Professor A. 0. Leuschner 
 1868-1953 
 
 Gift of 
 r.Erida Leuschner Reichert 
 
YALE 
 
 e ( 
 
 THE CITY OF ELMS 
 
 BY Wr E. DECROW 
 <\ 
 
 Cllustratet) tuttfj l^tliotupes 
 
 OF ALL THE PRINCIPAL COLLEGE BUILDINGS, A PLAN OF THE COLLEGE 
 GROUNDS, AND A MAP OF THE CITY OF NEW HAVEN 
 
 THIRD EDITION 
 
 W. E. DECROW, 238 WASHINGTON STREET 
 1885 
 
BY W. E. DECROW 
 1885 
 
 . K i fK<Ju 
 GIFT 
 
INTRODUCTION, 
 
 "YALE and the 'City of Elms,'" is intended chiefly as a guide to 
 the visitor to Yale College, yet containing sufficient information con- 
 cerning the City of New Haven to enable him to at once seek out the 
 principal points of interest in and about the home of the College, and 
 learn a few of the more important facts regarding the many noteworthy 
 features of the city. 
 
 The book contains, it is hoped, so much of the history of each 
 department of the University as is necessary to convey to the reader 
 a fair idea of the institution and its purposes, at the same time not 
 exceeding the bounds of a hand-book to accompany the visitor and 
 give him a description of the various buildings and other objects of 
 interest in his walk through the college grounds and the city. 
 
 By referring to the plan of the grounds and buildings published in 
 the first part of the work, the visitor-will have no difficulty whatever in 
 finding the objects mentioned, and will notice that, in a general way, 
 the buildings are described according to location, so that, by following 
 the order of the book, all the buildings and objects of interest may be 
 seen and visited with the least possible amount of travel. 
 
 The heliotype illustrations, which with one or two exceptions were 
 made from negatives taken specially for "Yale and the 'City of 
 
 MS88839 
 
iv INTR OD UC TION. 
 
 Elms ' " by Mr. James Notman of Boston, will perhaps serve, among 
 other purposes, that of aiding the friends of Yale who cannot person- 
 ally visit New Haven to take a pleasant imaginary stroll through the 
 grounds and buildings of the College and the city. 
 
 The sources of information in book form from which the facts con- 
 tained in "Yale and the 'City of Elms* "have been derived were 
 principally that grand work commonly known as the " Yale Book," 
 and the mirror of student life entitled " Four Years at Yale." The 
 writer, who feels indebted to various gentlemen for valuable assistance, 
 is under especially great obligations to Professor F. B. Dexter for 
 almost indispensable aid ; to Mr. Thomas R. Trowbridge, Jr., of the 
 New Haven Colony Historical Society, for numerous facts concerning 
 the city; and to Professor A. W. Phillips for very important help. 
 
INDEX, 
 
 Page. 
 Academical Department, . ... . . 10 
 
 Admission, requirements for, ... 9, 39, 43, 48, 50, 54, 57 
 
 Alumni Hall, 24 
 
 Archaeological collection, ....... 60 
 
 Art School Building, . . 53 
 
 Art School Building, contents of, . . . . . . 53 
 
 Art School, objects of, ........ 54 
 
 Athenaeum, .......... 13 
 
 Athletic Grounds, The Yale, .63 
 
 Bacon, Rev. Leonard's Residence, ...... 94 
 
 Base-Ball, 64 
 
 Benedict Arnold's Bridal Home, ...... 102 
 
 Benedict Arnold's House, . . . . . . .116 
 
 Berzelius Hall, 41 
 
 Boat-House, 66 
 
 Boating, ........... 66 
 
 British Invasion, The, . . . . . . . .124 
 
 Campus, .......... 10 
 
 CarlPs Opera House, . . . . . . . .121 
 
 Centre Church, ......... 46 
 
 Chapel and State Streets, 108 
 
 Chapel, The Battell, 21 
 
 Chapel, The Old, 17 
 
 Churches in Southern New Haven, ...... 104 
 
 Churches near Wooster Square, 113 
 
 Churches on George Street, ....... 107 
 
 City Burial Ground, . . . . . . . .127 
 
 City Hall, f 96 
 
 City Market, 115 
 
vi INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 Collection of P'ossil Remains, ....... 60 
 
 Commencement Day, ........ 73 
 
 Commencement Week, ........ 72 
 
 Conveyances, .......... 86 
 
 Corporation, The Yale, ........ 4 
 
 Cosmopolitan Character of Yale College, . .... 7 
 
 Courses of study, ......... 4 
 
 Court House, .......... 97 
 
 Custom House, ......... 101 
 
 Delta Kappa Epsilon Hall, 34 
 
 Depots and vicinity, . . . . . . . .103 
 
 Durfee Hall, 23 
 
 East Divinity Hall, 44 
 
 Eastern New Haven, . . . . . . . .'. 108 
 
 East Rock, . . . . . .'-'. . . . 109 
 
 Evergreen Cemetery, . . . . . . . .105 
 
 Expenses for a student, ........ 8 
 
 Fair Haven, . . . . . . . . . .110 
 
 Farnam Hall, .......... 19 
 
 Fence, The, 69 
 
 Fine Arts, Department of, 52 
 
 Fire Department, The, . . . . . . . .127 
 
 Foot-Ball, . . . 65 
 
 Fort Hale, . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 
 
 Fort Wooster, . . . . . . . . .in 
 
 Graduate Department, The, ..... i . 56 
 
 Graduates, number of, ........ 5 
 
 Green, The New Haven, . . . . . . . . 1 20 
 
 Gymnasium, The, ......... 34 
 
 Hamilton Park, . . . . . . . . . 64 
 
 Hillhouse Avenue, . . . . . . . . . 91 
 
 Hillhouse High School, ........ 94 
 
 Hopkins Grammar School, . . . . . . .127 
 
 Hospital, The New Haven, 105 
 
INDEX. vii 
 
 Page. 
 
 Hotels, * 86 
 
 Hunt House, .......... 103 
 
 ' Jewish Synagogue, ......... 98 
 
 Judges' Cave, 124 
 
 Junior Exhibition, ......... 75 
 
 Junior Promenade, . . . . . . . , . 76 
 
 Laboratory, The Old, 30 
 
 Laboratory, The Sloane, ........ 33 
 
 La Fayette's visit, . . . . . . . . .102 
 
 Lawrence Hall, ......... 30 
 
 Law Department, The, ........ 48 
 
 Law-School Building, ........ 49 
 
 Library, The, .......... 27 
 
 Light-Houses, . . . . . . . . . in 
 
 Lyceum, 15 
 
 Manufacturing District, . . . . . . . .no 
 
 Marquand Chapel, . . . . . . . . .44 
 
 Masonic Temple, . . . . . . . . .114 
 
 Medical Department, The 50 
 
 Medical-School Building, 51 
 
 Messiah, Church of, 95 
 
 Methodist Church, The First, 129 
 
 Mineralogical Collection, ....... 59 
 
 Morris House, . . . . . . . . .in 
 
 Museum Building, ......... 58 
 
 New Haven, Brief History of, 81 
 
 New Haven, Eastern, 108 
 
 New Haven, general appearance of, 84 
 
 New Haven, Northern, ....... 88 
 
 New Haven Opera House, . . . . . . .114 
 
 New Haven, population of, . . . . . 83 
 
 New Haven, Southern, . . . . . . . . 101 
 
 New Haven, Western, . . . . . . . .119 
 
 North Church, . . . . . . . . - 90 
 
viii INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 North College, 18 
 
 North Middle College, 16 
 
 North Sheffield Hall, 41 
 
 Observatory, .......... 62 
 
 Old Chapel, 17 
 
 Oldest Brick House in New Haven, ..... 109 
 
 Oldest House in New Haven, . . . . . . . 102 
 
 Orphan Asylum, The New Haven, . . . . . .126 
 
 Pavilion, The, . . . . . . . . .112 
 
 Peabody Museum, The, ........ 58 
 
 Pilgrim, The Mayflower, . . . . . . . .115 
 
 Police Building, 98 
 
 Policy of the College, statement of, ..... 6 
 
 Post-Office, loi 
 
 Presidents, list of, ......... 7 
 
 Promenades, The Senior and Junior, ..... 76 
 
 Prospect Street, ......... 92 
 
 Psi Upsildn Hall, 35 
 
 Reading-Room, The, ........ 29 
 
 Rector Pierson's Statue, . . . . . . . . 31 
 
 Redeemer, Church of the, ....... 94 
 
 Reynolds House, ......... 95 
 
 Rocks enclosing New Haven, . . . . . . .123 
 
 Rutherford warehouse, . . . . . . . .117 
 
 Sanitary arrangements, ........ 26 
 
 Sargent Mansion, . . . . . . . . 96 
 
 Sargent's Factory, . . . . . . . . .112 
 
 School of Journalism, The Yale, . . . . . . 56 
 
 Scientific Department, The, ....... 38 
 
 Scroll and Key Hall, 37 
 
 Second Regiment, . . . . , . . . .115 
 
 Sheffield Hall, 40 
 
 Sherman, Roger, Residence, . . . . . . 121 
 
 Silliman Statue, 19 
 
INDEX. x 
 
 Page 
 Skull and Bones Hall, 32 
 
 South College, 1 1 
 
 South Middle College, 14 
 
 State House, The Old, 129 
 
 St. Bernard Cemetery, ........ 105 
 
 Steam-Heating Works, ........ 26 
 
 St. Francis Orphan Asylum, ....... 93 
 
 St. John's Catholic Church, 106 
 
 St. Mary's Church, ......... 91 
 
 Students, number of, ........ 4 
 
 Summary of Base-Ball, Foot-Ball and Boating, ... 68 
 
 Temple Street, 88 
 
 Thacher Residence, . . . . . . . .120 
 
 Theological Department, The, 43 
 
 Third Church, ......... 99 
 
 Third Senior Society Hall, . . . . . . . 42 
 
 Tontine Property, ......... 99 
 
 Treasury, The, . 26 
 
 Trowbridge Library, ..... ... 45 
 
 Trinity Church, ......... 89 
 
 Webster house, The Noah, ....... 90 
 
 West Chapel Street, ' . .122 
 
 West Divinity Hall, 45 
 
 Western New Haven, . . . . . . . .119 
 
 West Rock, 123 
 
 Westville, . . . 123 
 
 Whalley Avenue and Vicinity, . . . . . .126 
 
 Whitney Avenue, . . . . . . . . . 93 
 
 Winchester Observatory, The, 61 
 
 Wooster Square, . . . . . . .. .113 
 
 Yale College, historical sketch, . . . . . . i 
 
 Yale, Elihu, life of, . . . 2 
 
 Yale the " Mother of Colleges," ...... 5 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 H ELIOT YPES. 
 
 ALUMNI HALL, Opposite page 44 
 
 ART SCHOOL, ....... 52 
 
 ATHENVEUM, 26 
 
 BATTELL CHAPEL, 44 
 
 BERZELIUS HALL, " 26 
 
 BOAT-HOUSE, " 120 
 
 DELTA KAPPA EPSILON HALL, .... 90 
 
 DURFEE HALL, 34 
 
 EAST DIVINITY, 82 
 
 FARNAM HALL, ...... 34 
 
 GYMNASIUM, " 60 
 
 LAW SCHOOL, " 114 
 
 LYCEUM, 26 
 
 MARQUAND CHAPEL, ..... 82 
 
 MEDICAL SCHOOL, " 98 
 
 NORTH COLLEGE, 18 
 
 NORTH MIDDLE COLLEGE, .... 18 
 
 NORTH SHEFFIELD HALL, .... 74 
 
 OBSERVATORY, 1 20 
 
 OLD CHAPEL, ....... 26 
 
 OLD LABORATORY, 60 
 
 PEABODY MUSEUM, ...... 5 2 
 
 Psi UPSILON HALL, ..... 90 
 
 READING ROOM, " 60 
 
ILL US TRA TIONS. xi 
 
 SCROLL AND KEY HALL, .... Opposite page 90 
 
 SHEFFIELD HALL, 74 
 
 SKULL AND BONES HALL, .... " 90 
 
 SLOANE LABORATORY " 98 
 
 SOUTH COLLEGE, ...... " 10 
 
 SOUTH MIDDLE COLLEGE, .... " 10 
 
 STUDENT'S ROOM IN DURFEE, .... " 68 
 
 THIRD SENIOR SOCIETY HALL, ... " 114 
 
 TREASURY, ....... " 60 
 
 TROWBRIDGE LIBRARY, " 82 
 
 WEST DIVINITY, " 82 
 
 YALE LIBRARY, " 68 
 
 YALE UNIVERSITY CLUB, ..... " 120 
 
 PLATES AND MAPS. 
 
 Page 
 
 MAP OF NEW HAVEN, 80 
 
 PLAN SHOWING LOCATION OF BUILDINGS AT YALE, . . xii 
 

HISTORICAL SKETCH, 
 
 YALE COLLEGE, situated in the beautiful city of New Haven, Connec- 
 ticut, had its origin away back in the very beginning of the eighteenth 
 century, nearly two hundred years ago. From the moment of the 
 settlement of New Haven colony, in 1638, the leading spirit among 
 the settlers, John Davenport, had determined upon the organization of 
 a college, and less than ten years after that time, a lot of land had 
 been set aside at New Haven and called " college land." But various 
 difficulties presented themselves, so that Davenport died without wit- 
 nessing the fruition of his purpose. The project was never aban- 
 doned, however, and in 1664 a collegiate school, called Hopkins 
 Grammar School, in honor of its benefactor, Governor Hopkins of 
 Connecticut, was successfully organized. The fact that the instruction 
 given was not up to the requirements of a college course led ten 
 ministers of the colony of Connecticut to organize themselves into a 
 society for the establishment of a collegiate school. In the fall of the 
 year 1700 or 1701 they met at Branford, and each laid on the table at 
 the place of meeting, a few volumes, saying, " I give these books for 
 founding a college in this colony." This act is generally looked upon 
 as the beginning of Yale College. From so humble an origin has 
 sprung the powerful Yale University of to-day. 
 
 For a time the college was located at Saybrook, Connecticut, under 
 Rev. Abraham Pierson, who was chosen Rector. Jacob Hemingway, 
 who entered in March, 1702, was the first student. After wandering 
 about from town to town, to accommodate itself to the residences of 
 the various officials, the college at last became permanently located at 
 
2 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 New Haven. Much opposition was manifested to its removal to that 
 place; in fact, force had to be used in transferring the library from 
 Saybrook to its new home, and one hundred and sixty volumes were 
 lost in the scuffles which occurred on the journey. 
 
 The first public Commencement of the college at New Haven oc- 
 curred in 1718. Those who had seceded on the removal of the college 
 to that place held a rival Commencement at Wethersfield, but a recon- 
 ciliation was brought about, and all the factions at length united heart- 
 ily in support of the college in its new location. 
 
 In 1717 the first college building was erected, about which time 
 Governor Elihu Yale, of London, made to the institution several 
 valuable gifts, including " books, the portrait and the arms of King 
 George, and ^200 sterling worth of English goods," out of gratitude 
 for which, the trustees named the new building Yale College. Gov- 
 ernor Yale was born in New England, educated in England, and 
 became Governor of Fort St. George, now Madras. The college pos- 
 sesses an original full-length portrait of its great benefactor. His 
 epitaph in the churchyard at Wrexham, in Wales, where Governor Yale 
 was buried, contains the following lines : 
 
 " Born in America, in Europe bred, 
 In Afric travelled and in Asia wed, 
 Where long he lived and thrived ; at London dead. 
 Much good, some 111 he did ; so hope's all even, 
 And that his Soul through Mercy's gone to Heaven." 
 
 In 1722 the college was shaken to its foundations by the apostacy of 
 its Rector, Rev. Timothy Cutler, who became a communicant of the 
 Church of England; and again in President Clap's term of office, from 
 1739 to 1766, much ill-feeling was created in and against the college 
 on account of the stand taken by the authorities toward the great 
 revival preacher, Whitefield, and his followers. Its sorest trial came 
 during the American Revolution, however. Owing to the impossibility 
 of procuring provisions in New Haven at this time, the Freshmen were 
 removed to Farmington, and the Juniors and Sophomores to Glaston- 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 3 
 
 bury, the Seniors alone remaining in New Haven. Yale's record dur- 
 ing that period is a proud one. A company of its students was 
 reviewed and drilled on the Green at New Haven by General Wash- 
 ington while on his way to take command of the American forces 
 about Boston; and it may be noted that this was the first military 
 organization to receive orders from Washington after his appointment 
 as Commander-in-Chief of the American forces. At the battle of 
 Bunker Hill, Yale men stood shoulder to shoulder with their country- 
 men to repel the assaults of the invader, and scarcely a battle occurred 
 during the War for Independence in which Yale was not represented. 
 It was a Yale man, Captain Nathan Hale, of the class of 1773, who, 
 having been selected by Washington as the most competent person in 
 the entire American army to undertake the exceedingly hazardous 
 enterprise of going within the British camp on Long Island as a spy, 
 and having been captured (after fully accomplishing his mission), and 
 condemned to die, in his last words exclaimed, " I regret that I have 
 only one life to* give for my country ! " 
 
 In July, 1779, New Haven was taken, college buildings and all, by 
 the British; not, however, until the red-coats had met with a vigorous 
 resistance from students and citizens. On account of the war, no 
 public Commencements were held between 1777 and 1781. 
 
 During President Stiles's administration of the college, beginning in 
 1777 and ending in 1795, the ill-feeling generated during the presi- 
 dency of Clap disappeared, and a reconciliation came about, when, 
 in return for a grant of money to the college, the Governor, Lieuten- 
 ant Governor and six Senators of the State of Connecticut became 
 members of the college corporation. -Since that time Yale has had 
 few, if any, drawbacks worthy of mention. Crippled by poverty for 
 the first 130 years of its existence, it pressed bravely forward, ever 
 increasing in excellence of education and in number of students, and 
 never failing for a moment to retain its position in the very first rank 
 of American colleges. Fifty years ago its first large endowment, of 
 $100,000, was undertaken; "and it is worthy of notice, as one of the 
 
4 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 great results of that solid financial advance which began in 1831, that 
 the aggregate of its academical graduates for the half-century now 
 ending largely surpasses that of any other college in America." 
 
 The governing board at Yale, termed the Corporation, as at present 
 constituted, consists of eighteen persons, viz. : the Governor and the 
 Lieutenant Governor of the State of Connecticut, ten Congregational 
 clergymen, who elect their own successors, and six gentlemen, elected 
 one each year for a term of six years, by the graduates of five years' 
 standing and upwards. The corporation meets at least once in each 
 year, but a committee of its members, called the Prudential Committee, 
 assembles as often as circumstances require. The arrangement of 
 details for the government and maintenance of the institution is left, 
 however, almost entirely to the president and to the faculties of the 
 various departments. 
 
 At a meeting of the corporation in 1872, it was resolved that Yale 
 had, by the successful establishment of the various departments, 
 attained the form of a University, and that it be recognized as com- 
 prising the four departments of which a University is commonly 
 understood to consist, viz. : the Departments of Theology, of Law, of 
 Medicine, and of Philosophy and the Arts. Under the last-named 
 department are included, the Courses for Graduate Instruction, the 
 Undergraduate Academical Department, the Undergraduate Section of 
 the Sheffield Scientific School, and the School of the Fine Arts each 
 having a distinct organization. The legal designation remains as 
 before the organization into a University, " The President and Fellows 
 of Yale College in New Haven." 
 
 The growth of Yale has been steady and rapid, both in number of 
 students and in wealth. Fifteen years ago the number of students in 
 the entire University was 682; for several years past the number has 
 at no time been below i,oqo; and lately has exceeded that figure. 
 Fifteen years ago the number of officers of government and instruc- 
 tion was forty-nine; now, it exceeds twice that. As to material 
 wealth, Yale is richer to-day by three millions of dollars, than she was 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 5 
 
 a decade and a half ago, the value of all the property owned by the 
 University being in 1884 perhaps seven millions of dollars. Much of 
 this is in land and buildings. 
 
 Since its organization Yale College has conferred more than twelve 
 thousand degrees, over nine thousand of which have been given to 
 graduates of the Academical Department. Adding to the whole num- 
 ber of degrees conferred the number of those who graduated from the 
 Law and the Theological Departments before degrees were conferred 
 upon those who had completed the courses in law and theology, the 
 total number of Yale graduates exceeds sixteen thousand; an aggre- 
 gate considerably greater than the number of graduates of any other 
 college in the United States. The list includes the names of many of 
 the most distinguished men of modern times, among whom may be 
 mentioned both the great lexicographers, Webster and Worcester; the 
 distinguished jurists, Grimke, Mason, and Calhoun; Morse, the in- 
 ventor of the telegraph; Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton-gin; 
 Silliman, the greatest scientist of his generation; the learned Hadley, 
 and the accurate thinker Chauvenet. Chief-Justice Waite and ex- 
 Justice Strong, of the United States Supreme Court, Senator Dawes of 
 Massachusetts, Hon. \Villiam M. Evarts, ex-Governor Samuel J. 
 Tilden, and ex-Attorneys General Taft and Pierrepont are all gradu- 
 ates of Yale. 
 
 Yale has often been called the " Mother of Colleges," on account of 
 her preponderating influence in the establishment of other institutions 
 of learning. She has furnished the first president for very many 
 American colleges, including Princeton, Columbia, Dartmouth, Wil- 
 liams, Georgia University, Hamilton, Kenyon, Illinois, Wabash, 
 University of Missouri, University of Mississippi, University of 
 Wisconsin, Beloit, College of Mississippi, Chicago University, Califor- 
 nia University, Cornell University and Johns-Hopkins University. She 
 has furnished two presidents each to Middlebury, Rutgers, Illinois, 
 Hampden-Sidney, Vermont University, Wisconsin University, Wash- 
 ington University, University of California, University of Georgia and 
 
6 TALE COLLEGE. 
 
 University of Mississippi; and three each to Columbia, Princeton and 
 Western Reserve; also one each to several other colleges and universi- 
 ties, including Trinity, College of South Carolina, College of East 
 Tennessee, Iowa University and the University of Kentucky. The 
 result has been that a great majority of the more prominent American 
 colleges have been, and are conducted on essentially the Yale system, 
 though the details vary more or less in all of them. At this point it 
 may not be inappropriate to give a brief statement of the policy 
 pursued by this " Mother of Colleges," which can best be done by 
 taking the following extract from an official report made by President 
 Porter to the Society of the Alumni of Yale, in June, 1881 : 
 
 - " The institution has had a definite policy to which it has adhered with 
 a good degree of consistency. It has employed little active agency to 
 solicit funds. It has proposed no royal or easy paths to learning or 
 intellectual power. It has carefully refrained from odious comparisons 
 to the disadvantage of sister institutions. It has avoided appeals to 
 the indolence or the undue self-reliance which are characteristic of 
 young men. On the other hand, if the testimony of those who have 
 known its inmost spirit and its animating forces is worth anything, it 
 has not been too bigoted to learn nor too conceited to improve. Its 
 windows are open in every direction, towards the rising as truly as 
 towards the setting sun, and it is ever ready to welcome new truth 
 from any quarter, and to try new methods, by whomsoever they are 
 suggested, if they are recommended to our judgment or are enforced 
 by experience. But it believes in the past as well as in the future, 
 holding it to be eminently becoming in those who have received the 
 torch of knowledge from those who have gone before them, to despise 
 none of the wisdom which the past has inspired or confirmed." 
 
 As an evidence of the conservatism thus expressed, it may be 
 stated that during Yale's almost two centuries of existence, but eleven 
 persons have filled the office of President of the college. President 
 Day served from 1817 till 1846 a period of twenty-nine years. The 
 Presidents have been : Abraham Pierson (1701-1707), Samuel Andrew 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 7 
 
 (1707-1719), Timothy Cutler (1719-1722), Elisha Williams (1725- 
 1739), Thomas Clap (1739-1766), Naphtali Daggett (1766-1777), 
 Ezra Stiles (1777-1795), Timothy Dwight (1795-1817), Jeremiah 
 Day (1817-1846), Theodore D. Woolsey (1846-1871). The present 
 incumbent, Rev. Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D., was chosen in 1871. 
 
 As is very well known, Yale is the most cosmopolitan of all American 
 colleges a characteristic for which it has been distinguished during 
 more than a century and a half. It has drawn and continues to draw 
 its students from all parts of the world. As a result, its graduates are 
 found everywhere particularly, in the United States, in New York, 
 the West and the South. There is something in the Yale system which 
 binds its students, drawn from so many different countries and States, 
 with strong ties of class-friendship, this friendship tending to place all 
 its students on terms of almost perfect equality. The man of wealth 
 and the one who " works his way through," are held in equal esteem by 
 all connected with the University. A manly, straightforward, capable 
 student is sure to receive honor and respect, from both the authorities 
 and his fellows, without regard to factitious distinctions of any sort 
 whatever; and best of all, the friendly ties formed during the course 
 are not broken at graduation, but manifest themselves ever through 
 life in the form of class-feeling and loyalty to " Dear Old Yale." 
 Between students and faculty, too, an excellent understanding pre- 
 vails; and it is indeed a rare occurrence when any serious difficulty 
 takes place. Though the students do not always see a given subject in 
 the same light that it is seen by the corporation and the faculty, they 
 nevertheless always quietly submit, never for an instant doubting the 
 motive. So of the elements known as "Old Yale" and "Young 
 Yale." However much their views may differ as to the policy to be 
 pursued, each believes heartily in the sincerity of the other's efforts for 
 the good of 
 
 " The Old the New the same dear Yale." 
 As would naturally be expected from its leading position, the 
 
8 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 amount of study necessary to enable one to pass the entrance examina- 
 tions at Yale, and the amount of study required to maintain one's 
 position in his class, is at least equal ro that of any other American 
 University. In fact, many are inclined to think that in order to pass 
 through the course, more real, solid, steady work is required than at 
 any other. This is in no sense a disadvantage, however, as the work 
 is so laid out that the faithful student is able to accomplish it without 
 injury to mind or body, and cannot fail to be the gainer. 
 
 Affording, as Yale does, so excellent and so entirely unexcelled an 
 opportunity for a thorough education of the highest grade, the neces- 
 sary annual expenses for a student are decidedly moderate, as will be 
 seen by the following estimate, which includes everything but wearing 
 apparel, travelling, and board in vacations : 
 Treasurer's bill (according to location of room), from $160 to $220 
 
 Board, 37 weeks, " 130 to 220 
 
 Fuel, lights, and washing, . . . . " 30 to 60 
 
 Use of text-books and furniture, ..." 30 to 60 
 
 Total, $350 $560 
 
 This is providing, of course, that the student is able to pay all 
 necessary bills without aid. But if he cannot command this amount, 
 he is at liberty to apply for a portion of the funds provided for such 
 cases, always on the condition, however, that he be a worthy, faithful 
 student. There are numerous ways in which he may earn money, so 
 that it may safely be said that no deserving student is ever obliged to 
 leave Yale for want of funds. 
 
 As it may prove of interest to the visitor to know what is required 
 for admission to the college, the following schedule is given, showing 
 the books and subjects in which all candidates for admission to the 
 Freshman class of the Academical Department or college proper, are 
 examined. The requirements for admission to the various other 
 departments are given in their appropriate places elsewhere in this 
 book : 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 9 
 
 Latin Grammar. 
 
 Caesar Gallic War, Books I-III. 
 Cicero Orations against Catiline and for Archias. 
 Virgil Bucolics, and first six books of the ^Eneid, including 
 Prosody. 
 
 Ovid Metamorphoses, translation at sight. 
 
 The translation, at sight, of passages from prose Latin. 
 
 The translation into Latin of a connected passage of English prose. 
 
 Roman History. 
 
 Greek Grammar with translation of English into Greek. 
 
 Xenophon Anabasis, three books. 
 
 Homer Iliad, two books, with Prosody. 
 
 The translation, at sight, of passages from Cicero or Caesar. 
 
 Greek History. 
 
 French or German so far as to translate at sight easy prose, the 
 candidate being in each case at liberty to decide for himself in which 
 of the two languages he shall be examined. 
 
 Higher Arithmetic including the metric system of weights and 
 measures. 
 
 Algebra so much as is included in Loomis's Treatise, up to the 
 chapter on Logarithms. 
 
 Geometry Euclid, book first, and the first 33 exercises thereon in 
 Todhunter's edition; or, the first four books in other Geometries, with 
 the above exercises. 
 
 Candidates who present themselves at the June examinations, may 
 pass in part of the studies required; they must pass in at least seven of 
 the subjects required, in order to receive any certificate; they may offer 
 any subjects except reading Greek and Latin at sight. To save 
 expense to candidates, special examinations are held at Chicago, 
 Cincinnati and San Francisco each year. 
 
10 TALE COLLEGE. 
 
 THE ACADEMICAL DEPARTMENT, 
 
 A JAUNT THROUGH THE GROUNDS. The visitor, having read 
 the preceding sketch of the history of Yale, is prepared to take a 
 jaunt through the College grounds for the purpose of examining the 
 various halls, libraries, chapels and other objects of interest connected 
 with the University. By referring to the printed plan, all difficulty in 
 finding the different objects described will disappear. The most satis- 
 factory starting-point will be the corner of Chapel and College streets, 
 inasmuch as, passing through the gate on Chapel Street near College, 
 the visitor at once comes upon the " Old Brick Row," for many years 
 the principal buildings connected with the College. 
 
 THE CAMPUS. But first the visitor will observe the remark- 
 able beauty of the campus, or that portion of the University grounds 
 bounded by Chapel, High, Elm, and College streets. Generations ago 
 rows of elms were planted there, and are now grown up into noble 
 shade-trees, beneath whose wide-spreading branches thousands of stu- 
 dents have wended their way, and in whose shade many of America's 
 most learned scholars, distinguished statesmen, and eminent teachers 
 received the education which aided them to become the great public 
 benefactors that they were. Webster and Worcester, of diction- 
 ary fame; Hadley, the great philologist; Silliman, the scientist; 
 Morse, the inventor of the telegraph; Edwards, Hopkins, Emmons, 
 Dwight, and Taylor, the eminent theologians; the distinguished writers 
 
SOUTH. 
 (Page n.) 
 
