Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN HiS LIBKAi OF AND EXPOSITOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: TO WHICH ARE PREFIXED. PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION: RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY THE NATIVES OF SCOTLAND, IRELAND, AND LONDON, FOR AVOIDING THEIR RESPECTIVE PECULIARITIES; AND DIRECTIONS TO FOREIGNERS FOR ACQUIRING A KNOWLEDGE OF THE USE OF THIS DICTIONARY. THE WHOLE INTERSPERSED WITH OBSERVATIONS ETYMOLOGICAL, CRITICAL, AND GRAMMATICAL. BY JOHN WALKER, AUTHOR OF ELEMENTS OF ELOCUTION, RHYMING DICTIONARY, &c. *c. non civitate drmftta. Quintt A NEW EDITION, CAREFULLY REVISED AND CORRECTED. LONDON : PRINTED FOR T. T. & J. TEGG, 73, CHEAPSIDE; AND RICHARD GRIFFIN & CO., GLASGOW. MDCCCXXXIII. G I. A S G W : (,'I.OHJE BKOOKMAN, PR1MTF.H, V I I.M I 1 E LO. StacK Annex PREFACE. FEW subjects have of late years more employed the pens of every class of critics than the improvement of the English Language. The greatest abilities in the nation have been exerted in cultivating and reforming it ; nor have a thousand minor critics been wanting to add their mite of amendment to their native tongue. Johnson, whose large mind and just taste made him capable of enriching and adorning the Language with original composition, has condescended to the drudgery of disentang- ling, explaining, and arranging it, and left a lasting monument of his ability, labour, and patience ; and Dr Lowth, the politest scholar of the age, has veiled his superior- ity in his short Introduction to English Grammar. The ponderous folio has gravely vindicated the rights of analogy ; and the light ephemeral sheet of news has corrected errors in Grammar as well as in Politics, by slyly marking them in italics. Nor has the improvement stopped here. While Johnson and Lowth have been insensibly operating on the orthography and construction of our Language, its pro- nunciation has not been neglected. The importance of a consistent and regular pronunciation was too obvious to be overlooked j and the want of this consistency and regularity has induced several ingenious men to endeavour at reformation ; who, by exhibiting the regularities of pronunciation, and pointing out its analogies, have reclaimed some words that were not irrecoverably fixed in a wrong sound, and pre- vented others from being perverted by ignorance or caprice. Among those writers who deserve the first praise on this subject, is Mr Elphin- ston ; who, in his Principles of the English Language, has reduced the chaos to a system ; and, by a deep investigation of the analogies of our tongue, has laid the foundation of a just and regular pronunciation. After him, Dr Kenrick contributed a portion of improvement by his Rhetorical Dictionary ; in which the words are divided into Syllables as they are pronounced, and figures placed over the vowels, to indicate their different sounds. But this gen- tleman has rendered his Dictionary extremely imperfect, by entirely omitting a great number of words of doubtful and difficult pronunciation those very words for which a Dictionary of this kind would be most consulted. To him succeeded Mr Sheridan, who not only divided the words into syllables and placed figures over the vowels as Dr Kenrick had done, but, by spelling thsse syllables as they are pronounced, seemed to complete the idea of a Pronouncing Dic- tionary, and to leave but little expectation of future improvement. It must, indeed be confessed, that Mr Sheridan's Dictionary is greatly superior to every other that preceded it; and his method of conveying the sound of words, by spelling them as they are pronounced, is highly rational and useful But here sincerity obliges me to stop. The numerous instances I have given of impropriety, inconsistency, and want of acquaintance with the analogies of the Language, sufficiently show how imperfect* See Vrmciples, No. 124, 126. 129, 386, 454,462, 479, 480, MO; and the words ASSUME, COLLECT, COVXTOM, DOXATI KFJIKMKRA, SATIETI, &c. and the inseparable preposition Uis- ftf if iv PREFACE. I think his Dictionary is upon the whole, and what ample room was left for attempt- ing another that might better answer the purpose of a Guide to Pronunciation. The last writer on this subject is Mr Nares, who, in his elements of Orthoepy, has shown a clearness of method and an extent of observation which deserve the highest encomiums. His Preface alone proves him an elegant writer, as well as a philosophical observer of Language ; and his Alphabetical Index, referring near five thousand words to the rules for pronouncing them, is a new and useful method of treating the subject ; but he seems, on many occasions, to have mistaken the best usage, and to have paid too little attention to the first principles of pronunciation. Thus I have ventured