EstabUshments (Ministries excepted). The Emperor and the Imperial Court - - - 1 Estabhshment (Palace) of Princes of the Blood - - 10 Eunuchs - - - - - - 10 The Imperial Clan Court - - , - - - 11 The Imperial Household - - - - - 13 The Imperial Equipage Department - - - 35 Refjency - - - - - - 3i> Parliament - - - - - - 40 Council of State - - - - - 41 Grand Secretariat or Imperial Chancery - - - 43 Committee of Ministers - - - - - 46. Committee for Drawijij^ up Regulations for Constitutional Government : Statistical and Information Bureaux - 47 The National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies - 52 Committee for Revising and Compiling Civil and Criminal Codes ------ 59 General Staff of the Army - - - - 61 Commission for the. Reorganization of the Na\y and the Naval Council - - - - - G4 Commission for the Revision of the Banner Organization - 68 The Anti-Opium Commission - - - - 68 Committee in charge of Construction of the Imperial Mausoleum "Ch'ung Ling" - - - - 70 Hiatoriographical Commission - - - - 71 The National Academy - - - - - 7f^ The Censorate - - - - - - 75 Supreme Court of Justice - - - - 79 Imperial Board of Astronomy - - - - 82 [ i ] TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART 1 : — nnilinued. page The Imperial Medical Deijartmout - - - 85 Board of Customs Control - - - - 86 The Imperial Maritime Customs - - - - 88 PART II :— Ministries (Boards). Ministries (Boards) in General - - - - 97 Ministry of Foreign Affairs .... 104 Ministry of Civil Appointments - - - - 114 Ministry of the Interior - - - - -115 Ministry of Finance - - - - - 118 Ministry of Rites - - - - - 124 Ministry of Education - - - - -131 Ministry of War - - - - - 1 38 Ministiy of Justice - - - --147 Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and (.!oiumerce - - 152 Ministry of Posts and Communications - - - 157 Ministry of Dependencies - - - - 160 Police : - - - - - - 167 .4. Metropolitan Police - - ' - - 167 B. Provincial Police - - - - 172 Police Schools - - - - --173 Local Self-government - - - ~ - 174 Oeneral Census - - - - •- - 185 Committee for the Reorganization of the Financial Affairs of the Empire - - - - - 186 Branch Offices of the Committee for the Reorganization of the Financial Affairs of the Empire -• - - 188 Banks (Government and others) - - - - 189 Mints - - - - - -193 Head Office for the Collection of Excise on Native Opium - 194 Office of the Customs and Octroi of Peking at the Ch'ung W^n Gate - - - - - - 195 Native (Land) Customs - - - - - 196 Government Granaries - -■ - - - 190 Financial College - - - . i - 1 97 [ ii ]• - I TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART II : — continued. page Imperial Mausolea - - - - - 198 Metropolitan Temples. — Sacrifices. — Buddhism, Taoism, and Shamanism . . - . _ 202 Education - - - - - -211 Elementary and Primary Schools - - - - 213 Middle Schools - - - - - - 218 Higher Schools - . - - - - - 220 Universities .---__ 223 Professional Schools - . . _ . 233 .4. Agric^ultural Schools - - - - 236 y>. Schools of Trades and Handicrafts - - 238 C. Commercial Schools - - - - 241 T). Mercantile Marine Schools - - - 243 Normal Schools ----- 246 Special Schools - - - - -253 Examinations and Literary Degrees - - - 2G6 Administration of Schools - - _ _ 273 Chinese Students Abroad - - - - 278 Public Libraries ------ 283 Military Forces of China - - - _ - 285 A. Lu Chiin or Land Forces _ - . 285 Military Ranks ------ 289 Reviews of Troops ---._. 301 Committees for Drilling Troops . - - 303 Military Prisons ------ 306 Military Police (Gendarmerie) - - w - 307 It. Reserve Forces (Hsiin Fang Tui)- - 309 Military Schools - - - - - -312 iJanner Forces - -, - - - - - 323 The Old Chinese Array - - - - - 337 Military I'ost Stations - - - - - 341 Ofliix* of Government Droves - - - - 348 Naval Forces of China ----- 344 Judicial Flsbiblishinents and Prisons - - . 34(5 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART II : — contrimed. page A. Shen P'aii T'ing or Judicial Establishments - 346 B. Chien Oh'a T'ing or Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices 353 C. Prisons - - - - - 854 Agriculture, Industry and Commerce - - - 357 Colonization - - . _ . _ _ 355 Piailways - - • - - - 369 Telegraphs and Telephones - - - - ^72 Bank of Communications - - - - . 373 PART III : — Metropolitan Prefecture and Manchuria, Provincial Administration and Dependencies of China. Peking and the Metropolitan Prefecture - - - 377 Government of Manchuria -■ - - - 384 Provincial Administration - - - - 395 A. Higher Administration - - - - 395. }j. Local Administration (of Prefectures, Sub- prefectures, Departments and Districts) - - 425 Administration of " Native " Districts - _ . 433. Eastern Turkestan . . . . . 439. The Dependencies of the Empire - - - - 441 A. Mongolia - . _ . _ . 442- B. K'uk'unor (Kokouor) - - - - 46a C. Tibet and the Lamaist Hierarchy - - "465 PART IV :— Appendix. Specially Deputed Officials - - - - 481 Establishments Abolished or Reorganized - - 484 Honorary Titles - . - _ _ . 490,- Hereditary Ranks and Titles of Honour ; Posthumous Titles - - - - - - 49^ Distinctions for Merit ----- 497 Decorations - - -• - - -49^ The Government Service ----- 504 Supplement. Alphabetical Index of Chinese Characters. Sources of Information. [ iv ] P A K T I . THE E M P E K O E AND THE IMPEKIAL COURT METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHMENTS (mixistkies excepted) THE EMPEROR AND THE IMPERIAL COURT. 1. ^^ Huanjj' Ti', The I'^iniievor. Ordinaiy designation, ^ ^ _t Huang' Shang'; J: Shang'. Title of respect, ^ ^ to T'ien' Tz^^ the Son of Heaven. Popular appellation, ^^ 1g ^ S ^ Tang^ Chin' Fo' ^'ch^ the Ruddiia of the present day. Also± ^ Chu' Tzu% tho Master, Lord : ^ jr Shong* Chu', the Atigiist Master, or I^ord. In addresses, ^ ^ ^ Wan* Sui* Yeh*, Lord of Ten Thousand Vears ; ^^ ~f Pi* Hsia*, Your Majesty (literally, beneath the footstool). The Em])eror \isuallv designates hitnst^lf by the term J^ (.'hr-n*, 1, We. A symbol of the Lmperor's dignity in ( 'hina is a mythological animal, the Diagon, Therefore, everything apper- taining to the Emperor is styled fj| Lung'', Dragon ; for instance, H ^ Lung' Tso', the Emperor's (Dragon) Throne, etc. Since 1044 the :^ ^n ^i] '^'^^ Ch^ng' Ch'ao- or Manchu dynasty has reigned in China ; the present ICmperor, tlie- tenth of this House, has reigned sincn the 22nd .January, 1909. He is known from his reign as ^ $jc Hsiian' T'ung^ and is the nephe-w of the late Emperor ^ ^ Ivuang' Hsii'. His real name, ^ ^ P'm' T-, ceased to exist foi liis sMbjciM- (mi ilic day he asecnided the throiie, lA. lEMWl'': ri± 'i^^^'i* V.V Ch'ing* Kang' Hsing» Tsou'. Performing duties at the \ i\ Ch'ing I'alace (Palace of the Heir Apparent ; scr Nu. 10 I v;. This expression refers to tb"' instruction of the lOmperor (J^ '!'.'(& M Shou'' Huang* Ti' 1 [ J J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA, 2 Tu'^), for which duty it is customary to appoint the most worthy ♦q and most learned officials of the Empire. Tims, as tutors of the K late Emperor ;;)^ |^ Kuang Hsii there were appointed the late Assistant Grand Secretary ^ |gj ^>Weng^ T'ung-^-ho^ (deceased in 1904), and the late Grand Secretary J^ ^ ^ Sun^ Chia'-nai* (deceased in November, 1909). The instruction of the reigning Emperor has been entrusted, by Edict of the Empress Dowager, ^ ^ Lung^ Yii*, dated the 10th Jul V, 1911, to the Chancellor of the National Academy, Grand Secretary (^ ^ j^ Lu^^ Jun'*-hsiaiig% Vice-President (of a Ministry) g^ ^ ig Ch'en^ Pao'-ch'on', ;,'id Deputy Lieutenant- General ^ ^ ffl f^ K'o'*-t'an^. The latter is specially entrusted with the instruction of the Emperor in the Manchu language and literature (^ fg •^- ^ Kuo* Yii^ C:h'ing' Wen'). 2. '^ Jn Huang^ Ilou*, The Empress. Literary designa- tion, t\t ^ Chung' Kung\ the Central Palace (from her place of residence). Title of respect, J^ ^ Kuo^ Mu*, jNIother of the State. When there are two Empresses they are distinguished by their places of residence ; one is styled J^ '^ Tung^ Kung\ and the other ^ ^ Hsi^ Kung^ (the Empress occupying the East Palace and the Empress occupying the West Palace). 3. i^ ± ^^ T^ai^ Shang* Huang"^ Ti*, the Father of the Emperor. Also ;;|C Jl ^ T'ai-* Shang* Huang". These titles are used only when the Emperor's father is alive during his son's reign. . 4. M.i^J^ Huang2 T'ai' Hou"*, the Empress Dowager; the Empress of a deceased Emperor. The Empress Consort of the late Emi)eror ^ ||[ Kuang' Hsii* is now known, from her title of respect, as ^ |^f Lung* 5- i^ B. X B "l^"'"' Huang^ T'ai* Hon*, the Great Eniproiss Dowager. This title was bestowed after the death of [ ^ ] ' PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. the Emperor ^ ^ Ku.mg' Hsii^, which took place on the 14th Q Novemlvn-, 1908, on the Empress 3gt |3 Tzu' Hsi^, in order tiiat to she might be distinguished from tiie Empress of the preceding ^g Emperor {see No. 4). 6. ^ ^ ^B Huang' Ivuei' Fei', Imperial Concubine of the First Kank. A concubine of the second rank {see No. 7 ) may be advanced by imperial favour to this rank and, especially in the event of giving birth to a son, the Empress Consort having borne none, a concubine of the first rank may be raised to the position of Empress Consort. "• ^ iE ^^"€'i' Fei', imperial Concubine of the -Second Kank. 8. ^ Fei\ Imperiid Concubine of the Thiid Rank. 9. ^ J 'in'. Imperial Concubine of the Fourth Kank. 10. ;^ A '^■'^i^ci* Jen^, Imperial Concubine of the Fifth Rank 11. ^ [§ Ta» Ying'-' and ff^ ^ Ch'ang^ Tsai^ Female Attendants of the. Emperor. These may be elevated to the rank of concubine. In addition there are f|^ ^ Shih' Ni''. Serving Women of the Imperial Family. 12. ^^ T'ai^ Tzu' or ^ j^ ^ Huang* T'ai* Tzu', the Heir Apparent. Also called tfr ^ Shih^ T/u', literary designation, ^ f^ Huang' Clru', ■p fj Ch'ii' Cluing and ^ ^ Tung^ Kung'. I'^mperors of the reigning dynasty, j)resiuuably fearing the organisation of parties and intrigues for the succession, have not, as a rule, aj)pointpd the Heir Apparent during their lifetime. As a general rule the Heir Appan'ut must he of the generation following tliat of the Finperor. Exceptions to this may be noticed, however, as the Emperor ^',J'; Mi'^ Tsung' (1HG2- [ 3 J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA, 13 1875) and the Emperor if. ^ Te* Tsung' (1875-1908) were of to the same generation (oi ^ Tsai'). 16 13. ^ ^f: Kuang^ Tzu^ Prince, Son of an Emperor (in conversation m |§- A* Ko*; fiu'ther distinguished by :::^ Ta*, great, eldest, and by numerals). This title is applied to the sons of an Emperor until such time as they receive princely rank, i.e. jg ^ Ch'in^ Wang', literary designation, ^ ^ . Wang^ Ti^ or BB Ti». l"*- ^ i Kung' Chu^, Imperial Princess ; Daughter of an Emperor. This is the general designation. Princesses born to an Empress are called [^ "^ 5^ ^ Ku' Lun' Kung' Chu' (from the Manchu word G urun, the equivalent of me Chinese Kuo, meaning State); those born to Imperial Concubines are called ^U 5^ S i ^^'^'^ She^ Kung Chu^ (from the Manchu word lloshe, menning appanage). Imperial Princesses retain these titles after marriage. 15. ^ %\\i E^ Fu*, Husband of an Imperial Princess (in former dynasties the designation was ,|jf ,|| Fu* Ma^). Conforming to the rank of the Imperial P)-incesses, their husbands are styled :— 1. © fi^ M Ht Ku^ Lun' E* Fi.% 2. fO ® M if Ho^She'' E< Fu% 3. ^ ^ ^. M To^ Lo2 E< FuV 4. Ul m m K'l' Shani E' Fn\ 5. BIS i m m <^'lnin^ Chu^ E^ FuS 6. m'± M m Hsien* Chu^ E^ FuS 7. U n m m ChUn^ Chun^ E^ Fu\ 8. Sg ^ §1 If Hsien^ Chiin^ t* Fu*, and 9- M^A m Hsiang^ Chun^ E* Fu^ 10. fU 5g ^ ^ Ho^ She' Ch'In' Wang*, Prince of the Blood of the first degree. [ 4 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OV CHINA. This title, as well as the eleven following, are conferred on 17 Ma«chus and Mongols" only, i.e. on kinsmen of the TmpcM-ial House, ^q 17. ^ ^ 21) I To' T.o- Chiin* Wang^ Prince of the 27a Blood of the second degree. 18- ^ ^ H WJ '1'<^' f^^'' t'eii LeS Prince of the Blood of the third degree. Blood of the fourili degn^e. 2 eleventh rank. This titft> is of three classes, ^ Trng'. 27- ^ .S. ^ W- ^''♦'■"S* T^-"^ Chiang' ChiinS Noble of the Imperial lineage of the twelfth rank. 27a. 5i '"^'"'ff's Princes of the Blood of the fifth and sixth degree bear the titles ^ g Ch«"ii* Kuo', Guarding the Dynasty (State), and ^ [^ I'li^ Kno', Assisting the Dynasty (State). [ 5 ] PKEflENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 27b The distinction :^ A A ^ Pu* Ju^ Pa* Fen^ in the title of Princes of the Blood of the seventh and eighth degrees signifies that eight special privileges, allowed the Princes of the Blood of the first six degrees, are denied them. These privileges are : — 1 . The wearing of a purple button, 2. The wearing of the three-eyed peacock feather, 3. The wearing of dragon embroidered plaques on official dress, 4. The presence of red-painted spears at the entrances of their residences, 5. The attachment of tassels at the breasts of their horses, 6. The using of purple bridle reins, 7. The using of a certain lea-pot (carried by a special servant when going abroad), 8. The right to a small carpet of yello-nr or red colour for seating themselves. ^ in Chiang' Chiin^, Nobles of the Imperial lineage, are distinguished in the several grades by the titles 1^ ^ Chen* Kuo', Guarding the Dynasty (State), |f}j gj Fu* Kuo^ Assisting the Dynasty (State) ^ ^ Feng* KuoS Serving the Dynasty (State), and ^ ,g[ Feng* tn\ By Imperial Favour. The above-mentioned titles {see Nos. 16 to 27) are transmitted in a descending scale. Foi- instance, a. ^^ Pei^ Le*'s eldest son becomes a\g_ ^ Pei' Tzu''. An exception to this rule appears, however, in those cases in which the titles are conferred If H ^ ^ Shih* Hsi^ Wang' T*i*, with Right of Perpetual Inheritance (for instance, the eldest son of the Princes ^ Ch'un'^ ^ Kvmgi and ^ Ch'ing* succeeds to father's rank). 27b. The following table shows the method in which Imperial titles of nobility are transmitted to following generations: [ fi ] PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF CHINA, •A B z too ^^ O if s <» O 9i o A 3 — o a. B o S o J5 o* Of- He: «z s s. £3 ►1 a o i> o a V a. E J" O '■ 2i. c . 2 iitS ii o tl ii o W o <^ a n « » s o 5r* o I o 2 I o -^ 2 It c: a — — ■— _* .09 ^53 i; E o -A 'A be Cl. Q o E £2 O B. E o S o n Ei! s a Ml 'C o £ H Id ov. a 4 bo 9 O ■o 8 « Q M o o c E o -a B ■c A. a o p ■j: u, t a M i^ t ^ Msien* Chu^ Daughtei- ^' a Pi-ince of the Blood of the second degree (see No. 17). 32. 115 ^ Chiin* Chiiu^ Daughter of a Prince of the Blood of the third degi-ee (sec No. 18). 33. m^ Hsien* Chiiji\ Daughter of a Priu. e of tiie Blood of the fourth degree {see No. 19). 34. ^5 ^ Hsiiaug' ChiirP, Daughtei' of a Prince of the Biood of the fifth (oi- sixth) degree {see Nos. 20 to 22). 3o, ^ ^ Ko^ Ko\ thus are designated, in colloquial usage, the daughters of Princes of the Blood of the first six degrees {.-ee Nos. 30 to 34). They are further distinguished as follows : ffl 5g # IS- Wt)2 She^ Ko" KoS Daughter of a Prince of the Blood of the first degree, ^M^^ Toi Lo'^ Ko-t KoS Daughter of a Prince of the Blood of the second (or third) degree, and M ill IS- ^ 1^"* SJian' Ko* Ko^ Daughter of a Prince of the Blood of the fourth degree. 35a. ^^ Tsung^ Nii', Daughter of a Prince of the Blood of lower rank (below the sixth). 36. ^m^ ^^^^ Chin*, Princess Coiitiort of a l^rince of the Blood of the first (or second) degree.- 37. f|lj |g ^ Ts'e'' Fu2 Chin*, Concubine of a Prsnce of the Blood of the first (or second) degree. [ 8 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA, 38. ^ \ Fu^ .loir. l*rime.ss Consort of ii Prince of the 33 Blood of tlie tliii-d (or fourth) de<;fiec. to •'^.^ ^ ^ Tsuno;' Sliih', Imperial C'lan^nlon. (Also called ^^ ^ /[^ ^ Hiianji- Tai* 'i^/.ii^, wearin"; a yellow g;h"dle). Tliey nre the descendants of the acknowled^^ed founder of the reigning Mauchu dynasty, ^ Ijijl Ilsien^" Tsu,' A.D. lo83-l61.). ^^^- ^ IS ^"'''o' (('hiieh') LoS Collateral relatives of the ImiH'rial House. Also < aUcd j^ ^ ^ Hun*:^' Tai^ T/ii' ( wearitig a red gii'dle). They are the descendants from the collateral line of the Kinperor llsien Tsii (sre No. 39). 41. ^ IPi ? I TmcI.^ Mao' T/u-'' Wang2, The Iron- capped Princes or l*riMces of the Iron Cap (Ci'own) (also called A :^ ^ Pa' Ta' Cilia, ' Kiuht Great or Princely Houses). Thus are designated tlie descendants of certain of the supporters of the Ma:K"hu Emperors in their conquest of China. These Princes, hy rigiit of per[)etual inheritance, are Princes of tlie tiist or second degree, .as .howii l)elo\v : 1- »§ M'£ r^i'' ^ •••''"' ^Vang^ T.i (family name). Prince of the first degi-ee, -■ # f^ 2 ''"'' ('''■'"' Wang2, .Iiii (family iKiine), Prince of the first degree, 3. Ji iBi 3E "^''i' ^''''i"' ^Vang', Yii (family name), Prince of the Hrst degree, -i- i:lfi '^ EE ''^"' (-'li''"' ^^':»"g', y" (fiuiiily name), IVince of the first degree, ^^ tJI)i^EE Cheng' Cli'in' Wang', C^heng (family name), Prince of the first deirree, 6. iff ?jl ?E <''l"'ang' Ch'in' Wang-, Clmaiig (family name), Prince of the first degree. 7. j HE ''^''<'' <'••''"' Oluin* Wang», KN) Ch'in (family name), Prince of the .-.econd degree. [ ••» ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. . 41a All the above Princes are descended in a direct line from ^f^ the sons and grandsons of the Emperors ^ /j||[ Tai* Tzu' and 60 * ^ Tai* Tsung.i 41a. I^M ^ I' Ch'in>,WangSI (family name), Prince of the fii'st degree. The holder of this title of perpetual inheritance is descended from the Prince of Hsien, thirteenth son of the Emperor ^ fl^ K'ang Hsi, A.D. 1662-1722. ESTABLISHMENT (PALACE) OF PRINCES OF THE BLOOD. 42. ^ J^ Wang^ l\i', Establishments (palaces) of Princes of the Blood. The management of these establishments is vested in the following officials : 43. ^ ^ Chang* Shih^, Commandant of a Prince's Palace ; 3a.* 44. ^ ^ :^ Ssu' P Chang', Major-domo of a Prince's Palace : 4a. 45. MWi 1^'^^ Wei^, Officers of a Prince's Bod3'giiard ; from 3b to 5 b. 46. ^ ^ Tieii^ P, Assistant Major-domo of a Prince's Palace (see No. 44) ; from 4b to 8b. ■47. ^ j^ Pao^ I^, Bondservants {see No. 97 for details). 48. -^ ^< # M I'ao^ I' Ts'an' Ling', Chief Controller of Bondservants : .3r. 49. U^i^^ Pao' V Tso' Ling', Department Controller of Bondservants ; 4b. EUNUCHS. 50. mn±^.mf:^^^Um^ Ts.mg' Kuan' T'ai* Chien^ Hsien^ Kung' Tien* Chien* Tu^ Ling' Shih^ Chief Eunuch. * Here, nml in |iap;r& following, the niinieral antl letter signify official grade {see No. 965). [ 10 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 60 51. Sg^;^i£^^^i£iEf# Tsnng' Kuan' T'ai* Chien^ 51 Hsien' Kung' Tien^ Chien* C'heng^ Sliih*, Senior Assistant Cliief ^^ Eunuch. 52. ^if:?C i£ ir f# ^ ^^"* S'lo"' l^ing' T'ai^ Chien^ Hsien' Shih^ Cliien*, , Junior Assistant Chief of Office of JOunuch Affairs. 55. j^ ^ T*ni^ Cliien% Eunucli (or '^ 'g* Iluan' Kuan', 3t Tang', r|t f|[ Chung' Fu*; collociuiallv called ^ i\ Lao' Kung'; mP\ Ven' Ko'). TilE IMPERIAL CLAN COURT. 5fi. ^ K }{i Tsung' .len' Fn', The rnij)erial Clan Court. This department controls nil affairs relating to the rmjierial Kindred {ser Nos. '\0 and 40), has judicial and disciplinary authority over them, and preserves the Family I?oll or Genea- logical Record, 3[ )^ Vii* Tieh.' 57 • /^ '^ Tsuiig' I-iing^ (litcrar}- designation, ^ l/gp Tsung' Ch'ing' ), Presiding Controller of the Luperial Clan Court. This ofJicial is appointed frou) the ranks of the Senior Princes of the Blood. 58. ^ 77c jE Tso' Tsung' Cheng\ Senioi- Assistant Controller of th*- Im|)erial Clan Court. 5'J. ^JvfTlE "^ "' I sung' (yheng\ .Luiior Assistant Con- troller of the Impoial C'lan C'ourt. 60. ^ >J^ A 1^**' T>Mug' .It'n'^, Senior Director of the Imperial Clan ('curt. ["J PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINa. Ql 61. ^^A ^ "^ Tsiing' Jen^, .Tunior Director of the *Q Imperial Clan Court. M^ 61a. The positions aforementioned (see Nos. .)8 to 6 1 ) are all filled by Princes of the B!ood. (>2. fl^f^ Fu" Cli'cng-^, Vice-director of the Imperial Clan Court (appointed from the ranks of Chinese) ; 3 a. 63. ;?f . ^ ol Chingi Li* Ssu', Registry Office of the Imperial Clan Court. This office is supervised b}' : 64. Two i^^ ChiugM.i^ Hegistrars ; 6a. 6'5. ^ ^ Tso' k5su', First Department. 66- !^ oj Vu' Ssu', Second Department. 66a. Only Clansmeu of the Iniperial House {see No. 39) are eligil>le for office in the t«x) departments mentioned above (see Nos. 65 and 66). 67. fjg^'g* Li^ Shi hMvuan', Administrators; .') A. There are two at the Ivegislr}- Office (see No. 63), three in the First Department (see No. 6.3), one in the Second Department (see No. 66), and one at the Bullion Vaults (see No. 71). 68. Sljfi^'g' Fu* Li' Shih* Kuan\ Assistant Adminis- trators ; 5]5. There are two at the Registry Office (see No. 63), one in the First Department (set' No. 65), and three in the Second Department (sec No. 66). 69. ^±^ T'ang2 Chu' Shih^ Senior Secretaries; 6a. Fom- are stationed at the Registry Office (see No. 63), two of whom are Chinese. 69a. =^ ^ Chu^ Shih'', Secretaries ; 6a. There are two Secretaries in both the First and Second Departments (see Nos. 65 and 66) and one at the Bullion Vaults (see No. 71). 70. ^ II^- ^ Pi^ T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks. The number of these officials to be employed at the Registry Office (see No. 63), in the First and Second Departments (see Nos. 65 and 66), and at the Bullion Vaults {sec No. 71), is not fixed. 71. ^M Yin' K'u*, Bullion Vaults. [ 1-^ ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHIVA. 72. ifJlj'RJ^^I^ I'^'Ja"' 1^'' Vin'» K'u* Sliih* \Vu\ 72 Treasurei*s-in-chief. Two of those officials are in charge of the to Bullion Vaults. wg '^'^- ^ ^ K'ung' Fang', I'risoii of the Imperial (Jlan Court (prison; lit. empty room). "■l- ^ ^ U} Huang* Tang^ Fang^, Dehealogical Record Office of the Imperial Clan Court (.--cc No. 56). THE IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD. 7.'). ^ |§ /f^ NeiV Wu^ Fu^, The Imperial Household. This department serves muuerous and varied needs of the Imperial Court. Being in character more private than govern- mental, houevcr, it is not included in the list of Ministries or " Boards." '6. W.'^\^]BJ^ J<^ Tsung' Kuan' Nei^ Wu^ Fu' Ta* Ch'en", Ministers of the Household (their nund)er is not fixed ; at present there are four). To the Ministers of the Household are directly subordinated : One ^ El> ^ T'ang^ Lang' ('hung', Department Director (attached to the Ministers), Two ^ i ^ T'ang' ('hu^ ShihS Secretaries of the Ministers, and Numerous ^f;^ ^ [jlJi it ^'ang' Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks. The establishment of the Imperial Household is divided into 7 departments (see below) and special bureaux and otKces ; the officials employed therein are as follows : ni> i|» Lang* Chung', Department Directors (1 to 4 ; at the Bullion Vaults, although having the same rights as other Department Direct Viiair Wai* Lang', Assistant Di'partment Direc- tors (from one to twelve), [ l:^ ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANI/.ATION OF CHINA 77 3E^ Chu^ Shih^ and ^ff^H^^ Wei' Sliu^ Chu» Shih% Secretaries (from one to three), and ^ W' X^ Pi' 'r'ieh' ^hih*, Clerks (number not fixed). Distinctive officials in the varioijs departments, bureaux and offices of the Imperial Household will be treated later. '''* • ^ ^ ^ Kuang-^ Ch'u^ Ssu', Department of the Privy Purse (lakhinf, in his " Description of Peking," No. 16, styles this department "Department of Supplies.") This department supervises six storehouses or vaults, i.e. 1. |gj$ Yin' KV, Bullion Vaults, 2. fg ^ P'i- K'u^ Fur Store, 3. li If Tz'uMv'uS Porcelain Store, 4. 1^ J^ Tuan* K'u*, Silk Store, 5. ^ If I^ K'u*, Imperial Wardrobe, and 6. ^ If Ch'a2 K'uS Tea Store. The administration of these stores is vested in four Depart- ment Directors, two of whom ^re designated Iff, ' *^ /^ J$ ^ ^ Tsung^ Kuan* T^iu* K'u'' Shih* Wu*, Superintendents of the Six Imperial Storehonsco, and the others ^^3^j^^^ Chien' She* Ijiu* K'u* Shih* Wu*, Assistant- Su})erintendents of the Six Imperial Storehouses. In addition to the officials mentioned in No. 76 there is, for each of the Imperial Storehouses, an Assistant Department Direc- tor, appointed from one of the Ministries ("Boards"), stjled (taking the Bullion Vaults for an example) i^^|S)^.^fj^ Chien^ She* Yin' K'u* Shih* Wu*, Assistant Superintendent of the Bullion Vaults. Further, there are ^ J^ ffj J^ T^iu* P'in* Ssu^ K'u*, Controllers of tlie Sixth Class (one or two), ^^ |g r] J^ Wu« P'in* Chi* Ssu^ K'u*, Controllers of Unclassed Rank, ^\U\M Fu* Ssui K'u*, Assistant (Jontrolleis, ^\^ K'u' Shih^ Inspectors, and /\ tJ, p;j ;g Pa^ P'in* Ssu' Chiang*, Overseers of the Eiglith Class. Of the last mentioned there are two at the Bullion Vaults, Porcelain Store and Imperial Wardrobe. [ U ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. "8. ^ ft pj Hui^ Chi* Ssu*, Accounts Department. This 73 department collects rent of Banner property. ^o 78a. H il fR H^ 0^ ^ Sani Ch'l' Vin» I.ian-' Chuang^ ^q^ T*.ou' Ch'u\ OfHce fqr collecting rents of Imperial lands (lands given on lease to the three Household Haimers, .sec No. 97). 79. ^ J§ SJ C'hang' Li* Ssu', Department of Ceremonial (by Imperial edict of tiie 12th Ai)ril, 1909, changed from ^ ^ gj Chang' 1' Ssu'). This dejiartment regulates sacrificial and cerenmnial observances of the Court and has control over the Eunuchs {see Nos. 50 to 55). Officials attached to the Department of C ciemonial, in addition to those mentioned in No, 76, arc : i@ JJiK B* ^'"^ C hn' Kuan', Readers of I 'ravers at Sacrifices, H )|i^ SIS Tsan' I.i^ Lang^ Heralds, rJ x^ 'g' Ssn' Tsu^ Kuan', Supervis<»rs of Sacrificial Attri- butes, ^ ^ ^^"' Shui^ Kent Collectors (for lands of the depart- ment). p] § Ssu' Ilsiang', Acolytes, pj ^ Ssii' Tni^, Supervisors of Preparation of [ncense (supervise the powdering of l)ark used in the nmmjfacture of incense), arid pJ ^ Ssu' 'I's'-iiaii'', Supervisors of I*ieparati()n of'Katables for Sacrifices. Also included in the department are : — 79-^- ;^^-K"<»^ l'^lng^ Fruit Office, which supplies the fiiiit used in saciifiees. Its staff' comprises ; vft^S^M!: I^'»"' l^';i"g' Chang* Kuo», Controllers of the PVuit ( )fHee, and fi'J ^ ^l '■""' Cltang- Kuo', Assistant Controllers of the Fruit Office. 7y». >/.^^^ Sheng' I'-ing' Shu*. The (.ourt Theatrical Bureau (or \{] Jff Smr Fii'j, wliii-.h ananges theatricals in which [ 1=' ] PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 79a EuiiHAhs are tlie performers. It has at its head two Department ^ Directors (oi their Assistants), desio^nated ^ JM ^ ^ :§■ ^ ^ gj Chien* Li' Sheng^ P'ing^ Shu^ Shili* Wu*, Chiefs of the Court Theatrical Bnrean. 79a. |fp ^ Shen'^ Fang-, ^ Office of Shamanism. This is attached to tlie it^ ^ ^ K'un^ Ning' Kung^ tlie Shamanic Chapel .(see No. 104a), Avhere Eunuchs or ^ll'^^'j^ Sa^ AIo* T'ai* T'ai^ (idem H J^ ^ ^ Sa^ ^io' T'ai^ T'ai^ or ^ jjl [jfe ^ Sa^ Man^ T'ai* T'ai''), Shamanic I'l'iestesscs, daily offer sacrifices to the spii'its of the ancestors of the Emi)erors of the reigning dynasty (compare No. 573b). These Priestesses and Eunuclis are under the control of the Office of Shamanism. ^^- M^'^i Tu' Yu^ SsnS Department of the Household Guard and the Imperial Hunt. This department lias charge of the Imperial hunts and of a staff of huntsmen, divided into three detachments. In this department are found : . 1. i^ ^ Kou' Fang^, The Imperial Kennels, 2. ^ ^ Ying^ Fang^, The Imperial (lerfaleon /\viary, and 3. ^^ Hu"* Fang^ The Imperial Hawk Aviary. 81. 'ji^^flj^ Shen^ Hsing^ Ssu', Judicial Department. This department takes cognisance of all cases relating to members of the Imperial ('Ian Court and determines the jjuuishment. To the department there is attached tlie ^ ^ ^ Fan^ I* Ch'u*, Police Biu-eau, which has, amongst other duties, control of the Eunuchs of the Court. The officials at the head of the Police Bin-eau (Department Directors, Assistant Department Directors or officials of lower rank) are styled ^ $S ^ ^ Kuan' Hsia^ Fan^ Yi*, Controllers | of the Police Bureau. [ 16 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZA.TION OF CHINA. 82. ^it p] ^^i"g' Tsao* Ssu\ Department of Works. 82 This department is responsible for the supplies of the (Jourt and tO also for the repairing of streets, buildings and walls of the qk Forbidden City. At the head of the department there is a f[|| d^ ;/y; g Cliih' Nien' Ta* Ch'en^, Chief of the Department of Works, to whom, in addition to those mentioned in No. 76, are subordinated : 1- ^0^ C'hang^ K'u*, Storehouse Overseers, 2- wU ^ }$, Fu* Chang' K'u*, Assistant Storehouse Overseers, 3. J$ ^ K'u^ Shou*, Storehouse Keepers, *i- "6] E ^su^ Chiang*, Inspectors of Works, and 5- ^" ^ p] [£ ^^'^ei' Shu* Ssu^ Chiang*, Assistant Inspectors of Works. Under the Department of Works is the '^ ^ ^ J$ Kuan^ Fang- Tsu^ K'u*, OflSce for Collecting Rent of Confiscated Property. Tiie heads of this office (Department Director, Assistant Department Director, etc.) are designated ^ Jl 'j^ ^ ^ jtK ^ f§ Chien' Li' Kuan^ Fang^' Tsu> K'u* Shih* Wu*, Superintendents of the Office for Collecting Kent of Confiscated Property. ^3. S^ ^ pj Ch'ing* Fengi Ssu', Pasturage Department, which manages the flocks and herds maintained for Palace use, both near the capital and in the provinces. At its head is a f||[ ^ :k ^ Chih^ Nien^ Ta* Ch'en=, Chief of the Pasturage Department. 84. -U If fEj pr] Ch'ien"^ Liang' Ya* Men', Pay Office (pays the wages of the Household Banner;^). S'i- ^ ea m; i:? Jl ^ i^ ® m m m <^'l'^inK^* ^ua..' Fang' Kuan» Li^ Si'A' Kuan' Ling' Shih^ Wu' ('h'u\ ^ pj^ i]i ffj j^ Kuan' Fang' Shih* Wu* Ch'u*, or f^! [^^ |>7j g Chang? Kuan' Fang' Ch'u*, Chancery of the Imperial Household. At its head there is a Department Director, styled ^ M ^^ ^^ ^ diang' 2 [ 17 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 86 Kuan^ Fang^ Shih'* Wu*, Chancellor of the Imperial Household, to In addition there are two Assistant Department Directors, called 87a WiMM^^B Hsieh^^ Li' Kuan^ Fang^ Shih^ WuS Assistant Chancellors of the Imperial Household, thirty |^ '^ |§ Nei* Kuan' Ling', Chancery Overseers, and thirty g|J (^ ^ f§ Fu* Nei* Kuan' Ling', Assistant Chancery • Overseers (compare No. 104d). 86. j^WIM Tsao^ Pan^ Ch«u% Workshops of the Im- perial Household (lakhinf, in his "Description of Peking," No. 14, styles these workshops the " Office of Arts and Crafts.") These workshops are attached to the ^ ;[^\ |^ Yang' Hsin^ Tien* (see No. 104b). At the head of the Workshops of the Imperial Household are Ministers of the Household, styled ^ JJH Sh if ii -^ f >7 Kuan' Li' Tsao* Pan* Ch'u* Shih* Wu*, Superintendents of the Imperial Workshops. In addition, there are two Department Directors, two Assistant Department Directors, two Secretaries and numer- ous Clerks {see No. 76). Also, there are >?:; t^', j;^ ^ Liu* P'in' K'u* Chang', Overseers of the Sixth Class, and /\ ,o fg -^ Pa' P'in' Ts'uii Chang', Overseers of the Eighth Class (from five to seven of each). 87. ^ ^ Kiian^ Hsiieh^, Schools of the Imperial House- hold (Government Schools) ; three in all. 87 A. fM ^ '^ '^ ^ Hsieu^ Ani Kung^ Kuan^ P^sueh^ School at the Palace of Universal Peace ; maintained for the children of the high officials of the eight' Banners (compare lakhinf's "Description of Peking," No. 14). In charge of this school are Ministers of the Household, styled ^ J^l ^ ^ ^"^ ^ ^ 1"^ Kuan' Li' Hsien^ An\ Kung^ Kuan^ Hsiich^ Shih* Wu*, Curators of the School at the Palace of Universal Peace. To these are subordinated Department Directors, called if;g ^ 'g* Jp ^ f§ Tsung' Kuan' Kuau^ Hsueh* Shih* Wu", Superintendents of Government (Imperial Household) Schools. [ 18 ] PRESENT DAX TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. -''"n. :^ ilj '^- ^ CWnn/ Shan' Kuan' Hsiieh', School at 87b the Ked Hill (close to ^- [[} Ching' Shan', Red Hill— or ^ [l] tO Mei* Shan', Coal Hill). This school is for the children of the on three Superior Banners. For its administration see No. 87a. f^"^ • rf]' fl^ ti* i^ ^^an^* Fu' Kuan' HsuehS Court Thea- trical School (attached to the Court Theatrical Office ; see No. 79 n). This school prepares actors for the Court Theatre. For its administration see No. 87a. 8«. ±191% Shang^ Ssu* Yiian\ The Palace Stud. At its head is a Mhuster of the Household, styled if I'll ± ,13 ^ ^ ?# Kuan' Li' Shang' Ssu"* Yiian' Shih* Wu', Superintendent of the Palace Stud, and two ±, H f^ W Shang^ Ssu* Yuan< Ch'ing', Directors of the Palace Stud. The Palace Stud is divided into two departments, i.e. ^ p] Tso' Ssu', the First Department, and :}^ p] Yu' Ssu', the Second Department, and, in addition to the officials mentioned in No. 76, furnishes employment for the following : — 21 IWi>C f'f ^J ^' Tun' Shih' \Yc[\ Supervisors of Droves, 3 .p] '^^'4 i^ Sau' An' ('hang', Saddlery Inspectors, 2 a!j nl 1^ il- 1^'u^ fesu' An' Chang', Assistant Saddlery Inspectors, ', ^ [i|]j ^ I' Shih' Chang\ Veterinary Sur- geons, and 2 J^^\\ ^ gilj ^ Fu' I' Shih' Chang', Assistant Veter- inary Surgeons. Tlie Stables are distinguished as (I). jX] |^ Nei^ C'hiu^, Stables at the Capital, and (2). ^^ J^t Wai» ChiuS Provin- cial Stable?, and are directed by f(['^ ^ Chiu' Chang', Inspectors of the Stables, and ^ jvllj Chiu* Fu% Assistant Inspectors of the Stable?. Besides there are ^ J4: ^^"^ Chang\ Inspectors of Droves, and ^ ,','j|J Mu* Fu^ Assistant Inspectors of Droves. 89. ik^ iiVi ?Z Wu' Pei' Yaan\ The Imperial Armoury (in lakhinf's " Desci iption of Peking," under No. 08, styled "War Depot"). This establishment supervises the arsenal, fuUery, harnesa shop, saddle shop, etc., where arrows, bows, [ I'J ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANL-';ATION OF CHINA. 90 armour, helmets, saddles, tents, etc., are manufactured for the Emperor's use and for the army. In charge of the Armoury is a Prince or Minister of the Household, called ^M^iM^m^B Kuan^ Li^ Wu^ Pei^ YiJan* Shih^ Wu*, Superintendent of the Imperial Armoury, and two ^ ^ K 9iP ^^^^ -P^^* Yiian^ Ch'ing\ Directors of t*lie Imperial Armoury. In addition, besides the officials mentioned in No. 76, there are ;i^ ^ ^ ^ Liu^ P'in' K'u* Chang'. Overseers of the Sixth Class (six), m M :^^uMW. Wei^ Shu^ Liu* P'in^ K'u* Chang', Assistant Overseers of the Sixth Class (three), 4fft o^ |g J^ ^ Wy P'in' Chi* K'u" Chang', Unclassed Oversppjis (six) ;!^ i^ K'u* Shou', Storehouse Keepers (42), '^ $\ Ssu' Han^ Supervisors of Armour-makings 'r] |§ Ssu^ Wo*, Supervisors of Tent-making, glj ^J ||§ Fu* Ssu^ Wo*, Assistant Supervisars of Tent-making, -gj ^ Ssu' Kung\ Siipervisors of Bow-making, ^J ^ Ssu^ Shih', Supervisors of Arrow-makiiif^, ^ ^ i^. fg Chang^ San' Tsung' Ling', also #' f ^ ^ ^ ^ Wei' Shu* Chang^ San' Tsung' Ling', Supervisors of Umbrella-making, their Assis- tants and ;V m M ^ ^^^ ^''^^^ Ts^i^ Chang', Overseers of the Eighth Class, as well as others. 90. ^ M ^ Feng* Ch'en- Yiian*, Bureau of Imperial Gardens and Hunting Parks ; controlling the Imperial Gardens and Hunting Parks and the growing of rice for the Court. The chief of this bureau is a Prince or a Minister of the Household, styled ^ JS ^ M ^a ^ S Kuan' Li' Feng* Ch'en'' Yiian* Shih* AVu*, Superintendent of the Imperial Gardens and Hunting Parks. He is assisted by two ^ ^ ^'£ ifjif] Feng* Ch'en' Yiian* C'h'ing\ Directors of the Imperial Gardens and Hunting Parks, to whom are subordinated Department Directors, Assis- tant Department Directors, Secretaries, Clerks, etc. (compare No. 76). Under the bureau's administration are the following estate."?, situated in or near Peking : — [ 20 J PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 1. ^ ^ Nan' Yiian* (commonly called ^ ^ Hai» Tzii»). 90a 2. M m H Yiian- Ming' Yiian'. tO 3- i^#^ di'ang* Ch'un' Yuan' (also called ;g # U 91 Ch'ang' Ch'un' Yiian'), and 4. ^f JL m ^'I'ing' I' Yuan' (also called ^mM Ch'ing^ I' Yiiau' or gp Ojj M ('l""g' ^ling' Yuan'). At the head of these are Ministers of the Household, styled ^ Jll flj] i] iji^ # H ^ f^ Ivuan' Li3 Y'ian' Ming' Yuan' Ch\ang* Cli'mi^ Yiian" Shih^ \Vu*, Superintendents of the Yiian ^ling and Ch'ang Ch'un Gardeng {i.e. Palace of Eternal Spring) or ^ JJg j|§ jf ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Kuan' Li' ( h'ing' I' Yiian' Tcng' Ch'u^ Shih^ Wu^ Super- intendents of the Ch'ing I and other Gardens.. The actual management of -the varioiis gardens is vested in % ^ Yiian^ Ch'eng', Ins])ector8 ('nine at each garden or park) of the sixth class (;^ pO ^^ ^ j j^^* ^4,^3 yiian^ Ch'eng') and seventh class {-^^ ^j, ^J^, ^ I'h'i^ P'in' Yiian^ Ch'eng'), assisted by ^ ^Ij Yiian^ Fu*, Deputy Inspecto}-s (not exceeding 21 at each garden) of the seventh and eighth classes (-^ ^ ^^ glj Ch'i^ P'in' Yiian^ Fu^ and A pu ^a M P'^' l^'i"^ Yiian^ Fu^), and ^ ^ ^ m'J ^^'ei' Shu* Yiian'' Fu*, Assistant. Deputy Inspectors (not exceeding 11). Also under the supervision of the Bureau of Imperial Gardens and Hmiting Parks is the : 90a. fg B1 ig Tao* T'ien' Ch'ang', Imperial Agriculture Office ; controH'uig the sowing of rice and gardening for the Court. 91- ^ ^i ¥i M Vii' Cli^i' Slian' Fang', Imperial Buttery (also ^ ^> B iS Yii* Ch'a' Shan* Ch'u*). In charge of the Imperial Buttery are Ministers of the Household, <;allcd ^ n. ^ '^x Wi U) 4^ B l"^'"-'"' ' '•' Yu' Ch'a' vSlian* Fang' Shih* \Vu*, Siipfrinteiidents of the Imperial Buttery ; there are also three f,',] j)^ jE Shang* Shan* Cheng*, Chief Trenehftr-.Knight8, one f^l ^§ i'jlj Sliang* Shan* Fu*, Assistant [ 21 ] PRESENT D \Y POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 94 92 Chief Treiicher-Kniglit, twelve fii} |^ Shang^ Shan*. Soi\ itiu-ineii, to three fl^j t'^ IE Sharig^ Ch'a^ Cheng*, Chief Ciip-I'farcr.-^, one fni tti fi'J I^hiiiig'* Cli'a'-' Fxi*, Assistant Chief ('up-hearer, and -i\' fpj ^'i Shaiii;' Ch'a^, Cxi])-bearevs (compare No'. 570). 92. 1^1 ^ ^ ^'ii^ Yao* Fang', The Imperial Dispensary. At its head is a Minister of the Household, styled ^MMM^ ^ f^ Kuan' Li' Yu" Yao* Fang- Shih* Wu*, Superintendent of the Imperial Dispensary ; the subordinate officials (compare No. 7fi) are styled ^ Jl|fl M-J3 ^ B C^^en^ Li' Yii* Yao* Fang" Sliih'* Wu'', to show that their duties at the Dispensary are in addition to those of whatever snhstantiA^e post they may hold. ■^^- t[I Hu ^ Yii* Ch'uaii^ Ch'u*, Imperial lioats Office. Its chief is a Minister of the Household having the title of ^ i% til il[\ I'M ^ B Kuan' Li' Yii^ Ch'uan' Ch'u' Shih* Wu% Superinterident of the Imperial Boats Office. The suborumate officials (compare No. 76 j bear the title ^ J'li fj|i j^ h!i ^ i% (Tiien^ Li' Yii* Ch'uan" Ch'u* Shih' Wu . ^3a. lij ^ ^^ jM Yii'* N^iao^ ('h-iang^ CliM*, In.i)crial GaiMc Preserve. One of the Princes or ^linisters oi inf Hou.-ehold is .,t its head and is styled ^ J'R fH .g |i> jg IjC ^ Kuan' Li' Yii' Niao' <'h'iang^ ChV Shih* Wu\ Superinteudent of tiie Jniperial Game Preserve. II<^ has aHsi>tini!; him : ^ fc iill l!3 y^ ^^;^"' I^iiii^' Tsung' ('liv:ng-. Senior Gamo- keep»;rs (Subalterns of tlio (hiards, No. 99), 2 /.vJ ^(§ ;^ Fu< T^'SUitg^ (Ti'eng-, Junior Gamekeepers, 5 j^^-fTii Ni.io' Ch'iang* Chang', Keepers of the Gunroom, and 2 ^ /< "^ 0, J^ ^ Nei* Huo' Yao' K'u* K'li'' Chang', Keepers of the Ammunition-store. ^■i- ii^ ')l l^ i\i1 ^ )M ^Vu' Ying^ Tien* Hsiu^ Shu^ Ch'u*, Piiiitii!/,' niUcc and Piook bindery at the Tin-one Hall (see Isu. iUlJjj., 'lliis office prepares boohs for the C'ourt use. In I lie above-mentioned Throne Hall wei'e stored, from times long paj-t, stereot}pe plates, nmny of which have, unfortunately, b' en dcstiuyed by hres that have taken place there. r 22 ] PKESENT DAT POLITICAL, UliU AxVlZATION OF CHINA. In clini'jo •>f the Priiitiiiir Oftice is a P)inoo or ^Minister of 94* the HousehoU, stvlod f^ J^ %l ^t ^^^ f,'f m ^ >|T ^^ Kuan' Li» tO Wu' Viii-^ Tl.M.^ Jlsiu' Shu' (Mi'ii' SlnhMVn% Snj.onutendent q^ of th<' Printinu" Oiilce an«l Bookhiiulery ■\i the Thnnie Hull, and subord'uaieil to him, in addititu to llv usiuil tilli«ial> {src No. 76), are 1 Assistant iX'jiartniout Diicctor, stvled 3: ^ oil Cheng* Chieii' Tsao', Overseer of Vr-, 1 Assistant Cliancellor of the In^pcvi:'! Household, (src No. 85) styled glj ^ y^ Vu* <"aien* Tsao% Assistant Overseer of \\'^orks, 4 |^ ^ K'n' (-h.i: g^, Inspectors, 6 ^ ^- 1$ ^ ^Vei^ Shu-* Kni"* l-'linng*. Deputy Inspectors, 2 ,^J§ ^ 'I'sunQ:^ Ts'ai^, Revisers (1 Chinese and 1 Manchu:, 2 J£- f^ T'i^' Tiao*, Assistant Rovisers, 12 ^ f^ Tsuan' Hsiu\ Proof Readers, and 10 \§j f.^ irlsielr' Hsiii', As>i• i^!3 ^. X ^ ^ Tstmg' Li' Km.-' Chs'n.Lr- ( h'u*, frnpcr'nl '. '(•n-.UT.ctkui Office ;■ as opposed to the ji^ ^jjf J^ Tsao* Pan* <'h'u* (.:rr No. 9f]), this offic..-' has to do with 1m!!jc I'alace bitildinfrs only. At the lie;id (-f the hnpc-ial Coiislrudioii ( )ffic(» is a riiiice or Mii.i^f-- -f tho Hoii.st'hold, bearin<,' the tltl|i- ffTRXt'i!^ 'Kf^ [ 2.T ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 96 Kiian^ Li' Knng} Ch'eng'' (Jh'u* Shili* Wu^ Superintendent of to the Imperial (construction Office. The usual subordinate officials gy (see No. 76) are styled ^ il X >g ^ ^ ^ Chien^ Li' Kung^ Ch'eng'^ Ch'u* Shih^ Wu^ 96. ^^ ^ Chih^ Jan' Chir, Imperial Weaving and Dyeing Office (where tissues for the Court use are woven and dyed) ; supervised by a Prince or Minister of the Household, called ^ 3^ ^ ^ ic g Kuan^ Chih^ Jan' Chu^ Ta^ Ch'en% Director of the Weaving and Dyeing Office. Subordinate to him, in addition to the usual officials . (sec No. 76), styled MM^^^B ^^ <^liien^ She'' Chih^ Jan' Chii' Wu* Ssu^ Kuan', are : 1 f\ }$. Ssui i^i^4^ Inspector, 6 J$_ i^ K'u* Shih^ Overseers, 2 p] (£ Ssu^ (■hiang'', Clerks of Works, and 6 ^ f^ Ling' Ts'ui^ (idem.). 97. pq ^ Nei* Ch'i^, Houseliold Division of the ]5anners. The Eight Banners /\ ^ Pa^ Ch'i^ (see No. 718) are divided into the |^ ^ Nei* Ch'i^, Inner or Household Division, and 3?|> 1^ Wd^ (Jh'i^, Outer Division. The Household, Division of the Banners is under the control of the Imperial Household (^sce No. 75) and its duties consist chiefly in guarding the different parts of the Forbidden City {see No. 104). It is composed of the so-called ^ ^ Pao^ I^, Bond-servants, a class formed at the beginning of the rise of the Manchu dynasty, when, for the Emperor and Princes, there were appointed from the Bannei's a certain number of fann'lies who continued- to serve, from one generation to another, the Imperial Heusehold and the Princes of the Blood. They receive a fixed salary from the government treasury and retain their status even if they are employed on other service. Like the Banner Forces, the Household Division of the Banners is made up from the Eight Banners and is divided into : j [ 24 ] PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. ^ ■± ^ M Sluuig^ San' Ch'iS The Three Superior 97a Banners, or ?3 H !^ ^^^^ S''^"' C'h'i*, The Three Imperial ^q Banners (composed of Bordered Yellow, Plain Yellow and Plain q^ White Banners), and 2 T i JSS ilsia* Wu^ Ch'i^ The Five Lower Banners (composed of the fi\e remaining Banners; compare No. 718). The Three Superior Banners appertain to the Imperial Household, and the Bond-servants composing them are called ^ ^ ^ Huang' Pao^ I', the Imperial Household Bond-servants. The Five Lower Banners are attached to the various Princely Houses, and the Bond-servants composing them are called 5 ^ ^ Wang- Pao' T'. Bond-servants of Princes of the Blood. The Three Imperial Banners arc divided into the following brigades : 97a. [^ ^ Iff %' Nel' Hu* Chun' Ying», The Imperial Guards. Its organisation is similar to that of the ^ ^ ^ Hu* Chlin' Ying", the Guards {see No. 734). 97 IJ. 1^1 ^ !|^ ^^ Nei^ Hsiao' Ch'i* Ying^, The Household Brigade of the Line ; this must be distinguished from ^ 1^ ^ Hsiao' Ch'i' Ying^ P>rigade of the Line {see Nos. 718 to 732a). 97c. ^ qU ^ ^ Nei* Ch'ien^' Feng' Ying', The Household Vangtiaid ; its organisation is similar to the gH |^ ^ C'h'ien' Feng' Ying', Jinnner Vanguard (see No. 735). 07u. m m SI I^J t^MW-'^ Yuan' xMing' Yiian' Nei* Ch'i"'' IIu' (.'hiJn' Ying*, The Imperial Guards at the Summer Palace, Yuan Ming Yiian. Its organisation is the same as the lUl n;] i;i A m m'^ '^ Viian' Ming' Yiian= Pa' Ch'i' Hu« Chim' Ying-, The Guards Brigade at the Summer Palace, Yiian Ming Yiian (see No. 741 ). 97k. ft ^ ifll ffi ^ ^^^' Yiian* Hu* Wei* Ying', The Guards Brigade :it the Nan' Yiian* (The Southern Park ; also ^ -f llai» T/.u';. The staff includes 1 ^ f^ Tsung^ Kuan*. [ ^■' ] PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 98 Commandant ; 4a, 8 Rg ^ Fang^ Yii^ Captains ; 5a, 10 ^ fg to Ling' Ts'ui^ Corporals, and 90 ,^ ^ Hsiao^ Ch'i', Privates. 99 98. m^mB (also ^m ^ Shih* Wei^ Ch'u^) Ling' Shih^ Wei* Fu', Office of the Imperial Body-guard. This office controls the affiiirs of the ^ ^ ^ Ch'in^ Chun^ Ying^, the Imperial Body-guard,' composed of -^ ^ ^ ^ Shih* Wei* Ch'iniChiin'. The duty of the Body-guard is to escort the Emperor, perform various offices in the interior of the Palace, and guard the Emperor's person. It is chiefly composed of young men from the Three Imperial Banners {see No. 97.) The administration of the Imperial Body-guard is vested, in : L Six ff ^ tx ^ :;^ g Ling^ Shih* Wei* Nei* Ta* Ch'en^, Chamberlains of the Imperial Body-guard; 1a. Whether tlie Emperor is abroad or in the Capital, two of these are selected as ^ ^ ;;^C E iiou* Hu* Ta* Ch'en", Chamberlains of the Rear- guard. 2. Six pq J^ E^ Nei* Ta* Ch'en^, Senior Assistant Chamberlains of the Imperial Body-guard ; 1b. 3, An indefinite number of f^ ^ f[( ^ Cii'in' ("hiin' Hsiao*, Lieutenants; 6a, 70 ^ ^ 's\i ^ Shu* Ch'in' Chiin' Hsiao*, Sub-Lieutenants; [ 27 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 101 8b, 7 # -^ m ^ ;^^ AVei' Shu* Ch'ini Chun^ Hsiao\ Sergeants, to and 1,756 ^^ Sji Ch'in' C\\\m\ Privates, 103 101. in m j< ^ Yu" Oli'ien^ Ta* Ch'en^ Adjutant General ; there are four of these, appointed from the Princes or Ministers of the Household. 101 A. ^ Bi| t7 ^ Yu' Ch'ien- Hsiug- Tsou^ Attache to the Eni])en)r "s Sivile. This title is usually conferred on Mongol i;iu Priiiei'S. K'2. 11^ TJ] #• ^ ^* It ^ :^ it Tsnng=' Ssu^ C'hi^ Ch'a» Shou^ Wei' iShih' I^ Ch'u% Vigilance Office (office of the General Inspectors charged Avith the safety and tranquillity of the Palace precincts). This office was established in accordance with an Edict of the 13th December, 1908, and is under the control of 3 |[^1 ^ ^ •g ^ ^ ^ ia: :;^ E Tsung^ Ssu^ Clu^ Ch'-a" Sliou^ Wei* Shih* I^ Ta* Ch'eir, (Tenci'al Inspectors (charged with the safety and ^ tranquillit}' of t!ic Palace precincts). These otHcials are appointed from llic Piinces or High Officials. Two re])orts of the Vigilance Office, approved on the 19th December, 1908, and the 9th January, 1909, show its adminis- tration and staff to be as follows : The actual management is vested in a ||^S ^jj^ Tsung' Pan*, Manager, and 1 ^ |||f- Pang' I*an*, Assistiint. Ik'iow these are 4 II ^ ^i Jn <^'l'i' Ch'a^ Change Clung', S.^Ccctaries, and 10 ^ S ^- ^ Ch 2 Ch'a'^ Wei' YiianS Supervisors (these are chiefly charged with keeping a sharp Avntch o\or the Palace Guard). 103. *^ ft :^ Chin* Wei-* Chiin', Now Palace Guard. The organisation of this body was decreed b'y Imperial Edict of the 25th December, 1908, the tenor of Avhich was as. follows : " Prince Tsai Tao, Prince of the 3rd Order, Prince Yii "Lang, Prince of the 3rd Ordei-, and T'ieh Liang, President ^ [ 28 ] PRESENT I>AY POLITICAL OUO ANT/ ATION' OF CHINA. *' of till- Mini-tr\ of War, are appointed Supcrintcnilents for the 103a '• oi ^.!!M-:itii)ii ;in(l (Irillino: of an Imperial (iiuards Corps. They tO *' aif :uiiln'ri>> il to select from any of the Banner Corp? men of inSu '• L;i"'tl pli\ .-iiiiic and health for these (inards and they are to be '• ri«h-( ii'Mtioiis n?id dilJQ^cnt in this work. The (-orps will be " Tnnloi- the special command of the Trince Rco;ent. A fnrther " Eilict uill be issned when the Corps is finictioning smoothly. " Snch is tlif l''.mj)eror's pleasure." 103a. Tile New Talacc (iiiards are, so it seems, to replace the original liupciial (iiuirds. Thry are to 1)C organised as divisions of. nii.l will !)■■ in 1 \ pe similar to, the New Army. Il is |)i.ij)osr;d to til•^t comph'to tlie formation of one division of thr Xtrnctors; six in all (on.- i- of the — • ^ P Tciis^'', {"irst Pnik-. two are of '''C ~ '^ P.rli' T«*nj^-, Second P.oik. ;tnd three are of the ^^ San' 'Jeiig^, 'J'hird Kanl^ . 'I li. -i ( )fHcers manage correspondence, supervise sections of the stall", are responsible for instruction. ;ind :ire in eh:irL!;e of the foui- stdj-othces atl;u'lied to the Chi. f h/dlin-- Ollice (mv below. No, 10;U ). Diiectlv snboidinatcd t.< tli- above-mentioned are: i. !'• \jl '\i i\ ''''•''■ '■''''^'' "^ ":'''^ Adjutants, '^. 't }\ . ' n Shn' J hi' ViiMii . W i,iei8 (of ihiee ranks), •^- - ?r^ If'l il 1''"' '1'"' Vii..n-, Drafts. nen, •b 1 riJ li'!] ii Vie' Shua' Viian*, Manager of Printing ( )Hice. [ -"J 1 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANlZATION OF CHINA. 4030 5. 1 JKC ^ M Shoui Chilli Yiian^, Treasurer, to 6. 1 ^; f§ ^ Shu* Wii* Yiian^, General Supervisor, 103i» 7. 2 J^ ^ ^ Ti* Shih* Yiian^, Registrars. 103c. B. To the Office for Drilling of the New Palace Guards there are attached the following four sub-offices : 1- J^ M f^t- Chiin^ Hsieh'' K'o\ Armoury, 2. 1^ fj^ ^. Chun^ Fa^ K'o\ Office of Military Jurispru- dence, 3. ^ Wi P\ ^-hun^ Hsii' K'o\ ( Commissariat Department, and 4. ^ -g ^ ChiiRi II K'o\ Medical Department. In each of the sub-offices, or sections, there is a ^ § Chien^ Tu', Section (^hief, and from thi-ee to five jfJf ^ K'o^ Yiian^, Secretaries. In addition, there are . 1- 17 p1 t^i ^ Ssu^ Shui Sheng", Writers, 2. 1 1 nl ^ ^: Ssu^ Shih< ShengS Clerks, 3. 10 ]glj F.[J =7^ Shuai Yin* Shou^ Compositors, and 4. 20 ^i^f^ Fu^ IS Servants. 103d. As has been stated above {sec '^o. 103a), the formation of the New Palace Guards, with very few exceptions, is identical with that of the ^^ W ^ ^k Lu* Chiini Ko* Chen*, Divisions of the New Army. The artillery detachment, for instance, consists of three companies of field artillery. Also, . there are : 1- ^ 3^ §■ Chiao^ T'ung^ Ying^, Military Communica- cions compoi^'^d of two companies, Lc. ^ ^ ^ T'ieh^ Lu* Tui*, Railway Company, and H f g ^ Tien* Ilsin* Tui*, Telegraph Company. 2. 1 ^ Ying^ Corps, of H i| ^ B Chi^ Kuan^ P'ao* Tui*, Machine-gun Corps (this is a temporary organisation and will be abolished when the complete formation of tlie New Palace Guards has been effected), and 1 ^' Ying^, ^ ^ ^ Chung* P'ao* Tui*, Corps of Heavy Artillery. [ 30 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAXI7ATION OF CHINA. 3. Jjater it is planned to organise a |^ ^ ^ Chiin* Ke^ 104 Tui% Carrier Pigeon Corps, and a ^ 3E^ [^ Ch'i« Ch^u" Tui\ tO Aeronautic Corps. 104a To tlie Commander of each ])rigade, regiment or battalion there will })e attached a ^,|j 'g* Fii^ Kuan^, Adjutant 104. The Imperial Palaces in Peking are situated in the ^^i^ Tzh' Chin' (;h'eng^ Red Forbidden (4ty, which lies within the ^ J^^^ Huang^ Ch'eng", Imperial City, where most of the buildings and offices pertaining to the Imperial Household are to be found. Four gates afford access to the Forbidden City : 1. On the North, jpi[i j^ PI Shen" Wu' Uen\ '2. On the East, ^ # PI Tung' Una' Men-. 3. On the South, ^ pf] Wu^" Men'-. 4. On the West, gg #! pf] Hsi'- Hua' Men'. 104a. Within the Forbidden (^ity there is a series of ^ Kung\ Palaces, ^ Tien'', Halls, and ^ Ko^, Pavilions. The best known of the Palaces are : 1- ?2 ?ra ^' Ch'ien* Ch'ing^ Kung', where the most Ijrilliant receptions take place, audiences are granted to Foreign Representatives (since a few years ago), Chinese officials are received, and state business transacted. 2. iljl ^ ^'7 K'un^ Ning» Kung', Palace of an Fmpress, or Shamanic Chapel {see Nos. 79c and 573c). ^- II ^ ^ Yii^ Ch'ing^ Rung', Palace of the Ilcii- Apparent. 4. 1^% t1 ^'^^S' Siiou' Kung'. To this Palace there are six gates ; the main gate, on the South, is called ^ jitji p*} Huang- Chi- Men^ Peyond the gates there is the Throne Hall, ^ fe^ iS Huang- Chi-" Tien', and behind this is the Palace Ning* Shou* Kung', where the Enii)ress Dowager ^' ^ '^\ }[i fii Hsiao* Ch'in' Hsien' Huang* Hou^ resided. [ :'l ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 104b 5. ^^ Chai'^ Kung^, Palace of Expiation or Abstinence. The Emperor visits this Palace to fast previous to important sacrifices. ^. ^ fD ^ Yung^ Ho^ KungS Buddhist Temple (lakhipf calls it the Tibetan Monastery). At the head of this temple, is one of the four Hutukhtus living in Peking (see No. 917). 104b. The best known of the Halls are : 1. :*: tl Ic T'ai* Ho'' TienS Hall of Perfect Harmony (or Hall of Harmony in Nature). Here the Emperor holds levees on New Year's Day, his birthday, and on the Winter solstice. 2. Ffi fO ¥^ Chungi Ho2 TienS Throne Hall. In this Hall the Emperor scrutinises prayers written for state worship and examines the corn and implements provided for the ploughing ceremony. 3. i^ %\ Bi Pao^ Ho2 TienS Throne Hall. In this Hall the Emperor attends examinations for highest literary degrees. 4. ^ # Be Wen' Hua= TienS Throne Hall. Here the Emperor, in the second moon, attends for explanation of the Classics. 5. Wl ^ Be Wu^ Yiug^ TienS Throne Hall where stereotype plates are stored (properly Printing Office, see No.:94). 6. ^ 5E Be i'eng'' Hsien^ TienS Hall where the Emperor worships his ancestors. 7. ^ JCi\ Be Yang' Hsin^ Tici^S Hall to which the Emperor retii-es for relaxation. At the present time this Hall is given \ip to the Prince Regent for studying government affiiirs and for small audiences which he may hold (see No. 86). 8. ^ IE Be Chungi Cheng^ TienS Buddhist Chapel. Of the Pavilions the best known are : [ 32 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 1- :X jIH i1 ^^^n' ^'"an^ Ko^ The Library. Here is 104c found a full collection of books, labelled in Chinese [[9 1$ :^ fj to Ssu^ K'u« Ch'iian* Shu'. 1q4d In charge of the Library is a Grand Secretary (compare No. 131 )., assisted by : 1 il H ^ ^ T'i' Chii^ Ko' Shlh*, Director of the Library, - M ^ ^ ^^iog* ^^o* Shih*, Assistant Directors of the Library , 6 fi ^ ^ Chih^ Ko' ShihS Officials on duty at the Library, and 6 >^ I]^ Chien' Yueh', Inspectors, 2 ^ 7^ f^ Tzu' Kuangi Ko^ (situated on the Western side of the Imperial <'ity), Pavilion of Purple Lustre, where vassals are received and entertained. 104c. The most commonly known gates of the Forbidden City are the ^ fD PT T'ai^ Ho' Men* and the $^ jf ^ Ch'ien' Ch'ing' Men' ; the first leads to the Hall of the same name {see No. 104 p.) and the second to the Cli'ien^ Ch'ing' Palace {see No. 104 a). To the Imperial City there are the following gates at the South : — !• ;A; J^ P5 Tai* Ch'lng' Men*, serving as the main entrance to the Imperial City. Before this gate there is a square court surrounded by a granite palisade, called the ^^^ Ch'i P'an Chi'ch. 2- ^ ^ PT T'ien' An' Men'. 3- A/l'i i"] Tiian' Men*. Beyond this gate, entrance to the P'orbidden City is obtained through the ^ PT Wu* Men* {tee No. 104). 104]). In charge of the Palaces there are (in number from 2 to 3) Ministers of the Household, I'rinces of- the HIo HR Ylian" Wai* Lang'^, Assistant Department Directors, and f^] ^ pg Nei* Kuan^ Ling^, Overseers, bearing the title MM'^tS^^ B <^hien' Li^ (Mou^) Kung^ Shih* Wu*, Managers of Affairs of such and such a Palace. In addition to the officials above-mentioned there are a number of ^ ^ Chu^ Shih* and ^ 1- 5fe ^ Wei' Shu* Chu' Shih*, Secretaries, and ^c |pi5 x^ Pi' T'ieli' Shih*, Clerks. The management of Palace Halls and Pavilions is arranged on the same basis as the Palace management. lOiE. 15F[ f n ffl I' Ho^" YlianS Summer Palace of the Emperor. This Palace was the fixed Summer residence of the late Emperor and Empress Dowager. At the present time it is under seal until the Emperor reaches his majority. The grounds, however, are opened on the 5th, loth and 25th of each moon to the inspection of Diplomatic Representatives and emment foreigners. The Summer Palace Is under the svipervision of the Bureau of Imperial Gardens and Himting Parks {sec Nos. 90 and 741). 3^ 1 (-U ift Pi' Shu' Shan^ Chuangi, Summer Palace at ^ IPf Jehol (in the prefecture of ;fc fi l^ Ch'eng^ Te^ Fu', to the North-east of Peking). Until 1860 this Palace was the Summer residence of the Emperors. 105. ^ ^ j^ Tsou* Shih* Ch'u*, Chancery of Memorials to the Emperor. At the Chancery are stationed G ^ ^ ^ Tsou* Shih* Kuan\ Chancellors of Meniorials to the Emperor, who receive memorials from the provinces which, if found to be written in accordance with fixed etiquette, are handed over to the Grand Council for presentation to the Emperor (Metropolitan establishments present their memorials to the Grand Council direct). [ 34 ] rRE.SEXT DAY TOLITICAL OllGAXlZATION OF CHINA. Tlie Chancery of Memorials to the Emperor is divided into 105a two sections ; one for Chinese and Manchu and one for Mongolian tO memorials. \i\ The general snjiervlsiou of the Chancery is the duty of ® nij 'J^ E Yii* Ch'ien' Ta* Ch'en', Adjutant Generals (see No. 101). 105 a. ^ ^ ,1: fic 3]? f [-- ^ Ch'in^ Feng* Shang* Yu* Shih* Chien* Ch'u*, Chancery for the i)ublication of Impei'ial Edicts. At the head of this Chancery is a ^ ^ Chi" Ch'a^ Inspector (usually appointed from the ranks of the Grand Secretaries). 106. J^ ^ if 1^ icS <^'lii' <-1i'a' T'an^ Miao* Ta* Ch'en', Superintendent of Altars and Temples, and W\ ^ M M '^<- E Pei* Ch'a^ T'an^ Miao* Ta^ c;h'en^ Assistant Superintendent of Altars and Temples. By these titles are designated the officials charged with the preparations for sacrifices at altars and temples. 107. ^ |H |?| A E Hsi3 Ch'i^ Wu^ Ta^ Ch'en^ Director o*" the Court Ballet. ^08. p] Is ^ ^^"' ^^^^ Chang', Keeper of Palace Keys. THE IMPERIAL EQUIPAGE' DEPARTMENT. 109. ^ H ^ Luan» Yii^ Wei' (previously ^ fi| ^ Luan^ I- Wei*), the Imperial Equipage Department. This has charge of the preparation of carriages, chairs, regalia, etc., necessary wiion the Emperor goes abroad. 110. ^ \^ ^ 'k E ('hung' Wei* Shih* Ta* Ch'en', Superintendent of the Imperial r.quij)age Department, usually appointed from the Princes of the Blood (literary designation ^ I/pfl Xuan' Cl.'iiig'). 111. ^^. ^ fii I^iian- Yii' Shih' (formerly ^ ^ fsi; I^nan' P Shih'j, Commissioner of the Imperial E{[uipage/ Department ; •J\. Literary designation '<^fi 0«I P Wei* Yii' Ch'ing' and X ;^ f;?j T:i* \Vei'-wei*. There are two of these officials. [ 35 ] 121 P11E8ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 112 112. ^ ^ H i^ Han« Luan" Yu» Shih', Chinese Com- ■jjQ missioner of the Imperial Equipage Department; 2a. There is one of these officials. 113. li m^BM^^ Tsimg' Li^ Shih* Wu* Kuan* Chiin^ Shih^, Chief Marshals of the Imperial Equipage Depart- ment. There are two of these and they , have the general supervision of the five sub-departments into which the Equipage Department is divided (see Nos. 118 to 123). 114. t^ m '^B^-M iM Hsieh^ Li^ Shih* Wu* Yiin^ Hui' Shih^, Assistant Chief Marshals of the Imperial Equipage Department (see No. 113) ; two officials of this rank. 115. |J|f JliB M ^ fUj P'ei^ Ssu* Kuan* Chun^ ShihS Sacrificial Marshals of the Imperial Equipage Department ; two officials of this rank. 116. ^ JH ^ T'ang^ Chu^ Shih*, Chief Secretary (compare No. 288) ; one official of this rank. 117- A^ M M Chingi Li* T'ing^, Eegistry : supervised by two ^ ^ Ching^ Li*, Eegistrars; 6a. 118- S ^ Tso' So^, First Sub-department, divided into two sections : 1» ^ H^ U Luan^ Yii^ Ssu\ Carriage Section, 9,nd 2' l^jj Ml rJ llsiin* Ma^ Ssu\ Equestrian Section. 119. /^ ^ Yu* So^, Second Department, consisting of two sections : 1. 3^ ^ "^J Ch'ing^ Kai* Ssu% Umbrella Section, and 2- ^ ^ ^ Kung^ Shih^ Ssu', Bow and Arrow Section. 120. Jf B'f *'^^>?g^ S^^ Third Sub-department, consisting of two sections : !• i^ iil ^ Ching^ Chieh* Ssu\ Pennons Section, and 2. 1^ l)^ pj Fan^ T'ung^ Ssu\ Flags and Signals Section. 121. BU )^ Ch'ien^ So^, Fourth Sub-department, consisting of two sections : !• M ^ ^ Shan* Shou^ Ssu^, Fan Section, and [ 36 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA. 2. ^ ^ "nl Fu* Yiieh^ Ssu', Halberd Section. 122 122. f^ ff\ Hou* SoS Fifth Sub-department, divided into to eight sections; 22^ 1- Iff ^'J ^ ^an^ (^^hien^ Ssu\ Sword Section, 2- :Jc 1^ ^ Ko' Ciii' SsuS Spear Section, 3- S)l| ^ ly? Hsi'in' Hsiang^ So^ Ele])hant-training Section, ■i- !^ p] i'ling^ Ssu\ Eastern Section, 0. i5j "^ Hsi^ Ssu\ Western Section, 6. If -f t^ ^'li'i' ►*^liou=' Wei', Standard-bearers Section, "• i E] T.so^ Ssu', Left Section, and 8. /(j BI Vu^ Ssn', Right Section. 123. ^Vt the liead of each of the above-mentioned sub- departments there is a ^ Hf] ^ ^ f^ Chang' Yin^ Kuan"" Chiin^ Shih^ Snb-dcpartment Cliief ; 3a, to whom is attached one ^^ ^MM iM Chang' So' Shih^ Ynn= JIui' Shih', Assistant Sub-department Cliief ; 4a. Each section is directed by- a ^ pfl §| |!^ f^ Chang' Yin* Yiin' Hui' Shih', Section Chief ; 4a, (for the Elephant-training and Standard-bearers Section called ^ 1:11 ^ ^ f?!^ Chang' Yin'' Kuan* Chim' Shih'), to whom is attached one ^ ^ i^ ^ 'i{ ]£ (;hang' Ssu' Shih* Chill* P Cheng* (fonnerly r§ fi IE Chili* P Cheng*), Assistant Section Chiefs ; 5a ; but for the Elephant- training and Standard-bearers Sections the title is, for the former, ^ ffj; ¥ M- f^ f^' Chang' So' Shih* Yiin' Hul' Shih', and, for the latter, ^ ^ 'Jf ^i :,fT f^j Chang' So' Shih* Kuan' Chiin^ Shih'. In the Sub-departments and Sections of the Equipage Department are also employed 3pt l|)if) i^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks (number not fixed). 124. ^ Jf Knan' Li', Over.»eers. There are twelve attached to the K(|uipage Department : C fiV M fs ■^^l '' ''"'tr' ^*'^'"' K»""' l^'\ Overseer vf Hcialds and Whips. [ 37 J TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 125 2. ;g ^ ^ ^ Ohia^ K'u* Kuan^ Li^ Overseer of Carriage Houses, 3. ^ M ^ M. Pu' Nien^ Kuan^ Li', Overseer of Imperial Carriages, • 4. 2 |§ ^ iM Yii^ Lo* Kuan' Li', Overseer of the Jade Carriage, 5. ^ $^ ^ Ji Hsiang' Lo' Kuan' Li', Overseer of the Elephant Carriage, 6- ^ 1^ ^ J-1 ^'liin^ 1^0^ Kuan' Li', Overseer of the Golden ('ai-riage, "• ^ ^ 'W J-S ^^o' ^-^o' K^^an' Li', Overseer of the Leather Carriage, 8- 7}C Ig- 'W ^ Mii^ Lo^ Kuan' Li^ Overseer of the Wooden Carriage, 9- -^ ^ ^ S 'Jsung^ T'an' Ivuan' Li', Overseer of Coir Mats, 10. ^ 1^ ^ Ji^ T*ai^ Ju^ Kuan' Li', Overseer of Kneeling Rugs, 11- Mt M ^'S Shu^ T'ou^ Kuan' Li', Overseer of Combs, and 12. fr^ ^ ^ JS <^hia^ I' Kuan' Li', Overseer of Livery for Servants and (-hair-bearers. 125. To the Overseer of Heralds and Whips (see No. 124) there are attached : 3 n,^ ^ fg5 "g* Ming- Tsan" Pien^ Kuan^ Heralds; 7.\, and 1 nj;* ^ 115 i^ Ming2 Tsan^ Pien^' l^■hih', Assistant Herald. To the Overseer of Carriage Houses (see No. 124) there are aHached : I M M W Y""' 1^11^^ Shih', Assistant Marshal ; 4a, 1 >^ 'j'l: IE Chih' I^ ChOng' (formerly ri^ ff TE Chih^ I^ Chcng^), Controller of the Fifth Class; S.s, and 1 M 'Jl i'l ('^"•^"S' I' Yii^ (formerly ^ [^ fj ( ;heng' I^' \-n') Controller of the Sixth Class; 6a. [ 38 J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. To the Overseer of the Imperial Carriages {see No. 124) 126 there are attached : 1 g ^t |iji Yiin- lluv Shih\ Assistant Marshal; 4a, and 2 ro i L IK (^'liili- I' Cheng', Controllers of tlie Fifth Class; 5.\. To the remaining Overseers there are subordinated, to each : 1 V^ i: in Cliih^ I' Cheng\ Controller of the Fifth Class; OA, and 1 il 'IlM ClK^ng' V Yii', Controller of the Sixth Class. REGENCY. 126. WimWl^^ <"'l"en^ Kuo' Sh6* Cheng* Wang^ Prince Regent. During the minority of the present Emperor, knovrn from his reign as ^ ^^ Hsiian' T'ung', that is, until he has completed jiis education and has married, his father, g| ^^ J ^v5 Ch'un' Ch'in^ Wang= Tsai^ Feng", Prince of the First Degree, Ch'un, personal Jiame Tsai^ Feng', will govern the Chinese Empire as Regent, having been empowered to assume his title by the late Empress Dowager ^JXM^^ Hsiao* Ch'in' Hsien' Huang'^ Hou*, on the 1.3th November, 1908. Rules defining the rights and the authority of the Prince Regent, elaborated by the Grand Secretariat, in conjunction with the Ministries and Chief Government Establishments, were approved by the Emperor in an Edict dated 13th November, 1908. All government affairs are transacted by the Prince Regent and decisions arc pu]>lished as Edicts of th'o Emperor under his seal. In very important cases the Prince. Regent requests the Empress Dowager Hf:^r-S^^ Lung' Yii* Huang' T'ai* Hon* to issue an Ediet. [ 39 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 126a The Prince Regent is Commander-in-Chief of all Naval to and iMilitary Forces ard, as the Emperor's representative, will ■ioy attend sessions of the National Assembly. He will also open Parliament. All reports addressed to the Emperor are presented to the Prince Regent and, in connection with foreign affairs, he concludes treaties, appoints representatives abroad, and receives tlie credentials of the representatives of Foreign Pqwers appointed to China. For the expenses of the Prince Regent there are allotted, yearly, One Hundred and Fifty Thousand Taels by the Ministry of Finance (for details see Rules, in 16 Articles). 126a. ^\^J^ I' Cheng* ^Vang^ Prince Regent. This title was borne by ^ fj^ ^ ^ ff' Kung^ Ch'in' Wang^ I* Hsin^, Prince of the First Degree, Kung, personal name I* Hsin\ during the minority of the Emperor T'ung Chih, when, with the Empresses, ■^* ^ T'zn^ An' and ,^ ;]jg T'zu^ Hsi^ he Was^ in charge of the government of the Empire. 126b. ^ ^ (;h'i^ She^, another designatio?i of Prince Regent. This title was held b}' the usm-per J ^ W^ang^ Mang' during the minority of the Emperor J^ -f" M '^^^ Tzu' Ying\ of the -^ llau^ Dynasty (in B.C. 6). 126c. ^ iC ^ §1 Huang" T'ai* Hon* Lin'^ Cli'ao', Empress Dowager Regent ; also called ^ JH 9^ l^ Ch'ui^ Lien' T'ingi Cheng" (or ^ ^| ||| )^ Ch'ui^ Lien^ Hsvin* C heng^), literally " to drop the curtain and administer the government." This title was applied to the late Empress Dowager ^ ^ ^ ^ jp Msiao^ ('h'in^ Hsien' Huang' II ou"* during the minority of the Emperor yt If Ivuang' Hsii' (1875-1908.) PARLIAMENT. 127. HI 1^ I^ Yuan', Parliament; projected Deliberative Assembly of China; to be opened in 1913. It will consist of [ 40 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA. two Houses, i.e. Jh Hi K Shano^^ I^ Yiian^, Upper House, and 128 ~F 1^ Sc Hsia^ V Yuan\ Lower House. Rules and Regulations for Parliament and for the Electoral Laws are to be drawn up by the Department for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government and will be pro- mulgated in 1912. The establishment of a Parliament was foreshadowed by the Emperor's approval of a general outline of the principles of constitutional government, together with laws concerning parliament and the election of its members, (^sec Edict dated 27th August, 1908, in reply to a report from the Bureau for the Investigation of the Principles of Constitutional Government, with two enclosures). As the Parliament will have deli))erative authority alone, having no executive authority whatsoever, it will only be allowed to discuss questions touching the .vhole Empire and assist in working out the Budget. Its resolutions will be carried out only after the Emperor's approval of the same {sec details in article " China on the eve of a Constitution " in the "Messenger of Asia," Xo. 1, July, 19U9, pages 57 to 74, translation from the Chinese, by the authors of the Imperial Edict dated 27th August, 1908, and the "Scheme of State Laws and Programme of Constitutional Reforms during the period 1908-1916."^ From the year 1910 until the opening of Parliament there will be a National Assembly as a pi'climinary deliberative body {see Nos. 164 to 167c). COUNCIL OF STATE. 128. i^t?l|^ Chiin' Chi' ('h'u', Council of State (or Grand Council). This is tiic Highest Central Establishment, being in charge of the government of the ICnipirc, and was established about 1730 A.D. It was originallv a AHlitarv Council at which the iirst Emperors of the present Dvnasty [ -11 ] PRteStNl' DAY POLITICAL ORGAJflZAtlON OF CfllNA. 129 discussed State Affairs. Now, having become the Privy Council to of the Emperor,, most Decrees are issued from this establishment, 1296 as well as orders concerning State Administration. The r ouncil of State is composed of : 129. ^Mi^^ Chiin^ Chi' Ta* Ch'^n^ Grand Councillors, having daily audiences with the Emperor. The number of these officials is not fixed but for many years past there have not been more than five, i.e. two Manchus, two Chinese, and one of the Princes of the Blood as President. Members of the Council of State are usually appointed from the ranks of officials of the grade of Minister of State or Assistant Minister of State and they usually hold substantive posts other than in the Council. At present the members of the Council of State countersign (^ ^ Shu* ]Ming') all Decrees issued in the name ©f the Emperor over the seal of the Prince Regent. 129a. ^^tl^ Chun^ Chi' 1:1 smg^ TsouS also UWM :;^ IS _h ^ ^ !7 ^ Tsai^ Chun' Chi' Ta^ Ch'en' Shang^ Hsueh* Hsi^ Hsing'^ Tsou^, Probationary Grand Councillor. Newly- appointed Grand Councillors are often thus designated. 129b. ^i^M^ Chiin' Chi' Chang' Ching', also /J>^i^ Hsiao' Chiin' C-hi', Secretaries of the Council of State ; sixty in all. They attend to the clerical work of the Council and are divided into four sections : 1. MMM ^^lan' T'ou' Pan', and l^ZLB. Man' tvh* Pan', First and Second Manchu, and 2. ^miM Han^ T'ou' Pan', and g| Hl^ Han^ firh^ Pan', First and Second Chinese. At the head of each section there is a ^ gj Ling' Pan', Chief of Section ; 3a, assisted by a |^ ^^ gf Pang' Ling' Pan', Assistant Chief of Section ; 4a. [ 42 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. The titles ^Ijff^.l? J: ^ ± Ling* Tan' Chang^ Cbing' 129c Shang^ Hsiang' Tsou\ Chief of Section, and f^M^iiWt^ VAlt *° Pang' Ling' Pan' ('hang^ Ching' Shang* Hsiang- Tsou^ 131 Assistant Chief of Section, are often liorne as honorary titles by some of the Secretaries. 129c. IB f^ Chi^ ^fing% tlms is designated a day-book, kept at the Council of State, for recording praiseworthy actions of officials. GRAND SECRETARIAT OR IMPERIAL CHANCERY. 130. ^^ Se'i* Ko'', Grand Secretariat; technically the highest government establishment ; organized in the Ming Dynasty. Before the establishment of the Grand Council, early in the 18th century (see No. 128), the duties of the Grand Secretariat included the preliminary examination of reports from the Provincial Authorities, tiie making of recommendations as to these before presentation to the Emperor, and the composition and promulgation of Imperial Decrees. It has now, however, lost much of its impoilance and its duties at present consist, for the most part, in promulgating Edicts and in keeping State Papers. The (irand Secretariat is coiiiposcd as follows : i;il. Four i^^± Ta' Hsiich- Shih^ (irand Secretaries; lA (colloquial designation l\i ^ Chung' T'ang', ejjistolary designation ^ |g 'I'sal' Hsiang* atul ^fl [^ Hsiang' Kuo'). Two of tliese arc .Manchus and two an- Chinese!, chosen froiTMhe most distinguished officials of the l^mpiro wIkj are sine ijiki non, Metropolitan Graduates. F-ach of the Grand Secretaries is entitled Ta Hsiieh Shih of onf or other of the Throne Halls or I*avilion8 of the Imperial [ 43 J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA. 132 Palace, i.e. f ^- ^[1 If* ^^^^ Ho' Tien*, -^^W^ Wen' Una? TienS to l^ 5t f^ Wu^ Yingi TienS ff^ ^ Wi T'i^ JCn' Ko', ^ ^ ^ Wen' 137 Yiian^ Ko' and j^t ^ Tun»-^ Ko' (the selection of a particular Hall or Pavilion depends on the Emperor's will). Under the Ming Dynasty the Grand Secretai'ies were familiarly designated f^ ^ Ko' Lao', Elders of the Imperial Chancery (rendered by the Jesuit Missionaries as Colao). 132. Two ti^ fl ;^ p ± Hsich' Pan* Ta* Hsiieh' Shih*, Assistant Grand Seci^etaries ; 1b (colloquial designation ^^ Chimg^ T'atig', epistolary designation ^jjj ^ Hsielr K'uei'). One is ^Vlanchu and one Chinese. Grand Secretaries and Assistant Grand Secretaries are usually also members of the Council of State, jVIinisters of State or Assistant Ministers of State. 133. Ten f^l 11 ^ ± ^^ei* Ko' Hsiieh' Shih*, Sub- Chancellors of the Grand Secretariat ; 2n (literary designation ^P Ko' Hsiieh'). Six are Manchus and four are Chinese; they act as registrars of certain departments ^f the State Archives. 134. Eiglit ^J i^ f#^P ±. Nei* Ko' Shih* Tu' llsiieh' Shih"*, Beaders of the Grand Secretariat; 4b. Six are Manchus and two Chinese. They compare the texts, in Manchu and Chinese, of State Papers. 135. Sixteen Pa ^ f# ^ Nei* Ko' Shih* Tu', Assistant Readers of the Grand Secretariat ; 6a. Fourteen of these are Manchus and tAvo are Chinese. 136. ^ix i?.j^M.|| Nei* Ko' Tien' Chi', Archivists of the Grand Secretariat ; 7a ; four Manchus and two Chinese. 137. 130 pg r^ f|» # Nei* Ko' Chung^ Shu\ Secretaries of the Grand Secretariat; 7b (literary designation i^ ^ Chung' H^n*). Six of these do duty at : [ 44 ] rKESENT HAY roi.ITICAL OKOAXIZaTIOX OF ( IlIN'A. 137a. rjf f^ f?|. Cluing^ Shu^ K*o\ Imperial Patent Oflfice, 137a as r\^ -^f ^.^ f\i ff Chung^ Shu^ K'o^ Chung^ Sim', Secretaries of to the Imperial Patent Office; Th. Their duty is to prepare 140 patents and chartei"s. At the head of the Imperial Patent Office there are : 137k. T^yo ^ ^ ^I U f't m B -k E ('^li* <^^l^'a' <^'l^ung' SUu^ K'o^ Shih^ Wn' Ta^ Ch'en-, ("ontrollcrs of the Imperial Patent Office ; appointed from the ranks of the Sub-Chancellors of the Grand Secretariat. 138. To the Grand Secretariat, in addition to the Office above-mentioned, there are attached : 3 Copying Offices, i.e. ]y^~^Wj ^I^'^n' Pen' Fang', Manchu, ("1 TJC ^ Han^ PC-n' Pang', Chinese, and ^ ^ ff) ^leng' Ku^" Fang", Mongolian. 2 Kegistries, i.e ?}^ 1^ ^ ^ ^Man^ P-iao" (li'ien' Ch'u^ Manchu, and jf ^ ^ ^^ Han' P'iao" Ch'ien' Ch'u^ Chinese, specially charged with making extracts from State Documents. 1 ilt^ ^ P-1' Pen^" Ch'u^ Office for copying the Emperor's endorsements of documents, 1 l|^ I* ^j; Tic J^ Shou' Fa^ Hung2 Pen' Ch'u^ Keceiving and Forwarding ( )ffice, and 1 fil] ^ M. ^^"' ^'"^"^ J^'"'' Archives Office. 139. -)j ^^ Fang' Lio^ Kuan\ Military Archives Office. This office is specially charged with the drawing up of records of military midertakings and achievements of the present Dynasty. It is under the supervision and control of the (Jrand Secretariat : one of the mem})ers of the latter usually holds the position of President, ^jg ^ Tsung' Ts'ai'. To him there are suhordiniitcd four t2 p3 1 -i- Tia(.\ Reviscr.s, four l|5^ ^ Shou' Cha.ig', Archivists, and nine ^ jljf Tsuan' llsiu', Proof Headers. 140. ^] i^g '^J Ipj Xei^ Fan' Shu' Fang', .Manchu-Chinese Translation ( )Hi(e ; translates State Papers from Chinese into Manchu and is subject to the control of the Grand Secreta'iat. [ 4r, ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 141 ^Q COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS. 148 141. igf f# ^ Cheng* Wu* Ch'u\ Bureati of Government AiFaivs; established in 1901 for the examination of reports and memorials, dealing with reforms, coming from officials and the people. When first formed, this Bixreau was composed of four members, with Prince Ch'ing as its head. Officials of the various Ministries have been appointed as members of this Bureau, at the same time continuing to hold their original posts. In the year 1 905 the Bureau was reorganized as : 141 A. i^fil^M^B^ ^^'^* ^^o' Hui* I* Oh^ng* Wu^ Ch'u*, Committee of Ministers: its functions were unchanged but the number of its members was increased. At the present time the Committee of Ministers is compose^ as follows : 142. \^ f^ ^^ g Chcng^ Wu^ Ta' Ch'cn^, Ex-officio Members of the Committee of Ministers. These arc th'e Grand Secretaries, the Assistant Grand Secretaries and the President of the Council of State. The last-named acts as President. 143. S ^ ig!^ f# :/c S Ts'an^ Yii* Ch^ng* Wu* Ta* Ch'enS Consulting Members of the Committee of Ministers. The Presidents of the various ^Ministries (l^oards) comprise these- (eleven, there now being eleven Boards). 144. Two f§ 1^ T'i- Tiao*, Proctors : chosen from the Sub-chancellors of tlie Grand Secretariat. 145. Three ^ J;^ |^ Pang^ T'i^ TiaoS Assistant Proctors. 146. Two Ij^l ^ Tsimg^ Pan^, Chief Secretaries. 147. Two ^ m lji\ Pangi Tsung^ Pan' Assistant Chief Secretaries. 148. ^ ^ Wen^ An'', iSecretaries, These are chosen from the ranks of the Secretaries of the Grand Secr^riat ; number not fixed. [ -46 J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 149. j^ ^ 'b* Ti' Shih* KuanS Registrars ; chosen from 149 the Secretaries of the Grand Secretariat ; number not fixed. tO COMMITTEE FOR DRAWING UP REGULATIONS FOR CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT. 150. ^ ^ i^ ?^ It K'ao^ Ch'a^ Cheng* Chih* K-uanS Committee for the Investigation of the Principles of Modern Politics and Government ; established in 1905 for the supervision of everything connected with the introduction of constitutional government, for the compilation of a code of constitutional laws, and for the discussion of the most important questions of State administration. In 1907 an Imperial Edict, dated 13th August, directed that the name of the Committee be changed to : 150a. M^M^ tfe" Hsien* Cheng* Pien^ Ch'a» Kuan^ Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government. This Committee was charged with the supervision of the introduction of Constitutional Government in China. By the Rules, elaborated by the Committee itself, approved by the Emperor on the 24th August, 1 907, at the head of the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Govern- ment there are two members of the Council -of State, styled : 151. ^mmmm^^B ^uan^ Li' Hsiea* Cheng* Pien^ Ch'a' Shih* \\u\ Permanent Members of the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government. These ofiicials, for the actual management of affairs, appoint two 152. JJJ ^ T'i' Tiao\ Proctors (from the ranks of Vice- Presidents of Ministries, or Ofhcials of similar rank). 153. |g t-^ II Thung^ Ho^ Yiian*, Examiners ; two. These officials hupervise the preparation of reports, manage correspond- ence, and control the pulilicatiun of a t ewspapcr. [ 47 : 153 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 154 154. At the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for to Constitutional Government there are two Bureaux, i.e. Revising ^53 Bureau and Statistical Bureau. 1o4a. ^ f^i] j^ Pien^ 'Chill* Chii^ Revising Bureau; composed of three ^ij- K'o\ Sections. 154b. gi ff ^ T'ung^ Chi* Chu^ Statistical Bureau; composed of three ^ K'o\ Sections. 154c. At the head of each of the afore-mentioned Bureaux there is a ^j ^ Chii^ Chang^, President, assisted by a glj ^ ;^ Fu* Chii^ Chang^, Vice-President. Each Section is under a J£ ^^ ^ Cheng* K'o^ Yiian^, Section Chief, to whom are attached a number of glj jf^ j^ Fu* K'o^ Yiiau^, Assistant Section Chiefs (the number of these depends on the needs of the various Sections). 155. |§ ^ .1^ Tsung^ Wu* Ch'u*, Chancery. This is directed by a |,|l |j/| Tsung' Pan^, Chief of the Chancery ; he is assisted by ^ ^ Iv'o^ Yiian^, Assistant Chiefs. The (.'hancery was established to deal with the I'egistering of in-coming and out-going documents and for controlling the income and ex})cnditure. It ^vas formerly called l^f, f^ ^ Shu* Wu* Ch'u*. 156. ^ ^ j^ I* Shu^ Ch'u*, Translating Office (Inter- preting Office) ; for the translation from foreign languages oi books necessary to the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government. The staff of this office is not fixed. 157. U ^ J^ T'xx^ Shu^ Ch'u*, Library; directed by J[5^ ^ Shou^ Chang', Librarian. Here are kept works in Chinese and foreign languages, as well as maps. 158. 'g* |g ^ Kuan' Pao* Chii^, Government Newspapers Office. This is directed by a |^g ^. Tsung' Pan\ Superintendent who is responsible f-or the editorial, proof reading and printmg sections into which the Office is divided, i.e. [ 48 ] TRESEXT DAY TOMTICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CIIIXA. 1. H H f,«f Pien^ Chi' K'o', Editorial Section, 2. Ij^ f j 14 ("hiao' Tui* K'o', Proof Reading Section, and 3 EH KlJ ^ Yin^ Shua' K'o', Printing Section. 159. At the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government there are many somewhat unofficial posts, namely : 159a. ^ifiC^l^tf fl^ Hsien' Cheng' Pien^ ChV Kuan' Hsing' Tsou', Attache of the Committee for the Drawing up of Regulations for Constitutional Government. These officials are appointed from the ranks of expectant Metropolitan officials of the 3rd to the 5th classes. 159b. — I^ ^'S fi ^ I' Teng' Tzu^ I' Yuan=, Advisers of the First Class, and Zl ^ If ^ ^ Erh Teng^ Tzu' I^ Yuan', Advisers of the Second Class. These are, at the Capital, chosen from officials of the ranks of Vice-President of a Ministry to Secretary of a Ministry and, in the provinces, from officials of the ranks of Taot'ai to Governor. 160. ^^M.P( K'ao' Ho' Chuan^ K'o', Investigation Bureau. This Bureau was established at the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government in consequence of a report by the Committee approved by Imperial Edict of the 2nd January, 1909, for keeping a watch that constitutional reform schemes are properly carried out., In Peking, the' ^Ministries, and, in the provinces, the Governor-Generals or Governors, must report every six months as to what has been accomplished, whence the Investigatfon Bureau is kept informed as to the progress of the preliminary effijrts with regard to the introduction of constitutional government in China. 160a. i^. .''ji^ Tsimg' Pan", Bureau ( hi.f ; at the head of the Investigation Bureau, This official is under the control of the Proctors of the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government (*^f4 Fa' Chih' K'o', Section of Laws and Regula- tions, and 2. M at ^4 T'ung' Chi' K'o\ Statistical Section. Each of these Sections is divided into three ^ Ku^ Sub- sections. At the head of each section there is a f --j- ^ K*o^ Chang', Section Chief, who, under the supervision of the Director, manages the affairs of his section. Sub-sections are managed by ^ ^ ^ ^ Kuan' Ku' Wei' Yiian', Secretaries (from one to three in each Sub-section), under the .supervision of the Section Chief. 163c. For correspondence there arc, at the Sections and Sul>-sections, ( 1 ) 2 -i^ ,'J Htl Tsung^ Shu' Ch'iS Senior Secretaries, (2) 2 f// :^ ^ la Rang' Tsung' Shu' Chi', Assistant Senior Secretaries, (3) 2 jjaj- ^^} tg '^'"' ^^'"' ^'''''' Section Secretaries, (4) 2 fl^^Jpii Ku^ Shu' C\u\ Sub-section Secretaries, (5) 2 ^^ ,«J„£ Kuan' Chuan* Shu' Chi', Archivi.sts, and (0) 2 )!j^^y^ ,'f .iti Shou' Fa' Shu' Clii\ Registrars. L il ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 163d 163d. B,^M Sbi^i* Wu* Ch'u*, Chancery ; for managing- the affairs of this establishment the Bureau Chief appoints- 2 ^, ^ ^ M Shu* Wu* Wei' Yiian'^, Chancery Deputies. to. 165 THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AND PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLIES. 164. ^^ ^ Tzu^ Cheng* Yiian*, The National As- sembly ; its establishment was foreshadowed by an Edict of the 20th September, 1907. The tenor of this Edict was : " A Constitution is necessary to the country. As the twc " Houses of Parliament cannot at once be inaugurated, it will be " necessary at first to establish an Assembly of Ministers to> "confer on State matters and to prepare the foundations of " Constitutional Government. Prince P'u Lun, Prince of the " 4th Order, and the Grand Secretary, Sun Chia Kai, are "appointed to preside over the said Assembly and they are " commanded to confer with the Council of State on details and *' modes of procedure. Having settled upon these, details are "to be presented to the Throne for Imperial sanction. Respect "This." 165. The first National Assembly, organized on the authority of the Edict mentioned (.see No. 164), is merely a temporary establishment entrusted with the special task of drawing up regulations for, and organizing elections to, future National Assemblies, which will serve as a foundation for the Parliament that will be opened in 1917. According to an Imperial Decree of the 4th of November, 1910, Parliament is to be opened in 1913 {see No. 127). Similarly, officials previously employed in connection with, the preparations for the Assembly have also had temporary- posts. [ 52 3 niESKXT DAY POLITICAL ORG AKIZATIOX OF CIIIXA. 165a. As at first constituterl, there were at tht> head of 165a. the National Assembly two =^. ^ Tsung' Ts'ai^ Presidents, ^q and, attached to them, five t^^ 51 ^ iS ^ ^ ^ Hsieh' Li^ Tzu^ ^qq Cheng' Yiian* Sliili' W^l^ Senior Supervisors, three ff i& ^ ^ %} ^ W Tzu' Cheng^ Yiian* Pang^ Pan' Shih' Wu', Junior Su])ervisors, and an indefinite number of ^ ilEJC P^c ^ n^ Tzu^ Cheng* Yiian' Ts'an' I*, Advisers (at the last session there were aix). Ifi6. Bv Pides drawn up br the National Assemblv (consisting of 10 headings — the first two of which were sanctioned on the 9th July, 1908, and later amended and, with the others, ap])roved on the 23rd August, 1909) the subjects that may be discussed by the Assembly are : National Income aind Expenditure, jSIethods of Taxation and the National Debt, New Codes of Laws and the Amendment of existing Codes (the right of amendment of constitutional laws is removed from the sphere of influence of the Assembly). All measures handed over to the National Assembly for its decision must first be considered by the Council of State or the Iligli Officials. The Assemblv, however, in connection with questions relating to methods of taxation, the public debt and the prejiaration or amendment of codes of laws, may initiate discussion and propose draft measures (articles 14 and 15 of the Rules). When the Assemblv has arrived at a decision on anv subject, a Memorial must be prepared by the Presidents and Supervisors of that body, in consultation with the Council of State, or with the President of the Board concerned ; this Memorial, in the usual manner, must await the final decision of an Imperial Edict (article 16). Matters of disagreement between the National Assembly and the Council of State or the High Officials are to be decided by the Emperor (article 18). [ .'■'3 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CIIiyA. . 167 As regards the Provincial Assemblies, the National Assembly acts as high controller, deciding difterences between the individual Provincial Assemblies and between the Provincial Assemblies and the High Provincial Authorities (articles 22 to 24). Sessions of the National Assembly are of two kinds, i.e. ordinary and extraox-dinary. Ordinary sessions are to be held each year, dm-ing the 9th, 10th and 11th moons (article 31); an extraordinary session may be summoned by Imperial Edict whenever occasion demands (article 32). In the Rules it is clearly pointed out for what reasons the Emperor may adjourn (article 52), or even dissolve, the Kational Assembly and call for a new election (article 53). The scheme of constitutional reforms provides for a general election, in 1910, of delegates to , the National Assembly and its opening the same year. Also, it calls for the erection of a hall in the Eastern part of the Tartar City at the fJJ [^ P"] ('h'ao^ Yang2 Men^ (also ^ f[: ^^ Ch'i- Hua*' Men-), to the North-west of the If J ^ □" Kuan^ Hsiang* T'ai-,. the Observatory, where were formerly the ^.^ Kung'' Yiian'*, Examination Halls, for the use of the Assembly. 167. At the head of the National Assembly there is now a ^ Wi Tsung^ Ts'ai^, President, appointed by Imperial Edict from the ranks of Princes of the Blooi or fron officials of the highest rank ('article 2). To him there is attached one gl] '^% ^ Fu* Tsung' Ts'ai", Vice-President, appointed by the Emperor from officials of rank not lower than the 3rd (article 3). While the Assembly is in session, the President and Vice- President do duty as |^ ^ I* Chang', Chairman, and glj ^ ^ Fu* I* Chang', V ice-Chairman of Sessions of the National Assembly (article 30). ^ g^ [^ li ^ Tzu^ Cheng* Yiian* P Yiiah', Members of the National Asseml)ly (the number is iixed at two hundred). One hundred of these are appointed by the [ 5i ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA. Emperor and one hundred elected from the Provincial Assemblies 167a (article 4). tO All members of the National Assembly are to rank equally 167b irrespective of the positions they may hold (article 5). Eligible for membership in the National Assembly are persons over 30 vears of age who belong to the following classes : (a) Hereditary Princes of the Blood, (b) Manchus and Chinese holding hereditary titles, (c) Hereditary Princes of Mongolia, Tibet and Turkestan, fd) Imperial Clansmen (irrespective of degree of kin), (o) Officials of Metropolitan Establishment betwetsi the 4th and 7th ranks (with the exception ot officials of justice, prosecutors and police officials), ( f ) Eminent scholars, (g) Large tax-payers, and (h) Members of the Provincial Assemblies (sec details in articles i) to 13 of the Pules). Detailed Regulations, drawn up by the National Assembly itself and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th October, 1909, define dearly those who come within the eight categories mentioned above. The appointment of members and the electoral procedure are also elaK>rated in these liegulations. 1G7a. Imniediatclv on opening a session, the menibers of the National Assembly are, by lot, divided into various ^ Ku', committees, fnr ilealing with special ([uestions. The members of the conmiittees, tjx ^ Ku' Vihin', elect their respective chaiiinan, ^S^ KuM'hanr. IfiTi'.. For the clerical work of the National Assembly there is a: |^^Jf^ Pi' Shu' T'ing>, Secretariat. At the head of this is a ]^^ ^i i^ Pi* Shu' Chang', Senior Secretary ; 4a, appointed ])V the Emperor. To him arc subordinated — '^ |)J>; fj 'B" 1' T.'iig' V'l* Shu' Kuan', Secretaries of the First Class; PKE8ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 167c 5a,'i: ^m^^ Erh^ Teng' Pi* Shu^ Kuan', Secretaries of to the Second Class; 6a, and H ^ |i^ ^ 'B* San^ Teng^ Pi* Shu' lg3 Kuan', Secretaries of the Third Class ; 7a (there are four Secretaries of each class ; in all twelve). The Secretariat is composed of four Sections, i.e. (1) J^^fif Chii Yao* K'oS Secret Affairs, (2) |i ^ f-f I* Shih* K'oS Projects, (3) iifef^ Su^ Chi* K'o\ Stenography, and (4) BM^^ Shu* Wu* K'o\ Miscellaneous Affairs. The First Class Secretary at each of the Sections ranks as Chief, ^ ^ K'o^ Chang^, the others as his assistants. In addition to the foregoing there are ^ Jg Shu' Chi*, Writers, and J^ f 2 :^ Si^i^ Chi* Sheng', Stenographers on the staff of the Seci'etariat, and there is also a {^ ^ ^ T'u^ Shu Shih', Library, in charge of one of the Secretaries, who is styled ^ JM J^ Kuan^ Li' Yiian'^, Librarian. 167c. At the Assembly there are special tJP f^ ^ 'g' Shou^ Wei^ Ching^ Kuan', Guards, completely imder the authority of the President and Vice-President. 168. g-^ g^ ^ Tzu^ I* Cliii", Provincial Assemblies. These are the National Assembly's representatives in the provinces and their establishment was directed by Imperial Edict dated 19th October, 1907. On the 22nd July, 1908, Regulations for the Provincial Assemblies drawn up by the Committee for Drawing up Regula- tions for Constitutional Government yyeve sanctioned by the Emperor and, in 1909, in all the provinces, with the exception of the New Dominion — where, owing to the ignorance of the people the assembly Avill be, at least at first, drawn up on different lines — elections for members of the Assemblies were held. In the New Dominion members of the Assembly will '"be appointed, not elected (see the report of the Governor, Lien K'uei, dated early in 1909). [ 5G ] PRESENT PAY I'OLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. On the 14th October, 1909, the Provincial Assemblies had 169 their first session (srr Edict dated 13th October, 1909). As directed by the first article of the Regulations, Provincial Assemblies are established in the cities at -which the Governor- Generals or Governors reside, their chief duty being to bring the opinions of the peo])le to the notice of the chief provincial executive that he may 1)C fully informed of the needs of his district and maintain order therein. For the election of members of the Provincial Assemblies there is a double election, tliat is, there is an election of delegates by the people and these, in turn, elect certain of their number as members of the Assemblies. The number of members of the Provincial Assembly is not the same for all the provinces but ranges from 30 (for the provinces of Kirin, Heilungchiang and Hsinchiang) to 140 (for Chihli province). The electoral franchise is given to all males of twenty five years of age or more, provided they are natives of the province and possess any of the qualifications stated in detail in the Regulations (articles 3 and 4). Membership in the Provincial Assembly is open to all males of thirty years of age or more, natives, and non-natives, provided they have been resident in the province concerned for ten years, who are free of the disqualifications enumerated in detail in articles 5 to 8 of the Regulations 1G9. Tn the internal organization of the Provinciol Assemblies there are : 1 • M ^ ^' Chang*, President, 2. aij m li >'"' '' Chang', Vice-President, and "^i^^MR Ch'ang^ Chii* I* Yiian-, Resident Members of the Assembly. The number of these is one fifth the total number of members of the As.sembly (articles 10 to 14 of the Regulations). r .-.7 1 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 170 , The members of the Provincial Assemblies are elected for a •^Q term of three years ; the President and Vice-Presidents retaia -^p their offices during the entire term, the Resident Members serve- one year only (articles 15 to 17 of the Regulations). 170. The Provincial Assemblies mav discuss affairs dealinsr with finance, yearly income and expenditure, methods of taxation,, the raising of loans for provincial needs, the election of members to the National Assembly, and qiiestions submitted to them by the National Assembly, etc. (see articles 21 to 30 of the Regulations, in which, also, is defined in detail the relation of the Provincial Assemblies to the Governor-Generals, Governors and the National Assembly). 171. To the Provincial Assemblv there is attached a ^■^ iM l^'^ii* Shih* Ch'u^, Chancery, under the control of the President and Vice-Presidents, for dealing with correspondence,, accounts and the current affairs of the Aescnibly. This office is directed by 1 ^ |E j^ Shu^ Chi* Chang^, Chief Secretary, and 4^1^ Shu^ Chi*, Secretaries, who are selected by the President, subject to the approval of the Governor-General or Governor {see articles 51 and 52 of the Regulations). 172. The management of elections for members of the Provincial Assemblies is undertaken by special committees in which the local officials act as |)7 ilf ^ -^ Ch'u^ Hsuan' T-hien^ Tu^, Executive Supervisors of the First Election, or ^ i^ ^ ^ Fii* Hsuan' Chien^ Tu', Executive Supervisors of the Second Election^ To the above-mentioned officials there are subordinated during elections : ^t) 1. ^ m w m M. Tw Supervisors of Balloting, 2. ^m ^ ^ M. T'ou^^ Inspectors of lialloting, 3. m m ^ n M. K'ai^ Supervising Tellers, and [ 58 ] P'iao* Kuan' Li^ Yiian% P'iao* Chieni Ch'a' Yiian^, P'iao* Kuan' Li' Yiian^ PHESKXT DAY roLlTlCAL OUGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA. ■*• ^ Iv S ^ M I^'ai' P'i'^o' Chieni Ch'a- Yiiair, 173 Tellers {see details in articles 18 to 20 of the Regulations dculing to witli the Provincial Assemblies and the election of members, beinir --k additional articles to the Ivegulations), l-^- m m H ^ Ui^ ^ Tzu' P Chf.2 Ch'ou^ Pan^ Cb'u\ (Offices for arranerinir for Provincial Assemblies, established in the various provinces in accordance with the instructions issued bv the Depart-nent for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government, in 1 908, with the object of organizing the elections of members of the Provincial Assemblies. After the opening of thi' Councils, on the 14th October, 1909, these offices ceased to exist. COMMITTEE FOR REVISING AND COMPILING CIVIL AND CRIMINAL C0DE5. 1 "-^ • f{f IT ^- W- i'a Hsiu^ Ting^ Fa* Lii^ Kuan^ Committee for Revising and Compiling Civil and Criminal Codes. This came into existence l^ecause of an Imperial Edict of the 11th October. 1907, the tenor of which was : " The Committee for Drawing up Regulations for *' Constitutional Government has presented a Memorial m-ging the appointment of officials to compile new civil and criminal "code s. " Shen Chia-pen, Junior Vice-President of the Ministry of *'. Justice, Yu Lien-san, ex-Governor of Shansi, and Ving .lui, " President of the Supreme Cotu-t, ai-e appointed as officials for *' the c(»mj)ilation of new civil and criminal codes. They are to "study the codes of Foreign Powers, make a study of the " cuBU)ms and conditions in Chinn, and draw up regulations for " presentation to us. Respect This."* 17.0. • The Coiiunittce for Revising and Compiling Civil and Criminal Codes has at its head two fijf 2T fi f1- 'J<. E ^*^'"' Ting* Fa* Lii* Ta*. Ch'en^ Presidents, who control : [ &'.' ] PEESENT PAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA. 176 176. Two ^-^ ^ TP TiaoS Proctors, to 177. Ig — f'l- Ti* II K'oi, First Section; its duty is to jQo draw up a code of commercial law. This Section is in charge of a : 177a. I^ ^ Tsung' Tsuan^, Chief Eeviser, assisted by 4 ^ f^ Tsixan^ Hsiu^, Eevisers, 4t W: f^ Hsieh* Hsiu\ Assistant Revisers and 1 or 2 |^ -^ ^ Tiao^ Ch'a" Yiian^, Correctors. 178. Ig H fij- Ti* Erh* K'o", Second Section : in charge of the compilation of civil and criminal codes. 178a. The staff at the Second Section is identical to that of the First Section (see No. 177a). 179. ii ^ J® I' Shui Ch'u^ Translating Office (Inter- preting Office) ; in chai'ge of the translation from foreign languages of laws and judicial works generally. This office is under a ^ ^ Tsung^ Tsuan^, Chief Reviser, assisted by ^ ^ I^ Yuan'*, Translators (Intei'preters) (number not fixed). 180. ^ ^ Jg Pieh^ An* Ch'u% Codifying Office. At the head of this office is a f;g ^ Tsiuig^ Tsuan', Chief Reviser, and subordinated to him there ai'e 2 ^ ji^ Tsuan^ Hsiu\ Revisers and ^ Wi f^ Hsieh^ Hsiu^, Assistant Revisers. 181- H ff J^ Shu^ Wu* (Jh'u% Chancery; in charge of clerical work, accounts and economical administration. At its head is a ^. f^ H 3^ Shu* Wu* Tsung' Pan*, Chancery Chief, assisted by ^ ^ Wei' Yiian', Deputies (number indefinite). 182. |'§ 1^ 'g* Tzu^ I* Kuan^, Advisers ; appointed to an indefinite number by the Presidents of the Committee. All the Provincial Judges are, ex-officio. Advisers to the Committee (for details see the Memorial from the Committee, with three enclosures, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 22nd June, 1908). 183. ^ ^ ^ Tiao* Ch'a^' Yuan^ Legal Experts; appointed in an indefinite number, by the Presidents of the Committee, from its staff or from the most experienced lawyers to supply the Committee with necessary information. [ <;o ] \ PKESEKT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHIAA. GENERAL STAFF OF THE ARMY. 184. ^ 1^ fl^ Chun^ Tzu^ FuS General Staff Office ; not in existence as yet ; tp be organized on the same lines as that of Germany or Japan. In an Edict, dated the (ith November, 1906, ruling the re- organization of the Board of War, it was directed that, as no General Staff' Office was in existence, all matters pertaining to such an office were to be attended to by the : 184a. ^ lifj ^ Chiin^ Tzu^ Ch'u^ General Staff Council, which is attached to the Board of War (compare Nos. 184b, 417 f.nd 418). By an Imperial Edict, dated the 15th July, 1909, the General Staff Council was made independent of the Board of War and its fimctions as : 184 b. :^ g-g ^ Chiini Tzu^ Ch-u*, General Staff Council, which assists the Emj)eror -^s Comnmnder-in-CliIef of the Army and Navy. The Cieneral Staff Council as at present constituted is not the same as the similar office in Kussia but is a preliminary step to the establishment of a General Staff Office {see No. 184). With regard to all questions relating to defences or the command of the forces, the General Staff Coiuicil makes recom- mendations whic'n, after the Emperor's sanction, are transmitted to the Board of War or the Admiralty for execution. Under the supervision of the General Staff Council there are : The Military Academy (sec No. 712; tiie school for Officers at Paotingfu, see No. 712a, is to be under the General Staff Council until the Military Academy is estalilished), iSchools for Military Draftsmen (see No. 7151)), Military Attaches at the Legations abroad (sec No. 329), Field Officers of the Army and Navy, etc. [ <;i 1 184 to 184b ^ PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA. 184c to 184i Provisional Kegulations for the General Staif Council have been drawn iip by itself and were sanc^^oned by the Emperor on the 22nd September, 1909. At the head of the General Staff C/OuncU there are : 184c. Two ^M'MW^^B Kuan^* Li^' Chiin^ Tzu' Ch'u* Shih* Wu"*, Chiefs of the General Staff Council ; these officials have the privilege of making personal reports to the Emperor. To them are directly subordinated : 184D. Two l^liif^' Chiin^ Tzu^ Shih^ Uh'efs of the Chancery of the General Staff Council (officials of the rank of Lieutenant-General, Major-General or Colonel), who are. in charge of the : 184e. jj f^ ^. Tsung' Wu" T'ing', Chancery ; the duties of this office have not been determined. 184f. To the General Staff Council, in addition to the offices already mentioned, there" are attached, with functions yet to be fixed : 1. ^ — ^ Ti^ I' T'ingS First Section, 2. ^ H ^. Ti* Erh* T'ingS Second Section, ^- ^ H j^ Ti* San^ T'ing\ Third Section, 4. ^jMM Ti* Ssu* T'ing\ Fourth Section, 5. ^ H ^ Ti^ \Vu^ T'ingS Fifth Section, and 6. XM'M M Hai^ Chiin^ T'ing', Naval Section. At the head of each Section there is a : 184g. jgi ^ T'ingi Chang^ Section Chief (from officials of the rank of Major-General or Colonel). This official directs, under the supervision of the Directors of the General Staff Council, all affairs pertaining to the Sub-sections of his respective Section. Each is assisted by a : 184h. gj] "g" Fu^ Kuan^ Adjutant (from officials of the rank of Captain or Lieutenant), Avho manages the general affairs. 184i. Each Section is composed' of ^- K'o\ Sub-sections (their number, functions and staff have still to be particularly determined). [ 02 ] 184l PRKSEXT DAY POLITICAL OP>G AXIZATIOX OF CIIIXa. At the head of each Sub-section is a : 184j 184j. ^'\ ^ K'o^ Chang^ Sub-section Chief (from officials ^^ of the rank of Colonel or Lieutenant Colonel), who is in charge of the atlairs of the Sub-section and is assisted by 1- — ^ ^ M. I' Teng' K'o^ Ynan^ Secretaries of the Fii-st Class (from Lieutenant Colonels and Captains, or civil officials of simihir rank), -'• Z: ^ ^ M ^'^^^^* TOng' K'o^ Yuan^ Secretaries of the Second Class, and 3- H ¥ ^4 M ^'"'^ '^'*^""g^ I'^'*^' YiianS Secretar.es of the Third Class (these two latter are officials of the rank ot Captain or Lieutenant, or civil officials of corresponding rank.) For the clerical work of the Sub-sections there are attached to the Sub-section Chiefs : 1- — ^ i^^ ^ I' Teng^ Lu^ Shih% Writers of the First Class, -'• H ^ if< ^ J^rli* Teng3 LuVShih% Writers of the Sscond Class, and 3. H ^ 11^ San' Tcng-^ Lu* Shih', Writers of the Third Class. 184k. ^ Po^ 'g' Ku^ Wcn^ Kuan^ Advisers. The number of these is not fixed. They are appointed by tiie Emperor on the recommendation of the General Staff Council. 184l. Having under its control (as stated alx)vc in No. 184b> all the Field Officers of the Anny and Navy, ^IJJlf Ts'an^ Mou- Kuan\ the General Staff' Council has drawn up Regulations concerning the ranks of Field Officers, in six articles (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 5th October, .1909), which empower the Council to issue commissiftns to |)orsons of a rank not lower than 1st Lieutenant, who have ]ia88ed the exaiuinations at the Military Academy (see "So. 7\2 ; until its establishment, the School for FieM Officers at I^aotingfii, srr No. 712.\) uml to persons who have completed the course of study [ Yao' Ssu', Department of Urgent Affairs ; dealing with the drawing up of naval codes and regulations, armament of ships, navigation and marine en| neering. It is divided into four Sections : 1- UUi ¥\ Chih* Tu^ K'o', Section for Naval Codes and Regulations, -• C.^ U f'f Ch'ou' Ilsieh' KN)', Section for Naval Armament, •^- ^ ^^^ T4 Chiu^ Shih^ K-o', Navigation Sertion, and PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA. 185h 4. ^ ^ fif Lim^ Chi^ K'o^, Section for Marine Engineer- tO ing. 185 J ^^^ each Department there is a w] j^ Ssu^ Chang', Department Director, assisted by a ;^ ^ 'g* Cheng^ Fa^ Kuan', Registrar. For each Section there is a ^ij- ^ K'o^ Chang^, Section Chief, assisted by 12 ^ij- ^ K'o^ Yiian-, Secretaries {of the First, Second and Third Classes), and 6 §|^ ^ Lu* Shih*, Writers. 185h. j|S iSC rI Ch'uan^ Cheng* Ssu\ Construction Department ; supervises construction and repair of men-of-war This is not divided into Sections. Its staff comprises a '^ ;^ Ssu^ Chang^, Department Director, a ;^ ^ 'g* Ch'eng^ Fa'- Kuan\ Registr?!-, 5 ^ X ^ K'ao' Kung^ Ivuan\ Inspectoi's of Works (of the First, Second and Third Classes), a § ^jjj I* Shih\ Chief Engineer, 2 g j; I^ Shihf, Engineers, and 6 tl y Lu* ShihS Writers. 185i. 5l^ pj Yiin* Ch'ou2 Ssu', Department of Naval Tactics ; supervises matters of strategy, instruction and hydrographical affairs. It is divided into three Sections : 1 • ^ ^ f4 Mou^ Liieh* K'o\ Section of Strategy, 2- ^ ^ f^ Chiao^ Wu* K'o^ Instruction Section, and 3. JIJ M ^^ Ts'e* Hai^ K'oS Hydrographical Section. The staff of the Department of Naval Tactics includes a p1 ;g Ssu' Chang% Department Director, & ^K ^ *M Ch'eng^ Fa^ Kuan\ Registrar, and for each Section, a fij- j^ K'o' Chang^, Section CJhief, 6 f4 ^ ^^'o^ Yiian^ Secretaries (of the First, Second and Third Classes), 2 m ^jfj P Shih^ Chief Engineers, 3 ^ ± I' Shih^ Engineers, and 6 §| ^ Lu* Shih*^ Writers. 185.1. M i§ ^ Ch'u' Pei* Ssu', Department of Com- mtmications and Accounts ; not yet in operation. This is to be com]iosed of three Sections : 1- ■^ tf f 4" Hui* ( K'uai) Chi^ K'o\ Accounts Section, [ fi6 ]• PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OI- CHINA. 2- SI? ^ >^ Fu» Yung* K'o', Ammunition Section, and 185k 3. t£ |g f^f T'un'' Chi' K'oS Supplies Section. *0 Its staft" will include a ^ ^ Ssu' Chang', Department ^^^^^ Director, a ;^ J^ ^ Ch'ong'^ Fa' Kuan\ Registrar, and, for each Section, a T^f M I^"o^ Chung^ Section Chief, 9 flj- ^ K'o' Yiian', Secretaries (of the First, Second and Third Classes), and 6^^ Ln^ Shih% Writers. 18oK. H 1^ p1 I' Wii* SsuS Medical Department; not yet functioning : to supervise medical affairs of the Navy. This Department will not be divided into Sections. Its staff will include a o] ^ ^su^ Chang^, Department Director, a :i^ ^ 'j^ Cheng' Fa^ Kuan\ Registrar, "^ ^ 1^ I^ Kuan\ Medical Officers (of the First, Second and Third Classes), and G ||^ ^ Iju* Shih*, Writers. 185L. t^ ^ u\ Fa* Wu* Ssu', Department of Naval Law ; for drawing up naviil laws. This Department will not be sub-'- M ^ ^ J*ieni I* Chii', Translation Office (Inter- preting Office). This is directed by a H^l jM Tsung^ Pan*, Chief, assisted by a jE ^. ^ Ch<'ng* Chien' Tu', Director, and two t'^ H '^''i' Tiao», J»n)<;tor.s. ISox. ^ '^ ^ Ping' Flsiieh" Kuan', Military Instruction (JHice ; at its head is a {^ i|^ T'i' Tiao% Proctor. 185(). ^^lilji' Ilsiieh- Kuau^ Medical Institute; at its head is a ^ '^ Cl'icn' Tu', Director. 1H.'>!'. Vi)]- details concerning the Four Scpiadrons, Staff of the Conuiiander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces at Shanghai, Naval Schools, Shij»building Dockyards, Arsenals and Docks srr Nos. ".>(), 750a to 7oGc, 7.")7 and 757a to 7o7c. [ <- ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CniNA. 186 to 187 COMMISSION FOR THE REVISION OF THE BANNER ORGANIZATION. 186. ^ii;^3ii);^ Pien* T'ungi-Ch'i^ Chih* Ch'u*, Commis- sion for the Kevisiou of the Baimer Organization. This was established bj an Imperial Edict dated the 17th December^- 1908, under the direction of six officials, chosen from the ranks of Princes of the Blood and Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Ministries (Manchu), who were directed to consider the revision of the Banner regulations in consultation with the Council of State. This Commission (the establishment of which was foreseen by the programme of Constitutional Peforms) has, as is stated in an Edict of the 26th December, 1908, to revise the regulations of " the Banner organization so as to fit present conditions of the Empire and to devise means for teaching every Bannerman to earn a living and become independent." Further, the same Decree adds that "there is no intention at present of stopping the pensions and allowances issued to every Bannerman, and all are to continue, as usual, to draw the same, that there shall be no misapprehension on the part of Bannermen." To the Commission has been given the task of reorganizing the Banner Corps, the main idea in view being to annul the differences between Manchus and the Chinese population by 1915. 1H6A. UnmMM M it ic E Tsung^ Ssui ^-^^^^ T'ungi Ch'i' Chih* Ch'u* Ta'' Ch'en^ Presidents of tlfe Commission for the Revision of the Banner Organization ; at present, as stated above (see No. 186), there are six. The staff of the Commission has not as yet been arranged for. THE ANTI-OPIUM COMMISSION. 187. The Anti-Opium Commission (The Opium Prohibition, Commission) was established by an Imperial Edict,- dated the- [ C8 ] PKKSEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA. 7th April, 1908, which appointed four ^^X^ ('l^in* Yen^ ^^® Ta? Ch'cn', Opium Prohibition Commissioners, with ^ ^ I ^^ ^ ^ P'u' Wei*, Prince Kxmg', Prince of the First Degree, nt 188b its head. The Commission was given great power with reference to the examination of officials and populace and it was directed that the expenses of the Commission be defrayed from local Opiimi Taxes. For its administration the Commission was instructed to di-aw up suitable Regulations. Originally composed of four officials only as stated above, there were later appointed Jg |^ T'i' Tiao^ Proctors (3 to 4 in niunber) to assist the Commission and, by Regulations drawn up by the Commission (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 7th June, 1908), there have been established at all the Provincial capitals : 188. ^:)^:&P/f Chin* Yen* Kung* So^ Anti-Opium Bureaux, at the head of which are officials of high local rank {Provincial Treasurers, (^ommissionei's of Education, Police Taofais) as ^ ^Jj} Tu* Pan*; also fjg JM Tsung' Li^ Superin- tendents. As regards the actual management of these Bureaux, the Governor-General or Governor ap{)oints an official, as i^ |^ Tsung' Pan*, Bureau Chief. At places other than provincial capitals thei*e are established, eitlicr by the Government or on private account, offices called : 18HA. ?lj^ ^ ^ Chleh* Yen' Chir, Anti-Opium Offices. The internal organization and the functions of the Anti-Opium Offices aie similar to those of the Anti-Opium Bureaux {see No. \HH). Finally, the Authorities everywhere exhort the Gentry to •establish : IHHM. Jl^i^^^iH. <"hieh* Yen' Hui* She*, Anti-Opium Societies, the aim of which is to struggle by every means •(including the issue of newspapers) against opium-snii iking (scr detail.s in article by V. V. Ilagelstrom, " Summary of Measures PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZIATION OF CHINA. 189 taken b)^ the Chinese Government for abolishing Opium-smoking in China," in the "Chinese Good News" of the 28th June, 1909,. issue 9-10, pagfes 1-13). COMMITTEE IN CHARQE OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE IMPERIAL MAUSOLEUM, "CH'UNQ LINQ." I i«9. ^^X^^ Ch'ung2 Ling2 Kungi'Ch'eng^^ Ch'u% Committee in Charge of ( 'onstruction of the Imperial Mausoleum, " Ch'urig Ling"; appointed by Imperial Edict of the 5th January, 1909. This Committee of four ^K f^ ^ f'^ X ^^ i^ ^ Ch'eng^ Hsiu^ Ch'ung^ Ling^ Kung' (Jh'eng^ Ta"* Ch'en^, Commissioners in Charge of Construction of the Imperial Mausoleum, " Ch'ung Ling" (Princes g^ ^ Tsai* HsiinS if fj^ P'u' Lun-, and $^ ^ Tsai^ 'Ise^, and the late Grand Secretary, ^ '^ M> Lu* Ch'uan^- lin^), under the presidency of Prince ( "h'ing, was detailed to take charge of the Construction of a mausoleimi, to be styled ^ |^ Ch'ung^ Ling", for the reception of the remains of the laie Emperor ^f. ^ 7?: ^ ^ Tg^ Tsung^ Ching^ Huang^ Ti^ from his reign known as ^ |f Kuang^ Hsii^ (1875-1908), near the Western Mausolea {see No. 56 9c), in the valley ^ fl ll||f Chin* Tjung^ Yii'' (of the Golden Dragon). The work of constructing the Mausoleum is going on under the supervision of officials, holding office at the Capital, selected by the Commission, styled ^ ^ .Chien^ Txi\ Inspectors (eight, see Memorial of the Commission, dated 16th January, 1909), and ^ f^ Chien^ Hsiu^, Overseers (about 35 of these ; see Memoiial of the Commission, dated 12th February, 1909). The Edict of the 16th January, 1909, directed that the Emperor Kuang Hsii's Mausoleum should be constructed on the same lines as that of the Emperor T'ung Chih (1862-1875), the M ^ Hui* Ling2, and that it should be completed within five years ; the Commission then to be dissolved. [ 70 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA. HISTORIOGRAPHICAL C0MMI5510N. 190 190. ^ f,^ ^ Shih' Lu^ Kuan'; Commission of Historio- graphy ; appointed by Imperial Edict of the 21st February, 1909, at the Grand Secretariat (see No. 130), for the compilation — ^ ^ Ch'un^ Ch'iu', i.e. in chronolou^ieal order — of the annals of the reign oC the Emperor ^\ 7^ ^ ^^ '^^' Tsung^ Ching^ Huang- Ti% from his reign called ^ f.g- Ivuang' Hs'.i* (1875 — 1908). Detailed Kules for the Commission, defining its duties and determiiung its staff", drawn up by the < 'ommis^ion itself, were submitted to the Throne and received Imperial Sanction on the 23rd September, 1909. At the head of the Commission of Historiography is a ^fflt^t^ Chien' Hsiu^ Tsung^* Ts'ai^ Director-General (one of the Grand Secretaries). His staff consists of: 1- .^ ^ a^ Tsung^ Ts'ai^ Directors (chosen from the Grand Secretaries. 3!iiii>ters of State and President of the <'ensorate ; of these, 2 are jjj^ fj^ ^ Man^ T>ung' Ts'ai^, Manchu Directors, 2 are j^ ^|^ ^^ Han' Tsung^ Ts'ai", i'liinese Directors, and 1 is ^I^W.'^ ^l'"".i?' l^u' Tsuiig3 Ts-ai-, Mongol Director) ; -• '' wlj W> lie '^'"^ Tsung-^ Ts'ai^ Vice-Directors (chosen from the \'icc-l*resident.s of Ministries ; 3 are Manchua and 3 are Chinese', 3. 