 SOUTH MIDDLE. 
 (Page 14.) 
 
THE ACADEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 1X 
 
 Pierpont, Hillhouse, Cooper, Percival, Willis, Buslinell, Judd, Bristed, 
 Mitchell, Winthrop and Stedman; the renowned jurists and barristers 
 Grimke, Mason, Kent and Calhoun, and hosts of others scarcely less 
 noted have been frequenters of the elm-clad campus at Yale. When 
 Noah Webster (class of 1778) was in college, the campus Embraced 
 but a comparatively small portion of the ground now occupied by the 
 Academical Department, extending north from Chapel Street only a 
 short distance beyond the structure to-day known as South Middle, 
 and but a few feet west of the present Old Laboratory. Additions 
 have from time to time been made, however, until the campus now 
 extends nearly nine hundred feet on College and High streets, and 
 nearly five hundred feet on Chapel and Elm streets, embracing an 
 entire double square. The campus has witnessed many jolly and ex- 
 citing times among the students, occasions which none but collegians 
 can appreciate. Not infrequently the campus is lighted up at night by 
 huge bonfires, for which the sophomores are generally responsible, 
 though often the graduating class has, on Commencement night, a 
 great fire in front of South College, when old chairs, dilapidated tables, 
 the contents of kerosene cans, etc., are heaped together in one great 
 mass and allowed to burn in honor of the occasion. The shadows 
 cast by the noble old elms on these occasions lend a weirdness and 
 grandeur to the scene, at once attractive, suggestive, and impressive. 
 
 But, to the buildings. Standing within an arm's length of Chapel 
 Street, and about one hundred and thirty feet west of College Street, 
 in " The Old Brick Row " is the venerable edifice designated : 
 
 SOUTH COLLEGE. South College, the most southerly building, as 
 its name indicates, in this " Old Brick Row," is, next to South Middle, 
 the oldest dormitory on the grounds, having been erected in 1793-4. 
 The funds, some $13,000, were furnished by the State of Connecticut, with 
 the condition that " the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and six senior 
 Senators of the State, for the time being, should ever after be, by vir- 
 tue of their offices, Trustees or Fellows of the College, and should, with 
 
I2 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 the President and other Fellows, constitute the corporation, and enjoy 
 the same powers and privileges as if they had been named in the 
 charter." The condition was accepted, and South College was the 
 immediate result. It is a plain brick building, one hundred feet long 
 by forty wide, and originally contained thirty-two studies with two bed- 
 rooms each. " In commemoration of the State's munificence and of 
 the union in the corporation of ecclesiastics and civilians " the build- 
 ing was named Union Hall, but has long since dropped that title and 
 is now known officially and unofficially as " South." Like all the other 
 dormitories it has been the scene of many a stirring event; but the 
 most exciting of all occurred in 1855, when, in the great riot of that 
 year between the students and the young men of the town, the stu- 
 dents, pursued by hundreds of enraged townspeople, retired within 
 the walls of South, barricaded the doors and prepared to fight to the 
 death. A large loaded cannon was dragged to the spot by the towns- 
 people, directed point-blank at the devoted building, and, so the story 
 goes, had the gun not been spiked by a friendly hand, would have 
 been discharged at the venerable pile. Finally, the reading of the 
 riot act, and a display of military, coupled with a heavy rain, dispersed 
 the mob, and South was thus saved, perhaps, from destruction. South 
 College has always been a great favorite with the students, especially 
 seniors, for various reasons, not the least important of which is its 
 proximity to " The Fence." Of late its rooms in odd years are nearly 
 all filled with seniors, and in even years by juniors. Among other con- 
 veniences, or rather luxuries, many of its rooms, which are very cosey, 
 contain open fire-places. Like all other buildings in the College it is 
 supplied with gas and water. Among the distinguished persons who 
 have roomed in South are Hons. Mason Brown (room 25), and Garnet 
 Duncan (room 30), of Kentucky; Hon. Christopher Morgan (room 
 14), "Prince" John Van Buren (room 16), Rev. Dr. Budington (room 
 1 6), and Charles Astor Bristed (room i), of New York; Professors 
 James D. Dana (room 16), and Thomas A. Thacher (room 7), of New 
 Haven; and Bishop Kip (room 7), of California. 
 
THE ACADEMICAL DEPARTMENT. I3 
 
 ATHENAEUM. The Athenaeum, the second building north from 
 Chapel Street in the "Old Brick Row," was originally built for a 
 chapel, and was the first building erected specially for that pur- 
 pose in the College grounds. By a vote of the corporation in 1760 it 
 was decided that the new building should be of brick, fifty feet long 
 and forty wide, with a library over it. It was completed in 1 763, and 
 was at once made use of, as well for exercises in oratory as in religion. 
 In 1803, after the removal of the library to the Lyceum, then new, the 
 upper story of the chapel was " thrown into three apartments : one for 
 a philosophical room, another for an apparatus room, and a third for a 
 museum." In 1824 the building ceased to be used for religious exer- 
 cises, a new edifice, now known as Old Chapel, having been erected 
 for that purpose. The structure then took the name Athenaeum, which 
 it now bears. The lower portion from that time onward was used for 
 recitation rooms, and the upper portion for the society libraries. For- 
 merly a spire surmounted the Athenaeum, but this was taken down in 
 1829 and "replaced by an octagonal tower, built in imitation of the 
 Tower of the Winds in Athens and fitted up for an observatory and to 
 receive a telescope which had been presented to the College by Mr. 
 Sheldon Clark. This telescope was a refractor of ten feet focal length, 
 made by Dollond, of London, and is supposed to have been the best 
 telescope at that time in America." In 1870 the tower was surmounted 
 by a revolving cylindrical dome, and the Clark telescope occupies a 
 position in it, though it is little used, comparatively, owing to better 
 facilities now afforded in other departments of the University. Also 
 in 1870, the whole interior of the Athenaeum was rebuilt, and now 
 contains four large recitation rooms for the freshman class. The 
 original cost of the Athenaeum was about $4,000. Visitors desirous of 
 going up into the tower for a bird's-eye view of the College and its 
 surroundings will find no difficulty in obtaining a key if application be 
 made at the office of the college inspector, room number 2, Treasury, 
 Mr. Frank E. Hotchkiss, the inspector, taking great pleasure in afford- 
 ing every possible courtesy to visitors. 
 
14 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 SOUTH MIDDLE. South Middle, built in 1750,13 distinguished 
 from the fact that it is the oldest building now standing in the entire 
 University. In 1 748 the number of students had so greatly increased 
 that a new dormitory became an absolute necessity. To raise the 
 required funds the General Assembly of the colony ordered that a lot- 
 tery be held, and a board of directors was appointed for that purpose. 
 This expedient proved successful, and the building was at once erected, 
 though not entirely completed until several years later. When fin- 
 ished " it was the most elegant and the best building in the colony." 
 It is of brick, with sandstone trimmings, is one hundred and five feet 
 long and forty feet in breadth, and was originally three stories high, 
 with a " French " or " gambrel " roof. This gambrel roof was re- 
 moved in 1797, and a full story, covered with the present roof, put on. 
 South Middle contained, after the extra story had been added, 
 thirty-two studies, suitable for two students each. What was at one 
 time a famous institution in the College, occupied the southeast corner 
 room, ground floor, and was called the buttery. It was presided over 
 by an officer called the butler, who had the exclusive right to sell, on 
 the college grounds, such articles as " cider, metheglin, strong beer to 
 the amount of not more than ten barrels annually (afterward in- 
 creased to twenty), loaf sugar, pipes, tobacco, and such other necessa- 
 ries of scholars as were not furnished in the commons hall." On the 
 books of the butler no less a person than President Stiles is charged 
 with such articles as cider, walnuts, pipes, porter, bottles of ale, biscuit 
 and raisins. The buttery was abolished in 1817, after a long existence, 
 having been established shortly after the building was completed. 
 For many years the college bookseller occupied a room A South 
 Middle, with his wares, but was finally obliged to withdraw a few 
 years ago, and the rooms on the first floor, between the two entries, 
 were thrown into one large room, which served as a reading-room until 
 in 1877 that valuable institution was removed to its present quarters in 
 the Philosophical Building. 
 
 The rooms in South Middle hall were, until 1883, for years occupied 
 
THE ACADEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 15 
 
 exclusively by sophomores, except the few rooms reserved for mem- 
 bers of the faculty, and have doubtless witnessed within their walls 
 more ludicrousness and the concocting of more well-laid schemes of 
 mischief than all other rooms in College together. Though the build- 
 ing is so old and its timbers so warped that it is almost like taking an 
 ocean voyage to walk some of the floors, or go down the flights of 
 stairs, yet the average sophomore would prefer it, with its glorious 
 associations, to the finest palace in America; and hundreds of dollars 
 have been paid every year (until in 1881 the faculty put a stop to the 
 practice) for the choice of a room there. Old graduates on the verge 
 of the grave look back with glee to the uproarious fun they made a 
 part of while inmates of South Middle, and laugh until tears run 
 down their cheeks, in recollection of the various tricks and pranks 
 planned within its walls. 
 
 LYCEUM. The Lyceum, standing next north of South Middle in 
 the "Old Brick Row," was completed in 1804 at a cost of perhaps 
 $6,000. It is of brick, three stories high, 56 feet long, and 44 feet 
 wide, with a tower in front surmounted by a cupola. The third floor 
 was originally used for the library, while the first and second floors 
 were partitioned off into recitation rooms. With the exception that 
 the library has long since been removed, the rooms are used for about 
 the same purposes now as when first built, viz., for recitations. The 
 large room in the rear, on the first floor, known as the President's old 
 lecture-room, is used by the students as a place in which to hold their 
 class meetings and meetings for the election of officers for the various 
 athletic organizations. Formerly the chemical laboratory was located 
 in the basement of the Lyceum. Hanging in the cupola is the college 
 bell, which has for generation after generation called the students to 
 religious and literary exercises, and continues so to do; and though 
 the college rules do not provide for such occasions, the same old bell 
 has pealed out time an* again the glad notes of victory in athletic 
 contests with other colleges victories which were doubly prized from 
 the fact of the great skill and excellence of the opponents from whom 
 
1 6 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 they were won. Previous to the completion of Battell Chapel the 
 college clock occupied a position in the tower of Lyceum, and its old, 
 time-worn wooden dials may be seen there yet. In the last days of 
 its activity this instrument went in a fearful and wonderful way, and, 
 like Paddy's timepiece, kept more time than any other clock in town. 
 
 NORTH MIDDLE. North Middle College, built in 1803, and 
 standing next north of Lyceum, is similar in general appearance to the 
 other dormitories in the " Old Brick Row," which, by the way, from t 
 their plainness and uniformity, have sometimes been called " the fac- 
 tories." It is 1 06 feet long by 40 feet wide, is four stories high, and 
 originally accommodated about 96 students. It is heated by steam, is 
 provided with gas and water, and on the whole is a very comfortable 
 dormitory, though the condition of the floors, window-caps, etc., indi- 
 cates that it was not as well built as some of its neighbors. Each 
 room contains, against the wall next the sleeping-rooms, a large closet 
 with double doors. It was intended that a bed should be placed in 
 this closet, capable of being lowered to the floor at night to accommo- 
 date an occupant, so that each study could provide sleeping accommo- 
 dations for three persons. These closets are now used for wardrobes, 
 merely. Until North College was built, North Middle was the most 
 popular dormitory in the row, and was consequently occupied by 
 seniors. After 1821 the seniors deserted it for the then new North 
 College, and North Middle became, what it continues to be, the head- 
 quarters, in this set of buildings, for the juniors, though the upper story 
 is reserved for freshmen. Unlike South Middle and South, this dormi- 
 tory has led a very quiet, uneventful life, with scarcely a ripple of 
 excitement of any kind, though hundreds of graduates doubtless look 
 back with pleasure upon many a happy evening passed in old North 
 Middle. Among the distinguished persons who have occupied rooms 
 within its walls, are Rev. Dr. Leonard Bacon (room 76), Professor 
 Solomon Stoddard (room 78), President Beecher, of Illinois College 
 (room 84), President Sturtevant, of the same college (room 75), Judge 
 
THE ACADEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 17 
 
 Strong, of the United States Supreme Court (room 67), Bishop Kip, 
 of California (room 81), Professor Thacher, of New Haven, (room 90), 
 Dr. J. P. Thompson, of Berlin (room 83) . North Middle was once, 
 so tradition has it, haunted by a ghost; but like Rip Van Winkle's 
 canine companion, it has long since departed. 
 
 OLD CHAPEL. The Old Chapel, standing between North Mid- 
 dle and North, and directly in front of the Treasury, was completed 
 in 1824, and dedicated on the 1 7th of November in that year. It is 
 built of brick, and has a front of 56 feet, and a depth of 72 feet. 
 When new it contained on the first floor an audience-room, surrounded 
 by a gallery, while the floor above was finished into studies and sleep- 
 ing apartments for students. The attic was used for the library. A 
 few years after the books had been removed to the new library building, 
 this attic was occupied by the Department of Civil Engineering, which 
 continued to have its headquarters there until the completion of Shef- 
 field Hall in 1860. From 1824 to 1876 the structure was the college 
 chapel, in which all the religious exercises, including daily prayers, 
 were conducted. For years after it had been built, morning prayers 
 were held at 6 in winter, and 5.30 in summer. In winter it was no 
 little hardship to attend, as the room was freezing cold, the seats not 
 the most comfortable in the world, and the thought of an immediate 
 recitation anything but encouraging. In 1876, on the completion of 
 Battell Chapel, the Old Chapel, as it is now called, was converted into 
 lecture and recitation rooms. It was divided into front and rear 
 halves by a partition built up through the centre, and the first floor 
 front was made into a lecture-room for the President, with seats rising 
 in tiers, and in the form of an amphitheatre. The room will seat a 
 class of 190 or more. On the second floor front are two large recita- 
 tion rooms, one used for seniors, the other for juniors. Two large 
 recitation rooms on the first floor, and two more on the second floor, 
 rear, are used for sophomores. The third story is still used as a dor- 
 mitory. From this floor stairs and ladders lead to the belfry and 
 
1 8 TALE COLLEGE. 
 
 steeple, the top of the latter reaching a height of 120 feet above the 
 ground. Several years ago the vane which surmounted it was blown 
 down by a gale. Various daring feats have been performed on this 
 steeple by students, such as climbing to the top and fastening a fresh- 
 man flag where it was supposed no sophomore would dare venture to 
 pull it down. Inasmuch as such a flag has about the same effect on a 
 sophomore that a red cloth is said to have on an enraged bull, it is 
 hardly necessary to remark that the flag generally came down in short 
 order. 
 
 Many an able preacher has spoken from the pulpit of Old Chapel, 
 while graduates of half a century ago recall with pleasure an address 
 they once heard within its walls from Daniel Webster. 
 
 NORTH COLLEGE. North College, in the " Old Brick Row," stands 
 just north of Old Chapel, and partly in front of Farnam. Erected in 
 1821, it is the newest structure at present standing in that historic 
 line of buildings, with the exception of Old Chapel, built three years 
 later. About 106 feet long and 40 feet wide, built of brick, and four 
 stories high, it looks a trifle newer than either South, South Middle or 
 North Middle; but otherwise, and except that the roof is slated, its 
 appearance is about the same as that of the others. For interesting 
 associations, however, it is second only to South Middle, and vies with 
 South. Seniors at once appropriated it, on its completion, and even 
 now the senior class is pretty well represented there, though no one 
 class preponderates sufficiently to make it safe to say that it is a build- 
 ing usually occupied by that class. All rooms on the fourth floor are 
 reserved for freshmen. Years ago it was the musical centre of the Col- 
 lege, and led in other matters. Just after it was completed, at a con- 
 vivial gathering of some of the occupants of the second entry, the 
 toast, " North Entry : the regulator, and, as it were, the pole-star of Yale 
 College," was drunk, showing at least what one portion of its inhabi- 
 tants thought; and the members of the other entry doubtless did not 
 permit their end of the building to suffer by comparison. Every entry 
 
I 
 
 NORTH. 
 
THE ACADEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 19 
 
 in college, along in 1825, had one or more clubs, and jolly times they 
 made. In that year General Lafayette visited Yale, and the seniors in 
 North celebrated the event after his departure for Boston, whither he 
 had gone to be present at the laying of the corner-stone of Bunker 
 Hill monument. They raked together what money they could, bought 
 the necessary refreshments, solid and otherwise, and had a grand feast 
 in the attic of North, which they reached by climbing up through a 
 trap-door. For some years the south-west corner room in North was 
 used as a refreshment room, on the day of Junior Exhibition, in which 
 members of the junior class entertained their lady friends. Rolling an 
 eighteen-pound cannon-ball down the stairways of the south entry was 
 one of the diversions indulged in while Justice Strong was an occu- 
 pant of a room in North in 1827-8. The "Yale Bully Club," once 
 one of the most famous organizations in the College, ever had its 
 headquarters in this building. The " Bully," the appointed leader of 
 the students, always carried a big cane or club in expeditions of the 
 Yale men, and commanded in every battle with the townspeople, which 
 were then of frequent occurrence, but which are now things of the 
 past. North, too, claims the honor of originating the movement which 
 resulted in the present Yale Literary Magazine, the oldest college 
 publication in America. 
 
 THE SlLLIMAN STATUE. The bronze statue in the northeast 
 angle of the campus, within a few rods of Battell Chapel and Farnam 
 Hall, is that of one of Yale's most renowned graduates, Professor 
 Benjamin Silliman, whose work in the cause of science gave him a 
 world-wide fame. Much of Professor Silliman's best work was done 
 in the old laboratory on the Yale campus. The statue, designed by 
 Professor John F. Weir, was the gift of numerous friends of the 
 college, to whom Professor Silliman's memory is dear, and was unveiled 
 with proper ceremonies at Commencement, 1884. 
 
 FARNAM HALL. Farnam Hall, the gift of Mr. Henry Farnam, 
 of New Haven, was the first building erected within the borders of the 
 
20 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 college campus after the definite adoption of the plan of so locating 
 all the structures in future built for the Academical Department that 
 they should eventually form a quadrangle enclosing a hollow square. 
 The great necessity for a new dormitory or dormitories was stated 
 to Mr. Farnam, a friend of the College, who, in 1864, gave a large 
 sum to be used in filling the requirement. A few years later, 
 August 2, 1869, ground was broken on the College Street side of the 
 campus, one hundred feet from Elm Street, on or in the vicinity of the 
 site formerly occupied by the house built years before for the Presi- 
 dent. This house was built in 1799 and moved away in 1860. The 
 new dormitory was completed for occupancy at the opening of the 
 college year in 1870. Its dimensions are: 174 feet long by 37 
 feet wide, exclusive of projections, and four stories high, with a 
 slated Mansard roof, from which rise two turrets used in the system 
 of ventilation. The entrances, three in number, face the campus, 
 a large pierced marble slab, supported by polished granite pillars, 
 surmounting each entrance. The walls are of brick, trimmed with 
 Hudson River bluestone and Portland freestone. There are 49 
 studies in the building, the great majority having two bed-rooms each, 
 those without these appendages being nine small rooms three lead- 
 ing from each section of the building in and forming part of the 
 projection over every entrance. Of the forty double studies, sixteen 
 face College Street and sixteen the campus, each study having a bed- 
 room on either side. Of the remaining eight studies there are four at 
 each end of the building, each study facing on the campus and having 
 its two bedrooms in the rear, facing on College Street. Every double 
 study has a very large convenient closet, and every study in the build- 
 ing is supplied with steam-heat and gas, while water is conveyed by 
 pipes to several floors. A portion of the basement, light and high, is 
 fitted up as a residence for the janitor or sweep, while the remainder 
 is used as a shop for the repair of gas and water pipes and heating 
 apparatus. It was originally intended to expend about $75,000 in the 
 construction of the building, but when finished the total expense was 
 
THE ACADEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 2 i 
 
 very nearly $127,000. All but about $54,000 of this amount was fur- 
 nished by Mr. Farnam, the College supplying the remainder. Farnam, 
 like Durfee, is occupied to a great extent by seniors and juniors, and 
 though the studies as a rule are not so expensively furnished as those 
 in Durfee, yet many of them are finely fitted up and very attractive. 
 
 BATTELL CHAPEL. Battell Chapel, which occupies the north- 
 east angle of the college campus, is one of the finest church edifices in 
 America, and perhaps the most costly and elegant college chapel in 
 the world. It forms a portion of the Yale quadrangle, and the most 
 satisfactory exterior view of it is obtained from a point on the north 
 side of Elm Street, a short distance below College Street, whence the 
 structure is seen in all its grand proportions. It was erected largely 
 through the beneficence of Mr. Joseph Battell, of New York, from 
 whom it takes its name, and is the third chapel erected on the college 
 campus for the Academical Department. It is built of rough brown 
 New Jersey sandstone, and is surrounded by an arcade of Ohio sand- 
 stone, which gives it a light and graceful appearance. Two massive 
 stone towers, capped with spires of hewn sandstone, rise from the 
 angles at the west end of the building, the tower facing the college 
 campus containing a most excellent clock : the standard by which all 
 exercises in the Academical Department are regulated. This clock is 
 connected with a peal of bells, on which it strikes the hours and 
 the quarters. Its single face is of hewn stone, the hands upon which 
 are reached from a stone balcony directly beneath it. Five large doors 
 furnish ample means of ingress to and egress from the chapel. On 
 the Elm Street side of the structure, in the transept, appears a beauti- 
 ful rose window, on one side of which is a stone tablet bearing the 
 arms and motto of the State of Connecticut, Qui transtulit sustinet, 
 and on the other a tablet with the seal and motto of the college, Lux 
 et Veritas. The capitals of the columns supporting the arcade were 
 cut by hand after the walls were built, as were also the two borders of 
 vine-leaves in the light-colored Ohio sandstone. The interior of the 
 
22 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 chapel will well repay a visit, and the most appropriate time would be 
 the regular service on the Sabbath, which is held at 10.30 A.M., or 
 perhaps better on any week-day morning at 8.10, for it is at this hour 
 that prayers are held and an opportunity is obtained of witnessing this 
 feature of college life and all the peculiarities attending it, while at 
 the close of the exercises plenty of time is afforded the visitor in which 
 to examine the building. He will observe that it consists of a nave, 
 a north and south transept, and three galleries, one at the end of each 
 transept, and a very large one occupying the entire west end of the 
 chapel. The woodwork is of solid oak, elaborately carved, especially 
 that about the pulpit and choir, where the floral sculpture is abundant 
 and beautiful. There is more or less carved work on every pew end 
 and arm in the chapel. Directly back of the pulpit, in the apse, stands 
 the organ, the larger pipes in which project above the richly carved 
 oaken screen. The banks of the organ, at which the organist sits in 
 playing, are in the choir, immediately in front of the pulpit, the mem- 
 bers of the choir occupying seats placed at right angles to the pulpit 
 and facing the organist's position. Above the woodwork the brick 
 walls appear in view and are very elaborately and richly painted and 
 gilded. The beautiful high windows, composed of English pressed 
 glass, are peculiarly worthy of observation. About twenty of the 
 number are already used as memorial windows. A fitting memorial of 
 the gentleman for whom the chapel was named, Mr. Battell, and of 
 his sister, Mrs. Irene Lamed, occupies a position on the east wall of 
 the building, to the right of the pulpit looking from the pews. It is in 
 the form of a metallic tablet, the inscription on which is in Latin. The 
 auditorium contains sittings for about eleven hundred persons, the 
 greater portion of those on the ground floor being occupied by 
 students, and those in the galleries by members of the faculty with 
 their families, and by visitors, who, by the way, are always welcome. 
 The building was completed and occupied in 1876, and the total cost 
 was about $200,000. 
 
THE ACADEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 23 
 
 DURFEE HALL. Durfee Hall, so called in honor of Mr. B. M. C. 
 Durfee, of Fall River, Mass., to whom Yale is indebted for this struc- 
 ture, is generally conceded to be one of the finest, if not the finest, 
 college dormitories in the country. It is built of New Jersey sandstone, 
 like that used in the construction of Battell Chapel and the Art School. 
 The trimmings are light Ohio sandstone and Hudson River bluestone. 
 Facing on the campus, it is parallel with and a few feet from Elm Street 
 and forms an important portion of the quadrangle, its eastern end 
 extending to within a few feet of Battell Chapel, and its western end 
 quite near to Alumni Hall. Its length is 181 feet, and its breadth 38 
 feet, except at either end, where its breadth is 40 feet. Its height is 
 four stories, with a very sharp roof, covered with slate. The angles 
 are crowned with small turrets, and the general appearance of the 
 structure is grand, and pleasing to the eye. It is entered by five door- 
 ways, and contains 40 parlors or studies, each study having connected 
 with it two bed-rooms and two large closets. All studies face on the 
 campus and all the bed-rooms on Elm Street. The interior, finished 
 in hard-pine, is high posted, well ventilated and comfortable, and is 
 furnished with water, steam-heat and gas throughout. The eastern 
 end of the basement is finished off into a dwelling for the janitor, 01 
 " sweep," as he is more familiarly called by the students. Many, and 
 in fact nearly all the rooms occupied by students in Durfee, are excel- 
 lently, and not a few of them elegantly furnished. The ornaments 
 and decorations consist to a considerable extent, as they do in all the 
 college dormitories, of student trophies of all sorts, from the pro- 
 gramme of the last entertainment or the sign-board of an innocent 
 barber, up to the prizes won in friendly contests with the members of 
 other classes or of other colleges. Oftentimes the walls are hung with 
 fine pictures. As a general rule the library of a room consists to a 
 great extent of college text-books. Durfee is occupied almost wholly 
 by seniors and juniors, the classes choosing rooms in order of rank, 
 commencing with the seniors. It seldom or never happens that the 
 rooms in Durfee are not all taken before the lower classes have an 
 
24 TALE COLLEGE. 
 
 opportunity to choose. The rent of rooms in Durfee is higher than 
 that in any other dormitory, occupants of the best rooms paying $220 
 a year. The total cost of Durfee was about $130,000. 
 
 ALUMNI HALL. For several years previous to 1850 the College 
 felt the need of a larger hall than any in existence on the campus 
 at that time. Accordingly President Woolsey suggested a plan for 
 such a building as was desired, and in 1851 ground was broken for the 
 proposed hall in the north-west angle of the campus, within sixty or 
 seventy feet of Elm Street, and perhaps half as far from High Street. 
 The plan provided for a hall occupying the entire lower floor, while the 
 second story was to be partitioned into two halls, one for the Linonian 
 Society and the other for the Brothers Society. This plan was so far 
 modified as to spare room in the centre of the second story for a hall 
 for the Calliopean Society. The structure was completed in 1853, at a 
 cost of $27,000, of which the College paid $16,000, Linonian Society 
 $5,800, and Brothers Society $5,500. It is of red sandstone, with 
 walls topped out in battlements, and has two towers, rising to a height 
 of 75 feet, one on each side of the main entrance, which faces toward 
 the east. Winding staircases within the towers lead to the society 
 halls above, as does also a stairway in a projection in the rear, directly 
 opposite the main entrance. For the past few years the society halls 
 above have been used to some extent by the college musical organ- 
 izations and by debating clubs; and candidates for entrance to college 
 who cannot find seats below are examined in these rooms. These halls 
 were at one time well fitted up by the societies. The hall below is the 
 largest in the country, having an occupied floor above supported only 
 by the walls. It is used principally as a place for the examination of 
 candidates for admission and for the annual examinations of the vari- 
 ous classes. For this purpose a hundred and fifty or more very small 
 tables are placed about the room in such a way that no two are within 
 several feet of each other. A little glass inkstand enclosed in a block 
 
THE ACADEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 25 
 
 of cork is placed on each table, as is also a lot of writing paper, and 
 the candidates for examination are seated one at each table about the 
 hall. Officers are stationed in elevated positions in various places 
 around the room, and a printed copy of a list of questions is given 
 each student, to which he writes answers as best he can. Though 
 very few of the thousands that have entered its portals for examination 
 have done so without fear and trembling and every sort of evil fore- 
 boding, they have generally confessed on passing out that " it was a 
 pretty square paper, after all," the printed list of questions going by 
 the title of " a paper." A student who has been faithful in his studies 
 finds very little trouble in passing the examinations, while one who has 
 shirked, and goes into the hall trusting to good fortune to carry him 
 through, generally retires with a very high respect for the ability of the 
 Yale faculty to unmask him, though perhaps disturbed at the amount 
 of delving he must do before he can hope to pass. The questions on 
 the papers are placed there to find out what a student knows, not to trip 
 him up; and that policy is consistently carried out. No thoroughly 
 prepared student need have any fear of an examination at Yale. 
 
 But Alumni Hall is used for other purposes than examinations; 
 notably as a dining-hall at Commencement dinner, on which occasions 
 it rarely happens that there are not several of the leading men of the 
 country present, when " a feast of reason and a flow of soul " is sure 
 to follow the repast of meat and drink. 
 
 During the spring of 1881, through the munificence of Mrs. Henry 
 Farnam, of New Haven, the interior of Alumni Hall was elegantly im- 
 proved. A handsome new floor was laid, wainscotting was placed on the 
 walls to a height of eight feet, the ceiling was panelled, a small gallery 
 was built over the main entrance, and a platform for Commencement 
 and other speakers placed directly opposite. The whole is painted in 
 the dark shades so much in vogue, and new stained-glass windows 
 complete the improvements which have added so greatly to the appear- 
 ance of the hall. 
 
2 6 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 STEAM-HEATING WORKS. Rising a few feet above the sur- 
 face of the ground, in the extreme northwestern angle of the campus, 
 near Alumni Hall, is a very modest-looking hatchway which leads 
 down to the subterranean boiler rooms, where the steam is generated 
 which heats not only Durfee, Farnam, North, North Middle, Battell 
 Chapel, Old Chapel, Treasury, Library and the Old Laboratory, but 
 the great Peabody Museum as well, and the system is undergoing con- 
 stant extension. The steam passes through iron pipes, properly 
 encased in a non-conductor of heat and buried in the ground. To 
 those interested in improved mechanical appliances, and in proposed 
 methods of heating large numbers of buildings from a single source, 
 the boiler vault is worth a visit. 
 