to give my opinion of my rivals and competitors, and I hope without envy or self-conceit. Perhaps it would have been policy in me to have been silent on this head, for fear of putting the public in mind that others have written on the subject as well as myself: but this is a narrow policy, which, under the colour of tenderness to others, is calculated to raise ourselves at their expense. A writer who is conscious he deserves the attention of the public, (and unless he is thus conscious he ought not to write) must not only wish to be compared with those who have gone before him, but will promote the comparison, by informing his readers what others have done, and on what he founds his pretensions to a preference; and if this be done with fairness and without acrimony, it can be no more inconsistent with modesty, than it is with honesty and plain dealing. The work I have offered on the subject has, I hope, added something to the pub- lic stock : it not only exhibits the principles of pronunciation on a more extensive plan than others have done, divides the words into syllables, and marks the sounds of the vowels like Dr Kenrick, spells the words as they are pronounced like Mr Sheridan, and directs the inspector to the rule by the word like Mr Nares ; but, where words are subject to different pronunciations, it shows the reasons from analo- gy for each, produces authorities for one side and the other, and points out the pro- nunciation which is preferable. In short, 1 have endeavoured to unite the science of Mr Elphinston, the method of Mr Nares, and the general utility of Mr Sheridan ; and, to add to these advantages, have given critical observations on such words as are subject to a diversity of pronunciation, and have invited the inspector to decide according to analogy and the best usage. But to all works of this kind there lies a formidable objection ; which is, that the pronunciation of a Language is necessarily indefinite and fugitive, and that all endea- vours to delineate or settle it are vain. Dr Johnson, in his Grammar, prefixed to his Dictionary, says : " Most of the writers of English Grammar have given long tables of words pronounced otherwise than they are written j and seem not sufficiently to have considered, that, of English, as of all living tongues, there is a double pro- nunciation ; one, cursory and colloquial ; the other, regular and solemn. The cursory pronunciation is always vague and uncertain, being made different, in different mouths, by negligence, unskilfulness, or affectation. The solemn pronunciation, though by no means immutable and permanent, is yet always less remote from the orthography, and less liable to capricious innovation. They have, however, gener- ally formed their tables according to the cursory speech of those with whom they happened to converse, and concluding that the whole nation combines to vitiate lan- guage in one manner, have often established the jargon of the lowest of the people as the model of speech. For pronunciation the best general rule is, to consider those as the most elegant speakers who deviate least from the written words." PREFACE. Without any derogation from the character of Dr Johnson, it may be asserted that, in these observations we do not perceive that justness and accuracy of thinking for which he is so remarkable. It would be doing great injustice to him to suppose that he meant to exclude all possibility of conveying the actual pronunciation of many words that depart manifestly from their orthography, or of those that are written alike, and pronounced differently : and inversely. He has marked these differences with great propriety himself, in many places of his Dictionary ; and it is to be regretted that he did not extend these remarks farther. It is impossible, therefore, he could suppose, that, because the almost imperceptible glances of colloquial pronunciation were not to be caught and described by the pen, that the very perceptible difference between the initial accented syllables of money and monitor, or the final unaccented syllables of finite and infinite, could not be sufficiently marked upon paper. Cannot we show that cellar, a vault, and seller, one who sells, have exactly the same sound ; or that the monosyllable full, and the first syllable of fulminate, are sounded differ- ently, because there are some words in which solemnity will authorize a different shade of pronunciation from familiarity ? Besides, that colloquial pronunciation which is perfect, is so much the language of solemn speaking, that, perhaps, there is no more difference than between the same picture painted to be viewed near and at a distance. The symmetry in both is exactly the same ; and the distinction lies only in the colouring. The English Language, in this respect, seems to have a great supe- riority over