3 Jl ^ T'i- Tiao\ Proctors (1 Mam-hu, 1 Clilnese and 1 Mongol), -*• G ^ .^- Tsung' TsuaIl^ < 'hief Revisers (2 Manchus, 2 (hinese and 2 Mongols), •'>• 12 ^ fij'f Tsuan' Hsiu', Pevisers (14 Manchus, 20 Chinese and s Mongols), 6- '0 tfJJi liff Hsieh^ Il-iii', Assistant Pevisers(12 Mniiciius, 20 Chiuesc and H Mongols), 7. ^ ^ Shou' Chang', Archivisls (no fixel number), [ ■' J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 191 8 i^^j Chiao* Tui"*, Correctors (number not fixed), to 9- |S^ ^ Fan^ I*, Translators (number not fixed), and 197 10. j^ ^J Kungi Shih'', Clerks (number not fixed). THE NATIONAL ACADEMY. 191. ^ # 15c Han^ Lin^ Yiian^ The National Academy ; the highest establishment of learning in the Empire. The drawing up of government documents, histories and other works devolves upon this institution. Its chief officers direct the various classes, encouraging them to the acquisition of the highest literary degrees, which aiFord access to the most eminent go\ernment posts (for instance, that of Grand Secretary). The chief officers of the National Academy are : 192. ^ gc ^ ± Chang^ Yiian^ Hsiieh^ Shih^ Chancellors of the National Academy ; 2b, (one Manchu and one' Chinese). These officials are usually Grand Secretaries, Presidents or Vice-Presidents of Ministries. 193. ^ ± Hsiieh^ Shih^ Members of the Academy (Academician) ; 3a, (two ; one Manchu and one Chinese). This post AvaB established on the 3rd April, 1908, in consequence of a Memorial from the Committee of Ministers. 194. f#il ^ ± Shih* Tu- Hsiieh' Shih% Headers of the Academy (two ; one Manchu and one Chinese) ; 4a. The rank of this post was, in 1903, raised from 4b to 4>.\.. 195. ^M^± Shih^ Chiang^ Hsiieh'^ Shih^ Expositors of the Academy (two Manchus and three Chinese) ; 4a. In 1909 the rank of this post was raised from 4b to 4a. 196. (^ ^' Shih'' Tii^ Sub-reader of the Academy (two are Manchus and three ai-e Chinese) ; 4b. The rank of this post was raised from 5b to 5a in 1903, and to 4b in 1909. 197. "^ 1^ Shih^ Chiang', Sub-expositor (two Manchus and three Chinese) ; 4b. In 1909 the rank of this post was raised from 5b to 4i . [ '-2 ] PKESEXT DAY TOLITICAL OKGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA. 198. f5| ^ ("Iiuan^ WOir, Composers (four in number) ; 198 5a. This post was established in 1903 and its rank raised from tO €a to 5a in 1909. 201 199. fj^, ^J E|> Pi^ Shu^ Lantyled §J ^ Liir Kuan\ i.e. n tained at the .\cadcmy ; those unsucccsbfiil ;t( described as m5^ ^U •'*^an* Knnn', relented from [ '-^ ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAJ. ORGANIZATION OF CIIIXA. ^^^^ study, and receive appointments as District Magistrates or as to Secretaries of Boards. 205 At the head of the Department of Study are : 20lA. Two 15: ^ :/c E Chiao" Hsi" Ta* Ch'en^ Senior Professors (one Manchu and one Chinese). They are assisted by two J§ ^ T'i' Tiao\ Proctors, and ^ ^ Chiao^ PIsi^ Professors (number indefinite). For dealing with correspondence there is a staff of ^ [flj^ J^ Pi' T'ieh' ShihS Clerks. 202. m. f§ ^; Tien^ Pu^ T'ingS Eecora Office ; stationed here are two M. f^ Tien' Pu^ Senior xirchivists (one Manchu and one ('hinesej ; 8b, and two JL @ K'ung' Mu*, Jimior Archivists (one Manchu and one Chinese) ; of unclasscd rank. For correspondence work there is a staff of ^ |j]^ x^ Pi* T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks. 203. fl^ fg H Tai^ Chao^ T'ing\- Office for Compilation of Edicts (Manifests). To this office there are attached two f^ f^ Tai* ChaoS Compilers ; 9b, and a staff of ^- iflj^ it^ Pi^ T'ieh^ ShihS Clerks. 204. IE Jg t£ It Ch'i' Chiii Ohu^ Kuan', Office for Keeping a Diary of the Emperor's Movements. To this office there are attached 20 ^ |E ^ J^ -g' Jih' Chiang'' Ch'i' Chii* Chu* Kuan', Diarists (8 Manchus and 12 Chm ;se), .3 5^ Ijf Chu' ►Shih*, Assistant Diarists (two Manchus and o^ne Chinese), and a staff of ^ (Ji,F,- ^ Pi3 T'ieh' 8hih^ Clerks. The officials attached to this office are on duty at the Palace daily. 205. ^ ^ III Kuo^ Shih' Kuan', State Historiographer's Office ; where a chronicle of the x-eign is written u]). This chronicle, written in triplicate in what are called ^||^ iSJiih^ Lu% is kept secret until the death of the reigning Emperor, when one copy is deposited at the National Academy, one sent to the [ "4 ] TKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Grand Secretariat, and one copy is preserved at the old capital of 20oa the Manchu Dynasty, Moukden. to On the State Historiographer's Office devolves the task of 206 compiling official biographies of eminent statesmen, for embodi- ment in the historv of the reign affected, wiien directed by S])i'cial Edict to do so. In charge of the State Historiographer's Office is a : 205a. ^^ ^ Tsung' Ts'ai'^ Director-General (usually one of the Ministers of State), and a flij |j^l ^ Fu"* Tsung^ Ts^ai^, Assistant Director-General. These are assisted by 4 |^ Ipj T'i^ Tiao^ Proctors (two Mauchus and two v'hinese), 10 l^j ^ Tsung' Tsuan^, Revisers (four Mancluis and six Chinese), 34 ^ ftff Tsiiau'Hsiu', Compilers (12 Manchus and 22 Chinese), and If) ^ ^)] Cjiiao' Tui'*, Correctors (eight Manchus and eight Chinese;. THE CENSORATE. 206. ^\ ^ ^ Tu' Ch'a- Yiian\, The C^ensorate (literary designation, (^ ^ ^ Yii' Shili^ T'ai^); by the code of laws entrusted with the duty oi censiu'ing officials, when necessary, for their neglect or incompetency in official affairs, their behavior and private life, and charged with the care of the public morals. In addition to their official title, members of the Censoratc are often called If @ '^ I'^i'h^ Mu' Kuan^ The blyes and Eai's (through which the Kmperor is made ••ware of the state of the Empirej, and ^ ^ Yen^ Kuan', Speech Officials, i.e. Officials having freedom of speech. The Cen.sorate institution in China is extremely old ; it is spoken of in the ^ Ch'in^ dynasty, i.e. two centuries liA'. Some reforms in the Censorate were made in 1906 in accordance with a Memorial, emanating from that bodv itself, 8anM ^ ^^^^^ '^"^ ^^^ ^^^^'' Senior Presidents of the Censorate (one Manchu and one Chinese). 207b. :& :M^) HH B& Yu* Tu^ Yii* Shih', Junior President of the Censorate. Tliis title is borne by Governor-Generals. 208. ^ glj ^ iJ ^ Tso3 Fn^ Tu^ Yii* ShiliS Senior Vice-President of the Consorate (literary designation, glj ^ Fu^ Hsien*) ; 3a. 208a, Before the reform of the Censorate there were two & llJ i>^ ^ Tso' Fu* Tu^ Yii* Shih^ Senior Vice-P}-esidents of the Censorate (one Manchu and one Chinese). 209. ;ff glj Sl^ to ^ Yu^ Fu* Tu' Yii^ Shih^,- Junior Vice- Presidenr of the ( 'ensorate (literary designation, glj ^ Fu* Hsien*) ; 3a. This title is borne by Governors. 209a. Before its reform there were four :^ |\lj ^ ^ ^ Yu* Fu* Tu^ Y'i* Shih^ Junior Vice-Presidents of the Censorate (two Manchus and two Chinese). 210. J|^^r1< ^P5 Chi^ Shih* Chungi Ya^ Mrn^, Office for Scrutiny of Metropolitan Officials. Its staff consists of two ^1^13 I^^Fjl Chang* Yin^ Chi* Shih^ Chung', Senior Metropolitan Censors (literally, "Keepers of the Seal"); 4a, 18 ^ ^ fft Chi* Shih'* Chung\ Junior Metropolitan Censors ; 5a, and, for correspondence, 30 ^ ifi,^ ^ Pi* T'ieh^ Shih*, derks, 210a. At the i^ ^ 4i ^j pg Chi* Shih* Chungi Ya= Men^ (see No, 210) it is intended to establish a ifpf ^ ^ Yen^ Chiu^ So*, Reference Library, containing A'^arious woiks, and where Foreign and Chinese newspapers will be kept on file, so tliat the Censors may be enabled to follow political events at home and abroad and thus carry out their duties more thoroughly. [ 7r, ] ntESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA. 212b For managing; the Reference Library there are to be two 210b f§ I^ T'i* Tiao\ Proctors, and two |g ^ Pien' I*, ^Transhitors 4.q (Interpreters): 21 On. Previous to the reform of the (^ensorate the OHice for Scrutiny of Mrtropolitan Officials was organized somewhat ditferently than at present : it consisted of ;;i^ p[ Liu* K'o', Six Sections (there being six Ministries), for scrutinizing the doings of the various Ministries. In e.ch Section there were two ^^n^^ljfrfl Change Yin* Chi^ Shih* (;iuing\ Senior MetropoHtan Censors, as Section Chiefs, assisted by two |^ ^ pf» Chi^ Shih* Chung', Junior Metropolitan Censors (literaiy designation, ^M^ T"' ^''il'' T'ing', Chancery of the Censorate ; here are stationed two ^ i^ Tu^ Shih*, Offi-.ials of the Censorate Chancery ; 6a. -!-• MM'M Ching' Li* T'ing', Registry of the Censorate. At the Kegistrj there are two *g ^ Ching' 1A\ Registrars ; 6a. 212a. At the Chancery (see No. 211) and the Registry (see Xo. 212a) there is a staff of ^4^^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih* (30 in all). Also, at the Chancei;y there are an indefinite nimiber of ^. 3^1' ^) 'K 1'^* ^^^ai* '^^^ Shih*, Supernumerary Chancery Officials, and at the Registry there are an indefinite ninnber of-^ ^[» ^^ j^ E* Wai' (Jhing' Li*, Supernumerary Registrars. 212b. Tf: 1j^ -^ rU'C-uir^ Fa' K'o', Trans^mission Office. This office existed before the reorganization of tlic (^ensorate, and it is now the intention to bring it again into being as an office similar to the p] ^ j^ Ssu' Wu* T'ing', Chanceries (see No. 2U()) which are found at all the Ministries. It is to be 8tyle;es ; 4a. Tins otiicial lias subordinated to him 19 ^ilf} |f| ^ Hsing' K'o' T'ui^ Shill^ Secretaries of the Department of C'l-iminal Cases ; 5a. He is in charge of the : 218a. Jf\] ^'^\ Using' K'o\ Department of Criminal Cases ; this Department consists of 4 j^ T'ing', ISections, namely : 1. ^ — 5^ Ti^ I' T'ing*, First Section ; supervising cases inspired by the Emperor and also cases concerning crimes against the State, 2. ^ H J^ 'i i* Erh^ Ting^ Second Section ; supervising cases concerning crimes committed by Imperial Clansmen, ^ |^ Tsung^ Shih''. and officials, 3. ^ ^ J^ ^ i* San' T'ing^, Third Section ; supervising appeals against judgments of the Metropolitan Coin-t of Assizes, and 4. ^ p^ ^ 'i'i* Ssu* T'ing^ Fourth Section ; supervising appeals against judgments of Provincial Courts of Assizes. 219. J\S ^ |{li ^ Min^ K'o' VnV Ch'eng', Director of tlie Department of (Mvil Cases; 4a. This ofhcial has subordinated to him 9 Jv^ f^ 4j| ijf Min^ K'o' T'ui' Shih*, Secretaries of the Department of Civil Cases; .5a. He is in charge of the : 219a. XV: >f-l" ^li"' K'o', Department of Civil Cases, consisting of 2 ^ T'ing', as shown below : 1. ^ _ jy^- 'Ji< P T'ing', First Section ; dealing with civil oases concerning '>^ ^ Tsung' Shih', Imjierial Clansmen, and with appeals, in civil cases, against judgments of the ^letropolitan Court of Assizes, and 2. 3S "^ JG^ Ti* I rli* I'ing', Second Section ; dealing with appeals, in civil cases, against judgments of Dmvincial Courts of Assizes. 220. Ml f?| as Tloir' 1*11* T'ing', < 1 ancery and Record Office. 'J ir-s offi«-e is supervised by a ^ \\\l ^V- '^'"^ '^"'e»^ I'"S [ HI ] PRESENT D \.T POLITICAL OKGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA. 323 221 Chief Archivist; 5b, as Chancery Chief, who is assisted by 4 to m ^ Tien^ Fn\ Archivists ; 6b, 6;?^ fg Chu* Pu^, Eegfstrars ; 7a, and 30 ^ ^ Lu* Shih*, Writers (of the eighth and ninth r£tnks). 22 h # ^ ^ K'an^ Shou^ So^ House of Detention. This is in charge of a ^ ^^^ J^ ;g K'an^ Shou' So^ Chang\ Chief Supervisor of the House of Detention ; 5 b, who is assisted by 4 ^ ^ Bf W K'an^ Shou^ So^ Kuan', Supervisors of the House of Detention ; 8a, and 2 || ^ Lu'* Shih^ Writers ; 9a (see No. 767). Because of the pressure of aftairs, there was established in 1908, in accordance with a Memorial from the Supreme Court of Justice, the unclassed post of §' ^ B'? Wi =^1 K'an^ Shou^ So^ Hsieh^ Li\ Assistant Chief Supervisor of the House of Detention, for performing the duties of which there are deputed officials from the Supreme Court. 222. M W. ^ B Tsung^ Chien^ Ch'a^ T'ingS Attorney- General's Office ; established at the Supreme Court of Justice on lines similar to those of Prosecutors of judicial organizations of lower rank {see Nos. 762 to 765). Besides functioning as public prosecutor, the Attorney- General's Office holds inquests, where necessary, in cases in which the Supreme Coiu-t is the court of first and last appeal (see No. 215a) and has control over Prosecutors of lower courts. At the head of the Attorney-General's Office is a W, Wi^ B B ^ Tsungs Chien^ Ch'a^ T'ing^ T'ingi Ch'cng^, Attorney-General ; 3b. He has subordinated to him 6 ;^ ^ 'g' Chien' Ch'a^ Kuan', Attorneys ; 5a, 1 j^ If Chu' Pu*, Eegistrar ; 7a, and 4 II ^ Lu^ Shih^ Writers ; 9a. IMPERIAL BOARD OF ASTRONOMY. 223. fC ^ g^ Ch'ini T'ieni ChienS Imperial Board of Astronomy ; compiles the calendar, makes astronomical aiici [ 8-^ ] PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORG AXIZ ATIOX OF CHINA. meteorological observations, ami selects so-called ^ Q Chi- Jih*, 224 "lucky days," for important State undertakings. tO At the head of the Board is a : ggg 224. <^ ftn iK^^^B Kuan' Li' Ch'in^ T'ien^ Chien* Shih* Wu*, Chancellor of the Imperial Board of Astronomy ; appointed by the Emperor, usually one of the Princes of the Blood. 22.5. i)t ^ ^ ii lE ' "hMn^ T-ien^ Chien^ Chien* Cheng*, Directors of the Imperial Board of Astronomy ; 5\ (one Manchu and one Chinese). 226. ^ ^ fii :i ^ Sll <^^li'in' T'ien^ Chien* Tso^ Chien* Fu*, Senior Vice- Directors of the Imperial Board of Astronomy; 6a (one Mc iichu and one Chinese). 227. itJi^^^i Si\\ <^'l''in' 'i''ieu^ Chien* Yu* Chien* tu*, Junior Vice-Director of the Imperial Board of Astronomy ; Gb (one Manchu and one Chinese), 227a. Formerly there were 2 ^ ^Ij Chien* Fu*, Vice- Directors ; 6^, 1 ^ ^ m'i 'I'^o* Chien Fu% Senior Assistant Vice-Director; Gr., and 1 ;& ^ glj Yu* Chien* Fu*, Junior Assistant Vice-Director ; Gb, on the Board of Astronomy. 227b. The :/c Xra Q" 1^ 'J'ai' Ch'ing^ Hui* Tien^ or the " Institutes of the Empire of the Ta Ch'ing Dynasty," contains the proviso that the posts of Director, and Senior and Junior Assistant Vice-Director, of the Imperial Board of Astronomy are to be held by Fluropeans. 22H. ^ ^ Chu' Pu*, Registrar ; 8a (one Mancini and one Chinese;. 22J^. H$ )J^ ^ Shih- Hsien* K'o', Calendar Section ; here thf calejjdar is compiled, the seasons are defined and the 24 periods of the year arranged. The staff" of tiiis Section is composed of : 1. 5 3l 'y' IE ^^ "^ ICiiaii' Cheng', Asirononifrs ; charged with general astronomical calculations, [ 88 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 232 QOQ 2. 1 # If jE Ch'iinV Kiian^ Cheng*, Astronomer for the Spring, 1 S ^ IE Hsia* Kvian^ Cheng^ Astronomer for the Summer, 1 rjl 'g* IE Chung^ Kuan^ Cheng*, Astronomer for the Mid-year, 1 ^jl^ 1* iE Ch'iu^ Kuan^ Cheng*, Astronomer for the Autumn, 1 ^ 'g* IE Tung^ Kuan^ Cheng*, Astronomer for the Wintei", 3. 1 p] ^ Ssu^ Shu\ Compiler ; charged with issuing the calendar ,_ 4. 20 [t| H^ ^o^ Shih% Mathematicians ; 9b, and 5. ^ ijii^ J^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks (number not fixed). 230. ^ ^ 14 T'ien^ Wen^ K'o', Astronomical Section ; makes astronomical and meteorological observations. The staff of this Section is composed of : 1. 8 ^^1$ Ling- T'ai' Lang", Supervisors of the Observatory ; 7 b, 2. 6 "in i Po'^ Shih*, Mathematicians; 9b, 3. 1 la fi^ Chien* Hou*, Observer ; 9a, and 4. ^ ilJi" x^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks (number not fixed). 231. M M # Lou* K'o* K'o\ Section of the (Clepsydra ; observes time by the clepsydra and selects " lucky " days for im^portant affairs. This Section is carried on by : 1. 4 ^^iE Hsieh* Hu^ Cheng*, Keepers of Clepsydra; 8a, 2. 1 p) M Ssu^ ('h'en-, Assistant Keeper of the Clepsydra, *^- ^ in i P^' Shih*, Mathematicians ; 9b, and 4. ^ iji,^ j^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks (number indefinite). 232. ^ ^ ^ ^ T'ien^ Wen"' Suan* Hsuelr, Astronomical College ; where those who are desirous of joining the service at the Observatory are examined and where lectures on the sciences necessary to the proper performance of astronomical duties are held. The College is administered by : 1. Wn§{^m.^^m^^f^ Kuan' Li' Ch'in^ T'ieni chieu* T'ien' Wcn^ Suan* Hsiielr . Shih* Wu*, SuperiritendcAit of the Astronomical (^ollege ; this post is an [ 84 J I'nESK.Xr DAY FOLITICAL ORGAXIZATJOX OF ClIIXA. adjunct of that of 'Chancellor of 'he Imperial Board of Astrononiv 232a (see No. 224), and ^^ •2. WjM P: ^ ¥d ^ ^ n ^ m hi Hsielr Li^ ChMn^ ^3^ T'ien' Chien* TMen' Wen- Suan^ Hsiieh- Sliili^ Wu'*, Assistant Superintendent of tlie Astronomical CoHege , this post is an adjunct of that of Director of tiie Imperial Board of Astrononiy (.ser Xo. 225). 232a. BI/ fi I^ < "li'i' Chiao* T'ing', Preceptory ; under a JU;|^ Clui^ t hiao\ Precei)tor, and 2 ^ f^ Chiao^ Hsi', Teachers. THE IMPERIAL MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 233. i,^ ^ P5t; T'ai* I' Y^ian^ The Imperial .Medical Department : for the Emperor and his associates. At the head of this Dej)artment is a : Wu*, Superintendent of the Imperial Medical Department ; this post is usually given to a Minister oF the Household. 235. iK^^'^K. i^ 'l^'ai' ^' "^'i':^"' ^^i'""' Shih^ Com- missioner of the Imperial Medical De])artment ; 5a 23r,. X^^K.'& P^ ^il T'ai' r Yiian^ Tso^^ Yiian' P'an\ Senior Vice-Commissioner of the Imperial Medical Department ; 6a. 230a. is^^f^^^Z^ ^'•:"' I' ^''■'•"'' V"' Viian* T-au', Junior Vico-CoTuniissioncr of the Iiii])erial Mcdicnl Dcj)artment ; 6a. 237. '^v^M. ShouM.ing^TMng', Office of Administration; managed In 2 ]^ \^ I A' Mxi\ Secretaries, 1 {ffl ^ Yii' I', Imperial IMiysician, ami 1 ^ ^ I' Shili\ l'hysi<-ian, all entitled ^^'MfiB^ Ckien' Shou^ Ling^ T'ing' ShiM, ?>. Administrators. 23ft. ^ ^ Yii^ r, Imperial IMiysiciMi. ; 7a (15). 239. A ,^, ]^ [3 P.'i' I'-in' Li' Mn', Secrctnrv of the Eighth Rank (12j. [ H.' ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 239a 239a. :^ ^ is @ ^hiu^ P'in^ Li^ Mu+, Secretaries of the tQ Ninth Eank (15j. P4~ 240. g ± I' Shih*, Physician (the rules call for 24 but sometimes they number as many as 30). BOARD OF CUSTOMS CONTROL. 241. It ^ ^ Sliui* Wu" (ni'u*, Board of Customs Control. This came into existence in accordance with an Edict dated the 9th May, 1 906, and controls all Chinese and Foreign employes of the Customs (see Nos. 253 and 311). At the Board of Customs Control there are : 242. . Two ^ m ^B±^ "^^^ Pan^ Shui^ Wu* Ta* Ch'en^ Superintendents of the Board of Customs Control (this post is an additional office held by a President or a Vice-President of a Ministry). 243. One ^ p f^ ^ ^^ g Pang^ Pan^ Shui* Wu^ Ta* Ch'en^, Assistant Superintendent of the Board of Customs Control (this post is an additional office held by a President or a Vice- President of a Ministry). 244. Jg 1^ T'i^ Tiao% Proctor. 245. ^ tg i^ Pangi T'i^ TiaoS Assistant Proctor. 246. The Board of Customs Control consists of 4 ^^ Ku', Sections. For each Section there is a ||g |/jf Tsung" Pan\ Section Chief, assisted by 3 or 4 |^ |/j|: Pang^ Pan*, Assistants, and 1 or 2 ^ ^ Wei^ Yiian^, Deputies (these posts are usually held by junior officials of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Finance or by Expectants of provincial offices, up to and inclusive of Taotais). 247. ^ — 95 Ti* I' Ivu^, First Section ; considers duties on mechanical and manufactured goods and minerals, gives decisions on Customs Regulations, audits Customs revenue returns and studies trade conditions at the ports. PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 248. ^ H ^ Ti"' Erh^ Ku^ Second Section ; deals M-ith 248 duties collected by " Nartive " (old Chinese) Customs and tO exemption of goods from duty, looks into foreign loans and their 252 acquittance — including the 1900 Indemnity — and supervises certain taxes, i.e. the salt gabelle and Likin, collected by the Mantime Customs, settles the tariff of import and export duties and takes measures to pre\ ent the smuggling of goods into the country. 2-i9. ^ H 5x Ti* San^ Kti^, Third Section ; supervises the tax collected on foreign and native opium and the issue of Transit Certificates for foreign goods sent to the interior, controls inland waters shipping, construction of harbours, lighthouses and pontoons, and tonnage dues and studies the Customs of foreign countries. 250. ^ ^ Ti-* Ssu-* KuS Fourth Section ; deals with Postal affairs of the Empire, the transfer and appointment of Customs Officials, as well as their rcAvard, the staff of the Board of ('ustoms Contrpl, and keeps the accounts of the last-mentioned. 251. lf$J H ^ Shou^ Fa^ Ch'u^ Registry or Chancery ; keeps the seal, looks over incoming and out-going despatches and telegrams, archives, etc. At this office there are 3 ^ p Wei' Yiian', Deputies, and 1 %^ f§ fg ^ Tsa' Wu' Wei' YuanS Unclassed Deputy. 252. f^ S ^ ^ Shui^ Wu* Hsiieh" T'ang^, C'ustoms College; attached to the; Board of Customs Control. 'Ihis •College was established in 1908 for preparing young men for service in the Customs. The ('ustoms College is divided into two sections, i.e. i^ ^ ^ Bu' Hsi' K'o', Preparatory Section, and -/^p( Pen^ K'o\ Spe-jial Section. For the first there are accepted pupils between the ages •ol 14 ..nd 20 years who have jtassed the Middle ^^chool examinations (see Nos. 580 to 582), after a competitive examinatnn ; for the Sj)eciiil Section there aie cliosen scholars [ «7 ] PRESENT DAY POI.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 253 betAveen the ages of 16 and 22 } ears — who have passed the Middle iSchool examinations and speak Enghsh — after a competitive examination. The enrollment of the Preparatory Section is oO and that o£ the Special Section is 36. The course of study in the iSpecial Section covers four years. Besides (Jhinese, there is instruction in foreign languages (Kussian, French, German and Japanese, all optional, and English, compulsory), history, geography, mathematics, physics, political economy, international law, commercial law, history of the development of trade, differentiation of merchandise, statistics, political and commercial treaties, (Justoms regulations, book- keeping, etc. Graduates of the College are entitled to the same privileges as graduates of High Schools {see No. 583). At the head of the Customs C^ollege is a |f| $^ Tsung^* Pan^^ Director, and subordinated to him are 1 Inspector (sec No. 649), 1 li 1^ ^ Tsung' Chiao-^ Hsi-, Senior Teacher, 8 f jc ^ Chiao* Hsi-, Teachers, 1 ^ f^ ^ ^ Chai^ Wu^ Wei' Yiian^, Supervisor of Dormitories (sec No. 645), 1 ^; ff ^ ^ Shu^ Wu"* Wei^ YiJan^, Steward (compare No. 641), 1 ^ 'g* I^ Kuan', Physician, 1 Writer {see No. 642), 1 Book-keeper {see No. 643), 2 Secretaries (sec No. 650) and 2 "r^ ^ Ssu' Shu', Clerks. Kegulations for the Customs College, drawn up by the Superintendents of the Board of Customs Control, were sanctioned by the Emperor on the 21st May, 1909. THE IMPERIAL MARITIME CUSTOMS. 253. f^ g§ Hai^ Kuan', Chinese Imperial jNIarltlme Customs : functions at all ports open to foreign trade (j^ f^ p ^ T'ung' Shang' KW An^. The Impei-ial Maritime Customs was started in 1854, at the initiative of the British, French and American Consuls, at [ <^« ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Shanghai, when, the native city having Leen captured l)y the 254 rebels, the authorities were unable to collect the duties on foreign tO goods. Proving very successful, it was extended to oiher ports. 257 At the head of the Service, by order of the Governor- General, was placed an Englishman, I^ay, as Inspector General of Customs. lu 1863 Mr. Lay was replaced by Sir (then i\Ir.) Kobert Hart, who has retained his post to the present and to whose ability in organization and indefatigable zeal the Chinese owe that the Maritime Customs is now one of the great sources of revenue to the Treasury. The staff of the Imperial Maritime Customs, mostly recruited from Foreigners (at least, they ftold most of the high positions), was formerly undei* the supervision of the Yamen of Foreign Affairs, — up to 1901, — and, later, under the Board of Foreign Affairs {sec No. 311). However, in 1906, the Imperial Alaritime Customs was subordinated, by Imperial ICdict, to the Board of Customs Control {scr Xos. 241 and 311), a purely Chinese organization, with a view to closer supervision of th'^ fceign administr.jtion of Chinese interests. The administration of the Chinese Imperial ^Maritime Customs is arranged as follows : 2-^-1 li^. $t B ^ W Tsung-^ Shui* Wu^ Ssui Shu', Inspectorate General of Customs. ^■^•^- ^^ ^ f^ m) Tsung=^ Shui* Wu^ Ssu\ Inspector General of Customs, to whom appertains the supreme direction (»f the Imperial Maritime Customs throughout the Empire and the general supers i>i()n of Postal affairs (srr No. 273). 2^6. JglJ ^ ^ 1^ nl Fu^ Tsung' Sluii' Wu' Ssii', Deputy Inspector (Jencral of (Justom-. 2.07. Sa Jl >SC ^ ;f^{; ^ S Ts.uig^ Li' W en» An' 8hui' Wu' Smi', Chief Se«-retary. r 81) 1 I'RESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA. 258 258. ^mm^^M^ B ^ i^^an^ Li^ Han^ Wen^ IQ Wen=^ An* Shui* Wu* Ssu\ Chinese Secretary. gg^ 259. mM ^ n ^m ^ UB "^ Wei^ Hsnn^ Ko" K'ou^ K'uan' Hsiang* Shih* Shui* Wu* Ssu^, Audit Secretary. 260. ^^mB »l Chii^ Ying^ Shui* Wu* Ssu^, Non- resident Secretary. 261. it fift jl ^ S p] Tsao* Ts'e" Ch'u* Shui* Wu^ Ssu', Statistical Secretary. 262. g il ^MfSWuB Rl Hsiang' Pan* Wen^ An* Fu* Shni* Wu* Ssu\ Assistant Secretary. 263. g if ^ ^ ^ ^ gij ^ a ^J Hsiang^ Pan* Han* Wen^ Wen^ An* Fu* Shui* Wu* Ssu^, Assistant Chinese Secretary. 264. m^^nmmmmUB^ Hsiang^ Ch'a=^ Ko* K'ou^ Kuan^ Hsiang* Shih* Fu* Shui* Wu* Ssu\ Assistant Audit Secretary. 265. 3a iIJi- ^ aij it 3^ o] Tsao* Ts'6* Ch'u* Fu* Shui* Wu* Ssii\ Assistant Statistical Secretary. 266. li Wl ^ ^ ^ Tsung^ Ssu^ Lu* Shih* Ssu\ Private Secretary. 267. ii ^ ^ ii T'ungi Shang^ Ko* KuanS The Maritime Customs at the Open Ports. The administration of the ]Maritime Qustoms at the open ports is arranged as follows : 1- ^ ^ RJ Shui* Wu* Ssu^, Commissioner of Customs. 2- W f^ ^ U Shu* Shui* Wu* Ssu\ Acting Commissioner of Customs. 3' S'J ^ ^ "^ ^^^^ Shui* Wu* Ssu\ Deputy. Commissioner of Customs. 4. ^ U^l U B wl Shu* Fu* Shui* Wu* Ssu^ Acting Deputy Commissioner of Customs. 5. ft 5M 1; ^ nl Tai* Li^ Shui* Wu* Ssu\ Assistant in Charge. 6- M^WM <^'li'ao' Teng' Pang^ Pan*, Chief Assistant. [ 'JO ] PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. "• M^^ M T'on^ Teng^ Panir' PanS First Assi^ant. 268 «• H ^ ^ jr/jl KrH^ Tcno;^ Pang^ Pan% Second Assistant. ^^ *J. ii Jn ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^'il <^'ii"^ ^'l^ing^' "^"^h' Hsi' Han^ ^69 Wen' Pang' Pan^, Assistant Studying Chinese. 10. fit ||T Kung^ Shili*, Clerk. There are also lliird and Fourth Assistants. 26 S. For the examination of cargo there are tlie folloAving officers of the Customs : I- M'^i^l^ Cli'ii^>' Teng^ Tsung^ Hsiin', Chief Tide- survevor. -• fiti ^ T& 'j»a '^'^^^' Tcng' Tsung^ Hsiin^, Tidesurveyor. 3. ^- m k W fS 5i^ ^1"'' I^i' '^'oxr Tcng' Tsung' HsiinS Acting Tidesurveyor. -• H ^ t& Wi ^'''•^'' Teng^ Tsung' HsiinS Assistant Tide- surveyor. •5- H n^ t^, y&. S^"' T('ng' Tsung^ Hsiin^, Boat Officer. r,. -^- Jf H ^i ^IS 5^ ^li"' I-i' San' Teng^ Tsung' Hsiin^, Acting Boat Officer, "• 51 ^ S^ 15 T'o"' Teng' Yen^ }\x\o\ Chief Examiner. ^- 1- %• g/^, ^ K'^i^ Teng' Yen* \lnu\ Examiner. •^- H ^ Sx^ "^ ''^^"^ Teng' Yen* IIuo\ Assistant Examiner. 10. l/n "^ i^ ^ ^ T'ou^ Tcng' Ch'ieni Tzu* Shou', First Class Tidewaiter. II- K HI It ^- ^F ^^'''''' Vung' di-ien' Tzu' Sliou', Probationary Tidewaiter. 12. 5« ^ H-iin' P, Watcher. 209. For patrolling the coast there is a Customs cruising flotilla. Ill charge of each cr-uiser is a %{ jjf^f 'xi mL V* l^^siin' Ch'uan' Kuan' Chia* Kuan', (.'onimander, with the following subcrdinate officers : 1- 5iii l^[\ 'T'r .?S S'J ^'•'^'■"'" Cli'uan" iCiiau' Chia' KuV First Officer. [ ''l ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 270 2. %^ ^M^&\] Hsiin* Ch'uan^ Kuan' Chia^ Erh* Fii^ to Second Officer. 272 ^- ^ i^« ^ iE H glJ Hsiin^ Ch'uan^ Kuan' Chia^ San^ Fu", Third Officer. 4. ^ ^ W Ira IE Hsiin^ Cli'uan^ Kuan^^ Lun' Cheng\ First Engineer. 5. ^ iHS ^ Ira ^Ij Hsim'' Ch'uan' Kuan' Lun- FuS Second Engineer. 6. @C ^ "i* fl 1^'ao^ Shou' Shou' Ling', aunner. '^' 7k ^ ^ M Shui' l^hou' Shou' Ling% Quarter-master. ^- 5i^ ii-# i^sii^^' T'ing'' Pien*, Launch Officer. 270. Within the Customs there is a ^B yi, M Ying* Tsao* Ch'u*, Engineers' Office, supervised by a ||l ^* oa ^ Tsung^ Ying' Tsao^ Ssu\ Engineer-in-Chie£. To him, there are Subordinated : !• w'] ^ 5a h1 F^^* Ying^ Tsao* Ssu\ Assistant Engineers. 2. X ^fH Kung^ Shihi, Clerks of Works, and 3- IS li Chiang* Tung', Mechanics. 27 L Supervision of tlie liarbour is the duty of the JM ^ j^ Li' Ch'uan^ Ch'u*, Harbour Office. General supervision of all the harbours is entrusted to a j^ X ^ Hsiin' Kuang^ Ssu\ Coast Inspector. In charge of the Harbour Office is a ^ fi^ ^ Li' C'h'uan^ . T'ing\ Har.bour Master, Avho is assisted by f^ 'J^ ,9f Chih* Po'' So', Berthing Officers. In addition, there are : 1- iMMM Hsin* Ch'i=^ Li^ Signalmen, 2- M VX |£ Hsiin^ Chiangi Li^ River Police, and 3. A yk E «Tii^ Shui-' Chiangs Pilots. 272. The Customs also administers a |f i|: j^ Teng' T'a* Ch'u*, Lights Department, in charge of a JK |§ r] Hsiui^ Teng^ Ssu\ Inspector of Lights. To him are subordinated : 1- 11 JlS ± Tengi Ch'uan* (^hu', Lightship Captains, [ 92 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 2. M /!« 'X VA Teng' Ch'iian' Ta* Fu^ Lightship Mate, 273 a nd 3. II if 11 ^ A Teng^ T'a' Chih'^ Shih^ JOir, Light- keepers. 273. There is a;s yet no uniformity in the Postal organization of China. In addition to the old Government Post {see No. 754), which is under the supervision of the Board of War and the local provincial authorities, at the most important centres (for detailed list see the edition of the Imperial Maritime Customs "Alphabetical Index of Imperial Post Ofhces,") there have been established (the first in 1874) by Sir Robert Hart, the Inspector General of Customs (see No. 255), Post Offices working on the lines of those of European countries. Ihese are controlled by a Postal Department, at the head of which is a li fIJ i^ ^ Tsuug^ Yu' Cheng^ Ssu\ Inspector General of Posts (this post has always been an adjunct of that of Inspector General of Customs). For Postal work there arc subordinated to tnc Inspector (ieneral of Customs a ffj ifJS[ |i^J |/j^ Yu^ C heng» Tsung^ Pan', Postal Secretai-y, and a §j; i^ filj ijijg ||j| Yu^ Cheng' Fu^ Tsung* Pan', Assistant Postal Secretary. Post Offices are of two de8crij)tions, i.e. $|^ iJF^ |,i^i ^ Yu^ Cheng* Tsung^ Chu^ Head Offices, and $^ H^ ^ ^ ^''»' Cheng' Fen' ChiiS Branch Offices. [ ^■■' 1 r \ PART II. MINISTRIES i MINISTRIES (BOARDS). MINISTRIES (BOARDS) IN GENERAL. 274. Ill addition to establislinients already mentioned, 274 liaving very special or temporary functions, there are in China eleven ^linistries (Boards) whose authority extends to all parts of the Empire. Although a development of the old ^ "^j^ Tviu* l*u'. Six Ministries (Boards) and other offices, the new ]\1 inisti'ies are gradually changing the former practice of administration of metropolitan aflairs only and the leaving of the greatest initiative in provincial atfaiis to Governor-Generals and Governors. Beinj; convinced of the detrimental influence of a svstem of decentralization, the Government is bending itself to a policy of .<;uljordinating to the Ministries everything that is of general im])ortance (education, finance, military affairs, police and justice). The eleven Ministries (Boards^ are : 1- ^h l>j nfJ ^^^^i* ^^"^i^ I*"^ Ministry (Board; of Foreign Atlliirs {sf'c No?. 30o to .S32a), 2. ^ ^|5 T^i^ Pu^ Ministry (]>oard) of Civil A])])oliiinients (see Xos. 333 to 338), •"'• J\J 0. oB ^I'"'^ Cheiig^ i'u^ MlniM.; viH'anl) .1 thr Interior (scr Nos. ;>3*J to 348). 4. jff ^ % Tu' Chlh' Pii', Mlm>li.N 05u;u.l) of FliiMnce {sfc Nos. 34'J to 37.0), •''• ipft rtR I'i" Pi''' Ministry ^lioardj of l{it.> to 414j, [ 07 ] PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 275 7. 1^ ^ ^(5 Lu* Chiini PuS Ministry (Board) of War- to (see Nos. 415 to 437), g77 ^- ^ hB Fa* Pu*, Ministry (Board) of Justice (s^e Nos. 438 to 459), 9. ^ X I§ §1^ Nung"^ Kungi Shang^ Pu*, Ministry o£ Agriculture, Industry and Commerce' (Xos. 460 to 471), 10- M i^^ oH Yui Ch'uan- Pu\ Ministry of Posts and Communications (see Nos. 472 to 490), and 11. m ^ SK Lr^ Fani Pu^ Ministry (Board) of Depen- dencies (see Nos. 491 to 409). 275. Each ^fj Pu*, Ministry, is composed of a number (from 4 to 10) of "^ Ssu^, Departments, which, again, are divided into fi{- K'o^, Sections, and ]^ Ku^, Sub-sections. Also, at the majority of the Ministries there is a ;^ I^ ,^< Ch'eng^ Cheno-* T'ingS Council, and a ^ f^ ^ Ts'an^ P T'ingS Secretarial. Office, as well as ^ Chu-, Offices, and ^ Ch'u"*, Committees (for various affiiirs). 276. The head of all but one of the Ministries is the ^j "^ Shang* Shu\ President ; at the Ministry of Foreign Affiiirs, the exception, this official is subordinated to a |j|| ?g ^\^ f^ *|^ ^ f^, Tsungs Li^ Wai*. Wu* Pu* Shih* Wu*, Controller, to whom appertains the supreme control of affiiirs of the Ministry see No. 305b). At one period — from 1907 to 1909 — there Avere Controllers at other Ministries, for instance, at the Ministrj- of War (^ Jg: mW-U^ B K"a»' Li' Lu* Chnn^ Pu* Shih^ Wu*) and at the Ministry of Education (^51^*0^^ Kuan^ U^ Hsueh^ Pu* Shih* Wu*), holding v/hich position, were, respectively,. Prince (Jh'ing and ^^ ^ g S Chang^ W-jn^ Plsiang^ KungJ- (the late Grand Secretary ^^ ;t M Chang^ Chih^ Tung^). 277. In addition to the afore-mentioned, at the Ministry of Foreign Affiiirs tliere is the post of ^ |/| ;)^ g Hui^ I'an*' Ta* Ch'Cnr, Assistant Controller, which title is sometimes- [ 'JH ] to 284a PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. conferred on the President of that Ministry, his title then 078 becoming y\* f^ *n f^J f^ ^ IJf^ ± ^ ^Vai' Wu^ Pu' Shang* Slm^ llui^ Pan^ Ta' Lh'On- {see Nos. 305c and :H)3l)). 278. As has been stated above (see No. 276), at the head of each Ministry (with the exception mentioned) tliere is a fi} ^ Shang^ Shu^ (official 'esignation, ^[5 ^* Pu* T'aug''^) President ; 1b, to whom are subordinated : 2 "9. ^ f^ Ei; Tso^^ Shih* Lang2 (official designation, AfJ |^ Pu* Yiiau"), Senior Vice-President ; 2a; one at each ^Ministry. 280. :^ f^ gi; Yu* Shih^ Lang2 (official designation, *|5 ^ Pu* Yiian"), Junior Vice-President; 2a ; one at each Ministry. '■^^^' ^ ^ Tso-^ Ch-eng-, Senior Coiuicillor ; 3a ; one at each Ministry, >vith the exception of the Ministry of Depen- dencies {see No. 492). 282. :;^ y^ Yu* Ch'eng-, .funior Councillor ; 3a ; one at each Ministry, %vith the exception of the Ministry of Dependencies {see No. 492). 283. ^ # li Tso^ Ts'an^ P, Senior Secretary,; 4a ; one at each ^Ministry, with the excejition of the Ministry of Dependencies (see No. 492). 284. ^ ^ p^ Yu* Ts'an^ I', Junior Secretary ; 4a ; one at each Ministry, with the exception of the Ministry of Depen- dencies {see No. 492). 284a. Under the old 4'ogimo, previous to 1901, at the head of each Ministry there were two Presidents (Manchn and Chinese respectively), to whom were subordinated two Scnioi- Vice-Presidents (Manclui and ( liincse respectively) and two tluiiior Vice-Presidents uManchu and Chinese respectively). The posts of Councillor and Secretary did not exist ; these were first established at the Ministry of Foreign Affaii-s, in 1901, and, hiter, in 1905, at the Ministries of Education, of the L 9« ] 285c PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 285 Interior and o£ Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, and, finally, 4.^ in the Autumn of 1906, at the remaining Ministries, uith the exception of the Ministry of Dependencies. 285. ^ ^ M Ch'eng2 Cheng" T'ing^, Council of a Ministry (Board) ; with Councillors (see Nos. 281 and 282) in charge. This office is found at the Ministries of the Interior (see No. 340), of Finance (see No. 350), of War {see No. 422), of Justice (see No. 441) and of Posts and Coipmunications (see No. 473). 285a. :p 1^ ,® Ts'ani I^ T'ing^ Secretarial Office ; with Secretaries (see Nos. 283 and 284) in charge. This office is found at the Ministries of the Iitr rior (see No. 341), of Finance (see No. 351), of War (see No. 423), of Justice (see No. 442) and of Posts and Communications (see No. 474). 285b. Besides Councillors (see 'Nos. 281 and 282), attached to the Councils of the Ministries (see No. 285) are : Section Chiefs (see No. 290); three at the Ministry of Finance, Assistant Section Chiefs (see No. 291) ; four at the Ministries of the Interior and of Finance, Second Class Secretaries (see No. 292) ; four at the Minis- try of the Interior, three at the Ministi-y of Finance, and Assistant Secretaries (see No. 286) ; two at the Ministries of Justice and of Posts and Communications. The Council of the Ministry of War has a peculiar organi- zation (for details see No. 422b). ^ 285c. In addition to Secretaries (see Nos. 283 and 284), the members of the Secretarial Offices of the Ministries (see No. 285a) are : Section Chiefs (see No. 290) ; three at the ^Ministry of Finance, Assistant Section Chiefs (see No. 291)'; four at the Mhiis- try of Finance. [ 100 ] riiESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CIIIXA. Second Class- Secretaries (sec No. 292) ; three at the Mniis- 286 try of Finance, and tO Assistant Secretaries {see No. 286) ; two ut the ^linistries ooi of the Interior, of Justice and of Posts and Communications. rho Secretarial Office of the Ministry of War has a ])ei'uliar organization (for details see No. 423a). 2st). ^ ^% Ts'an^ Shih* or, at the Ministry of Posts and Commiinication-r, -^ 3fP Ciiien' Shih*, Assistant iSecri'tary of a Ministry; oa. These officials, as seen above, are attached to the Councils (see No. 285 h) and to the Secretarial Offices (see No. 28oc). Also, four Assistant Secretaries are stationed at the Ministry of Education (see No. 396). 287. 7K3 ±il lH Ch'Ong- Ts'ani Shang' H. »|* Eang'^ Chimg\ Department Directors ; 5a, (literary designation, ]£, B|5 Cheng* Lang-) ; 1 to 9 in each Department ; stationed at the Councils (see No. 285 n) and at the Secretarial Offices (see No. 285< ). 201. l{ ^{^ in> Viiiui' Wai' liung', Assistant Dr{)artment Directors (literary designation, l\\\ ]i\l Vu* Lang' ; also oJ" ^ Chi' Lang') ; 5h ; 2 to h in each Department; stationed at the Councils (see No. 2H5ij) and at the Secretarial Offices (see No. 285c). [ >'" ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL .ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 292 292. ^ ^ Chu^ Shih^ Second ('lass Secretaries of to Ministries (literary designation, J^ j^ Ohxi^ Cheng'*); 6a ; 1 298 to 6 in each Department ; stationed at the Councils (see No. 285b) and at the Secretarial Offices {see No. 285c). 293. ^ to" j^ Pi^ T'ieh* Shih*, Clerks, of the seventh to the ninth ranks, (literary designation, ^ iSJC Pi^ Cheng*). 294. p] ^ Ssu^ Chang^ Department Controllers. ;f^ ^ f/ Ch'eng' Fa^ Kuan\ Registrars. fl{- ^ K'o^ (^hang^ Section Chiefs. fj|- ^ K'o^ Jiiau^, Section Secretaries (of the first, second and third ranks). §1 ^ Lu* Shih*, Writers (of the eighth and ninth ranks). The above-mentioned officials are found at all the JNIinistries, in the various Departments and Councils, including the Ministry of War. 295. ^ ifi 'b* Shu^ Chi* KuanS Clerks (of the first, second and third ranks) ; 7a, 8a and 9a. Tlius are styled the Clerks at the Ministry of Education (see Nos. 403 and 413a) ; they correspond to the ^ \\l^ x^ Pi^ T'ieh^ Shih* of other Ministries.. 296. p1 i^ ^. Ssu^ Wu* t'ingS Chancery; with two ^ ^ Ssu^ Wu*, Chancery Chiefs ; 8a, in charge. This office is found at the Ministries of Foi-eign Affairs (see No. 307), of Civil Appointments (see No. 334a), of Rites (see No. 378), of Finance (see No. 365), of Education (see No. 397) and of Dependencies (see No. 494, and, for details, No. 495a). 297. tl ^h nl M. E' Wai* Ssu^ Yiian^ Supernumerary Department Officials ; having the titles of Department Director (see No. 290), Assistant Department Director (see No. 291), Second Class Secretary (see No. 292) and Clerk (see No. 293). They are attached to the varioiis Departments in an indefinite number, sometimes very great. 298. WJ 1$ Ssu^ K'u*, Treasurer; 7a, and j^, f^ K'u* Shih^, Treasury Overseer. These Officials are stationed at the Treasuries of the Ministries (for example, see No. 384a). [ 102 ] PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL OKG ANIZATION OF CHINA. 299. 4: n^ /h ^ 'g* Ch'ii r-m^ Hsiao' Ohlncri 7^„^„i^ Oflicial of the seventh rank, and /\ ^^„ /J> ^ '(j* Pa' Pmu^ Ilsiao"^ (I'hiiig^ Kuan', Official of tlie eit;"hth rank. Those are attached to the Councils and Secretarial Offices in an indefinite number (compare No. 475). 300. t^ ri I' Yiian-, Advisers ; consisting- of i^ f^ ^ ^ Kung' Wu^ I* \;iau*, Mining Advisers, and \^] f^ ^^ ^ Shang' Wn* P Yiian-, Commercial Advisers, at the ^[inistry of Agrii'ul- tui-e. Industry and Comnierce (sec No. -IGSJj and JJ^ f^ f|| ^ Lu' \\ u' i' Yiian'-, Railway Ad\ isers, at the ^linistry of Posts and Connunnications {srr Xo. 484). 301. '£^ gifj P Shih', Chief Engineers of the first and second r;;id< ; (lA anil Tv, and ^ "i I^ Shih*, ICngineers of the first and second rank : 8a and 9a. These are found at the Ministiies of the Interior (sre No. 345n), of War {ser Nos. 427 h and 428 h), of Agiiculture, Industry and Commerce (see No. 469) and of Posts and Connnunications {srr No. 487). 30P\. ^ 'g- P Kuan', Physicians (of the sixth and seventh rank) ; stationed at the ^finistry of the Interior (sec No. 34Gh). 302. f,-^ 1^ 'g* Tzu' I* Kuan', Consulting Exj^erts (of the first, second, third and f(juitli rank) ; foutid at the Ministries of Education (see No. 40o), and of War (see No. 42.3a ; tliey are hero mciu hers of the Secretarial ()fH<-e). Tlie nuinix'r of these officials i>) indefinite. 302a. ffi IJ!] Ij- Ku' \Ven' K.ian', Advisers (of the first, second, thinl and foui-th rank) ; stationed at the Ministries of Agricultui-c, Indn.sti'y and < 'onmiei'i'C (srr No. SOS) and nf Posts and Coniiii inieations (sre No. 4H3) in an indefinite ninnher. 302 r.. Advi.sers and Experts of the fiist rank (see Nos. 302 and 302a ) have the raid< c.f Councillor (srr Nos. 281 and 2X2), of the second rank, that of Senior (»r .limioi' Secretary (see Nos. 283 ti'id 284), of the third rank, that <>f I)< paitrnent Director or [ 1"^' 1 299 to 3023 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 306 303 Assistant Department Director {see Nos, 290 and 291), and of +Q the fourth rank, that of Second Class Secretary (see No. 292). The title of Adviser is sometimes bestowed on persons distinguished for some particiilar service (for instance, with regard to home industries, commerce, etc.) The title of Adviser of the fourth rank was bestowed, in accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry of Agricultur^, Industry and Commerce, on M j^ r^ (Jhangi I^-nan- and \,^ 'jt M Ch'en-" I^-hsrS who initiated the building of two private railways in Kwangtung Province, if ?Ul i^ 1?^ Ch'ao^ Shan=^ T'ieh^ Lu*, the Ch'ao-chou- Shan-t'ou (Swatow) Raihvay, and ff ^ ilj IfS Hsin^ Ning=^ T'ieh^ Lu% Hsin Ning Kailway. 303. ;^ ^ 'g* Chien' Ch'a^ Kuan\ Inspectors of Military affairs (of the first, second ar.d third rank); attached in an indefinite nimiber to the Secretarial Office of the Ministry of War (see Xo. 423 a). 304. ^ '^ T'ang' Kuan\ a designation common to all the High Ofiicials of the Ministries, Secretaries included. "p] -^ Ssu'^ Kuan', common designation of all officials of the Ministries below the rank of Secretary ('•'dignitaries" and " officers.") MINISTRY (BOARD) OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. 305. li m^M^BWi?^ Tsungs L? Ko'^ Kuo^ Shih* Wu^ Ya"-' Men^, Office of Foreign Affairs (shorter ; || J^ fgj P^ Tsung' Jj? Ya2 Men^; also Hg ^- Tsnng^ Shu*); established by Imperial Edict of the 31st January, 1861, for dealing with all matters concerning China and the Foreign Powers, the representatives of the latter having been granted by Treaties- (Tientsin ; 1858, and Peking ; 1860) the privilege of residing at the Capital (previously all dealings between China and Pussia were carried on through the Ministry of Dependencies and those with other Powers through the Ministry at liites ; see Nos. 376 [ 104 ] riiESENT DAY TOLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA. and 491). :^ 'Ji^ ^ ^- ^f Kuno^ Clriu^ Wano- P llsin\ Kung, 305 Prince of the First Degree, personal name ^ ||f 1 lisin (the sixth brother'of the Emperor j;^ »'^ Hsien'- Feng', 1851-1861), was its first President and 1j^ ^ Kiiei* Liang'-, a Grand Secretaiv, and ^ jjj'p Wen- llsiaiig-, Vice-President of the Ministry of War, were detaiUd to thi: office. The mmilier of memhers of tlie Tsiing lA Ya Mriu known hy the general title of IH :^ E Wang^ Ta^ Ch'en", '' Prince and Ministers'' was not defined and sometimes i-eached eleven. High Officials holding snbstantive posts, which thev retained^ were detailed to tliis office, hut it is worthy of remark that, for tliirty years after the institution of tlie Tsmig Li Ya Men, its existence was ignored hy the ;|g |l|j |^, Chin^ Shcn' Ln', '-Red Book," which was otherwise a complete directory of Metro))olitan and Pi-o\incial State Lstalili^hmcnts and indicated their persoimel. The omission was, rectified in 1890. The clerical work of the Tsung Li Ya Men Avas performed by ^ ^* Chang' Ching', Secretaries (official designation, p\ ^ Ssn' Yiian- or ■p] 'g* Ssu^ Kuan'), who were originally drafted from the staff' of the Council of State (sec No. 129n). The six senior Secretaries, all of Avhom held either substanti\c or expectant rank, were usually styled |l^J |/jjf Tsung^ Pan*. The members of the Tsung Li Ya Men, being only tem])orarily deputed to that office, naturally jtaiil attemu. mainly to the duties of their substantive ])osts, leaving no time for seriously attending to those of theii- additional office, ulntli were, in addition, (|uite unknown to them. Also, there being :• numerous stall" of ujembers of etpial standing, sometimes having entirely difTercnt views on international (piestions, the practice o£ referring (picstions from one mcndjcr to another during negotia- tions, the absence of initiative and fear of the consetiuences of any initiative, and. finally, (he littlr knowledge, or even complete ipnorance, of the mend'.ers of the Tsung Li Ya M'"n of (|uc8tl<)ns ntESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 305a under discussion, made negotiations veiy difficult for the Foreign Representatives, yvho continually pointed out to . China the necessity for the reform of this establishment.' These recom-- mendations remained fruitless and, at last, the Powers insisted on an Article beins^ inserted in the " Peace Pi'otocol between China and the Foreign Powers," signed on the 7th December, 1901 ; — Article 12 — reading as follows : " An Imperial Edict of 24th July, 1901, has reformed the ^' Office of Foreign Affiiirs in the direction indicated by the " Powers, that is to say, has transformed it into a ^Ministry of *' Foreign Affiiirs, which takes precedence of the other Si*- *' Ministries. " The same Edict has named the principal members of this -« Ministry." 305 A. ^\. f^ Aj? Wai* Wu* Pu*, Ministry of Foreign Affairs ; established, as stated above, by Imperial Edict of the ;24th Jidy, 1901, the tenor of which was as follows : On the ninth dav of the sixth moon the Grand Seci'etariat received an Edict, as follows : " The appointment of officials and the determination of their "" duties have, imtil now, been regulated by the needs of the " moment. Henceforth, however, when a Treaty of Peace is " concluded, international relations are to be placed in the first " rank of important affairs and it is more than ever necessary to " call for the assistance of clever men and give them opportunity " to study everything having reference to the establishment of " friendly x'elations and confidence in intercourse. " It is tme that the Office of Foreign Affairs, previously I " established for dealing Avith international aflairs, has existed for % " many years, but the ' Prince and ^Ministers ' composing its " staff, holding office there as a complement to other substantive *' posts, have been unable to devote themselves entirely to its [ lOG ] PKKSKXT DAY POKITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHIXA. "affairs and it is necessary to create <.listiiu'ti\e positions that 305b *' each may recogriiize his duties. ^q '• lu view of this we direct that tlie Otiice of Foreifrn 305o *' Affairs he transformed into a Ministry of Foreign Affairs, *' whicli sliall take precedence of the other K>ix Ministries of " State. " We appoint I IvMiang^, Prince Ch'insi-, Prince of the First *' Des^ree, President of tile ilinistry of Foreign Athairs ; Wang " \\ cn-shao, (^i-and Secretary of tlie T'i Jen Ko, to be Vice- *' President, and Lh'ii Hung-chi, President of the Ministry of *' Works, to retain liis title but act as Vice-President. Hsii " Shou-p'cng, • Director of the Palace Stud, and I^icn Fang, ''Expectant Mctro])olitan Vice-Director of the third cr louith *' rank, to be First anil Second Directors f Assistant Secretaries). " As regai'ds the appointment of a staff, regulations and *' salaries to be ])aid, we direct that these be airanged b\' the *' Council of Stale and the ^linistry of Civil Appointnients as *' soon as })Ossible and a ^leniorial f>n the sr.ljject bo })i'esented to *' Us. Kespect This."' The internal organization of the ]\Jinisti'y of Foreign Alfiiirs IS based on Memorials of the Purciui of Clo\ernment Affairs, in c. ^I> m %i^m^ IM ± E Wai' Wu^ Pu^ Shang^ +0 Shu^ Hui^ Paii^ Ta'* Ch'cir, President and Assistant Controller of the Ministry o£ Foreign Affairs (see No. 277). 306. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is composed of the following four Departments : 1 • fn ^ "^ Ho^ Hui* Ssu\ Department of Intercourse ; arranges receptions for Foreign Kepresen'tatives, requests audiences for them and recommends decorations to be bestowed on them, superv^ises the appointment and transfer of Chinese licpresentatives abroad and Chinese Consuls, the personal staff of the Ministry, and the recommendation of rewards for these officials, etc. 2. ^ Ju p\ K'ao^ Kung' Ssu\ Department of Technical Affairs ; controls the engagement of foreigners for service in the Railways, Mines, Telegraph Service, Arsenals, etc., and the sending of Students abroad. 3- ^ S p] Ch'tieh* Suan'^ Ssu^ Accounts Department ; supervises Customs Duties, Foreign Trade, Steam Navigation, Foreign Loans, Postal Affairs, Expenditure of the Ministry, paying the salaries of Chinese liepresentatives abroad, etc. ^- B, f# "pI Shu^ \Yu* Ssu\ Department of (TCneral Affairs ; in charge of Frontier and Missionary Affairs, the issue of Passpoi'ts for travel in the interior, etc. 307. f!j 1^ ^ Ssu^ Wu^ T'ingS Chancery (see No. 296) ; in charge of 2 g] f§ Ssu^ Wu-", Chancery Chiefs ; 8a. 308. In each Department there are two Department Directors {.see No. 290), tvvo Assistant Department Directors (see No. 291) and two Second Class Secretaries (see No. 292). These all have distinctive titles, distinguishing them from similar officials of the other Ministries, namely : 1. ^ fIJ Chang^ YinS Keeper of the Seal, 2. ± ^ Chu' Kao^ Keeper of Drafts, 3. f^^^H Pang* Chang' Yin"*, ^ Assistant Keeper of the Seal. [ 108 ] I PIH:SEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA. '^' ^ i ^ Pans:' Cliu* Kno', Assistant Keeper of Drafts. 309 5. fi1 m nn ±^U± I'ang' Chr.n!i i^ T'i2 Tiao^ Proctor, 2. 1 V/ V,ii iiW l'»"S^ 'i'"' '-l''^"'' Assistant I'roctor, 3. 1 iJC 'M U ^V(m' An' Yuan', Secretary, -*• ' ^ lit ii ^ '•"''' ^ >"«' Vuan», Treasurer, ^- 1 /.ff. D!? U Slur \Vu^ YiJan', Steward, [ lO'J 3 315 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 311 6. ^ 12 ^ ShuVChi^ Sheng\ Clerks (number not fixed). + 7. 1 ^ i^ Chiang^ Yiian^, Senior Teacher, and 8. m ^ K'o'* Yiian^, Teachers (o£ specialities; up to the number of 26). 311. Formerly, under the direct supervision of the MInistrj of Foreign Affairs were : 1- lnj ^ ia T'ung' Wen^ Kuan', College of Languages; established in 1862. At first onlj^ courses in English, French and Russian were given ; later, in 1867, there were added courses in certain sciences ; namely, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and physics and a course in international law. This college is now non-existent ; on its abolition ( 1 900) the teaching of foreign languages was transferred, at Peking, to the College of Interpreters (see No. 625), and, in the provinces, to the Colleges of Languages (see No. 626). 2. The Imperial Maritime Customs (see No. 253), which, on the establishment of the Board of Customs Control in 1906 (sec No. 241), was placed under the control of the latter. 312. {gi ^ is: g Chu* Yang" Ta^ (;h'gn^ Diplomatic Eepresentatives and |i ^\\ f^ }^ Chu* Wai* Shih=* Fu^ Legations. In accordance with the reply of the Ministry of Foreign Affaii-s to a Memorial from glj j^ |jj| Liu^ lShih''-hsiin% Minister at Paris, at (Chinese Government Establishments abroad there are the following (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 25th January, 1907): 313. yH ^ ,15 fg ± g T'ou^ Teng^ Cji'u' Shih^ Ta* Ch'On^, Ambassador — first rank (salary 1,400 taels per month). 314. r ^ 35 fsS! ;/v S E'-h'* Teng' Ch'n\ Shih^ Ta^ Ch'en', Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary — second rank (salary 1,000 taels per month). 315. H ^ ili f^' :^ E Sani TOng=' ChSi^ Shih^ Ta^ Ch'en* Minister Resident— third rank (salary 800 taels per month). [ no ] 330 PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL OKGAXIZATIOX OF CIIIXA. 316. ^^^^T'oirTeng'Ts'an'TsanS First Councillor, 316 third rank (salary 500 taels jier month). ^ 3 1 "• IJS vU ^ Tsung^* Ling3 Shih\ Consnl-General— fourth rank (salary 500 tacls per month). 318. r ^? # % ^''^'' ^"^'^S' ^'s'fi"' Tsan% Second Councillor — fourth rank (salary 400 taels per month). 319. Ei^']^ iil^'i* '^'ou' Tong3 T'ung^ V Kuan', First Interpreter — tifth rank (salary 400 taels per month). 320. H ^ Ling- Shih% Consul— fifth rank (salary 400 taels per month). 321. p^j f^ §^' j^. Shang^ Wu^ AVei" Yiian', Commercial Agent — sixtli rank- (salary 240 taels per month). 322. :£ ^ # ^ San' Teng- Ts'ani Tsan', Third Councillor — fifth rank (salary 300 taels per month). 323. H ^ iiO p 'I* Krir' Teng^^ T^ung' I' Kuan', Second Interpreter — fifth rank (salary 300 taels per month). 324. glj ^f ^ Fu" Ling-^ Shlh', Vice-Consul— Hfth rank (salary 300 taels pej- month). 325. — ^ ft' iC '^ I' Teng^ Shu» Chi^ Kuan', First Secretary — fifth rank (salary 300 taels per month). 326. H ^ ii ft? 'a* San^ Teng» T'ung' I' Kuan', Third Interjjrctei- — .-ixth rank (salary 240 taels per month). . 327. - ^ t*-r t\L 'g* I-'J-'i' 'i'«^»g' ►'^•"i^ Chi^ Kuan', Second Secretary — sixth rank (salary 240 taels jxt month). 32H. Zl ^ ^ le 'B* San' Teng^* Shu' Chi^ Kuan', Third Secretary — seventh rank fsalary 200 taels per month). 329. %^ 152 l\ \Vu^ Sui- Viiaii', Military Attache- ; suhordinated directly to the (Jeneral Staff Cnuncil {src No. 184b). There ts one fo'r Great IJiitain and France, one for Russia and German V, oin' in AmcricM and one in .lapan (srr report of the MiniKtry of War, dated loth .laniiary, 1907). 330. fi[i fnV Shih^ Kuan\ Legation (also fsjj ^ Shih' Shu»; colloquially, ^ J/^ }ff Cl.'in' Ch'ai' Fu' and ^ Xi ?uj T'J <^'l'''"^ [ 111 J 331 PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 330a Ch'ai^ Ya^ Men^) ; witli ^ m f^ S^ ili -^ m ± ^ Ch'in^ Ming^ tQ Ch'ui Shih^ Mou^ Kuo^ Ta-^ Ch'en', Minister (also ^ f^ Kung-i Shih' or f^ g. Shih^ Ch'en^; literary;, designation, ^ f^ Hsing^ Shih'; colloquially, ^ ^ Ch'in^ Ch'ai^ in charge ; China has no Embassies. There are Chinese Legations at Tokyo, London, Washington, Vienna, Rome, Berlin, Paris, St. Petersburg, Brussels and The Hague. 330a. Staff of various Legations : 1. Tokyo, London, Washington, Berlin, Paris and St. Petersburg : Second and Third Councillors (one at each). Second and Third Interpreters (one at each). Commercial Agents and First and Second Secretaries (one at each). 2. Vienna, Rome, Brussels and The Hague : Second Councillors, Second Interpreters and First and Second Secretaries (one at each). 331. ^ |g Fen^ Kuan^, Subsidi^ary Legations; with it B iM ^ Tai* Pan^ .^hih^ Shih*, Charg6 d'Affaires (also ft il ii ES Tai^ Pan* Shih=^ Ch'en^ f^ J^ ^ f^T Tai^ Li^ Kung^ Shih^ or gtj a^ f^ jro ^ ^^ Lin^ Shih" Tai' Li=^ Kungi Shih^ Charge d'Affaires ad interim), in clinrge ; usually a Second Councillor {see No. 318). There are subsidiary Legations : A. Subordinated to the Minister at Washins'ton : 1- M ^ M ^Jo* Fen^ Kuair'', Subsidiary Legation in Mexico, 2. Ill^ ^ 1^ Pi* Fen^ Kuan^', Subsidiary Legation in Peru (at Lima), and 3- i^ ^ tt Ku^ Fen' Kuan-=, Siil)sidiary Legation in Cuba (at Havana). B. Subordinated to the Minister at Paris : [ 112 J . 332 ■PKESr:XT DAV TOT-ITFCAr. OIIO AX I Z AT lOX UV CHINA. 1- 11 ^ ^ Jili^'Ft-n^ Kuaiv\ Subsidiary Legation in Spain 33IA I, at Madrid), and ^^ -• ^ ^^^^ ^ V^u- F('n^ Ivnan'', Sid)sidiary Loiiation in Portuofal (at Lisbon). 331a. The staff of tlie Subsidiary Lec^ations in Mexico, Peru, Cuba, Spain and Portugal is conijiosed of a Second Councillor as Charge d'Aflaires (scr No. 331; — in Mexico and Cuba also acting as .Consul-General, — a Second Interpreter and a Second Secretary — acting in Peru as Consul. 332, jil^l ^ 1|T 1^ Tsung^ Ling^' Shih' Kuan'", Consulate- Cieneral (also ^ |^ :^ ^- Tsung"^ Ling- Shih' Shu' :,nd B ^ ^ /T^ Tsung^ Ling^ Slnli^ Fu^M- There are Consulate>-(ieneraI at |yi 'M lleng- J^ing", Yokohama, Seoul, |^ ^^- ij^ Jh'm^ Chia' P'o'. Singai)ore, [fj" ^Ifi Nan' Fei', South' Africa, '/^ j-Hl Ac' Chou'. Australia, i^ ^. :/v Kv.u-' Xa- Ta^ Canada CMontreal), .huiila), and y^ ^ /^jJc Hai'- Shcu' Wei\ N'ladivostock. f© ^ It f>'"^'' ^^''^'' 1^"='"'' •"■ JE ^S ^ HtT Ci-eng' Ling" Shih^ Kjnur' (also ^ Ajf. ;■§■ Ling' Shih^ Shu^ aid ^_ ^ Iff Ling^' Sliih^ Fu''), Consulate. There are Consulates at iiii|l )^ ^Iimi" IIu', Kobe, J^r |Ii,:-^ Ch'ang- ChM'-i. Nagasaki, C ill •^''"' n''":'"'- ^hennjbx., "l^ ll| Fi"r ^'''''' '^•"'"' ^='^-" fi^'li^'^' ■'^ '■""' '''"^' ♦Shih' Slur' and VAUi^^Irt I''"* Pi"g^ Shih^ Fu' ,, Vice-C.mHulatc. Ihen- are Vice-Consulates at |ijt j$J nli ^ ''•"' >*'='"■ '*''•'» . 334.V. fjj f^ ^ Tsui Wu^ T'iiig\ Chancery (see No. 296). 335. X ii -p] Wen- Hsuan^ Ssu\ Department of Selec- tion ; controls selection, appointment and transfer of civil officials. [ 114 ] TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA. 339 336. -^ yjj 111 K'ao^ Kuny;' ysu^ Depiirtment of Scrutiny; 336 supervises rewju-ds to be granted and penalties to be inflicted, ^O also prescribes furlouu^hs. ^'^'^- ^ W] p1 ^''i' Hsun' ISsu', Kecord Department ; keeps a record of oHicial titles, re Ssu\ Department of Grants;, regulates the bestowal of titles, patents and presents, and here- ditary titles on heads of tribes. MINISTRY (BOARD) OF THE INTERIOR. 339. 5^ m % Hsun^ Ching' Vu\ Ministry (Hoard) of Police. This was established l)y lmj)erial Decree dated the 8th Octol)er, 1905 (till that time there was no special Ministry- overseeing the policing of the l^mpire), which reads as follows : " Police affairs arc of the utmost importance and we "have repeatedly issued mstructions for their improvement, "both in the Capital and in the provinces. It is necessary "that a special establishment l)e in charge of these affairs and "we now direct the organization of a Ministry of Police and *' appoint Ilsii Shih-ch'ang, Senior Vice-President of the "Ministiy of War, as its President, Yii Lang, Sub-Chancellor "of the (irand Secretariat, as Senior Vice-President, and " Chao Ping-cliiin, Expectant. Taotai (if Chihii, now raised to "the rank of Metroj)olitan Official of the ;5r(l rank, as Actings ".Junior Vice-President. This Ministry will be in charge of "everything pertaining to policing and the maintenance of "good order in the Manchii and Chinese sections of the " Caj)ital as well as the policing of the proviny the Department of Police Affairs (see No. 343j. Its staff consists of one Assistant Department Director (src No. 2!)1) and two Second Class Secretaries (sec No. 292 j ; compare No. .314. 344. §g JH p1 Chiang' Li' Ssu', Dei.artment -.f Land Boundaries ; supervises the deterniinatidn "f ♦-he hound:>,ries of plot> of land, the measurement of all the laud in the i:ui[»ire, topogntphic su)vevs, the making of maps and tli.' -•leanng ol public and private land. •'•'•''• '^ ^- "I'l Ying- Shan' Ssu', P.uilding Department. This Department supervises all the l>uildings of the Ministry, as well as State buildings in the c pital, keeps mo.iunients «)f antiquity in repair, and >ii|>er\ ix'.s th^' niaint.-naii- <• n| :ilf:.!«. temples, etc., in good eiindition. :,A.',\. To the above-nientioneil iJcpaitm.nt tluMV has been ransferred the X ^1: f i '^""'n' < I'"' I"^'"'' l'"ilding Section ; [ 117 1 PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. S45b from the former ^ f;^ p] Ching^ Pao^ Ssu', Department of Police ^Q Defence. *^4ft 345b. Two ®^|jfj I^ Shili^ Chief Engineers, of the sixth and seventh ranks {see No. 301), are attached to the Building- Department {see No. 345). 346. 1^ ^ p] Wei^ Sheng' Ssu\ Sanitary Department ; combats epidemics, considers all questions of sanitation, has the supervision of physicians, medicine compounding and the establishment of hospitals, etc. 346 a. To the Sanitary Department there has been transferred the |^- ^ ^\ Wei* Sheng" K'o\ Sanitary Section, of the former ^ \l^ pj Ching^ Pao^ Ssu^, Department of Police Defence. 346b. ' Two ^ ^ I' Kuan^, Physicians, of the sixth and seventh ranks {see No. 301a), are attached to the- Sanitary Department {siee No. 346). 347. lie b|- J^ T'ung^ Chi* Ch'u", Statistical Bureau (for ita organization see No. 162). 348. Under the control of the Ministryof the Interior are. 1. The Metropolitan Police {see Nos. 500 — 518), 2. Police Taotais {see Nos. 840 and 840a), and through them, 3. The Provincial Police {see Nos. 520 and 521), 4. Judicial Police {see No. 519), 5. Police Schools {see Nos. 522 and 523), 6. Local Self Government Establishment {sec Nos. 524 — 527a), and 7. Establishments supervising the taking of the Census {see Nos. 528 — 532 j. MINISTRY (BOARD) OF FINANCE. 349. p ^\i Hu* Pu'', Ministry (Board) of Revenue (literary designation, j^ % Nung^ Pu* and ^ % Min^ Pu* ; of its President — in the ^ Ilsia* and ^ Yin^ Dynasties — ;/<; pJ ^ [ 118 ] to 353 VRKSEN'T DAY POLITFCAL OIU. A N I /. ATI 0\ (>'/ CHIXA. Ta^ S.su' T-n^ and its Vioo-rrosidont, "}) n] ^ Sliao^ Ssu' T'n', g^g^ and— in the f^ I'liou^ DvnasK— ill) 'y* Ti^ Kuan', Land OlHcial). In the 11 II Til there vere f(nn-tcon Departments, correspond inp; to the nninl)er of (iovernor-ficneral and (iovernors. 349a. IJI if^' |g Ts-ai-' ('lieii})jI: Tsnng' Pan^ Office ( hief s. For particulars as to the salt administration in the provinces ^ee Nos. 835, 835a, 835b, and 841. 370. n^- ^^ W ^"S BTf Ts'ai^ Cheng* Yen^ Ohiu^ So^ Section for the Study of Financial Affairs. 371. flt E II ^ Jg Ts'ai^ Cheng* Tiao* Ch'a^ Ch'u*, Office for the Study of Financial Affairs. 372. 1^ ^ JJ/f PienV I* So=\ Translating (Interpreting) Office. 373. ^ 'r{;i) H S ,^ Pi^ (^hih^ Tiao* Ch'a^ Chii^, Commis- sion for the Study of the Currency System ; established for the purpose of defining the Aveight and type of currcnc}- to be coined according to the new regulations concerning currency (see Memorial of the ^Ministry of Finance, dated 24th ^May, 1909). 374. J*' Jig gj ir^ ^1 Ch'ingi Li^ Ts'ai' Cheng* Ch'u*, Committee for the Reorganization of the Financial Affairs of the Empire (for details sec Nos. 533 — 535). 374a. J^ ^ ^1^ fg IE ^. ^ p/f Tu^ Chihi Pu* Pu* Chi* Chiang^ Hsi^ So^, Coui-ses in Book-keeping at the Ministry of Finance ; instituted in the Summer of 1911 (provisionally at the [ 122 ] rnESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORG AN'IZATIOX OF CHINA. School of the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank ; sec No. 548) for 375 training book-keepers for government ottices generally. Eligible for admission to these courses ai'e officials of the Ministry of Finance, ami other metropolitan offices, who have sufficient edncation along general lines, in mathematics and jurisi)ruQence, and are between 20 and 35 years of age. The courses supply instruction in ^un-al accounting (]^ i§, i^ =ti< 1"'*^ T'ung^ Pu^ Chi*), official accounting Cg" ^ ^i^ Ifi Kuan^ T'ing' Pu* I'hi*), general principles of financial law ( Hi i^ -^ ^ Ts'ai' Cheng* Ta^ Kang'), the preparation of estimates (# II' UX II"i' ^'^1''' ^''^') ^"'^ mathematics (^ ^ Suan^ Shu*) and extend over half a year. Those successfully completing the studies prescribed receive diplomas (^ ?^ Wcn^ P'ing'^) from the Ministry of Finance which entitle them to employment in the accounts offices of various government establishments. In future persons holding such diplomas are to be employed as auditors, ;Jt^ |5 'B* Chien' Ch'a2 Kuan', in the Audit Department (^ -=-|- ^l !>hi'n' Chi* Yiian*). At the head of the Hook-keeping Courses at the Ministry of Finance there is a fff J4- ^o' Chang^ who has subordinated to him two |$r 1^ ^ Chiao* Wu* Yiian% Preceptors, and two fi}^ ^ i\ Shu* \Vu* VLian^ Stewards. The teaching staff includes one ^r gg r|r vi|l 1^ ^ I'll' Cjii* Chu=* K'o* Chiao* Hsi', Teacher of the Science of Book-keeping, and two Jlji ^A Chu* Chiao*, Assistant Teachei-s, and, for subjects of secondary importance, f»f| ^J Fn* K-o*, there are five ^ ^^ < hiao' llsi'. Teachers. 37.0. Under the control of the Ministry of Fiuanco are the iullowing : 1. Provincial Branch Offices for the Beorgani/.ation of the Financial .-XfKiirs of the Fmpire (srr Nos. .036 — 541). 2. Ta Ch'ing (iovenmient liaiik, with its bnmchcs as well as other banks {sec N08. 542 — 55(Uj). r 1-':^ 1 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 376 3. The Central Mint at Tientsin, vi-'ith branches in the- provinces {see Nos. 551 — 55 In). 4. Office for the collection of excise on native opium, at Wuch'ang, with its branches in the provinces (se^ Nos. 552 — 555).. 5. Customs Office at the Ch'ung Wen M(''n Gate of Peking {see Nos. 556 — 560). 6. Native Cnstom#(5ce Nos. 561 — 56 1h). 7. Office of the Government Granaries at Peking {see Nos. 562 — 567a), and 8. Financial (Political Economy) Colleges {see No. 568). MINISTRY (BOARD) OF RITES. 376. Ig §15 Li^ Pu", Ministry (Boai-d) of Rites (literary designation, p| *|5 Tz'u^ Pu*, of its President, :J^ ^ fi:^ Ta* Tsung^ Po-', and, of its Vice-Presidents, 'J^ '^ f{^ Shao' Tsung^ Po"). This Ministry is one of the oldest, as well as one of the most important, of the Empire. It su]iervises the code of ceremonies, rites and forms binding every man, irrespective of rank and position in society, from the Emperor to the most humble subject, both as regards himself alone and his intercourse with others, after death as well as during life, and those apper- taining to the various unknown powers influencing the life of everyone. Before the establishment of the ^linistry of Education in 1905 {see No. 395) the Ministry of Rites supervised national education and customs and controlled the litprary examinations which serve as a stepping-stone to the government service. Also, before the establishment of the Office of Foreign AfFairs in 1861 {see No. 305), the Ministry of Rites was in charge of all dealings with the West, and the reception of Ambassadors thence, and supervised relations with the former tributary states of Annam, Siam, Burma, Nepal, C\jrea and the Loochoo Islands^ (now belonging to Japan). [ 124 ] PRESENT DAY r(\iLITICAL OKG ANIZ ATIOX OF CIIl.VA. 376a. Before its reform {sec No. 376ij) the Ministry of 376a Kites was coiii])0?erl of the following four Departments : ^ 1- M ili'J P"! ^" ^"hil>* "^s^S Department of ('eremonies, _ — _ ooCJa 2. ijiSJ ^j^ y] T'/u^, Chi^ Sf?u', Department of Saci-ifices, •^- zfe ^ n] ^ liu^ N'o"* Ssu', Reception Department, and ■^- ^*j Hw n] ^ "hing' Shan"* Ssu\ Baiiqiieting Department. 376 H. By Imperial Edict of the 6th November, 1906, the Ministry of Rites was reformed aTid witli it were amalgamated the Courts ^ "^j ^ T'ai^ Ch'anii;- 8su\ of Sacrificial Worship (sec No. 933), j^ jfj,^- ^ Kuaiig' Lu^ Ssu*, of Banqueting {srr No. 934), and |^ li)l # Hung- Lii^ Ssu", of State Ceremonial {ser No. 93.')), Avhich had been pre\ iously ([uite independent institutions. Tlie internal organization of the Ministry of Rites is as recommended by the Ministry itself in a ^lemorial to the Throne, sanctioned by the Kmj)eror on the 5th January, 1907. 'ihe Minir^try of Rites superintends ceremonies of the Court, sacrifices, sacrificial altays. Imperial mausolea, ancestral temples, the Office of Music and the Budd!;ist, Taoist and Coiduciaii religions. •^^"- ffi -Ai ^ T'ang2 Chu' Shih', Secretaries (of the I're- sident) ; 6a. There are four of these oHicials (srr No. 2HH). 37H. ?j ffj ;^ S u' \\n' TMng', Chancery (srr No. 296). 379. ]]](^ 1^ )ji- Man^ Tang' Fang", ivecoi'd and Registry Office; besides vaiious other duties this ()lfic<' was in charge of > making translations into Manchu. This Oflicc no longer exists. 380. Jjll i|jl] n'l 'J'<'n^ ( hih' Shi'. Department of Cere- nionies : regulates the eti replaces that of ^ IE Slur' Chcng^ (see Nos. 389 and 391) of the lAmicr Banqueting Court ; Jk ^^ Tien' Pu^ (see No. 384a) replaces those of -fig ± $1 i^vlV Shih' Tien' Vu* of the former Court of Sacrificial Worship and lllL ^^f Tien' Pu^ of the fonner Bamiucting Court. Concerning the posts jjj Ifg Ssu' KMi^ and ^ f^ K'u^ Shih' (.see No. 29H). 385. J^ gf ^ T'ung' Chi' Ch'u% Statistical Bureau (for its organization see No. 1 62 a). 386. fij- nn ^ ^'•'"' ^''"' ^''•"^ ^^^*'^ "^ Seiil-ca.sting ; supervising the casting of seals for all goveriuncnt establishmentH of the Knipire. This Office is administered by one Assistant Deftartment Director (see No. 291 ), one Second ClaBS Secretary («« No. 292), and one X i^ '^'^* Shih\ Inspector. TRESEXT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 387 387. ^ % Ytieli* Pu', Board o£ State Music ; determines to the music, singing; and posturing for sacrifices and solemn 391 occasions generally. It is directed by :-- 387a. Two ^ JBl 'M % ^ fM K^ian=^ I.i^ Yiieh^ Pu* Shih* Wu*, Director-Generals of the Board of Music ; usually Princes of the Blood or ^Ministers of the Household. 388. ^[\ ^ ^ Ho- Shengi Shu^ Music Office (at the Board of Music ,: see No. 387) ; superintends the training of musicians, provision of musical instruments, etc. It is in charge of : 389. One |D S # W IE Ho^ Sheng^ Shu^ Shu^ ChengS Director of the Office of Music, who is assisted by two ^ ^ ^ W M Ho^ Shengi Shu' Shu=^ Ch'eng", Assistant Directors of the Office of Music (;^ Tso^, Senior, and ;^ Yu^, . Jimior) ; 7b. At the Office of Music there are also : 1- 5 \fjjj f^ H5 Hsieh^ Lii* Lang^ Chief :\Iusicians ; 8a, 2. 25 fi\ ^ g[; Ssui Yiieh-* Lang^ Bandmasters ; 9b, ' 3. 180 %'^ ^. Yiieh" Sheng', Musicians, and 4. 300 $$ ^ Wu' Sheng^ Posturers. 390.. |l|l |i(| ^. Shen^ Ylieli* Shu^ Office of Sacred .Music ; supervises an orchestra which attends sacrifices and other solemn ceremonies where music is required. The ' office of Sacred Music is attached to the Board of State Music (see No. 387) and is directed by : 391. One ^\ %i^ ^. ^. j£ Shcn^ Yiieh* Shu^ Shu^ Cheng* Director of the Office of Sacred Music ; 6a, To this official there are subordinated two p |^| ^- ^ ^ Shen- Yiieh^ Shu' Shu^ Ch'cng2, Assistant Directors of the Office of Sacred Music (^ Tso', Senior, and ;g- Yu'*, Junior) ; 8b,. and : 1- 1 ^ ^[g 15 Tsan* Li^ Lang^, Ceremonial Usher; 7a, 2. W, ^ SIS Hsieh* Lii* Lang^, Chief Musicians (in an .indefinite number) • 8a, and [ 128 ] PRESKNT DAY roLlTICAJL OKG AXIZ ATU)N- OF CHINA. 393 3. nl 3^ SB Ssu' Yiieh* Ivaiig-, Bandmasters (hi an 392 indefinite number) ; 9n. ^ 392. ^ Tb] M ^ It Hui^ T'mio- Ssu' I^ Kuan\ Kesiden.-e for Envoys of the Four Tributary States ; here were domiciled Envoys from Korea, ISiam, Tonkin and Burma ; no longer existing. In charge o£ the Kesidence there was a ^^ ^ ^ T*i' Tu^ Knan^ "Wu^, Superintendent, who had under his control one ;^f^ Ta* Shih', Residence Keeper ; [)a, two /^ ^J Ilsii* Pan', Ceremonial Ushers; 9b, and a staff (S) jg 'g' T'ung' Knan\ Ijiterpreters (of the sixth, seventh and eighth ranks). 393. @ ^ li" Li' Hsiich^ Kiian% School of Ceremonials. This school was established by Im])crial Kdict of the 1 Itli 'Inly, 1907,. which read as follows: " The most jjotent forces in the maintenance of jjcace and *' in the government of the people ave the natural laws governing *' the pheiKxmcna of nature. Being aware of this, former *' Emperors of Our Dynasty gave theii" greate.«>t attention to the *' improvement of rites and education. "In the reigns of Cli'ien Lung (173()-1796) and Tao *' Kuang (1821-1850) the code of rites was repeatedly i-evised "and, in its improved form, promulgated for genernl ol)servance *' throughout the Empire. " V^'itli the new order of things that have come into the " lives of the j)eople, such as cliangcs that iiave taken pla<'e in "education, in the Army and in social intercourse, it has become " evident that steps must be taken lo adapt, or r< organize, the " cu.stoms hitherto observed by the ))opulace with icgard to tlu; "details of funerals, sacrificcB, iicad dresses, marriage ceremonies " and articles of us(! and for adornment. "On a previous occasion the Ministry (if Kites memorialised " Ua with retrard to the establishment oT a School of Ceremrinials. "The said Ministry has now presented a detailed report as to PEESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHI.VA. 394 " the execution of this project nnd we hereby give it Our " sanction that it may be immediately put into force. '- We hereby further command that the Ministers of the " said Ministry of Eitc?, with their subordinates, take the lead in " the said School of (Ceremonials, carefully consider the ancient " and modern customs and the everyday habits of the people, " select the best and bring them to Our notice that We may " promnlgate them to the people of the Empire. " This is in proof of Om- earnest desire for the j^reparation " of the Avay towards the granting of a constitution and '• jjarliaineutary representation to tlie country. Respect This." In charge of the School of Ceremonials are the officials of the two highest ranks of the Ministry of Rites (President and \'ice-Presideiits) as |f, g| Tsung' Ts'ai^. The direct management of affairs is, however, vested in tlie |||i J[H |^ ^ It ^ f§ Tsuug^' Li^ Li^ Hsiieh- Kuan' Shili*' Wu*, Director of the School of Ceremonials, and the following : 1 . 2 to 3 H H T'i- Tiao\ I'roctors, 2. 1 ^ f>S 1^ i'^Higi T'i^ Tiao^ Assistant Proctor, 3. 1 11 -^ Tsung' Tsuau^ Chief Reviser, 4. 1 1 ^1 f^ Tsuan=^ lhm\ Revisers, 5. ^jjj fff Ilsiclr llsiu^ Assistant Ke\ isers (in an Indefinite number j, ^- ^ ^l (^ biao^ Tui^, CoiTCctors (in an indefinite uuinljer), 7. ^ ^ U'en^ An\ Secretaries, and «• # if IS P»1 'B* K..r Sheng* Ku' Wen' Kuan^ Provincial Advisers (the schedxile calls for 4u of thc^se). ;594. Ihe Ministry of Rit(?s supervises : 1. Imperial Mausolea {ser Xos. 569 — .371a). 2. Metropolitan Temples and Sacrifices performed therein (sec No. 572) and 3. Religions (Biuldhist,. Tuoitry of ICdiication, as proj)Osed by the ?*Iinistry itself, was sanctioneJ by tiie Kinperor on the 11th June. 19O0. 39oA. ^JM^-SH^f^ Kuan' Li^ Hsueh' Vn' Shih* Wn^. (.'ontroller of the Ministry of Education (.syy> No, 27ti). .396. ^ ^ Ts'an' Shih\ Assistant Secretaries ; oA, {sec No. *?86 ; thei-e are four of these officials). 397. % f^ M Ssn' Wu' T-iuir'. Chancery {scr Xo. 29(5). 39^- ^i\ ifj P] Tsuno- \Vu* Ssu'. Departineijl of (ieneral Affairs ; su])erintcnds the most im))ortant matters, correspondence, archives, comj^ilation of Memorials,' framing- of rules aiul regulations and is in chai'g'e of education thi'oughout the Em|>ire. This Department is composed of three jfJf K'o', [Sections, /.<». ^- ^1 ^ f "I '1''' ^^^x'' K-o', Section of Confidential Affairs, '^- ^ \i{ f^f -'^'^'^ Tu' K'o', Corresponfl Shrii' Ting* K*o', Inspection Section, 399. li^ pf] -p'] Clnian' Men* Ssu', Department cF Iligi.ci- and Special Schools; chaigc'd with tlic supervision of Cniver- sities. Higher an. 395 to 400 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 401 This Department has three Sections : to 1- ^fai^Wf^ Shih^ Fan^ Chiao* Yil'' KV, Normal 404 School Section, 2. 4'"^ ^ ^ f4 Chungi Teng3 Chiao" Yii* K'o\ Middle School Section, and 3. ^h'^W^ ^4 Hsiao^ Hsiieh^ Chiao^ Yu* K'o^ Ele- mentary School Section. 401.. ^ ^ Wj Shih^ Yell* Ssu^, Department of Industrial Schools ; controls Manual Training, C'ommercial and Agricul- tural Schools, etc. There are two Sections to this Department, i.e. 1- ^ ^ it S ^3f Shih^ Yeh* Chiao* Wu'' K'o', Industrial School Instruction Section, and 2. MM B.B^^ ^^"li' ^^eh^ Shu* Wu* K'o\ Industrial School Maintenance Section. 402. # it ^ Hui* (K'uai*) Chi* Ssu\ Audit Department ; examines income and expenditure, prepares estimates, furnishes,, builds and repairs schools, etc-. This Department is divided into tAvo Sections : • 1- JS ^ f4 Tu* Chihi K'o\ J'inance Section, and 2. ^ H f-^ Chien* Chu* K'o\ (Construction Section. 403. Besides, a Department Director {see No. 290), an Assistant Department Director (see No. 291) and one Or two Second Class Secretaries {see No. 292) there are attached to each Department and the Chancer}' {see Nos. 396 and 397) a number of ^ |2 'g* Shu^ C^hi* Kuan\ ('lerks, of the first, second and third ranks {see No. 295). 404. p^ ^ ^ Shih* Hsiieh^ KuanS Inspectors of Educa- tion ; there are two of these officials for each educational circuit, of which there are 12 {i^ide regulations drawn up by the Ministry of Education and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 11th December, 1909), as tabulated beloAv : 1. The provinces of Fengtien, Kirin aiid Heilungchiang, [ 132 ] PRESEXT DAY POMIICAL ORGANIZATION OF CUINa. 2. The provinces of Cliilili and Shansi, 3. The provinces of Shantnno; and Honan, 4. The provinces of Shensi and S/echwan, 5. The provinces of Hupeh and Hunan, 6. The provinces of Kianosu, Anhui and Kiangsi, 7. The provinces of Fukien and Chokiaii"-, 8. The provinces of -Kuangtuno: and Kuangsi, 9. The provinces of Kweichow and Yiinnan, 10. The provinces of Kansu and Hsinkiang. 1 1 . Inner and Outer Mongolia, and 12. K'uk'unor and .Tibet. Certain of the Inspectors of Education are deputed, yearly, for the inspection of from three to four educational circuits, so that all the circuits may be inspected within a tin-ee years' ])eridd. The Inspectors of Education are selected from otHcials of the Ministry of Education and to each there is attached one § le ^ Shu' Chi^ Sheng\ Clerk. Originally the })0st of Inspector of Education was a sub- stantive position (namely, oa) and the number of Inspectors was 12 ; from the 1st November, 1909, in accordance witli a rej)ort ^rom the Ministry of Education, the pcjsition was made sii()er- numerary in character and a corres])onding numljer of substantive posts were established at the Ministrv — of Dej)artmeMt Director (see No. 290 ; five), of Assistant Department Director {see No. 291 ; four) and of Second Class Secretary (see No. 292 ; three). / 404a. UirViVf^l^ I'i^'"' '^i"?.'' .Ming''T/.'n'-- Kuan', Committee for the Conipilation (tf Tcchniciil Terms estabhslicd in accordance with a report of the .Ministiy of JMlucatinn, sanc- tioned by the Emperor ^m the 29tli October, 1909, with a sfafl' consisting of on<- ^j^ ^ T{cond ("h»ss f^ocretary iser ¥o. 302.) 406. 11^ ,7:p H ^\- ^ Fien^ I-" T'n^ Shu^ CliCr, T.ook Com- riiation and 'I'ranslation Office (:ormal School Section, ^- 'I' ";? 1^ h" f'-[ <;-1"ingi Teno-- (Miiao^ Yu' Iv'o\ T\Iiddlc School Section, and 3. ^h Jp 1$: ff t'f TJ^'ii"'' Hsiich^ Chiao^ Vii' K'oi, ElenieiitaiN Schiiol Seciion. As chief of the Comniittee there is a ' lur ('haii^^% Presideiit, and at ttie li -ad of the Sections there arc ^.'|- J^ K'o^ Chanji"', Sei'tioii ( 'iiic IV (from the I'anks of oiHcials of the ^Jinistry of Ivdncationj. [ 1:54 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 408. ^ {jilj M ^ ^ Hsiieh' Chih^ Tiao^ Ch'a» Chu», 408 Commission for the Study of Educational Regulations ; in ^q charge of the making of a comparative study of the educational ^- _. situation in foreign coxmtries. At the head of the Commission there is a ^ ^ Chii' Chang', President, Avho is assisted by a number of ^ ^ Cl/ii' Yiian', Attaches, and a staff of ^ 'g' I* Kuan^, Translators (Interpreters). 408 A. The Chief of the Book Compilation and Translation Office {sec No. 406), the President of the Committee for Super- intendanco of Metropolitan Schools (see No. 407) and the President of the Commission for the Study of Educational Regulations (see No. 408) rank as Councillors (see Nos. 281 — 282) or Secretaries (sec. Nos. 283 — 284) of tho Ministry of Education. 409. M^WL"^ WM^JX ^^'^^' "^''-''ig' ^'l^i^'^o' ^'^»* II"i' I' So'^, Deliberative Convention of Higher Education ; called once a year (or more often if occasion demands) ; under the general control of the President and Vice-Presidents of the Ministry of Education. Delegates to this Convention comprise officials of the Ministry of Education, Directors of Metropolitan and Provincial Schools (Middle and Higher) and ])ersons with great experience in educational matters. The Delegates, who must be approved by the l^mperor, elect the ||| ^ P Chang^ President of the Convention. From the officials of the Ministry of Education there are selected two ^, f^ l\ Slui^ Wu^ Yiian*, Stewards, for the management of the geucnil afliiirs of the C^onvention. ^1^^- ^ ft ^' % W\ ("i'i'io' Vu* Yen" Chiu' So', Section of Instruction ; here are given lectures on educational (juestions for the l)enefit of officials of Jie Ministry of JMJucation. T(j this Section there are attached : [ yy- ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA. 411 1 If; i^ M S^^^^* ^^^ Yuan^, Steward (for its general ■jjQ management) and 412 1 !^ li M I'ien^ Chi* Yijan^, Compiler. Both are chosen from amongst the. officials of the Ministry. 411. AM^B B ^^' Cii'i^ Hsiieh^ Wu^ Ch'< Com- mittee of Banner Schools ; established in accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry of Education, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 22nd September, 1909, for the control of Primary and Middle Schools for Bannermen (5^*? Nos. 717 and 717a.). At the head of the Conmiittee there is a |^, J^^ Tsnng^ Li^ Director-General, and two \/j^ J^l Hsieh^ Tji'\ Assistant Directors. The Committee consists of tAvo Sections, i.e. I, ^ f^ "^^ Chiao'' Wn* K'o', Instrnction Section, and 2- IB, B %^ SI™'' ^^"* ^"^'oS ^laintenance Section. Each Section is directed by a ^j[ ^ K'o^ Chang^, Section Chief, to whom there arc subordinated an indefinite number of fjf j^ K'o^ Yiian^, Secretaries. For the inspection of schools the Committee periodically deputes ^ ^ ^ Ch'a^ lisiieh" Yiian^, Inspectors of Education, Attached to the Committee of Banner Schools, in addition to the officials mentioned above, are f^ f|| ^ P'ing- I^ Yiian Advisers, the chief of whom is styled =Z|^ ||| -^ P'ing- V Chang^ Senior Adviser. Later (in 1915), when the Manchus and C'hinese are placed on an equal footing, this Committee will be aboli.^hed. 412. ^ ^ ife Kuo^ Tzu-^ Chien\ National College or Imperial Academy of Learning (literarj^ designation, '^ ^ T'ai" Ilsiieh^, ;^ ii] Ch'cng2 ( him', ^j J^ if> Ssu^ Ch'eng» Kuan'). This institution was divided into 5^ ^ JAn^ T'ang-, six classes or sections, and its students (knoAvn as ^- ^ Chieu'* Sheng') received a stipend from the Government. [ 136 ] rilESEXT DAY POLITICAL OllGANIZATIOX OF CHINA. Worthy of ivmark is the hull ^- ^ Pi' Yung', where the 412a. Emperor (iisciis:;es the classics in the [)resence of learned men. +^ At the lm])erial Academy there were : 41 412a. ^ Jf i-^ g^ Bi J< E Ki''i'i' Li' K.ur T/u' Chien^ Tu^ Clreii', ('hancer..)r of the Imperial Academy (usually one of the senior (iraiid Secretaries), and the following : 1- - ^ ^ *^ I'i^ Chiu^, Libationers (literary designation, ^ b] /j5c ^:»' Ssn^ Cli'eng'') ; 4i5, one Manchn and one Chinese, -• "^ ^ ^ Ssu^ Yell'*, 'J'lilors (literary designation, ^ ^ Ijjj Shao^ Ssu' ("h'eng^) ; 6a. one Manchu, one Mongol and one (.'hiiiese, ' •"'• ^n' ?K (iucuMlh'Cng^, Proctor ; 7a, -^- 1^.5 ± ^""' ^I'i^i'' l)o<'tor ; Tn. 5. JJlL ^ Ticn^ Pu^ Arclu\ :st ; Kn, 0. Jlli §pj Tien" Chi-, 8nb-ArchivIst ; 9i-., "• Hi/ IJC * ''"' ^'I'ii'oS i'l'eceptor ; 7u, «• 1^4 K ^ ^i^ ^^^''^ -"^''i''' Hs'iolr Lii', KegLstrar ; 8a, *J. :^S (^;j< 11-iiclr Lu^ Sul)-Kogistrar ; Ha, and 10. ^ iE Hsiiclr Cheng^ Director of Studies : Sa. 4i:}. ^ dF- 7J^ ff^ n Kuo- T/.u^ Chvng^ Ya' MCu\ The (^iovernnient [nstitute ; this estahlishrncnt !s the result of the refoniiation of the Tuiiiciial Academy of Ijearning (sec No. 412) in a( (ordance with a .Memorial i'roni the .Mi)iistr\ t)f Edncatior (sanctioned In tite i'.in|>eroi- on the 1 lih.Iiinc. 1900). It rcgidatc tlie rites and ccieinom'cr- peifornied al th.j ^ |^] Wi'ii*'' .Miao* Temple of ( onfn.iu.--, :,nd at the il^- ^(il ^!!i I'i' Yung' 'li.ri', 1' \'iing Hall 'srr No. 112;. in chaig*-' of the (iovcrnnient lii-titiitc i- a : 41.TA. ISl T' as '■^'"^''* '''^■"' Ch-eng-, Director (.f the Institute ; 4a. He ha- subordinated to him : 1. \ .fll f^ Tien" Pu', ArchiNi-ls: 7 \, 2. 4 Jjll fjJi 'i'ien^ Chi', Sul.-A rchivi^^lj^ : Ha, [ l-'- ] 415a PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 414 3. 2 rt pO ^ niG I" Ch'i^ PHn^ F6ng* Ssu^ Kuan^ ■jjQ Overseers of Sacrifices of the 7th Class, 4- .2 Ab" ^/HGW P^' P'i^^ ^eng^ Ssu* Kuan\ Overseers of Sacrifices ot the 8th Class, 5. 2 :^ (O, ^ jnti ^ Chiu^ P'iu^ Feng^ Ssu* KuanS Overseers of Sacrifices of the> 9th Class, 6. 2 IE ii ^ 'i* Cheng* T'lmgi Tsan^ Kuani. Senior Heralds ; 7a, 7- 2 glj ii ^ 'g' Fu* T'ungi Tsaii* Knan^ Junior Heralds ; 8 b, 8. 3 — ^ ^ IE 'g* Krh^ Teng=^ Shui Chi* Kuan^ Clerks of the 2nd Class ; 8a, and 9. 3 H ¥ ^ 12 'B* San^ Teng^ Shui Chi* KuanS Clerk, of the 3rd Class ; 9a. 414. The Board of Education has the supreme control of various educational institutions, as shown below : Common Schools (Primary, Middle and Higher), Universities, Professional Schools, Institutes, etc. (details see Nos. 574 — 654). MINISTRY (BOARD) OF WAR. 415. ^ ^HPing' PuS Ministry (Board) of War (literary designation of Ministry, ^ ^\l Hsi Pu, of its President, ;/^ "^ H Ta* Ssu' Ma', and of its Vice-Presidents, 'J^ ^ ^ Shao' Ssu^ Ma'). This Ministry, in addition to the administration of the land, sea and river forces of the Empire, supervised the examinations for military skill, which consisted of drawing the bow, military gymnastics and lif tmg the stone (these examinations were abolished by Imperial Edict of the 29th August, 1901). 415a, Before its reorganization the Ministry of War was ■composed of four Departments : 1- S^il n] Wu=^ Hsuan' gsu\ "Department of Selection, 2- IJi ^ r] Chih^ Fang^ Ssu\ Department of Discipline, [ 138 ] ^4 TKESENT DAY POLITICA.L ORGAXTZATIOX OF CHINA. 3- ^ ffc| RI ('h''^*' Chia-» Ssu', Kemonnt-Departiueiit, and 416 '^- J^ ^' "rI ^^^^^ K'u^ '^su', Commissariat Department. ^16. M^^ Lien* Ping^ Ch'u*, Commission for Army "Reorganization ; established in 1903 at the initiative of ^ -fy; gf[ Yuan- Shih* K'ai' (who was made its President) for the reorganization of the Chinese army on western lines. 417. The reorganization of the Ministry of War was commanded by Imperial Edict of the 6th NoAcmber, lOOfi, which read as follows : " |£ A|^ Piiig^ Pu^, the Ministry of War, is now to become "the ^ ^. iJirT^i' ChiJn' Fn\ Board of War, the Commission "for Army Eeorganization {see No. 416) and the ;J{C (% ^ T'ai' "P'u' St^u', Court of the Imperial !Stud (see No. 936]i), to be "assimilated by the latter. The pro])osed ^ [^ i^ Hai^ Chihi^ "Pu*, Ministry of the Navy {see No. 18oii}, and the !^ ii"^ Jf^ "Chim^ Tzu' Fu^ General Statt" Office (see No. 184), not being " regularly organized, affairs appertaining to these are to be "attended to in the Ministry of War, by a ^ ^ ^" llai^ Chiin^ "Ch'u*, Naval Council (s Lu* (^hiin^ PuS :MinistiT (Board) of War to or Ministry (IJoard) of Laud Forces. 'J'his Ministry is now the administrative, head of all the land forces of the Empire, direct& Military Schools, has charge of ordnance stores and arsenals, etc. The postal svstem, for Government use exclusively, in Chin,' propej" and in the outlying dependen{des, is maintained by thi& Ministry. 421. ^ JM |J^ Ip ^\i ^i f% Kuan^ Li=^ Lu' Chiuii Pu^ Shih^ Wu-^, Controller of the ^Ministry of War {sec No. 276). ^ 422. ^kWCM Ch'cng- Chcng^ T'ing\ Coimcil. (see No. 285) ; attends to the most important questions ; supervises finances, correspondence, staff", etc. The Council is divided into four ^i[ K'o\ Sections, i.e. W' %^ P( P^^ Shu^ K'oS Secret Affairs Section, and |&: ft ^ Tien^ Chano-^ K'o\ Section of Armv Regulations — under the control of the Senior Councillor {see No. 281) — and |ft; f^ ^\ Shu^ Wu^ K'o\ Section of General Affairs, and U^ ^ f>|- Shou Chih^ K'o\ Finance Section — in charge of the Jvmior Councillor {see No. 282). 422a. The Council {see .No. 422) Avas organized from : 1. The following offices of the former ]\Iinistry of War {see No. 415) : y^ fra W) ^Jan'^ Tang* Fang'', Record and Registry Office (compare No. 379), v\ t^ M Ssu^ Wu-* T'ing', Chancery (compare No. 296), ^ji^ |/j| J^ P'ai* Pau* Chni\ Office for Deputation of Officials for Special Duty, ^-^W^ Shou^ Chih^ So', Finance Office, and jf i^ ^ Feng-* Hsiang^ Ku^ Office for issue of Salaries and Supplies {see No. 415a), from the Commis- sariat Department. 2. The following offices of the Commission for Army Reorganization {see No. 416) : ^ ^ ^ Wen^ Ani Ch'u^ Chancery, and J[^ ^ ^ Shou^ Chih' Oh'uS Treasury. [ 1^" ] rUESKXT OAY rt)LiriCAL OUGAXIZATIOX OF C'lIXA. 42215. Tlie staff of the Council (^sre No. 422) is in:i-* F:i» Kuan\ ]le,i:istrurs {see No. 294), four ^jf ^ K'o' Chauij^', Section Chiefs (corresponding- to the nunjbcr ol' Sections ; .vrr No. 422j, 20^^ K\>' Yiiau-, Secretaries (oF the 1st, 2nd and ."'.r.l laidvg), Jive^ ^ ^* Yiiau", Tiairt^lators ( Interpreters ; of the 1 si, 2nd and 3rd ranks), 14 §5 ^ Lu' Shih', Writers (.vrr No. 2«J-l), one IE it ^'g-Clieng-^ 'IVung- Shih^ Kuan', -Adjutant, and one S'J t/H '1^ 'S* Fu* Ts'ung- Shih^ Kuan'. Second Adjutant. 423. ^MM 'A'^'^i"' ^^ T'ing\ Secretarial OHice {svc No. 285a) ; draws up rules and regulations for the ^Ministry of War, Military Scholars, etc. 423,\. Attached to the Secretarial (HHcc arc : Two Secretaries {sec Nos. 2S.'> and 28 4\ one lvc!.'i-trar {see No. 294), li-^m t-r T/u^ 1* Kuan', Advisers (of the 1st, 2nd and i'rd ranks ; sec No. 302), and ;^ ^ '^ Chien'Ch'a^ Kuan', Insp.rlors of Military Affairs (of the 1st, 2n(l and :ird ranks: srr N... ;;o:'.\ in an indefinite nund)er, and 12 Wiiters {src No. 2!>4). 424. Ij^igj n] rhiin^ Heng' Ssu^ Department of Selection ; supervises appoint inenl and tiansfer of Tuilitary (»ihcial<, granting of hereditary titles, etc. This Department has four Sections : 1- Jit fl # ^^'"' '1'^^'=''' ''^''<''' ►'^^'^■*'^"' "*' A].i.ointnients. 2. Posts, 3. 4. g§ )(;^ :f-^ Hbi' Yin' K'o', Section ot llei-editary Titles, and M in 'T-'l- <"''''' ^^"' ^^'^'' ^«^''''"" "' ''•'"""■'■ -^ ""■»''•■'• 424a. The Department of Selection (sw No. 424) is a development of the j\i iS ol W-r llsiian^ Ssu', Department of Selection {sec No. 415aj, of the ohl Ministry of War. 42.0. T].!^ ?J1 Chim* Ch*eng» Ssu', Dci)arlment of .Mditary Postc; in chatge of the Military Posts an.l the horses for .-onricrs employed therein. [ 141 1 422n to 426 PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 425a This Department consists of three Sections : to 1- II H ^\ I* Oh'uan^ K'o\ Military Posts Section, 426a 2. 1^ ^ fif Hsiao^ Sxian* K'o^, Expenditure Section, and 3. @[J )^ T^Jf P'ei* Shu* K'o\ Convoy Section (superyising the couvoying of exiles to their places of banishment). 425a. To the Department of Military Posts (see No. 425) were transferred certain of the functions of the "^ ^ p] Ch'e^ (Jhia* Ssu^, Remount- Department (see No, 415a), and the ^^ J^ ^J Wu'^ K'u* Ssu^, Commissariat Department (see No. 415a), of the old Ministry of War {see No. 415). 425b. In addition to the customary officials (see No. 434), attached to the Department of ]Military Posts (see No. 425) are the following : 1- ^ f 11 ^ Chielr Pao^ C'h'u*, Couriers Office, directed by a III §1 Tsurig- Pan*, Chief, assisted by six |/j| ^ 'g* Pan'* Shih* Kuan', Secretaries, and tAvo ^^ ^ Lu* Sliih*, Writers, and 2- ^1 1^ ^^^^ Kuan^, Depot of Military Horses, in charge of a i£, § Chien' Tn\ Sa])erintendent, and two |,^ ^ Lu^ Shih*, Writers. 426. igft "r] Chiin^ Chi' Ssu', Discipline De])artment ; directs the issue of re^yards or the leyy of penalties. This Department is divided into four Sections : ~ 1. # ^ jfij K'ao=^ Ohi^ K'o\ Section for Investigation of Merit, 2. Ijg fjj 5fjf Ts'e* Hsiin^ K'oS Section for Definition o£ Grade of Merit, 3. 15 f^ fJ[ Hsii* Shang- K'o', Rewards Section, and 4. 1^ ^ ^}[ I* Fa'' K'o^, Section of Punishments. 426 A. To the 'Discipline Depai-tment (see No. 426) were transfcired the functions of the ^fi ^ p1 Chih^ Fang^ Ssu^, Department of Disci])bne (see No. 415a), of the oil Ministry of War (see No. 415), and of the ^ Jjj jfif K'ao' Kung^ K'o'- [ 142 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION" OF CHINA. Sect-ion for Investigation of Merit, of tlie Commission for Army 427 Keorganization {see No, 416). ^q 427. "t^ ^ r1 Chiin^ Shilr Ssu', Department of Arms 428b Supply ; conj^isting of two Sections, i.e. 1- M Jt-; ^-"f <-''>i'i* Tsao* K'o', Section of Manufacture, and 2. fJjc fit f^ I'lio^ C;li'u* K'o\ Storage Section. 427a. The ail'airs of the j^ I^ p] Wu^ K'u* Ssu', Commis- sariat De])artm(.'nt {src No. 41oa), of the old Ministry of War, and of the !^^ ^ $4 Ch'i^ Hsieh* K'oS Arms Section, of the Commission for Army Kcorganization (sec No. 41G), were handed over to the Department of Arms Supply (see No. 427). 427 15. In addition to the usual officials (see No. 4,')4), at the Department of Arms Supply (see No. 427), are found : 1 It m fl. ^J"i* T'u^ Yiian2, Draughtsman, 1 ^ Hlfj I' ShihS Chief Engineer (sec No. 301), and 1 1^ ± i' ^1>il»\ Engineer (5^^ No. .301). 428. iji fjjij pj ChiJn^ Chih* Ssu', Army Inspection Depart- ment ; of seven Sections : 1- ^ ^i f-'i ^•^••i' Chien3 K'o', Training Section, 2. ^ R. ^}\ Pii' Ping' K'o', Infantry Section, 3. Bi ^ I'i ^l:i' l'"'^' I^'"^ <-'avalry Section, 4. ^< f£ ^-1 i"a()' ring' K'oS Artillery Section, •'>• X f< f-'l K'"»g^ Ping' K'o', Engineers Section, Cu |«j ^; 5i 5f;[ T/.ii'- Chung^ Ping' K'o', .Military Trains Scetion, and 7. ^ ^ $•[ T'ai- Lei' K'o', Sa]>pers Section. 428 A. The Army Ins]>e(ti()n Department was developed from the ^ ^.j ^}\ Son' T'ao^* K'o', Battle Training Section, of the Commission for Army Reorganization (see No. 416). 428b. In addition to the custoniary oHicials (see Nt). 434), the staff of tin' Annv Inspection Department (.fee No. 428) includcH one $& [E] it Hni' T'u* Yiiun', DraughtHuian (compare [113 J PltESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 429 No. 427b), one ^ fffj I" Shih\ Chief Engineer {see Xo. 301), ^Q and one m ± P Sluli% Engineer (see No. 301 ). 430b 429. ^ ^ Wl Chiin^ Hsii^ Ssu', Commissariat Department; of three Sections : 1. Mn^ ^^ T'ung-3 Chi* K'o\ Statistical Section, 2. H HE f^i- Liang2 Fir K'o^ Supplies Section, and 3- Mjs.f\ Chien* Tsao* K'o', Construction Section. 429a. The Commissariat Department was formed from the II i[u] ff Liang^ Hsiang^ K'o\ Section of Supplies, of the Commission for Army Eeorganization {see No. 416). 430. ^ '^ "^ Chiiii^ Hsueh- Ssu', Department of Militar}- Education consisting of seven Sections : 1. ^ ^ ^^ Chiao* Yii* K\)\ Section of Instruction, 2. ^ 1^ f^l' f'"' Tiii* K'o\ Infantry Section, 3. .1 If^ JfJ^ IMa=^ Tui^ K'o\ Cavalry Section, 4. ®C i^ f f l^'-^o* Tui* K'oS .Ai-tillei-y Section, 5. X ^ I^ f^l" Kung^ Ch'eng" Tui' K'o', Engineers Section, 6. f^ M Ff ^4 '-^^^"^ Chung* Tui* K'o\ Military Trains Section, and 7. ^ ^ ® HI? Yao* Sai* P'ao^ Tui^ K'o\ Fortress Artillery (or Heavy Artillery) Section. .430a. The Department of Military Educpation (sec No. 430) was formed from the $j\\ ,f^ ^ Hsiin' Lien* K'o^ Training Section, and the |$; ^ f jf Chiao* Yii* K'o', Instruction Section, ■of the Ipf ^ p] Cluin' Hsiieh^ Ssu\ Department of Mihtary Education of the Conuuission for Ai-iny Reorganization (see No. 416). 430k. Ii I^ ^ l>ieni I" ChiiiS Translation Office; attached to the Department of Military lulucation (see No. 430).; directed by a |i i| Tsung^ Pan*, Chief, assisted l)y a |g |^ T'i^ Tiao\ Proctor, a J[^ ^ Shou' Chang^ Librarian (Keeper) [ H4 ] PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORG AXIZATION OF CHINA. iti ^ Pieu^ Tsuan^ Revisers, ^ '^ V Shu', Translators 431 (Interpreters), and otlier officials (of an indefinite number). iq 431. ^ ^ ^ Cliiin^ I^ S&u', Army Medical Department ; a^a consisting of two .Sections : 1- ^6; P\ I' ^^ »^ K-o', Medical Section, and ^- .^ ^ fi- ^la^ r K'o', Veterinary Section. 431 A. The Army Medical Department (sec No. 431) Avas formed b}' the reorganization of the ^ f^ ^ I' Wu^ K'o\ Medical Section of the Connnission for Army Keorganization (see Xo. 416). 432. '^ f^ -g Chlini Fa' Ssu', Department of .Military Law ; supervises military law proceedings and military prisons. It has no. Sections. 432a. The Department of Military Law {sec No. 432} was formed by the reorganization of the ;S fp f ^ Fa' Lii' K'o', Section of Laws, of the Commission for Army Keorganization (see No. 416). 432ii. In addition to the usual oflicials (see No. 434), the Department of Military Law (see No. 432) furnishes employment for six p] ^^ 'g* Ssu' Fa'' Kuan', Officers of Justice (of the first, second and third ranks). 433. i|? ^ ^ Cliiin' ?^Iu' Ssu', Department of the Military Stud ; comj)osed of. two Sections • L i^^]^ Chun^ T'iao'' K'o', Distributing Section, and ii- ^ ^'i 14 Fan! Chih2 K'o", Breeding Section. 433a. The Department of the Military Stud was fonuetl from the (.'ourt of the Imperial Stud {sec Nos. 417 and J>3()i{j, and assimilated, in part, tlu; functions of the j|I ^l^ \i] C'h'e' Chia^ Ssu', Remount Dt^partmcnt {sec No. 4 1.>a) of tlir old Ministry of War (sec No. 415}. 434. Kach Department of tlic Ministry of War cmph.ya : ^ ^ one Ssu' Chang', Controller {see No. 2U4), one ^ ^ f Ch'rng^ Fa' Kuan', Registrar (a^c No. 2U4}, fj H K'o' ("hang', [ U5 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGAXIZATION OF C.IINA. 435 Section Chiefs (of the same number as there are Sections), ^J[ j^ ^O K'o^ Yiian^, Secretaries (of the first, second and third ranks ; 4S7a from six to thirty-four), and ||^ ^ Lu"* Shih^, Writers (from , six to twelve). Special officials are treated under their respective Departments. 435. ^ it T'i'^ T'angS Superintendents of Military Posts ; further distinguished as : 435a. ^^:^^ Chu^ Ching^ T'i" T'ang^, Superintendents of Military Posts residing at Peking, of whom there are sixteen. 435b. jg ^ J^ j^f Chu^ ShengS T'i^ T'ang^, Superintendents; of Military Posts residing in the Provinces (compare No. 754). 435c. ^ ^ Pao"* Fang", Printing Office ;• formerly the '^ ^ Ching^ Pao*, Peking Gazette, was printed at this- Office, which was under the direction of the Superintendents of Military Posts residing at Peking (see No. 435a). 43S. f^ ^ SB M 'i' Lu* Chiini Pu^ Ch'ia^ KuanS Officials for Special Duty; attached to the Ministry of War in an. indefinite number (up to thirty -four). 437. Under the supervision of the Ministry of War are :. 1. The ]Military Forces of China : A. Lu CliUn, Regular Troops, and B. Hsiin Fang Tui, Reserves (see Nos. 655 to 707),, 2. Military Schools (see Nos. 708 to 717b), 3. Banner Troops (see Nos. 718 to 748), 4. Old Chinese Troops (see Nos. 749 to 753), 5. Military Posts (see No. 745), and 6. Office of the Government Stud (see No. 755). 437a. j^ + i^i ^ Hung- Shih^Tzu" HuiS The Red Cross Society. Provisional regulations (f\* M K '^' '-^ ^ M if ^ ^ Chungi Kuo^ Hung2 Shih^ Tzu* Hui* Shih^ Pan* Chang^ Ch'eng^) were drawn up by ^ ^ ^ Lii Hai-h\ian, and sanctioned by [ 146 I PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA. an Imperial Decree of liic 27tli February, 1910. The same 438 Decree appointed j^ ^ f^ Sheng Hsiian-huai as ^ -j" ^ Q" ^ Hun^"- Sliili- Tzu^ Hui^ Chang', President of the Red Cross Society. A special Memorial from the General Staff Office, suggesting certain changes and amendments in the provisional regulations mentioned above, was sanctioned by the Emperor on the 20th May, 1910. Accordingly, the 4« [^ SI -f" ^ l!S ^ Chimg' Kuo"- Hung- Shilr Tzu* Tsung' Hui^, Central Office of the Red Cross Society, is to be established at Peking, ^ ^ Fen^ Hui% Branch Offices, will be founded in provincial capitals, ports open to foreign trade and sea ports. Also, there is a proposal to form a corps of ^ ^ I' Yiian^, Physicians, and § n^ A K'an^ Hu* Jen-, "Brothers and Sisters of Mercy." Furthemiore, a §^ |^ Jj^ Chih* Yao^ Ch'ang', Labonitory, is to be founded for the manufacture of medical instruments and the preparation of medicines. The insignia of the Chinese Red Cross Society is : 1. a mU -I ^- m rai= Ti^ H«ng^- Shilr Tzu^ ih'\\ Red Cross on a White Ground, or 2. m ill {i3c -^ ^ IE ^ Shuangi Lung"^ Ch'ien' Shih'^ Tzu' Lhi* ChangS Red Cross and Two Dragons, of (lold. Silver, or Bronze (the ensign of members of the Red Cross Society). A\INI5TRY (BOARD) OF JUSTICE. 4.38. Jflj % Using' Vu*, Ministry (Board) of Punishments, or Criminal Affiiirs (literary designation, Jt % W Pu* and ^ fl Ilsi^ Ts'ao': of its President, :k V\ i^ Ta< Ssu> K'ou'; of its Vice-Presi ] PRESEISTT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA. 447 defined by law is not inflicted, the determination of places of to banishment and the civil and criminal cases of the provinces of 4^Ko Fengtien, Kirin, Heilungchiang, Shantung and Shansi and, also of the Left Wing of Ch'ahars, Suivuanch'eng and Kueihua ch'eng. 447. i^ fk. dJ Yu* Hsii' Ssu% Department of Pardons. This Department is charged with the publication of Benevolent Edicts and ]Manifests, questions concerning pardons, and the civil and criminal cases of the provinces of Kiangsu, Kiangsi, Anhui, Fulcien, Chekiang, Hunan and Hupeh. 448. H |)( ol Chii^ Hsu-' Ssu\ Department of Personnel ; controls the pei-sonnel of the jVIinistry and of judicial establish- ments in general and recommends rewards to be granted to, or punishments to be inflicted on, judicial officials. 449. iHl 3^ '^ Tien^ Yu* Ssu^, Department of Prisons ; supervising prisons and workhouses attached to them (see No. 767a). Under the direct control of this Department is the prison at the Ministry of Justice (see No. 766). 450. ^ f j- fl Hui* (K'uai^) Chi* Ssu\ Audit Department registers receipts and expenditure of the Ministry, prepares estimates, collects fines and takes control of property confiscated. 451. .^[^^^Tu^ Shih* Ssu\ Department of General Affairs ; prepares translations from Manchu into Chinese and vice versd^ copies reports, has the custody of the seal, etc. 452. The staff of each Department of the Ministry of Justice consists of three Department Directors (see No. 290), four Assistant Department Directors (see No. 291), and four Second Class Secretaries {see N- . 292). 453. \^ % ^ Siiou^ Fa^ So^ Registry ; deals with correspondence concerning prisoners, prepares and stores instruments of torture, etc. Its staff consists of two Assistant Department Directors {see No. 291) and two Second Class Secretaries (see No. '^92). [ 150 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 454. J^ It ^ T'ung^ Clii^ Ch'u<, Statistical Bureau {see 454 No. 162). ^ '^^5- ^^ M pI Tang^ Yiieh* Ssu', Record and Registry 459 Office ; managed by one Department Director (see No. 290), one Assistant Department Director {see No. 291) and three Second Class Secretaries (sec No. 292). Now abolished. 456. ^' g^ i^ Tsangi Fa' K'u^, Treasury ; where fines ■were deposited. Its staff consisted of one p\ \^ Ssu^ K'u*, Treasurer ; 7a, and from one to two J^ f|i K'u* Shih', Overseers (see No. 298). This is now non-existent (compare No. 450). 457. Jl ^ ^ T'i* Lao2 T'ing\ Prison Office ; formerly in charge of two prisons of the Ministry, i.e. f{(j ^ Nan- Chien', the Southern, and ^t ^ Pci^ Chien\ the Northern, and with a staff consisting of two g ^ T'i'^ Lao', Inspectors of Prisons (one Manchu and one Chinese). With the establishment of the Department of Prisons (see No. 419) this Office was abolished {for details see No. 766). 457a. p1 Dt p1 ''5su' Yu^ SsuS Section of Warders (of the Prison Office; see No. 457). This Section furnished employment for eight ^ ^ Ssu' Yii', Warders; 9i'.. It is now- non-existent (for details see No. 766). 458. imfi^ I'^ie'i' <'1''='' <-'•''"% Compiling Office; collects information, rrames ndesand regulations, compiles drafts of laws, etc. 459. The Ministry of Justice supervises supreme control over : 1. SIk'ii T*'an T'iiig, Local (Courts {.ur Nos. 758 to 76 1a), 2. Chien Ch'a T'ing, Prosecuting Attonieys, and ;i. Prisons (see Nos. 766 to 767a). [ I'l ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF C:ilNA. 460 MINISTRY (BOARD) OF AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 460. X a\i Kuiigi Pu^ Ministry (Board) of Works (literary designation, ;'Jlc ^\i Shui^ Pu* ; of its President J^ ^ ^ Ta* Ssu^ K'ung\ literally, " Superintendent of Oaves " ; of its Vice-Presidents, ^ p] ^ Shao^ Ssu^ K'nng^). This Ministry controlled and directed all government buildings and works, i.e. government ship-building, construction and repair of bridges, sluices, canals, embankments, mausolea, temples and city walls. Also, the Ministiy defined weights and measures and furnished the army with contrivances and utensils necessary to its use. 460a. The Ministry of Works was composed of the following Departments, Sections", Offices, etc. 1- -^ 3i n] Ying2 Shani SsuS Building Department (compare No. 345), 2- /^ ^ wl ^ ii^ Heng* Ssu\ Department of Weights and Measures, ^- tB ^K "wl Tu^ Shui^ Ssui, Department of Waterways and Dikes, '^- ^4 1^ M Liao' Ku^ So^ Department of Estimates, •^- ^ M ^ P^o^ Yiian' Chii', Coinage Office, directed by two ^ ^ Chieni Tu^ Superintendents, and two -J^ f^ Ta* Shih», Overseers (compare No. 366); also ^ f^ ^ Ch'ien^ Fa^ T'ang^, Coinage Office which was under the control of the-'-Junior Vice- President of the Ministry of Revenue to whose title was added ^ Ji ^ ^i ^ y S Chien^ Li^ Ch'ien' Fa* T'ang^ Shih* Wu^, (see No. 366a). 6. ^ ^ Chiao" Ch'ang^, Icehouse (for supplying the Court), supervised by two ^ =§ Chieni Tn\ Overseers, '^- ^ M ^^"^ Ts'ang', Fire- wood Store, supervised by two ^ i^ Chieni Tu^, Overseers, and [ 1^2 ] TRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. y. pI fE ^su^ Chiang*, Overseers of Works ; 9b, etc. 461 461. J^ §15 Shangi X>u4^ Ministry (Board) of Trade ; esta- ^q Wished by Imperial Edict of the 7th December, 190.3. ^q2 461a. In accord;\nce with a Memorial from the Ministry of Trade (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th September, 1903) its organization was as follows : 1 • i^ M nl Pao' Hui* Ssu\ Department of Trade, 2. 2p- tjj ^ P'ing'^ ('hlin^ Ssu', Department of Agriculture and Forestry, ^- jM ^ ol T'ungi I-* Ssu^ Department of Industry, 4. ^ If p1 Hui* (K'uai'') Chi* SsuS Audit Department, 5. p] ^ ai Ssu^ Wii* T'ingi, Chancery, 6. ^ ^ If I^ii* Hsiieh- Kuan^ Commission for the Study of Commercial Legislation, directed by two ^ ^ "g" Tsung^ Tsuan' Kuau\ Chief Revisers, and two ^ |!^ 'g* Tsnan' Ilsiu' KuanS Revisers, and "• ^ ^ ft Shangi Pao-' KuanS Commercial Newspaper Office, directed by one f^ H 'B* '^'i' Tiao^ Kuan', Proctor. In addition to two Councillors and two Secretaries for the Ministry (see Nos. 281 to 284), there were also established the posts of Department Director, Assistant Dei)artment Director and Second Class Secretary {see Nos. 290 to 292) ; two officials of each of tiic latter three ranks were attached to every Department. For information as to the staff of the Chancery (see No. 296 ). 462. ^^ X ifH i'lH -^'x'lg' Kiing' Shang' Vu\ Ministry (Hi)ard) of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce; established l,v imperial Edict of the 6th November, 1906; uu amalgamation of the Ministry of Works (*<>^ ^ i\\ Shang^ Lii' Kuan'\ Commercial Laws Conrmiittee. 46i>lJ. f>^j HJ ^ Shangi Pao* Kuan-, Cumniercial News- paper Office (compare No. 461a). 465c. S p] ii ii- ^ K""g' ^su^ Chu* Ts'e* ChuS Company Registration Bureau (see No. 776a). 4651). i]^j ^1? ,^j 8hang' Piao' Chii-, Trade Marks Registration Bureau (see No. 776a). •i^'^>- B. f^ p] '^''"' ^^ "* ^^"'' Department of (ieneral Aftiiirs ; checks the income and expenditure of the Ministry, keeps its accounts and' si-jicrviscs the s^afl* — apjKtinlnients, transfers, jjromotions, — etc. Under the direct supervision of this I)c|»:irln»«'nt is the : 466a. ^ fli ^ Ch'eng2 (1iih* S(.\ Registry and Record Office ; the duties of tiie Chancery, now aliolished (see No. 4(;i a), in connection with the supervisif»n of incoming and outgoing correspondence, ciphering of telegrams, <-ustody of the seal, etc., were transferred to this office. [ 1.^'^ ] PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 467 467. The staff of the four Departments of the Ministry of to Agriculture, Industry and Commerce {see Nos. 463 to 466) ^w^ inchides 12 Department Directors, 16 Assistant Department Directors and 18 Second Class Secretaries (sec Nos. 290' to 292). 468. The following appointments at the ^Ministry of Trade were left unchanged on the formation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce : 1- M P»1 "B* ^^"* ^*^"^ Kuani, Advisers (see No. 302a), 2- ilM B H ^ K^^"g' ^^^^i' I' rUan-, :\lining Advisers (see No. 775), '^- ^ 1^ tS' M, Shang^ Wu* I^ Yiian^, Commercial Advisers, and , 4- i^* f^ !§i M Shang^ Wu^ Sui^ Yiian", Commercial Agents (Attaches). / 469. To the- iSIinistry of Agriculture, Indust'-y and Commerce there are attached an indefinite nxmiber of : 1. — ^ ^i g[jj II Tcng=^ I^ Phih\ Chief Engineers of the first rank ; 6a, 2. j:^ ^ g g,]j Erh" Teng^ I^ Shih^ Chief Engineers of the second rank ; 7 a, 2- "-^ ^± I^ Teng^ I' ShihS Engineers of the first rank ; 8a, and 4. n # ^ ± Erh* Teng=5 I"^ Shili'S Engineers of the second rank ; 9a. 470. |£ Ij- jg T'ung' Chi^ Ch'u^ Statistical "Bureau (sec No. 162). 471. Under the control of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce are : 1. The Industrial Taotais (sec Nos. 839 to 839b), and 2. Various establishments and officials discussed in Nos. 768 to 782. [ 15G ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 472 MINISTRY ABOARD) OF POSTS AND COMMUNICATIONS ^q 472. §U ^ ^^[5 Yu^ Ch'uan' Pu% Ministry (Board) of Posts and Communications ; established by Imperial Edict of 6th November, 1906, which directed as follows : " Shipping commimication, Railways, Telegraphs and *' Postal communications are to be jointly supervised by a " Ministry of Posts and Communications." The Ministry of Posts and Communications is in supreme control of navigation, railways, telegraphs, and schools of these specialities. The Posts are still under the control of the Inspector General of Customs. The organization of the Ministry is as proposed by the ^liiiistrv itself and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 1st August, liJOT. 473. ^^M Ch'eng2 Cheng' T'ing\ Council {sre No. 285) ; the most important and most confidential affairs of the Ministry are managed by this office, which controls the staff and regulates expenditure, etc. 474. ^ li j^ Ts'ani I' T'ingi, Secretarial Office (scr No. 28oa) ; frames rules, initiates projects, examines plans, supervises correspondence, etc. 475. Four ;^ ^ Ch'ien^ Shih^ Assistant Secretaries (sfe No. 286; ; 5a, and four ^ ,« /> ^ ^ CIri' P'in' H^ao^ Ching' Kuan', Officials of the seventh rank (sec No. 299), are employed at the Ministry of Posts and Commiuiications, — two at the Council {scr No. 473) and two :it the i-Vcretarial Office (src No. 474). '*"'^>- ^{i ^ ^ Cli'iiair Cheng' Ssn', I )rpartni( lit o. Navigation; sup(r\ ise- marinr and riverine sliij.ping, tlic construction of docks, th.- improv.'meMt of harbours, erection of lighthouses, etc. [ !••: ] 476 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 477 The actual administration of the majority of the functions to just mentioned is carried out by the ^t 'J^ J^'c E P^i^ Yang^ Ta* 481 Ch'en^, Superintendent of Trade for the Northern Ports, and the ^ ?¥• j/c S Nan^.Yang' Ta"* Ch'en^, Superintendent of Trade for the Southern Ports {see No. 820b). 477. 1^ i^ pj Lu* Cheng* Ssu^, Department of Land Communications ; controls land communications within the Emiire and legislation having reference thereto, collects ' funds tod arranges loans for railway construction, etc. (compare No! 482 . 478. HgC p\ Tien^ Cheng* Ssu\ Department of Tele- graphs ; controls the telegraph affairs of the Empire, the erectioL of land lines and the laying of cables, construction of telephone and electric lighting systems, etc. 479. §}5 gSt p1 Yu^ Cheng* S^u^ Department of Posts ; superintending, in theory, the entire postal affairs of tjie Empire, the improvement of postal communications, the sale of money orders and stamps and the transmission of postal parcels. Actually, the postal administration is under the supervision of the Imperial Maritime Customs '(^^^ ^o. 273). 480. ^ ^ ^ Shu* Wu* Ssu^ Department of General Affairs ; recommends the transfer or promotion of officials, has the custody of the seal, supervises reception and despatch o£ correspondence and telegrams, keeps the accounts, oversees buildings, etc. In the Autumn of 1909 the Department of General Affairs was abolished and its duties were iransfeiTcd to the Council of the Ministry (see No. 473). 481. At each Department of the Ministry of Posts and Communications there are stationed two Department Directors (see No. 290), two to three Assistant Department Directors (see No. 291) four to six Second Class Secretaries (see No. 292), two Officials of the seventh rank (see No. 299), and an indefinite [ 15B ] 487 IMIESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA, number uf /"V „" i'^ 4* l':»^ 1'"'"^ I^»' ^i»il''. Wi-itoi> of the 482 eighth rank, and :/l luj §-^ -^ ^'1''^^^ i^'i"^ I-"^ ^l''li', Writers tO of the ninth rank. 4S2. ig ff^^ |g ^j T-ieh^ Lu* Tsung-* Chii-, Chief Kai'lway Bmeau, administrated by a ^ J^ ("hii' Chang^, Ins^pector, and ^ ^ Chii" 1 uair. Attaches. This Bureau was formed in accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry of Posts and Commiuiications, dated the 22nd December, 1907, for the superAision of Government and private railways. The i*ureau is the executive organ of tlie Department of Land Conmiunicrttions {see No. 477) and was d(>\eloped from the $S 13 J^ T*i- Tiao* Ch'u*, TJailway Section (now abolished) which was under the supervision of a ^ 5?^ Jl |^ Ko* Lu* T'i^ Tiao'', Inspector of Railwayo. 