 SANITARY ARRANGEMENTS. Also concerning mechanical ap- 
 pliances and other arrangements for the health and comfort of the 
 students, it may be stated that everything on the campus or connected 
 with the Academical Department in the line of sewers and plumbing 
 is a triumph of sanitary engineering. The present system was put in 
 in the summer of 1881, at an expense of $10,000, according to the 
 plans of Colonel George E. Waring, and under the direction of men 
 approved by him. 
 
 THE TREASURY .The Treasury is immediately west of the Old 
 Chapel, and was built in 1832, for a gallery wherein to place the 
 historical paintings of Colonel Trumbull, which that gentleman had 
 given to the College with the proviso that they should be exhibited for 
 a small fee, the proceeds to be used in aiding indigent students. The 
 material in the building is brick covered with brownish stucco, and the 
 length is 65 feet and width 35 feet, with a height of two stories. The 
 second story served its purpose as an art gallery until 1868, when the 
 paintings were removed to the beautiful new Art Building. Windows 
 were cut through, after the removal of the pictures, and the southern 
 half of the second floor is now used for the treasury, and contains a 
 
ATHENAEUM, 
 (Page 13.) 
 
 \PEL. 
 
 LYCEUM. 
 (Page 15.) 
 
 BERZELIUS HALL. 
 (Page 41.) 
 
THE ACADEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 27 
 
 strong vault, appropriate to the purpose, while the northern half con- 
 tains the President's office and room in which the academical faculty 
 holds its weekly meetings. For years the room beneath the president's 
 office was used as a store-room for mineralogical specimens, which 
 have since been removed to Peabody Museum. The room for a time 
 served as a zoological laboratory. The room under the eastern portion 
 of the treasurer's office is occupied by students, and that under the 
 western portion is the headquarters of the superintendent of grounds 
 and buildings. The Treasury appropriately enough has a massive, 
 tomb-like appearance, for beneath it were buried the remains of Colonel 
 and Mrs. Trumbull, at the request of the former of whom they were 
 there interred. 
 
 THE LIBRARY. The Library, occupying a position on the 
 High Street side of the campus, midway between Chapel and Elm 
 streets, was completed in 1846, work having been begun upon it in 
 1843. For years previous to that time the necessity for a library build- 
 ing had been acknowledged, and this feeling at length resulted in a 
 movement toward obtaining the necessary funds. Eighteen thousand 
 dollars was raised by subscription, of which Professor Salisbury gave 
 $6,000, President Woolsey $3,000, Rev. Cortlandt Van Rensselaer 
 $600, and President Day, Professor Goodrich, Henry D. A. Ward, and 
 Hon. Thomas S. Williams $500 each. The total cost of the building 
 was $34,000. It is of brown sandstone, taken from the Portland 
 quarries, and has a frontage of 151 feet, from the extreme northern to 
 the extreme southern wall. It is composed of a main hall in the 
 centre, which is connected by wings with smaller halls on each side. 
 From the angles of the main hall towers rise to a height of 91 feet. 
 The interior dimensions of this hall are 41 X 83 feet; of the connect- 
 ing wings, 26 X 40 feet; and of the side halls, 20 X 56 feet. The 
 southern hall and wing are used for storage of unbound pamphlets, 
 duplicates, etc., the main hall for the works belonging to the library 
 proper; the northern wing for an entrance to the main hall and for an 
 
28 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 office for the librarian and the secretary, and the northern hall for the 
 library of the Linonian and the Brothers societies, literary organizations 
 that flourished in the College for nearly a century, each of which 
 owned, in 1870, a library of 13,000 volumes. In 1871 both these 
 libraries were placed under the charge of the college library commit- 
 tee, were consolidated, and now form a department of the college 
 library, though kept entirely distinct from the main library, the card 
 system being used in that, while the catalogue system serves in the 
 society library, which is more generally used by the students of all 
 departments of the University than the main library or any of the 
 professional department libraries, containing as it does all the best 
 current literature and works usually called for in a public library. The 
 library, with its various branches, has grown with wonderful rapidity, 
 and now contains, inclusive of unbound works, about 200,000 volumes, 
 the main library containing, exclusive of unbound works, about 
 108,000 volumes, Linonian and Brothers library about 24,000 vol- 
 umes, and the libraries of the professional schools about 23,000 
 volumes. The visitor to the main library will find, in addition to the 
 books, many curious and valuable manuscripts, inscriptions, etc., not 
 accessible elsewhere; also Franklin's clock, Rector Pierson's chair, 
 and many other articles of interest. At various points in the main 
 hall are busts of benefactors of the College, while marble tablets on 
 the end toward the campus are inscribed with the names of the princi- 
 pal donors to the library. To their munificence largely is due the 
 remarkable increase of the main library from 21,000 volumes in 1850 
 to 35,000 volumes in 1860; 55,000 volumes in 1870, 80,000 volumes in 
 1876, and 108,000 volumes in 1881. It is open daily in term time 
 from 9.30 A.M. to I P.M., and from 2.30 to 5 P.M. (or during winter 
 months, to 4.30 P.M.) Linonian and Brothers is open daily from 1.30 
 to 2.30 P.M.; on Wednesdays and Saturdays from 10 A.M. to 12 M., and 
 from 1.30 to 4 P.M. Visitors are welcome. When leaving the building 
 it will be worth while to observe the beautiful class ivies growing on 
 the extreme northern and other walls of the structure, planted there 
 
THE ACADEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 29 
 
 by the classes at graduation. The ivies are distinguished by the class 
 numeral cut in the stone wall, in the immediate vicinity of the vine, a 
 foot or two above the ground. Graduates on returning to the scenes 
 of their college life seldom fail to visit the spot where, in the fast- 
 gathering shades of evening, the class assembled for the last time with 
 unbroken ranks and carefully deposited in the fostering soil the final 
 memento of happy days at Yale. 
 
 THE READING-ROOM. The Philosophical Building, or Read- 
 ing-Room as it is more familiarly called, occupies a position about a 
 hundred feet in the rear of the Lyceum. It is two stories high, with 
 light basement, is built of brick covered with stucco and is 86 feet long 
 by 45 feet broad. Erected in 1819 for a dining-hall or commons, it 
 continued to serve that purpose until the abolition of a college com- 
 mons in 1843. While it was used for commons the cooking department 
 was in the basement and the dining-room occupied the first floor; the 
 second floor served as a mineralogical cabinet. After 1843, f r many 
 years the first floor was taken up by the "philosophical chamber," 
 which still occupies the entire southern half of this story, and by two 
 sophomore recitation rooms. At present the northeastern portion of 
 this floor is used as a junior recitation room, and the northwestern 
 portion as a repository for physical apparatus. When the northern 
 wing of Peabody Museum was completed, the mineralogical cabinet 
 was transferred to that building and the entire second floor of the 
 Philosophical Building is now occupied by the Reading-Room. It is 
 by long odds the best equipped college reading-room in America, 
 containing all the most prominent dailies, weeklies and periodicals, 
 American and foreign. Duplicate copies of metropolitan papers 
 are always on the files. Numerous windows on each of the four sides 
 of the building afford an abundance of light, the room is high-posted 
 and airy, the walls are adorned with steel engravings, and everything 
 combines to make it one of the most agreeable institutions of the 
 College. Visitors will derive much pleasure from an inspection of it. 
 
30 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 The room is open on week-days from 9.30 A.M. to 8 P.M., and on 
 Sundays from I P.M. to 8 P.M. 
 
 LAWRENCE HALL. For some years the college has greatly 
 needed additional dormitories, and at the annual meeting of the 
 alumni, in 1883, it was announced that the corporation had appointed 
 a committee to present a plan for a building of that class. But there 
 were no funds. A few months after that time, however, Mr. and Mrs. 
 William C. Lawrence of New York, made a spontaneous gift of 
 $50,000 for that purpose. The building is designed by them as a 
 memorial of their son, Thomas Garner Lawrence, a member of the 
 class of 1884, whose lamented death occurred in New Haven soon 
 after the beginning of his senior year. The plan contemplates rooms 
 for about eighty of the two hundred and fifty students who have 
 hitherto been unable to find lodgings in the college. 
 
 LABORATORY. The Chemical and Physical Laboratory, standing 
 back of the Athenseum, is the most ancient building of any on the 
 campus, with the exception of South Middle and the Athenaeum. 
 It is of brick, painted dingy white, and is 90 feet long, 30 feet wide, 
 and a story and a half high. It was originally intended for a dining- 
 hall and kitchen for the students, and was used for that purpose until 
 1819, when the dining-room was removed to the new building erected 
 for the purpose, and now known as the Reading-Room or Philosophi- 
 cal Building, standing between the Laboratory and the Treasury. 
 Since 1819 the Laboratory has been used for what its present name 
 indicates. It contains a large lecture-room, with seats in tiers, and 
 will comfortably accommodate one hundred or more persons. The 
 north-western portion of the edifice is an addition to the original 
 building, and contains an office, store-room, chemical and physical 
 apparatus, etc. For a time the northeastern portion was occupied as 
 a residence by the janitor of one of the buildings. It is restricted to 
 the use of the Chemical Department since the completion of the beau- 
 
THE ACADEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 31 
 
 tiful new laboratory promised on behalf of two friends of the College at 
 the annual alumni dinner in iSSi. Still it will long be remembered as 
 the spot where the world-renowed Professor Silliman performed his 
 works for the benefit of science, and made a number of his most 
 celebrated experiments. Though the building is in its external appear- 
 ance the most unattractive of any on the grounds, it nevertheless 
 " in its time has been," as the Yale Book says, " one of the most 
 important centres of chemical science in America, and the scene of 
 a great educational work. A long list could be made of eminent 
 instructors and investigators in science, who received their first 
 impulses toward a scientific career, and in many instances a large 
 share of their professional training, within its walls." 
 
 The handsome great building of sandstone, just west of the Labora- 
 tory, is the Yale School of the Fine Arts, a description of which 
 appears on page 52. 
 
 STATUE OF RECTOR PIERSON. The bronze statue a short 
 distance south of the Old Laboratory is that of Abraham Pierson, the 
 first President of Yale College, and was erected with appropriate 
 ceremonies at Commencement in 1874. It was designed by Launt 
 Thompson, and presented to the college by Mr. Charles Morgan of 
 New York. On the front of the granite pedestal upon which the 
 statue rests are inscribed, in Latin, the name and date of office of 
 Rector Pierson, while on the reverse, also in Latin, appear the name 
 and residence of the donor of the statue, with the date of erection of 
 the same. As the artist had no likeness of Rector Pierson from which 
 to work, the features in the statue are almost wholly ideal, though some 
 assistance was secured from portraits of members of the Pierson family. 
 The statue represents the Rector clad in the dress of two hundred 
 years ago, the robe of office falling in graceful folds from the shoul- 
 ders to the feet. The left hand rests easily at the side, while the right 
 clasps a book to the breast. A firm, determined, yet kindly look, is 
 borne upon the features, which are directed straight ahead, as though 
 
3 2 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 forecasting the mighty power of the future University for all that is* 
 loftiest and best in the education of mankind. 
 
 SKULL AND BONES HALL. Skull and Bones Hall on High 
 Street, directly opposite the northwestern wing of the Art School, is a 
 plain, massive-looking structure of brown sandstone, standing in the 
 centre of a lot held in trust for the society occupying the building. 
 To the gaze of the observer the edifice seems to be entirely cut off from 
 light as far as the interior is concerned, inasmuch as there are no 1 
 windows to be seen, and the doors, made of iron, are ponderous and 
 close-fitting, affording no opportunity for light to penetrate in that 
 direction, while a luxuriant Virginia creeper covers with its dense foli- 
 age the entire front of the hall, scarcely excepting the massive doors. 
 The hall was erected in 1856, and has a front of 33 feet and a depth 
 of 44 feet, and is in the neighborhood of 30 feet in height. Ventilators 
 and chimneys rise from the edge of the roof, which is covered with 
 plates of iron half an inch in thickness. Two blind windows in the 
 rear of the building are very firmly barred, as are also the scuttle- 
 holes just above the foundation, everything about the structure present- 
 ing the appearance of strength and solidity. It is occupied by the 
 famous senior society known as Skull and Bones. This association 
 was organized in 1832 b^ fifteen members of the class of 1833, one of 
 whom is now Ex- Attorney General Taft. Fifteen members are elected 
 from every senior class, the elections being given out a short time 
 previous to Commencement in junior year. Early evening is the time 
 chosen for notifying of their election the men that have been chosen, 
 and several hundred students, and ladies with their escorts, always 
 gather on the campus, between North College and Durfee, to witness 
 the ceremony. The members proceed from the hall one at a time, 
 search among the students for the ones elected, and on finding them 
 touch them on the shoulder and ask them to go to their rooms, whither 
 they are followed and given a formal offer of election, which is practi- 
 cally always accepted. Those of the men elected who are popular 
 
THE ACADEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 33 
 
 among their associates are heartily cheered and congratulated by their 
 classmates and friends, as an election to the society is looked upon as 
 one of the greatest student honors in the entire course. As a rule, of the 
 fifteen members chosen, two are editors of the Yale Literary Magazine, 
 one or two are chosen from each of the three great athletic interests 
 base-ball, foot-ball and boating one from the staff of each of the 
 Yale newspapers, one or more for high scholarship, and so on, the 
 intention being, apparently, to secure representative men from all the 
 leading student interests in the class. The society has on its roll the 
 names of some of the ablest men in the country, including Hon. 
 Alphonzo Taft, and Hon. William M. Evarts. 
 
 THE SLOANE PHYSICAL LABORATORY. The Sloane Physi- 
 cal Laboratory on the south side of Library Street, directly opposite 
 the Gymnasium, was completed early in 1884, and is a beautiful large 
 brick building of the style of the German renaissance. A large,, tall 
 octagonal tower, modeled after that of the Town Hall at Altenburg, 
 and provided with an iron balcony near the top, rises from the angle 
 formed by the two wings. The entrance is through the lower part of 
 this tower and leads to what is undoubtedly the most elegant and 
 thoroughly appointed physical laboratory in the United States. The 
 wing facing on Library Street is taken up largely with recitation and 
 lecture rooms. To the left of the entrance, in the south wing, is a 
 beautiful lecture room, high, light and commodious, and capable of 
 accommodating a large class. The lecturer's table is built with especial 
 reference to practical illustrations of the subject taught, and every- 
 thing is at hand for convenience in making experiments. The portion 
 of the building west of this lecture hall, is filled with apparatus rooms 
 and laboratories provided with ample facilities for practical work, as 
 well as for original investigation in the department of science to which 
 the building is devoted. Yale is indebted for this laboratory to the 
 munificence of Mr. Henry T. Sloane of the class of 1866 and Mr. 
 Thomas C. Sloane of the class of 1868. The building was finished 
 
34 TALE COLLEGE. 
 
 and occupied early in 1884, and is in complete accord with the sug- 
 gestions and ideas of Professor A. W. Wright. Previous to the 
 erection of the Sloane Laboratory the department had been obliged 
 to content itself with what is now known among the students as the 
 " Old Lab," and none can better appreciate the Sloane Laboratory 
 than Professor Wright and the thousands of graduates who, in years 
 gone by, were familiar with its ancient predecessor. 
 
 THE GYMNASIUM. Standing on Library Street, a little west of 
 High, is a plain brick structure, 100 feet long by 50 wide, and two 
 stories high, with well-lighted basement extending under the entire 
 structure. This building is the Gymnasium. The principal room, on 
 the first floor, contains horizontal bars, ladders, trapezes, spring-boards, 
 lifting-machines, weights, dumb-bells, etc., etc., while the basement 
 contains the bath-rooms, heatmg apparatus, bowling-alleys, hydraulic 
 rowing-machines (for the University crew), and a wire-enclosed room 
 for base-ball practice. 
 
 DELTA KAPPA EPSILON HALL. The Delta Kappa Epsil on 
 Hall occupies a lot of land on the eastern side of York Street, a few 
 steps south of Elm Street. It has a frontage of 24 feet 6 inches, and 
 a depth of 45 feet, with a height of something over 30 feet. The 
 building is of brick, and was erected for solidity and strength rather 
 than beauty, apparently, as there are few attempts at ornamentation. A 
 slab of brown sandstone above the entrance has carved into its surface 
 the letters 4. K. "., and the chapter letter *. is located just above the 
 door. The hall \vas erected in 1861, and is valued probably at from 
 $S,ooo to $10,000. The society to which it belongs is controlled by 
 juniors exclusively. Meetings are held on Tuesday evenings, when, so 
 Dame Rumor has it, for the proceedings in all the society halls at Yale 
 are secret literary exercises occur and a lunch is partaken of. Once 
 in every term, quite an elaborate programme is prepared, including one 
 or two short plays, speeches, etc., full of jokes concerning college 
 
FARNAM HALL. 
 (Page 19.) 
 
 DURFEE HALL. 
 (Page 23.) 
 
THE ACADEMICAL DEPAETMENT. 35 
 
 affairs of every sort. This is no secret, as copies of the printed pro- 
 grammes are exhibited at the members' rooms, without any attempt at 
 concealment. An unusually good supper accompanies such occasions. 
 As to the interior construction of the society halls at Yale, there is of 
 course nothing known about it except what parties who saw the vari- 
 ous buildings while in course of construction say, which is, that these 
 edifices are divided into an upper and a lower hall the upper hall 
 being used, it is, supposed, as a theatre, and the lower one as a place 
 for holding meetings. d. K. E. like its rival, Psi Upsilon, chooses 
 about forty members from each junior class and gives out its elections 
 in precisely the way stated in the article describing W. Y. hall. The 
 Yale chapter of ^/. K. E. t which is the parent chapter of the fraternity, 
 was organized in 1844. Charlton T. Lewis, Gen. J. W. Swayne, Brig.- 
 Gen. J. T. Croxton and Professor Cyrus Northrop are among the dis- 
 tinguished gentlemen whose names are enrolled on the list of members 
 of the Yale chapter. 
 
 Going a few steps north of d. K. E. Hall and turning down Elm 
 Street, the very tall brick structure seen on the right hand side of the 
 street, one block below York Street, is Peabody Museum, a description 
 of which is given on page 58. 
 
 Psi UPSILON HALL. The Psi Upsilon Hall, on the western 
 side of High Street; a short distance from Elm, was completed in 
 1870. It has a front of 26 feet, a depth of 66 feet, and is something 
 over thirty feet high. The material of the walls is brick, ornamented 
 with freestone trimmings, the latter including the projection at the 
 entrance and the sill and cap of the window in the centre of the sec- 
 ond story front. A Mansard roof, under which is a handsome cornice, 
 and above which is an ornamental railing of iron, adorns the front of 
 the edifice and gives it a light, tasteful appearance. Three bands of 
 dark-colored tiles one just above the foundation, the next at the 
 beginning of the second story, and the third directly beneath the 
 cornice add to the beauty of the pressed-brick front. The freestone 
 
3 6 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 slab above the doors, which are of oak, bears in relief the Greek 
 letters 2 / / . F., while the keystone above the window over the entrance 
 bears in relief the Greek letter B, indicating that the hall is owned by 
 the Beta chapter of the fraternity. Psi Upsilon at Yale is a junior 
 society, and about forty members of every junior class are elected to 
 membership in the organization. Meetings are held on the Tuesday 
 evenings in term time, and the elections are given out two or three 
 weeks before Commencement. On that occasion the members form in 
 line, two deep, and, preceded by a calcium light borne on a wooden 
 frame by four members of the society, march around to and visit various 
 rooms, in each of which a certain number of men pledged to join the 
 society are awaiting their coming. The procession files through the 
 room, each member shaking hands with each candidate, and receiving, 
 on marching out again, two or three fine cigars, presented by the 
 newly-elected members. The other junior society, 4. K. "., is always 
 out on the same mission, under precisely similar circumstances. Acci- 
 dent or design, or both, always cause the two processions to pass each 
 other several times during the evening, and each, singing its own 
 society song, attempts to the best of its ability to drown the voices of 
 the other. It is always done with the utmost good nature, and both sides 
 enjoy it heartily, as do also the numerous spectators. The hall of Psi 
 Upsilon was planned by Mr. David R. Brown, and cost about $15,000. 
 Among the prominent gentlemen who have been members of the *P. F. 
 at Yale are Rev. H. M. Dexter, Henry Stevens, F. S. A., ex-Senator 
 O. S. Ferry, President White of Cornell, Chauncey M. Depew, and 
 Eugene Schuyler. The Yale chapter was organized in 1838. 
 
 Continuing his walk along High Street to Wall Street, and passing 
 down the latter thoroughfare to College Street, the visitor will observe 
 on the northwest corner the structure known as Scroll and Key Hall. 
 The square, brick school-house on the northwest corner of High and 
 Wall streets, which the visitor passes en route to Scroll and Key Hall, 
 is the Hopkins Grammar School, described elsewhere in the portion of 
 the book concerning New Haven. 
 
THE ACADEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 37 
 
 SCROLL AND KEY HALL. Scroll and Key Hall, on the north- 
 west corner of College and Wall streets, is among the handsomest, 
 most tasteful and costly college-society buildings in America. Stand- 
 ing in the centre of a lot 48 by 92 feet, the edifice has a front of 
 36 feet, and a depth of 55 feet, with a height of about 35 feet. It is 
 built of yellow Cleveland stone, ornamented with dark blue marble. 
 Four marble-capped pillars of Aberdeen granite sustain three arches 
 on the front of, and above the entrance to, the structure. Within each 
 arch is a window-shaped opening, through apertures in which ventila- 
 tion is secured. Five similar, though not projecting arches, each 
 enclosing the window-like opening just described, adorn either side of 
 the hall, these greater arches surmounting five smaller ones located 
 just above the surface of the ground. The entrance, approached from 
 either side by a flight of Cleveland-stone steps, is protected by a pair 
 of massive iron doors, made to look lighter than they really are by 
 iron lattice-work. Stone pillars surmount the walls, and slabs of 
 stone, each perforated with star-shaped orifices, fill the spaces between 
 these pillars, thus forming a coping which entirely conceals the chimneys, 
 ventilators, etc., from view. A handsome iron fence, having stone 
 posts at the angles and at either side of the gate, separates the lot, on 
 which the hall stands, from the highway. The entire property must be 
 worth at least $50,000. The architect was Mr. Richard M. Hunt, of 
 New York. Scroll and Key, like Skull and Bones, is a senior society, 
 and as far as can be seen by the public, is very similar to it, each 
 choosing fifteen members from every senior class, each giving out its 
 elections in the same way, each holding its regular meetings on the 
 same evening Thursday and each striving to secure the leading 
 men in the class. Scroll and Key was organized in 1841 by mem- 
 bers of the class of 1842, among whom was John A. Porter. Its list 
 contains the names of quite a number of gentlemen well known to the 
 public, including Charlton T. Lewis and Mason Young, Esq. 
 
3 8 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT, 
 
 SKETCH OF ITS HISTORY. At the northern extremity of Col- 
 lege Street, just one block from Scroll and Key Hall, and a few 
 minutes' walk from the grounds of the Academical Department, is 
 located the world-renowned Sheffield Scientific School. The Scientific 
 Department of Yale College had its origin in 1846, when the college 
 corporation voted to establish a professorship in agricultural chemistry 
 and one in analytical chemistry. In 1847 tne actual work of the 
 department began. The residence on the campus formerly occupied 
 by the President, and standing on the site now occupied by Farnam 
 Hall, was fitted up for a laboratory, and the professors began their 
 duties, with few students and less money. Eight was the exact number 
 of students. Messrs, John Pitkin Norton and Benjamin Silliman, Jr., 
 were the first professors. In 1849 Professor Silliman accepted a 
 position elsewhere, and for a time Professor Norton carried on the 
 work alone. His intense zeal for science and for the department 
 founded upon it brought him to a premature death, in 1852. He had 
 demonstrated the value of such a school, however, and from that moment 
 the department became a recognized advantage to the University. 
 For several years the struggle for absolutely necessary funds was a 
 severe one, and it was not until 1859 that relief came, when Mr. Joseph 
 E. Sheffield, who had become acquainted with the workings of the 
 department through his son-in-law, Professor John A. Porter, purchased 
 the building at the northern end of College Street, formerly used by the 
 Medical Department, and presented it to the Scientific Department, 
 
THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT. 
 
 39 
 
 first having thoroughly repaired, refitted and enlarged the structure, 
 which is now known as Sheffield Hall. The departments of Analytical 
 and Agricultural Chemistry and of Civil Engineering, which latter, by 
 the way, had been established in 1852, moved into the new quarters in 
 1860; and at the Commencement of 1861 the corporation gave to these 
 combined departments the name of the Sheffield Scientific School, out 
 of gratitude to the generosity of its benefactor who, not content with 
 presenting a building, had given $50,000 for the endowment of pro- 
 fessorships. In 1861 the system of entrance examinations went into 
 effect, and in the same year the time for completing the course was 
 lengthened from two years to three. In 1863 this department was 
 made to embrace the Connecticut Agricultural College, which gave it 
 the income of $135,000, and aided it exceedingly. Professorships 
 have been added to this department one by one, and its faculty 
 now numbers no less than twenty-five professors and instructors, while 
 its list of students has increased from about twenty in 1861, and 
 seventy-five in 1871, to over two hundred in 1881. These figures indi- 
 cate more forcibly and plainly than words can the great success of the 
 Sheffield Scientific School. It has advantages possessed by no simi- 
 lar institution in the world, its wide-spread influence and renown and 
 the great number applying for instruction at the suggestion of the most 
 eminent practical men, being sufficient guarantee of the truth of this 
 statement. Its graduates are in great demand in fact, the degree or 
 certificate issued is recognized among scientific men everywhere as a 
 sufficient guarantee of the ability of the graduate to perform any duty 
 for which the certificate states that he is fitted. Never before has so 
 proud a reputation been won in so short a time as that on all sides 
 conceded to the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. 
 
 The entrance examination in the Scientific Department comprises 
 the following subjects : 
 
 English, including grammar, spelling and composition. 
 
 History of the United States. 
 
 Geography. 
 
40 TALE COLLEGE. 
 
 Latin Six books of Caesar's Commentaries. 
 
 Arithmetic, including the metric system. 
 
 Algebra Up to the general theory of equations. 
 
 Geometry Plane, solid and spherical equivalent to the nine 
 books in Chauvenet's Treatise. 
 
 Trigonometry so much as is contained in Richards's or Wheeler's 
 Plane Trigonometry. 
 
 SHEFFIELD HALL. Sheffield Hall, the first building owned by 
 the Scientific Department, stands on the corner of Grove and Prospect 
 streets, and was formerly occupied by the Medical Department. Pre- 
 vious to that time it was a hotel. It originally consisted of a three- 
 story, stone building, stuccoed, and was 53 feet square. After Mr. 
 Sheffield purchased the structure for the Scientific School, in 1859, he 
 caused a wing to be added to each side of it, " that on the west for 
 chemical laboratories, and that on the east for engineering and metal- 
 lurgy." To accommodate the increased number of students, Mr. Shef- 
 field again, in 1865, " enlarged it, and made changes. An addition 
 three stories high, filling the rear court and extending beyond it, was 
 built, containing an additional chemical laboratory, lecture-room and a 
 library room. A projecting observatory-tower was put on in front, 
 about ninety feet high, containing a public clock, and surmounted by a 
 revolving turret containing a large telescope equatorially mounted. 
 Another and lower projecting tower, with massive interior pier, was 
 added at the northwest corner, containing a large meridian circle. As 
 it now stands, the building has an extreme length of 1 1 7 feet and a 
 depth of 1 1 2 feet, the whole representing a series of adaptations and 
 growths." It is chiefly used for chemical laboratories, though it con- 
 tains the library, map-room, a number of lecture-rooms, etc. The first 
 floor of the eastern wing is taken up by the Connecticut Agriculture 
 Experiment Station, where is located the necessary apparatus for 
 making the various tests and experiments connected with the service 
 of scientific farming. 
 
THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT. 41 
 
 NORTH SHEFFIELD HALL. North Sheffield Hall occupies the 
 
 lot on Prospect Street, a short distance north of Sheffield Hall. Like 
 Sheffield Hall, it was given to the department by its great benefactor, 
 Mr. Joseph E. Sheffield, and was planned by members of the faculty 
 selected by Mr. Sheffield for the purpose. It is built of brick, with 
 brown-stone foundation and blue-stone trimmings. The walls are in- 
 laid with white and blue bricks disposed in tasteful patterns, bands of 
 these patterns running around the entire building, the first band just 
 above the sill of the windows in the first story and the next near the 
 top of the second-story windows, while several bands encircle the third 
 story. The roof of the building is flat. A handsome portico over the 
 front entrance is supported by stone pillars surmounted by beautifully- 
 wrought capitals. The exterior dimensions of the building are 84 X 
 76 feet, and it is practically five stories high, the basement being 
 entirely above ground and finely lighted. The interior is excellently 
 finished and contains recitation rooms, lecture rooms, and work-shop, 
 with all apparatus belonging and pertaining to drawing, civil and 
 dynamical engineering, physics, and botany. North Sheffield Hall is 
 one of the most thoroughly built, convenient and attractive buildings 
 in the University, and has no superior anywhere for the purpose for 
 which it was built. Its cost was about $100,000. The architect was 
 Mr. J. C. Cady, of New York. 
 