483. gg P,^ 1* Ku' AVen' Kuan^, Advisers (of the first, second and third ranks ; see No. 302a). The number is indefinite. •t^-i- ^M T' Yuan-, Advisers {see Nos. 3U0 and 468); similar to the ^'^ f^ |^ ^ Lu^ \Vu^ I* Yiiair, Railway Advisers of the Board of J'rade (now abolished ; ser Nos. 4G1 and 40 1a) ; distinguished by their s[)efMalities (^l!i ^^ 'iH $]'> Ch'uiwr T.u*, Tiei/' and Vn', Navigation, Railways, Telegraphs and Posts). 48.3. B^ ^|: 1^ T'u- Shu' Kuan\ Library ; containing many special works in Chinese and foreign languages. 4«G. ='^ I] ^f[ < hiang' Hsi- SoS Lectm-e Hall ; h.re arc given lecturo for the Ijenefit of oflieials of the Ministry. Attached to this Hall i< the : 4Mr)A. gg ^\l ffi Viich' Pao= So', Kea(uiig Room. 487. -J^ X kc l^^'ao' Kung' (liij-, Lnginecring Otlic.-. At this Office arc stationcl : jlllj -^^ i{ TsV- liiii' Vnan^ Draughtsmen, j^ Hill I'Sliih', (hief lOngineers Cof the first and second ranks; see No. 301), and i^H -{: I* Shih\ Kngineers (of the first and second ranks ; sec So. .'*01J. niESEXT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 488 488. 5i ^ ^j T'nng^ I* Ohu', Translation Office (Inter- 4.Q preting Office) ; with |^ ^ Fan^ I*, Interpreters (Translators), ^Q- and 1^ 1^ Pien^ Chi*, Compilers. This Office is to be established later ; its duties are now being performed by the Secretarial Office (see No. 474). 489. ^% If J^ T'ung=^ Chi* Ch'u*, Statistical Bureau (see No. 162). 490. The Ministry of Posts and Communications has supreme control of the following : 1. Eailways {see Nos. 783 and 784). 2. Railway Schools and other Schools (see Nos. 785 to 788A), 3. The China -Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, (^see No. 789), 4. Telegraphs and Telephones {see Nos. 790 and 791), and 5. The Bank of Comnfjunications (see No. 792). MINISTRY (BOARD) OF DEPENDENCIES. 491. Mm.J^ Li^ Fan^ Yiian*, Court of Colonial Affiiirs ; established in the 17th centurv for the management of relations with Mongolia, K'uk'unor and the Mohammedan Princedoms in Western China. Until 1861, all relations with Russia were supervised by this Court. In Russia these matters ^^ere attended to by the Ruling Senate. In carrying out its duties the Court of Colonial Affairs was guided by the Ji ^^- ^^ ^ij ^ Li^ Fan^ Yiian^ Tse- Li*, Institutes of the Colonial Court (this book was translated into Russian, "Institutes of the (Jhinese Colonial Office,*' by S. Lipovzev, in two volumes ; St. Petersburg, 1828). The reorganization of the Court of Colonial Affairs, in the sense of increasing its scope, was sunultaneous Avith the genejal [ IGO ] 493 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. refoiin ol the political organization of the Empire, in the Autumn 491a of 1906, ^hen, by Imperial Edict of the 6th Novemher, the ^q Court of Colonial Affairs became the : 49 1a. Ji ^ ^J Li' Fan^ Pu', Ministry (Board) of Dependencies ; charged v?ith the control of the Mongolian, Tibetan and Mohammedan tribes inhabiting Mongolia, Tibet and districts bordering on Tibet and Hsining. The organization of the Ministry is based on three Memorials (of the 3rd January and 30th Jidy, 1907, and the 2nd January, 1908) presented by the Ministry itself, which left almost imchanged, as will be seen below, the old arrangements of the Court of Colonial Affairs (see Ko. 491). 492. As regards the various Ministries, tlie following are peculiarities of the Ministry of Dependencies : 1- W. ^Y f# El^ ^' Wai* IShih* Lang",' Supernumerary Vice-President ; an appointment usually conferred on some Mongol Prince. 2. There are no Councillors (see Nos. 281 and 282), Secretaries {see :^os. 283 to 284), Council (sec No. 285) nor Secretarial Office {see No. 285a). These, however, will come into existence when the Depart- ments of Colonization and P'rontiei- Defence arc organized (sec No. 496). 492.\. ^ i 1^ T'ang- Chu= Shih\ Secretaries (of the President of the Ministry) : 6a. There arc si.\ in sill {see No. 288;. 493. pH l!l? M; I^'"^' ^''*°* ^"'''"'' <>'"»-«l and Registry Office. '^' i^^^tU) 'I'""' '•''>"-' ^'ii"i?"'' I'nmslution OtH«c (for MaiH liu :i!)(l Chinese), [ If'l J 11 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 494 3. i$ i'-^B Feng* Tang* Fang^, Treasury, .and jjQ 4, ^ f^ J^ Tii^ Ts'ui^ So', Office of Incitement (to ensure ■d.Qt^ the prompt despatch of business) ; the officials of this Office were charged with " the Unfailing duty of keeping a strict watch for the prompt despatch of documents in general and the certification of all returns of questions settled and unsettled" (see Lipovzev, Preface, page xv). The staff of the Orderly Office is composed of two f^ |J| Ling' Pan*, Chiefs, two ^ ^ Fang^ Pan*, Assistants, four ^^^^ Chi- Ho^ Wen=^ I^ Secretaries, four t!i! # ^ ^ Tsung' K'an* Tsou* Che^, Inspectors of Memorials, four ^ :ff ^ ^ Wei' Shu* Chu' Shih*, Assistant Secretaries, four JE iB ^ Cheng* Shan* Hsieh', Senior Writers, and eight g|J jff ^ Fu* Shan* Hsieh', Junior Writers. 494. p1 S ^ Ssu^ Wu* T'ing\ Chancery (see No. 296) ; with two p\ f^ Ssu^ Wu*, Chancery Directors ; 8a, For details as to other officials see No. 495a. 495. The six Departments (LipovzcA' styles them "Kegistries") of the Court of Colonial Affiiirs (see No. 191), were left iinchanged in the Ministry of Dependencies : 1- M ^ ^ Ch'i^ Chi^ Ssu'S Department of the Inner Mongols (managing the affiiirs of the Inner Mongols), 2. :l^ ^ pj Tien' Shu' Ssu\ Department of the Outer Mongols (managing the affairs of the Outer Mongols, Dzungaria (Sungaria), K'uk'unor and Tibet), 3- 3: ^ "^ Wang- Hui* Ssu\ Department for Receiving Princes of Inner Mongolia (in charge of the collection of tributes paid yearly by the Princes of th6 tribes and the issue of presents and allowances to Princes of limer Mongolia, etc.), ^- ^ J^ SJ Jou^ Yiian' Ssu', Department for Receiving Princes of Outer Mongolia (in charge of the collection of tributes paid yearly by Princes of Outer Mongolia and the Lamas and the issue of presents from the Court to these persons), [ 1^-^ ] PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 5- 1^ *S ^ ^^^^^ Yiian^ Ssu\ Department of Eastern 495i, .Turkestan (manages the affairs of the Mohammedan tribes in fQ Hami, Tin-fan and other districts of Eastern Tnrkestan), and ^q,, 6. JS fflj '^ I-i' Hsing'^ 8su\ Judit-ial Department (in charge of civil and criminal cases occiu-ring in Inner and Outer Mongolia). 495a. At each D«partment, as well as at the Chancery (sre No. 494). there are stationed : 1. \ ^ f.\\ Chang' Yin^ Keeper . of the Seal (as De})artment Controller) ; from the ranks of Department Directors (ser Xo. 290) or Assistant Department Directors (sec No. 291). 2. 1 to 2 g^I] \'\] Fu* Yin% Assistant Keepers of the Seal ; from the ranks of Depai'tment Directors (see No. 290), Assistant Department DirectoriS (sec No. 291) or Second Class Secretaries (see No. 292), .3. 1 to 2 ^ 1% Chu^ Kao3, Keepers of Drafts (in all DejKirtinents ; not in the Chancery ; see No. 494) ; officials similar to the Assistant Keepers of the Seal, 4. 2 to 4 ^'^-j£-^ Wei^ Shu^ Chu' Shih\ Assistant Secretaries^ 5. 3 to 4 iE M- M Chcng^ Shau^ llsieh', Senior Writers, and ^- •'' to 4 ^^VJ:^■M F"' •'^'''"'' Hsieh', .Funior Writers; from the ranks of ( ierks (see No. 293). 496. In accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry, sanctioned by the Kmperoi- on the .In! January, 1907, there are lat^-r to be established two additional l)ei)artmcnts, i.e. •• fUM i^J Cliiii^ Ch'an^Ssu', Department of ("oloiii/.ation, >vhi(li will be in <'hargc of the (•(tloni/ation of Mongolia, the ronsenation of forests, the improvement of cattle breeding, wild animal )»rescrvation, fnr curing, railway cfjiistruction, the develo})meiit of niin^ ^ Tang' Yiieh^ Ch'u^ Kecord Office; here the Seal is kept, 2. ^S j^ Yin- K'Li% Treasury ; i^sues maintenance allowances to Mongols arriving in Peking on })usiness, discounts, by payments in money, allotments of hay aiid oat for tho'r hoi'ses and firewood for their lodgiis.us. •^- l!)C IM J^ P^"^ ^^^^' th-u^, Mess Allowance Offict ; audits accounts of sums issu».'d. in accoidance with i<>gu!atioii as table mone} , [ ie4 ] niESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHIXA. 4. M ^ i^fJ f^ H I-a' ^^^' Yin^ Wu^ Cli'u\ Lama 498 Office, and ^q 5- ^ i" ^ "Mcng^ Kti* Faiifr'. Montroliaii Translation ^^99 Office ; translates despatches of all kinds written in Mongolian, especially those which mnst be presented in Manchn to the Emperor, 498. 1^ If Nei^ Kuan^, Inner Inn, and ^^ |f AVai* Kuan', Outer Inn. These were maintained for Mongolian Princes visiting the Court with tribute or for duty. In charge of the Inn there was a §£ ^ Chien^ Tu', Inspector, As proposed in a Memorial from the Ministry, dated the 2nd January, 1908, the Inns were abolished. 499. ^ ^ -^ ^ Chilr Pien^ Hsiieh' T'ang-, School of Mongolian and Tibetan (at the Ministry of Dependencies). This was established in accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 30th,. January, 1909, with the object of preparing men for service at the Ministry of Dependencies and along the frontiers. It consists of two Sections, pamely, ^'^ ^ ^'j Mcng' Pu^ K'o', Mongolian Section, and jU f^ jfj| Tsaiig' Wei' K'o', Tibetan Section, and the coui'se of study in each is of 3 years' duration. AdmiKsioii to the School of • Mongolian and Til>etan is open to all males between the ages of 18 and 32 years, who arc ))iiysically fit and have a certificate showing that they have completed a .Middle School course ( srr Noh. .OHO to .')82), provided thev can j)aBH a test examination. The enrollment of each section of ihe scliot)! is lOo. On <-onipletiori of their courses of study, students of the Srhf)ol are examined l»v the Ministrv ; those satisfactorv arc • • • PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA. retained for service at the ^linistrr or given appointments* on the frontier. In addition to the study of Mongolian and Tibetan languages, literature, history and geography, students of the School attend lectures on political economy and finance. [ 16G ] JM{KS1-.XT DAY POLITICAL O J:(; AXIZAT U)N OF IHINA. POLICE. .500. ^ ^ Hsiin* Ching;', Police (another designutioii is g ^ Ching^^ I'l.'a'j. The metropolitan and provincial j)olicc are to a great extent organized on similar lines, the great difference being in the terminology used. A. MetropoJitan Police: 501. Wl^'^M Hsiiu- Ching^ Tsung^ T-ing', Central Police Bureau. There are two of these, one in the ^ ^ Nei* Ch'Cng'*, Tartar City, and one in the ^[* j^ Wai' Cli'L-ng^. Chinese Citv. At the head of each is a : 502. ^(K ^ Ig. MMyA Hsiin^ ( 'hing' Tsung^ T'ing' TMng' Ch'eng', Police Superintendent. Directly subordinated to the Police Superintendent are : 503. -^ ^ lia i^ ^ ^ Hsiui' Ching' Tsung' T'ing* Ch'ien^ Shih\ Director of the Chancerv of the Central Police Bureau ; 4b, and three Office Chiefs ; 5a. 504. The Central I*olice Bureau is c()ni})o'sed of a Chancery of General A flairs and three Offices. •5^-^ \- $£' S ^ Tsung^ ^^'u' ('ll'u^ Chancery of (Jcneral Affairs ; c Chii«, Sanitary Office {see No. 859). 511. i^ M 6^ ^'^'^^ Liang^ So*, House of Correction (for prostitutes and femaJe offenders who have just compK'tcd a term of imprisonment). 512. 15 fi^ ^,Q Chi' Pu' CliiV, Office for the Apprehension of Law-breakcis. 512a. f $ ^ ry? Tai* ('liili' S()^ House of Detention; consisting of three Sections : • 1- # i^^i Shcn' Shang', for the cdncated cliisses, ^- %$ ix. ^ "* ^'''' ^^'' females, and •"'• ^ i\j l"in1-^- fi'f W] W Hsia<.' Fiuig^ TMi\ Fin- lirigade. •^1 *• J;C filfl V\ §i ffi ^"J'>"f?' '">•''''' J'^'^ •' ''^*''' M<'f«>l'"'>t:"> Workhouse (or House <»f Correction). This was established in TRKSENT DAY POMTTCAL CRGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA. August, 190o, and provisional rules for its administration, drawn up by the Ministry of Police, were sanctioned by the Emperor on the 30th July, 1906. In this institution there are confined, and kept at work, those who have been condemned for petty misdemeanours to imprisonment for a period of three months or more ; the Workhouse it. also open to the poorest bi the masses (compare No. 343b). The management of the Workhouse is carried on by five J^' Ch'a*, Sections, and two ^i[ K'o^, Sub-sections, i.e. 1- ^ ^ J^ Wen' An* ChHi*, Correspondence Section, 2. ^ ft j^ Hui'' Ghi* Ch'uS Accoimts Section, 3. ^ X j^ K'ao^ Kimg^ Ch'u*, Handicraft Section, 4- B B M Sli"' Wu* Ch'u*, Section of General Affiiirs, 5. ^ }^ ^ Chi^ Hsiin^ Ch'u*, Inspection Section, 6- ^ 7^ f4 Chen=^ Chih* K'o', Sick Ward, and '■- f:^ ^ f! ^'iiiao* Shou-* K'o^ School. At the head of the ]Metropolitan Workhouse is a f ^ ^ Chien' Tu^ Director (of the rank of Ts'an^ P; see Xos. 283 and 284), who has attached to his staff: 1- ^^tMM^Wi'^ T'i^ Tiao" Chien^ Tien' Yii^ Kuani,. Proctor and Inspector, •2. 2 ^ ^j] j-ff 'g Fen^ P'an* So^ KuanS Senior Overseers (acting- as assistants to the Inspector ; having general supervision. of the five Sections and two Sub-sections), 3. 7 J^ "^ So^ Ivuan\ Overseers (carry on the actua management of their respective Sections and Sub-sections), 4. 1 § 'g- I^ KuanS Physician, 5- Mi- 1^ ^ 'W Tsung' Chiao^ Hsi^ Kuan', Senior Teacher, 6. 6 ^'Tp ^ K'an^ Shou^ Chang^, Senior Warders, 7. 7 ^ *^ K'ani Shou^ ^f arders, 8- 1 ^ ^ ^ 1* Fen' Chiao' Ilsi^ Kuan', Teacher, [ 170 ] ri:KSKxr dav roi.ixiCAi, okgaxization ov chixa. 9- 1 ^ It ^iW Chiao^ Uui' Shih', Teacher of Muralitv, 614a 10. 2 ^ IE .Sl.u' rhi^ Clerks, and n. 8 ^ 0flj C'lii' Shih', Craftsmen. 514a. In the provinces ^ M ^/[ llsi' V .So', or ^£ ^[1 ^'^ |K ^f Tsui* Fan^ Hsi^ P So^ Workhouses (Houses of Correction), are established in the ])rovincial capitals and their orj-^anization is on the same lines as that at the Capital {sCe No. 514 : compare, also, No. 767a). ^15. flgi^Xig IV Chi^ Kuug^ ("h'ang-3, Home for Unemployed Males. 51fi- WL 3^" A.) <^'l"ao^ Yang' Chii-, Free Meal Station. 0l7. 'g- ^ |;^ Kuan' 1' Yiian', Public Dispensary (compare No. S5\)). 5l'«- U^^^Y.M T/.u^ Chih" Yen- Chiu' So-', Self- government Instruction Office (compare No. 527a). . 519. Wj ;^i; f« ^ Ssu' Fa^ Chiug' Ch'a-, Judicial Police ; established (in accordance Avith a Memorial from the Ministry <»f Justice, dated the 27th January, 1908), to serve the needs of the Prosecuting Attorneys' Oflices (see No. 702), at various Police Stations. They are under the suj)ervision of the local police ofiicials as well as the Prosecuting Attorncy.s, The duties of the .Fudicial Police consist in :ipj)rehending raw-lireakers and In-inging them to the Courts of .lustice, the making of searches (under order o* a Court of .lustices the gathering (jf evidence, the giving of infoiinatioji, the escorting of accused persons, the collection of bail and the examination, in company with oHirials from the rrosecuting Attorney's ( )llice, of corpses or woundrd people, etc. .Iufli«-ial I*oli^e have conie into exist(>nc«' \\herever the new Judicial Kstaljlishrnents ha\e l»een instituted. The r->nks of tlie Judicial PoHce .in- : f 171 J to 519 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAXIZATIOX OF CIIIXA. 2 519a .51 9a. JK 'g' Hsiiii'' Kuan^ Ohief of Judicial Police, JK ^Q Hsihi^ Cliang-^ Captain of Judicial Police, and ^ W Hsiin^ f,n-\ Ching"", Judicial Police Officer. B. Provincial Police : 520. Througliout the provinces there has not as yet oeen introduced a uniform police organization ; in some districts the police are similar in type to the ^letropolitan police {see Nos. 501 to 518), in others there is difference. Below is described the police organization of the Capital of Hon an province : At the head of the )^ m || ^ Hsiin-^ Ching'' Tsung^ Chii^, Central Police Pnreau, there is a |§ ^^ Tsung^ Pan*, Police Superintendent. Pie has directly subordinated to him : 1 gij fjj Fu'* Pan*, Deputy Police Superintendent, 1 ^ 1^ T'i^ Tiao*, Proctor, 1 IE ^ ^ Cheng* Wen'' An*, Senior Secretary, 1 ill 2>C ^ Fu* Wen'' An*. Junior Secretary, •1 ^' ^ K'ao^ Kung^, Registrar, and \ ^ ^ Fa^ Shen^, Judicial Officer. In addition to the above-mentioned there are eight (corres- ponding to the /\ K^ ^ Jg Pa^ Yii^ Fen^ Chii-, eight PoUce Stations of the city) |§ ^ 'g* Tsung^ Hsiin'' Kuan^ Chief Police Inspectors, eight^'g* Hsiin- Kuan\ Police Inspectors, eight ^^ |Q Hsun^ Chi*, Police Secretaries, five (corresponding to the 3['55 '^ Wu^ Ch'cng^ Men-, nve City Gates) f>| ^ 'g' Chi^ Ch'a- Kuan\ Inspectors of Gates, sis -^jl J% ^ i%\ Tsung' Chii- Shu^ Shih*, Clerks of the Central Police Bureau, six j|§ ^ ^ f^ Tsung^ Chii- Ch'ai^ I*, Runners of the Central Police Bureau, 16 ^ ^ /« ^ Fen' Chii^ Chii" I', Kunners of the Police Stations (two at each), and 14 '^MMM 1'simg3 Chii^ Hu* Yung3, Guards at the Central Police Bureau. 521. In charge of the police employed in patrolhng the streets is a ^ ^ Tai* Kuan^ ('hief of tlie Street Patrolling [ 17-^ ] I'KKSEXT DAY POLITICAL (>J.(; AM Z A 1 lOX Of CHINA. Police, who is at the liead of a iovco cdniposed of one -^ i<^ Tu' Ts'ao', Senior Police Instructor, four ^^ ^ Msiiii- Pien\ Police Captains, four ^|J J^ ^ .Fu* Hsiiu- Pien\ Police Lieutenants, 16 ^j^ ^ Hsun- ('hang\ Police Seroeants, four ^ Si I lac/ Pin«r n > Special l*olicenien. 40 i{^ g IIs•m-*Mu^ Police Corporals, 400 5^ & Hsiin^ Pintri, Policemen, 40 ^ -^ Hno=' Fn'. Cooks, 80 jQ |£ Kun^i;;' Ping', Labourers, one J^ ^ Ch'iiig' Shu', Clerk and four ^ =|^ *^hu' Shih^ Writers. 522. to 52a POLICE SCHOOLS. •^22. ii5 ^ ^^ ^ ^ t'li: Kao' Teng' Hsun" Ching= lisiich- T-ang-, fonnerly called %^. f^ ^ l?;;^ Ching^ Wn* llsueir-^ T'ang- orl? ^ ^ '^ Ching' Ch*a- Hsiich- 'Pang-, Higher Police Scliools. These have i)een established, as proposed in a Memorial of the Ministry of the Literior (sanctioned liv tjic F)nperor on ihc 3rd ( )ctober, 1908), at the provincial capitals, witli the object of j)rcparing men for the police scr\ i(;e. The coiu'se of studv extends o\er ."> years and tin' nnnih.T of students is never less than fifty. Jn charge of a Higher Police School tlii-rc is a S^ '^ Chien' Tu'. I)ii"ei't(»r. He is in cliai'ge of a >tafr <'oinpos.'d of ' ^ f^ t>2 ill" Chiao' Wii' T-i' Tiao*, Inspcrtor of {".ducitiou, 1 0;^|,'^ ^/,^ -"^lin' \V"' 'l'*i-' Tiao'. Steward, and an iiidelinite- nuniljer of ^ ^ ("hiao' Hsi", Tea(di('i>. The Higln-r Polii-e Scdiools have, also, a ; yriK. laj ^j^ Chien-' I' Kn.'. .\l)ridg(Ml Coins.- of Stud\ (for the (.'du«'"- Ching' Chiao' Lirn' So', P<»lice Liritruction liuiean\ ; cstal)IislH'd in th.- princi|.a! towns of prcfcctin-es, .-uli-prcfeCturcs, dej)artnH;iit> and 7'. j niESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. to .525 523a In charge of every Insti-uctlon Bureau is a gif ;^ So^ Chang^, Director. He is assisted by a 1^ f^ ^ ^ Cliiao* Wu* Wei^ Yuan^, Inspector of Education, a ^; f^ ^ ^ IShu^ Wu* Wei^' Yiian-, Steward, and an indefinite number of ^ ^ Cliiao' Hsi'^, Teachers. 523a. It has been arranged to establisli a Sa M ^ ^ Chien^ Yu* Hsueh'^ T'ang^, School of Prison Management, to be attached to the Higher PoHce School of the province of Kuangsi. The date fixed for- its opening is the year 1910 {sec details in No. 766b). LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT. .524. Among the projects to be accomplished duHng the preparatory period . preceding the institution of constitutional government (1908 — 1916) is the establishment of self-government or public administration institutions, whose duties "vvill consist in the ]^rovision and maintenance of good local organization, the control, of local agriculture, industry, commerce, schools, sanitary affairs, charity, public buildings, etc. By the ])rogramme of reform schemes drawn up by the C(>mmission ' for Drawing up Kegulations for Constitutional Government, with the National A ssembly, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 27th August, 1908, the introduction of local self-government was to be begun in 1909, so that the establishment of local self-government institutions for cities, towns and villages {see Nos. 525, 525a and 525b) might be completed in 1913, and, for prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and districts (similar to the Russian provincial establishments — Zemstvo; see^o. 526), in 1914. ^25. M '^ ^ fn 'Ji' Fangi Tzu^ Chih\ Local Self- Govemment ; pro'jected for universal introduction within the periods 1909 — 1013/4 (compare No. 524). - [ 174 ] TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. As regards local self-government for cities, towns and 525a villages there is a division into : 1- ^>m i^~j7 ^ fit ^ '>!"'?' f^hili' Ti* Fang' Tzu* Chih*, Teking Municipal Administration (see No. 525a), and 2. i^ mM^ m -:^ a '^i^ Ch'cng' Chcn^ Hsiang' Ti* Fang' Tzu' Ciiili', Municipal Administration of Cities, Towns and Villages (see No. 525b). 525a. JT: t^^l m :^ ^ f^ Ching' Shili' Ti^ Fang' Tzu* Cllill^ Peking Municipal Administration (see No. 525); introduced in accordance with regulations drawn u]) bv the Commission for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government (following a j)roposal of the Ministry of the Interior, dated the 10th September, 1909), and promulgated, with regulations as to tile necessary elections, in an Imperial Edict of the 3rd February, 1910 (the regulations concerning the Peking Municipal Administration consist of 8 headings and 13G articles: the regulations as to elections consist of 7 headings and 87 articles). Within the scope of the Peking Municipal Adiniuisti-ation are ail aflairs of local utility or necessity, i.e. educational matters ( Elementary and Middle Schools, Associations for the Fostering of Pul)iic Education, l*ul)lic Education Societies, Libraries, etc.), the maintenance of good order in the, city (the keeping in order of the streets, markets, pavements,- etc.), l)uilding affairs, public charity and pid)lic utilities (tramways, electric lighting, waterworks, etc.) All people living in Peking are considered ^»| [^ Lhu' Min*, Kesidctits ; those who are Chinese Hubjects, arc not less tlmn 25 years of age, have resided at the Capit.il foi- three cou.secutive years, and ])av a direct tax or contril)ute not less than t«o dollars for local piibli.- needs, are considered as jjij; jv^- llstian^ Nin^ Electors, have ihe right of voting f..r f iVg ^ ['\ ffi U U i^l 1i [ >7r> J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHIXA. Hsiian' Chii' Tzu* Chih^ Chili^ Yuair Chili^ Ch'iian'^); and may be elected SiS (^m ^ ^ ^ '^ M. M. :t ^^ Pei^ Hsi uan 3 Chu' Wei^ Tz-u* Chih^ Chilr. Yiian^ Chih^ Ch'iiaii^), :\Iembers of the Municipal Administration. The Peking Municipal Adminigtration (Q ?« ^ M ^^'^^ Chih* Chih^ Yiian^) is arranged as follows : A. 1. |g ^ ^ #• Ch'ii^ 1^ Shih-* Hui\ Ward Councils, and 2. H; fi ^ ^ Ch'iV Tung=' Shih^ Hui^ \Yprd Executive Boards. l'>- 1- i^. li ^ ^ Tsung^ I^ Sliih* Hui\ Municipal Council, and 2. If , It i^ # Tsung' Tung' Shih* Hui% Municipal Executive Board. A. 1. Ward Councils are established, one at each, at Police Stations ({^ Ch'U ; see No. 507). The regulations contain a provision for the establishment of one Ward' Council only, for two Wards, should the paucity of the population make this desirable. Ward Councils are made up of from 15 to .30 |^ ^ I* Yiian-, Ward Councilmen, who are elected for a term of two years (by delegates chosen by the electors directly ; sec above). The Wai-d Councilmen themselves elect one of their number as their |^ ^ 1* Chang^, President, and another as their glj 1^ ^ Fu^ P Chang', Vice-President, both for a term of two years. Under the control of the Ward Councils are the affairs of their respective Wards, A. 2. Ward Executive Boards are established at the Wai-d Councils and" tlieir duty consists in the execution of decisions of the Councils. They are made up of a ^f H Tsinig^ Tung', President, one to three if ^ Tung' 8hih^, Members (the number being one-tentli of the number of Councilmen of the [ 170 ] PRESENT DAV POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CIINA. Ward Council concerned), and from three to six :^ ^ "i^" ^ Mingp Yii* Tung^ Sllih^ Honorary Members (in nunil)er ctiual to one-fifth of the numb?i- of Comicihiien of tlio Ward Council in question), who are elected, for a term oE two years, by tlie Ward Councilmen, from the electors (sec above) of the Ward concernetl. The names of the Presidents-elect of the Ward Executive Boards are presented to the Chief Inspector of Municij)al Administration for approval ; those of ^[embers of the Ward Executive Boards are presented to the respective Inspector of Municipal Administration for approval (see below). B. 1. The Municipal Council attends to affairs relating to the city as a whole and its suburbs. The various Ward Councils at a general meeting elect, from their own members, one f^ ^ I^ Chang^, President (of the Municipal Council), OH'- gl] 1^ ^ Fu^ I* Chang', Vice-President, and ^^ V Yuan', Members of the Municipal Council (in number equal to one-tenth the total number of members of the Ward Council concerned) • for a term of two years. B. 2. The Municipal Executive lioard {arc above), the executive organ of the Municipal Council, is comjjosed of one Ijg ^ Tsung' Tung\ President, five H ^ Tung' i>h\h\ Members, and 12 ^ ^ H ^ Ming^ Yii^ Tung' ShihS Honorary Members of the Municipal ICxecutive Board, who are elected for a term of two years by the members of the Municipal Council — from the electors of the city. Their names are j)resented for jip))roval to the Ministry of the Interior, through the Chief Inspector of Municipal A'lministratioii. As regards >$^ ]\\i l\ \V( ii^ Tu' Yiian", Secretaries ;rft {jfj H Shu' \Vu' Yn3Lu\ Stewards, and other ofTicials who may be attached to the Councils and lOxeculive Boards, their number and engagement is left entirely in the hands of tiic I'rcsidentu and Vice- Presidents. [ '77 ] I? PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 525b Supervision over the actions of the Peking ]MunicipaI Adminis- tration, as regards justice and legality, is exercised, within the precincts of the city, by the Central Police Bureaux {see No. 501) and, in the suburbs, by the Office of the General Commandant of the Gendarmerie {sec No. 798). In this connection the Police Superintendents of the ('entral Police' Bureaux are styled Q \a IS ^ # Tzu" Chih* Tsung^ Chicn' Tu^ Chief Inspectors of Municipal Administration, and Police Captains {see No. 507) are called g| \^^^ Tzu* (hili^ Chien^ Tu', Inspectors of Municipal Administration (in the suburbs of the city the latter title is applied to officials deputed from the Office of the General Commandant of the Gendarmerie). These officials are sub- ordinated, as regards the duties mentioned, to the control of the Ministry of the Interior (compare Nos. 339a and 342). 525b. i^ Ija 1115 ilH :^ i ro Ch'eng' ChOn* Hsiang^ Ti* Fang' Tzu'' Chih^, Municipal Administration of Cities, Towns and Villages {see No. 525) ; to be introduced throughout the Empire within the period 1909-1913, as defined in regulations drawn up by the Commission for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government (as called for by a proposal of the I\Iinistry of the Interior, dated the 24th August, 1908), which were promulgated, together Avith regulations regarding the necessary elections, in an Imperial Decree of the 18th Januai-y, 1909 (the regulations regarding Municipal Administration consist of eight headings and 112 articles; those regarding the elections are divided into six headings and 81 articles). As j^ Ch'eng", Cities, are considered administrative centres of prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and districts, with their suburbs ; as |j^ Cheu% Towns, are considered places, not administrative centres, having a population of more than 50,000 ; as ^ Hsiang\ Villages, are considered places having a population . of less than 50,000. I [ l'« ] PRKSEXT DAY POLITICAL OIIG AXIZ ATIOX OK CHINA. I The scope of tla' ^lunicipal Admiiiislrations of the ])hices anentloned above is similar to that of the Peking Muiiieipal Administration {see No. 525a). The oroaiis of municipal administration (^ ?o ilsl^ ^ T/.w* Chih^ Chill- Yiian"^) in cities and towns are Jtjf/jj ^ '^^ i^ O Ch'eng- Chen* I' Shih' lIui^ City and ToAvn Councils, as ■deliberative bodies, and fclcll;^^^ ('h'cng- Chen* Tung' 8hih* Hui*, City and Town Executive Boards, as executive bodies ; in villages there are the ^i li ^ ^ Hsiangi I* Shih* IIui\ Village. Councils, and ^5J|' llsiang' Timg', Village Keeves. The Municipal Councils are made up of |^ fj I* Yiian-, jMembers (in cities and towns they numljer from 20 to 50 and in Aillagcs fi-om 6 to IH, depending on the population) ; electetl, bv delegates chosen by the electors directly (conij)are No. 525a), {in- a term of two vears. The members of the ]\Iunici2)al Councils elect one of their number as ^ J^ I* Chang', President, and another as g^lj f|| ^ J^'u* I' < 'hang\ ^'^ice-President, both for a term of two years. Munici])al I'jxecutive Boards (for cities and towns) are made up of a i^. i^ Tsung' Tung^, President, one to three 3£ ^ Tung' Shih*, Members (in num])er equal to one-twentieth of the total mmibn- of members of the corresijonding Municipal Council), and from four to 12 :f^ -^^ ill l}? Ming= Yn' Tnng» Shih*, Honorary Membeis (in number eipial ti) one-fifth of the total number of mendjci's of the (.'orivs])onding Municipal Council,, who are elected, from the ranks of the electors, by the Municipal Councils. The name of the President-elect is presented for appro\al to the ( Jo\ crnor-( ienoial or (io\ernor; ihc nami'B of the others ajc presented for the appn »al of the b>cal authorities (.v/? lj(;low). Ill villages the me iibcrs of tin- Municipal Council elect /frbm the ranks of the electois) a ^'|{ f(i' li-iauLr' Tmig', \'illago [ i^y j TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 526 Keeve, and a ^ ^ Hsiaug^ Tso^, Assistant Village Keeve ? there is no Executive Board. To the above-mjntioned mmiicipal establishments (Coiuicils and Boards) there may be attached ^ )i^ ^ Wen^ Tii^ Yiian^, Secretaries, ]& ^ ^ Shu* Wxi* Yiian"-, Stewards, and j^j| ^ ^ Ban' Shih'* Yiian-, Attendants. Supervision over the actions of the Municipal Administra- tions in Cities, Towns and Villages (^ ^ ^ ^ Tzu'^ Chih* Chien^ Tu^ ; compare Nos. .525a and 526) as regards their regularity and legality, is exercised by the ife ^ 'g' Ti* Fang^ Kua)i\ Ijocal Authorities, who, in this connection, forward detailed reports of the proceedings of the local self-government institutions to the Governor-General or Governor of the province. The supreme control (in the direction indicated) ap])ertains to the Ministry of the Interior (sre Nos. 339a and 342 ; compare No. 525a). 526. ]{f m fH MM'^ ^^}a i'"' '-r'i"8' Chou^ Hsieu* Ti* Fang^ Tzu* Chih*, Public Administration (Zenistvo; compare No. 524) in Prefectures, Sub-prefectures, Departments and Districts ; to be introduced throughout the Empire within the period 1910-1914, as defined in regulations drawn up by the Commission for DraAving up liegulations for Constitutional Government (complementary to a recomtneudation of the Ministry of the Interior, dated the 19th December, 1909), which were promulgated, with regulations for the necessary elections, in an Imperial Decree of the 6th February, 1910 (the regulations as to the Public Administration consist of eight headings and 105' articles ; those referring to the elections are in 47 articles). The regulations. mentioned above cover: 1. Prefectures. 2. Inde})endent Sub-pre£ectuies. 3. De- pendent Prefectures. 4, Independent Depaitments. 5. Depart- ments and 6. Districts [see No. 846). [ 180 J rUESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Within tlie scope of the Puhlic Administration of Prefectures, Sub-prefectures, Departments and Districts (Public Adn.inistra- tion of Counties) are placed all afFaii-s concerning public utility or necessity, either of the counti'v as a -nhole or of its component parts — should the local self-government institutions of the city, town or village concerned be unable to cope with them. The Public Administration of Prefectures, Suh-prefoctu)es, Departments and Districts (if ?]§ H^ ^ T/.n* Chih^ Chih* Yiian') is carried on by : 1 • f{^ M #1 iS li ^ ^ 1^'"' T'ingi Chou' Hsien* I^ Shih* Hui\ County Councils (Councils of Prefectures, Sub-prefectures, Departments and Districts), and 2. J^M #! B, S ^ ^ Fu' T'ing^ Choui Hsien^ Ts^an^ Shih* llui^ Boaid of County Councillors (a deliberative and, to some extent, executive body), and 3. }^ M Ji'\ U ^ '^ 1''"^ TMng' Chou^ Hsien* Chang' Kxian', (lovernment Representatives in Prefectures, Sub- prefectures, Departments and Districts (the executive officials). County Councils are made up of ^ ^ P Yiian', Memhei-s (from 20 to 60 according to the population), elected for a tenn of three jears. The members of the County Councils elect their respective 1^ g P Chang', President, and glj ^ ^ Vxx' T* Chang^, Vice- President, for a tenn of three years. As to the fianchise and eligibility for election to the l*ublic County Administration Establishments, the rules are similar to those referring to cities, towns and villages {see No. .025a). Persons attached to local officialf, as Avell as officials at local police establishments, lose tlic franchise and arc ineligible for election ; tea(;liers in elementary 8<-hools are eligiVjle for election but may not vote. AfFairs after being discussed by the (*onnty ('ouncil arc brought before the Board of County Coimciilors. [ lei ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OPtGANIZATION OF CHINA. Sessions of the County Councils (^ g^ Hui^ I'') are held once a year-:— in the ninth moon — and are of 30 to 40 days duration ; should occasion arise, extraordinai-}- sessions (^ P$ ^ ^ Lin^ Shih^ Hui* I*), of 10 days' duration, may be convened. Boards of Count}' Coimcillors are made up of ^ i^ j^ . Ts'an^ Shih* Yiian', Councillors, numbering one-fifth the number of members of the respective County Council ; also, there are elected a similar number of l]^ |^ ^ ^ ^ Hou* Pu^ Ts'an^ Shih'* Yiian^, Expectant Councillors. The Government Re- presentative acts as ^ ^ Hui* Chang^, President. The Board of County Councillors revises decisions of the County Council, considers questions submitted by the local • officials and determines ways and means for putting resolutions of I the County Council into practice. For the audit of the income and expenditure of the/ County Council there may be appointed a number of officials of the Board of County Councillors (so-called ^ ^ Wei' Yiian^). Sessions of the Boards of County Councillors are held once a month. Also, should occasion arise, extraordinaiy sessions may be called by the local officials or by the initiative of a majority of the (jounty Councillors of the Board affected. To the County Establishments mentioned above (Councils. and Boards) there may be attached ^ |f^ ^ Wen- Tu^ Yiian", Secretaries, and ^; ^ ^ Shu'' Wu* Yiian^, Ste^xards. The establishment of one County Council and one Board of County Councillors for two administrative centres is permissible (compare No. 525a) should the • number of members be between 30 and 100. In the . event o£ this the senior Government Representative becomes- President of the Board of County Councillors ; the next in rank becomes glj ^ j^ Fu* Hui* Chang^, Vice-President. Also, the Council is divided into two |}5 Ku', Sections, in which, questions referring to the t^^ o administrative [ l«f> J PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. units are separately discussed {see detailed rules, consisting of 11 627 articles, annexed to the regulations). The executive officials of the Public County Administration Estabhshments {Uxh'U^ Tzu' Chih* Hsing^ Cheng*) are, as stated before, the local tiovei-nnieiit representatives, i.e. Prefects {see No. 848), Sub-prefects (see Nos. 852 juid 854), Department Magistrates {see Xos. 851 and 855) and District Magistrates {see No. 856), and attached to them, as assistants, are a nunil)er of ^ Xk'^ B. T/.n^ Cliih^ Wei' Yiia.n^ Deputies of Self- government Ati'dirs. Their duties consist in: 1. The execution of measures of the County Councils and Boards of Councillors, 2. The transmission of proj)Osals to the County Councils and Boards of Councillors for discussion, 3. Tlie management of correspondence, etc. Also, under certain conditions, they may suspend sessions for 1 days. Differences between tlif local officials and the County Councils :ind lioards of County < "ouncillors are to be settled by tl"' ^^'M H \u\ n Hsing- Cheng* Shcn» P'an* Ya^ Men-, Administrative-.Tudicial (Offices, or, until the cstablisiiment of this office, by the Councils attached to the Governors-General and Governors (see Xo. 823). Supervision over the regularity and legality of actions of the County Councils and lioards of County ('ouncillors ( J^ ^ gi -/5 T/.ii' Chih* Chien^ Tu'; compare Nos. 525a and 525n) is exercised by the piovincial Governors-General and (Jovernors, to wJKjni the local officials are constrained to make detailed rej»orts as to the {)roceedings of the Public County Administration 10stal)li)shment8 The suj)remc control, in tlic iLrection just spoken of, appertain> to the Ministry of the Interior {see Xos. ;»:}!> V and .'^2 ; compare Nos. 525a ami 525i0. 527. t\ruWhV& '^'^-"' *'''''' <'•''<»'' PjiiiMhSi^, OHices for the Organization, of Local Self-government; established at l)rovincial capitals (for the time being at the ()ffice> for Arrang- [ lH:i 1 TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 527a mg for Provincial Assemblies; compare No. 173), imder the direction of the higher provincial officials, Avith the object of organizing local self-govemnient institutions throughout the countrv. ■^ 527 A . Q f^^^j^^ Tzu* Chill* Yen' Chiu^ So^ Self-govern- ment Instruction Offices; established, in 1909, as arranged for by the general outline of constitutional reforms {see No. 127), at provincial capitals. Later these Offices are to be established in the administrative centres of prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and districts. The object of the establishment of Self-government Instruc- tion Offices is the spreading of the principles of local self- government among the people. According to regulations, consisting of 14 articles, drawn up by the Commission for Di-awing up Regulations foj Constitutional Government (as arranged for in a proposal from the Ministrv of the Interior, dated the 3rd April, 1909), and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 0th of May, 1909, eligible for enrollment (^ j^ Hsueh^ Yiian'^) at the Self-government Instruction Offices are persons having the franchise (see No. 525a). ('oneerhing the staft' of Self-government Instruction Offices the Kegulations fcfr Local Self-government define as follows : The Lecturers (^ ^ Chiang' Yiian^) are appointed on the reconuucndation of the Local Office for the Organization ^sf Locaj Self-government (5<'e No. 527) and one of them acts as ^ -^ So« Chang', Director of Coiu'ses. In administrative centres of prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and districts, as Directors and Teachers, there may be appointed persons wlio have completed the course at the Self-government Instruction Offices of the provincial capitals- Concerning the Peking Self-government Instruction Office, compare No. 518. [ I'^i ] PKESEXT DAY POLITICAJ. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. GENERAL CENSUS. 528. The programme of constitutional reforms, sanctioned by the Emperor, calls for the taking of a census of the Empire within tlie periotl 1909-1912. During the first two years (1009- 1910) a census of the families in China will be taken ; during 1911-1912 the number of persons of both sexes will be ascertained. By the Census Regulations, M ^ }^ Q m ^ Tiao^ Ch'a- Hu^ K'ou^ Chang^ Ch'eng', drawn up by the Ministry of the Interior (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 14th January, 1909), the taking of the census is to be supervised by the following officials : 529. |g ^ ^^ Tsung' Chien> Tu', Chief Census Super- visor ; in the provinces this position is an adjunct to that of Police Taotai or Provincial Treasurer (for provinces as yet having no Police Taotai). In Chihli province this post is held also, in addition to the Provincial Treasurer, by the following : In the prefecture of Shun T'ien Fu ; by the Proffct (sec No. 793;. In Peking; by the Police Su})criiitcndent8 of the Central Police Bureaux (see No. 502). .J.30. ^ ^ (hien* Tu', Census Sujx'rvisor ; this post is an adjunct to those of Prefect, Department Magistrate, District Magistrate, or their Assistants. 531. M ^ ^ TMao^ (^h'aM"h:Mig\ ( "hicf Census Inspecfor; this j)08t is an adjunct U) those of ^-^ ilK Tsung* 'lung', President of the Municipal Executive Board, and ^ ii^ Ilsiarig' ('hang^'. Village KIdcr. .y.'.'A. f^ ff l\ Tiao^ Ch'a' Yuan', Census Inspector: this post is an adjimct U) tliose of ^ 3jJ Tung' Sjiih\ .Member of the Miuiicipal ICxpcntivo Hoard, and ^ ^Y? Hsi;iiig' 'I'uug', \'ilhige Keeve. 628 to 532 niESENT DAY POLITICAL ORG AXIZATIOX OF CHINA. 533 to COMMITTEE FOR THE REORGANIZATION OF THE 534 FINANCIAL AFFAIRS OF THE EMPIRE. 533, In the measures preparatory to tlie introduction of constitutional government in China the government has aimed at refoims with regard to finances, firstly : looking towards the subordination of all financial affairs to the control of the Ministry of Finance, further : tlie determination of the State Budget and the estimation from this of the income and expenditure of the State, with a vicAV to the strict control of the latter. With the object of accomplishing the refoims above- mentioned there Avas established, by Im])erial Edict of the 10th January, 1909, the Committee for the Reorganization of the Financial Affairs of the l^mpire, {srr Xos. 534 and 535), in the Ministry of Finance at Peking, and in the pro\ inces, thcie were established Branch Offices of the CJommittee for the Reorgani- zation of the Financial Afiairs of the l^mpire (srr Xos. 536 to to 54 1\ at the Governor-Genei-al's and Ciovernor's Yamen. Regulations defining the" duties of these establishments — at the Capital and in the pro\ inces — -were drawn \i\) by the Ministry of Finance and submitted in a ^Memorial which was sanctioned by the Emperor on the 21st March, 1909. 534. Jf Jl n^ i^* M Ch'ingi Li' Ts'at' Chcng^ Cli'ii*, Committee for th(> Reorganization of the Financial Affairs of the Empire {scr ]Sos. 374 and 533) ; establisherl at tlic Ministry of Finance and made up of officials of the Ministry, specially deputed for the general guidance of J*rovincial l)i-anch Offices of the ('ommittee for the Reoro-anization of the Financial Afiairs of the Empire (.srr Nos. 375, 533 and 536 to 541), for verifying information supplied by these and for drawing u[) an estimate of the State income and expenditure from niatei'ials su])plied fron' the provinces. I'KKSKXl DAV roLITlCAL OKGAXIZATIOX OF CHIXA. 535. At the head of tlie Committee there are : o!ie Jg M 535 T'i» TiapS President, one f^ tS 1^ Pang^ T'i=^ Tiao*, Vice- President, one ^ 1^ Tsnng^ P.an"*, Director, and one ^ ^ Pang^ Pan*, Assistant. All these positions are held by higher officials of the Ministry of Finance. The Committee is divided into the following 12 v^ections : 1- Ml B f-l- Tsungs Wu^ K'o\ Section of (ieneral Affairs; in charge of the compilation of information supplied by the provincial branch offices and the drawing up of repttrts based on such information. 2. :^ 1^ ^'i- Ching' Chi' KV, Metropolitan Section (for Peking, the Metropolitan Prefecture, the province of Chihli and Ch'ahar), 3- ]^ 1^ ^^ TAao'^ Shell' K'o', Manchurian Section province? of Fengtien, Kirin and Hoilungchiang), ■^- yl ^ ^-l* Chiang' Kan^ K'o', Section for Kiangsu. Auhui and Kiangsi, 5. W JIlJ f "l" Ch'ing' Yii* K'o', Section for Shantung and Honan. 6. \i^ ^^ ^'\- Ilsiang' Ao^ K'o', Section for Hunan and Ilupeh, "• f^ J^lr 1-4 ^^'"' Che* K'o', Section for Fukien and Chekiang. y- -^ -ill-: ?'} ^ iieh' Kuci' K'o', Section for Kuangtung and Kuangsi, y. ^ ^ ?4 Ch'iu- ( hill' K'o', Section for Shensi and Shansi falso for })laccs like Urga, Suiyiiancheng, KiuMhiiachcng, Uliasut'ai, Kobdo, Alt'ai, etc.), 10. 11 0f I'l K:i"' I!-iii' K'o', Section for Kansu and Ilftinchiang (also (ov Hi, I'arbagatai, Ilsiiiiug, etc.), ' •• i^ fi^. ?l i'iang- V K'o', Section for S/.cchwan, Yiinnaii and Kweichow. and Tiltet, '-• i\!l '^^- ff *^''0»' Chang^ K'o', Section of Archives. [ 1«7 J PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 638 536 Tn charge of each Section is a |,| ^ Tsung^ Ho^ Section to Chief, assisted by §i |^ Tso* Pan^ Assistants. Also there are an indefinite nnmbei- of § ffi ^ Shn^ Chi* Yiian^ Clerks, and W ^ 'S* '^^^'* ^^ Kuan', Advisers ; ,the necessary qualification of the first is the possession of a good handwriting ; the latter are selected from persons experienced in finance and well acquainted with the financial position of the provinces. BRANCH OFFICES OF THE COMMITTEE FOR THE REORGANIZATION OF THE FINANCIAL AFFAIRS OF THE EMPIRE. 536. }f JM llj B^ M Ch'ingi Li^ Ts'ai2 Cheng* Chii^, Branch Offices of the ('ommittee for the Reorganization of the Financial Affairs of the Empire (see Nos. 375 and 533). These are established in all the provinces with the object of fm-nishing the Committee itself {see Nos. 533 to 535) with information necessary to the drawing up of a State Budget, namely, by submitting reports as to provincial income and expenditure, by furnishing information as to the working out of the budget of the previous year and by supplying materials for the preparation of the yearly budget. 537. in 1^. Tsung^ Pan*, Chief of a Branch Office of the Committee for the Reorganization of the Financial Affairs of the Empire ; in charge of a branch office of the Committee. This ])Ost is an adjunct to that of Provincial Treasurer (see No. 825) or C/ommissioner of Finance (see No. 808). 538. ^ p Hui* Pan*, Associate Chief of a Branch Office of the Committee for the Reorganization of the Financial Aflfairs of the Em])ire ; this post is an adjunct to those of Salt Commissioner (see No. 835), Superintendent of Customs (see No. 84-2), Salt Intendant (.sec No. 841), Grain Intendant (see l^o. 836) and, also, of Expectant Taotais in charge of provincial financial establishments. [ 188 ] PRESENT DAY I'OLITICAI. OUG^XIZ ATIo.V OF CMIN'A. 539. IE ii fl "^ (iR'ng^ riiien' Li^ Kuan', Finan. ial 539 Supenisor ; these are appointed for a ti'iui of two years, one to tO each branch office of the Committee, on the reconunenJation of 540 the Ministry of Finance — approved by the Empei*or — to observe what success attends the efforts of the Branch Offices of the Committee for the Keorganization of the Financial Artairs of the Empire. 5-iO. glj ^ JM 'b' ^^"'i'' <^ hicn' Li-' Kuan', Assistant Financial Snpervisor ; deputed in a similar manner to Financial Supervisors {see No. 389) and with the same object. 541. Branch Offices of the Committee for the lle()ro;ani/a- tion of the Financial Allairs of the Empire are made up of three Sections : 1- ^1^ ^*-f Fifiii^ Clii^ K-o', Compibng' Section ; in charge of drawing up rules, reports, Memorials and returns of income and expenditure, 2- ^ M ^4 '^li*^^!'^ -tlo" K^o', Bevising Section ; for the examination of returns of income and expenditure forwarded from the various go\ erinnent establishments, and 3. l^ f^ f\ Sim' Wn^ K'o', Section of General AfFaii-s j among other duties, uiauages the correspondence. Each Section is administered by a f4 i4' I'^'"' Cliang\ Section Chief, to whom tliere are sul)ordinatc('. f,-[ J4 K*u' Yiian', Secretaries Cthe number depending on the Inisinoss of the Section), fH %^ Shu' (his Clerks and ^ ^l}! I' Sh.'n', A(ivi.ser8 (chosen f om the local gentry). BANKS ((iOVERNMENI AND OTMLkS). 542. p "^l^ |]i ^] llu' I'm' V'm'^ Hang, B.ijik ut ihe Ministry of Kc\enuc; tstaMished in accordance uith a Memorial from the Committee of Finance [sir So£. 349a and 932a) and L 189 J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAXIZATIOX OF CHIXA. .544 §42a the Ministry of Revenue {sec Xo. 349), dated the 14th ]March 4.Q 1904, and opened to business, at Peking, on the 27th September, 1905. The original regulations of the bank were dra\vu up by the Ministry of Revenue and submitted to the Throne in Memorials dated April, 1904, and 22nd August, 1905 (supplementary). The capital was tixed at four million taels, divided into forty thousand shares of one hundred taels ; half the shares Avere taken up by the Government and half were issued to the public. As recommended in a report from the ]\Iinistry of Finance, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 1 7tli February, 1908, the Bank of the Ministry of Revenue became the : 542a. i^ vf 1^ ft Ta^ Ch4ng^ Yin^ HangS Ta Ch'ing GovernmenL Bank. The original capital was, at the same time, raised (to ten million taels) by the issue of sixty thousand additional shares. By the new regulations (consisting of 24 articles), subiiiitted in the report above-mentioned (of the 17th Februar}-, 1908), the^ Ta Ch'ing Government Bank is a ^ ^ P^' [IJI :^ ^ Kii^ Feni Yu^ Hsien^ Kimg' Ssu\ Limited Joint-stock Coni])auy (see Ko. 77G.) The Board of Directors of the Ta Gh'ing (iovernmeut Bank is made up of one Governor (see No. 543), one Deputy Governor (sec Xo. 544) and four Directors Ls*?^ Xo. 545) a control over the operations of the bank is exercised by two (^Hicial Supervisors (sec Xo. 546) and three Inspectors (see Xo. 54Ga). 543. IE M M ^beng'' Chieii^ Tu', Governor (formerly styled |I|I "Ul Tsung^ Pan*); 3a. Appointed by the Emperor, on the recommendation of the Ministry of Fiiian(;o, foi' a term of service of five years. 544. f^\] ^ /|^ Fu'' Chieu^ Tu\ Deputy (lovenior (formerly styled §1] 1^ Fu'* Pan"*); 4a. A])pointcd by \he J'^.mperor, on [ 1!)0 ] TKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. the recommendation of the Ministry of Finance, for a term of 645 five years. *.q 545. 5S ^ Li' Shih*, Directors (four in all). They are ^^^ elected at a general meeting of the shareholders, from the ranks of holders of 100 or more shares, and their names are ])reoented for the approval of the Ministry of Finance. Their tei-m of service is fonr years. 546. ^ m ^ Chien^ Li' Kuan\ Official Supervisoi-s (two) ; appointed by the Emperor, on the recommendation of the Ministry of Finance, for general control of the bank's operations. 546a. Ij ^ Chien' Shih'', Inspectors (three); elected at a general meeting of the shareholders from those who hold 40 or more shares. Their term of service is three years. 547. In addition to its Head Office at Peking, the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank has the following branches in the provinces : Tientsin (Chihli prpvince ; the fii"st branch opened ; established in October, 1905), Moukden '(Fengtien province), Yingk'ou (Fengtien province), ('h'ang Ch'un (also Kwancheng- tzu ; Kirin province), Kalgan (Ohihli province), Urga (Mongolia), Nanking (Kiangsu province), Shanghai (Kiangsu province), Anking (Anhui pi-ovince), Taiyiianfu (Shansi province), C'hinanfii (Shantung province), llsianfu (Shcnsi province), Hangrhow (("hekiang ))rovince;, Foochow (Fiikicn province), Kiukiang (Kiangsi ])r()\ince), Hankow (Hiijx'h province), Chungking (Szechwan province), ("hangsha (lliiiiau province) and Canton (Kuangturig province). At eacli branch there is a ^^ |f^ Tsimg' Fan', Supcnnlcii- dent, chosen by the Board of Directors, and approved hv the Kmperor, on the recommendation of the Ministi'y «•! I-'iiiance, for a period of service of five years. Siihordiiiafed 1o liini there are a JS? 5^ Cliing' Li', Manager, and a %{, /•£ Ilhieh* Li\ Sub- manager (not as yet appointed Inr all the hraiichcst, appointed by the Hoard of DircctorH, PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA. 548 548. At Peking, under the supervision of the Ta Ch'ing- ^Q Government Bank, there are : 550a 1- ^t^.mm iF< -t7 I'ei^ Chingi Ch'u'^ Hsn^ Yin^ Hang^ Peking Savings-bank, Avhich is directed by a |,|1 ^jj^ Tsung^ Pan"*, Superintendent; opened to business in the Summer of 1908 (compare No. 550c), and 2. :/c ^ ill f7 ^ ^ Ta* Ch'ing^ Yin^ Hang^ Hsiieh^ T'ang2, School of tlie Ta Ch'ing (lovernment Bank ; established in 1908 with the object of training, gratis, young men for the bank's service ; there are now 80 pupils at this school. 549. 'g* IM ^ Kuan^ Y^in^ HaoS also 'g* ^ ^ Kuan» Ch'ien' Chii^, Government Banks; these are in existence at places where branches of the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank have not been established and their functions consist in the regulating of the local money market and the issue of bank-notes.. From them it usually happens that branches of the Ta Ch'ing GoA^ern- ment Bank are evolved. 550. The report of the Ministry of Finance spoken of above (dated 17th February, 1908), dealing with the reorganiza- tion of the Bank of the ^Ministry of Revenue as the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank {see Nos. 542 and 542 a), foreshadowed the formation of three additional types of banks througliout China, namely : 550a. 111^7 Yin- Hang'^ Banks (also "gs if ^ fj P'u» T'ungi Yin- Hang^, General or Universal Banks) ; these are to i-eplace the private credit establishments, such as ^ ^ Yin* Hao^ g ^ P'iao' ChuangS and ^ ^^ Ch'ien^ Chuang^ Banks of this type (they may be call'ed Banking Houses) will discount bills and drafts, accept deposits, make advances, buy and sell bullion, exchange money, issue time-drafts (|t|] ^ Ch'i^ P'iao*), lulls of exchange (^ ^ Hui^ P'tao"*), etc. The regulations for this t}'2)e of bank consist of 15 articles, [ 192 1 rnKSEXT DAY I'OLITICAL OR(.; ANIZATIOX OF ( IllXA. ooOr. ^ ^ in t^T ^~''''li' Veh^ Yin- llanjr-', li:„,ks t.l 550b Ao-viculture and Industry ; tlu'sc bunks will assist a'rriciiltural tO and commarcial enterprises. Of tiiis ty|)i> are : one ^ jg fg ^7 ^51^ Chiao^ T'ung^ Yin- Hang", tlic l^ank of Conmnuiications (ayy details in No. 792), two mM'M^ Hsing^ Yeli^ Yin- Hang'. Industrial Bank (founded to satisfy the needs of railwa\ construction in Chekiang ])rovinccj, and tlnee ^ '^ ^ ^7 Nung"-' Y''eli^ Yin- Hang', Agricultural Banks (yet to l)e established), etc. For the supervision (examination) of the operations of Banks oi Agriculture and Industry the Ministry of Finance has authority to depute some of the local officials as ^ ^. Chien' Li^ Official Su]>ervisois. The , regulations concerning this tv))e «if bank consist of .34 aiticles. 5^^^'- 1^ ^ IR tl <^1^'"' ^I^ii' Yin- Hang', Sayings-l)ank?; with a minimum paid-up capital of fifty thousand taels. These banks accept small sums for deposit (other tyj^es of l)anks may carry on this kind of banking business with the permission ot the Ministry of Finance). The regulations ff)i' theii- control consist of 13 articles. For the Peking Savings-bank sec No. o4H MINTS. 0.31. 3^ ^ $11 i^ f,S ,^ T'ien' Tsin' Yii.- Ch'ien' Tsung* C'h'ang^ Central Mint at Tientsin (official designation, p ^J 3^ ?fir 4& Jift 'f'"' 1*'H Tsao' I'i' Tsung^ ("h'ang*, Central Mint of the Ministry of Kever te); established in accordance with a Memorial from the Committee f>f Finance (see No. .'{49a) and the Ministry of Revenue (see No. 349), sanctioned on the 22nd August, 190.5, for the minting of silver and ropjjer coins. This mint is now styled.: r>')]\. ig «g 1^1 j;^ Tsan* Pi^ Tnimg^' Ch'ang^ CVntral .Mint, it is directed by -.1 )'>^ ^ lA m 'S: Bi 1^ ''"s""' ''•' Tsung» Ch'nng' [ I.. ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 551b Cheng'' Chien^ Tii\ Superintendent of the C3ntral Mint ; 3a, and to a it ^ m mm^M Tsau* Pi^ Tsung^ Oh'ang^ Fu* Chien^ Kc t Tn\ Assistant Superintendent of the Central Mint ; 4a. 551b. 'M^ ^M '^sao'' Pi^ Fen^ Ch'angS Mints (or Branches of the Central Mint). These are- situated in the provinces and each is directed byaj^^-^JJ^jH^^ Tsao* Pi* Fen^ Ch'ang^ Cheng* Chien^ TuS Mint Superintendent (or Superintendent of a Branch of the Central Mint) ; 3a, and a it ^ ^ M SlJ ^ # Tsao* Pi* Feni Ch'ang' Fu* Chien^ Tu^^ Assistant Mint Superintendent (or Assistant Superintendent of a Branch of the Central Mint) ; 4a. HEAD OFFICE FOR THE COLLECTION OF EXCISE ON NATIVE OPIUM. 552. ±mm^Mm T'u^ Yao* T'ungs Shui* Tsung^ Chii^, Head Office for the Collection of Excise on Native Opium ; established (a temporary institution) in 1906 at ^^ ^ ^ Wu' Ch'ang^ Fu^ (Hupeh province). It is directed by a : 553. mm±mmmmB^^ tu^ p^^^' '^'«' Yao* T'ung^ Shui* Shih* Wu* Ta* CK'en^, Superintendent of the Native Opium Excise. This official is assisted by two : 554. mm±mmmmf^:k^ Pa^g^ Pan* T'u^ Yao* T'ung^ Shui* Shih* Wu* Ta* Ch'eu% Assistant Superintendents of the Native Opium Excise. 555. ±MMU^ ^ T'u' Yao* T'ung^ Slmi* Fen^ ChuS Offices for the Collection of Excise on Native Opium. In charge of each of these offices there is an official, ranking as Taotai (sectio. 838), styled jE |^ Cheng* Pan*, Office Chief. The Offices for the Collection of Excise on Native Opiimi number nine, i.e. one for the provinces of Chihli and Shantung, one for the provinces of Honan and Shansi, one for the provinces of Szechwan, Yiinpan and KweichoAv, one for the province of [ 1»4 ] 660 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Ilupeli, one for the pro\ Ince^ ol" Kiaiigsn and Ilunan, one for 55Q the provinces of Kiangsu and Anhiii, one for the provinces x^ of Fukien and , Chekiang-, one for the provinces of iShensi and Kansu and one for tlie provinces of Kuangtnng- and Kiiangsi. OFFICE OF THE CUSTOMS AND OCTROI OF PEKING AT THE CH'UNQ WEN GATE. 5o6. m^?i u f^ ?fi n <^J''"<' ^^'^'"' ^i^-'^' s'^^^i* Wii* Ya- Men-, ilead Ottice of the Customs anfl Octroi at the Ch'ung WcMi Ciate (colloquially, D^ ^S PI K'^' '^"'a' ^I''"' or ^ (5 PT Ilai^ T'ai'* Men*) ; out-stations of this office are established in a coidon about Peking, at distances ranging fiom 10 to 30 miles. In charge of the Head Office of the Customs and Octroi at the Ch'ung Wen Gate are : •'>•>"• # .^ F5 jE E£ =i^ I'h'ung^ Wcn^* :\rcn' Chrng* Cliicn' Tu', Superintendent of the Customs and Octroi at the Ch'ung Wen Gate, and # ^ ^^ filj 1^ ^ <'li'"Hg» NVcn* Mcn« Fu-» Chicn' Tu\ Assistant Su])erinten(lent of the Customs and (Octroi at the Ch'ung Wen Gate; both are appointed by the Emjieror, for a term of one year, from tlio liigh official of the ICnijiirc. They are assisted by : 55«. ^. ^ ]^ # Tso^ T^ Chion= Tu', 8u])criutHident of the House Ta\ and Livestock Tax for the Fast Division of Peking. 5;3iJ. ;& ^ ^ 1^ "^ ••' '' <•''■"' ''"'» Su|)crintendcnt of the House Tax and Lnestock Tax f-.r the W.-t DiNisii.n of Peking. .>fiO. g^ ^ n ^ EJIi l^A fjli Ch'ung^ Weil' Mu.» Ilsiian' K'o' I'll' Shih', (Justonis Examiner. [ I!'-' ] PIIESENT DAY rOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHIXA. 561 ^Q NATIVE (LAND) CUSTOMS. 660 561. # gg it n ^ # Ko" Kuani Sliui^ K'ou^ Chien' Tu^, Superintendents of the Native (Land) Customs (Barriers). These officials are in charge of the collection of taxes on goods imported into China from Mongolia. 5611. M ^ U ^ "U Change Chia' K'ou^ Cliieni Tu^ Inspector of Customs at Kalgan. 56 IB. ^ jf^ lU ^ .^ SIW Hu^ K'ou^ Chieui Tu', Inspector of Customs at Shahuk'ou. GOVERNMENT GRANARIES. '562. -^ j^ Ts'ang^ Ch'ang^, Government Granaries at the CapitaL These are managed by the : 563. ^ ^ II ^ ^ f^ Ts'angi Ch'ang^ Tsung^ Tu^ Ya^ M^n^, Head Office of the Government Granaries at the Capital. At the head of this Office are two : 564. m^m'^MmM-^u^ i^m ch'in^ Ming* Tsung^ Tui Ts'ang^ Ch'ang^ Tu^ Chih* Pu^ Yu* Shih* Lang^, Superintendents of the (jovernment Granaries at the Capital with the rank of Junior Vice-President of the Ministry of the Ministry of Finance (shorter, || -^ ^ ^ Tsung^ Tu^ Ts'ang' Ch'ang^ and ^ i^ ff 15 Ts'ang^ Ch'ang^ Shih^ Lang==). 565. ^U M Tso* Liang'^ T'ingS also ^U M ^^ Tso^ Liang^ T'ing^ Chien^ Tu\ Supervisors of the Goverament Granaries at the Capital. 'J'here are two of these officials (one Manchu and one Chinese) and they are appointed from Depart- ment Directors of the Ministry of Finance. 566. # ^ ^ is =^ Ko" Ts'angi Ch'ang^ Chien^ Tu', Inspectors- of the Government Granaries at the CapitaL These officials number 16 (half are Manchus and half are Chinese), two for each Granary — there being eight Granaries in Peking. [ 196 ] riiESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA. 5()6a. The names of tlie Granaries at Peking are : 566* 1- ::^ ii |g 'IV T'ung' Ch'iao^ 2. jjif ^ f- Lu* Mi« Ts'ang', tO 3. m ^ M ^^^^' H.sin^ Ts'aiig\ 4. || ^ f <^l>i"' T'ai^ gg^ Ts'ang', 5. ^fc ff l" Pei' Hsin^ Ts'ang', 6. t; ff jt Fu* Hsin^ T.s'angS 7. ® ^ # Hsin> l>'ing2 Ts'ang', and 8. ^ fii ^ Fengi I^ TsSing^ ^67. {^ ;]^ Nei* Ts'ang\ Court Granaries; managed by t"o ^ ^ Chien^ Tu\ Inspectors. 567a. For particulars as to ^ ^ ^ ^ Tli'a' Ts'ang^ Yu* Shih^, (.^ensors Supervising the Government Granaries, see No. 214a. FINANCIAL COLLEQE. 568. HI iSf P ^ Ts'ai^ Cheng' Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Financial (Political I'A-onomy) College. , The cstabhshment of this institu- tion "vvas outlined in a report of the Ministry of Finance, dated the 2Gth April, 1907, and detailed i-egulations, in 50 articles, were drawn up and submitted to the Throne in a report dated the 5th :Nrarch, 1909. '1 he object of the Financial College is the supplying of a higher financial education for those who arc desirous of devoting themselves to service in the vai-ious establishments ufider the control of the Ministry of Finance, i.e. Banks, Customs, etc. The College consists of two Sections : 1. '!• Z fi ^'l""ig' Teng' K'o', Middle S'cctiou ; witli a coju'sc of three years and a curriculum similar to that of Miildle Professional {Schools (see No. 598). The course indudrs foreign languages and literature and sul)jects of general education having reference to finances. ^- tfi ^- /f-'l '^'io> Teiig^" K'o', High.'r Section; uill. :i special courwc! of lluee years for those who have succc.Hsfidly completed the course in the Middle Section. Thin Section [ l'J7 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. B69 svipplies instruction in special financial subjects, financial policy, ■Jq financial legislation, etc, KfiQA "^^^^ Financial College also maintains a ^[j ^;j- Pieli^ K'o^, Special Course — for persons in the Government service — similar to the course of: Colleges of Law and Administration {see No. 623a), a li^B 1^. $^ Shui^ Wu^ Clman^ K'o\ Course of Customs Administration, and a iM "fl^ ^ ^ ^^\ ^"in" Hang^ Chiang' Hsi^ K'o\ Banking Course. At the head of the Financial College there is a ^ 5^ Chien^ Tu^, Director. He is in charge of a staff made up of one Preceptor (^sec No. 636), one Steward (5^^ No. 641), one Inspector of Dormitories {see No. 645), an indefinite number of Teachers {see No. 637), three Proctors (sec No. 646), one Librarian (see No. 639), one Secretary (see No. 642), one Accountant (see No. 643), one Clerk of Works (see No. 644) and one Assistant Inspector of Dormitories (see No. 647). IMPERIAL MAUSOLEA. 569. 1^ ^ Ling^ Ch'in^, Imperial ^lausolea ; imder the supervision of the Ministry of Kites. The Emperors of the reigning (jNIanchu) Dynasty are buried in three separate grou2:)s of niausolea ; one is situated in Manchuria and the others in Chihli jjrovince. While the Fmperor is li^ung his mausoleum is sometimes euphemistically called ^' ^p ^ i^Ji Wan* Nien' C^Ui^-^ Ti^ " Tlie Happy Land of a Myriad Years." 569a. The group of Imperial Mausolea in Manchuria is situated near Moukden and Hsinching and includes H [^ San^ Ling^, Three Mausolea : 1.. 7Jic ^ Yimg^ Ling^, situated near Hsinching (80 miles from Moukden) on the hill ^ 3I jlj Chi^ Yiin* Shan^ Here are buried the first four Manchu Sovereigns, styled (smcc 1648) [ l'J8 J PRESENT DAY rOLlTICAL ORGAXIZAiTOX OF CHl.VA. from their names in tlie Temple of Ancestors and thtir 569b posthumous titles by the following : A. ^MJ^.^1^ Chao^ Tsu^ YiJan^ Huang' Ti', 1^». ^ ijia H ^ '"J^ iising^ Tsu^ Chih' Huang^- Ti\ C. ^15^^^ Ching-^ Tsu3 i^ Huang' Ti\ and D. ^ H ^ :^ ^ Ilsien* Tsu' Hsiian^ Huang" Ti^. 2. fa ^ ^' ^i' Tjing-, situated seven miles from Moukden on the hill ^ -^M \h l^'ion^ Kuei* Shan^ Here is buried the Emperor j{C M ii5 ^ 'ti? T'ai^ Tsu^ Kao^ Huang^ T\\ known from his reign as ^ ^ T'ien^ Ming^ (1616-1626). 3. ^1^ Chao^ Ling^, situated three miles from Moukden on the hill 1^ |^ ill Lnng' Yeh^ Shan^ Here are buried the Emperor ;*: '^^ ^ ^ ^ T'ai^ Tsung^ Wen"^ Huang' Ti', known from his reign as ^ I(,ig T'len^ Ts'ung^ (1626-1636), and the Emperor ^ ^^ Ch'ung- Te- (1636-1643). 569 B. !^ ^ Tung^ Ling', The Eastern Imperial Mausolea; situated 80 miles to the North-east of Peking, in the Department of j^ ^\^ •j^•^ Tsun^ Hua^ They include the following mausolea of Emperors and Empresses : J • IS ffl 1^ Cliao^ Hsi' Ling' ; situated in the pass .^ HI |I|S Ma' Lan' Yu\ Here is buried the Empress ^ ^f Hsiao* Chuang' (deceased in 1725), the mother of the Emj)eror [Ij; ^'ifl. Shih^ Tsu'. 2- ^' I^ Hsiao* Ling'. Here aie buried the Em|)oii)r ■fj jjij]^ Sliih' Tsu', known from his reign as )l(f| ffj Shun^ ("liih* (1644-1661), and tlie Empresses ^ §X H^iao* Hsien" and ^: ij| Hsiao* K'aiig'. 3. ^: }|r [y^ Hsiao* Tung' Ling'. Here was buried (in 1718) the Empress ^ ^ Hsiao* II ui* (deceased in 1717), the Consort of the Lmperor jfl; )f\[ Sliih* Tru'. 4- :K Pj^ C'hing' Ling'. Here are liinied the I'.inperor ^ifl Sheng* Tsu', known from his reign as l]i JJE K'ang' Hsi' <1662-1722), and f('r()r 570 i— ^ 'I"!!" Tsiing', known from his reig'M as ^- ^ Cliia' C'lring', (17y()-1820% and the Empress ^- ^l llsiao^ Shir. 4. ^ iZy f^- Ch'angi Hsi' Ling-. Here is Ijurird the Empress ^ f[l Hsiao"* IIo* (deceased in 1H4U ; hiuiid in ls.')3), the Consort of the Emperor {^ ^ tlen^ Tsung'. ^- ^ He ^^"* r>ing-. Here are huried the I'.mperor ^ y^^ Hsuau' Tsiiug', known from his reign as j^ -^ 'l:m' Kuang' (1821-1850). and the Em]n-esses ^ ^ Hsiao* Mn' ^: '\f\^ Hsiao* Shen* nnd ^- ^ Hsiao* Cii'iianl ^'- ^^ Wl r^ ^'"■' 'i'"iig' Ling^ Here is hmied the Empress ^ §jp Hsiati' C'hing' (deceased in ISoo ; huried in lN."i7), the Consort of the Emperor 'm, >j; Hsiian- Tsung'. "• ^ [^ ("h'ung- Ling'-'. Here is bmled the Emperor I* tK Te* Tsung', known from his icigii as ;)\j ]f;/^ Kuang' llsii* (1875-1908). Eor full details xcc No. 189. 570.' 7^ |§? If ^ iSi I"] Ch'eng'-' Pan* Sliih* Wu* Va- Mm-, Office of the Im|)erial Mausolea. The |,tl ^ Tsung^ Kuan\ C'ontroller-Cieneral of the lianner (iarrison, is at the liead of this office, l)eing styled (as regards its affiiirs) ^- ^■(^ f>^ 'i^ j^ E Shou' Hu* Ling- Ch'in^ Ta* (Jh'On'-. For each group «>f .Mausolcit ill Chihli there is one Office of the Imi)irial Mausolea (at the ICasltrn and at the Western Mausolea). To tlie Chief of the Office of tlw Inip.rial MausuK-a there is attached a staff of officials de{>nted from tlie Ministry of Kites (Ul>»li Lung= Clumg', Department Directors, il M^ I'l) Vium^ \\:ii' L;ing-, Assistant Departmi-nt Directors and :|£ i\i Clui' Shih*, Secretaries, au-l officials (.f the X '}ii "^^ '^'''''' Ch'ung- Smi', DepartMient of Sacrificial Worship— '.vr^ No. 3H'Jii) and from the Imperial H(.useholsu% Siii)erior Sacrifices (at which silk tissues and animals are offered), and 3. ^ JnG Ch'iin^ Ssu*, also /J\ j^ Ilsiao^ SsuS Inferior Sacrifices (at which animals are offered). Great Sacrifices are performed at : 1. ^'C if T'ien' T'an\ The Altar or Temple of Heaven (also called f^ ^'f$ Nan- Chiao\ The Southern Suburbs ; erected in 1420) : three times yearly : A. In the first moon, tlie so-called jfj^ ^;5 Ch'i- Ku^, Prayer for a liountiful Harvest, at the jjiff l^f^ JKjJ Ch'i'- Xien- Ticn\ Altar of Supplication for a Hoimtiful Harvest, 1). Tn the fourth moon, the so-called ^ jjig Yii- Ssu*, Prayer for Uain (also ^ ^C"h':iuo= Yii'-j, at the Ig| £ Yiiair Ch'iu\ Kound Hill, and (\ In the eleventh- moon, because of the Winter Solstice (^^ Tun■* Chiao', Northern Subm-bs) ; in the fifth moon ; because of the Summer Solstice, ^ 3? Hsia^ C'hih' (this temple ■was built in l.>30j. 3. At the :^ l^lj T'ai' Miao\ Ureat Temi)le (or Temple of Ancestors of the Peigning Dynasty) ; five times a year : A. Ill the first moon, because of the ^ ^ Meng* Ch'un', Beginning of Spring, B. In the fourth moon, because of the ^ g( Meng' ILsia*, Beginning of Summer, C. In the Kcventh moon, Itccause of thr '2i ^ M< ng* Ch'iii', IJeginning of Autumn, [ 203 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. D. In the tenth moon, because of the ^ ^ jMeng** Tung', Beginning of Winter, and E. In the twelfth moon, because of the ^ ^ Nien* (;hung^, End of the Year, the so-called |^ ^ Hsia^ Chi^. 4. At the ;TTf: ^ if She* (Jhi^ T'anS Altar of the Spirits She and 'Jhi (Spirits — Patrons of the Dynasty) ; twice yearly : -^^- ^ Jitt Ch'mi^ She^, in the second or third moon, and B. >fjli^ jjit Ch'iu^ She^, in the eighth moon. 5. At the ^ )f5 Wcn2 ^liao*, or JL ^ If I K'i"»g' Sheng* Miao*, Temple of Confucius, also gj Jp Kuo^ Hsiieh^, State School (:$t M ?L ^ Hsieni Shih^ K'ung=^ Tzai') ; tAvice yearly : .A. In the second moon (the so-called ^ ^ Ch'un'^^ Chi', Spring Sacrifice), and B. In the eighth moon (the so-called ^^ ^ Ch'iu^ Chi', Autumn Sacrifice). Superior Sacrifices are ofitered : 1. At the $] B ^M Chao^ Jih* T'an^, Altar of the Mornmg Sun ; once a year ; on the ^ ^ Ch'un' Fen', Spring- Equinox. 2. At the ^ ^ if Hsii Yiieh* T'an^, Altar of the Evening Moon ; once a year ; on the ^^ -^ Ch'iu'- Fen', Autumn Equinox (in the eighth moon). 3. At the JSi ft ^ 2 )i Lis Tai* Ti* Wang^ Miao* (or '?^ I Mi! Ti* Wang^ ]Miao*), Temple of the Emperors of alt Dynasties (built in 1522), tAvice yearly : A. In the third moon (the so-called ^ ^ Ch'un^ Chi'> Spring Sacrifices), and B. In the ninth moon (the so-called ^ ^ Ch'iu' Chi^, Autumn Sacrifice). 4. At the 5tMil-Hsien' Nung^ T'an^, Altar of the Father of Agriculture ; once a year ; in the third moon. •5. At the ^^ if Hsien^ Ts'an^ T'an^ Altar of the Mother of Agriculture : once a vear: in the third moon (this altar was built in 1742). [ 204 ] f PRESENT DAY P(n.rriCAL ORG AN IZATI OX OF C'llNA. 6. At the 5^ ililjl if T'ien' Slu-ir T'an^ Altar of tlio Heavenly Spirits ; in case of natural calamities. 7. At the i^ j^ jf 'IV Ch'i- T^u.^ Altar of tlic Spirits ui' Earth : in case of natural cahunities. (The Altars of the Heavenly Spirits and the Spirits of I'arth hear tlie irencral name of |l{l ^l^ Shen^ Ch'i^ TSnn^). 8. At the :*: :^ it T-ai' Sui' Tv.n-, Altar of .lupiter (King of the Year) ; twice yearly, i.r. in the first and twelfth moons. Four 01 the latter-mentioned altars, i.e. those of the Fathei- of Agriculture, of the Spirits of Heaven and I'arth, and of Jupiter, are situated in the Temple of Agricidture, which is also known as the \l\ )\\ ^ Shan^ C'h'uau' T'an'-, Temple of Mountains and Kivers. Inferior Sacrifices are offered : 1. At the 5t ^ Ifj H^ien' V Miao\ Temjjle of Famous Physicians of \nti(juitv ; twice a }ear; in the second and eleventh moons. 2. At the ^ ijilp }^\ II uo^ Shcn- Miao\ Temjde of the (Jod of Fire : once a yeai' ; in the sixth moon. .3. At the ^ ^ ff/1 Wcn^ Ch'ang' Miao'. Temple of the Patron of Education ; twice a year; in the second and « ighth moons. 4. At the ^3 ',V? I^li K'lan' Ti' -Miito', Temi)ie of the (ioneral ^] ^^ Kuan' \ u\ thive times yearly: in the se<-ond, fifth and eighth moons. .'>. At the fl li fill Hhcu- Liang' T/'u'-, Tcmi.le of Eminent Statesmen (tlKf^e who have rendered great service to the present Dynasty : fr)nnded in IT.'Mi; twice yearly ; in the sccon^_ Pai' Lung' T'an', White Dragon Pool ; twice a year ; in the second and eighth moons. 18. At the 3: ^ lli Yii" Ch'uan' iShani ; twice a year; in the second and eighth moons. 19. At the ^ l\J] -^ K'uni Ming' Hu' (also ^ M Hsi^ Hu2, lake at the foot of the hill H ^ Uj Wan* Shou* Shan') ; twice yearly ; in. the second and eighth moons. 20 to 26. To the Princes : # .^. H =£ Jui^ Chung' ChMn^ Wang^ ^ -^i %l Hi •£ Ting* Nan' Wu' Chuang' Wang', ^ ^ ^ Hung' P (Ni) Kung', fg. ;|| ^ Ch'ueh* Hsi' Kung', WlM^ [ 206 J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Ch'in=* Hsiangi Kung^ t^ ^ ^ Ch'iieh^ Hsi^ Kung', and ^ || 573 ^ Wen' Hsiang^ Kung\ ^ 27. At the ^ li ^ ^ T'ai^ Miao* Hou^ Tien\ Keai- ^^^^ Hall of the Temple of Ancestors {see above) ; on the first day of the first moon and, also," on the birthdays of the Emperor (the thirteenth day of the first moon) and the Empress Dowager (the tenth day of the first moon). 28. At the ^ ^ ^ Hsien^ Y\\* KirngS Temple of the Polar Star (founded in 1415) ; on the birthdays of the Emperor and the Empress Dowager. 29. At the %m)^ Tungi Yueh* Miao*, Temple of the Eastern Sacred Mountain (built in 1317); on the birthdays of the Emperor and the Empress Dowager. 30. At the %i^^W,M Tui Ch'eng^ Huang' Miao\ (commonly called i^ p^^ l^ij Ch'eng^ Huang^ Miao'* ; compare No. 573b), Temple of the Patron of the City; on the birthdays of the Emperor and the Empress Dowager. At the Temples and Altars there are found ^ jjil] Feng^ Ssu^ Priests, ipG ^ Ssu"* Ch'eng^, Assistant Priests and a staff' of officials of the fourth to sixth ranks. 573. In China, in addition to the predominant religion f^ ^^ .Tu* Chiao', <'onfucianism (also ^ ^ Ming' CUiiao* or ii Wi. Sheng^ Chiao*), there are tlie recognized geneiml religions off; #i Fo2 Chiao* (also f| ^k •'^•'i''' < hiao^) Buddhism, and 5g ^ Tao' Chiao*, Taoism. With a view to control of the priesthood of these religions there exist certain (ifHelal ranks. 573a. f t I^ WJ Seng^ Lu^^su', Superior of the iJuddhist Priesthood. Two office bearers invested with this title are appointed In each district, department and prefecture throughout the Empire, as y>rlnclpal and deputy, the (;hief heing dcHlgnated as in En Cheng* Yin*, or principal, and the Hecond in order as glj t\\ Vn* Yin*, or Dcjnity, Holdei- of the; Seal. These appoint- ments are made hy the local authorities from the leading ahbotfl E 1^07 ] ri:ESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 573b (^ i^ Fang-' Chang*) of tlie monasteries and are submitted for approval, Avhen made by subordinate officials, to the provincial government. The Superior acts as a medium of communication between the secular authorities and the priesthood, and depending on the rank of the territorial division with which he is concerned, bears one of the following distinctive titles : 1- ft IM ^^'"g^ Kang\ Superior of the Buddhist Priest- hood in a Prefecture ;'9b (the full title is ff |f|| ^ ^fjp| Seng' Kang' Ssu' Tu' Kang'), 2. f§ jH Seng' C'heng^ Superior of the Buddhist Priest- hood in a Department, and 3. f^ ^ Seng' Hui"*, Superior of the Biiddhist Piiesthood in a District. In addition to the foregoing, in the Buddhist priesthood there are the following ranks (they are very little, if at all, used at present) : 1- "&. ^ ^ "^i^o' Shan* Shih"* Principal Preceptor, and /& 1^ "RJ ^""^ Shan* Shih*, Secondary Preceptor : 6a, 2- ^ M i^ 'J'so^ Ch'an* Chiao^ Principal Preacher, and ^ r€ Wi Yu* Ch'an* Chiao*, Secondary Preacher ; 6b, 3. ^ ^ ifl^ 'J'so^* Chiang^ Ching', Principal Expositor, and ^ ^ IM ^ u* Chiang^ Ching', Secondai-y Expositor ; 8a, and •4- i M ^ Tso3 Chiieh^ I*, Principal Clerk, and :;i^ ^ ^ Yu* Chiieh^ I*, Secondary Clerk; 8b. 573b. In the Taoist priesthood the primacy appertains to the hereditary patriarch 5g ^1^ fijj Chang' T'ien' Shih', so-called Heavenly Master Chang — in whose body it is believed the spirit of one of the earliest of the Taoist mystics has taken up its abode. This Patriarch (called also IE — ^ A Cheng' I* Chen' Jen^) resides on the hill f^ }^ \\\ Lung^ Ju' Shan', in the district of ^ ^H ,^ Kuei* Ch'i' Hsien*, jl gg Kiangsi province. Excepting the foregoing, the organization of the Taoist priest- hood is similar to that of the Buddhist ju-iesthood (compare [ 208 ] PRKSKXT DAY POLITICAL OKG AXIZ ATI«)X OF x:HIS'A. ^o. 573a). Thus, in eacli district, dcpartmeiit and prefecture 573c there arc two ^ ||^ W] Tao' T.u^ Ssu\ Superiors of the Taoist Priesthood, ])caring, from the rank of the territorial division to ■which they appertain, one of the following- distinctive titles : 1- M^ll '^'10^ ^'lli^ Sui)erior of the Taoist Pi-iesthood in a Prefecture (the full title is if IQ Ti] if JlI 'i'^i')"* Chi* Ssu^ Tao» Chi*) : 9 15, 2. i^ jE 'I'ao* C'hrqg-*, Superior of the Taoist Priesthood in a Department, and •^- ill ^ ^^^* Ilui*, Superior of tlie Taoist Priesthood in a District, Besides the above-mentioned, in the Taoist jjricsthood there .are the following ranks : 1. i IE Tso' Cheng*, Principal Director, and :^ ]£ Yu* Cheng*, Secondary Director ; Ga, -• & Wl '/i Tso^ Yen' Fa*, Princii)al Ilierophant, and ^ JI^I iJ^ Yu* Yen' Fa*, Secondary Hieiophant (performing certain sacrificial observance*! in the Im]>erial tem])les); 6b, •^- S 3^ ^ Tso' Chill' LingS Principal Thaumaturgist, and ::^ ^ ^ Yu* Chili* Ling^ Secondary Thaumaturgist; 8a, (these "miracle workers" conduct services at State temples, of propitiatory nature, diu-ing times of floods or drought : a similar duty is performed by Taoist j)riests, called ^2i f'^ H^ ll-j ^''"' Yang' ('hOng* Shu*, in tcmi^les dedicated to the tutelar spirits of the various prcfectural cities, — thr Ijljlt [?[[ j^jli CliVng' Huang' -MiaoM, and 1. /t ^ 3g Tso' Chill' !'. I'lincipal Priest of the Lowest Grailc, and yfi'^'^Yu' < l>Ih' i\ Secondary Priest of the J..owest (ii-adr ; X\'.. 57:5c. In addition to the general religions of nuddhism and Taoism {sre Nos. .073a and 573iO, there is the religion of Shamanism, enjoying the ofHcial fialrotiagc of the Chinese Government. The substance of this cult consists in the ofVering [ -09 ] 14 PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. of sacrifices to Heaven (according- to the doctrine of the Shamans,. Heaven is understood to be the poAver rnling- the world — God) and to the Samts— ^as Saints are considered those who benefited mankind during their lives and continue to benefit mankind after death. • In Peking Shaniauic services are held at the : 1. iljl ^ 'J^ K'un^ Ning- Kung^, Palace of the Empress or Shamanic Chaj)el (daily), and 2- ^ ~J* I'awg^ Tzu^, Shamanic Temple (founded in 1664;; monthly). A peculiarity of Shamanic places of worship is the absence of any sacred vessels or ornaments and the simplicity of their extc^rior (^ j|I^ T'iao^ Shen^, to practice Shamanism ; to dance ])efore an idol and invoke the spirits). As the Empress, in Avhose presence no man may appear, sometimes attends Shamanic services, sacrifices at both places of worship mentioned above are, for the most pai't, offered by women — Shamanic Priestesses and Sub-priestesses (colloquially called, H jif j^ :^ Sa^ Man^ T'ai* T*ai*; see No. 79c). The staff of Shamanic priestesses of the Court numbers tweh e ; they are usually the wi\es of members of the Imperial Bodyguards. For theii" services they receive nothing but the dresses used and they are called, oflficially, ji] |5J Ssu^ Ohu*, Headers of Prayers. Also, there are: 1. 36 p] ^^L M \ Ssu^ Tsu*'' Fu* Jen^, Shamanic Sub-priestesses or Svipervisors c£ Sacrificial Attributes, 2. .37 ^ ?i $§ A Ssu^ Tui^ Fu" Jen% SuperA-Isors of Powdering of Bark, and 3. 19 p1 ^ ^^f A ^^^^ Hsiang^ Fu' Jen"-, Supervisors of the Preparation of Incense (for Shamanic services) ; these are wives of the Palace soldiers and receive from one half a tael to two taels and a bag of rice per month from the Court. In 1747 a mass-book foi- the Shamanic service was published (in the Manchu language) called " Hosei T'okt'opuha Manchu-sai Vechei-e Medere Cooll Pitho." [ 210, ] TKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. EDUCATION. 574. Until the beginnino- of the present century education in China was principally based on assiduous study of tiie classics and their nunierou?; commentaries, the knowledge of which was tested by general examinations of three leading grades (in the prefectural cities, the provincial capital, and, finally, in Peking) and, when recognized as satisfactory, furnished the lucky candidate with a passport to the public service. With such a system there was, of course, no instruction in the a})plieil sciences ; even a knowledge of history and geography was rc(}uired only so far as necessary to commenting on places mentioned in the classics, these studies having a place similar to that of Greek and I^atin in our schools furnishing instruction in the ancient languao;es. The defects Tind impc'rfections of this system were at last recognized by the Chinese Govex-nment and, among other leforms undertaken after the JJoxer movement, it was resolved, in 1903, to make gradual changes in educational affairs, following the methods serving as the basis of the educational systems of other countries. The first step in the direction indicated was the establishment of the ^ fj^^ Hsueh- Wu' Ch'u*, Committee of Educational Affairs (comuare X(». 406 ; until this time all matters concerning education were in the hands of the Ministry of liites — compare No8. 376 and 395;. At the head of the Conunittee there was placed a f^ ^ Tsung* Li', Superintendent, and to liim there were attarhed two ^ 9i :J<^ KuanMIsiieh'TaM:h'cn\ .Members of the Committee of lOducational Adaii--; in 190.: the ('onunittee was exjjanded into the Ministry of Education (contpare No. 39.0). The members of the Conunittee of IMueation, 5R B^ !?.^ Chang' IV-hsi', ^^ Jung' Ch'i1lg^ and ^H Z M < l'»"^^ 674 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Cliih^-tung*, Governor-General of Huknang (now dead), were simultaneously directed to compile a new scheme of education, to draw up regulations for schools and colleges, to define the type of educational institutions from the character of the subjects and sciences taught (common, professional and special), and to- determint the grade of the education attained on completion of the courses of the educational establishments (elementary, primary, middle, higher, etc.). The results of the labour of the tjfficials mentioned took the form of a voluminous report (with 20 enclosures) which has since served as the basis of all educational advancement in China. This repoi't not only laid down general pi-iiiciples but also expanded regulations for schools and colleges of the most divergent types, beginning with elementary schools and reaching to the "Academy of iSciences" which, in China, is not the highest " institution of science " but, rather, a high institution of learning where those who wish, after completion of their imivergity courses, may extend their knowledge. On the 13th January, 1904, the report was sanctioned by the Emperor and a Decree to this effect was i'^'^ued the same day. By the new scheme of education all schools in C/hina may be classed, from the type, of education suppled, into the following four groups : A. General Educational Institutions ; sup])lying ^^^^^ P'u^ T'ung^ Chiao* Yii*, General Education ; elementary schools, primary schools of the senior and junior grades, middle schools, higher schools, universities, etc. {sec Nos. 575 to 595). B. Professional Educational Institutions ; supplying ^ ^ ^ ^ Shih^ Yeh* Chiao* Yii*, Professional Education ; agricultural, industrial and commercial schools of all classes (see Nos. 598 to 617). (). Normal Schools ; supplying ||]j|iif:^^" Shih' Fan'* Chiao* Yii^, Pedagogic Education ; normal ' schools of the senior and junior grades (see Nos. 618 to 620). [ 212 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. D. Special Educational Institutions ; supplying ^ ['T ^ ||f 675 Chunn^ ]\Icn' Chiao* Yii^ Special Education ; colleges of all tO types, i.e. Interpreters, Foreign Languages, Law, etc. {sec Nos. t«^ 6'2\ to 627). ELEMENTARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOLS. 575, ^ ^ 1^ Meng- Yang^ Yiian"*, Elementary Schools or Pre{)aratory Schools for Infants (from 3 to 7 years of age). These schools aim at furnishing a substitute for 'M Jk^ ^t ^ Chia^ T'ing* Chiao'* Yii*, Home Instruction, to the extent rcc|uiix'(l hy the educational regulations for admittance to Elementary Schools. The}' are the nearest approach to the i:t/ ill ^ Yu< Chih^ Yiian' (also :^ f |i ^ Yu» Chih^ She'), Kindergartens, of foreign countries. Elementary Schools are CBtabllshed at "^ ^ ^ Yii' Ying'- T'ang', Orphan Asylums, and at ^^ ^} ^ Ching' Chieli=^ T'ang% ^Vidows Homes, and sessions, of not more than four hours duration, are held daily under the direction of f[^ |[g[ Ju^ Ao\ ^Vctnurses, and f^ |g; Pao^ Mu', Nu;ses. At the head of each Elementary School there is a ^ |f Yiinn^ Tung', Director. 575a. ^ ^ ^ Meng' Hsiieh' T'ang^ Elementary Schools ; tlie proposed establishment of these schools was not carried out as it was seen that they would be of practically the same type as the Elementary Schools mentioned abtivc. 57'!. /j^ ^S Hsiao' Hsiiclr, Primary Sch(H)ls ; including 03 *5 /J> ^ ^ Ch'u' Teng-' Hsiao', Hsiieh' T'ang' (also ^- %' d^ ^ 'ili: IJs'"'"' ^'li'inig-' Ilsia<.' lls,i.-h- T'ang"^), Triiuary Schools of the .Junior (Jrade, i^ ^ /J> ^ :v.: K:'"' 'l''"f.^* •!>'''"* Hsiieh' T'ang", Primary Schools (»f tin- Senior (ir.nle, ami, uheii both grades are <;oml)ine(l in one establi.> ^- '^I'i Liang' Teng* Hsiao' Hsiieh' 'Pang', I'rimary Schooi.sol llie.Iunior and ^senior tirades. [ -'I'' 1 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CIIIXA. 677 577', At the initiative of the ^Ministry of Education, and to sanctioned by Imperial Edict of the lotli May, 1909^ Primary 577a Schools of the Junior Grade were reformed so as to provide three courses of study, i.e. 1. ^ ^ fJ[ Wan^ Ch'uan'^ K'o\ Full Course of five years, and 2 and 3. W\ ^ f,'|- C'hien' I^ K'o\ Abridged Course of three and four years. Accordingly, there are now three types of Primary Schools of the Junior Grade : 1- tJ ^" d^ JP ^ ^ ^ fi Ch'ui Teng' Hsiao^ Hsiieh^ T'ang' Wan''^ Ch'iJan^ K'o', Primary School of the Junior Grade giving- Full Course of Study. 2. ^ /^ /J> ^W\ Wi Pi ^'s"' Nien- Chi' Hsiao^Hsiieh^ Chien^ I* K'o^, Primary School of the Junior Grade Avith Abridged Course of four years, and 3. H ¥ IS ^h ^h ^^^ San^ Xien- Chi' Hsiao' Hsiieh^ Chien' P K'o^, Primary School of the Junior (Jrade with Abridged Course of three years. The number of subjects tauglit was reduced from eight to five (history, geography and the natural sciences were discarded ; ethics, literatin-e, arithmetic, the classics and callisthenics were retained) and [|| 0; |;f Sui^ I* K'o', Optional Subjects were mtroduced (manual training, draAving, music and singing). On completion of the course of stud^- of the Primary Schools of the Junior Grade, pupils proceed to Professional Schools (sec below) or to : 57 7a. ^ ^ /j> ^ ^ Kao^ Teng' Hsiao' Hsiieh' T'ang', Primar}' Schools of the Senior Grade. These schools furnish instruction in the same subjects as do the Primary Schools of the Junior Grade, but more thoroughly and to a greater number of hours per Aveek (36 instead of 30). Their course of study covers years. Primary Schools are established in cities, towns, villages and marts (of the Junior Gi'ade, obligatory ; of the Senior Grade, optional) according to the folloAving scheme : [ 214 ] . . PRESENT i>AY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Iir administrative centres of departments and districts the 577b •establishment of at least one Primary School of the Senior Grade to is obligatory, the establishment of Primary Schools of the Junior 577a Grade in these centres, as well as the establishment of. Primary School:? of both grades in other administrative centres, is obligatory, to a nimiber depending on the population of these places. Besides 'g' jj^ Kuan^ Li*, Government Schools, the founding <^f S i Kung^ Li*, Municipal, and ^^ jj; Ssu' Li^ Private, Schools is urged by the Government. 577b. For a Primary School (of either grade) there is a ^ ^ Hsiao^ Chang', Director [see No. 635a), who has a staff made up of ]£ ^ ^ Cheng* Chiao* Yiian', Teachers {see No. ■637), gij !§; ^ Fu* Chiao* Yiian^ Assistant Teachers {see No. 638) and 1 to 2 fl ^ Ssn^ Shih*, Secretaries {sec No. 650). 577c. Satisfactory completion of the course of a Primary Scliool of the Senior Grade carries with it the following privileges : Those who complete the course with one of the first three ratings (1st, 2nd or 3rd) may, after a test examination, join the Middle Schools, Normal Schools of the Junior Grade, or Middle Professional Schools. Should they join one of these, and complete the course, they receive the degree |jjf ^ Lin^ Shing', if they attain the first rating, ig ^ Tseng' Sheng', if they attain the second rating, and pfj ^ Fu* Shfing', if they attain the third rating {see Nos. ^2\)\ and 631) ; should they attain the fourth rating, they are detained with the degree ^ ^ 1* Sheng', for continued study and, should they again fail to (jualify for one of the three first ratings and be unwilling to remain anotli'-r year, they receive a document certilying that they have compl(;ted the course of study of a Triniary School of the Senior Gra ^ ^ Nil' Tzu^ Kao^ Teng' Hsiao' Hsiieh^ T'ang-, Female Primary Schools of the Senior Grade, and 3. iC^M^ 'b9^^ ^^"' Tzu' Liangs Teng^ Hsiao' Hsiieh' T'ang^, Female Pririiary Schools of the Junior and Senior Grades, when both grades are combined in one establishment (see No. 576). Female Primary Schools of the Junior Grade accept as pupils girls of from seven to 14 years of age ; the course o£ study covers four years and from 24 to 28 hours of instruction' are given weekly ; Female Primary Schools of the Senior Grade accept as pupils girls of from 11 to 14 years of age ; the course of study covers four years and from 28 to 30 hours of instruction are given weekly. Schools of the junior grade furnith instruction in ethics, literature, arithmetic, handiwork and callisthenics. Also, instruction is given in drawing, mTisic and singing to those wha desire it. Schools of the senior grade follow the same programme as do those of the junior grade with the exception that the history and geography of China, natural sciences and drawing are added to the obligatory studies. [ 21G ] niESEXT DAY TOLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CUIXA. In charge of each Female School is a ^' j^ T'aug"^ C hang-*, 579 Head Schoohnistress, whose statt' consists of JE $!i ^ Cheng'' Chiao* llsi-, iSchoohiiistresses, glj ^ ^ Fu^ Chiao' Ilsi'-, Assistant {Sclioolniistresses. General aliiiirs are attended to by u ^g JM <^^liing' Li3, Manager, a ^ ^ Shu' Ch[\ (Merk, and a 0, f^ M ^'^'''' ^^ "* Yiian-, Steward (the latter two othcials are found only at sciiools with a large enrollment ; most schools having a Manager only). 579. To the number of Primary Schools there must he added the following : 1- M^^M" ^leng* Yang' Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Elementary Schools ; estaljlished in the Dependencies of China and havhig a course of study similar to that of Primary Schools of the tliuiior Grade (srr So. 577). 2. ^: U ^ ^ Pan^ Jih'* Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Half-day Schools (holding sessions part of the day only — in the morning, the afternoon or the e\ ening, as the students have leisure time), with a coui'se of study similar to that of Primary Schools o£ the Junior (irade. These schools are found in the majority of cities of China proper. The Acting Imperial Agent, ^ ^ San' To', at K'ln-ijii (Urga) urged that these schools he established in Mongolia and Outer China in general with a view to spreading the study of Chinese amongst the population of these places; tiiis scheme was, however, not acted upon as, owing to the existeu(,'e of schools of tlie type ^j^ ^ ^ Iv^ M-'ng*'' Vang' Ilsiieh- T'an"-', it was feaicd that the enrollment would he iiisuf!i;ien1. •5- \^L ^£^:v: '^^"''' J'«"' i^^'ieh^ T'ang^ also, 1^^^ ^ Mu^ Fan' Ilsiieh'^ Slur, Model Schools. These school.^, with a course (»f study of Primary Schools of the .liniior Grn(hv a.e establi.-hed at j>rovin'^^ Hsiao' Hstieh^ T'ang^, Primary Schools for Bannermen, and l|;^ |^ \^ ^/>JP^ Chu* Fang^ Man^-Ying^ Hsiao^' Hsiieh^ T'ang', Primaiy Schools at the jSIanchu Garrisons are given in Nos. 71 7a and 717b.- MIDDLE 5CH00LS. 580. Fft^^ Chungi Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Middle Schools; for those who have completed the course of Primary Schools of [ 218 ] I'KESEXT DAY I'OLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. the Senior Grade (see No. 5 7 7 a) ; witli a course of study t)f five 581 year? and 36 hours instruction weekly. Tliese schools are to establislied in prefectural cities (obligatory) and in departmental ggo and district towns (optional). The enrolhnent of each is between 300 and 400 students, who follow a course of study similar to that of Normal Schools of the dunior (Irade (.litical economy ;inil callisthenics. In addition to the above-mentioned sidijrcts, lioth oomses supply instruction in music and singing to tho>^c who desire it. 5H2. .\l the head of each Midflle S<'hool tlun; is a Director (are No. 635); instruction is supplied by Teachers (spp No. 6;}7). Also, there are one I.ilir:irian (one of llie Teachers */?^l 7}: Xci^ K<.- ( Iiuiig' Shu' (see No. 137), at the Capital— or %\\ !)+l <'hih' Chou' {see No. H55) — in the provinces. 2. riio.se who graduate with the second lating receive the degree ^ A Chii'' .b'-n' (srr Nos. 029^ and 031) and are appointed, alter a test examination (see above), as rjl ^\ ^:'\ r|l ^J [ -2'^^ ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 583a Chung' Shu^ K'o' Chung' Shu' {see No. 137 a)— at the Capital— to or as ^n ^ Chi' Hsien* (see No. 856) — in the provinces. ^8*^c '^' '^hose who graduate, with the third rating receive the degree ^ A Chli^ Jcn^ (see Nos. 629b and 631) and are appointed, after a test examination, as "^ f^ Ssu' Wu* (see No. 296) — ' at the Capital— or as ^ ^\] T'ung' P'an* (see No. 849a)— in the- provinces. 4. Those Avho graduate with the fourth rating are detained for continued studj and, should they again fail to attain one of the three first ratings and he unwilling to remain another jear, they receive a document certifying that they have completed the course of a Middle School. 5. Those who graduate with the fifth rating merely receive a list of their examination marks. 583a. At each Higher School there is a Director (see No. 635), Avho is directly in control of a Preceptor (see No. 636), a Steward (see No. 641) and an Inspector of Dormitories (see No. 645). The Preceptor is in charge of Teachers (see No. 637), Assistant Teachers (see No. 638) and the Librarian (see No. 639). The Steward's staff consists of a Secretary (sec No. 642), an Accountant (see No. 643) and a Clerk of Works (see No. 644). To the Inspector of Dormitories there are subordinated Proctors (see No. 646) and Assistant Inspectors of Dormitories (see No. 647), 583b. For particulars concerning ^^'mJMAj^^^ ^ ^ Tsung' Shih' Chueh^ Lo^ Pa' Ch'i^ Kao' Trng^ Hsiieh* T'ang-, Higher Schools for Imperial (Tansmen and Bannermen, see No. 717a, 583c. The niajority of the so-called ^ pi] ^ ^ (^huan^ MOn^ Hsiieh^ T'ang"'', Special Schools, such as the 'College of [ 222 ] PKESENT PAY rOLITICAL ORGANMZATION OF ClIIXA. Interpreters {s'-r No. 626), may 1)C considereil as Higher 584 Schools. to UNIVERSlTiES. 584. -X ^ ^ Ta^ Hsiieh- T'ang-, Universities; for students "wlio h:ive completed the course of Higher Schools (sec No. 583) ; with a three years (in the Law and Medical Dejiartmcnts, fom- years) course. These are to be established in all the j»roviih"es ; at present there is only one University — at Peking, ciunposcd of eight ^ fif ;/^ ^ Fen^ K'o' Ta"* Hsiieli*, Departments. -58.5. ^^ ^ 5f-| :J^ ^ Ching' Hsiieli- KS,' Ta' Hsij'eh^ Classical Department; Avith eleven courses oi instruction: 1- fii\ ^j ^ P*] ^ '"•"' I' ^.. (i. Mj /liflf r^M^'J ''"'"' '^i' llsiich^ Mrir, Course in the " H" of the Chou Dynasty compiled by Chou-kung. "• fil 'f'S ^^ P'l 1' '-'^ il'^iJcli^ Men% Comsc in the '• Kitnal of Diportmenl.' ^ 8. ip^ 'ji f*f\ ["j LI' Chi' HsiM.'h" Mr-n"', Course in the ♦'Hook of llito." 9. 0^^ J« ^r P'J ''""'"' ^'^'' nsiiili .M.•l^^ Course in the "Analects of ( 'onfncins." [ 228 ] 585 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 585a 10. :g: ^ JP P"] Meng-^ Tzu^ Hsiieh^ Men\ Course in tlie to Writings of Mencius, and 587 11- 51 ^P"] Li^ Hsiieh' Mcn^, Course in Natural Philosophy (of China). 585a. In accordance with p recommendation from the Ministry of Education, dated the 10th January, 1910, and sanctioned by the Emperor, foreigners are permitted to attend lectures and exercises at the classical Department of the University and brief regulations for their observance have been drawn up by the Ministry mentioned. 586. v£ ilgJt f4 ic ^ Fa^ Cheng* K'o^ Ta' Hsueh% Department of Law and Administration; this gives two courses of instruction : 1- g5C?&^P1 Cheng* Chih* Hsiieh^ Men^ .Course in, Administration, and 2. v^ ^. ^ p^ Fa* Lii* Ilsiieh^ M^ni^ Course in Law. 587. ^m^^:k^ ^"^^en^ Hsiieh^ K'o^ Ta* Hsiieh^, Department of History and Philology: consisting of nine courses : 1. »1» H BH ^ PI Chung^ Kuo'\ Shih^ Hsiieh' Men^ Course in Chinese Historv, 2. MM ^^ P^J Wan* Kuo'- Shih=* Hsiieh^^ :\l^■n^ Course in History of the World, 3. 1' ^MHi :E1 ^ ptj Chimg^ Wal* Tr Li^' Hsuclr Mcn^, Course in Geography of China and other Countries. 4. r|4 ig ^ ^ pi] Chung^ Kuo'' Wcn'^ Hsiich- Men^, Course in < hincse Literature, 5- ^ H "^ ^ P^ Ying' Kuo- Wcn= HM-ieh" Men^, Course in English I>iteratiu'e, 6. iiM"^ ^# P5 Fa* Kuo^ Wen=^ Hsueh^ Mm^, (^ourse in French Literature, 7- Jf. ^ ^ JP P"] Tc= Kuo^ Wen- llsiJeh^ McnS Course in German Liteiature [ 221 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 8. i^^ X ^ ?^^* Kuo2 W0n2 Hsiieh* MC'n\ Coui-se in 588 Russian Litemtine, and ^ 9. B ^M"^^ PI Jill' P^'n' I^uo^ Wen^ Hsiieh^ Men*, ^q^ Course in .Japanese Literature. 588. ^ ^ ^^ I^ K'o' Ta^ HsiiehS Department of Medicine ; with two courses: 1. ^ ^ P^J I^ Hsiieh'^ Men-', Course in Medicine, and -• ^ !^ PI ^110^ Hsiieli^ Men', Course in Pharmaceutics. 589. ^M^ ^^ Ko=^ Chih* K'o^ Ta^ Hsueh^, Depart- ment of ^Mathematics and Physics ; having six courses of study : 1. ^ ^ P'] Suan* Hsiieh'' Men^ Course in Mathematics, 2. ^^ ^ PT Hsing' Hsiieh* Men'^, Course in Astronomy, 3. Jf^ ^ ^ PI Wu^ Li' HsfJeh^ Men^, Course in Physics, ■i- it ^ PI ^^^^* Hsiieh'' Mcn^, Caurse in Chemistry, 5- fj ffi ^ ^ PI Tung^ Chih' Wu^ Hsiieh' Men=, Course iu Botany and Zoology, and 6- illi ^ ^ PI ^^' ^'^ili" Hsiieh^ Men*'', Course in Geology. 590. i!!i /f4 :^ ^ Nung- K'o^ Ta' Hsiieh^, Department of Agriculture ; with four courses : 1 . il!l ^ PI Nung^ Hsiieh' Men', Coju-se in Agriculture, -• l!!i S ft; -^ PI ^"iing^ I^ Hua* Hsiieh- Mcn^, Course in the (Chemistry of Agriculture, 3. ^ ^\ ['f] Lin' Hsueh' Men', Course in Forestry, and 4. g)( ^ ^ pf] Shou^ V Hsueh- Men', Course in Veterinary Siu'gery. 59L X^^^^^ Kuui;^ K'o' Ta' llsiielr. Polytechnic Department; with courses: L ±"/t:X^ PI T'u' Mil* Kuug' Hsueh' Men', (-ourse in I>ngini'<;ritig, -• Wi iili= T- ^ P^J ^''''' ^'''^'* ''^'""n' I'-^ii*'!"' ^I<'-'»*. <-'<'"i'8e in Machine Designing, •^- jS fj ^ P'l '^'«a"* Ch'uaii'' Hsiieh' Men', Course in Shiphuilding, [ 21^5 ] l.-i PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 592a 592 4. it ^ t^ ^ PI Tsao* Pingi Ch'i* Hsiieh=^ ]\Ien', to Course in Arms Manufacture, 5_ ■^ ^ ^ P^ Tieii^ Cli'i^ Hsiieli^ Mcn^ Course in Electricity, 6 M K1 f b ^ P'] Ying^ Yuug"^ Hua'^ Hsiieh' INlCn^ Course in Industrial Chemistry, 7. M'^^ ?^ Chien* Clui^ Hsiieli* Men^ Course in Building. 8. y\C ^1 ^ P'3 Huo" Yao* Hsiieli^ Mnr, Course in Explo- sives, and 9. U m R7^^^ PI ^J^«''ii- I^""g' Chi^ Ych^ Chin' Hsiieh^ Men^ Course in Mining and ^letaUurgy. 592. i^ f4 i^:, ^ Shang^ K'o' Ta* Hsueh^ Commercial Department ; having three courses oi: study : 1- M tl J^i i^ ii ^ PI Yin- Hang^ Chi^ Pao^ Hsien^ Hsiieh'^ ^len^, Course in Banjcing and Insurance, 2- M Mf &MM^?H ^iao' T' Chi' Fan*. Yiin* Hsiielr Men', Course in Business and Transpoi-tation, and 3. 13 ^t ^ pg Kuan' Shui^ Hsiieh^ Men^ Course in Customs Administration. o92a. ^^ ff f^ Yii^ Pei* K'o', Preparatory Department ; this Department came into existence at the University in December, 1904, to prepare students for enrollment in the, regular classes, thus playing the role of a Higher School (see No. 583). Early in 1909 its first class Avas graduated and, in the Autumn of that year, these students were enrolled in the various Departments of the University. Eor the reason mentioned above, the Ministry of Education submitted a report (sanctioned by the Illmperor on the 25th April, 1909), recommending that the ^ ^[}j ~X ^ ^ 5i ilm f^ Ching' Shih' IV Hslich' T'ang^ Yii* Pei* K'o\ Preparatory Department of the Peking (Metropolitan) Universitj be [ 226- J pi:i:sKXT DAY poi.rncAJ. okganization of china. reorganized as the j^ ^jfj i^ ^ ^ ^ Ching.^ Sliili^ Kao' Teng^ 592b Hsiielr T'aiig^, Peking (Metropolitan) Higlier School. ^q 592b. m m ^ Sl"h^ Fan* Kuan», also ff ^J^ U la ^ Vu> ^^3 Chi- Shili' Fan^ K'o', Normal Department ; organized at the University in December, 190-4, Avith a programme similai' to that of Normal Schools of the Senior (xrade {see Nos, 618 to t:>20). Its first class "was graduated early in 1909. This Department is later to be removed from University control and reorganized as a Normal School of the Senior Grade (see Nos. 018 to 620). 593. The senior official of the University is the Eector (see No. 633), and lie is directh' in charge of the Deans of the various Depai'tments " (.sr^ No. 634; eight in all, there being eight Department). To each Dean there are subordinated : one Preceptor (see No. 636), one Steward (see No. 641) and one Inspector of Dormitories. 'Ihe Preceptor is directly in charge of Professors (see Xt». 637) and Assistant Professors {see No. 63S) ; the Steward controls Secretaries (see No. 042), the Accountants (see No. 643) and the Clerks of Works (see No. 044) ; while the Inspector of Dormitoi-ies supervises Proctors (see No. 040), Assistant Inspectors of Donnitories (see No. 047) and the 4iealth Officers (sec No. 648). In addition to the officials mentioned above, the Kector is directly in charge of the various I'rofessors who are deputed to carry on the duties of the.])ositions given below ; I- (/l 1% l^] I?. f'R 'S' <^'^''l'' ^^^»* '^'''''^"' ^'^''"J?' •'■' J^'"^"'» Curator of the Botanical (hardens, ■-• 'Ji 6C ^ B. '^'11 *& "^'''C"' Wen' T'ai* Cliing' Li^ Kuan', Director of the Observatory, •''• iTl/j ^^ 151 H VS. '& '*'""P' ^^i*' ^'"^"* Ching' Li' Kuan', Curator (f the Zoological (iardeus. 593c PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 503a 4. M'MMMM 1* Yen^ Hsi^ Liir Ching-i Li^ Kiian%. to Director of the Forestry Station, 5. H ^ It M 51 B" T'u^ Sim' Kuan^ Cliing^ Li^ Kuan^,, Librarian, and 6. S ^ ifS Jl 'b' I' Yiian^ Ching^Li' Kuan', Supervisor of the Hospital. 593a. ■^ I^ ^ Hui"* I"* 8o^ University Coiuicil ; under the presidency of the Rector (see No. 633). This meets for the discussion of questions affecting the University as a whole and the Deans {see No. 634), the Preceptor (see No. 636), the Professors {see No. 637), the Assistant Professors (see No. 638) and the Proctors make up its membership. 59315. lit 1. ^ ^ #• fi JS^ Chiao* Yiian^ Chieni Hsiieh^' Hui^ I* So', Department Councils ; imder the presidency of the Dean of. the Department concerned. These Councils, made up of the Preceptor and the Professors, the Assistant Professors and the Proctors of the respective Departments (compare No. 593a) meet to discuss questiojis affecting the Department alone. 593c. Completion of the course of the Universitv carries with it the following rewards in the public service : 1. Those who graduate with the first rating receive the degree oi)g±Q>^^ Chin* Sliih* Ch'ui Shen^ (see Nos. 629c and 631), are enrolled at the National Academy as ^ fi^ Pien^ Hsiu^ (see No. 20015) and -^ IvJ- Chien^^ T'ao^ {see No. 200c), and are expected to join the Academy of Sciences (see No. 594), should they be unwilling to join, they receive appointments in the provinces. The reward to be bestowed on the student graduating with tlie highest rank (optimus), who receives an appointment to the Academy of Sciences as f^ JH Hsiu^ Chuan* {see No. 200a), will be decided when the first class is graduating. . 2. Those who graduate with the second rating are given: the degree of ^ ± Q^ ^ Chin* Shih^ Clx'ii^ ShOn* (see Nos.. [ 228 3 TRESEXT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. ■629c and 631), are enrolletl in the National Academy as 594 -S^. "« it ^l'""* ^^I'i^ Shili* {see No. 201), and are expected to join the Acadeniy of Sciences (5^^ No. 594), should they not desir-? to join, they receive ajipointments in the provinces. 3. Those who graduate with the third ratin<;- receive the Degree oi '^ ± ^ ^ Chin^ Shih^ Chhi^ Shcn' (see Nos. 629c and 631), are enrolled in the ^linistries as £|^ ^^ Chu^ ^hili* {see No. 292), and are called upon to join the Academy of Sciences (see No. 594), in cases of unwillingness to join, appoint- ments are granted in the provinces. 4. Those v.ho graduate with the fourth rating receive the •degree of fg] ii ± ili J^ T'ungM'hin^ Shih* Ch'ui Shcn" (see Nos. 629c aiKi 631) and remain at the University for another year's study. Should they then fail to attain one of the three senior ratings, and he unwilling to remain for further study, they receive aj^pointnients in the provinces as ^0 ^ Chih^ lisien* (see No. 856). 5. Those who attain the fifth rating on graduation merely receive a list of their examination marks and are not permitted to remain for further study. •^9-^- ii M P5c ^1''""^-' -J*'' ^'''="'' (=ii^^ :^^ ^^ P^ '^'^' Il-iieh* Yihui^j, Academy of Sciences (comj)are No. 574) ; this institution is intended fni- those who com|)lete the Uiiivi-rsity course {see No. 584) and wish f(t perfect themselves in their cho'^cn lines of studv. The course covers five years. At th(i Academy of Sciences there is no fixed course ; the stu. fJ: ^ i'^' ^^ii!«' Hsiieh^ Kuan^ College for Officials; established at the Peking (^reti-o])olitan) Univeraity. At the ])resent time this College is not fiiiictioning as its work — the sii])j)iementing of the education of otificials — is now cai'rled on by the College oF l^aw and Administration {sec Xo. G23). Completion of the course of studv of the College for Officials carried with it the foilowinii' rewards : 1. Those who graduated witii the fiist and second ratings received the degree of glj l^*} ^'^"'^ l^ing^ (see Nos. 629it and 631), unless, of course, tliey already ])ossessed the degree ^f 1^ Ak (-'hii^ ,)en-, and according to theii- official jwsition were i-ecommended for ])romotion. 2. Those Avho graduated Avith the third rating were recommended for jjromotion, but got no degree. 3. Thos(> who graduated with the fouith rating were detained for finlher studv and, . should thev again fail to attain one of the three senior ratings and be unwilliu"- to studv further, they received a document certifying that they had attended [ 2^0 ] PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. the full course of the Collears oi age ; those o\er 35 years of age may r('(|ucst appointments as District Magistrates in the j)rovinces but they are compelled to att.ii.l the local f h ^ ft Shiii^ Ilsiieh- Kuan"' {see No. 595a) or 5»jl ij^ (j'jV K-()i l,i' Kuan^ (see No. 597), Tojlogcs foi- Officials, or, w'lK'U these ai'c abolished, the Colleges oi' Caw and Administration (see Nos. 623 and 623a). The com-se of study at the College for Metropolitan (Jraduates includes the folhnving : History, geography, ))edagogy, juiisjtrudence, political economy, international lau, strategy, engineering, commerce [ 231 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. «97a 597 and natural science. Optional subjects include European to and Japanese languages and literature, mathematics and callisthenics. Those who successfully complete the three years course are presented to the Emperor ana receive rewards according to their attainments. At the head of tlie College for Metropolitan Graduates there is a D'lrector {see No. 635) and, subordinated to him, there are one Preceptor {see No. 636), one Steward {see No. 641) and one Inspector of Dormitories {see No. 645). The Preceptor is in charge of the Chinese and foreign' Professors {see No. 637) and the ^jj ^^ Chu^ ('hiao^ Assistant Professors {see No. 638). The StCAvard is in charge of the Secretary, (^see No. 642), the Accountant {see No. 638) and the Clerk of Works {see No. 644). Under the supervision of the Inspector of Dormitories are the Proctors {see No. 646) and the Assistant Inspectors of Dormitories {see No. 647). 597. ^- ^ it K'o-* Li^ Kuan^ Colleges for Officials, (for providing officials with modern education ; compare No. 595a). These institutions are found throughout the provinces; they are to be abolished on the institution of Colleges of Law and Administration {see Nos. 623 to 623a). 597a. fi: ^ 5§ ,«^ f\ Shih^ Hsiieh^ Su^ Ch'eng^ K'o\ Accelerated Course of Study for Officials ; this was instituted, as proposed in a Memorial from the President of the Ministry of Education (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 3rd August, 1905), at the ^ .|li ft K'o* Li^ Kuan^ {see No. 597) and the complete course covers one and one-half years. The studies are those of the Judicial Course of the Department of Law and Administration of the Universit-y. [ :>32 ] J'KESKXT DAY roLITICAL OKGAMZATION OF CHINA. PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS. 598. X ^ $ ^ Shllr Ych' Hsuelr T'angS Professional Schools; these are intended to contrihute towards the development of the conntry along the lines of agrienltnre, industry and trade. From the character of the instruction, Professional Schools may be arranged in the foUoAving gronps : 1. W MWi ^ M "^ ^/f i^''il'' Yeh^ Chiao* Yiian' Ohiang^ Hsi' So^, Schools for 1'raining Teachers for Professional Schools (see No. 620). 2. M H ^ ^ ^'"i>i^' ^'eh^ Hsiich=' T'ang', Agricultural Schools (scf Xos. GOO to 603), 3. X M^^ Kung^ Yeh^ Hsiieh^ T'a^g^ Schools of Trades and llandicnifts (sec Nos. 604 to 608), -*• \^^^ ^ Shang' Yoh^ HsiH-li* T'ang^, Commercial Schools (see Nos. 609 to 612), and 0. MWi^^ Shang' ("h'uan^ Hsiich^ T'ang^ Mercantile Marine Scliools {see Nos. 613 to 616), Depending on the extent of their courses of study. Professional Schools are divided into three classes : 1. i^^]^^-^?[i: K:io' Tcng^ Shih^ Yeh^ Hsiieh^ T'aiii.'^", Iliglii r Professional S<'hools (of the grade of Higher Scliools, see Nos. 583 to 583 B), 2. '!» ^ 1^ ^ ^ ^ Chung^ Tcng=' Shih' Yeh< Hsiieh' T'ang'', Middh; Professional Scihools (of the gnide of Middle School.s, see Nos. 580 to 582), and •^- i^^J ^ 'n' ^ ^^ 'V^ ^■''^"' 'l^'"'"^^' ^''•''''' "»'<'''* nsiich' T'atig'^ Lower Professional Scho(»ls (of the grade of Primary Schools of the Senif)r (Jrade, see No. 577 a). ^^I'^'N 'j:kM\\'V}^iWV:?^ •'^•''''■'' "»'•••'' '*"' Hsi' lNi» T'ung' Hsuch'' T'atjg-', .Schools of Professional :i'id (ieneral Kducation (sec No. 599), and ^ ^ii ^^- '}\''i '' '''"' Hs-ieh' T'atfg^, Schools of Crafts (see No. 605), may be establis.hed at Primary and [ 25J8 J 598 IMIESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Middle Schools, being considered, however, below these as regards educational rating. S ^ 1^ M it W B^r Shih' Yeh^ Chiao* Yuan' Chiang* Hsi- So', Schools for 'JVaining Teachers for Professional Schools, may be considered us equal in grade to Normal Schools (see Nos. 618 to 620). Completion of the course of study of Middle Professional. Schools carries with it the following privileges : Those who graduate' with the first rating may join Higher Professional Schools and, should they do so, receive, according to their rating, the literary degrees bestowed on graduates of jNIiddle Schools (see No. o82a). Should they not care to attend Higher Professional ISchools, they receive a document certifying completion of the course of a Afiddle Professional Scliool and are ai)pointed to the provinces as j^ f^jj Chou^ P'an^ (see No. 851a),. fM M Fu' Ching^ (see No. 850), or ^ jf: Chu^' Pu* (see No. 857). Those who graduate with the fourth rating remain for continued study ; should they again fail to attain one of the principal ratings, and be unwilling to study longer, they receive a document certifying attendance at a Middle Professional School. Those who- attain the fifth rating merely receive a list of their examination marks. On those who complete the course of study of Higher Professional Schools the following ])rivileges are conferred : Students who attain one of the three senior ratings are eligible for teaching and adminlstrati> e posts at Middle Professional Schools, receive tlu; degree of ^ /\ Chil^ Jen" (see Nos. 629iJ and 631) and are enrolled as preferential candidates, 'n the provinces, for the posts of ^W '/"f'! Chlh^ ( 'hou^ (.9/?c No. «55), -^U 5^. Chlhi Hslen^ (.sw No. 856) or j^ [g] Chou^ T'ung'^ (see No. 855a). Those who attain the fourth rating are detaln.ed for continued study ; should they again fall to attain one. of the three [ ^^^ ] PKESKNT DAY roI.lIICAI, OUG AN' I Z A I' I OX OF C:il.VA. 599 senior ratings, and be unwilling to study further, they receive a 598 document certifying attendance at a Higher Profej-sional School ^q and become eligible for adminisitrative i>usts at Higher Professional ISchools. Those who attain the fifth rating merely receive a li:?t of their examination marks. The administration of Professional ^Schools is entirely similar to that of Schools of General Education of corri'Sjxtnding gi-ades ( srr Nos, 577j5, 582 and 583 a). .-398a. -^^i 'M^^^l <-^''"i^^' ^'^•'•'i' '"^''i^'' ^'^•''' nsfielr^ T'ang-, Peking (Metroj;olitan) I'rofessional Schools; these are under the joint control of the ^linistries of Education and of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce (Department of Industry ; sec Xo. 4G4j. 59815. In the provinces the Professional S'(;hools are under the joint control of the Conmiissioner of Education {srr Xo. 827^ and the Industrial Taotai (.■hih^ Yeh^ H^iieh■- 'J''ang-. Shanghai Higher Professional School ; this is under tin; control of the Ministry of Posts and C'ommunications (see No. 787). •'^»5>- '^ 3^: ^ ^ '1? iS ^^'V-: '"I'i''^ Veh' INr Il>i-' 1'-..^ 'r-un<'' Hsuch- T'anir", Schools of Pi()t'e>sional Mud (ienerid r.ducatiun. These are fonnd :it PriiuMiv or Middle' Sdiools, or :tt Professional Sehrols, and ai'e o|)en to those wiio Imxc, ;it least, conijiletcd the i-onrse of a Primary Scliool of the .1 unior ( irade (see No. 577). Tlw instruction includes ^"jf jg ^ i'"ir' T'ung' K'-o'. Course (»i' (iciicral I'Murntion (etlii<->, Chini-r lileraliui', mathemati«-s and cillisthenics*, and '^ ^ ^ '"^hih"' ^'.h* I<^'. ul.-di\ id.-d into: 1. ^^ y: 1^'\ Nuii!,'-^ V«h' Kn»', Course in Agiiculture, - 'V-M^'l '^'"'n'' ^' ♦-'''' ''^*"'' ^'"•"■^'' '" "andicrnft.s, 3. '\\i]^^ [ -':'..'' ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 600 Shangi Yeh'', K'o\ Commercial Course, and 7K W. ^^ Shui^ to -Ch'an^ lv'o\ Course in Marine Industries. 602 ^^^^ duration of the course of stud}-, as well as the determination of the subjects to be taught in these schools, depends on local conditions. A. Agricultural Schools: 600. g ^ ^ ^ Nung2 Yeh* Hsiieh^ T'ang^ (also jRf#^^ Nung* Wu^ Hsueh2 T'ang-), Agricultural Schools. In Peking- these schools are under the joiijt control of the Ministries of- Education and of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce (Department of Agriculture ; see No. 463) ; in the provinces they are under the control of the Commissioner of Education {see No. 827) and the Industrial Taotai {see Nos. 839 to 839b). 601. U ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Ch'ui Teng* Nung^ Yeh* Hsiieh-^ T'ang^, Lower Agricultural Schools ; open to those who have completed the course of Primary Schools of the tlunior Grade i^see No. 577). The course of study covers three years and 30 hours of instruction are given weekly. The instruction given includes ^- jg ^I]- P'u^ T'ung^ K'o\ Course of General Education (ethics, Chinese literature, mathematics, natural science and callisthenics), and ^ ^ f ^j- Shilr Hsi^ K'o\ Practical Course. The latter is sub-divided into : 1. M ^ f ^ Nung* Yeh^* K*oS Course in Agricultm-e, 2. fE^^Pi Ts'an^ Yeh" K'o', Course in Sericulture, 3. ^ ^ ^f^^l* L"i" Yeh* K'o^, Course in Forestry, and 4, ^f ^ f'j- Shou"* I^ K'o', Course in Veterinary Surgery. 602. rl^ ^r M ^ ^ ^ ( hungi Teng^ Nung^ Yeh^ Hsiieh^ T'ang2, ^Middle Agricidtural Schools ; open to those who have completed the xiourse of Primary Schools of the Senior Grade {see No. 577a). The course consists of two years in the f^ fi{- Yii* K'o', Preparatory Section, and three years in the :^ ^^ Pen' K'o^, Specializing Section. The Preparatory Section supplies [ 23G ] PRESEXI DAY POLITICAL 0RGANI2AT10X OF CHJNA. 603 instruction in ethics, Clnnese literature, matlioniatics, o:coo;rapliv, 602*. history, natural science, drawing, callisthenics and f<)rei<>-n languages (optional). The Special Section has the following fi\ c courses : 1. M 1^ ^^ Nung' Yell' K'o',- Course in ^Vgriculture, 2. M M f'l- '^'^•;'>'' ^'^''' I'^'^^S ('ourse in Sericulture, 3. /fyf; ^ ^ Lin' Yeii^ K'o', Course in Forestry, 4. ifv ^ ^ ^'i- Shou^ T^ Yeh* K'o', Course in Veterinary Siu'gery, and .3. 7|c M ^ f^'l* Shui' Ch'an' Yeh' K'o\ Course in Marine Industries. Should loi-al conditions demand it, the course of study at the Specializing Section may be shortened to two years or lengthened to five years. 602a. 71^ j^ ^ I^ Shui^' Ch'an' Hsiielr IIsiao\ Schools of Marine Industries ; the establishment of these, in all tlie maritime antry of Agricultuie, Industiy and Commerce, dated the blh April, 1909, and the 2.')rd Jauuaiy, 1910). At jiresent this type of school is foimd only at ^ ^j^ \Vu' Sung', Shanghai. :u:d j^ -^ Yen' T'ai^ Chefoo. ^f>3. ^ ^ fl ^ ^S 51^ Kao' Teng' Nung' Yeh« llsiieh' T'ang'', Higlit'r Agricultuial Schools ; oj)eTi to student- who ha\e graduated from Middle Schools {see Xos. .ISO to .>82). The course of study inchides one year at the ]^r %^\ Yii' K'o', Preparatory Section, ai;(l three or four years (depending on lln <;ourse of study) at the ;$: f'|- ren^ K'o', Specializing Section ; with M) hour- of instruction weekly. At the Preparatory Section there are tau<;ht ethics, ("hinese literafurc und foreign languages (TiUgli^h :iuil (Jcrmau for students of thf .Kgricultm-al Course), mathematics, zoology, bolauy, physio, (rhemistry, "' !$ ;f?|- Nung* lls'ich' Ko', Coui-se in Agriculture, 2. i^, ^[ |."1 Lin" Hsiich' K'o", Course in Forestry, and ;}. g|r Pg f^t, ^'\ Shou* I' Hsiich' K'o', Coiuse . in \'etcrinary Surgery (at schools on the frontier there ip al-o a [ 5:57 ] PRESENT DAY roLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 605 603a ± 7|C X $1 T'u^ :Shi* Kung-^ K'o\ Course in Wood and Earth 4.Q Defences).' 003 A. U^ M ^^ I^i^o^ Tiing^ Niing^ HsiJeh^ T'ang^, Higher Agricultural School, at the ^ ^ gS .^ M' ^^""g' Shih^ Shih^ Yen' Ch'ang^, Botanical Garden at Peking ; imder the control of the Ministry of Agricultiu'c, Works and Commerce (see No. 463). B. Scliools of Tirades fdid Handicrofts : 604. X li ^ E Kung^ Yeh* Ilsiielr T'ang^, . Schools of Trades and Handicrafts ; these are imder the joint control, at Peking, of the Ministries of Education and of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce (namely, the Department of Industry ; see No. 464), and, in the provinces, of the Commissioner of Education {see No. 827) and the Industrial Taotai {see Nos. 839 to 839R). 605. ^ ti ^ ^ I* T'u^ Hsiieh^ T'ang-,. Schools of Crafts; for boys over 12 years of age who ha\e completed the course of "Primary Schools of the Jimior Grade (.sf?^ No. 577). These schools are foimd at Primary Schools of tlie Junior grade and of. the Senior grade and the course co\ers, at most, four years, at least, six months. Instruction is supplied in two courses : 1. ^ jI ^ P'u3 T'ung» K'o', Course of General Education (ethics, Chinese literature, mathematics, physics, chemis^try, drawing and callisthenics), and 2. X ^ ^?1- Kung^ Yeli^ K'o\ Course in Crafts. Detailed regidations for S(;hools of ('i-afts were submitted in 1906 to the Throne bv tlie Ministry of Commerce. Bv these the enrollment of Schools of Crafts (to be equal in educational rating to Lower Schools of Trades and Handicrafts ; see No. 606) was fixed at 300, divided into six gj Pan^ Classes. Foui- classes follow (for from one halt to two years) the i§ ^jJc f ^ Su2 Ch'eng* K'o\ Accelerated Course of Study ; the other two xilasscs follow (for from three to four years) tlie ^^fJf Wan' (JhTuui^ [ 2^.8 ] JMtESEN'T DAY rOLlTlCAL OHGANIZATION OK CIIIXA. K'o', Complete Course. The first four classes include bovs of 605a from twelve to fifteen years of age and the last two are made up i^ of })0vs from fourteen to twenty vears of aire. '1 he su})iects of instruction are arranged as jg jiff T'ung^ Ilsiu', General, or I^^ f^^ Ciuian' Hsiu^, Special, luider the former are ethics, arithmetic, natural science, chemistry, history, drawing, callisthenics, Chinese literature, singing and charactc" writuig ; under the latter aie metal v.orking, wood Avorking, lacquering, dveiii"-, potteiy and manufacture of articles used in writing. By a Memorial from the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Comm(M-ce (dated the Gth August, 19()9j, and a Memorial from the Ministry of Finance, re])orting on the former (dated 2'2ut\ AiiL.ni>t. lyOU), Schools of Crafts were reorganized as f\*^M"^XM'9^.'M <"lHmgi tli'ui Liang'^ Teng^ Kung' Yeh^ Hsiieh^ T^ang-, Lower and ^liddle Schools-of Trades and Handicrafts (sec Nos. 006 and 607). 605a. ffMWiM^'h}: <'lnn^' '^^liil'' 1' T-u' llsiieh^ T'ang', Peking (Metropolitan) School of Crafts. This institution, under the control of the Department of Industry of theMinisti\' of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce (.<;f4 '^ i".ii' Viini;* q.. Hiia^ Hsiiclr K'o', Course in Industrial Clieniistrv, 2. fj^ ^ ^}\ Jan^ Sc* KV, Course in J)yein-, />. ;|f;| f^ f\ Clii' Chill' K'o', C(Hirse in Weavinii; Maehiuerv, 4. ^ '^% ^^ Chicn' Chu- K'o'. Coiuse in Construction, 5. ^ ^ ^fij- Yao" Vcli' K'o', Course in Pottciy, 0. i^ gl? f'l' <^'l»i' <^'l'''' ^^'<>'. <''>"i-.^e in Machinery, 7. 1]^ ^ ^'\ Tien' Cli'i' K'o', Course in I'ilectrit'ity, ^- Mm. it ^ ^4 '^^'P"' <-'•'''' '^f":^' ll-'^'i*^'!!' l^'o'. Course in Electro-Cheuiistrv, «J. ±^ Tf; 5f;| T'u^ Mu'' K'o', Course in Wood and Eirth Defences, 10. ^iJ^ ^ f4 Kun-'^ Yeh' K'o', ■Course in Minin.o-, 11. jg )il5 ${ '^'''^^' <'|,'„;,n- K'o', Course in Shijihuilding, 12. i^ X ^4 ^'''''' '"^"".H"' K'o', Course in Lac4uerin^-, and 13. 13 Itl^i |^ fS ^'l' ^'"'•'^ ''^^'O Hui^ Una' K'c', Course in Survcyinf;;' ami Drawinn-. C. Ctniiiiirrridl Schools : ^•^'"- R^i v^- -^^ S5 f^hanjr' Yeh' Hsilcli'-' T'an.o^ Commercial Schf)ols. These are under the jcunt superx ision of the ]\Iini?tri(!S of Education and of Agriculture, Industry and (.'onuuerce ( Depai-l- Tiient of Commerce ; see No. 4G.3) — at the Ca])ital — and of the Cf»mmissioner of Education (see No. H27) and llie ln(lii-tri;d 'i'aotai {see Nos. 839 to 8.")l)i;) — in the ])rovinces. ^'1'*- ^h ',$ n'ti ^ ^ ?I': < ^''"' Ten-' Shan«r' Yeh' llMieh' T'anj;^, J./0\ver Coiiiiiiercial Schools; open to scholars who have completed the conr^^e of I'limarv Schools of the Jiuiidi- (irade see No. ;577): haviiiir a course oi three \cais and 'M) h(»urs of instruction weekly. Instruction is pi\en in ethics, Chinese literature, mathematics, geography, l»ook-keei)injj, ditlerentiatio!) <»f nx-ndiHudise, callisthenics and various scientH'S pcrtaininji; to r*ommcrco. 611. r|t ^ ifij ;|^ f*i 'i;;.; Chunjr' Ten;,'" Shanj?' Yeh* llstieh' T'ang', Middle Commercial Schools; cligihle for um-ollmcnt arc [ 2n ] V 10 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA. 612 those Trho have completed the course of . Primary Schools of the Senior Grade (see No. 577a). The course of study consists of two years at the ^ jfjj. Yii* K'o^ Preparatory Section, and three years at the 7^ jfJ{- Pon» K'o\ Specializing Section. At the former 30 hours of instruction are given weekly, at the latter there are 34 hours of instruction weekly. At the Preparatory Section instruction is given in ethics, Chinese literature, mathematics, geography, history, foreign languages, natural science, drawing and callisthenics. The Specializing Section is made up of two Courses of Study : -^ j§ fjf P'u^ T'ung^ K'o\ Course of General Education (ethics, Chinese literature, mathematics and callisthenics), and ^ ^ ^J[ Shih^ Hsi^ K'o', Practical Course (commercial geography, history of trade, foreign languages, general principles of the ' laws of trade and finance , the commercial code, book-keeping, differentiation of merchandise, etc.). 612. M^'^M^^. Kao' Teng^' Shangi Yeh'^ Hsueh* T'ang', Higher Commercial Schools ; open to those who have "completed the. course of Middle Schools (see Nos. 580 to 582). The course includes one year at the ^ ^ Yii* K'o^, Preparatory Section, and three years at the :^ ^i{- Pen^ K'o^ Specializing Section. In hoth Sections tliere are 36 hours of instriiction weekly. At the Preparatory Section there is instruction in ethics of commerce, commercial correspondence, mathematics, book- keeping, industrial cheraistr}^, foreign languages, callisthenics, etc. At the Specializing Section there is instruction in ethics of commerce, commercial correspondence, commercial arithmetic, commercial geography, history of trade, book-keeping, differen- tiation of merchandise, financial law, statistics, civil code, commercial code, international law, foreign languages, laws of commerce, callisthenics, etc. [ 242 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CniXA. D. Mercantile Marine ScJiooh : 613 613. it^J )^5 ^ 5^: Shang' Cli'uair Hsiielr T'ang^, tO Mercantile ^Marine Schools; under the supervision — at the /,-c Capital — of the Ministries of Education, of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce and of Posts and Commimications, and, in the provinces, of the Commissioner of Education {see Xo. 827) and the Industrial Taotai {see Xos. 839 to 839b). 614. ^J^?i^*^^l: Ch'u' Tcng- Slmng' Ch'uan' Hsiieh' T'ang-, Lower Mercantile Marine Schools ; open to those -nho have completed the course of Primary Schools of the Junior Grade (see No. 577). The course covers two years, and 30 hours of instruction arc given weekly. The instruction is an-anged as: 1. |;t T^ f4 Hang' Hai^ K'o\ Course in Navigation, and 2. ^ |,^ jfif Chi' Lun^ K'o', Course in Marine Engineering. The former includes instruction in ethics, Chinese literature, mathematics, geography, general principles of navigation and the transport of cargo hy watei', callisthenics, etc. ; the latter comprises ethics, Chinese literature, mathematics, physics, chemistry, general principles of marine engineering, ])ractical machine drawing, callisthenics, etc. 615. fjl ^ i]^* IS ^ ?S ChuugV Teng^ Shang' Ch'uan- Hsiieh- T'ang^ Middle Mercantile Marine Schools; open to those who have completed the course of Primary Schools of the Senior Cradc {see No. 57 7 a). The course indiules two years at the J^ f'f Yii' K'o', Prci)aratory Section, :iiiil three years at the /4C ^ I'en^ K'o', Sj-eciali/ing Section; there arc .">() hours of instrnction weekly at each Section. The Preparatory Section furnishes instruction in ethics, Ciiinese literature, mathematics, geography, historv, nut urn! science, foreigii languages, dm wing and <-allisthenics. The Specializing Section is sMl»-ili\ idcd int■ f-7 % p1 Vx m 'l'--^"''-' Veh* Chiang' llsi'^ So\ Schools of Sericulture (in Chekiang ; reorganized, in Mccordaiu-.' with a [ -'4-. ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 618 Memorial from the Ministry of Education of the 6th May, 1 909, as a Higher Agricultural School ; see No. 603). In addition to the abOve-mentioned, by the programme of measures to be accomplished by the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce during the period 1908 to 1914 (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 8th April, 1909), the following schools, which come into the category of Professional Schools, are to be established in the provinces : In 1909: MM'M'^M Ts'an^ Yeh^ Chiang^ Hsi^ So^ Schools of Sericulture, and ' tii B It ^ ^r Ch'a^ Wu* Chiang^ Hsi^ So^ Schools of Tea Growing. In 1910 : M M^^'M. ^^ung' I-in' Hsiielr T'ang^ Schools of Agricul- ture and Forestry {see above). In 1911 : ?I i% W^ ^ K«ng^ Wu* Hsueh^ T'ang^, Mining Schools {see above). In 1912 : ^ i^ :?}- g ^ ^ Nu„g.2 shih^ Pan^ Jih* Hsueh^ T'ang^, Agricultural Schools Avith half -day sessions (compare No. 579). In 1913 : m ^§ ^fJ ^ Shou" I' Hsiieh'^ T'ang^ Schools of Veterinary Surgery. In 1914: ^'ii^^'M. ^lei' Shu^ Hsuelr T'ang^, Schools of Fine Arts. Normal Schools : 618. HlfJla'-^'^ Sliili' Fan* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Normal Schools (Pedagogic Institutes). These schools train pupils for following the profession of teaching. Normal Schools are arranged as : 1- ^} M M 111 P ^ Ch'u^ Chi2 Shihi Fan" Ilsueh^ T'ang^, Ljouer Normal Schools, [ 24G ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. -'• iM: ^ &1J i\L^^ Yu^ Chi^ Sluh^ Fan' Hsiieh' T'ang^,' 618a Higher Normal Schools {sec No. 618r). "^- iX, i'- U .IS ^i ^ ^"^3 Tzu^ Shih' Fan* Ilsuch' T'ang'-i, Female Normal Schools {$ce No. 619), and ■i- %^^^%'%W\ ^liih' Yeh^ Chiao* Yiian= Chiang' Hsi' So^, Schools for Training Teachers for Professional Schools ■{sec No. 620). 6 ISA. ^ i:]5 HilJ lii ^ ^^' Ch'u^ Chi^ Shihi Fan^ Hsiieh' T'ang-, Lower Normal Schools ; for the training of teachers for Primary Schools of the Jnnior Grade and Senior Grade i^sce Nos. 577 and 577 A). The full course of study covers five years hours of instruction arc given weekly. The establishment of Lower Normal Schools at all t!ie principal towns of Departments and Districts is to be compulsory. At present they are found only at provincial- capitals. The instruction has been arranged in two courses, i.e. ^ ^ ^ f4 \Van= ChMian^ Hsiieh' K'o\ Comi)lete Course, and f-^ ^ f^ Chien' I* K'o', Abridged Course. Also, in the principal towns of Departments and Districts there have been instituted ^i]j IjV %, ^ ^ Shih' Fan* (^h'iian' Hsi^ So*, Normal Institutes, at which scholars who have completed the Abridged Course oC the Lower Normal School (at the provincial capital) act as teachers. Til addition to the above-mentioned, there have been instituted at Lower Nonnal Schools: a ^ (/(^ f4 Yii' P<'i^ K'o', Preparatory Section, for providing jjreliminary instruction for those who desire \a) join Normal Schools, and /\s ^ |i||j jj^ ^^ f-J ^ Hsiao- HsiieM Shih' Fan' Chiang^ Hsi^ So^ Courses for Teachers of Primary Schools, for su])j)lemcnting the cduc^ation nf Primary School Teachers who have attended the Normal Institutes mentioned above. The Complete Course of Lower Normal Schools in.ludcs instruction in ethics, reading and conuninting on I he Classics, Chinese literature, pedagogy, history, geogrr.]>liy, mathematics, PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. natural science, physics, chemistry, character writing, drawing- and callisthenics — foreign languages, agricultural and commercial' subjects and crafts are optional. The Abridged Course provides for instruction^ in ethics,, pedagogy, Chinese literature, history, geography, mathematics, natural science, drawing and callisthenics. Elifiible for enrollment at LoAver Noraial Schools are those ^^■\\o have completed the course of Primar}' Schools of the Senior Grade (see No. 577a), At these schools there are Primary Schools where the students give probationary lessons. At the head of a Lower Normal School there is a Director (sec No. 635). Subordinated to him are Teachers (see No. 637), Assistant Teachers (see No. 638) and Proctors {see No. 6-i6). In charge of the Pximai'v School of a Normal School there is a ij> i^ 1^ ^ 'g- Hsiao^ Hsiielr Pan^ Shih^ Kuan\ Primary School Inspector, who controls the d"* ^ Ws M. Hsiao^ Hsiieh'^ Chiao^ Yiian", Primary School Teachers, and the J^, fjj ^ Shu* Wu^ Yiian^, Steward (see No. 641). Completion of the course of Lower Normal Schools carries with it the following privileges : Those who gradaate with one of the three senior ratings are eligible for appointment as teachers in Primary Schools of various types and receive the degree of ^jp |^ ^ ;^ ^ Shih^ Pan^ K'o^ Kung* Sheng^. The first rating carries with it sixth class rank (;[;n /; Oj f J Chia^ Liu^.P'in^ Esien^); the second rating places the graduate on the list of preferential candidates for the post of f^ ||{ Cniiao'' Yii" (see No. 857) ; the third rating places the graduate on the list of preferential candidates for the post of pjlj Ig Hsiin* Tao^ (see No. 857). Those »vho attain the fourth rating on graduation are given a diploma an^ are eligible for employment as Assistant Teachers at Primary Schools and, after a period of o1)ligatory service, may [ 248 J PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATIO.N' OF CHINA. be given the degree of fffj IS ^ M ^ ^Jii^i' 1^'an* K'o> Kung* 618b ShOng', with the title ^1| 1^ Hsiin'' Tao* {sec above). Those who attain the fifth rating merely obtain a document certifying attendance at a LoAver Normal School. 61815. "ii liJ ^tji IS ^ .^ Vu' Chi- tShih^ Fan^ Hsiieh' T'ang-, Higher Normal School; furnishes training for teachers for Lower Normal Schools {see No. 618a) and ^Middle Schools (see Nos. 580 to oS'2). The course of study covers three years and there are 36 hours of instruction weekly. These-schools are established at the Capital and at all provincial capitals and the students are drawn from the ranks of graduates of Lower Nomtal Schools {sec No. 618aj and Middle iSchools {sec Nos. 580 to 582). During tlie first year students of Higher Normal Schools follow the ^it|i{. Kung^ Kung* Iv'o\ General Course, comprising ethics, thu origin of tKe Classics, Chinese literature, Japanese literature, English literature, logic, mathematics and callisthenics. From the second year begins the ^j|r! fi[ Ft-n' Lei' K'o', Specializing Courses, made up of : 1. Chinese literatui-c and foreign languages, 2. Geography and history, .3. Mathematics, chemistiy and physics, and 4. liotanv, zoologv, mineralojfv and i)hvsiu!ouv. (i(?neral suljjects taught in all these course^- arc.: ethics, the essence of the < 'lassies, pedagogy, psychology ;iiics cover three year- and those who comph.'te them may, siiould tlicy wish, lake llir /;[J fj >f'[ Chia^ Hsi- K'o', Suj)pli'incntary Coiu'se, which cxlc!id~ one year and call- f(»r fill- presentation of ;i tli(!sis on its eoinpiet ion. Tliert: are later to he instit iit(.'(i V/ fii'f :f "I < hnan' Hsiu' K'o', Special Cou)-.>3es, and \^ 1^^ H^ian^ K'o', Selected t'ourses. ( )n coinpIetioM of ilic coiiise ol Iligliei' Nornuil Schools the following [nivilege- are granted : PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Those who graduate with the first rating receive the degree of $Kl lii ^4 1^ A i^l^ili^ Fan* K'oi Chii^ Jen^, are eligible for teaching positions at Middle Schools or at Lower Normal Schools and become preferential candidates (^ 5t; ^ ffl Chin* Hsien^ Pu3 Yung*) for the post of |^ [^ rfl @ Nei* Ko^ Chung^ Shu^ ■{sec No. 137). They are granted, at the same time, fifth class rank (|fn % n° fiJ <^^liia^ Wu^ P'in^ Hsien^). Thpse who attain the second rating on graduation are granted the degree of || fg f^ H A Shih^ Fan* K'qI Chu^ Jen' {see above), are eligible for teaching posts as mentioned above and become preferential candidates for the post of ifl ^ ^j[ r|t ^ Chungi Shu^ K'o^ Chimg^ Shu^ (sec No. 137a). Those v.'ho a'l'^duate with the" third ratin"' recei\'e the degree of |ij} %l -^^ ^ \ Shih^ Fan* K'o^Chu=* Jen^ (see above), are eligible for employment as teachers in various schools (as above) and become preferential candidates for the j^ost of fij f^ Ssu^ Wu* (sec No. 296). Those who attain the fourth rating receive a diploma, are eligible for employment as Assistant Teachers at Middle Schools or Primary Schools of the Senior Grade and, after one years obligatory- service, receive the degree of m IS ^4 ^ A Sliil^' Fan* K^o^ Chii^ Jen^ and the title ffl ^ ^:| f\> ^M Chungi Shui K'o^ (^hungi Shu^. Those who complete the course with the fifth rating receive a document certif^'ing attendance at a Higher Normal School and arc eligible for temporary employment as Assistant Teachers at Primar}- Schools of the Senior Grade. At Higher Normal Schools there are found: 1. Middle Schools (sec Nos. 580 to 582), and 2. Primary Schools of the Jimior and Senior Grades {see Nos. 577 and 577a). Also, should necessity arise, there may be established ; 1. :^ >J» JP 14 Pan* Jih* Hsiao' Hsueh^ K'o\ Half-day Courses of Primary School Instruction {see No. 579), and 2. >J. ^ ^ [ 250 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OV CHINA. ^ ^ Hsiao' H^iieli' Pu' Hsi^ K'o', Supplementary Courses 6l8o of Primary School Instruction. ^q The estal)lishnicnt o£ a ^ "^ 15 ^ |^ Chiao* Yii^ Po' a-i n Wu* Kuan', Pedagogic Musemn, is obligatory at Higher Normal Schools. The Administi-ation of Higher Normal Schools is similar to that of Higher Schools (see No. 583a). For the schools functionins: within Higher Normal Schools there are : a 41 ^ t/jf ^ I* Chung' Hsiieh^ Pan* Shih* Kuan^, Director of the Middle School, \\i m ^^ M. Chung^ HsUeh^ Chiao-i Yiian», Teachers of the Middle School, a /]> ^ ^ ^? 'g' Hsiao' Hsiieh^ Pan* Shih* Kuan', Director of the Primary School, and ^h ^ fi 14 Hsiao' HsOelr Chiao* Yuan^ Teachers of the Primary School. 6 1 8c. fl §^ PiTj IS il f ^1- Yu' Chi" Shihi Fair Asiian' K'o': Selected Higher Courses for Teachers instituted in accordance Avith regulations promulgated ])y the ^Pniistry of Education on the 21st July, 1906, in all the- provinces. These Courses arc for those Avho have completed the Abridged (bourse at Lower Normal Schools (see No. 618a), or who have spent not less than two years at Middle Schools (see Nos. 580 to 582), and are intended to prc})are teachers for Lower Nonnal School? (.srr No. 618a) and Middle Schools (sec Nos. 580 to 582). The course includes one year at the J^ ^^\ Yii* K'o', Preparatory Section, and two years at the '/^ y^^ Pcn^ K'u', Specializing Section. 619. v^c -f HlH id i^J^ ^ '^'i'^ 1'^"' '"^''i''' ^^a"' HBtich'^ T'ang', Female Normal Schools; these arc to be eslabli«sh(?d (in accordance with regulations drawn uj) by the Ministry of Education — sanctioned by the Emperor on the 23rd February, 1907), at the ])rincipal towns of I )epartnjents and Districts. As a first edbrt they are established only at provincial capitals and prefect ural cities. [ 201 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA. 619a Eligible for admission to Female Normal Schools are girls over 15 years of age who have completed the course of Primary Schools of the Senior Grade {see No. 578.) The object of Female Normal Schools is to train teachers for Female Primary Schools. The course covers four years and 34 hours instruction are, given weekly. The instruction includes ethics, pedagogy, Chinese literature, history, geography, mathematics, natural science, drawing, sewing, handiwork, music, singing and callisthenics. For girls wishing to join the gfj f^ fij- Shih^ Fan* K'o%. Pedagogic Section, and needing improvement in their education, there may be instituted a 3|^ m ^J{- ^'ii^ VC-'i^ K'o\ Preparatory Section, with instniction similar to that supplied during the third and fourth years of study at Female Primary Schools of the Senior Grade. Obligatory at Female Normal Schools is the establishment of : Female Primary Schools (see No. 578) and Elementary Schools (for children of tender age) (sec No. 575), at which the students of the Normal Schools act as teachers. At the head of a Female Normal School there is a ^ "^ Chien^ Tu\ Mistress. Subordinated to her there are ^ ^ Chiao* Hsi', Teachers, g|j % ^ Fu* Chiao'' Hsi^ Assistant Teachers, and ^.J^ Chien^ Hsiieh-, Proctors. Further, there arc the /> ^ ^ ^ ^ Hsiao^' Hsiieh^ T'ang^ I'ang^ Chang% Inspectress of tlu- Primary School, and the ^ ^ f% P;^ ^ Meng- Yang^ Yiian' Yiian* Chang^ Ins})ectress of the Elementary School. To the staff of Female Normal Schools there ma^- be added a Manager, a Secretary and a Steward (sec No. 578). 619a. -^^m-A^Ui^^^ Chingi Shihi Nil' TzAi^ Shlhi Fan* Ifsiieh^ T'ang^ Peking (Metropolitan) Female Noi-mal School ; established in accordance with a Memorial from, the Ministry of Education (sanctioned by the Emperor on the [ 252 ] I'KKSEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA. 4th July, 1908). At first only a f^ ^ %^ Chieii' P K'o', 620 Abridgod Convse of Study, was sujiplied, the course covering ^.q two years. Later the ^ ^ f-j' Wan- Ch'iian' K'o^, Complete ^q- Course of Study, Avas instituted, covering four years. 620. g ^ f^ ^ ^ ^ P/r Shih-^ Yeh» Chiao^ Yiian^ Chiang' Ilsi- So-*, Schools for Training Teachers for Professional Schools; open to those who have completed the com-sc of Middle Schools {see Nos. 580 to 582) or Lower Normal Schools (sec Xo. 618a) and desire to devote themselves to teaching at the various Professional Schools [see No. 598), Schools of Professional and General Kducation (see No. 599) ar.d Schools of Crafts (srr No. 605). They are established in the Agricultural (srr No. 590), Poly technical (see No. 591) and Commercial (sec No. 592) Department of the University or at Higher Agricultural Schools (see No. 003), Schools of Trades and Handicrafts (see No. 608) and Commercial Schools (see No. 612). These schools are arranged as: 1. ^^ ^^- |4. "i| ^ M Nung^ Veil'* C'hiao^ Yiian' Chiang' Hsi^ So', Schools for Training Teachers for Agricidtural Schools, 2. |]^* ^ |j( M 1?^ ^ M Shang^ • Yeh* ('hiao* Yiiair ( hlang^ Hsi^ So', Schools for Training Teachers for Commercial Schools, and 3. T, !*^: ^k j^ ^"^ffi Kung' Yeh' ( 'hiao' Yiian^ Chiang'^ H si- So'', Schools for Tiaining Teachers for Schools of 'J'rades and Handicrafts. The course of the first two covers two years; the course of the latter covers three years for the ^ ^ f,^ Wan' Ch'iian' K'o", (,'ompleto Coiu-se, oi- rtiic vo-.w for tlic fijj ^ jf*j f'liion' T' K'o\ Abridged ( 'ouisc S])e(i(il Schools : 621. V/ n ^ .''2 Clman' .M'n'- Hsiich' T'ang', Special Schools ; their c(;urs(s of study place these in the category of Higher Schools (compare No. 583 n). Special Schools iixrlude : [ -^>3 ] PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHIXA. 621a 1. M^f^^M.^^'. I^^ei-^ ^'^i^^'^* ^^'^ Cheng* Hsiieh^ T'ang^ College of Law and Administration for Princes and Noble?, at Peking (No. 622). 2. tii)^^M ^iv'* Cheng^ Hsiielr T'ang^ ' Colleges of Law and Administration, at Peking and in the provinces {sec No. 623), ^ 3. y'^ ^ ^ ^ ra= Lii' Hsiieli" T'ang-, College of Law, at Peking {sec No. 624), 4. ^ ^ 1^ I^ Hsiieh^ Kuan^, College of Interpreters, at Peking {see No. 625), 5. fj^^ ^ Fangi Yen^ Hsiielr T'ang•^ Colleges of Languages, in the provinces {see No. 626), Q-MM3Cmi%$^^M ^lan' Meng^ Wcn^ Kao^ Teng^ Hsiieh^ T'nng^, Higher School of Manchii and Mongolian Languages (see No. 627), and 7. © 4 ^ ^^ Ch'iii Y^^4 Hsfieh^ T'ang', College of History and Philology at Ch'iifu {see No. 627a). 621a. In addition to the above-mentioned, the following schools, under the joint supervision of the Ministry of Education and various other Go^'crnment offices, may be considered as Special Schools : 1. Wi^l^'^M^:^ Kao^ Teng^ Hsinr Ching^ Hsiieh" T'ahg^, Higher Police Schools, at Peking and in the provinces — directly supervised by the Ministry of the Interior [sec No. 522). 2. MH^^^' Ts'aP Ch^.ng* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Financial (Political Economy J College, at Peking — directly supervised by the Ministry of Finance {see No. 568), •5- Ml B P i?^ ^"^liwi' Wu* Hsiich^ T'ang-, Customs College, at Peking — directly supervised by the Board of Customs Control {sec No. 252), 4. f^lSMi^l: T^^v* Clum^ Kuei* Chou* Hsiieh=f T'ang2, jNIilitaiy School for Princes and Nobles — directly supervised by the Ministry of War {see No. 713), [ 25-1 ] ncESEXT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION" OF CTIIXA. 0. JM lU J& {^i ^ jI^ T'ano- Shan' ].i.< Kuiio-' Hsiioli^ ®21b T'ans:', Kailway and Mining Oolleue at T'angslian — directly supervised by the Ministry of Posts and Communications iscc No. 786), C- f&'S ^'^ Chih^ Fien^ Hsiieh- T-ano% College of Mongolian and Tihetan Languages, at Peking — directly super- vised by the Ministry of Dependencies (see No. 499), and ". ii itl ^- ^ ^"' ^'lii' HsLiclr T'ang2, School of Stenog'*apliy — directly su[)erviscd by the National Assembly (sec Supplement, No. 167b)- 621 15. In accordance with the programme of measures to be accomplished by the Ministry of Education within the period 1908-1910 (sanctioned ])y the Emperor on the 18th April, 1909), the following schools, coming into the category of Special Schools, are to be instituted : 1. In 1!)10 : # A' # ^ Ts'ii"' I<^'i' Ilsiieh- T'ang-, Colleges of History ami IMiilology — in all provinces (comjjarc No. 627a), 2. In 1911 : M?^^ ^'Sl Chuan' Men- I' Hsiieh- T'ang', Special College of Medicin<^, at Peking, .3. In 1911 : W f^i ir< M ^^ ik Chuan' Men- Nung= Yeh' Hsiieh- T-ang- S|>eci:d College of Agi-iculturnl Science, at Peking. A. 191 2 : VfV^^% ^-}^ ^l l'''''i"' M^n' Kung' Y.>h' llsii.-lr' T'ang% Special College of Technology, at Peking, 5. 1912: Vf. n n>i ^i ^- 'l^i Chuan' .Mc'irShan-' Veh' lis. leh- Tang'-', Special Coini.nenrial Coiiegc, at Peking, and 6. In 191.5 : u ^' ?^ ?I'-! Viij' Vii.h' H.siich- 1 *ang', tonscrvatory of Music, at Peking. PKKSEXT DAY POMTICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA. 822 622. "i; ^ v£ il^ ^^ Kuei' Chou* Fa' Cliciio-^ Ilsiioli^ T'ang^, Collcj>e oF Law and Adniinisti'ation for Princes and loobies ; established, at Peking-, in accordance -with a jNTcniorial from the Committee for Drawing up IvegnT^tions for ConstitiiLional Government, by Imperial Edict of the 9th April, 1909. This Edict also approved of the regidations for the College, drawn nj) by the said committee. The object of the College is to train those of princely and noble birth — as well as their sons — foi- _ judicial and administrative service. The instruction supplied by the (-ollege of Law and Administration for Princes and Nobles is arranged as : L IE f ^ Cheng* K'o\ Complete Course; covering four years. Dnring the first year the teaching is in ^(^ ^ ^ P'u^ T'ung^ Hsiielr, General Education ; during the last three years the instruction is in f^ jgr ^ |«f. Fa^ Cheng* Chuan^ K'o\ Legal and Administrative Subjects. 2. ^ j^ ,f^ Chien^ I* K'o\ Abridged Course ; covering two years. The first half year is devoted to general education and the remainder of the course to legal and administrati\ e subjects. At the College there is also a course of lectures — lasting one year and a half — for %^ ^ ^ T'ing^ Chiang^ Yiian", Lectiu-e Students, who are persons of princely ])iith, more than 30 years of age, in the Government service ; officials of Manchu and Chinese birth, holding posts not lower than the foiu'th }-:ink, are also enrolled for this Lecture Course. At the reciuest of RWlMM ^^^''^' "^'^^ Yii* Lang% Prince of the third degree, Yii Lang, (/urator of the College of Law and Administration for Princes and Nobles, there have been introduced some changes in the regulations of the College (sanctioned by the Em]>eror on the 11th November, 1909), i.e. the tei-m of the Complete Course has been extended to five years — two years of general education and thi-ee years of legal [ 25G ] rUESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA, aud administrative education ; the Lecture Course has been 622a extended to three years — one year of general education and two to vear? of special (legal and administrative) education ; and a 023 M I'ft ^ ^ '^* ^^^* ^^'oS Pre'i^aratory Section, with a course of study of two years duration, and providing 32 hours instruction weeklv, has been introduced. At the Preparatory Section there are taught : ethics, Chinetie literature, history, geography, mathematics, natural science, drawing and callisthenics. All males between the ages of 18 and 30 years who are Clansmen, Princes or bearers of hereditary titles — as well as their sons — if they are not in the Government service or enrolled in Government schools, are obliged to join the College. Children of Clansmen, as well as Manchu and Chinese officials of the first two ranks, are accepted at the College, on completion of the course of Middle Schools (see Nos. 580 to 582), after a test examination. Supplementary Regulations for the College of Law and Administration for Piinces and Xobles (providing for the changes mentioned above) were drawn up by the Curator and sanct'oued by the Emperor on the 21st Decemlier, 1909. 622a. At the head of the College of Law and Administra- tion for Princes and Xobles there is a U^| fl Tsung' Li', Curator. Suljordinated to him there are : 1. two Directors (see No. 635), 2. on.' iH 1^ T'i= Tiao*, Preceptor, 3. Teachers (number not fixed ; see No. 637), 4. two I'roctors (see No. 646), 5. ^ p2 Xi' ^''"' ^''"' K"a»'» Secretaries, 6. Accountant (see No. 643;, 7. Steward, and H, Tutor (see No. 640'. 623. }f{ plIJ -m ^X ^ ^li ^''''"^'' ^^''^'' ^^''* ^'""■"^'* Hsiuh' T'an'r=, CoUcire <>i' Law nnd Administration, at Peking; established in accordance with a Memorial fn»ni the Ministr\ of Education, sancticuied by the I'mperor on the 2nd February, lfK)7, for the piu-pose of jjreparing studenth for a judicial or administrative career. The course of study eovers H\c years ; [ -^>7 ] 17 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. the first two years are spent at the ^ f4 Yii^ K'oS rrepjuatory Section, and the remaining three at the jE f^ Cheng' K'oS Specializing Section. The latter has two courses of study : I j^ Ya Pi Clit:'ng* Chill* Men^, Course in Administration, and 2. ^^ ^ PI Fa* Lii* Men^ Course in Law. At this College there are also found : 1. |j!j f?j- Pieh^ K'o', Special Course, of three years duration, and 2. |f ^ ^^ Chianty' Hsi^ K'o\ Lecture Course,. covering one year and a half , providino- lectures,onadministrativeand financial law, for officials. For the Preparatory Section there are yearly accepted, after a test examination, 200 students. They must be between the ao-e!-' of twenty and twenty-five years, of good behaviour, physirally strong and educated to the standard reached by Mir'Jle Schools (see Nos. 580 to 582). For the Special Course f'lere are yearly accepted, after a test examination, 100 students. These must be less than 35 years of age, be employed at the various Ministries or other Government offices, or possess literary degrees — not higher than ^ A Chii^ Jen''', Graduate (Bachelor of Arts). For the Specializing Section of the College there are chosen 200 students from the ranks of those who have completed the course of the Preparatory Section, or externs of corresponding education, after a test examination. The subjects of study at t|ie Preparatory Section include : ethics, Chinese literature, Japanese, history, geography, mathe- matics, natural science, logic, general outline of law, principles of financial law and callisthenics. The Course in Administration of the Specializing Section provides instruction in : ethics, " Institutes of the Reigning Dynasty," laws of the Ta Ch'ing Empire, State law, constitutional laAv, administrative law, civil law, criminal law, commercial law, general international law, special international laAv, political, economy, financial law, sociology, history of international relations, statistics, Japanese, English and callisthenics. The subjects taught in the Course in [ 258 ] PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL OKGAN'IZATION OF ClIIXA. Law of the Specializing Section are : ethics, " Institutes of the 623a Reigning Dyjuisty,*' huvs of the Ta Ch'ing Empire, history of Chinese legishition, his.tory of foreign ^legislation, constitutional law, administrative law, civil law, criminal law, commcrical law, civil law proceedings, criminal law proceedings, general interna- tional law, special international law, prison administration, Japanese and callisthenics. At the head of the College of Law and Administration, at Peking, there is a Director (see No. 635). He has subordinated to him : \. One Preceptor (see No. 636), 2. Teachers (number not fixed ; see No. 637), 3. Two Tutors (see No. 640), 4. Librarian (see No. 639), 5. Steward (see No. 641), 6. Secre- tary (see No. 642), 7. Accountant (see No. 643), H. Two Clerks of Works (see No. 644), and a ^ ^ f ^ I]}}. ^ 'g* Chiang' Hsi^ K'o' Pan'* Rhih* Kuan', Inspector of Lecture Course for officials (see above). 623a. \iiitJC ^ 'It I^'«' Cheng* lisiieh^ T'angS Colleges of Law and Administracion, in the provinces. The course of study of these Colleges is similar to that of the Special Course of the College of Law and Administration at Peking (see No, 623) ; the duration of the course is not uniform in all ])rovinces. In Chihli the course covers two years — half a year at the f^J ^4 ^ ^•' ^'^**^'» Preparatory Section, and one year and a half at the 7J>^/f4 l*'"u' K'o", Specializing Section ; in Anhui the course includes two years for the f2j ^j f.'f Cliien^ I* K'o', Abridged Coiuve, and one year for th<' ^\\ }1 J^'\ I'u^ llsi^ K'o*, Supplementary Course; in Chekiang the course covers one year and a half, etc. The .nrolhoeut of the Colleges of I^aw and Administration varies in diH'erent provinces (in Chekiang it is 200, in Chihli 120, and in Shantung and Anhui (>()). Instructions from the Ministry of Ivlucalion, dated 'he 9tli Marcli, 1907, directed that the provincial CollegeH of Law and Administration introduce — following the example of the Pekuig I 25') ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 628b College of Law and Administration {see No. 623), a course of to ^ It ^ ^ f^ <-^tiien^ Yii* Hsueh^ Chnan^ K'o\ Prison Admini- QOA stration, as a speciality to which students of the first section of Higher Schools (preparing to attend the Department of Law of the University ; see No. 583) may devote themselves for a year and a half. 623b. For particulars as to ^ W,M^ P( • ^^su^ Fa* Chiang' Hsi^ K'oS also 'MHm'MW\ Shen^ P'an* Chiang' Hsi* So', Courses of Lectures on LaAv, instituted at Colleges of Law,. see No. 758b. 624. H^ ^ ^ ^* Fa^ Lii* Hsujeh^ T'ang^, College of Law, at Peking ; founded in accordance with a Memorial from the President of the Ministry of Education — sanctioned by the Emperor on the 3rd August, 1905 — with the object of providing judicial education for officials. The course of study covers three years (also, there is a J^ /jiJJ .^Jj. Su^ Ch'eng^ K'o\ Abridged Course^ of one year and a half). At the College are taught : laws of the Ta Ch'ing, Ming and T'ang Dynasties, legislation now in force, history of legislation in China (from olden times), general outline of law, principles of political economy. State law, Roman law, civil law,, criminal law, constitutional law, commercial law, civil and criminal law proceedings, international law (general and special), administrative law, prison administration, judicial practice, laws- of commercial companies, laws of bankruptcy, general principles of finance, foreign languages and callisthenics. At the Head of the Co-llege of Law at Peking there is a Director {see No. 635); subordinated to him are: 1. The Preceptor (5^^ No. 636), 2. Eight Teachers {see No. 637), 3. Librarian {see No. 639), 4. Steward {see No. 641), 5. Secretary {see No. 642), 6. Accountant {see No. 643), 7. Clerk of Works {see No. 644), 8. Inspector of Dormitories (see No.. [ 2G0 ^ rRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 645), 9. Proctors (sec Xo. 646) and 10. Assistant Inspector 025 of Dormitories (spc Xo. 647). 62.3. ^ ^ Et r Hsiieh' Kuan^ College of Interpreters, at Peking ; established with the object of preparing young men ■uho have completed the course of Middle Schools {see Nos. 580 to 582) for transacting affairs dealing with foreigners. The enrollment is 200 ; the course of study covers five vears and 36 hours of instruction are given weekly. There are five courses for instruction in foreign languages, i.e. 1. ^^ "^ ^i[ Yingi Wen' K-o\ Course in English, 2. ^ ^ fif Fa' Wen'' K'o', Course in French, 3. f^ ^ ^'j E^ Wen^ K'o', Course in Russian. 4. ^ '^ ^3f Te' Wen* K'o', Coiu-se in German, and 5. B ^^^ 'Till' Ft-n^ Wen-^ K'o', Course in Japanese. In addition to lanauage studv, in each of the courses mentioned above there is instruction during the first two vears in ^ jM ^' ^''"^ T'ung' Hsiieh"-, General Education (ethics, Chinese liteiaturt% history, geography, mathematics, natural science, ]>hysics, chemistry, drawing and callisthenics), and, during the remaining three years, in ^ P^J ^ Chuan' Men'-' Usueh^ Special Education (international law, i)olitical economy and ])edagogy). Young men between the ages of 12 and 20 years, having a good knowledge of Chinese, free from iMi])cdinu'Uts in s])eech and physically strong, are acce])ted as pf.| ^ Fn' Hsiieh', Special Students. They are not distinguished from the ordinary stuilcnts as regards study and privileges granted. At the head of the College of Interpreters there i- a Director (see Xo. 635). lie is in charge! of a stafi' made uj) of: 1. Preceptor (srr Xo. 6.36 ; also J'liJ Bi 'i? Fu*<'hicn' Tu', A.ssistant Director;, 2. Jf P^] ^ ?^ U » In.an' .Men- Hsiieh- Chiao< Yiian', Teachers oi Special SubjeclM, 3. 5'h M 3fiC nf^ U ^^'=''' FiiM- Wen' Chiao' Viian'^ Teachers of Foieign Langnag.-s, 4. V? iiH ^ -^iC Q ^""' ^''""^'' H8''el»' <-'''''>'»* Viian', Teachers of General Subjects, 5. \\}) ^ Chu* Chiao*, [ 2(;i ] niESENT DAY .^OLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Assistant Teachers, 6. Steward [see No. 641 ; also glj ^ ^ Fu* Chien^ T\\\ Assistant Director), 7. Secretary {see No. 642), 8. i{J{ ^ 1^ Shou^ Chih^ Kuan', Treasurer, 9. Clerk of Works {see No. 644), 10. Inspector of Dornnitories {see No, 645), 11. Proctor (see No. 646), and 12. Assistant Inspector of Dormitories {see No. 647). Completion of the course of the College of Interpreters carries with it the folloAving privileges : Those who graduate with the first rating receive the degree o^ ^ K ^ ^ ^^^^ Jt'n^ Ch'u' Sheii^ are enrolled as preferential candidates for the post of ^ ^ Chu' Shih'* {sec No. 292)— at the Capital— or if Jl'lfl Chih2 Li^Chou' {see No. 851)— in the provinces, and join the Facultv of the University (in whatever department they choose) or are sent abroad for furtl^er study. Those who complete the course with the second rating receive the degree Chii^ Jen' Ch'u' Shcn' (as above), perform dut^-^as interpreters at the Wai Wii Pu in Peking, with the title ^ r^ r^t ^ Nei' Ko- Chung^ Shu^ {see No. 137), or are appointed to the provinces for interpreting, or for dealing with affairs concerning foreigners, as ^Q ,^ Chih^ Hsien* {see No. 856). A staff of interpreters and Consuls for service abroad is chosen from the ranks of those who attain the second rating. Those who attain the third rating receive the degree of :|^ ^ Chii* ,Jen^ {sec Nos. 629b and 631) and are appointed, at the Capital, to the various Ministries as Officials of the seventh rank {sec No. 299j or, in the provinces, as ji f'jj T'ung' P'an» {see No. 849a). They may also take positions as teachers of foreign languages in Middle Schools. Those who attain the fourth rating remain for repeated study ; should they again fail to littain one of the three senior rating's, and be unwilHng to study longer, they receive a document certifying attendance for the full period at the College of Interpreters and are eligible for employment as teachers of foreign languages. The students whO' [ 2G2 ] rUESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. graduate with the fifth rating merely receive a list of their 625^^ examination marks. tO 625 A. ^ ^ ^ Wen^ Tien^ Oh'u^ Committee for Diction- qqq ary Compilation ; at the College of Interpreters. This Committee is to compile a dictionary for English and Chinese, French and Chinese, Russian and Chinese, German and Chinese, and Japanese and Chinese. Each dictionary is to be an-anged in three divisions, i.e. Chinese Language — Foreign Language, Foreign Language — Chinese Language, and Special Expressions. The Committee is under the supervision of the Director of the College of Interpi-eters (sec Ko. 625) and consists of : I. a ^ H Tsung^ TsuanS Chief Compiler, 2. Two ^ ^ Fen^ Tsuan^, Comjiilers, 3. a |^ ^ Fan' !■*, Translator (Interpreter),. and 4. a ^ ^ Shu^ Chi', Secretary. 626. yj m ^^^ Fang» Yen* HsUeh* T'ang^, Colleges of Languages, in the provinces. The object of these institutions is identical Avith that of the College of Interpretei-s at Peking (see No. 625 ; compare also No. 311), i.e. to prepare men qualified for diplomatic service and for teaching in Middle Schools (see Xos. 580 to 582). The course of study is arranged in two sections : 1. Preparatory, providing a course in English, a course in Russian and a course in Japanese, extending over two years, and 2. Special, with a course covering three years. The Special Course suj)plies instruction in : arithmetic, Chinese, geography, history, chemistry, philoso})h} , psychology, international law, natural science and callisthenics. The Preparatory Course includes the study uf : arithmetic, the liist principles of algel)ra, Chinese literature, geography, history, principles of chemistry, principle of natural philosophy, the Classics, natural science, drawing and callisthenics. As students at the Colleges of Languages there are accepted those who have completed the course of a Middle School. [ 2G8 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA. 626a The description o£ the organization of Colleges of Languages to given above is that of the College in Fengt'ien province ; those ftnty of Other provinces are of practically similar organization. Completion of the course of study of Colleges of Languages carries with it the privileges attained by those who complete the course of the College of Interpreters at Peking (see No. 625). 626a. :?^ h ^ ^ ^ Fang^ Yen' P Hsi' So^ Practical Courses in Foreign Languages ; held at Moukden. These Avere instituted for the benefit of substantive and expectant officials of ^ ^ Fengt'ien province. They owe their inception to a Memorial of the ex-Governor-General of Manchui-ia, ^^iM[^ Hsii'* Shlh^-ch'ang^, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 2oth April, 1909. The students attending these courses are divided into two groups : one group is taught at day sessions (the full course covers two years) and one group attends night sessions (the full course covers three years). 627. MM^M^ ^ 'M ^ian^ Meng" Wen'' Kao^ Teng' Hsiieh- T'ang'-^, Higher School of Manchu and ^Mongolian languages ; established in 1908, at Peking, to provide men A^ersed in the ]Manchu and Mongolian languages. The school has two Courses : 1. j^ ^ ^ ^^ Man^ Meng* Wen^ K'o^, Course in Manchu and Mongolian Languages, and 2. f^ ^ jf4 Tsang^ Wen^ K'o\ Course in Tibetan. Each Course, in turn, is made up of two sub-divisions : 1. 31^ ^^j- Yii* K'o', Preparatory Course (covering two years) and 2. ^ ^i\ Pcn^ K'o\ Specializing Course (extending over three years). Also, there is a jjlj ^Jj- Pieh* K'o', Special Course, Avith a term of three years, for those not over 35 years of age Avho possess a literary degree not higher than ^ \ Chii^ Jen", Graduate (Bachelor of Arts), or are in the Government service. The enrollment of the Preparatory and Specializing Courses is 120 for each; that of the Special Course is 80. [ 264 ■] PRESKXT DAY TC^LITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CrilNA. As students at the Higher School of Maiichu and 627a MongoHan Languages there are accspted persons Avho have completed the course of Middle iSchools (o80 to 582). At first, as an exception, there -were accepted as students persons not over 25 years of age who were well versed in Chinese and had some knowledge of Manchu and Mongolian. The subjects of study include philosophy (Chinese), Chinese literature, general outline of law, history, geography, arithmetic, natural science, piiysics, algebra, trigonometry, general principles of financial law and political economy, statistics, criminal law, administrative law, international law, topography, drawing and tracing, constitutional legislation, laws of the Ta Ch'ing Dynasty, theory- of colonization^ geography and history of Manchuria, Mongolia and Tibet, callisthenics, etc. Russian, ■Ja])anese and veterinary surgery are ojitional subjects. At the head of the School there is a Director (sec 2s o. 635). He has a staff consisting of: 1. Preceptor {see No. 636), 2. }^ W. ^ '^ f i M Man' :\Ieng^ Yu' Wen- Chiao^ Yiian', Teacliers of Manchii and Mongolian, 3. ^ US ^ 'iSC ?jc M Tsaiig' Yii' Tsaiig' Wen- ('hiao^ Yiian^, Teachers of Tibetan, ^- ^fi^^^WtM 1^0' Cliung' K'o' Hsiieh' Chiao^ Yiian-, Teachers of Sciences, 5. f^ -JC 5^ ^ HI ^ fjt JX l'> Wen' Yiriii' \Vri\'^ Tung' Yang'^ Wen^ Cjiiao^ Yiian-, Teacliers of Russian, English and Japanese, 6. Steward {see No. o41), 7. Secretary {see Xo. 642), 8.. Treasurer {see No. 643), 9. Clerk of Works {see No. 644), 10. Inspector of Dormitories (tee No. 64.3), II. Proctor (sec No. 646), and 12. Assistant Inspector of Dormitories {see No. 647). 627a. i!!l -^. ^}i ^?;!: Cli'ii' Fu^ H>iir],- T'ang% College f'f Ilijjtory and I'hilologv jit Ch'iifu {see No. 621 ; compare, also, No. 621 II I. This College was estaijiishcd on llu; recom- mendation of ^ iiji ^): Liang' Ting='-f."n', late Provincial Judge 'f lliijKh (see No. 830), see I>ecrees dafccl the 6th and 14th PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 628 January, 1907, with stims granted by the Throne, at the district town of Ch'iifu (in the % ')]>\ f^ Yen^ Choui Fu^ prefecture of Shantung), the birth-place and burial-place of Confucius. The College has two courses of study: J|^ i^4 Yii* K'o'.. Preparatory Course, similar to the programlne of Middle Schools {see No. 580), and jhf4 Cheng^ K'o', Specializing Course,, supplying instruction in the (^llassics, history and literature. For the Preparatory Course there are accepted scholars who have completed the course of Primary Schools of the Senior Grade (see No. 577 a); for the Specializing Coui'se there are accepted scholars who have completed the Classical Coiu'se of Middle Schools (see Nos. 580 and 581) or the course of Lower Normal Schools (see No. 618a). At the head of the College there is a l^ ^ Chien' Tu^,, Director (see No. 635); to this position the above-mentioned Liang Ting-fen Mas appointed (see report of the Ministry of Education, dated 7th February, 1 9 10). A college similar to the College of History and Philology at Ch'iifu has existed for many years in Hiipeh province under the title of ^ ^ ^ ^ Ts'un" Ku' Hsiielr T'ang- (compare also No. 621bJ. EXAMINATIONS AND LITERARY DEGREES. 628. It has already been mentioned (see No. 574) that the occupancy of public posts in China was dependent — until a short time ago — upon the possession of literar}- degrees (of Metropolitan Graduate, Provincial Graduate or Licentiate — with their various gradations). These degrees were obtained at ^ W^ t'^'ao^ Shih*, Examinations, of three kinds: I. ^ g^ Hsiang^ Shih', Provincial Examinations (held, as a rule, triennially, in the autumn, at the provincial capital), followed by 2 ^ ^ Hui^ Shih*, Metropolitan Examination (held at [ 266 ] PREStXT DAY roLITlCAl, C)U(; ANIZ AT I < )\ OF CHINA. Pekinp: the followino- spring), and ."). |fjj jji^ Tien^ Shih', Palace Kxanuiiation (following- immediately after the Metropolitan Examination), after which the award of final degrees was made. Also, there were special examinations — in celebration of anspicious pnblic events — styled j3^ jjj^ Kn' Shih', Examinations held bv Imperial Favour. The Provincial and Metropolitan Graduates were respectively styled f^ K'o^ and i\i C'hia^ (the combination of the two terms ^3f t|3 K'o^ Chia-', commonly meant ''(iradnate"). On the 2nd September, I90o, following a Memorial from ^ in: SH ^'i'a"^ Shih^-k'ai^ ex-Governor-General of Chihli. an imperial Decree was promnlgated recognizing that the system of conqtetition for literary degrees was effete — as events had shown — and directing its abolition from the year 190G. At the same time the various Governors-Cjieneral and Governors were iii-t.iicted to take steps towards increasing the number of schools — the completion of the courses of these to replace the competitive examinations as a means of olitaining the various iiterai-v degrees. However, as a special case {arr report of the Connnittee of Ministers, dated the lOtii March, 1906) permission has been granted for holding the examinations m 1909 and 1 !»] 2 for the degrees of ^- i'[; ^ Pii" Kuug' Shcngi and @ i'i ^ Vii' Knng' Slang' Lsrc No. G29a). At present, a transitory period, tlic 1 light r Schools (previous to 1909) and, furthermore, the University — cunipletion of the courses of which serves as a means of attaining the highest litcrarv decrees — having graduated no classes, the acquisition of deirrees is i)0.<5sibh} (>id\- to those who lia\c lictn educated jihioad — after passing; examinations at the .Mini-try ol I'Mucation an f might obtain the degree of |^ ^ ^ Fu^ Kung* Sheng^ by purchase. 629b. ^ \ Chii' Jen^ (literary designation, ^ ^ Hsiao* Lien-), Provincial Graduate (Bachelor of Arts); the second literary degree ; conferred at the so-called ^ ^ Hsiang^ Shih^ {see No. 628) by the JE ^ "U Cheng* K'ao' Kuan^ (literary designation, ;^ ^ ^ Ta* Tsung' Ts'ai- ; ordinary designation, -^ ^^ Ta* Chu^ K'ao'), Examiner appointed from Peking. Of some ten to twelve thousand competitors, commonly described as J[; ^ 8hih* Tzu', Scholars, barely three hundred at the utmost received degrees. The successful candidates, whose names appeared in au official list styled jj| J^ \^) Lung* Hu'^ Pang^ were said to have r|4 ^ Chung' Chii^ Attained a Degree, and were thenceforth known as ^ \ Chu^ Jen*, Promoted Men. In addition to the list of successful scholars, about foity candidates, whose showing was adjudged as scarcely inferior to their successful companions, Avere enrolled in a secondary list, styled glj ^ Fu' Pang^, a description of proxime accessit, their names in this manner securing the honour of publicity although they failed to secure the degree. The first on the list of gi-aduates received the honorary title ^^ ^ TC ^ I'ieh* Yiian', the following fouv weie styled jjtg 564 C'hing' Iv'uei^, while the next thirteen received the designation ^ K'uei' or ^ Jfj/j; Jlsiang' K'uei'. Finally, the degree of .4ji \ Chii' Jen', was sometimes bestowed as an honorary reward upon candidates over HO or UO years of ag«^ who had presented themselves at successive examinations without success — on tl>f> • com[)lying with cfrtain specitied rcfjuin-ments. [ 2G'» , •PKESENT DAY POLITJCAh ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 629c 629c. i^± Chin^ Shih^ Metropolitan Graduate (Doctor); the third and highest literary degree ; conferred at the ^ ^ Hui* Shih" (see IS'o. 628) following a ^ |^ Fu* Shih\ Test Examination. Those proving successful at this examination (usually some three hundred and twenty-five to three hundred and fifty out of six thousand competitors) were known by the general designation of ^ j^ Kung* Shih"*. Some were distinguished further, i.e. the first as ^ ^C Hui* Yiian^, the second to the fifth as ^^^ '1^ ( 'hing^ K'uei", and the sixth to the thirteenth as ^ J^ Hui* K'uei^. The degree of Chin* Shih"* was hestowed only, after the so-called ^ ^ Tien* Shih'* (see No. 628), Palace Examination. The essays composed at this examination were scrutinized and classified by a special committee of Imperial Revisers, called f^ :^ ;^ ^, Yiieh'* Chiian* Ta^ -Ch'en-, and the confirmation of the degree Avas made after the pj\ ^ Ch'ao^ K'ao', Court Examination, at which the theme of the essay to be composed Avas selected by the Emperor himself. The exaiwinations completed, the successful scholars Avere received in audience by the Emperor and those highest on the list received various posts at the National "Academy (sec supra); the others Avere given appointme)its either to provincial posts — District Magistrate — or to minor positions in the Six Boards at Peking or the Grand Secretariat. The scholar ranking first among the Metropolitan Graduates received the title of ^j(; j{;^ Chuang* Ytian^ The recipient of this, the highest literary aAvard, attained the rank of fl^ t|| Hsiu' Chuan* (see No. 200a).. The graduate ranking second in order of merit at the Court Examination received the title of ^^ fl Pang- Yen2 and the third that of ^f :j^ T'an* Hua^; both these ci.ndidates were invested Avith the rank of f^ (i^ Pien^ Hsiu- (see No. 200b), The three graduates mentioned made up the — ^^ r Chia^ First Class, of the year and Avere styled li ± J>C Ig Chin* Shih* Chi^ Ti^ [ 270 ] PRESENT DAY rOMTICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA. Those rirvafluatincr highest in the Second Class, H fjl Krh^ 629n 'Chia', at the Court Examination received the title of f^ gj^ ^O Ch'uan- Lu- and were invested with the rank of ;f^ ^ Chien-* ^r^- T'ao' (see No, 200f) ; -the remainder of this class received the title of ii ± ili ^ Chin^ Shih* Ch'u' Shen^ and the rank of B ili ± Shu* Chi=^ Shih' {see No. 201). (^f the graduates of the third and last class, designated hy the general name oi ^ )g ± ^ i^ T'ung^ Chin^ Shih' Ch'u> Shen'; the higlust received the rank of 1^; § ± Shu* Chi'' Shih* (.nvendent on liie literary degree attaineil, they receive various appointments. 6:n. The Imj^eria! Deprive ..f the 2nd Septenil.er, 190.'* (, touching the sclio .1 regulations of 1!M);{, introduced a now system of com])etition for litnnrv d(•.r,■,.o^, [ -'71 J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA. directing their bestowal on students completing the courses of the various types of schools in a satisfactory manner. There are five distinct examinations held at the schools : 1. W^ ff^ ^ ^ Lin» Shih^ K'ao^ Shih^ Periodic Examination (once a month), 2. ^ M ^ U Hsiieh2 Ch'ii K'ao^ ' Shih% Semestral Examination (held twice a year), and 3. ^ ^ ^ ^ Hsiieh^ Nien^ K'ao^^ ShihS Annual Examination. The above-mentioned examinations are carried on by the administration of the school concerned. 4. ^ ^^^ Pi^ Yeh* K'ao' Shih^ Final Examination, and 5. ^ ^^M Shengi Hsiieh- K'ao^ ShihS Examination for Advancement to a School of Higher Grading. The two last-mentioned examniations are carried on — at . Peking — by officials deputed by the Ministry of Education and — in the provinces — by deputies of the Governor-General or Goveraor. At all examinations the " one hundred mark total " is used. Conforming to the percentages received in the examinations students are arranged according to five ratings : 1. Wi i'M. ^ Tsui* IV Teng^ Excellent (80 to 100^, 2. ff ^ Yu^ Teng^, Good (60 to 80), 3. ^ ^ Chimgi Teng^, Satisfactory (40 to 60), 4. ~f ^ Hsia> Teng^ Unsatisfactory (20 to 40), and 5. :^ T ^ Tsui* Hsia* Teng^ Very Poor (1 to 20). Dependent on the tyjje of school and on the attainments of the candidates at the final examinations, the folloAving degrees are conferred (in ascending scale) : 1. f t ^ P Sheng\ 2. m ± Fu* ShengS 3. if ^ Tscng^ ShengS 4. jg ^ Lin^ ShOngS 5.- ff /^ ^ Yu' Lin^ Sheng\ 6. -^ % Sui' Kung*, 7. ff ;^ Yu' Kung*, 8. ^ ^ Pa- Kung*, 9. ^ ^ Kung* Sh^ng', 10. g|J ;^ Fu* Pang^, 11. ||i A <^~i^ii' Je^S r 272 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. and 12. ]g± Chin^ Shih^ (of two grades, i.e. Ir] it ± ffi ^^ 632 T'ung= Chin* Shih* Ch'u^ Slieu' and ig ± Q^i ^ Chin' Shili' ^o Ch'u^ Sheu'). 636 \ For particulars as to which schools appertain the various degrees see the descriptions of the se ral types of schools. ADMINISTRATION OF SCHOOLS. 632. ^ JM Tsung^ Li^ Curator; at the head of the College of Law and Administration for Princes and Nobles (see No. 622a). This post is held by a Prince or High Ofpcial of the Empire. '632a. m l/jf Tsung^ Pan*, Curator ; formerly at the head of the Military School for Princes and Nobles. This post is now aboli.shed (sec No. 713a). 633. i^c^llS^l^ Ta* Hsueh' Tsung^ Chien^ Tu\ Rector of the University; 3a, at the head of the University (see No. 593). 634. i^^ ^} ^ ^"M Ta* Hsiieh'' Fen^ K'o^ Chleni Tu', De[)artment Dean ; at the head of the Faculty of a Department of the University (see No. 593) ; directly subordinate to the Rector of the University (sec No. 633). 635. ^ '"^ ("liien' Tu', Director. This official is found at Middle and Higher Schools (see Nos. 5H2 and 583a), Middle and Higher Professional Schools (see No. 598), Normal Schools of Lower (5te No. 618a) and Higher (see No. 618u) Grades, College of Law and Administration for Princes and Nobles (see No. 622a), Colleges of Law and Administration, at Peking (see No. 623; and in the province (see No. 623a ), College of Law (see No. 624), College of Interpreters (see No. 625), Colleges of Languages (see No. 626), College (rf .Mandm and Mongolian Languages («J> ^ ^j| ^ 'b* Hsiao^ Hsiieh^ Pan* Shih* Kuan^ and 1^1 ^'^]%'i^'^ Chimg^ Hsueh^ Pan* Shih'' Kuan', Inspector ol" Primary School and Director of Middle School at Normal' Schools, of the lower {see No. 618a) and higher {see No. 618b) • grades. 636. iS: f^ Ji H Chiao* Wu* T'i" Tiao* or ^ f^ ^ Chiao* Wu"* Chang', Preceptor. With the first title, this official is found at the Univ^ersity {see No. 593) and at the College of Interpreters (see No. 625) and, with the second title, at Higher Schools (si?e No. 583a), Higher Professional Schools (5l for Princes and Nobles .(ice No. 713a). [ -^7.0 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 660 644 644. ii a t Tsa^ Wu* Kuan^ or H ^ M '^^^' Wii* to Yiian^ Clerk of Works ; at the University and Higher Schools and schools of corresponding grade ; subordinated to the Steward (see No. 641). 645. ^^ ^M Chai* Shc^ T'i^ Tiao* (at the University), ^ ^ ^ Chai* She* ChangS ^B ^ Chai* \Vu* Chang^ or ^ ^ ^ M Chai* Wu* Wei^ Yiian- (at other schools — where there are dormitories) — Inspector of Dormitories ; subordinated, at the University (see No, 593), to the Dean (see No. 643), and, at other schools, to the Director (see No. 635) ; appointed from the ranks of Professors or Teachers (see No. 637). 646. ^ Jp 'g* Chien^ Hsueh^ Kuan' or ^ ^ M. Chien' Hsiieh' Yiian^, Proctor ; at the University and Higher Schools and schools of corresponding grade ; subordinated' to the Inspector of Dormitories ; appointed from the ranks of Professors or Teachers (see No. 637). 647. W.^*^ <^liien3 Ch'a' Kuan^ or ^ ^ fl. Chien' Ch'a'' Yiian^, Assistant Inspector of Doimitories ; at the Univer- sity and Higher Schools and schools of the corresponding grade ; subordinated to the Inspector of Dormitories (see No. 645). 648. ^ ^ 'g' Wei* Shcngi KuanS Health Officer ; at the University (see No. 593) ; subordinated to the Inspector of Dormitories (see No. 645); appointed from the ranks of Professors of the Departments of Medicine, Agriculture or Polytechnics. 649. ^ 1^ T'i2 TiaoS Preceptor ; at the College of Law and Administration for Princes and Nobles (see No. 622a) and at the ^Military School for Princes and Nobles (sec No. 713a). This official performs the duties of Preceptor (sec No. 636) and Steward Cs<'c No. 641) and assists the Director. 650. -g ^ Ssu' Shih* or m^"^ Ssu' Shih* Kuan', Secretary ; at Primary Schools of both grades (see No. 577b). and at the Customs College [see No. 252); subordinated to the Director (see No. 635). PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 651. Scheme of gi*adation of schools of various types 661 I :k ^ ^h m -m :J^ ^ :^c fl € ^ - - 2 o m ^ it K ^ ^ ^ ^ ^4 f^ IS m Fft r|i '^ lis s: / \ « :! m I -^ ^ >> ^ [ 277 ] PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 663 +^ CHINESE STUDENTS ABROAD. to 6^2'^ 652. ^ m-B ^ Wf ^ ± ^ "^ M Kuair' LP Jih* Pen^ Yu^ llsiieh* Sheng^ Cliien' Tu^ Cli'u*, Inspectorate of Chinese Students in Japan ; at the Chinese Legation at Tokyo. At the head of the Inspectorate is a ^ ^ Chien^ Tu^, Controller, appointed from the Legation Secreta.ries, on the recommendation of the Chinese Minister at Tokyo, by the ^linistry of Education. The Inspectorate is arranged in four sections or depart- ments : 1- B.B^ Shu^ Wu' K'o\ Section of General Affairs, 2. •§• It f^ Hui'' (K'nai"*) Chi* K'o^, Section of Accounts, 3. ^ ){^ ^!\ Wen^ Tu^K'o\ Section of Correspondence, and 4. j§ ^ fij- T'luig^ I* K'o^, Translating (Interpreting) Section. Each Section is under the control of jfj[ ^ K't>^ Chang^, Section Chiefs, who are assisted by two or three ^3^ ^ K'o^ Yiian^, Secretaries. At the Inspectorate there is also a ^ f ^ ^ Pien^ Pao* So', Office for Compilation of Reports, under a ^ J]| j^ Kuan''' Li' Yiian^, Superintendent, where official reports, giving necessary information as to the Chinese students in Ja}^an, arrangements for their education, etc., are compiled, and ten |^ |^ ^ Tzu^ I* Yiian'', Consulting Experts, appointed, on the recommendation of the Controller, by the Minister. 652a. ^ H ^ f^ j^ Yu^ Mei^ Hsiieh'^ Wu* Cl.'uS Office for Selection of Students for America; established in 1909 at Peking. This Office is under the control of the Ministries of Foreign Affiiirs and of Education. Undei- the control of the Office there is the ^ ^- P ^ |f Yu^ Mei^ I* Yeh* Kuan^ Preparatory CDllege, from which students are selected for despatch to America. [ 278 ] PliESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA. Bv an agreement between the Chinese and American 652b Governments, dated 1908, the former bonnd itself to despatch, tO yearly, for four years (beginning from 1909), 100 students to 5520 America : thereafter 50 men are to be sent yearly. The control of Chinese students in America as regards _ allotment to various schools, etc., rests with a specially ap])ointed ^ ^ Chien"' Tu\ Controller. 6o2b. ^ Ji'\ il ^ ^ ^ # Ou> Chou^ Yu2 Hsiieh'^ IShengi Chien' Tu\ Controller of Chinese Students in Europe ; this post was established in 1907 with a view to control of all Chinese students in Europe. Practice having shown the unsuitability of the system of control, a Memorial from the Ministry of Educa- tion (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 7th November, 1909), arranged for the appointment of five Controllers, to reside in England, France, Geniiany, Russia and lielgium, and be subordinated to the Chinese Ministers at London, l*aris, J5erlin, St. Petersburg and Brussels respectively. Regulations relating to the control of students in Europe, similar to those for students in Japan, are to be later drawn uj) (sec Xo, 652). 652c. Having stiVdied abroad for a period of not less than three years, possessing a diploma from a Middle Scliool, or for a period of not less than four year, possessing no diploma, and having Huccessfuliy completed the com-se of study of Govcrmnetit Pniversities or of Special Higher Schools, (/hinese students on their return to Peking are called upon to undergo examinations f)f thrcr- -types: 1. 5^ §^' Chen' Lu', Test Examination, 2. JEUk ^ ,lA ('heng^ Ch'ang* K'ao' Shih', Ministerial Kxamina- tion, and .'>. 4£ ,i4, T'iiig' Shih*, Examination at the Palace. 6521). TIk- Test Examination is held at the Mini>lry of I'.ducatiiMj and consists of foreign languages and .subjfcts of gciK III education. ( )ii sati.'^ fut '*^""' Shilr' Liu^ < lirii*, 'M\ Divisions, will not be reached until 1913, 2- ^'[ I'lu J{C lis'-' IV'i* Chiin', Reserves of the First (all— the [ 285 ] PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA • 656a term o£ service here is 3 years ; for eacli division of the Regular Ai-rny there is to be a division of Reserves of the First Call, corresponding- to it in all respects except that there will be two, instead of three, batallions in each regiment (the complement o£ a division of the Reserves comprises 8,640 men in the ranks and 1,200 camp followers and there are eight "yings"), a.id 3. f:$ d ^ Hon" Pei-* Chiin', Reserves of the Second Call (army of reserve, militia) — -the term of service of these troops is 4 3ears ; in war time this branch of the Army will furnish a brigade of four batallions which is given a number as a division of the Regular Army. In China there is as yet no conscription and 0f i£ Hsin^ Ping', Recruits, are enrolled through the |||^ -Ea ^^ ^ Cheng^ Ping"' Tsung^ Shu^, Head Recruiting Offices, established at the provincial M M ^ 'i'"' Lien'' (Th'u^ (sec Nos. 695 and 700b). The determination of i)hysical fitness for military service is made according to the ^ & Hj!] ^ Mu* Ping' Chih-* Liieh*,, Short Regulations Concerning Recruiting (forming one of the enclosures to the Memorial of Prince Ch'ing,' already mentioned in No. 655). 656a. From the types of arms used itl.e Chinese Army is arranged as: 1. ^ |rf Pu^ Tui^ Infantry, 2. ,% ^ Ma^ TuiS Cavalry, .3. % |5f P'ao* Tui^ Artillery (in its turn sub-divided into 1. ^l^W^W Lii* Lu^ P'ao" Tui*, Field Artillery, and 2. a^ UJ ^ Fl^ K"o^ Shan' P'ao^ Tui^ Mountain Artillery), 4. I ^ Ff Kung' Ch'eng^ Tui^ Engineers, 5. |gj g; [Tf Tzu^ Chung^ Tui^ Troops for Transport of Supplies. Also there are the following auxiliary corps: 1. ^ f| Chiin' Hsli', Com- missariat Corps, 2. S| ^ C^hun' I^, Medical Corps, 3. H ^ Ma' I', Veterinary (Jorps, 4. ^ ;^ Chih^ Hsieh", Ordnanc Corps, 5. jBlJ H Ts'e^ Hui*, Topographic Corps, 6. '^ f | Chiin' Yueh", Music Corps, and 7. ^ |£ Hsien* Ping', Gendarmerie. r 286 1 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF C.IJN'A. 656b. As regards administration, the Chinese Army is 656b thus divided: 1. fk Chcn\ Division, 2. ])% Hsieh*, Brigade, to 3. ^ Piao", Regiment, 4. ^ Ying^ Batallion (in infantry); 050b Division (in cavaluy and artillery), 5. |^ Tui^ Company (in infantry); Squadron (in cavalry); Battery (^in artillery), 6. ^ P'ai', Platoon (in infantry, in time of peace ; in time of war, B^ Shao^; Half a Squadron (in cavalry\ and 7. ^ P'eng', Squad. 656c. m Chen'', Division ; the largest organized unit in time of peace. The regulations provide for the combination of three divisions into a T^ Chiin', Corps, and the combination of Chiin into a ;f,; ^ Ta* Chiin^ in time of war. In time of peace a division is made up of two brigades of infantrv, each of which consists of two regiments of three batallions each, one regiment of artillery, having nine batteries (54 guns) and eighteen machine guns, one regiment of cavalry, made up of twelve squadrons, one batallion of engineers, consisting of four companies, one batallion of troo])s for transport of supplies, having foiu- companies,- musicians (51, including a bandmaster ami three servants), :uid gendarmerie. In time of peace a division luunbers 12,512 men; in war time, 21,000 men. 656 1). jjjgj Hsich', Brigade (numbered 1 tc 72, in consecutive order, following the niunerical order of the divisions). '^he briijadc is found onlv in the infanti\- and consists of two regiments (it is, however, permissible for a di\isl(»n to have two regiments of (•a\alry instead of (tne, which foiin a ^ [^^ « — u3j Ma-'Tui' I' llsieh'. Cavalry Brigade). 656e. ;^ l^iao', Regiment ; this organization unit is fuund in infantry, cavahy and artillery. In the infantry, regiments are numbered 1 to 111, in conseciitive order, folhiwing tin; ordcM- of their respective divisions, ami Ijrigades [see No. 656i)) ; cavalry and artillery regiments bear the same number as do their respective divisions. A regiment ol infantry consists of three [ 5iH7 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 656^ bataliions ; cavalry and artillery regiments are made up o£ three divisions. 656 F. ^ Ying^j I'undamental unit of all branches of the Ai-my (in infantry, Batallion ; in cavalry and artillery, Division); the complement of this unit differs for the various branches and auxiliary parts of the Army. In the infantry a batallion consists of four ^ Tui*, Companies, and numbers, in time of peace, 659 men, in time of war, 1,240 men. Companies are designated as : gj ^'h'ien^. Company of the Vanguard, 2. ;^ Tso^, Left Company, 3. ;;^ Yu*, Right Company, and 4. ^ Eou*, Company of the Rear- guard, the complement of a company is five officers and 149 soldiers, in time of peace,or, in time of war, 294 soldiers. Each company is divided into three ^ P'ai^, Platoons, composed of three .fJJS P'eng'^, Squads, each, in time of peace, or three Pj^ Shao*, Platoons, of six /^ P'eng'', Squads, each, in time of war_ Platoons are designated as '^ Tso^, Left, i^ Chung^, Centre, and i^ Yu*, Right, while squads are designated by the niimbers of their respective companies — from one to nine, in time of peace, and from one to eighteen, in time of war — and the first squad is styled ^ ^ T'ou^ P'eng*, Head Squad. Each squad is made up of two sergeants and twelve privates. A cavalry division consists of four ^ Tui', Squadrons, and numbers, generally speaking, 363 men and 260 horses. It is divided into two j^ P'ai^ Half Squadrons — left and right — which, in turn, are subdivided into two if^ P*eng''*, Squads, bearing the numbers (in the squadron) one to four. The complement of a cavalry squadron is three officers, 78 cavalrymen and 64 :^ ^ Chun^ Ma', Cavalry Horses. A division of field artillery (there are two in a regiment as a rule — should conditions where operations are being carried on demand it, there may be only one division of field artillery, or even none, the divisions of mountain artillery being correspondingly [ 288 ] PRESENT DAY POl.lTICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHl-VA. increased) consists of three ^ ^ P'ao^ Tni\ Batteries, 657 having ^ :^ © P'ao* Liu* Tsun\ six ginis, eacii. Its tO coniplemeut is 568 men and 270 horses. qqq A hatterv is made up of three ^' P'ai^, Platoons (left, centre and right) df three ^ P'eng', Squads, each, which bear the numerical designation of the battery — from one to nine. A division of mountain artillery, having 18 mountain guns, is organized exactly similarly to a division of field artillery. The complement of a battery is five officers, 181 men, 48 horses for guns and five chargers. A batallion of engineers, similarly to the infantry, is composed of four ^ Tui^ Companies, and numbers 667 men, iu time of peace,, or 1,2,50 men, in time of war. The companies are designated as van, left, right or rear and are distnignished by their specialities: 1. Bridging Company, 2. Sappers Company, o. Telegra|)h, Telephone and Search-light Coujpany, and 4. Mining Company . A transpoi-t l)ataHion is divided similarly to a batallion of engir.eeis but, in consequence of the great munber of men it operates foi-, it has in the ranks 748 men in time of peace, and 1,640 men in time of war. MILITARY RANKS. 6.'>7. liv r( inimrniy regulations, drawn up by the Genei-al Start" ol th.; Army and sanctioned by the Kmperor on the 11th November, lfi()!i, there were introduced some changes in the military ranks — tluir numlKr was increased (I a, Hb, y.v and Ji» were add. d) and they were made equal to the corresponding ciN il ranks. ().">H. Tlie niu re^^ulations (see No. 657) provide f'M fourteen rsmk- for officers :nnl siib-nffic-is of tie Land Forces : [ 2«'J ] I'J / PRESENT /day POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 1. ::'C Hf ^ Ta^ Chiang^ Chun\ or jjf '^ Chiang^ Cliiin', Field Marshal ; 1a (of the rank of a Grand Secretary — see No. 131 — of the civil service). This rank is bestowed on very eminent generals (see below). 2. jE U 3^ Cheng^ Tri^ T'ung^ General ; 1b (of the rank of a III § Tsung^ Tu^ — see No. 820 — of the civil service) ; holds the position of Commander of a Corps (see No. 661). 3. ||J ^ fc ^^^' '^^^^ T'nng^ Lieutenant-General ; 2a (of the rank of ^ Jft Hsiin'^ Fu^— 5^e No. 821 — of the ciAil service) ; holds the position of Commander of a Division {see No. 661). 4. WiUM Hsielr Tu' T'ung% Major-General; 2b (of the. rank of :^ 1^ f^ Pa* Chcng^ Shih^— .y^e No. 826— of the civil service) ; holds the position of Commander of a Brigade (see No. 661), Chief of Staff of a Corps {sec No. 662) or Commander of an Artillery Corps (see No. 670). Ranks Nos. 2 to 4 form what is known as the _h ^ Shang* Teng^ Highest Class, made up of H M ^^"^ C\n\ Three Grades. 5. IE ^ fl Cheng" Ts'ani Ling^ Colonel ; 3a (of the rank of }^ ^ |^ An* Ch'a^ Shih^— ^ec No. 830— of the civil service); holds the position of Commander of a Regiment (see No. 661), Commander of Engineers of a Corps (see No. 671), Senior Adjutant of a Corps (see No. 663), Arms Inspector of a Corps (see No. 668), Chief of Staff of a Division (see No. 662), Judge Advocate of a Corps (see No. 672), or Corps Surgeon (see No. 675). 6- wiJ ^ M F^i' Ts'an^ LingS Lieutenant-Colonel ; 3b (of the rank of ^ jjg fii Yen' Yun* Shih^- 5ce No. 835— of the civil service ) ; holds the position of Second in Command of a Regiment (5<'^eon of a Division ysrr Xo. (iTo), (Jorps Veteiinary Sur,or\ice); holds the j)Osition of Conimander of a l^attalion (sec^o. a ('ranking with the f^lJ^fl'I Chih=^ Li* Cliou' — see No. 8.51— of the ci\ il service) ; holds the position of Second in ('onniiauil t'F a Battalion (.sy' In>pcctor of an Artillery Division (.sr<^ No. 668), Connniss.ii-y ( )Hicci- •-■f a Battalion (see No. 673), Surgeon of a Battalion (srr No. 67.3j, Vetoritjai-y Sm-gcon of a Regiment (see No. 676), [nsp(>ctor of Couriers and Convoys (see No, GG.J), Tusju'dor of .\niis Depots (srn No. (i(i!ij, Remount Ollicer (in c;i\alry and artillery) of a Divi,»ioii, or (in traiisport troops or c(tiiiinissaiiat troops) of :• Battalion (see No. 6()7) oi- Chief of .Musicians (see No. 679). *-'• ViVA'- \k '""' <"'"''"' Hsiao', Second l.ieuUtiant ; ^/ (ranking with the -itj f\] T'ung' i*'.n^*—sre No. H49a— cf 'ht [ 2U1 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 659 il service) ; bolds the position of Commander of a Platoon (^see No. 661), Assistant Surgeon {s^e No. 675), Divisional Chief of Signalmen {see No. 678), Veterinary Surgeon of a Division or Battalion {see No. 676), Senior Clerk {sec No. 664), Bandmaster {see No. 679) or Regimental Standard-Bearer {see No. 666). 10. W}^. ^ Hsieh^ Chiin^ Hsiao"*, Sub-Lieutenant ; 7a (lanking with the 5^1 ,^ Ohih^ Hsien^— sec No. 856 — of the civil service) ; holds the position of Adjutant of a Company {see No. 663), Brigade and Kegimental Chief of Signalmen {see No. 678), Assistant Surgeon {see No. 675) or C'lerk {see No. 664). The ranks Nos. 8 to 10 form the ;^ ^ Tz'u* Teng^ Lower Class, divided in three grades (compare above). The ranks Nos. 7 to 10 are bestowed according to the recommendations of reports m m '^'sou^ Pu3). H- n] f§ ;^ Ssu^ Wu" ('hang^', Ensign ; 8a (ranking with *''^' ^ ^ PIsien** Ch'eng"^ — see No. 857 — of the civil service); one of the ^ ^|> 1^ 'g- f^ Wai* Chiin' Kuan', "Supernumerary Officers' Banks."' 12. _fc ± Sliang^ Shili'S Sergeant of the First Class ; 8b (ranking Avith a %]\\ ^ Hsiin* Tao^— src No. 857— of the civil service). i3. ffl ^t Chung' Shih^ Sergeant of the Second (%ss; 9a 'ranking with a 1^ ^ fg Hsien^ Chu=' Vw'—see No. 857— of the civil service). 14. HF ± Hsia'* Shih^ Sergeant of the Third Class ; 9b (ranking with a ^K '^ Ilsun^ Chien'' — see No. 857 — of the ci^il service). Ranks Nos. 12 to 14 Ix^long to tlie category of % ± Chitni Shih^ Petty Officers' Ranks. Ranks Nos. 11 to 14 are bestowed by the officer in command on i)ersons serving imder him (^ ||[ IV.u' Pn^). 659,' In accordance with the new regulations {see No. 657) •tl").^.' r;l tho rank of Colon*cl, or lower, have their ranks further [ ??2 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. defined by the indication of this or that type o£ arms or this or 65&A that auxiHary corps (compare No. G5t)A). Thus, a Colonel may be designated : 1. '^ ^ B iE 3 ^ ^'l^"ig' Ch'a' Tui* Chcng^ Ts'an^ I''i"g^ Colonel of the Military Police (or Gendaniierie) 2. -^W^^ fS 1'"' "1^^"' (Jhi'ng^ IVan^ Ling^ Colonel of Infantry, 3. H PJ^ JE # II Ma^ Tui^ ChOng^ Ts'an^ Ling', Colonel of Cavalry, 4. T^ WiE ^ Wi l"ao' Tui^ Cheng^ Ts'an» Ling', Colonel of Artillery, 5. X ^ M iE 3 W. K^^'g' Ch'cng^ Tui^ ( 'heng* Ts'an' Ling% Colonel of Engineers, 6. |.^' H 1^ jE ^ ^ T/.u' Chinig' Tui' Cheng* Ts'an^ Ling^ Colonel of Troops of Transport, 7. ^ W} JE 3 ^M. ^'l'"'^' I-^^^'^' Cheng* Ts'an^ Ling', Commissariat Colonel, 8. H -^ IE # fl tluin^ I^ Cheng' Ts'an' Ling^ Colonel of the Medical Staflf (and r] ^1 IE ^ ^ Ssui Yao* Cheng* Ts'an' Ling', Colonel of the Pharma- ^utical Statt;, 9. ,E ^ IE # ^* ^^I^i' I' Cheng* Ts'an^ Ling', Colonel of the Veterinary Stall', 10. M^lE^'M ^^'''^'' Hsieh* Cheng* Ts'an' Ling^ (Jolonel of Ordnance, 11. iJl'J !# IE p ^^ Ts'c* PLii* Cheng* Ts'an' Ling', Colonel of To])Ographical Stair, or ]l^ "^ -M Wi '^ ^ <^^'Ji'i"' "^'"J^l^' Ilsieh' Chiin' Hsiao', Stilj-Licntenant of the Musical Staff. The rank of (ieneral is mollified, to show service in this or that branch of tin; Arni\ , in three cases only, namely : 1 . if. ^ §!l ^j Ift < h'ni' Ilsii' Fii^ Tm' T'ung', Commissariat Lientenant- (ieneral,2. J^ ^ glj ;|JP ^^ Chiin' I' Fu* Tn> T'nng', Lieulenant- ( ieneral of the Mcliral .Staff, and ii. ^ ;j;|t!l l\\\ ,Y> Ui ^'*''l'' TIsieh* Fii* Til' T'lni''', Lier.lenant-lieneral of Onlnaiicc <').yj.\. Of late, for the dcsi^nail(»n of military ranks ni Chiii...se litcratint; (esitecially in new -i)aiH,'rs ), the .lapanesi; Icnns are becoming more and more cuncnt. !>} these the mdilary ranks are divided int(j three cla.>ses, \vlil« li. in tmii, are sid)- dividiid into three grades : First Class: j/Jf T«' ( hiaug', (ieneral, ijtjj^ Chung' (M.iang*, Lieutenant-Geiieral, an Hsiao^ Midshipman. 6o9c. The Japanese terms for the various naval ranks (compare No. 65 9 a) are : First (^lass : M^ ^K^ Hai^ Chiini Ta^ Chiang". Admiral, tf;] ^ ^'i ^ tlai^ Chiini Chungi lliiang*, Vice-Admiral, and UWP ^ Hai^ Chiin' Shao^ (^hiang^ Rear-Admiral . Second Class : f# ^ ic ^ Hai^ Chiin^ Ta^ Tso^ Post- Captain, f§ :^ Ff» ^ Hai3 Chiini Chung' Tso^, Commander, and i^'^'P i&. Hai^ Chun' Shao* Tso^ Lieutenant Commander. Third Class ' ^ 'M- i^ M 'Hai^ Chiin' Ta" Yn\ Senior Lieutenant, f^. '^ r^i |ij Hai^ Chiin^ Chung' YiiS Lieutenant, and \% 2g ^ |.j- Hai^ Chun^ Shao" Yu^ Midshipman. 660. Posts existing in the Army may bre arranged under the following categories: L Line, 2. Staff, 3. Adjutancy, 4. Secretarial, 5. Orderly and Convoy,, 6. Colours, 7. Remount, 8. Arms, 9. Arsenal, 10. Artillery, 11. Engineer, 12. Judicial, 13. Commissariat, 14. Administration of Com- [ 204 ] PUESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGAMZATIO-N OF CHINA. ,s missariat Oflficc, 15. ^Tedical, 16. Veterinarv, 17. >ro(lical 661 Department Administration, IS. Signal, 19. Music, and 20. tO Camp-follower. 663 661. Posts of the Line : 1 . |l|, '^ %' Tsung^* T'ung' Kuani, Corps Commander, 2. ^ [{jij 'g* T'nng* Chih* Kuan', Division Commander, .3. ^ fg '^ T'ung' Ling-^ Kuan', Brigade Commander, 4. ^^ ^ 'yf T'ung" Tai* Kuan', Regiment Commander, o. ^ ^ 'g* C'hiao* Lien* Kuan', Second in Command of a Regiment (in time of peace, " Regimental Instnictor," and acts parti} as Chief of Staff and Adviser to the Commander ; later, when all Commanders will he draAvn from the i-anks of otficei.s Avho have received a proper military educatjon, this post will he aholished), 6. ^ ^ %' Kuan^ Tai* Kuan', IJattalion Commander, 7.' =^ {^ 'g* Tu^ Tiii' Kuan', Second in Command of a Battalion, 8. ^ 'gf Tui' Kuan', Company ('ommander, 9. J|j^ J^ R'ai' Chang', Platooji Chief, ^^*- IE tlu'ng' Mu% Senior Sergeant (one to a s([uad), '^- h'i'J P ^''"' ^^"^ 'Second Sergeant (one to a squad), 12. IE |£ Cheng* Ping', Private of the First Class (four to a wpiadi, and 1:5. g|J |^ Fu* Ping^ Pri\ate of the Second Class (eight to a s(pmdj. 662. Staff Posts: A. Corps staff: 1. ^jS^i^lJ* Tsung^ T.-s'an' Mou'' Kuan', Chief of Staff. 2. — ^ # iJ 'M' f ' '•'•'•'S' Ts'an' Mmu- Kuan\ Senior A.«sistant Chief of Stall' (two ni all), and :}. Z. ^$3$^^ ''-'••»' Trng» Ts'an' :\lou=' Kuaii', .hmior AssiHtarit Chief of '^intl' (two in all). B. division Si.iU": 1. jE#E)i^tr Cheng* Ts'un' .Mou- Kuan', Clii.f of Stall; 2. Zl'S ^W^ '*>''• Teng^ Ts'an' M.Hr Kuan', Senior Assistant Chief .;f Staff(one),an(l ;j. ^^f^U.'^ 'San' T.-iig'' 'IVni,' Mou^ Kuan', .Innior Assi.stant Chief of Stall' (one). G63. Adjutancy Po.sts : 1. jf^H'-'lV""' '''"'"' K«'ari', Senior Corps Adjutant (one), 2. \\% 'i\f. Yi* < hung' riiiin' Kuan', Senior Division Adjutant (one), :;. -^ SK 'k' 'IVan' Chiin^ PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA 663a Kuan\ Senior Brigade Adjutant (one), 4. f |L ^ H* Cliilr tO Shih'' Kuan\ Adjutant (one in each Cori)S, Division, Brigade QgK and Kegiment), and 5. p\ f^ ^ Ssu^ Wn* Chang^, Adjutant (in the infantry, four for a battalion oi- one for each company ; in the cavalry, one for a division ; in the artillery, tluec for a division or one for each battery ; in the engineers nnd troops of transport, four for a battalion or one for a comjmny). 663a. Concerning glj 'g' Fu^ Knan\ Adjutant of tlie New Palace Guards, see No. 103d. 664. Secretarial Posts: 1. — ^ "^ 12 It I' Teng^ Shu^ Chi^ Kuan^ Secretary cf the 1st Class (four for a corps and three for a division), 2. H ^ ^ 12 'B* ^~''^'^^^ '^^^^9^^ ^^^^^^ ^'^^^^^ Kuan\ Secretary of the 2nd Class (two for a l)r!gadc and two for a regiment), 3. ^ 1^ ^ Shu^ Chi^ Chang^ Senior Clerk (fire for a corps, seven for a division, one for a battalion of infantry, engineei'S or troops of transport, and one for a division of cavalry or artillery), 4. WI l]l ^ Ssu^ Shih^ Shrng', Clerk (three for a corps and iive for a division), and 5. p] ^| ^ Ssu^ Shu' Shcng', Writer (fifteen foi a coi-ps, fifteen for a division, two for a brigade, two for a regiment, six for a battalion of infantry, engineers or troops of ti-ansport, six tor a division of cavalry, and five for a division of artillery). 665. Orderly and (^onvoy Posts : Jfl ^ 'g* Chi^ Ch'a^ Kuan', Inspector of Mounted Orderlies and Convoys (one for a corps). To tin's officer there are subordinated A. Orderlies : ^- :^ @ Pien"* Mu*, Sergeant (three for a corps and one for a division, brigade and regiment), and 2. Mi^^ -^'^■'^ Pien*, Privates (thirty for a corps, sixteen foi- a division, six for a brigade and four for a regiment): B. .(.^onvoys : 1. f^ @ Hu^ ]\[u*, .Sergeant (six for a corps, three for a division, one for a brigade and regiment of infantry, one for a battalion of infantry, engineers or troops of transport, and one for a division of cavalry or avtillcry), and 2. |^ ^ lln^ Ping\ Privates (sixty for a [ 21)G ] ntESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 670 corps, tliirty for a division, ten for a l)ri<;a(lo, eight for a QQQ regiment, eighteen for a battalion of infaiitiy, engineers or troops 4-q of transport, and for a division of artillery, and twelve for u division of cavalry. 666. Colours Posts : ^ j^ "g" Chang- Ch'i- Kuan', Colour-I5carer (one for a regiment — of infantry). 667. Remount Tosts : ^. ^ ^ Ch'a= Ma= Chang^ Remoiuit OtHcer (one for artillery and cavalry tlivisions ; two for a battalion of troops of transport). 668. Amis Posts: 1. IS ^ ^ '^ Tsung^ Olnin' Hsieh^ Kuan', Corps Inspector of Arms (one), 2. IE i? |i| 'B* Chong^ Chiin' Ilsieh' Kuan', Division Inspector of Arms (one) 3. glj i|i tiiS 'g* Fu' Cliiin' Hsieh* Kuan', Kogimcnt Inspector of Arms (one), and 4. ^ ^ j^ Chiin' Il.-.ieh' Chang^, Inspector of Anns in a Division of Artillery (one). 669. J^ i^ ^} Chiin' Ilsieh'* Chii", Arsenal (for a corps; the staf!" is an-anged for a corps of two di\ i^io)^ij). Supervision (if the making, distributing and storing of arms is carried on at the Arx-nal. At its head there is a l^l p '<^ Tsung= Pan' Kuan', Chief, who has the follov.ing sii'oordiiiated to hlin : I. i^'^'o^J^^'^ Ch^u'-'H^ieh' Kuan', Inspectorsof Ai-ms, 2. Three ■^ JTig '^ Ssii' Kmi' Kuan', Ars.^nal Overseers, 'A. One "^ ?^ ^ i\L 'g' '"^nii' T.'^ng' .Shu' Chi' Kuan', ( "Icrk oi" the .".id Class, 4. Tu<. ^^T^ Ssu' Shih' IShrug', < 'leri<>, '). Two nj-^j^ Ssu' Shu' Shrug', Writers, *6. One [^0 Hu' Mu\ <'o„voy Sergeant, 7. T'.ight ,";'/^ F^ ilii' ring". Convoy Privates, S. Two IK g Chiang' Mu', Senior Mechanies, !). lOighti-en fj^ . 670. Artillery Posts: ^ ^ \/jf, 'vU'ii ''■='"' '*'"'' "•■''^•'' lying' Kuan', Ciiicf o .Artillery of a ('orps. [ ^5)7 ] PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL OPG ANI Z ATION OF CHINA. 671 671. Engineer Fosts : X@ M 3 vM '^ Kimgi Cli'eng^ ^Q Tui' Ts'an'^ Ling^ Kuiui^, Chief of Engineers of a Corps. Q^^ 672. Judicial Posts : 1. ||| ^ft -/^ '^ Chung^ Cliih^ Fa* Kuan\ Corps Judge-Advocate (one), and 2. - JE ^% fi %" Cheng' Chih^ Fa* Kuan^, Division Judge-Advocate (one). In accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry of War, sanctioned Ly the Emperor on the 27th ^Nlarch, 1909, at all conij)osite brigades (^J J^ %% Hun^ Ch'cng^ Hsielr), as well as at brigades which are independent (so-called ^ j^ fjf^ Tu^ Li* I'lsieh-), there will ]be for the time being — until these brigades are assimilated by the various divisions — the post of gl] f j^ ;^ 'g* Fu* Chih^ Fa* Kuan\ Brigade Judge-Advocate, who will have subordinated to him : one '^ ^ ^ f^su^ Shih* Shong^ {sec No, 6t;4), two ^ "# ^ Ssu^ 81m^Shcng^ {sec Xo. 6G4) and two ^|£ Hu^ Pi ngi {see Xo. 605.) ,673. ■Commissariat Posts: 1. 'M%Wi'^ Tsung^ Chiin^ llsii' Kuan', Corps Commissary Officer (one), 2. IE |^ ^ 1^ Cheng* Chihi^ Hsil' Kuan\ Division Cominissai-y Officei- (one), 3. glj Ig f^ 'g' Fu* Chiin^ Hsiii Kuan', l^egimcnt Connnissary Officer (one), and 4. Jg ^ -^ Chiin' Hsii^ Chang^, Battalion Connnissary Officer (for infantry, engineers, troops of transport — one for each — and for divisions of cavalry and artilh^ry — one for each). 674. fiflnj^ Liang2 Hsiang^ Chir, Commissary Office (for a corps; its staff is arranged for a coi-ps of two divisions). This office supervises the preparation and issue of supplies and at its head there is a. ||5i p ^ Tsimg^ Pan* Kuan', Chief. He has the following subordinated to him : 1 . Four ^ it ^T ( 'hih* Tsao* Knan', Providers of Supplies, 2. Four ^ ff f>' Ssu' Liang^ Kuan), Inspectors of Supplies, 3. Four HI fpl 'b" ^su' Hsiang^ Kuan', Paymasters, 4. Two £ ^ ^ f E "K* San' Tcng^ Shu^ Chi* Knan', Secretaries of the 3rd Class, 5. Four ^ ^ .^ Ssu' Shlh' .Shengi, Clerks, 6. Four ^ ^ ^ Ssu' Shu' Shcng-, . [ 21)S ] l'Iii:SEXr DAY rOLITJCAL OUGANIZATIOX OF C:ilNA. and one for au artillery division), and 6. ^ |^ I' l*ino p) ' Ilojjpital Attendant (four fur a battalion ot infantry, engineers or troops of transport and for a cavalry division ; thiee for an artillery division). ♦J7»;. Veterinary Posts: 1. |]^! ,^7 ^ t 'J'^^nng^ Ma' P Kuan', ("orps Veterinary Surgeon (one), 2. jE .^i ^ t? ^'li^^'ng* Ma' P Kuan', Division Veterinary Surgeon (one), 'A. ^^Ij.nj^*^ Fii' Ma-' P Kuan', Eegiuieiit \'eterinary Surgeon (one), 4. ^ ^ ii Ma' P Chang', IJattalion Veterinary Surgeon (for troops (if transport, one; for a division of caxalry or artlllci-y, one), and .). ,D5 ^2 - 1 *^'='' '' ^'"'"Ji'- Assistant V^eterinary Surgeon (one for a i)attalion of troops of transport and one for an artillery division). <'>7 7. i|i ^ /„j ' lii'"' I' <'''"% M«''li«'«' (Sov a corps; the start" is arranged for a corps of two di\ isions). At llie head of this office then- is a ^ i)f{: 'f.}' Tsun^' Pan' Kuan'. He has under hi> rontrol : 1. Twoin 5|I ^ 'iV ^ '"'•".^'' <''"'"' •' l^":'"'^ Senior Surgeons, -J. luu yil ^ i^ ^'him' P * hang', Surgeons, :\. P.n 1^/|: I Sheng', Assistant -Surgeons, 1. On.- IE i.Vj ® '^ Chriig' Ma' I' Kuan', Senior Veterinary Surgeon, '). l'<>nr ^ rr. 11 1' I'iug' Mu\ Senior Hospital Attr-ndants, »',. 'I'wo nl ^'ii* •^■>"' Vao' Kuan', riiarnia.ist, 7. On.- Zi "S }( .ili 'Ij [ -r.) ] 677 Writers, 7. One f?| Q llu' Mu\ Convoy Sergeant, 8. Twelve 675 ^ R llu' Ping', Convoy Privates, and 9. One {}(, ^ Huo^ ^q Fu', Cook. 1.7^. Medical Posts: 1. I'^J li? ^ 'g* Tsung' Chiin' P Kuan', Corps Surgeon (one\ 2. jE ^ ^ 'S* Cheng' Chini' I^ Kuan', Division Surgeon (one), o. glj ^ ^ 'S* ^^^^ Chiin' P Kuan', Kegiment Surgeon (one), 4. i^ ^ i^ Chiin' P Chang', Battalion Surgeon (in the infantry, engineers and troops of transport — one for each) and Division Siu-geon (Cavalry and artillery — one for each), 5. ^ :^ I' Sheng\ Assistant Surgeon (one for a IjattalioiJ of infantry, engineers or troops of transport PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CgiNA. 678 Sani 'Teng^ IShu^ Chi'* Kuan\ Secretaiy of the 3rd Class, to 8. Three tl "1^ ^ Ssu^ Shu^ Sheng\ Writers, 9. ' One ^ g 680 "^"^ Mu*, Convoy Sergeant, 10. Six ^ |£ Hu** Ping^ Convoy Privates, 11. l^orty ^ |^ 1^ Ping\ Hospital Attendants, and 12. Five i/C ^ Huo^ ru\ Cooks. 678. Signal Posts : 1. "gj H 'g* Ssu^ Hao* Kuan\ Chief of Signalmen of a Division (one), 2. p] M ;^ ^su^ Hao* Chang^, Chief of Signalmen of a Brigade (one), 3. % M. ^ Ssu^ Hao"* Chang', Chief of Signalmen of a Regiment (one), '^^ M @ Hao* Mu^, Senior Signalman of a Battalion (one ; in infantry, engineers and troops of transport) or of a Di-s ision (of cavalrj and artillery — one), and 5. §£ ^ Hao* Ping\ Signal- men (two in each company of infantry, engineers and troops of transport, tA\ o to a squadron of cavalry, and two to a battery of artillerv). 679. Music Posts: At the head of a ^^^ Chun' Yiieh'* Tui^, Company of Musicians, there is a [^ '^ Tui* Kuan', Chief, w^ho has subordinated to him: 1. 3i^ -^ P'ai^ ChangS, Bandmaster (one), 2. Two — ^ ^«| |^ I^ Tcng^ Tiieh* Pingi, ^Musicians of the 1st Class, 3. Six Zl ^ ^^ 1^ Erh* Tong=' Yiieh'* Ping', Musicians of the 2nd Class, 4. 12 H ^ 1?^ 1^ Saul Tcng^ Yiieh'* Ping', IMusicians of the 3rd Class, 5. 24 ^ ^ I^^S Hsiieh^ Hsi^ Yueh^ Ping', Music Pupils, and G. Five ^^ ^ 'Huo^ Fu', Cooks.- 680. Cani])-follower Posts: I. E @ Chiang* ]S[n*, Senior jNlechanic (one to ca<;h ])attalion, of infantry, engineers or troops of transport, and to each division of cavalry and artillery)? 2- ^h ^ f^ii'iang^ Bing', Armourer (four in a battalion of infantry, engineers and troops of trans])ort ; two in a division of cavalry;, 3. ^ [g T'ieh' Chiang*, Metal Worker (four in a battalion of infantry, engineers and troops of transport; three in an artillery division), 4. f^ [g P'ao'* Chia)ig*, Ordnance Mechanic fthree in an artillery division), 5. ^ [5 Chang^ [ 300 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHIXA. Cliiiing*, Blacksmith (eight in a battalion of troops of transport; 681 four in a cavalry division; six in an artillery division), G. TJs E Mn^ Chiang*, Carpenter (four in a battalion of ongiiieers and troops of transport; three in an artillery division), 7. ^^ IS P*i- Chiang', Shoemaker (four in a battalion of infantry and troops of transport; two in a battalion of engineers; two in a cavalry division ; three in an artillery division), 8. ^ "^ ^ Pei^ Pu^ l*i'ig'» Private of Reserve (one in each squad), -^- 1A ^ Huo^ Fu', Cook (nine in a corps, fl\ e in a di\isIon, two in a brigade, two in a regiment, thirty-eight in an infantry battalion, eighteen in a cavali-y division, thirty-one in an artilKr}' division, forty in an engineers battalion and forty-one in a battalion of troops of transport), 10. M W- ^ ^ '"'i^' ^'l''*^'^ Ping^, Private of Transport Troops (four in infantry and engineers battalions and in cavalry division ; six in a division of field artillery), 11. P]^ ^ ^ Wei^' Yang^ Fn\ Foragers (four in infantrv and engineers battalions and in a cavalry division ; .-Ix in a dixision of field artillery; eighteen in a division of mountain artillery), 12. ,!S ^ S ^^'^^ l'"^ Mn', Senior Stableman (eight in a l»attalion of troops of transpoi't. four in a division of cavah'y and three in a division of artilleiy), ]:'). ^j ^ Ma' I'u', Stableman (seventy in a battalion of troops of transport, tliirt\-two in a ca\alry division, and thirty-nine in an artiUery division), and 14. ^ %)i fr. Kuan^ Tit* Ping', Packer (eighteen in a divi'^ion of mountain artill(;ry). REVIKWS OF TROOPS GSl. Kogulations drawn up \>y tlie Ministry of War — Hanctiom-d by the Kmpcror on the l*.^th April, 1 !)()H, — call i<'r reviews of the troops every thnc years. With this object in \icw, the Kmpcror appoint-, on tlw recommendation of the Ministiy of War, an official skilled in military matters :is : [ :'.01 J PRESENT DAY POLlTICAl^ OKG AXIZATIOX OF CHJXA. 682 682. ^^:k^ Hsiao^ Yiieli* Ta^ Ch'cn-, Insi)ector- +Q General of Troops, who makes a complete inspection of a certain concourse of troops. To assist him tlie folkns Ing staff is 691 organized 683. ^ 1^ Ts'a)!- 1\ Adviser (one); assists the Tnspector- Gen(>ral in making plans, siiper\ ises the n)Ost important and the confidential cori't.-spondenee, and has a geneial control of all questions of expenditure. 684. ^i^ffli^lim. Tu' I'iiig^ Kn)i Hsiao" Yiieh* ytian'^, Inspector of Infantry: ins])ects the in f an tiy as regards its efficiency. Yiian-, Inspector of ( 'a^ahy : ins])ccts th.e cavrtlry as regards its efficiency. 686- lit ^< ^ ^k Htl M l"=^t)' ringi K'o' Hsiao' Yiieh" Yiian', Inspector of Ai'tillery j iiispects the ailillery as regards its efficiency. 687. X 1^ ^4 4:^ Hg M l^^"'§"' ^'i"g'' ^^'^' ^i^iao* Yiieh^ Yiian"-, Inspcctoi* of T'jPigineers; inspects the engineers as regards efficiency and organization. 688. f^ & ^^ -^^^ [IJJ ^ T/n^ Pingi K'qI Hsiao-* Yiieh* Yiian-, Inspector of Troops of Tiansport : inspects the troops of transport as-i"egards efficiency and organization. 689. xg^'j^H^ Oiiin' Hsii' Hsiao" Yiieh" Yiian'^ Inspector of the Commissariat ; inspects the commissariat — audits accounts, scrutinizes its books and bills. 690. i^M^MM. <'l'i'»' Il^^ieh' PIsiao' Yueh" Vnan", Insj)ector of Arms; inspects arms and arihs stores (arsenals). 691- Sp: ^ ^ im M Chiin' II Hsiao" Yiieh" Yuan-, Inspector of Medical Depai-tment; inspects the medical staff' and hos[)itals and examines sanitary conditions. [ 302 ] PRKSKX 1 n.vY T'c^r.rncAL ouganiza riox of chixa. 692. ^ ,i; -^ fiy il Cl.un^ Fa' Hsiao* Yiicl.* Yuan^, 692 Inspector of Militaiv .liidicial Department ; (,'xainliies sentences ^q inifjosed on meniliers of some certain concourse of troops. f^Q^x 693. ^ ^ Ml Cli'Ong" Fai Yiian^ Registrar ; charoed witli miscellaneous duties ; delivers orders of Inspector-General and Inspectors. 694. There is a C"li:Hicerv esta1)lislied at (lie Inspectorate (ieneral, the staff of which is )uadc uj) of : 1. ^ IB Ek ^^*^^' C hi* Yuan', Secretaries (in charge of the drafting of despatches and icports), 2. f& ^ ^ Shou^ Fa^ Yiian-, Kegistrar (one ; forwards and receives corresj)cndcncc and telegrams), o. H IB M .lih* Chi* Yiian*, Diarists (charged with the writing uj) of daily r'i)orts of reviews), 4. || H] |4 Hni* T'u' Yiian', Draftsmen, •'^- p1 § M S^"' ^1^»'' Yxuur, Writers, and 6. i{^ j^ M S^^o^'' Clilh' '\'u.in', Treasurer (one). coMMirnzEs for drili.inq troops. 09.5. ^^ ^ ^ Tu' Lien* Ch'u\ or ^ f>|^ ^ pff Tu' Lieu' Kung' So\ Committees for I)i-illing Troops (former designation), <.)• Provincial Staff of New Troops: estahlished In all provinces to arrau're the oruanizatiou and diilliiig of divisions ol the new troops. These Connnittees are undei- the sui)ervision of the (iovcrnor-(iencraI or (ioveiiior of the province concerned (as ^^i^ Tu' I'an*). 69.-.A. ■'/•■? f^ ;/< Hi Tn' Lien' Ta' Chvn' (or, clearer, nmi&m- ^^ ^^ m -K I?- '1'-'^ I'i^^"' ^ "''!"' <"''■'■ '■ ''=''' '^^'* Ch.-n* Ta' Ch'en\ or \\ Wt M Ml iS 5^ 1^^. iU ^ fS ^'i^ j'l' '''"' J':.n' Hsiin* Lien* Chin* Chi' Ln* < imn' Ko* < "hen* Shih* L*), Chief <.r Staff of Metropolitan Circuit ( I'o-t al)oli>hed In Imp.rial lOdiet ol 26th SepteTn))er, 1910, and functions transferred to tht; Mini.«try of War). [ w:> ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OIIGANIZATION OF CHINA. 696 696. On the Staff there are : # li 'g* Ts'ani I* Kuani, to 698 Adviser, ^ ^ Wen'- An'*, Secretary, f§| ^ Sui^ Yiian' Adjutants, 5t ^ 'B* Hsien'^ Feng^ Kuan\ Orderlies, }^ ^ Ch'ing' Shu\ Writers, ^ ^ Ma^ Pien^ Mounted Orderlies. ^ i£ ^ Hu^ Ping* Chang^ Convoy Ohief, and \^X it Huo^ FuS Cooks. The Staff is arranged according to the needs of the circuit, as detailed in reports from the Governor-General (or Governor). 696a. 1,1 p 1^- Tsung^' Ts'an^ I^ Senior Adviser ; this post exists in Manchuria alone (see report of ^^ -{H; ^j Hsu^ Shih^-ch'angS dated the 13th January, 1908). 697. The Staff is arranged in three ^ Ch'u'', Offices, which, in turn, are subdivided into ^jj. K'o^, or j^ l\a'', Sections. The Offices are under |I| f| Tsung^ Pan^ and ^ ff Pang^ Pan* (see jSTos. 698, 699 and 700) ; at the Sections, likewise, there are . Jl 1^ T'i2 Tiao*, Proctors, f^ ja || Pangi T'i^ Tiao\ Assistant Proctors, or fl{- g K'o^ Chang^ Section Chiefs. To these officials there are attached : ^ ^ Wei^ Yiian^, Orderlies, ^ ^ Wen2 An*, Secretaries, and ;^ ^ Ch'ingi Shu\ Writers (the luimber depends on the volume of affairs — compare No. 696). ' The offices are designated as: 1. ^ fii M Ping^ Pel- Cli'u', Office of the Inspector-General (for details see No. 698), . 2- 3UM Ts'ani Mou^ Ch'u*, Office of the Quartermaster- General (see No. 699), and 3. |;^ ^^ ^ Chiao* Lien* Ch'u^ Office of Milit4iry Schools (see No. 700). 698. fi^DI'^- Pingi Pei* Ch'u*, Office of the Inspector-' (General, with the & f j J^- |tg g|f Pingi Pci* Ch'ir' Tsiing^ Pan*,' Inspector-General, at it^^ b.ead. This Office is responsible that the troops confirm to military regulations and that they obey orders ; is in charge of the issue of rewards, judicial proceedings, current supplies, and the preparation of su[)plies for the commissariat artillery and medical branches. It is subdivided (in Manchuria) into five Sections: 1. ^- J^J fi|. K'ao' Kungi [ 304 ] TRESEXT DAY POLITJCAJ. OKGAMZATIOX OF CHINA. K-oS ."Section for Exainiimtiuu of ^feril, (of Staff), 2. ^ fi^ ^4 698a ( h-ou'- IV'i^ K'o', Section of Keadiuess (Preparation), 3. ^q M] ^ f4 li^>i>"g^ Hsii^ K'o', < omniissariat Section, 4. M f^ ^4 699b !■■ \\n* K'o', Medical Section, and 5. |JI ^ f-j- Chili- Fa^ K'o\ .hidicial Section. ()dS.\. In some other places (for instance, in the provinces .)! North China) the Sections (not fjf K^o', hut ]\^ Kn^) are desio;nated differently : '^ fi- S^ Chiin' Hsii^ Kii^, Commii^sariut Section, and !^ ^ ^ Chiin' P Kn', Medical Section. tJ'JHn. In th(! provinces of Sonth C-hina the Office of the lnspcctor-(ieneral (sf/' So. 69S) has the following Sections : 1. M n't ^'4 ^^"' 1'^^*^ ^'o'? Section of Organization of Troops i\nd Battle Prepaiation, 2. ^ -^ fif Chih* Fa' K'o', Judicial Section, and 3. ^^ Jig ^3f Ching* Li=* K'o>, Commissariat Section. 099. # Ht^ J^ Ts'an' Mou' ' hMi% Office of the Quarter- n.aster-Cieneral, Avith the ^U^ W, if' ^^^^'^''' ^^o"' <'>'''^' Tsnng-^ Pan*, at it? head ; exanjines the quartermaster organization and arranges for its ])r(>per administration ; collects and compiles statistical military information concerning China and neighbouring states. This Office is sidxlivided (in Manchiirinj into four Sections: 1. ^^ ^^ Mou- Liieh' K'o', Stnitcgicid Sc<-tion, -• ..'/J i*r f'i '^^'ao' ^"•»'^''' l'^'^*'' Intelligence Section, .".. 33^ i|t $'{ Vnn* Shu' K 'o'. Section of Transi)ort of Troo]is, and I . ;1[1] ^; f\ T.-'r' Liang' K'o', Topographical Section. (j99a. In some other jjlaccs (for instance, in tin' |.r<.\uice;4 of North China) the Sections— called ^ Ku''— arc as ahoNc with the exception of the f|l!] |& JH^ '!"'''«'' H"'' '^" ^ T"l"'j;i-;'l'l»''"i' Section. 699l;. In the pn)\inccs of South China the Ollii'c of the C^uartermaster-Ciencral (srr No. G99; has ihc following Sections: I- M '3 ^ '^'i^"' tlrou' K-o', Strategical and Transport PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 700 Section, 2. ^^ ^ f ^ Chien^ Yiieh* K'o^. Intelligence Section, iQ and 3. J|lJ ff f^j- Ts'e^Hui* KW, Topographical Section. 702 '^^^- ^^^ J^ ^^"^^* ^^"^''^ ^^'"'' Office o£ Military Schools, with the $kW.M li il Chiao^ Lien* Ch'u* Tsung^ Pan'', Chief (and ^ |§| Pang^ Pan*, Assistant), in charge. This Office supervises military schools — draws up schemes and regulations and arranges instruction and textbooks for them. It is subdivided (in Manchuria) into four Sections : 1. S^ ^ f ^ HsLjeh^ Wu* K'o\ Section of Instruction, 2. ^ & ^^ Hsiao* Ping' K'oS Section of Eevision, 3. ^ ^ jfJf Pien^ P K'o\ Translating Section, and 4. f^ [fj^ ^l\ Hai^ Fang^ K'o\ Section of Coast Defence. 700a. In some places (for instance, the provinces of North China) the Section of Instruction (see No, 700) is styled ^ ^ ^ Chiao* Yii* Ku^ 700ii. In the provinces of South China .the Office of Military Schools (see No. 700) has the following Sections: 1. pjll ^ ^4 HsLin^ Lien* K'oS Section of Drilling, and 2. |^ ^ ^^ Chiao* YU* K'o\ Section of Education. MILITARY PRISONS. 70 L Ki :^ 1^ iA Lu* Chiin^ Chien^ Yii*, Military Prisons; regulations for these were drawn ,up by the Ministry of War and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th September, 1908. They are of two types : 1. =^{J ^ Pu* Chien\ Prison at the Ministry of War — under the supervision of the Department of Military Law ; see No. 432— and 2. || ^ Chen* Chien\ Prisons for the Divisions, under the supervision of the p\ "^ ^ Ssu^ Ling* Ch'u*, Staff of the Division. The latter are for culprits whose sentences are from one month to ten years ; those serving longer sentences are imprisoned at the Prison at the Ministry of War. 702. Following is the personnel of the administration of a Military Prison : [ 300 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. ^- ^ it M ^ liiia"^ ►'^l^*^'' Vuan-, Substantive Officials: 703 ^- SiL J5 ^'hien^ Chang', Prison Supervisor- (4a or oa), ^O -• is fi'J Cliien^ Fu% Assistant Prison Supervisor (.3a or Ga ; ^qSa one), 8. nl.^^ Ssir Shu^ Sheno\ Clerk' (7a ; two), 4. — ^li^ I' Teng-a Chieni ^^^^^2^ Warder of the 1st Class (ranks as ^ @ Hu* Mu^ ; see No. 665), 5. Zl^ ^^' Ki-1>* Teng^ Chien^ Tsu^ Warder of the 2nd Class (ranks as |f JS Hu^ Ping' ; see No. 665), and 6. -j/c ^ Huo^ F\i\ Cook. 15- @>J 'M M. <^'1'0^ P'^i' Yiian^, Deputed Officials: 1. ^ £ ;1 Wei^ Pingi Chang^ Chief of Sentries, 2. If^g Wei' Ping' Mu*," Chief Sentries (from the ranks of sergeants), and 3. f|j ^. Wei^ PhigS Sentries (from the ranks of privates). MILITARY POLICE ^GENDARMERIE). 703. r^ :i: ^ ^ B I^u' <^'l"'^n' (-'1''"?' ^''''•'^' '^'"''' Military Police ((jendannerie of the Line); the organization of this body was first brought forward in 1908, wheij temporary regulations for its administration were drawn u]) by the ^Tinistry ■of War and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 6th May. The object of its inception is " to keep a watch as to the manner in ■which officers and men of the Army and Navy jierform their duties.' The Military Police were first organized at Peking, consist- ing of (Mif! !^^^ Ying-, Battalion, of men who had completed the course of the (iendarmcrie Scliool established at the Ministry of War (see No. 7\')v:); later these police were oiganizcd in 7I 4t Chiang' Pei' (see a Memorial from tJt )[?{ tfi Hsii^ Shao^-chcng', dated the 2yth Se))tember, 1909), to the nunihcr of one ^ Tiu*, Company. Also, there have ])ecn established j^ 7'J i^f ^■'"'"' ^J"'' 4S0*, Courses for Preparation for Service in the Military Police. 703a. I''^ il # ^ ji^ I^u^ Chrm' Ching^ Ch'a' Cl.'.i\ •Office of the Military PoJicre ((ieridiirmerie Office); this is to l>c [ :^07 ] I'KESENT DAY POEITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 705 704 established in PekiiiL!,- for the supervision of the provincial to jNIilitary Police and will be iind3i- the control of the Ministry of War. 704. ^WW^W^^ M Lu^ Ohiini CliingS (Jh'a^ Tui* Ying^ Chih^, Staff of a Battalion of Military Police: 1. One W '^ 1^ Kuan^ Tai* Kuan^, Batxalion Commander {see No. 661), 2. One ^k ^ 'g* Chilr Shih^ KuanS Battalion Adjutant {sec Xo. 663), 3. |5^ "g* Tiil^ Kuan^, Company Commander Tthree, confomiing- to the number of companies; see No. 661), 4, ^p ^ P'ai- C'haug^ Platoon Commander (six, conforming to the number of platoons; see No. 661j,-0. p\ Wi ^ "^su^ Wu'* Chang^, Company Adjutant (three, conforming to the number of companies; see No. 663), 6. 12 jg g Cheng-^ Mu^ Seylor Sergeants {see No. 661), 7. 12 gi] g Fu' M\\\ Junior Sergeants (see No. 661), 8. 96 Jg in Cheng* Ping\ Privates of the 1st Class {see No. 661),- 9. One %%^ Chihi^ Hsu^ Chang^ Battalion Commissary Officer {see No. 673), 10. One ^ IB ;^ Shu' Chi* Chang^ Senior Clerk {see No. 664), 11. One jg ^ ;g: Chiin^ I' Chang^, Battalion Surgeon {see No. 675), 12. One ,f, g ^ Ma"= I' Change Battalion Veterinary Surgeon {see No. 676), 13. Fi\e n] f |-" ^ Ssu^ Shu' Shcng', Writers {see No. 664j, 14. Eight § ic J' Ping', Hospital Attendants (fom- of these are ^ -^ i^ xMa'^ I' Ping', Veterinaiy Hos])ital Attendants; see No. 675), 15. Five ^ ^ Hu* ringi, Convoy Privates (iYY? No.. 665), 16. Thixe^^} ^ @ Ma^ Fu' llx\\ Senior Stablemen {see No. 680j, 17. 24 P:|^^ Wei^ Yang'^ Fn', Foragers {see No. 680), 18. 12 ^/f ^ Huo^ Fu', Cooks (,svY'-Xo. 680j and 82 horses. 705. H 2^ ^ '|g 11^ }fg fU-l] Un^ Chun' Cliing^ CliM^ Tui* Tui^ Chih% Staff of a Company of Military Pohce : 1. One W W Tui' Kuan', Company Conmiander {see No. 661), 2. ^|: -^ P'ar (hang', Platoon Commander (two, confoi-ming to tlic lunul.or of platoons; ..rr No. G61), 3. One ^, f^ ^ Ssu' Wu-^ [ ;308 J I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Chang', Comi)any Adjutant (see No. 663), 4. Four j£ g 706 Cheng'' Mu*, Senior Sergeants (see Xo. 661), 5, Four gjj g Fu^ Mn\ Junior Sergeants (see No. 661), 6. 32 ^E ^ Cheng^ Ping', Privates of the ,1st Class (see No. 661), 7. One ^fj^ Ssu' Shu' Sheng\ Clerk (see No. 664), 8. Two ^ S I' Ping', Hospital Attendants (see No. 675), 9. One ^ ^ liu* Ping\ Convoy Private (see No. 665), 10. One ,1 ^ @ Ma^ Fu^ Mu\ Senior Stableman (see No. 680), 11. Eight P|| ^ ^ Wei^ Yang' FuS Foragers (see No. 680), 12. Four j jjH: ^ ITuo' Fu', Cooks (5^e No. 680), and 27 horses. B. Reserve Forces ( Ffsfoi Fauf/ Tui): 706. \% p^ pf Hsiin' Fang' Tui^ Reserve Forces (Pro- vincial Troops; see No. 665). Temporary regulations referring to troops of this type were drawn up by tlie Ministry of War and sanctioned by the Emperor on tlie 29th June, 1907. In time of ])eace they are to be employed in catching thieves and robbers ; in time of war tney are to act as auxiliary forces to the troo])S of the line. These troops are to be organized from the various })ranches of the old troo])s. In tlie various f)rovinces there may be (not more than five) ^ \a\\ Koads or Detachmeiils, of Reserve Forces designated : II) Ch'ieu-', Vanguard, f^ Ii(.u', Uear-Guard, r|^ riuuig'. Centre (Mif^fr]fc Pu^ Tui', Infantry, and WM Mi«"' Tui'. C:i\ airy. J'lach iiifautiy battalion consists of: three (iff Shao^ Com|)anie8, of eight ^ P'eng', Platoons, each I\a/'j {^'^ f^^ ^ TIsun" Fang- Ying- Wu"* Ch'u', Stail" of Reserve Forces in Manclnuia, sff N(j. ko.Oa. ' ^'~- M t\ Jk Jell ^ Hifl V^ "^h 1^ Su' Shrng' Fei' Ilua"^ Shui' Shih' llsiin- Fang' lui*, Kiver Flotilla of Kiangsu Province ; organized in accordance with a Memorial from the late Governor piji Vj ?f'^ ChS'-u" ( "h'i'-t'ai'', sanctioned by the Kmi)eror Kuan* 'i'ai*, [ 811 ] PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 708 Flotilla Commander, who has subordinated to him on his own boat (called ^ ^ j^Hj ^ Hsien^ Feng^ Shan^ Pan^^ eight '^ % Kuan^ Chang^, Officers, and 17 Privates (see above). In charge o£ the entire squadron is the 3^ fg T'ung^ Ling', Squadron Commander, who has on his own boat (called §^ '^ ^ Kuan^ K'uai'* Ch'uan^j seven Officers and 38 Privates. The total complement of the squadron (of 206 boats) is 253 Officers and 1,323 Privates — 1,576 men in all. MILITARY SCHOOLS. 708. In the general regulations for ^ !p! ^^ gl' Lu* Chiin^ Hsiich^ T'ang^, Military Schools, of 20 articles, drawn up by the Committee for the Reorganization of the Army and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 12th September, 1904, there was put forth the following scheme for training officers for the New Army : On completion of the course of Primary Schools of the Junior Grade, students join the [{|| '^ -'J'* -^ ^ Lu'* Chiin^ Hsiao^ Hsiieh- T'ang^, Primary Military School. The course here — of three years dui-ation— being completed, they advance to the PI !i: Pfi ^ ^ Lu^ Chiin^ Chung^ Hsiieh- T'ang", Middle Military School, where the course of study covers two years. After finishing their studies here, and having served four months in the infantry (or cavalry, artillery, engineers or troops of transport) as private of the 1st Class and sergeant, the students— called [?1 || A lS ^ Lu* Ohiin^ Ju* Wu^ Sheng\ Cadets— join tlie i£ ^ fl ^?: Pi„gi Kuan^ Hsiieh'^ T'ang^ School for Military Officers, where they remain for one year and a half. When graduated from this Institution they again join the army, in the ranks, with the title of Jp ^ 'g* Hsiieh^ Hsi- Kuan', Sub-Officer, for a further period of six months, after which they return to the school for examination. Those who [ 312 ] PUESKN'T DAY POLITICAJ. ORGANIZATION OK CHINA. attain a satisfactory intino- in tlie examination aie definitely a]tjH)inte(l as ofticeis and receive commissions as Commanders of Companies or Platoons (see No. (IGl). After two years service the most distingnished may join the M '^^ J<. ^ ^ L\i^ Chim^ Ta^ llsiielr T'ang-*, Military Academy, for a course of study of two vears duratif)n, and, on graduation from this institution, they receive the title of Military Staff Officer {see No. 184l). 7()8a. I'udcr the old system, for those who wished to follow a military cai-eer there were similar examinations as for the civil carc-'r, consisting of examinations as to loiowledge of inilitarv *• Ching," Classics, -with the addition of various tests, chieHv exercises of physical strength, skill in riding, in drawing the 1k)w, in lifting "the weight'' and in fencing. Th.ese examinations were aholished — as well as the degrees conferred — in 1901 {.see No. 629i)). 709. ^ j|: /h ^ ^ I-«i^ Chiini Hsiao^ PTsiieh' T'ang', I'rimarv Military Schools (Tjower Corps of Cadets): for those who have comj)leled the course of Primary Scliools of the Junior Grade ; with a course of study covering three years. These schools are foiuid' at the Capital, in the [)rovinces, and at "the Manchu (larrisons. Regulations for their adnnnistration, drawn up hv thr Committee for the Keorganization of the Armv, wore sanctioned l»y the I^npei-oi- on the '27\]\ I'chruary, 190.">, The cru-ollment varies from 90 to 300 students Cdependenl on local conditions) iind th" attendance of [if.J ^ Fu* ^siieh^ S|)ecial Students (between the ages of 1 .J :ujd 18 veai-s) is j)ermissil)le. In addition \n (he suhjects of geneial education (ethics, CliineKc litcsraturc, history, uialheinatics, geographv, etc.), insti "wtion is '/Ivcu in the flenicntary princij)le8 of military stMences. At the head of a Primary Military S.hool lli.re is a i^J}\ Tsung I'an*, Supervisor. \\'- has snl.ordin.ilcd to him: 1, (>„p {?,V »? Chi,.,.' Tu', Director, 2. On.