 BERZELIUS HALL. Berzelius Hall, the only structure thus far 
 built exclusively for a secret society connected with the Scientific 
 Department, is on the westerly side of Prospect Street, a short dis- 
 tance north of the New Haven and Northampton Railroad. It is 
 very peculiar in appearance, having a front composed of bricks of 
 light shades, disposed in a massive arch over the entrance, a series of 
 small supporting arches at the point of union of the first and second 
 stories, three window-shaped arches in the second story, and a heavy 
 cornice at the top. The massive doors of oak, with grotesque 
 fastenings, accord excellently with the appearance of strength stamped 
 
42 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 on every portion of the building. The side and rear walls are solidly 
 built of red brick, and afford little or no encouragement to any one who 
 might feel disposed to gain unlawful admittance to the interior of the 
 edifice. The society to which the hall belongs is as old as the Scien- 
 tific Department itself, having been organized in 1848. Its active 
 members are men chosen from the senior and junior classeSj and vary 
 in number from year to year; but the average membership is about 
 twelve. The hall was completed in 1876 at a cost of about $9,000. 
 
 THIRD SENIOR SOCIETY HALL. In this immediate vicinity, 
 on the corner of Prospect and Trumbull streets, stands the Third 
 Senior Society Hall of the Academical Department. In the early 
 summer of 1883 a number of members from each of the classes '83 
 and '84, deeming the establishment of a new senior society to be 
 desirable on account of the largely increased numbers in the classes 
 and for other reasons, held a meeting for consultation. After much 
 careful thought, and with the advice of graduates and friends of the 
 college, the project was deemed an excellent one. Vigorous measures 
 were at once taken, the lot on which the building stands was purchased, 
 and before cold weather had arrived the foundation was laid and ready 
 for the superstructure. In the summer of 1884 the building was com- 
 pleted, ready for occupancy. It is two and a half stories high, built 
 of brown sandstone, and is arranged with every facility for comfort and 
 convenience. The new hall differs radically from all other society 
 buildings in the college in that it is abundantly lighted from the exterior 
 by numerous windows. The society is composed of fifteen members 
 from each senior class. 
 
THE THEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 43 
 
 THE THEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, 
 
 SKETCH OF ITS HISTORY. This department of the University 
 virtually dates its organization from the very formation of Yale, owing 
 to the facts (i) that the College was originated by clergymen, and (2) 
 for over a century theology was one of the chief studies of the regular 
 college course. The formal organization of a separate department in 
 theology, however, occurred in 1822. In 1835 a building closely 
 resembling North College was erected just north of the latter structure 
 for the theological students, and was used for that purpose until 1870, 
 when it was demolished. In 1867 the degree of Bachelor of Divinity 
 was first given to those who had completed the full course of three 
 years. At that time there were in the department but few if any over 
 a dozen students, but the growth in the past ten years has been 
 exceedingly rapid, and the department has had an average for the 
 past three years of about one hundred students. Including special 
 lecturers the board of instruction in this department numbers fifteen. 
 There are seven full professorships. The special lecturers are chosen 
 from the ablest pulpit orators and specialists in the world, and the list 
 has included such men as Rev. Robert W. Dale, D.D.; Rev. John 
 Hall, D.D.; Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D.; Rev. Howard Crosby, D.D., 
 LL.D.; Prof. Asa Gray, LL.D.; Rev. Joseph T. Duryea, D.D.; and 
 the Rev. William M. Taylor, D.D. 
 
 In 1879 the Theological Department of Yale College instituted a 
 graduate class, " designed to be composed of students who have 
 finished a full theological course of three years in this Divinity School 
 or some similar institution, and who desire to pursue an advanced 
 
44 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 course of study for one or more years. It was the first Divinity School 
 in the country to make systematic provision for such an advanced 
 course, beyond the limits of the regular curriculum." 
 
 The conditions of admission to this department are membership in 
 some evangelical church, or other satisfactory evidence of Christian 
 character, and a liberal education at some college, or, in exceptional 
 cases, an equivalent preparation for theological studies. Students of 
 every Christian denomination, in case they are possessed of these quali- 
 fications, are admitted. 
 
 EAST DIVINITY HALL. This very large and beautiful dormi- 
 tory, standing on the corner of Elm and College streets, was com- 
 pleted in 1870, at a cost of about $180,000. It is built of brick, 
 trimmed with Nova Scotia stone, and has a height of five stories at the 
 wings, and four along the middle portion. The length of the building 
 is 164 feet, and width 43 feet. Mr. Richard M. Hunt, of New York, 
 was the architect. The first floor is taken up by lecture and reading 
 rooms, corridors, janitor's residence, etc., while the floors above con- 
 tain about fifty studies, with each of which a bed-room connects. As 
 a general rule each student has a study to himself. Every room in the 
 building is very high-posted, light and pleasant, contains a fire-place f 
 and is capable of being made as comfortable as anyone could desire. 
 The lecture-rooms, etc., on the first floor are nearly always open for 
 inspection. As the visitor is passing out along the corridor, toward 
 Elm Street, he will find an entrance to the beautiful little edifice known 
 
 MARQUAND CHAPEL. It faces on Elm Street and is just west 
 of East Divinity Hall, with which it connects by a wing. It is of brick, 
 trimmed with Nova Scotia stone, and has a very high, steep roof, orna- 
 mented with iron trimmings. The interior is finished in Southern pine, 
 beautifully carved and decorated, and contains sittings for two or three 
 hundred persons. The cost of this chapel was about $25,000, all of 
 
BATTELL CHAPEL. 
 (Page 21.) 
 
 HALL. 
 
THE THEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 45 
 
 which was the gift of Frederick Marquand, from whom it takes its 
 name. 
 
 WEST DIVINITY HALL. West Divinity Hall, parallel with, 
 and about a hundred feet west of East Divinity, on Elm Street, very 
 closely resembles the latter hall in general appearance, both outside 
 and inside, though studies take the place, in this building, of the 
 lecture-rooms, etc., on the first floor of East Divinity. West Divinity 
 contains in all nearly seventy rooms, quite a number of which 
 accommodate two students each. West Divinity was built in 1873-4, 
 to accommodate the increasing number of theological students. The 
 rooms not taken by them are occupied by members of the Academical 
 and Scientific Departments. Perhaps half the students in this building 
 are students in these last-mentioned departments. All students in East 
 Divinity are members of the Theological Department. West Divinity 
 was completed in 1874 at a cost of about $160,000, of which Mr. Fred- 
 erick Marquand gave one-half. 
 
 TROWBRIDGE LIBRARY BUILDING. The Library, a sub- 
 stantial brick structure on Elm Street, just east of and connected 
 with West Divinity Hall, is the newest of the buildings belonging to 
 the Theological Department, having been completed in the fall of 
 1 88 1. It is of brick, trimmed with Nova Scotia stone, and has a 
 front of 32 feet, and a depth of 50 feet, while the extreme height of 
 the ceiling is 40 feet. The windows are of hammered glass of cathe- 
 dral pattern and of neutral tints bordered with glass of more positive 
 colors. The wood-work is mostly of oak, finished in oil, though the 
 ceiling, which is arched, is worked in white pine and matched panels, 
 and is finished in shellac and varnish. A gallery extending around 
 three sides of the room is reached by a stairway leading from an 
 alcove at the west side of the building. The book-cases are of oak, 
 beautifully carved, and finished in oil, and contain the reference 
 library of the Theological Department and the famous Lowell Mason 
 
46 TALE COLLEGE. 
 
 library of church music, presented to the Yale Theological Depart- 
 ment by Mr. Mason's family. By an admirable arrangement of 
 windows all the cases are excellently lighted. A handsome carpet and 
 costly furniture complete the equipage of the edifice, which is the most 
 elegant theological library building in the United States. It was the 
 gift of Mr. Frederick Marquand, and cost $10,500. The architect was 
 Mr. R. M. Hunt, of New York. The Trowbridge Library completes 
 the Elm Street front of the buildings of the Theological Department. 
 At this point it may be well to call the attention of the visitor 
 to: 
 
 CENTRE CHURCH. Centre Church, on the city green, midway 
 between Chapel and Elm streets, and facing on Temple Street, is and 
 has been so intimately associated with the University that a brief 
 description of it will not be out of place in a work concerning Yale, for 
 continuously since 1717, with the exception of two years when the 
 present edifice was in course of construction, the exercises at Com- 
 mencement have been observed in the house of worship owned by the 
 society to which belongs the Centre Church. The building is of brick, 
 with shingled roof, and has a tall, handsome wooden spire surmounted 
 by a gilded vane. Doric pillars support the porch surrounding the 
 brick tower from which the spire rises. Above and on each side of 
 the arched window over the principal entrance to the church are 
 marble tablets, containing the following inscriptions in large letters : 
 
 QUINNIPIAC CHOSEN FOR SETTLEMENT, A.D. 1637. 
 THE WILDERNESS AND THE SOLITARY PLACE SHALL BE MADE GLAD 
 
 FOR THEM. 
 
 O GOD OF HOSTS LOOK DOWN FROM HEAVEN AND BEHOLD AND VISIT 
 THIS VINE. 
 
THE THEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 47 
 
 A.D. 1638 A COMPANY OF ENGLISH CHRISTIANS LED BY JOHN DAVEN- 
 PORT AND THEOPHILUS EATON WERE THE FOUNDERS OF THIS CITY. 
 HERE THEIR EARLIEST HOUSE OF WORSHIP WAS BUILT A.D. 1639. 
 
 THE FIRST CHURCH BEGINNING WITH WORSHIP IN THE OPEN AIR APRIL 
 15 [O. S.], 1638, WAS THE BEGINNING OF NEW HAVEN, AND WAS 
 ORGANIZED AUG. 22 [O. S.], 1639. THIS HOUSE WAS DEDICATED 
 TO THE WORSHIP* OF GOD IN CHRIST DEC. 27, 1814. 
 
 The site of Centre Church was once a burying-ground. When the 
 structure was built the graves were undisturbed, and are there to this 
 day. Among the remains interred within the space enclosed by its 
 walls are those of some of the first settlers of New Haven colony. 
 Recently the basement has been arranged so that access to the crypt 
 is convenient, and the church is open for that purpose every Saturday. 
 The vestibule of the edifice contains marble tablets on which are 
 inscribed the names of those buried beneath the building. Immedi- 
 ately in the rear of the church, surrounded by an iron fence, a sub- 
 stantial-looking marble monument marks the spot where were buried 
 the remains of the British regicide John Dixwell, who fled to the colony 
 for protection after 1661. 
 
 From this point it is but a moment's walk down to Church Street, 
 just north of Court Street, where are situated the apartments occupied 
 by:- 
 
48 TALE COLLEGE. 
 
 THE LAW DEPARTMENT, 
 
 SKETCH OF ITS HISTORY. The Yale Law School, on Church 
 Street, was organized in 1822, and has had in all not far from 2,000 
 students. The degree of Bachelor of Law was first conferred in 1843. 
 From the date of its organization the school has ever held a high 
 rank; and never more so than at present. Its undergraduate course 
 is thorough and complete, occupying two full college years, while its 
 graduate course is entirely unique in America, and offers instruction 
 sought by graduates of all the leading law schools of the country. 
 This course " has created at Yale a school of political science, the 
 first one instituted in the United States, and the only one yet in full 
 operation. Regular instruction is given in American and English 
 Constitutional history, the formation and regulation of municipal cor- 
 porations, international law, political economy, parliamentary law, 
 canon law, general and comparative jurisprudence, Roman and 
 French law, sociology, and .conflict of laws, besides other topics of more 
 immediate importance to the practising lawyer." The library of the 
 school contains all the English and American (including the Canadian) 
 reports, a good collection of statutes and digests, and a large number 
 of text-books and books of reference, including many works upon 
 Roman and French law. The whole number of volumes is upwards of 
 8,000, constituting by far the best library, with one exception, of any 
 American law school. The faculty of the law school consists of five 
 professors and three lecturers. 
 
 Applicants for admission to the junior class must be at least eighteen 
 years of age, and must produce certificates of good moral character. 
 
THE LAW DEPARTMENT. 49 
 
 No student who has not taken a degree from some collegiate institu- 
 tion will be admitted as a candidate for a degree until he has passed a 
 satisfactory examination on the outlines of the history of England 
 and of the United States, and the text of the Constitution of the 
 United States. This will be conducted in writing, and the style of 
 composition and orthography in the answers, as written, must be such 
 as to evince a competent knowledge of English grammar. 
 
 THE LAW-SCHOOL BUILDING. The Yale Law School is 
 located on Church Street, just north of Court Street, in a handsome 
 brownstone edifice which it occupies in connection with the courts of 
 New Haven County. This building was completed for occupancy by 
 the school in 1873. Previous to that time the headquarters of this 
 department of the University were in the Leffingwell Building, on the 
 corner of Church and Court streets. All 'things considered, no law 
 school in America is so admirably located for its special purposes as 
 that at Yale. Occupying " an entire story of the building and having 
 upon the same floor a lecture-room accommodating two hundred 
 students, a large library hall, a moot court-room, an instructors' room, 
 and other apartments containing every convenience for law clubs and 
 debating societies," it is literally in the midst of courts, located in the 
 same edifice. Two terms of the Supreme Court of Errors of Con- 
 necticut are annually held there, and the Superior Court and Court of 
 Common Pleas, the principal nisi prius courts of the State, are also in 
 session almost daily, during each of the Law School terms, while one 
 term of the United States Circuit Court and two terms of the United 
 States District Court are held annually in the United States Court 
 room, not three blocks distant from the School. 
 
50 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, 
 
 SKETCH OF ITS HISTORY. The Yale Medical School, situated 
 on the west side of York Street, about midway between Chapel and 
 Crown streets, was organized in 1812, and the first course of lectures was 
 given in the following year. The faculty of the department numbers 
 nine professors and eight lecturers, while the examining board consists 
 of the faculty and an equal number of the members of the Connecti- 
 cut Medical Society. The school has many important advantages, not 
 the least of which is, that the Connecticut State Hospital, only a few 
 blocks away, affords excellent opportunity for study of the most practi- 
 cal kind. To all intents and purposes this hospital is a branch of the 
 Yale Medical School, inasmuch as it was established almost wholly 
 through efforts of the medical faculty, and has been and is practically 
 under their control and management. There are upwards of one 
 hundred beds in the hospital, and students are afforded abundant 
 opportunity to see disease in its various forms and observe the treat- 
 ment of it. A morgue, where all autopsies are held, was constructed 
 with special reference to the wants of medical classes, while an amphi- 
 theatre has been expressly provided in order that students of the Yale 
 Medical School may witness all important surgical operations at the 
 hospital; these operations, by the way, being performed by the pro- 
 fessors of the school. 
 
 All candidates for admission to the Medical Department, excepting 
 those who have passed an examination for admission to the under- 
 graduate Academical Department of Yale College or some similar 
 
THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 51 
 
 institution, must present a degree in Letters or Science from a recog- 
 nized college or scientific school, or pass an examination in the follow- 
 ing subjects : 
 
 1. Mathematics: Algebra to Quadratics; Euclid, two books; Metric 
 System of Weights and Measures. 
 
 2. Physics: Balfour Stewart's Elementary Physics, or any equivalent 
 work. 
 
 THE MEDICAL SCHOOL BUILDING. The building on York 
 Street, occupied by the Medical Department of the University, was 
 erected in 1860. It is a brick structure, stuccoed, and is fifty-three 
 feet square and three stories high. As it was constructed especially 
 for the purposes to which it is devoted, everything about it is very con- 
 venient. It contains a large, admirably lighted lecture-room, spacious 
 and well-appointed dissecting-rooms, etc., and the museum, in which is 
 a large collection of natural and morbid specimens, numerous casts, 
 plates and models of elegant execution, and an extensive cabinet of 
 materia medica. The New Haven Dispensary, located on the grounds 
 of the Medical Department, under the management of the faculty, is 
 visited by over six thousand patients annually. They receive the best 
 of treatment and medicine without money and without price. Much 
 practical benefit results to the school, however, as students are in- 
 structed in the diagnosis and treatment of the special diseases for 
 which treatment is sought there. 
 
52 TALE COLLEGE. 
 
 THE DEPARTMENT OF 'THE FINE ARTS, 
 
 SKETCH OF ITS HISTORY. "A distinct department of Fine Arts 
 in a University, with all the appurtenances for professional art training, 
 is a new feature in the general scheme of education which Yale Col- 
 lege has the credit of successfully inaugurating in this country 
 
 The germ of art culture existed in the College many years ago, and 
 Yale long enjoyed the distinction of being the first and only institution 
 of learning in the country to establish an art collection." Fifty years 
 ago Trumbull Gallery, now the Treasury, was erected for the display 
 of the paintings of Colonel Trumbull. A course of lectures on art, in 
 1857-8, caused a renewed interest in the subject, and from that time 
 there was a firm determination to establish a separate department 
 devoted to it. The bountiful liberality of Mr. Augustus R. Street 
 (Yale, 1812), of New Haven, transformed this determination from 
 an earnest desire into a fixed fact; and to him the University is 
 indebted for the noble edifice occupying the south-west angle of the 
 campus, at the corner of Chapel and High streets. " He was the first 
 to give practical expression to his conviction that the study of art 
 comes within the scope of a great University. His aim was not 
 simply to found a museum, but to establish a school for practical 
 instruction for those of both sexes who are desirous of pursuing the 
 Fine Arts as a profession, and to awake and cultivate a taste for, and 
 appreciation of, the arts among the undergraduates and others." The 
 great success of the Department of the Fine Arts has amply justified 
 the wisdom of his grand idea. 
 
YALE SCHOOL OF THE FINE ARTS. 
 (Page 53.) 
 
 PEAEODY MUSEUM. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF THE FINE ARTS. 
 
 53 
 
 THE ART SCHOOL BUILDING. In November, 1864, the cor- 
 ner-stone of the building was laid, and the structure was completed 
 early in the summer of 1866. It stands on the corner of Chapel and 
 High streets. "The architecture and construction are of what is 
 termed revived Gothic. It consists of two wings, one 34 by 80 feet, 
 the other 36 by 76 feet, connected by a central building 44 by 33 feet. 
 The material used in the construction of the walls is Portland and 
 Jersey stone, with yellow Ohio-stone ornaments. The columns of the 
 front porch are of Gloucester polished granite, and the capitals are 
 carved with original designs, after natural foliage, in Cleveland stone. 
 The floors are of oak and black walnut, and the wainscotting and 
 wood-work of chestnut. The basement contains drawing and model- 
 ling-rooms. The first story is divided into studios, class-rooms, and 
 libraries. The second story has two large galleries lighted from the 
 roof, for the exhibition of collections, and two wide corridors, now 
 occupied with casts. The architect and general superintendent of the 
 building was Mr. P. B. Wight, the architect of the National Academy 
 of Design in New York. The expense of erecting and finishing the 
 building amounted to about $175,000." 
 
 CONTENTS OF THE ART SCHOOL BUILDING. The pictures 
 were transferred to the new Art Building at once from the Trumbull 
 Gallery, and an exhibition in 1867 of loaned works of art caused a 
 good deal of interest to be taken in the school. Afterward a collection 
 of casts illustrating the history of sculpture was added, and in the 
 spring of 1868 the well-known "Jarves Collection " was temporarily 
 placed there and subsequently became the property of the school. It 
 is illustrative of Italian painting from the eleventh to the seventeenth 
 centuries, and " consists of one hundred and twenty pictures, many of 
 which are panel pictures in tempera, with gold backgrounds; others are 
 the work of contemporary but inferior artists of the fifteenth and six- 
 teenth centuries; and not a few are works of decided merit and great 
 historic interest. The collection is illustrative of the rise of Christian 
 
54 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 art in Western Europe. The progress of Italian art-painting is fol- 
 lowed, the series commencing with contemporaries of Cimabue and 
 Giotto, continued to those of Giorgione and Veronese, illustrating the 
 most interesting period of modern art. Many of the older pieces, 
 principally panel paintings, are in tempera, some of which were origi- 
 nally designed for altar-pieces." The Jarves Gallery "contains that 
 which is of decided value and interest to the student, who may find in 
 it much that will enable him to grasp a fair conception of the motive 
 which gave character to early Christian art." 
 
 OBJECTS OF THE ART SCHOOL. The school has for its end 
 the cultivation and promotion of the Arts of Design, viz., Painting, 
 Sculpture and Architecture, both in their artistic and aesthetic aims, 
 through practice and criticism. The aim is 
 
 1st. To provide thorough technical instruction in the arts of Paint- 
 ing, Sculpture, and Architecture. 
 
 2d. To furnish an acquaintance with all branches of learning relat- 
 ing to the History, Theory, and Practice of Art. 
 
 Lectures in each department of the school are provided in addition 
 to the technical discipline, and attendance upon these by the students 
 is required. June 1st an exhibition of the work of the students is 
 opened and continues through the vacation. At the close of the 
 course prizes are offered for competition and diplomas are awarded 
 those who pass the requisite examinations. 
 
 The school is open to both sexes, but no student will be admitted 
 under fifteen years of age. It is open to all who desire to avail them- 
 selves of its instruction, without restrictions, save as to age and gen- 
 eral good character. Its aim is to embrace a wide field of usefulness 
 in connection with the knowledge and promotion of art, and to offer 
 every facility to the student both in the way of criticism and technical 
 discipline. The collections are open daily to the public from I to 5 
 P.M. in winter, and from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M in summer. The admission 
 
DEPARTMENT OF THE FINE ARTS. 55 
 
 fee is small, and visitors will be well repaid for spending several hours 
 within its walls. 
 
 As an illustration of the rapidity of growth of the Art Department, it 
 may be stated that in the past three years the number of students has 
 much more than doubled. Fifty-eight regular students were in attend- 
 ance during the college year 1880-1. Besides these, nearly one 
 hundred members of other departments received instruction in the Art 
 School. 
 
YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 THE GRADUATE DEPARTMENT, 
 
 SKETCH OF ITS HISTORY. Graduate instruction has been 
 a part of the work of the University from a very early date, and 
 more especially from 1847, when measures were taken to provide 
 courses of study for advanced students desirous of attaining a 
 more complete knowledge of particular branches than can be obtained 
 in a regular undergraduate course. Instruction was offered in various 
 subjects. At first the number of students was small, but a gradual in- 
 crease in number, both of students and of subjects, has taken place, 
 until now, when the number of students is ten-fold that of 1866, and 
 the number of subjects in which instruction is offered at present 
 exceeds sixty, comprised in courses of Intellectual Philosophy, Political 
 Science and History, Philological Science, Mathematics, Physics, 
 Chemistry and Astronomy, Geology and Natural History, Applied 
 Science, and Fine Arts. More than fifty instructors are actively con- 
 nected with these courses. The Graduate Department thus far is pro- 
 vided with no buildings of its own, though practically it possesses 
 several, having access to and the use of all the grand facilities of the 
 other departments. 
 
 THE YALE SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM. The percentage of 
 
 Yale graduates engaged in the profession of journalism is larger than 
 that of the graduates of any other American college. There are 
 very few great journals in the country which have not, among their 
 editors, one or more sons of Yale. This is due in a great measure, no 
 
THE GRADUATE DEPARTMENT. 57 
 
 doubt, to the course of study commonly known as the .Yale School of 
 Journalism. Technically there is no such department, the official title 
 being the " Course of Political Science and History," in the Graduate 
 Department, but its curriculum is so admirably adapted to the wants of 
 the candidate for a successful career in the editorial field that it is 
 very aptly termed by practical newspaper men " The School of Journal- 
 ism." The course embraces the history of America and of Europe; 
 relations of physical geography to political history; public finance and 
 statistics of industry; politics and finance in the history of the United 
 States; political economy; international law; and branches of law in 
 general. Graduates of this and other colleges, and other persons of 
 liberal education (not less than eighteen years old), are received as 
 students in this department for longer or shorter periods, with or with- 
 out reference to the attainment of a degree. Yale students demon- 
 strate their practical ability in journalism by managing and editing a 
 literary magazine of high order, two large ably-conducted bi-weeklies, 
 and a bright, sparkling little daily, besides several carefully compiled 
 annuals filled with all sorts of information useful to the students. - To 
 Yale belongs the credit of establishing the first daily paper edited and 
 managed solely by students. 
 
58 TALE COLLEGE. 
 
 PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, 
 
 SKETCH OF ITS HISTORY. Peabody Museum, the north wing 
 of which, completed in 1876, stands on the corner of High and Elm 
 streets, was the gift of Mr. George Peabody, of London, who, in 1866, 
 gave to certain gentlemen $150,000, in trust, for the foundation and 
 maintenance of a museum of natural history, especially in the depart- 
 ments of zoology, geology, and mineralogy in connection with Yale Col- 
 lege, in accordance, as he says in his letter conveying the offer of the 
 gift, " with the intention I some years ago expressed of making a dona- 
 tion to this distinguished institution. " The instrument of gift provided 
 that of the $150,000 thus given, $100,000 was to be devoted to the erec- 
 tion of a fire-proof museum; $20,000 was to be invested and allowed to 
 accumulate as a building fund until it should amount to at least 
 $100,000, to construct one or more additions to the museum; and the 
 balance of $30,000 was to be invested, the income from it to be used in 
 the care of the museum and to increase the collections. 
 
 THE MUSEUM BUILDING. The portion of the museum already 
 completed "was begun in 1874 and finished in 1876, and cost, including 
 the cases, about $175,000. It has a frontage on High Street of 115 feet, 
 and on Elm Street of 100 feet; and stands back thirty-three feet from 
 High Street and thirty-five feet from Elm Street." When the main 
 building and the other wing are completed, the structure will occupy 
 the entire front on High Street, from within 33 feet of Elm Street to 
 within that number of feet of Library Street, a distance of 344 feet; the 
 
PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 59 
 
 entire lot from Elm Street to Library Street and back to a depth, from 
 High Street, of 145 feet, having been appropriated for this purpose. A 
 portion of the edifice will stand on a section of the land now occupied 
 by the Gymnasium. The wing already completed is of brick, with 
 cut-stone trimmings, has polished granite pillars at the sides of the 
 entrance, and has three stories of 18 feet each, and a very high 
 basement and attic, making the building as tall as one of six or seven 
 stories of the ordinary height. Yet the visitor should bear in mind 
 that this structure, grand as it is, is but a small portion of the 
 edifice as it is to be when completed. "The basement is occu- 
 pied by work-rooms, and contains also two large rooms which are 
 assigned for the collection of fossil 'foot-prints.' The first story 
 contains a large lecture-room, the mineralogical collections of the 
 College, Professor Brush's private collections of minerals, and the 
 mineralogical laboratory. The second story is devoted to the geological 
 and palaeontological collections, and working-rooms connected with 
 these departments. The third story is occupied with the collections of 
 zoology and osteology, and the appropriate laboratories of the depart- 
 ments of zoology and comparative anatomy. The upper story contains 
 the collection of archaeology, besides a photographic room and store- 
 rooms." Fire-proof brick walls and iron doors separate the different 
 portions of the building, while hose connected with iron stand-pipes 
 is arranged at convenient points. All modern improvements in light- 
 ing, heating, and ventilating have been provided, and everything is as 
 convenient as experience and skill can make it. 
 
 THE MINERALOGICAL COLLECTION. The mineralogical de- 
 partment contains a collection of meteorites which is one of the largest 
 in the country, and includes among its specimens a mass of meteoric 
 iron weighing 1635 pounds. This meteorite fell in the Red River 
 region in Texas and was brought thence to New York, via New 
 Orleans, by a party of speculators, on the supposition that it was a 
 mass of platinum. Thence it passed into the Lyceum of Natural 
 
60 TALE COLLEGE. 
 
 History in New York, presented to it in trust by Colonel Gibbs, of 
 New York. " On the removal of the Lyceum from the park, it was 
 left at the doorway, apparently forgotten. Mrs. Gibbs, the widow of 
 Colonel Gibbs, happening to pass the spot one day, saw some work- 
 men on the point of burying the iron in a hole they had dug ' to get it 
 out of the way.' " She rescued it, presented it to Yale, and it now 
 occupies a conspicuous place in the museum. It is one of the three or 
 four largest masses of iron ever placed in a scientific museum. 
 
 THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL REMAINS IN THE MU- 
 SEUM. On the second floor is the very large collection of fossil 
 remains gathered in the far West in the Yale Scientific Expeditions 
 under the lead of Professor O. C. Marsh. When in New Haven in 
 1876 Professor Huxley very carefully examined the collection of verte- 
 brate fossils in the Yale museum, and remarked of it : "I can truly 
 and emphatically say that, so far as my knowledge extends, there is 
 nothing in any way comparable for extent, or for the care with which 
 the remains have been got together, or for their scientific importance, 
 to the series of fossils which Professor Marsh has brought together." 
 The collection in osteology brought together by Professor Marsh, to 
 aid in the investigation of his vertebrate fossils, is believed to be the 
 largest and most complete in this country. 
 
 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION IN THE MUSEUM. 
 
 In the archaeological department of the museum there are rich contribu- 
 tions, " consisting of about two thousand pieces of pottery, and sev- 
 eral hundred stone implements, and many gold ornaments, which 
 together form the most complete collection of the kind ever made." 
 This description gives but the merest outline of a portion of what 
 the museum contains. Peabody Museum is open every day until 6 
 P.M., free to all, and visitors should, if possible, devote several hours 
 to an examination of its contents. 
 
THE OBSERVATORY. 6 1 
 
 THE OBSERVATORY, 
 
 SKETCH OF ITS HISTORY AND WORK. Several years ago, 
 
 Mrs. Cornelia Hillhouse and her daughters gave to the University an 
 eligibly situated tract of land on the crest of Prospect Hill, just north 
 of Hillhouse Avenue, as a site for an observatory. In 1871-2 Hon. 
 O. F. Winchester made provision for the future establishment of the 
 proposed observatory by the gift of a piece of land, adjoining the 
 site given by Mrs. Hillhouse and daughters, costing $100,000. Then 
 the proposed building had not been erected, but was to be in due 
 time. Meanwhile, the work of the Observatory had begun by the 
 establishment of a public time service and a thermometric bureau. 
 By a contract with the State, the College daily transmits the exact 
 time to every railroad station in Connecticut, the standard of time 
 adopted being that now officially known as Eastern. The action 
 of Connecticut in establishing a time service is the first of its kind 
 in the country, and was made possible by the excellent facilities 
 afforded by the Observatory of Yale College. As to the thermometric 
 bureau, it also is of great public benefit. Up to June, 1881, it had 
 issued no less than 1,957 certificates for thermometers sent there to be 
 tested, " the larger portion of which numerically has been of clinical 
 thermometers designed for use by physicians. The great errors which 
 have been found in many of these instruments show that the work 
 which the bureau is doing is a real .service to the people. Some of 
 the thermometers examined and verified have been of unusual accu- 
 racy or peculiar construction. Those needed for use in the Arctic 
 
62 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 explorations undertaken by the United State* Signal Service may be 
 specially mentioned. 
 