- |;i g)j|] T'i- Tiao*, [ :'.l- ] 708a to 709 PKESENT DAY POJ.ITJCAL OKGaNIZATION OF CHINA. 709a Inspector, 3. ]E$k M. Cheng* Cliiao^ Yiian^ TeacherSy to "*• i'J (-Oi/^ ^^ S ^"* (Chu'*) Chiao* Yiian'^, Assistant Teachers «^^ (at a school with an enrollment of 300 students there are not more than 26 Teachers and Assistant Teachers), 5. Nine Jp ^ Hsiieh- (yhang^, Instructors, 6. One ^ %' V Knan', Surgeon (acting also as ^ ^ ^ f ^ ^ Wei* Shcngi Hsiieh^ Chiao* Yuan-, Teacher of Hygiene), 7. One ^ ^ Wen^ An*,. Secretary, 8. One Ij^ j^ # M ^^^o^^^ Chih^ Wei' Yiian^, Treasurer, 9. One ^ Jm ^j ^ ( hih' Ying* Ssu^ Shih*, Steward, 10. One ^ j$ "fi] ^ Kuan^ K'u* Ssu^ Shih% Overseer of Accoutrements, 11. Three ^ ^ Ssu^ Shu\ Clerks, 12. Three ^ ^ Ch'ai^ Pien*, Messengers, 13. Two ^ &■ Hao* Ping', Signalmen, and 14. 40 ^ ^ Fu^ I*, Servants. 709a. JE^ H ^ ^ Wu* Pei^ Hsueh^ T'ang^ Military Preparatory Scliool ; with a course covering 2 to 3 years. The establishment of schools of this type took place previous to the promulgation (in 1904) of the general regulations for Military Schools {see No. 708). On completion of their studies at these schools the best scholars — aoed 20 to 28 years — were advanced to the ii IlK f^^ ^ ^ ^ ^"' Ch'eng' Lu* Chun» Hsiieh'- T'ano:^ isee No. 711a' '& )■ The Wu^ Pei* Hsiieh^ T'ang- have now been reorganized into Primary jSIilitaiy Schools (see No. 709). 710. m^fi^^^. L"* Chun^ Chung^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Middle Military Scliools (Middle Corps of Cadets) ; open to those who have completed the course of Primary Military Schools (see No. 709) ; with a two years coui-sc of study. These schools are to be established in the provinces of Chihli,. Shansi, Hupeh and Kiangsu. Regulations for Military -Middle Schools have not as yet been promulgated. 711. ^ ip: £$ 'g- J^ ^ Lu* Chiin^ Pingi Kuan' Hsueh^ T'ang^ School for ^lilitary Officers; for those who have [ 314 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. completed the course of Militaiy Middle Schools {see No. 710) 711a and have served in tlie ranks for four mouths iscc No. 708); with a course of study covering one year and a half. Tiiis school is to be established at Peking but the regulrtious have not yet been published, 7 11 A. 1^ Ip: ii j3c ^ ^ Tai-* Chiin' Su^ Ch'i-ng' Hsiielr T'ang^, School for Military Officers with A})ridgc(l (oiuse; established in a(co)'dance with a Memorial from the Ministry of War, in 19(),j, at f^ '^ J^ Pao Ting Fu. The enrollment is 1,140 and the course of studv extends over two \eai< and a half, or one year and a half, as instruction in the siilijccts of general education is, or is not, supplied. Those following the one year and a half ciuiisc i ^^ — 55 Ti^ I' Pan*) make a special study of military sciences during the complete coni'se : those following the two year and a half course (^Zl£!f Ti* Krh* Pan^) study subjects of gcYieral • education for one year and military sciences during the remaining one year and a hnlf On satisfactory completion of tlu' course the students serve in the ranks for three months, with the designation ^ ^ 'y' Ilsiieh^ Hsi- Kuan' (compai'e No. 708). At the head of the i*^'chool for Military ()Hic(Ms with Abridged Course there is a |l^) ^J)^ Tsiiny' Pan', Su])(M-intiiidcn(. Subordinated to him are: 1. ()i:e jE ^ ^ Cheng' ( hien' Tii', Director, 2. Oiie fi\\^j^ Fu' Chien' Tn', Viee-I)ire<-toi> ■^- ^>"'^ JE ^P^ M ^-'^"'"f.'' 'J'-i' '•'i'''"^ Inspector, -1. One .^ij^gj^ Fu* 'Pi' Tiao', Assistant Tns|»ector, .'). JE ^ ^ <'h«'rig' ( hiao* Yiian', Teachers, 6. S^lj ^ £t Fu' Chiao' Vian-' and jijj Ifk Li Chu' Chiao* Yuan'', Assistant Teachers, 7. Five |;f j^; KS)' Chang', Section Chiefs, H. I?^ fj* Tni' Kimn', C.mi.any Commanders ( 10 in all ; 120 students form a |f|c Tiii', Company), !). ^Jp 'jij* P'ai' Kuan', Platoon CommaixlerH ^10 sln foini a ^«p I Mi'-', l'lato.,1. ; th.iv are :50 IMato...!^ in all), I". IT. ^ Ic [ :'.i;. 1 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 711c 71lB Cheng* Hsiieh^ Challg^ Instructors (10— there being 10 to companies), 11. gij * ;^ V^^' Hsueh^ Chang^ Assistajrit Insti-nctors (20 in all; two to each company), 12. Two ^ 'g* II Kuani, Sin-geons (acting also as Teachers of Hygiene ; compare No. 709), 13. Four ^^V Sheng', Assistant Surgeons, 14. Two Ml W 'U ^^^' ^' Knani, Veterinary' Surgeons (acting also as ^% ^ JE Wi m. ^I«' Hsiielr Cheng* Chiao* Yiian^ Teacher of Veterinary Sciences, and M^IOlJlM Ma' Hsiieh^ Fu* Chiao* Yiian^ Assistant Teacher of Veterinary Sciences), lo. One - ^ ^ fg 'g' F Tcng^ Shu^ Chi* KnanS Secretary of the 1st Class, 16. Three H ^ ^ fg 1* Erh* Teng' Shn^ Chi* Kuan^ Secretaries of the 2nd Class, 17. One ll^^IE^M ^^"^"^ ^'^^^^^ Cheng* Wei^ Yuan% Treasiu-er, 18. Three Ij^ ^ glj ^ M ^'»ou' Chih^ Fu* Wei' Yiian^, Assistant Treasurers, 19. One ^ ,E JE ^ M I^^^^^^' Ma' Cheng" Wei-'' Yiian^, Inspector of Horses, 20. Three ^ Ml M ^ M Tvnan^ ]SIa" Fn'^ Wei^ Yiian^, Assistant Inspectors of Horses, 21. Three ^ Ui ^ W ^^^'^^^' ^^i"g* Ssu^ ^^^i^^"' Stewards, 22. Three W i^ ^ -^ K"'^"' I^'"' ^s^' S^'^'*"*' Overseers of Accoutrements, 23. Two ■^ ^ ^ ^ Kuan' Yao* Ssu' S]iih% Pharmacists, 24. 16 ^ ^ >^ Ssu^ Shu^ Shcng\ Clerks, etc. 71115. ^ # ^ ^ Chiang* Tien* Hsiieh' T'ang'^, Courses for Military Officers and Suh-Officers. These have heen instituted in the provinces of Chihli (;}[: jf Ht # P ^ I'ei' Yang^ Chiang* Pien* Ilsiiclr T'ang'^), H^upeh and Kuangtung, and elsewhere. The term of study (in Chihli) is of eight months duration and the enrollment is 120. Or completion of the coiu'se Officers receive appointments in the troops of the line. 711c. ^ it ^ (^hiang^^ Wn' T'ang", Courses of Military Instruction ; instituted at provincial (capitals for officers holding high rank in the New Army hut who have not received the military education outlined by the (.'ommittee for the Reorgani- I'lJESliXT DAY I'OMTiCAL OKG AN I /, A TlOX OK CHINA. zatiou of the Anuy (arc No. TOS). The piojjranmie c»f studies is simihxr to that of the )^ # ^ ^ Chiang* Tien* Ilsiieh^ T'ang' of C'hihli ami Hupeh (see So. 71 1b) and these courses i'lnu'tion, for miliit'jv officers, siinihu-ly to the fh ^ It" Shih^ ll>ueh- Kuan^ i^sea "So. 59o\) and ^ ^ f^ K'o' I^i' Kuan' (see No. 5\)7 ] for civil officials. 71 Id. # g ^ 'M l''t;n' ^ln' Ilsiieh'^ T'ano=, Schools for Sergeants. ^ ^ ^ llsiieh"- Ping' Ying^ Instruction Battalions, gg .^ ^ ^; Sui-' Ying- Ilsileh- T'ang-, Instruction roniinaiuls. The two h\tter are for training soldiers for the ])()sitl()n of siei-cjeant. 712. \^^ -^ :k ^ ^ Lu' Chiin^ Ta^ Hsiieh^ T;ang', Military Academy, ai.so |^ i^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ Lu^ ( hiin' Ts-an' Mou- 'IV Hsiieh^ T'ang'', (ieneral Start' College, By regulations drawn u[» by the Committee for the Reorganization of the Armv, in 19().>, this school is to be established at Peking and is to be under the supervision of the General Staff (see No. 184i;y. Tem[)orarily ih(.' eiuolhnent is to be 40 officers, between the ages of 20 and 27 years (sr,- Xo. 7()S). The course uf stjid\ will cover three year.s. At the head of the Military Academy theie will !«' a ^' ^ Chien' Tu', Director. He will be .assisted by: 1. Hg ^JC ^ Tsuiig^ (.'iiiao' iisi-, Sienior Professor, 2. jE ^ ^ C'h< ng* Cliiao' lis!', A-Ssistant Senior Pi'ofe.ssoi-, as Inspector, ;5. ^>[ ^-J Chiao^ Ilsi'^, I'rofi'ssors of sciences of general ediu:!ti<>n and special militar\ sciences (al><) acting as ^ jl;^ 1^ l''an' I' Iviian', Translators), 4. X'}1 ^ [l ^y Ilan' Wm- (liu" Chiaiig\ Profcrs.sor of ChiueEe l.itei'ature (acting at the same time as ^ -Ivl- 'S' 1''^'"' Tsuan' Kuan', P.-\ isor), .3. ^ ^' W'iir An', Secretary (^ginuiltan^ously serving as Pidol'-rcader ; coiupare- above, fi. ;j:(^ ffj :^ l{ 'IVa- W u' Wei' Yiian', St.uard, 7. I§| 'g' I' Kuan', Surge(»fi, rt. ,ij !jj Ssu' Shih', .\ssislant Stewaitl. (>/■'• ;ib„vc), y. i^i }} Ch'ing' Shu', ( h'rk, 10. Mj: jjjg Shu» 71lD to 712 PRESENT DAY POLITICAi. OKGANIZATIOX OF CHIXA. 713a ShihS Writer, 11. ^ -^ Ma^ Pien*, Mounted Petty Officer to Orderlies, 12. .Pf) @ Ma^ :Mu*, Mounted Orderlies, 13. ^ g Y13 Ch'aii Mu^ Messengers, 14. Jjjlj fP] jg Shua^ Yin^ Chiang% Printers, and 15. ^ ^ Fu^ I^, Servants. 712a. 5^ 'q- ^ ^^ Chiini Kuan^ Hsiielr T'ang^, Military Start' Officers College (at Paotingfu). Previous to the establish- ment of the Militar}' Academy (sfc Xo. 712) this institution serves as the school for training officers for staff posts (see No. 184l). It is under the supervision of the General Staff (.sy'(? No. 184b), which issued supplementary regidations for its adminis- tration in 1909 — these were sanctioned by the Emperor on the 6th September of the same year. For enrollment in this college there are accepted well- behaved }Oung men aged 25 to 30 vears A\ho have completed the course of a Primary Military School (or a school of the corresponding grade), or of a ]Mi]itaiT College al^road, after a test examination in Chinese and foreign languages, general educational subjects and militar}' sciences. 'I'he course of study covers three years (formerly there were two courses of study : ii J^ ?-'[ Su2 Ch'cng^ K'o', and ^ >}§ f^ Shrn^ Tsao' K'oS the former extending over one year and a half only). 713. m'^mlW^^ Ln^ <^l^u»' Ivuei^ Chou^ Hsiieh' T'ang^, ^Military School for Princes and Nobles ; founded, in accordance with a Memorial from the Committee for the Ileorganization of the Army (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 19th October, 1905), with the object of training the sons of Princes and Nobles foi- militarv service. The dm-ation of the course was fixed at five years (lately, on a Memorial from the Ministry of War, dated the 7th March, 1908, it has been reduced to three years). The enrollment is 120 students, arranged in three ^ Pan^ Sections, of 40 students each. Eligible foi- adrdssion to the school ai-e the sons of : 1. Princes, 2. Ciansmer holding posts [ -1« ] rUESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHI\A. not lower than the fourth rank, 3. Metropolitan and rrovincial 713a ;Manchu and Chinese military and civil officials holdi-ig posts not lower than the second rank. The age limit for students is 18 to 25 yeai"?. Those who complete the course of study with the first rating are enrolled in the army as lieutenants, are attached to the Ministry of War as ^ ^ Chu^ Shih^ {see No. 292), or are sent to the provinces as j§ ^\j T'ung^ P'an^ (see No. 849a). Those who graduate with the second rating are enrolled in the army as sub-lieutenants, are attached to one of the Ministries as 4: n" ^ Illili ^ ^'1^'i' ^'i^' ^''^' '^'''el>' ^^^^^^\ (sec No. 293) or -t: pa ] PKKSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA. wj^ Surgeon, 7. Two gi] -^ 'g' Fu'* P Kuan', Assistant Sm-geous, to 715b S. Three Teachers (sec Xo. 637) acting as |f ^ Fan^ l\ Interpreters, 9. Two ^ ^5: IE |Jc il Han" Wen^ Cheng" Chiao" Yiian^, Teachea'S of Chinese literature, 10. Two :^ ~X S'J W. M Han* Wen^ Fu" Chiao* Yiian^, Assistant Teacheis of Chinese literature, 11. Six ^ ^ Cliai^ Chang^, Inspectors of Dormi- tories (compare No. 645), 12. One Secretary, 13. One 1^ ^ H ^ Shou' Chihi Wei^ Yiian^, Treasurer, U. Two % [f ^ ^ Chih^ Ying" S^u^ Shih^ Steward, 15. Five ^ g Ssu' ShuS Clerks, doing duty as HJi] pp Shua' Y'in", Printers, 16. Four g ic [1 Ping', Hospital Attendants, 17. Tavo ^ iS Hao* Ping', Signalmen, 18. Three ^ ^j^ (Ui'ai' Pien%. Messengers, 19. prjT^ Men- Ting', ^Vatchmen, and 20. ^ f^ Fu' 1% Servants (there are 40 Watchmen and Servants). 714. According to the progranmie of the Committee for tlie Eeoi'ganization of the Army there are still to 1)e established : ^- -"^W Vf n ^ .^ Pii' Tni" Chuan' Men- Hsiielr T'ang Special Infantry School, 2. ^ [if ^ |""3 ^^ ^ Ma^Tui Chuan^ Men- Hsiieh- T'ang^, Special Cavalry School, and '^- €C.II< i^ PI ^ ^ P'no" Tul" Chuan' "Sleir Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Special Artillery School. To these institutions ofHcers of •the corresponding branches of the army will be sent for further prefecting themselves. 715. For the trainino- of officers for the auxiliarv branches of the ivwpy (compare No. 656a) there are the following- schools : 715a. ^ ^ ^ ^ Cliiin' 1' Hsiielr T'ang^ Military Medical Schools (for instance, at Tientsin, where it is styled 41: 'vi"- m ^^ Pei^ Yang2 I^ Hsiieh^ T'ang' ^ 715!'.. ^^^'^ Ma' I^ IlsiJeli- T'ang'\ and Wi B ^ 'M. Shou' I' Ilsueh'^ T'ang-, Military Veterinary Schools (for iastance, f^j i^ M W- Wl W ^ 'M Nan- Yaiig^ Lu^ Chi.n' Shou* I' Hsiielr T'ang^;. r -^20 ] 2 4 I'UIiSEXT UAY I'Ol.ITJCAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. "l'^^'- ^^ ^^ '^ ^^^^'i' Slu-ng' Hsiieh" T'ang^ Military 715o Schools for Assistant Surgeons (Military Sanitary Schools) — for ^O instance ^ r^ M "^ fif £fe ^ ^ ^''"^^ Yang' Lu^ Chiin' Wel^ y^Q Shcng' Ilsiioh- T'ang-. 7151). 1^ Jp: LHiJ f,g ^ ^ T.u^ Chfin^ Ts'e' Ilui' Ilsueli* T'ang-, Schools for Military Draftsmen (lor instance, at Peking : }?; M W Jp 'M Ps ^ ik ^^1''"?' ^^lili' Lu^ Cluin^ Ts'c* Hui^ llsiich- T'ang'), or i|l] |t ^ ^1; Ts'e^ Hui' Ilsiieh' T'ang", Schools for Draftmen (for instance, in Manchuria, M^^ \M It ^^ ^ Tung' San' Shcng' Ts'c^ Hui^ Hsi.eh'^ T'ang'-). Both are under the control of the (ieneral Staff (sre No. 184h). 715e. M ^ ^ t^ ^^^'^^'i'' ring^ Hsiich^ T'ang% (iendarnierie Schools (for training men for service in the Military Police — (Jendarnierio ; — (sec No. 703). In Manchuria,^ ^ ^ }^^?^'^ '^^ii'g' ^an' Shcng^ Hsien^ Ping' IlsOch' T'ang^. 71'3i-- j^ X ^^' I'ii'g' Kung'' lisiich' T'ang-, Military Technical Schools. 716. The dcs])atcli of military students abroad is carried on according to regulations drawn up hy the Committee for the Hcorgani/ation of the Army in 1904 and 190,3. There are chosen for study al)road (on their satisfaction of certain requirements, with legaiil to age and good behavior) a ninnherof students frftm the follc)\ving : I. Those who have completed the course of the i^iilH ^/: f^ \Vu' Pel* Hsiieh'^ T'ang- (sec No. 709a), the jT^ j]L Jij /jJc ^^^ f^ I.n* ( 'hun' Su* Ch'cng^ Hsrieh- T'ang'' (see No. 711a), or the |^ j|£ ft Vj ^^ I^"' ^'Ji'Mi' K'liel' Choii^ llsiich- T'ang- (srr No. 713)- •J. Those studying at the \^^ "3^ "{* ^'/: '!'^ I^"' <-'l'i'"»' Chung' Ilsi'n'h' 'J''ang- (xrr No. 710>, or other sch(»ols, and 3. Hannermcn students. While abroad, military atudent.s arc under the contrdl :iiiil Military ;\ttac!i<"i. < )n their return to [ -'l ] 21 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 717 Peking thej undergo an examination at the Ministry of War and, +Q according to their attainments in this examination, are arranged y^y in three classes : f^ ^ Yu^ Teng', J^ ^ Shang* TOng^, and tp ^ Chungi Teng;^ Those who attain the first class receive the rank of g|j ^ |^ Fu* Chiin^ Hsiao* {see No. 658). Those attaining the second and third classes receive the rank of |^ ^ ?^ Hsieh'^ Chiin^ Hsiao* {see No. 658). On all three classes there is conferred the degree of ^ A Chii^ Jen- {see No. 652e), qualified by the speciality of the recipient (five in all ; compare No. 656), i.e. 1- fi m ^ i?^ ^3f Lu* Chun^ Pu* Pingi KV, 2. m "$• ^ ^ ^\ Lu* Chiini Ma=^ Ping^ KW, 3. MW-^^ f^" Lu^ Chimi P'ao* Pingi K'o\ 4. MW-X^^^ Lu* Chun^ Kung^ Ping^ K'o^, and 5. ^ ^ f« g ic f} Lu* Chiin^ Tzu* Chung* Ping^ K'oV (compare also No. 659.) 717. Until 1902 the children of Clansmen of the Imperial House and of Bannermen were taught in special schools styled : ^ ^ Tsung' Hsiieh^, Schools for Clansmen of the Imperial House, and /\ ;5iE 'B* P Pa^ Ch'i'^ Kuan^ Hsiieh^, Government Schools for Bannermen. In the year mentioned a reform was instituted by virtue of which, instead of schools of the type spoken of, there has been begun the establishment of ^ ^ Hsiieh^ T'ang', Schools, not distinguishable in title or programme from the common schools (primary, middle and higher), except tliat only children of Clansmen of the Imperial House and Bannermen are eligible for admission (for this reason the title of the school is followed by the phrase *^^^M/KM Tsung^ Shih* Chueh^ Lo'^ Pa^ Ch'i^). Eecf-ntly all primary and middle schools of this kind have been placed under the general control of the Committee at the Ministry of Ldtication {see No.. 411). 717a. Therr are at present the following schools for Clansmen of the Imperial House and Barmermen at Peking : [ 322 ] f'RESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 1 . >Hm'^^^^MM Amu ^ m ^ Clnng' Shlh^ Tsungi 717b Shih* Chueh^ Lo^ Pa^ Ch'i- Kao^ Teng' Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Higher to School for Clansmen of the Imperial Hoiise and Bannermen, at «<« Peking ; this is under the control of the ^Ministr}^ of Education and at it there is a 141 ^ |;5 Chung^ Tcng' Pan\ Section with a Aliddle i^chool programme {see No. 583b). 2. ]:iglit A M M ^ ^b '^ ^ P^' Ch'i^ Kaoi Tcng^ Hsiao^ risiieh^ T^ang", Primary Schools of the Senior Grade for Bannermen (title is shortened by omitting Ching Shih Tsung Shih, etc.; sec No. 579) 3. 15 A M ^i ^ ^b^'M, Pa^ <^^li'i' Ch'u^ Teng« Hsiao^ Hs'ieh^ T'ang'', Primary Schools of the Junior Grade for Bannennen (see No. 579). •i- ^] B ffi H Ml >h 4^ ^ Nei^ Wu' Vn' Sani Ch'i- Hsiao^' H.siieh' T'ang-, Primary School for the Three Superior Banners (see No. 97). ■">' i&i^'t^^h^'^ <^-l"en* Juii Ying2 Hsiao^ Hsiieh* T'ang', Primary School for the Liglit Division of the Banners {see No. 73ft). (y- 'X ^iS ^- 3 ] PKESENT DAY FOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. cendants o£ : 1. Manchxis who aided the first Emperors of the Ta Ch'ing Dynasty in conquering China, at the beginning of the I7th century, 2. ('hinese subjects of the Ming Dynasty who transferred their allegiance to the Manchus, and 3. Kharach'in ]\Ionofols who transferred their allegiance to the Manchus at the time of the conquest. Accordingly, the Banner Forces are divided^ by nationalities, into : 1. ^ §\\ /V ^ Man^ Choii^ Pa^ Ch'i2, Manchu Banner Troops, 2. ^ ij^ AM ^^^'"8"' ^^^^ Pa^ Ch'i^, Mongol Banner Troops, and 3. 'M ^ A ^ Han* Chlin^ Pa^ Ch'i^, Chinese Banner Troops. The troops of each nationality are, further, divided under eight banners or divisions, namely : 1. ^ ^' ^ Hsiang^ Huang^ C'h'i^ Bordered Yellow, 2. IE ^ ;^ Cheng^ Huang^ Ch'i^, Plain Yellow, 3. jE S i^ Cheng* Pai' Ch'i^ Plain White, 4. ^ Q ;^ Hsiangi Pai^ Ch'i^, Bordbred White, 5. JEt\LM Cheng* Hung2 Ch'i^, Plain Red, 6. MK'M Hsiang^ Hung^ Ch'i2, Bordered Red, 7. JE^M ^lieng' Lan^ Ch'iS Plain Blue, and 8. fUMM Hsiang^ Lan^ Ch'i^, Bordered Blue. The three first mentioned are called the h -" K '^hang* San^ Ch'i', Three Superior Banners ; the remaining five are styled tlie y 3S.M Hsia* Wu^ Ch'i^, Five Inferior Banners. From their stations the" Banner Forces are styled: 1. ^ ^ Ching^ Ch'i^, Metropolitan Banner Forces, and 2. g^ |^ Chu* Fang^, Banner Garrisons (see below ; No. 743). The Metropolitan Banner Forces are sub-divided into : ^- P^ ^ ^ci* Ch'i^, Household, or Inner, Banners (for particulars, see No. 97), and 2. ^|> ;^ Wai* Ch'i^ Outer Banners. The Outer Banner Troops are stationed in Peking and the adjacent suburbs and are under the supervision of the ^ ^ M Chih^ Nien' (Ti'i^, General Headquarters of the Banners, to which one of the L'eutenant-Generals of each of the Banner 'Divisions (see No. 7 ) "J) is appointed annually. [ 324 ] PKF.SEXT DAY POLITICAL ORG AXIZATIOI>f OF CHINA. The cliieE contingent of tlic Banner Forces is the so-called 719 ^ §J '^' Hsiao^ C'h'i" Ying^, Banner Corps of the Line (compare ^0 ISo. 97i5), and is drawn from the 24 Banner Divisions (eight «oi Banners of each nationality ; compare above). Although the Banner Forces played the chief part in the conquest of (-hina and in the consolidation of the power of the reigning Dynasty, nevertheless, at the present time, they have lost any military imj)ortance, the more so as a large percentage of the men emolled in the forces see no service, or ])erform duties having not the slightest connection with military aifairs. The representatives of the three nationalities composing the Banner Forces form a peculiar caste — or military clique — holding a predominant position in the Empire and serve as a support to the power and influence of the Manchu Dynasty. Becently, however, the Government has taken steps for the gradual equalization of the rights of the Banner Forces and the mass of the })opulation (s^e Xo. 186). <'l*^- W» ^^ Tu^ T'ung', Lieutenant-General ; 1b. There are 24 of tiiLse; one to each national division of the Banners {see Xo. 7 18;. 719a. For particulars as to the ^] ^^ Tu' T'ung', acting as Military Lieutenant-Governors (o£ Chakhar and of .lehol) sec Xo3. 897 and 898. ^20. 6i'J ?^) ^^ 1''"* 'J'"' T'iu)g\ Deputy Lieutcnant- Cn-neral ; 2a. 'J'here are 48 In all : two to each national division of th.' Banners (see Xo. 718^. 720a. For particulars as to ihc glj ^I'j U 1"'"' T"' '^''""g\ acting as Assistant Militarv Lieufeiiaiit-( io> ernors and as Dejvity Li(.'Utenant-(ieru'rals of iiroviiicial Maiidiu (lanisoiis srr Xos. 802 and 74.'>. "-!• niJ f^ -^ m15 Viii' Wu' T.s^m' l.ing*, Adj-itanl- Gcncral ; '.)k. 'i'hcrc are two to cacli of the 2 J Banners (except [ 325 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 729 722 the Mongol, which haA^e but one each). They are appointed to fi'om the ranks of Colonels {see No. 722). 722.- li ^ # fl Hsiao^ Ch'i'' Ts'an^ Ling^ Colonel; 3a; in command o£ a sub-division or ^ gflj Chia^ La^ (Manchurian Chalan), of which there are five to each Manchu and Chinese Banner. In the Mongol Banners there are but two of these sub-divisions to each. 723. @IJ^,!1#^I Fu* Hsiao^ Ch'i^ Ts'an^ Ling% Lieutenant-Colonel ; 4a ; one to each Chalan or sub-division (see No. 722). 724. fp # ^ ^ Yin^ Wu* Chang^ Ching', Adjutant ; 5 b ; conducts the correspondence of a Banner. 725. ^ tW ^ m^^ Wei^* Yin* Wu* Chang' Ching^, Assistant-Adjvitant. 726. i£ |g Tso' Ling% Captain; 4a. Of officers of this rank there are from 70 to 80, in each of the Manchu Banners, and from 30 to 40, in each of the Chinese Banners. Each is in charge of some 70 to 100 of the Household. Bannermen. In some cases they hold their rank by hereditary right, either as ill ^ Hsiin' Chin* or as "l ^ ^ ff Shih* Kuan' Tso' Ling3. Those who are appointed by various processes of selection are designated ^ r{t Kung^ Chung\ ^ ^ Fen^ Kuan^ and ^ ^ f^ ^ Lun2 Kuan' Tso' Ling'. 726 a, ip ifi ^ ^ Par* Ko* Tso' Ling', Half Tso Ling. This title wa.-: formerly in use but at the present it is almost — if not completely — obsolete. It designated Captains of companies {see No. 726) of less than one hundred. 727. 1^ ,1^ Y^ Hsiao^ Ch'i" Hsiao*, Lieutenant; 6a. Officer? of this rank are drawn upon to fill the post of :^ ^ ?|^ Pu* Chun^ Hsiao* {see No. 799). 728. ^Wlii^:f$ Wei' Shu* Hsiao^ Ch'i^ Hsiao* Sub-Lieutenant; 8b. 729. ^ fg Ling' Ts'uii, Corporal. [ 326 ] im:esext day tolitical organization of china. "^^'- Ml ¥ ^^^^^ ^'^''^^ (Maiichuniin Ukesen), Private of 730 the 1st Class. Also called ^ |§ Hslao^ Ch'i*. ^q "<^1- 15: Ml ^ Ao* Erh' Pu^ (Manchurian Oibo), Private 734 of the 2iul Class. Also called ^^ ^ Lu^ Chiao' Ping^ 'J his rank is found in fhe ^ ^ Han'' Chiin', Chinese Banners only {sre Xo. 718). "•^-- ^ W 1^ Yang-' Yii"* Ping', Supernumeraries, or .Iiiniors; awaiting appointment as ^ ^ Ma' Chia', or ^ ^| ;]U Ao^ Krh' Pu', as vacancies occur (see Nos. 730 and 731). 732a. P)^ f% Hsien^ San' (Manchurian Sula), Bannermen at Large ; without position or pay. 733. From the Banner Forces not coming within the Banner Corps of the liiie (sec No. VI8) there are organized various divisions, as follows: 1. ^^^ tlu* Chihi^ Ying', The Guards Division (see No. 734), 2. [ji] ^ (^ Ch'ien- Feng' Ying-, Vanguard Division (see No. 735), 3. ^ ^ {l^- Pu' Chiin' VIng', Gendarmerie Division (see No. 736;. for details see No. 797), 4. ^\ ^ i^ lluo' Ch'i' Ying', The Artillery aiul Musketry Division (see No. 737), .3. ^ ^ ''^ Chien* Jui* Ying2, The Light Division (see No. 738), 0. j)c fit i^ Hu» (Jh'iang' Ying^, 'I'he Marksmen for 'J'iger Hunts (see No. 739), '■ I'P (^ 'i-} '"^li'-"^ ''1''^ y'^ng;\ '^'l»e Peking Field Force (see No. 740), 8. mm\s\/\iMm'^-'^ '^'"••^•>' ^^'"^^' ^' ''''"' l*a' Ch'i^ Hu' ( him' Ying", 'i'he Yiian Ming \uaii Division of the r.aiiner Force (see No. 741/, 9. ^^l '^. jM Hsiang' Tao< Ch'u', The (iuides (see No. 742), and 10. ± f^ iilH )\] j^; Shang' Yii- I'ei^ Yung' Ch'u', The Imperial liimting Dt-pait- ni« lit (see No. 742a>. 7:54. f;^^'^ IIu' Chiin- Ving% Tie (iuards Division (common designation, ;/y; '^^ 'J'a^ Ying', Main Division. The former designation was Pa-\a-la, which w.is exchanged iji A. D. IBfiO for the Chinese ciuival'ent now in um;. Admi.-sion to tlii> division is the special ainhiti "ii «>!' tin- •■real nin-JK of [ ^527 ] PRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CH1*A. 734a Bannermen of Peking, to whom it secures the advantages of ■#jQ substantial increase in pay and prospects of a promotion of one ly^K degree. The principal duty assigned it is to furnish detachments of guards for the Imperial Palace {sec Np. 104). This division consists of eight sections, corresponding to the eight Banners, and each is under the command of a ^ ^^ /^ |§ Hu^ Chiin^ T'ung^ Ling^, Captain-General (2a). The other ranks are : 1- MW-W^l Hu* Chiin^ Ts'ani Ling^ Colonel (3a; 32 Mongols and 80 Manchus), 2. glj ^ ^ # fl Fu* Hu* Chiin^ Ts'an^ Ling^, Lieutenant-Colonel (4a ; 32 Mongols and 80 Manchus), 3. U ^ ^ Hu^ ('liun^ Hsiao'', Lieutenant (6 a; 681 Mongols and 204 Manchus), 4. ^ W W: ^ ^ ^^^ei' Shu^ Hvr' Chiin^ Hsiao*, Sub-Lieutenant; 8b, 5. ^ .^ Hu* Chun^, Privates (14,075 in all). 734a. For j-jarticulars concerning |^ |^ J^ ^ ^e^' llu* Chiin^ Ying^, The Imperial Guards, see No. 9 7 a. 735. mM^ Ch'ien^ Fong^ Ying'^ . Vanguard Division. This is composed entirely of Manchus or Mongols of all Banners. In time of peace this division performs service without the Palace ; v^hen the Emperor goes abroad it precedes the Imperial chairs at a distance of 1 to 2 li. In time of war it is sent forward to open battles and prepare a way for the success of the main forces. The Vanguard Division is divided into two "Winos" (or Sections) : 1. Left (including the bordered yellow, plain white, bordered white and plain blue Banners) and 2. Right {including the plain yellow, plain red, boi'dered red and bordered blue Banners). These are commanded by the ^Mm^^^M Tso' V Ch'icn^ Fcng^ T'ung^ Ling^ and :& E ml II .^ fl Yu* I^ Ch'icn^ Fengi T'ung' I-ingS Conniiandants of the Left and Right Wings of the Vanguard Division ; 2a. The other ranks are : 1. ^1) H ^ f| Ch'ien^ Feng' Ts'an^ LIng^ Colonel of the Vanguard Division (3a ; four in each Wing), 2. rij p [ a28 ] PKE^ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. ^ ^ ('h'ien' F^ng^ Shih* ^Vei^ Imperial Guardsmen of the 736a Vanguard Division (4a ; four in each Wing), 3. ^ ^" Hll ^ tO ^ ^ Wei' Shu* Ch'ien' Feng.^ Shih* Wei*, Deputy Imperial 737 Guardsman of the Vanguard Division (5b; tAvo in each Wing), ■^- BU 1^ tj^ Ch'ien^, Feng' Hsiao*, Sergeant of the Vanguard Division (6a ; 48 in each Wing), 5. ^ -^ fj'jj ^ ^ AVei' Shu* Ch'ien' Feng^ Hsiao*, Sergeant of the Vanguard Division; 8b, and 6. atl (^ Ch'ien' Feng^, Privates of the Vanguard Division (899 in the left and 865 in the right Wing). 735a. For details regarding ptj n1» ^ ^ ^^ei* Oh'ien' Feng^ Ying-, The Household Vanguard, see No. 97c. 736. ^ ^ ^ Pu* Chiin^ Ying-, (lendarmerie Division. For details see Xo. 797. ''•^"- k U ^ Huo' rh'i^ Ying^ The Artillery and Musketry Division ; consisting of ^ Nei*, and ^f* Wai*, or, Inner and Outer, Detachments. The first is stationed at Peking wiiilc the second is afc ]^ f^ ]^ Lnn^ Tien* Gh'ang^ (a short distance from the Summer J'alacc HJ OH ® Yiian' Ming' Yiian'). The ^ ^U 'f^ Nei* lluo^ Ch'i* Ying- is formed from the ^ ^ l*ao' I' of the several Jianners (sec No. 97). The Ai-tillerv and Musketry Division is comjiosed of Mriiichu and ^longol Bannermen and is under the command of SJ I€ Tsuiig' T'ung', General Commandants (number not fixed ; I'rincos of tlio Hlood). At the head of oixrh Detachment there is a ^ ;S I* Chang', Hj-igadier; '^^. The oilier ranks are: ^- ^ IS ^ '"g" 'J'sung', Commandant of ;i (iin-risou (Deputy lirigaili.-r; four iti ea«-h Detachment), 2. Bj ^k\ M 'A'- 3 ^ Nia^» Ch'iang' II.i' Cliun' Ts'an' Ling*, (\)lonel of the lm|)crial Kegim.'nt of the Artill(!ry an Hsiao' CJi'i^Ts'an' Ling\ Colonel of thf Artillery and Musketry Divisir.n; 3a, 4. fil] ^ ^/t •(! 'I? ""^■^ Fu^ Niao'^ Ch'inng' PKESEXT DAY POLITICAJ, OltG AXIZ ATION' OF CHINA. 738 Hii* Chiin^ Ts'an^ LingS Lieutenant-Colonel of the Imperial Regiment of the Artillery and Musketry Division; 4a, 5. W E ft nk^k "^ Kuan^ Niao^ Ch'iang^ San* Chih* Kuan^, Musketry Adjutant, 6. ^ fc 'f^ ak ^^ f ^^an^^ P'ao" Ch'iang^ San"* Chill* Kuan', Artillery Adjutant, 7. ^ fxt M.W^ Niao^ Ch'iang' Hu* .Chiin^ Hsiao*, Lieutenant of the Imperial Regiment of the Artillery and Musketry Division ; 6a, 8. ^'^^ ^^^ iSiao^ Ch'iang^ Hsiao^ Ch'i^ Hsiao*, Lieutenant of Artillery and Musketry; 6a, 9. WM^^M^ Kuan' P'ao* Hsiao^ Ch'i^ Hsiao*, "Lieutenant of Artillery; 6a, 10. ^ f^ |^ ^ Niao'' Ch'iang' Hu* Chiin', Musketeer of the Imperial Guard, IL i% fit ^ 1^ Niao=^ Ch'iang' Hsiao^ C^h'i", Musketeer, and 12. gc ^ ^ P'ao* Hsiaoi Ch'i^, Artillery-man. 738. f^^ '§ Chien* Jui* Ying^ The Scouts, or the Light Division; quartered near the § [Ll ^a Hsiang^ Shan^ Yiian*, or ^^ ^j^' gj Ching* V Yiian^, the Imperial Hunting Park, North-west of Peking. This division was formed in the fourteenth year of the reign of ^ lH Ch'ien Lung (1749), because of the frequent revolts North of the Great Wall, the best men being recruited to it from the 'jly ^ '^ Ch'ieu^ Feng^ Ying^ (see No. 735). At the present time these troops have merely a nominal existence. At the head of the Light Division there are |,^ ^ Tsung^ T'ung', General Commandants (number is not fixed; this post may be held by Princes of the Blood). The Division is divided into two Wings and in command of each there is an ^ ;g I* Chang^*, Brigadier ; 3a. The other ranks are : 1. fll) ^ # || Ch'ien'^ Feng' Ts'an' Ling', Colonel of the Light Division; 3-^, 2. glj -^j ^ ^ H Fu* Ch'ien^ Feng^ Ts'an^ Ling', Senior Lieutenant-Colonel of the Light Division ; 4a, 3. ^ nf] ^ ^ ^ Shu^ Ch'ien- Fengi Ts'an^ Ling', Junior Lieutenant-Colonel of the Light Division; 5 b, 4. bU^^ Ch'ien^ Feng' Hsiao*, Lieutenant; 6a, 5. g|] gy ^^ IV (Ti'ien^ Feng' Hsiao*, [ 330 ] PRESENT DAVPOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHlKA. ^ Sub-Lieutenant; 8b, 6. ^5 H Ch'ien' Feng\ Private of the 73^ 1st Class of the Light Division, and 7. ^ Ify ^ Wei' Ch'ien' ^q Feng', Private of the 2nd Class of the Light Division. ,^a-i 739. ^^it ^ '^"' Ch'iang^ Ying'-, The Marksmen for Tigrer Hunts ; 'recruited from the best marksmen of the Three Superior Banners (see No. 718). In command of these marksmen there is a |f^ ^ Tsung^ T'ung', General (commandant of the Marksmen for Tiger Hunts. The other ranks are : ^- ^ vU Tsung^ Ling'^, Brigadier of a Wing (six in all) -• ^ W & ^^^^^ Ch'iang' Chang^ Senior Marksmen (21 in all), 3. ^^ |fT filj ;g Hu^ Ch'iang' Fu* Chang', Junior ^^arksmen 1260 in all) and 4. ^ |^ Hu' (vh'iangi, Marksmen (600 in all). 740. |{p i^ i^^ Shhr (h? Ying2. The Peking Field Force (Divine Mechanism Regiments). This force, drawn from the elite of the Banner Troops of all three nationalities forming ^^^'' y^ ^ C'hing' Ch'i- {see No. 718), was organized in 1862 — because of the disastrous campaign of 1860 — and numbered 18 to 20 tliousand men, supplied with the three types of arms, using modern breech-loaders and drilled in European style. This force no longer exists. 741. mmm/\mmW'^^ Yua"^ ^i^^g' Ynan^ i^^^^ (,'h'i' IIu' Chun' Yinj'"^. The Yiian Min" Viian jCiuards Division f the Banner Forces. This is a division organized and appointed to giiai'il th'' Simmicr nsidi'iici! of the Emperor. This residence \< now at tin- \^{ ^ \^ V Ho' Vfian' (at tlu- foot of the liill M^ I'j ^V'aii' Sliou' Slian'), as tlir Viian Ming Yuan Palace \\ii> destroyed by the Enropciin troops in JKdO, nftir tlic tiiking of Pckinjr. .\t th.' head of tliis division i> the ^ ^ Tsung' T'ung', CJcneral Comniatidant of the Viian .Ming Viian duards Di\ ision of the liaiincr Forces. The oth(;r ranks are: 1. 'jl5 ^, ^ ing' Tstmg', Conunandnnt (Assistant (Jeni^ral CommanJant ; eight in PRESENT DAY POLITICAL Gliv»AxM/.Ai JOA OF CHINA. .74lA all ; 3a), 2. MW-3 fl H^i* ^^^''^ Ts'ani Ling^ Colonel of the ♦q Yiian Ming Yiian Guards DIa ision of the Banner Forces (3a ; 742a ^'^^^ ^" ^^^^' ^- «'J ^^^% ^'''' ^"' ^^^""' Ts'an^ LingS Senior Lieutenant-C^olbnel of the Yi,ian Ming Yiian Guards Division of the Banner Forces (4a; 16 in all), 4. ^^^ ^ ^ Shu^ Hii* Chun^ Ts'an^ JLing', Junior Lieutenant-Colonel of the Yiian Ming Yiian Guards Division of the Banner Forces (32 in all), 5. ^ % ^^ Hu* Chiin' Hsiao^ Lieutenant of the Yiian Ming Yiian Guards DiAision of the Banner Forces (6a; 128 in all), 6. glj ^ ^ ^ Fu" Hu^ Chun' Hsiao*, Sub-Lieutenant of the Yiian Ming Yiian Guards Division of the Banne? Forces (8b ; 128 in all), and 7. f^ l^ Hu'* Chiin', Privates of the Yiian Ming Yiian Guards Division of the Banner Forces (compare No. 734). 741a. For particulars as to the [1] 0^ H ^ MMW-^ Yiian^ Mhig2 Yuan=^ Nei* Ch'i^ Hu* Chiin' Ying^, the Guards at the Summer Palace, Yiian jVIing Yiian, etc., see No. 97 d. 742. if ^ ^ Hsiang' Tao^ Ch'u^ The Guides. This is a department furnishing outriders, etc., for Imperial progresses. At its head is the |j| '^^ Tsung^ T'ung^ General Commandant of the Guides, appointed from the A ;K SO 11^ i^ Pa' Ch4' Fu* Tu^ T'ung=» {see )Nq. 720), tlie fH ^ j^ || Hu^ Chiin' T'lmg^ Ling3 {see No. 734^, and the hi] 1$ .^ ^ Ch'ien^ Feng' T'ung' Ling' {see No. 735). For manning this department there aj-e deputed officers and privates from tlie ^ 5 ^ Hu^ Chiin' Ying^ {see No. 734 ; an indefinite number of ^ ^ ;g^ Hu* Chiin' Hsiao*, and ^ ^ Hu' Chiin'), and from the HO ^ ^ Ch'ien" Feng' Ying" {see No. 735) ; four g|| ^ f|p f|j Ch'ien^ Feng' Shih* Wei', and an indefinite number of fl'i) || ^ Ch'ien^ Feng' Hsiao* and -^t) ^ Ch'ien2 Feng'). 742a. ± jl l^g }fl ^ Shang' Yii'^ Pei^ Yung* Ch'u*, The Imperial Hunting Department. [ ;Jo2 ] I'lJESENl DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHIXA. 744 ^'^•^- St Wi ^^^^^ l''ang% Manchu Garrisons Without. 743 Peking {see No. 718), These are divided into three classes as +0 follows : ' 743a. Ijl f§ tt \ljj Ch'ii Fu3 Chu^ Fang^ Garrisons of the " Military Cordon." These are at 25 cities of Chihli, surround- ing Peking. The nine garrisons nearest Peking are styled the /l^ il^ Hsiao' Uhiu' Ch'u% Nine Small Posts. 743b. P^ jg ii; 1?J5 I^ing' Ch'in' Chir Fang^, Garrisons at the Ini])erial Mausolea (for details see No. 571). 743c. ^ fi li IJ/J Ko' Shcng' Chu^ Fang', CJan-isons stationed in the Provinces ; at 1. ^ i\^ i)]Jl Kuei^ Hua'* Ch'eng-, ^S ii i^ ^yn' Yiian' (Tl'eMg^ and ;j{y: /[;( J{f Tai* Yiian' Fu-\ in Shansi, 2. H j{\ J^ C'h'ingi Chou^ Fu', and ^. j]] Td' Chou^ in Shantinig, 3. \^ ^^ jff K'ai' Feng^ Fu^ in Honan, 4. jl ^ iff Chiang' Ning2 Fu', and ig yX J{^ Chen* Chiang^ Fu', in Kiangsu, 5. J^ 'Jvi ff^ Hang"^ Chou^ Fu^ and ^ J^ ( h'a^ P'u^ in Chekiang, 6. Ifg j\<^ /j^ Fu' Chou^ Fu^ in Fukien, 7. /^ #1 /ff Kuang' (;hou» Fu', in Kuangtung, 8. }^ '^^ }^ Ch'eng' Tu' Fu', in Szechwan, 9. ^ij JH J{.f < 'hing' Chou^ Fu^, iu Hnj)eh, 10. IS ^ ;ff Hsii An' Vu\ hi Shensi,. and 11. ^ ^ }^ Ning2 Hsia* Fu', jjjV j'\>\ }{f Liang^ Chou' Fu', and ^f f^ ,^ Chuang' Liang' Ting', in Karisu. with the garrisons of ^ '^ 7|C 'j^ Wu' I.U-' Mu' Clri', Urumtsi (also, l^ ff^ if^f Ti^ Ilua^ Fu';, G M -111" •'='■ I^'i' K'unS Barkul (also, Ijit 0j ^S CluMi^ Ifsi' T'ing'), ]^ JtJc Ku' Ch'eng-, or ^ j^ tJig Fu' Viian' Ch'engS and ±^'i>If '.^T'u' Lu' Fan' T'ing', Turfan (also, /^'^'ft? Kuang' An' Ch'eng-), which are under the Kansu jurisdiction. 744. Jlfp ^ ''hiang' Chiui', Manchu ( iencral-in-Chief (or Tiiitar (ieneral) ; 1 u ; litciaivdcsignation, ;;^ 7C ^ TaM'iinn* .lung^. Ihey reside iu eight j)rovince.s at 1. ^^ y^i ^& ^"'' Viian* Ch'eng^ in Shansi (see Nos. 744a and 899), 2. ^X. *¥ ^1& Chiang' Ning* Fu', Nanking, in Kiangsu, 3. ))i|i '){\ }{f Fu* Chou' Fu», iu Fukien, 4. /^j) j^] j^ Jiang' Choii' Fu', in PRESENT DAY POLITICAI. OKGAXIZ ATI O-V OF CHINA. 744a Chekiang. 5. j^ jf] J^ Chingi Chou^ Fu', in Hupeh, 6. to ^ MM Ni"g' Hsiao'* Fu', in Kaiisu {see Nos. 744b and 900), 745a ^- J5K ^>/t W^'^'ng' Tui Fu^ in Szechwan, and 8. m 'M M Kxiang^ Chou^ Fu^, Canton, in Kuangtung. 744a. For details as to the ^ $i i^ 'If !? Sui^ Yuan^ Ch'eng^ Chiang^ Chiin', see No. 899. 744b. For details as to the ^ M '^ ^ Ni"g^ Hsia* ■Chiangi Chun\ see No. 900. 744c. For details as to the ^ M ^ !^ ^^ Li^ Chiang^ •Chnn\ 5^^ No. 866. . 744D. For details as to the S M f I ^ ^ J^ ^ W^^' I->i' Ya^ Su^ T'ai^ Chiang^ Chun\ see No. 879. 744e. For details as to the Chiang Chiin in Manchuria see Nos. 802 and 803. 745. ||J |[^ ^ Fu* Tui T'ung^ Manchu Brigade-General ; 2a ; literary designation, ^ ^^ -$1] Ta* T'ung' Chili*. They reside in ten provinces, at : 1. ^ -ft ^ Kuei^ Hua* Ch'cng', in Shansi, 2. ^- >>H J^ Ch'ing^ Chou^ Fu^ in Shantung, 3. yX ^l M Chiang^ Ning^ Fu^, and il VX /# Chen"* Chiang^ Fu^ in Kiangsu —so-called i^ P glj |f, $^ Ching^ K'ou=' Fu* Tu^ T'ung^ 4. :lfg j\>\ ;^ Fu2 Chou> FuS in Fukien, 5. ^ j^ )^ Hang' Chou> ¥u\ and ^ Ji Ch'a* P'u^ in Chekiang, 6. ^j >}[\ J^- Ching^ Chou^ BV, in Hupeh (two ; one ^ H Tso^ I^ and the other :^ ^ Yu* I*), 7. gg^/i^ Hsi^ An^ Fu^ in Shensi (two ; one ^^ Tso^ I* and the other :^ ^ Yu* 10, 8. ^^J|^ Ning'^ Hsia* Fu^ and i^ #1 K^ Liang- Chou^ Fu^ in Kansu, 9. f^ ^ J{^ Ch'eng^ Tu^ Fu", in Szechwan, and 10. ^ j>\] ff^ Kuang^ Chou^ Fu=^, in Kuangtung (two; one J^ ji>\ glj ^ ^ Man^ Chou^ Fu* Tu^ T'ung^ and the other ^ ^ g-]] ^ ^^ Han* Chiin^ Fu* Tu' T'ung^j. 745a. The g|J ^p> j^^ Fu* Tu^ T'uiig^ o£ Chihli province (one at?^ m 1^ Mi* Yun^ Hsien* and the other at li] f^ i| [ =334 ] PUKSENT DAY I'OLITICAL OUGAMZATION OF CHINA Shan' Hai^ Kuan*) are connected with the garrisons of the 746b *' military cordon " (see No. 743a). ^q 745 R. For details as to the p ^ glj S tt I' Li' 1^'"* Tu' ^^^ T'ung', and the i^ ^ G n^ -^^ glj ^] -^ Ta^ Erh» Pa' Ha> T'ai=^ Fu* Tu' T'ung^ see No. 867. 745r. For details as to the ^ fb $5$ gij ^j 3^f^ Knei' Hiia* Ch'eng" Fu' Tu' T'ung' (sec No. 745), sec No. 899. 7451). For details as to the % ^ ;^ij ^j %^ Ning^ Hsia^ Fu< Tu' T'ung^ (5^^ No. 745)-, see No. 900. 745e. For details as to the ^^ ^^ ^f ^Ij ^^ ^ Ch'a^ Ha^ Erh^ Fu^ Tu' T'ung^ see No. 898. 745 F. For details as to the Fu Tu T'ung in Manchuria, see Nos. 802 and 804. 746. The various other ranks in the provincial garrisons are : 1 . ft| -i!F Wi ^'h'cng'^ Shoir"^ Yii^ Military Commandant of a Minor Manchu Garrison In the Provinces (3a ; they are found in such cities as ;i^ JT^ )^ T'ai^ Yuan' Fu^ ^ j]] Te* Chou", and ^ J-^ ){.^ K'ai' Feng' Fu', where there are neither ^ % Chiang' Chiin' nor ■'Ij ^ ^ Fu* Tu' T'ung^), 2. W, ^ Ilsieh* Ling', Colonel of a Regiment of the Provincial Manchu Oarrisons ; 3b, l\. f£ "^ Tso' Ling', Major Commander of a Company of the Provincial Manchu Garrisons (4a ; a position a})prpcial>lv higlu^r than that of -^ ^ Tso' Ling' of the Peking Banners ; see No. 726), 4. |5Jj '^j- LvJ Fang' Shou» Yu*, Military Commandant of the 2nd Class of a Minor Provincial Manchu Garrison (tliey reside in towns of the garrisons of the "military cordon," such as '^M 'Jx Wi. Tung' An' Hsicn', S ^. ^ Liang' Hsiang' Hsien', illUj ^/I'l Pa' Chou', etc.; see No. 743a); 4a, ''5- ^)l 1^ Fang'' \'\\\ Captain of a Platoon of the ]*rovincial Manchu (iarrisonw ; 5a, 6. ^ ^ f^ Hsiao' ( 'h'i' Hsiao*, Lieutenant; 5i'., 7. ^"^,^'Ii»i\^ Wei' Shu' Hsiao' CJiM' Hsiao*, Sub-Lieutenant ; 8h, 8. ^ji }\ Ch'ien'' F(^ng', Sergeant (alao, JH lit iVj ^ Nirio» Ch'iang' Ch'ien' Feng', Sergeant of [ 385 ] I'KESENT DAY POI.ITiCAl. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 747 Musketry ;' compare No. 735), 9. || fg Ling^ Ts'iii^ Corporal to (also, ,t It fl fi Niao^ Ch'iang-^ Lir.g^ Ts'iu\ Corporal of ^43 Musketry, or ^ ff fg P'ao* Ling^ Ts'ui', Corporal of Artillery), 10. IBM Hsiaoi Ch'P, Private (also, ,^ |t ^ H ^^iao» Ch'iangi Hsiao^ ( 'li'i-, Musketeer, or ^ ^ |^ P'ao* Hsiaoi • Ch'i^, Artillery-man ; compare No. 737). 747. tI^ ^ijj ^ Shui^ Shih' Ying^ Marine Battalion of the Banner Forces. This does river service in provinces where Manchu Garrisons are stationed (^sce No. 743c), for instance, Fukien, Kuangtung, etc. 748. ^ ^ Wei2 Ch'ang% The Imperial Hunting Preserves : in, and about, 1^ ynj Je'' Ho'- (^ {^ ^ Ch'eng^ Te^ Fu*). For guarduig these there was formed, in the reign of ^ fSB K'angi ngji (166 1-1 722 ^, a detachment called the - ^M^^ Shou^ Wei== Ch'angS PingS (Guards of the Hunting Preserves. At the head of these Guards there are the M ^ jE li W Wei^ Ch'ang^ Cheng^ Tsung=* Kuan^ and the M ifel M M ^ ^^'ei- Ch'ang3 Fu* Tsung=^ Kuair\ Chief Controller ^3a) and Deputy Chief Controller of the Hunting Preserves (residing at Ch'cng^ Te" Fu^ ; sec above). The remaining ranks are : 1. M ^ M ^ Wei^ Ch'ajig^ P Cliang^ Brigadier of the Hunting Preserves ; 4a (two in all), 2. ^ ^ Fang^ Yd*, Captain ; 5a (eight in all), 3. ^ ^ :^ Hsiao^ Ch'i* Hsiao^ Lieutenant ; 6a (eight in all), 4. -^ f-g Ling' Ts'uii, Corporal, and 5. |^ f^. Hsiao^ (h'i^ Private (of the last two ranks there are about eight hundred and fifty men). The Imperial Hunting Presei-ves are under the general supervision of the Military Lieutenant-Governor of Jehol {see No. 897), in which district it is situated and where it forms a separate su1>prefecture, M ^ M Wei^ Ch'ang' T'ing' (see No. 897). [ 3:5fi ] rUESEXT DAY I'OLITICAL OIIG ANIZATION OF CHINA. THE OLD CHINESE ARMY. 749. ^ ^' Lu* Yiiig-, The Army of the Green Standard, or old Chinese Arniv. These troops are divided into ^ ^ Lu^ Tju*, I^and Forces, and 7j< [llfi Shui'^ Shih\ Marine Forces, and the hulk of the forces of this category in any jJl'ovince are under the connuand of a J^ ^ T'l^ Tu^ (sec No. ToO), General-in- Chief, and are styled f^ ^W T'i^ Tiao', or T'i Tu's Command. The lesser portion of these forces — allotted to the |]§ ^ Tsung^ Tu' (srr Xo. 820), or to the ]g Jfffi Hsiin^ Fu^ (5f and of the vf j^ IS # Ts'ao^ Yun^ Tsnng' Tu^ (see No. 8.'}4) there were formerly separate military organizations styled the JpJ ^^ Ho" Fiao', and the vf ?fjg Ts'ao" Piao^. The forces under the command of the General-in-Chief — tlie Jlj'^ 'I'i- Piao' — an; divided into 1^^ Chen' Piao', ]^>rigades, these, in tinii, being suh-divided into \^ |i^ Ilsich" I'iao*, Territorial Regiments. The llsieh are made up of ^ ^ i"sS Battalions (of about JOO infantry and 2oO cavalry each), M-hich are com])Osed of two P|lf Shao", Patrols, each — a Right and a Left. 'J he Patiols are distributed throughout two or four ^ Ssu', corresponding to the ^]\^ Ilsiin'', or military posts of diflerent districts. The Army of tlic (iiccu Standard is distributed thictughout tlie I'mipire, in towns, sL'tions and villages, and, in addition to doing military duty, performs various other services — in connection with policing, the po.~ts and tlie cuslouis, 7.j(>. J;2 If '^'■'^ '^"'' I'loviiH-inl Coninia)iiL;uatioii, t'i uf ' ''" l'^^''^ (•i)istolary style, 'iji' ["] ( hiiii' .Men'). This ofHcer is in comniand [ :5-7 J 22 749 to 750 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 750b 750a of the bulk of the troops of the Green Standard (sec No. 749) to stationed in a particular province. Provincial Commanders-in-Chief are stationed in fourteen provinces, i.e. at 1. jf >ffl T'ung^ ChouS in Chihli, 2. ^ ]^ J{^ Sungi Chiang^ Fu^ (one ; the Jl f^ fg ^ Chiang^ Nan^ T'P Tu^) and Jf fO !^ Ch'ingi Ho^ Hsien*, in the prefecture of vf ^ Jf Huai-^ Ani Fu' (one ; the fX. ^It fl # Chiang^ Pei' T'i^ Tu'), in Kiangsu, 3. M P5 i^> Hsia* Men^ T'ing^, in the prefecture of ^ #1 jfi Ch'iian^' Chou^ Fu^ in Fxikien, 4. ^ J;j^ ;f Ning^ P'o^ FuS in Chekiang, 5. |^ i^ J^ Ku^ Ch'eng^ Hsien*, in the prefecture of ^ @| /j^ Hsiang^ Yang^ Fu', in Hupeh, 6. "^ ^. J^ Ch'ang' Te» Fu^ in Hunan, 7. [^ ^ ,Ij5f Hsi^ An^ Fu^ in Shensi, 8. -^ j^ J^ Kan^ Chou^ FuS in Kansu, 9. Ji^ W^ J^ Ch'eng^ Tu^ Fu^, in Szechwan, 10. ^ ^fj /f Hui' Chou^ L^r^ in Kuangtung — the so-called ^ ^ ^ 1^ |§ '^ Kuang* Tung^ Lu^.Lu^T'i^TuS 11. ^:^j]^ Nan^ Ning" Fu^ in Kuangsi, 12. i^mj^ Ta^ Li' Fu^, in Yunnan, 13. ^ MM ^^^ Shun* Fu^ in Kweichow, and 14. ^;^ Wl J^ Su^ Le^ Fu^ or fi^ ft Hi W Ka^ Shih- Kai Erh^ Kashgar, in Hsinkiang. 750a. In the provinces of Shansi, Shantung, Honan, Anhui and Kiangsi — there being no ^i^ ^ T'P. Tu^ — the Governors are invested with the duties of Provincial Commander- in-Chief. Accordingly, thej are styled ^ tl # Chien^ T'i^ Tu^ Governors and Generals-in-Chief (for instance, ^U ^ i^l }M M tl # Shan^ Tungi Hsiin^ Fu^ Chien^ T'i^ tu'. Shantung Governor and General-in-Chief of the Forces in Shantung Province). 750R. In addition to J^ ^ T'i'^ Tui (also ^^ ]?§ ^^ ^ Lu* Lu* T'i2 Tui), Commanders-in-Chief of the Land Forces, there are also 7|\c ^fp $| ^ Shui' Shih^ T'i=^ Tu\ Naval Commanders-in-. Chief. There are two for the provinces -lying along the Yangtze—^ 'tL yk M t^ M Ch'ang' Chiang^ Shui' Shilii T'i^ Tu' (at X"^)^ T'ai* P'ing^ FuS in Anhui) and #i|i|aK5^^:l: [ 338 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Hui* Pan* Ch'ang* Chiang' Fang"- Shou' Sliih* I* (at J^ p P'u' 751 K'ou^, or ^ Jl^ J^ Chiang^ P'u' Hsien*, in the prefecture of ^q iL ^ f(^ Chiang' Ning'^ Fu'), and one for the province of 751 4 Kuangtung— J^ -^ 7^ M t^ M K«<^ng' Tung' fehui' Shih' T'i' Tu' (at J^ pg Hu3 Men2, in the })refecture of ^ j{l jj^ Kuang' Chou' Fu"). In the provinces of Chekiang and Fukien the Commanders- in-Chief perform, simultaneously the duties of Naval Commanders-in-Chief and are, accordingly, designated ^ jX Tk^M^'M ^^^* Chiang' Shui' Lu* Shih' T'i^ Tu', and 9m ]^ yk ^ M i^ -M Fu' Chien^ Shui^ Lu* Shih' T'i^ Tu', respectively. ^^^- ^ 1^ Tsung^ Ping', Brigade (ieneral ; 2a (common designation, |jj| -^ Chen* T'ai' ; literary designation, f^ ^ Tsung' Jung' ; ej)i.stolary designation, ;f; ^g f^lj Ta* Tsung' Chih*) ; commanding a |j| ^ Chen* Piao^, Brigade (see No. 749), of which there are from two to seven in a.j)rovince. There" are seven Brigade Generals in (>hihli province, two in Shansi, ihree in vShantung, five in Kiangsu, two in Anhui, three in Kiangsi, four in Fukien, five in Chekiang, three in Hupeh, three in Hunan, three in Shensi, five in Kansu, four in Szechwan, seven in- Kiiangtung, two in Kuangsi, four in Kweichow, six ill "iTiiman, four in Hsinkiang, and three in llonan — 75 in all. 7.0 1 A. In the ])rovince of Chihli th(; Brigade (ienerals, ^^^^^ 'I'-'ii' Ning^ (nien* Ts.mg^ Ping', at ^ j^ I* Cho.i>, and };Pj ^ |_j^ ^^ ^ Ma"* l.an' Chcu* T.sung» Ping', at Mi^fl^ Ma' J.an^ Yii^ in the ])refecture of ig >ffc j]>\ Tsun^ Ilua* Chou' — Commanding the l)riga ^ =f- 1|1 Wai* Woi^ Ch'ieni Tsung^ Ensign ; 8a. 75211. ^(v ^ j^ lU Wai^ Wei^ Pa=^ Tsung% Colour- Sergeant ; 9a. [ 3-40 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF C!I1NA. 7521. §g ^|> ^[^ H E^ Wui^ Wai^ WeP, Sergeant ; 9b. 752i 7o2.r. pji ^ ('huug^ ChUnS Adjutant. This post is filled to by officers of the rank of glj ^'* Fu^ Chiang* (see No. 752) to >yK± ^ ^ Shou^ Pei* (see No. 752d) and one adjutant is attached to the commandant of any detachment of the forces. The Officers acting as Adjutants to the Governors-General and Governors are, respectively, the Commandants of the Governors-General's ('^ ^ Tu^ Piao^) and Governors' (^ ^ Fu^ Piao^) Brigades (see Nos- 749 and 824). 703. ^ ^ Ying'' Tsung^, Commandant. This title is given to officers in command of special bodies of Troops. This post was fomierly found in the Jji ^ Chuang* Yung', or Militia, and in the ^ ^ Lien* Chi'in^, Disciplined Forces (which were the foundation for tlic organization of the present [^ ^ Lu* Chiin', Land Forces ; see No. 656). MILITARY POST STATIONS. 704. p^j!^ I* Chan", Military Post Stations. These are under the superintendence of the Ministry of War and serve for the conveyance of government despatches between metropolitan and provincial establishments, and vice versa. At the head of the p P or f}\ ( 'lian*, Post Stations, are J|^: gc P Ch'eng^ (see No. 850), or t^ ^ Chan* Kuan', Inspectors of Post Stations, with a staff of ^? ||ii ^ Pi' T'ielr Shih', Clerks, Mt M -^''^' 1*°'' Mounted Couriers, and ^ ^ l*ii* Po', Couriers on Foot, attached to them. The direct management of the Military l*ost Stations is investcfi in the local iiuthorities (compare No. 850) ; the general management throughout a province is invested in the tic ^ i^ -\f'' ^ "''':'' •"^'•'•'' (see No. 830 ; cunii)are No. 839). In Mongolia the Post Stages are called i|f -^ Chiui* T'ui', and are found along the three main roads — to K'unui, K'obdo and Uliasutai — and, in addition to heing postal establishments, [ 841 ] PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. serve as a place of banishment o£ condemned officials (compare the expression M^i^'^WltlM^ Fa^ Wang^ Chiini T'ai^ Hsiao* Li"* Shu^ Tsni*. The General control OAer the jMilitarv Post Stations in Mongolia (sitnated on the so:called M Wi M W "^ -^* ^'^^ '^''ai* Chiin^ T'ai^, Military Post Road of Altai) appertains to the Military Lientenant^General of Cyh'ahar (sec No. 898). Officials proceeding on dnty hy this road are given special posting-orders, called ^ '^ K'an'* Ho^, hv the Ministry of War. ^ In Manchnria the Military Post Stations (they ai'O now abolished and have been replaced by the ^ $S >^ Wen- Pao* Chii-, sre below) were undei- the control of Jp jj^ ^f ^ I'' Cluin* Chien^ Tn^, Inspectors of Military Post Stations (in the province of Kirin) or t|| ig it P Hsiih" TaoS ^^lilitary Intendant of Conriers (in the province of Fengtien). In addition, to the Military Post Stations there were (and, to some extent still ai*e, for instance, in the ])ro\ince of Hsin- kiang) j^ T'ang^, Military Conriers Bnreanx, imder the control of $1 It T'i- T'ang- (compare Nos. 435a and 435 lO. Of late there has been manifested a tendency of gradiuil abolition of the ]Military Post Stations, as well as ]Military Couriers Bureaux, and the establishment, instead, of ^^l f j| ^ Wen'' Pao* Chu^, Offices for the Transniission of Go\ernincnt Correspondence (divided into ^ ^ |§ j^ Weu^ Pao^ Tsnng' Chli'' and ^ IS ^ ^ Wcn^ Pao^ Pen' Chii-, Head and Branch Offices), with ^ ii? Tui Pan-*, or f§ Jig Tsnng^' Li^ Superin- tendents, in charge (this post, for instance in Manchiiiin, is associated with that of local \j^ \^ f>{f :\Iin2 T'lieng* Shih^ : (see No. 807). These offices, being administered on more ecoiM)iiiical lines than was the case with the ^lilitary Post Stations, some- times seive several provinces sinudtaneously (for instance, the IH^I^'^WlM ^^'in' Tfi' Yang^ Wen^ Pao^ Chu^; srr report [ 342 ] TKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. from ?^ A ?^ Chnno-^ Jt'n2-clnin^ and i,% :^ T.mni Fang', dated 753 •iUth November, 19()9). OFFICE OF GOVERNMENT DROVES. T.3o. m'^umm^mmmB %t <^'i^ang-^ chia^ K'ou-^ Liang^ P Mn' Cli'iin^ T'ung^* Hsia" Tsung' Kuan^, . ^Superintendent of Government Droves of Horses and Cattle in tlie two Wings of the Ch'ahar Herdsmen in the Territory snrrounding Kalgan : under the control of the Ministry of War. This post was established by virtue of an Imperial Edict of the loth December, 1909, which was promulgated in re])lv to a Memorial, from the ^Ministry of War, pointing out the malpractices in breeding of horses, and cattle in the territory of the left and right wings of the Ch'ahar Herdsmen (the duties appertaining to this post were previously performed by the Ch'ahar ^', ^ Tn' T'ung^ see No. 898). The herds of horses and cattle (57 in all) under the control of fbo Supei'intendent are distributed, according to the general divi>ioii of the Ch'ahar territory {see No, 893), into p|^ ^ Liang' P. Two Wings, in charge of which are the ^M ^^ Tso'' 1' Tsung' Kuan^ Supervisor of the f^eft Wing, and ti%V^^ "I'll' I' Tsung^ Knan', Supervisor ot the Kight Winu;. Tlu* dir(;ct management of eat^li diove is invested in a ^ l^ Mil' ('h:ing\ Sup(;rvisor of a Drove, and a ^ ,',ilj M"' Fu', .\ .-distant Super\ isor of a Diove. To the Superintendent thci-e are attached : ^^ }l 'f',' I'i^ Shu' Kuan', Chi.l' Secretary, f^ {M ^ti' Tsung^* 1I<>- Kuan', Chief K<'vi>er, and f j- |4 K'o' Yiian', Secretaries (in an indeHnite number;, arranged in I'nur sections: 1. ^ Wu ^^ Weir 'ill' K'o', Section of Correspondence, 2. ^ jT^ f! M"' Yang=* K'o', llreeding Section, 3. ft ul" ^'l ''"'' ^ '''' ''^'"'» PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 766 Accounts Section, and 4. ^ ^ f^ Shu* Wu'^ K'o\ Section of General Aftairs. For the advancement of the knowledge of breeding — a very important part of military administration — there are to be established MR^*^^ Liang^ I* Mu* Ch'iin^ Hsiieh' T'ang^ Stud Schools, and f^ |^ ^ Mu'^ Fan* Ch'un^ Model Droves, etc. NAVAL FORCES OF CHINA. 756. Most of the war vessels of the Chinese fleet are divided into the following four squadrons : 1 . 4fc ?¥ 7ic ^jp Pei' Yang2 Shui^ Shih^ Peiyang Squadron, 2. "^ if- 7}t$\^ Nan" Yang^ Shui^ Shih\ Nanyang Squadron, 3. jjfg ^ 7JC ^ifj Fu^ Chien* Shui' Shih\ Fukien Squadron, and 4. ^ ^ yjX ||0 Kuang^ Tung^ Shui' Shih\ Kuangtung (Canton) Squadron. In addition to these there are the so-called j^ S, i^ Hai^ Ping^ Ying«, Marine Battalions (Flotilla): 1. M M ML W ^ Kuang' Tung^ Yii* Lei^ Ying', Kuangtung (Canton) Torpedo Boat Flotilla, at ^ Jf Huang^ P'u^ (Whampoa), 2. "^ :^ jS^ ^ ^ Nan^ Ching^ Yii^ Lei^ Ying^, Nanking Torpedo Boat Flotilla, at ^ ^ Nan^Ching^ (Nanking),- and S. JM."^ ?# ? M^ ^ Yen^ T'ai^ Hai^ Chiin^ Lien* Hsi^ YingS Training Battalion of Yenfa^i (Chefoo), at ^ f^ Chih^ Fu* (Chefoo). The general superintendency of all the naval forces of China is invested, as has been already stated, in the ^ ^ ^ Hai' Chiin^ Ch'u*, Naval Council, at Peking {see Nos. 185c and 185d), which, in its turn, is subordinated to the ^ fjf f^ ^ :;^; £ Ch'ou* Pan* Hai' Chun^ Ta* Ch'en^ Presidents of the Commission for the Reorganization of the Navy (see No. 185a). The direct command of the fleet appertains to the ^ ^ f§ ^ Hai^ Chun^ T'i^ Tu^ Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces, to whom there is attached, at Shanghai, the ^ ^ ^ fM ^ Hai=* Chiin^ Shih* Wu* Ch'u*, Staff of the Commander-in-Chief [ 344 ] TKESENT DAY rOLlTICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. of the Naval Forces, directed by the # ^ 'g* Ts'an' Mou' 756a Kuan', Chief of Staff. Other StafF-Officcrs are : 1. glj 'g* Fu* tO Kuan', Adjutant (one), 2. J^ P Is Chi' Kuan^ (.'hien^ 7573 Engineer-Officer (one), ?>. ^ ff^^ C-'lur^ Clii* Chang', Senior Councillor (one), 4. j^ ft 'ET ^^^^"^ ^'1^^'* Kuan', Councillor (one), 5. ^ ^ 'g* Pi' Shu' Kuan', Secretary (one), 6. ^> ^ "^ 'fti ^''' '^'^"' Kuan' Pu', Assistant Secretaries (three), and 7. ^ '^ Chiin' I', Surgeon (one). 7j6a. For the ranks of line officers of the fleet see Iso. 6o9b; for the corresponding .lapanese terms sec No. 6o9c. 756 B. For particulars as to the 7jC ^ {^ '^ Shui'^ Shih^ T'i^ Tn', Naval (Jommanders-in-Chief, see No. 750b. 7o6c. For particulars as to the ^ 0[p '^ Shui' Shlh^ Ying*, Marine Battalion of tlie Banner Forces, see No. 747. 757. For the training of Naval Officers, ;!S well as for the huilding and repairing of vessels, there are now in China the following estaUishments ; 1. 7KM^'^ ^^^'"'^ ^'''''' Ilsiieh^ T'ang-, or tU%^ '^ ^'^'^ ^^^""' Hsiielr T'ang^ Naval Schools (see No. 757a), 2. 5§ ^ p/f Tsao^ Ch'uan- So', Shipbuilding Yards (see No. 757i5), and ^ |]| C^h'uan- Ch'Li', Docks (see No. 757c). 757a. At ])resent there are three Naval Schools in China : 1- fL iv'J 7K HltJ ^ ^ <"hiang' Nan^ Shui' Shih' Ksiich^ T'ang^ Kiangnan Naval School, at (^ }^ Nan''^ Ching', (Nanking), 2. ^ -^ m "M- ^ 'M '^'^"' 'J^''^'' ^^'»'' ^''''"'' Ils''<-1'' '!'''«"«•', Yen'tai Naval Sciiool, at ^ ^^f ( 'hefoo, and :i. }(fi'}[i ffjj [i^^f^ 'I'<^ Kuang'Tung' llai' Chiin' Hsiieh" T'ang*, Kuangtung (Canton) Naval School, at ^ i]J\ Huang' P'u' (see No. 756). 757b. For the construction of vessels there is a spi-cial shipbuilding yaid at jj^ '){\ Foocrhow, the so-called X^ H. M\ i& Ma' Wei' Ch'nan' Ch'ang' (Mainoi Arsenal). Also, ships arc buil- at the; O: 'rfl ^ ?,S^ W ^'J'i-"'K' ^^^^ <^'"' ^1'''' <--^^'''» Kiangnan Arsenal (at J^ ^ Sliang* Ilai^ Shanghai). PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA. 757c For the equipment of vessels with the necessary armaments — iQ guns, , shells, etc.— there are the f^lowing arsenals: 1. MM 768 JS :^ ^ Kuang^ Tung^ Tsao^ Ping^ Ch'ang^, Kuangtung (Qanton) Arsenal, 2. M 'M ^ M M ^^ ^f\ K"nng^ Tnng^ Hno^ Yao* Chih" Tsao* So^ Kuangtung (Canton) Powder Mills, and 3. M^^i^M M Han^ Yang' Ch'iangi P'ao^ Chii^, Hanyang Arsenal, at ;^ j^ Hanyang, in Hupeh. 757c. For repairing vessels there are the following dockyards: 1. M M ^ i^ Ivuang=^ Tung' Ch'uan' Wv\ Kuangtung (Canton) Dockyard, at ^ l^ Huang' P'u^ ; sec No. 756, 2] K "M f^ ^M Chiang' Nan' Ch'uan' Wu^ Kiangnan Dockyard, at _b j@ Shang^ Hai^ Shanghai, and 3. ,^ j^ ^ i.i Ma-^ Wei^ Ch'uan' Wu^, Mawei Dockyard, at Foochow. JUDICIAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND PRISONS. A. Shell P'-an T^'ing or Judicial EstuhUshments : ,758. Until lately the local administrative officials in China,, to Avhom were attached judges and prison officials, performed judicial functions. The Imperial Decree of the 6th November, 1906, which directed a general revision of the government ' organization, also affected judicial establishments — the Board of Punishments {see No. 438) was reorganized as the Ministry of Justice {see No. 440), and the Court of Judicature and Kevision {see No. 215) was reformed as the Supreme Court of Justice {see No. 215a), specially charged with the siipervision of all judicial matters of the Empire. At the same time the Chinese Government determined to shai-ply define the scope of adminis- trative and judicial officials and, with this object in view, began the organization of quite independent judicial establishments, so- called ^ ^jj fgj ptj Shen^ P'an* Ya' Men', free from any control on the part of the administrative authorities (compare the expression v\^%iL Ssu' Fa* Tu' Li"*). These began to function PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA. first at Peking ; later they weiv foiiiuled in Minicliuiia and at 758 Tientsin. Tlieir establishment thronghout the I-inipire will take place accoitiiiig to the following schedule : in 1909-1910, at provincial capitals and ports oj)cii to foreign trade ; in \911- 1913, at the chief cities of prefect in-es, sub-prefectures, depart- ments and districts : in 1 91.)-191.), at marts and villages. The organization of judicial establishments is based on: 1. ^femorials from the .Sui)reme Court of Justice, dated the 12th Deceml)cr, 1900, and fi-om the Ministry of Justice, dated the 4th December, 1907, and the 2.3th August, 1909, and 2. Regulations foi' Judicial establishments, ;^ |^ ^| fjilj f]i Fa* Yiian^ Pien' ( hih^ Fa"*, compiled by the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional (iovernment and sanctioned by the Kmpcror on the 7th February, 1910, with the enclosures: 1 • m 'IJ* -^i A^ fi JTl m n W- ^ Fa^ Kuan^ K'ao^ Sliih^ Jen* Yung^ Chan* Hsing^ Cluing^ Ch'cng^^ Provisional Regulations for Competitive Kxamination and Appointment of Judicial Offic-ials. 2. Sj m Ei '^ ^ I'J "^ ^i iit ^ Ssu'- Fa^'Ch'ii* \ w^ Irn' Hua* Chan"* Using" Chang' Ch'eng^ Provisional Rcguhitions Defining Judicial Districts, and 3. j&J M ^ illi [^ m n ^ ''^ %^ m n- m n ^^ ^^. < '''•"' < 'l-!'- ( "^'i' TI' Fang^ Shr.n' P-an* T'lng' Kuan^ Ilsia* An* Cliien* Chan^ilsing^ Chang^ Ch'eng', Provisional Regulatif)ns Defining the Scojie <»f Local and. District Courts according to the (iravit) and Type of Chses. .liidicial establishments are divided into: i^ ^ ^ ^ij i® Km(,' Tcng^ Shcn^ P'an* TMng', Courts of Assl/.es, 2. J^lJ ^j 'it ^'Ij 1^ Ti* Fang' Shen^ P'an* TMng', District Courts, and •5. ^ t^'-S^ H fiS ('•''"' <'•»»' !^'"'"' F'an-' T'lng', Local Courts (for di'tails srr Nos. 7.59 to 7(»1 ). I'or particulars as to the fiuictions ol tlie'.^upirrMr ( oiirl o( •Justice sec No.' 21.'>A, and the Suppletiient, No. 21. >A. 7r>H^. f^f\] ^^m}& ^•"■"•■' '•'""' ''"''"f^'' ^''''""' '*""' Ch'u', Offices for tin; Organization oi Judicial JOstablishments ; [ :^«: ] I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL, 0KGA:«IZ.ATJ0N OF CHINA. 758b founded in all provinces, under the direction of the Jl ;^ f|^ Ti* to Fa^ Shih^ {see No. 831) or ^ ^ \^ An* Ch'a' Shih^ to 758d function until the introduction of judicial establishments in the provinces has been completed. 758b. For training officials for service in judicial establish- ments there have been instituted at local Colleges of Law and Administration {see No. 623a), or at the ^HM% il J^ Shen^ r'an-i T'ing-^ Ch'ou^ Pan* Ch'u* {see No, 758 a), H ^il W ^ Jfr Shen^ P'an* Yen^ Chiu^ So^ (also, -^ ^W'MWX Shen^ P'an* (^hiang^ Hsi=^ ^o\ % mi^- ^ Wi Ssu^ Fa* Yen^ Chiu^ SoS or ^ ^ ^ ^ f4 Ssui Y2L^ Chiang' Hsi^ K'oi), Courses in Jurispi^udence, covering one year, and providing for an enrollment of from 60 to 120 students (dependent on 1 cal conditions). 758c. ;^ ,11 ^ ^ Jfr Ohien' Yen^ Hsueh^ Hsi^ So', Courses in Medical Jurisprudence ; for training officials s^killed in questions of f^ ^ Fa* I^, Medical Jurisprudence, styled ^ II 1^ Chien' Yen* Li*, Medical Inspectors, who are to replace the >f^- f)- Wu' Tso*, Coroners, men quite ignorant and entirely unacquainted with the principles of medical jurisprudence, who have long functioned in China. These courses ire to be founded at Judicial Establishments of hiaher grades and are to extend over a year and a half. Coarses of Medical Jxirisprudence were established at Peking, ;^ li ji; ^ J^ Chien' Yen* Ch'uan^ Hsi^ So', in June, 1909, at the himU^'^UM <^'hingi Shih^ Kao^ Teng' Chien' Ch'a^ T'ing\ 758i). For training judicial officials of lower rank (ushers and clerks), in some provmces (for instance Kuangtung) there ^re ^mm%t^U^W^%m. L^* Shih* Shu^ Cln* Ch'eng» Fa' Li* Hsiieh^ Hsi^ So', Courses for Clerks and Ushers (extending over half a year). [ 348 ] PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 758e. The new scheme for judicial establishments (see 758= No. 758) foi-eshadoAvs the appearance of ^ ^ Lii* Shih\ tO Attorneys (Advocates; also 3^ ^ "i: Pien* Hii^ Shih*) in ci*'il >yQQ and criminal cases. Special regulations defining their rights and duties (^ ^ll; ^ fr ^ I^^i' Siiih' Tan^ Hsing' Fa^) are to be drawn up by the Committee for Revising and Compiling Civil . and Criminal Codes. 758f. Those desiring to serve in judicial establishments are called upon to pass two examinations. On the s\iccessful completion of the fir^t examination they are attached to Local and District Courts for practice (Jp ^ Hsiieh^ Hsi-, Practising) for two years, after which they undergo the second examination. ( )n successfully passing this they are enrolled as Expectants for posts in .Indicia] Establishments (so-called 1^ ^ ||^ S^^ Hou* l»u^ T'ui> Shih^ and fj^ ^ ^^it ^ TT Hon' Pu'^ Chien^ Ch'a^ Kunn' j. 7.-,9. ^ ^ ^ ^jj ^. Kao^ Teng^ Shen^ P'an^ T'ing', Coiuts of Assi/cs (see No. 758). Within the scope of these Courts come: 1. Appeals (^ |^ K'ung* Su*) against judgments (not Hii:'I, ^Ij f^ I'-an' Chiieh') of District Courts, of the first hearing (^J^^, " ^ Ti' V Shen^j, 2. Appeals ( J: ^ Shang* Ivao*; against judgiiicuts (not final) of District Courts, of the second hearing (^ H ^ TV Erh^ Shcn^), 3. Cassations (|j^ ^ K'ang' KaoS ol" judguK-nts (final, <^ ^ Chiieh* Ting') of District Courts, and 4. Cases concerning >^ ^ Tsung' Shih* (srr No. 39) and ^^ i^ Clinch^ Lo" {see No. 40), not within the scope of I lie Supreme Conrt of .lust ice. (.'ou)-ts of Assizes consist (depending on [\n- \ohuni' of att'airs) of one for more-) ^ ?Jf j^ Mm' Shil)' T'ing', Section of Civil Cases, and one (or more) M ''\t l'^^ Using" >hih^ T'ing', Secti* J ang' Shcn' P'an^ Fen' T'ing', Branches of District Conrts, Avr No. 761a. ■f'<"*- i^ ':?- ^ M ^ M ''^"•>' 'J^'-'iJ?' ^'»"' i*''^"' ^'''"'"' T'ing', liranclies of Coints of Assizes («/"r No. 759.v) ; may lie established at places di.stant from provincial capitals, at the Local Difttri«;t (>)urts {see No. 7G()j. TIk-sc are coinpo.sed of a PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CFIINA. 761 S ^ ^ ^^^^^ Shih* T'ing^ Section of Civil C'ases, and a ^ij ^^ ^Q Hsing-^ Shih^ T'ing^, Section of Criminal Cases. 761a ^^1- ^ Wi^f^JM <^'li'"' <^'l^i' ^^^^^^ P'a"' T'ingS Local Courts, (sre No. 758). To the authority of these appertain : 1. Civil cases involving a sum of not more than 200 Taels, and 2. By the present Criminal Code, criminal cases p'unisliable by a fine or by a fine (of not more than $200.00) and imprisonment (for a year or less), or, by other rules, by arrest. Local Courts are made up of one or two (or more) |^ ^ T'ui^ Shih'*, Members of the Court, who judge cases quite independently {% f£ ffjij TuMen^ Chih^). Local Courts (also called J^ |*f j^j Ch'eng^ Yen- Chii'^, City Justice of Peace, and ^ H^ ^ Hsiang^ Yen^ Chii^ Village Justice of Peace) were formerly composed of from one to two (10 at Peking) ^ 5^j |f ^ Tan^ Tu^ T'ui^ Shih*, Independent Members of the Court. At Local Courts there are : ^ '^ ~^ Ch'eng- Fa' Li*, Ushers, and §^ ^ Lu* Shih*, ^yritevs. Local Courts arc established at: 1. Peking, ^ ^flJ i^ |S ^ f\] 11 Chingi Shih' Ch'u^ Chi- Shen^ P'an* T'ingS Metro- politan Local Courts (the former designation was jj{ fjjj 5)" Im -liSS iK M Cliing' Shihi Feni Ch'u^ Ch'eng^ Yen^ Chii^), 2. Admini- strative centres of departments and districts of the Metropolitan Prefecture, 3. Administrative centres of sub-prefectures, departments and districts of the provinces, and 4. Tluckly populated towns and A'illages important by their ^cation. For details .sec the Scheme for Judicial Establishments {see No. 7.58), section 2, articles 14 to 16. 761a. iili^^^il^^ Ti* Fangi Shm^ P'an* Fen'^ T'ing', Lranches of District Courts (see No. 760a) ; may be established at Local (.'ourts (see No. 70 1). These are composed o^ a ^^f£ Min^ Shih* T'ing^ Section of ( ivil Cases, a M ^ M iisiugs Shih* T'ing2, Section of Criminal Cases, and [ 35'2. ] PKESEN'T DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. two (or more) ^ ff |{| ^ T.r Jen* Vm' SliihS Independent 762 Memoer.s of the Court. ^q B. Chicn Ch''a T^ing or Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices : >yf\/L 762. At judicial establii;hinents of the various fjrades there are found 1^^ M Chien^ Ch'a^ T'ing^, or Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices, namely : 1. At the I'ourt of Assizes, ^ ^ ti^ ^ ]^. Ka.)i Tcncr^ Chicn* Ch'a=^ T'ing^, 2. At the District Court, Wi 77 ^^ ^ ^. Ti^ Fang> Chien^ Ch'a' T'ing\ and 3. At the Local Coiu-t, ;^j] <:J5 1^^ M C^'u^ Chi" Chien^ Ch'a' TMng' (for details see Xos. 76.3 to 767). For details as to the |,(g fijj ^ M Tsnng^ Chien' Ch'a^ T'ing\ attached to the Supreme Court of Justice, see No. 222. Duties appertaining to the Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices include : the initiation of cases of criminal prosecution, the making ot searches, tlie enforcement of sentences, etc. 763. ^ II f^ ^ ^ Kao^ Teng^ Chien^ Ch'a= T'ing', ]*rosecuting Attorney's Office at the (?ourt of Assizes {see Nos. 7.39 and 762); composed of a ;^ ^ J^ Chien^ Ch'a"^ Chang^ Senior Prosecuting Attorney, and two (or more) /^ ^ ^ Chien^ Ch'a* Kuan', Prosecuting Attorneys. Also, at this office, there are found m f;|? Tien^ Vx\\ Archivists, ± t^ Chu^' \\i\ Kegistrars, and §'^ 3jJ Lu' Shili^, Writers. 7(J3A. LS 'fe^ ^ :y)' IS Tsung' Chien=' Ch'a'' Fen' Ting', P>'-anche.s of Attorney-(icnerars Office {see Supplement to No. *J22) ; establii-^hed at Hi-anehes of the Suprenu; Court of .histice {see No. 7.'j9iij. "64. illi 7; ^ ^^ JS5 Ti' Fang' Chien^ Ch'a- T'lng', J'rosecuting Attorney's Office at the District Court (.vcv Nos. 7(10 and 762) ; composed of a |^ ^ i^ ('hien' ('h'a* Chang', Senior l'rose<-uting Attorney, and two (or more) 5^5t ^ 'tJ* Chien' Cli'a' Knan', Pn » and Viiunan (see report from ^^^^ Shen' Ping^-k'un\ dated the 21st Septeml)er, 1909). In connection with the prison reform it is proposed to abolibh, in the provinces, the [)0sts of -^ '§^ Ssu' Vii^, |^ g Li* Mu^ and JPI ^ Tien' Shih' (see Xo. 760a). licguUitions referring to prisons (g^ ]^ ^l ||lj Chien' Yii* Kiiei' Tx'*), and defining jjenalties to 1)0 iuHicted on piison udministracions i^m'^^l^Wl^M < '''i^-'>' Vii' Kuan' Li* Cheng' Fa- Knei' Tsi'^), were thawn iij) in 1909, to be promulgated in l!)l(). and, accordingly, the organization of the new (niod(;lj prisons, treated below, has been arrived at, chiefly, from the al)0\('-mentioned Memorial from ('hang Ming-ch'i (and, to .some extent, on the report of Shcn I'ing-k'un ). At the head of the Model I'li-son (in Kuangsi) is a IE ll't TiiX 'lY ' h'ng' Tien" V'ii' l\ii;iii'. I'lison lns|)cctor ; 5 15 (in \ luuiaii, JJl^ ^JX B* lieir ViV Kuan'). To liiin there are snb- ordiiiated : 1. JOight ^ K^ l^ K':ui' h^liou' ('hang'. Senior Warders: Ha (in Vtinuan, three t^* (^ i^i Shou^ Wei' Chang'), •^. (iO ^ y^ •^■:"'' Shou-', Warders; '.)\ ( ni Vnnnan, \y ^ Shou' Wei'), ;i. Two ^jl. \lf'i \'.\\l < jiiao' Ilni' Shih', Teachers of Morality: S \, \. Two '^ 'lV '' Kuan', I'hysician.s ; 9a (in Viinnau, one ^ !';i|i I' •'^liili'i, 'i. Ten X J'' Kung' Shou', Workmen, and (i. "JO Jiji f Vm' Ting', Escorts ( the two last- PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 767 mentioned ranks do not exist in Yiinnan, biU there are five ^ la ^ Shu^ Chi* Sheng\ Clerks). The general supervision over the aiFairs of the prison is invested in four Sections: 1. ^ ^ ^^ Wen^ Tu^ K'o\ Section of Correspondence (^ ^ p\ Wen^ Shu^ K'o^ in Yunnan), 2. ^ s\ f} Hui* Chi* K'o\ Section of Accounts, 3. XM^^ Kung^ Yeh* K'o^, Section of Handicrafts, and 4. ^^ f^ jfJf ^^"* Wu* K'oS Section of General Affairs (IJj ^ ^ Tsung^ Wu* K'o^ in Yunnan). . At the head of each Section are Senior Warders, as j^ ;^ K'o^ Chang', Section Chiefs (one fif ^ K'o^ Chang^ to each Section in Yunnan), assisted by four ^jf ^ K'o' Yiian^, Secretaries ; 9a (one fif j^ K'o^ Yiian^, ih Yunnan). .In Yiinnan province there is also the ^ ^ |^ Shou^ Wei* K'o^, Secret Service Section, directed by a ^i[ ;^ K'o^ Chang^. At the ModBl Prison in Kuangsi, in the Summer of 1909, there was opened a ^ Dt ^ ^ Chien^ Yii* Hsu eh'' T'ang-, Prison School, for training officials for service in prison administrations, of two Sections: 1. ^ ^ jf jf Kao^ Teng^ K'o^ Higher Section (with a course of study extending over one year, an enrollment of 50 students and 16 subjects of instruction), and 2. ^ '^ jf jj- K'an^ Shou^ K'o\ Section of Guarding (prisoners) (with a course of study of half a year's duration, an enrollment of 120 students and eight subjects of instruction). It has been arranged that this school be reorganized, in September, 1910, on the lines of the Japanese ^ |^ p ^ Ching' Chien^ Hsiieh^ T'ang', Police and Prison Schools, and it is to be^nnexed to the local Higher Police School (see No. 522). In the province of Hunan, in connection with prison administration, there are ^U^ H ^ )^ Chien^ Yii* Ch'uan^ Hsi» So', Courses in Prison Administration. 767. # ^3^ Bf K'ani Shou' So^ (also ^ i^C Ff Kuan' Shou' So'), Houses of Detention; established at District Courts {see No. 760) and, in some instances, at Local Courts (see [ 356 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. No. 76 1\ These are administered by from two to four ^ tj* ^ 767a 'g' K'an^ iShou^ So^ Kuan' (also ^ If So^ Kuan'), Warders ^q of Houses of Detention; 8p.. yQQ At the ^ ft it& 7^ 1- ^1P Bf .<^'l'ing' Shih' Ti' Fang' K'an^ Shou-' ISo', Hout>e of Detention of the MetropoHtan Distri'^t Court {see No. 760), there is found the post of ^ ^* ^ ;g K'an^ Shou^ So^ Chang^ (also J^ ^ So^ ("hang^), Senior Warder of the Hou.sc of Detention ; 6i}. For particulars as to the House of Detention of the Supreme Court of Justice, see No. 221. 767a. ^ ^ M f^'^i" I^ So^ Workhouses ; under the supervision of the Ministry of the Interior {see No. 514). Here are incarcerated, and employed in handicrafts, otFenders condemned, for petty crimes, to some months imurisonment. AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. 768. The direct superintendence over all measures directed towards the development of agriculture, industry and commerce, a.^ well as a general control over all estahlishments having reference to these, appertains to the Industrial Taotai (see Nos. H.'ii) and H.'iOAj who, in this instance, is subordinated to the Ministrv ol Agriculture, Industry and Conunerce, from which he receives all necessary instructions. 769. imXi^i^^ Nin.g'^ Kung' Shang' Tsung^ Chu>, Hg Tsimg^ Li^ and ])^ Jl Hsieh' T.i' (compare No. 770), nnd there have been instituted 31^ ^' ^ ff\ ]\iuig' Veil' Yen- Chin' So', C,ourses in Handicrafts. "On. ■MmW:'m'^m^ ^'I'i'iM' '^I'il'' ^'""ff' '^I'i''^ Shih^ 1 Cn' ( h"ang\ Metropolitan Botani<-nl (iarden ; opened in 19().s. Here is iound a i^ ^ ^ f# ^ 1: Kao' Teng^ Nung' \\\\* Ilsiieh'^ T'ang''^, Higher Agricultural School {see No. 6():iA;, and the )^ f^ ^^ Nung- Wn* Chiil Agricultural ( )ftice {sec No. 463). 770c. Ill Manchuria, as proposed by f;j^ |il- ^ Ilsii' Shih*-<-h'ang' {sec his Memorial of the .")tli l)i!cend)er, 19()H. and the re])lv of thi; Ministiy f»f Agriculture, Industry anc/ ( omnien-e, date( ^ is^ Shou' Chili' Ch'n', Treasury. To each Section there are attached two i^l ijf £4 Li"' Shih* Yiiaii-, I'.xpositors. In 1908 the Kxhibition was gutted by fire. Repairs were, liftwever, effected in 1909. At ihc- Metropolitan l''xhibition there is found a lljj ^ ^ Cli'iirm' Yeh^ (Jh'ang'', Workshop for the Encouragement of IndiHtry. For particidars as to the J^C |]||J X ^j^ jj^) ^ W\ < 1''".^' ''^'''''' Kuiig' Veh' Shih* Y i^w* S\ a ^'^ 5^1 Tsuni,-' Li'\ President, a '/J, JT? llsi.li"' Li'', Vice-rresidcnt, PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 776a and a number o£ ^ §, Ig ft Kung^ Wu^ I* Yirnn^, Mining ^Q Advisers. «-,/> New mining regulations (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 21st September, 19a7), left, for the time being, the Mining Committees unchanged, Avith the exception that there were • attached to them a number of ^M^^' M, Kung^ Wu^ Wei' Yuan^ Deputies for Mining Affairs, and |/||^ H TJJ %' Kung» Wu* Ku* Wen* Kuan^, Consulting Experts for Mining Affairs (see No. 468). At present the Mining Committees are being gradually abolished (compare a Memorial from p^ ^ f| Ch'en^ K'uei^- lung^ late Governor-General of Hukuang, dated the 1st July, 1909), and their functions transferred to the Industrial Taotai (see Nos. 839 and 839a ; %¥i ^ ^^ Kung^ Wu"* K'o\ Mining Section). 775a. Previous to the establishment of Mining Committees in 1905 {see No. 775), mining affairs were supervised in the provinces by ^ |§ fjl ^ Kung^ Wu^ Tsung^* Chii^, Central Mining Offices, and ^ ^ S M ^^l^'^^ Kung^ Kung^ So^ Mining Offices. 775b. ^ ff ^ ^ Kung3 Wu* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Mining Schools (see No 617b) ; to be organized in all provinces in 1911. 776. ^ pj Kung* Ssu\ Companies or Associations. Conforming to commercial laws, drawn up l)y the Ministry of Commerce and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 21st Januaiy, 1904, these may be classed in four groups: 1. o" ^ 2t ^ Ho^ Tzu^ Kung^ ?su^, Co-partnerships, 2. •^ ^i ^ PMi^ »1 IIo' 'fzu' Yu^' Hslen* Kung^ Ssu^, Limited Liability Co-partnerships, 3. 3x ^ ^ nl ^'^^^^ ^^^^^^ Xung' Ssu', Joint-stock' Companies, and 4. ^ ■^ ^ ^ ^ p\ Ku' Fen^ Vu' Hsien* Kung"^ Ssu', Ijimited Liability Joiiit-stock (Companies. For (the direction of) the business of any company there is formed a H ^ f;^ Tung^ Shih* Chii^ Board of Directors, [ 364 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. consisting of from three to thirteen |g ^ Tung' Shih'', Directors, 776a elected at a general meeting of shareholders from the ranks of ^q holders of ten shares or more in the company concerned. At the mmm first general meeting of, the shareholders there are elected at least two ^ |g A Ch'a^ Chang* Jen', Auditors. Companies must be registered at the Company Registration Bureau, ^ ^ B^ j^ ^ Kungi Ssu^ Chu< Ts'e* (^hii^ (see No. 465b). Temporary regulations as to registration of companies have been compiled by the Ministry of Commerce (consisting of 18 articles). 776a. Registration of trade marks is done, following rules and regulations framed by the Ministry of Conimerce (originally in 1 904) by the (^ ^ ^ Shang^ Piao^ Chii» (also U ^ M Chu* Ts'e* ChiJ'), Trade ]\Iarks Registration Bureau (see No. 465d), and by the jl^ ^ g i| ^ ^ Shangi Piao^ Kua* Hao* Fen^ Chii', Branch Trade Marks Registration Bureaux, at Tientsin and Shanghai. COLONIZATION. 777. Of late years the Chinese Government has paid special attention to the question of colonization, which is now being carried on under official auspices along the Northern ])order of the provinces of Shansi, Cliihli, Shctisi and Kansu, in Manchm-ia, in frincr Mongolia (especially in the C'herim league), about lisining (on the luirder of KMik'nnor), in Szecliwan (on the Tibetan border) and in Viinnan (on tlie border of Tongking). In the province of Shansi (the territory of tlic T'lnnct tribe, wlji<;h occupies the region adjacent 1o Knci II ua Ch'rng) colonization was started, roughly speaking, in 1!'()'.\ .ind tin- following Colonization Bureaux have been fjradually called into activity : 1. U il ^l\ Vfi ^ W Knei' Hua^ KSn^ Wu* Tsung* Ch'i', < 'e.itral ("ol«»nization iiurcaux at Knci llua ( 'liS'ng (K'u [ .%0 ] PRESENT DAY I'OLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 778 K'H Ho To), 2. ^MMB^ M ^^''^S' <^^'l'*''>^ K'en' Wu^ Feu^ CluiS Branch Colonization Bureau at Feng Chen T'ing, 3. ^Jili?^^^ ^'i"8' ^'"'^"' K'eu^ Wii^ Fen^ Chu% .Branch Colonization Bureau at Ning Yiian T'ing, etc. Later, colonization penetrating Chihli, the following ^vus established : m ^^ M & M M B M ^ l\ B ^ ^^'l^'a^ Ha' Erh' Tso-' I' K'en^ Wu^ (^hang^ Chia^ K'ou^ Tsung^ Chii'^, Central Colonization Bureau of the Left Wing of the Ch'ahari:, at Kalgan. In the province of Kansu a Colonization Bureau was established (on a Memorial from the ^ ^ C'hiang^ C-hiin', -^ :^ T'ai"^ Pu*, dated the 14th December, 1908), in 1908, styled mm^Mm^mi^ ^ ^ T.ou* Pan^ Ning^ Hsia^ Ahur^ Ying^ K'en^ Wu' Tsung^ Ch'i^, Cential Colonization Buieau of the Manchu Gari-ison at Ninghsia, established Avith Imperia' sanction. In addition to the above-mentioned. Colonization Bureaux (Central and Branch) ha\ e been called into ))eing at other places in the Empire. 778. M^l^ MB X^ Tn' Pan^ Iv'cir* Wu^ Ta^ Ch'en^ Superintendent of Colonization Affairs. This title is held by the Chiang^ Chiin^ at Sui^ Ynan^ Ch'eng^ (.see Nos. 744, 744a. and 899). To him there are attached the following- 1. One |,f, ^ Tsung3 Ch'a^, Chief Inspector, 2. Six || ^ Chi- Ch'a'^ Inspectors, 3. One ^ r^^ }}| WCm? IIsun^ Pn--, Civil Orderly Officer, 4. One j^ ^ fj§ \Vir^ IL^.in^ Pu\ Military Orderly Officer, 5. One ^ ^fj ^ ^ Chieni Yin" Wei' Yiian'-, Keeper of the Seal, 6. Two ^ jf^ Han* T'ung^ Shih^ Chinese Interpreters, 7. Two ^ j^^ ^r<-'-t. T'ung^ Shih% Mongolian Interpreters, 8. Four BI ^ ^ 1* T'ou^ Tcng=' Ch'ai^ Kuan', Deputies of the first rank, 9. Six IZ W' M %' ^^i'^" T^'"g^ Ch'ai^ Kuan^, Deputies of the second rank, 10. Ten .H ^ ^ [ 86fi ] PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORQA^IIZATION or CHINA. 'g* Sail' 'lY'iisr' Cli'ai' Iviian'. Deputies of the third niiik, and 11. Twenty ^ f^ Fu' I^ Servants. In addition to the ottieials mentioned above, for the Superintendent of Colonization Attairs, there is a : 1. ^ ^ |^ Wen^ An' Ch'u', Chancery (sec No. 779), and 2. i{^ ^ |g Shou' Chih' Ch'u\ Treasury (,sce No. 780); ^~^^- X ^ J^ Wen^ An'* Cli'u^, Chancery (see No. 77.8j; directed by a -^ i^|- Tsung-' Pan\ Chief, who is assisted by : 1. One ^m Hui^ ran\ Associate Chief, 2. Two ^ |/jf e Pang' Pan\ Assistants, 3. Six i, 1% '^ M. ^'^''^^ Kao' Wei^ yuan\ (Jhief Kevisers, 4. Two M M '^ M. ('liani?' An' Wei' Yiian-, Archivists, 5. Two i^ ^ ]^ f^ ^ ^ Shou' Fa' Wen^ Chien' Wei' Yiian^, Kegistrars, G. Four ^ f^ ^ ^ Fan' P Wei^ Yiian^, Interpreters, 7. Four p] ^ Ssu' Shih^, Clerks, ^. Two ig ^ T'luig' Shih', Assistant Interpreters, 9. ^ =p- Shu' Shou', Writers, 10. Four ^'^ Cli'ai' Kuan' (..er Xo. 778), 11. F(jur g;-^; ^ T-ing' Shih\ Runners, and 12. Ten M f^ it IJ"' < I'ii' 1""'^S r.uards. 780. 4^ ^ ^ Shou' Chih' ChM^ Treasury (j,ung' Pan', to whom there are subordinatetl:. 1. One ^ |/jj5 Hui^ I'an\ Associate Chief, 2. One ^ U)^ Pang' I'an', Assistant, 6. Fonv ||g ^4 ^ 14 Tsimg' He- Wei' Yuan', Auditors, 4. Two ^ j^^ ^ t| Chu^ Kao' Wei' \ ian', .->. One^ ^ i$ 14 Chang' An* Wei' Yuan^ 6. Tw.. ^ ;;^. ^ ll ( hih' Ying* Wei' Yiian-, Assistant Treasurers, 7. Fom- ^ ^ Ssu' Shih% K. Fourteen |} ^ Shu' Shou', D. Foiu- ;)| '1^ Ch'ai' Kuan', 10 Fom i{* ']( T^ing" Shih' and 11. Ten if li'j Jt Hu* Chu^* Fu' (con.pare No. 779;. 781. The personnel of the Central Coloni/alion liureau at Kuei Una ( Ih'eiig ( K'li li'n Ho T'o ; s>e No. 777) is as follows : 1. Two liS HjI Tsung' I'an-, 2. Two Q- '^ lUn* Pun', 3. Two j/; U? I'angi l'an\ 1. Two ^ ^ '1 'i' Tiao\ I'roctors, o. Fom -^ \fi^ f^ li Chu' Kao' Wei' Yuan"', (i. Four fl^;»U j^ [ ;;-- ] 779 to 781 TRESENT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA 782a 782 ^ Ch'eno-2 gj^g^s ^yg^s Yikn^ Judicial Commissioners, 7. Four to ^^MWi'^M. Chi' Ho' Ts'e* Pao* Wei' Yiian^ Auditors of Colonization Accounts, 8. Four ^^M^^^ C^^'^^^' C^^'^' Lii^ Chang* Wei^ Yiian^, Land Surveyors, 9. Two jHjj ff ^' R '^s'e* Hui* Wei* Yuan^ Draftsmen, 10. Two ^^^1. Chang^ An* Wei^.Yuan^, 11. Two H |i m M. Fan^ P Wei' Yuan", 12. Two ii ^ T'ung^ Shih*, 13. Four ^ ^ Ssu^ ShihS 14. Fourteen ^ ^ Shui gi^Q^s^ 15, Four H 'g* Ch'ai^ KuanS 16. Four ^ ^ T'ing^ ShihS and 17. Twelve ^^ ^c H^^* Chu^ Fu^ (compare Nos. 779 and 780). The personnel of the other (Colonization Bureaux mentioned above (Central, at Kalgan ; Branches, at Feng ChOn' T'ing and Ning Hsia T'iig) is, with almost no exception, similar to that just expanded. 782. H ^ H ^ K'en' Wu* Tsmig' Chu^, Central Coloni- zation Bureau at Tsitsihar (in the province of Heilungchiang). This superintends colonization affairs and the selling of jiublic lands to immigrants. At its head is a H |/jf Tsung' Pan*, who has subordinated to him a f^ |l^ T-i' Tiao*, Proctor. It is divided into three $^ K'o\ Sections: 1. ^ H f ^ Wen^ Tu* K'o\ Section of Correspondence, 2. # ft f ^ ^ni* (K'uai*) Chi* K'o\ Accounts Section, and 3. }& B fr S^u* Wu* K'oS Section of General Affairs. At the head of each Section there is a^ ;g K'o^ (^langS, Section Chief. He is assisted by a glj ^ ^ Fu* K'qI (^hang3, Assistant Chief. 782a. M fl n: W ^ ^ tH ff ^ Hei' Lung^ Chiang^ Sheng^ Pien' K.'en' Chao^ Tai* Ch'u*, Immigrant Agencies for the Colonization of the Frontier of Heilungchiang. These Avere established, in accordance Avith a Memorial from the Governor- General of Manchuria (of the 28th January, 1909), at Haide organized on all Railways — (xovei-ninent or ]*rivate. The 786a Ministry is now engaged in arranging the personnel of this force and, in this connection, has consulted Avith the high officials of provinces in which there are railways. 785. M^^^ T'ieh^ Lu^ Hsueh^ T'ang^, Eailway Schools; there is one for eacli railway, founded with the object of training cmjiloycs for tlie various b)'anches of raihvay Avork. 785a, Tlie scheme of constitutional i-efoi-ras drawn up by the Ministry of Posts and C'ommuiu'cations, sanctioned bA' the Emperor on the ,48th April, 1909, en lied for the establishment at Peking, in 1909, of: 1. A ^^^^ ShihM'eh* Hsiieh' T'ang^ ProfessioMiil School (at (he Ministry), and 2. A MM>^?HW^^ Tien* (ni'i* .Ohuaii^ Mcn"^ Hsiieh^ T'aug-, School of Electrical Engineeriu«. 786. ^ III j^iM^^ T>ang2 Shan^ ' La^ Kiuvf Ilsiieh^ T'ang-, Railway and Mining School at. T'angshan (in the province of Chihli ; sec No. 621 a). In 1909, in consequence of internal dii^scnsions, this school was reorganized (see report fvoin the Ministries of !']ducation and of Posts and Communications, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 6th June, 1 909)-" as folloAvs : to consist of two Sections, namely, 1. t}l ^f^I- Cl»^",^' Teng^ K'o\ Middle Section (with the curriciduin of a Middle School and a course of study covering three years), and 2. ;^ ^ jfJj. Kao^ Teng^ Iv'o\ Higher P -ction (with the rating of a Higher Professional School and a .oiu-se of four years). The head of the school is now a 1^|^ Chien' Tu', Director (instead of the former |§ fj| Tsung=* Pan* ; see No. 635). He is assisted by a ^ |^ ;g Chiao* Wu* Chang^* (.sv^- No. 6.36) and a ^ f^ J|- Chai' Wu* Chang^ (see No. 645). 786a. Previous to 1909 the' Railway and Mining School at T'angslian (see No. 786) Avas composed of two Sections: [ 370 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 789 1- ^^i^^ ^^ ^ ^"' Kung= Kungi Kung* K'oS General, and 787 2- !^ ^'^ W^ P^ li I>"' Kiing^ Chnan^ ]Men' K'o', Special. tO The course of study in each covered two years. 787. ±fl$M^WM^^ Shang* Hai' Kao^ Teng^ Shili^ Yeh'' Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Higher Professional School at Shanghai {see No. 598c). Previous to 1909 this school was under the supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce : in that year it was placed luider the control of the IVrinistry of Posts and Communications. It furnishes instruction in a '^^^^ T'ieh:' Jax* KW, Railway Course, which is arranged in two Sections: a 5^ fij- Yii* K'o^, Preparatory Section, with a three or four years' course of study, and a ;4^ fij- Pcir^ K'o', Si)ecializing iSection, with a three years' tenn. At tiic last mentioned there is a r|4 ^ Chung' Hsiieh^, Sub-section with the ciu-i-iculum of a Middle School. 788. ^iEiM^^f <'1'''^«'' T'ung' Ch'uan^ Hsi- So^ /formerly T^ ^^ ^ J31 f^ ^ fff TMeh^ Lu^ Knan^ Li^ Ch'uan- Hsi^ So"^), Courses of Instruction at the Ministry of Posts and Communications. These arc ananged in two Sections: 1. Wc li^ ?4 'I'-ieh^ Lu^ K'o', Railway Section, and 2. §JJ '^ ^^ Yu' Tien' K'o', Section of I'osts and Tclcgrajjhs. lOach Section is sub-«in'-' ChN.an' Clmo' Shang' Chii', China Mcrcliants' Steam Navigation ('«>.; established in 1872 [ 871 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 790 (and imtiri909) under the supenntendency of the ^^ ^^ to Pei^ Yang' Ta'^ Oh'en^ (see No. 820b). In 1909, as directed 791 ^y Iii'^P^^'i^l Edict, dated the 4th May, this company wa& transferred to the control of the Ministry of Posts and Communications (see report of the latter, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th August). TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES. 790. In 1908 the telegraph lines of the Empire were redeemed by the Government and their administration was invested in the Ministry of Posts and Communications, which directly manages telegraphic affairs tlu'ough the H ^ "^ Tien* Cheng* Ssu\ Department of Telegraphs (see No. 478), and the J: ^ ^ i^ ^ Shang* Hai' Tien* Cheng* Chi^^ Bui-eau of Telegra])hs at Shanghai. The latter is directed by a ifj| ^| T^ung' Pan*, Chief, assisted by a |i *^ H i|^ Tsung^ Kuan* Tien* Cheng*, Superintendent of Telegraphs. At the head of ^ ^ ^ Tien* Pao* Chii^, Telegraph Offices, are |^|! Uj^: Tsung^ Pan*, Chiefs. To them are attached JM ^ M I^i' Shih* Yiian^, Managers, f| Jjf Ling^ Pan', Chiefs of Reliefs, and «|J ff lj£ Fu* Ling^ Pan\ Assistant Chiefs of Iveliefs. 790a. The scheme of constitutional reforms drawn up by the ^Ministry of Posts and Communications pro^-ides for China's affiliation with the M M M WC 1i!i ^ Wan* Kuo" Tien* Cheng* Kungi Hui*, International Telegraph Union, in 191.3. 791. Telephony is also under the supervision of the ^Pniistry of Posts and Commimications and, in the latter's- scheme of constitutional reforms, it is arranged that telephone installation throughout the Empire shall be completed in 1916. [ 372 1 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. - ^- Telephone ^cations are divided into: 1. %W ^ ^ '^ien* 792 Hua^ TsnngVChii^ Central Stations and 2. H |^ ^ ^ Tien^ Hua^ Fen' Chii^, Branch Stations. BANK OF COMMUNICATIONS. 792. ^ ii i^ ^1 Chiao^ T'ung' Yin'^ Hang', Bank of Communications ; established, as proposed in a Memorial from the Ministry of Posts and Communications (sanctioned by the Emperor on the 7th December, 1907), with the object of assisting in the development of shipping, railways, telegraphs and posts. Of the total number of shares issued, 40% were taken up by the Government and BO'^/V were issued to the public. The %^ f^ Tsung^ Harig', Head Office, of the Bank is in Peking ; ^ ^^ Fen' Hang', Branch Offices, were first established at Tientsin, Shanghai, Hankow, Amoy, Chinkiang and C'anton. Later, at important commercial centres of China, as well as abroad, there are to be opened liranch Offices or f^ %}. ^7 Tai* Pan^ Hang^ Agencies. Fur tlie Head Office, as Avell as for each Branch Officf, there is a $^ |/(^ Tsnng' Pan*, Snpcrintendent, and I0 this official there is attached one ^|J ^jj\. Vn* Pan"*, Assistant. Atlhehcad of the 112^^1?^ Tsnng^' Kuan' Li' Ch'n\ Board of Directors (at Peking), there is a ^^^ Jf Tsung' Li'*, President, and a ti[|f; fn I Li< li- Li\ Vicc-l*residcnt. To render them anv assistance thai may Ix; rccinircd there are deputed a number officials from the ))ersomi( I of the Railway Adniinistra- tinn. 'ihe President, and Vice-President are appointed by the MinistM ot" Posts and (Joinnuuiicatioiis. Shareholders, at a general meeting, ele]>\>l T'ung' Cliou'. Under the control of tin- official there are two departments and five districts. 795n. ^ P^ Ji 'iS a Is] m Nan-^ Lu^ Pu^ Tao* T'ingi TSnig^ Chih>, 8ul)-Prefect for Police Affairs of the Southern Section of the Metropolitan Prefecture {coni))are No. 849); resides at ^ ^ Huang-^ Ts'un\ in the district of J^ ^ j^ Ta* Hsing^ Hsien"*. This official has a department and six districts under his conti-ol. 795c. m^m^^m.^m HsI- Lu* Pu-^ Xao^ I'lng^ T'ung2 Chih\ Sub-Prefect for Police Affairs of the Western Section of the Metropolitan Prefecture (compare No. 849); resides at M ?l^ 'f^ Lu* Kou^ Ch'iao^ in the district of p^ ^ ^ Waii^ P'ing^ Hsien"*.. Under the supervision of this official there aie a department and four districts. 795i>- ^^m':^mM%\\ l^el^* Lu- Pu^ Tao* Ting' T'ung2 Chih'. Sub-Prefect for Police Affairs of the Northern Section of the Metro])olitan Prefecture (compare No. 849), resides at ^ |^ ^ Kung^* Ifua" Ch'cng^ to the South of ^ ^ ji>\ Ch'angi P'ing^ Chou'. The authority of thi^ official extends over a department and four districts. [ ^578 ] rUKSEXT DAY' POJ.ITICAL ORG AxVlZ ATION OF CHINA. ■^"i- 111!:! 3^ fj^HlfjlS ^^' Slum' Tien' Fir Pir^ T:.o* Yin--, 796 Pcilii'i- < 'iiij)- ol tlic .Motr(»|H)litaii I'lel'cfturc. This (.'orps is to li\i(lc.l into: 1. A fJ^ ^- C'lunin^ Viuu', Central Detiichment, 7900 iiiidcr the diioctio!) <.l" a =f- |;^! rii'li'ii' Tsimo-', and a |E |l5l Pa- Tsiuiii- {src Nos. 7o2k and T-lLM-'. 2. A j^ jj^ Tiinj;' Lll^ Ea>t('rii Dotaclniu'iit. ;;. A ^ J'^ Hsi' Lu', Wt'stcni Detacli- meiit. 4. A j^ ji"-^ Xau''^ Lii\ Soiitlieni Detaehmciit, and •'>• A :jt |i'|5 P ^] ^ K^ \Yai' Ssu' Yijan^, Supernumerary Officials. 799. For policing purposes Peking is divided into two districts: L SiM ^so^" I^ Eastern and ;^ ^ Yu^ 1\ Western. At the head of each there is a -^ ^^ P Yii*, Deputy Provost ; .iA, to whom there are subordinated: glj ^ ^ Fii* I* \''u* (also ^ W % Wi i'angi Pan* I* Y^ii*), Senior Assistant Deputy Provost; 3a, and ^WiWi ^V"ei^ I* Y'ii*, .Iimior Assistant Deputy Provost; 4a. At the head of the '^ ^^ Kuan' T'ing', Guard Stations (24 in all, three to each of the eight Banners), are |^ ]|«| Hsieh- Y'ii'*, Police Majors ; 4a, who have subordinated to them: 1. glj ^\ Fu* YiH, Police Captain; 5a, 2. ^ || ^ Pu* Chiin' Hsiao', Police Lieutenant; 5n, 3. ~^^ '^'M-^t Wei^ Shu* I'u* Chun' IIsiao\ Deputy Police Lieutenant; ()A, 4. %. {% I^'i'S' '^s,'xn\ Police Sergeant, and 5. ^ % Pu* Chlin', Police Privates (Policemen). BOO. :v, n,ri ^'^^m '.«i M is: ^ ^"»'ing' shih' p..* Chiin' T'ung^ Ling' lisim'^ l*u' \V ir* Ying-, Five Battalions of the Police of the General Cormnandant of the Gendarmerie. Th.-se are-.ic^ M '^l '!^ Wsnn' Pu' ('hung' Ying^ Central Police Battalion, '.f^ ||fj [^j -^ Hsun'^ Pu'' XanM'ing\ ^^outhern Police liattalion, •«( JtS ^b "i^ "^'i"-' ''"' l^«i' '^'ing*. Northern IN.Iicc P»attalion, )f« M ^ ^ "^""' ''"' '^^8'^'* ^'"'K*> ^eft (Eastern) l»olice Battalion, and (g jifi ^i 'P: Hsun^ Pu' Yu* Yiirg', Right (Western) Police Battalion. • [ 8H1 J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 801 The general supervision of the five pJittalions appertains to to the General Commandant of the Gendarmerie and his assistants 801a ^*^^' -^°' 798). The direct control is the duty of the f\i ^ Chung^ UhiinS Adjxitant, as ^ M S # ^ W- ^ M Hsun=' Pu=^ Wu^ Ying2 Pu* Chiin' T'ung^ Ling^ Tlie organization of the Five Battalions of Police recalls that of the Old Chinese Forces of the Green Standard (see No. 749). Each battalion is headed by a ^ f^ Ts'an^ Chiang^ {see No. 752a), as Conimandei-, and to him there is attached a J^ ^ Yu^ Chi^ {see No. 752i5), as his assistant. Comnumding a detachment stationed at any place (for instance, at the I^ O/J ^ Yiian* Ming'' Yiian'-, oi- fj; ^ jgj Ch'ang* Ch'un^ Yiian^ ; see No. 90) isa^l^ wl Tu^ Ssui {see No. 752c), or a "-0^ ^f Shou^^ Pei* {see No. 752n) ; commanding a !lf| .^hao'' {see No. 749) is a ^ fj Ch'ien^ Tsung' {see No. 752e) ; commanding a p] Ssu^ {see No. 749) is a JQ |§ Pa' Tsmig-^ {see No. 752f). 801. }n ^llJ #P'3^j'ili^li Ching' Shih^ Ko* Men' Shou^ Yii* Ch'ien^ Tsmig'\ (late Guards. At each of the gates (of which there are sixteen, i.e. nine in the Tartar, and seven in the Chines^ <^'ity ; .sve No. 801 b) there are: 1. Two (one in the Chinese City) ij^ pt] f| Ch'eng' Men' Ling^ Captains of the Gate ; 4b, 2. Two pfj ^f- H Men' Ch'ien^ Tsung^ Lieutenants of 'the Gate (more explicit, 't^ ||S ^ |I|I Sliou' Yii^ Ch'ien^ Tsung^, prefixed by the designation of the respective gate ; for instance, jEPif] TJ-^Tlli Cheng' Yang' Men' .Shou' Yii^ (^I'len^ Tsung') ; 6a, 3. Two (one in the Chinese City) |d{ P1l^ Ch'eng' Men' Li^ Clerks of the Gate ; 7a, and 4. prj ^^ Men' Chiin', Gate Guai'ds. 801a. Formerly, on the towers over each of the gates of Peking there were alarm giuis and signal masts. From the hitter flags were flown in the daytime and they bore a lantern at night. Should the public safety be threatened,' the neai-est alarm-signal g"» (fo' %, ^Jsin* P'ao") was fired, the signal guns at the other [ 382 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. towevs repeating tlie signal given, and the men of the ^ jpl ^ 801b Pu* Chiin^ Ying', immediately gatiiered at the places appointed for each guard station. At present there are no signals from the gates, nor are there any signal guns. Nevertheless, posts appertaining to signalling from the gates — now sinecures — ^have been retained, namely; 1. ff fi^ fjg W I^sin* P'ao^ Tsung' Kuan^ Contr^oller of Alarm-signal Guns ; 4a, and 2. g^ ^ fg Igj 'g* Chien^ Shou* Hsin^ P'ao* Kuan^ Assistant Controller of Alarm-signal Guns ; oa. 801 R. As has been already stated (src No. 801), the city of Peking has 16 gates, nine to the ^ ^ Nei^ Ch'eng^ Inner (Tartar) City falso styled ^fc.ftlc l*ei^ C'ii'eng^ Northern ('ity) and seven to th.' ^\* i}]^ War* Ch'eng^ Outer (Chinese) City (also styled ^[^ ^ ijj^ Wai' Lo^ Ch'eng^ Surrounding City, or pj^j ^ Nan^ Ch'^•ng^ Southern City). To the Tartar Citv there are three gates on the I:5outh — the central one is the j£ f^^ f"] Cheng' Yang- Men'^ (colloquially, Qll p^ Ch'ien* Men-:i, the Eastern is the ^ ^ ["J Ch'mig- Weir Mrn= fcollo-iuially, H^ ^ P"] Ha' 'IV Mnr, or vflHt i'T ^^^'^^ TaV MC'n'). and the West(>rn is the ^ |:^ P^ Hsiian> \Vu^ i\Ion= (collo(iuial!y, |l|i;[ ?j^ PT Shun* Chih* Men', in ' place of the designation ||(^^ ;(k P'] Shun* Ch'eng- Men^ used during the Yiian Dvnastv). On the North there are two gates — the one to the East is calleil the ^ '(g P'J An' Ting' M<'n' (during the Yuan Dynastv ^ l\ P^ An' Clun' Men^) and the one to the West is tl'L' f-*! 11^ PT T('- Slirng' M<'-n' fduritig the Yiian Dynasty ^ ^. p'J Cliirn* Te- Men*). On ihf Ivist there arc two gates— the Southern is rullcd the J^ f^j PI Ch'ao'^ Vang'' Mrt»'^ (nolUiuially, 'Jlf fh PI Ch'i* llua^ Mm'), and the Northern is the }ji iftn '""^'' Chih'^ Men*. On the West there are two gates— that to the South is the J^ ijjs PI l*'"^ ChVng* Men* (oolloI.|.[ Chin' ChoiiS |f, ^] Chin' Chou', and fl ^ Hsing^ Ching'), six in Kirin province (^ |f: .^ ^ Chi' Lin=^ Wu^ La', ^ A' if ^^'i-8-' Ku^' Ta^ f|^ ^, ^ ^^^ Tu' Na', H l& San^ Hsing*, (^ %j] *§. p^ A^ Li-eh' Ch'u^ K'aS and Jf # Hun^ Ch'iui' ), :ukI five in lieilungchiang province (M g| xL HeiCLung* Chiang', or '^ J^ Ai' Ilun', ^ M If^ ^^o" f:rlr^ Keni, ^ 5^ '^^M Ch'i^ Ch'i'= lla' Erh^ Df M U^'^ Ean^ and Df- i^ M M Hu' Lun^ Pei' ^rh^).' [ 384 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZA IlOV OF CHINA. For the city of Moiikden tliere was a civil administration, similar to that of Pekintj, headed by the }^ ^' Fn' Yin' and M 7^ ^'"^ ('h'ong', and including five Boards (Ministries), corres])ondinp; to the Boards of Revenue, of Ceremonies, of War, of Punishments and of Works at Peking. Following a tour of Manchui-ia (in the winter of 1906) made hv ^ "ftf" ^ Hsti^ Shih''-ch'ang\ President of the ^finistry of the Interior, and ^ fg Tsai' Chcn^, President of the Ministry of Commerce, and in conse(iuence of a joint Memorial submitted by them with regard to the condition of affairs there, a change was effected in the system of government of that section of the Empire. By Iiuperial Decree of the 20th Apiil, 1907, a general refomi of the government of ^ranclnuia was made, by which the 71* i^ Chiang' Chiin' were abolished and replaced by a Ciovernor- General and tliree Governor-. The officials appointed to these new posts were commanded to draw u]> a detailed scheme for the gf>vernment of the Three Fastern Provinces. Tu o))edience to the Imperial commands of tlie Decree mentioned above, Ifsii Shih-ch'ang, at the l)egimiing of jNlay, 1907, submitted a Memorial (which received Tm])erial sanction) containing the scheme called for, and providing foi* a system of government wliirli, with few exceptions (srr a Memorial from Hsi Liang, dated the 7th August, 1909), has neen in operation since that time. Tho main idea ttf the administrative reforms proposed by Hsti Shih-ch'ang in his Meniorial, as well as that grndually being attained l)y the Central Government sin<'c |H7fi, ha-* Ixmii, on tlw one hand, the ))ringing of tlic syst(Mii <•!' govcrnnntit into harnidriv with that of tlu; rest of Cinna, i.r. tin' al)olitiuii of the ])0stR (if Militaiv Depntv Li<'\ilriiant-( Jovernors (Fu 'J'u T'ung) and their replacement by llinse of Taofai'^, Prefects, Department Magistrates ami l>i>tricl Magi-trates, and. on llie Other, the introdu;\i^ Shengs Tsung^ Tu^,. (io^■ernor-General of the Three Eastern Provinces. This official is the administrative head of the government of ^Manchuria and has his residence at Moukden (later he will transfer his official residence to the prefectural city of Ch'ang Ch'un). As regards the Banner Forces, he ranks as Chiang Chiin, this title being- accorded to his ])Osition (compare Nos. 744 and 820). 804. j|2i ^ HsUn'' Fu', Governor ; one for each province.. With reference to the Banner Forces this official has the authority "^ a W|j ^Y, ^ Fu* Tui T'ung3, xManchu Brigadier-General (compare Nos. 745, 745f and 821). Governors reside at the provincial capitals, i.e. Moiikden, Kirin, and Tsitsihar (there is a project to abolish the governorship at Moukden and to transfer the residence of the Kirin Governor to Ninguta and that of the Heihmgchiang Governor to xiihun). 805 2fe ^ # ^ Tso> Yn* Ts'an^ Tsan^ Senior and .Iiiiiinr Councillors (attached to the Governor-General). These officials superintended : the first, the Chancery, and the second,, the Covincil at the Governor-General's Yamen. ^ MM Ch'eng2 Hsiian^ T'ing', (Jhanccry. Here were cDiiBldered : the most impo'rtaut and most confidential affairs of [ P>8(J 1 PRESENT DAY J'OLITICAi- OHGANIZATION OF ClIIXA. •■r '- I — — - the three provinces, report? to tlic Ciovernor-General niul to the 805a Governors, and the selection, appointment and transfer of officials of lower than the fourth rank. It was arranfj;ed in a numher of ^ K-o', Sections. At the head of the "^ $3f Shoir lv*o', First Section, there was a ;^ ^ Ch'ien^ Shih*, (Ihief Sccretar\ ; 4b, while at the head of the other Sections there were -^ ^ CliMen' Shih*, Secretaries (5a ; one for each). Also, tlier^ was a definite nnmber of — ^ jf^ j^ I' Ten^:' K'o' Yiian'', Assistant Secre- taries of tiie first rank ; .3 iv, lH ^ ^4 M ^^'^i* Tcn^-^ K'o' Yiian", Assistant Secretaries of the second rank ; 6a, aiitl ^ ^ ^}\ ^ San^ Tcng^ K'o^ Yiian^. Assistant Secretaries of the third rank ; 7a. M 11 i^ '^7.u' P T'ino\ Council (compare Xo. 823). This was in charge of the examination and discussion of local legislation, regulations and rules. Tt consisted of two ^'j- lv'o\ Sections, headed by -^ ^ Cli'ien* Shih*, Secretaries; ^ ii. Its membership was made uj) of specially appomted officials and well known citizens styled ||| ^ P Yijain'", Members of the Council, S'i p^ L\. ^" "^ ^' Yiian'-', Assistant ^Icmbers of the Council, W, ^h piS ^ ^''' ^^ :'i^ l' Yiian^, Supernumerary ^J embers of the Council, au9 tlur ])Osts of Senior and .luniur ('ouncillor were abolished, and the Clianccry and Coimcil were reorganized. For managing the correspondence of the (io\ei"nov- (fcnerai a C'haneery ol the general type, headed lt\ a J[j£s ,'J [[^ \*\* Shii' \ iian'-, was instituted ,it the same time (compare No. 822). 80.5.^. il^li/j^l^^^ llsinr Fang- Ying» Wu^ Ch'ii', Statr of the K(!serve Force DiviKions (forces of the calegory of i(^ iV; I'S Hsini* Fung' 'I'lii*; srr No. 7()G); foiuid in eacli pro\ ince. This was dc\ clipped from the former ^ ^j^ ^ Ving' \Vu' ( li'u^ (Military Secretarial of tlic (jovcrnor-CJeneral :ind (iovcrnors; see No. 824) and is in charge of the reorgani/.ation L -J^' ] PKKSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 806 of the old troops (see a ]\remorial from Hsii ISbih-ch'ang, dated to the 13th January, 1908 ; compare No. 706). 806a ^* the head of the Staff there is a |§ |//f Tsnng^ Pan'', Chief of Staff, wlio is assisted by two Assistants — ^ ^ Pang^ Pan^ and ^ |||| Hui* Pan^ For carrying on the affairs of the Staff there are four ]^ Ku', Sections: 1. ^^^ WenV Tu^ Ku^ Section of Correspondence, 2. ^ ff i^ Hui' (K'uai^) Chi* Ku^ Accounts Section, 3. |^ J^ "g^ Chi* Ts'ao^ Ku^ Instruction Section, and 4- ^ ^ S^ K'ao"^ Ch'a'' Ku^ Inspection Section. Each Section is in charge of a '^ ^ ^^ Jg Wen'' An* TsungS j^is^ Chief Secretary. "To the Staff there are attached: 1. ii ^ ^ Chih'^ Shih* Kuan', Adjutant (one), 2. ^ ^ Wei^ Ylian^ Orderly Officers, and 3. ^ ^ ^ ^ Chi^ Ch'a== Wei^ Yiian'^ Revisers. In tlie province of Fengtien, in addition to the above- mentioned, to the Staff there is attached a 7J^ ^f|j ^ ^ §• ^ "g" Shui3 Shih^ Hsiin* Ch'nan' Kuan' Tai* Kuan', Chief of the River Police (along the Liao river). His permanent residence is at il JX ? T'ung-' Chiang^ Tzu' (also if 01 P T'ungi Chiang^ K'ou^). 806. ^ V'$ ^ Chiao^ She* Ssu\ Bureau of Foreign Affairs; headed by a ^ ^ ^ i^ Chiao^ 8he* Ssu^ Shih^ Commissioner for Foreign Aflfairs (3a ; compare No.- 832). This Bureau has been established in the proviwces of Fengtien and Kirin for dealing with affairs concerning foreigners. To these Bureaux there. are attached — . ^ ^. 'g* I' Teng^ I* Kuan\ Interpreters of the first ]-ank, and H ^ ^ 'g* l^^'^i* Teng' I* Kuan^, Interpreters of the second rank. 806a. ^ f$ III ^ Chlao' She* Tsung^ Chii^, Head Office of Foreign Affairs ; established at Tsitsihar and takes the jjlace of a Bureau of Foreign Affairs (compare No. 806) ' for the [ 388 ] PKESEXr DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOV OF CriINA. province of Hcilungchiano;. At the head of this Office there Is 806b i^ W. IJ}^ '^''^""Jr' PaM^ Chief. to «06b. m^fll^mm^^B m m Hel^ Luno= Chiang* gQ^ Sheng' T'ieh^ ].u^ Clnao^ She* Tsung-' rhi\\ Head Office of Railway P'oreign Affairs of Heihmgchiang Province, and ^ ;^ iM Wc^i^'^B ^ ^ <^'Jii' Lin'' Sheng3 T'ieh' Lu* Chiao' She* Tsung^ Chii-, Head Office of Railway Foreign Affiiirs of Kirin Province. These were established in 1899 (reorganized in 1901) at Harbin for the management of all affairs of the railway zone, in which Chinese are concerned. To sup})lement the work of the Head Offices of Railway Foreign Affairs there are, along the Chinese Eastern l^ailway,. a number of Wl ^^ ^X B ^ ^ T^'ieh^ Lu* Chiao^ She* Fen^ Chii^, l^ranch Offices of Railway Foreign Affairs — at the stations, }y^ {jW jg Man' Chou' Li' ( Mancluula), ^M itM Hai' La» Erh' (Hailar^, ^, ^, ^ Ang'-^ Ang' Ch'ii (Tsitsihar), fig (PJ ^ Po' Ho' To' (Puhotu), tL H »S ^'I'a^ Lan* T'ub*. etc. 806c. ^ •^- ^ < 'hiao' She* Chii', Offices of Foreign Affairs (compare Iso. 8.32;; established at the Yamen of Taotais and Trefccts, of cities where foreign Consuls are in residence, for the settlemont of (questions between foreigners and Chinese. 807. Si^ ^ ^•in'^ Cheng* Ssu', Rureau of Civil or Internal Aifairs. This is under tlie direction (if l^ H^ p1 f^ Mill- ('JK-ng* Ssu' Shili\ Commissioner of Civil Affairs; 2m. The main object of its estal)lishment is the superintendency )f ))olicc affairs of .Manchinia f (compare Nos. 814 atid HfOi. At tlie Rurcaii of Civil Affairs there are found — 'JfH 'tf P T-'nir^ P Kuan', Plivsicians of the first rank; (Ia, and H ^ S tr '-'l'^ 'I'«'";^:' I' Kuan', Physicians of the second rank ; 7 a. In Ilcilungchiang pn)viMcc tlic post of ( onimissioner of Finance (see No. 808) lia.s been aboIislxMl (in the Sumnier (if 1909) and luH duties handed over to the Conunissioncr of Civil AlfairB. [ :JH9 ] PKESENt DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 808 808. J^ ^ p3 Tu* Chih^ Ssu\ Bureau of Finance; headed to ^y ^^^^ W. '^"^ Chih^ Ssu^ Skih^, Commissioner of Finance; Qjj 3b. This is found in the provinces of Fengtien and Kirin (the post of Commissioner of Finance, formerly existing, for the province of JHeihmgchiang, was abolished in the Summer of 1909 and the duties appertaining to it were transferred to the Commissioner of Civil Affairs ; compare No. 807) for the superintendency of financial affairs, the collection of taxes, etc. At the Bureau there are stationed — ^ j^ ^ I^ Teng* K'u^, Kuan^, Treasurers of the first rank ; 6a, and Zl ^ 0- %' Erh* Tcng^ K'u'* Kuan^, Treasurers of the second rank ; 7a. 809. ■^ ^ ^ T'i^ Ilsiieh^ Ssu'-, Bm-eau of Edu-cation; supervised by a J| ^ ^ f^ T'i^ Hsiieh^ Ssu'^ Sllih^ Com- missioner of Education ; 3a (compare Nos. 827 to 828a) ; established in each of the three provinces of Manchuria for the superintendence of educational affairs. At this Bureau there are found : 1. — ^^ 'g' 1' Teng^ I^ Kuan\ Interpreters of the first rank; 6a, and H ^ |g 'g* Erh* Teng^ I"* Kuan', Interpreters of the second rank (compare No. 806), and 2. — -^ Wi^ '^ ^^ Teng' Pien^ Hsiao*' Kuan\ Revisers of the first rank, and Zl ^ 1^ ^ 'i' Erh* Teng^* Pien^ E[siao* Kuan^ Revisers of the second rank. 810. ^ ;£• m T'i» Fa^ Ssu', liureau of Judicial Affairs; directed by a J| J^ "^ f^ T'i^ Fa* Ssu^ Shih^ Commis- i sioner of .Judicial Affiiirs (3a ; see No. 831b); established in all the provinces for the administration of judicial affairs. «11- U^ Vi Ch'i^ Wu" Ssu', Bureau of Baimer Affairs; directed by a /^; J^ 0] f^ Ch'i^ Wu' Ssu^ Shih^ Commissioner of Banner Affairs ; 3a. This Bureau Avas foimded for Fengtien province alone, for the superintendency of the affairs of Manchu . Bannermen. In the Summer of 1909 it was abolished and replaced by the : [ 300 ] PRESENT DAT FOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. •"^ll-^- M f^ ^ ^•i''* ^^'i' ''l'''i', DcpartuK-ut of Biiuncr 811a Affairs ; lu-aded by a ^ Jjg Tsiino- Li', Chief Controller, a^jM tO llsiclr Li"', Controller, ami a ^ ilJj)(: ]*ana-^ Pan', Assistant q-^ Controller. In 1908 similar Departments were cstahlishrd for tlie ]ii'o\int'os of Kii'in and Ilcilunp-cliianii', The Department of I'aniier Affairs of Ilcilnnochian"- consists of three ^}[ K-o\ Sections: 1. jg ■^- f.=f Chiin^ Sliih* K-o\ Section of Military Affairs, 2. JjJ 2jf. f4 .Min-' Shih' K'o\ Section of Civil Affairs, and 3. )& f^ ^ Shn^ Wu' K'o', Section of (jieneral A (fairs. At the head of these t^ertions there ai'c J^}\ ^ K'o' ('hang', J^ection Chiefs, wlio are assisted hy glj f4 ;g Fn' K'o' Chano-^ Assistants. 812. ^ f^ 1^ Mvu and SO!;;, Til the Siimnx'i' of I !)(>!> tin' ]i((>.t of ( 'onnnissioiier of Mon;r<>lian vMliiirs was dcHnitcly abolisticil :nid the duties appertaining to it vested in thf >^1^-^- IS B W. AU ■'^'•■■'if.^' ^^'"' Ts.mg' (']iii% Head Office of Mongolian Affairs. In Mng' l*an*, Chief, to whom ihei-e a/r- snbordinattd a f^'J ^ T'i' Tiao*, Proctor, and a ninnber of '§ ,^|| '^ Ts'an' Mon- Kuan', Councillors (the miinbcr is iiid(dinite}. I'oniicily, at the lu^ad of tlie Head Office of ,N[ongolian Afliiir- there was n ^ ^jj^. 'In' Pan', [ 3:)1 3 FKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Superintendent, but, with a view to economy, this post was, abolished. The Head Office of Mongolian Affairs is divided into four f[ K'o', Sections : 1. r^' M ^^ Wcn^ IV K'o', Section of Correspondence, 2. ^ ft fij- Hai* Chi* K'o', Accounts Section, 3- it 11^4 Ch'u^ Pei^ K'o', Section of Economy, and 4. X ^ ^-^ Kung' Chu* K'o\ Construction Section. Each of these is headed by a f ij- ^ K'o^ Chang^, Section Chief, to whom there are attached ^ ^ Wei^ Yiian^, Deputies of the first, second and third ranks (^ 'fOng^), and from two to four n] ^ Ssu' Shih*, Clerks (in the Section of Correspondence styled gj H Ssu^ Shn'). Also, at the Section of Correspondence, there are ^ |^ Fan' I*, Interpreters (in an indefinite num})er) and, at the Construction Section are found jAjj H ^ Ts'c'' Hu-^ Sheng', Surveyors. For the judicial examination ol questions betAveen jMongols, at the Head Office of Mongolian Aftiirs there has been organized ^ ^ ^ -^0 ^^^ Slien* Ch'u^, Judi.nal Department, administered by a jE # 'g* Cheng* Shen^ J.'uan', Judge, two ^ ^ '^ P'ei"^ Shen' Kuan', Assessors, two ji ^ T'ung'•I^ Interpreters, and three ^ ^ Ssu^ ShuS Clerl.s. At the Head Office of Mongolian Affi\irs there is a ^ §j ^ B Hu* Wei* ]\]a3 Tui*, Cavalry Escort, made up of a ^ ^ Kuan^ TaiS Escort Chief, three Df 1* Shao* Kuan', Junior Officers, 12 ff ;g Shih^ Chang% Sergeants, 108 jE ^ ChOng* Ping', Privates, one ^ gt! :^ Shu' Chi* Chang^, Clerks, four ^ ^ ^ Ssui Shu' Shengi, Writers, one skU ^ ^^^^^ ^^o* Mu\ Senior Signalman, six ^ |[||£ Ku^ Hao* Ping', Signalmen, ten ^ |£ Hu* Pingi, Guards, and 12 ^ ^ Huo^Fu', Cooks— in all, 158 men and 131 horses.. The Head Office of Mongolian Affairs is at Moukden {see No. 901), and thore are Branch Offices (^ ^ Fen' Chii^), in other places (for instance, at j^^ ^ /[^ T'ao' Nan^ Fu^). C 392 ] PltliSKM DAY roLlTlCAl^ OliG AMZ ATIOX OF ClUXA. 81215. -^ ^ M B iM *'''•' ^^''i' ^i*^"^' ^^'"' *''»'"•. Bureau ot" Mongolian .Vtlaiis in Kirin Pi-u\ ince ; founded in 190S and headeil by a |]g ^I Tsung'^ Ll^ Superintendent. 813. f;Ij lil pI CliMian' Yeh' ;Ssu', Bureaux of Industry; lieaded l)y ||ij ;^ n] f^Ch'iian' Veh' Ssu' 8hilr', Commissioners of Industrial Atfairs ; 8l5, uitli a .^tati" ineluding- — ^ ^ ^ l^ Teno;^ 1* vSliih\ l^ngineer.s of tlie first rank ; 6a, and I^ ^ ^ it Krli^ Ten"'^ 1^ Shih*, Engineers oF the seeond rank ; 7a. The projected establishment of Bureaux of Industrial Affairs was not carried out. their place l)eing taken by : 813a. 10 ^ ill <^li'ii:»»»' Veh^ Tao\ Industrial Taotais ; 4a (eompare Nos. 839 to S39r.): I'l* ^•' '^*'^^' ^uund only in the province^ of Fengtien and Kiiin. «l-i- i^i W jM. l^*'i""' ('l''>'r 'i'i^oS i'^'li^'t'^ Taotai ; -4a (compare Xos. 840 to 840 n)- Thi> post was established bu- the proxiiiceof Fengtien alone and. later— in the Summer »»t' IDOU — it was abolished and the duties appcrtuining to the Pdlice Taotai wt.-re iii\ested in the Comm'ssioner oF Civil Aflairs (compare No. 807). 8l.>. At each of the Bureaux under the admiidstration of p] f^ ^^"' ''^l»i'»\ <'oimnissi()ners, or i?J Tao', faotais, there is one ^ :Jf Ch'ien' Shih\ Secretary: 41; or OA. Each Ibueau consists of jf4 K'o', Sections, under tin; management of jf-j- ^ K'(.' Chang', Section Chief.-, who have attached to them a niurd)er of ^.^ £| K'o' Viian', Secretaries. KKI. -» ^ i^ iilH ig Fen' llsiin- l»ing' I'.-i' Tao\ .Military-Administrative Taotais; \\ (compare No. .S44). 'I her.; are 1 1 Taotai-^ of this categoiy in Manchuria : I'oui- in the province of l''eug(ieii ^residing at Vingkow, Anluug, Liao ^ iiaii Choii and Lin Cliinng Ilsien), fom- in the pro\ inee of Kirin (at Ch'ang ( h'un, Umi C|,'i,ii, San ll.-.ing an.l Harbin) and three in IIiMlungchiang province; (at T'o Eo Shan IVi, Aihi" and 1 1 urunpii, or Ilailai). [ at);; ] 812b to 816 PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 816a 816a. E ifl 3l fg! Pg Ping^ Pel' Tao* Ya^ Men^ Office f^Q of the Militai-y-AdministratiYe Taotai (compare No. 844c) ; 818 c'i'^'i'ied into jfj}- K'o^, Sections, the miniber of which varies in different localities, for instance, at the Office of the Taotai at Ch'ang Ch'un (see No. 816) there are four'Scetions : 1. |§j^f^ Tsung^ Wn* K'oS Section of General Affairs, 2. pg i^ f Jf Nei' Chcng^ K'o^, Section of Ciril (Internal) Affairs, 3. ^|\ ^ fij- Wai* Chiao* K'o\ Section of Outer (Diplomatic) Relations, and 4. i&^^ M Shou^ Fa^ Ch'ii'*, Registry. At other places there are the foJUnving Sections : ^ ^ 7fJ{- Pien^ Wu* K'o\ Section of Frontier Affairs, M'B ^^ ^^'c"' ^^'^i' K'o\ Section of Colonization Affairs, etc. 817. ^ i? ^ # ^^ B :/c E Ti.i Pan^ Chi^ Lin^ Pien^ AVn^ Ta* (^h'(hr and ^ B M m 'j§ f^ ^ ^ P'-^ng' P'^i^' Yen^ Chi^ Pien' Wn* Ta* (/h'en^, Frontier Commissioner of Kirin ProAince and Assistant Frontier • Commissioner residing at Yenclii (in Kii-in province). P>oth these posts were established hecanse of th<^ dis])nte which cropped u]) in 1907 between Japan and China as to the sovereignty of the district about Chientao. The Frontier Commissioner, havino- military and civil anthoritv in his guardianship of the borders of Kirin province, is sxd)- o'rdinnted to the Governor-General of Manchuria but, at the same time, has the ])rivilege of direct rf-j)orts to the Empei'or (compare No. 84aA). •^~18- -M^^^WmW B iv E T.mgi San^ Sheng' Tn^ Pan* Yen" Wu' Ta* C]l'on^ Controller-General of the Salt Gabelle of the Three Eastern Provinces: residino- at Moukden. This Official is in charge of the I^ ^ IH Wi Yen^ Wu* Tsmig^ Chii", Head Office of Salt Affairs, to which there are snljordinnted : 1. 'g* ii^. ^ Kuan' Yiin^ Tsung'' Chu^ Head Offices of S:dt Transport (oiK' fm- each province), and 2. ML^ ^ ^ ">»' ^Vn' Pen' Chii^ Branch Offices of Salt Affairs (found .nt most of the large commercial centres). [ •'•04 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Administering each Head Office of Salt Transport is a 810 ^ ^J}^ Tij' Pan% Director, to whom there are subordinated a number o£ Jg |^ T'i'^ Tiao*, Proctors, and other officials. At Yingkow there is a t ^^M M K^'^n^ Yen' Ts'ai^ Yiin'* Chii", Government Agency of Salt Transport. For the prevention of the illegal transport of salt, at Ch'ang Ch'un and other ])laces, there arc established fj| f^ ^i| ^ Chi^ Ssu' Tsung^ Chii^ Head Offices for the Prevention of Salt Smuggling, with a corps of guards — mounted and foot. §1 IS ^ Ch'u^ Yen' Ts'ang', Salt Stores. These are found at the principal cities of Manchuria and are divided into |i| ^ Tsung^ Ts'ang', Head Stores (for instance, at Ch'ang Ch'un) ^"^^ 5)" J^ J^^'"^ Ts'ang', Branch Stores (for the organization of salt affiiiis in other provinces sec Nos. 835 to 83oC and 841). PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION. .1. Hit/hrr Administration : «PJ. n + H fl ^ Krh^ Shih" f:rh\Hsiug« ShcngS The Twenty Two I'rovinces, namely: 1. '^^ Chilr Li' (literary d«isignation, SK 1^ Yen^ Yim', and t^; ^ Ching^ Chi'), 2. rl 1^ Chiang' Su' (literary designation, i^ Wu^'), 8. -^* [|i[ ^Vn' Hui' (literary designation, i\^ Waii\ or Huan^), 4. Jl g§ Chiang^ Si' (literary designation, f^ ijt Vii* Cliang'), .3. (Ij ^i Shan^ Tiuig' (literary designation, ]\\ ^ Slian' Tso', "% lung'), 6. UJ ffi Shan' Si' (literary designation, [\\ :(j SIihm' \n\ ^ Chin*). 7. j-pj 1^ llo^ Xan^ (literary designation, Jg; Yii*), H. p^ gg Shcn' Si' (literary designation, |Jg rjf Kuan' Chung', ^ Cl.'i..^ and ^ L.mg-'), 9. jj* M K.hm' Su\ K). jTf iHI Hsin' Ciiiang' Cmore complete "{f M .t/f M. ?l ''^""' -^"^ "^'"' <'hiang' Sheng»), 11. 1^ Jg Kir Chien' (literary designati«.n, [J] Mit.»), ^-- ?!^ fn 'l""^ <'lii;uig' (literary designation, ^ Che', or j^ Yiieh*). I.'.. Ji^l 4[^ 1 1, r rei» (literary designation, jj5 4t: Ch'u* [ :50.-, ] PRESENT DAY POMTICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 819 Pei^ or fl^ Ao^), 14. '^^ Hn^ Xau^ (literary designation Ch'u^ Nan2, or ^ Hsiangi), 15. ^ )\\ ^su* Ck'nan^ (literary designation, ^ Slm-^), 16. }^ ^ Kuang^ Tiing^ (literary de- signation, ^. '^ Yiieli^ TnngO, 17. ^ M Kuang' Si^ (literary designation, -f . ^ Yiieli* Si'), 18. g ^ YiJn^ Nan- (literary designation, ^^ Tien'j, 19. ^ ^'}'| Knei"* Clion^ (literary designation, S/^ Ch'ieni), 20. ^ ^ Feng^ T'ien^ rshorter, 1^ Feng*; literary designation, fil^ ^ Sheng* ('king', 3^.^ Liao^ TiingS or IIM ^ Knan' Tnng'), 21. ^ #v Chi' Lin^ (shorter, ^ Chii), jind 22. M f I ^ Hei' I.ung- Chiang' (shorter, -^X ChiangV). 81 9a. The modern division of the Chinese Em})ire into ^ Sheng', Provinces, dates from the time of the -Jjj Yiian^ Dynasty (the 14th century) when, in addition to the departments of the Central Government, styled 4* fi ^^ Chung' Shu' Sheng^, thirteen Provincial Governorsl^ips were established, under the title of Fft ^ ^7 ^ Chungi Shn^ Hsing- Shengl 'J'he INIing Dynasty (1368 to 1644) inherited this system and, with some slight changes, retained it — the title of the Pro^■incial (iovernors, in the first instance, was altered to ^ ^ ^i ]^ f|i Ch'cng* Hsiian' Pu^ Cheng* Shih^, and, later, this was superseded by ^ Jfe Hsiin' Fu^, Provincial Governor (the present designation; tiee No. 821). Also, in the 16th century, the appointment of llg ^ Tsung^ Tu', Governors-General {sec No. 820), was conrmenced. The fifteen provinces of the ^liiig Dynasty were: Shan^ Tung', IShan' Si', Ho' Nan'"', Shen^ Si^ Fu- Chien*, Che' Chiang', Chiang' Si', Hu^ Kuang', Ssn* Ch'uan', Kuang' Tung', Kuang^^ Si', Yiin^ Nan', Kuei* Chon', 4fc ]f *| P.-l^ Chih^' Li* (Chih Li), and Jl ^ Chiang^ Nan^ (or ^ it ||^ Nan^ Chih' Li*). In the reign of K'ang Hi (1662-1722) the province of An Ilui was formed from a portion of Kiang^ Nan', the latter then becoming Chiang' Su' ; similarly, Kan' Su* was formed by the [ 3!)(; ] 820 PKK8KVT DaY political ORGANIZATION OF CHINA partition of Sh«*n' Hsi', and Hu" Kuang' was divided into two SlQu provinces wliicli received the dt-sitjnations of Hu^ Peli' and Hu^ to Nan". At the same time the provinces were entitled j^ ^^ Chih* Sheng', a desiijnation by Avhicli tliey are still cfenerallv recognized (compare above). The province of Kan' Sii'* Hsin' Chiang^ was called into l)cing hy an ]">dict of the 17th November, 1884, absorbing Eastern Turkestan and the De])artments of Kami, Pali K'un and Urnmtsi (later Hi and Tarbagatai) : compai-e Nos. 862 to 867. For the government of the three ]\ranrhurian provinces ■•ire No. 802. For sub-divisions of the jirovinces, as regards administration, see No. 846. 819iJ. A reform of the system of j)rovineial government, in the sense of enlarging, or more exactly defining, the scope of authority of the existing organs of local administration, as well as of new establishments, in connection >vith the gradual abolition of various posts recognized as not answering the ])ur])ose of their inaugui-atiou, has l)een going forward since 1906. Since th»,'ir promulgation, ;ill changes in the ])rovin(ial gov cnuiuMil systetn have been, and will coiitinue to be, made according to " regulatiotis regarding the reform of the otlicial svstem of the ]»rovince> "' drawn up hy a s|)eci:i] coniuiiftee C^^ j^ "j*/ {jjlj -^^ [^ Tsnng' IIo^ Kuan' ('hih' 'I'm' ('h'<'u';, sanctioned l)y the lOinperoi- u the 7th didy, 1907. 'i'liese iro-ul.-itioii-; are refilled fn I.. I.mv ill vai'ious instances. «2^- )^ ^? Tsung-- 'i'u', (iovenior-(i(Mu.|al : lit, olli(i:ii designation, {jjlJ i|i: ( hih^ ('luin': collo.|uiidIy called \\\\\ >^i ("hih' T'ai'; liteiiiry designation, {|ilj ;i( < hih* Ilsieii^ [jjlj ){.l Cliih* lii\ ■MmM '1^='^ '''^•"'.tr' <"l'il'S y^ffiSft 'J'a' Shu'-t'ai^ and \]\\l SiniaiV l»cing, e\ officio, invested with the title ol l'i-esident "f flu; .Ministry of Wai' and being, ajho, e\ ofheio. an As.soci«te President of the Court of Censors ({.'^ 'x^ |lf[J fAj ,IJ: ^, [ ■•597 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 820a m^^^^W^'il^iM Lu^ Chiini Yn^ Shang^ Shu^ Chien^ IV tQ ChV Yiian^ Yu^ IV Yii* Shili^ ; 5^6^ No. 207b), he styles 820b himself §15 .^ Pu^ T'ang^ Foi the date of the establisiliment of the post of Governor- General see No. 819a. To the Governor-General, within the territory luicler his* jurisdiction, appertains the supreme control over civil affairs and the military forces, and he has the right of direct reports to the Throne. 820a. At preseit there are nine Governors-General : 1- Hilli # ^^-'ih' I^i' Tsm)g3 Tui, Governor-General of Chihli province, residing at ^ ^ ^ T'ien^ Ching^ Fu^, Tientsin, 2. • M U. Ill "M I^iang^ Chiang^ Tsung' Tu^, Governor-General of Kiangsu, Kiangsi and Anhui provinces, residing at 0; ^ ^ Chiangi Ning2- Fu^, Nanking, 3. ^ >ijf !§ ^ Min^ Che* Tsung* Tu\ Governor-General of Fukien and Chekiang provinces, residing at ^ j^ jff Fu^' Chou^ Fn^ Foochow, 4. ji ^ H # Hu* Kuang' Tsung^ Tu^, Governor-General of Hupeh and Hunan provinces, residing at JE^ ^ ^ Wu' Cb'ang^ Fu^, Wuch'a«g, 5. ^ -y- ^i ^ Shen^ Kan^ Tsung^ Tn^, Governor- General of Shensi, Kansu and Hsinchiang, residing at ^ j>l>\ f{^ Lan^ Choui Fu^ Lanchou, 6. pjg ^ |f|j ^ Liang^ Kuang^ Tsung* Tu^, Governor-General of Kuangtung and Kuangsi provinces, residing at ^ j^lj /j^ Kuang' C'hou^ Fu^, Canton, 7. ffi III If, § Ssu* Ch'nani TsnngS Tu^, Governor-General of Szechwan pro\dnce, residing at J^ |[^ Jfj Ch'eng^ Tii^ Fu% 8- ^ * ^ # Yiin^ Kuei^ Tsung^ Tu^, Governor-General of Yunnan and KueichoAv, residing at ^ ^ fff Yiin^ Nan- Fn^, and 9. The Governor-General of j\Ianchm-ia (for particulars see No- 803). 820b. H P ii f® i; E Sani K'ou^ T'ung^ Shangi Xa* Ch'cn^ Minister-Superintendent of Trade for the Three Ports (i.e. Tientsin, Chef 00 and Newchwang). This 'post was [ 398 ] PKESiiXT DAY I'OJ.ITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA. cstiiblislied in 1861 and exist(:;d until 1870, wUlmi the functions 820o apiieitaining to it wtMv handed over to the Govenioi-lieneral of ^q (Jhildi who, thei'efore, now bears the title of 4fc '^ ;^ S 1^^"'' S^^On Yanu;' Ta"* ClrOn"-, JSuperinicndent of Trade for the Nortiiern Forts. Similarly the (iovernor-Creneral of the Lian*; Kianc" provinces is referred to as the [^ '{^^ ;/< E ^^an-' \'ang'- Ta* Cii'en*, Superintendent of Tiadc for the Southern Ports (compare No. 476). «20c. M^ MM^ '^'l"^"' Kuan^ Hsiiir ha' ^\uU\. Associate Governor. This title is borne by the (Tovernurs- Oeneral of Manchuria. Chihli, Minche, Huknang, Shcnkan, Liang Kuang, Szechwan and Viin Kuei {see No. 820a ), there being no po.'^t of Governoi- in ihe provinces of Fengtien. ( 'hildi, Fnkieu, liupeh. KiiU.-u, Iviiangtnng, Szechwan and Yiinnan (see No. 821a). 820D. jnj iL jpj ig ,^i| ^ Ho- Tungi Ho^ Tao' Tsung^ Tu', Director-General of the Conservation of the Yellow River- and the Grand Canal; 2a: ordinary designation, M i2l IfS "^ Ho' Tao' Tsung' Tu', and JflJ =J^ Ho^ Tu^ ; literary designation, ^\ 7K ^ Tu' Shni^" Chien', and :;^: ^ jpJ Ta' Tu^ Ho'^ jpJ ^ Ho'' Tnng^ is an abbreviation of the names ol the two i)roviuce.- of Honan and Shantung. The duties oT tin Director-General con-i>t ui the .-iiperintendency o\ei the endiankment of the |i( j-nj Huang' Ho', Yellow River, and throviiu'e, residing at ^ -^ ^ Nan* Ch'ang: Fu', Nanch'ang, 4. J;^ CC ii« SS ' he^ Chiang^ Hsiin* Fu^, Governor of Chekiang province, residing at i^ j^ jjff Hang* Choui FuS Hangchow, 5. M ^ MM Hu* Nan^ Hsiin* Fu', Governor of Hunan province, residing at ^ ^^ }^ < 'h'ang- Sha^ Fu^ Cliangsha, G. fpl ^- J^ i!^ Ho"^ Nan' Hsiin* Fn^ Governor of Honan province, residing at ^ ^ )f^ K'ai^ Feng^ Fu\ 7, (Jj 1^1^ M ^l^an' Tiing^» Cluin' Fu^ Governor of Hhantung province, residing ai ^ "^ f^ ('\n^ Nan-' Fu^, 8. ^ IS J^ || Slicn^ Hsi' Hs'in' Fu"-, Governor of Shensi province, residing at m^ J^ Hsi' An^ Fu3, 9. llj M i5S i^ ^^vani Hsi' Hsiin' Fu', (iovernor of Shansi province, residing at ;jji^ |^ /j^ T'ai^ Yiian* Fu', 10. ^fM.MM Hsin^ Chiang' Hs^in' Fu^, Governor of Hsindiiang province, residing at i^ f ^ J]^ Ti' Hiia* Fu', Urunitsi, 11. ,^ ® }(« 31 Kuang' Hsi' Hsiin^ Fii', Governor of Kiiangsi province, residing at ^ fv|c /f!f Kiiei' Liu^ Fu', 12. -^ 'H'\ y^ 1^ Kuei* Chou' Hsiin" Fu\ Governor of Kueichow province, residing at ^ f^- }{.f Kuei' Yang* Fu^ 13. ^ ^ j^ Jtt Chi^ Lin* Hsiin" Fn^, Governor of Kiriii province, residing at ■^n fCf <'»ii' Lin* FuS Kirin, and 14. M §Q ft M M "ci' Lung^ r'liiang' Hsiin* Fu', (iovernor of Heiliingcliiang j)r()vince, residing at ^ '^ n;^ fH Cli'i* Gh'i- Ha' Krli', Tsitt it ul ional Peftirnis, instituted at til'- Mini.slricK and i»riu<-ipal (iov.rnincnl I-'^lablishments {srr [ i03 J 824 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 823 Supplement, No. 160), i.e. to arrange for the timely carrying out A of the proposed constitutional reforms in the provinces concerned, and to present, twice a year, reports regarding the activity in regard to these reforms to the ^ ^ ^ f^ K'-ao' Ho^ Chuan^ K'o\ Investigation Bureau of the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government {see No. 160). On the establishment of the Bureaux of Constitutional Reforms, other institutions, having the same object, but differently designated, were abolished, for instance^ the ^ -^ ^ f^M iUM Ch'ou^ Pei* Hsien* Cheng" Tu^ Ts'ui^ Ch'u*, of Szechwan province, the ^l^ ^ i^ ^ M ^ Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou^ Pei" K'ao^ Ho'^ C h'u*, of Manchuria, the ^ H ^ iC ^ ^^ Ch'ou^ Pei* Hsien^ < 'heng* K'ao^ Ho^ Chhr , of Honan and Shensi, etc. 823. # ^ ^ Hui* I" T'ing\ Council of the Governor- General (or Governor). These are established in all the provinces, in accordance with article six of the "regulations regarding the reform of the oflBcial system of the provinces" {see No. 819b), for^ie periodical discussion of the most important questions. At meetings of this Council, in addition to the provincial officials, there may be representatives of the people, chosen by the authorities. 823a. fl g^ ^ li i^ Hsing2 Cheng" Hui" P Ch'uS Administrative Council. Thus is designated the Council of the Governor of Kirin province (compare No. 823) which was foi-med in accordance with a Memorial from ^ f^ r^' Ch'en* Chao'-ch'ang'', dated the 16th August, 1909. This is made up of members of two types, i.e. jE ^ ^ Cheng'* I^ Yiian^, Active Members (drawn from local Commissioners and Taotais), and ill nS M ^^1* I* Yiian^, Associate Members (drawn from the ranks of citizens experienced in judicial-administrative matters). 824. ^-?^ J^ Ying2 Wu" Ch'u", Military Secretariat of the Governor-General (or Governor) — The Staft* of the Old [ 404 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Tioo])s. Tills is headed by a tf* ^ Chung^ (>luin\ Adjutant, 824a wlio, being the Colonel (glj J^ Fu' Chiang*; see No, 752), is in ^q active coniniand of the ^ i^ Tu^ Piao*, or ^^ ^ Fu^ Piao', Q,oa brigade attached to the Governoi'-General or Governor {see Nos. 749 and 752j). Also, this official is entitled to employ a staff of civil and military orderly officers, designated ^ J^ |^ Wen' Hsun' Pu'^ (iisually officials of the rank of Expectant District ^lagistrate ; ^ 1^ Chih^ Hsien* ; see No. 856), and |§^ ^{^ If Wu^ Ilsiin^ Pu^ (military officers of the rank of lieutenant, ^'^ Cli'icn^ Tsiuig*; sec No. 752e). 824a. ^ 151/ 'g ^ Jl ll-siin^ Fang^ Ying' \Vu* Ch'u*, Staff of the Reserve Forces in Manchuria {i.e. forces of the category of J^ |5§ fq(c Hsiin^ Fang" Tui* ; see No. 706). For details see No. 805a. 825. /HI i^ fs^ P"" Cheng* Shili^ Lieutenant-Governor or Financial Commissioner (connnonly called Treasurer); 2i5; official designation, '^ p] Fan' Ssu' ; collo(|ulally called, ^ ^ Fan' T'ai* ; epistolary designation, )^ f|5 Fang' Po", ;/\; j^ ^ Ta* Fan' Hou^ X ')j ^^ Ta' Fang' Yuch*, and 'X iO M Ta* Ilsiin' Hsiian'. For the dat"> of origin of this post see No. 819a. The I^ieutenant-Governor is the head of the civil service of tlie province and is also treasuj-er of the provincial cxcluMpier and rci)re8ents i^ fj \^ Jl Chan* Using' \W Li'j the Chief of the provincial adminlstiation (Governor-CJeneral or Governor) should he be absent from his province. There is one Llcutenant- Ciovcrnor for each of the jtrovint^es, with the exception of the three Manchurian provinces, where this j)ost is non-exist(nit, and the pr >viric • of Kiangsu, whcie there are two: XX.^^\^\^ Chiang' Niiig' I'u' Chrng' Shih'', residing al jX '|f> /l^f ' "''':"'g' Ning' Fu'S Nanking, and fl ;^ ^J fifJC fill <'lii:»"g' Su' Pu* Cheng* Shih*, n-Hiding at ^ j\\ }{,[ Su' Chou' Fu\ Soochow. 826. ^j i^ fHf Pu* Ch.'iig* Ssu', Office of the l^icutcnant- Governor {scr No. 825). This Office is administercil by: [ »o:> ] PRESENT DAY POI.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. » r 826a 1. M.%. Ching^ Li* (colloquially called, |^ j^; Cliing^ T'ing' +0 epistolary designation, ^ ^ Ts'an^ Chiin^; literary designation, QO'T ')^^M '^^^ Tsan^Fu^"), Commissaries o£ Records, or Secretaries (6b ; 17 for the Empire), 2. JJ fJ^J Li" Wen*, Law Secretaries (6b ; seven for the Empii-e), 3. ^ ^ Tii^ Shih* (colloquially. %'^M> T"^ Shih* T'ingO, Assistant Secretary (7b ; found only in the province of Fnkien), 4. ^ ^ Chao'* Mo^ (colloquially, ^ ^ Chao^ T'ing'), Commissaries of the t^eal, or Correspondence Secretaries (8b : seven for the Empire), o % 'h ^ K'u* Ta* Shih^ (colloquial designation, j$ ^ K'u'' T'iuoM, Treasury Keepers (8a ; 20 for the Empire), and 6. ^ ;/c f^ Ts'ang^ Ta'' Shih^, Granary Keepers (9b ; two only, in the provinces of Kiangsu and Shensi). 826a. Article No. 9 of the " regulations regarding the reform of the official system of the provinces" (^ec No. 819b) calls for the future reorganization of the Office of the Lieutenant- Governor {see No. 826) and its administration by a staff similar to. that of the J| ^ ^ T'i- Hsueh^- Ssu^ {see No. 828) and the ii V£ p] T'i= iV 8su^ {see No. 831a). 827. II Jp f^ T'i^ Hsiieh^ ,Shih», Commissioner of Educa- tion ; 3a, This offi(;ial superintends the educational affairs of the province to which he is accredited, including schools and literary societies. Though subordinated to the Governor-General (or Governor), at the same time he receives instructions from the Ministry of Education. Kiangsu province excepted, there is one Commissioner of Education for each province. For the province mentioned there are two (compare No. 825) : one at j^ ^ /j^ Chiang^ Ning' Fu', Nanking, and the other at ^ jlfj Su^ Chou^ Fu^, Soochow. The post of Commissioner of Education was established to replace the formei- ipi^ Hsiieh^ Cheng'' {see No. 827 a ), on a Memorial from the Ministry of Education and the Committee of ^Ministers, dated the 25th April, 1906. Regulations regarding, i . f^ ^ f^ [ -^OG ] PRESENT DAY PUJ.lTieAJL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. T'i^ Hsiieh'' Shih' and their Offices, and 2. The authority of the 827a IS ^ f ^ T'i- Hsiieh- Shih% were framed by the Ministry of ^ Education and received Imperial sanction, the former on the Qoa 13th May, 1906, and the ktter on the 28th July, 1906. Under the reign of the Ming ( ^^ Ming-; 1368-1614), as well as at the ])eginning of the reign of the present dynasty the superintcndency over provincial educational affairs was vested in ^ ^ jj^ ' 'i Hsiieh- Tao^, Taotais of Education, whose title was changed (in tke I'eign of |^. IE Vung' Cheng^; 1723-1735) to !i M ^ 4SC 'J^'i' Tui Hsiieh- Cheng^ {see No. 827a). 827a. ^ 1^ Hsiieh^ Cht-ng^ Provincial Director of Education, 'or Literaiy Chancellor (official designation, ^ ^ Hsiieh' Yiian^; colloquially called, ^ g Hsueh* T'ai^; literary designation, ^ tj^ Wcn^ Tsung^ i^ ^ '^ Ta' Wen' Tsungi, ;A: ^ ^ Ta^ Wet- Hei)g2, and ^ ^Jj Tsungi Shih' ; sometimes styled '^p i^^ Tui Hsiieh^ Shih' ("ho'). The full official titk- nf this official was i^ M ^ ^^ T'i" Tu^ Hsiieh^ YiianS or tS ^^ ^ ©C 'J^^'i' '^u' Hsiieh^ Chcng^ For the date of origin of the post of Litei'ar}- Chancellor see No. 827. The appointment as Provincial Director of Education, or Literary Chancellor, was a special one and was usually held by officials witli high literary degrees, who left Peking for three years to serve in this capacity. In addition to the duties of general superintcndency over the educational affairs of their respective provinces they piesidcd at prefectural examinations and }}est(jwcd the degree of ^ y^' Hsiu' Ts'ai" (see No. 629a). 828. tg^p] T-i^ Hsiieh- Ssu', Office of the (Commissioner of Education (also ^ fi^ ^ ^f Hsiieh= Wu* Kung' So''). This was developed, simultaneously with the institution of the i)0st of ('oiiiiiiissiorier of Education (.svr No. 827), fioni the foi'mer ^ f ^ J^ Hsiieh* Wu' ('h'u\ wiii< '* <'hang', Senior ( 'ouneillor (appointed by th(} [ «<.7 ] rUESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 828^ ]\Jiiiistry o£ Education, on the recoinmendation of the (Jovcrnor- to General or Governorj,^ and four |§ |^ I* Shen\ or ^ f^ f|| |^ goQ Hsiieh^ Wu* I* Shcn', Advisers (for educational affairs), chosen by the Commissioner of Education from the ranks of the local gentry. The Office of the (/ommissioner of Education is divided into six jfjj- K'o\ Sections (altered, from ^- K'C* ; see instructions from the Ministi-y of Education, dated the 14th Septemhei, 1908): 1. i^. ^ P( Tsung^' Wu* K'oS Section of General Affairs, 2. 3^ ii P( l"u' T'ungi K'o\ Section of Common Schools, 3. M' F"] Pi Clman^ Men- K'o\ Section of Special Schools, 4. K ii f4 Shilr Yeh^ K'o\ Section of Professional Schools, 5. E^ ^ ^4 '^ '"^ Shu' K'o\ Section of Schoolbooks and Manuals, and 6. ^ f f f\ Hui'^ Chi" K'o\ Accounts Section. At the head of each Section there is a fij- ^ K'o^ Chang^, Section Chief; 5 a. He is" assisted by a filj >f;^ ^ Fn'* K'o^ Chang^; Ga. To the officials just mentioned there are attached an indefinite number of f •{• ^ K'o^ Yiian^ Chief Secretaries (not more than three to a Section), pfj ^ Ssu^ Shih*, Secretai-ies, and ^ IE Sim' ChiS Clerks. To the Commissioner of Education there are attached six ^W,W^ Shcng-^ Shih* Hsitelr, Provincial Inspectors of Educa- tion ; 6 a. They are Charged with the reorganization of educational affairs of prefectm-es, sid:»-prefectm'es, departments and districts,- 828a. For the t| ^ Ij T'i^ Ilsiieh^ Ssu' in Manchuria sec. No. 809. 829. Under the control of the Comnnissioner of Education {sec No.' 827) there are also: 1. fj ^ p/f Ch'iJan" Hsiieh^ So^. Associations for the Fostering of- Public I'^ducation {see ' No. 829a), and 2. |^ ^ ^ Chiao^ Yti* Hui^ Pubhc Education Societies (see No. 829b), the establishment of Avhich was foreshaflowed l)y the regulations refei-ring to the J^ ^ f^ T'i=^ Hsiieh' Shih', and to his Office {see No. 827). [ 408 J PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION UF CHINA. 829a. Wl ^ ¥( Olriinn^ Ilsiicli- ^o', Associations for 829a the FosterinjT of Public Education {srr No. ^29); these are tO €stal)lished, in. conformity ^^ith i-eguhition;* framed In tlie 829b Ministry of Education and sanctioned l)v tlie Emperor on the 13th May, 1906, at tlie main citifcs of snb-prefectures, departments and districts, for the su])erintendcncy of educational affjtirs" of their respective administrative units, and are under the general control of the local authorities Avho, ex ot^eio, act as ^ ^ Chien^ Tu', Honorary Curators of Public Education. Each district under the supervision of an Association for the Fostering of Public Education is divided into a certain number of ips [^ Ilsiieh- C/h'ii', Educational Sections. At the head of an Association for the Eosterinir of j*ublic Education there is a ^j^ 3^ "^J'sung^ Tung', Director; the local M M ^ H>^ien' Shih* Hsiielr, Disl-ict Inspector of Education, i- ap])ointed to this position. Supervising any Educational Section are |^|j ^ ^ Ch'iian^ Ilsiieh' Viian'^, ]\Iem})ers of (he Association for the Fostci'Ing of Pidilic lvlu<'ation, who aie aj)pointed by the Director. Throughout the Empire there aie found ^ |^f J5^ llsiian' Chiang"' So^, I^ecture <'ourses, the object of whli-h Is to spread education among the people as much as possible. These Courses are under the direct managi'uient of the Director of the- Association for the Fostering of Pii])lli- I'Mncallon and are controlled by ihc local authorities and the police. H2!)i;. IS: ff 3" Chiao^ Vil' Ihii'. Public Kdiuatlou Societies (.sec So. H'lU). Conforming to i ronl.it Inns framed by the Ministrv of lultication, which rccci\cd Impcn'Ial sanction on the 2Hth July, 1900, these arc established: at j)ro\inciaI capita's, caile.l ^ T^ fig tT refi;ctur(s, (bparluuMits and districts, dcsignat«?(l ^ ^ Fen' Hiii', Ibanches. Their aim is to disseminate <'du(;ation by means of scIkhjIs, pulf Chi' ^q Lin' Fu', Kirin, and .'>. In the province of Heihuigchiang, by «'5i * the ^.M^jf MM ^If'i' I^ung' Chiang' Fen' Hsiin^ TaoS Taotai of the lleihingchiang Circuit, residing at ^ ;i^ j^ Iloi' Shui^ T'ing', Tsitsihar. H30c. The Financial Commissioner (sec No. 825) and tlie l*rovincial Judge (see No. 830) arc frequently spoken of together a> the ^ ^M p] ^'^"' Nieh'' Liang^ Ssu', Two Chief Commissioners of the Provincial Government. «31. i^ fii f^ T'i- Fa-* Shih^ Commissioner for .ludicial Affairs ; o\ ; superintends the judicial affairs of the province and has control over .Judicial Establishments, Prosecuting Attorneys^ Offices and Prisons. lie is su])ordinated to tlie Ciovcrnor- Cieneral (or (jovernor). At the present time the post of (Commissioner for .ludicial Affairs is found in Manchuria alone {sec Nos. 810, 830 and 831nj. A Memoiial from the Minis! ly of .Justice, dated the 17th April, 1009, (;alle(l for the appointment in 1910 of officials hearing this title to all the j)r()vinces, replacing the existing .fudicial Commissioners {sec No. 830). liegulations referring to the Jg fj^ f^' TM" Fa* Shih' and liis Ortice (srr No. S3 1a) were compiled by the Comn.ittee for Drawing up Uegulations for Constitutional Government and received Im[»crial sanction on th«; 2Gth, November, 1909 (tjui original scheme in this connection was submitted by the Ministry of .[iistici' in ;i Memorial dated the *J7th .lanuary, 1908). «'51 ^- iJi U: n) '!''''•' J-'ii' ''^•'^"'^ OHicc of the Commissioner for .ITidieiiil Allan-. This is arranged in three Sections: ^- ^(^ ff 'i'^"'ig' Wu' K'o', Section of General Affairs; iti • harge of th<' personnel of the office itself, antl tii:it of .ludicial Establijihmcnt.s, Proseeuting ..VttorncNs" ( )fli<'es and Pri.sons, conespondcnco and matters of economy, *J. ^flj j^- ^-f Using* [ 411 ] 882 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 881b Mill'' K'o', Section of Criminal and Civil Cases, and 3. ^ Dt ^ to Tien^ Yii* K'o\ Section o£ Prison Affairs. At the head of each Section there is a jfjj. ^ K'o^ Chang^, Section Chief ; 5 A. This official, undei- the general control of the Commissioner (5^e No. 831), superintends the affairs of his Section. He has as his assistants : One "— ^ f^ M. -'^^ Teng' K'o' Yiian^, Secretary of the first rank ; 6a, and from pne to foin- H ^ fjf ^ Er¥ Teng* K'o^ Yiian', Secretaries of the second rank ; 7a. At each Section there are also a numher (depending on the volume of affairs ; not more than five) ^ fg, Shu^ Chi*, Clerks (of the eighth and ninth ranks). 831b. The organization of the Office of the Commissioner for Judicial Affairs iti Manchuria (see No. 810) is somewhat different from that given above (compare No. 831 a), namch-, it has four Sections: 1. |i i^ f 4 Tsung^ Wu" K'o^ -(.s-^e No. 831 A), 2. ?f-lj ^ ^3| Hsing' Shih* K'o\ Section of Cri-uinal Cases, 3. ^ ^ ^jj Min" Shih* K'o^, Section of Civil Cases, and 4. :*? It 5^ Tien' Yii* K'o^ (see No. 831 a). At the head of each Section, as Section '^hief , there is a j^ ^ Ch'ien' Shih^ Chief Secretary, 5 a (see No. 815; in the first Section this official is styled ^ f?J- -^ ^ Shou' K'o^ Ch'ien* Shih'*, and his rank is 4b). To him there are subordinated one "- ^ ft M f' Teng^ K'o^ Yiian^, Secretary of the first rank, one i: ^ $4 M ^1*^^'' T«nig' K'o' Yiian^, Secreta)-y of the second rank, and two ^ ^ jfjj. ^ San' Tcng^ K'o' Yiian^ Secretaries of the third rank. For each Section there aro also IE p] # '^ Cheng* Ssu' Shu' KuanS Senior Clerks, gl] oj ^ f Fu* Ssu' Shu^ Kuan', Junior Clerks, and ' .p] § ^ Ssu' Shu' Sheng', AVriters. ' 832. ^ >;$ f^ Qhiao^ She^'Shih^ Commissioner for Foreign Affairs ; 3a ; charged with dealing with affairs in which foreigners are interested. Following the inauguration of this post in Manchuria (see No. 806) it was instituted in Yunnan [ 412 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 334^ province (in Aug-ust, lUOO"). Later this official will be found in 833 all the provinces. ^.^ At present the duties appertaining to the Coninussioner of Foreign Affairs are pcrfoniied by the i^ ^ ^ Yang'' Wu* Chii^, Office of Foreign Affairs (srr No. 859), attached to the Goveraor-General (or Governor). Heilungchiang ])rovince has :i^t$I^J^ ^:^l^ia<>' '"^'i^*' Tsung* Chii' {see No. 806a ) for similar duties. 833. fg gj^ ^ ^ Ilui-' Kuaa^ Chien^ Tu', Superintendent of Customs. The duties appertaining to this official are usually associated iivith those of the Military Circuit Taotai {srr No. 844). 833a. -f- ^ II ^ ^'ueh^ Hai^ Kuan' Pu"*, Superintendent of Customs for the Province of Kuangtung ; appointed from members of the Imperial Household. Europeans commonly styled this official "lIojtjK)" and, so long as the entire foreign trnde was concentrated at Canton, he enjoyed imn)cnse power, 'Ihis othcial no long(!r exists. H33B. ^.^mm \t^ ^ ^ B ^'J'icn' Kxv.m' .Min-=' llai'^ Kuan' Shui* !Shih^ Wu', \N itii Associate Duties as Superintendent of Customs at Foochow. This title is l)orno by the I'^uUicn Viceroy. \ H:53r. Foi- partieul:!i-.s as to the s])ecial t^jf EM jH ^'^'''^ Kuan' Tao', (.'ustonis Tacitai, ciiiiying on the functions of Suj)printendcnt of (-usl«)iris at Tientsin ( foi-nicilv . likewise, at Ilarbln) srr No. S42. ■^•il- VW M t'^ B 'J's':<"' ">""' Tsnng" Tu', Director- (ieneral of (iiaiii Tran^juut (2a; literary designation, J^ ^ T^'ao-Tn', ;HlU^jriE pJ '1''' ^'''"=^"-' Y*'"' ^'''''"S ••""' :>^^ nl W Ta* Shu' Ts'ao"). This offit ial lia.l the honorary rank of ?< *15 Vf UI> 1^'";?' t*"' •'^I'i''' '>«'>.U'% and resld.d at f,?; fr. Wl ('h'ing' Chiang' P'u' (in the J^ 'i; l'"ai'"An', prefeclure of Kiangpu). He superintended the >^ ^ Chao^ »Shang^ Chii- (see No. 789), is gradually putting an end to tluit by the Grand Canal. 83o. ^3lf^ Yen^ Yun" Shih^, Salt (otitroller (3 b ; official designation, 3^ fj] Yiin* Ssu^ ; epistolary designation, ^ ^ Tu^ Chuan^ and ^fj 5^ Tu^ Yiin* ; literary designation, :^ ll .^ 'la' Ts'o^ Hsien*, :^ ^ ^ Ta* Ts'o'' ITou'. and :^ ^ ^1^ Ta* Ssu^ Fu''). This official is the Chief Conniiissioner of the revenue derived from the provincial salt gabelle, .or salt monopoly. There are five for the Avhole Em])ire : I. M'M.^ M^MW '^ M Ch'ang2 Lu^ Yen^ Yiin* .Shih = (^hien^ Yen^ Fa* Tao*, Ch'anglu Salt Controller AAitii associate duties as Salt Intendant, residing at Tientsin, 2. U| ^ ^ M i^ ^ ^ Vi $1 Shani Tung^ Yen^ Yiin* Shih^ Chien^ Yen" Fa^ Tao*, Shantung Salt Controller with associate duties as Salt Intendant, residing at Chinanfu, 3. M 'M ^ M iM M ^ iM m ^^^^^S' ^f"^'' Yen' Yiin* Shih^ Chien^ Ping^ Pei^ Ilsien', Lianghuai .^alt Controller, with the rank of MiHtary Circuit Taotai, residing at [ ^H ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA. m m f^ Vanj,- Chou^ Fu', Yano-chow, 4. ^ if Jl ^ ll JlHsl! 835a Liang;* Che* (^hiang^ Nair Yen^ Yiin* Shih^, Liangclie (<'hekiang) Salt Controller, residing at Hangcliow, and 5. ^ ^ ^ jM M Knang^ Tung' Y'en^ Yiin* Shih', Kuangtung Salt Controller, residing at Canton, 835a. Under the supervision of the Salt Controller (whose office is designated ^ jM "^ l^ f nj P^ Y'en^ Yiia"' Shih' Ssu* Ya^ Men'j there are the following officials: 1. 5^. |p] Yiin* T'ung^, Assistant Salt Controller (full designation, ^ 3^ ^ 5^ fp] Yen' Yiin* Sfsu' Yiin^ T'ung- ; literarv designation, fpj ^ T'ung^ ChuanS and ^ ^$ Fu' Chuan^ ^ ^ Ts'o' Erh^ and ± f^ ^ Til' Tso'* Fu', also ^ "p] Fen' Ssu'); 4ii; one in Shantung, Chihli and Kuangtung provinces, 2. ^ :|y [p] ^U Chie«' Ch'c* T'ung- Chih' (also ^ ^ Xi^ Chien' Ch'c^ Kuan'), Inspector of Salt Distribution ; 5a. ; two in Kian;:su province and one in Shansi, .'i. J^ glj Y'iin* Fu^ Deputy Assistant Salt Controller (full designation, ^ Jl f ^ glj i§l Ycn^ Yun' Shih' Fu^ Shih^; also styled 5^ nl 1^'en' vSsu'; compare the above Yiin' T'ung'^) ; oB : one in rjickiang province, 4, JS Iji J 'i' Chli', Salt lusjiector (also f^m ^ V.-n^' T'i' Chii^ full designation, H ^ ^^ ^ Yen' K*o* T'i- Clui^ or P^ |5}» ^ 1^- 1^ Yen' K'o" Ssu' T'i'' Chii^); 5h; three in Yiinnan j)rovince, 5. jij? f\] Yun* F'an*, Sub-Assistant Salt Controller (full designation, 1^ ]'<^ 1] 3^1?. ^\] Yen' Yiin* Ssu' Yiin* P'an*: also 51J Pj, Ku' Chuan^ and ^ p] Fen' vSsu' ; compare the above 5^ |S] Ynn' T'ung', and 5^ glJ Yiin^ Fu^) ; Git; one in Chihli, oncj in Chekiang and three in Kiangsu j)rovince, fi. jf^ Igc Ching' Li* (correctly, H^ ^,R1 M Yiir Ching' LiO ; 7n (.syy- No. 82C.), 7. ij^;^ A: iU Yen' KW 'IV Shilr' (more explicit, WM^Xi'^ Ven' K'o* S.SU' Ta^ Shilr', or 1,^ J^ X fOl Ven' Ch'ang* Ta* Shih^ (literary designation, 0» p- T.s'o' Yin'), Salt Receiver ; Sa, H. ^^ Ij,^ X fill J"'' '^'••"' '''^' ^^'''^'^ ^"'roperly ^^n ^ Yen2 Chihi Shih*; 8b (see No. 830a), and 11. ^ i(« ^ Yen^ Ilsiin' (Jliin^ Salt Watchers ; 9b. 835b. f P ^ I^ :^ E Hui^ Pan* Yen^^ Cheng* Ta* Oh'tn^, Associate Controller-General of the Salt (iahelle (compare No, 369). The duties appertaining to this post are associated with those of the (lovernors-General of Manchuria, Chihli, Liang Kiang, Liang Kuang, Minche, iSzechwan, Yiin Kuei and Shenkan (5^^ No. 820a) and with those of the Governors of Shantung, Shansi and Chekiang (see No. 821a) — see a Memorial from the Contrbller-(7eneral of the Salt (iabelle, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 25th February, 1910, covering regulations, concerning the Salt Administration, in 35 articles. Prior to the promulgation of the Imperial Edict qf 31st December, 1909 (compare No. 369), the mentioned Governors- General and Governors Avere entitled ||} JiH ^ i^ Tsung^ 1^1' Yen^ Cheng*. The title M^ mWi^±^.^ <^'hie»' H"i' I''i»' ^'en' Cheng^ Ta* Ch'cn^ flsien"^. With Associate Duties as Associate Controller-General of the Salt Gabelle, is borne by the Governor- Oencral of,Hukuang and by the Governors of Kirin, Heilung- chiang, Kiangsu, Anhui, Kiangsi, Honan, Hunan, Kuangsi, Kueichow, ^hensi and Hsinchiang (see the above-mentioned Memorial from the (■ontroller-General of the Salt Gabelle). At the beginning of the reign of the present dynasty, at the head of the six Salt Departments (namely, (Mi'anglu, Hotung, Lianghnai, Liang('hc, Kuang'tuug and Fukien ; see below) there were special officials, ap}>ointed from the ranks of ^lanchus, style(i MWAW^M^ Hsun' Shih* Yen^ Ch^.ng* Yii* Shih' (also i^ ^ ^fl tji Hsun'' Yen^ Yu*■Shih^ or M ^ W. ia ^^^^' Yen' Chiir Chih'^), Salt Censors. [ ^1« ] PKESEXT DAY FOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. There are now thirteen Departments producing salt. 835c Accordinijly, from its place of origin, salt bears the following- ^q designations : 1. 'J^ ^^ Sheno-' Ching> Yen^ (salt from Fengtien qqq province, where there arc' 20 ^ j^ Yen''ClVang^ Salt Works), -• M M^ Ch'ang' Lir Yen- (salt from Chihli province, where there are ten Salt \Yorks), :5. M 1^ ^ Meng^ Ku» Yen- (salt from Mongolia), 4. (Ij ^ ^' Shan^ Tung^ Yen^ (salt from Shantung), .5. ^}^^ Liang' Huai' Yen" (salt from Kiangsn province), 6. ^ ^|Ji ^ Liang- ("lie* Yen"- (salt from Chekiang ])rovince, where there are 32 Salt \Yorks), 7. ^ jH |^ 1'"'' C'hien'' Yen' (salt frfm) Fukien province, where there are 14 Salt Works), 8. ^- ^ ^ Kuang^ Tung^ Yen- (salt from Kuang- tung province, where there arc 12 Salt Works), 9. ^ W. ^ Ho' Tung' Yen- (salt from Shansi province, where there are three Salt Works), 10. f^ ® ^ SluV Hsi' Yen^ (salt fi'om Shensi province). 11. \t M W ^"^^"^ ^"* ^'<^"' f^'^''^* ^^'^'" Kan>n province), 12. gg jll IS ^^"^ Ch'uan^ Yen^ (salt from S/echwan province, where there are 8,882 Salt \\ ells), and 13. M'M ^ "^ ""' ^^"' Yen- (salt from Yunnan province,, where there aie 10 Salt Wells). 8.3-3 (. For particnlar> a.- to the Salt Intendant, which title is sometimes :ipj)lied to the Salt Controller, srr Nos. 835 and H4 1. ^30. f.Jj^ i^ Liang- Tao-*, Grain Intendant (liturarv doignation, ilfilj, 5^1 f^" ( Iiikim \ iin' Shih^ : 4a ; Chief C'ontroliei- ot tJic provincial i(?v('iin<' from the giain \a\, whether collected in money or in kind. At present there are six (irain Intcndants HatfT they will he i'<'taincd imU in the provinces of Kiang.sn and Chekiang) : 1. jX ^4' $M Irili ifi Clnang' An' Liang* ( h'u' Tao\ (irain Intendant of Kiangnan, residing at fH %i^ //^f ( hiang' .\mg' Fu\ Nanking. 2. g^ ^y^^ B ^X ^ \^ HI ^"' ^""^'' Ch'angM hrn' T'ai' LiangM Ini^ Tno', ( irain Intendant of thr Prefecturea of Sixtchun Fit. Snngkiang I'n. Clrunjrcliow Fu, [ 117 ] PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA. 837 Clienkiang Fu and T'ai Ts'ang- Clilh Li Chow, residing at Soochow, 3. )tlf tC # H it <-'he^ Chiang^ Tu^ Liang' Tao\ Grain Intendant of Chekiang, residing at Hangehow, 4. fg ^ ^ )^ jg Fu"-^ Chien* Tn^ Liang^ Tao*, Grain Intendant o£ Fukien, residing at Fooclum, 5. S ^ )M 111, M ^ ^ ji^ Yon' Nan2 Liang^ Ch'n^ Tao^ Chien' Fen^ Hsiin^ Grain Intendant of Yiinnan, with Associate Dnties as Intendant of a Circuit (.9^«? No. 844), residing at Yunnan Fu, and 6. lift j^ ffi B M Chen* Ti-^ I^iang^ Wu* Tao*, Grain Intendant, with Associate Duties as Intendant of the MiHtarv Circuit of the Prefecture of Tihua Fu and the Department of Chen Hsi Chili Li Chow, residing at ^g f[; f^ Ti^ Hua'' Fu^ Urumtsi. Formerly there were Grain Intendants in the foUowins: provinces: L lU 1^ H xt Shan^ Tung^ Liang^ Tao"*, Grain Intendant of Shantung, residing at Chinan Fu, 2. pi Bi' pj^ ^ W iii 11 B M K'ai^ K^ei^ Ch'eu^ Hsii^ Yen^ Fa^ Liang^ Wu^ Tao*, Salt and Grain Intendant of the Prefectures of Kaifeng Fu, Kueite Fu and Chcnchow Fu, and of the Department of Hsu Chow Chih Li Chow, residing at ^^|if /^ K'ai^ Fcng^ Fu^. '^- ?Xt^#ll3l Chiang^ Hsi^ Tu'^ Liang^ Tao^ Grain Intendant of Kiangsi, residing at Xanch'ang, and 4. g; j>\>\ ^ )|f it Kuei* Chou^ Tu- Liang^ Tao^ Grain Intendant of Kueichow, residing at ;§; [^ /f Kuei* Yang' Fu^ Kueiyang Fu. ^37. '^ i^ fl 5l Tii^ Fu3 Ssui Tao^, this is the common designation of the Governor-General (ire No. 820), the Governor (see No. 821), the Lieutenant-Governor (iyr No. 825), the Judicial Commissioner (see No, 830), the Salt Controller (see No. 833), and the Grain Intendant {.see No. 83G), the officials constituting the "Provincial Government." These officials in many })rovinces form a peciiliar committee styled M f^ |!| ^ Shani Ilout Tsung'' C'hu*, Supreme Board of Keorganization. During the T'ai P'ing reliellion, when this committee began to function generally, it was called the !^ ^ ^f , ^ Chiin^ Hsn^ [ -ll.S ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOJf OF C!IINA. Tsnn:J;^ Chii-. Supreme .Military Hoard. It was the custom tu 838 iji^titiite the committee after rebellious^, warfare or ])hy:S I't.lice Taotai (srr Nos. 840 .and 840a), '.]. 1^ >^ i^ Yen- Fa' Tao', Salt Taotai (srr No. 841), 4. tS P3 ^ Hai'' Kuan' Tao', Customs Taotai {see N'o. «42), .5. jpf ^ Ho- Tao'. !{ivcr Taotai (see No. 843), and 6- 5> 5^ it l''<'"' I'^'"'"' "!':">', Intendant of a (""ircuit, or £ f^ ^ I'inu' Pci' Tao', :Militarv Taotai ( s-r No. S44). \'\u- j)articulars a< to (he |g ^' Lia)ig- Tao"*, (ii-ain Intendant, .srr No. SliiJ. N38A. hJ ji; Ssir Tao', Taoti'i Holding lirevet Hank of Judicial ( "omn)issioner (.svr No. 830). Oi this type arc the Taotais: at Tihna and (heuhsi In lisinchiaii^- tiili j^l Jii!l ^ 1$ ^< fl' if ' ''<"' '^"'' "•'='"' <'l''*'"' An' Ch^r Shih' llsien-, Taotai of the prefecture of Tiiiua and the de])artn)ent of (hen Hsi riiih Li (how. holdiii'' hrexet rank a>.ludieial (Commissioner'): ui HM:ii-;ni, Yanu'chnw and llaii-how in Kian^su ' vf^ j!!^ "/^ ill M ^U ^i Wi fix ''"i'i- Van--' llai' Tao^ Chieu' An' (Ira* Shili» ll-i originally, by the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce (sanctioned ))y the Emperor ou the 7th June, 1908; 14 articles) and, latei-, by the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government (with supplements and amendments; sanctioned l)y the Emperor on the 1st August,. 1908; 18 articles). For the organization of the Office of the Industrial Taotai see No. 839a. 839a. For the Industrial Taotai thei-e h a ^ ^ Kung' So', Office, composed of six Sections : 1. || -^ fjf Tsung^ Wu" K'o', Section of (Tcneral Affairs, 2. ^ # ff Nung'^ Wu^ K'o', Section of Agriculture,. 3. X ^ f ^ Kungi I^ K'o', l^ectioii of Handicraft.s, 4. P^ f^ ^f Shang' W.i" K'oi, Section of Com- merce, ,3. 5^f^ jfjf Kung' Wn^ K'o', Section of Mining, and ^'- M fi '^ V.t2 Oh'uan^ K'oS Section of Posts and Com- munications. Each Section is directed by a f^ ^ K^o^ Chang^ C 420 ] PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Section C'liiff ; t)A. He is assisted by a glj frf ^ Fii^ K'oi 839b Cliang', Assistant Section Chief ; 7a. Also, there are a nuni})er (from two to throe in the Section of Post^ and Coniniiini<'ations and from four to five in the Section of Ceneral Affairs) of ^ ^ K'o^ Yiian', Secretaries ; 8a. In all sub-prefectures, de})artments and districts there are found Wl ^ ^ Ch'iian* Veh^ Yiian^ Tndusti-ial Deputies, who are under the control of the Taotai and local authorities (see No. 8.51k). 839iJ. For particulars as to the Tndustiial Taotais in ^lanchuria sw Xos. 813 to 8 13a. 840. >{« ^ it Hsun' Chino- Tao', Police Taotai (src No. 838) ; 4a. Although directh* subordinated to the Governor- (icneral (or Governoi") this official receive instructions fi-om the Ministry of the Interior (srr No. ;148). He superintends the police alfairs of the province to which he is accredited. liy the " reoulations regardin<^- the reform of the othcial system of the provinces" (articles Nos. 14 and 15; sn- No. 819r) it is arranged that Police Taotais be gradually appointed to all the prov inces. At present they are found in all provinces, Fengtien, Kirin, Heilungchiang and the New Donu'nion excepted. Regulations refei'ring to the Police Taotai were drawn up, first by the .Ministry of tli(> Interior (sanctioned on the 3rd April, 1908; in 15 articles), and, later, by the Committee for Drawing n|) Regulations for Constitutional (iovernment (with sii})plements and amendments : 15 articles; sanctioned by tin- liinperoi nn the 25tli .May, 190H). For parti(;nlais as to the organization of the Othce of tlu- Police Taotai srr No. 840a. H)Oa. 1' ni tlic Police Taotai ihcrc ha- l>cfii instituted a f9? f;JJ ^ J^ Cliiiig' Wii^ Knng' So", OHic.^ of the Police Taotai, (f)n'Ni^fing of four Soctions : 1. i^ fjj 1^ '''s*""^' Ww* K'o', to 840a PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CRINA 840b Section of General Aliuiiv-, 2. ^7 g^ fij- Ilsino- Clienj^-' Kx.^, to Section of Administration, o. ^J ;i^J; ^l\ Ssu^ Fa^ K'o^, Sectioiii Q41 of Judicial Affairs (superintending, amongst other things, the Judicial Police ; sec Nos. ol9 to 519a), and 4. j^ ± ^^ Wei' Slieug' K'o\ Section of Sanitary Affairs. Also, in many ])lace&, the Section of (iencral xVffiiirs is sub-divided into : ^ at ^4 Ilui' Chi-* K'o\ Section of Accounts, ^ ^ pfj} Chiao^ ]Jen' K'o', Section of Instruction, and ^ ^ f^ Wcn^ Tu-'' K'o", Corres- pondence Section. x\t the head of each Section tliere is a ^ij- ^ K'o' Chang'', Section Chief; 5a. He is assisted by a glj ^}\ ^ Vu^ K'o' Chang', Assistant Section Chief ; Ga. Also, there is a fixed nnniber (three to four) of ^jj- ^ K'o' Yiiau", Secretaries ; 7a. In all sub-prefectures, departments and districts there have l>een instituted posts iis ^ :^ ;^ Ching'" Ww* Chang^, Chiefs of Police, under whose authorit} there are placed a number of jtolico divisions, directed by |g 'g* Ch'ii' 'Kuan', Police Captains (ifv' Nos. 851 15 and 85 7u). 84()i;. For particidars as to the Police Taotais of Alanchuria srr T\o. 814., «-il- ^ ^ it Yen- Fn' Tao% Salt Taotai ; 4a ; perform- ing duties simiiai' to those of the Salt Controller Ucc No. 8o5) whu, in virtue of this, is soinctin)es styled »Salt Taotai {see No. 8351$). There are Salt Taotais in nine ])rovmces : 1. ilf^^j^j^ Chiang' Tsan^ Veir Tlsiin- Tao', Kiangnan Salt Taotai, residing at Nanking, 2. 01 "© ^ '^ it Chiang' Hsi^ Yen" Fa' Tao', Kiangsi Salt Taotai, residing at Nanclraiig, .'?. M M ^ iJi M Ho* Tung' Yen- Fa-* Tao', IIotu)ig Salt Taotai, residing at P'ui-how Fu, 4. ^ ^^M^ihW Ui it l*'ii»S'-' Ch-ing-* Ching* Ku^ Hua' Yen^ Fa' Tao', Salt Taotai of the Prefectures of P'ing J^iang Fu and (Jh'ing Yen Fii and of tlie De])artments oE Clang Clunv Chih Li Chow, Ku Yuan Chili Li Chow and Hua [ 422 ■] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OT CHINA. I'ing riilh I.i Chow, residing at 2^ t^ j^f P'ing- Liang'' Fu^ 842 ^- ^MW^^M ^^^^~ Cliien' Yen- Fa^ Tao\ Fukien Salt to Taotai, residing at Fooehow, 6. Jg^ 4t: IS fJ; ^ Hu' Fei'^ Yen^ 344^ Fa' Tao', Hupeli Salt Taotai, residing at Wuch'ang, 7. WtkSc^M "^'^n' !"'»' Ch'ii'ng' Pao' Tao^ Salt Taotai of the Prefectures of Ch'ang Sh'a Fii and Pao Ch'ing Fu, residing at Ch'angslui. 8. 03 JH !l ^ iS ^^^i' Ch'uan^ Yen- VAi'a' TaoS Salt and Tea Taotai of Szerhwan, residing at Ch'ente Fn, and 9- S ^ ^ tt^ 5I "^^'"i' ^^«"' ^^^^' ^'«' ^^^'^ Yiinnan Salt Taotai, residing at Yiiinian Fu. Also, in the province of Shensi, the duties of Salt Taotai are performed by the Police Taotai {see No. 840), who is styled ^ ^ ^ ;^ Chien^ Kuan' Yen- Fa* 'fomierlv the Taotai of the Military Circuit performed these luties, §. ^/^ Kg it it Feng^ Pin^ Yen^ Fa^ Tao^). The majority of the Salt Taotais mentioned above act simultaneously as Military Circuit Taotais (see No. 844). ^"^-- ^i ^ jM ^^^^^ Kuan' Tao', Customs Taotai (literary designation, i^ f|^ Ch'iieh^ Shih\ and |g ^ Kuan' Tn') ; performing the duties of Superintendent of Customs {see No. H33). This is an indejtendent post at Tientsin alone (J^ }j^ ^ i^ Cliin' Hiii' Kuan' Tao' ; sec No. 833c. Formerly there was an indej>endent Customs Taotai at Harbin (^ Jx S^ xS '''"' C'hiang' Kuan' Tao^j. ^43. ^ ig Ho- Tao', Kivcr Taotai; 4a. As an independent official this 'Jaotai is found in the province of Chihli alone and is stylod 7jc ^ fpj 3^1 Vung^ Ting^ Ho- Tao\ He resides at [^] '^- ^ Kii' An' llsicn'. The similar otHcial lor Shantung ( (L| >ji 5^" M {^ Shan' Tung' Yun'' llo^ Tao', rt-siding :i^ 'i^ % '}{\ (■»''' ^i"^^' <^'''^^"'^ =>"•' '"'■ i^<"'^" ( 1)11 iJ'.if [5ft lilr- M i?i K-ai= Kuei' ChS'-n' Hsii' Ilo' T;i..'. residing at [JH Ji-j /{.J- K'ai' I'^'-ng' Fu') no longer exists. M4 L 5> jK; iK F.-n' Hs.in- Tao', and 5> \)' \^ Fen' Shon* 'i'a(»', Taotai 1 iitcmltTitj of a Circuit; 4a; literary designation. PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 844a ^ p\ Chien^ Ssu' ; official detjiguation, ^ ^ Kuan' Ch'a'-, and to it M ^^^o' T'ai^ Also &iMM I'ing' Pei^ TaoS ]\Iilitar.v- 344b Administrative Taotai ; 4a (sonuitimcs ^ ^ ^ iJm jM, ^' ''"^ Hsiin^ Ping^ Pel* TaoS Militai-y Circnit Taotai). This official is charged with the administration of tAvo, or more, prefectures, independent sub-prefectures oi- de]:)artments, the names of which- are prefixed to his title (for instance, the Shanghai Taotai is designated f^ ^^ :JiC !! ^"^ ^""g^ Tai* Tao^ Taotai of the prefectures of Soochow Fu and Sung Chiang Fu and of the sub-prefecture of T'ai Ts'ang Chili Li Chow, the Taotai of Chef 00 is styled ^M^MM. 'J^'engi Lai^ Ch'ing^ Chiaoi Tao\ Taotai of the prefectures of Tengchow Fu, Laichow Fu, and Ch'ingclio\>- Fu and the sub-jirefecture of Chiao Chow Chili Li Chow, etc). At ports open to foreign t^-ade he performs diplomatic functions, being intermedlarv in all intercourse with foreigners. With very few ' exceptions (compare Xos. '833a and 833c) he is also the Superintendent of Customs (compare No. 833) At present there are tlie following Taotais : six in Chihli province, three in Shantung jirovince, two in Sliansi province, four in Honan province, four in Kiangsu province, tAvo in Anhui province, two in Kiangsi province, three in Fukien province, four in Cliekiang province, four in Hupeli province, three in Hunan province, three in Sliensi province, six in Kansu province, four in Szechwan province, six in Kuangtung province, four in Kuangsi province, one in Kueichow province, four in Yunnan province and three in H.^inchiang province. Thus there are 68 Taotais for China proper and, witli Manchuria (there are 1 1 Taotais here ; see No. 816), there are 79 for the Empire as a whole. 844a. The jmsts of ^ g-, ^ Cii^a^ Ma^ Tao% Taotai of the Tea and Horse Jtevenue, and t£ 03 il 1''""' "^^'i^"" T=^r()\iiicc tlieie will ])0 retained the to ^ fig j^ Ping' Pei* Tao*, ^Military Circuit Taotais (from one to g^g three), wliu will be specially charged Avith the capturing of criminals and the moving of militarv forces. Simultaneously there will be abolished the posts of ]^ ;:^ o] K''i* Ta^ Shih' (sec Ko. H26) and # ;^: f|^" Ts'ang' Ta* Shih^ (.sw Xo. 826) which are found at the Taotai's Office. H44c. For particulars as to the Otiice of a Taotai in Manchuria src No. H16a. 845. 3^ Jo; Chill' Tsao\ Superintendents of the Imperial ^[aiiul'acteiies- (at Nanking, Soochow and Hangchow); appointed from the Manchu members of the Imperial Household ; literary designation, fA^ ^ Shang* I', n\ Wi ^^«"' Fu^ and ;/c 11 M ^a' Fu' Fu'). Tliey superintend the manufacture and despatch of the silk textiles and other leipiisites for the use of the Court. H4.5A. "MM )\\l^'S^:k^ Tni Pan^ Ch'uani Tien' ]*icn' Wu' Ta'' < li'i'ii'. Border Commissioner of the Provinces (tf Szechwaii and Yiinnan ; subordinated to the Governor-General of S/cchwau but with the ])ri\ilego of direct reports to the Kmporor. This official superintends the military and civil afiiiirs of till \V<-t('rii portion of S/.echwan and the section of Tibet adjacent to this province (compan; No. HlTj. //. /.oral Adtiiiiiist ration ( of I Prefectures, St/b-prefertitres, Depurtmcnts and Districts ) : 846. I'.iirji province, as regards administrative authority, is di\ ide a further di\isioii into j\\ ('hoii'. Departments, |g 'I'ing', Siib-prefeeturcs, and f^ IMeii', District.s. [ 4-'.' ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 347 Indej)eudent Departnieiits and Independent Sub-prefeetnres diiFer from ordinary Deptirtments and Sub-prefectures in that, they enjoy a government independent of the Prefect (compare No. 848) and are subjected directly to the Taotai (compare No. 844) and other officials of the higher pi'ovincial administration. Prefectures differ from Inde])endent Departments and Independent Sub-prefectures (the numlber of the latter, as compared with that of prefectu]-es, is small) in that they are completely organized administrative iniits and contain within their borders a niunber of departments, sub-prefectures and districts. Independent De])artments,- by their form of govern- ment, approach prefe(;tures (in the majority of cases they have been organized from ordinary departments which ha\e been removed from the prefectural authority) in that they may include districts, though ordinary departments are never subordinated to them. [ndependent Sub-prefectures represent a lower form of local government and are in themselves administrative de])artments A\hich have been made independent of the prefectural government because of their importance or territorial magnitude. Tndei^endent Departments and Sub-prefectures represent intermediate stages in. the transformation of ordinary departments and sub-prefectures into prefectures. For this reason they are obsei-ved to be most mmierous on the borders of the Empii-e. The whole Empire includes 214 Prefectures, 75 Independent Departments, 54 Independent Sub-prefectures, 139 De{)artments, 57 Sub-prefectures and 1,381 Districts. 847. The appointments of officials heading the administra- tion of Prefectures, Departments and Sub-prefectures (independent or otheiAvise) and Districts, as well as of Taotais (see No. 844) are arranged, in dej)endence on their im[)ortance and \ohime of affiiirs, into foiu- categories: 1. M. ^ Tsui^ Yao\ Most Important, 2. ^ ^ Yao' Ch'iieh', Important [ 42G J rKE.HKNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OT CHINA. ; -J- 4* 'ik rlmns:^ Clriieh', Medium, and 4. ^ ^ Ch.ieir 848 C"h'ueli\ Ordinary. They are pojuilarly called " four-character, tO I three character, two. character and one character posts," the first 849 Ijcing distinguished li\ having tin- four characters ^ ^ ^)^ fj^ Ch'iuig^ Fair Pi^ Nan*, "Frequented, Troublesome, Wearisome and Difficult," attached to it, the second has any three of these, the third has any two and the fourth has any one. *^^^- ^11 M Chih' Fu", Prefect; 4ij ; official designation, ^ Shou^ ; e[)istola)-\ designation, >{i^ ^ T'ai' Shou' or j^ Q| T'ai* Tsun'. This post originated in the Ilan Dynasty. The Prefect styles himself, when enumerating his titles, jE ^ Cheng'' T-ang^ or, in the literary style, '^ ^ Huang^ T'ang^, ^ ^ Wu^ Ma^ or - ^ ;5 Erh* (;h'ien» Tan'. In ])rinciple the Prefect's authority extends to all branches of the administration of his })refecture but latterly the Government lias endea^oured to remove certain sections of governmental activity from his control, for instance, police and judicial atfiiiiT education, etc., and leave to him merely the general guidance of the administration. ill the \ery early days the I'rcfect \\as styled ^J ^ Chiin* Shou' (als.) gji fl^ < him-* IV, X ti> i^ '^^■''' ^'li'"' i''»% '^"^^ 'X ^i Ifi. '^«i'' ^ ''iJ>'* Hou^), from gjj ("hiin% Prefecture, the then aflministrative unit (during the time of ^ $^ ^- ^fi Lh'in- She^ Huang* Ti\V,.('. 221). The Prefect of the j))cf<(t urc in which the proN iiici.il (Mpital is situated is designated ^ f(^ Shou^ Fu'. ^•^'J. \u\ %\\ T'ung''^ Chih'. First Class Sub-pnfr.t {.srr No. 848) ; JA ; colloquially called, ]^ }{.f KiW Vn\ and J^ '0^ Krh^ Siiou'; epistolary designation, jij j^ Ssu' .Ma\ and ^ }{>f F<'n' Fu»; literary dcsignati*)!!. ^'i yil ^'^ui* Cl.Vng', A Jrt^ (5^ '1'=^' Krh' Il(.u-, and X ^ Yii '^''^^^ '''•^:'"' ''''i''': dming the T';iMg l)_\nast\ called ^ ^ Shao' Vin''. ( '■-'- ] PRESENT DAT POLITICAI, ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 840A Being- direct assistants of the Pi-efcct iti the various bi-anches of the prefectm-al g-overnment, [rJ ^D T'uug^ Chih^ are divided, depending on thei)- functions, into several classes, for instance : 1. Assistant Prefects <'ha]'ge.d with the control of certani classes of. offenders are designated ^ ^ Chi* Pu^, ^ Jf Ho* P"^ m ^ l'^'-' Tao^ m m Tsnng^- PuS § m Tn^ Pu^ ^ ^ Yen2 PuS ^ Jf Chiin' Fu\ and )g Jf T.iang* Pu'; 2. Assistant "^refects with military jurisdiction are styled ^ ^ ( li'ingH'^hun^ ^ ^ Chim' Liangs M ^ Ho* OhiinS and Jf ^ Li^ Shih*, 3. Assistant Prefects in charge of naval construction are called ^ 1^ Ch'uan* Cheng''; 4. Assistant Prefects in charge of water commnnications are styled jUj ^ Ho* Wn*, ^ j'fij Kuan^ Ho-, and :^ ^1] Shui^ Li*; 5. Assistant Prefects having control over .the coast and river defences are designated ff^ j?§ Chiang^ Fang*, ^ I5§ Fen^ Fang*, ^PJ[; Hai^ Fang^ and ^W Ho* Fang*; 6. Assistant Prefects with jnrisdiction over the poptilation of turbulent districts and savage tribes are styled ^ j^ Fu^ Mia*, it ^ Fu' I*, Ji ^ Li3 Yao*, ^ -^ Li' Miao*, Jl ^ Li' FanS The foregoing qualifying characters are prefixed to the title IPJ ^D T'ung* Chih^ for instance, J| }§ fpj ^D Chi* Fu' T'ungS ' Chihi. For particulars as to Sub-prefects in charge of a sub- prefectni-e, whether independent or othei'wise, see Nos. 852 and 854. 849a. ii f\j T'nng^ P'an*, Se(;ond Class Siib-prefect (see No. 848 ; compare also No. 849) ; 6a ; colloquially called, ^ ^ San' Fu'; epistolary designation, ^ij ^ Pieh* Chia* ; literary designation, jg ^^ T'ung^ Shou', ^ Ts'ui*, |j5 f^ Chun* Ts'ui*, :^ ^iTB ^ Ta* Tuan' Tso', or ;^ ^ ^ Ta^ Tsan* Chih*. As is the case with pj ^n T'ung* Chih^ (see No. 849), 5§ ^jj T'ung^ P'an* are also distinguished, according to their fiuictions, by various designations, namely: 1. ^ }g Chi* Pu', 2. JJ JpJ [ ^-2^ ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Pu^ Ho^ 3. fi !§ Pn^ TaoS 4. M M '^^^^^S' ^'< •^- ^ M 85a Yen^ Pu', 6. ^ '^ riiMngi Ch'in', 7. 3g ^ h? ;S_luh^ 8. ^ ^ FOn^ Fang-. 9. 7j\: ^Ij Shui^ Li% 10. =^ J^' 7jt ^Ij Tu' LP Shui^ Li^ 11. i^ jg Kuan^ Lia.ig.', 12. 'i )^ Tu^ Liang^ 13. ^ jf Yen- Ts'ao'^ 14. gtt ^ ¥u' Min", 15. ^ ^ Fu^ IS and 16. i^'^ LP Miao'^. For paitioiilais as to Second Class Sxib-prefects administer- ing the government of sul)-})refectures, wlicther independent, or otherwise, 5^^ Nos. 852 and 854. 850. For cavrving on the prefectural goverunient there are, in a ' litiun to the Prefect (^lee Xo. 848), the First Class Sub- l)refC"t and Second Chiss Sub-prefect (sec Nos. 849 and s49a), the following officials: 1. ^g M < hing' Li^ {sre No. 826); 8a; (in the Metropolitan Prefecture, 7b ; (see No. 794), 2. ^ ^ Chao< Mo^ (sec No. 826) ; 9ji, 3. ^ j^ i^ K'u* Ta* Shih' (see No. 826) ; of nnclassed rank, '4. ^11 ^ t'hih^ Shili' (scr No. 830a); 9a, 5. M :k iM Ts'ang' Ta' Sliih^" (sre No. 826) ; of nnclassed rank, 6. ^ Tilt Ssu' Yii* (sec No. 830a); 9h, 7. ^^ Chiao" Shou\ J*refectural Director of Schools ; 7a; (literarv designation, |^' ^ Ju^ Hsiieh-, ^ >$C Kuang' ^Ven^ jr^ ^ Wei' l^an^ ^^ j;|' ^ Ta^ Wai' Ifaii', ^ fi^5 Ils.ieh- Po^, and ;;^ filj ^^. IV Cli'uan' Cliing'), 8. ^IJI a£^ 11. mm' Tao', I*refe(;tural Sub-Director of Schools (for details see No. 857), 9. ^^ ^ 'u\ X iM ^'^'"^ ^^'o* Ssu' Ta* Sliil)-', l*refeitural Iteceiver of Duties anil Taxes ; 9b, lO- M-MulJEMi^ li.siian' KV Ssu' Cheng' IV ShilP, Fxarniner of Taxe.s ; !>u, 11. ^ |^ "p1 SlJ >^^ f^t' Hsuan' K'a^ S^ii' Fu' T:i^ SliilP. Deputy JCxaminer of Taxes: 9b, 12. M ^i "f^ »-] X fjlf Shiii* K'o' Fen' Ssu' Ta' ShihS Deputy Fxaminer of Taxe.<^, nnclassed, 13. ^ '^ 'J<. i^ Ven^ ('li'a''' Ta* ShilP, Tea and Salt Fxaminer, imclasiied, 11 \^\^ 'X. i'M Kuan' Ta' ShilP, Custom.-. ICxaminer, uncla.sscil, 15. ^\\\ \(\ f^f Ho* Po* So*, Kivcr Police In.>,pccU.r (cojlo^ -g Liu* Se*, or :^ ^ J An' Ch^i^ i.e. those helonging to the following six groups: A. il^; ^ Ch'ui' Shou', and ]^ ^ Ku' ('h'ui', l^ipeis and Dnunmeis (so-called M ^ Ts'u' Yueh*, (hoarse or Noisy :\Iusic), B. jf ^ Ch'ing' Yin', Flute players (so-called im ^ Hsi* Yueli*, Soft or Melodious :\rusic), C. ^^ P'ao* Shou^, Fire-cracker Makers, D. ^ jfig Chang^ Li^ Managers of Cei'emonies, 1]. 'l.t.,2 Ch': TanS Tea B-earers, F. \^ ^ T'ai^ P'an^, and Jf. ^ K'ang=^ Chiao*, Chair-bearers. 8oOa. Although the "regulations regarding the reform of the official system of the provinces," articles Nos. 21 and 27 (sfie No. 819b), ])rovide that the Prefects (see No. S4«) he [ 430 ] PKKSKXT DAY POLITICAL OKG AN'IZ A TIOX OF CHINA. suboi-dinated to the Goveinor-General or Governor (see Nos. 851 S20 to 821), nevertheless, in addition, they are to receive tO instructions from the Lieutenant-Governor (see No, 825), the 35^ Commissioner o;E Education (see No, 827), tlie Industrial Taotai {see No. 839), and the Police Taotai {see No, 840), As regards First and Second Class Sub -prefects (sec Nos. 849 to 849a), those who are placed in independent control of any district (see Nos. 852 and 854) will be appointed as Department Magistrates {see No, 855) and District Magistrates {sec No, 856). The others, acting as Sub-prefects in various branches of the administration {see Nos. 849 to 849a), will remain as before, with the exception that their designation i§ ^]J T'unjj;' P'an^ {see No, 849a), will become fq] ^D T'ung* Chihi {see No. 849). «51. It II #1 ^n Ji] Ohih2 Li* Choni Qi^|]ji CAxou\ ^Nlagis- trate of an Independent Department (see No. 846); 5a ; official designation, ^ Mu^ >>H ^ Choui :\[u< and i^ #f l^^ Ta^ Ohou^ Mu*; epistolary desig»^ation, ^Ij ^ Tz/u* Shih^ When design- ating himself thr Magistrate uses the expression j£ 1^, Cheng'' T'ang2. The duties and authority of a Magistrate of an Indej)en(1cnt Department are siiriilar to those of a Prefect (compare Nos. 846 and 848). H')\.\. Vov the administration of an Iiidejiendent Dc])art- ment, in addition to the Magistrate (see No, 851), there are the following: 1. ^j'l fti] <'lioii' T'ung^ First Class Assistant Department Magistrate; 6b (e])istolary designation, |jlj ^il^ I'ieh"^ Shou'), 2. j\] ^^Ij (Jhou' P'an\ Second Class Assistant Department Magistrate; 7n (epistolary designation, 'j'I'f Jjlj |S Choii' I'ieir-' ChiaV and ^^ Ts'an* Ch.in'), 3. 5£ g Li* Mu\ Departmental I'oliito-master and .)ail Warden; 9h (literary designation, ^ J}] ® Ta* Kung' Ts'ao', and ^ '}\\ '^ 'Wi* C"hou' Mu*), 4. fiKjfcfJJb' K'-'* Ta* Shih» (see No. 826); unclasscd, [ A?A ] PRESENT DAT POLITICAL OP-GANIZATION OF CHINA. 852 861b 5. -^ ^^ ^ Ts'angi Ta* Sliih^ {see No. 826); imclassed, to 6. J^ jE Hsueh^ Cheiig% Departmental Director of Schools; 8a, 7. gjll ^ Hsiin* Tao*, Departmental Sub-director of Schools; 8b (for details sec No. 857), 8. ^ ?g^ (Jhien^ Hsiao* {see No. 850), imclassed, 9. i| ;/c fi Kuan^ Ta^ Shih' {see No. 850), imclassed, 10. H |3^ Tien^ K'o\ Departmental! Physician, unclassed, and 11. ^ ''^^ Tien^ Shu*, Departmental Inspector of Petty Professions (or Humble Professions), unclassed. 851b. The " reoulations regarding- the reform of the official system in the provinces " (ai'ticles Nos. 22 and 28 ; see No. 819b) rule that Magistrates of Independent Departments {sec No. 851), although subordinated to the Governor-General or Governor {see Nos. 820 and 821), are to receive instructions also from the Lieutenant-Governor (5^^ No. 825), the Commis- sioner of Education (5^^ No. 827), the Industrial Taotai {see No. 839), and the Police Taotai {sec No. 840), compare No. 850a. Conforming to the regulations mentioned above, the officials carrying on the administration of Independent Departments and Sub-prefectures, Departments and Districts {see Nos. 851a, 853, 855a and 857)— the so-called ^ fC Tso' Erh*, and ^ || Tso^ Tsa^ {see Nos. 858 and 858a) — are later to be done away with and replaced by the following : 1. ^ ^ ^- Ching^ Wu^ •Change Chief of Police {see No. 840a), 'I.' ^^^^ Shih* Hsiieh^ Yuan^, Inspector of Education, 3. ^J ^ ^ C'h'iian* Yeh* Y'uan", Industrial Deputies {see No. 839a), 4. ik ^j^ j^ Tien^ Yu* Yiian^, Prison Waideii (compare Nos. 766a to 766 r.), and 5. i ff ^ Chu' C'hi' Yiian", Inspector of Pevenue. 852. 1: H M IsJ ^D <^'l'ili' T-i' T'ingi T'lmg^ Chih', First (Jlass Sub-prefect in charge of an Independent sub-prefecture (properly .Sub-prefect : sec No. 849; 5a), and ]g :|-^ j^. jg fj Chih^ Li^ T'ing^ T'ung^ P'anS Second Class Sub-pietect in charge of an Independent Sub-prefecture (properly Assistant ISiib-pi-ofect ;. [ 432 J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OIIGAXIZATIOX OF CHIXA. see No. 849a ; 6a). Tlicse officials are found in Independent. 853 Siil)-prefectin"es {see No. 84()) and have similar functions to ^o Prefects {sec No. 848) and Department ^Magistrates {see No. qkk 851). 853. In addition to the Sub-prefect {see No. 852), the administration of an Independent Sub-prefecture is carried on by officials almost similar to those of the ])rofcctural administration, namely: 1. ^g Jg Chino-i JA\ 2. ^^ (liao* Mo^ 3. j^ i^ \^ Kmi^ Ta^ Shih% 4. ^D ^ ^'hih' Shih^ 5. #:^ fi Ts'ang^ Ta* 8hih\ G. ^ i^ Ssui Yii*, 7. |^ ^ Chiao^ Shou% 8. Ill ig Hsun' Tao\ y. -J^ i^ (;hien^ HsiaoS etc. (for details sec No. 850). 853a. The "regulations regarding the reform of the official system in the provinces" (articles Nos. 23 and 28; see No. 819i5) call for the later reorganization of those Independent Sub-prefectures which include Districts as Independent Departments. The remainder will be left unchanged administered by the \^ ^[J T'ung- ( liili' (sec No. 852), who will be subordinated to the Governors-General or '.Tovernors (.9^^ Nos. 820 and 821 ; com]»are Nos. 850a and 851 n). For ])articulars as t(» the f^ ^^ ^ Tso' ('hih'' Yuan% Auxiliary lianks, which will be found in the personnel of the admini.stration of an Independent Sub-prefecture see No. 851 B, 854. At the head of Sub-prefectures which are subject to Prefectures (the so-called [^ 0g Shu^* T'ing', or }f^ j^ San* T'ing^ ; sec No. 846) there are Assistant Prefects (compare No. 852), i.e. lijj ).ll T'lmg- Cliih', First Class Sub-prefect (5a; sec No. 849^, and Second Class Snb-j)rcfect (6a ; sec No. H49a). 855. At the head <»f Departments subject to Prefectures (see No 846) there are (compare No. 854) ^^ *]{\ Chili' Chou', Department Magistrates (also ^ j\\ Shu' <'hou', an. I /jj^ >].(•{ San^* Chou' ; epistolai-y dcsignati(»n, 'jilj ^ T/'u' Shih'); 5i». These [ 4:JS ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 866b 855a are under the authority , of the Prefects of the respective ^0 Prefectures. 855a. For carrying on the govei-nment of a Department there are, in addition to the Department Magistrate (see No. 855), almost similar officials as for an Independent Department {see No. 851a), namely : 1. ^] [gj Chou^ T'ung^ ; 6b, 2. iffj ^J Ohou^ P'an^; 7b, 3. ^ § Li* Mu'*; 9b, 4. ^ ]E Hsueh" Cheng*; 8a, 5. fH ^ Hsun* Tao* ; 8b, 6. .;^ ;^ Chien' Hsiao*; unclassed, 7. 1^ M "^ :k iM Shui* K'o* Ssu^ Ta* Shih'; 9b (^^e No. 850), 8. ^. ^ I* Ch'eng^^; unclassed {see No. 850), etc. 855b. For particulars as to the i& Ta ^ "^^^^ Chih* Yuan', Auxiliary Panks, which will be found in the departmental administration see No. 851b. 856. ^n llf, Chih^ Hsien*, District Magistrate; 7b ; official designation, ^ Ling*, ^ -^^ Hsien* Ling*, ;/»; -^ Ta* Ling*, and -^ ^ Ling* Yin', (replacing the former -^ ^ Ling* Chang'); epistolary designation, 5/3 J^ Ming^ Fu', ^ Lien', g, ^ II Tsai^ ic g. ^ Ta* I^ Tsai', g g I^ Tsun\ and ^^ ^ Ta* Yin' ; styles himself j£ ^ Cheng* T'ang', when enumerating his titles. This official holds office under a Prefect {see No. 848) or an Independent Department {see No. 851). The Magistrate of the District in which the provincial capital is situated receives the title of "i' j^ Shou' Hsien*. 856 A. Conforming to the "regulations regarding the reform of the official system in the ' provinces " (article No. 26; see No. 819b), the rank of the District Magistrate is to be raised from 7 b to 6 a (it will thus be on a par with that of the two District Magistrates of a Metropolitan Prefecture ; compare No. 794a). 856 b. ^f^'^ Fu* Mu' Kuan> (literally, officials who are the "father and mother"). Thus are commonly styled the [ 434 J PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. ^ Jii M ^^ "^ ^'^'O"' Hsien^, Prefects and Magistrates, of 857 the Aaiiuus classes (colloquially spoken of • and addressed as ;^ ^ ^ Ta^ Lao^ Yeh^), who, in the execution of the'iv varied and very coni]jlicated duties, are the nearest to the people (they ai-e in direct coninuniication with them). The same officials ai-e known under the general designation of ilfi ^ "^ ^ i* Fang' Kuftn', ]^ocal (Territorial) Officials. 857. For carrying on the administration of a District there ai'e, in addition to the District Magistrate (see No. 856), the following: 1. ^ 3s Hsien'' Ch'eng-, Assistant District ^lagistrate ; 8a (collocjuially called, ^ ^ Tso'T'ang'^; epistolary designation, j^ ^ Ei'h' Yin'; literary designation, ^ J^ Tsan* Fu3, and ^""^^ Ta' Tsan^ llou^), 2. ^^ Chu^ Pu^ Registrar ; Da (epistolary designation, ^ ^ San' Yin' ; literary •designation, (Ji § Cli'ou^ Hsiang'), 3. i^ ^ Hsun" Chien', Sub-district Magistrate; Uj5 (epistolary designation, ^ p] Fen' Ssii', a Sul)-disti'ict is called pj Ssn'; sec No. 857b, ^ ^ Shao* Yin^ )(«i^Ii. Ilsini^ Cheng^ T'ing\ 'S. p] Hsiin^ Ssu', and i: o\ ^(« Ta' iSsu' Hsiui^), 4. iBi ^ Tien^ iShih', Jail Warden (collo(juially called, f^ ^ Pu' T'ing' ; literary designation, ;:^ ^ Yu^ T'ang= ; epistolary designation, ^J^ ^^ Shao^ Yii'*, ^ fS* Shao< Yin', JM M I^i*^'"' Pivs ^ /ff Shao* Fu', ~X 'J> }^ "^^^ Shao* Fu\ {r^ll>\ V \i\\ and 'X ^ l|!^ Ta' Tsan^ Cheng*) ; unclassed, 5. ^j^ |k ('hiao* Yii*, District Director of Schools; 8a (literary designation, ^^ I' ii* Yii'; fruni the full official ti'-J^ ^F^fXim F»' ^^^^' Chiao* Yii', which indicates "the rest(jrat» jii of the office after its temimrary abolition in the last century"; epistolary designation, p\ ^ ^hu' Chiao*, and j£ |jf Cheng* Chai'), (5. mi ^ Usiin* Tao*, Sub-director of Schools; 8b (litiM-ary designation, ^ ,^i| I'n' llhiin', Irom the full official title! t^ fiJC pjll ^ 1'"' ^fi^* Ilsiui* Tao*, srr above; epistolary desigiiation, ii] j||| Ssu' Hsiin*, and g(j ||[: Fu' ( hai'), 7. J^ ;/!; IS^lVang' Ta* Shih' (see No. 826j; unclassed, 8. |.'i'i] 'g' l^lm' [ 185 ] PRESENT DAY POI.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CUINA. 857a Kuan^ {s&e. No. 850); unclassed, 9. -^1" Ch'ia" Kuan^ to Keeper of a Customs Barrier; unclassed, 10. g||| ?fj[ Hsiin* KV, gKQ District Physician; unclassed, and 11. p| |f^ Hsiin^ Shu*, District Inspector of Petty Professions (or Humble Professions). 857a. For particulars as to the ^ '/§ ft Tso' Ohih* Yiian^ Auxiliary Ranks, which will later be found in the district administration, see No. 85 Ib. 857b. The "regulations regarding the reform of the official system in the provinces" (article No. 31 ; see No. 819b) define that all Independent Departments and Sub-prefectures, as well as Departments and Districts, be later divided into a certain number of j^ Ch'ii^, Divisions, which will be under j^ ^ C'h'ii^ Kxian^, Police Captains {see No. 840a), who will be in full control of all police affairs in their respective divisions. Simultaneously, the post oi )^i^ Hslin^ Chien^,' Sub-district Magistrate {see No. 857) will be abolished. 858. '^ It Tso'^ Erh*, Assistant Magistrate: of Prefectures,. Departments and Districts; literary designation, ^ -^ Ch'eng^ Ts'ui^ 858a. ^ II Tso-^ Tsa^ Petty Officials. In this category ^ come Assistant Magistrates, Secretaries to the Prefect, etc., of the eighth rank, Avho are styled ^ Tso', and minor officials, of the ninth rank and of unclassed i-ank, who are styled ^ Tsa-. Later the ^ -^ Tso=^ Erh* {see No. &58) and the -g |f Tso^ Tsa^ are to be abolished, being replaced by i^ '/§ ft Tso* Chih* Yiian^, Auxiliary Ranks (for details see No. 851b). 859. To the number of government establishments common to nearly all the provinces, and performing special functions, there may be added the folloAving : 1. ?^ f# j^ Yang^ Wu^ ChiiS Office of Foreign Affiiirs (^ j^ ^ Chiao' She-* ChiT^ in Manchiu'ia ; see No. 806c), charged with the negotiation of all questions concerning foreigners at places where there is no special official for this purpose (compare No. 832), 2. ^% J^ ^. C 436 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. T'ung^ Cliiian' Chii", Office for the Collection of Consolidated 860 Duties (under ^ f^ T'-ung' Cluian', Consolidated Duties, is meant the simultaneous collection of ^ ^ C/h'i^ Shui*, Import Duty, and -^ ^ I^o'' Shui*, Duty at the Place of Sale — ^ ^" 3e tiE Ch'i^ Lo^ Ping^ Cheng^), 3. ^ \^ ^ Li'^ Chuan^ Chii'^ ,Likin Station, 4. '^^ ^ Kuan^ Pao* Chu^ Government Newspaper OtHce (found in provinces where a Government Newspaper is published, for instance, at Tientsin, where the 4fc ^ T/ ^ I*ei^ Yang-- Kuan' Pao-* is published), 5. 1* ^ ^ Kuan' T' Yiian^, Public Dispensary (see No. 517) ; supplying free medical advice and having a ^|^ ^ ^ Niu'^ Tou* Chii^ Vaccination Office, 6. ^M^ Chihi Ying^ Chii', Treasury ; for the issue of money for public use, 7. ^ ^ ^ Wei* Sheng^ Chii^, Sanitary Office; superintending sanitary conditions of cities, 8. X 5g ^ Kungi Ch'eng^ (Jhiis, Building Office; superintending the constniction c' pavements and roads, the macadamizing of roads and their maintenance in repair, ^- Is ^ i^ Pien^ P Chii*, Book Compilation and Translation Office ; charged with the translation of foreign books and the compilation of Chinese books, 10. ^§ tC ^ Yin' Y^iian- Chir, and H^ x ^ T'ung' Yiian^ ('hii', Mint; formerly minting silver (^ Tt; Yin' Yiian') and copper (||q| tC T'ung- Yiian") coins; now being gradually replaced by the j§ ^ ^ JfR Tsao* Pi^ Fen' Ch'ang' (see No. 551b), 11. H gg ji Ch'ou' Chen* Ch'u^ Relief Committee ; established at those places where the people need relief because of natural calamities, and 12. 'if ^ ^ Kuan' Shu' Chii', Provincial Goverinnent Printing-Office ; found in the majority of tlie provinces. «^>^- 6CM^iii\L%( ^^'en' Miao* Feng' Ssu* Kuan', Pi-iest at the Temple of Confucius (7a to 8b; compare No. 572). Tills official supervises the sacrificial attributes and maintains the temple in good condition. The "regulations regarding the refonn of the official system in the provinces" (article No. 32; [ *^7 1 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 86lA 861 ^^^ ■^®* 819b) call for the appointment of this official to all 4.Q prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and districts to replace the so-called ^ §1 Chiao* Chih^ H.e. ^ j^ Chlao^ Shou^ ^ j£ Hsiieh^ Cheng*, |x: |^ Chiao* Yii*, and ||J ^ Hsiin* Tao'^; 5^^ Nos. 850, 85lA, 853, 855a and 857). ADMINISTRATION OF "NATIVE" DISTRICTS. 861. ± 'g* T'u=^ Kuan', Administrators of "Native" Districts. The sections of the provinces of Kuangsi, Kueichow,. Yunnan and Szechwan which are inhabited exclusively by the pa ^ Miao^ Tzu^, and other aboriginal tribes, are, in some cases, organized into prefectures, departments or districts ruled by hereditary Prefect^, Department Magistrates or District Magistrates, Avho bear the ordinary Chinese official titles with the character ;f; T'u', prefixed, for instance, i jjvf T'u* Fu% ± ji>\ T'u^ Chou\ and i: ^ T'u^ Hsien^ The process of changing the status of a tribe, i.e. introducing the ordinary system of government in place of the direct government by an hereditary chieftain, is denoted by the phrase ^±mm Kai^ T'u^ Wei^ Liu^ (or ^±Mm Kai^ T'u^ Kuei' Liu^). 86lA. -t fj T'u=' SsuS The Native Tribes; and their Chieftains. This is the designation applied to the pg ^ Miao^ Tzu', of Kuangsi, Kueichow and Szechwan, to the ^ ^|C# I^ Lo^ Lo^, of Szechwan and Yunnan, and to the Shans occupying the Southern and Western parts of Yunnan. The last-named are the descendants of the people of j^ ^ Yiieh"* Shang*, and are styled in Chinese literature ^ f^ Lao'* Chua\ The Shans of the borderland of Yunnan and Burmah style themselves, and are commonly known as, |^ ^ Pai' I^. [ 438 ] 863 I'KESENT DAY POLITICAL, ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. The chieftains of the above-mentioned and other tribes are 862 invested with rank? of different grades, as ^hown in the following ^q schedule: 1. m. M i^ m Hsiian^ Wei^ Shih=' Ssii^ 3b, MW^,\^m Hsiian^ Fu^ Shih^ Ssn^ ; 4r, 3. tEMi^^ Chao' 'i\io* Shih^ 8su^; oB, 4. ^ ^E f ^ ^ An'' ¥u' Sliih' Ssu^; OB, 5. fg] ^ T'ung- Chih'; with rank varying from 3b to 6a. 0. glj (^ V\i^ Shih^; with rank varying from 4b to 6b, and 7. ;^ y ('li'ien' Shih^; with rank varying from 4a to 7a. Another type of tribal, government show^s the following ranks: 1. ^ J^ Ch'ien^ Hu^ (chieftain of one thousand; oa), -• fill ^ ^ ^"^^* Ch'ien^ Hu^ (assi^tant chieftain of one thousand : OB), 3. HP ^^^^ H^^ (centurion ; 6 a), -4. ;^ 'g' p] ^ ^ Chang' Kuan^ Ssu' ("hang* Kuan\; 6a, o. g|J ^ 'g Fu* Chang- Kuan'; 7a. and 6. ;^ '^ p] |li @ Chang^ Kuan' Ssu' Tii^ Mu^: uuclassed. EASTERN TURKESTAN 862. The province of ^ ^ Ilsin' Chiang' (full designa- tion, -^ M WW^ ^''^' Su< Hsin' Chiang' Sheng'), New Dominion of Kansu (see Nos. 819 to 819a ; also called Eastern or T'liiiicse Turkestan), formerly called ^ JtnJ; Plsi' Yii*, Western Border, was formed in 1884 from the territory situated on the two slopes of the T'ien Shan (^ jU M 4t W] '^ 'J^'ien' Shan' Nan* Pei' Liang' Lu'') and is governed on lines similar to those of the remaining IH provinces of China j)ro})(M-, and those of Manchuria, in that the administrative head is the Governor (see No. 821 a). Sonu! peculiarities, however, exist in its governmental .s\stcni, which are exj)laincd by its ])Opulation by Ttu-kish, Mongolian and Manchurian races (see Nos. 863 to 865). XI',:',. 'llic Mussuhnan population of Hsinchiang (in Chinese;, [g] jvj; IIm,' Mil,-; :ilso |l^ yXi b'l [»\ Cli'Jin' T'ou' llui' llui-, Twrl)an-woaniiL'- Mus ] PKE8ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 868a the so-called Begs (in Chinese f|§ "^ Po' K'o*), who are graded %0 according to their importance in six classes : 1. ' M ^ ^ f^ ^ gg4 A* Ch'i' Mu'* Po^ K'o'', Ak'im Beg; Local Governor, 2. P if- ^ i^^ 1^ Shih^ Han^ Po^ K'o^ Ishhan Beg ; Assistant Governor, 3. ^ i^ % Shang^ " Po^' K'o*, Shang Beg ; Collector of Kevenues, 4. Pi ^ ^^ ^ i^ ^ Ka^ Tsa^ Na*^ Ch'i^ Po^ K'o*, Katsonatch'i Beg (as above), 5. P^J^fj^;^ Ha^ Tzv} Po2 K'o*, Hatsze Beg ; Judge, and 6. ^ M M i1^ % ^^i^ La^ Pu* Po'' K'o"*, Mirabu Beg ; iSuperintendent of Agriculture. The Mussuliiian tribes in the departments of Hami (H^ ^ j^ Ha^ Mi* T'ingS Hamul) and T'urfan (PJ: % ^ ^T'u^ Lu' Fan^ T'ingS or ^ §g jf^ Kuang^ An^ Ch'eng^, Kunia-T'hrfan) have a type of administration approaching the Mongolian, i.e. they are arranged in Princedoms (Banners) ruled by generic chieftains — Dzassaks — who often receive Princely titles (3£ Wang=, ^ Wl Pei^ LeS etc.). 863a. The Kirghis (B^ gi ^ Ha^ Sa^ KV), nomadizing in the T'arbagatai region, and under the control of the local Amban, {see No. 867), are ruled by their generic chieftains, "f-p ^ Ch'ieni Hu* Chang', Chiefs of One Thousand, and W ^ ;^ Po^' Hu* Chang^ Centui-ions (compare No. $7 7a). There are no bearers of Princely titles (Sultan ; 2 Wang^) amongst them ; the only title found is that of ^ /|i( -^ ^ Hsieu^ San' T'ai^ Chi^, Daidji with no definite rank (see No. «73>. 864. The Mongolian, or properly, Oelot (in C'hinese tl ^ jHf % I^u^ T'e*;, tribes of the old Tourgouth (in Chinese ■k±M E Ji# Chiu' T'u' Erh' Hu* T'e") ana Khoshoit (in Chinese |D 5i| ^ Ho* Sho* T'6*) divisions, residing in the Hi district (in the valleys of the Yuldoos, K'obuk and K'ur-K'ara- usu rivers, and about Kuldja), are divided, as are all Mongols, into Khoshuns under generic Prince-chieftains, and form two leagues : 1 . Unen-Sutzukt'u (in Chinese ,%^!§MM^M"^ [ 440 ] PKKSIONT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. - Wu> Na^ En^ Su^ Chu^ K'o* T'u^ Meng=), of 10 Khoshuns, and 866 2. Pafu-Set'khilt'u (in Chinese Ei^fe^-^fjIiM to Pa»T'u' Se* T'6^ Ch'i» Le* T'u2 Meng'), of three Khoshuns. ggg They are under the control of the Military Governor of Hi {see Ko. 866). 865. ^ ^ :K^ Ling-3 Tui* Ta< Ch'en^ Commandant of the Forces. Thus are styled the officials at the head of the military colonists, found in the Hi and T'arbagatai regions, drawn from the ^ f{^ Si^ Be^, Mongols, from the neighbourhood of of Jehol, ^ -^ So' Lun', Manchus, from the region of the Amui*, Ch'akhars, and Oeliits. There are four in the Hi region and one for the Tarbagatai region. 866. p ^ ^ ^ I' Li= Chiang^ Chiin', The Tartar General and Military Governor of Hi (see No. 744c), residing at ^ ^ Sui' Ting*, Suitun. He is in command of the military forces of Hsinchiang province in general and, to some extent, is the head of the Manchu Garrison and the two Mongolian leagues {sec No. 864). The first official of .this category was appointed in 1764. 867. As assistants to the Military Governor of Hi (see No. 866), for military affairs, there are two glj ^ ^ Vu^ Tu^ T'ung', Brigade-Generals or Assistant Military Governors, (see No. 745b), residing, respectively, at Kuldja and Ch'ukuch'ak (in "^'hiiK'sc j^ ^^ Ta' Ch'cng*). His assistants for civil affairs are two ^^i^^ Ts'an' Tsan* .'IV C'h'en', Councillors, or Ambans, re." gl] ^ fc C'lia' K'o* Pi* La^ Se^ Ch'in'), or Pindnriya-nor (in Chinese H ^^ M ?| ^ TjII SI Pi' Tui Li^ Ya' No^ Erh^ Meng'), from the name of a tributar\- river of the Paidarik, where the Prince-nders of this division gather. S73. tL il "^ <-'hai Sa^ K'o*, Dznssak, or Chieftain (in Chinese J^ ^ Cli'i" Chang^). This official is at the head- of a Banner (sec No. 871) and must l)e api^roved hy the Emperor. The Dzassak arc arranged in the following hereditary ranks: 1- ^i\^^^^ Ho' iShc" Ch'in' Wang^ Prince of the First Degree, 2. ^ M 1?1> I To' Lo* Chi in* Wang^, Prince of the Second Degive, 3. ^ M H f J To' Lo^ Pei' LeS Prince of the Third Degree, 4. \^ l[\ R ^ Ku' Shan^ Pei' Tzu^ Prince of the Fourth Degree, o. ^ /£ |^ ^ ^^ Frng« ]W Chen^ Kuo''' Kung', Prince of the Fifth Degree (Mongolian, Ulusnng T'ushe Kung), G. ^ /^. "1 [^ ^ Fcng^ En^ Fu^ Kno- Kung', Prince of the Sixth Degree (Mongolian, Ulus-t'in- T'ussalakh- ch'ih Kung), and 7. -^ '§ T'ai^ Chi^ Daidji (Iloreditary Nohle), There are four classes (^ Ti'-ng') tf the last rank hut the first alone carries with it cligihility for election a- Commandant, or Chief, of a Banner. Ill aildition to the titles mentioned there is that of j^ Han', Khan, held hy descendants of the Khans of the four Aimiiks {see No. 870;, wliich is hio-lwr rvru than tli;it of f;^ ^ ( liMii' Waiig'^ (srr al>OVe). H7.'5v. '^ ^ Tsai' Sang', Tsaisang, (the Mongolian \M)id ineatis " a stock '*; " chief of a generation.") Thi> title rt'places [ nr. ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 873b that of -^ ^ T'ai^ Chi^ (sec No, 873) in distinguisliing the to Hereditary Nohles of the Oelot tribes. QiMA 873b. ^ ^ No'' i'^en^, Noyen, or ISoin; Kuling Piiiice. This is an old Mongolian Princely title and was heretofore in use for speaking of, or addressing, Princes. 873c. ^^iM T'a^ l"*"' Nang-, Tabnnang (the Mongolian ^vord means " hnsbaud of an Imperial, or Koyal, Princess.") This title corresponds to the Chinese ^, |f^ E\¥u* (sec No. 15). 8731). ^ M ^ Ta^ l^i'li^ l^:i"^ Tarkhan (the :Mongolian word means " master.") This is an old iNIongolian title which is a})pended to the name of Pi-inces who hav(^ distinguished them- sehes in .some Avay. It lias })een left by the ^lanchn Dynasty uncharged and (-onferred as a hereditar)' title on certain l-*rinces (for instance on one of the Khorch'in Princes). It carries with it an increased allowance as compared with the other Princes. 873E. -^ jf I'f] ^ ^ (^h'ien== Ch'ingi Men' Hsing^ Tsou^ Attache to the Palace Gate, f£ J^- f^ Ch'ien^ Ch^ingi Men2 (compare N OS. 99 and ]04c): a title bestowed on ]M(mgoliaii Princes. For particulars as to the ^p "gy ^7 ^ Yii* Ch'ien' Hsing- Tsou^, sec No. 101a. 874. I'he Chieftain of a Banner (Dzassak; sec No. 873) is the absohite master of all its aftairs. He may present to the Gegens (Living Buddahs) persons belonging to him or he may gi\ e them as part of his daughters' Avedding j)0)'tions. He examines into all laAvsuits, allots duties, etc. The system of inheritance of the post of Dzassak, thanks to Avhich men of no capacity have been, and are, appointed as Banner Chieftains as well as the multitude and complexity of Banner aftairs, liave called into existence the Bannei- posts of : 1 . Wt ^ '^ "^ Hsieh^ Li^ T'ai^ Chi^, Administrator (Mongolian, T'ussalakch'ih- Taidji), assistant to the Dzassak in the administration of the affairs of his Banner, and 2. ^MM^ Kuan' Ch'i'"^ Ohang^ [ 441 ; ] I'KKSENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Ching*, Adjutant (Mongolian, Tzahurukch'ih-Changguin). As practice shows, practically the whole of the management of the a&irs of the Banners falls on the shoulders of these assistants, owing to the incapacity of the Dzassak or because of his absence, either at Peking (on duty) or at meetings of the League. As a general rule all questions discussed at a League meeting are i-eported direct to the Administrator (it may be mentioned here that this post and that of Adjutant are not hereditary ; appointment to them is dependent on the will of the Banner Chieftain). For this reason his post is practically that of the first importance in the Banner. The Adjutant plays a secondary role to the Administrator. He reviews the forces of the Banner to which he is attached, auperintends education, arranges that the- horses and arms are in order, appoints men for various services, etc. To the Adjutant of a Banner Chieftain there are attached one (two when there are more than 10 squadrons to the Banner ; tee No. 871) If J^C 3l! ^ ^ I^^an^ Ch'i^ Fu^ Chang^ Ching', Deputy Adjutant (Mongolian, Meirenu Changguing). In command of a regiment (Tsa-lang ; see No. 871) there is a ^ ^ Ts'an' Ling^ Colonel (Mongolian, Tsalangu Changguing. A squadron (Sumung; sec No. 871) is commanded by a fe ^ "^""^ ^-^'"f?N Lieutenant-Colonel (Mongolian, Sumungu Changguingj, to whom there are subordinated tour J^ |^ ^ Hsiao' Ch'i' Hsiao'', Subalterns (Mongolian, Huntui or Kuntui), and six ^ fjl- Ling' Ts'ui', Sergeants (Mongolian, Hukekch'ih, Poshk'o ; Mancliu, Poshok'u). Under the command of a -ft ® l'^"^ I-i>>g* there are six ^\% Ling' Ts'ui', 50 jl^ ^ Ma» Chia*, Cavalrymen, and 100 I^ HjC 'Isien' San', Miscellaneous (compare No. 871). In tiun- (;f peace the officials of the niiiitary organization •frform, as a rule, police-administrative duties, being occupied [ 447 1 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 875 with the collection of revenues, apprehension of criminals and deserters, etc. Appointment to the Banner posts above-mentioned is not dependent on heredit}-. They are filled by persons chosen by the Banner Chieftain. The bulk of the Mongolian population is st}'led §i^ M G 111 Ao* Erh^ Pa^ T'u^ (Mongolian, Alba, meaning "tribute;" "requisition in kind.") The various families- are arranged in groups of ten, imder ff J^ Shih^ Chang^, Decurions. 875. [^ ^ # E ^ P'] Shangi Oho' T'e* Pa^ IV Mcn^^ Office of the Shabis. To this office belong those who have been given as presents at various times, by the Mongol Princes, to the Cheptsum Damba Hut'ukht'u (in Chinese *§ ^ S ^ G tlf 1® % ^ Che2 Pu* Tsun^ Tan> Pa^ Hu^ T'u^ K'o^ T'u'^; see No. 91 6 a), the Gegen of Urga. These people, designated J^ ij^ Sha' Pi"^, or f}> ^MM Sha^ Pi^ Na^ Erh^, Shabinar, or Novice of the Prelate (Gegen), make tip a very large portion of the population. They number 100,000 and, having no land of their own, wander over the lands of the various Khalkha Banners. • At the head of the Office of the Shabis there is the ]^" ^ ^ 2 Shangi Cho' T'e* PaS Shang Chodba, or Treasurer, whose rank was made equal to that of a League Captain-General in 1822 {see No. 872). To him there are attached two ^ PjiJ gjc Ta'^ La* ]\Ia'*, Da Lamas — Assistants, whose rank has been made equal to that of Councillors (.?f^ No. 872). From the two latter officials the Shang Chodba is. usually chosen, the appointment being subject to Imperial approval. The full title of the Ti-easin-er is Erdeni-setsen-dalai-chindamani-t'oin-shang Chodba. As a controller over the actions of '^he Shang Chodba and his Assistants' there is selected one of the generic Khalkha Princes, who serves for three years. The Shabis are exempt from militaiy service and arc arranged in clans (j\Iongolian, Ot'ok) headed by Darugui, r 448 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. or Dargiii — Generic Elders — who must be approved by the 876 Emperor (12 in all). To these Elders there are subordinated iq 9 to 10 .Junior Darugui, Assistant Generic Elders, "who receive 876a their appointments from the Shang (.hodba. At the office of the Shang Chodba there are found ^ ^ Tsiii' Sang', Captains (20 to 30 in nimiber), performing police duties, to whom there are subordinated Hia, Sergeants, (numbering about 100), who perform duty as runners. 876. The region of K'obdo (in ('hinese f ^ ^ ^ K'o' Pn^ To'; see No. 869a) is occupied bv Hie ^longol, properly Oelot (in Chinese ^. ^ ^| K' Lu'^ T'eS and ^ Uj ^. # ff^ Chin' Shan' E* Lu3 T'e^ Altai Oelr.ts) clans of Durbets (in Chinese ^i ^ fj^ ^ Tu* Erh^ Po2 T'e^), and Kiioits (in Chinese f^ ^ Hui' T'-?), I'nder the control of the K'obdo Hebei-Amban (see No. 880). Divided, us are all Mongols, into various Banners nnder the direction of the generic Piinces, the K'obdo Oelots make up one League (there were two Leaj^nes formerly; compare No. 876 a)^ the Sain-Tsayagat'u (in Chinese ^ =^^i'lnM^aM^ Sal* I'm^ Chi"* Ya^ Ha' T'u^ Meng-), comprising sixteen Banners, i.e. two Banners of Khoits and 14 Banners of Turbets — 11 of the Right Wing and three of the Left Wing. The K'obdo Hebei-Amban, in addition to the above, has authority over : 1. The Dzakhach'in Aimak (in Chinese tL ''a iij oK ^ I'i^' Ha' Ch'in^ P'«*)i of one Banner, which foiynerly was affiliated with the Ch'ing Setkhilt'ii League (see No, 876a), 2. The Mingat Ain.;.k (in Chinese Pj)] {)|ij f^ ^{ Ming^ A^ T'e* I'll*, or nj] CiS t^ '^i Ming^ K'a' T'l-* Pu^), of one Banner with no generic I'niict; — D/.assak, and 'A. (^ne Baimer of the Oelots (in Chinese W. ^ ^ M •'-' '^"' '^'^* ^ '•»''''), having no generic Prince — D/.assuk. 876a. Prif.r to 1907 ((•oiii|)iirc No. 877) the following were under the jinisdiction of the K'obdo Heboi-AmlKin {sec No. 880 j: 1. One Aimak of the New Tonrgoutlis (in Chinese [ IIU ] 29 I'KESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 877a 377 fr ± M ii ^ oH Il^^i"' '^'"' ^^'^'' ^^"' ^^'""^ ^"'''^' '"'''^^ "^ *'^ to two Banners, 2. One Aimak ol; the Xew Klioslioits (In Chinese if W '^ ^ rtl5 Hsin^ llo^ Sho* T'e^ Pii*), of one Bannei-, 3. One Ainiak of the Altai Urianghais (,in Chinese M WM ^ ^ 'M rtii -^* ^^^'^^^ '^ '=^^* "^"^^'^^ Liang'-' liai'' Pn*), of sevesi Banners, 4. The Mihtai-_v-Ag-ricnltu]'al Settlements (In (Jhinese r^ 03 &) at Piilnnt'o-lvhoi (in Chliie>e Xfl im 1^ M ^^^^ Lini^ T'o^ Hai^), and 5. The lands of KIrghis (in Chinese % ^ '^ Ha^ Sa' K'o^). Two Banners of the New Toio'goiiths form the Ch'ing Setkhilt'u League (in Chhvse ^ ^ '^ 'M '^)l M .^ ChMng' Se:' T'e"* ChS-^ Le* T'u^ Meng-). This League formerly included one Banner of Khoshoits and one Baimer of Djakch'ins also [srr No. 876). 877. The district of Altai (in Chinese pnj S| ^ A-* Erh^ T'ai^ or ^ ^] Chin^ Shan': ^ee X<). 8()i)A) was made distinct from that of K'obdo {see Xo. 876) in 1!)07 {src an Imperial Decree of the 20th January, 19^7. issued in consequence of representations hy 3^ ^ Lieu^ K'uei", riie Hebei-Aml)an of K'obdo, and his Assistant, |^ 'jg Hsi^ Heiig*) and wa> allotted to two Banners of the 2sew Tourgouths. one Baimer of the New Khoshoits, seven Banners of the Altai Urianghais, the Military- Agricultural Settlements at Buhmt'okhoi and a se<;tion of the Kirghis (src Memorials from the Ministries of Dependencies and of Finance, dated the 7th Fcl)ruary, 1907, and from the Ministry of War, dated the 9th ^farch of the same year). For details as to its admin isti'ation srr Xo. special ruhrs — Ukherids (in Chinese ^ ^ Tsung^ Knan^), who enjoy the authorit\ of D/.assaks hut whose ))osts are not hcreditarv. They are elc«'ted su])ject to the Military Co\( rtiors approval. liach section, in it< turn, is divided into a nuuihi-r "of Sumiuig, S(juadroiis: I. Kossogol ffour Sinnuiig), 2. Khemcli'ihk (10 Sunning), 3. T'Mchih (found along tlu* river T'ersek ; four Sunning), 1. S:ilcliilik (foni Siniiuiig), and 5. T'iuuiu (^foiir Smining). PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 879 879. ^mmmMBW Wu^ LI^ Ya» Su^ T'ai^ Chiang^ Chun', Military Governor o£ Uliasut'ai (compare No. 744d); invested with the title of ^ ^ * SH J^ ^ Ting-* Pien^ Tso^ Fix* Chiang^ Chun\ Representative .of Chinese Authority in Northern Mongolia over the Civil and Military Administration. This post was instituted in the 18 th centiuy, while the wars against the Dzumgars were in pi'Ogress, and originally bore exclusively a military character. For this reason, up to the present, the Military Governor of Uliasut'ai, as Commander of the Forces in Northern Mongolia, has subordinated to him S!i 7^ M Fu* Chiang^ ChlinS Deputy ^lilitary Governors (fllongolian, T'usalakch'ih Chiang Chiin ; see No. 872), in the persons of a Prince of each of the Khalkha tribes. On the completion of the wars mentioned the Chinese Government not only considered it necessary to maintain the post but, in addition, directed that the occupant of this position,, besides directing military affairs, should also have control over the civil affairs of Mongolia. In the lapse of time the authority of the Military Governor of Uliasut'ai, which once extended over the fonr tribes of the Khalkhas greatly declined and, on the appointment of Imperial Agents at Urga (see No. 879a), K'obdo and Altai {see No. 880) and, more especially, when their authority was extended, nothing was left to him but the control over two Khalkha tribes — the Sain-noin and the Dzassakt'u-Khanate (see No. 872a) — and 26 S([ua(lrons of the Tannu-Urianghais (sec No. 878) The Military GoAernor of Uliasut'ai Is assisted by two subordinates styled ^ ^ ;/^ g Ts'an^ Tsan* Ta'' Ch'en^, Assistant Military Governors, or Councillors (one of them is designated SI ^ Ting'' Pien^ Warden of the Marches ; see aboveV As proposed in a Memorial from the Chiang Chiui, ^' jl]^ Lv'uni Hsiu*, dated the 15th February, 1910, at the Chancery of the Militai-y Governor there has been instituted a ^ j|Sf ^ [ ^52 ] PKKSEXT DAY TOLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. M IM JI-'"' Cheng^ Ling=^ Pan^ Cli'u', Bureau of (Constitutional 879a Ixetoijiis (coniparc Xo. 822a and the Sup])lenient to No. 160). 4.q 879a. it f^ if I? :/c E Ivm.' Lun^ Pan^ Shili* Ta^ Ch'cn', ^^^ Impoi'ial Agent at K'uitni (Urga) ; also Ilebei-Amban. /$ fm ^ fi? ;^v E Jc^'"' I^""i' l*a"g"' I'-i"' ^-^^^ ^'ll'^""^ Assistant Imperial Agent at Jvurun (IJrga). These two officials, in Moni>()lian. are called Dzarlikh-vierh-dzarukhsanor Hurienfj-du)- -aglnii-lui-lierekli-shitkliekch'ih-sait, i.e. "officials deputed h\ Lnpei-ial Avill and directing affiiirs at Urga." The Imperial Agent at Urga and his assistant are charged uith the conti'ol of two Khalkha tribes, i.e. the T'ushet'u-Khanate and the Tsetsen-Khanate {see No. 872a), and the Office of the Shabis {see No. 87o). ()i"iginally the Imperial Agent at Urga acti-'d a«> the Assistant Military Governor of Uliasut'ai, whose authority, as lias been mentioned above {see No. 879), once extended over all four tribes of the Khalkhas. Later he received the privilege ot" direct )-e])orts to the Throve and his dependence on the said Governor became nominal (it consists merely in supplying him with coj)ies of lejiorts to Peking). Lately there lia> been attached to tlie Imperial Age'ut an official Mylein.u^ Ssii' YiianS Judicial Connnissioner (compare No. H>.) ), whose duties consist in asfisting in the settlement of allairs in vviiich foreigners ai-c interested and in the administiation of justice (sre a rejtoi-t from the Imperial Agent at Urga, ^ fjf; Yen- Chili-', dated the 2!)th March, l'J(»9 ; compare ;dso No. S97 ). «>^<'. f! Vli ^ ^ Xt k E K'o' Pm' To> T>'an' Tliv ^[5 [ 45G ] PKESEN'T DAY POLITICAL ORGANMZATION OF CHINA. K'a' T.a' Ch'in* Pu*), of three Banners, 2. T'nmet tribe (in 888 Chinese ± MJi tl oR T'u' Mo' T'o^ Pii^), of two Banners. As a tO whole, it has five Banners, ofi\ intj 223 s(ina(lrons. 890 888. The Chao Vda League (see No. HSo"^ is made up of: 1. The Ao-Khan tribe (in Chinese ^ iJ| *jj Ao' Ilan^ Pn^), of one Bainier, 2. The Nainian tribe y\n < 'hinese ^ ^ *[5 Nai* Man^ Pu^), of one Banner, 3. The Barin tril)e (in < 'hincse G # oH ^a' I^i"* !""')» li» A|5 Wu^ (.'Im' Mu' (h'in* Pn'j, of two Jiamiers, 2. Kliaoehit tri))c (in Chinese ^u 5^ tj'- ol5 Hao" Ch'i^ T'e' Pn^). of two Banners, 3. Sniiit tribe (in Chinese M J^ '^^ a\i ^"' ^''' 'i''^"' Bn')» of twu I5.'umers, 4. Abaga tribe (in Chinese ^ [^ P^^ *f5 A" Pa' i\:i' I'uM, f)f two Baimers, and 5. Abaganar tribt; (in ( Miinese PPl 13 "u ^ Kl tiI5 A' Pa' Ha' Na^ Krlr' Pu'), of two Banners. IIjiis it i-fdisi^ts of ten Banners, fiuj)|)lviiig 11 I stiuadrons. 890. The Ulan ('li'ap League {see No. 885) consists of the following tribes: 1. Durban-Kenket tribe fin Cliinose |5| ip- )\|5 ^ bsii* Tzii' Pu* Lf»^), of (iiie liaiUHM-, 2. Mao .Mingan liil)e (in Chinese ^ \]j] 'H A|J Mao* Ming^ An' I^l^, of one lianner, 3. L'rat tribe (in Cl.inese ^ %\ii^ % W u' La^ TS-' Pn'), ..f thrc<' lianners, and J. Khalkha (one trilx" from the Right Wing; in Chinese R^ fjjf IT^ ;:f,- K '<'='' l'^'''* '\''''' ^o' P), [ t- ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 891 of one Banner. In all it includes six Banners, supplying 62 to squadrons. 892 ^^^- '^^^^ ■'-^'■^^ Chao League {see No. 885) is made up of seven Banners" of the Ordos tribe (in Chinese f 15 M ^ Iff ^5 Ao"* Erh^ To^ Ssu^ P^i*)? which supply 274 squadrons 892. As has been seen above, Nos. 886 to 891, the Leagues of Southern IMongolia are not arranged to include people of one gtock alone, as is the case with the Khalkhas (compai-e No. 870), but are composite organizations of various Mongol" tribes (Mongolian, Aimak; Chinese, §[$ ^ '^n* Lo*), of which there are 24 in Southern Mongolia. Each tribe consists of one, or more. Banners (Khoshuns). There are 49 Ijanners in the Six Leagues, and they supply 1,172 squadrons. The government of Southerji Mongolia differs from that of Khalkha in that the (Jhieftains of the Banners — Dzassaks (see No. 873). — are subject to much more control on the part of the Chinese Government. The Captains-General, being deprived of personal initiative, simply supervise the execution of resolutions of the League meetings. These meetings are called at the Avill of the Peking authorities and for opening them there are a])pointed Chinese officials^ who, in fact, act as their Presidents. The expedition of affairs is in the hands of Chinese Secretaries. It a})])ears that Southern Mongolia is destined to be gradually converted into an ordinary Chinese province, under a government common to China proper. The three Eastern Leagues have already been almost subordinated to the provincial administration of Chihli (the Chosot'u League, part of the Chuo Uda League, the prefecture of ^^ f^ /fj- Ch'eng^ Te^' Fu^ and that of pj] \^ j/f (ni'ao"^ Yang=^ Fu^) and Fcngtien (the Cherim League, part of the Chao Uda League, the prefecture oif}^'^]^ T'ao'^ Nan^ -Fu^, entirely, and the Western parts of the prefectures of ^^ )^ Ch'ang^ Ch'un^ Fu\ ^ il )^ Ch'ang^ T'u2 Fu' and 0f .R il^ Hsin^ Min^ Fu^). PKliSEXT DAY POLITICAL OIIGAXIZATIOX l)F CHINA, The (•ul<.)iiiz;itioii of tlie IuirU of the Lt'a^ut.'s iiientioneJ, l)y 893 Chinese emigrants, is going forward wvy ra}iidl\ {see Nos. 777 and 782) and the (.'hinese are more and mure extending their authority over the ]\Iongol Prinees, ])reviouslv I'ather independent, and thi'ir subjects. At places where the Chinese influence becomes [u-edoniinant, but which are not annexed to one of the adjacent provinces, there is first estabUshed the post of jj ^j] T'lmg' l**an' (see So. 849a). This official not only takes over control of judicial affairs and collection of i-e venue from the IJanner jK)j)ulation but also has authority to supervise the transaction of biisiue.-s at the office of the Banner < "hieftain. 89;}. ^ n^ ^ Ch-A- Ha- I*:^h^ The drahar Mongols (sec No. 884). Tiiese are distinguished from the other Mongol tribes in that thev have lost their generic govermuent. Their camps ( in Chinese j^ f^ Yu- ^Iii') lie in iunuediate ])roximity to the Great Wall i l^ i^J^ Ch'ang' Ch'ciig-), beyond the borders of th6 prefectmcs of m. i^ Ji'f H^nii"' Uim Yu\ of Chihli, and i^ |^ Jff Ta* T'ung^ Fu^ uf Shansi. For administrative and military purpo>es thev are organized under eight Banners (on the same footing as the Manchu military forces) which, in tiuii, are arranged in two Wings, '^ % Tso^ 1', Left, or Eastern, Wing, and ;f4 5^ \'u^ \\ Ivight, or Western, Wing. I'lireh lianuer allUlrs of the Ch'ahars are discussed by the Militarv Licutenant-( Jovernor (»f ( h'ahar {see Nos. 7 ) !• v and 898;. In civil (lUC'tious rehiting to Chinese aflairs within the Lieutcnant-( iu\cniorsliip the ( iovernor-Cicneral • ol ChihU exerciHos a superior juriMlietion, through an Inlemhuit bearing the title of U :jl: aS K'ou» Tei' Tao\ residing at Ilsuan-hna l"u. For assist in" the latter with regard to control of (ioserunienl lands, the examination of (luestions concerning co lere- relations between the Clrahars and ( hinese, and the administratio:- of civil and criminal allairs, there are tluee Civil Conunissioners, styhd Iflft ]vV (,i] %\\ Fu- Min- Tung- Chili' (compare No. 849), [ 4:.9 ] PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 894 stationed,,- respectively, at ^ ■^ |§ ^^^ To' Liin^ No^ Erh^ T'ing', Dolon-nor (also Lama-miao), 5^ ^ P ^ Change Chia^ K'ou' T'ingS Kalgan, and ^^ :0 P ^ Tn^ Shih^ K'ou^ T'ing'. Within the Ch'ahar territory there are situated the Imperial pasturages, or ^ j^ Mu* Ch'ang^, the superintendence over which Jias lately been invested in a special official (see No. 755). Fornierlv thev were under the control of the Military Lieutenant- Governor of Ch'ahar (see No. 8 §8). 894. Miti^±U^ Ki^ei' Hua* Ch'eng^ T'u^ Mo* T'e*, The T'umet Tribe of Kuei Hua Ch'eng (K'u K'u Ho T'o ; see No. 884). The T'umet are divided into two Banners which, in turn, are arranged in two Wings, ^ ^ Tso^ I*, Left, or Eastern, Wing, and "^ ^ Yu* I*, Right, or Western, Wing. Their camps lie to the North of Kuei Hua Ch'eng, or K'u K'u Ho T'o, of Shansi province. The Banner affairs of the T'umet tribe are attended to by the Manchu General-in-Chief of , Sui-yiian-ch'eng (see Nos. 744a and 899) and the Manchu Brigade-General of Kuei Hua Ch'eng {see Nos. 745b and 899). For the examination of lawsuits and judicial affairs, as well as questions concerning taxes collected from Chinese and Mongols in the camps of the T'umet tribe, there is an Intendant bearing the title M ^^iBM K"ei' Sui^ Ping^ Pei* Tao^ residing at ^ j1 ^ Sui^ Yvian^ Ch'eng^. He has as his assistant Civil Commissioners styled li ^ (fij ^[i Li^ Shih-* T'ung'^ Chih\ M^m%]^ Fu' Min^ T'ung^' ChihS or ^fe J^ ji ^jj Fu^ Min' T'ung' P'un'* (sec Nos. 849 and 849a), who are stationed at Mih^ Knei' Hua* T'ing\ (Kuei Hua Ch'eng— K'u K'u Ho T'o), fQ # Ig. ^ ,^ Ho^ Lin^ Ko* Erh^ T'ing', Harin-kor- t'inj?, ft ^ r5 ^ To' K'o" T'o' T'ing', -/f ^K fo^ ^ t;h'ing' Shui^ Ho2 T'ing', M1&WB Sa' La^ Ch'i^ 'Ting'— Sarach'ih- t'ing, 1^ ii j^ Ning2 Yuan=* T'ing', ^ Jt j^ Sui' Yiian' T'ing', [ 460 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 897 3Lf^.m ^Vu' Yuan' T'ing\ P^ ^ ^ T'ao^' Lin' T'ing', ^ }\\ M 895 Wu' Ch'uan' T'ing\ and ij ffi ^ Hsing-^ Ho' T'ingi. ^^ 895. MWUhM^^M-^ Ho' Lan' Slmn^ E* Lu' T'g* Meng^ Ku*, Tlie Mongols of Alashan (belonging properly to the Oirad or Oeldt tribes ; see No. 884) ; deriving their name from the region oi ^ ^ ^^ A* ha' Shau^ (also ^ M Ul Ho' Lan' Shan''; compare above), lying North of Ninghia, in the province of Ivansu, ^vhere they have settled. They form one Banner which is ruled by generic Princes (tracing their genealogy from Khabut'u Khasar, In-other of Kinghis Khan), entitled ^ 3E Ch'in^ Wang' {sec No. 873), who reside at the small town of & 'M '^ Ting* Yiian^ Ying'. They are divided into eight p([iiadrons. The higher supervision over the affairs of the Alashan Banner is invested in the Manchu General-in-Chief at ^ ^ Ning^ Hsia*, in the province of Kansu (see Nos. 746b and 900), for which reason the Mongols of Alashan are also designated as the " Mongols of the Ninghia Department." 896. M i^ ^ ^ ± ^ M If# ^' Chi* Na* Chill* T'u^ Krh' Hu* T'e*, The Old Tourgouths of the Edsine, or Edsinei, River (see No. H84). They consist of one Bamier, occupying land lying to tin- W ej-t of the camps of the Alashan Mongols (see No. KO.j), and are subject to the superior jurisdiction of the Miiiiciiu (ieiierul-in-Cliicf at Ninghia (compare No. 895 ; see also Nos. 744b and 900). 896a. i^I gg $H ^ ^ 1'"' Hsi' K* Lu» T'6*, Oirad to the West of the River (/.r. the || ^pj Huang' Uo\ Yellow River). This is the general designation of the .Mongols of Alashan and tlic Old Tour-outh- of the Edsine (see Nos. H95 to 896). 897. ^ im ^'i^ .W* Ho' Tui T'ung^ Manchu General-in- ( liief, or Military Eioiilcnant-fiovernor of .Irliol (ser No. 719a), residing at ^ JjjJ .Ir' Ho' (.lehol ; also called jfi ^ fff Ch'eng* T** Fu»; ser No. lOHo) : in charge of the Cliosot'u (srr No. 887) [ Ki' J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 898 and Chao Uda (see No. 888) Leagvies and the g ^ Wei^ to Ch'ang', Imperial Hunting Preserves (also called tJc M Mu* 899 Tjan^, or Muran ; see No. 748). The civil administration of the Jehol teri-itoiy is carried on, under the supervision of the Military Lieutenant-Governor, by Commissioners styled ^ ^ "PI ^ Ivi^ Shih* Ssu^ Yiian^, Civil (commissioners, and JJ If*] wl Jp. ^-^i* Hsing^. Ssu^ Yiiaii^, Judicial Commissioners (compare No. 879a). The tract in which tlie Imperial Hunting Pi-eserves (see above) are situated forms a separate Sub-prefectm-e, the so-called M^M Wei^ Ch'ang^ T'ing', lieaded by a Jte |^ [^ %\i Fii^ Min^* T'ung2 Chih^ (compare No. 849). 898. M^^W U U Cli'a^ Hal ^^.j^s Tu^ T'nng^ Manchu General-in-Chief of Ch'ahai-, or Military Lieutenant-Governor of Ch'ahar (see No. 719a). This official, residing at 5M ^ P Changi Chia^ K'ou^, Kalgan, conducts the government of the Mongols of Ch'ahar (sec No. 893) and also supervises the actions of the Silinghol League (see No. 889). He is assisted l)y the ^ t^n If S!l M M Ch'a^ Ha^ Erlr^ Fu^ Tu^ T'ung% Deputy Lieutenant-Governor (see No. 74.5 e), residing at Ivalgan. Formerly tlie ^ j^ Mu* Ch'ang', Imperial Pasturages {■■er No. 893), were under the sujiervision of the Military Lieutenant- Governor of Ch'ahar ; since I 908 they have been managed by a special Superintendent (see No. 755), The Military Lieutenant-Governor of Ch'ahar is, ex officio. Controller of the so-called fW Wj ^ 1^ a" A" Le' 1''ai* Chiin' T'ai', Military Post Koads of Altai (foi- d(>tails see No. 754). 899. ^^J^Htll Sui' Yiian^ ( ],',>ng2 (^hiang^ Chun', Manchu Gcnci-al-in-Chief at Sui-viian-ch'cno- oi- Military- Lieutenant Governor of Sui-yiian-ch'eng (see No. 744a). Under the supervision of this official are the affiiirs of the T'unict tril)e of Kxiei Hua Ch'eng (see No. 894). In a(hHtion, he keeps a watch over tlie actions of the Ulan Cli'ap League (see No. 890). [ ^C>2 ] 903 PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Also, he bears the title of M M M f^ :^^ ^ Tn^ Pnn^ K'en' 900 Wu* Ta' Cli'cn^, Superintendent of Colonization Affairs {sre No. to 778). As his assistant there i;* the ^ fj^ Jij^ glj ^ ;^^ Ivuei^ Hua^ Ch'eno- Fu^ Tn' T'ung% Deputy Lieutenant-Governor, residing at Ig f[^ J^ Kuei^ Hua* Ch'eng'^ (K'u K'u Ho T^o). 900. ?^ W. )}§ i: Ning' Hsia^ Chiang' ChiinS ^fanohu General-in-Chief of Ninghia. or IMilitary Lieutenant-Governor of Xinghia (see No. 744b) ; superintending the affairs of the Mongols of Alasharj {scr No. 895) and the Old tourgouths of the Edsine {see No. 89G). He is assisted by the ^ g g|j ^\{ i^ Ning* Hsia* Fu* Tu^ T'ung', Deputy Ivieutenant-Governor (see No, 74 J I)), residing at Ninghia. 90L ^ f^ 1^1 ]g M(--ng3 \yu' Tsung^ Chii*, Head Bureau of Mongolian Affairs, headed by a |g |^ Tsung' Pan*, Chief. This- Bureau is found at the Governor-General's office at Monkdon and superintends the affairs ol the Mongols of the Cherini League (see No. 886) ^vhich, as has been mentioned (see No. 892), is subordinated to Fengtien province. lOv the detailed organization of the He:ul liureau of Mongolitui Affairs sec No. 812a. For particulars as to the post of ^ ffj ^ (^ Mi-ng^ \Vu* Ssu' Shili^, Connnissionor of Mongolian Alfiiirs f^abolishod in 1909), srp No. 812. /y. I\'i(l<^iin(ir ( Kokoiior ) : 902. ^ yg Ch'ing' Hai-', K'ukNuior (sre No. 8(58). Its jKipiilatioh I'ousists of various Mongolian tribes (sre No. 903) and Tangouths (designated by the Cliincse as j^l^ ^' Hsi' Fan', Western Tribesmen; 51?^ No. 904), imiIimI by gciwric cliirftains who are nu'lcr the swav of the ('hinesc Amban :it Si-nincj (see No. !)(;.'>). 903. 'ii^ fAf. >\}f i-/ Lti-- Ts-', Oclots. llwst- are under the control f)f the Impciriid ( 'oiitrollor-nen('r:il (/mban) at Si-ning ^ser N'o. !M).'>). Their local goveiiuiient is invested in the f l'-:5 1 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 905 904 hands of their generic Princes, as Avith the Khalkhas (see No. IQ 870) and the Inner Mongols (see No. 884). The Mongols of K'uk'unor, as is the case Avith the Mongols of Khalkha and Inner iSIongolia, are divided into 29 Banners, the chieftains of which meet yearly at the (/h'aghang-T'ologhoi (one of the islands in Lake K'nk'nnor) for a Leagne meeting (see No. 872), at which affairs concerning the internal piiblic administration are discussed. Since the time of the mutiny' of Lubsang Tan-ching (in 1723) the President of the League meeting is not an elected Prince (compare No. 872) but, at the ruling of the Peking- Government, is either the Imperial Controller-General at Si-ning or an official chosen by him (compare No. 892). The following are the tribes of K'uk'unor : L Khosholt (in Chinese fQ 16^ '^^ §0 Ho* ^J»>' T'e'^ Pu^), 21 Banners, 2. Khalkha (in Chinese I^ M Bt all K'a' J^^h' R'a^ Pu*), 1 Banner. 3. Ch'oros (in Chinese ^, H Ijr ^R Ch'o^ Lo^ Ssu^ Pu^), 2 Banners, 4. Khoit (in Chinese )^' if^ §|5 Hui^ T'e^ Pu^), 1 Banner, and 5. Tourgouth (in Chinese ± M M #' all 'i''"' ^^i''"^ ^^^ T'e* PuO, 4 Banners. 904. ^ 1^ l^ T'ang* Ku^* Te*, langouth ; also ® '^ Us? Fan^, Western Tribesmen (see No. 902). The Tangouths number 40 ^ Tsu^, Tribes, ruleu by ^ "^ T'u^ Ssu', Generic CHiieftains, avIio are, in turn, placed imder the control of the Imperial (Jontrollcr-General at Si-ning (see No. 905). In addition to these there uvc 39 Tangouth tribes under the Dalai Lama (see Nos. 906 and 914). 905. ^ ^ p i^ -). g Hsi^ Ning' Pan* Shih^ Ta* Ch'en^ The Imperial Controller-General at Si-ning, or Amban (full title la fl W ri ^ ^ ;/C E Tsung" Li^ Ch'ing' Ilai' Shih* Wu' [ 4C4 J I'KKSEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Ta"* Ch'eir) ; representative of the higher Chinese authority and 906 invested with the control of the 29 Mongol (properly Oeliit) and the 40 Tangouth tribes mentioned above {see Nos. 90;> and 904). C Tibet and the Lamaist Hierarchy : 906. ^ ^ Hsi^ Tsang*, Tibet; known during the Vim descendants, under the title of (iialbo (in Chinese ^ ^ Tsan* Pu^), continiierl to rule over Tibet altlionLrli, as time passed, the •'.0 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.. temporal authority to a great extent was eucroaclied upon by the superiors of a religious association — the Sakja, (Chinese ^ ^ Sa' Chia^) known at that period by the name of Brugbay written in Chinese ^ffi # ^ G P"* ^^^' ^^'e'' Pa^ Based on the doctrines of Buddhism, which penetrated Tibet already largely corrupted by Hindoo, and especially Sivaitic, forms of worship, the doctrine of the Sakya (also called j^j^ ^ Hung^ Chiao*, Red Doctrine, from the colour of the vestments and head-dress of the Sakya priesthood) became in the course of time so perverted from the original dogmas of Buddhism that it brought upon itself a strong revolt, under the leadershi}) of a reformer named Tsongkhab'a (lo57-1420), in Chinese ?^ D^ Q. Tsung^ K'a^ Pa^, who founded a new doctrhie (^ ^ Huang' Chiao*, Yellow Doctrine). His nephevr, Gegen-Dub, succeeded in 1439 in attaining the predominant position in the Hierarchy of Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism) and from him there started a line of clerical rulers of Tibet (Dalai Lamas ; src No. 914). In the 13th century (dui'ing the 'tc Yiian Dynasty) Tibet became a vassal of China and in 1260 A.D. the Emperor ^ jjj^ Shih* Tsu^ (Khubilai) bestowed on the famous Paghba Lama (A ,^> G P^i Ssu^ Pal) the title ^ gR ;^ ^ ^ 2 Kuo^ Shih^ Ta* Pao=* Fa^ Wang^, State Teacher and Prince of the Precious Doctrine, giving him, conjointly with the secular authorities, authority over Tibet. The dependence was again confirmed at the beginning of the reign of the Manchu Dynasty when, in 1642 A.D., the Emperor, known from his reign as ^ ^^ Ch'ung^ Tc^, received at Moukden envoys carrying presents from the Tibetan rulers. At the same period (1643) the Dalai Lama, oppressed by the temporal authorities, applied to Gushi Khan, in Chinese styled g ^^ vT K^^^ Shih' Han^ the reigning Prince of the Khoshoit Mongols, for assistance. For his assistance the latter annexed the district of K'uk'unor to his dominions and levied taxes on the Kham province. The Dalai Lama rewarded [ 46G ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. hiiri for his fidelity with the title of |§ f ^ JT No' Mcir Han^ 907 Nomen Han, or Prince (Khan) of the Church, tho equivalent of the Sanskrit " Dharma Raja," In the reign of the Emperor J| ^,^ K'^ng^ Hsi^ in 1694 A.D., the teniporal administrator who. as Regent for the Dalai Lama, hac^ long conducted the government of Tibet under the title of ^ E Ti* Pa', or ,1^ Q '^^i^h^ ^''•^' (compare No. 912), was invested with the title of [g fg !\^ ^ I T'u'^ Po'^ T'c" Kuo-* Wang-, King of Tibet. Xot long after, however, the continual intrigues of the temporal authorities against the secidar powci'S, and also their inclination to throw off the Chinese yoke, incited the Chinese Government to take steps to strengthen its hold over Tibet. Accordingly, in 1727, a large part of the border territory of the' Kham province was annexed to the interior dominions of China. At about the same time two Residents (see No. 907) were appointed for the supervision of actions of the temporal administrators. In 1751 A.D. the temporal sovereignty in Tibet was entirely suppressed, the rule of that region being placed in the hands of the Dalai Lama, aided by a council of four laymen, called Kalun, or Kablon, i.e. Ministers of State (see No. 910), under the superior direction of the two Chinese Residents. The last-mentioned have, since 1792 A.D., been autliorized to take a direct part in the government of Tibet, conjointly with the Dalai Lama. 907. JIJ i? ;^ S Ciui^ Tsang^ Ta* ChV'nS Imperial Resident of Tibet; aided by a colleague, or Assistant Resident, styled ^ |/j5? :k S i'-^ng' i*an* Ta^ C^h'cn' (this post was instituted in 1727 ; .'lee No. 906). Both the Resident and Assistant Resident of Tibet are usualh rliOHcn from the ranks of luglier Chinese ofKcials anil are under the dire*eti()n <>l the Ministry of Dependencies (a<»^No. 491 a); charged, however, witli memorializing the Throne direct on ail [ i<;7 1 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZAT^ OF CHINA. 909 gQ3 important questions. Among other duties, they act as the medium fQ of communication between the Chinese Government and tlie Court of Nepal, which is known in Chinese as J^ |^ ^ j^ Kuo^ Erh^ K'a^ Kiio^ or Q ;fQ Pai^ Pu% and g ^^J^ 1^^^ Fn\ "Parbuttiya. They have a staff of % f^ ^ M I' Ch'ing^ Chang^ Ching^, Secretaries for Native Affairs. The Imperial Resident and Assistant Pesident are invested with the supreme command of both the Chinese garrison troops and the Tibetan soldiery (^ .^ Fan^ Ping^) and, through the IfB S ^^^ Hsia'', Council Chamber (see No. 910), control the affairs of the entire Tibetan civil administration. Since 1909, to the Imperial Residents there has been attached a %iM ^ M Clm^ Tsang^ Ts'an^ Tsan*, Councillor {see the Imperial Decree of the 18th August, 1909). 908. ^ ^ Liang^ T'ai", Commissary. Of this rank are three Chinese officials, stationed at ^ ^ La^ Sa\ Lhassa, Ml ft 1^ ^ Cha^ 8hih-^ Lun^ Pu*, Tashilumbo, and Ngari, who act as paymasters to the Chinese forces and as deputies of the Imperial Residents in all matters concerning Chinese interests in Tibet. 909. By the Tibetan-Indian Commercial Convention, concluded between China and England on the 21st October, 1908, in Tibet, in addition to f^ ^ Ya^ Tung\ Yatung, opened to foreign trade in 1895, the following are to be opened : JX Jj^ Chiang! Tzui, Gyantze Chung, and ^ i^ ^ Ka^ TV K'e*, Gartok At Yatung there is a ^^ || Shui'* Kuan\ Custom House, now under the direction of the first Commissioner of Customs of Chinese nationality. At the other places mentioned there have been established ^. -^ Kuan^ Ch'ia*, (Justoms Barriers. For the three towns mentioned there have been organized : rn^K^ Kungi Pu^ Chii^ Municipal Council, '^^W M ^^""* Ching3 Chii^, Department of Police, XM M K^ing' Ch'eng^ [ 168 J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION . OF CHINA. C'hiiS Public Works Department, ^ ^ ^ Ts'ai' Pan^ C\m\ 910 Court of Justice, etc. The British Govei-ninent has the right of tO appointiug ^ ^ ^ ^ Shang' Wu"* Wei* Yiian'^, Commercial q\2 Agents, at these places. 910. ttg g Ka^ HsiaS The Council. This is coi. nosed of four ^ ^ j^ Ka^ Pu* Lnn^ Members of the Council. Kalons, or Ministers ; see Nos. 906 to 907), appointed by Imperial Decree, on the nomination of the liesideuts, and, ex officio, invested ^vith the third degree of Chinese official rank. 911- it^ _fc Shang^ Shang^, The Treasury. This depart- ment is presided over by the Kalons and has supreme control over all questions relating to the collection of revenue. The staff of the Treasury includes three ff ^ Tsai' Peng'*, Councillors of the Treasury of the 1st Class (invested with Chinese official rank of the 4th Class), Two ^ -^ iji]F Q ^^if^rig^ Cho' T'e* Pa', Councillors of the Treasury of the 2nd Class (invested with rank of the 4th Class), and tMO ^ M ;^ E Yeh* Erh^ Ts'ang' Pa^ (Yerts'angba), Controllers of Revenue (with the 5th Class of Chinese officinl rank). 