 OBSERVATORY BUILDING. The Observatory Building, erected 
 in 1883, stands on the crest of Prospect Hill. The tower is circular 
 and is arranged with all the most approved machinery for rapid and 
 easy manipulation. Connected is a substantial large square, brick 
 house, suitable for a dwelling for the official in charge and for labora- 
 tories required in various parts of the work to which the observatory 
 is devoted. A few rods distant from the main building is a second 
 tower, identical in outward appearance with that attached to the house. 
 
 EQUIPMENT OF THE OBSERVATORY. The equipment now 
 
 in use consists in part of : 
 
 1. An Astronomical Observatory, inclusive of standard clocks, 
 transit instruments, chronographs, and the accessories for refined 
 accuracy in the determination and transmission of time. 
 
 2. A complete apparatus for the testing of chronometers, watches, 
 and clocks in the various positions and conditions of temperature, 
 arranged with reference to the safety against fire and theft of such 
 instruments while in the care of the observatory. 
 
 3. The apparatus for an extended (automatic) public time service. 
 
 4. The apparatus for research and comparison in Thermometry, 
 including comparators, cathetometers, and a collection of the best 
 thermometers obtainable of the foreign makers and observatories 
 which devote special attention to thermometric standards. 
 
 5. A heliometer completed late in 1881 by Messrs. Repsold, of 
 Hamburg. This instrument, which required eighteen months in con- 
 struction, is the largest and finest heliometer in the world, and cost 
 about $7,200. 
 
TALE ATHLETIC INTERESTS, ETC. 63 
 
 ATHLETIC INTERESTS, CLUBS, AND THE FENCE, 
 
 THE YALE ATHLETIC GROUNDS The Yale Athletic Grounds, 
 
 a beautifully situated tract comprising about thirty acres of land, lie on 
 the west bank of West River, on the southern side of Derby Avenue, 
 a little over a mile from the college campus. Derby Avenue is a 
 branch of West Chapel Street, and horse-cars, passing the College 
 every twelve minutes, go within a short walk of the field. The greater 
 portion of the land lies on a bluff, thirty feet above the river, and 
 looks in one direction toward the harbor, and in another toward the 
 city, while on the western side lies Edgewood Hill. In the fourth 
 direction is an excellent view of West Rock. On the whole, it is diffi- 
 cult to see how a more beautiful situation could have been obtained. 
 It is designed to have within the grounds a place for every field-sport 
 the students are likely to care for, including several base-ball grounds, 
 cricket, foot-ball and polo grounds, lawn-tennis courts, a large field for 
 athletic exhibitions, race-track, etc., etc., on the main field, and a rifle- 
 range under the bluff, on the bank of the river. Although the land 
 was not purchased until the spring of 1881, considerable work had 
 been done before the close of the following summer, under direction 
 of the committee having the matter in charge, by whom plans were 
 obtained before Commencement. These plans contemplate what will 
 be, when completed, altogether the largest, most convenient and beau- 
 tiful grounds for athletic sports in America, or in fact, in the world- 
 Among the buildings will be a residence for the keeper, at least two 
 edifices fitted up with bath-rooms, dressing-rooms and other conven- 
 
64 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 iences, and a large grand stand so built as to face in two directions. 
 There are two beautiful large pines at the main entrance, and lovely 
 drives will be laid out all through the grounds, considerable portions 
 of which will be shaded by trees planted for the purpose. There is 
 already a handsome chestnut grove on the bluff, just above the river. 
 Of course all these improvements will require considerable time for 
 completion, from the nature of things, but the work is going on as 
 rapidly and steadily as is consistent with the best results. The cost of 
 the land was about $21,000, and the improvements will cost from 
 $10,000 to $20,000 more. The money is subscribed mostly by gradu- 
 ates and students of Yale. 
 
 HAMILTON PARK. Hamilton Park, located about a mile and 
 three-quarters from the University, is accessible by the Westville horse- 
 cars, these vehicles passing directly by the main entrance, which is on 
 Whalley Avenue. The park is a very large, level tract of land, sur- 
 rounded by a high board fence. An excellent half-mile track occupies 
 a portion of the space, and it is in the southern half of the ellipse 
 formed by this track that practically all the important base-ball and 
 foot-ball games in New Haven, between the representatives of Yale 
 and those of other colleges, have been played. On this field Yale has 
 won many of her most brilliant triumphs. Here was witnessed the 
 famous 5 to o game with Harvard, in base-ball, and on these grounds 
 Thompson kicked the goal which gave Yale the foot-ball champion- 
 ship over Harvard away back in 1876, and which Yale has held unin- 
 terruptedly to the present time. In base-ball at Hamilton Park 
 between Yale and Harvard, of eight University games Yale has won 
 six and Harvard two; and of the five class games played there between 
 Yale and Harvard, Yale has won all. At the close of the base-ball 
 season of 1881, there had been sixty-four games of base-ball between 
 the University and class nines of Yale and those of Harvard, since 
 1866 (when the first game was played), of which Yale won 35 and 
 Harvard 29. Of the total of perhaps twenty-five base-ball games 
 
YALE ATHLETIC INTEBESTS, ETC. 65 
 
 played since 1876, between Yale and other colleges than Harvard, Yale 
 won twenty. For the six successive years ending with the season 
 of 1884, Yale has held the championship in base-ball over all other 
 colleges. In 1880 this result was secured by defeating Princeton, 
 after the latter had beaten all other nines. Of eight college games 
 in that year Yale won seven and lost one. In 1881 Yale won seven 
 college games and lost three, Harvard and Princeton coming second 
 with six games won and four lost, each. The result was exceedingly 
 gratifying to Yale from the fact that every one of her opponents 
 Amherst, Brown, Dartmouth, Harvard and Princeton had a nine 
 capable of contesting the supremacy with almost any professional club 
 in the country. 
 
 On Hamilton Park Yale has played several important games of 
 foot-ball. Since 1876, when the present custom of playing by the 
 Rugby rules was adopted, Yale has never lost a game on this field, 
 though her representatives have on numerous occasions met there and 
 played with teams from Harvard, Amherst, Columbia, Trinity, Rutgers 
 and other colleges. In 1876, the Yale University foot-ball team met 
 and defeated the Harvard University team, one goal to nothing; in 
 1877, no game was played; in 1878, Yale met and defeated the Har- 
 vard University team at Boston, one goal to nothing; in 1879, the 
 game at New Haven was a draw, neither side winning a goal; in 
 iSSo, Yale met and defeated the Harvard University team at Boston, 
 one goal to nothing; and in 1881, at New Haven, Yale was again 
 victorious, having compelled Harvard to make four safety-touchdowns 
 to nothing. And so on down to the close of the season of 1884, 
 Yale has uninterruptedly held the University championship over 
 Harvard at foot-ball; and in all the University games she has played 
 in foot-ball with college opponents, under the Rugby rules, Yale has 
 lost but two goals a record equalled by no other similar organization, 
 amateur or professional, in the world. The Yale University foot-ball 
 team at present holds the championship over all college teams in 
 America, having won, in the last complete series played, one more 
 
66 TALE COLLEGE. 
 
 game than any other team in the league. In class games of foot-ball, 
 also, Yale has been very successful, having won from Harvard since 
 the first class game under the present rules in '76, eight games and 
 lost two. Thus of the total of nineteen games played between Yale 
 and Harvard, Yale has won fifteen, Harvard has won three, and one 
 game has been a draw. 
 
 THE BOAT-HOUSE. The Yale Boat-House, on the Chapel 
 Street bridge, a short distance below East Street, is well worth a visit 
 from those who take an interest in aquatic sports. The building 
 stands on rows of piles driven into the bed of the stream, and is 83 by 
 75 feet in size. It resembles closely the boat-house of the London 
 Rowing Club. Practically the entire first floor is occupied as a store- 
 room for the boats, oars, rowing tackle, etc., though a small portion of 
 the space is used by the boat carpenter in making repairs. The 
 boats, of which there are scores, are suspended from arms attached to 
 the posts sustaining the second floor, and are arranged in tiers one 
 above another. Almost every variety of light craft is found here, 
 . from the genuine Indian canoe to the paper shell used in the Univer- 
 sity race with Harvard. Passing along between the tiers of boats to 
 the west side of the room five large doors are reached, from which 
 very broad gang-planks lead to the float a wooden platform rising 
 and falling with the tide. When it is desired to launch a boat the men 
 who are to use it take it from its station in the boat-house, carry it for 
 all the boats are very light down to the float, place it in the water and 
 step aboard. The second story contains a hall, the walls of which are 
 decorated with the pictures and names of several prominent promoters 
 of Yale's boating interests. This floor also contains an office and a 
 large room or suite of rooms filled with lockers or closets for the 
 oarsmen. Bath-rooms, dressing-rooms, etc., are attached. A broad 
 veranda surrounds the second story and affords a delightful position 
 from which to view those practising in the boats. The boat-house is 
 open every day during term-time. Visitors are perfectly welcome. 
 
TALE ATHLETIC INTEBESTS, ETC. 67 
 
 The boat-house was built in the spring of 1875, at a cost, including 
 the land, of about $16,500. June 9, 1875, ^ was formally dedicated, 
 the ceremonies including speeches by President Porter, Rev. Joseph 
 H. Twichell, Professor Brewer and Mr. W. C. Gulliver. A grand ball 
 in the evening closed the festivities. 
 
 Among other objects of interest, the Yale boat-house contains the 
 three eight-oar shells in which the Yale University Crew won its tri- 
 umphs over the Harvard University Crew in the annual races of 1876, 
 1880 and 1 88 1. The first eight-oar straight-away race between the 
 Yale and. Harvard crews was rowed at Springfield, Mass., in 1876. 
 Yale won. In 1877 the race was rowed at the same place, and 
 Harvard won. The seven remaining races, up to and including that 
 of 1884, were rowed on the Thames at New London, Conn., of which 
 Yale won three and Harvard four; Harvard winning those of '78, '79, 
 '82 and '83, and Yale those of 1880, '81 and '84. The Yale crew of 
 1880 and 1 88 1 is universally conceded to have been the tallest, heaviest, 
 and most powerful eight, either professional or amateur, that ever sat in a 
 boat. The men averaged about six feet in height, weighed 176 pounds 
 each, and had an average age, in 1881, of about 22^ years. The Yale 
 crew of 1876 was lighter, but exceedingly skilful, and from its num- 
 bers, after winning the University race from Harvard, was chosen the 
 Yale Centennial Four which won a world-wide fame by its brilliant 
 victories at Philadelphia in the summer of that year. 
 
 Previous to 1876, in the races where several colleges, including Yale 
 and Harvard, had crews, Yale won one and Harvard none. The race 
 won by Yale was one of the most extensive in point of numbers of 
 colleges represented, ever rowed in America, eleven crews having 
 been engaged in the contest. Of the two single-scull races rowed 
 between representatives of Yale and Harvard, as such, Yale won both. 
 
 Since 1852, up to and including 1884, representatives of Yale and 
 Harvard, as such, have met in friendly rivalry on the water thirty-eight 
 times, of which Yale has crossed the line ahead seventeen times and 
 Harvard twenty-one times. Twice when Yale has come in ahead Har- 
 
68 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 vard has received the nominal victory on the claim of a foul, the real 
 victory remaining with Yale. As will be seen above, up to and includ- 
 ing 1884, nine eight- oar races had been rowed between the University 
 crews of Yale and Harvard, of which Yale won four and Harvard 
 five. 
 
 SUMMARY OF BASE-BALL, BOATING AND FOOT-BALL. 
 
 In 1852 Yale and Harvard met in friendly rivalry in college sports for 
 the first time. Since that year, up to and including the year 1884, 
 representatives of the two colleges have contended for the supremacy 
 in the three great college sports, base-ball, boating and foot-ball, a 
 total of one hundred and forty-two times, in which Yale has been 
 victorious eighty-one times, Harvard sixty times, and there has been 
 one draw. For convenience of reference the following table, compiled 
 from the facts in the two preceding articles, is given : 
 
 
 Yale 
 won. 
 
 Harvard 
 won. 
 
 2A 
 
 
 
 
 Foot-ball, . 
 
 1C 
 
 3 
 
 
 81 
 
 60 
 
 Total of decisive contests between 
 
 Yale and Harvard, 
 
 141 
 
 Yale victorious over Harvard, 
 Harvard victorious over Yale. 
 
 
 
 81 times. 
 60 
 
 THE YALE UNIVERSITY CLUB. One of the most interesting 
 of the more recent institutions connected with the University is the 
 Yale University Club. For some time previous to June. 1880, there 
 had been some talk of organizing a club different from anything in 
 New Haven, but no definite action had been taken. In that month, 
 however, about twenty-five men from the class of 1881, and as many 
 more from the class of 1882, met, discussed the project, appointed a 
 committee to look into details, etc., and the result was the formal 
 
LIBRARY. 
 (Page 27.) 
 
 STUDENT'S ROOM IN DURFEE. 
 (Page 23.) 
 
YALE ATHLETIC INTERESTS, ETC. 69 
 
 organization of the Yale University Club, which has since become 
 incorporated. Undergraduates at once subscribed about $1,600, 
 while more than a hundred graduates became honorary members and 
 added funds to the treasury. During the vacation of 1880, a lease, 
 with privilege of purchase, was obtained of the large three-story brick, 
 stuccoed front," house at No. 438 Chapel Street, immediately below the 
 New Haven House and facing the Green. In the course of the 
 summer the building was re-fitted and re-furnished at an expense of 
 $2,000, making the place a most inviting one. On the first floor front 
 is the restaurant, and in the rear is an omce 4 where writing materials 
 are furnished for the use of members of the club. On the second floor 
 is a large and pleasant reading-room, overlooking the Green, with open 
 fire, papers, magazines, etc. This is the general meeting-room. The 
 two remaining rooms on this floor are for private clubs. On the third 
 floor are four rooms used for the same purpose. The yard in the rear 
 of the building serves as a lawn tennis court. Membership in the club 
 is confined to the two upper classes in the Academical Department and 
 the upper class in the Scientific Department, and to graduates. The 
 club is chiefly valued for its social advantages, as it gives men in the 
 two upper classes an opportunity for a freer and better intercourse 
 than seniors and juniors have hitherto enjoyed. A second object is to 
 bring the graduates and undergraduates into communication, and a 
 third is to furnish a sort of headquarters for Yale men in and out of 
 New Haven, where they can meet and consult. In short it is to draw 
 closer the bonds which unite all members of the great Yale family, 
 gradually extending its limits as room and means permit. 
 
 THE FENCE. The visitor to Yale could hardly lay claim to hav- 
 ing seen all the objects of interest were he to depart without viewing 
 the widely renowned and ever popular " Fence." The memory of the 
 " oldest living graduate " runneth not back to the time when the fence 
 surrounding the Yale campus first became popular as a rendezvous for 
 students. An old graduate states incidentally in a letter that nearly 
 
7 o YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 half a century ago he and several companions decided to establish the 
 Yale Literary Magazine, one evening "while sitting on the fence." 
 And what is this fence ? Simply a three-railed, wooden structure, the 
 rails being round and about four inches in diameter, the upper rail 
 affording a good seat and the middle one a convenient place on which 
 to rest the feet. " The Fence " proper is that portion on the corner of 
 Chapel and College streets which extends from the corner westward 
 on Chapel Street to South College and northward on College Street 
 a distance of perhaps 300 feet. Here on every pleasant evening 
 hundreds of students gather, the seniors occupying the portion of the 
 fence on Chapel Street from South College down to the first gate, the 
 juniors the portion from that gate to the corner of College Street, and 
 the sophomores the portion on College Street from the corner to the 
 first gate. By college custom, which is more faithfully obeyed than 
 any statute ever framed, no freshman is allowed to sit on the fence until 
 the freshman base-ball nine has defeated the Harvard freshman base- 
 ball nine in a match game. These games do not occur until quite near 
 the close of freshman year, yet so zealously coveted is the honor of 
 sitting on the fence for even that short period, that but two classes have 
 failed, during fifteen years, to beat the Harvard freshmen at base-ball. 
 After "winning the fence," the freshmen are at perfect liberty to occupy 
 their section of it, from the first gate on College Street northward as 
 much as they choose without molestation from anyone. A sophomore 
 would never think of sitting on the junior fence nor a junior on the sen- 
 ior fence in other words, no under-classman ever sits on the fence of 
 an upper-classman, but an upper-classman may sit on the fence of any 
 class below him. About a week before Commencement a sophomore, 
 selected for the occasion, delivers a humorous speech, resigning the 
 sophomore fence to the freshmen about to become sophomores. A 
 freshman always attempts to reply, but his voice is drowned by shouts 
 of the hundreds of upper-classmen who have gathered around him. 
 Just previous to this ceremony the three upper classes have, headed by 
 a band, marched in procession all through the campus, and the streets 
 
YALE ATHLETIC INTEBESTS, ETC. 71 
 
 are lined with ladies and gentlemen gathered to witness the affair. On 
 ordinary occasions, while sitting on the fence, the classes sing college 
 songs, tell stories and plan all sorts of things. Whenever anything of 
 importance has happened, a grand rush is made for the fence, where 
 particulars are always first obtained. But " The Fence " is as dear 
 to the graduate as to the undergraduate, and in Commencement week if 
 an alumnus who has returned to the scenes of his college days desires 
 to find his classmates, he straightway turns his footsteps toward the 
 corner of Chapel and College streets, where he is sure to discover his 
 cronies assembled, as in days of yore, " On the Fence." Once there 
 he is perfectly happy, 
 
 " Nor other home, nor other care intends; 
 But quits his house, his country and his friends." 
 
7 2 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 COMMENCEMENT, AND OTHER FESTIVALS, 
 
 COMMENCEMENT WEEK. So many visitors are present in 
 New Haven during Commencement Week, and on various other 
 public occasions, that it may not be inappropriate to give a brief out- 
 line of the exercises generally pursued at those times. Commence- 
 ment Day at Yale occurs on the last Wednesday in June, annually, 
 and Commencement Week is the week ending on Commencement 
 Day. On Friday preceding Commencement Day ten members of the 
 senior class compete for the De Forest prize medal, valued at $100, 
 awarded " to that scholar of the class who shall write and pronounce 
 an English oration in the best manner." The exercises occur in 
 Battell Chapel. On the forenoon of the following Sunday, at 10.30, 
 the President delivers the baccalaureate sermon at Battell Chapel. 
 The next day, Monday, is Presentation Day, more familiarly known 
 among the students as Class-Day. At 10.30 A.M. the members of the 
 senior class of the Academical Department form in procession near the 
 Old Chapel and march thence to Battell Chapel, where the exercises 
 consist of singing, the reading of a poem by the class poet and the 
 delivery of an address by the class orator, at the close of which a list of 
 the successful contestants for various prizes is read by the President. 
 In the afternoon, at 2 o'clock, the senior class assembles within an 
 immense amphitheatre of seats constructed specially for the occasion 
 on the campus, in front of South Middle College. The raised seats, 
 capable of accommodating several thousand persons, are filled with 
 fair friends of the class, while the students themselves sit on benches 
 
COMMENCEMENT, AND OTHER FESTIVALS. 73 
 
 arranged for the purpose within the circle. The exercises open with 
 the passing around of very long-stemmed pipes, which may be filled 
 from great bucketsful of fine-cut tobacco prepared for the purpose. 
 Lemonade in abundance completes the outfit. Programmes are dis- 
 tributed, a song or two is sung, and then the class historians, of whom 
 there are four or five, take turns in reading the " history " of the class 
 and of its individual members. Generally the wittiest men in the 
 class are chosen for these positions, and the result is that the entire 
 audience is kept in an almost continual roar of laughter at the jokes 
 perpetrated on the various members of the class. At the completion 
 of these exercises, the class forms in procession, and, headed by a 
 band, marches to some chosen spot beside one of the stone buildings 
 on the campus, and plants the class ivy; a brief ceremony, which 
 is quite touching. Again forming in line the procession marches 
 to the residences of the President and the older professors, saluting 
 them with cheers. Returning to the campus, the class cheers the 
 various buildings, and, at dusk, breaks ranks for the last time as a 
 class. 
 
 On Tuesday of Commencement Week the Society of the Alumni 
 holds its anniversary at Alumni Hall, when the state of the College 
 is discussed and business matters in reference thereto taken into con- 
 sideration. Speeches are indulged in to a considerable extent. On 
 the same day occurs the anniversary of the Scientific Department at 
 Sheffield Hall, and of the Law Department at the Law School Build- 
 ing, at which there is speaking, award of prizes, etc., and a general 
 good time. It is usually intended to have one or more excellent 
 speakers present, so that the visitor is sure of a rare treat. 
 
 COMMENCEMENT DAY Commencement Day is the most inter- 
 esting and important of any in the college calendar. As early as 1717 
 it became a public festival, and from that time to the present has ever 
 been looked forward to with great pleasure, in each succeeding year, 
 by graduates and undergraduates, clergy and laymen, faculty and 
 
74 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 students, mothers, brothers, sisters and friends. On that day hundreds 
 of ladies and gentlemen, gathered from all parts of the country, are 
 present in the beautiful " City of Elms " to witness the graduation of 
 sons and brothers, cousins and lovers. Wealth, beauty, culture and 
 refinement are all largely represented. An entire stranger to the city 
 and to the College would recognize at once by the remarkable animation 
 and general holiday air that the day was one of unusual importance. 
 Shortly after 9 o'clock in the forenoon all the graduates who happen 
 to be in town assemble on the campus, near the corner of Chapel and 
 College streets, where a procession is formed, consisting of the Presi- 
 dent and distinguished guests, graduates in the order of graduation, 
 graduates of other colleges, and the graduating classes, in the order 
 here given. The procession marches out through the Chapel Street 
 gate, moves along College Street to the Old State House entrance to 
 New Haven Green, and thence to Centre Church, where Commence- 
 ment exercises are held. Here the procession files into the church 
 between lines of undergraduates drawn up on either side of the 
 entrance, and takes seats that have been reserved for it near the centre 
 aisle. Meanwhile the spacious edifice has filled with the friends of the 
 College and of the graduating classes, admission having been gained 
 by tickets distributed among those about to graduate and by them 
 given to their friends. Every available seat is occupied. Generations 
 ago, the custom was adopted of seating the members of the fair sex 
 upon one side of the church and their sterner companions on the 
 other, at Yale commencements. Tradition has it that this method was 
 seized upon as an expedient to stop whispering while the speaking 
 was in progress. Whatever the motive, the result has' been a much 
 more quiet state of affairs during the exercises than was enjoyed pre- 
 vious to the adoption of the plan, which has been quite consistently 
 adhered to even to the present day. The above explanation will make 
 clear to the visitor what might otherwise seem very peculiar to him 
 upon entering Centre Church on Commencement Day. The exercises 
 at the church consist of prayer and music, the delivery of the valedictory 
 
SHEFFIELD HALL. 
 (Page 40.) 
 
 NORTH SHEFFIELD HALL. 
 (Page 41.) 
 
COMMENCEMENT, AND OTHEE FESTIVALS. 75 
 
 and salutatory addresses, and speaking by ten of the best orators in the 
 graduating class. As a general thing, the last speaker closes at about 
 i o'clock P.M., when the graduating class, having been formed two 
 abreast, just outside the entrance, marches up to and upon the plat- 
 form, in squads of a dozen or fifteen, and there receives from the hand 
 of the President, rolls of degrees, which are assorted after the squads 
 have passed down and out of the church. The presentation of the 
 degrees is accompanied by a very brief address in Latin from the 
 President. Immediately after the last degree has been conferred the 
 exercises are brought to a close by singing and the benediction. 
 
 The ringing of the Centre Church bell at the conclusion of the 
 literary exercises warns the graduates, young and old, to wend their 
 way, in company with their special guests, to Alumni Hall, where a 
 substantial repast has been prepared. Speeches follow the dinner, 
 and evening is fast approaching ere the assemblage finally and reluc- 
 tantly takes its departure. 
 
 In the evening, the President holds a reception at the School of the 
 Fine Arts, when it is customary for all who attend to do so in full 
 evening dress. The halls and galleries of the spacious edifice are 
 always filled to' their utmost capacity on these occasions. The recep- 
 tion usually continues from 8 o'clock until 10 o'clock, and with its 
 close terminates Commencement. 
 
 JUNIOR EXHIBITION. Junior Exhibition, an institution extend- 
 ing back many years, occurs annually on the Thursday next preceding 
 the spring recess, this recess beginning usually on the Wednesday pre- 
 ceding Easter. Several weeks previous to that time all members of 
 the junior class of the Academical Department having a certain rank 
 are required to write an essay on any one of perhaps eight subjects 
 provided by the professor of rhetoric. The writers of the ten best 
 essays are afterward chosen to declaim their productions in public. 
 The occasion on which the declamations take place is known as the 
 Junior Exhibition, or more familiarly, " Junior Ex." It occurs on the 
 
7 6 YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 day mentioned above, in the Battell Chapel at 2 o'clock P.M., and is 
 quite fully attended, the audience generally containing quite a number 
 of visitors from other cities. Taking the first prize is considered the 
 greatest honor of junior year. 
 
 JUNIOR PROMENADE. The most important social event of the 
 year is the Junior Promenade, which occurs in the second term, just 
 previous to Lent. It is gotten up in the most elegant manner, by a 
 committee of the leading society men of the junior class appointed 
 especially for that purpose. Neither pains nor expense are spared. 
 Even the minutest details receive the utmost care. Elegant cards of 
 invitation are issued, on which appears the class numeral disposed with 
 great taste, while the order of dances, etc., displays the highest skill 
 of the " art preservative." Carll's Opera House is the scene of the 
 festivities, which are attended by fashion and beauty from all sections 
 of the country. No event of the kind, anywhere, excels the magnifi- 
 cence of the Junior Promenade at Yale, and no college event, except 
 Commencement, attracts so large an attendance of visitors. The 
 influx is very noticeable about the College for two or three days previ- 
 ous to the Promenade, and the most casual observer cannot but notice 
 the air of festivity which prevails. Many of those who have come for 
 the purpose of being present at the Promenade attend college prayers, 
 during their stay, at Battell Chapel, occupying the spacious galleries. 
 
 SENIOR PROMENADE. The Senior Promenade, occurring on 
 the evening of the Monday preceding Commencement, ranks with the 
 leading social events of college life at Yale. Like the Junior Prome- 
 nade, it is carried out in elegant style, and enjoys as its guests the 
 beauty and refinement of the land. For years it was held at Alumni 
 Hall, when the campus was lighted up with a profusion of Chinese 
 lanterns, presenting a weird but very attractive spectacle. Hencefor- 
 ward these Promenades will occur at Carll's Opera House, opposite the 
 college grounds, on Chapel Street. 
 
LAYING- OUT 
 
 THE YALE 
 ATHLETIC GROUNDS 
 
THE CITY OF ELMS: 
 
 NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT. 
 
MAP OF 
 
 NEW HAVEN 
 
HISTORY IX BEIEF. 8 1 
 
 HISTORY IN BRIEF, 
 
 NEW HAVEN, the home of the distinguished University described in 
 the preceding pages, lies at the head of New Haven Bay, Connecticut, 
 on an alluvial plain four miles from Long Island Sound, and seventy- 
 three miles from New York City. The land in the portions thus far 
 built upon, is quite level, terminating very abruptly in a range of trap- 
 dikes, the two highest points in which are known as West Rock and 
 East Rock, respectively. The site of the city was once, long ages ago, 
 the mouth of the Connecticut River. The formation of the trap-dikes 
 and ridges, of which East and West Rocks are a part, formed an impassi- 
 ble barrier, however, and " in this extremity the river," as Prof. James 
 D. Dana says, " finding a way to the south-eastward open before it, 
 made a rush through the narrows at Middletown and was off for Say- 
 brook, leaving New Haven in the lurch. Perhaps, after all, New 
 Haven is none the worse for the loss. If New Haven Bay were now 
 the mouth of the Connecticut, the fair plain, the site of the city and its 
 surrounding villages, would be swept by floods and tides, and build- 
 ing places would be confined to the slopes and tops of the Rocks and 
 other hills. New Haven has balanced the account with Saybrook by 
 taking from her Yale College; and we think she has double reason to 
 be content with the change." 
 
 New Haven was founded in 1638 by a party of Puritans under John 
 Davenport, who had been forced to leave England in 1637, and had, 
 after remaining at Boston nearly a year, continued their travels to the 
 site of the present New Haven, then known as Quinnipiac. The 
 
82 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 " most opulent colony which came into New England," its members, 
 under Davenport's direction, immediately laid out a portion of the 
 land into nine squares for buildings, reserving the large central square 
 for public uses. The boundaries of the land thus portioned off into 
 squares are the present York, State, Grove and George streets, and the 
 first dwellings were erected on or near George Street, between Church 
 and College streets. For many years the colony was governed by its 
 seven most distinguished church members, Davenport, by virtue of his 
 intelligence, uprightness and natural ability as a leader, continuing at 
 the head. From the first, when they bought the land of the Quinni- 
 piac Indians for "12 coats of English cloth, 12 alchymy spoons, 12 
 hatchets, 12 hoes, 2 dozen knives, 12 porringers and 4 cases of French 
 knives and scissors," the New Haven colonists seem to have been great 
 traders, and trading posts were early established at various points on 
 the Delaware. These were broken up by the Swedes, whereupon many 
 of the settlers, becoming discouraged, determined to sail in 1647, to Gal- 
 loway, Ireland. The ship was never heard from, though there is a tradi- 
 tion that upon a day months after the departure, the craft sailed into 
 New Haven harbor, in the face of the wind, and suddenly, when near 
 the wharf, vanished into thin air. The myth has been beautifully put 
 in verse by Longfellow in his " Phantom Ship." In 1665 New Haven 
 Plantation united with Connecticut (Hartford) Plantation, on the condi- 
 tion that each town should remain a capital. Thus it happened that for 
 over two centuries, or until within a very few years of the present time, 
 Connecticut had two capitals; one at Hartford, the other at New Haven. 
 Indian wars for some time gave the New Haveners much trouble, 
 while the Revolution caused an almost infinite amount of privation, 
 distress and sorrow. From here marched Benedict Arnold to Cam- 
 bridge in 1775 with the Governor's Guards, reputed to have been the 
 best company in the American army; and here Washington reviewed 
 the troops while on his way to take the position of Commander-in- 
 Chief at Cambridge. At sunrise, July 5th, 1779, about two thousand 
 Hessians and Tories landed on the West Haven shore, four miles from 
 
EAST DIVINITY HALL. 
 (Page 44.) 
 