912. The remaining officials of the secvdar adn)inistration of Tibet are : 1. Two IR ff f|f Lang^ Tsai^ Hsia', Controllers of Streets and Roads ; fifth rank, 2. Two Wi ^ ^ Hsioh^ Krh' Pang' (Hierbang\ Commissioners of Justice; fifth rank, .S. Two ig ^ G ^''O^ Ti^ Pa' (Shediba), Superintendents of Police ; fifth rank, 4. Tw(» j^ 3^ Ta* Pcng^, Controllers of the Stud ; sixth rank, ■',. Two »Jl |^ Chung' P, Secretaries of the Council (of two ranks ; distinguished by lia\ iiig the character ■^ Ta*, Great, or /J"» Hsiao', Lesser, prefixed to the title ; of the sixth and .seventh rard<), (J. .^ /g ^f Cho' Ni» Krh^ (Chonir), Second Class Secretaries of the Council ; sixtli rank, and 7. l.'i ^ [« T? Pa', or ^ [3 Tieh- Pa', Commissioners (dividcMl mto hIx classes ; compare No. 906). PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 913 913. In the military organization of Tibet the following tQ ranks are found : 914a 1- ^^ Tai* Peng* (the sound was formerly denoted by the characters f^ ^ Tai* Pen'^), (Commandant; six in all; invested Avith the fourth degree of Chinese official rank. 2. jiw ^ Ju^ P^ng*, Assistant Commandant ; fifth rank ; 12 in all, 3. ^3^ Chia' Peng*, Centurion ; sixth rank ; 24 in all. and 4- ^^ Ting* Peng*, Subaltern; seventh rank; 120 in all. 913a. ^ @ Fan^ Mu*, A generic designation for Tibetan Officers of all ranks, both civil and military. Officers are appointed by selection from the ranks of scions of the ancient aristocracy (-{H; ^ Shih* Chia^), known as Tongkhor (^^4^ Tungi K'o^ Erli=^). 914. ^i{ 5^ La' Ma^, Lama. This designation, applied to all members of the Buddhist priesthood, is derived from a Tibetan word which, according to the Chinese^ has the meaning of ^ J2 W"'^ Shang*, " Unsurpassed." 914a. ^ fj il] Bjc Ta^ Lai* La' Ma^ Dalai Lama. The word Dalai, or Tale, in Mongolian, signifies "Ocean" and (corresponds to the Tibetan word Djamts'o, or Chamts'o, which is found in the full title of Dalai Lama, i.e. Cheptsun Djamts'o Einboch'e, " Venerable Ocean Treasure." The Dalai Lama, regarded as a re-embodiment (in Moiigolian Kubil'han ; in Chinese Df ^ |?j ^ Hu^ Pi* Le* Han', or ih ^ ILia* Shen^) of the famous refoi-mer of Buddhism, Tscngkhaba [see ISo. yu6), and, at the same time, as an incarnation, or Avatar (Sanskrit), of the Bodhisattwa Avalokiteswara (in Chinese M'm ^'M Kuan^ Yin^ P'u" Pa^; in Mongalian Ariyabalu), is recognized by the Chinese (Government •as the supreme Pontiff of the Yellow Church (^ ^ ^ 1^ M [ 470 J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Chang^ Huang- CMiiao* Shou' I-ing^) and, as such, is the ecclesiastical mler of Tibet (see No. 906). Gegen-Dub {see Ko. 906), and his nearest successors, were ■called only Great, or Superior, Lanias, Tiie title of ^ |^ Ta* Lai' was bestowed in 1640 A.D. upon the fifth Superior Lama (Navang-Lobtsang) by the Gushi Khan, the reigning Prince of the Khoshoit Mongols, and was sanctioned in 1652 A.D. by the Emperor ^ f^ Shun"* Chih^ who, during a visit of the said Dalai Lama to Peking, bestowed upon him a golden seal and a brevet for the title of 0§ ^ ;/>; # B tt i^f Hsi^ T'ien' Ta^ Shan^ Tzu^ Tsai^ Fo^ "Great, Kighteous and Complacent Buddha of the Western Heavens." Li 1908, during the visit to Peking of the 13th Dalai Lama, to this title the Emperor ^ |g Kuang^ llsii^ and the late Empress Dowager ^ ^ Tz'u- Hsi^ added the characters |^ )l^ ^ ^ Cli'cng- Shun* Tsan* IIua% " Sincere and Loyal Spreader of Civilization "' {see Imperial Decree of the 3rd November, 1908). On the death ([§) ^ Yuan^ Clii<) of the Dalai Lama steps are at once taken for the selection of his successor. AVith this object in view inquiries are made by the priesthood as to miraculous manifestations (f| J| Ling^ I*) having been observed attendant upon the birth of children at about the same time. The names of the children chosen are deposited in a golden urn <^ 4w E jfS <-"'"«' 1'*^'"' ^^^ P'ing2) and . that drawn forth determines the successor, in whom the deceased Pontiff has been re-embodied. Th<- monastery and palace of the Dalai I>ama (Tabran- !Marbu, meaning "Red Tf)wn") is situated on Mount ^^^ Pu* '1 a^ La', or Potala, one of the three sacred mountains of Ihis nam*', at the foot of which lies the city of Lhassa (the monastery was biiilt in 1643 A.D. by the fifth Superior Lama ; compare above). [ >-l ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 914b As has been stated, there are thi*ee mountains sacred to the- Buddhists bearing one designation. The original is situated in India, another forms the well-known "island of monasteries " off the . coast of Chekiang, called in Chinese ^ 1?^ UJ P'u^ T'o^ Shan^, while the third has already been spoken of. 914b. mWWiW W, /B i!l ^ Pan^ Ch'an'' E^ Erh^ T6^ Ni* La' Ma\ Panchen Erdeni Lama, or Panchen Einpioche (Pearl of Intellect). The -Panchen Erdeni Lama is believed by the Buddhists to be a regeneration of tne second of the eminent disciples of Tsongkhab'a {see No. 906) and, at the same time, a re-embodiment of the Biiddha-Amitaba (one of the Five Buddhas in Meditation; in Chinese jJjiJ ^ ^''^ ^ A^ Mi'' T'o« Po^). B[e resides at the Jashilumbo, or Serasiar, Monastery, situated about one mile from the city of Q I^ glj Ji^ K'a^ ^ze\ Shighatze, or Jighatze (also Digharch'ih). This monastery was built by Gegen-Dub {see No. 906) in 1445 A.D. The selection of the Panchen Erdeni Lama is made exactly as is the Dalai Lama (compare No* 914a). The first Panchen Lama was Lobtsang Choichih Chaltsang, the confessor of the fifth Dalai Lama, declared as such by the latter about 1650 A.D. One of the Panchen Lamas (namely, the sixth in succession of the Panchen Lamas, Lobtsang Tanishi by name) undertook the journey to Peking to take part in the festivities in connection with the Emperor ^^ Ch'ien^ Lung's', 7"0th birthday (in 1780 A.D.) At Peking he succumbed to small-pox and a marble obelisk was erected at his place of sepulture in the i^ f? f b ftS ^ Ch'in^ Ching* Hua-^ Ch'eng' Miao\ which was built in 1783 and is also styled the ^ ^ ^ Hsi^ Huang'' Ssu'. To the Panchen Erdeni Lama there are attached the following: 1. pjiftlHl^ Chi* Chung* La' MaS Chief Councillor, 2. M "^ M W^ Sui* Peng* La' Ma^ Lama of the [ 472 ] PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Second Degree, H. ^ ;4ii I^IJ 51^ ^^t>n' Pon=' La^ Ma', Lama of 015 the Third Degree, and 4. ^ ^ ^ gf Ij ^ Cho» Ni'^ Erh' La' ^O Ma\ Lama of the Fourtli Degree. These positions are all qik. filled by appointment of the Imperial Resident, on the nomination of the Panchcn Erdeni Lama. 915. |§ fPV^ ^'o* ^I^'"' ■Han^ Nomen Han (the Mongolian is eqnivalent to the Sanskrit Dhanna Kaja), "Prince of the Chnreh,"' or "•Prince of the True Faith" (in Chinese tk 2 ^^^^ Wang'^). This title has, for a long time past, been bestowed upon eminent supporters of the Lamaist llierarchy ; the first recorded instance of its bestowal was, as we have seen above, in the case of Giishi Khan (compare No. 906). Tt was often conferred upon ecclesiastical dignitaries imder whose direction, as Regent, the Tibetan Council (see No. 910) was placed during the repeated minorities of the Dalai Lama. For this reason these dignitaries were sometimes colloquially called a^ ^ Tsang* Wang'', Princes of Tibet. In addition to the title ot Nomgn Han they bore also a "Ming Hao" (;^ ^) or "title of honour," such as that of Galdan Shiretu (Ol ^ :^ ^ Hf H Ka' Erh» Tan' Hsi' Le^ T'u^) together with the olhce of Bakhshi, GiSff ^^' K'<^'' S^^5h^ in Mongolian "Teacher," or " i'receptor," the Chinese gjj Shih'. The last of the Nomen Han was degraded in 1844 and died in exile in 1854 (comj>are No. 91.5a). 915a. ^ ^ |§ ff! ^ Ch'a^ Ilan^ No^ Men'' Han», White Prince of the Church ; rendered in Chinese as ^ ^ Pai' Fo^, in Mongolian as Ts'aghang Nomen Han. This title is borne by the hereditary chieftain of one of the Bann'>rs of the T'nmetB {srf No. 894). The first bearer was ^Linchusri Hut'ukht'n, a spiritual coiuisellor sent by the Dalai Lania, about l.jHO A.D., to Altan Khan of the T'umets and who was e-stablishcd at Hokn Hcjtii. r 17:5 ] PKB8ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Q16b On the accession of the Throne by the Manchu Dynasty to the successors of Manchusri Hut*ukht'u were compelled to QIQ remove to thft region South of the Yellow River, where they have remained up to* the present wielding great influence over all the Mongol and Tibetan Buddhists (compare No. 915). 915b. ig ^ K'an^ Pu*, Abbot (Hambo Lama). By a Decree of 1792 A.D. it was ordained that all K'an Pu enthroned (^ ^ Tso* Ch'uang^) in the larger monasteries should be appointed by the Dalai Laiua, and the Imperial Resident jointly. In the case of smaller monasteries the power of appointment rests with the Dalai Lama alone. The envoy despatched yearly to Peking with presents — tribute — frOm the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama is selected from the ranks of Hambo Lamas of Tibetan monasteries. He is designated in Chinese by the title Elch'in, ||. M ^^E* ^»"h' Ch'in^, a transliteration of the Manchu word meaning "Envoy." 916. Df ^ ^ m fiui T'u^* K'e^ T'u^, Hut'ukht'u, Pontiff (the Mongolian word is interpreted by the Chinese as meaning |f^ 3fS A Tsai* Lai^ Jen', "one who returns again"). The colloquial designation is y^ ^ Huo'^ Fo^, Living Buddha. A. large class in the Buddhist Hierarchy are considered as re-embodiments (gj Pf Hill '^ Ch'u* Hu» Pi* Le* Han^) of Bodhisattwas and eminent promoters of Buddhism. The Hut'ukht'us recognized by the Chinese Government and registered at the Ministry of Dependencies number 160, i.e. 30 in Tibet, including 12 bearing the distinctive appellation of Shaburung (^jj ^ ^ Sha^ Pu* Lung"), 19 in Northern Mongolia, 57 in Southern Mongolia, 35 in K'uk'unor, five in Chamdo and 14 in, or near, Peking. For particulars as to the last-mentioned see No. 917. When a Hut'ukht'u dies his successor is chosen in the same manner as is the successor of the Dalai Lama (see No. 914a;. The names of the candidates are deposited in. the golden urn [ 474 ] PKE8E»T DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. (^ )g( Chin^ P'ing^) and the lot drawn determines the successor, 916a who, however, must be approved by the Emperor. Imperial ^q Edicts are issued whenever a Hut'ukht'u dies (compare the Q^y Decree of the 26th October, 1909, issued on the death of •Tungkhor Hut'ukht'u ; see No. 917). Many Hut'ukht'us receive from the Chinese Government, for merit shown, the honorary title of Gegen, a Mongolian word meaning " Light." 916a. ^^M-^^^f^'^M Che' Pu* Tsun^ Tan^ Pa' Hu' T'u^ Ke* T'n\ Cheptsun-damba Hut'ukht'u, the Mongolian Hut'ukht'u, or Pontiff, residing at Urga and ranking third among the dignitaries of the Lamaist chiu-ch, i.e. after the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni Lama. The Mongols frequently refer to the Oheptsun-damba Hut'ukht'u as the Maidari Hut'ukht'u (from Maitreya, the Messiah of Buddhism ; in CI Inese ^ ^} ^ Wi' Le* Fo^). He is also described as Gegen, tha^title bestowed by Tsetsen Gegen Khan in 1637 A.D. on Gliombo-Dardj-i, the son of T'ushet'u Khan. Tliis title was afterwards recognized by the Dalai Lama as appertaining to the Kubil Han of Cheptsun-damba. The official designation of the Cheptsun-damba Hut'ukht'u is T'aranatha Lama, he being considered the re-embodiment of T'aranatha, the famous historian of Buddhism. For particulars as to the IShabinors, Serfs of Underlings of the Urga i'ontifF, s^e No. 875. 917. gi T^ ^!j ^ Chu^ Ching^ La^ Ma', Lamaist Organization in and about Peking. Thanks to the large patronage extended to the " Yellow Church" by the Emperors of the Manchu Dyna.sty (beginning frOm K'ang Hsi, 1662-1722), the Lamas have succeeded in gradually establishing vast and rich monasteries at tiehol (12 ^ ♦Ssii', Monasteries), Dolon-nor (also I$ll ^ i^j La' Ma' Mino'; there are two monasteries here — Shara-suinC, the Yellow, and [ 17:, ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Hoho-sume, the Blue), and, especially, at 3£ § [ij Wu' T'ai* Shan^, in Shansi province, where there is a famous temple # H Xl P'u^ Sa^ Ting^ (official designation, i^^^^^ Ta* Wen2 Shui Ssu\ Large Temple of Wen Shu, or ^ ^ ^ Chen^ Jiing' Yiian^, Court of the True Image), built by the monk ^ ^ Fa* Yung', during the time of the T'ang Dynasty and dedica^ted to the Bedhisattwa Manchusri (^ ^ ^ |^ Wen* Shu^ P'u'' Sa^), which is annually visited by crowds of pilgrims from all parts of Mongolia. In and about Peking, as well as at the Imperial Mausolea, there are found lamaseries in which services are daily perfonned in honour of deceased sovereigns. Among the Metropolitan Hut'ukht'us the first place appertains to the ^ ^- Pf Iffl ^ H Chang^ Chia^ Hu^ T'u^ Ke* T'u", Changcha Hut'ukht'u (also designated ^ ^ Chang' Chiao'*). He is acknowledged as the re-embodiment of a Hut'ukht'u despatched by the Dalai Lama, under the same title, to represent him at the Chinese Court (towards the close of the l7th century). The latter was received with great respect by the Emperor K'ang Hsi and was assigned a residence at the Shara-sume monastery (compare above), built in the Jehol district about 1691. The successor of the original Changcha Hut'ukht'u, diu-ing the reign of the Emperor |^ [^ Ch'ien^ Lung^ (1736-1796), removed his residence to Peking, where he was allotted the monastery ^ ^ ^ Yung^ Ho^ Kung^ (where the Emperor % jE Yung^ Cheng*, 1723-1735, lived while Heir Apparent; compare No. 104a). The principal Metropolitan Hut'ukht'u are enumerated below, in order of rank assigned them by a Decree of 1786 : I. Minchur Hut'ukht'u (WC^'^^'M^ M Min' Chu^ l^rh' Hui T'u' Kc* T'u^), residing at the monastery ^^^ Tung^ Huang'' Ssu\ built in 1691, lying three ^ Li^ North of the ^ ^ P5 An^ Ting* Men', 2. Galdnn Siret'u Hut'ukht'u [ 476 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Vv^^n^mM^fM'^M Ka^ ^^^' Tan^ Hsi2 Lc'^ T'u= Hu' T'u- 918 Ke* T'n-J, 3. C'hiluno- Hufukht'u (Jf H Df H :^ H ( "lii^ Lung" IW T'u2 Ke^ T-ii-). These all have preceacnce of the ||M i^ ^ TsunfT^ K'an^ Pii*, A})bots-in-(.'hief of the Imperial Lamaseries. There are eight other digiHtarics of class mentioned, headed bv the Tiuigkhor Hut'ukht'u ( jjnl f.f |jI| nf- JU :^ ^ Tung^ K'o^ Erh' Hn^ T'u^ Kc'' T'lr), (hvelling at, or near, Peking, and two at Dolon-nor. 918 The remaining ranks of tlie Lamaist nierarchy ai'e as follows: \. ^ \l\l ^l ^ -^ ± M ^ Chang' Yin^ Ohai Sa' Kt? Ta^ La^ Ma^, Dzassak Da-Lama, Grand Cliancellor of the Lamaseries, having a seal of office, 2. glj ^ ff] ^L li !^ A 5l!l M Yn* (^hang^ Yin^ Cha' Sa' K.'-^ Ta* La^ Ma', Vice-Chai.cellor, ^- iXj^yi ilJ S^ < lia^ Sa' Ke^ La^ Ma', Dzassak Lama, Ruler of Lamaseries, 4, ^ Cjlj ^ Ta^ La^ Ma', Prior of a Lamasery ; charged with tlic management and cx)ntrol of services of the monastery to which he is attached, as well as with supervision of the Lamas, to ensure that they perform their duties properly, 5. glj ^ pjl] \^ Fu* Ta^ La' Ma', Vice-Prior, 6- W\ nk in ^M Hsien^ San' La^ ^La', Lamas with no fixed post (com]. are No. 9.14), 7. ^, TfC ^F Te^ Mu* Ch'i^ (also ^ tJC "^ Te" Mu* Ch'i'^; in ISIongolian Dcnich'i), Demch'i Lama, or Steward of a Lamasery, H. |§ ,^> §1 Ki;'' Ssu' Kuei' (in Tibetan (lisk-hiii; in Mongolian Gelihui, or Gebghei), Gebhui, or Provost; in charge of the mamtenance of good order during services, for which reason he is authorized to carry a sceptre tvhile services are in ])rogress (in laige monasteries, where there are many Gebhuis, the senior is designated as 'l\\ Ciebhiii). There are three degrees of consecration in the Lamaist Hierarcliy : 1. ^ |^ Kf* Lung', Geleng (Gylong), Higher. ^- ite-tiif4^ '<.? Ts'u' f:rh», (Jets'ul, Middle, and 3. Jjf ^ Pan' 'I'i', j'.iiridi (in Tibt-tiui (Ihoncng; in Kalmuk .M;uicliih). Lower. Ill iiddition theie ;ue f^lia' \'\\ No\ices. [ 177 ] ' * PART lY. APPENDIX SPECIALLY DEPUTED OFFICIALS. 919. # S! ^ f^ T'e* P'ai^ Ch'ali gi^i^s. Specially 919 Deputed Officials. to In China the custom of charging officials with special gn-t missions is very widespread, for instance, for conducting iiegotia- tions with Foreign Powers in connection with the conclusion of commercial treaties or for investigating the situation of various questions abroad, such as Education, Finance, etc. 920. ^ ^ [|^ ?§ i: S K'ao' Ch'a^ Cheng* Chih* Ta* Ch'en^, Commissioner for Studying the Political Organization (of Foreign States). Under this designation officials (^ ^ Tsai^ Tse», t^ -jj Tuan^ FangS ^ fiSj ^ Tai* HungUz'u', and others) were deputed to Europe and America in 1905. 920a. # ^ ^ gj^ :/^ £ K'ao' Ch'a^ Hsien* Cheng* Ta* Ch'en^ Commissioner for Studying Constitutional Government (in Foreign Countries). This titles was given to officials deputed, in August, 1907, to England {^ ^^ Wang^ Ta*-lisieh^), Gemiany (^ i^ H^ Yu^ Shih*-mei*) and Japan (first ^ H Ta* Shou*, later ^ ^ gfij Li' Chia'-chii'). 920n. mmM'lk^^^ Tsuan' Ni' (P) Hsien* Fa* Ta* Ch'en^ Commissioner for Compiling Constitutional Laws. An Imperial Edict of the 5th November, 1910, appointed Princes P'u Lun and Tsai Tse, with this title, to draw up a schedule of essential constitutional laws. 921. J$ P'l glj ^ ;l^ m Ao* Men'' Ilua* Chieh* Ta* Ch'cn', Commissioner for defining the Macao Boundaries. An official hearing this title, "^MWlt. Kao* Krh'-ch'ien', took part in the deliberations of a mixed Sino-Portuguesc Commission convened [ 481 ] 31 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION" OF CHINA. — w * ~ 922 for the purpose of defining the boundaries of Macao (in to 1909). gg^ 922. mmflim:kU K'^^^ Ch'a^ Xs'ai^. Cheng^ Ta* Ch'en', Commiss-ioner for Studying the Financial Organization (in Foreign Countries). Invested with this title, j§ ^g fj^ T'ang^ Shac^-i', studied the financial situation of America and the continental Powers during 1908-1909. 922a. a similar ciiarge to the above, namely, the stud3'ing of the financial organization (^ '^ Hj I^ I^'^o^ Ch'a^ Ts'ai^ Cheng*) of Japan, America and Europe, was laid upon ^ Ep Lien* Chia^, the Lite Ijieutenant-Governor of Anhui province, in 1909. He was, at the same time, directed to study the measures taken towards spreading education (^ ^ ^ ^ III M ^ W ^^ Chien^ ChV Ko* Kuo^* T'uiVKuang^ Chiao* Yii" Pan^ Fa^), extending the postal and telegraph services and the institution of Postal Savings Banks. 923. # ^ ^ H :/c S K'ao^ ^^'a- Hai^ Chimi Ta* Ch'en^, Commissioner for Studying Naval Affairs. Bearing this title. Prince 1^ ^^ Tsai^ Hsiin^ and Admiral ^- || 7K Sa' Chcn*- ping\ left, in the Autumn of 1909, to study tlie situation of naval affairs hi England, France, Italy, Germany and Russia. Tli.ey visited the United States of America and Japan for a similar purpose in the Autumn of 1910. 923a. ^^M'M :k^ K'ao^ Clra* Lu- Chiin^ Ta* Ch'en*, Commissioner for Studying Military Affairs. Invested with this title, Prince |g |0 Tsai^ T'ao^ was despatched, in 1910, to Japan, America, England, France, Germany, Italy, Austria and Russia, with the object of studying the military situation in these countries. 924. mmm^nm^^^^^ < 'i^'"^' < "i^'-^i^ p^^^' Li^ Shangi Yiieh' Shih- Wu* Ta* Ch'en', Imperial Commissioner for Negotiating Commercial Treaties. This title was borne by j^M^ Sheng* Hsuan'-huai^ g ^ ^* Lii^' H;liMluan^ and [ 482 ] rUESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATFON OF C'lIXA. 927 iS IS ^ ^^^"^ T'iDg--fang^ who concluded commercial treaties 924a with England (in 1902) and with America and Japan (in 190y;. ^q 924a. ^ if jftj ^ ^^ g Hui^ Pan* Shang^ Vueh' Tu* Cli'en-, Associate Imperial Commis.-ionor for Negotiating Commercial Treaties. This title is borne by Sheng Hsiian-huai, although at present no commercial treaties with Foreign Powers are being negotiated. 925. I^ fc^ Chuau' Shih', Ambassador Extraordinary ; the title of officials deputed for extraordinary missions to Foreign Sovereigns. It was borne by 6| |^ I ^^ j^ Ch'un' Ch'iii^ Wang' Tsai' Feng', Ch'nn, Prince of the First Rank, personal name ^ j^ Tsai Feng, who was deputed to Germany in 1901 to express regret for the killing of Baron von Kettlcr, and by ^ ifH Na^ T'nng-, who was -deputed to Ja|)an at the same time to express similar regrets for the killing of Mr. Sugiyama. For tendering China's thanks to America for waiving [)art of the indemnity of 1900, /^ $3 1^ T'aug- Shao*-i^ as Ambassador Extraordinary, visited that country in 1 908 and, similarly. Prince ^ tS Tsai^ ( hen'*, and ^ ?r| ^ Tai'' Hung^-tz'u', were deputed to .fapan and Russia respectively to express (.'hina's gratitude for the despatch of Special Ambassador^ from these countries to the funeral of the Emperor Kuang Urn. 926. ^ fl 5g 13 ic [5 Kungi Pan* San' Li' Ta* Ch'enS Superintendent of Funeral Rites. This title wa ; borne by various Princes of the Blood- and High Officials o^" the Empire who were deputed in November, 1908, for the supp vision of the funeral ceremonies of the Emperor Kuang Hsii ajul the Em])ress Dowager T'/ii Hsi (20 officials in all). y^"- ^B±^ ^'e"' I^^ang* Ta* ^;h'en», Controll<-r of Examination of (Jlh -ials. Thus are designated ^Ictrojjolitan officials who aie deputed, in accordance with the l.iw, to receive officials who have obtaimd i»p])()intmcnts to posts not higher than the fourtii rank, the Imperial Andi<-nc<' being v ilvcd, with llie [ 4«H j PRESENT DAY POLITICAL 9RGANIZATION OF CHINA. 928 object of ascertaining whether there is any obstacle to their ^Q taking up appointments (for instance, physical defects, bad 020 official record, etc.). The examination of these officials is made in groups, periodically) several times a month), Imperial sanction being obtained for each examination. ESTABLISHMENTS ABOLISHED OR REORGANIZED. 928. j^ i^ ^ THmg^ Cheng* Ssu^, Transmission Office ; literary designation, ^ ^ Yin^ T'ai''. This office was charged with the reception, recording and transmission to the Council of all Memorials received from the p'-ovinces. Also, it was the depot for the receipt of all petitions addressed to the Emperor direct. The staff included : 1. ^ ^ ^ ^ j^ WCi^ T'ungf^ Cheng* Shih' Ssu^ T'ung^ Cheng* Shih', Commissioners of the Transmission Office (literary designation, ^^ ^ Yin^ T'ai*, ^MM Ta* Yin' T'aiS ^ W Na* Yen^ :/c ^ W Ta* Na* Yen^ Ij^ f^ f^ Hsien* Na* IShihS ;/c Wt M Ta* Hsien* Na*, and @ f^ Kuei^ kShih^)-; one Manchu and one Chinese ; 3a, 2- M^ iM Wl Ml) iM T'ungi Cheng* Shih' Ssu^ Fu* Shih^ Deputy < 'ommissioners of the Transmission Office ; one Manchu and one Chinese, 4 a, 3. ali^HJ^^ T'ung^ Cheng* Ssu^ Ts'an^ I*, Secretaries of the Transmission Office ; one Manchu and one Chinese; 5a, and 4. j1 S^ ^ MM T'ung^ Cheng* Ssu^ Ching^ Li*, Commissary of Eecords of the Transmission Office. In 1902 the Transmission Office was abolished. 929. '^ ^ }^ Chan^ Shih* Fu^, Supervisorate of Imperial Instruction ; literary designation, H^ pj Tuan^ Ssu^, and ^ ;§ Kung^ Chan^; under the Yiian Dynasty called ^ ^ Ch'u' Yiian*. This department was specially charged with the direction of the studies of the Heir Apparent but, as the Emperors of the reigning dynasty, for reasons already mentioned {see No. 12), forbore from making the selection of an Heir [ ^84 J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Apparent during their lifetime, it was, up to the date of its 930 abolition in 1902, an absolute sinecure for a personnel made up, in view of the important object of its institution, of Members of the National AcademV, holding office also in the latter. The staff was made up of: 1. Two M^J^ lEM^ ^'han» Shih* Fu' Cheng* Chan^ Shih*, Chief Supervisors of Instruction ; literary designation, ^ J£ Kung^ Cheng*, ^ ^* Kung^ Yin', ^ ^g Ch'u' Tuan', J^ ^ Tuan^ Yin^ :k'^ i^ Ta* Rung' Tuan\ :}< ^ ^m ^'^' ^^^'^' TuanS and ^ -^ Rung' Chan'; 3a, 2. Two M H^ 'J^ M ^ Ohan^ Shih* Fu^ Shao* Chan^ Shih*, Supervisors of Instruction ; literary designation, ^ ^ Shao* 'i^^inS M^^ <^'^i'^n' Shih* Ch'eng^ ^ $^ Shao* Tuan\ and ^^ Tuani Ch'eng=^; 4a, 3. Four ^i^^.^ Ch'un^ Fang' Shu* Tzu', Deputy Supervisors of Instruction, two ^ Tso', Senior, and two :^ Yu*, Junioi- literary designation, ^ }& Rinig^ Shu*, tft ^ Chuiigi jj^^4^ 3,^j ^ ^ ii Ta* Chung^ Hu*; 5a, 4. Four ^ ^ ^ it (^^li'"ii' Fang* Cliung^ Yiin^ Secretaries of the Supervisorate of Imperial Instruction, two ^ Tso^, Senior, and two ;;^ Yu*, Junior ; literary designation, ^ ^ Rung' Yiin^, and :^ ^; -f^ Ta* Rung' Yiin'; 6a, 5. Four ^tfj^^ Ch'uni Fang* Tsan* Shan*, Assistant Secretaries of the Sujjervisorate of Imperial Instruction ; literary designation, ^ ^ Rung^ Tsan*, and :;^ ^ ^ Ta* Rung' Tsan*; 6b, 6. Two ^^^ f^ i5fc .^ S^u' Clung' Chii- Ilsien' Ma^, Librarians; literary designation, ^ tjj 'X ii K"ei* Fang' Ta* Fu', Wj Wl ^% Ssu' Ching^Ta* Fu', and iv ^ M Ta* Chang'* Ching'; 5b, and 7. 5^ ^, Chu' Pu*, Archivist; 7i{. 930. mn.^m ?K i^ fS l"3 Tsung^ Li' Ro* Ruo" Shili* Wu* Ya2 Men', or, more explicit, IQ H^]^]'^ \% '\^ /^ f/^ PI Tsung^ Li» Ro* Ruo2 T'lmg' Sl.ang' Sl.ih' Wu* Va' MCmi', Office of Foreign Affairs; estal)lislied in 1H61 ami administered h' ia il ^ W -Jf i^ ^< Ui Tsung-' Li' Ro* Ruo' Shil.^ Wu* Ta* Ch'en', Members (for details see No. 305). [ .1«5 J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA, 930a In 1901 this institution was reorganized as the ^f» ^ ^ to Wai* Wu* Pn*, Ministry of Foreign Affairs {see No. 305 a). 038 930a. IrJ ^ It T'ung^ Wen^ Kuan^ College of Foreign Languages; estahlislied in 1862 (seo No. 311) at the Office of Foreign Affairs (see Nos. 305 and 930); abolished in 1900. 931. ^ tf §15 Hsiin^ Ching^ Pu*, Ministry (Board) of Police; established in 1905 (see details in No. 339); reorganized in 1906 as the ^WCa^ ^in^ Cheng* Pn^ Ministry of the Interior (see No. 33 9 a). 932. p % Hu* Pu^ Ministry (Board) of Eevenue (5^^ No. 349). This Ministry was also designated j^ ^ Ti^ Ts'ao«, A §[5 Jen^ ru% fj ^ Ssui T'u', and ^ jg Ssu^^ Nung^ while its-Pj-esident was called j^ ^^ Ti* Ch'ing\ ic H S Ta'' Ssu' Nung^, or ^ 'nl yt ^^^ ^^^^^ Yiian^, and its Vice-President ^ p1 jR Shao* Ssu^ Nung^. It was reorganized in 1906 as the M^U Tn* Chih^ Pn^ (see No'. 349b). 932a. nj ^ ^ Ts'ai^ Cheng* Ch'u*, Committee of Finance : formed in 1903 (see No. 349a); amalgamated in 1906 with the g ^ §15 Tu" Chih^ Pu*, Ministry of Finance (see No. 349b). 933. :J^'^^ T'ai* Ch'ang'^ Ssu*, Court of Sacrificial Worship ; literary designation, M '^ ^ Feng* Ch'ang^ Ssu*, p) Si ^ Ssti' Li' ''^sn% and ffl ^ C'h'ii' T'ai^ (sec No. 376b); was in charge of all sacrifices performed by the Emperor in person, or by his deputies, and supervised temples and Imperial jNIausolea. Its personnel was made up of: 1. Two ^ ',^ ^ iE J|P T'ai* Ch'ang2 Ssu* Cheng* Ch'ingS Directors of the Cour of Sacrificial Worship ; literary designation, p] ^§ # 9PP ^^^ Li:^ Ssu* Ch'ing', ± fl Ta* I^ ^ ^ # iP Feng* Cli'ang^ Ssu* Ch'ingS ± m fl'Ta* Tien' Li', and ^ fj.^ Tsung^ Po=^ 3a,' and 2. Two :k "^ ^ 'J> W T'ai* Ch'ang" Ssu* SUao* Ch'ing^, Sub-Directors of the Court of Sacrificial Worship ; literary designation, ^ fiS :^ 0P Ssu' Li^ Shao* Ch'ing\ an« [ 486 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHINA. 935 ^"^ :k^ i''^^g* Ch'ang^^ Ta^ Fu\ These Officials were 934 geuerically described as ^ ^ Ching' T'ang'. 4.q For officials additional to the above-mentioned src Nos. 382b and 391. ' The Court of Sacrificial Worship was amalgamated in lit06 with the ^ ^ Li' Pu*, ;Ministry (Board) of Rites (see No. 376b), i.e. with the De])artment of Sacrificial Worship (see No. 382a). 93-i. :)t iii^ ^ Kuang' Lu* SsuS Banqueting Court; literary designation, "^ ^ "^ Ssu^ Tsai' Ssu^, and ^ ^ ^ Hsiian^ Hui^ Yiian'' (sec No. 376b). This department supervised the food supplies for banquets given in honour of Envoys from vassal states, as well as in honour of new Metropolitan (irad nates and Provincial Graduates or, in the case of very worthy officials, on the 60th anniversary of the attainment of their literary degrees, by Imperial direction, at the Court or at the Board of Ceremonies. Its personnel was: 1. Two -^ ft^ ^ IE W Kuang' Lu^ Ssu* Cheng^ Ch'ing\ Directors of the Banqueting Court ; literary designation, :?6c 'b' 'p' T'ai"* Kuan^ LingS W] ^ P Ssu' Tsai' Ch'ing\ 7^ m ^^^'^s' Ch'ing^ :k ^ B ^a' Ssu^ Shan*, and :k ^4 ffl Ta* Ting' Hsi mg' ; 3b, and 2. Two ^ii^^ 'J? W Knang' Lu* Ssu"^ Shao^ Ch'ing', Sub- Directors of the Banqueting Court ; literary designation, ^ n] SI Shao* Ssu^ Slian% and ;^ fQ H Ta* Ho' Keng^; 5a. The Banqueting Court was amalgamated with the jfig }^Ji Li' Vu\ Ministry of Riti^s {see No. 376b), i.e. the Banqueting Department (see No. 383a) in \'.)06. 935. 1^ flS # Hung' Lu' Ssu*, Court of State Ceremonial ; literary designation, i| ^ I' T'ai^ (see No. 376b). The duty of informing guests at })anquets as to the ceremonies required by etifiuette devolved upon this Couil. Its ])prsonnel included: 1. Two ^ 18 # JE IP Hung' Lu' Ssu« Chfing* Ch'ing', DirecUn-s of the Court of State Ceremonial : literary designation, [ 487 1 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION^ OF CHINA. 936 :/c ^ ^ "l^a* Ssu^ 12, and ic tt A Ta* Hsir.g^ Jen^ ; 4a, and to 2. Two ?[| M # ::!^ iP Hung' Ln^ Ssu^ Sliao* Ch'ing\ Sub- Qoo Directors of the Court o£ State Ceremonial ; literary designation, ^P ^ \ Shao^ Hsing2 Ji^n^; 5 b. . The Court of State Ceremonial was amalgamated, in 1906, with the 3^ % Li^ Pu*, Ministry of Kites {see No. 376 15), i.e. with the Department of Ceremonies {see No. 380a). 936. & ^15 Ping^ Fu\ Ministry (Board) of War {see"^o. 415). This was also called ;g *[J Chia* PuS fl % Wu^* Pu^, gg If Hsi^ Ts'ao^, ^ ^ Pingi Ts'ao^, and ^ H Ssu^ Ma^ while its President was styled "g 'g* Hsia* Kuan', g ^ Ilsia* Ch'ingS :kM'^ Ta* Change Jung^ and :J^ ^ ^ Ta^ Ssu^ Jung^ It was reorganized as the ^ !^ o|5 T^^* ChiJn^ Pu^ {see Nos. 417 and 420). 936a. W. ^ M Lien^ Ping^ Ch'uS Commission for Aj-my Reorganization ; established in 1903 {sec No. 416) ; amalgamated in 19.06 with the |^ !p: *|5 Lu" Chiin^ Fn\ Ministry of War {see Nos. 417 and 420). It consisted of three Departments : 1. ^ i^ rJ Chiin^ Cheng* Ssu% Department of Military Administration, 2. ^ "^ p\ Chiin^ Ling* Ss\i\ Department of Military Direction, and 3. ^ ^ "^ Chun^ Hsiieh^ Ssu\ Department of Military Education {see No. 430a). 936b. •j^'^i^ T'ai* P'u^ Ssu*, Coiu-t of the Imperial Stud; literary designation, [^ ^ Chiung^ T'ai^ (see No. 417); superintended the Imperial dioves, for which vast pasturages are allotted in various districts of South-eastern Mongolia — at Dolon-nor, the sources of the Liao River, etc. Its personnel was: 1. Two ^ 11 ^ iE JP T'ai* P'u= Ssu* CiiSng* Ch'ingS Director of the Court of the. Imperial Stud ; literary designation, ±mm Ta* Ssu^ P'u^ ^ m <^'l^i^ng' Ch'lngS i^ isi f^ Ta* Chiungs Po^ and ^^^M ^su" P'u^ Ssu* Ch'ing^ ; 3b, and 2. Two ;6C H # ^ IIP T'ai* P'u^ Ssu* Shao* Ch'ing\ [ 488 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA. Siil>-Directors of the Court of the Imperial Stud ; literarv 937 to designation, ^ p] ^ Shao* Ssu^ PV;4a. The Court of the Imperial Stud was amalgamated with tl>e qqq ^W-a\^ I^'»' <-'l^>'"' ^*^\ Ministry of War (see Nos. 417 and 420), i.e. with the Department of the Military Stud {see No. 433a\ in IDOC. 937. TflJ % Using' Pu', Ministry (Board) of Punishments (see No. 438). Keorganize„■», Ministry of Justice {sec No. 440). Other designations of the Ministry of Punishments were 1^ ^ Ch'iu^ Ts'ao^ ^ ^ Ssui lv'ou% ^ W Hsien^ Ts'ao% jg % Hsien* Pu*, and 25 .g Hsi' T'ai=. Its President was . • •ailed .^; m Ch'iu^ Ch'ing\ gj ^^ Ssu' IIsien\ :/^ gj ^ Ta^ • Ping= Hsien% and 'X ^ M Ta^ Ch'iu^ T^ai^ 937a. X ^ # 'J'^' Li' '^^"S <-^'ourt of Judieatu)e and Kcvision {sec No. 215); reoi-gauized in 190G as the i^M^^ Ta* LP Yiian% Supreme Court of dustice {see No. 215AJ. Tiie Comt of Judicature and Revision Avas also called ^ g] Viin' Ssu'. and j^ ^ Chi* Ssu*. Its President was called |£ yj T'ing' \u\ XBm Ta* T'ing- Yu*, mMW S«'>' Hsing' Ch'ing', j|$ p Chi< Ch•ing^ ;^ j^ Ta» Chi\ ^ ^ CliMu^ Ch'ingS and X p] ;fc Ta"* Ssu' Yiin', while the N'ice-PrcsidcMt waj- styled ^^ ^ Ts'an' P'ing', and Jt j^.J ^J; fpP T'ing-' Yii^ Shao< Ch'ing'. 93.S. iftj j-;-!^ Shang' Pu^ Ministry (Hoard) of Trade; established in 1903C« of .\grieulHur, Industry [ 4H',) 1 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 940 and Cominerce {see No. 462), i.e. with the Department of to Industry {see '^o. 464). 0^ The Ministry of Works was also styled ^ "^ Tnng^ Ts'ao^, % ^ Ssu^ K'ung', ^ % Ch'i» PuS ^ If Ch'i' Ts'ao", while its President was called ^ *^ Tiing^ Kuan\ ^ J|p Tung^ Ch'ing^ and ;;c pI ^ Ta* Ssu^ P'lng^. 940. JI ^ ^ Li^ Fan' Yiian^, Court of Colonial Affairs {see No. 491) ; reorganized in 1906 as the i|| ^ pir^i^ Fan* Pu^, Ministry of Dependencies {see No. 491a). The Court of Colonial Affairs was also known as fp] ^ ^ T'ung2 Whx" Ssu% and ^ ^ # Ssu^ Pin^ Ssu*; its President . was called |fe. ^ Tien^ K'o^ [rJ ^C ^ P T'ung^ Wen^ Ssu* Ch'ingS and p] ^ # ^ Ssu^ Pin^ Ssu* Ch'ing\ and its Vice- President ^ ^ ^ 'P W^ T'ung2 Wen' Ssu* Shao"^ Ch'ing^ and ^ g 4 ^ HP Ss^' Pi'^^ '^3u* Shao* Ch'ingi. 941. ^ ^M Hsueh' Wu* Ch'uS Committee of Educa- tional Affairs ; established in 1903 {see No. 574); reorganized in 1906 as the ^ ^jj Hsiieh' Pu*, Ministry of Education {see No. 395). 942. g ]g ^ Luan' I' Wei% The Imperial Equipage Department {see No. 109); transformed in 1909 into the ^|^^ Luan' Yu2 Wei* {see Decree of 13th April, 1909). HONORARY TITLES. 943; The following honorary titles are bestowed (j^Q J^, 'B.lB • ' ^i^l filial En^ Shang' Chiai . . . Hsien') on officials, either during their lifetime or after their death, for distinguished service rendered the State: 1. >Jc ^fP T'ai* Shih', Grand Preceptor ; 1a, 2. ;jjc ff T'ai* Fu*, Grand Tutor; 1a, 3- jfC ti^ T'ai* PaoS Grand Guardian; 1a, 4. ip gp Shao< Shih^, Junior Preceptor; 1b, 5. ^}> i^ Shao* Fu% Junior Tutors 1b, and 6. *i? j^ Shao^ Pao^ Junior Guardian; 1b. [ 4&0 ] I PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. These correspond to the titles of the six highest Ministers of State of olden times, designated under the general names of "^ JV. San^ Kung\ and H % San' Ku'. To the above-mentioned there may be added six similar titles, i-eferring to the Heir Apparent {sec No. 12), which are, much more often, conferred for eminent service : 1. ^ -?■ >tC 1^ T'ai* Tzu' T'ai^ Shih', Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent; IH, 2. XT iK, ff T«ai* Tzu^ T'ai* Fu^ Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent; 1 r, .3. iH J- il^ i^ T'ai^ Tzu^ T«ai» Pao', Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent: iB, 4. ;?{C "jF ^ SlJ T'ai* Tzu^ iShao^ Shih', Junior Preceptor of the Heir Ap]iarent ; 2a, 5. -M -f- ipi$ T'al* Tzu* Shao* Fu^ Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent; 2a, and 6. j^ ^f- *p i^ T'ai* Tzu^ Shao< Pao', Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent ; 2a, The last-raentioned is often granted to officials holding office and it entitles them to be addi'essed as ^ f^ Kung^ Pao', this phrase being added to their family name (for instance, in the case of ^ Ifr ifl Y0an2 Shih^-k'ai^, ^ g f J^ Yiian' Kung^ Pao'). As regards Europeans, the title of Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent has been bestowed upon Sir Kobert Hart (M''^i^ ^'o^ Kung^ Pao^), the Inspector General of the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs. In the Peking Gazette there may often be noticed Decrees bestowing on this or that official one of the titles mentioned on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of theii" attaitunent of a degree (M ^ :t ^f- M ^ ^ ^ Hsiaiig' Chii' Chih' Nien' Shih* ("hou' Hua^ Chia^j, for instance, ^ ^ Ming' An', ex-Tartar (ieneral of Kirin, was granted the honorary title of Junior (iuardian of the Heir Apparent (see Decree of the 2.)th l^ebruary, 1908). As lias been stated, honorary titles are also bcstowrd on officials after their death. The late (irand Secretary |K ^Jj 3S$ Tai* Hurig'-tz'u' was investeil, after his death, with the title of [ -^91 J TKESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA. 944 Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent {see Decree of the 27th February, 1910). HEREDITARY RANKS AND TITLES OF HONOUR; POSTHUMOUS TITLES. 944, II jg Chueh^ Yin^ or il @ Shih* Chiielr', Hereditary lianks; arranged in nine grades: 1. ^ Kung\ Duke, 2. f^ Hou^ Marquis, 3. fg Po^ Earl, 4. ^ Tzu^ Viscount, 5. ^ Nall^ Baron, 6. |I m |fj»t Ch'ing^ Ch'c^ Tu^ Yu\ 7. ^m^ Ch'i^ Tu^ Y^^ 8. m m if "i^"«' Ch'l^ YiiS and 9. ,f. ^ ^ En^ Ch'i^ Yi'i'*. There are three classes (^ Teng^) of each of the first five ranks. The three senior ranks, called ^ ^ Ch'ao^ P'inS "Eminent Ranks," are qualified by laudatory epithets (so-called ^- ^ Chia^ Ming^), for instance, the Earl ^ ^Jt| ^ Li* Hung^-chang\ and the Marquis -§• ^Fj '^f Chcng^ ChiMsc^, are styled, re- spectively, M^i^ Su' I* Po2, and ^ M ^' 1' (^^i') Yung^ Hou^, etc. All the ranks mentioned, the ninth excepted, are h.eritable within certain limits (j^ §| Shih^ Hsi^) — for a specified number of generations, ranging from 26 for a ^ Kung^ of the first class to on 3 for a ^ ^ U^ Yiin- Ch'i^ l^ii* — or heritable forever (f • MM^ ^liil^' Hsi^ Wang^ T4^). Among the Manchus the cases of "perpetual inheritance" of titles (colloquially called ^ ^ Pei* Pei^) are very frequent. Possessors of such titles (for instance, that of ^ Kung^) are distinguished as: 1. ^^^ Tsung^ Shih* Kung^ (see No. 39), 2. M ^ S Chiiehi Lo- Kungi (see No. 40), and 3. A M S Pa^ Ch'i^ Kungi (5^^ No. 718). Among the Chinese there are also found cases of " perpetual inheritance" (Dukes, for instance, being designated ^ -^-Min^ PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Kung^) but these, especially with reference to the titles of ^ 944a Kung^ and ^ Hon' (see Nos. 914A and 944b), are rather rare. Those holding junior titles — commencing with the sixth often attain the privilege of annexing (^ Chien') to their titles those of one degree higher. Any of the titles above-mentioned may be confeiTed posthumously (^ ^ Chin^ Tseng*, or j^ g^ Chiii^ Tseng*) for distinguished service rendered the State. 944a. Among the Chinese, the posterity of Confucius alone have the right of "perpetual inheritance" of the Princely title "i^^^ Yen' Sheng* KungS Sacred Prince (U). This was bestowed in 1055 A.D,, by the Emperor -j^ ^ Jen* Tsung\ of the ^ Sung* Dynasty, on JL ^ M K'lnig' Tsunff^-viian*, the 47th in line of descent from Confucius. It carries with it an allowance of 360 taels a year, issued from the public treasury. AJso, under the present Dynasty, a piece of land has been granted, "for eternal possession," to the posterity of Confucius which, being free of all taxes and dues, brings in a good profit. Those residing on this land are also exempt from all taxes and dues. The holder of the title under consideration is responsible for the maintenance in good order of the grave of Confuriiis, situated in ffl -|L ,^ Ch'vi^ Fu* Hsien*, Shantimg province. The second son of the Yen Sheng Kung bears the title (also heritable forever) oi ^ ^^ % ± Wu' Chingi Po- Shih*, Doctor of the Classics ; 8a. His duties consist in offering saorifices to the grandson of Confucius, ^ ,^> T/.u' Ssu'. The title of 3S.MW± ^^'"' ^^'''•".-' ^"' '^''''''' "'' «''"P'y tl| ± Po' Shih* (literary designation, :Ac $§ flj Ta* Han* IV), is also transmitted to the eldest, in a dirrrt line, of the descendants of the following famo»is men of antiqtiity 1. ^ ^ Choui Kung', 2. m^ ^e"' Y"''"'' ^- ft f ^ Tseng' Tzn\vu», 4. ^ ^ SiS Mii'^T/u'-chMen'. -V fi(i '^ Rj [ 493 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 944b Chung* Chi*-lu^ 6. ^^^ Yu' Tzu^-yu^, 7. 1^^ tJC ^ ^ to Tuan^ Mu* Tzu^ Kimg\ 8. h^ S Pu^ Tzu'-hsia*, 9. h ^ ^ 944^ Yen2Tzu3-yu2, 10. -^ fj^ ^ Jan^ Po'-niu^, 1 1 . -^ fl|i ^ Jan^ Chung4-kungS 12. ^M^M Chuan^ Sun^ Tzu^ Chang\ 13. ^ :f. Meng* Tzu^ 14 ^ ^ Fu^ ShengS 15.' H j^ Han* Yu*, 16. J^^M. Chou^ Tun^-i^, 17. §[1 M ^hao^ YungS 18. 5g ^ Ch'eng'' HaoS 19. ^ gg Ch'gng^ P, 20. ^ ^ Chang^ TsaP, 21. ;^ ^ Chu^ Hsi^ and 22. || ^ Kuan^ Yu^ 944b. The descendants of one of the relatives of the last Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1868-1644), ^ || Ch'ung^ Cheni (1628-1644), bear the title, "heritable forever," of ^ ^ (/hu^ Hou^, Marquis Chu, and the- descendants of JH Jg Shih^ Lang^, a native of Fukien province who distinguished himself in the struggle against ^ j^K ??? Cheng* C/h'eng'-kung^, Coxinga, the Chinese pirate chief, and rendered great service to the Government in the conquest of Formosa (1621-1696), also bear the title, " of perpetual inheritance," of J^ ^ Shih^ Hou^, Marquis Shih. 944c. JE — iiil i^ ^ A Cheng* 1^ Ssu^ Chiao* Chen^ Jen^, Descendant of the Founder of Taoism ; 3a. This title is borne by the eldest (in a direct line) of the descendants of the founder of Taoism, ^ J^ ^ Chang^- Tao*-ling^, who lived in the 1st century, and was conferred during the time of the J^ Ming' Dynasty on §^ jE i^ Chang^ Cheng*-ch'ang^, the 39th in line of descent (see No. 573b). 944d. J^, j^ En^ Yin*, " Bestowing the Emperor's Favours on Posterity." Thus are designated those cases in which the titles mentioned in No. 944 are conferred, not upon meritorious public servants themselves but upon their sons, grandsons, younger brothers or nephews. Their bestowal after the death of an official who has lost his life whilst, engaged in the • public service is designated as 1^ j^ Nan* Yin* (compare also No. 958). [ 494 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 944e. Regulations sanctioned by the Emperor on the 22nd 944b September, 1910, define rewards and honours to be bestowed on ^q those who fall in battle, or succumb from woimds received, and Q^«r on those wo\mded in action. The table anno^xed to these regulations provides for three classes of rewards for those who are killed, or womided, and a fourth for the wounded alone. These rewards are graded as follows : 1. The titles of ^ ^ ^^ Chn= Tu' YiiS m^Wi Yiin== Ch'i^ Yii', and j^^ ^ |.J En' Cli'i'^ Yii* (see No. 944 ; of perpetual, or qualified, inheritance), 2. The rank of ^ ^ Chien* Shengi (see No. 959), of the seventh, eighth and ninth grades, 3. A yearly pension (^^ ^ ^ tn^ Fu^ Chin^) of from 12 to 1,200 taels, and 4. A reward (J§1 ^i ^ Kn' Hsii* Chin^), bestowed but once, of from 35 to 2,000 taels. 945, ^ ^ Feng^ Tseng*, Titles of Honour ; conferred for services rendered, because of merit, or by Imperial bounty on the occasion of great rejoicing (through the medium of ^^ f^ En^ Chao*, " Gracious Proclamations.") These may be conferred (^ Shou^) upon officials themselves or (^ Feng') upon their wives, or granted as posthumous distinctions (^ Tseng*) upon their deceased progenitors. The patents by which these titles are conferred are designated f§ -^ Kao* Ming*, for all ranks from the first to the fifth inclusive, and ^J] ^ CMi'ih* ^ling*, for all inferior to these. Titles of honour are divided into nine ranks, each of which, in turn, is divided into two classes: 1. ^t ii^ ::^<. it I'^uang' Lu* Ta* Fu' ; lA, and ^ )|i^- ;A: ^ VungM.u* Ta* Fu' ; In, -'• -^I^Xit Tzu^ Cheng' Ta* Fu' ; 2a, and M ^ ^ it T'ung» Feng* Ta* Fu^'; 2b, 3. ^^ M X it '^'''^"^'' ^' '^'^'^ ^^'"'j 3a, and r|t ^ ;/^ ^ ( hung' I' Ta' Fu'; 3i., 4. M» SJ ic ^ Chung' H.sien*Ta* Fu'; 4a, and $fl ^ i; ^ < h'ao* I* Ta* Fu' ; 4b, 5. 4i 1^ A ^ i'^eng* ( heng* Ta* Fu'; 5a, and ^ ]fi A?^ Feng* Uhih' Ta* Fu^; 5h, 6. * t^ KJ Ch'eng' Te» Lang«; 6a, [ 495 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 946 and fH # IB Ju'' Lin^ Lsmg^; 6b, 7. ^ ^^, ^ Wen^ Lin- Lang^; 7a, and i^ ft ^ Cheng^ Sliih* Lang^; 7b, 8. ^ ^ f$ Hsm^ Chih^ Lang2; 8a, and (if ^i g: gjS Hsiu^ Chih^ Tso^ Lang=^; 8b, and 9. ^ ffc 15 Teng^ Shih* Lang^; 9a, and ^ ft j^ IB Tengi Shih* Tso' Lang^; 9b. Officials of the class of |^ ^ LI* Yiian^, i.e. those who have entered the public service from the ranks of ^ U| Shu^ Fan*, may attain the following titles of honour : m. lM^ Hsiian^ Te* Lang^; 6a, and ^ ^ 1|> Hsiian^ I* Lang^; 7a (compare No. 962). Titles of honour conferred upon the wives of officials are also divided into nine ranks: 1. ■" ^ ^ A I^ P'in^ Fu^ .Jen^ 2. Zl^a ^ K Erh* P'in^ Fu' Jen^, 3. ^ A ShuMen^, 4. ^ A Kung^ Jen', 5. "^ \ P Jen^ 6. ^ A An^ Jen^, 7. ji A Ju'^ .Ten2, 8. A ^^ ff A Pa^ P'lnS Ju^ J^n^, and 9. :^ D^ 1i A <^'l"u^ P'in' Ju» Jen^ Upon military officials there are conferred nine ranks of titles of honour, each rank being of two classes : 1. ^ H^ t^ 5 Chien* Wei^ ChiangV Chiin^; 1a, and |g ^12 Hf ? Ch^n* Wei' Ohiangi Chun\ 1b, 2. |e^ M S§ II Wu' Hslen^ Chiang^ CMn'; 2a, and flJJ]B% Wu^ Kung^ Chiang^ Chiin'; 2b, 3. ^l^M i^ Wu« r Tu^ Yii*, 3a, and i^ ^ |j5 if Wu^ I* Tu^ YiV; 3b, .4. BS Ie^ ITj m Chaoi Wu^ Tu^ Yii*; 4a, and ^ f^ |f, i^j Hslian^ Wu^ Tu^ Yu*; 4b, 5. je^ f^ |^ g.j Wu'/ Tc" C^h'i^ Yii*; 5a, and fl ^f. ^ ,^ i.J Wu' Te^ Tso^ Ch'I=' Yii*; ' ob, 6. ^^ mm Wu^ Liieh* Ch'i^ Yn*; 6a, and il^ ia§ ^ |§ i^ Wu^ Liieh* Ts^^ Ch'i' Yii*; 6b, 7. ^^ ff ^ tj- Wu^ Hsin* Ch'I^ Yii*; 7a, and j^ ini^m Wi Wu^ Hsin* Tso^ Ch'i^ Yii*; 7b, 8. ^- ff 1^ Jil F^n* Wu-* Hsiao^ Yii*; 8a, and ^ J^ ^ 1^ Wi Fen* Wu Tso3 Hslaoi Yii*; 8b, and 9. |lf fl 1^ gj" Hsiu^ Wu^ Hsiao Yfi*; 9a, and ^ ^l ^ ]^ g^ Hslu^ Wu^ Tso^ Hslao^ Yu*r9B. 946. 1^ f^ Shih* Hao*, Posthumous Laudatory Epithets These are conferred Qq ^^ ^ ^^ Chia^ En^ Yii^ Shlh*) [ 49G ] rUESEXT DAV rOLlTlCAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. posthumously, -by Decree, upou.very worthy officials and are 947 indicative of the activity for which bestowed or the praiseworthy ^q character of the one hoiwured, for instance, ^ ^^ Wen- Chung', q^q ^ g Wen' Hsiang^, ^ JE Wcn= ChcngS "^ ^ Wen=^ Min', '^ ^ Wen' Chen\ ^; fj Wen- Ch'in^ ^ fgjj Weu^ Ch'eng', ^ ^ Wen2 TingS ^ iffl ^^'tn« Ho^ ^ Jg Wen^ Tuan\ ^C ^ ^V*^"' Kmig', * ?!). Chung' LiehS ,<*• ^ Chung^ Ting% ,% gj; Chung' I* i^'^'h ^ ^ ^^^^i' LiiehS ^l ,«£ Wu^ Chung', etc. To the foregoing epithets the character ^ Kung' is usually added (not, however, in this case meaning Duke ; compare No. 944). Thus, the full posthumous laudatory epithet of ^ ^^ 1^ Li Hung-chang is ^ ,* -J^ Wen' '.'hung^ Kung'. In Decrees bfstowing posthumous laudatory epithets on deceased functionaries it is frequently commanded that sacrifices "be offered in their memory (A, IJiG '^^* Ssu^) in the ^ g |nj Hsien^ Liang2 Tz'u^ {see No. 572;. DISTINCTIONS FOR MERIT. 947. ^^ ^\ Hsing' Kua'*, or (the more generally known) M ^ ^1" Iliiang'^ Ma^ Kua^ Yellow Riding Jacket, and ^ J^ |g %[ TsLi* Su^ Tiao' KuaS Jacket with Sable Tails. These are the two rewards for the greatest merit ; the first is often conferred (^ ^ Shang' Ch'uan') for military services. 948. ^ |g Tzu3 Chiang', and -^ ^ Huang' Chiang', Purple Bridle Reins, and Yellow Jiridle Reins. The })rivilege of employing purple or yellow In-idle reins, appertaining to Princes (5e0. ^ ;^ Ling2 Chih^ The Feather, or Plume ; of two kinds, namely, JL =S ^ E'ung^ C^h'ueh* (Ch'iao') Ling^, The Peacock Feather (^see No. 950a), and ^ -pjl Lan^ Ling^^ The- Blue Phime {see No. 950b). 950a. JL ^ Wi K'ung'' Ch'ueh^ (Ch'iao*) Ling-2, The Peacock Feather (see No. 950). This decoration is arranged in the following three classes : 1. \H iS t^ ^ ^2iii^ Yen^ Hua^ Ling^, The Three-eyed Peacock Feather ; conferred only on Imperial Princes of the first six degrees {see No-. 27a) or very distinguished officials, not unusually for signal military achieve'- ments, 2. H 0^ 7b ^ ShuangVYen' Hua^ Ling^ The Double- eyed Peacock Feather, and- 3. 4 0^ ^ i^ Tan^ Yen' Hua^ Liiig', The Single-eyed Peacock Feather (commonly called ^^ Hua^ Ling-) ; conferred as an ordinaiy form of reward for public service (compare the expression ^ ^ 7E f |f Shang^ Tai^ JHua^ Ling^), and often obtained by purchase. 950b. ;^ ^ Lan^ Ling^ The Blue Plume {see No. 950? colloquially termed ^ ^ ^ Lao^ Kua^ Li ig", or The Crow Feather). This distinction is attributed to the rank and file of the Imperial Guards {see No. 99) and is conferred, as a reward for services rendered, upon officials below the sixth; rank. 951. G jg # Pa^ T'u2 Lu^ A representation of the Manchu word ' B'at'iu'u," and of the ]Mortgol word " Baghadur," meaning "Biave"; conferred solely for active service in the field and qualified by laudatory epithets, for instance, ^ j^ B ^§iI4.(Ni^) Yung' Pa^ T'u2 Lu' (compare No. 944). This distinction cjurries with it the right to wear the Peaeock Feather [ ns. ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 963 (see No. 9oOa) should the recipient not al^e^uly have attained 953 this privilege. • 952. Jfy ^ Kung^ P'ai», The Soldier's ^Med-.il ; an oblong thin plate of silver having the character ^ Shang^ " Reward," embossed npon it ; bestowed on meritorious soldiers at reviews and inspections. DECORATIONS. 953. ^ ^1 ^ M Shuangi Lung^ Pao^ Hsing', The Order of the Double Dragon. Until lately this was the sole Order found in Cliina, being instituted in response to a Memorial from the OfHce of Foreign Affairs, dated the 16th October, 1881. The original purpose was to create a distinction which might be bestowed upon the Ministers of Foreign Powers at Peking, Sir Thomas Wade being designated as the first intended recipient. Its scope was, however, enlarged 10 include foreigners of all classes who distinguish themselves and, because of this, it became neces.sary to arrange the Order in ^ Tcng', Divisions, and the latter in ^ Ti"*, Classes. Dependent upon the official status of the person to be honoured, the Order of the Double Dragon is conferred according to the following schedule : First Division : \»t Class : Reigning Sovereigns, 2nd Class : Heirs Apparent and members of Royal Families. 3rd Class : Ministers of State and Ambassadors. Second Division : Ist Class : Ministers Plenipotentiary. 2nu Class : Minist<;rs Resident, Charges d'Affaires and the Inspector General of Customs. 3rd Class : First Secretaries of Embassies and Legations, Generals, Consuls-General and Heads of Educational Estal)lish- ments. PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 958a Third Division : 1st Class : Second Secretaries of Embassies and Legations, onsuls, Attaches, Colonels, Professors, etc., 2nd Class: Vice-Consuls, Commanders in the Navy, Lieutenant-Colonels, etc. 3rd Class : Consular Interpreters, Majors, Captains, etc. Fourth Division : Soldiers and Sailors of the rank and file. Fifth Division : Artisans, Tradespeople, etc. Lately there has been noticed a tendency to confer Orders of the Double Dragon of a degree higher than that prescribed by the regulations (for instance, it has become customary to confer upon Ministers Plenipotentiary at Peking the 3rd Class of the First Division). Since 1908 the Government has been conferring the Order of the Double Dragon upon Chinese officials ; ^ |B 1^ T'ang'* ShaoM^ {see No. 925), .the Extraordinary Ambassador to the United States of America, was the first Chinese thus honoured. It is now conferred upon : the higher officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Chinese Ministers abroad, officials deputed for special missions abroad, the higher officials of the Ministry of War, the General Staff and the Army, the Naval Council, the Commission for the Reorganization of the Navy and the higher officers of the New Palace Guard (among these there are many Princes of the Blood who receive the Order of the Double Dragon of the First Division, 2nd Class, for instance, ^ ^|J Tsai' Hsun\ f^ ^ Tsai^ T'aoi, ^ gg Yu* Lang^ and g^ jf Tsai^Fu'). 95 3 A. In consequence of a Memorial from ^^ ^ W^ Pei^ Le* Tsai^ T'aoS Prince of the Third Degree, Tsai T'ao, and others, in which it was requested that Imperial instructions be issued for the drawing up of regulations for Chinese De/^orations (Wi ^ Hsiin^ Chang^), a Decree was issued on the 2nd April, 1909, charging the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and [ 500 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. War, and the Committee of Ministers, to investigate this question. On the 20th March, 1911, the establishments mentioned, iti aocordance with the Imperial instnictions, presented their replv, with an enclosure in which was elaborated a scheme for the bestowal of New Chinese Orders m ^ Wl"^ ^jf fi i'^»' Chi' Hsiiii' Chang* Pan* Fa*). The recommendations of this re})ly received Imperial sanction the same day. Accord- ino-lv, there have now been instituted in China the following Orders : 1. Special Order for Reigning Sovereigns (^ _h 1^ ^ Huging' Shang* P'ei* Chang'), namely, ;^ f! ^ Ta* Pao' Chang\ Order of the Great Treasure (the Imperial Throne), with the ribbon of light yellow colour (^ |g Tai* vShou*). 2. Two Orders for members of Royal Families (^ JliUj "^ Huang2 Tsu' Hsiini Chang'), namely, the ^ fg ill ^ Huang2 Lung- Hsiin' T'hang', Order of the Yellow Dragon, and the ^ tj5 ill ^ Ch'ih* Lung'' Hsiin' Chang', Order of the Red Dragon. .3. Two Orders for zealous service (£ X Hi ^ Ch'On' Kung' Ilsiin* Chang'), namely, the W hIIJ i^ Ch'lng* Lung' Hsiin' Chang', Order of the Blue Dragon, and the ^1 hI ^ .tfl Hei' Lung' Hsiin' Chang', Order of the Black Dragon. These two are divided into eight ^ TCng', Classes, each. The Order of the Yellow Dragon is bestowed upon Princes of the Blood alone, for merit shown. The Order of the Red Dragon if bestowed upon Princes of the Second and Third Degrees and, for very eminent merit and by a special Edict, upon Princes of the Fourth and Fifth Degrees or officials of the first rank. The Firet Class of the Order of the Blue Dragon is con- ferred upon Princes of the Fourth and Fifth Degrees and, for special merit, upon officials of the first rank. [ 001 ] PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. The First Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is bestowed upon Princes of the Fourth and Fifth Degrees and upon officials of the first rank. Also, it may be granted, for special merit and as an act of Imperial favour, to officials of the second rank. The Second Classi of the Order of the Blue Dragon is bestowed upon officials of the second rank, for special merit. The Second Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is intended for officials of the second rank but, for special merit shown, may be conferred upon officials of the Third rank, as an act of Imperial grace. The Third Class of the Order of the Blue Dragon is given, for distinguished service, to officials of the third rank. The Third Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is bestowed upon officials of the third rank and, should the Throne be memorialized with regard to their eminent merit, upon substantive officials of the fourth rank. The Fourth Class of the Order of the Blue Dragon is- granted to officials of the fourth rank, for special merit. The Fourth Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is conferred upon officials of the fourth rank and, should ti^eir m.erit be brought to the Emperor's notice in a special Memorial, upon officials holding substantive posts of the fifth and sixth ranks. The Fifth Class of the Order of the Blue Drag mi is bestowed, for special merit, upon officials of the fifth rank. The Fifth Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is destined for officials of the' fifth rank but may, also, be given to officials holding substantive posts of the sixth and seventh ranks, provided they are brought .to the Imperial notice, because of superior merit, in a special Memorial. The Sixth Class of the Order of the Blue Dragon is conferred upon officials of the sixth rank, because of special merit. [ 502 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. The Sixth Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is intended for officials of the sixth rank but may be bestowed upon officials holding substantive posts of the seventh and eighth ranks, should their pre-eminent ability be brought to the Imperial notice by a special Memorial, The Seventh Class of the Order of the Blue Dragon is bestowed upon officials of the seventh rank, for merit shown. The Seventh Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is destined for bestowal upon officials of the seventh rank and upon officials holding substantive posts of the eighth and ninth ranks, whose marked worthiness is brought to the Emperor'? notice by special Memorials. The Eighth Class of the Order of the Blue Dragon is conferred upon officials of the eighth and ninth ranks, because of special merit. The Eighth Class of the Order of the Black Dragon is bestowed upon officials holding posts lower than the eighth and ninth ranks in Civil, Marine and Military Establishments. Also, it mav be conferred upon pei'sons, not in the Government Service, whose efforts have aided the spread of education, or whose initiative has served to develop industries, and upon those of the most lowly birth, whose worthy character calls for recognition. As regards foreigners, officials and others, the regulations regarding the new Orders provide that they mf^y be bestowed upon such ])erson8, the grade being determined by the status of the individi^al honoured. Everything in connection with the bestowal of Chinese Decorations is to be attended to by a special office, the j||j ^ ^ Hsiin' Cliang^ Chii', Office of Decorations. This office is t« be imder the supervision of the Committee of Ministers; nt present it is at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [ M';i ] FKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 954 In addition to the foregoing, th? Ministries of War and the to Navy have been commanded to arrange for a special Order to 957 t)e bestowed upon officers and men of the Army and Navy whose courage and self-sacrifice in action prove instrumental in attaining victory. The said Ministries are to present a detailed report of what they recommend, for Imperial sanction. THE GOVERNMENT 5ERVi«^c. 954. f± Ji Shih* Ohin^ (also ffc ig Shih^ T'u^), The Government Service. The priWlege of ^ :^ Ch'u^ Shen^, "advancement," or entry into the public service, is open to those belonging to the following (see Nos. 955 to 962) eight categories : 955. jH ±; Chin^ Shih'' (literary designation, ^ 0) Chia' Pang^, and |§ (^ Liang^ Pang^), Metropolitan Graduate (Doctor) ; those having attained the third, or highest, literary degree (see No. 629c). 956. 1^ X Chii^ Jen^ (literary designation, ^^ ^^ i Hsiang^ Chin^ ShihS Z. W I* Pang^ and ^ M ^ '^'^^"g' Hsieu^ Shu'), Provincial Graduate (Bachelor of Arts) ; those Avho have attained the second literary degree (sec No. 629b). 956a. # ^ ih ti- ^^'o^ Chia^ Ch'u^ Shen^ (compare No. 628), This is the general designation of the two higher classes of Graduates — Metropolitan Graduates (see No, 955) and Pro- vincial Graduates (see No. 956), who enter the public ser^ ice. 957. ^ ^ Ivung* Sheng^, Senior Licentiate (literary designation, ^ ^^_ Ming^ Ching^). In this category are Senior Licentiates of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Classes (see No. 629a). Senior Licentiates are divided into two. groups : ^^ ^^'M.^ En^ Tz'u* Kvmg* Sherig\ Licentiates by Examination at the Pi Yung Hall (see No. 412; where the Emperor discusses the Classics, ^MMI^ I^in^ Yung^ Pan^ Lun^), and 2. MMm^ [ 504 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHII«A. 959 En^ Pu^ Knng^ Sheng', Licentiates by Imperial Favour (granted 958 the degree of Licentiate by Imperial favour in a jubilee year, iq after 20, or more, years' tenure of the grade of Salaried , Licentiate; sec No. 629a). To this category also belong those who have obtained the degree of Senior Licentiate by purchase, namely: I. i^ ^ ^ Lin^ Kung* Sheng' (from the ranks of Salaried Licentiates), -• ^ M ^ Tseng' Kung* Sheng' (from the ranks of Supple- mentary Licentiates), 3. PM ^ ^ ^ "* Kung^ Sheng' (from the ranks of Accessory Licentiates), and 4. '^j ^ ^ Li* Kung* Sheng' (from the ranks of Collegians of the Imperial Academy of learning; compare No. 959). 958. j^ ^ Yin* Sheng', Honorary Licentiate. This is granted on the occasion of national rejoicing (through the medium of an ,§, |^ En' Chao*, "Gracious Proclamation," or is bestowed in consideration of services rendered by a progenitor of the person honoured. Accordingly, Honorary Licentiates arc distinguished as ^, j^ ^ En' Yin* Sheng', or li ^ ^ Nan* Yin* Sheng^ (for details see >Jo. 944c). The Yin Sheng ai'e airanged in ^ P'in', Grades (four in all, corresponding to the fifth to the eighth official ranks), eacli of which is sub-divided into four ^ Teng', Classes, which .distinguish the type of service: 1. ^^ Shih* Wei* (see No. 99), 2. ^^ W.-n'^ ChihS ;?. ^Jn ^ Wai* Yung*, and '*•' ie M Ch'i^ Yuan2. 'J'>8a. To start an official career possessed of one of the ab(ne-mentioned four titles {see Nos. 955 to 958) is design-ited jE i^ Cheng* T'uS " Proper Path." •^•'>9- ^ ^ Chien* Sheng' (literary designation, ^^ ^ T'ai' Hsiieh^ ShC-ng', and J: ^ Shang* She*), Collegian of the Impel ial Academy of Learning (^ ^ gj Kiio^ Tzu' Chien*; see No. 412). These are differentiated as hclonging to six. categories: L. ^^A^^^ f-"' T//u* (;hien* Sheng' (compare [ r,(.:, ] PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 960 No. 957 V; the descendants of well-known persons ; granted this to title hy the Emperor at the Pi Yung Hall, 2. M ^ ^ ^ En^ 962 Ch'ii^ Chien^ Sheng^; these receive their degree after a special examination (compare No. 628), 3. J^, ]^ ^ ^ En^ Yin^ Chien^ Sheng^ (compare No. 9o8); conferred on occasions of rejoicing upon one of the sons of : A. Civil Court Officials of not lower th^n the fourth rank, B. Civil Provincial Officials of not lower than the third rank, and C . Military Officials (Court and provincial) of not lower than the third rank, 4. §^- ]M ^. ^. Nan* Yin* Chien* Sheng^ (compare No. 958); bestowed upon one of the sons of officials who lose their lives while at sea or during a campaign, 5. @ ^ ^ Yu^ Chien* Sheng^; thus are stylad Licentiates of the 1st Class (see No. 629a) and Military Licentiates (^ ^ Wu^ Shong^; compare No. 629d) chosen by lot by the Provincial Commissioner of Education, and ^' ^!! ^ ^ Li* Chien* Sheng^; those obtaining their degree by purchase, four classes in all : A. ^ Is ^ Lin' Chien* Sheng^ (from the ranks of Salaried Licentiates), B. i^ ^ ^ Tseng^ (/hien* Sheng^ (from the ranks of Supplementary Licentiates of the 2nd Class), C. M^ ^ Fu* (Jhien* Sheiig' (from the ranks of Licentiates of the 1st Class), and D. ^ ^ Chien* Shengi (from the ranks of t^ ^ Chun* Hsiu*, or ^ ^ Min* Sheng^; see No. 6?9); compare No. 957. 960. ^ J^ Sheng^ Yiiaii^, (literary designation, ^ ^ ^ Mao* Ts'aiS 1f ± ^ ^ M Po^ Shih* Ti^ Tzu' YiJan^, and ^ ^ ^ Ti* Tzu^ Yiian^), Licentiate ; those who have attained the third, or lowest, literary degree (see No. 629a). 961. 1*^^. Kuan' Hsiieh^ ShengS Pupil of the Banner Schools ; those who have completed -the course of study of one of the Government Banner Schools (see Nos. 87 and 717). 962. 1^ Li*, Government Clerk (from the ranks of Writers; compare No. 945). [ 506 ] PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 962a. Those entering public life belonging to one of the 962 a four categories mentioned {see Nos. 959 to 962) are said to have to obtained employment through the system of f^ ^ Pao^ Chii', CkQK " Recommendation '" (Influence). 963. ^ 1^ Chiian^ Shu^ Obtaining rank and office by pui'chase. This system, resorted to on a small scale since the days of the Ming Dynasty, owes its enormous increase to the necessities imposed on the Government by the first war with Great Britain, and by the T'ai P'ing Rebellion, a few years later. A Decree of the 13th December, 1850, finally sanctioned this system. 964. ^Mfi'SL Hsiao^ Lien^ Fang^ Cheng^ "FiUal, Disinterested, Straightforward and Upri;;ht." This honorary title is bestowed by Imperial bounty, through the medium of a "Gracious Proclamation," upon persons recommended by the local authorities for their extensive capacity and irreproachable moral character, giving them the right to join the public service somewhat similarly to :|^ \ Chii' Jcn^ (sec No. 956). At the same time they are awarded the y^ no T^ M \j\\\* P'in' Ting^ Tai* (button of the sixth rank : sec No. 966). After an Imperial audience they receive appointments corresponding to their rank. 965. The existing system regarding official posts in China classifies all civil and military offices under nine degi'ees of rank, ^ P'in'. Each rank is sub-divided into two |g f ai", Classes, i.e. ]£ (/heng\ Principal (designated in this book by the letter a placed after the numeral indicating the rank of the post), and ^ Tsung^ Second (desgnated in this volume by the letter H). Mention must also be made of a large class, embracing the lowest ])Osts, which is styled ^ A ?|IE Wei* .III* Liu', Unclassed. As regards ext(!rior distinctions, for cacli oi" the ranks there is a button worn on the head dress (TM jJJc Tin;:' Tai*, or Tfl T' '^''"^'' T/,u^; see No. 966), embroidered |»l;niui'.s for the PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OP.GANIZATION OF CHINA, 906 official dresses (for civil officials depicting birds and for military officials depicting animals; see Nos. 967 and 968), called ^ ^ Pu' Tzu^, or ^ g^ Pu^ Fu^, and, for the first five ranks^ a rosary (Ifj ^ Ch'ao^' Ghxx'). ^^^- ^ Wi '^^^"g^ ^ai^ Buttons {sec No. '965). The Buttons of the various ranks ar'^ distinguished as follows : 1st Rank: ^ g ;g Himg=^ Pao^ Shih^ Ruby (in daily life officials entitled to this button usually wear one of coral), 2nd Rank : MMM Shan^ Hu^ Ti^g^ Red Coral, 3rd Rank : ^ ^ ^ Lan'^ Pao^ Shih', Transparent Blue (the sapphire), 4th Rank ; W # S Ch'ing^ ClimV Shih^ Dead Blue (azure coloured), 5th Rank : T^^M Shui^ Chingi Ting^ Crystal (of transparent white colour), 6th Rank : |$ ^ 7l Ch'e^ " Ch'u^ Ting^ Opaque White (milk colour; made of adularia — fluor-spar); 7th Rank: ^ ^ TM Su* Chiy TingS Golden ; 8th Rank : ^ ^ Tl Lou^ Chini Ting', Gilded ; 9th Rank : ^ ^g Tl Lou^ Yin^ Ting^ Silvered. The Button of the 1st Rank {Mm MM T'ou- P'in^ Ting' Tai^) is often bestowed upon meritorious officials irrespective of their ^ Chih^, Rank, or ^ Jen', Post, ' Princes ^of the Blood of the first sight degrees {see No&. 16 to 23), as well as persons bearing the hereditary titles of ^ KungS ^ Hou-, and fj^ Po^ {see No. 944,}, wear the Ruby Button (no class being defined — ^ ^ Ch'u^ P'in'). Imperial Clansmen {see No. 39) wear the Button of the fourth rank. Buttons of the lower ranks are often bestowo(^ in recognition, of contributions for public needs and are often sol I outright. [ 508. ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 967. ^ 1* ^ -f Wen^ Kuan^ Pu^ Tzu', Plaques of embroidery sewn on the breast and back of official dress of civil officials {see No, 965). These are differentiated as follows : 1st Rank : fllj |$ Hsien' Hao^, Crane (wliite) ; 2nd Rank : |^ j^ Chin' ChiS Golden Pheasant ; 3rd Rank : JL ^ K'ung-^ CTi'ueh^ (Ch'iao^), Peacock ; 4th Rank : g j^ Yun^ Yen^ Wild Goose ; 5th Rank : ^ H Pai^ Hsien-, Silver Pheasant ; 6th Rank : ^ ^ Lu^ Ssu», Egret ; 7th Rank : ^ ^ Ch'i'' ChihS Mandarin Duck ; 8th Rank : ^ || An» Ch'unS Quail ; 9th Rank : ^ ^ Lien* Ch'iieh^ (Ch'iao'), White-tailed Jay. Unclassed Rank : ^ j^ Huang^ Li^, Oriole. Officials holding substantive posts wear the insignia corres- ponding to the rank of the post ; those holding supernumerary or unclassed posts wear the insignia of their personal rank. 968. jt 'B* H ? Wu» Kuan^ Pu' Tzu^ Plaques of embroidery sewn on the breast and back of official dress of military officials (see No. 96.5). These are distinguished as follows : 1st Rank : 1^ ^ Ch'i- Lin^, Unicorn ; 2nd Rank : %^ ^ Shih' TzuS Lion ; 3rd Rank : ^ P'ao*, Leopard ; 4th Rank : ^ Hu'S Tiger ; 5th Rank : ^| Hsiun^^, Black Bear ; 6th Rank : ^ Piao', Tiger-cat, or ^ P'i", Spotted Bear ; 7th Rank ; ^ Piau'. Tiger-cat ; 8th Rank : ^ Ij Il.ii' Ma^ Seal ; 9th Rank : ^ ^Y 11«'' -^''"^ Rhinoceros. The foroffoinj; distinctions do not concern the so-called *' New-Troops," foi- whom there are speciil uniforms modelle-1 on those found in foreign armies. [ -m ] 967 to 968 PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAXIZATION OF CHIXA. 969 For particulars as to the eventual abolition of all ^Q differentiation between civil and military officials see No. 657. 970 ^^^' Pi'inces of the Blood of the first two degrees [see Nos. 16 and 17) wear four plaques, ^ ^ Pu^ Tzu^ {see No. 965), embroidered with a dragon (f| Lung^) having five claws. Princes of the Blood of the next six degrees, as well as persons bearing the hereditary titles of ^ Kung", ^ Hou', and' fj^ Po^ {see No. 944), wear two plaques, ^ ^ Pu' Tzu', embroidered with a dragon (^ Mang^) having four claws. Nobles of the Imperial Lineage, of the 9th-to 12th degrees {see Nos. 24 to 27), wear embroidered plaques similar to those of military officials of the first four ranks {s ? Chi', or ^j* f| Chi* Lu* (see No. 974 j. 9"-^- /jO ^ ^'^''^i Chi^ Additional Grades (also ^ ^ Hsu^ Chi', Empty (trades), and |[2 i*^; Chi* Lu*, Honoural)lc Records, are of two kinds, namely, ^ Xjj Chihi' Kung', for military merits, and ^ "if; Hslnr Ch'ang', ordinary. The latter are often granted in "(iracious Proclamations." *^''-^- P^ 15 u? fir Chiang* Chi* Liu* Jen'. Lowering of Rank but Detention in Office (to lose rank but retain office). Rehabilitation take- place aft'^r three years' iric].roaehablc conduct. 970. ^ ||g^'"§? f5 Ko"^ Chih' i^iu' .I('n*, Deprivation of Rank but Detenliou in Offic-. Rehabilitation takes place (^ ^ [ 511 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 'OF CHINA. 077 J^ "^ K'ai^ Fu^ Yiian^ Kiian^) after four years' irreproachable to behavjor. 980 ^^^* Officials holding substantive posts (so-called ^ ^\\ fJt f^ Shen^ Lieh^ Shih* Pan^ and ^ :^ ^ j|| Hsieh* Shilr^ Feng* Lu*) may obtain by zealous service, or by certain monetary offerings, j]W §j ('hia^ Hsien'^, Nominal Rank. Thus a ^0 ^ Chih^ Fu^, Prefect, may obtain by purchase the rank of ^ M fl^ Yen^ Yiiii* Shih\ Salt Controller, and thus have the privilege of wearing the button of the secondary class of the third rank. 978. Those who contribute funds to the Government, or distinguish themselves by useful public actions, may be granted J^ f|j Hsii^ Hsien', Brevet Rank, entitling them to wear the "button of the rank concerned {J^ W: ^ ^ Ting^ Tai* Jung' Shen^). 979. Conforming to the old regulations, regarding mourn- ing, officials who lost one of their parents were forced to retire for the observance of mourning (^ ^ |^ [[jlj Li^ Jen^ Chung' Chih"*) for a period of 27 months, should they be of Chinese origin. Manchu (Officials, imder similar conditions, retired for mourning for 100 days (^ ^ "g' H Ch'uan' Hsiao* Po^ Jih*). By Imperial Edict of the 25th March, 1909, issued in reply to a Memorial from the Ministry of Rites, it has been commanded that in future all officials, Manchu or Chinese! Q^ '^ g^ f^lj Man^ Han* Fu^ (Jhih*) are to vacate office on the death of a parent and enter into mourning for a period of 27 months. An exception is made for officials holding very important and responsible posts ; with special Imperial sanction they enter into mourning for 100 days only, on the expiry of which they return to their duties under the designation of ^ jg| Shu* Li^, Acting. 980. With few exceptions, persons bound together by ties of relationship may not hold office in the same province. The jimior must vacate office (^ ^ Hui^ Pi*)) being customarily [ . 512 ] PEE8EXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. IransfeiTed to an equivalent post in the adjoining province ruled 981 by the same Governor-General. ^q 981, It is the duty of the higher provincial authorities qqq to sci-utinize the doings of their subordinates. In virtue of this, reports are periodically submitted to the Em])eror with regard to the latter (fj ;^|J H ^ Chen^ Pieh^ Shu^ i^uan'), rewards being .recommended for the worthy and punishments for the others (^ ;jlj ^ B Fen' Pieh» Chiang^ Ch'eng'). 982. The surveillance over the actions of the higher meti'opolitan and provincial authorities ap])ertain8 to the Censors (see Nos. 210 and 213) who, should any irregularities, or defects in general, be detected, present Memorials of impeachment (^ ^ Tsou^ Ts'an\ or ^ $;)] Ts'an^ HCr). The Emperor then •deputes high officials to investigate the case (g ^ Ch'a' Pan*), Should it be ]n'oven that the indictment was Avithout sufficient foundation, it is left without further discussion iM m^m ^Vu^ Yungi Chih* P, or ^ Jt ^ li Wu^ Yungi Tsai* I*), the Censor concerned being sometimes reprimanded by the Emperor (^ if ^ ^ Ch'iian^ Chili' Shen^ Ch'ih^) or, in very exceptional cases, ordered to return to his original ))0st for service (JJ /^ fS P^I fl ^ Hui^ Yuan' Ya' Mcn^ Hsing» Tsou^). Should the impeachment, however, be found to be correct, the guilty official is handed over to the Ministry of Civil Appointments (^ «i^ iH J^ <^'hiaoi Fm* I* Ch'u\ 01 ^ ?aj Jg ^ Chiao^ Pu* Ch'u' Fen') tor the definition of a penalty, which may be more severe than those mentioned in No's. 975 and 976, possibly including summary dismissal from office (fip ^7 ^ Q^ Chi* }Ising' Ko' Chih'). 9H.3. Since the accession of the Throne by the T'ai Ch'ing Dynasty the Manchu officials have gradually developed a custom of styling themselves, in Memorials to the Emperor, as ^;^ Nu'Ts'ai-, Slaves, the Chinese rontinuing the old title ^ of Ch'en*, Ministers. A Decree of the lOth March, 1910, couunands that hereafter nil official, rivil and military, in the Capital and in the [ i^is ] 33 Present DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 984 provinces, Manchu or Chinese, refer to themselves uniformly a» g Ch'en^, Ministers. 984. All persons in authority in China, from the Emperor to the lowest oflScials, employ their own special seals. These are variously designated, dependent on the functionary to whom appro- priated, namely : 1. ^ Pao^ (formerly g Hsi'), Seals used by the Emperor, Empress, Heir Apparent, Imperial Concubines of the first and second ranks and Princes of the fii'st degree, 2. ^fj Yin^, Seals of Imperial Concubines of the third rank. Prince* of the second degree, Ministries 'and other High Government Establishments at the Capital and some provincial officials, 3- li !^ Kuan' Fa\ig^, Seals employed by Governors-General, Governors and the majority of provincial officials, 4. ^ |Q T'li* Chi*, Seals of the Manchu General-in-Chief of Hi and Colonels of provincial garrisons, -5. t^ |E T'iao- Chi*, Seals of petty provincial officials (of the eighth rank), and 6. ^ fg^ Ch'ien' Chi*, Seals of petty provincial officials (of the ninth and unclassed ranks). The duty of casting seals rests, as has been seen above (No. 386), with the Office of Seal^-casting, attached to the Ministry of Rites. The dye-stuff used in sealing documents is of three colours : 1- ^ fe Tzu' SeS Violet (employed by the Ministries and Higher Government Establishments at the Capital and by Governors-General), 2. ^ "fe Hung^ Se*, Eed (used by the remaining civil officials and by all military officinale), and 3. ^ ^ Lan^ Se*, Blue (used during mourning — 27 days for an Emperor and 13 days for an Empress). Yearly, on the 19th-21st of the 12th Moon, there is performed the §if fp Feng^ Y"in^, "Closing the- Seals." These are opened again only on the 19th-21st of the 1st Moon following (§3 f[j K'ai^ Yin*). During the period during which the seals are "closed" all despatches are written on blanks that have been previously sealed (M ^ ^ ^ Yii* l^'ung* K'ung* Pai^ or ^ ^ ^ Q Tsun^ Yung* K'ung;^ Pai^), [ 514 ] SUPPLEMENT SUPPLEMENT. No. 1. The Emperor is also designated ^ ^ T'ieii' Wang-, % ;g Yuan- Hon^ and ^ g Chili* Tsun'. No. 2. The Empress is also designated "-i^ ^ Ti^ P'i^, and 5^ -f ^ T'ien' Hsia' Mu^ No. 11. Female attendants of the Emperor are also called ^ :k Kungi Nu\ No. 12. The Heir Apparent may be styled "^ ^ Tnng* Ch'ul No. 00. Eiuiuchs are also styled ^^ ^ ^ Ta' Ch'ang* Ch'iui. No. 56. Other designations of the Imperial Clan Court aie f; jE ^ T. W 'i'sni'g' Clu-ng"' Shao* Ch'ing' and ;^ Si] ^ Ta^ Ssu' Tsung'. No. 62. Another designation of tla- Vice-Diii'ctor of the Imperial Clan Court is ^ ^ Tsung' Ch'eng'. No. 75. The ImperiiJ Household is al.so designated 'J^ ffj ^ T-i.i^ Fu' Ssu* and ^^ Jfl ^l Tien' Chung' Chien'. No. 88. Another designation of the Director of the Palace Stud U ^ ^[| f^ Fei' Lung» Shih'. No. 89. The Director of the Imperial Armoury is alsa styled ^^^ Wu^ K'u* Ling'. Xo. 90. Another designation «»f tlu- Imperial (iardcns.md Hunting Parks is J^ ;t^ 5?^ Shaiig* Lin^' Viian'. The Ducctor [ ->^- J PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. - — ^ ' is also called ^ ^£ |i ^ Kung^ Yiian^ Tsung^ Chien^ and ±m^ Shang* Lin^ Chien^ No. 97. At the head of the Imperial Household Bondservants, rnalung up the three Superior Banners, there is a H li ^ afe 1^ fl San^ Ch'i'^ Pao^ I^ T'ung^ Ling^ 3a. No. 99. The Senior Bodyguards are also called /J^ + Ohao^ Shih* and ^^ /^ gl$ Yu^ Lin^ Lang^. Nos. 102 and 102a. In consequence of a Memorial from Prince A Mo Lin Kuei, and others, re the necessity of reorganizing the Household Division of the Banners and the Imperial Guards, an Edict of the 29th November. 1910, appointed Princes A Mo Lin Kuei and Tsai Jun as ^ 3^ Kuan' Li^, Controllers-General, for the revision of the regula- tions of the Household Division of the Banners and those of the Imperial Guards. The work of reorganizing these bodies is invested in the Vigilance Office {see No. 102). For the protection and patrolling of the Inner Palace, the Ministers of the Imperial Household and the Commandants of the divisions on duty are to continue, as usual, to exercise authority by turns. No. 105 A. The Chancery for the Publication of Imperial Edicts was abolished by a Decree of the 23rd June, 1911, and its fimctions transferred to the ;^ ^ j^ Ch'eng^ Hsiian^ T'ing\ Chancery of the Cabinet. No. 108. M^WilmM Hsien-* Cheng* Ch'ou^ Pei* Ch'u^ Office of Constitutional Reforms (see Supplement No. 160) ; established at the Imperial Household m accordance with a Memorial emanating thence of the 28th March, 1909. This office has a staff made up of a |^§ ^ Tsung' Pan*, Chief, 12 t^ Ji i^ ^ Hsieh^ Li' Ssu^ Yiian^, Assistants (als9 ^ f^ Ku* Wen*, Advisers to the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government; see No. 159b), and 12 Secretaries (from the ranks of ^ ^ ^ T'ang'^ ('hu^ Shih* ; see No. 76\ [ 518 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKG AMZATIOX OF CMIXA. ^^ if ^ T'lmg^ Chi^ Ch'nS Statistical Bureaux (see No. 162). In addition to the Imperial Househokl, found at the Palace Stud (sec No. 88), the Imperial Armour}- (see No. H9), the Bureau of Imperial Gardens and Hunting Parks {sec No. 90), the Buddhist ('ha])el {sec No. I()4i0 and the Sununer Palace of the Emperor (see No. 104e). No. 109. The literary designation of the Imperial Equipage Department is ^ ^ ^ f^ Tien^ Chang^ I- Wei^ . No. 127. i^ ^ !■* Yiian*, Parliament (commonly styled ^ ^ Kuo- Ilui^). An Edict of the Emperor Kuang Hsii decreed tlie opening of this assembly in 1917. In consequence of the insistence of, and repeated requests from, the population, however, the date of its opening has been advanced to 1913 by an Imjierial Decree of the 4th November, 1910. Regulations for the Parliament and electoral laws are to be promulgated one year previous to the opening. In connection with the advancement of the date of conven- ing a Parliament, the Scheme of State Laws and the Programme of Constitutional Reforms have })een subjected \o revision, the most imj)ortant measures (organization of new Courts of Justice, Self-government, introduction of a new Civil and Criminal Code, institution of a Stati"g2 Cheng* Shcn' P*an* Yiian*, Courts of Adiuinislrati^e Justice, and D. ^ ft Kc Sii/ii-' Chi' Viian', the Audit Pepartment) are to bo completed by 191.3. Nos. 12H t(i 129c. liy an Iiiq;v g Hai' Chiin' IV Ch'en^ Minister of the Navy, 7. ^ ;^ ;^ E Ssu' Fa- Ta* Ch'cn', Minister of Justice, 8- M I f^ ;^C E Nung- Kung' Shang' Ta* (;h'en^ Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, 9. §IJ j^ ^'i; E ^ ''' Ch'uan- Ta"* Ch'en^, Mitiister of Posts and Conmiunications and 10. i^^ J^^ W V-Mi' Ta^ Ch'en-, Minister of Dependencies. The President of the Cabinet takes precedence of all other meuibei's and, in carrying out the Emperor's wishes, decides political ([uestions, supervises the administration of the govern- ment and encourages the various branches of governmental activity to mutual assistance;. Should he perceive that any order or decision given by a ^^inister, or Ministers, meets with dirticulty in its execution, he may rescind the same, reporting the matter to the Emperor for final acticjn. Among other duties, the ['resident of the C'abiurt guides the aciiiMis of the high provincial authoiities and olHcials [ -'-'l ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. governing dependencies. He may, with the Emperor's sanction, issue regulations referring to questions subjected to his competence or concerning affairs specially delegated to his authority. Personal access to the Throne, when occasion demands, is also granted him. All Memorials bearing on matters of a general State character are submitted to the Emperor in the name of the entire Cabinet ; those referring to the affairs of a particular Ministry are submitted by the President of the Cabinet and the head of the Ministry concerned. Other officials, outside the Cabinet, may submit reports to the Emperor — in certain instances they are bound by law to express their opinions to the Emperor — but these must pass through the hands of the Cabinet. All Edicts concerning branches of the State legislation, the Higher Government, State policy and measures of general importance are signed (^ :^ Shu^ Ming') by the President of the Cabinet and the Cabinet Members. Edicts referring to questions affecting a certain Ministry, or ^Ministries, are signed by the Presi- dent of the Cabinet and the Minister, or ]Ministers, concerned. The following is a schedule of questions coming within the scope of the Cabinet : 1. Codes ui laws, official systems. Edicts and Imperial commands. 2. Estimates and the Budget. 3. Extraordinary expenditm-e. 4. Treaties and important diplomatic negotiations. 5. The promotion or .degradation of officials holding posts to which appointment is made by Imperial Edict. 6. Disputes between Ministries with regard to authority. 7. Matters referred to the Cabinet by Edicts and requests and petitions from the people, submitted tlu-ough the National Assembly. L 522 ] PIIESEXT DAY POLlTiCAI. ORG AXIZ ATIOX OF THIXA. 8. Important administrative affairs of the various Ministries. 9. Affairs wliich by law must be transmitted to the Cabinet. 10. Matters which the President of tlie < 'abinet or the Minister of the Ministry concerned consider should be discussed by the Cabinet. Affairs brought before the Cabinet are decided by the O])inion of a majority. Questions relating to the Army or Navy, except when Imperial ]^dict commands their discussion by the Cabinet, are to be placed before the Emperor by the Minister of War or IMinistei"' of the Navy, direct. The latter will, however, report his action to the President of the Cabinet. When questions of great importance are being considered, bv special Imperial Edict. there may be appointed ^ jj [^ |^ ^ Bi T'c^ Jen^ Kuo' Wu^ Ta" Ch'en^ Special Members of the Cabinet. These, however, are not classed as belonging to the Cabinet. The Cabinet meets at the i^ ^ ^ Clieng" Shih^ T'angS Cabinet Hall. An Imperial Decree of the 2.3rd June, 1911, sanctioned the ^ Tf^ 1 t'S* f|lj Nei* Ko^ ShuVKuan^ Kuan' (^hih% Resrulations resfardiiiir Subordinate Officials of the Cabinet, and the 1^ fj.n tk U P^ IT ililj Nei* Ko2 Fa^ Chih^ Y.iau^ Kuan» Chih*, Kcgulatioiis regarding the Legislative Board <»f the Cabinet, which had been submitted by the Cabinet. To the Cabinet there are attached: 1. A fj?] 7^ Ko" Ch'nig^ Councillor, who, under the direction of the 1 'resident of the Cabinet, supervises the various bureaux attached I0 the Cabinet, 2. A ®g I^ T'ing' dmng', Chief of the Chancery, .'5. ^ iJ Chii'^ rhang'', Directors of the various Bureaux and Manager of the Bureau of Printing and (Janting (scr infra), 1. ^Ij jB8 i^ [ r.2.s ] FKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Fu* T'ingi Chang^ Deput- Chief of the Chancery, 5. M^M Fu* Chii^ Chang', Deputy Directors of the various Bureaux and Sub-Manager of the Bureavi of Printing and Casting, 6. ^ ^ Ch'ien^ ShihS Secretaries, 7. $U M M W $\^ Yin^ Chu* Chu^ P Shih^, Chief Engineer of the Bureau of Printing and (-asting^ 8. f^tl^^M± Yin* Chu* Chii^ I^ ShihS Engineers of the Bureau of Printing and Casting, and 9, ^^ Lu* iShih*, Writers, Of the officials mentioned above, Nos. 1 to 5 are appointed by the Emperor, Nos. 6 and 7 are appointed by the Emperor onr the recommendation of the Cabinet, while Nos. 8 and 9 are appointed by their superioi's. At the Cabinet there are found: 1. :J^M,^ Ch'eng^ Hsiian^ T'ing\ the Chancery, which controls all matters in connection with the promulgation of Imperial Decrees, Rescripts, commands and instructions, files Imperial Decrees and Rescripts^ receives and transmits Memorials or documents intended for Cabinet discussion, seals documents with the Imperial seal or Oabhiet seal, has the custody of these seals, etc., 2. f^lj f§ ^ Chih* Kao* Chii^ the Bureau of Imperial Rewards, which deals Avith the compilation of honorary titles, posthumous names and posthumoxis titles for reigning Emperors, frames Imperial Rescripts in connection with the bestowal of hereditary titles and posts, Chinese Orders, etc., 3. i5t 'g* ^ Hsii* Kuan^ Chii^, the Bureau of Official Appoiitments, which is in charge of everything in connection with the appointment of officials iri Peking and in the provinces, scrutinizes the records of officials, recommends promotions and transfers, arranges salaries, proposes punishments for guilty civil officials, etc., 4. ^ ft ^ T'ung* Chi* Chii*, the Central Bureau of Statistics, which compiles statistics with reference to all branches of the Government, published yearly statistical reports, exchanges statistical information with Foreign Powers, etc., and 5. BU ^ ^ Yin* Chu* Chii^ the Bmreau of Printing and Casting, which is in charge of the printing of [ 524 ] PRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. official gazettes, legal codes, regulations and all types of govern- ment publications, casts seals, stamps, etc. Under the direct guidance of the President of the Cabinet the ^ 3il| I^ Fa^ ^^^'^^^* Yuan% Legislative Board of the Cabinet, attends to the following: 1. The drafting of laws and Government instructions, 2. The examination of draft laws proposed by the various Ministries and the reportii g on same, and 3. The interpretation of laws and Government commands now in force. The Legislative Board is composed of the following : 1- ^i^ Y'ian^ Shih^ President, 2. glj f^J Fu* Shih^ Vice- President, and 3. ^ ^ Ts'an^ I*, Councillors, appointed by the Emperoi-, 4. ^ ^ Ts'an' Shih"*, Secretaries, and 5. ;^ ^ Ch'ien^ Shih"*, Assistant Secretaries, appointed by the Throne on the recommendation of the Board, and 6. ||x ^ Lu* Shih^ Writers, appointed by the Board. Until the essential laws shall have been promulgated, under the supervision of the Legislative Board there will be placed all affairs which, by the Scheme of ^Measures Preparatory to the Introduction of Constitutional Government, sanctioned by the Throne, were within the competence of the ('ommittee for Drawing uj) Regulations for Constitutional Government (now abolished; see Supplement Nos. 150-1631)). The ^j ^. p^ Pi* Te' Viuu/, 1 iivN CJouncil, (also ^^ J^^ 8hu^ Mi* YiinH*), to which the Emperor tui-ns for advice on various affairs of goxeinimenl, was called into ))cing b}- an Imperial Decree of the Htli May, 1911, the same Decree sanctioning the ?j!^ t'S ^ 'y* {jjlj I''' 'J^' Yiian* Kuan' (l)ih', Kegulations i-egardiu;; llic Pii\y Council, which were framed by the Committee for Drawing uj) liegulalions for Constitutional Goverament, in conjunction with the Committee of Ministers. The Privy ('oiuxil non.sists of: A^. One |vt S ^'ilan^ Chang3, President, 1',. One ^i\\ !^ ^ P'l' Vuun' Chang', r wr, J PRESENT BAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Vice-President, and C. .32 ^ f^ ^^ g Kir^ Wen^ Ta* Ch'On% Members of the Privy Council. Only eminent officials, with special qualifications as regards political affairs, are made members of the Privy Council. Cabinet Ministers, the Presiding Controller of the Imperial Clan Court and Ministers of the Household may, with the Emperor's sanction, be appointed to the Privy Council. Attached to the Privy Council there are ten ^ f^ 'g' Ts'an'- I^ Kuan', Councillors. To the Privy Council are referred : 1. Questions which according to the Statutes of the Imperial Family (^ ^ ^^ A Huang^ Shih'* Ta* Tien^) are to be considtir^d by the Privy C'oimcil. 2. The investigation and interpretation of constitutional laws (^ J'^ Hsien* Fa*), as well as laws and commands attendant thereon . 3. Until the promulgation of essential constitutional laws, all matters enumerated in the "General Principles of Constitu- tional Laws {^^f]X^^M Hsien* Fa* Ta* Kang'), Part 1-. Prerogatives of the Sovereign (^ Sl~X,^. Chun^ Shang* Ta* Ch'iian-), paragraphs 8, 11 and 12. 4. Treaties and diplomatic negotiations. 5. The revision of regulations referring to itself. At the Privy Council there is a |){^ ^ ^ Pi* Shu' T'ingV Secretariat, for dealing with correspondence, accounting, drawing up of reports of council meetings and managing affairs generally. The general supervision of this establishment is in the hands of a Ijg! ^ ;^ Pi^ Shu' Chang', Chief Secretary, to whom there are attached a number of ;^ ^ ^ Pi* Shu' Kuan', Secretaries. Nos. 150 to 151. By Imperial Edict of the 8th May,. 1911, the Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Cabinet were placed at the head of the Committee for Drawing up Regulations, for Constitutional Government, as ^^ jg^ |g, ^ If -X S Hsien* [ .520 ] riJESEXT DAY roLlTiCAL OKG AXIZATIOX OF ClIIXA. Vhi-ng' Pien^ Ch'a- Kuan' Ta* Ch'C'n^, Presidents of the Committee for Drawing up Kt-frnlations for Constitutional Government (now abolished; sec below Nos. 150-163i)). Xos. 150 to 163i), The Committee for Drawing np Kei^ulations for Constitutional Government was abolished bv an Imperial Decree of the 23rd June, 1911, and its functions transferred to the fi (|jlj [J^; Fa' (Miih' Yuau\ Leoislative Board of the Cabinet. No. 155. In the text the post of ^ f^ |§ f^ iig IJ}^ Tsung' Wu^ Ch'u* Pang' Tslmg2■Pan^ Senior Assistant Chief of the Chancery, has been omitted. No. 160. Conforming to a Memorial from the Conmiittee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 30th January, 1910, there have been established, at the Ministries and principal Govern- ment Establishments at the Capital, as well as at the (iovernors-Generars and Govei-nors' Yamen, Constitutional Reforms OtKces, ,^ i^ ^ f;fg ^ Hsien-* Cheng* Ch'ou*-* Pei* Ch'u', which have been commanded to twice a year present reports, to the Investigation Department of the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional (rovernment, con- cerning the progress of reforms. Xo. 1G5a. ( )n a Memorial from the National Asscmblv, sanctioned by the Emjieror on the 14th Novem})er, 1910, the temporary administrative j)ersonnel of the National Assembly, having arranged for the convening of members of that body, has been aljolishcd. No. IGTi;. 3^ ^[» ^ ^' Su- Chi' IIsiieh=' T'ang-, School of Stenography (srr No. (\2\\): organized at the National Asseniblv (srf a Memorial from the Assmiblv (hitcd tlu- 4th February, 1910, enclosing i-egulations in 19 arlicles) with the object of training y^ ^g ^ Sn' Ghi' Shi''ng', Stenographers, for <»( i-\ ire -it the National .Vssenjbh, l'rovin''i>' \ ^^<-nibli<'s rvr/- No. TRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 168) and at popular establishments in general. There are accepted for this school those who have, at least, completed the com'se of a Middle School (see No. 580), or a school of similar rating. The enrollment is 100 — 12 scholars chosen by the Assembly and 88 students from the provinces, i.e. four from each province. The course of study extends over two trimesters. The subjects of instruction at the School of Stenography are iS IB t^ Su" Chi* Shu\ Stenography, Chinese Language Cg* ^ Kuan^ Hua''), Chinese Literature (^ ^ Kuo^ Wcn^) and the general principles of law. Its administrative personnel includes : 1. A ^ ;^ T'ang'^ Chang^, Director (compare No. 635b), 2. A ^X W M. Chiao* Wu** Yiian^, Preceptor (compare No. 636), 3. A )&f^ ^ Shu* Wu* Yiian^ Steward {see No. 641), and 4. ^ ^ Cluao* Yiian^, Teachers (not exceeding 5 ; see No. 637). All the posts mentioned, Avith the exception of that of Teacher, are held by officials of the Sec.wLc.riat of the Assembly (see No. 167b). On com.pletion of the course of the School of Stenography a number of the students are retained for service at the Assembly, as Stenog'raphers, while the rest disperse for similar service in the provinces. Nos. 184 to 184c. The text of these should read as follows : 184. The General Staff of the Army. Tn an Edict of the 6th November, 1906, commanding the reorganization of the Ministry of War, it was directed that, as no General Staff of the Army (General Staft' Office; see No. 184b) was in being, all matteis appertaining to such an institution were to be attended to, temporarily, bv the ^ fg ^ Chiin^ Tzu^ Ch'u*, General Staff Council, attached to the Ministry of War (compare Nos. 184a, 417 and 418). 15y an Imperial Edict of the 15th July, 1909, the General Staff Council was made independent of the Ministry of War imder the designation folloAving. r 528 ] PRESENT DAY POLITiCAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 184a. !? f^ ^ Chun' Tzn^ Ch'u*. ^W ^ Chiini T^ii' Ch'iiS General JStaft' of the Army, or General Staff Office. This is an independent establishment, which assists the Emperor, as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, headed by two ^^^ ^ ^ ^ f^ Kuan^ Ll^ Chun^ Tzui Ch'u^ Shih^ ^Vu^ Chiefs of the General Staff of the Army. 184b. '^l^ J^ Chtln' Tzn' Fii\ By an Imperial Edict, dated the 8th May, 1911, the General Staff of the Army was reorganized into the !^ i^ /j^^ ChiJn' Tzu' Fu^, General Staff Headquarters, imder which have been placed : 1. The Military Academy {see No. 712) and, prior to the establishment of this institution, the ^^^|^::^^.^Lu* Chiin^ Yii^ Pei* Ta* Hsiieh^ T'ang^ The :\Iilitary Preparatory Academy (previous to 1911 styled the Military Staff OfHcers College at Paotingf u ; sec No. 712a), 2. Schools for Military Draftsmen (see No. 71oi)), 3. Military Attaches at Legations abroad [see No. 329), Line Officers of the Aniiy and Navy, etc. Until the personnel of the General Staff Headquarters has been definitely fixed (^ |g }^ 'g' fj|l] Chun^ T/.u^ Fu^ Kuan^ Chih^), it will be administered by a provisional staff, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 22nd September, 1909. 184( . ^ ,i§ ^ g Chiiii' Tzn' Ta' Ch'm\ At the head of the provisional staff of the Genera' Staff Headquarters there are two I^H^ :^ £ Chiini Tzn^ Ta" Ch'en* To them there are subordinated : Compare text. No. 185. At present naval affairs are imder the supei-vision of the Ministry of the Navy {see Supplement Nos. 420 to 4:57 ; particularly No. 434,\ which was called into existence by an Imj)erial Decree of the 3rd November, 19 10, atid which is a development of ijie Comrnissioti for iIk- Rooigiiiiization of the Navv. PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA. No. 185a. As proposed by the Presidents o£ the Commis- sion for the Reorganization of the Navy, to that bod}^ there were attached BIM'M^^BMMf^'U <^h'o"' Pan* Hai' Chiini Shih* Wu* Ch'u* Ku"* Wen"* Kuan^, Naval Advisers (compare No. 184k), an Imperial Edict of the 19th February, 1910, designating j^ ^ ^en' Fn\ ffi ^ H Wu^ Kuang'-chien*, |^ ^ Wei' Han* and gfj ^- '^ Cheng* Ch'ing^-lien^, to act as such. No. 186. On the recommendation of a Reader of the Grand Secretariat, JI ^ Yen^ Ch'ang^ there have been established posts for |^ |^ ^ Tzu^ I* Kuan\ Advisers, to the Commission for the Revision of the Banner Organization {see a Memorial from the Commission, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 27 th January, 1910). No. 191. Literary designations of the National Academy are ^ H Mu* T'ien', ^ j^ Luan^ P'oS ^ ^ Lan^ T'ai^, ^ ^ Lin2 T'ai^ ^ 2 Yiin' T'ai^ ^ ^ Yii* T'ang'^ and |)g; ^ Pi* Ko2 No. 192. Literary designations of the Chancellor of the National Academy are ;/; ^ f^ Ta* Cho' Tso*, f\j^U It ^ P'an* Wen^ Lin^ Kuan' Shih*, ^ |g Nei* Hsiang*, and >^ ^ -^ T'ai* Shih' Ling*. Nos. 193c to 200c. Literary designations of the personnel of the National Academy (so-called ^ ^ Han* Lin^) are ;jf;^ |^ T'ai* Shih^ pg ^ Nei* Han*, pj ^ Tz'u^ Lin^, ^ ^ Han* Yuan*, ±j^^ Ta* T'ai* Shih^, and :kWl ^ Ta* Tz'u^^ Han*. No. 206. Other designations of the Censorate are ^^ f^ Po2 Fu^ H S # Lan2 T'ai"^ Ssn% j^ ^ Nan^ Ssu*, ^ ^ Nan^ T'ai', and ;|^ g Po^ T'ai^. No. 207a. Other designations of -the senior President of the Censorate are ^ g Wu^ T'ai^ ^ ^ Chang' Hsien*, -^^ |j^ ^ Ta* Tu^ Hsien*, and ^^ V\ M ^a" Ssu^ Hsien*. Np. 210b. Other designations of the Metropolitan Censor are ^ f^ Huang^ Men^ and ^ g T'ung^ T^il [ .530 J i'KESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. No. 213. Other designutions of the Pi'ovincial Censor are gg ^ Us? T^ai-, ^ 5 Chn' Shih^ and :k ^ M Ta^ Ssu^ H>ien^ Xo. 215a. The new recrulatlons reo:ai-dino: Judicial Establishments (section oth, articles 33 to 45 ; tire No. 7.38) define the Supreme Court of Justice as the highest Judicial Establishment of the Empire, being- subordinated to the ^Ministry of .lustice only as regards administration. Accordingly, it!^ decisions are not submitted ta the latter foi- approval. Also, th(; Supreme Court of Justice has functioiis similar to the Russian Senate as regards interpretation of laws. For particulars as to the :^i 51 ^ f^ Ta' Ei' Fen' Yiian*, Branches of the Siipreme Court of Justice, see No. 759b. Nos. 218 and -218a. The JflJ f •[• Hsing- K'o' has been ^■hanged to the JflJ ^ ^ Hsing* Shih* K'o'. At the head of the varicMis Sections there are ^ ^ TMng' Chang*, Section Chiefs, who hold this position in addition to that of Director, or Secretary, of n Di'])artnicnt. Nos. 219 and 219a. The ji^ ^:| Min- K'o' has been ■changed to the Si '^ ^^ ^''"' =^1''''' l^''^'- At the head of the various Sc<;tions there are J^ J,^ T"ing" Chang'' (compare Sup])lcmcnt Nos. 21 S and 218a). No. 221. ^^iJlOf ^ ffi Sh6n' P'an» Yen= Chin' So'", Coiu'ses in .Iurisj)rudence ((•om])ai"e No. 758r,), for officials kF tlif Supreme ('ourt of Justice; limrtioning since 1909. 'Jhc lectui-es given in llioc ( 'onrses arc uiid m- the dirccLion of official^ of the Court \\lio are well-V'-rsed in the Provisiounl C)imina! ('(»dc (.srr :i Memorial fioin the Supreme ('ourt of .lii-tice. ilated the 'J\\(] February, 19 10). No. 222. I'<»r |t:irticulars a- i«. the ^Ig fifjj ^^ ^jj- ffj Tsinig' ("liieii" ( 'li"a'^ l''rn' T"ing', Ibaii'li A t (n'ney-( ieiierab" ( )llices, .s^v No. 7()."iA. [ 531 ] PKESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATIOX OF CHINA. No. 223. Literary designations of the Imperial Board of Astronomy are Jc ^ ^ T'ai" iShih^ ChienS W- M ^ Hun* P Chien^ ft] ^^ Ssui ^'ien^ Chien*, and f] ^ g Ssu' T'ien^ T'ai^. No. 225. Literary designations of the Director of the Imperial Board of Astronomy are ;J5C ^ '^ T'ai* Shih^ Ling*, Q 'g* Jih* KuanS and :^ ^ ^ Ta* t^su^ T'ieni. Nos. 226 and 227. Literary designations of the Vice- Directors of the Imperial Board of Astronomy are ^ $. ^ "^ T'ai* Shih^ Shao* Ling* and X ^IB: "l-^'ai* Shih^ Ch'engl Ko. 233. Conforming to replies from the Committee of Ministers, dated the 22nd January and the 4th February, 1910, to a Memorial submitted on the 29th December, 1909, by ^ jj^ Chi* Lu*, a reform of the Imperial Medical Department (literary designation, t^ ^ ^ Shang* Yao* Chien*) was effected, the ranks of the Commissioner, and other officials, being , raised (see Nos. 235 to 236 and 238 to 240). No. 235. The post of Coi missioner of the Imperial Medical Department (literary designation, ^tC ^ "^ T'ai* I' Ling*) has been raised from 5a to 4a. Nos. 236 and 236a. The posts of Senior and Junior ^^ice- Commissioners of the Imperial Medical Department (literary designations, ^ ^ ^ ^ Shang* Yao* Chii^ Ch'eng^, and -j^ ^ ^ T'ai* I^ Ch'eng') have been raised from 6a to 5a. No. 238. The post of Imperial Physician (13 in all; literary designation, ^ g Shih* 10, has been raised from "a to 6a. Nos. 239 and 239a. The posts of Secretaries (literary designation, ;;l^ ^ IE T'ai' I^ Cheng*) of the eighth rank (13 hi all), and of the ninth rank (13 in all), have been raised respectively to 7a and 8a. No. 240. The post of Physician (literary designation, j^ -H )^ ^ ^ Shang* Yao* Chii^ Ssu^ Yao*) has been classed 9a. [ 532 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGAKIZATION OF CHINA. At the Imperial Medical De])artment there are : ^ ^ I^ yiian'( literary designation, f^^l^^fc Shana* Yao* Chii^ 1^ Tso^) Assistant Physicians, and ^ ^ 1' !Shong\ ]\Iedical Assistants, Physicians are arranged according to nine ^ K'd\ Specialities : 1- :^ :^ M $f Ta* Fangi Mo* K'o\ Diseases of Adults, 2- ^h^jWi^'^^ Hsiao^ Fang' Mo* Tou* Cheu^ ivo', Diseases of Children, and Smallpox, 3. ■^ |g ^^ Shang^ Han* K'oS Fevei-s, 4. $§ A ^ Fu" Jen^ K'o\ Diseases of Females. 5- ^ ^ f4 Ch'uang- Yang2 K'o', Cutaneous Diseases, G. ^ % Pi Ch^n^ Chih* K'o\ Kheumatic Diseases, 7. gg %^ Yen^ K'o', Ophthalmic Diseases, 8. P ^ PS II§t f4 iv uu» Ch'ih^ Yen' IIou' K'o\ Dental and Throat Diseases, and 9. IE # f^ Cheng* Ku^ K'o', Surgery (literally "setting .bones.") No. 242. The second of the Superintendents of che iicuvd of Customs Control is also designated WL^ ^"^ ^^ "X,^ Shui* Wu' Ch'u* Hui* Pan* Ta* Ch'en^ Xo. 273. The organization of a modern Postal System in China was begun in the period 1896-1898, during which a series of Imperial Edicts were promulgated with reference to the opening of Postal Establishments of a new type throughout the Empire, to be styled :K^^ %}&, Ta* Ch'ing^ Yu^ (JhCng*, or Chines(j Imperial Post Offices. The Office of Foreign Affairs received Imperial commands to entrust the general control of Postal affairs to the Inspector General of Customs, Sir Pobert Hart (jH ^ Ho* Te'^), as ^ $U i^ ^ Tsung^ Yu» Cheng* Ssu', Inspe^'tor (ieneral of Posts. The latter, in turn, appointed Mr. Til. I'iry ( ^, ^ Po* Li^), Conunissioner of Custom.s, with the title of ^' igf la ^)fi Yu^ Ch-ng* Tsung' Pkn*, Postal Secretary, to supcr\ ise tlie organization of a Postal Sy.stem for the Empire and tliere are now more than 600 Po.st Offices and 4,200, or more, l*o.stal Sul»-Offices. Tlie ipiestion of tlie transfer of the Postal System to the control ?.'i ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. raised, by the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitvitional Government, when general regulations defining the fnnctions of the several State Offices were being framed (^^ j^ ^ @ Hsing* Cheng* Kang^ Mu-*).. Further, the said Committee^ m the autimin of 1909, when submitting its report concerning preparatory measures to Be accomplished by provincial (govern- ment Offices during the nine years preceding the granting of a constitution, expressed the opinion that "the Postal System should remain under the control of the Imperial Maritime Customs only so long as thei'e was no special Ministry for its administration, and until the Chinese populace became acquainted! with its utility ; now, there being a Ministry of Posts and Communications in existence, it should be handed over to the supervision cf tliis ^Nfinistry." This report received Imperial sanction, and, in the list of measm-es to be carried out by the Ministry of Posts and ^Communications during the period already spoken of, submitted to tlie Emperor on the 4th- October, 191 0, there appeared a provision for the transfer of the Postal System as recommended. The ]Ministry of Posts and Communications definitely assumed control of the Postal System on the 28tli May, 1911y by virtue of an Imperial Decree of the 26th May, .promulgated in repl}' to a ]Memorial from the President of the Ministry concerned, ^ ^ '^ Sheug* Hsiian^-huai"^ (for further details see Supplement Nos. 479 and 479a). A detailed scheme concerning the reform of Postal Establishments appeared in the Peking Gazette of the 17th October, 1910. No. 278. Other designations of the President of a ^Ministry are Ffl S Chung^ T'ai", |fj ^ Tu^ T'ai^ and :J'K^ Shih* T'iao- Yiieh'} concluded between China and the Netherlands (signed at Peking on the 8th May, 191 Ij, the Ministry of Foreign Affiiirs submitted a Memorial to the Throne, the .same being sanctioned on the 21st .Inly, 1911, concei'ning the establishment, in the Dutch Indies (fll Kl m efj I^ ^ Ji Ho- I^an^ Tung^ Yin' Tu* Shu' Ti*j, of the roijowing Consulates in the islands oi' the Sunda Archipelago (|i fiil g ^^ Ilsiin^ T\i' (hMin'^ Tao'^) : ./. A ( nnsulate-(ieneral at [^ ii |f£ iJii Pa' Ta'' Wei' "\'a\ Hatavia, in the island of /f^ Cj: ^ Clma' Wa' Tat>\ ,Iava, with a ConsulaT District (^ f.;lf [^{i. tjlc '^>':"'' ^sia" Ch'ii' Vii') including the Island ..f .laxa tn the Ka.vt of:-! '^ i(l^^ San' Pao» r..mg-, all Dut.h liuineo (^ M M ^\ Wi ^^. ^^ I*'"' '^«'- <•'<'"' II..' Shu= f|,'ii:m' ChiiigM, the i^l 1 ..t Pillll.m {{'if, f\\ j[nl ^ Jfr, PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Wan^ Li^ Tung* Ch'iian^ Tao'), as well as adjacent small islands. This Consulate-General will be administered by a Consul- General, one Second Interpreter and one Second Secretary. B. A Consulate at yj]^ ^ Ssu^ Shui^, Sourabaya, Java,, "with a Consular District including the island o£ Java to the West of H ^ H San^ Pao' Lung^, the Dutch Celebes (© M fl^ ffl M^^ Hsi^ Li^ Po=' Ho- Shu^ Ch'uan^ Ching*), Madura Island (*^ Vi^ S ^Jfa^ Tu* La^), the island of Karimon Java (^ ^ 1^ @ K'a' Li^ Lung^ Mu*; and adjacent small islands. This Consulate will have a personnel made up of a Consul, one Third Interpreter and one Third Secretary. C\ A Consxilate at ^ .^ Pa^ Tung^, Padang, in the island ^^ M P5 ^ it Six' Men^ Ta^ La% Sumatra, with a Consular District including Sumatra, the island of ^ /jfj Pang' Chia', Banka and adjacent small^islands. The personnel of this Consulate will include a Consul, one Third Interpreter and one Third Secretary. Nos. 333 to 338. The Ministry of Civil Appointments was abolished by an Imperial Edict of the 23rd June, 1911, its functions being transferred to the ^ 'g* ^ Hsii* Kuan' Chii', Bureau of Official Appointments. No. 333a. Other designations of the President of the Ministry of Civil Appointments are ^ 'ja' T'ien' Kuan', ^ ^. Chung3 Tsai^ and i-58 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Yueh* Yen* \Vu* T'ing', Section for Salt Affairs of Fukien and Kuaugtung (and of Kiangsi, Kuangsi, Hunan and Kueichow), 7- JWmM B ^ Ch'uan^ Tien^ Yen' Wu^ T'ing', Section for Salt Affairs of Szechwan and Yiinnan(and of Hupeh, Hunan and Kueichow), and 8. B,B ^ ^'^^'"' ^^^^^* T'ing', Section of General Affairs ; receiving and despatching correspondence, sealing documents, keeping the accounts, etc. The Chief Section of Salt Aifairs is directed by a Proctor and his assistants. To them there are attached : a Senior Secretary (supervising the most im[)ortant correspondence)^ two Secretaries, two ^ |/if Tso'' Pan^, Assistant Secretaries, and an indefinite lumiber of ^ ^ Wei^ Yiian^, Deputies (of the first, second and third ranks. ^ Teng^), A Secretary is at the head of each of the remaining seven Sections. He has one Assistant Secretary and an indefinite number of Deputies (of the three ranks mentioned) under his ox'ders. At the Section of (iener.d Affairs there has been inaugurated ^ M^^ ^^ Tien' So^ Sub-Section for the Ciphering of Telegrams, and a ^^ ^ ^ Shan* Hsieh^ Fang', Copying Sub- Section, manned by ^ Z^ 'g' Shu^ Chi* Kuan', Clerks, and ^ 12 ^ Shu' Chi* Sheng\ Writers. There is found at the Office of the Controller-General of the Salt Gabelle an indefinite number of ^^ ^ "^ Tzu' I* Kuan^, Advisers. A ^ ^ ^ Hui* I* SoS Council, composed of the Proctor, as H |J V ( hang^ President, and Assistant Proctors, Senior Secretary, Secretaries and Advisers, as ^^fi Hui* I* Yiian', Members of the Council, has also been organi/cd at this office. No. 373. ^ 'rllOpj I'i' Chih* Chh', Cunen.-y Office; established in Hcconlancc with a .Meiuoii:il from the Ministry of Finance, sanctioned by the Kinperor on the 20th September, lf»H), to replace; tlu; Commission for thr Study of the Currency TRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. System, ^ 3ilJ H ]^ M Pi' Cliih^ Tiao* Ch'a^ Chu^ abolished by the same Memorial. The main object of this office is to keep a control over the, mints and banks, with regard to issue of the new type of curpency, and to supervise the gradual transition to a new currency system. Tlie ■Minister of Finance is at the head of the office and exerts his authority therein through the Currency Department (see No. 356 j. An Imperial" Edict of the 13th day of the 7th moon appointed ^If !^ ^ Sheng Hsiian-huai as ^ '^ Pang^ Pan*, to assist the Minister. At the Currency Office there are: 1. One f^ || T'i^ Tiao^ Proctor, and 2. Two ^ ^ f] Pang" T'i^ Tiao% Assistant Proctors. The Proctor and Assistant Proctors are in charge of the four a^ Ku3, Sections -A. fi ^ |[^ Tiao* Ch'a' Ku', Intelligence Section ; charged with the study of the currency question in China and Europe and the completion of all business left unfinished by the Commission for the Study of the Currency System, B. ^^^ Ch'ou^ Pan* Ku^ Section of Organization; superintends the introduction of the new currency, provides funds for minting purposes, fixes the currency reserve, checks the quantity of coins minted, arranges for the exchange of old coins for the new currency and manages the correspondence regarding currency matters generally, C. ^ '^ Sx Chi^ Ho^ Ku^, Section of Supervision ; superintends minting operations, purchases silver for coining purposes, arranges for the re-minting of old currency, defines standard and weight of coins, controls the issue of new coins for circulation through banks or other institutions, the issue of bank-notes and the revenue derived from the same, supervises the printing of bank-notes, etc., and ■B- ^ ^ Sx Pieu^ I* Ku^, Compiling and Translating Section ; compiles and translates works ajipertaining to currency questions, on its own initiative or at the request of the three foregoing Sections. [ 540 ] PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. At the bead of each Section there is a |@ ^^ Tsimg^ l*aii*, \vho has subordinated to him: A. f^ |fi| Pang' Pan*, A:<:>istants, and B. ^ M, ^^ ei^ Yiian'-, Deputies. For superintending atlairs of economy there it; a ^^ fyj ^ Shu^ Wii* (.'h'u^ Section of Economical Affairs, at the Currency Office. No. 376. Other designations of the Ministry of Rites are j^ % Tz'u^ Pu', f^ *I5 V Pu% and ± '^ Ta* Tsung\ and, of its President, ^ 'g (;hMmi Kuan', ^ I^pP CliMui' C"h'ing\ ^1^^ Ta* Chih* Tsnng\ and j^ % jjil Ta* Tien^' ^.i^ Nos. 376-394. % Wl ^ '^'ien^ Li^ Yiian*, Court of Rites; established by an Imperial Decree of the 20th July, 1911, to replace the Ministry of Rites, abolished by the same Decree. At the same time Imperial sanction of the ^ ^ ^ 'g 3jiJ Tien^ Li' Yiian* Kuan^ Chih*, Regulations for the Court of Rites, dra\vn up by the Cabinet of Ministers, in 24 articles,, was also signified. To the Court of Rites have been transferred all functions of the Cabinet of Ministers and the old Ministry of Rites, as regards ritual observances, and under its co-ntrol has been placed the Music Office {^see No. 388) and the Office of Sacred Music {see No. 390), which were formerly under the supervision of the Board of ^lusic {see No. 387). The casting of seals {sec No. 386) has l)ccn placed under the control of the Bureau of Printing and Casting attached to the Cabinet of Ministers. The issue of the calendar, control over rites and ceremonies performed by the populace, sacrifices at temples in the provinces and exercises of divination performed in these tein])les is now the duty of the Ministry of the Interior. Ceremonies enacted In schools and sacrifices in the temple of Confucius are controlled by the Ministry of Education. PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA. The issue o£ supplies . and allowances to vassal Pi'inces and to Lamas is now invested in the Ministry of Dependencies. The Court of Rites is responsible for the performance of rites and musical ceremonies at Imperial Temples and Altars and at the Imperial Mausolea, as well as for the construction and safeguarding of buildings of this type. It is composed of a -Iv^ ^ i^ Tsung^ Wu* T'ing\ Chancery of General Affairs, and four Offices, i.e. 1. fif [^i] ^ Li' Chih^ Shu*, Office of Ceremonies, 2. |gj ^ ^ Tz'u^ Chi* Shu*, Office of Sacrifices, 3. ^ ^ W ^eng* Ch'ang2 Shu*, Office of Sacrificial Worship, .and 4. |^ ^ W Clhing^ Shan* Shu*, Banqueting Office. The staff of the Court of Rites includes : A. One ^ p^ 'K^± Chang' Yiian* Ta* Hsueh^ Shih*, ChanceUor, B. One .U ii^ P ± Fu* Chang' Yiian* Hsueh'^ Shih*, Sub-Chancellor, C. Eight ^ -j^ Hsiieh^ Shih*, Senior Members of the Court, D. Eight i ^ dt- Chih-' Hsiieh^ Shih*, Junior Members of the "Court, E. One ^ ^ T'ing^ Chang', Chief of the Chancery, F. Four ^ ^ Shu* Chang', Office Chiefs, G. ^ ^ Ch'ien^ Shih*, Secretaries, of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd (^ Teng^) Classes, performing duty in the Chancery and the four Offices, H. v^ jE Pu* Cheng*, Overseers, performing duty at the Chancery, I- ^ W- Tien' Pu*, Assistant Overseers, performing duty at the Chancery, J. "^ J$! Ssu^ K'u*, Inspectors, attached to the Chancery, K. ^ H Bl> Tsan* Li^ Lang^, Ceremonial Ushers, .attached to the Office of Sacrificial Worship, L. W.W.'