 WEST DIVINITY. TROWBRIDGE LIBRARY. MARQUAND CHAPEL. 
 (Pages 44, 45.) 
 
HISTOR Y IN BEIEF. 83 
 
 New Haven. Their march to the town was very much impeded by 
 Yale students, headed by President Daggett, and by townsmen and 
 militia, who contested every inch of ground. President Daggett was, 
 among others, captured with gun in hand, and taken to town as a 
 prisoner. New Haven was pillaged, and, in part, destroyed by fire. 
 It was some years before the effects of this blow were entirely recov- 
 ered from. With the dawn of better days, New Haven, incorporated 
 a city in 1 784, entered upon a career of remarkable prosperity, which 
 has continued almost uninterrupted to the present time. Very few are 
 the cities, anywhere, that have grown so steadily and continued so 
 rapidly to increase in wealth and population. In 1820 the number of 
 inhabitants was but 8,326, while in 1860 it had increased to 39,268; 
 in 1870 to 50,840; in 1880 to 62,882; and in the fall of 1881 it prob- 
 ably very closely approached to 65,000. In size, New Haven ranks 
 third among New England cities, Boston and Providence, only, exceed- 
 ing it. To a considerable degree this success is due to manufacturing, 
 which is carried on to a great extent and in almost every conceivable 
 variety. For years New Haven was one of the leading cities in the 
 world in the manufacture of carriages; and to-day an immense num- 
 ber of vehicles of the very finest description are turned out, and find 
 their way to all the countries of the globe. Fire-arms of the most 
 approved patterns, clocks, locks and fish-lines, paper boxes and knick- 
 knacks of all kinds are annually manufactured at New Haven by 
 millions. Pianos, organs, rubber boots and shoes, corsets, scales, hay- 
 cutters, etc., are also produced in New Haven in great quantity. It is 
 a fact that, let one go where he will, in the " City of Elms " he is 
 quite sure to find all available space in the rear of stores and dwell- 
 ings occupied by factories, each of which is a bee-hive of industry. 
 A large pork-packing industry and an extensive West India trade, also, 
 are carried on. As would be expected of a city so prosperous in 
 trade and manufacture, its business houses include many structures of 
 the largest size, filled with goods o the very best quality and descrip- 
 tion. An air of thrift pervades them all, from the great wholesale 
 
84 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 houses on State Street, to the less pretentious retail up-town stores. 
 The stranger needs to remain in New Haven but a very short time to 
 discover that he is in a very lively, bright and wide-awake New Eng- 
 land city. 
 
 But hand in hand with material prosperity and growth, in the " City 
 of Elms," have gone an intellectual growth and a continued social 
 advance, so that in no city in the world are the people more generally 
 or highly educated, or the tone of society better. The colonists who 
 settled here were eminently intelligent, clear-minded persons, appreci- 
 ating fully the great advantages of refinement and education. Almost 
 their first act after forming a church was the establishment of a school. 
 Yale College is one of the great results of their policy. Descended 
 from so worthy an ancestry, the community of to-day could not be 
 other than the highly cultivated, vigorous one that it is. 
 
 And what of New Haven's general appearance? It is unquestion- 
 ably one of the most beautiful cities in the world, and one which the 
 stranger always remembers with pleasure. Nowhere else can be 
 found the wealth of broad-spreading, shadow-casting elms possessed 
 by New Haven. Its appellation, the " City of Elms," is well applied. 
 Street after street, avenue after avenue, is arched with these noble 
 trees. As to beauty and variety of architecture displayed in the 
 dwellings, nothing, anywhere, excels it. A vast majority of the houses 
 are of wood, while no two, scarcely, are alike. Every style and shape 
 seem to have been brought into requisition. As a rule, the residences 
 have more or less lawn and yard room, the habit of crowding the 
 buildings thickly together, so often seen in a large city, being con- 
 spicuously absent. The streets, as a general thing, are broad and 
 straight, and in most cases cross one another at right angles. In this 
 respect New Haven clearly resembles Philadelphia, which, however, it 
 much preceded in the use of this method, inasmuch as the original nine 
 squares of which New Haven was composed, were laid out long years 
 before William Penn founded thi " City of Brotherly Love." Like 
 Philadelphia too, New Haven has several beautiful public parks or 
 
HISTOE Y IN BEIEF. 85 
 
 greens, appearing here and there about the city, like grass-plats in a 
 garden. Willis's description of the city's appearance, though written a 
 number of years ago, and as he recollected seeing it in his college 
 days, still applies well, in a general way, and will bear reproduction at 
 this time : 
 
 " If you were to set a poet to make a town, with carte blanche as to 
 trees, gardens and green blinds, he would probably turn out very 
 much such a place as New Haven. The first thought of the inventor 
 of New Haven was to lay out the streets in parallelograms; the sec- 
 ond was to plant them from suburb to water-side, with the magnificent 
 elms of the country. The result is that, at the end of fifty years, the 
 town is buried in leaves. If it were not for the spires of the churches, 
 a bird flying over on his autumn voyage to the Floridas would never 
 mention having seen it in his travels. The houses are something 
 between an Italian palace and an English cottage, built of wood, 
 but, in the dim light of those overshadowing trees, as fair to the 
 eye as marble, with their triennial coats of paint; and each stands in 
 the midst of its own encircling grass-plot, half buried in vines and 
 flowers, and facing outward from a cluster of gardens divided by 
 slender palings, and filling up with fruit trees and summer-houses the 
 square on whose limit it stands. Then, like the vari-colored parallelo- 
 grams upon a chess-board, green openings are left throughout the 
 town, fringed with triple and interweaving elm rows, the long weep- 
 ing branches sweeping downward to the grass, and, with their inclos- 
 ing shadows, keeping moist and cool the road they overhang." 
 
 Concerning the scenery about New Haven, it is, as Professor Beers 
 has well said, " uncommonly rich and varied, tempting constantly to 
 holiday walks and sails, and lending a romantic charm to the memories 
 of undergraduate life. There is an intimate blending of sea-side and 
 inland. Brackish creeks empty and fill their sluices with tide-water, 
 at the bases of cliffs miles from the sea. Following a path through 
 
86 TALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 woods, you come out suddenly on the borders of a salt marsh, where 
 gulls are flying about. Lying under the trees of an orchard seemingly 
 in the heart of the continent, you lift your eyes and see across the 
 clover-tops the sparkle of the sun on the waters of the Sound, and the 
 sail of a vessel bound for New York. You could put out your hand 
 and touch it, lying under the apple-trees." 
 
 Thus much for New Haven in general. Now for a few hints to the 
 visitor, and brief descriptions of various objects of interest about the 
 city. In the first place, the visitor will probably arrive either by cars, 
 or by steamboat from New York. The hotels may be reached by 
 horse cars or coaches, from the New Haven line of steamboats or 
 from the Union depot, at which all trains, except those of the Derby 
 road, stop. Coaches are the means of conveyance from the wharf of 
 the Starin Line of steamboats. 
 
 Fares in the public carriages or coaches from any railroad station or 
 steamboat dock to any point within the city limits, are fifty cents for 
 one passenger, seventy-five cents for two passengers destined for the 
 same point; and for each additional passenger, more than two, like- 
 wise destined, twenty-five cents. Children over four and under ten 
 years of age, one-half the above rates. Each passenger is entitled at 
 these rates, which are established by law, to the carriage of one trunk 
 and valise or other similar article. In the horse cars the fare is five 
 cents on the lines running from the depot to the principal thorough- 
 fare, Chapel Street, and six cents on all other lines. By purchasing 
 a transfer check, price eight cents, on the single car in front of the 
 Union depot, the visitor may secure a ride to within a few rods of any of 
 the principal hotels, which are the New Haven House, the Elliott House, 
 the Tontine Hotel and the Tremont House, ranking in the order 
 named. The New Haven House is one of the best managed hotels in 
 America, and is first-class in every respect. 
 
 The visitor will find that most of the principal points of interest 
 beyond easy walking distance of the hotels may be reached by horse 
 cars. For points in Fair Haven and the eastern section of the city, 
 
HIS TOR Y IN BRIEF. 8 7 
 
 the Fair Haven and Westville Line should be taken (cars run every 
 twelve minutes) ; also the same line for Westville, West Rock, Edge- 
 wood and other points in a westerly direction; for State Street, East 
 Rock and other points in a north-easterly direction, the State Street 
 Line (cars run every twelve minutes) ; for Whitney Avenue, Whitney - 
 ville, Whitney Lake, etc., the Whitney Avenue Line (cars run every 
 half hour); for Congress and Sylvan avenues, Evergreen Cemetery, 
 the State Hospital and points in a south-westerly direction, the Con- 
 gress Avenue Line (cars run every twenty minutes) ; for West Haven, 
 Savin Rock and the West Shore, the New Haven and West Haven 
 Line (cars run every fifteen minutes in summer, every half hour in 
 other seasons) ; for the Winchester Arms Works and Newhallville, the 
 Shelton Avenue Line (cars run every thirteen minutes). Cars on all 
 these lines, except the Shelton Avenue Line, may be taken at the 
 corner of Chapel and Church streets. The starting point for the -cars 
 of the Shelton Avenue Line is the corner of York Street and Broad- 
 way. 
 
 For the sake of convenience the city has been divided, in the 
 descriptions which follow, into four sections, which may be denominated, 
 in a general way, Northern, Southern, Eastern and Western New' 
 Haven, respectively. The intersection of Chapel and Church streets 
 being near the centre of the city, and also being the meeting place of 
 several horse-car lines, has been chosen as a point of departure for the 
 various tours that follow. 
 
88 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 NORTHERN NEW HAVEN, 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Northern New Haven is to a con- 
 siderable degree a district filled with noble mansions and large, costly 
 estates, bordering on streets and avenues of at least unexcelled, not to 
 say unrivalled, beauty. To friends of Yale, this portion of the city 
 will have an additional charm, from the fact that here have lived many 
 of the greatest benefactors of and instructors in the University. And 
 to-day a very considerable proportion of the professors and instructors 
 have their homes here. 
 
 TEMPLE STREET AND THE GREEN. Taking the comer of 
 
 Church and Chapel streets as a point of departure and passing west 
 on Chapel Street one block or square, the visitor reaches Temple 
 Street, declared by an eminent writer to be the most beautiful highway 
 in the worM. Looking north from Chapel Street, the eye rests upon 
 two parallel lines of elms extending far into the distance and forming 
 an arch of grand proportions, decked in robes of the most delicate 
 shades of green. On either side of the street are rows of trees of 
 large growth, finely trimmed and each tree set out a certain distance 
 from its neighbor. Though the street is of good width, the branches 
 of the trees on one side of the way have long since locked arms with 
 those of the trees on the other, completing an arch of unequalled 
 beauty, and one upon which *the admirer of nature never becomes 
 weary of looking. The sight round about Temple Street, within the 
 Green, too, is one of uncommon attractiveness, noble shade trees 
 
NOE THEEN NEW HA YEN. 89 
 
 extending in rows around every side of the enclosure, those just out- 
 side the fence, at the angles, having unusual age and size and casting 
 shade accordingly. Broad walks extend diagonally through and from 
 side to side of the grounds, and nearly every walk has an arch of over- 
 hanging trees. The portion of the Green left unshaded less than 
 one-fourth serves as a play and parade ground, and in summer pos- 
 sesses all the beauty of a well-kept lawn. The loveliness of the spot 
 doubtless had much to do with the choice of the place as the site of 
 the church edifices of three of the oldest religious organizations in 
 New Haven. First in order as the visitor passes along is : 
 
 TRINITY CHURCH Trinity Church, on the west side of Temple 
 Street and just within the Green, on the Chapel Street side, is the 
 property of the first Episcopal parish organized in New Haven. The 
 edifice is built of stone of dark shades, and has a square tower of the 
 same material rising from the centre of the front, to a height of 100 
 feet. Flourishing ivies cover considerable portions of the exterior of 
 the walls, extending, not infrequently, over the beautiful stained glass 
 windows. Though erected two-thirds of a century ago (1814-15), and 
 though quite simple in construction, Trinity Church is yet an attractive 
 edifice both externally and internally. Previous to becoming settled in 
 the present structure, Trinity Parish, like the pioneers of all other 
 denominations in New Haven and elsewhere, had a somewhat interest- 
 ing career. As early as 1737 the Rev. Mr. Arnold of West Haven 
 made a movement to establish the Episcopal Church in New Haven, 
 but, upon attempting to secure possession of the land on which Trinity 
 Church now stands, was driven away by force. Eleven years later, 
 Rev. Ebenezer Punderson, in 1750, on the Sunday after the Yale 
 Commencement, preached in the State House, and two years after 
 that, under his supervision the first Episcopal Church edifice was built a 
 It was of wood, 40 X 60 feet in size, with a steeple and chancel, and 
 stood on the east side of Church Street, about midway between Chapel 
 and Centre streets. Trinity Parish worshipped there until the comple- 
 
9 o TALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 tion of its present edifice. The Parish is a very wealthy and con- 
 servative one. Its present rector, the Rev. Edwin Harwood, has held 
 the position nearly twenty-five years. 
 
 A few rods farther on, stands the Centre Church, described else- 
 where, in connection with the University. 
 
 NORTH CHURCH. About one square north of Centre Church, 
 on the west side of Temple Street, and just within the north edge of 
 the Green, is the North Church. The society worshipping there was 
 constituted May 17, 1742, under the title of the White Haven Society. 
 In 1771 a division occurred, and the seceding body was incorporated 
 under the name of the Fair Haven Society. The White Haven 
 branch worshipped on the spot now known as St. John Place; the 
 Fair Haven branch on the site of the present North Church. After a 
 separation of a quarter of a century harmony again prevailed, and the 
 branches were united. For a time the two places of worship were 
 occupied alternately, until in the years 1814 and 1815 the present North 
 Church was built. The society has always been Congregational. 
 
 Crossing Elm Street, but continuing on Temple Street, which is, 
 with its famous arch of trees, half a mile in length, several well-pre- 
 served houses of the old style are passed, all more or less worthy of 
 note. 
 
 THE NOAH WEBSTER HOUSE. The wooden portion of the 
 house on the southwest corner of Temple and Grove streets, was built 
 about the year 1825 by Noah Webster, author of the standard diction- 
 ary of the English language. Dr. Webster was a man who took a 
 great interest in the ordinary affairs of life, as well as in the scholary 
 ones to which so much of his attention was devoted. He therefore 
 planned to a great extent his house on Temple Street, and it was by 
 his orders that the space between the studding, inside the outer shell 
 of wood, was entirely built in with brick, in order that the house might 
 be warm in winter and cool in summer. Hence the walls are double, 
 
SKULL AND BONES HALL. 
 (Page 32.) 
 
 SCROLL AND KEY HALL. 
 (Page 37.) 
 
 PSI UPSILON HALL. 
 (Page 35.) 
 
 DELTA KAPPA EPSILON HALL 
 (Page 34.) 
 
NORTHERN NEW HAVEN. 91 
 
 throughout. Dr. Webster performed a portion of the work on his 
 dictionary in this house, where he lived from about the time of his 
 return from Amherst, until his death. Mr. Trowbridge, the present 
 occupant, married a grand-daughter of Dr. Webster, for his first wife. 
 
 HlLLHOUSE AVENUE. Turning from Temple Street to the west, 
 on Grove Street, and going one short block, then turning to the north, 
 the visitor comes into full view of another beautiful thoroughfare, 
 known as Hillhouse Avenue, in several respects the most delightful of 
 all New Haven's many attractive public streets. First of all its great 
 width and its magnificent elms will attract attention; then the lawns, 
 which extend not only to the foot-paths, but several rods beyond, even 
 to the street proper or carriage road, impressing one with the idea 
 that he is passing along the driveway of some lawn of grand propor- 
 tions to the mansion pverloooking the scene from the high land at the 
 north. 
 
 ST. MARY'S CHURCH. -^The great stone edifice on the right, 
 upon entering the avenue from Grove Street, is St. Mary's Roman 
 Catholic Church, the largest in New Haven. It is frequently, on 
 account of its size no doubt, erroneously called "The Cathedral." 
 The stone of which it is constructed was obtained from quarries near 
 the city, and is of such hue and texture as to give the structure a very 
 solid appearance, and a perhaps somewhat cold look, which exposure 
 to the weather will doubtless in a few years soften. St. Mary's was 
 built ten years ago, at a cost of about $150,000. The remains of Father 
 Murphy, who was instrumental in building the church, were buried in 
 the little plot of ground between the main and southern entrances. 
 
 RESIDENCES.^ Just north of St. Mary's is the dwelling of Mrs. 
 \Villiam Hillhouse. The extensive brown mansion directly over the 
 way from St. Mary's Church, on the west side of the avenue, is the 
 residence of one of Yale's great benefactors, Mr. Joseph E. Sheffield, 
 
9 2 TALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 whose gifts to the Scientific Department have enabled it to secure the 
 praise now everywhere so generously accorded. Mr. Sheffield's resi- 
 dence and the buildings of the school named for him are literally within 
 stone's throw of one another. Passing over the bridge of the North- 
 ampton Railroad, the buff-colored residence on the southwest corner of 
 Hillhouse Avenue and Trumbull Street is that of Professor James D. 
 Dana. On the southeast corner of Hillhouse Avenue and Trumbull 
 Street, is the residence of Mr. H. C. Kingsley, Treasurer of Yale 
 College, while on the opposite corner resides Professor George P. 
 Fisher, of the Theological Department, Yale. The remaining resi- 
 dences on the east side of the avenue are, in the order given, those of 
 President Porter, Mrs. Collins, Mr. George H. Farnam, Mr. Henry 
 Farnam, Professor J. M. Hoppin, Mr. J. M. B. Dwight and of Mrs. 
 Pelatiah Perit. On the west side, north of Trumbull Street, are the 
 residences of Professor Silliman, Mr. R. A. Bigelow, the late Mayor 
 Skinner, Miss Davenport and Professor Theodore S. Woolsey, respec- 
 tively. 
 
 The grand old estate at the head of Hillhouse Avenue is the prop- 
 erty of the descendants of Hon. James Hillhouse, to whom New 
 Haven is, in a great measure, indebted for the thousands of beautiful 
 elms which have added so much to the fame and beauty of the city. 
 
 PROSPECT STREET. Turning to the west, on Sachem's Lane, 
 and passing along one block, the visitor will reach Prospect Street, 
 ascending which, a lovely view of the western and southern portions of 
 the city may be obtained. West Rock is seen in the distance, while 
 the vast brick structure west of and within the shadow of the hill is 
 the Winchester Repeating Arms Company's Works, where annually 
 are manufactured thousands of the famous Winchester rifles. Nearly 
 every one of the beautiful houses on Prospect Hill has been built 
 within a few years. Among the number are those of Judge Luzon B. 
 Morris, Mr. D. C. Eaton, Professor O. C. Marsh, Mr. W. H. Farnam, 
 Mr. C. H. Farnam, and Mr. E. C. Winchester. 
 
NOE THERN NEW HA YEN. 93 
 
 ST. FRANCIS ORPHAN ASYLUM AND WHITNEY AVENUE. 
 Continuing on through the grove known as Sachem's Wood, Whit- 
 ney Avenue may be reached by way of Highland Street, which turns 
 off toward the east, and on which, under the brow of the hill, is the St. 
 Francis Orphan AsylAm, a Roman Catholic charitable institution 
 which annually does a vast deal of good for poor and friendless chil- 
 dren. The large, new brick building now used for the asylum, was 
 completed and consecrated in 1876. It has accommodations for about 
 two hundred children. The number at present in the asylum is about 
 one hundred and seventy. On the first floor are parlors, sitting-rooms, 
 dining-rooms, etc. On the second floor, school-rooms and the rooms 
 of the Mother Superior and the Sisters of Charity. On the upper 
 floors are the chapel, sleeping-rooms, etc. The building, which is 
 admirably adapted to its purposes, is to a great extent the result of 
 the untiring labors of the late Rev. Father Hart. The cost of the 
 structure was about $75,000. 
 
 Continuing down the hill to Whitney Avenue, and proceeding north- 
 erly for perhaps half a mile, Whitneyville is reached. Here may be 
 seen the charming little Whitney Lake; also the Whitney Rifle Fac- 
 tory, established by the renowned Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton- 
 gin. East Rock towers above the village, on the east. 
 
 In returning to the city, over Whitney Avenue, the visitor will pass 
 several large and beautiful estates. 
 
 Orange Street, parallel with and east of Whitney Avenue, is also 
 lined with handsome residences. Among the number is that of Gov- 
 ernor Bigelow. 
 
 Whitney Avenue continues into Church Street on the south. Grove 
 Hall, the large, old-fashioned house at the north end of the street, at 
 its junction with Whitney Avenue, is a boarding school for young 
 ladies. The residence of ex- President Woolsey of Yale is near the 
 southwest corner of Church and Grove streets, while at number 246 
 Church Street resides Professor William D. Whitney. Number 226 
 was the home of the late Professor Lewis R. Packard. 
 
94 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 REV. DR. LEONARD BACON'S RESIDENCE. The large, 
 
 brown dwelling-house number 247 Church Street, just north of Wall 
 Street, for a. long series of years occupied by the late Reverend Dr. 
 Leonard Bacon, formerly stood on the ground where is now the Ton- 
 tine Hotel, at the corner of Church and Court streets, and was moved 
 to its present site, many years ago, to make room for that building. 
 Besides the fact that this house was occupied by Dr. Bacon it posses- 
 ses historic interest. During the Revolution, it was the residence of 
 William Chandler, who turned traitor to the colony and conducted the 
 British into the town when it was captured by them in 1779. When 
 the troops were withdrawn Chandler and his family moved down to 
 Nova Scotia. At one time, in the earliest days of the settlement, 
 Ezekiel Cheevers, the first school teacher in the New Haven colony, 
 lived on the present site of Rev. Dr. Bacon's house. Writing about 
 Cheevers, " the last survivor of all his pupils gave it as his most dis- 
 tinct reminiscence of the famous grammar-school master that he wore 
 a long white beard terminating in a point, and that when he stroked 
 his beard to a point, it was a sign for the boys to stand clear." 
 
 CHURCH OF THE REDEEMER The beautiful sand-stone trim- 
 med brick church edifice on the south-west corner of Orange and 
 Wall streets, one block east of Church Street, is the Church of the 
 Redeemer, Congregational. The church is Gothic-shaped, and pre- 
 sents an elegant appearance both outside and inside. The interior, 
 finely furnished, contains, besides the audience room, the Sabbath 
 School room, church parlors, etc., all excellently fitted up. 
 
 HlLLHOUSE HIGH SCHOOL. The Hillhouse High School 
 stands diagonally opposite the Church of the Redeemer on the north- 
 east corner of Orange and Wall streets, and is at once an honor and 
 an ornament to the beautiful city whose property it is. The edifice is 
 of brick, is four stones high, has handsome sandstone ornaments, and 
 is heavily buttressed. A tower, containing a public clock, rises from 
 
NORTHERN NEW HAVEN 
 
 95 
 
 the south-west corner. On the first floor are the rooms of the Board 
 of Education and of the Superintendent and Secretary of Schools; 
 also several recitation-rooms, janitor's room and the laboratory. On 
 the second and third floors are study, recitation and dressing rooms, and 
 on the fourth floor, recitation-rooms and a fine large hall in which are 
 celebrated the graduating exercises, etc. Altogether there are eighteen 
 rooms, with a capacity for seating a total of 400 pupils. The building 
 was erected in 1872 at a cost, inclusive of land and furniture, of about 
 $125,000. It is but one of about twenty-five school buildings owned 
 or occupied by New Haven. The census of 1880 shows that there 
 were in New Haven at that time 13,897 persons of school age. Of 
 that number nearly 1 2,000 were actually registered on the school rec- 
 ords. The total number of teachers is 232. New Haven's public 
 schools are second to none and are equalled by very few. Visitors are 
 perfectly welcome to visit them at any time. 
 
 CHURCH OF THE MESSIAH. A short distance south, on the 
 west side of Orange Street, stands the cosey Universalist Church 
 and parsonage, recently built. This church is the only one of the 
 Universalist denomination in the city. Established in 1852, the society 
 worshipped for some years at the corner of Court and State streets, 
 then, in 1865, purchased what is now the New Haven Opera House, 
 and continued to worship there until the completion of the present 
 edifice. The somewhat noted lady preacher, Rev. Phebe Hannaford, 
 was pastor of this society for several years. 
 
 Continuing southerly on Orange Street, the visitor soon reaches Elm 
 Street, on which are several fine old residences. 
 
 THE REYNOLDS HOUSE. The Reynolds house, Number 20, 
 Elm Street, stands on the site of the house built and occupied by John 
 Davenport, the first minister and the leading spirit in the settlement 
 of New Haven. The stones composing the cellar walls of the Reyn- 
 olds house are the same that were used by the old dominie. Theophi- 
 
96 TALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 lus Eaton, " the Governor and true head " of the New Haven colony, 
 lived on the opposite side of the street. His was a " grand house " 
 furnished with " Turkey hangings," and had some fourteen fire-places. 
 The brown sandstone edifice on the south side of Elm Street, a 
 short distance west of Orange Street, is St. Thomas's Episcopal 
 Church. The parish was organized Feb. 24, 1848. Rev. Dr. E. E. 
 Beardsley was installed as rector on the 23d of the following April, 
 and has served continuously up to the present time a period of a 
 third of a century. 
 
 THE SARGENT MANSION. The spacious brick mansion on the 
 northwest corner of Elm and Church streets, was built by Mr. D. C. De 
 Forest, who was for many years a merchant in Brazil. Returning to 
 New Haven with a large property, he proceeded to erect this house, 
 which was completed February 22, Washington's Birthday, 1821. 
 The christening or " house-warming " occurred on that day, and was 
 one of the most stirring social events that New Haven had up to that 
 time ever witnessed. Among the guests was every individual, from 
 master-builder to apprentice boy, who had taken part in the erection 
 of the edifice. But two members of that merry company, now vener- 
 able citizens, survive to tell the tale. Some years ago the house was 
 purchased by Mr. Sargent, principal of the great ftianufacturing firm 
 of Sargent & Co., and it was by him thoroughly rebuilt and enlarged, 
 so that to-day it is one of the best appointed mansions in the city of 
 New Haven, while in size very few residences anywhere exceed it. 
 
 A few rods south of Elm Street, on Church and Court streets, are 
 several public buildings, large, costly and handsome. 
 
 CITY HALL. The City Hall, on Church Street, north of Court 
 Street, and facing the Green, is one of the finest municipal buildings 
 in New England. It was built in 1861 by the city of New Haven and 
 the town of New Haven jointly. The material used in the front of the 
 structure is dressed sandstone, while the side-walls are of brick. A 
 
NOB THE EN NE W HA VEN, 9 7 
 
 very large tower rises from the northwestern angle to a considerable 
 height. In this tower is an illuminated public clock and two large 
 bells; one connected with the clock and the other with the telegraphic 
 fire alarm. On the first floor are various town offices, janitor's rooms, 
 etc.; on the second floor, the Mayor's office, Assessors' office, the City 
 Clerk's office, the aldermanic chamber, Road Commissioners' and other 
 rooms; and on the third floor, the Fire Commissioners' room, Chief 
 Engineer's office, Common Council chamber, and City Engineer's 
 office. On the fourth floor is the battery-room of the fire telegraph, 
 and storage rooms. The basement contains the city morgue. It will 
 perhaps seem strange to many visitors to find the offices of a town and 
 of a city in the same building, but the anomaly may be briefly explained 
 by stating that the town of New Haven embraces all of the city of 
 New Haven, together with the suburbs known as Westville and Fair 
 Haven East. The New Haven town officers have entire control of 
 certain branches of the public service for both New Haven City, West- 
 ville and Fair Haven East, while the city officers have charge of all 
 other departments in the city, their power extending to the city limits 
 only. The various city departments are under the immediate super- 
 vision of boards of commissioners. 
 
 COUNTY COURT BUILDING. Immediately north of, and con- 
 nected with, the City Hall on Church Street, is the New Haven 
 County Court Building. The front is of dark sandstone, while polished 
 granite pillars support the portico of the principal entrance. The first 
 session of court held within its walls occurred Jan. 20, 1873. Since 
 
 that time all sessions of the Court of Common Pleas and of the 
 
 
 
 Superior Court in New Haven County have been held there. The 
 building is admirably adapted to the purposes for which it was built. 
 On the first floor are the offices of the Sheriff", County Commissioners, 
 Court of Common Pleas, and vault; also the Common Pleas Court 
 Room, with retiring rooms for the judges, the jury and the members 
 of the bar, opening into it. On the second floor are the offices of the 
 
9 8 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 State Attorney, Clerk of the Superior Court, and vault, a library and 
 committee room 44 X 16 feet, and the Superior Court Room with 
 retiring rooms similar to those on the first floor. The third floor is 
 occupied by the Yale Law School, described elsewhere. The entire 
 cost of the building, including the furniture throughout, and all extras, 
 was about $134,000. David R. Brown, of New Haven, was the 
 architect. The celebrated Hayden case, in which Rev. H. H. Hayden 
 was charged with the murder of Mary Stannard, was tried in the New 
 Haven Court-house. 
 