^ Tu^ Chu* Kuan\ Reciters of Prayers, attached to the Office of Sacrificial Worship, M. P^^ W Ming^ Tsan*, Heralds, attached to the Office of Ceremonies, N. I? iff Hsii* Pan\ Ushers .attached to the Office of Ceremonies, O. j$ f^ K'u* Shih^, Assistant Inspectors, attached to the Chancery, and P. ||^ ^ Lu* Shih*, Writers. Of the officials mentioned above, A and B are selected -and appointed by the Emperor himself (f^ ^ T'e* Chien'), C to [ 542 J PRESKNT DAY Pc^LlTirAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA I E are appointed by the Emperor (^ ^ Chieii^ Jen*), F to ^1 are appointed on the strength of Memorials to the Emperor (^ tt Tsou* Jen*), Avhile N to P are appointed Iw the Chancellor (^ ^ Wei^ Jen*). Nos. 398 to 402. Mi^^Hm ^ Ksien* Cheng* Ch'ou^ Pei* Ch'u*, Office of Constitutional Reforms (see Snpplement No. 160); established at the Ministry of Education, in accordance with a Memorial emanating thence, dated the 25th March, 1910, to replace tiie M^^ ^^ Hsien* ( 'heng* Yen^ Chin' So', of that Ministry. No. 412a. The literary designation of the Libationer and Tutor is ;^ ^ 1^ Ta* Chang' Chiao*; of the Preceptor, ± ^^ Ta* Tien' Chiao*, and ;/c fJj ^^^ Ta* Ch'uan^ Ching'; of the Doctor, ^ i^ If ± Suan* Hsiieh^ Po" Sliih* (also ^^^ ^ ^ ilj^ tii ^ Kuo2 Tzn' Chien* Suan* Hsiieh' Chu* Chiao* T'ing^). Nos. 420 to 437. The text of these should be as follows: No. 420. ^MW-% Lu* ChUn^ Pu*, Ministry- (Board) of War, or Ministry (Board) of Land Forces. This Ministry is now the administrative head of all the land forces of the Em})ire, directs Military Schools, is in charge of ordnance stores and arsenals, etc. The Ministry, established in lOOG, was substantial- ly reorganized by an Imperial Edict of the 4th December, 1910, and now, in accordance with the provisional regulations regarding tlie Ministry of War, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 4th December, 1910, is under the following direction: No. 420a. At the head of the Minis v of War there arc: a |^3^;^S ^^'>' ^'l'">'' Ta* Ch'f'nS Minister of War, and a p^; ^ip: VA X IS I^"' ^-'hiin' Fu* Ta* Ch'en', Asslstapt Minister of War. Aofr. The j)osts jf l*rcsid( rit (see No. 27S), Vice-l'rcsident (see Nos. 279 to 280), Senior and .funior Councillor (srr Nos. 281 \o 282) aiid Senior anrl Junior Secretary (see Nos. 283 to 284 ]j institiitril in 190G, have been al)olished. [ M3 ] N TRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. No. 420b. mMMW-'^^B I^"a^^' I^i' I-i^* •Chiin^ Pn* Shih* WuS Controller of the ^linistry of War (see No. 276). No. 421. To tlie Minister of War and his Assistant (see Supplement, No. 420a) there are attached: 1. ^ ^ 'j|' Ts'an^ Shih^ KuanS Secretaries, 2. /^ ^ 'g' Chien^ Ch'a^ Kuan\ Inspector of Military Afiairs, and 3. M ^ ^ Tiao^ Ch'a* Kuan', Intelligence Officers (stationed in the provinces to supply necessary information and reports to the Minister). No. 422. ^ gf^ Ch'eng^ Cheng* Ssu', Chancery; attends to the most important affairs, controls the finances, correspondence, personnel, etc. This is composed of foin- f^ K'oS Sections, namely, 1. |!S> ^ f 4 ^^^ Shu^ K'o^ Section of Confidential Affairs, 2. & ^ f ?[ Tien^ Chang^ K'o^, Section of Army Regulations, 3. B, B P[ Shu* Wu* lt'o\ Section of General Affairs, and 4. i^^^^ Shou^ Chih^ K'o\ Section of Finance. No. 423. II ^ p1 Chiini Heng- Ssu^, Department of Selec- tion; supervises the appointment and transfer of military officials. This has four Sections: 1. ^- g jf^ K'ao' Chi^ K'o^ Section for the Investigation of Merits, 2. '^ 'g' f 4 Jen* Kuan^ K'o\ Section cf Distribution of Posts, 3. ^' ^ jfif Shang^ Lai* K'oS Section of Eewards, and 4. ^ f^ fjf Ch'i"' Wu* K'o^, Section of Banner Affairs. No. 424. ^. X W Chun' Shih^ Ssu', Department of Arms Supply; having two Sections: 1. M jt ^^ ^^^ih" Tsao* K'o', Section of Manufacture, and 2. f^ || ^^ Tao' Ch'u^ K'oS Section of Storage. No. 425. ^ jljlj ^ Chfin' Chili'' Ssu', Army Inspection Department (further sec No. 428). Previous to their being handed over to the Ministry of Posts and Communications, all questions in connection with the Military Posts, formerly under the supervision of the Department [ 544 ] FKESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. of Military Posts (now abolislied;, are to be attended to by the Amiy Inspection Department. No. 426. ^ f^ p] Chnn^ Hsii^ Ssu^ Commissariat Department (further see No. 429). No. 427. ^ ^ ff] rhiini V Ssu', Army Medical and Sanitary Department; consisting of two Sections: 1. ^^ ^ Wei* ShOngi K'o', Sanitary Section, and 2. ^ B P^ ^' Wu* K'o^, Medical Section. No. 428. ^ ^ g] ''hiin^ Fa* Ssu', Department of Military Law (further see No. 4.32). No. 429. 3p: ^ ^ Chijn^ Mii* Ssu\ Department of the Military Stud (further see No. 433). This Department is now in charge of all veterinary affairs formerly under the supervision of the Anny Medical and Sanitary Department {see Supplement No. 427). No. 430. ^ ^ £g Chiin^ Hsiieh'' Ch'u*, Bureau of Military Education. This is provisionally under the supervision of the Ministry of War but there is a suggestion to make it an independent office under the designation ^ J^ ^ ( hiin' Hsiieh' Yiian*, Department of Military Education. Its peisonnol will be determined later. No. 431. H It it Shen^ Chi* Ch'u*, Office of Control. To this office there have been transferred all affairs formerly under the supervision of the Ht l^ ^ ^' '^' Cheng* Ch'u*, Office of Finance, and the -^ ff J^ T'ung' Chi* Ch'u', Statistical Bureau, both of which have l>een abolished. Also, the atiditing of accounts and bills has been transferred to its supervision from the Department of Military Posts (see Su|)plement No. 432k), the Department of Aims Snj)ply (see Sup))lenicnt No. 424) and the Commissariat Dcj)artinent (see Supplement xN»). 420). The Office of Coi.frol has two Sections : 1. ^ §f f4 Tsung' Ch'a' KV, (ieneral Revising Section, and 2. ^^^ Ho^ HsiaoJ K'o', Auditing Section. PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. No. 432. Each Department ot the Ministry of War, as a rule, furnishes employment for : a "^ ;^ Ssu^ Chang^, Controller, a ^ ^ 1^ Ssu^ Shili* Kuan^, Department Secretary, f^ ^ K'o^ Chang', Section Chiefs (one to each Section), ^ ^ K'o' Yiian^, Secretaries (of the first, second and third ranks) ; and ^ ^ Lu* Shih*, Writers (in an indefinite number). No. 432a. The personnel of various Departments and Offices differs from that mentioned above (No. 432) in the following respects : 1. At the Chancery of the Ministry of War (see Supple- ment No. 422) there are a number of ^ ^ I^ Yiian^, Interpreters. 2. The Department of Military Law {see Supplement No. 428), having no Sections, furnishes employment for ^, ^^ ^ Ssu^ Fa* Kuan^, Officers of Justice (of the first, second and third i*anks), who take the place of Section Chiefs and Secretaries (see Supplement No. 432). 3. At the Department of Arms Supply (see Supplement No. 424) and at the Army Inspection Department (see Supplement No. 425) there are found |f ^ ^ Hui'* T'u^ Yuan^, Draughts- men, m^) I' ShihS Chief Engineers, and ^ ± 1* ShihS Engineers. 4. In place of the customary p] ^ Ssu^ Chang', at the head of the Office of Control there is a rJ" ;^ Chi'' Chang'. No. 432b. The Department of Military Posts (^ ^ ^ Chiin^ Ch'eng^ Ssu^), the Discipline Department (^ f"-}- pj Chiin^ Chi* Ssu^) and the Department of Military Education (^ ^ ^ Chiin^ Hsueh^ Ssu^), organized in accordance with regulations framed in 1906, have been abolished. In place of last-mentioned there has been inaugurated a " Bureau, of Military Education " (see Supplement No. 430). No. 433. Under the authority of the Ministry of War are : 1. The Military Forces of China : L" 5^6 ] PKESEXT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA. A. Lu Chiin, Regular Troops, and B. Hsiin Fang Tui, Reserves {see Nos. 655 to 707). 2. Military Schools {see Nos. 708 to 717k). 3. Banner Troops {see Nos. 718 to 748). 4. Old Chinese Troops {"see Nos. 749 to 753). 5. Office of the Government Stud {sec No. 755), THE MINISTRY OF THE NAVY. Xo. 484. Idem. No. 185. No. 435. The Ministry of the Navv was called into being l)y an Imperial Edict of the 4tli December, 1910, and its 2)ersonnel includes the following officials. 1. ?^ J| ic S Hai' Chnni Ta^ Ch'.'iiS Ministiy of the Navy, 2. ^ ^ glj :;?C E Hai^ Chiin'- Fu^ Ta^ Ch'On^ Assistant Minister of the Na\ y, 3. ^ ^ '^ Ts'an' Mou- Kuan', (.'ouncillors, 4. ^ ^ '^ Ts'an' Shih* Kuan\ Secretaries, and 5. |)^ ■§ 'g* I'i* Shu' Kuan', Junior Secretaries. No. 436. 'J'he Ministry of War is divided into Departments as follows : No. 436a. || {jjlj p] Chiin' Chih^ Ssu', Department of Naval Administration ; compusc;! of five Sections : 1. ^'J )|^ J^ Chill* Tu* K'o', Section of Naval Codes and Regulaticins, 2. ^ }^1^ K':n.'' n..2 K'o', Revising Section, 3. U ^ %^ ^^''''i* lisich^ K-o', Arms Se<-tion, 4. W^WlPs <^'^'i'i' ^"^'''''^ K'"'. fSection of Navigation, and 5. ^^ |^ ^ Lnn- Chi' Ks>', Section of Marine Kn<;ineerin<'. No. 436.1. ^ ifjf ^ Cliim' Cheng* Ssu', Construction Department ; having two Section^ : 1. M^^'S '''''' '''^^''' '^''»*» Section (,f Ma.iufaclmc, and 2. Jg ^ ;f.^ Chie,.* Clui' KV, Building Section. r -^7 ] PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA. Ko. 436c. ^ J^ bJ Chiin^ Hsueh* Ssu^ Department of Naval Education ; with five Sections : 1 . ^^ ^ Chiao* Yii* K'oS Section of Instructijan, 2. |j|| ^ 7^ Hsun-* Lien'* K'o^ Section o£ Training, 3. ^ B§ ?f ^ Mou* Liieh* K'o', Section of Strategy, 4. fi g jpf Tiao* Ch'a^ K'o\ Intelligence Section, and 5. ^ ^ ^ Pien^ I* K'o^, Translation Section. No. 436d. H ;^ H Cbun^ Shu^ Ssu\ Department, of Important Affairs (Chancery) ; composed of three Sections : 1. ^ ^ f4 Tsou* Tzu'^ K'o\ Section of Memorials and Corres- pondence, 2. J^ ^ fJf Tien^ Chang^ K^o\ Section of Naval Regulations, and 3. ^ ^ f^ Ch'eng^ Fa} K'o\ Transmission Section. No. 436E. 9 ^ -gl Chiini Ch'u^ Ssu^, Department of Economical Affairs ; having three Sections : 1. ifi^ ^ ^ Shou* Chih^ K'o^ Section of Finance, 2. ^ H f?|- Ch'u' Pei^ K'o', Section of Economy, and 3. B B ^^ Shu* Wu* K'oS Section of General Affairs. No. 436f. !? gj^ ^ Chun^ Fang'^ Ssu^ Department of Defense; consisting of two Sections: 1. \^ J|!j ^if Cheng^ Ts'e* K'oS Intelligence Section, and 2. ^ ^ f?f Ch'iian* Heng" K'o^, Section of Appointments. No. 43 6 G- 1^ ^ ^ Chiin^ Fa* Ssu^, Department of Naval Law ; having no Sections. No. 436h. ^ g p1 Chiin^ I^ Ssu', Naval Medical and Sanitary Department ; of two Sections : 1. ^ ^ ^^ ^^ Wu* K'o\ Medical Section, and 2. ^ ^ f^ Wei^ Sheng^ K'©',. Sanitary Section. No. 436i. :£ gt ^ Chus Chi* Ch'u*, Accounts Office;, having two S'Ctions : 1. '^ tf ^-f II"i^ ^'^^^ KV, Accounts Section, and 2. $f f^ f4 T'ung^ Chi* K'o', Statistical Section. No. 436j. Each Department of the Ministry of- the Navy^ with a few exceptions, has the following staff ; One r] ^ Ssu^ Chang*, Dep- >tment Controller, one fj glj Ssi:' Fu*, Assistant [ 548 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Department Controller, p\ ^ K'o' (/hang', Section Chiefs (one for each Section), ^ ^ K'o' Yiian'-, Secretaries, and i^ ^ L" ShihS Writers. No. 436k. "Jhe })ergonnel of various Departments and Ottices difiers from that shown above {see No. -i36j) as shown below : 1. At the ronstruction De])artment (sec Supplement No. 436 b) there are ^ 0ifi I* Shih', Chief Engineers, and ^ ± I^ Shih*, Engineers. 2. The Department of Naval Law (see Supplement No. 436g) having no Sections, bJ ^ 'b' Ssu^ Fa* Kuan', Officers of Justice, take the place of Section Chiefs and Secretaries. 3. Ac the Accounts Office (see Supplement No. 436i) the ft ^ Chi* Chang', Office Chief, and glj fj' ^ Fu* Chi* Chang'^ Assistant Office Chief, take the place of a Controller and an Assistant Controller. No. 437. Idem. No. 18oP. Nos. 424 to 434. ^ iSt ^- H ^ Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou' Pei* Ch'u*, .Office of Constitutional Koforms (sec Sup})lement No. 160) ; esta])lished at the Ministry of War (see an Imperial Decree of the 27th February, 1910, promulgated in reply to a Memorial from the Ministry of the same date). No. 440. According to the rules for new tludlcial Establishment.s (see No. 758), the functions of the Ministry of Justice aie now of a purely administrative character, namely, the appointment of officials to the judicial service, the a])pointment and transfer of judicial officials, the definition of the comj)etence of Judicial Establishments (in territorial rcs^)ect), the framiny; of regulations, codes, rules, etc. I'^iitliermorc, the Minist. ', oi Justice no longer j)as8e8 final judgment on death sentences imp<)seomnitmications, £§ M ^ Sheng* Hsiian'-huai', sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th May, 1911, (5<'r Supplement No. 273). No. .>:i3n. As projwsed in a Memorial from the Ministry of the Interior, sanctioned by the Throne on the 18th December, 1910, at Peking there has been founded a J\J ifjr A|5 j^ ^ ^:^ ^ ^ ^ Min^ Cheng* Pu' Kao' TOng=' lisiin- ("hingMIsiielr T'ang«, Higher Police S(rhool (if tlu; Ministry of the Interior. This school is arranged -o as to supply A. A jE ^>!J- 'heng' K"o', • 'onipletc Couj-se (extending over three yearsj, and 1». A BJC ^-^J. (!huan' K'o^ Si)ecial Course (of one year and a half), as well ^8 Icjwer l*olicc Courses. There are yearly emolled HO men (10 [ r>51 ] PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. from the Capital and 70 from the provinces) for the Complete Course, which suppHes instruction in administration, pohcing, prison management, EngUsh and Japanese. At the head of the Higher Police School of the Ministry of the Interior there is a |^ j^ Tsung^ Pan^, Curator, to whom there are subordinated a ^ =^ Chien^ Tu^, Director, a f^ f§ T'i^ Tiao% Inspector, ^ ^ Chao* Hsi^ Teachers, etc. No. 551b. ^ j$. Kuo'' K'u*, The Government' Treasury. This has been organized in accordance with regulations framed by the National Assembly, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 27th January, 1911, with the , object of combining all Government funds, receiving all revenues, making all payments on Government account, safe-keeping • Government moneys and the transaction of money operations generally. The Minister of Finance is at the head of the Treasury as MM ~X^ Tsung^ Kuan^ Ta* Ch'en^, Superintendent. In the provinces a general control (^ ^ Chien^ Tu^) over the Govern- ment Treasury is invested _ in the Lieutenant-Governor, or, Financial Commissioner. Examinations of the .Government Treasury are made by specially deptited officials or by the High Authorities of the provinces. Later, when the organiza- tion of the ^ it ^ Shey (/hi* YuanS Audit Department, shall have been completed, examinations will be made by that ■establishment. The Government Treasury is organized as follows : If, ^ Tsung^ K'u% Central Treasury ; situated at the Capital and supervising Branch Treasuries and Treasury Sections in the provinces. At its head there are a j£ |§, J^ Cheng* Tsung^ Li^, Superintendent (a post associated with that of Governor of the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank), and a gjj 4^ Jg Fu* Tsung^ Li^, A ssistant Superintendent {a. post associated with that of Deputy Governor of the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank). [ 552 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. ^ 0. Fen^ K'u^, BraiK-h Treasuries; found at provincial capitals. To these there are subordinated Treasury Sections [see below). Each Branch Treasury is under the direction of a ^g ^ Ohing^ Li^ Manager (a post associated with that of Superintendent of the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank). ^ i^. Chih^ K'u*, Treasury Sections; found at cities of importance. Each Treasury Section is under the direction of a |j^ Jg Hsieh^ Li^ jNIanager (a post associated with that of Superintendent of the Ta Ch'ing Government Bank). At various places, as the judgment of the Ta (/h'ing Government Bank Administration suggests, there are established MMM P'^-^i' Pan* Ch'u', or f^ Ji ^ Tai* Li^ Ch'u*, Agencies of the Treasury, for the employment of surplus Government funds. No. 555. In Kiangsu, Anhui, Shantung, Honan, Shansi, Chekiang and Fukien, as recommended in a Memorial from the Ministry of Finance, dated the 24t.h ^larch, 191Q, the Offices for the Collection of Excise on Native Opium, as well as various ^ -^ Fcn^ Ch'ia*, Barriers, have been abolished. At Shanghai, in place of an abolished Barrier there has been established a ^ |^ || f^ ^ Ch'a^ Yen^ Chi* Ssu» Chii^ Office for the Prevention of (^jjium Smuggling, and, in Shantimg, the collection of excise on Native Opium has been transferred to the H^- ^ Ch'ou- K'uan' Cliii', Office for Providing Government Funds (cfMiipare Su])])lenient Nos. H'25 to 826). No. 57.3a. f^ 1^ SJ Seng' Lu* Ssu' (literary designation, :^v i® ^ IV Ch'an"'' TsungM. Superior of the Buddhist Priesthood at Pc.'king ; TjA ; two in nil. mm^mi^^m ^-V Knug'-Ss,,- Fu^ Tu- Rung', Assistant Superior of the liuddliist PiMcsthood in a prefecture ; of undassed rank. Ill the district of (^.; (ll ^. H-'iig- SJian' llsien*, Jlunan province, the Superior is styled ff"^ ^ p) Srng' Rang' Ssu'. [ .05 ;{ ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OIlGANI''ATION OF CHINA. No. o73b. jM ^ ^ Tao^ Lu^ Ssu^ (literary designation,, ic ^ ^ Ta* Chang=* Lu''), Superior of the Taoist Priesthood at Peking ; 6a ; two in all. M Ifi in.Mli W> fE Tao-* Chi^ Ssiii Fu^ Til' Chi% Assistant Superior of tlie Taoist Priesthood in a prefecture ; of i ^classed rank. In the district of ^ ^ j|^ Heng^ Shan' Hsien* (sec above. No. o73a) the Superior is styled ^ |E ^ Tao* Clii^ Ssu'. No. 577. In 1909 Primary Schools of the Junior Grade were reformed so as to provide three courses of study, namely, Full Course (of five years, W ^ »h ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Ch'u' Teng' Hsiao^ Hsueh^ T'ang^ Wan^ Ch'iian'^ K'o'),' and Abridged Courses (of four years, U ^ M 'h ^ ^^ B ^^ Ssu^ Nien^Chi^ Hsiao^ Hsiieh'^ T'an;;,^^ Chien' I* K'o', and of three years, ^ ^ ^^ ^ffi ^ 1^ Saul Nien^ Chi" Hsiao^ Hsueh^ T'ang* Chien^ F KV). The Ministry of Education soon became ccnvinced of the inutility of this system and, by a Memorial, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 80th December, 1910, there Avas introduced a uniform course of foiu' years duration, with four to five hours of instruction daily, for all Primary Schools of Junior Grade throughout the Empire. The subjects of instruction are ethics,, classics, Chinese language, arithmetic, history, geography, natural sciences, drawing, callisthenics, handicrafts, singing, principles of agriculture and principles of commerce — the last four are optional. No. 584. 4fc ^^ ::^ JP ^ Pei^ Yang^ Ta* Hsiielr T'angV Peiyang University; established in 1902 on the initiative of Yiian Shih-k'ai, a Preparatory Course (^ fj|.' Yii* ^'o^)? of three years, being first organized. In 1906 the first class was graduated from the Preparatory Course and advanced to the- ZfC fi|" Pen* K'oV Specializing Course. [ 554 ] PRE8EXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. xV refomi of the cun'iculiim was effected in 1908, the- "Regulations of Instruction" being altered to provide for increased tenns of study, instruction in additional subjects and an enlarged statl' of teachers. At present there are three Departments : A. ± TfC X ^4 T'u^ Mu^ Rung' K'o', Engineering Department (supplying two courses), B. ^ ^ ^ r^ ^^ Ts'ai^ Kung3 C:hi2 Yeh^ Chin^ K'o^ Department of Mining and Metallurgy (supplying two courses) and C. ;^^^^ Ya* Lii* K'o^ Department- of Law (supplying one course). The final examinations of ^he first class to be graduated are scheduled for the latter half of 1910 and the first half of 1911. Graduation from the Peiyang University carries with it the attainment of various ' ranks and privileges, as provided in the University Kegulations. No. 620. By a Memorial from the Ministry of Education,, sanctioned by the Throne on the 5th March, 1910, Schools for Training Teachers for Professional Schools have been made equal, as regards status and privileges (^ H Chiang^ Li^), to- Higher Normal Schools {see No. 618b), and, like the latter, are to supply a course of study of four years. These schools are to be organized so as to siipply two ^ K'o', Courses of Study, namely, A. ^ ^ $If Wan^ ( h'iiau' K'o', Complete Course, and B. ^ ^ f 4 Chien"* I* K'o^, Abridged Coiu'se. Those who complete the Abridged Course are to rank with graduates of Lower Normal Schools {see No. 618a;. In the Memorial mentioned, the provinces w(M*e commanded; I, To estalilish, withiii tv/o years from date, at least one " School for Training Teachers for Professional Schools," supplying the "('omplete (Jourse," and B. To found, in the very near future, like schools supplying "Al)ridgcd (bourses." Nos. 621 to 62lH. ^Z^ ^f^ <1'i' Cl.'i' Hsii.-h' T'luig', School of Engineering; established in September, 19()5, \i\ [ 55r) ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Szechwan province, at the i^ ^ ^ Olii' Ch'i* ( 'hii^, Arsenal, with an eni'ollment of 30 students — later increased to 50 {see a report from 'j^ ^ || Chao"* Erh'-hsun-*, dated the 26th March, 1910). i^ ^ S ^ ^ Kao' Tengs I' Hsfieh^ T'ang-^, Higher Medical School. This has been founded at the city of Hangchow, in Chekiang province, iu accordance with a Memorial from the Governor, Tseng Yiin, sanctioned by the Throne on the 12th January, 1911., No. 623. ;^ 1^ JP ^ Fa^ Cheng* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, College of Law and Administration ; established at Peking in accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry of Education, dated 1907, for the purpose of p]*eparing students for a judicial or adminis- trative career. As recommended in a jNIemorial from the same Ministry, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 20th September, 1910, this College has been reorganized and it now serves as a model for similar institutions in the provinces. As at present constituted, the College of Law, and Administration has two Sections, namely: 1. IE f 4 Cheng* K'o\ Specializing Section, supplying three Courses, i.e. A. iSC '^ P5 Cheng* Chih* Men^ Course in Administration, B. ^ p pg Fa* Lii* Men^ Course in Law, and C. ^g ^ p^ Ohing^ Chi^ Men^, Coiu'se in Finance and Political Economy, of three years each, and 2. ^Ij ^^ Pieh^ K'o\ Special Section, of three years. For the Specializing Section there are yearly accepted pupils who have completed the course of a Middle School: for the Special Section there are accepted as pupils officials or scholars possessijig a literary degree not higher than that of ^ \ Chii'^ Jen^, and aged not more than 25 years. At the head of the College of Law and Administration there is a Director {see No. 635). He has a staff' compot-ed of a Preceptor {see No. 636), Professors {.see No. G37; in an [ 550 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. indefinite number), Tutors (see No. 640), a Steward (sec No.. 641), a ^. ^ ^ Shu' ^Y\\' Yuan', Assistant Steward, Secre- taries (see No. 642), Accountants {see No. 643) and Clerks of Works (see Nc. 644). No. 629c. The literary designations of the first Metro- politan Graduate (Doctor) are f^ — \ T? V ,Fen^ ;^ ^ Ta* K'uei*, and ^ ft; Tien* Yiian^ No. 6 a 2. The text should read as follows: "M^^B^^M^^^W^ K"an^ Li^ Jih* Pen« Yu^ Hsiieh^ Sheng^ Chicn^ Tu' Ch'ii'', Inspectorate of Chinese Students in Japan, at the Chinese Legation in Tokyo; re- organized in accordance with a Memorial from the ^Tinistry of Education, sanctioned by the Throne on the 20th March, 1910. The supreme control and general supervision over this establishment is invested in the Chinese Minister to Japan, but the direct management of the affairs is carried on by a ^ =^ Chien^ Tu\ Controller, appointed on the recommendation of the Chinese Minister and the Ministry of Education, who is assisted by seven ^ f^ '^ ^ Hsiieh^ Wu* Wei^ Yiian'^, Deputies for Educational Affairs, dealing with correspondence, accounts and current affairs, and four ^ |£ :^ Shu^ Chi* Sheng', Clerks. For furnishing instruction in the .Japanese language to those who desire to join one of the " five higiier schools " in Japan (the number of students yearly sent to these schools has been fixed at 165 by an agreement between the Chinese and .Japanese Governments) there have been instituted at Peking, as recommended in a Memorial from the Ministry of I'iducatiou, sanctioned l»y the I'iinperor on the 2Gth .Jamiar\, 1911, iJf ^ H y^ W^ Ji^ }^^ Vu- Hsiich- .Jill' VC'u' Kao' TC-ug^ Wu» Hsiao' Yu* K*o', Preparatory Courses for Students to the Five Higher Schools in Japan, extending over from one to two years. For attending tli' sc there are yearly accepted persons un;i(' ^':^^ Kuan', Officers of Justice (drawn from the ranks of Officers of the military body concerned), 3- W H '^ ^li-'"^ P'an' Kuan', Members of the Court (of the rank of Lieutenant, oi- higher, in dependence on the rank of the accused), 4. 11^ ^ Lu* Shih*, Writers, and o. PI i| ^ ^ t Lu* Chiiu' Chien' Ch'a- KuanS Prosecutors. Also, there are M W-W ^ ^M ^^'^^ <'linn' Ching' Ch'a' Tui% ISquads of Military Police. No. 7l5i). .At the School for Military Draftsmen in Peking there is a (^ |£ |ffi Mo^ Fan^ ^an^ :\IodeI Section, where students from the various ]u-ovinces arc taught, with the object of disseminating the sciences of sur\ eying and drafting. The final examinations of the first class to be sraduated from this school took ])lace, after a course of one year and seven months study, in 1!)1(), and the most ca])ablt' of the students received the degree of Bachelor of Arts (^ \ ( liU^ Jen') and the rank of sub-lieutenant ; tiie less successful received the degree of Senior Licentiate of tlu; 1st Class (sec No. 629a'I. No. 749. liattalions (^^ Ying') of the Army of the (Jreen Standard have various designations : 1, F^l ^ Clumg^ Ying', Middle rCentral), 2. ^ i^^ Tso'^ Yi^g^ Left (Lastern), 3. ;^^V.i' Yiiig'^ Kigl.t (Westeiii), 4. {{^ ^ ChMen' Ying•^ Van (Southern), o. ^ J^ Hon* Ying^ liear (Northern), and ^•- P& '^ 'S Ch'eng* Slioii^ "^ '"n'> (iarrisoii. No. 7.30. Thc! literary designation of the Provincial '^'ommandcr-in-Chief i>^ ^ jt ^ Ta* Yiiaii" lion'. No. 7.)L I/it'-rary df\ f^ Ta* Tu^ K'nn^ and |fj ^ Tu^ Jnng^ ; of a 1st Lieutenant, ^ ^ Ya- Chiang', and :}^ 'rp ^ Ta* Shou^ Hon-; o? a 2nd Lieutenant, ;;^ ^ fj Ta* Jung" PoS and ;;^ ^ ^ Ta* Cliang^ Hou-; of a iSub-Lieutenant, JQ ^ Pa'- Jung". No. 753. In the Disciplined Forces (|^ ||; Lien* ('hiin') a ^ Ying^, Battalion, divided into four ^^ Shao% Companies, of 84 men ench, was considered as the principal unit. Companies, in turn, were each divided into eight [^ Tul*, Platoons, of 10 (in some Companies 12) fj^; ^ San' Yimg^, Privates. Platoons vrere commanded by ^j^ ^^ Shih" C^hang', Sergeants (23 to a Battalion) and Companies by il|^ ^ Shao^ Kuan\ Company Commanders (of the rank of 1st Lieutenant, 2nd Lieutenant, oi- >Su])-Lieutenant ; four to a Battalion ; (see Nos. 752n to 752i'), assisted bv P^ ^ Shao* Chang', Assistant Company Commandei's (of the rank of Sub-Lieutenant, Ensign, or Cokn!i--Scrgeant ; four to a Battalion ; sec Nos. 752 F to 752n). A 1? ittalion was commanded by ii ^ '^ Ying^ Kuan', also ^ ^ Kuan"^ Tal\ Battalion Commander, to whom there was attached a f^ 41/ Pi^-'ig^ Tai\ Assistant Commander (of the rank of Colonel, Lieutenant-Colonel, or Major ; see Nos. 752 to 752b). To the Commander of a Battalion there were attached 60 ^ & Ch'in^ Pi»g'\ Con^■oys, divided into six f^ Tui\ Platoons, each headed by a- M ^ if ;g C'h'in^ Ping' Shih^ Chang', Sergeant of Convoys (one of these bore the designation of ^ J^ Lan" Ch'i^, and pei'formed duty as Adjutant to the Commander). To each Company Commander there were attached five fi M H"^ Yung', Guards. [ 560 ] PRESENT DAY ll)LniCAL OKGAXIZ.A TlOX OF (MIIXA, Battalion ( 'oiniiuuulur?i, and their as.-^istants, Company Conunandeis, and thuii- assistants, us well as Platoon Connnanders» wvve allowed one ^ ^ llno^ Fn', Cook, i aoh (42 to a Battalion), At tlie head ol a detachment made ii]) of several Battalions there was a ^Jl fj^" T'mii_<>-"' Liny^', Commandei- of a Deta<;hmcnt (of the rank of ^}^ ^^ T'i- Tn', or $1^ & Tsui.n^ Pinjj;'; srr Nos. 750 to 751 ), antl in eominand of a nund)er oF Detachments there ^vas a liai/Ji Tsuno-' Tmnu■^ .stvle.l £^ A|J f,',] f f Pin-' Pu* Shang* ISliu', Minister of War. No. 754. In eonni-etiori with the successful extension of the net of ])ostal esta}ill>hmeuts of the l''ui'o|>eau t\]>e throu), the Ministry of Posts and Communications submitted :i Memoiial recommi'iidinji: the gradual abolition of the Militaiy i'ost 8tatit)ns and (heir replacement by the new Tost OtHees. l*\)i' the carrying out of this scheme it was proposed that the Military Post Stations be placed imder the general supervision of the Ministry of Posts and (^onnnunica- tions and that their direction in the prov inces be insested in the hands of the Industrial Taotais (on the abolition of the post of Provincial Judge ; see No. 830 ; compare No. 839). Although the Ministr\ of W^ar considered the proposed abolition of tlie Militar\ Post Stations to be pr(.'matiue, nevertheless, it agreed to hand ovci' all adairs in connection with these Post Stations, as well n^ the t 'ouriers OlHce and Depot of Military Horses, to the Ministr\ of Posts and ( 'ounnuniial ions, m .larujary, 1911. .No. 750. mUmfPHtif^m 'i''""^" <•'!"'' H^""^ Vang^ (,'h'ang" Chiang' llsien^ Tui', C^onnnander-in-Chief of llu; Ocean and Long Piver ( Yangtsze liiver) Na\al Scpiadrona. On the 6th Deccmbei', I'JlO, the well-known Admiral Sah ( hcn- ping was appointed to this post. [ nci ] 36 PKESKNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. No. 758f. For the examination of those who wish to serve in Judicial Establishments {f^ 'g' Fa"* Kuan^) thei-e is an Examining- Board composed o£ -the following : 1- i^ SI W Chien^ Lin^ Kuan\ President ol :he Examining Board (appointed from the ranks of the higher officials of the Ministry of Justice) 2; ^ 'g* K'ao' Kuan', Examiners (appointed from the ranks of officials well versed in jurisprudence, in an indefinite number ; on the first Examining Board convened there were four), 3. g ;^ '^ Hsiang' Chiao* Kuan', Assistant Examiners (appointed from the ranks of professors of judicial sciences , on the first Examining Board convened, which examined about 3.000 candidates — there were 16), 4. Ie ^ SO ^ Ohien' Shih'' Yu* SliihS (Censors for the Detection of Malpractices on the part of the Examining Board (appointed from the ranks of officials of the Censorate ; there were four for the first Examining Board — two for duty without the examination hall, ^j> j^, and two for duty within the examination hall, ^ J^S and 5. ^% ^ X^ Chiii^ «hih* KuanS Officials attached to the Examining Board, i.e. A- Jlii 'g* T'i^ Tiao* KuanS Proctors (2), ^- ^W-*^ Shou^ (;hang^ Kuan', Collectors of Examina- tion Papers, and C- MM'U ^f J" ^""tingi Kuan', Sealers of Examination Papers (2). For particulars as to the duties of these officials see No. 652i. No. 771. nC ^ Kung^ Hui*, Crafts Associations (regula- tions regarding these Associations w^ere drawn up by the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Tomraerce and sanctioned by the Throne on the 23rd January, 1911). [ 562 ] PRESEXT DAY TOl, 11 UAL ORG AMZ A 1 1( >.V ( » F CHINA. C'nifts Associations have licoii instittiti'il witli llie object of stiulyin«i all varieties of haiidierafts, uuifliiii;- iiiitl improving tlicin and, l)v introducing- new nictliods, increasing tlicir etficiency. At provincial capitals there are found |^ ^ Tsung-^ ilui'*, Central Crafts Associations ; other cities have ^ ^ Fen' Hiii"*, Branch Associations. The former are directed by a |I^ Jj Tsung^ Li^, (Jhairman, and i\ lifjfj i^ Hsieii* Li^ V ice-Chairman, Avhile the latter are under the guitlance of a ^;^ Jg Tsung^ Li', •Chairman. No. 79.S. Ijiterarv dcsiguat i(»us of the Prefect of ihc JSIctropolitan rrefcctm-e and the Governor of Peking (^ ^ Ching' Fn') are ;^, f3- < 'l.iug' Yin^ -ff^ ;)^ ^ Ching' Chao^ Vin=, 'Ji i^ ^ 'iV chi> Mu*, ;/^ f-^ m '1^^^^ i^^io' i^i'. ^'Hi :J^^f^ f^ 'Pa' Pangi Vo\ and, of the Vice-( Jovernor, ^J) )^ ^^ Shao* Cliing' ('\nu)\ if: 'J> ffJ- <'hingi Shao^ Yin^ i^ ^ ^ Ta' Krh* J[ou^ and :^ |\ ^ Ta' Krh^ Mu^ No. 7!M)A. Another designation of tlic Censors of the Five Districts a"ities)is ^(^ ijyjg ^ '^ llsiln-' Ch'cng* Yii* Shih^ (literary designation, ^{« i^ Ilsim- Shih'', and :^ ^ ^ Ta' Chili' Chih^j. To the Police Magistrate (literary dcsignaiiou, jji -^ Shih^ Ling', and X p\ ^& ^^''^* ^^^^^ Ch'cng-) and to the Assistant Pohcc Magistrate (literary designation, tit 7^ i>\\'\h^ Ch'eng*), as well as to the Police Master and ,Iail W'jink'n (^literary designa- 1^'*"'. 7^ ^a j/;f i^ Ching' Chvng- Vu'^ Chiao'), there were attached as>istants styled, resi)ectively, $|i -^ Jt \n :1I[^ Chien^ Fa' Chcng^ Chih' Ilui', ^ ^^ filj \^ ^,\i Chien^' Pa' Pu* Chih' ih.i', and ^ J^l m @ Chien' Fa' Li^ Mu'. No. 7!t7. Literary designations ol the (jicncral ( nu- niandant of llie ( iendarnicrie iin ^ ff < hiri' Wu"' :ind ^im t^ '"^'''i-' '''='"' ^''"''• \ PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA, No. 800. With H view to meeting urgent calls for the maintenance of order, the General Comniandant of the Gendarmerie, Prince Yil Lang, has organized a ^ ^ jf^ f^ |5|^ Liang3 I* Yu=* Chi^ Tui% Detachment of Fleet Police. At the same time there was also organized a ,^ ^ ^ 1^ ^ J^ Ma^ Pu* Yu^ Chi^ Kimg^ So^, Office of Mounted and Pedestrian Fleet Police, directed by the Chief of the Fleet Police. The Fleet Police numbers 1,800 men. No. 804. The text should read as follows : 5^ Jte Hsun' Fu^, Governor ; one for the provinces of Kiria (residing at Kirin) and Heilungchiang (residing at Tsitsihar)\ With reference to the Banner Forces this official has the authority of a |^|j t|^ ^ Fu' Tu^ T'ung^, Manchu Brigadier- General (compare Nos. 745, 745i and 821). The post of Governor of Fengtien was abolished by Imperial' Decree of the 26th April, 1910. No. 805. As recommended in a Memorial from tlie^ Governor-General, |^ |^ H Chao Erh-hsiin, dated the 20th .Time, 1911, there has been established at the Yamen (^ ^ Kuna^ Shu'') of the Governor-General of Manchuria a ^ ^ ^ ESt M Hi ^ M T"»g' Saul Sheng' Wen^ Tu^ Tsung' Ho"^ Ch'u*, (Provisional) ( ommittee for the Study of Current (Corres- pondence Regarding Alanchui-ian Affairs, and a ^ gf |§ Shcn' Chi* Ch'u\ Audit Office (charged with accounting for, and auditing, all expenditure n^ade in Manchuria). At the same time the Head Office Qf Mongolian Affairs, previously indepen- dent {see Nos. 812a and 90]), was annexed, to the Yamen of the Governor-General of Manchuria. No. 808. Conformino- to a Memorial from the Governor- General of Manchuria, j^ ipjl || Chao Erh-hsihi, dated the 20th June, 1911, the previously independent ^ ^ M} Ts'ang^ Wu' Chii^ Bureau of Government Stores, has been abolished and its. fiuictions transferred to the Bureau of Finance. [ 504 J PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA. No. 812a. The U^ad OtHce of Mongolian Affairs has been aholished (see a Memorial from the Governor-General of Manchuria, ^ ^ ||C'hao Erh-hsun, dated the 20th June, 1911; compare Nos. 805 and 901). No. 818. By virtue of an Imperial Edict of the 26th September, 1910, there has beer, placed at the head of the Salt Administration of Manchuria a ^ jjg. 'j|^ Ven" Viin* Sliih^, Salt Controller {see No, 835), charged with the reorganization of this administration. Until the reorganization of the Salt Administration of Manchuria has been completed, the |g f^ |g ^ Yen' Wu' Tsung' ChiiS Head Office of ir^alt Affairs, established in 1906 as recommended in a Memorial fiom the ^lilitary Governor, Chao Erh-hsiin, will function. as usual. No. 820. Since the reorganization of the Ministry of War (in 1910 : ,sY'^ Supplenieut No. 420), the Governors-General arc styled ^m^^^U'^U^ Tu' Ch'a=^ Yuan* Yu* Tu' Yu^ ShihS Junior ['resident of the Censorato (see No. 207 n), alone. No. 821. Since the reorganization of the Ministry of War (in ] 9 10 ; see Supplement No. 420), the Governors are styled m m ^% alJ U '^ £ 'i^"' ('1^'a'' Ynan^ Fn^ Tu^ Y.V Shih^ Vice-Pre.-.ident of the Censorate (srr No. 209), alone. Nos. 825 to 826. gj iBiC |lS Pi ^ Ts'ai* Cheng* Tsung' Hui* ('h'u% Central Financial Bureaux. The establishment of such institutions throughout the ])rovinces was decreed liy Imperial Edict of the 24th May, 1909, with a view to curtailing expenses in connection with the maintenance of various linancial establishments in the provinces and the subf)rdin:ition of all finances to the ]>ieutenant-(io\v'rnor. The fust Financial Bureau to be established was that at Tientsin {see a Memorial from the Chihli Governor-General, r* ^ tjd ^'h'en* K'uei'-hmg^ dated the 24th March, 1910), iieuAJed by the Lieutenant-Governor (.sv^ No. 825) as j^ ^ Tsung* [ 5(;r. ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA. n^ui Pan'', Chief, and the Salt Controller {see No. 835) as f|l^ Pang' Tsnng'^ Pan*, Assistant. It consists of four ^ Ku', Sections: 1. :^§ jj§ ff f[^ ^ Hai^ Fang^ Liang^ Hsiang* Ku% Section for Issue of Ratiohs and Pay of Troops of the Coast Defence, 2. ^S 'M- ^M t^ ^ ii^ai^ (ihun^ Liang^ Hsiang^ Ku% Section for the Issue of liations and Pay of tlie *' lluai Chiin " Troops, 3. ^ !i: )g llp] ^ Lien* Chun^ Liang^ Hsiang* Ku^, Section for the Issue of Rations and Pay of the "Lien Chiin" Troops, and 4. M ^ ^ Ch'ou^ K'uan" Ku^ Section for the Provision of Government Funds (among other duties this Section controls the collection of stamp-duties). Each Section of the Tientsin Financial Btu-eau is headed by a ^ fM T^o* -t'an*, Section Chief, and a |^ d^ |8? Pang^ Tso* Pan*, Assistant Section Chief. With the inauguration of the Financial Bureau at Tientsin the following were abolished: 1. '{^. ^ ^ IM ^ ^^'^^^ Fang* Chili^ Ying* Chii^, Treasur}- of the Maritime Defence (at Tientsin; compare No. 859), 2. vt 1^ |M ^ Bf Huai^ Chiin^ Yin^ Ch'ien'^ So^ Office for the Issue of Pay to the " Huai Chiin" Troops (at Tientsin), 3. W ^^ d^'o"' K'uan' Chu^ Office for the Provision of Government Funds (at Paotingfu ; supervising' the collection of excise on wine and opium), 4. |^ flqj ^ Lien* Hsiang^ (iliLi^, Office for the Issue of Pay to the " Lieu Chiin '' Troops (at Paotingfu), and 5. ^f] ifS ^ >^ ^"^'' Hua^ Shui* Chil^, Office for the Collection of Stamp-duties (at Paotingfu ; established in April, 1908). In accordance with the terms of the Imperial Edict mentioned (of 24th May, 1909), and for the purpose therein stated, in all provinces there are now found Hj" i^ ^ ^ Ts'ai^ Cheng* Kung' So^, Financial Offices, under the direction of the Lieutenant-Go^ernors, controlling all financial affiiirs with the exception of Salt, Grain and Customs revenues, which are vmder the administration of their respective Taotais. [ 5G6 ] PRESENT DAV POLITICAL OUG ANIZ AT 1 OX OF CHINA. Although these Oftices ai-e everywhere under the control o£ the Lieutenant-Governor, their organization is not uniform throughout the Empire. In tiie majority, however, there are six Sections: 1. |!g |^ ^Jf Tsimg^* Wu* K'o', Section of (ieneral Affairs (found in Hunan, Kiangsi and Ohekiang), 2. p[J fjj^ jfjf T'ien* Fu"* K'o', Section of Land Taxes (in Hunan, Kiangsi and l.'hekiang), 3. 3^1) ffl ^ CU\h' Yung^ K'o', Section of Expenditure (found in Hunan and Kiangsi), 4. ^ at f-l Hui* Chi'' K'o\ Audit Section (found in Hunan and Kiangsi),. o. ^ f^ ^ Sluii^ Wu* K'oJ, Section of Customs Duties (in Kiangsi ; in Hunan, ^ ^ ^if Kuan' Ch'ueh* K'o', Section of Excise ; in Chekiang, ^ |^ ^fif Li* Shui* K'o', Section of Likin), and 6. ^"j J^ ^^ Hsiiig^ Oheng^ K'o', Section of Administration (in Hunan), etc. These Sections may be further sub-divided into Sub-sections (for instance, in Hunan, there are 16 Sub-sections). At the head of each Section there is a ^il- ^ K'o' Chang% Section Chief, to whom thei'G arc subordinated jfij- ^ K'o' Yi'ian*, Secretaries, and ^ |g Shu' Chi*. C'lerks (for instance, in Hunan and Kiangsi). No. 82yp.. As regards ediicational aft'airs in the counties, spreading public instruction, establisiiment of schof)ls and libraries, etc., these are invested in the hands of auxiliary brandies of town and county self-govei'iunent institutions, the M^ '^ ^ ^ Hsiang' Hsiieh^ Lli;n' Ibr H.ii', ViHagc (Town) Educational Associations, which, in accordance witii regulations sanctioned b}- the Throne on the 2ii(I Deccinbei', 11) 10, are established at places far from important centres, or whciH; there is a dearth of funds. No. 832. Tiie text should read as follows: ^ i$ fsl' ' biao' She* Shih', Commissioner for Foreign Affairs ; 3a ; cliarged with dealing with (puistions ai'ising with foreigners in the |)ri»viii(r<' concerned. This othrial holds a rKKSENl DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. position intermediate between that of Lieutenant-Governor {see No!^*825) and Comnnissioner of Education {^ee No. 827). He is directly suljordinated to the Governor-General {see No. 820) or Governor {see No. 821) of the province to which he is accredited and, at the same time, is also subject to the control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (commissioners of Foreign Affairs are appointed from the ranks of those who have seen service at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, or who hr.ve held substantive diplomatic posts in the provinces (ranking not lower than 'that of Taotai — see No. 838), and they are found in Manchuria {see No. 806\ Yiinnan (post established in August, 1908), Chekiang (post established in April, 1910), Chihli, Kiangsu, Hupeh, Kuangtung and Fukien (these latter were appointed on the 18th August, 1910). Tn the provinces of Anhui, Kiangsi, Hunan and Kuangsi the supervision of affairs in which foreigners are interested is invested in the hands of the Commissioners of Foreign Affairs of the provinces under the jurisdiction of the same Governors- General, i.e. those of Kiangsu, Hupeh and Kuangtung. The provinces' of Heilungchiang, Shantung, Shansi, Honan, Kansu, Hsinchiang, Szechwan and Kueichow as yet have no Commissioners of Foreign Affairs. Kegulations regarding the (/Ommissioner of Foreign Affairs (JiC i$ fs^ S ?S Chiao> Sh6^ Shih^* Change Ch'eng^), framed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the 19th July, 1910, in reply to a Memorial from the Committee of Ministers, were sanctioned by the Throne by Imperial Edi(;t of the 18th August, 1910. At the cities where Commissioners of Foreign Affairs reside there arc found ^ V^ 55: B^ Chiao^ She^ Kung^ So^ Offices of Foreign Affairs. These are organized into two Sections : 1. ||{S5 ^ 14 Pi* Shu^ iv'o\ Section of Confidential Correspon- [ 568 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. deiiee, and 2. ^^ ^ f'j- Fan^ I^ K'o', Translation Section. ;3 Vr,o„» These Sections are administered by ^ ^ Wei^ Yuan\ subordinated to the Conunissioner of Foreign Attairs concerned, nnmbering, in some provinces, seven to eight for each Section, in others, four to five, as the volume of affairs seems to demand, and § gg ^ Shu' ('hi* Sheng', L-lerks, of a number sufficient to attend to the business of the Section concerned. In provinces "svhcre the post of Commissioner of Foreign Affairs has not been established, Heilungcliiang excepted, duties appertaining to this official are invested in the 1^ ^ ^ Yang' Wu* ChuS Office of Foreign Affiiirs (^r^ No. 859\ attached to the Governor-(»onerars (or Governor's) Yanien. In Ileilung- chiang there is n ^ ]^ f^ ^ Chiao' She* Tsung^ Chu"' (^7-^ No. 8()6a) for similar duties. No. 835. There are also the pq j|| ^ iiK i^ 8su' Cli'uan' Yen* Yiin' Shili*, Szet-lnvan Salt Controller, residing at Ch'engtu Fu (this post was established by Impeiial Decree of the 2C}th. September, 1910, to replace tbat of Rg >^ \^ Yen'^ ('h'a-^ Tao% abolished; see No. 841), and the ^ H 1*i' SI 'M f^ ^'"^ng' San^ Shr-ng' Yen- YUn' Shih', Salt ControUei- of Manchuria (see Supplement No 818). No. 835c. i^ 1/5 ^ iTJC 5^ rr Liang^" Kuang' Yen- ('h.'ng* Kung' So\ Salt Bureau of Kuangtung and Kuangsi; established at Canton on a Memorial from the Office of the Controller- General of the Salt rra])elle, sanctioned by the Emperor on the •ind November, I'JIO. This is directly subordinated to the Office mentioned, and to the Ministry of Finance, and is charged with the reorganization of the Salt Administration of Kuangtung and Kuangsi. At the heud (W the Salt liureau of Kuaiigtuu: and Kuangsi then; is a JE ^£ /!? < 'hfing* Chicn' Tu', Chief, who has subordinated to him two /,';i] [^ -^ Fu' Chien' Tu', Assistant? [ r.OD ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATION OF CHINA. and various other officials. His duties differ from those of the Salt Controller in that he is in charge of the reorganization and framing of regulations with regard to the Salt Administration of the provinces concerned, while the latter exercises a general super i^ision, as do other Salt Conti-ollers. No. 838. As regards authoi-ity, the Industrial and Pohce Taotais are piovincial Commissioners i-ather tlian ordinary Taotais. No. 841. Tlie post of B JW^tklM, Ssu^ Ch'uan' Yen^ Ch'a'^ Tao^, Salt and Tea Taotai of Szech^van, Avas abolished bv lm])L'i-ial l^jdict of the 26th Se])tember, 1910, salt affairs being transferred to the newly-appointed Salt Controller i.srr Supplement No. 835) and tea affaii's to the local Fudustrial Taotai. No. 843. As recommended in a ^lemorial from the Lianji' Kiang (loveviior-Cieneral, dated the 28tli Deceni])eiv 1910, the direct supervision nf the i^ X /fi T'i- Kimg' Chu-, Office of Conservation of the Grand (^anal, lias been ti-ansferred to the ^ 1^ ^ il Huai-^ Yang= Hai^ Tao% lluai-yang-hai Taotai. No. 8.39. On a Memoi-ial fron) the Cio\ernor-General, dated the 2Gtli March, 1910, the following offices in the province of Cliihli have l)een abolished; the Hi || If K M <^J'i^i^ Li< Chen" Fu'^ c;h'i'*, Chihli Kelief Committee (organized in 1891), -the Hll/JiC^lJ ^ Chih^ Li^ Shui-^ Li^ (■hu^ Chihli Irrigation Office (established in 1907), and the ^ '^ M 'm ^ 1*<^''' Vang- Chien^ Tsiio* Chii", I*eiyang Construction Office. In Szechwan the '^ ^ ^ ^ Kuan^ I'ao' Shu' Chu', (iove)-mnent News|)aper Office, has b(>en leorgajiized as the 'g' f'UM W} ^'^'"ii"' ^'iii' ^Sluia' (Jhir, (loveinment Printing Office, on a Memorial from the Govcrnor-( uMieral, ^|t ^ ^ ^'^^-'^o Krh- hsun, dated the 26th ^[nrch, 1910. No. 880. At the Cbancery of tlie Assistant Militarj- (lovemor, P^u Jun, as proposed in a Men)orial fro)n this official, [ 570 ] PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. sanctioned by the Throne on the 16th November, 1910, there has been established a M^^^ ^ Hsien* Cheng* Ch'ou' Pei* Ch'u*, Office of Constitutional Keforms. No. 901. The 'Head Office of Mongolian A flairs has been ubolisheil in accordance with a Memorial from the Governor- General, ^MH ^l'''^o Erh-hsim, dated the 20th .Iniie, Mill, (compare Supplement Nos. 805 and 812a). No. 907. The text should read as follows : S: 1^ A IS Chu* Tsang:* Ta"* Ch'en-, Im])erial Resident of Tibet (this post was established in 1709) : residiii*x in Anterior, or Eastern, Tibet ; appointed from the ranks of higher Chinese officials and under the control of the Ministrv of Dependencies {see No. 491 a). Among other functions, this official acts as a medium of communication ])etween the Chinese (iovernment and the Court of Nepal, which is known in ('hinese as ^ ^ I^ Kuo* Erh' K'a\ Q ^ Pai^ Pu', or g :{\i ^^' ^^"S '>• J'aibuttiya. He is assisted by a staff* of '^ '[^ ^ ;^ V Ch'ing^ Chang' Ching', Secretaries for Native Affiiirs. The Imperial Resident of Til)et is invested with the supreme connnand of both the Chinese garrison troops and the native soldiery (^ |£ Fan' Ping') and, through the B^ H Ka' Hsia*, Council ChambiT {see No. 910), controls the entire Tibetan civil administration. Previous to 1911, to the liiij)erial Resident there were attached a f{} f)}} 'X ^ T^'-'j;' i":'"' '1'=^' Clren", Assistant Resident (this post was establishi-d in 1727 ; residing until 1909 ill Ulterior, or Western, Tibet, since then in Anterior, or Eastern, Tilxt;. and a ^ ^^ 'IVmh' T^an', Couii<-,illor, charged with the supervision of the three u)art< open to foreign trade (this post was instituted ill 1909 :iii8a, 830, s30u. 83Ha. S.39 t ?Se "1 fSr n «:'im JT ^ 870 Cha- -Hi ««e ^L CI la' (iia 'T 850. 857 Cli'a^ ^ NR 77 1 Fi iii 844 a 1 ^ .^so 1 %2!?a)i/f 617b. 770n 1 ^ :x I'! pfi 770d 1*t m A 776 1 W Vr 6'i5 1 ^',^ II < 1 1 1 «R s • itio /R :I: >• a'J [ iy ] OF CHINESE CHARACTERS. Chao* f^ If:- 794, 826, 830a, 850, 853 Clrao^ I ^ ?K «l 267 I ^jfti« 263 Clrao^ I :f^ G29C I 3^!'t^5 Che' S 7. -^c Bi 885 1 AitlPy^Vl la:^ 123 ti75. 916a Ch'e' ^ ;Cn; 5] 41oA. 425A, 433a I Bi ff- iZ 870 Chen' i nil !ifci ii 981 « X n >^. 240 Cheir Chen^ Bg fid ^, S. «59 ilj tij ll-if 'II 945 . H 103d, 525B, G56b. C I S: 701 I * 761 I :'^ 'U ^ 525B I W 27a I H i^ 20, 2:i. »73 H m IV '^4 gi 74'.», 761 , « xjif^ 525U (^h'en-^ E 98:5 (fjft 3*1] fit 774 B 1 ^J P>i 77 1, 771a (^heng m^i^'B 656 1 fi- IJl? 04 ") ffi J!W # i?. 436F Cheng *^ ft &r 1-^ 1 ^i^ 125 Chens;^ jf. 573b I m 85 iii 929 4& ^- St 652C ^ ^-4 1 1 , r)77B, 578, 637, 4^( 11 \ 709, 711 A 712 S^ iiV lil m 94a IS?: ita )iH 94 1?.': JttL. ?1 iV "'39 ^ 1? 185.M, 543. I S. 835c 551 A, 557. 711 A. mf£ -g- 672 IS Wt 796a m 21(5 a, 933, 934, ".'3"., J'MjU ■'['■ l-'H 'iV 67.'>, 677 )\Z f^ "iV 666 ''|i lAJ ■ii 673 1^ tx 668 ^t i-. 7llA iiV E 71S *LllK 71M — ;j^l tt Jr. A -.73n, 94 4c ^ •'(t A '-'Sn "1 T ; 1 3a ...^H s2l;a >J » 02'jft tt (12 .'.623. i;27a. 850. .S.523I'.. 023 f>* 16 ;c, IGUA INDEX JE^m a. 240 ^ 15 496a, 506 f^ * f: 766 m.m 718 M 290 fig ^ ^ 332 H ej 'tJ- 676, 679 g 661, 704, 70.-) ^ m 718 Jr. 661, 704, 705, 706, 706b, C, 81 2a p"u 965 m II 493, 4y5A IKi 185b S] ft 'B- 63 IB fff j]g 504 D _^ 848, 851, 856 i^m 711A m i^ -g- 766B S fig 658, 659 S Sl 'K- 6G2 |!g. El S. 551 B it ^ 675, 677 ^ ^. tV 422b t|5 ^rt ^58 ii958A ii ^ 'g- 413A ^It 71lA S^ 520 m 573a j^ f§ iP n 586 ?1^ ^t 150 f^ F"! 623, S. 623 f^^ 141, 141a ^^ 5^ E 142, 143 m u i 41 Ch'eng^ f$,i^l 412 ^ 281, 282, S. 240 1 [ vi I ^ ± fT X& 287 I ^ 858 7|c ff:5c tJ] S. 422 I iE5cl2i 275,285, 340, 350.422.441,473 I it pji 4(;6a I f* 'tr 185E, G, H, I, J, K, L, 294, 422b, 434 I ft 14 212b, S. 436d I f^ Sl 760, 761 I fl U 693 1 ^i^!'^ Xg A E 189 I ^ ^ sic t'£ 819a I 11 B 805. S. 105a, 138, 128 to 149^ m m M gj F1 570 I ^ m R 781 I m EK 945 ^ II ^K i& >^ It fi^ 625, 525b I m M 761 i ii tU # 525b I n li 801 I n fii 801 I ^ ^f S. 749 I iJ a Fj 806b mr^xmn 591 S§f4 608,771 S^ m .^ S- 621 to 621B 2-^^', 767b, S. 62 to 621 R Sf4 608 iH^KTc 1031. m P^ 756 iliafif 614, 615, 616 m m 504A ^f^ 167b, 398 S? ViJ 185G ^IflSlrPi; 74 3 a I .'Wl Si X fii -^ 770a OF CHINESE CHAIIACTERS. Chi* gp f r $ V& 982 lf§ ^ 520. 665, 773 I Jt 'B 520, 665 I i£ ^ H :^ E 106 I ?S 106a I !?E ^ n 102. 803a I ^-^ffi 102 I «J 5l 337 I 5i il 514 I ^ ^ li 493 I ^ I? ^^. 373 I ^«^ MR 781 Chi' Ig'gf cfJ 210, 210a, b I * t|^ 'fSj F1 210, 210a Chi* g Cf 514, 773. S. 464a I fif :£: 783 I ^ 770c St :Si ^. 432, 436k I BP 291 «1 Ii3{ 973. 974 SH ^ 129c I MLmmt 57IA « Ipl 937a «i .^- 93 7 A m M iS ^J «49a I i^:^n 849 I WlFj 512 I €i *»;..} 818 I S: W S. 555 I !fe « 805A ?FH)S:i] 917 Ch'i' -fc ,^. *.S m 'T 309 I >ru^*ii'r 413a I a /h ^ 'g- 229, 475, 713, 766 I s, m W" i^ 713 I S, '^ £^ 90 1 ua M S^^ 90 ^ X f ^ «07, 608 Ch'i^ m 97, 718, 871 1 ^ 873 1 m H] <95 1 !£IJ ig 186 1 * f^ 822 1 i^ jf^ 424. 822, S. 423 1 mig 811A 1 mm 811 1 ^ H] fiE 811 1 -T-{iff 122 1 M 958 ^ ^ s? s :^ ea 872a m U m 944, 944E 1 »945 Ch'i^ |G ® a: 'tr 204 1 ^i^m 204 1 SS 939 1 igr »a9 Ch'i* ^ j;)c m if^3D liSWIf^ 427A, S.436A Chia^ ^ IS 973, 974 1 S iff '-ISB 1 m 977 1 la It ftn •• f61 I Mi PJi 523 i i2 794, 850, 853, 860 I a 14 514 I 3:^ :g: <;36, 786 I |';>|4 1851, 399, 401, 411 \ m^hm 522, 636 I 3^ iSin 523. j ^%i\ 374a, 522, S. UwB j 3^ ^ 51(1 1 i\ 577b, 618a, b. G27, 637, 709, 711 A, 713a S;. 167i>. i ^?:ifff HJt 617a, 618. 620 I .t 1^ ^4 ^ a PJi 593B I If f(5 4?J t^ (iisij 1 Wi]? '00a Vlll ] OF CHINESE CHARACTERS. ^ W f^ 400, 407, 430, 430a. 700b. S. 436c ^a 51! ft 1^ ^ tr. iSfl A 8-'" 1^5^^ 8-'9B 1 ^\- 793 a 1 W ■§■ !*2y, 829b S^ See also Chien^ 1 W a. '^ f^^^B \ -^m^ 213 1 W ii}f 5Y Pj( 410 1 :&702 1 ^ 61»A. 957, S60 1 i6 'r 6521 ^ ^ 190, 205 A, 393 1 %i 'g- 833a 1 S?^ 158 1 ?|i I5] ^ S35A § ^ 460A 1 filJ 702 Chieh^ 1 m 189 ^ jft iS :%A 1 ^. 619 Chielr 1 ^ 'g- 646 1 *Jt -t a pJt 693b mn& 12.-.B 1 ^^ ii 64G Chieh^ 1 [^ m S^C i 126 1 £1 550b K 7C fi29B 1 m. 't 5H9, 546 l^&Jfh 183 A 1 Ca '§• 6.-)2l, S. 758F 1 i^.;[tl;-& 188b 1 i\i 54 Ga, 792 diien' 1 g^ P lli 6521, S. 758F 1 ^•m^'T 801 A ^ ftfe « f5E «r 830B 1 IS] 838, 844 i ^pf X 'li ^^ ^-'Od 1 iS94 1 ^mmac-j^^m ^■•^^b 1 it W] SK 94a 1 '^ 1*1 \ii: fS^'Mm 833B 1 4< 7(»2 ^ 1 ^i«m* S20C,S21A 1 'jif- 103c. 172, 18511,0, 189, 425b,460a, 1 '1? i"J il 820D 498, 514, 522, 525a, 526, 529, 530, 1 ^mTiJff^ :7»- -li r^ 79:{A 643, 551a, 558, 5(»1, .561 A, B, 565, 1 fi 'iT Id fll M« 3; ?* 82 .566, 567, 668, (519, 627a, 633. 634, 1 a X r.1 AS 'U 3 95 635, 652, 652a, 653, 654, 654.\., 1 S^-V^'U ?^ H'ln 709, 712, 754, 773, 786, 829a, 833, 1 ^ iUfc ^ 4i % -^'^Cl, 460A S. 55 In, 652. 1 m^^'l^ 'It '^ 79b 1 -If ig 652 1 sg «nift ;is -u f« '••3 1 r|J .^ l\ 778 1 S^»!!filS 'li % i'lA 1 JK 701,776n 1 ]1 ^ *iJ3 JJi- 'If ?* 92 1 W; ^ ^.^ 523a, 766b 1 mmhvm^ n 1 Kk f)\ %; ^} 623A 1 'il ;; Mi 'If ^f; 77 1 W. f* ?^7 iVl 766n 1 » «S ':a hh Vf: ..) Yf 9fi 1 n tfl M *U 237 C'liioii' 1 ^ if 760A ttl If JE ffl « S. 796 A 1 tt '^ 1^ » ;fif A Hi 761A 1 » »1 m W ^ 79.:a IX INDEX ! ^ £ g S. 796A ^ f 303, 374a, 423A ^ f 222, 647, 758F, 763, 764, 765, S. 420b ^ IS 222, 7580,762, 763, 764, 765 ^ 5> H 764a, 765a ^ ;g 763, 764 ^.W 647 i^ 850, 85 1 A, 853, 855 a ff 200c, 593c, 629c ^ ^ ^ Pfl 758c It ^1 Pit 75SC ^ 1^ 758c ^ 104b, 699b ^ 14- 699b ^ 1^ 522a, 577, 618a, (;19a, 620, .622, 623a, S. 620 ^ 5JE 788 ^ #!i ^ ^ it 579 ^ I3j ^ ^ ^ 579 Chien* mmn 591 ^ M 501D *a f^ 402, 608, S. 436b ^ f^ S. 479 ;iM S. 859 itfl 429 ^ !!^ >?: 946 Ifi:^ 733,73^ ^i?^h^.^ 717A See also Chien' I E 225 [ ^ 412A I ||J 226, 227, 227a I f^ 230 I ^412, 944 K. 959 I it ^ S. 368A Ch'ien^ =^ ^ -^ 863a, 877a I p 861a. 877a I 3^ 752k ^ m ^: ^^ pJi -^1 m 752k, 796, 800, 801, 824, 834 984 ^268 286, 475, 503, 805, 815, 83lB,86lA, 6. 128 to 149, 376 to 394 Ch'ien^ 97c, 733,. 735, 735a, 738, 742, 74« /|^ 735, 738, 742 ^ m 735, 742 % ^f 735, 738 m M 735, 742 121 |S- 97c, 733, 735, 738, 742 -X gi 98 S. 749 n =ff ^ 873k n f# m 99 549 550a ^ 366a, 460a I '!£ 822 I H Sx F"! 84 Cliih^ ^liji S. 55 IB I SS^ 771A I 0. J-ul 859, S. 825 to 826 I SJK 504a ] If. '§• 310, 643b I li H] flj 709, 71lA, 713A I rn^ii 780 I nil 310 ^ ;J.H 583, 598, 855 I }^ 848, 977 I ^ 583, 593c, 598, 625, 62S, 656, 713, 794a, 824, 856 I ^ 506, 830a, S3oa, 850 ' ISSit^ 95 I it 845 Chill' it ^f^ 835b, S. 79tJA I ^ ± S. 376 to 394 ] OF CHINESE CHARACTERS. K t^> W *0 W 851 ! S^lilV'T 674 1 *|t '>H 625, 658, 846, 851 1 it ^ •127, S. 424, 436b 1 U. S. 8 if'. 852 1 i£ pri 757b 1 ^&.i^n 852 1 .^^ 437A 1 ^ ffi |5l *n 8r>2 Ch^h' 1 «- 819a 1 f^ lif K Hi 1U4B 1 ¥ U '18 #> {H Si) ^ 953A jKir Ulr 945 \ ¥±& 82. 83 Chin^ 1 $ A 272 ^ X ^ 607 M !}% SI ^ a 1? --ias \ m^m. 124 Bi m li] -ly*' 1 3f S. 797 1 ii^^ 409,621a 1 ^ m 363 1 ^ ^ ^f •'iSOB fL Ti 'rr 672 Chin' 1 ri ^ 6!^8. 698a m % ?ii ffl 971 ' 1 ^ 'B 103b, 663. 704, 706a, 805a, S. 758f Chin^ 1 m it 108b, 663, 704, 70CA ^m 9-1+ JK:*" tl] 415a. 426a ^ ± 200, 596, 629c, "D, E, 631, 6o2e, 955 Cliih' 1 ±A^i 629C t§ m m 271 1 i- {H ^ 593c. 629c, 631 1 i$ S. 796a 1 ± ^ 596, 628 mm'f^ 103, 103 a Chih^ 1 m '-P till ilisH i§ 103a 15 fg 573b \ m^m 188 1 S 573B 1 ;tS;^BI 187 1 » S. I. ?& -$ ^2 504 D Ch'in' 1 fiiE 125 ik 2f- 330 1 «JE 123. 125 1 ^ ffi 330 1 4> 793. 796c 1 3£ «4? JS i^ *1J * ^ A- E »24 ^ufi^ «• I37Atol37B 1 I& fS; n 330 1 -ifi 820 1 J?5 ± ,jI!! "'IMt /g 10' A 1 ;ff 820 1 1^|T *a U ^ *■ /i£ i: 38 ^i- «^ Wll ■■'•'4 1 ^ 820 1 (5fr {h 1$ :)t Ifl A 15 330 1 Rfi HJ 446 1 Jif^ 223.224. 225, 226,227 1 m >^20 1 ^ K ;t K ig"l 226 1 f5t ff IR50. S. 4M6A 1 ?C e £ JE 225 1 ./ll H ^^- 825 to 826 1 5C K :f,- R^ S'J 227 1 m "J a^io jji 'ifi: '.(S, loo llj ^ r.r.GA. 669 1 UttS: 100 ] J ^i ] INDEX I J£ ci. 753 I :& fi- ;fl S. 763 I 3£ 13. 16, 41, 4lA, 873, 895 ^ ^ f^ 53.: Ch'in^ Chiiig^ m m m m 793 yir S. 793 m M S. 796a f^ 535 it 213 ii .^o£ ^ fii? .^ 213 718, 740; S. 793 m n 794 M ^ 794a ';;u iiS 794A 435c ^ S. 793 # 'ift SC «g ^i«< Jifi J 933 S. 793 800 ■M?$m^ 592a 75Sc m M .^ ?^ ^^- ^J m 759 m m &<6 m XmsJ^iilHli 771,711A # n ^^ m =f- *a 801 i^mmMmm "•'J2a m ;^ # i-§:^840A, 85 IB 1 m m 796C 1 '?* J'*l ^t 522 1 1 ?^ ^2^ )!'f-840A Ching" ^k m ^ ^75 i!iffiP90 1 m^m575 [ xii ] OF CHINESE CHARACTKKS. Clring^ W f< Cli'iu' ;^, ;9<..37. ii;aA 1 'iT <38 1 'if il- 22'.» 1 W'J:''? Chiiing^ fa m 53RB I iS 936R Cho' 4 JS H? -'l-'. ^1^" I JSmHiJ^914K I ^ E] Gfl 8^^'' Choii' ^I'l 70:>, 846, s:.fiR I !ft851 j I ^J 598, 851a, 85:)A j I 3iJ 5Sg85iA j I n] FjS.-.iA I I 1^ .o'.tS. 851a, S5.-)A m%^n 5s:> , Ch'on' I Wl^lS 5t3lfi781 Ch'ou' ifl ^ S57 «|lli1 J® 8o9 1 «ff 1S50 : 1 21 1^ 'K :S fiM A g isr.- I ^ Vj S. .=5-.:., 825 to 826 I DC /15 •^- 825 to 826 I mi& 173,527, 7.-,8a,b 1 (IS- ff •'''•'H I (ft' :«; J* -e- <^ .« «22A i (IS :•£( *^ B fti' AS «-2A I iJJ ik Tl a pa 1«5a, 756 Cliu I Ht 'I'r 756 [ xiii J INDEX I fe m m 308, 49oA ^ ti 779, 780, 781 B] 376A 220, 222, 228, 598, C58, 759, 760, 763, 761, 857, 929- G<), (;9A, 76, 104D, 204, 288, 292, 570, 593c, 625, 713, 798 'tV 6521 T-1 Chu* ^ ^ 232, 374a, 412a, 625, 638 1 |5C 11232, S. 412A 1 m. M 709, 711A 1 m M. 822 tfe S S. 213 E M F] 465c, 776, 776a £t ^ ^-P ^ il ^ fit ^ 267 1 "^.Mm^iT ] ff.mm -t35A 1 !?§ 571, 718, 743, 743a, c J R^^^i^'h^li.t 579, 717b 1 ^tS^435B 1 mnm:)^^ ^07 1 ii« ;^^ S 907, S. 907 1 ^%^907, S. 907 1 ^Ml'/j^:^i2 1 ?-|5 :^ £ 312 1 5i ^!£ ^ rf] 260 Ch'u^ th If ^ li ^ 916 1 ,m 96(5 1 ^ 593c, ()2: ;, 629c. 631, 954 9o6a Mi :^ E 313, 314, 315 M m ik m m 762, 765 1 m m n m # 92 653 1 m'^nm 758, 761 ! $&l^t|j|I!# it 618, 618a 1 M^-ii*172 1 ^'J-^^^ yl ^ n 577, S. 577 1 ^4^m^ 576, 578 1 ^xm^ _^606 ^ M m '4 mm ^601 ^ 614 ^610 ^ 598 ;t 11310 B 12 '^mff 5i8, 550c ^i 14 8 12a, S. 436B ^i U] 185J fffi 929 P^929 Chuan^ ft 1-4 617, 618b f4 S. 523b yj 14-617, 617a n DC m n 399 PI few 574 F'J ft 625 n m n it 62„ PI i^t ^ 583c, 621, 653, 714 n /f4 608, 828 Ff Ig ^ ^ 621b n xm#^:62iB F1 ^ life Jp ^ 621b Fl fJj 399 i5] WW mmwr^^^i^U 103a n tami|t_^62lB n ^ a 14 399 fHi 925 Chuan^ $1 iE li 836 m X i!'8 Chuan^ Ch 'uan^ n\ vX 5i 15^ ms. i69A '^y- # 0- B 979 XIV OF CHINESE CHARACTEKS. Ch'iiair Chung' ««757B rjj IS 366b 1 J*m-18oH,476 1 ^ S21 \ ^^^ S49 1 l!1'-80, 708,710, 716 HI: iJi 753 1 If 929 Jt^ 7C fi29c 1 i|912 1 r^i^^^ib Clruang-^ 1 »|- jEa29 ?t «f n S. 240 \ mx^n r.87 1 mit^n ^^^7 Chui^ 1 I.S *r i- 'r IS. '^ 437A it Bt '.M4 1 m ^'['-^^^ 437A 1 ^2 Ch'ui^ 1 ±658 P>: ^ 850 1 ^;5: 137. 137a, 583, 618b, 625 i ^ ^T ^ 819A Ch-ui'^ j flf f^ 137a, 583, 618b mmwdik i2fic 1 -.^f^'f' \lr 137a, 5S3,« 1KB 1 »^i^ i2t;c 1 flf^-sigA ! Tl 120 Ch'un' i I 572 J& IB S. 376 1 ?8|S.278 1 f^ H i» ft n •'^'<5 1 ^ 131, 132 1 ^ A f« ^ r') ■'■'^5 1 !F « ff n^OO, 407 1 tr, rji :/t »2'J 1 -^ it^ aOM, 786 1 t)jmi-'i2'j \ "^XZ -l^ -ii^ 607 1 tt««i'.»29 1 ^ 3Ptt 717a 1 T? S. 376 1 :f ft :« '^i •?' «02 ! 'iraE2:i9 1 ^t??j JiS'*t!?:«i-^ l-^-tfTj T.'^^'v^fill C'h'un' 1 ^."^ ir::c^^'i?:i9s, 617a «f tt3£27A, 126 1 (/fe 66;t.t L ^v ] INDEX ^j ^^ ii s ^ F1 587 I 1^ 796, 800, S. 749 I Jgt659A 8$ ^ S. 333a. Chung^ Cluing^ Ch'ung^' m^-i^ Mi S47 Ch'ung^ I ^ P^ IE m. 'U 657 I ^ n glj r^ ■& 557 I X PI g ^ SlJ (^ •'500 I ^nm.m^ p.i 556 M Mi 1C4C, 406, 407, 482, S. 128 to 149, 4G4A, 479a. I ^520 I ^ 406, 408, 482 J^ 111 SI 448 I A 583, 59o, 598, 618B, 623, 625, 627, 629b, d, 631, 652E, 716, 956, 964, S. 623, 652E, 715D I A {h ^ 625 ffl •$- ■^ -^ 621, G27A I ^933 g 507, 525A, 857b I :^507 I 'g- 840a, 857b I |||^'t525A \ mm-^ 526A I R507 Oman' m m 968 Ch'uan-^ &k if ^1- ^. 'l^GF I W333 Cli'iian* W]^?f\ 829, 829a ^ it 829a JiUn PJf771,77lA m^77lA m ^ PJi 839A m R] 813 m nl 1J 813 ^ it 813a, 838, 839 S^ M. 839a, 851b Chlieh^ (.9^6 also Chio^) m m 573a Ch'iielr m % m 306 I IS 842 [ Cliiiii^ ^im^ 433 t^ 657c, 707 I i^f^822 1 f^ S] 936a, S. 436b ^ tj 425, S. 432B ^m^ I29B m& 128,305 ^^.^ 129 A il ;^ S. 128 ^ fi] 426, S. 432b %\\ f5] 428, S. 425, 436A mm^- 436E f£ ^ pa Ji 692 ^ ^ 103C xvi ] OF CHINESE CHAPvACTERS. ''P ?£ U] ^32, S. 428, 436G i i£ ^ 1IF ^- 702 I iSfe ii] S. 4S0F I '#f ii] 424, S. 423 i «6.-,8 I n S] 3.VJ I «ii<:68 I « Fj 609 I « K IS H 690 1 «#103c i WETGes ] ^i iE S. 430 I ^i ."}] 430, 430a, 93Ca, S. 432d, 436c I ^ P5S S. 430 I tiff 656"a. 659 I 3} :g 673. 704 I mt^!?3A689 I fffinosc I IS '§•673 I m n 698A I IS ••] ^:?!'. •^- -i-'e I B 6:>6a, 659, 756 ! 13 :& 67o, 677, 704 I S^a677 I »KraA69i I B*^715A I B *f 103c I S 1" 675, 677 1 S/13:C98A I H ,n 431. S. 427, 43(iH I fSlrt)^ 103U I 'g'*^ 712a I ^974 « TpI ft! 849 -> (i) 936a n 7.-,0 I VC »] 433, S. 428 I MJ liJ] *fl 849 ; ***81U '•P ¥C [i] 427. S. 424 I U n] S. 4361) I -^ 754. 898 1 fft- ig 184a, b, c. 4 1 7, 4 1 8. S. 1 84. 1 84 a I rS fl^ 184, 417, S. 184B I n 'Or 103b I m^ isiD I rS ;^ E s. 184c I ^ 656 A, 659 I ^1^^679 Cliiiu^ Jin 348 2^ 849 ± 15, 30 ±SSIftl5 g- 15. 32 ^848 f!5S849A 31 15, 30 ^ 5f G29, 959 Ch'iiii-' m jSi "'72 A in ^^^ 7521 1 ^l'«i:^tt 212A 1 ^35 A SOS 1 ^ ..) n 297. 798 1 ^|.*«?!14 21 2a 1 9\'T^'ii r,58 1 ^hfHli 492 Iv 81 f» ir>. 873c I nr«. 9ir,n « w 5: '^i n ii87 1 ^^62'o XVIl ] INDEX A |g 945, 958 P^ W 944, 944 E m ^ S44E fiP^944K R ^ 629a li K ^ 957 ^ 628, 629a 1 i£ ^ 959 J* K ^ 957 J!^944d ^ ^ ^rfi 959 J^^95S :^ U't 206 Erlr^ Erh' ~ fp 629c 1 ^ :5 848 1 Sl,^A9i:> 1 "^ 99, 103b 1 ^ H *§• 778, 779 I ^^^702 1 ^ th 1£ ^ S 3U 1 ^ ^ t 807 1 ^^±469,813 1 ^Sfte^C9 1 I^M '3*806, 809, 812 1 ^^^ 184 J, 805,831a, u 1 ^4mt 808 1 t^mW- 184J 1 ^Stii!267 1 ^ *«^ $ t" 167b 1 ^m^t 809 1 ^ S 111 I" 295, 327, 413a, 664, 7 1 ^:g|«'r662 1 ^^^318 1 If m ii 268 n ^ ii ^ t* 323 I ^^:E679 I ^§R^268 IC: m 849 I ta^ 849, 851a I ^857 ^ ^ 520, 812a I m^ 812a Fa* ^ J* « f-f 622 I SJC §t ,^621,623, 623a, S. 623 I S5c ^4- 652 E. 653 I g^ ^ ;A: ^ 586 I SlJf4l64 I M E^ 6. 128 to 149. 150 to 163D. I ^ 758c I ^ X ^ F1 687 I f S. 758F I ^ fl _^ 6^21, 624 I #^n586 I # ^ 432A, S. 584 I #: F^ 623, S. 623 I n m 174 I # :^^ E 175 I ?51> 274, 440, 937 I i 915 I X^625 I m R] 185L L aii^ S i4 ^ 81 • I :^ 907, S. 907 I g 913a. # 31 f4 433 llA ^^ 190, 488, 6254, 629K, 713a, 812A I mm± 629k I p t 309, 49(5a, 712, 759, 760 I ^^ Jl 779, 781 xviii J OF CHINESE CHARACTER.^. a ^ f^ S. 832 I it ^ «• '28 to 12!tc n&m 1-20 •an J» i;!: ^* f!] ssoc I iJ] 82.-. I iiB25 UK « « 497 Fan' Fano' I # ^ ^fi21, G2G m t "96a Fang- P^ Pi .1? ■=>04b I ^^f fit74<: I »? 07 K, 74fi, 748 ?R eg a S- 88 Fei' Fen' :5j'^ 1^ S. 555 hh Aij a: r.2() Rfeaw S4'JA Pft [pT *fl Xt'-« ;fj 84'j ff792 51 iO fill itt HlC. 814 j'W ;a *•*''» t^SO, 838. 841, 844 fr 77.'. S. 771 iW :^ * 584 5J> li^ S. 5518 I «t331 I ^t'it 55 726 I JH $f tilSn I n mt "14 I 8IJ m m i'Hi I B 1 ^\ a 154c. 160a 1 Sp ftt 658, 720, 720a, 745, 745a, 1 'g' 10L^.D. 1S4H, 663a, 756 B, C, D, E, 746, 802, 604, 867' 1 '1? J&. -^''t^A. 605 898, 899, 900, S. 804 1 ^Jft * 766 1 si: ia )& 208, 208a, 209, 209a 1 X g p] 783 1 ilK'T^lSA 1 S^629a 1 X m -^20 1 m 291 1 -^^71^ 1 a^^-res 1 Sg7r,2F 1 ^ 3® 790 1 ep 495a, 573a I «a^324 1 'g? it Hi 270 1 eg m jff ) 1 A 822 1 efiiUnS ^332 1 JBt 799 1 <;g 'ij s > 1 ^^S. 128 to 149 1 ®^'?076 m A 573c 1 Ba:fe87'2 1 AffS.240 1 g 6GL 70". 1 *o12a 1 Xb tt if -P S fig 737 m mi ^■>7 1 fJ^ ^ fig 8.-., 570 1 s!^ PI ^857 1 j« 520, 544, 792 1 ft* « Ife 857 j tf r.95, 629B, 631 1 ia8»7 1 * SH 138 mm^A'n 172 1 :i?- 661 1*^15 1 kli U 493. <95a S ^ 583, 629C 1 0B 185E. 835a, 861A. S. 128 to 149 1 tr«g?fcKfl/fJFg£6lA Ila^ 1 «i % .il 267 1 .il »5 ±i 88 1 .i] Mt 77 Pft K (A iE 863 I lap 1 .') fi tr 831 K 1 .i)W89 1 Ji!W«yi8 I A(£8-'0 1 }a,sH7iiA 1 |g:^S. 128 to 149 m, Jit r,59B 1 ¥ TL '-K « '■'59B 1 iP jE « fig 669B 1 » iE m i^ 659 B 1 >pja 185c, 417, 419, 75(5 1 ■^^. <\> n r.yjc 1 *«ft6r,8 1 >|r 't' 14£ fi.VJi: 1 ti* 'J3A. 1 in .|. » C59C XXI INDEX m '^ m w- ^ 659b W m % M 659b ¥ SI] %l U 6r.9B ¥ M ¥ ^-JS fi59B '^ fot, ^ 155 «59b '^ ^ ^ 'fc 659t ifi l|i ^ 757, 757a '^fL i^ ^ '^ 756 r|r;';^ 185b, 417 "^ ^ H^ 65flC W 'J^ fe '>59C '^ "P M 659c ¥^ ^H 185, 756, S. ISoA ¥ ':k B 185a, 756, S. 128 to 149, ¥ :^ 1!^- 659c W :^ ¥?. '>'''9« Wi^M 659C ¥ ill =ff 75G 5|: H 184F Wi^M^l S. 825 to 826 m ^ 700 19; It ^ ^^ S. S25 to 82(; B^ |5l ^P 849 ig 253, 833,838,842 IS F^ ^0 8-53 H ^ 833B m it 833C, 838, 842 435 i£ i^ 756 Han^ ?F873 I pnittEa872A m5|rAii£718, 731 I ~ ^& 129b I Sai1£712 i mmpM 138 I * m 138 I fg 1^-493 I g|[-g£ 129b I ia qi 778 •m 1.1 i^ 190 I 5:jEfcA713A I 5:^11712 ;;^ t-t: R- i9Sc to 200c i ^^1^191 I ^ S. 193c to 200c Hang- ^?$^614, 615, 616. Hao^ ®g:B520, 678, 709, 713a I @ 678 Hei^ mma^^mmmn=i& 782a I g|ij-^953A Ho' •g- !i ^ * 759, 760 I af 5V f] 776 I K ;fr I'S ^ m 776 M ''^ |5] iP 849 I W^f^ 849 I ^749, 820D I vamsso I ffl} P] ^n 849 I it ^38, 843 I it la '13^ 719, S20D I Mi 850 I '^ 820d I M 820D I 3fi M it a --^ 820D i m l5l in 849 5W -t W] 306 I ^ 1^ ^ iE 389 I ?i^^-g^J<389 1 ^ ^- 388 I mm HE ic, 87;; I mmm ^■> V^^^^^ 35 xxii ] OF CHINESE CHARACTERS. ^m& 367 I 8e#S. 431 Hoir ^ 94 4, 944b, 966, , 34 I ^ ii ^ -t .^^ «2liB I in ^t -f- 52.-,B I JH 629B I ^ 628, 62'Jb I j?fe 525b I ilf 523b, 532 I m^l 701 *ta ?(5 ** 535 ife' Mfii^713 I 4BE5K718 I J^SJ^TIS I 6S?71S ilS45-P^JK»JIfi'l«i»5] 261 I t^ Vr 652. S. 758k I mci^X^ m fft m Bl 2.;3 I m^'M&^\¥t^ n] -'62 Ilsialig^ &'i Hi fA 733, 742 M X n '••■••••s llsianu^ ^H W. A 8fi0 ' a '31 [fa 850 [ xxiii ] INDEX Hsiao^ Mi B 94, 177a, 180, 190, 393 1 35SS. 752 m R§ I5i 513 1 i^l32 |t ^ f^ 425 1 a 221, 411, 547, 770a, 771a, 772, m m 97B, B, 718, 730, 746, 74S 7T4, 775, 783, 792, SUA, 874, 1 i§| ;K 727, 746, 748, 874 S. 108, 551c, 771 [ m <^ 97B, 718 \ mmmmm^'^ 1 ,!Nf ^ ^M 722, 737 1 31B] ^ S. 108 1 SIS'* 874 Hsiao^ 1 a K i* K » ^1 165A 1 M$k^?^%^M-mmw^2^2 /J>:^'b'299, 713, 766 1 mmmmmm^^i 1 ip:^129B 1 <5g670,746 1 A m 743a 1 M'-re?© I :^mMmm^-2io 1 #11^389,391 1 ^ 576 1 ^749,752 1 ^icJt filSA, B 1 |^;^^±132 1 ^m^n ♦oo, 407 1 1&752 1 fiii^f^577 1 SM653 1 '^M^t 618a, b, 635c 1 tl5M6o8 1 mmmm «i8b 1 ^799 1 ^i eii i£ m ^ p)i 618A 1 ^ ^ 576, 577a, 578, 579, 708, 709, Hsieh* 717a, b. 1 ^^^^^ G5S, 7!)4a, n57 I ± ir., 31 I ± Si 658 I ^- lo. 33 I 1- SI **!■■' ^ f5C fjf 5b p/i S- 335 to 3H8, 3D8 to 102. 4t;3 to tfi6 I «J( 3 fffl ig :90n.822A, S. 108. If.O, 335 to 338, 344, 398 to 402, 424 to 434. 4.58, 463 to 46ti, 476 to 480. 880 I ikmm # tS & 822 A I fri: ^ *S lg 822A I iA 4fi ^ u& l"'t»A. l.\l I i!i¥iitnn^ '•"''•'A i iEii«B'S d6;^c &s. louf.. ir.i I ft ■& tS: ig •^^■-'A I ^ G.'jIlA I 88 937 I W937 « tft 1$ 9-^8 Ilsin' i? i^ ^ ai ts '^< '•• I :R«56 llsiii^ I «i«ft Tf 80IA Using' M /ji n .-.sft ;i' 330 mzi&'if •'•"'OK Ilhiiifi- >fr) iff 21KA. 7.V.I, 7<;0. S. 2IH |,> 218a I IS 1^831 A I «832 I iS5 438, 937 I qtff S31B, S. 218 to 218A I ^ Iff 759. 7."9b, 7titr; /""is, "iA^ ff f^CAg •"■0-lD i ft '.fr^lJP^S. 127 I ft ^ ^ ^ 823a I ft if* 343a. .S40A, .S. 82.") to 826 I «i';'47 I ^819a I ^ S. 458 ■^ tS «S ■•'49 Hsiii' P|ifiESP94.-. 1 1136 Kt S ••'4.5 1 Jjg. 200 A. .5930, 629c 1 «E669 1 IT^^ fit 1-4 1 „^Tf£^;^cBi75 1 ^ig'->l 1 iK; 1^1^ 945 1 iKteHtW'M.-, Hsiii^ ^ vt (;29, (;29A, 827a 11X1*771 Ilsil' J««'-'74 1 ttr'JTS Ilsii' }f: ^ 38211. 3'.I2. .S 376 to 3'J tlinn 426 fi 'if It «• -l^.". to 338 [ xvv 1 INDEX U I" ji S. 128 to 149, 333 to 338 §^#700, 796c ^li?656 1 ^^PJi828 1 ^:J\^S. 128 to 149 Hsiiaii^ 1 3f IS li ^ 796C g ft p/t S29A 1 ^g^S. 652 1 it jt 5] 861A 1 ?^ 5: ^822 1 Mi. K »34 1 J1527A 1 l«IB9i"> 1 ^827A 1 ^ 5lJ l?l 560 Hsiin'^ 1 mmiEi^m sso 1 ^msiJ;'^1lE850 M. ^ 519A, 521 1 ^815 9-15 1 i5c 11857 1 ^SR St 9-15 1 ^^ifi.S.796A- 1 m1^»^ 861A 1 ^£271 Hsiiaii" 1 It 658, 835a, 857, 857b 1 1(1520 m 14 617, 617a, 618b 1 ^ 500, 519a, 784 1 1 mm.mfj\o2^ .\ m^ 520,909 m ^ 709 \ m-K 507 1 mmm^-^i- 1 t«S-^506 1 iE •112a, 851a, 855a, 860 1 # ii .^ 522, 621 1 jan 827, 827a t ^- *[i 339, 931 , 1 f§ g& S. 335 to' 338 1 1? it 814, 838, 840 1 III m '± M m 1 #aM520 1 [S «29a 1 1? IS 11501 1 ^^ ta !^ ^B- 758F 1 m l& M H, ^^ 602 1 ^ 'g* 708, 71Ia . 1 mi^zm^m 503 1 ^ PJt 758c 1 i5S 't E r SlJ 269 J ^MW758F 1 m^mm-^^'^ 1 ^ ^ :S 679 1 Ji&f^m'r269 1 f|822 r M: f^ 'li k 269 1 ^^412a 1 ^ff 't in't IlJ 269 1 ¥ # it 631 1 m 't M H SlJ 269 1 :^'iF712 1 1^ 151^ 655, 706, 707, 805a, 824a 1 m 850 1 m-^MlM, 706D, 805a, 824a 1 M 274, 395, 941 1 ii 658, 749, 804, 819a, 881, S. 804 1 ± 133, l«3, S. 376 to 394 1 ^268 1 g827A 1 f519A, 520 1 ^717 1 X 03 271 1 m ^ 106, 411, 674, 652A, 828, 941 1 S 521 1 mm ¥^828 1 # 521 • [_ xxvi ] OF CHINESE CHARACTERS. 5"W ^ .■-21 Hu* 1 ^ 778. 800. 824 1 M ft"& SCO ^ Ji #^ 342A 1 itm'^800 1 nn^^oiD 1 lit ft i^^ '^00 1 fff; 34it. 932 1 It 3. 1? 797. SOO 1 rfn iS ?Sf iS. ^ •••'1 1 ^Tt^^V^i^ ?oo 1 i^^5^^r5^2 1 ffi(jK):&?f8w «ff 80 1 }t(H)«-^800 m Fl A- 779, 780. 7S1 1 ^ S. 796a 1 y^ 734, 741, 742 1 is5 a fic ffli & s:^"!^ 1 ¥^734.741.742 1 in <55: 1 1^ '^ 603 I Sfl272 1 ?^ •% ^ 734. 741 1 «^2r.9 1 ^^fiR734.74? 1 m^ih 8S5B 1 Jpigt 97a, D. 733, 7.S4. 7.34A, 741, 1 |i»it835B 741a, 742 ^ ?^ 576. .'.t74 1 ^m^7fi4 1 ^ /]> i^ :^ 57.; 1 @ 665, 669. 674, (;77, 702. 70Ge. ( W\ » 726 &. 665, 669. 672, 674, 677, 702, 704 706. 70r)A. B, r. 812a Hsiin* 1 :^-fi69(; 1 ^ 4.5. 97e, 8I2a JH, 749, 7r>2F 1 mm^oiTi gm If 857 1 ?;^ jsp.ij^.8i2A 1 jt$ ff 430a, 700r. S. 4:'i6c 1 ^^-^'-'^K 1 « a » 1^ -F «• l» m 'ii: '-y-A 1 5} 620, S. 7:.3 1 m & 103a 1 Uf fil8A. 658, 794, 850, 851a, S.5.S, Una^ 85.-.A. 867, S60 TJ: «} 99, 950a 1 «8''" 1 131 f*^"^ ^3 SIKmJ 118 1 «Pfil22 JUna' flu' «? (R) J| :fr t55 tr 774 1 tfii Tf fr77:! Bf flfl!j*?E 914A,916 1 ■^R)^Sj^-♦ 1 H5E K 87.-, 916, 'IICA. 917 HikV Hn^ fb 5> «; It JR «• ^''^A ;J£ «r 7:;o 1 :5j^ flS K r-l «■•<* 1 ffr li :39 t *n77i 1 «rM&7.39 1 »n.-«fl 1 ♦!» 7.13, 739 1 *!"4 xxvu INDEX Hiiai^ I m- m m n < '• ''' ^" ''' I !^; it it ^-8^3 1? 'B- 5: Hiiaii^ Huang'' I Is 2 i ft.4lifi I ±1 I :kjfii I :*: ^ Ks |;i 126c I ±^ 12 I "^ I i ^ i.-i 1 ^1948 I ?S: 90(; I .SI tf 947 I n S. 210b I ^ ^ ;}9 I ^tig- 74 JJl ii 980 m i^ fSf F1 ^r ^ 9S2 IIiii=^ ^ H iii^ f- :M: 52(1; 82!)B I fi" 643, 82915 ! t|-||r,i4 I ^^374a I tf f^ 185J, 6r>2, ,7r,o, 766 u, 7S2, 8 1 2a, 828, 840a, S. 4:if;r. 825 to 8i'(3 I gt f 64:5, 706a I gt p] 78, H61, 402, 4:)0, 4«1 I ff K «43, 770 a I mJlkm^ 1-tlA I m ^ «23a I li pJi 409, 5!»3a, S. 36!)A =* H 823 li ft S. 369 a M f.2'Jc P 277, 538. 77;», 780, 781, 783, 805a, -S. 335 to 338, 479a, €.--2 a il :§: JX I* ^/ * ® 750B m 1^ i* ::A: E 83.-.B m M m -A E 924A iMc E 277, 30:.C, D, S. 242 Sj^ 628, (i29c Is] ra -^ ^t 392 7C (i29c Ji 829b m M 103b. 427b, 428b, 694, S. 432a VS /j£ K5 •■'72 Hun^ Iliin^ j5ir m m s. 22 J Hung K m 718 1 fi:906 1 -£984 1 + ^- # 437a 1 -i-^-nik 4;'.7a 1 -i'^ ^ 40 m m # 37GB, 1(35 1 m. # .IE Di i(3.-> 1 ft !f 'ji m 93.-. fliio' ifH See Ho- fS 015 916 [ xxviii ] OF CHINESE CHARACTERS. Huo^ I gif??733, 737 I « 58 i^ P)i 7.-.7B I |g ^ n "'91 1 ^ «l Sli ^ !»"^A (/t ^ :)21. 669, 674, G77. 679, 680, 702, 704. 705, 706a, B. 0. 812A. S. 7.")3 (396. 707, I — ^ 629c 1 .ru5^A»^"'' 1 -^ 99. lOl-iB 1 ^1^41702 I ^ K t 807 1 ^»i6li46'.i \ ^m± 469,813 1 IffRirSOG, 809, 812 1 ??^ A 184J, 80.-^831 A, B 1 ^mt^os 1 ^«^«184J 1 ^S^'g'809 1 Sfws'ri^^B 1 ^ff 15^325, 664. 71 lA 1 ^^^873 1 ^- ^ itr "r <:S3E4lA 5? A 945 IS ^IJ m 376a, 380a I ffRS. 376 1 S93.-, Z^m 956 ffj- ^ 677c, 631 «t g p;, 626A I Ji571, 737, 738, 718 I »79;. ■Pify( 1S6H. 1. 301, .U:.!!. 127b, 428 4t;9. 4X7, 813, S. 432a, 43t,K I -J: is:.n, I. 301, 427b, 42.Mi. 4r,;i 187, 774 424. !>\ 123 Jih* 'B m A 694 I II IE ^ ?± >§• 201 I >rS. 225 I * ^ 3: ^ P^ 587 I *^ 1^62.1 Joii^ Ju» in ?f 913 m m 573 1 ^ 850 1 # IP 945 fi A 945 Ju^ ?L ^S 575 Ju^ A 7jC to: 271 IE 946 1 ffi3^70S Jui* #m5 4i ^ 9i ;^ ^ 945 € M :^ If) I© H 915 I ^ 907, 910, S. 907 I ?|»I » ^ Rf 11 B? 18 ^ il 917 1 /fe^9lO 1 ^^S^ fas; 863 Tf g^ 850 Kai^ K'ai^ la m I^ t 976 I ^^^mi72 I mTr^iti72 I nn984 •ff if I* 525 i8t m 770c Kan^ Kan" [ ^xx 3 OF CHINESE CHARACTERS. K'an^ mm K «7A 1 ^-0 14, T66B 1 «^ ^ oU, 766B 1 ^ fj\ 221, 766b, 7f.7 ! ^ p)i ^ 2-21 7t)7 1 ^ pj? ss a : 221 1 * Pit 'g- 221 767 m^9\bB K'iUl'' f\\m p;j654A K-ang U ^ S60 Kao^ lar ^ 1 ^• 1 ^ 1 ^ 1 :^' 1 ^ 1 ^ 1 ^ 1 ^ 1 ^• 1 ^ 1 3f 1 ^ 1 :sf 1 :? 1 ^ 1 5? #fA $5: if ^ ai Jjlr 400 tft ^ 3?. ' S8o, 762, 763 « n '^i 1 6.-.3 ■P Tie fr ^ 8. 702 'J' ^ ."^ 5'6. 577a, :;78, 717a, ^ :t 583, o<32a, 621, 627, 717A i«< ^ ^ -i^ 522. f)2lA ^■1^ :^ S. 621 to 62111 1^ 6G3. 7Gt;i!. 786 X :ife * ^^ «08 ft ?* * ^ / 603, 770b ft :!^ * ^!^ i i^SE 663, 7J>8 iSi^*.^tJ12 rlf 5^J A! 758, 7oO IK 9^ i}- Ml "''I'A, 76<)i; * « * :g 638. hWc, 787 629a ao' Mi- i(t 'JiS K'ao' *:ttJcji^dti5o «$ i* rfi ;>c Ei ii2o !S ?tt ¥ A- IS 9-'3 S5ji«Jc;^E9-'OA ??e JK 805A ^ l^i ip ;^< E 923a ?*ftti^ 922. 922 a S^ M S5C ^ [5 922 Jl-^ ^^'f 426, S. 3:5,) to ;i38, 12;{. 4;',C.A m iM, '^2 2 A tSlK ^l," 185H X M 487 Xig 311 X nj 3'»t> J^ ..] 3.56 I St (VJS. (>.-,2«J K'eii^ M f« ilil '77, 7.S2 I f* 3i- J^ 777 I #f4816A t ^ :^ IS 778, 8)9 I » ift A.'j 777, 7!S2 ■Jt nfi] 122 I W la ft 976 ** fJC f^'iSQ, :fc 6. 128 U) ll'.i I m 133 I g i:'i [ xxxi ] IKDEX I ^ a P F^ «• -61 I r^ ^j-- m T- la «"i I ^ SI! I?§ 743C I ^mf^ 'tT 303 *^ 1-^- 35 I 1^018 K-0' ^^16:511, 167b, 184j, 18.tG, I, J, 294, 4' 7, 411, 422b. 434, 641, 652, 697, 711a, 7(;6b, 7S2, 8 11 A. 812a, 816- 828, 831 A, 8:59a, 840A. S. 368a, 432, 436J, 825 to 826 i fp {h # !)o(;a \ Ai^m m i^ E 8S0 I M # S » ;^^ E S80 , I italli6;!c ] it 1030,_1o4b, 155, 16(;a, 162a, 184j, 185G, I, J, 294, 411, 422b, 434, 541, 652, 755, 766B, 805, 815. 828; 831 A, B, 839A, 840A, S. 432, 436J, 825 to 826 ^82S I tMf^-'543A I ^ g| 595a, b, 5'.t6, 597, 597A, 628, 711c 1 ft 310 ^ -^ f^ S M fli -fe M '?'^A .oil" m m 80 K'ou" umm m m s- 240 I At it 893 Kill ISl f^ /^ ± H I lUM-T-19. 873 I iij t^ n^ 35 Kii^ 7'r f* # -t GrA I 5- -2^ W] 776 I 5^ -H m ^ Xi] 542A, 776 I ^t£163c I it 167A fi" B^ 850 I HI g 706b, C, 812a i 1^ Jr. 706b, c, 812a 1^ foj S. 1U8 -^ I frg tr 184k, 302a, 393. 468, 481^, 776, S05, S. 108, 185a I P«T ;^ E «• 128 to 149 KHi^ M W- 86, S9, ».-jA, yiA I '|V8'0S I r^ M m -A IS 879.\ I •fi&rM]3:^E879A I A i^ 826, 835A, 844b, 860, 85lA, 853 ! S826 I F^«];^57 I liE 77, 96, 298, 384a, b, 456, S. 376 to 394 I «3*82, 89 xxxii ] OF CHINESE CHARACTERS. Kua* mfst^a-m 776a Kuan' 'iV & "07 [ %\]:k&. 819a I @ffl82 I ^ 87. 87a, b, c. 717. 9C1 I l|t ^ 9«1 1 BK517. 8.5;» I ^j^ 1. -,8.859 I «.flt^S. S59 I »Ji859 I B7'J9 i «»fBH74A I a«Jil^l818 I «B5S54ri I PU aj ^ S. 8.-,!) I iE«t)^818 M-^909 I- B§ 85, 984 ! f^mn^i i ift*n"'92 I ;^ ee 8.-.0, 85lA I ft 842 « ISIE838, 844 iiarr » a * 35t 8T4 I a8li4t^874 I KH2H9 I Kn fill 269 I Kt^c.'.* I KHfilJ26» I « ft « ;^ E 9« I « » 8E i«3c I f'T l>il *0 849 I « (U « 81 1P*;*:Bi674 ^ r/] ijf 709, 711 A il 124. 664a, S. 102 to 102a m$k%^M1^ 224 mikJi^^x%^mm 232 s Sf if5 ia ^ m ig f? 90 3i tS 5? p}\ 788 a iF ruf IS nf 1^ 18-ic, s. 184a ^m^^mmmm 2.-.8 m JoJ it 258 S ,!i5 3c ^ tl' * ^ ^ 87a M.mf&mf^m 161 S #t «E ^ ^^ 276, 39.-,a 310 *iSE*±S£'&je (;52, S. 652 ^mf-^i^ E*12a S X p.? il * ^ 95 J® ^ '-Ji Si ili ^ 276, 421, S. 420b S^^¥ ^ 104D S ± «S 1^ ¥ 5Bf 88 S * ^ 1^ ?li !* 234 S ii «? IS !» |& 86 g R m t^mmsd Jf. 3^ ?^ K ^ ^ *g nt ^ 94 3HflI ^ J2- 'U ig} 92 ai *SI SB 'K !* 3H7A a & Hi -li :!^ 72 mm^M m ik 'U m 91 ^m %<>,)& 'It ?5f '.•:< m ^ .a nr iS ^Jt «f ssa gi i\ 10711. 172, (•>52 « W W la t»J ff^ ffl m ft 90 «d iE 2t;'j m M 269 jUjE^IUHa AnsiuiiA xxxni J INDEX f^ .f> *t fSC f^ B- 737 i « t& t4 #c "fi- 737 I i^ .Hft i5f ^ 737 I J& PJi 267 I ^ ) 661, 704. 706b, c, 707, 805a. i ^ffrtr* «12a, S. 763 I l^^«80 I mf^ ^ "11 A .un?- fg ^ f>] 355 I m 14 ^- ?2.5 to 826 Kuan' '^ ^'.p: 11:113, 115, 123 Kiiang^ I im m 383 I i?nt # 376b, 934 I # # IE Ji 934 Kiiang'* ® rO 77 X 8:.o Kuei' B ft t^ Mii ^i; M 74.-,c, 89;» Kuei' Kuei' S t« :^C ^ !>29 n A if» I ^^^^: 621, 713a, 710 I ^ ^ SSC ^^ ^ 622 I if. 7 ii 629 b P^ m 877a K'uei' K'un' X K ^ ^ pfT 788A fl ^ 95, 189 fS"^ 859. 909 m m 783 P f^ 783 P. H 656a, 6.-9, (-,71 fM r^ m 430 fsim#fa'rr«;7i *| jfif 345a. 812a '^m Mi •■■'09 # S. 771 SM771 M f4 830\ jf4 (r.L'i:. 6.-.S f4;^ ^|i ■•■'91 £r. 52 I Ju 14 428, 687, 716. S. 652p, ^m^ma t587 ^ 460, 989 Si5 Jj 909 fiiif 270 ^ 766B m Pit 769 fS fj] 464 ^ * ^ 598, 604, 606, 607, 608. 621B M f4 •■'99, 605, 766b mmMm 771, 771A mm'-^ m 770A ^^cmn9 j ^ 20, 21, 22, 23, 27a, 873, 877a, 944, 946, 966, 969 cfi Ife ^I 726 it 14 61 8b, 786a II 330, 331 .^- S. 805 pjt 839a ff] 465c, 542a, 776. n] ^ # ^j i65c, 776, 776 a [ xxxiv ] OF CHINESE CHAKACTERS. ^ n i'73 :* » 952 ^ 1u4a 1 ®92y 1 IE y29 |- *S. 11 1 «y43 1 JEy29 1 »'.'29 1 59-;t29 1 ^ *ft 1^ -^ '■•0 1 :fe922 ^mnmi^& '-istt 1 A 945 1 Hi 27a, 126a, 187, 305 IM:-* 190,267 1 mt iS JJC ^ IE ^ 775 1 :^Bi5iJ P/is. -16IA 1 K «f i^ ii'r «• 4e4A 1 lt^4*;-«A 1 % J^ -^^ITb, 7758 i ^miX HOO. 468. 775 1 ?^ ^ 775, 83:)A 1 m m ra 'rf 775 1 ?J?iftt7 775a 1 % ^ (I 775 1 |i|ff607,.iOH Kuntr* K ^ f,29A, (;3I. 'Jo 7 1 ±629C K ine ^/^73 K'un^ K'iiiii»^ fL it: »fl !'"0. 950 A I n 202 Kuo- iS5 ff 34:u ■t' S. 127 Hfi S. 55 1 U fit 2 ^ f^-^ 77SA .1! !?l -'•'■•' ^6^412, 412A, 959 =f- ^ 4 ISA T-^ir^iyjftflas- 112A. 113a i 906 ■^ ::^ E s. 128 to 149 Kuo^ * m 79A I ^«:*7-.)A Kuo^ ia Llj « 15* 65(;a La' M- isa isj u loiB LicMi' 1 SjF 12'JB. TJU 1 ^'It ^.hfrxfe 12-..B ^^ >(r 7:.3. S. 7:.3 1 ^ lt;2B, 4<)3, 790 1 'g » dij 54 S. 82.-. to 82(J 1 m « 49:i- 879 1 g P/i 7u:5 1 fig '.t6, '.I7E, 729, 746. 748. 799. 874 1 S^75o-^ 1 i^ -fr 320, 332 i * n s'jo ' 1 f^i*;ff!)'i - i :;fe ^<-.oi,(i02 1 f# &?/[>>) ^ Bl 98 i&^^n 424 i iat834 Ki §)j i7<;c Ling' 1 \i!f'^^>i^\ 1 B$f^S 4rVf*;»l ^ 8J6 1 H?f '■? ffc ^ « 8. 702 1 :^8o6 i »g9«.1ft'J-'7 1 -;*• 8. -.6 ■JUS. im 1 • •> lAU- I.iii' ai?Tfr2ni #. K A ''"''J Liu^ 1 aiE'.>-i7 1 l}±•>- W 8.-.0 1 ^ .',77c, <)2yA, 031 1 ^2108 Liiii^'' 1 ,'.!, Hi ajfc sc, 89 1 ,?^, ..] Mi 77 P$ VI ■''•''•• 1 ol. » »fl 'tf S'^liB 1 ««iti')»:«|(V'7iA 1 nL i* »«. 'lY 382B 1 ■ff.'J: r^ ■.7l.74:»B 1 ,'..•.% 4 90 1 ¥«!Vj aSHi.?!:^ 1 X 274 1 SAia-'if '71 1 as.vi XXXV 11 INDEX Ji ^ If 231 Lou^ Lou* I '^ 655, 656, 753 ¥ i^ ^ -r S. 702 mmm. 701 WW^M. 703, S. 702 ^ /Jv ^ ^ 708, 709 W^^ 708 ¥ A ffi ^ 708 ¥ # ^ 103d ^ If 822 ¥ ^ © ^ ^ 621a, 713, 71(; ¥X:^I4 716 ¥.^:E£ 1=^716 ¥?i:K- 1^716 m:^'r^^711 ^;^S.f;^716 ¥ ffl5 274, 417, 420, 936, 936a. b, S. 420 ¥ ffl? ^ f 436 ¥ fflJt^^ * ^ tm 1^ ;& tp ^ I& 820 ¥ ji /X * .^ 71lA, 716 ¥;;'^ e S. 128 to 149, 420a 5: 5iJ :A: E S. 128 to 149, 420a W-:^^^ 708, 712 ¥^I?:^^^712 -f:iM^^.^7i5D ^fp m ^^708,710, 716 W-Mfm:km'M^- 184b S^749 ?§ ^ Pi 656A M:^:^ 731 i¥§ ik B] 477 XM^io «^ ^ P^ If 78fiA ^m ^Jk ti2lA, 786 IfS «i iV ^ M 786A \ mmA 300, 484 i^ ^ H 1^ H S. 369A ^i^749 1^ ^"184j, 185e, g, h, I, J, K, L, 220, 221, 222, 294, 422b, 425b, 434, 481, 759, 760, 761, 763, 764, 765, S. 128 to 149, 376 to 394, 432, 436J, 702 I *«tE7?c#£^^ p)i758D. Luan^ mmi^ 111 I ^ ft 109, 942 I fi^ 111 I 1^ r) 113 I ^ ^ 109, 942 Lun^ ^ ^ 14 185g; S, 436a I «&tS^^789 I ^^1^720 mmmf^ 585 Lung^ gg, ^ B 629b m 1 # ^ 11 461a I Met 439 I i5(|f758K LU^ .1 ^ 730, 732. 874 I 5*c 680, 706c [ XXXVl ii ] OF CHINESE CHARACTERS. H ^ g 680, 704, 705 Mei^* 1 * JEtS: f\ :nA 1 ^fiiJIfen-iiA 5^«*^«:i7b 1 53 t).">«A, i">r>9 1 s ^ tut;, 704 Men' 1 S*.^'i.-.B n =p 14 801 1 S*^4:n 1 S801 1 fS 'g-67f., 71lA 1 $soi 1 S':J£"04 1 «a8oi 1 ^S ^-*>7'> 1 T713A 1 8t42.-.B 1 B '12 Meng- 1 #665, tlOfi, 78.-. mm^ 57oA I m7->4 1 3l*:t-'79 1 ^mm^^^'^00 1 ^l^-^7o, .;i9 1 Bfe656A, D, 6.")!t. 70(; 1 «i^i^fe«;i9 1 m^i^o 1 rafe«n*.t7i4 ]\Ieiig' Mai' sisntt ffj^Tiii ft ^ «'0 1 is '^60 1 A- m 138, 497 1 .!rAS«7i.s 1 -A-tt.,^190 Man« 1 ffKf^49;i JW '^ ^ f4 627 1 jlW 778 1 :B^iSsi2b 1 m Au«12a, 901 1 ^5J'^j!.^I2a 1 ^ vi] X12 1 ;(* ,fl « 812, 901 1 «Jtt.^J«12A, 9..1 1 ^ ^ 2t U( (I -;27 1 ZlJft 129b 1 «^ iSSgr* '51^621, 627 1 R35AS 13K 1 * W- 1:^« 1 tt Jfi5- 379, 422a. \'j:\ 1 la^* 129B Meni;' 1 tt « 190 1 »'h*^o79. 717B s T ^ n o8.-. Mao* Mi^ E » * n •-•«'-. m%ilT '••••'21. S. 768P Mao* Mi^ as >*- 900 |« See Pi* fT ii A as a ¥ n •••»2 XX *tf •« Ai fi'i 'i£ «<;:» xix INDEX Min^ S i^ 1^ 79(;c, 822 I gc ^ 274, 339a, 9S1 I Sk ^ iii C^ ^ » ^ -^ S. .■i2P-B 1 i^ (^- 7.-.4, 807 i ^ o] 807 \ l^m^ .754, 807 I 14- 219A-. 75!). 7(i0,822, S. 21!) to 21i>A I ^4^71^219 I #;lifl*219 I ^:^ !5 S. 128 to 149 I 3^349 I Iff. 14- 811a, 831b, S. 219 to 219A I M M 759, 7ri9B, 760, 7()0b, 7()1a I &9.J9 Min^ ^ gk M nf- H ^ it 1^17 m m m ■>-^--> 1 # i§ J^ S S. 8r,9A Mino-^ ^ lit 573 \ M^T^ r)2.">A, n I # -t n 829B I #^>£S783 m m 9"'7 III ^ 12;-), 382b, S. S7(; to :}:)4 I ^ IS i^ 125 Moif II :§ f^ 1851, (J99, S. 436c Mu (Mo)^ mmm^ 579 $a St ifc 766c It s 755 H 3^8.-7150 Mii^ 'Aixm 6*J7 1 ^^%'m 12 J 1 5c S. 191 1 It 4(;oa 1 E 680 J^ 851 i m ?'S 755 1 ^ 83H, 898 1 :g 88, 755 \ mm^ 755 1 »?4 755 M ^ 822 Na^ 1^ a 028 Nan^ ^ 944 W }^ 79B /i^ f m 87c ?^ 79b ^'^ M ^ H 1^ ^ 795b ^ s. 2o<; ^90 ^mm'^ 97E 7^' ^l^ E 476, S20B Nan* Si j^ 0-140 I l£^^^959 I *S^958 Nei* r'S ^ ^ it tiil ^ :< i 1 isifr ii5i{c?ri.g 1^1 i 1 mi'irm i--^ - • 1 Raffim^i-i:^' 1 p fft li '•♦:^A ! ftrriijft^i.; ' «t !«^JK7:i7. 74r, ! tfr SJ^ f!A «; -17 1 «r ^ /^/i It cfi -M t «T,:9'.K7.s7 1 «r ::9 ii£ ^ cfl -'7 1 mcfifW: 7)<; Nicli^ A «•) «:»0 1 ««3<« ing- -^ 13. Fj ><■''•' Xiu= X(.^ ^fl«lfF;t06,!il.-.,915A I IR '^ iHT). 91. 'A ',,2 WL -t '•'**:^ «? m no Xu iuan Xmig- CiJFJClfl 770c I ^-Jl I") V.K) I JFji '^ 598, f,(iO. COS, f.ii:!A. 770. 77nA I ^770 I B it '?t !'T •''•"■> I iff r,.-,2F: t ff X '^ ■''•••I I tr 770c ' X i??i «. ^'j 76'.i I :r. jfTj n K2J ' T. iSl SB '-'71. 462. '.i;t '^. •■'17h. 77(t() I ♦* ft ':•■-•< I X H^j :^ 15. ^- i-'t^'o "■' I t?n3i9 I '|l 'I* n 'i'' "7. '■'1711. 77ii I li 2< WtaS ''»: fl ^ 578 I ^ m ^ ^h fi -^ 578 I ^ /J> ^ ^ 578 I ^ ?0 ^ ^J» fi ^ 578 I ? M ia ^ .^ 618, 619, 619 a 603, 0^(2) m. «ee E* f(5 See Ao' ^k m mm^si.m.'^ 652b A m 718 Silo ^ ^h ^ .^ 717A m filj K15 it 7i2 SJI /J> ^ ^ 579 m M '# /j^ ^ ^ 717A lift 'B' m 717 iSi *t ^ *r 30f' A nu n nu o no n e, 1^- X. ^ fili 'g- 413A A-'^.t 299 fi A 945 ar H 239 1^ lit 481, 766 K] jg77 ji :^ 86, 89 n M 90 ^41 53^ Fj 520 fi" 915 I HI % 951 I !il fi *# M 1; m m. 864 ^ K 582a, 631 I K:^ 628, 629a J5 3K «. 752a, f. I I®, 752f, 796, 800 Pai^ e f^ 915a I % ML -\- ^ tft 437A Pai' nn^^ 124 P'ai^ ^|£656b, f, 711a I ^ 661, t;79, 704, 705 I 'r7iiA I 1^ ^7f 654a P'ai* M^Jtii 422a, S. 551b Pan^ ?i 99, 713 I iij tf] 122 I ^918 [ xlii ] OP CHINESE CHARACTERS. Pan* #* B 'J' ^ iff 61SB I B fi :^ 679 I gg Kl ^ 726A Mi 'B 423b. 618a. 15. r>23, 635c '1t Til It S82 I >li '^6:.tA I i|i ;^ E 879A, S80, 905 I m n 5L'.-.n nxn^^&- 1''2 Paiiii' W -j^t np 30S I ^ 1? ± ff -it 308 I ± ^ 308 I ± fti ± fr i^ 308 I ^?!£l-'9B I «5 J« :^ S J: tr ;^ i^^'R I j^ 102, KIOa, H;2b, 246, 267, J93, 535, 697, 700, 779, 780, 781, 783, 80oA, 811 A, S. 335 to 338, 368A, 878 ! «» «t >» A E 243 i » :^ fli. 87yA, 907, S. 007 I W S. 758 I $fi yg H-",, 245, 310, 393, 535, 697, S. 3(i9A, 373 I ^ |!» S. 820, 82t; I It ttl 147, 7H3, S. 155, M'5 'u x'Z6 I a«r 2111 ''30 I life ir 70(;a Pao (Po)' I'an-' fe y< 47.07. 737 Pao' 1% ^ jff 343A Ua ^ 427, S. 424 ^ •I62A ^C 6] 461 A m "'75 ?^ # «54 % 984 11:953 M Fj <60a W H <;2'.k; Pao* III a ?!E f* SS 99 ^^435c P'ao* et K I i*i),ua'ir67o IV-i' n l^jj 18. 27a, 863. S73 I -f- 19, -J 7 A. 873 L xi.ii ] INDEX Pei^ Pi* At m 3^ 1 # 'i> 167b, 755, 75(; 1 t'(^ -k S 476, 789, 820b 1 ?t'rfffi7o6 1 :n-Xm rt.s. 5S4 1 mm 1 ••»'.• Pei* 1 #11 167b, S. 128 to 149 1 # A 805, 822, S. 3 69 A m-^m.mi^^ loe m %\\ m S. 373 1 ffi^680 1 U\ m '± M 373, S. 373 P'ei^ P'i^ ^ses'^K-fS ii--i tit Tjsj^ i;.8 1 ^'r8i2A |.§5[:^.80 2|s:|4 252, 6U2, (;o;^, (;o7, 611, 612, Initio! 615, 6l8c, 623a, 627, 787, H 65(;b, e S. 584 1 m 1S8 P'iao* P'eiig- W< .^ t^ IH8 1 Hfo-.OA ^ 6o6b, f, 706 l>i3 Pielr'-" glj U 849 A, 851a Jrb 8 77 A 1 ^ 568, 617, 623, 627, S. 623 1 H »& tft •<■£. ^ 877A 1 i3fB438 Pieii -^ijlAS^ 70, 76, !OlD, 123, 201a 202, m%m 180 203, 204, 210, 212 K. n. 229, \.=t^ 458, S. 458 230,231, 293, 2!).->, 713. 754, 1 =t n@ 1")0a, 151 7il8 1 $1^10,488 1 JC^293 1 |if4-l"'8. 541 [ -Xl iv OF CHINESE dHARACTERS. / m^ m i »j^ Ag 162a ^ S. 3;^.") to Wis ^^ 1.-.4A ti] 44(- 'ir S'l'.l SOOu, o'.iSc. (i^'.ic 21(»A A7j Ks:.M, 130b, 8.v.» f4 700, S. 4:56c ;]!? S. 373 ii'f 372 iil if Ji.J 4>'fi 14 34 1 A Pit li52 JPJ406 ^ *^ fit 404a 4H(»r Fj 40(;a '§•712 m f$ i^ 7,s2A *ifS22 li] 4*j(; ff S16a. 822 A E817. 84:.A rieu^ ;.1 p^5 ± 7.-.8E I'i I'l 11- :i^ >; 707 1 ^^ *ii\ 71:;a 1 ^nlt 185.N I 'it i?4 -t;^ 703. : II 1 xmikn^F ^ /(§ "1 I'I lg m ''J*'^ 1 .!! to ^1 jf 7;tr,A 1 a tiu'-' 1 fi Jg 697. t>y8 1 «S ig *S. *4> 'i!'.s 1 }fr»415. 417. :^6 P'illli'^ Zp i£j tij 4lilA 1 K 512A 6^ ^^^411 1 .iiiri4ii 1 m2\c, Po^ S^S. 131 1 ;3 8(;iA 1 ;5 -^ 853.^. 877a fdl •»44, '.)6r., 1)6'J 1 i,t 8(13. 877a ^ms. 2(ir, 1 ;j^ S. 206 mmx^oi-' 1 ±229. 230, 231.412a, 944 a 1 ± 51'J -T ll !'60 1 ± l!!! fS :W4B ■| !^ ii&t;i«B m jnl ia ^J 84!IA I «j je 7o:.a to I) I \if.B^i^ '■*■'' '" " . 1 Wi W to 79:.A tn I), M'.t I ift«7!M; [ xlv ] INDEX I ^ f4- 252, 618b, 623a I ^ 965, 967, 968, 969 Z^AA^ 27A AA^mm^2^ AA5>mm ^22 mjikm m rv 826 § 1 ^ ( 658, 793, 819A, 825 m W 799 :f: H^ 727, 799 "fWM m 797 '^ ^ m m m a ^if soo '^ ^ II ^f n 798 :^^783, 736, 797, 801a aWS 124 J£ f4 42S, 684. 716, S. 6o2b m 754 m 656a, 706 lit ^ 430 ife « n f^ ^ 714 f/|5 275, 870, 906 FoS 701 m 892 ^•277,820 ^ 882 1^ 279, 280, 821 f^ IE ± ^ ^ ^ B74A, I iE 384A, P, S. 376 to 396 P'U^ #31 t5:W574 I ii ^ 622, 625 I MmJEmiX 7I3a \ m.mmB. 625 I ii^SlJ IXA713A I i§ 14- 699, 601, 605, 606. COS, 611. 828 ^ m |iF g 615 1 M Jii fli 374a 1 m m ioo 1 ii ^ ^f 550A Sa^ ^ffiic :;«;- 79c, 573c Sai^ ^g-§- 773, 773a 1 H ?f S l>& !i M 876 1 #^ffiJH5 870 San^ ; gE 78a, 97, 99, 717a, 718 li^h^-^717A i!^ m 35c 0C II S. 97 S£ # ^ 99 m^ii^^m^ 78a m m 215 J^ 849a P ii ^ ;^ S 820b i; 943 ^ 943 ¥m4^m^M,m 577, s. 577 ^ 99, 103b ^^ 1" 778 ^f4ii 184 J. 805^ 83 IB ^mm i8'«j ^ 1: til f 328, 413a, 669 -4 m m t C'G'2 ^ t:- K 322 =f IS, Ji 268 ^ ii P 'if :i:;(i ^ ^ ic 679 -^- §t ^ 268 ^ 857 [ xlvi ] OF CHINESE CHARACTERS. San' Sfc M Si--' I £1854 I ^ t<. 7:.3 San* lit m. t 737 1 ^ ;'t e US 1 i^:-'Oi Sen' ^*MH««914A ! tt:^ fv:''i7i'' Seng' ftiE.578A 1 ^■■■:iA 1 m -73A, S. 57 Sa 1 mms. ."3a 1 Ifl tn ai) ?n! Ifl S. .■>73a 1 m .'•] fip ai 5' :5a 1 iHi B] .^.73A, S. .")73a Sha' ^.Z^ 87.-, ills \ ^mv «■•■' 1 ^Pti'is IS /j£ P K tJ ••' 6lB Slian H ¥• iil 121 » « JB 837 1 ^ «f. h!l 837 1 iif .-hSa Uf ffl 8'i2 1 ««22 1 £5 4!i3, 4!I5a 1 R F5} s. 3.;9/ I 1 aU822 Shano-' ^ J^*^ [B.875, <.ill ! J^iH¥E^n87r, ^{i^ ^ r,y8, 613. C14. CI.-, Gic «ff ^V ^ 772 ^ 774 jfl t;52E 1^ :k ^l :.92 ^ fit 4(;iA, 46:>B ^ ^fj 4r..-iD, 776A ^aM5J-^776A iSi M ^'ij iilj" - : tB le yt 86:5 go 461, '.138 ±910 ^ 5j^ ■& 774 miSi.ft 774 ^ 315 I\ 300, 468 igj j^t 839a :j^^^774 n m 7ti'.» ^ HI A 4fi8 :f;jf^i\ 321,909 m » n m ?^? Hfi ^'20 ^<5t^ 598, 609. 610. r,n, f.l2, 62 IB '^^f^i 774 r];^ rS. ^24, 924a a^g^S. 240 Shano-' I 111 '.HS [ xlvii ] INDEX Sliang^ ±1 n^M^Mmm'A 598c, 787 ?g m J^ M 790 111^127 *ic ^ S. 90 . *fc ^ S. 90 H 5^ 97, 718 -^959 ±658 m m m ss ^ H ffl ^ 73B, 742a- f^: ^ 91 >^ IF. 91,570 2^ filj 91 3^ 845 1^91 8# IE 91, 570 m m 91 ■^ 276, 27S, S. 753 mmn 585 m ^ S. 223 1^ Fj gl S. 236, 23Ga ^ ^j ^ f*. S. 240 m^imm^- 2«' ® ^ 929 i m S- 279 Jit 659a ffi :}^ Sr 793 m 216, 217. 93:^, 934, !>35, 936b, 937a, 940, S. 58, 59 f& 857 ti 943 1*943 fillj943 FT] ;S; 412a 'n A 935 Ti] nK 438 ff] ^ 460 ^ S] .d 415 I ^1^932 I f!]i:^936B I S] Hi 934 I fi]M349 I ^ 333a I ffe 659a I m ffi 376 I ^929 I g*-849, 857, 929 I gt 659a, 857 Pjl" 656b, f, 706, 707, 749, 752k, 800, S. 753 I ^ 706b, c, S. 753 1 'j^- 706b, C, 812a, S. 75S Shen^ # 9ll ft fiR 977 J^iif^912A m M 512 f li m ^ 733, 740 I m 79C I ^^-390 I ^^-§-JE39l I m^^'^ 391 ^ fH- ^ 431, 805 ff 1^ 374a, S. 127, 551b ^14 541 'p; 812 a m m 444 ^J :i: S. 702 HsM^ ff] 623B, 788 B fi 5^ IS 759a, 760a, B, 761 '^J tr S. 702 % li 758, 759, 7C0. 761 n mnmi^ 758a. e ^IJ '^ PI 526, 758 [ xlviii J OF CRIXKSE CHARACTERS. ^ tij ^nf ^ )9f 7.-.8R. s. i'21 i ^ff398 mm n]Rl ShO'll' Shrno' ± i\ C,29a. !)60 H T^ 1^ ''-^B 7l^ >5- St <-:n ^816, 81!tA 1 iq*«i'8 m «C .->7:? 1 * 1 s;hr'no-' Sheiiii Sl.il. ' IW Ef « W ?^ 40(., 407 i © a w •■'■4 i ELiS7^ ji)i<;i8A I et«?? pfi f-isA I t5 * 5& 618, 61KA, B. r.Hi, r,i!iA I Cf^m A''i«B I aw "92b Sliil,= \\- ii '.»'.«. 70G. 7f. I 7- r.2!tB 1S ^ I . m '.Ml [ I ?5i^i1f 27a, on I I -r- 12,28 TlT ^ ^^. 79<;a } \ ^S. 71IC.^ I ff: ig 9.t1 ! I ^i "6 59.5, .V.t.iA. .-^gG. G2S , I ^U^ '!5(- #* ■■>9.=-)B. .'i97A 5t. itt f'^ ^- ""7 . fi •« i;'7 I I IS * ± 19-' ' I B> s. 2:»8 [ Un 279. 280, 4 '.'2, 820 n '•^ i an I3-.. I'.'fi I ^ 8s. 99, 73f.. 9.-.a ' 1 ?flj 8i ^F "^ ; I «f j^f fiis '.'9 I {•?; ft ii '••!• I Wi-'i3 xlix 1 INDEX ^£E 185, 75(1, s. i.s:>A ffl i^ -r- ^ 2(;s m pfT -71, 771a i|t ^ GU:;a, 770, 770a ^ Tr . 404, (553, S2S, S21IA, b, S." Ig 9^ y4(; Sf^ 573 SI ?;E>i*, £912 SI lO* ion ^ ^ i:{'.), 157, 190, 4301'., 7Gf! 1 f:$^535 1 g: tr 6521, S. 758f 1 ^iE^ri71lA 1 %^ 422A, 711a, 77S, 780 1 -JCmmil 'llA 1 ic, f^ 422, S. SC.SA, 422 , 42(;r 1 -± 'iT *!-'■"', •■•4:5A J !i£:pJt422A 1 ^Jt^ltTOi), 7i:u 1 ^it ]0SB,(;!)4 1 fl ^^ ± I'Z :i<;2 1 51 ^ 251, S16A 1 Il^*jl438 \ ^mm i<;3c 1 ?.^P)t453 1 ir^1tt^212R 1 f! ^ ft ::t it 779 1 5f Xi (i'.H, 822 Shoii^ g: 848 I fl^752D I m m 844B I mmmi^^ I g^P'cE570 ■-70 Mf s g , S3I [3] 1^^748 gt; 7(;6b ^■r7 4^ 76i;b & ^ 'g' 167g '*? 8;m t m 848 M sr.c. I'f 80.-. If 914A fl ;<5: ^t f^ fL ^ fS -3 fiS ;fe SS f^/ m m -'^ ^fl li 237 SI 1 Oil* m m ?4 601 i I^^I4 60;5 i f:^^n5!io I ^«it ^^617n, 71.M-1 I Iimf4.<:"2 Sim' ^ p,C 103b, KiSc, 167», 171, 295, 325, 327, 328, 403, 413A, 514, 535' 541, 578, 622a, 642a, 664. 674, 694, 706a, 711 a, 770c, 822, 828, 829B, S31A, S. 3G9A, 464a, 825 to 826 I t\L ^ 1']. 664, 704, 706b, c. S12a I 1iUi?fe 310, 404, 766b, S. 369a, 652. 832 I ri!fG-^5A 1 1*520, 521,712, ,S22 I ^^ 779, 780, 781 [ I 1 OF CHINESE CHARACTERS mm '^ a 121 IS t^ i^ S. 12? ( 149 Shu- Jft A 945 Shu' a j'v ;ilso Shii« 1 jE 3S4U, 38H, 391 1 ^ 389, 391 i € 129, S. 128 to 149 1 :H1 855 mis. 854 Shu* mit gt201 1 ^ i 201, 593c, 629c ^ 929 :K:&641, 771a i^ Ag 155, 163d, 181, 511. S. 373 if i^ IfwB. 399, 411, 42'.', 541. C52, 755, 766b. 787, 811a, S. SOSa, 422, 43fiE 1^ 'T 6521, x^e ^ ^ ft ^ p)i r69 ;!K SI 30«, 460. 480 «^t5S)? -'22, G41 I* iS S. 369A :B^a«i8i U^S A 1631}, 262 523. f,4 1 I* f\ KtSii, 310. '374a. 409, (In. .525.*, B, 526, 578, 618-*, 641, S. 167b, 458, 623 irf also Shu' ii S. 376 to 391 fi3 «t R 7:jh 6A VI 1» ..] 2.;7 89 >F^ 2^741 q 979 Jl H !?; tft 5l 2t;8 J« IJf( tii It '& 26« I a J!!£ Sft 9^ I Tft ^ ri] 267 Shua' W^ E712 I I? ^ 103c gr|l "^20, 821 Shuai^ Shuaiic' « sa ^ S 953 I iH !6c + '-? IE a 437A I «R 7£ ^ 950 SI lur 7h )$: 4i \^ «^2A I el=:^^599 I ^^-^•!02 I ?iJ Ao s S.V.. I f^lj 13 in 849 I ^ Di^ 15 C? '50b I fiip 719,756 I IW il te ^ -ff? -hf ««5a I fim i«i K^ I* 707 I U^'^. 757. 757.V I firp ^£ "iJ 7.50b. 756b I ilipi'^Jt 747, 75h-C I -T- a- fia •-'i;9 Shui' *ft aj :5> -I h flE «t. I ai fil A {$ t^'-O, 855a I JX-.'T^"'! I BK909 1 ^;j;& 2il. S. 212 I ?A;^fr»» A15 s. 2i: ! f» j^ 8a I :^ 221, 374a. 52;}, :,27a, 767 ^ jl« ff 428 i IJ f4 42SA, 608b Pi] 275, 434, 74y, 752F, 800. 857 I I$:g88 I ^ ]85g, h, I, J. K, L. 294, 4oi, S. 432a, 43r,j i r^792 I &231 I K 77, 82, 'J6, 4G0A I iiC8o7 i ^ M it- .Gl '-'^o \ m:^^ i»29 I iiiH, i>73c \ ^mw fn m) 623j^ tosu 1 ^- ^ 0U4C ■pT] ti ^ 343a. 796c. 840a ^ *^ 18.-)L, 432b, S. 439a, 436k, 702 J£ ;^^ E S. 128 to 149 i£ Tiff ^ PJi 758b gl] S. 43fij BE 845 ® 89 it f •■-78 ^ 79 iS^ilf A 573c m t «74 ^. 937 m m »37A PI 857 U 937 fj^_ 77, 298, 384a, b, 456, S. 376 to 396 It t <'S3, 61>SB, 65S, 79J i 1 * I'l •■89 1 1^:^ 658,663, 704. 705 1 ^m ± !>• -IISA 1 iJJJB 212b, 296, 307. 334a. 365, 1 iT|TS.-.0 378, 397, 422a. 461a, 491. 7(".8, 1 m-^'i-^ 798 1 lfe412A Sui' 1 mf:6v 1 3g 659. S. 240 j 1 i^i^J;ic!l$i&"7i4A, 899,1105 1 JS ra *11 849 1 SK 457a, 706, 7r,6A, B. 704, 830a. 8j?t, 853 1 lil{ Hi 4-^7A i i^ 305, 798, 882, 897 ! 1 t«W389, 391 ffi .C; #^ 577 1 U 329, 4C8, 696 iL W '>rc Sui' Ssu* ey 119 lift 392 I ^r- SI ']• ''fk ftlS Si ^t 5' 7, S. 577 I A^a- "'.'A ! ^ 99 Jtl * .^72 %i9lH«i 914b 1 It 582a, 631 1 lt'J£C2 .»A 'Pa' i« w n- -^7 JU 1 1*912 L liii ] INDBl ^!f.y'«f|i875, 918 I fi !|0 US 914a Ta^ ^ W E i»& ^ a'J sm 745B Ta* :;'C ll ^ S. 573A :^ ffC S. 55 ;g; ^ S. 752A to f' ^ IfcS. 412A # # 929 ^^S. 13^ f: 3^ 936 ^ ^ S. 573b ^«850 ^ (a S. 278 M li S. 7U m <& S. 793 M 937A ^ i^ 210B !|f (;59A m -•? 658 ii; jgs. 79 6A #. ^ S. 376 ]^ ^ 793 mm I Wi M n o42A !^ ?&P ik >^. 273 ISl la 93GB m 11^ S. 192 !l'll ^EJC 851 •>h ^ 851 A ± # 629b ttH y. 131 ^ S S. 131 ^ifi§929 JKMSoO, S. 412a 1^^937 :^ li if g. 333a r|i 7^ 821 ttJ If 929 ]p:656c fK ^ 848 SU fa 848 % ^ 849, S. 793 ^ ift S. 793 ^ M J^25 :;i flfx 1^ s. 240 *S825 ^ ^ S. 752a to F ^ 929, 933, 945 it it* 845 •^ ® 944a ^■n » 934 ^ ^fi 928 fi= A935 m± 131 ^ .^584, 708, 712 ^ ^ ^ fi fl 592A ^ a ^ # 633 ^1^594 'fil H 325 g ^ 856 f6 933 5^ f|g[ S. 752A to F ft S. 629c g-^929 ^W85lA & fS 829 ^:fc829 gi^850 ^ Ig 856B 51 # 215, 921, 9:')7a 31 # JlfiP 210 11 #/i?ip216 3® K21oA, 937a Jl 5M5c 759b, S. 215A m^JiEm 21 6A [ liv ] OF CHINESE CHARACTERS. :k ^ ssi; ;^ S^ f^ 849, 849A 1 H^sr^o I K'ff.^26 1 mm»-^(i 1 »«^8:.7 1 lftW928 1 ^^S.752At.F 1 ^ it S. 137 1 te 659A 1 IRiflS. 793 I t^.jR83.-.A 1 «||^S. 793 1 m^^^^ 1 «m93.>A 1 «if)^835 1 Ig3t937 1 ^s. •;76 1 ^^ fl^ t^">7 1 ^ffl:576 ] HE 366b, 3S6. 392, 460a, 826, 835a, 1 «!. !SIJ 7.-. 1,820 840b, 844b, 8'.0. 851a, S53, Sr).")A, 1 ^f^-S.7.51 857. 1 tt;,^t629B 1 tgs ^ S. 7r)2A to IP 1 -jf M 82()D 1 «£i820 1 «1I 5S S. 207A 1 S] ^412a, S. 7%A I g|; ng s. 7:.2a to r 1 B] ^ S. 207a. 213 1 iia te 849a 1 p] M 857 1 miwnr. t R] il 9:^3 1 ig .?^ S. 193 to 200c 1 n]^936 1 :J'|. {'^8.^0 1 s] S^:^« 1 S5c{^f ni 1 B] 5 4b- fft JSJ 5? K 765A :^ 'B* 525b, SoGb :^ W ^- pfi '« m S] 809, 82(5a, 828, 828a m m 827 ^ 457, 776 5^11457, 778 ^749 M 750 '^ 435, 43jA, b, 754 $M 9*, 139, 144, 1.52. 162a, 176, 185m, N, 187, 190, 201a, 205a, 2I0a, 244, 310, 393, 430b, 461a, 514, 520,522,535, 622a, 636, 611, 645, 649, 6.52, (154, 6.54a, 697, 709, 781, 782, 812a, 818, S. 369a, 873, 4.58, 523b I m ^ *82 I $M t -t<>lA, 6321, see JH |^ S. 754f I ^ 749, 750, 750a, b, 756, 756f, 797, 798, S. 753 I If :^ PV;«< ?t& Tl if 797 1 t- ^ i^ 827, 827a I >^^K827a I ^ nt !# 392 I ^mn 798 ^ X M ». 843 . Tiao* g^ 162a, 371, 371A g ^ 161, 163, .373, 408, 495A, 775 ^ f^ 699, S. 335 to 338, 436c ± 5S S. 373 S f S. 420b ^M. 177a, 183,532 , uao Tieh^ eC 98-t I^E 906.912 T'ieh^ I m^Bi^.^ 80(iB I St^ Fj 783 I 1?&^.^785 I J^ 1^787, 788 I f& 1= S fi ^ Pit 788 I 5^r#103D I g^l^. M-t82 I UM T 3E -n Tien' Jk ^■^4-422, S. 422, 436D I f:^?ts-iu9 I m 'ilSA, 413a I %\] m 380 I ^46 I f^85lA I ^ 940 I (1 1^ S. 376 to 394 I fi 202. 22(1, 384A, B, 412a, 413A, 759, 760, 763, 764 I jS m 202, 220, S. 376 to 394 I ill 766a, b, 857 I Ji W] 495 I JtS.TlA I P;f4 83U^ B i !E,^ -g- 514, 766b I ^ 5] 449, 766 I i^^ 514, 851B Tien^ IS: 104a I 'I'^S. 75 [ Iriii ] OF CHINESE CHARACTERS. R2 -^ 628, f.-.ic 1 7C s. t;2'.»C Hfk^j 790 ! JFJC n3 4 IS. 7'.»0 1 ^i « n * .^ :^5A 1 r^^Pi-iM 1 m fL' * f ^ 'ios 1 a ^^ (-.07. (iOS 1 fd R^ 103d 1 IS^Ti'i 1 |S5>^791 1 tS t«. ^ 7i>I 1 m ^1 7'.'o T-iei ?c;|t|Sm$.Jg6.-i 1 TGf^. 1' 1 '0- S. o33a I W 3:^3 1 -'■- 1 1 J ' 1 I s. 1 1 3S: 14 230 1 X n.^ 2:s2 1 3: .^ s g '^ 5i»3 1 Mei ra IK 14 S- 825 to 826 1 JW n] 3--.2 TiiiLi' T <^ 079 m. tt 961, 96.-,. 966 1 Ki^^:n» 1 ^ 96.-> Ting* Jiii^ 913 1 ii^Vi J< I'i S79 1 a/x».ijn>ii»79 T'iiig' RS iK ii 622 I M 780, 781 flg 79.-). 846, S. 3C9A I -g, 184G, 760, y. 12S to 119 ; 31 7o9. 700 iMng- s m 21G I ii^6o2C I JBt937A I fit ^J> m 9;57a Jgg 218a. 219a I ^ 75.1, 7C0, S. 218, 2]8a, 219, 219a io ^ mRWi 18, .^7:1 i 2iJflJ"5 17,S73 I mmm^^ T'ou^ n i^Si«?en 172 1 ^'i?mii 172 Bfi ;?, iri «t 966 1 ^' 2£ 'it 778 1 ^4>^^T-2.w 1 ^- m 1$ ;^c p. :U3 1 '^-^^267 t :i^^St:!ic 1 ^ *£ 51 268 1 '3? ii!l» 'tr:H9 1 ^Sti:It2r.8 T.sa' /• «lJKjgl\2.l,712 1 W ir fi4 I 1 %il''H [ lix 1 INDEX Tsai^ f? j^ 9]l m^Q 131 I ^ 873a, 875 Tsai'' ^•^mi^^.tmu vryk 129A I? ?K A916 Ts'a? flt ik ^ 349a, 932a, S. 431 I jEiC ^ ^ 568, 621a . I JiC -& P/( S. 825 to 82C I j£fe i^ m 374A I iC:5( m =t ^ 371 I Ik & m it S. Sl>5 to 826 I J^ W ^ PJi 370 Ts'ai^ J$ iK 2S^ /t? ^ ^ PI 501, S. 584 Tsan* m m 857 I m t 382b I m B 79, 382b, 391, S. 37r) to 394 I # DOti Ts'an^ ^ \\% 752a, 800 1 Sp«26, 851a I if 'f 663 I fl^752A ^ Wi 982 1^ 165A, 283, 284, 683 II -g- 696, S. 128 to 149. 435 m IS 275, 285 A, 341, 351, 423, 442, 474 ,^g I 658, 659, 722, 735, 737, 738, 't f "41, 874 m & 697, 699 m & a il 699 §tt 1' 184L, 662, 756, 812a Ui^^^. 712 2p 93. . -^. 286, 341A, 39C, 413, 822, S, 128 to 149 m -t 526 m 'f 822, S. 369A, 42UB, 435 m It 526, 822 1^ 310, 318, 322, 805, 867, 879, 880 907, S. 907 ^ :;^ g 867, 879, 880 Ts'an^ m M fj\ 617b, 770D 14 601, 602 Tsang^ m !S 456 Tsang* m 3£ 915 I ?t^H99 1 ^*3-627 [ Ix ] OF CHINE6K CHARACTKKS. Ts'ang' « t- IS] 353 1 3E «§. ff 749, 834 :&«-5C2 1 ^ Psi '?f 56(; 1 «^fl:5-'64 TS(-^ 1 ^t «l if ffi P^ 5.i3 1 :^ i^ 826, 844b, 850, iolA, 853, 857 3ft ^ 1*) IS S. 128 to 119 1 l&^jS. 808 Ts'e^ 1 s'ang- m ^ ^ 37 JSS16.'4A iM ?* iff 1851 1 Ift 487, 656a, 659 1 ft^;^715D Tsao* 1 *&?f699B 1 *&;S690i JS »» ig S'^ 9"' 1 ?ef5-)« 551 A, 859 1 ft?5j^«iE^i? •'■•lA 1 ffjatiig^51,55lA 1 fi?ai«si]g'rf.'i5iA \ *&±8I2a 1 *&-^n7si 1 It i\ 487, (i56A 1 li-$f69y 1 ;1C850 9E Hi ff 426 1 waij«iEi£tf -o-iA 1 :R- « 757b Tsr'ng^ 1 :l^-8S*.^5'Jl 1 * a 201. 265 Jf K ^ 9'>9 1 * iS 61 «i «J w] 205 1 R4 9'7 1 mi& «t«N]261 1 ^ 577c, f,2:i.A, 6:u 1 jftt «S ■•«»*, s. 3<;8 1 «&*n691 1 3a, 855a, 857a, 85Sa jl^SSlB, 858, 85SA ^^ 49,726, 746, 871, 874 J|85IB, 858, 85SA It 210 Tso* 4fe m n ■'565 I *! li ^ # 5i>5 I !^ 162b, 535, S. 368a, 3(;"9a, 825 to 826 I miS?i788 TS'O" % 835a ^ 835a Tsou* ^ Stf Ig 105 I ^982 I ^ 14 S. 436D Tsiiaii^ I (1^94, 139, 177A, 180, 19A 205a, 393, 461a, S. 458 Tsui^ ^d ^ « PJi 514a' Tr--' S Ul 86, 89 Ts'ui^ ^819A Tsiin^ mm^}^ i'8i [ Ixii ] OF CHINKSK CJiARACTERS. Ts'uir # * * ^ 621b, (>27a ^ jE "'^ •■''.» ; je ^ ^. •"'<■> jE d? m s. .-.8, 50 ^ S. 62 ^ 717 \ 60. Gl /^/^56 -^ n: ;^ 35a fg 933, S. 57 ^ 39, 2I.-.A,.21SA, 21'.tA, 759, 944 ^^'..44 717a ^^ '^31 124 CiiyS^s. ni I »*fS.479 J siiiur as. 751 ;^93a ^ ff f;53 ^tH'^mV'it: ATI 102 HE 252. 712 ft « -ft- 252, 51 4 K iJ 525a, 529, 633 [ Ix »»mm 222. 7(i2 tit !?e ifi JK ^ 222 ^ «?e ^ fl?. 7o3a, 8. 222 ^ r£ t ••■72 ^J ^ ^ 520 ^I m Jfj -^20 ^ It ^ 520 '.(r tjfi 'g- 668 ip: m tC 673 ^ ^^ "B" 675 ;|$ 153, 162A, 635 m t "':^5, 755 mt^\l:k^ 819A J|^ :^ ^ 780 ^5 R 163, 535 5^207 ^792 ^;«C 2()8 2« f -"'20 •^ 772, S. 771 fg ig 79(;a S. 825 to 82(; m^f[ 625A W ^ ^g -ti'S itt^-917 SK S. 551b f^ 87a, 97E, 570,571, 748, 755, 80 1 A, 877a. 878 •"ff 13! i& 7!'2 •^ ;"^ W 'If ?;^ 77 ^ \Mnm /<\s. 7G '7? 4^ «t 7B 1 ■g^ 658, 749, 803, 819a, 820, 82lA 1 ^5 739 1 ^:g-^564 ] ^g^ 317.332 1 g 525a, b, 531, 829A 1 «S-^'r317, 332 1 H $ -t 525a 1 «S^tl[332 ' 1 m 661, 737, 738, 739, 741, 742, 1 mmm 332 S. 763 1 ^Kil|j:^332 1 mt^&ifee^m 1 .(1 rj -B fi76 1 J^^ 155, 604a, S. 155 1 ^ 102, 146, 155, 158, 160A. 162b, 1 m^n^tm^-^oo 163a, 181, 1-85M, 188, 246, 252, 1 ^ f4- 535, 7(;6B, 816A, 828, 83lA, B, 273, 305, 369a, 425b, 430b, 520, 839a, 840a, !?. 825 to 826 535, 537, 54'3, 547, 548, 632a, 697, 1 m 5] 398 699, 700, 709, 71lA, 713a, 779, 1 ^^M 184E, S. 376 to, 394 780, 781, 782, 783, 785, 790, 792, 1 lg 752E 805a, 806b, 806a, 812A, 828, \ mis.^ 270 901, S. 108, 335 to 338, 3(j8a, 1 M'^^m 273, S. 273 373, 479a, 523b, (;52a, 825 to 826 1 3^ 'B- 669, 674, 677 • Tsung* 1 'm%^^ 7^ 1 & 751, 751a, b, S. 753 ^ S, 966 1 m^n 849A 1 ffi IB] ^ 849 1 ^mm 773 Ts'ung'' 1 m m 163c iit m t i22B [ Ixiv ] OF CHINKSE CHARACTERS. '■p 1 111 m^n 20(!' ??5 R aij SI5 iJJ !£ s- 821 ^ n -& Si; iw ft !^. '520 Pi s:$5 ^ .;! {jE 831 1^4 S. 7r)2A to F US 732c ^ j^ 213 tt 211. 212b, S26 IJi ill 4.-. I ^^211,S2G tK ^ S20D R] 7.->2c. 800 M S- 27S m fg 220 It 719. : lit \. 755, .A ^,H 188, C9.-., 7:.4. 783, 812a. 818 W III vl vft W' :>c (a 84.->A fj^ ;ii| *« is » P^ 'II ff ifi ^c IS G95A m^9i MH -n, 89» »?a % ;A: {5. 817, 8^:iA "B J* ?ft «^ :^ £ 2^2 I *»? ;^ S 242. 369, r,53, 77S, 817. KIS, 899 I ia^ ^ J* Ig :^"5yA I Ii?. ± m ^ ^ 'I^ '^^ ^ F5 5.->3 I tg 749, 752J, 824 i JiU lei ^ 849 I tft"'21 I m *g 822A I m ?}\ ^9:^ I li3!i*g-0Gi lir 3S tt M 'U 7.i(i. 761 tft m t 79, 3=(2b, S. 37(5 to 394 '■p 1 1 11 ^ -^ ^^ 102, 79::c, 822 I -X % 2f 4. 346b, 932, 932a I %mmmm^ iVi374A I ^|J]80S I 5t •"•) fiE 808 ! X-J': 15 ^- 12S to 149 I'lr II an 984 I JSnl!«-34l I 2ifi&48.5, 654, <;.i4A I >,;ii ^ 2 ^H07, corf I if\ ^?f 1^ :ii 90.; I ff fiU M f41 *? fif^^ I ^ 167IJ T'li^ ± m 861 I ff;f8(ii L i-^v ] INDEX ± iJ H -if SB 870 1 SS861 1 t 861 1 ?f: f?f 607, 608 \ ^Xm 603, S. 584 1 ;fcx#^59l 1 f] 861a, 90i 1 H]^^^579 1 mMm^-^^.5oo 1 mt^^^J-^ 555 i m^m&m"o2 Tuan^ g^929 [ bJ.929 1 ^929 tl m 77 Tuan'* Tui^ 656b, f, 703, 711a, S. 7o3 •g-eei, 679,704, 705,711a T'ui^ ^^ 218,219 1 M 218, 219, 758F, 759, 760, 761 1 * -ft 760 T'un^ tE ft f^ 185J 1 ffl^S76A- 1 m m 8i*A i?. m 939 1 IT 939 1 'rjE229 1 W939 ^ 1^ S. 12 1 f^W913A ^ ^ 2, 12 ^ 5(593 ?& 796 ?&M^^ Isl^il 795 A H § ^ :^ ^ !t 715K E«"lt'&803 H ^ JM It fi ^ 715D E^'a^i?lim:^^&'8i8 H ^ ^ lit IS tS ^ S. 805 p] 122 g S. 210b J^800 Tung' :^ 525A, B, 532, 770,. 774, 776, 792 W- m 776 ^ -^ 525a, b Tiing^ ^f^M Of HI a 11 917 -i? ffi 4^ ^ n 589 i ^BM«l-a'593 T'ung^ fi^JlE928 1 gfe 11 S] al] f?g 928 1 j^ 13! S] ii iEic (I 928 1 itB]gM928 1 i5c H] :m ii 928 1 J^ 5] 928 1 ^f^S.479 1 41 tJ] 35G 1 ^ ;'^ ^ 945 1 m m -k;ia 1 p 319, 812a i ^^-188 1 Pf^652 1 ^ f 319, 323, 326- 1 m:>^^ 945 1 MK594 [ Ixvi ] OF CHINESE CHARACTERS. I ^ 5S3, r,25, 658, 713, 791, 849a, 850A. 8:.2, 854, 882, 892 I ^#IW2.57 I ^ P f^ 253 I ^ ;k Ei 820b I ■$ 778. 779, 781 I ^ S-t9A T'ung- 3 to 795a, to D, 849, 849A. SoOa, 852, Ko3a, 854. 86lA, 894 I ii ± th J^ 593c, 629c. 631 I fl 835A I X at 311, 930a 1 X^Oiii I X =^ 4-11 940 I 5: -^ d? m 9 »o S^629 iH 7C ^ S.09 o l/ii^JE?, 1.^4u, S. 128to 129 I ^fi ir.l, 162, 347, 36^^38.-., 454, 470, 4S9, 796B, f^ 108, 431, 4.361 I Ui n If'-'-D, 429 I SI- iK 504a I Jl| ii ^ IS a /J2 rag S. 756 I fflFj.^'59 \ ^ (661, 706. 707. 731, 735, 742, 1 M 'i^ I 797, S. 97, 753 I «i 5> -r? f^. R-'^ I «l^>^j555 I tt & Si 552 Tzii' ItJ^ F^164, 16-.A, 167 r 1 S J5c 1^ K 1^ ntl* 165A I SJcl^^lUiesA I 3^ ;^ ^ 945 I Kl5Jg»^Jtl73 I g| •g' 182, 302, 405, 423a, :>35, S. 186, 369a I «K805 I SJ5A 159B, 652 « a ^i^ 428. 716 I ffimf^430 ^ 944 ^1^948 I 1!^ ^ (^ iSiT -H ■•^49 I S 984 I ?S fSj S. 137a I ?S g'li S. 137 Tzii* ^ fg 525, 525a, b, 526, 527, 627a I f& ^ If 525A, B, 626 I f6 USE n ■^25A, B, 526 i fS 3? J*i! S •••27 I i-S^fi0cS26 I fft «J> ?^ -IT 525A I f&^M526 I f6 HJf ^ m 518, 527A Tz'ir M ^ ii] 376a, 381 I g^ ?! .S. 376 to 394 I SB S. 376 ;:„] tt: s; 193c to 200c I ffK376 «4SH77 Izir * ^658 li] ;li 851, 866 x \- i i j INDEX ' I m 97, 718 I 1^88 I '^850 I ^1498 I m=fB. 7520 I gffiia752H I fl f-B 274, 305a, 305b, 930 I ^*jrR-ti^;^.B 277, 305c I ^ Si5 f^ » -t * ;^ S 277, ,305d I ^ :^s: E. S. 128 to 129 I ffl958 Wan' ^ Sr ^ 14 618a 1 ^ ^4 577, 605, 619A, 620, S. 620 Wan^ ^. S f? -t 773b I ^fll^Dt587 1 la m J^ S- 't 790a 1 '#|gl Wang"^ 3£ 13, 16, 17, 41, 4lA, 305, 863a, 873, 895, 906, 915, S. 1 1 ^42 I "t m 495 1 ^3^97 1 :^B305 Wei^ H m 748, 897 I ^ IE a 1^748 I ^Slja^748 I mm ^7^8 Wei^ BiJ^738 ii« # P ^ 5i^ la ^ ff] 259 M M 799 mm^ B m 89 ^mm^ 735 ^- It] ^ f?f m 735 . ^ la i^ ^ 100 ^ ±^ 76, 104D, 493, 495a ^ m m ^ 728, 746 ^mm 1^734 ^ riK^89, 94,94a m ^ ,fu w- m 89 ^- -ff] E 82 ■M^W-^ 799 -t >•£ filj 90 EI) ?^ :^ :^ 725 M. 181, 246, 251, 697, SOoA, 812a, '>70, S. 369a, 373, 832 AVei* * A ?;!£ 965 BS ^ ^ 680, 704, 705 m 834 I ^ 70211 I :R:g:702 I ^< @ 702 ■\ ±^ 504B I ^ J^ 510A, 859 1 '^m^r\ 709 I :^fl 'Jt n5c 1 :^ ^ 346a, 8'40a, S. 427, 436H I IE 't 648 I ^ S] 346 i ^fiiii Wen^ X M I H8, 310 3',13. 520, 642. 69C, I ^ 'g" ( 697, 709, 712, 822 I ^ ^ 422a, 514, 778, 77? i ] OP CHINESE CHARACTERS. VS. m *^ m jpf S. 368a ^ §! 80.5a Jifl 778, 824 iJ] 335 ^;^*5S7 581, 6o2i.: Iffi -T 967 gp945 ^ JE '6' 860 ^J 754 33- Fl 754 lA ^ 754 ff 7(3fiB Ig 62.-, A 827A f^ G52, 755, 7G6B, 782, 812a, ^ 504A, 80oA A 525a, 525b, 526 810 a Wen^ e*g680 WW M m S50 iiijsi^ Aim 8S5 1 ffi ^ i* H H'f ''K 744D, K7:> 1 SS-207A Wir M .;?. ^ Mi ^^ «^ 1 ,V„ IS 1.] Ml 77 1 JIH5«I»82 ! irjsisos2 Wu^ 5E B W ± ■'^♦a I tr iE 22<.i I S 848 I B" F :fe 877a I + ^ j* 877a itf- \¥ 753E K it ± 62Sd i ^ A 629D I ft i5ifit'.»»5 I mtfei55fit945 I ^ fj] 4'5A, 424a 1 i«i}i!j 7;8, 821 I IS?f!5 6t9i5 I SJ^Pfit!'^' I iR-^S. ,S9 I ^ O] 415a, 425a, 427A I f fil! -T 9f'8 I li W= ^ 70'JA, 716 I ^i>59 I a A 329 ! Mi«6t"45 I ^te.'«fit94.- AVu' i}*f ^ ^ n 689 Ya ffp T 76fin \ ' o 1 a flr- n 7.5:!A to K I ^830 [ Ixix ] INDEX Ya^ ■ffi m S. 279 I ^fa S. 132 Yang'^ # ^ M 832, 859, S. 832 I ^^.^822 Yano-^ I W:E732 I >t> IS; 86 |g H 14- 007, G08 Yao= Yao^ 5^ ^ © H ^ 430 Yeh^ i^ ^ pji 788a mm t^ 911 Yen^ # "b- 206 }i]f ^ pji 210a, 370, 406a, 410, 518, 527a, 771, S. 221, 335 to 338, 398 to 402, 403 to 466 lM^P'^fI.850 I ^ it 841, S. 835 I ^835B \ m:^i^ 835A I IJC 1^ 369A, S. 369a I g5( ^y> p/l S. 835c I ^^Jti835B \ ^'A& 369, 835b I ■^•0 ^ 835a I M. M 835a I ?S it 835, 838, 841, S. 841 I as ^ 835a Ii2«il84] ^ If] ;^ ft 835A ^ 0] H ^ 835A m:k^ 835A H il ^ 835A M ii ^J 849 Wm^ 849 •;« ii ^J 849A i^ ^ 835A B ;^ 369 -^ ^ Fj 818 ^y^: B818 ^^ .® S. 369 l^ m. M 818, S. 818 ^ *S m S. 369A ^jl ^ l« PJT ;^ 115 835A il fg? 658, 835, 977, S. 818, 835 Jl fS alj i£ 835a mi^m (W fV 835A mmik 835 il 0] ^ ^J 835a JE H] il- IP] 835A Yen^ ^ US- 944a m. # S. 240 iM.'^^^mmt 593 I ^5736 mm 55 Yen* m M 268 I J5C :yv B 927, 970 I ij- 115 338 Yin^ J|i ^02lB It PI/ IE m •■^73b I Pi JP 'g' 860 Ixx ] OF CHINESE CHARACTERS. liir V^mm 345, 460A 1 it £82 ^ U pji S. 825 to 826 1 x^ »■] 82 1 tl»«551 1 tt, 737, 741, 753 1 SFj S. 128 to uy 1 i^ ig 706U, 805A, 824, 824A ISf^^* is. 128 to 140 1 m m r, 822 1 afpi m± < 1 :;i£*f343A 1 ^f 542, 542a, 550a, 792 1 mm.^oiu 1 ^r:5»g6tpn592 \ j^^S. 368a 1 'ff IS s p.n 56?> 1 ^r Sji ^ 5*8 Yii^ 1 ISt 549, 530a 1 Mt 71. 72, 77, 497 mmtssi n 592 B 1 «^ Jli £iT 41 78a i Si fill taiSI^HSc 1 ^ '-'^S 1 ilS fiiji I& i?i ^ 61.S, 618b 1 7C Fi 859 1 g£^959 1 K 582a, 631 Yin^ 1 ^^028, 629a -•J I a '.'70 1 Eife582A,631 1 ^ 6.->2e, 716 Yin^ f{}984 Yii'^ 1 >^§6«fi72I ig ^ 752D, 800 1 >^i;tK724 1 ?3?Ag<97 1 ?£ «i Fj S. 825 to 826 1 lWIfti«8.^0 1 gljff 158 1 m s- 7y(;A j m A.J 30H, S. 859 1 :^ Iff 12 850 1 m i\ 1"3b 1 m 7523 »3: ± 'J58 1 f*i 4l W^ t? 652, (•.52b Yinj^' 1 Z?^ ^li Si ff ig 'i52 1 ^Jt B TK .^ ^ 3L *Jl m n ^. *>'>'i ^i B 3: ''/^ n 587 1 9J5 752B 1 ^14 •••27 1 ifi^:^l& 652a i.1^ MI fb ^ -ff r.ON 1 mt$7ii'i1*'y2K 1 /ll fb ?J^ n 591 % Hi HI- h.'i 27:j « W 8» 1 rk ttij «. m 2' 3 Ving* 1 fA iij 479, S. 47!) 1 r^ttJ;.jH50 ^ lo:ti,. 656c, V. loii, 'or., 707, 749, 1 if^/ tt m 273, S. 273 752n, S, 749, 763 i fimA22,HMA I -fi- H. 753 1 f»«274, 472 \ 1 XXI INDEX fK 1^ ;'^ E S. 128 to 149 I m#788 >^mm 573A JE 573b ^ 282 m m 573a ^ glj 227, 227A ^ ^ 573b ig ^ 573b K H 573A SlJ WMlk 209, 209A ^ 735, 755, 798, 799, 89/?, 894 m^'U 559 m BU ^ MI^I 735 m^"^ 755 MJI :^ 798 -0 m ii6 # S 573 a f# E 280 Pflll9 15] 66, 88, 122, 798 #?&216 .^857 :B Hfl 284 m ^ 805, S. 907 ^ JE59 ^ A61 f [5 tSlJ ife 207b, 820 ?t ^ 573b ^J ^ 236a ^ m (^) ^ 575 f mmjrn 575 ^ ht \i] 447 Yii-^ ^ M ^ 756 mW^ 460a ^ ;f* lU S. 99 Yii-^ Yii^ ^ I& ^ ii 124 I ^S. 191 I 18^56 I ^PJiS. 56 W H _^ 575 JS i^ gP ffi 971 W 5fi 5# lg 91 I ^ Si If 91 I Bif ^f^ lOlA, 87SK I fl&f#fw99 I m :f^& 101, 105 I ^&^93 I 11237,238 1 #,^/^93a I & 213, 214, 214a, 567A, 652t, 796a,. 835b, S. 796a I ifi.^206 I ^/^94a I mm ^2 I 14- 602; 603, 607, 611, 612, 615, 618c, 623, 623a, 627, 627a, 787, S. 584 1 ffl ^ fi 984 Yiian^ 7C ^ S. 1 B. ^^ m 76, 104D, 291, 570, 798 H ga il 90 I 95 W A t« if 5^ i^ 97D, 733, 741 I' mmf>^umw^ 970, 741A Yiian* ^/B90 I SIJ90 Ixxii ] OF ^-HINESE CHARACTERS. 1^ as. 128 to 149 1 ^ 2:56, 236A 1 f$ 2.S.5, S. 128 to 1 1& 575 149 Yiin^ ^3iS. 191 ^5«fit9lia." Harbin, 1905. By the same author: "Dictionary of Mongolian Expressions" (11th volume of "Researches in Manchuria and Mongolia.") Harbin, 1907. A. A. Batorsky : "Short Military, Statistical and Descriptive Treatise on Mongolia"; Parts I and II (originally published in the " Magazine of Geographical, Topographical and vStatistical Researches in Asia," Nos. 37 and 48); edition issued by the Instruction Committee of the General Staff. St. Petersburg, 1889 and 1891. V. V. Hagclstrom, (Student-interpreter of the Imperial Russian Legation, Peking): "Confucianism in- 1906-1907: The Descendant of ("onfucius, K'ung Ling-i." St. Petersburg, 1909. ,By the same author: "A Short Description of the Judicial Establishments of China " (published in the " Chinese Good News" of the 28th May, 1909, issues Nos. 7 and 8). John Zaliliaroxo (teacher of Manchu at the Imperial University of St. Petersburg): " Complete Manchu-Russian Dictionary." St. Petersburg, 1875. The Monk lakhinf (Bichurine): Civil and Moral Aspect of China." St. Petersburg, 1848. By the same author : " Description of Peking" (translated. from the Chinese). Peking, 1906. A manuscript: " Sketch of the Political Organization of China." [ Ixxiv ] SOURCES OF INFORMATION. A. von Landesen and P. SUiknrkine (active miMiibers of the " Society of Russian Orientalists"): " Reference Book of China";, vohmie I, "Section of General Information." Harbin, 1909. Stephan Z?/)nr^r^r :" Institutes of the Chinese Colonial Office" (translated from the Manchu); two volumes. St. Petersljur( Ui M.W. ii M Ch'inai Kuo=^ lUm^ K:x? Chlh^ Tsu' Chih^ Tniuii' Piao^ : Tnl)!!' of New roliticnl ()ri>-!iiiizations of CliiiKi. (\ini]»ilod in a form iiulicatoil 1>\ ]^ ;f^ f* llu- Wei'-tO", (-'liincsc Minister to Tokyo, 19(»}». ^< ^ -X Yvi ^ ^k <^"1'''"' '^'''\i^' '^''^' < l.'ino' ll.ii' Tien^': Collected Institutes of the Ta Cli-inu: Dynasty (approved by tlie Einjieror), #C ^ ^=^1 l^'fi I/? f1^ -f M Ch'in' Tincj* riiin.!?! Slian-' Hsin' I.ii' Sliilr- <.'lHni_i>-' : New Commercial Laws Sanctioned l)y the Eni))cror, in Id Categories. Edition issued liy the 4t ^ p aj ^ Pei^ Hsin» 1^ Shu^ Chir^ Pekino-, IDOfi. ft^iililfff^ <^'l^'i'i' Tino-^ ITsim^ Chin^' Jlsin' diano' : New Police Kegnlations Sanctioned liy th(> Kmperor. Two UJ- Ts'c^ A oluines. ^'^'^^MU <-'li''»' 'i">^' Chancri Ch'eng- L.'l' Tsuan^ Collection of Rules and Heo-ulations Sanctioned l)v the Emperor. Five jjj" Ts'e*, volumes. Edition issued by the ft ^ff U fi ^ Pci' Hsin' P Shu^ Ch.i^, Pekin-. .1908. S; T-T — M ^ <^'l''li' Kuan^ I' Lan^ Piao' : Table of Officials. A j)eriodical publication issued by the f^ -f^ ji'rt ^ ^ 'P^o* Hsin' Sh:* Fen' Chii^. Nos. G to 13. Pekinjr, 1909-1911. '^Wi^JffML'^ ^^'I'ili' >V Chen^* Fu^ Tsu^* Chih^ : The (lOvermnoMt Orjranization of China. lOdition issued bv tiic ^■^W^^UM ,'41, lit Pei^ ("hih' Na' M.'i^^ .l.h' Hsin' Wrri^" Sh."-\ Tientsin, 1904. '!» ^ ;/v 'iV — "il ^ Chung' Kuo= Ta' Kuan' 1' Lau" Piao^ : Tabic of tjie Higher Officials of China. A periodical publication foiTnerly issued by the f^ ^ jfit ^ A^ Tso^ Hsin' She' Fen' Chii'. Nos. 1 to 5. Peking, liH»9. '!» f^ itli i'il ^ 1$: ^?1- \^J ("hung' Kuo^ Ti' Ei= llsiiclr Chiao^ K'o' .Shu' : Manual of the Geography of the Chinese Empirr, |,y )^'^ TMi' Chi*. Third edition. Issued by the \'M Vfl rP }\\^ Shang' Wu< Vin* Shu' Kuan\ Sluinghai,! 90(5. [ Ixxvii ] SOURCES OF INFORMATION, ^M^^^'^ Cluing' Kuo2 T'ieh^ Lu" Chihs Nan^: Chinese Railway Handbook. Edition issued by the ^^ ^ ^ Kuang^' Chih^ Shu^ ChuS Shanghai, 1905. i^ ?& 1r ^ Cheng* Chih^ Kuan^ Fao"* : The Peking Gazette; Peking, 1907-1910. Ball^ J. Dyer : " Things Chinese or Notes connected Avith China." Fourth Edition. Shanghai, 1903. Betz^ Di\ : " Die Provinzialbehorden " (cf . infra Hauer). Giles^ Hcrhert A. (H.B.M's. Consul at Ningpo) : "A Chinese- English Dictionary." London, 1892. By the same author : " A Glossary of Reference on Subjects connected Avith the Far East. Third Edition. IShanghai, 1900. Gory^ Jules (Chinese Customs) : " Notes on the Chinese Govern- ment Bank." Peking, 1908. Be Groot, J. J. M. {Ph. D.) : " The Religious System of China, Its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect. Mannei's, Customs and Social Institutions connected there- with." Volume III (Book 1, Disposal of th6 Dead : Part III, The Grave). Leide, 1897. Haue?\Dr.: " Pekinger Zentralreigierung " (Mittheihmgen des Seminars fiir Orientalischen Spracheu an der Koniglichen Fricdrich-Wilhelms-Universitiit zu Berlin. Jahrgang XII. Erste Abtheilurig : Ostasiatische Studien. Berlin, 1909). Hoang, P. Pierre : " Expose du (.'ommei-ce public du Sel." Chang-hai, 1898. (Varietes Sinologiques No. 15). By the same author : " Melanges sur I'Administration," Chang- hai, 1902. (Varietes Sinologiques No. 21). Jernif/an^ T. R. (Ex-Consul-General of the United States of America at Shanghai, China) : " China's Business Methods and Policy." Shanghai, 1904. [ Ixxviii ] SOURCES OK IXFOUMATIOX. KrnncUi/: " M. Ixichard's Comprehensive Geography of the Chinese Empire and Dependencies (Transhited into English, revised and eidarged by ). Shanghai, 190H. Moi/ers, JliUiani Fre/lrn'rk : "The Chinese (rovernnient." A Mannal of Chinese Titles categroricaliv arraiiired and explained, with an ajipendix. Third Edition (revised by a. Play fair), t^hanghai, 1896. Mai/crs, S. F. (Assistant (/hinese Secretary, II.B.M's. Legation, Peking): "List of the Higher Metropolitan and Provincial Authorities of China." ((Jompiled by the (.'hinese Secre- taries H.B.M's. Legation, Peking). Shanghai, 1908. Morse, Ilosm Ballon (A. B., Har\ard ; .Member R, A, S., England ; Commis^sioner of Customs and Statistical Secre- tary, L (t. of Customs, China): "The Trade and Administration uf the Chinese Empire." Shanghai, 1908. O/iuniofo: "A Chinese Pronunciation Dictionarv in Pekinjr Dialect." Fifth Edition. Tokvo, 1907. I*u files ont vti promul^'ueef et on a cite le textf dii ilecret qui Icb a insfitdeeit : il y a h\ nne foule de i-eiisfit:nt'ments ((ue. d^s ni:iintennnt. on aurait de lii peine d retrouver et ([Ut- plus tard ihit^toiien recueillera precieusement. Nous frouhaitons tr^s vivenient que cet ouvrage soit traduit fii une laiigue accesKildc a un plus grand nouibre de lectenrs que le rupse : dautre part nous vomirioiis y voir ajouter lindication des mots mandehous qui entrent dans la composition dun assez j^rand noml're lie litres et qui M>nt simplement transoris fii chitiois. — Touwj I'ao D^ceud.re l!tlU, No. 5. . . Only a sinologue of hij.'h st:inding would be justified in criticising the work of Messrs. Brunnert and Hagelstroni ; whereas even the tyro to whom transliterations of ilossal task of profound and tireless erudition. Their woik appears to be iti the most literal sense an exhaustive one of referejice in which all the esMntial data in any way connected with Chinese metropolitan and provincial cici..;;ive and administrative institutions m:iy be ascertained at a glance. The volume consists of four sections, with appendices, an index, a key to the Chinese readings, a list of authorities, and errata. The (irFt section deals with the Kmperor and Imperial House, the metropolitan governmental institutions other than .Ministries. The second comprises the Ministries, police, banks, mints. Customs, temples, education, census, libraries, miliUiry and .naval niatters. J'he third treats of the Metropolitan Province :md .Manchuria, and the provincial jidministra- tioii and colonial possessions of (Jbina ; while the fourth deals with such subject« as otticials despatched on spiaial missions, institutions reformeii or abolished, honourable ranks. berediUry and honourable titles, posthumous ranks and titles, rewards, orders, etc. It is a pity that a work of such comprehensive scope must remain a sealed book to the majority of English readers, who would otherwise, at a juncture like tlie present, be eager to av;iil themselves of the most np-to-ilate information regarding the Chinese movement in the dirertion nl < onstitutional reform. Tbiis in the first section aie described the new l.'hinese I'arlianient to be openeil in 11*13, the Imperial Council, llie Imperial ("liMncbllery . the Committee of Minibters, the < 'onstitutional UeforniH Commission, the Constitutional (Jhamber and Provincial \< isory Corauiittees. the Commissi(»n oii Legislative lleforms, the Anti-Opium ('ummi*>sion, the tJeiieral Staff, the fommittee im Fleet Ue-organi/.ation and the Chief Naval A enhanced b\ the fad that in every instance the authors have been careful to furnish the ('binese tt-riiiiiiology will) a Kussian trausliti-ration. I'.cfore taking leave of a really moiiumonlal pie«t of work which n.av juiitly t>« naid to repr«i»ent the last wurd un the subject, we cannot do l»ett>T than translate some extracts from the Mrikinely mwbst yet illuminalinK prefure Ja/mi, Chrmiiclr. lOth October. 1910. [ IX.NXi 1 University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 305 De Neve Drive - Parking Lot 17 • Box 951388 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. *WI» 4^ pp OCT Q 8 wfff \503 C 2_ ■ACILITY AA 000 076 422 ^•(-/•••.i-:-:iii '^'h.Ml'^'fl ■"'■■Hh«WW :;.--l' iii!i«iii;a;'