 THE POLICE BUILDING. The handsome large building on the 
 north side of Court Street, a few rods east of Church Street, and con- 
 necting at the rear with the City Hall, is the Police Department Build- 
 ing. It is " believed to be the most handsome and the best constructed 
 edifice of the kind in the country." The building is a four-story brick 
 one, having a front of Philadelphia brick, neatly ornamented with 
 Portland sandstone and Nova Scotia stone. A Mansard roof sur- 
 mounts the whole, and at the southwest corner rises a shapely and 
 well-proportioned tower, giving to the building a pleasing outline. 
 The edifice contains admirable conveniences for the entire police 
 department and for the City Court and its officers. It was completed 
 in the spring of 1874 and cost, with furnishings, about $75,000. 
 Connected with the department to which it belongs is a force consist- 
 ing of one chief, one captain, one lieutenant and eighty-one patrol- 
 men, all under the control of a board of commissioners. The depart- 
 ment in organization and discipline compares favorably with any in 
 the, country. 
 
 THE JEWISH SYNAGOGUE. The Jewish Synagogue, on the 
 north side of Court Street, between Orange and State streets, was 
 formerly the church of the Third Congregational Society. The Jewish 
 Congregation, Mishkan Israel, now owning the structure, was organized 
 in 1844, and held its first meetings on Grand Street, near Artisan. 
 
NOB THE EN NE W HA YEN. 9 9 
 
 The congregation is one of the largest and wealthiest of the Jewish 
 belief in New England. Its services are, of course, held on Saturday. 
 Quite often Christians attend, especially at Confirmation. 
 
 TONTINE PROPERTY. The somewhat ancient but well-pre- 
 served brick structure on the southeast corner of Church and Court 
 streets, known as the Tontine Building, is a property held under a 
 decidedly peculiar and interesting charter, and deserves special men- 
 tion. The company is of the nature of a joint stock organization, 
 and was incorporated in 1824 by ttie Legislature, then sitting in New 
 Haven. Article second of the act sets forth the peculiarities of the 
 organization as follows : " The owner of each of said shares shall 
 have and receive the profits or dividends on said share during the 
 natural life of the person described opposite to his name, as nominee 
 for such share; and upon the death of any such nominee, the share 
 depending on the life of such nominee is to cease; and the whole 
 profits of the said premises and of all the property of this corporation 
 shall continually go to and be divided among such of the said owners, 
 whose nominees shall be living at 1 2 o'clock at noon on the first day of 
 March in each year, until the said nominees shall by death be reduced 
 to seven, when the whole of said property shall vest in the names of 
 the said seven surviving nominees, as an estate in fee simple, and this 
 corporation shall then cease and be determined." The proposed 
 building was completed in 1827. Of the original number of nominees, 
 243, there are at present living 125. They are of all grades of society, 
 and are scattered all over the globe, making it a matter of much diffi- 
 culty for the secretary to keep the mortuary record. It is doubtful if 
 any of the original stockholders are living, and the stock is held by 
 those who acquired possession through purchase or inheritance. 
 
 THIRD CHURCH. The house of worship on Church Street, a few 
 rods north ot Chapel Street, belongs to the Third Congregational 
 Society, instituted, September 6, i86. 'The building is of brownstone, 
 
100 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 and was erected in 1856. Formerly it was surmounted by a graceful, 
 but unfortuately very weak, steeple. The constanffear that it would 
 be blown down in a gale caused the society to have the steeple removed 
 in 1877. 
 
 This completes the trip through the northern section of the city. 
 
SO VTUEItN JfE W IIA VEtf. , o f 
 
 SOUTHERN NEW HAVEN, 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. The southern portion of New Haven 
 is in some respects the most interesting section of the " City of Elms." 
 For years after the settlement of the town a majority of the inhabitants 
 lived in the vicinity of what are now known as George, Meadow, and 
 West Water streets; and the burden of commerce was carried on 
 there. Quite a number of the residences of "ye olden time" are 
 yet standing. The most convenient route to this section is through 
 Church Street, on which, south of Chapel Street, the point of starting, 
 are many business houses, blocks, and the post-office. 
 
 THE POST-OFFICE AND CUSTOM HOUSE On the west side 
 
 of Church Street, midway between Crown and Centre streets, is the 
 post-office and custom house a large sandstone structure ouilt by the 
 government in 1860 for the purposes to which it is now devoted. The 
 first floor is used exclusively by the post-office department. Mr. N. D. 
 Sperry, the postmaster, has held the position for more than twenty 
 consecutive years. The second floor of the building is the custom 
 house, and is partitioned off into offices for the collector of customs, 
 the inspector, gaugers, etc., while on the third floor is the United 
 States Court room, with judges' rooms attached. It is said that a 
 New Haven postmaster was the first in the United States to adopt the 
 use of postage stamps, issuing them on his own account to accommo- 
 date citizens who desired to mail letters at times when the post-office 
 was not open to receive cash for postage. 
 
102 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 HOADLEY BUILDING. The handsome great marble block on 
 the north-east corner of Church and Crown streets, known as the 
 Hoadley Building, is worthy of mention on its own account, and also, 
 because the ground it occupies is the spot on which stood the hotel 
 where La Fayette was entertained on his visit to New Haven more 
 than half a century ago. For many years this hotel was the leading 
 public house in New Haven, and was the place where all public din- 
 ners in celebration of national and other great events were given. 
 It was in that hotel that the great jubilee dinner in honor of the an- 
 nouncement of peace in the War of 1812 occurred. This dinner was 
 the most elaborate that, up to that time, had ever been given in New 
 Haven. President Monroe visited New Haven during his administra- 
 tion (1817-1825) and dined at this hotel. One Butler was the pro- 
 prietor. " The President said it was the best dinner he ever sat down 
 to, and Butler, who had prepared the dinner, and who was a rough- 
 speaking man, replied with one of his great words, ' Gracious ! I am 
 now ready to die ! ' for Butler was indeed famed for his dinners, and 
 this compliment from the President of the United States completely 
 satisfied his ambition." 
 
 BENEDICT ARNOLD'S BRIDAL HOME. The large, unpainted 
 house on th* north side of George Street, just west of Church Street 
 and numbered 87, is the residence in which Benedict Arnold passed 
 the first few years of his married life. His father-in-law, Mr. Moses 
 Mansfield, who lived where the Grand Opera House or Music Hall 
 now stands, owned the house on George Street, and gave to young 
 Arnold and his bride the use of the house as a sort of wedding pres- 
 ent. Arnold's place of business, a druggist's store, stood but a few 
 feet east of the house, at the corner of Church and George Streets, on 
 the site of the large brick structure known as Wood's Block. 
 
 THE OLDEST HOUSE IN NEW HAVEN. The large, an- 
 tique wooden building on Meadow Street, numbered 177, and standing 
 
 
SO UTHERN NE W HA YEN. 1 03 
 
 but a few rods south of Church Street, is the oldest house in New 
 Haven. It was built in 1642, four years after the settlement of the 
 town, and was one of the houses known in early colonial history as a 
 blue house, from the fact that at that time every house was painted 
 either red or blue. The color was indicated on the old maps by the 
 initial letters R or B, according as the house was one hue or the other. 
 For those days the Meadow Street house must have been a mansion 
 with few equals in cost or excellence in America. It is larger than 
 many of the dwellings of to-day, and is still a very comfortable resi- 
 dence. The house was built by Mr. Joseph Trowbridge, one of the 
 pioneers. 
 
 The little, narrow, crooked street, now called Prout Street, extend- 
 ing from Meadow to State Street, has for over two hundred years been 
 known as " Peggy's Elbow," it being exactly in the shape of a bended 
 arm. 
 
 THE HUNT HOUSE AND THE JEWS' RETREAT. The 
 Hunt House, on Meadow Street near Water Street, is probably, with 
 the exception of the Trowbridge House in Meadow Street, the oldest 
 dwelling in New Haven. The front east room on the first floor, was 
 the place where Benedict Arnold taught the young men of New 
 Haven the sword exercise just before the War of the Revolution. 
 Until within a few years there stood opposite this house a building 
 containing six distinct, large, roomy tenements. It was known as the 
 " long house." At the time of its erection, it was said that it was to 
 accommodate the Jews, who were at that time (1800) being driven 
 to this country by harsh laws in Europe. 
 
 NEAR THE DEPOTS. On the northeast corner of Water and 
 Meadow streets is the Totten house, built years before the Revolu- 
 tion. At that period there lived in the house Captain Rice, a sturdy 
 loyalist. With him, at the time of the invasion of New Haven by the 
 British, dined several of the King's officers, and through the interces- 
 
104 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 sion of Captain Rice the enemy spared many of the fine houses in the 
 neighborhood from pillage and burning. In ancient times, some years 
 after the colony of New Haven was founded, the land directly op- 
 posite this house, where the Derby passenger station now is, was the 
 ship-yard of William Greenough, the most extensive shipbuilder who 
 ever occupied the yard. 
 
 The long, brick, Mansard-roof edifice, east of this point on Union 
 Avenue, near the southern end of Meadow Street, is the depot of the 
 New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad. The restaurant in the 
 waiting-room of this depot is kept by Mr. S. H. Moseley, of the New 
 Haven House, and is one of the best in the country. 
 
 The brick building on the southwest corner of Columbus and 
 Christopher Streets, was one of the first dwellings built of brick in 
 the colony, having been erected about 1773. Its owner and occupant, 
 Thomas Trowbridge, was an officer in the Revolutionary Army, and 
 died a prisoner on board the Jersey prison-ship in New York Harbor, 
 in 1782. 
 
 HOUSES AND CHURCHES. The large modern house, 217 Water 
 Street, was erected over a century since, and for many years was the 
 residence of Captain Gad Peck, a famous navigator and shipowner in 
 his day. In the War of 1812, while in the West India seas in com- 
 mand of the " Mohawk " (a beautiful New Haven-built ship) he was 
 captured by a French privateer; but a few nights afterwards he and 
 his crew re-took the ship and brought her home to New Haven. 
 
 West Haven, a beautiful seaside suburb of New Haven, may be 
 reached from this point via Portsea Street, Howard and Kimberly 
 Avenues. 
 
 The Church of the Sacred Heart (Roman Catholic) is the plain, 
 massive sandstone structure at the southwest corner of Columbus 
 and Liberty Streets. It was formerly the South Reformed Church. 
 The tower contains a bell of very superior tone. 
 
 The attractive stone church on the southwest corner of Howard 
 
UTHEEN NEW HA YEN. 
 
 I0 5 
 
 Avenue and Columbus Street, is the Howard Avenue Congregational 
 Church. 
 
 ST. BERNARD CEMETERY. St. Bernard Cemetery, near the 
 junction of Davenport and Columbus Avenues, is the principal Roman 
 Catholic burying-ground in the city. It embraces twenty-seven acres 
 of land. Efforts are now in progress by which the appearance of the 
 grounds will be much improved. St. Bernard's was consecrated Sep- 
 tember 2, 1851, by Rt. Rev. Bernard O'Reilly. 
 
 EVERGREEN CEMETERY. Evergreen Cemetery, at the western 
 extremity of Sylvan Avenue, is a well-laid-out burying-ground border- 
 ing on West River. Within its limits are the two largest monuments 
 in the city, the Soldiers' Memorial and the Firemen's. The Soldiers' 
 monument stands on Evergreen Avenue, but a short distance from the 
 entrance. It is a shaft of granite surmounted by a granite figure of a 
 soldier standing at parade rest. On the monument are inscribed the 
 names of the fallen heroes, one hundred and twenty of whom were 
 interred in the lot on which the monument stands. The monument 
 was erected by the State of Connecticut. The Firemen's monument, 
 on Highland Avenue, overlooking West River, is of granite, sur- 
 mounted by a bronze statue of a fireman in uniform. Bronze tablets 
 near the base of the monument bear, in relief, representations em- 
 blematic of the life of a fireman. The monument was erected by the 
 Firemen's Benevolent Association, of New Haven. There are, in the 
 cemetery, many beautiful private monuments, including those belong- 
 ing to Governor English, H. M. Welch, E. A. Mitchell and Massena 
 Clark, on Prospect Avenue; Governor Bigelow, on Highland Avenue; 
 and C. D. Murray, on Western Avenue. 
 
 THE NEW HAVEN HOSPITAL. The New Haven Hospital 
 on Cedar Street, Congress, Davenport and Howard Avenues, occupies, 
 with land and buildings, an entire square. In the summer of 1833, 
 
106 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 % 
 
 the hospital, then consisting of a substantial stone building, was 
 opened for patients. One after another of the various structures now 
 on the grounds has been erected as necessity required and funds per- 
 mitted. The handsome, great, new brick building, at once attracting 
 the gaze of the visitor, was built in 1872, at a cost, with furnishings, 
 of nearly $100,000. The length of the building is 264 feet, and it has 
 a capacity for 120 patients. There is a central portion devoted to 
 attendants' rooms, dining and store-rooms, with two wings extending 
 from it in opposite directions, in which are the wards for the patients 
 on three floors. Ample provision has been made for escape in case 
 of fire. The old portion of the hospital, west of and connecting with 
 the new building, is used for offices, store-rooms, rooms for attaches, 
 etc. The New Haven Hospital has done and is doing now an im- 
 mense amount of good for suffering humanity, and is a prominent 
 one of the many noble institutions of which the " City of Elms " 
 is possessed. Although the rules provide that " no physician or sur- 
 geon shall receive any compensation for his services," the hospital 
 commands the skill of a number of the very foremost physicians in the 
 city and State. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S CATHOLIC CHURCH. St. John's Roman Catholic 
 
 Church, directly over the way from the hospital grounds towards the 
 north, at the junction of Davenport Avenue and York Street, stands 
 upon the site of the first Catholic church erected in New Haven. As 
 far back as 1779, when Baron de la Chambeau's army was passing 
 through the town, a chaplain of the Baron said mass in camp near the 
 present St. Bernard cemetery in the southwestern part of the city; 
 and this is thought to have been the first Roman Catholic service held 
 in New Haven. A paper published Jan. 28, 1796, announced that "a 
 Roman Catholic priest is in New Haven, where he will reside some 
 time." The first recorded case, however, of mass celebrated in New 
 Haven by a secular clergyman, did not occur until 1826, when Dr. 
 Powers, of New York, held a service at the head of Long Wharf. 
 
SO UTHEEN NE W HA YEN. x o 7 
 
 Eight years later, 1834, the first Catholic church was built, on the site 
 of the present St. John's Church, and was burned in 1848. The pres- 
 ent edifice was erected in 1858. For years St. John's parish was pre- 
 sided over by Rev. Hugh Carmody, one of the most learned and 
 esteemed Roman Catholic clergymen in the diocese. 
 
 Passing northerly from this point, two blocks, on Broad Street, the 
 visitor will find himself in the vicinity of the Home for Aged Women 
 of Trinity Parish and of the : 
 
 CHURCHES ON GEORGE STREET. The Home for Aged 
 
 Women of Trinity Parish, situated on the north side of George Street, 
 between College and High streets, was erected in 1869 by the munifi- 
 cence of Mr. Joseph E. Sheffield. The Home consists of three sub- 
 stantial, ornamental buildings, two of which are surmounted by grace- 
 ful turrets. 
 
 \ 
 
 The church at the southeast corner of George and Broad streets 
 belongs to the German Baptist society, while that at 133 and 135 George 
 Street is the property of the German Methodist society. A short dis- 
 tance south, at 125 George Street, standing back from the highway, is 
 the German Catholic Church. 
 
 The Grand Opera House, formerly Music Hall, on the south side of 
 Crown Street, a few rods west of Church Street, seats about twenty- 
 five hundred persons. 
 
 From Music Hall the visitor may reach the point of starting via 
 Crown and Church streets. 
 
io8 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 EASTERN NEW HAVEN, 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION Eastern New Haven is eminently 
 the business and manufacturing portion of the city. Many of the 
 streets are completely lined with stores and warehouses, while others 
 are filled with manufactories. Portions of the district, however, are 
 occupied with dwellings, many of which are as fine as any in the city. 
 New Haven's peculiarity of building residences and factories in the 
 same locality is strikingly exemplified in this part of the city. 
 
 CHAPEL STREET TO STATE STREET. Chapel Street, the 
 principal business thoroughfare of the city, is completely taken up, 
 between Church and Union streets, with stores, banks, offices, etc. 
 Many of the blocks are large, and are of an attractive style of archi- 
 tecture. The stores are devoted almost wholly to retail trade. Just 
 north of Chapel Street, on Orange Street, is Odd Fellows' Hall, occu- 
 pying the upper story of the Palladium Building the large sandstone 
 block on the east side of the street. The building takes its title from 
 the Palladium newspaper, one of the five bright, enterprising and 
 thoroughly newsy dailies published in New Haven : the " Morning 
 Journal and Courier " (Rep.), the " Morning Palladium " (Rep.), the 
 "Morning News" (Ind.), the " Evening Register" (Dem.), and the 
 " Evening Union " (Ind.). 
 
 Chapel Street is crossed, one block east of Orange Street, by State 
 Street, on which are situated many wholesale establishments. 
 
EASTEEN NEW HAVEN. 109 
 
 OLDEST BRICK HOUSE IN NEW HAVEN. On the east side 
 of State Street, just north of Elm Street, stands the oldest brick house 
 in New Haven. It is one story high, with " gambrel " roof, and was 
 built by a Mr. Pinto, a native of Trinidad, West Indies, who carried on 
 business in New Haven about the time of the Revolutionary War. It 
 is probable that the house was built in 1770 or thereabouts. At pres-. 
 ent it is used as a store. What may be called the twin of this house, 
 built perhaps a little later, stands on George Street near Broad Street. 
 
 About one mile and a half northeast of this point is East Rock, 
 reached via State Street. St. John's Episcopal Church, at the north- 
 west corner of State and Eld streets, and the Skinner School Building, 
 as well as several large factories, are passed on the way. The German 
 quarter of the city lies a short distance west of State Street and north 
 of Edwards Street. 
 
 EAST ROCK. East Rock, the perpendicular eminence at the 
 northeast of the city, is two miles from the City Hall, and about the 
 same distance from its fellow, West Rock. About 354 feet high, and 
 affording an excellent view of New Haven and its suburbs, the sum- 
 mit of East Rock is much more accessible than that of West Rock, a 
 carriage road leading to the top, from the east side, while a stairway 
 affords a way of ascending the front itself of the great precipice. The 
 State Street Line horse cars pass under the very shadow of the east 
 end of the Rock. To the west of East Rock are seen Mill Rock, Pine 
 Rock and West Rock, in the order mentioned. Whitneyville and 
 Lake Whitney lie at the foot of East Rock on the north, while the 
 city proper, the harbor, and West Haven are seen on the south and 
 west. To the southeast and east are Fair Haven and Fair Haven 
 East, both belonging to New Haven, the stream flowing at the foot of 
 East Rock separating Fair Haven from the city proper, or old New 
 Haven, and the river still further to the east separating Fair Haven 
 from Fair Haven East a district recently annexed to the town and 
 extending to the light-house on Long Island Sound, four miles dis- 
 
I io YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 tant. The annexation was made in order that New Haven might 
 secure better control of its harbor. A recently demolished house on the 
 top of East Rock was owned and occupied by the owner of the Rock, 
 who lived there many years, and who secured not a little money in the 
 summer months by charging a small fee (ten cents) to all who visited the 
 summit of the eminence, via the stairs above mentioned. In the early 
 part of the present century, there lived on the Rock a hermit, Elias 
 Turner. He was very peculiar, rarely speaking to any one, and seeming 
 content with the most scanty clothing and the meanest shelter. Dame 
 Rumor attributed his wretched condition to " the pangs of despised love.' 
 One morn he was f< missed on the 'customed hill," and on the second 
 of November, 1823, was found in his hovel cold in death. East Rock 
 is embraced in the plan /or a large and ornamental park of 37 1 acres 
 in the vicinity of the northeastern section of the city. 
 
 THE MANUFACTURING DISTRICT. Proceeding via State to 
 Hamilton Street, thence to St. John Street, the visitor is in the midst 
 of an immense manufacturing district. On Hamilton, St. John and 
 Wallace streets is the vast factory of the New Haven Clock Company, 
 while but one block distant, on Green, Wallace and East streets are 
 the works of the L. Candee Rubber Company, manufacturers of 
 rubber boots and shoes. The great lock and key factory of Mallory 
 & Wheeler is within a stone's throw, at the foot of Green Street. 
 Every one of these concerns constantly employs several hundred per- 
 sons. In the immediate neighborhood are vast foundries, carriage 
 manufactories, etc., etc., in large numbers. 
 
 FAIR HAVEN AND FAIR HAVEN EAST. A beautiful drive 
 may be taken from this point through Grand Street to Fair Haven, 
 passing St. Patrick's Catholic Church, a substantial brick edifice at 
 the corner of Grand and Wallace streets en route. Fair Haven, 
 comprising two wards of the city, is a well-laid-out and handsome 
 suburb whose chief industry has been and is the cultivation of oysters, 
 
EASTEEN NEW HA YEN. l x l 
 
 mrge beds of an excellent quality of which have existed there for 
 centuries. There are also several* large manufactories, comprising 
 planing mills, rolling mills, and the iron works of Governor Bigelow. 
 There are several costly churches in the district, including the First 
 Congregational Church, Grand Street; Grace Episcopal Church, 
 Blatchley Avenue; St. Francis Roman Catholic Church, just north of 
 Grand Street, and the Pearl Street Methodist Church, Pearl Street. 
 
 Crossing the Grand Street bridge into Fair Haven East, the house of 
 worship on the right, at the corner of Grand and Quinnipiac streets, is 
 the church of which John S. C. Abbott the historian was the pastor. 
 From the heights just east of the church, a lovely view of the city is 
 obtained. 
 
 Four miles down the shore is the Old Light-house. The drive there 
 is a very pleasant one in summer, affording a fine prospect of the 
 harbor and of several points of great historic interest. 
 
 FORTS HALE AND WOOSTER. Fort Wooster, on the heights 
 
 east of the road, and about a mile below the city, is an earthwork, 
 hastily thrown up during the War of 1812. The embankments are 
 still visible. One mile south of Fort Wooster, on a rock extending 
 into the harbor, is Fort Hale, originally improvised as a point of de- 
 fence in the Revolutionary War. Here it was that nineteen Ameri- 
 cans with three field pieces, on the' afternoon of July 5, 1779, bade 
 defiance to fifteen hundred British troops, and continued to fight until 
 overborne by sheer force of numbers. In 1809, a brick fort and bar- 
 racks were built on the spot, and in the War of 1812, the place was 
 garrisoned by about sixty men. During the American Civil War the 
 government rebuilt the fort, armed and garrisoned it, and everything 
 was made ready to resist attack. Fort Hale was named in honor of 
 Captain Nathan Hale, the hero of the Revolution. 
 
 THE MORRIS HOUSE AND THE LIGHT-HOUSE. The 
 
 Morris house, about a mile south of Fort Hale, is one of the most 
 
112 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 interesting buildings within the limits of New Haven. It was built in 
 1672, of split granite taken from land in the vicinity. The mortar in 
 which the stones were laid was made of oyster shells found on the 
 beach, and the timber was cut on the estate. In 1779, at the time of 
 the invasion by the British, the house was burned. The walls re- 
 mained, however, and the interior was rebuilt. Before the fire there 
 were sixteen large rooms in the structure. Ever since it was built the 
 house has been owned by the Morris family. The present proprietor, 
 J. H. Morris, Esq., represents the eighth successive generation that has 
 lived there. The well on the place was dug when the house was built, 
 and is still the source of supply of drinking water for the family. 
 
 The Old Light-house, a short distance south of the Morris place, is 
 at the mouth of New Haven harbor, and was built many years ago. 
 Within a few years, the new light-house on a ledge a few hundred 
 yards southwest of the old one, has superseded the latter in usefulness. 
 
 Returning over the shore road and crossing the long, covered struct- 
 ure known as Tomlinson's bridge, the city proper is again reached. 
 Within a hundred feet of the city end of the bridge are the docks of 
 the New Haven Steamboat Company, while a moment's ride west of 
 the docks, are : 
 
 THE PAVILION AND SARGENT'S FACTORY. The extensive 
 
 but somewhat dilapidated building on the northeast corner of Water 
 and Wallace streets, just east of the great factory of Sargent & Co., 
 was erected about 1810, and was a famous hostelry in its day. Under 
 its roof tarried many of the most distinguished men of the country. 
 At that time there were no buildings in front of the Pavilion, as the 
 house was called, and an unobstructed view was had of the harbor and 
 of Long Island Sound. Many West India families, and many prominent 
 families from the South made the Pavilion their summer residence. Of 
 late years the building has been used as a tenement or boarding-house, 
 and shows signs of neglect, though its peculiar architecture and unusual 
 size still at once attract the eye of the passer-by. 
 
EASTERN NEW HA YEN. 1 1 3 
 
 Sargent & Co.'s factory, occupying a vast territory on East Street, in 
 the vicinity of Wallace and Hamilton streets, is the largest concern in 
 the world where small iron work of almost very conceivable descrip- 
 tion is carried on. Nine thousand different styles of articles, from 
 a toy spade to the finest of locks, are made there, requiring the con- 
 stant labor of twelve hundred persons. 
 
 Passing northerly through Wallace Street into Chapel Street, several 
 extensive carriage and other factories are passed. A short distance 
 west of this point is : 
 
 "WOOSTER SQUARE. It is a beautiful park, shaded by numerous 
 elms, and is surrounded by substantial dwellings, churches, schools, 
 etc. The " Collegiate and Commercial Institute " of General William 
 H. Russell, fronts on Wooster Place, opposite Wooster Square. Es- 
 tablished nearly half a century ago, it has prepared hundreds of 
 students for entrance to the great University in New Haven, and as 
 many more to enter upon the duties of practical life. 
 
 CHURCHES. Standing on the corner of Wooster Place and 
 Green Street is the First Baptist Church, better known as the Wooster 
 Place Church. The large wooden dome gives the structure an entirely 
 different appearance from any other church edifice in New Haven. 
 The organization of the society worshipping there was effected October 
 30, 1816, and is the oldest parish of the Baptist denomination in the 
 city. The first meetings were held at Amos Doolittle's lodge-room on 
 the west side of College Street, a short distance north of Elm Street. 
 
 The church diagonally opposite the northeast angle of Wooster 
 Square, on Green Street, belongs to the Davenport Congregational 
 Society. 
 
 On the southeast corner of Chapel and Olive streets is the twin- 
 turreted stone church of St. Paul's Episcopal Parish. 
 
n 4 TALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 NEW HAVEN OPERA HOUSE. The dark-brown Grecian 
 building a short distance west of St. Paul's Church, on the south side 
 of Chapel Street, is the New Haven Opera House, a well-arranged 
 and very cosey little theatre with a large and convenient stage, a single 
 balcony and four boxes. It seats about one thousand persons. The 
 building was formerly the First Baptist Church, then became the Uni- 
 versalist Chur^n, and in 1877 was converted to its present use. 
 
 MASONIC TEMPLE The Masonic Temple, situated on the 
 southeast corner of Chapel and Union streets, was built during the 
 year 1872.' The corner-stone was laid by the Grand Lodge of the 
 State of Connecticut, December 6, 1871. The building was completed 
 in October, 1872, and the rooms occupied by the Masonic Fraternity 
 were dedicated by the Grand Lodge, October 16, 1872. The first floor 
 of the building is used for stores; the second floor, for offices; and 
 the third floor, by the Blues Light Guard, and the Governor's Foot 
 Guard, for company and drill rooms. The Masonic fraternity occupy 
 the remaining portion of the building, comprising sixteen rooms. 
 Entering from the south stairs, one is ushered into the tyler's room, 
 adjoining which are two parlors, about twelve feet square each. The 
 lodge-room proper is one of the largest in the country, being 62 feet 
 long by 41 feet wide, with a height of 22 feet. The banquet hall is 
 1 8 feet wide by 50 feet long and 22 feet high. The Chapter, Council 
 and Commandery room is 40 by 22 feet, with a height of 18 feet. 
 The armory for the Templars' regalias is fitted up with ninety-two 
 cases, two regalias to a case. Dimensions of armory, 30 by 22 feet, 
 and 1 2 feet in height. There are, also, on this floor, reception rooms, 
 etc. On the floor above are the kitchen and modern conveniences. 
 The building is in dimensions 70 feet on Chapel Street by 126 feet on 
 Union Street, and four stories high. It cost about $100,000. The 
 fitting up of the Masonic rooms cost about $11,000. Visitors can ob- 
 tain admission upon application to the janitor, Mr. George Smith, 
 Room 10, Masonic Building. 
 
YALE LAW SCHOOL. 
 (Page 48.) 
 
 CITY HALL. 
 (Page 96.) 
 
 THIRD SENIOR SOCIETY HALL. 
 
EASTERN NEW HA YEN. 1 1 5 
 
 THE CITY MARKET. Just below, or rather facing the railroad 
 bridge, on the south side of Chapel Street, and at the corner of Union 
 Street, is the Old Depot, or City Market. It occupies the site of the 
 " Old City Market." For years there was a law prohibiting the sale of 
 meat elsewhere than in the old market; and many of the citizens of 
 New Haven distinctly remember the ill-feeling generated by this 
 restriction. The present structure was built for a depot, in the base- 
 ment of which all passenger trains on the principal lines entering the 
 city formerly left and received passengers. The waiting and baggage 
 rooms on the first floor are now utilized as a city market. The great 
 square tower on the northeast corner of the structure is about 100 
 feet high, and contains an illuminated clock. 
 
 THE SECOND REGIMENT Opposite Masonic Temple, in the 
 Collins Building, 195 Chapel Street, is the beautiful armory of the 
 New Haven Grays. The armory proper, located on the third floor, is 
 reached through the elegant parlors of the organization, on the second 
 floor. The Grays constitute company F of the famous Second Con- 
 necticut Regiment, which is, perhaps, the best drilled militia organiza- 
 tion in America. Constituted in 1739, the regiment has ever sustained 
 a high reputation, both at home and abroad. The " Army and Navy 
 Journal," the recognized military authority in this country, thus spoke 
 of the organization after Us visit to the Empire State in 1872: "The 
 visit of the Second Regiment to New York, its magnificent appearance 
 and drill, leads us to ask why the State of New York, which boasts the 
 superiority over every other State in the Union, does not maintain it by 
 comparison. The Second Connecticut demonstrated plainly to un- 
 biased minds that we have but one regiment which equals it none 
 which excels." 
 
 THE SPOT WHERE THE PILGRIM LIVED. The brick block 
 
 on the northwest corner of Union and Fair streets, a few rods south 
 of the old depot, occupies the site of the Isaac Allerton residence. A 
 
n6 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 granite tablet placed in the Fair Street side of the block by Mr. 
 Thomas R. Trowbridge, Jr., bears the following inscription, which 
 explains a great deal in a very few words : 
 
 " ISAAC ALLERTON, A PILGRIM OF THE MAYFLOWER, AND THE FATHER 
 OF NEW ENGLAND COMMERCE, LIVED ON THIS GROUND FROM 1646 
 TILL 1659." 
 
 Allerton was the only Plymouth Pilgrim who ever went to New 
 Haven. It was supposed that none of his descendants were living, 
 but the announcement that a tablet had been erected to his memory 
 developed the fact that there were a number of parties who could 
 clearly trace kinship. 
 
 BENEDICT ARNOLD'S HOUSE. A step or two east of Union 
 
 Street, on Water Street, stands the residence built and for some years 
 occupied by Benedict Arnold, the traitor. Arnold was already com- 
 fortably situated in a house on George Street, when, in 1771, he deter- 
 mined to build a house of his own, on Water Street. It was com- 
 pleted for occupancy in the summer of 1772, and there Arnold 
 resided until the outbreak of the Revolution. His store for a time 
 was just west of the house. While doing business there, Arnold, who 
 was of a very speculative, restless disposition, overbearing and 
 haughty, combined with his apothecary trade a department in West 
 India goods. One day, a man rushing into Arnold's house, informed 
 him that a certain party had made known to the government the 
 secret that Arnold was smuggling this class of goods. Arnold seized a 
 whip, searched for and found the tell-tale, and gave him a thorough 
 cowhiding. When news of the Battle of Lexington reached New 
 Haven Arnold was at dinner, at his house. He at once put on his 
 accoutrements, called the Governor's Guard of which he was com- 
 mander to arms, and marched at their head to Boston. Before 
 leaving town, he demanded ammunition of the selectmen, which they 
 
EASTERN NEW HA YEN. T r 7 
 
 refused, whereupon he gave them the choice of surrendering the keys 
 to the magazine or of having it torn open. The keys were at once 
 forthcoming, and, securing the ammunition, Arnold and his company 
 continued their march to Boston. Arnold returned to New Haven 
 May 8th, 1778, visited his house on Water Street, and soon after left 
 New Haven forever. In 1781, Arnold having previously become a 
 traitor, the property was attached by Hannah Arnold, who recovered a 
 considerable sum, and in 1782 the house was adjudged forfeited to the 
 State, " Benedict Arnold now having joined the enemies of the United 
 States." It was sold, the proceeds going to the State. Some years 
 afterward the house was the property of the great lexicographer, Noah 
 Webster, who for*a time resided there. It now belongs to the heirs of 
 James Hunt, viz., Mrs. D. Goffe Phipps, Mrs. Evelina Jones and the 
 heirs of Harriet D. Henriques. Many yet living can recollect the 
 house when its spacious grounds and beautiful orchard were the admi- 
 ration of every one; and the old structure of the present day will 
 remind the passer-by of the tastes of the original proprietor and ye 
 olden time. 
 
 THE RUTHERFORD WAREHOUSE. Situated on State Street, 
 
 next east of Number 107, near Water Street, is the structure built and 
 used for many years as a warehouse by Henry Rutherford, a West 
 India merchant who did business in New Haven from 1680 to 1700. 
 The warehouse was built as early as 1682, and perhaps earlier. It is a 
 low one story and a half wooden building, painted red, and contrasts 
 wonderfully with the great wholesale warehouses of the New Haven of 
 to-day. Formerly a creek flowed by the rear of the warehouse, so 
 that goods were loaded with great convenience and dispatch, for those 
 times. At present the building is occupied by a shoemaker, who plies 
 his trade within its ancient walls. After standing for two hundred 
 years, unharmed by fire or flood, the warehouse will soon give way to 
 the march of improvement, as the company owning the land proposes 
 to build a large structure on its site. However, the building will not 
 
n8 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 be destroyed, but will be removed to another location and there pre- 
 served as a relic of the past. 
 
 From here the point of starting on the tour of Eastern New Haven 
 may be reached via Crown, Orange and Chapel, or Crown, Orange, 
 Centre and Church streets. 
 
WESTERN NEW HAVEN. 
 
 119 
 
 WESTERN NEW HAVEN, 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Western New Haven abounds in 
 residences and in beautiful streets. Here and there a factory appears, 
 and occasionally a store, but the section is taken up principally by 
 homes. The greater part of this portion of the city is comparatively 
 newly built, and is, generally speaking, very attractive to the eye. 
 Chapel Street, at its intersection with Church Street, may, as in trips to 
 the other portions of the city, be taken as a point of departure. 
 
 BUILDINGS. The great stone structure on the south side of 
 Chapel Street, midway between Church and Temple streets, is the 
 Insurance Building. It is six stories high, is built of granite, contains 
 stores and offices of various kinds, and is the headquarters of several 
 societies and clubs, notably the Yale freshman society, Gamma Nu. 
 On the top floor, room 46, is the United States signal station. 
 
 On the west side of Temple Street, one block south of Chapel 
 Street, is the brownstone chapel of Trinity Episcopal Society, with 
 rector's residence attached. 
 
 The building on the south side of Chapel Street, on the corner of 
 Temple Street, opposite Trinity Church, was the residence of the late 
 Admiral Foote. 
 
 The sandstone-trimmed brick chapel of the Centre Congregational 
 Society stands a short distance back from Chapel Street, opposite the 
 Green, while the tall drab-colored building a few rods further west is 
 the Quinnipiac Club House. 
 
120 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 A short distance south of Chapel Street, on College Street, stands 
 the College Street Congregational Church, built in 1848. 
 
 VIEW OF THE GREEN. From the corner of Chapel and College 
 streets the visitor secures an excellent view of New Haven's pride, the 
 Green. Other public parks may be larger, but the average citizen of 
 New Haven always feels that the plot of ground bounded by Court, 
 Chapel, College and Elm streets is a little superior in point of beauty 
 to all others. The work of beautifying the Green began very long 
 ago, and each successive generation has endeavored to add something 
 to heighten the effect. As the visitor may see, there is a wealth of 
 carefully trimmed elms, while the grass in summer time is always kept 
 at just the proper height for the best appearance. Concreted paths 
 extend in every direction. While great care is taken to keep Vhe Green 
 a thing of beauty, it is by no means made wholly exclusive to useful 
 or pleasurable objects. Its convenience of access makes it at times a 
 valuable drill and parade ground for the police and the military, while 
 the booming of cannon within its limits is quite sure to accompany 
 every great celebration. Formerly the Yale students resorted to the 
 upper portion of the Green in out-door sports, but this practice the 
 authorities were some years since obliged to forbid, owing to the im- 
 possibility under the circumstances of keeping the Green in good trim. 
 
 PROFESSOR TH ACKER'S RESIDENCE. The house in which 
 the venerable Professor Thomas C. Thacher now lives, at No. 155 
 Crown Street, was built for Jeremiah Day, then Professor of Mathe- 
 matics and Astromomy in Yale College, by Asahel Tuttle, under a con- 
 tract made, apparently, on the 3ist day of August, 1815. Tuttle was 
 owner of the land on which the house was to be built, and contracted 
 to build the house on the land, which, after the building was com- 
 pleted, was to be conveyed by deed to Professor Day. The house was 
 nearly ready for occupation, when, on the nth day of January, 1817, 
 the death of Timothy Dwight, President of the College, occurred, and 
 
YALE BOAT HOUSE. 
 (Page 66.) 
 
 THE OBSERVATORY 
 (Page 62.) 
 
WESTERN NE W HA YEN. 1 2 T 
 
 before Professor Day could move into his house, he was appointed Dr. 
 Dwight's successor as President of the College. Having been ap- 
 pointed President, he asked permission of the corporation to occupy 
 the house which he had just built. This was refused on the ground 
 that his house was too remote from the College. The house was con- 
 sequently occupied during the next twenty-nine years by others; 
 namely, Professor Eleazar T. Fitch, Bishop Thomas C. Brownell, 
 General Hezeldah Howe, and, from 1830 to 1846, by Professor Josiah 
 W. Gibbs. On the 2ist of October, 1846, the day on which he 
 inducted his successor, President Woolsey, into office, President Day 
 began to live in the house which he had built for himself thirty years 
 before, and he continued to occupy it until his death, which occurred 
 on the 22d of August, 1867. Since that date the house has been 
 
 occupied, as it now is, by Professor Thacher. 
 
 
 
 COLLEGE STORES, OPERA HOUSE, ETC. The large brick 
 
 block on Chapel Street, opposite the college fence, and extending west 
 from College Street, is taken up on the first floor by stores devoted to 
 student interests, while the floors above are finished oft into studies 
 and sleeping apartments, rented mostly to students. 
 
 Carll's Opera House, in the rear of Chapel Street, opposite South 
 College, is one of the three largest theatres in America, seating 
 upwards of twenty-seven hundred persons. It has a very roomy stage, 
 capable of accommodating the most extensive scenery, and so arranged 
 that the heaviest machines or vehicles ever used in a stage perform- 
 ance may be placed on the boards with the greatest ease. The dress- 
 ing-rooms attached are the largest, most convenient and best planned 
 of any in America. 
 
 THE ROGER SHERMAN HOUSE. The residence built and 
 occupied by that distinguished patriot, statesman and scholar, Roger 
 Sherman, is yet standing at Number 480 Chapel 'Street, opposite the 
 college campus, and retains essentially its original appearance, the de- 
 
122 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 scendants of its illustrious owner having preserved it very carefully and 
 well. The house was completed in 1770, in which year Mr. Sherman 
 moved into it. Within its walls, preceding the Revolution, were held 
 many discussions as to the best manner of meeting the impending dif- 
 ficulties with the mother country; and here, doubtless, were considered 
 the outlines of various articles, the substance of which at length ap- 
 peared in the United States Constitution, of which Roger Sherman was 
 one of the framers. In this house, too, General Washington was enter- 
 tained while on his way to take command of the American Army 
 around Boston, and General La Fayette was a guest there, years later. 
 In 1779, at the British invasion, Roger Sherman's house was among 
 the first to be entered and ransacked by the redcoats, who appropriated 
 every portable article of value in the building. Ever since the death 
 of its original owner, the house has been occupied by his descendants. 
 
 WEST CHAPEL STREET. Calvary Baptist Church, the tasteful 
 brick structure on the southeast corner of Chapel and York streets, 
 was for some years presided over by the Rev. H. M. Gallaher, now of 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 W T est Chapel Street is lined with fine residences, as are also many of 
 the intesecting streets, including, particularly, Howe and Dwight streets. 
 
 The light gray edifice on the northwest corner of Chapel and 
 Dwight streets is the Dwight Place Congregational Church, built in 
 1871. The material of which the church is composed is an artificial 
 stone, made specially for the purpose by a process similar to that used 
 in making concrete, though each piece was given its shape in a mould. 
 While Moody and Sankey were engaged in revival work in New 
 Haven in the spring of 1878, the Dwight Place Church was the one 
 where the enquiry meetings, following the tabernacle meetings, were 
 held. 
 
 A succession of handsome residences, including the very extensive 
 and costly one of the late Burton Mallory, at the corner of Orchard 
 Scieet, fill up the remaining half mile on Chapel Street to the West- 
 
WESTERN NEW HA YEN. 1 23 
 
 River. Cyrus Northrop, professor of Rhetoric and English Literature 
 in Yale College, resided at Number 607, near Day Street. 
 
 V/ESTVILLE. Crossing the bridge and driving a half mile to 
 Forest Street, thence passing northerly a few minutes' ride on the latter 
 street, Edgewood, the beautiful home of the distinguished author 
 Donald G. Mitchell " Ik Marvel " is reached. The residence and 
 the grounds about it are very tasteful and very attractive. 
 
 Continuing through Forest Street to Fountain, thence to Main 
 Street, the visitor reaches Westville, where is met, face to face, the 
 highest of: 
 
 THE GREAT ROCKS ENCLOSING NEW HAVEN. "West 
 Rock, Pine Rock, Mill Rock and East Rock stand like a broken line 
 of ramparts along the northern confines of the city plain, within two 
 miles of the College, attractive for their scenery and forest walks, for 
 the landscapes to be enjoyed from their tops and for the geological 
 
 instruction they offer Thus these trap rocks and ridges add 
 
 greatly to the number and variety of the walks and drives about the 
 
 city Why the north-and-south line of fissures in which West 
 
 Rock ridge originated should have terminated to the south (at West- 
 ville) so abruptly, and why, at its termination, an east-and-west series 
 of fractures and eruptions should have been produced across the plain 
 from West Rock to East Rock, giving origin to Pine Rock and Mill 
 Rock, are questions yet without answer." From an article by Pro- 
 fessor James D. Dana in the Yale Book. 
 
 V/EST ROCK West Rock, an almost perpendicular mass of 
 stone rising to the height of 405 feet, acting the part of a grim sentinel 
 at the northwest approach to the city which it overlooks, affords a 
 grand point whence to view New Haven and the country round about 
 it. Westville nestles beneath the very shadow of the Rock, while the 
 city proper, the harbor, portions of West Haven, East Haven and Long 
 
!24 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 Island Sound, and all of Fair Haven, stretch forth like a huge pano- 
 rama. As the Rock is nearly three miles from the centre of the city, it 
 will be well to take a westward-bound car on the Fair Haven and West- 
 vilie horse railroad to reach the vicinity. A foot-path, quite steep, but 
 by no means difficult, offers opportunity of ascent from the east end of 
 the Rock. The view to be obtained in a clear day will amply repay 
 a visit to the summit. It will be well to remember, while examining the 
 Rock, that the statement made in various publications to the effect that 
 West Rock is the termination of the Green Mountains " is as absurd as 
 to say that two parallel lines fifty miles apart end in a common point ; 
 in fact, more absurd than this, since the Green Mountains were made 
 some millions of years before the trap ridges of the Connecticut 
 Valley." 
 
 JUDGES' CAVE. A foot-path extending in a northwesterly direc- 
 tion from the summit of West Rock, leads, after a walk of some 
 minutes, to the famous Judges' Cave, a spot visited by hundreds of 
 students and others every year. The cave consists of great fragments 
 of a bowlder, forming a shelter under which half a dozen men or more 
 might hide themselves. Tradition has it -that Whalley and Goffe, two 
 of the regicide judges of Charles I., took refuge in this cave to escape 
 detection by the king's officers, who were making diligent search for 
 them in the town. Hence the name, " Judges' Cave." The rocks of 
 the Judges' Cave are fragments of one of the bowlders of immense 
 size which fell from the great glacier that passed down over a large 
 portion of North America in the glacial period. The bowlder " must 
 have weighed, when entire, one thousand tons." It " no doubt came 
 from some point on the high trap ridge between the Meriden Hanging 
 Hills and Mount Tom, in Massachusetts; and must have travelled at 
 least fifteen miles, and perhaps seventy-five." 
 
 THE BRITISH INVASION. Returning to the city via Whalley 
 Avenue, the visitor may see on the high land just east of the Westville 
 
WESTERN NEW HAVEN. 
 
 125 
 
 bridge the spot where a handful of Americans under Captain Phineas 
 Bradley fought fifteen hundred British troops, at noon on Monday the 
 5th of July, 1779, and attempted to prevent their entrance to the 
 town. At sunrise on that day the King's troops, under Brigadier- 
 General Garth, started on their march from West Haven, where they 
 had landed a few hours before, for the purpose of invading New 
 Haven. The two companies at first sent out were driven back by the 
 Americans, whereupon the entire body of English troops received 
 orders to march on the town. West Bridge near the west end of the 
 present Davenport Avenue was to have been the point of crossing 
 the river, but the Americans having torn up the bridge and planted 
 two cannon there, General Garth found it necessary to march to the 
 bridge at Hotchkisstown, now known as Westville. Meantime the 
 Americans kept up a galling fire, which made the British march 
 extremely hazardous. At the junction of the old West Haven road 
 and the Milford turnpike one of their bravest officers, Adjutant Camp- 
 bell, was killed. Finally, at about noon, the British succeeded, after 
 renewed resistance from the citizens, in crossing into New Haven, and 
 at about I o'clock reached the sealed portion of the town, where they 
 ransacked and pillaged many dwellings, burned storehouses and cap- 
 tured a number of prominent citizens. On the same day a party of 
 British under General Tryon had landed at East Haven and captured 
 Black Rock Fort, now Fort Hale (after a vigorous resistance from 
 the nineteen Americans composing the garrison), but did not enter 
 the town. The party under General Garth crossed to East Haven 
 on Tuesday the 6th, and joined General Tryon, when, the militia 
 having gathered in dangerously large numbers, the entire party of 
 British went aboard their vessels and sailed away. The field-pieces 
 which Captain Bradley and his men used in defending the pass on 
 Whalley Avenue, on the day of the invasion, were located behind 
 earthworks thrown up for the occasion. Traces of these earthworks 
 were still visible fifty years after the close of the Revolutionary war. 
 
126 TALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 WHALLEY AVENUE AND VICINITY The Jewish cemetery 
 
 lies on the north side of Whalley Avenue, opposite Hamilton Park 
 (described elsewhere) . The group of brick buildings seen at a distance 
 of perhaps a third of a mile to the south of Whalley Avenue, from a 
 point just east of Hamilton Park, constitutes the New Haven Alms- 
 house, located at the head of Martin Street. Half a mile, perhaps, 
 nearer the business part of the city, stands the New Haven County 
 jail, an extensive brick structure on Whalley Avenue, at the corner of 
 Hudson Street. 
 
 THE NEW HAVEN ORPHAN ASYLUM. One block south of 
 
 Whalley Avenue, at the corner of Elm and Beers streets, stands the 
 New Haven Orphan Asylum, #ne of the largest and best managed of 
 New Haven's many excellent institutions of charity. The asylum was 
 organized in 1833, and since that time has afforded a home to more 
 than twelve hundred children. The building at present used was built 
 specially for the purpose in 1853, and a wing was added in 1864. On 
 the first floor are the parlors, sitting-room, dining-room, kitchen and 
 the sewing-room. On the next floor are the apartments of the mat- 
 ron and teachers, the nursery^ bath-rooms, etc., and on the third 
 floor are the hospital and sleeping-rooms. The managers of the 
 asylum are chosen from the different Protestant Evangelical religious 
 denominations of the city. 
 
 OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST. To the north of Whalley 
 
 Avenue, where it intersects Sperry Street, is the quarter occupied by 
 the colored population. In the district are several churches and a 
 flourishing military company, managed entirely by colored people. 
 
 Continuing east on Whalley Avenue, the Gothic wooden church 
 edifice at the junction of the avenue with Elm Street, is Christ Episco- 
 pal Church. 
 
 York Square, a beautiful little park surrounded by houses of the 
 Grecian style of architecture, lies twenty-five or thirty rods east of this 
 point. 
 
WES TEEN XE W HA YEN. 1 2 7 
 
 THE FlRE DEPARTMENT. The brick structure, with tower 
 attached, opposite Christ Church, is the house of Steam Fire Engine 
 No. 3, one of the six steam fire-engine houses of the city of New 
 Haven. There are also two hook-and-ladder houses, a supply house, 
 etc., connected with the department, which is admirably managed, and 
 has no superiors, of its size, in America. The number of men in the 
 department is about 112, including a chief engineer, fire marshal, two 
 assistant engineers and a superintendent of fire-alarm telegraph. 
 Several permanent men are attached to each company. In the almost 
 vital matter of good hose, New Haven probably takes the lead of 
 every other city in the world. 
 
 From the southerly end of Whalley Avenue, it is but a short dis- 
 tance to High Street, on which, at the corner of Wall Street, is the : 
 
 HOPKINS GRAMMAR SCHOOL. In 1657, Governor Edward 
 Hopkins, of Connecticut, died in London, leaving to trustees a be- 
 quest " for the breeding up of hopeful youths, both at the Grammar 
 School and College, for the public service of the country in future 
 times." Accordingly, in 1660 the school contemplated by the bequest 
 was established in New Haven, about $2,000 having been realized 
 from the bequest. The land was granted by the town. Ever since its 
 establishment the Hopkins Grammar School has been maintained 
 continuously, and is, perhaps, the oldest school continued without 
 interruption, in America. It is certainly one of the best. The Hop- 
 kins Grammar School is chiefly a preparatory institution for the under- 
 graduate departments of the University, and annually sends up a large 
 class for admission. Its pupils are drawn from all parts of the world. 
 The school, which is very fortunate in the possession of its present 
 rector, Mr. W. L. Gushing, is under the supervision of a board of 
 trustees, all of t whom are officers or friends of Yale College. 
 
 THE NEW HAVEN CITY BURIAL GROUND. The City 
 Burial Ground, the entrance to which is through a great Egyptian 
 
T2 8 TALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 gateway of sandstone, at the north end of High Street, on Grove 
 Street, is a beautiful cemetery, laid out in the latter part of the last 
 century, through the efforts of Mr. James Hillhouse and others. 
 Within its limits have been buried the remains of many distingnished 
 persons. Among the number were those whose names follow. The 
 Paths (Hawthorn, Woodbine, Myrtle and Ivy) run approximately east 
 and west, or perpendicular to High Street, while the Avenues (Sylvan, 
 Cypress, Maple, Linden, Central, Magnolia, Laurel, Locust, Cedar, 
 Spruce, Sycamore, Holly and Pine) run about north and south, 
 parallel with the direction of High Street, Sylvan Avenue being on the 
 east side of the cemetery, while the other avenues are located from 
 that point in the order above mentioned, Pine Avenue being on the 
 extreme west. T. indicates the tier, and N. the number of the lot in 
 the tier, a tier being the land between two avenues. Tier Number i is 
 in the east, the numbers increasing from east to west. 
 
 SYLVAN AVENUE. Rev. Dr. Samuel W. S. Dutton, T. i, N. i. 
 
 CYPRESS AVENUE. Henry Trowbridge, shipping merchant, T. 2, N. 42^; Profes- 
 sor James L. Kingsley, LL.D., T. i, N. 45^. 
 
 MAPLE AVENUE. Timothy Dwight, President Y. C., T. 3, N. 2; Jeremiah Day, 
 President Y. C, T. 3, N. 34; James Hillhouse, LL.D., U. S. Senator 1794-1810, T. 
 2, N. 35; James A. Hillhouse, the poet of Sachem's Wood, T. 2, N. 37; A. N. Skin- 
 ner, Mayor, teacher and tutor, T. 2, N. 67; Jonathan Ingersoll, Lieutenant-Governor, 
 T. 2, N. 3: Hon. Ralph I. Ingersoll, T. 2, N. 3; David Daggett, LL.D., T. 2, N. 27; 
 Simeon and Roger S. Baldwin, lawyers, T. 3, N. 30; Andrew H. Foote, Rear Ad- 
 miral United States Navy, T. 3, N. 10; Augustus R. Street, great benefactor of Y. 
 C., T. 3, N. 10; Nathan Smith, lawyer and United States Senator, T. 3, N. 58; 
 Worthington Hooker, M.D., T. 2, N. 7; Henry W. Edwards, Governor, T. 3, N. 
 4; monument to Ezra Stiles, President Y. C , T. 3. N. 40. 
 
 LINDEN AVENUE. Edward Herrick, librarian Y. C., T. 3, N. 25; Nathan Smith, 
 M.D., T. 3, N. i. 
 
 LOCUST AVENUE. Amos B. Eaton, General, T. 8, N. i; Eli Ives, M.D., T. 8, N. 
 25; Rev. Dr. ElishaS. Cleveland, T. 8, N. 57; Rev. Dr. Harry Crosswell, editor, 
 1802-14, and rector of Trinity Church, 1815-58, T. 8, N. 17. 
 
 CEDAR AVENUE. Colonel David Humphreys, aide of Washington, T. 9, N. 5 ; Rev. 
 Lyman Beecher, D.D., "the most widely-known preacher in the country between 
 
WESTERN NEW HAVEN. 129 
 
 1815 and 1851," father of Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, T. 8. N. 20; Jedediah Morse, 
 the father of American Geography, T. 8, N. 6; Rev. Dr. Nathaniel W. Taylor, T. 8, 
 N. 20; Benjamin Silliman, Professor of Chemistry in Y. C. 1802-55, one of the fore- 
 most scientists of his time, T. 8, N. 4; Rev. Samuel Merwin, T. 8, N. 18; Noah 
 Webster, author of the standard dictionary of the English language, and of " Web- 
 ster's Spelling Book," which had a sale of 50,000,000 copies, T. 8, N. 24; Eli Whit- 
 ney, inventor of the cotton-gin, T. 8, N. 22; Major Theodore Winthrop, A.M., T. 8, 
 N. 14; Jonathan Knight, M.D., T. 9, N. 29; Denison Olmsted, Professor of Natural 
 Philosophy and Astronomy in Y. C., 1825-59; James Brewster, T. 9, N. 51; C. A. 
 Goodrich, Professor of Rhetoric in Y. C., 1817-39. 
 
 SPROCK AVENUE. Admiral Francis H. Gregory. 
 
 HAWTHORN PATH. Jehudi Ashmun, first colonial agent at Liberia, T. 5, N. 54. 
 
 THE FIRST METHODIST CHURCH. The church edifice a few 
 blocks distant from the City Burial Ground, on the northeast corner of 
 Elm and College streets, diagonally opposite Battell Chapel, is that 
 belonging to the First Methodist Episcopal Society, which was organ- 
 ized in 1795, and first met in a building on Gregson Street. The 
 present edifice was built in 1849, $75,000 having been appropriated by 
 the town to the society on the condition that the latter should give up 
 its site on the Green. 
 
 THE OLD STATE HOUSE. The Grecian building on the west- 
 ern side of the Green, near College Street, is known as the Old State 
 House. It was built by the State about half a century ago, and until 
 within a few years was the semi-capitol of Connecticut. It also 
 served for some time in the capacity of a court-house, and has recently 
 been put to other uses. Three of its rooms, numbers 2, 3 and 4, are 
 occupied by the New Haven Colony Historical Society, an organization 
 founded in 1862 by a number of New Haven gentlemen interested in 
 preserving the history and relics connected with the New Haven 
 Colony. For many years the society kept its collection in a room in 
 the City Hall, but in January, 1881, moved into its present quarters, in 
 the Old State House. The rooms of the society will well repay a visit, 
 and strangers can obtain admission on any day from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M. 
 
130 YALE, AND THE CITY OF ELMS. 
 
 The collection of relics is very complete and interesting. The table 
 on which Noah Webster wrote his dictionary; Benedict Arnold's 
 sign, medicine chest, mortar and pestle and account book, and a 
 Leyden jar once the property of Benjamin Franklin, may be men- 
 tioned as objects which are of interest to every one. Many fine por- 
 traits of old New Haven citizens cover the walls of the library, while 
 a number of historic engravings, and photographs of houses famous in 
 by-gone days are to be seen in a room devoted exclusively to relics of 
 old New Haven. The library is small, though well selected and very 
 valuable, the collection of pamphlets being very complete. No one 
 visiting New Haven should leave the city without seeing the rooms of 
 the society and carefully examining its collections. 
 
 With the Old State House the tour of the western portion of New 
 Haven, and in fact of the city, comes to a close. In a work so brief, it 
 has been impossible to give more than a passing glance at many 
 objects and places worthy of much attention. For want of space, too, 
 numerous articles which would otherwise have occupied a place in the 
 work have been omitted. It is hoped, however, that the visitor has 
 been shown a great majority of the more important objects of interest 
 in and about New Haven, and that he has been able to obtain a fair 
 idea of the " City of Elms." 
 
"Peace be within thy Walls, O Yale, and Prosperity within thy 
 Palaces ! May Erudition, Religion and every Virtue be the ornament 
 of thy Sons ! May thy Renown and Glory be diffused through the 
 Republic of Letters, and be Commensurate with the Expansion of 
 Science and Knowledge, and with the Duration and Liberty of these 
 United States." 
 
W. E. CHAOTDLEK, 
 
 ^L STUDIO, 
 
 HOADLEY BUILDING, 
 NEW HAVEN, CONN. 
 
 TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE & TAYLOR, 
 
 PRINTERS TO YALE COLLEGE, 
 
 Print the following regular publications : 
 
 The American Journal of Science, The New Englander, The Transactions of 
 the Connecticut Academy, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Loomis' Musi- 
 cal and Masonic Journal, The Yale Literary Magazine, The Yale Catalogue, The 
 Yale Banner, The Yale Pot-Pourri, The Yale Courant, The Yale Record, 
 
 Illustrated Catalog^tes for several prominent manufacturers, 
 Besides a host of other publications too numerous to mention. 
 
 FOR NOVELTIES IN MEN'S FURNISHINGS 
 
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 352 CHAPEL, CORNER OF CHURCH ST., 
 
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 DRAWING PAPER, FINE LEATHER GOODS, 
 ALL THE REQUISITES OF THE TOILET AND BATH. 
 Eye-glasses made to order, and repairing neatly executed. 
 
 E. L. WASHBURN, M. D, 
 
 84 Church Street, - - New Haven, Conn. 
 
 ROBERT YEITCH & S 
 
 428 CHAPEL STREET, 
 
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YC 84357