the French, which pronounces many letters in the poetic and solemn style, that are wholly silent in the prosaic and familiar. But if a solemn and familiar pronunciation really exists in our language, is it not the business of a grammarian to mark both? And if he cannot point out the precise sound of unaccented syllables, (for these only are liable to obscurity) he may, at least, give those sounds which approach the nearest, and by this means become a little more useful than those who so liberally leave every thing to the ear .and taste of the speaker. The truth is, Dr Johnson seems to have had a confused idea of the distinctness and indistinctness with which, on solemn or familiar occasions, we sometimes pro- nounce the unaccented vowels ; and with respect to these, it must be owned that his remarks are not entirely without foundation. The English Language, with respect to its pronunciation, is evidently divisible into accented and unaccented sounds. The accented syllables, by being pronounced with greater force than the unaccented, have their vowels as clearly-and distinctly sounded as any given note in music ; while the unaccented vowels, for want of the stress, are apt to slide into an obscurity of sound, which, though sufficiently distinguishable to the ear, cannot be so definitely marked out to the eye by other sounds as those vowels that are under the accent. Thus some of the vowels, when neither under the accent, nor closed by a consonant, have a longer or a shorter, an opener or a closer sound, according to the solemnity or familiarity, the deliberation or rapidity of our delivery. This will be perceived in the sound of the e in emotion* of the o in obedience, and of the u in monument. In the hasty pronunciation of common speaking, the e in emotion is often shortened, as if spelt im-mo-tion ; the o in obedience shortened and obscured, as if written ub-be-di- ence ; and the u in monument changed into e, as if written mon-ne-ment ; while the deliberate and elegant sound of these vowels is the long open sound they have, when the accent is on them, in equal, over, and unit: but a, when unaccented, seems to have no such diversity ; it has generally a short obscure sound, whether ending a See the words COLLECT, COMMANP, DFPATCII, DOMMTICK, Eri-ACK, OCCASION. vi PREFACE. syllable, or closed by a consonant. Thus the a in able has its definite and distinct sound; but the same letter in tolerable* goes into an obscure indefinite sound approaching the short u ; nor can any solemnity or deliberation give it the long open sound it has in the first word. Thus, by distinguishing vowels into their accented and unaccented sounds, we are enabled to see clearly what Dr Johnson saw but obscurely; and by this distinction entirely to answer the objection. Equally indefinite and uncertain is his general rule, that those are to bs considered as the most elegant speakers who deviate least from the written words. It is certain where custom is equal, this ought to take place ; and if the whole body of respectable English speakers were equally divided in their pronunciation of the word busy, one half pronouncing it bew-ze,\ and the other half biz-ze, that the former ought to be accounted the most elegant speakers ; but till this be the case, the latter pronuncia- tion, though a gross deviation from orthography, will still be esteemed the more elegant. Dr Johnson's general rule, therefore, can only take place where custom has not plainly decided ; but unfortunately for the English Language, its orthography and pronunciation are so widely different, that Dr Watts and Dr Jones lay it down as a maxim in their Treatises on Spelling, that all words which can be sounded different ways, must be written according to that sound which is most distant from the true pronunciation ; and consequently, in such a Language, a Pronouncing Dictionary must be of essential use. But still it may be objected to such an undertaking, that the fluctuation of pro- nunciation is so great as to render all attempts to settle it useless. What will it avail us, it may be said, to know the pronunciation of the present day, if, in a few years, it will be altered ? And how are we to know even what the present pronunciation is, when the same words are often differently pronounced by different speakers, and those, perhaps, of equal numbers and reputation ? To this it may be answered, that the fluctuation of our Language, with respect to its pronunciation, seems to have been greatly exaggerated.^ Except a very few single words, which are generally noticed in the following Dictionary, and the words where e comes before r, followed by another consonant, as merchant, service, &c. the pronunciation of the Language is probably in the same state in which it was a century ago ; and had the same attention been then paid to it as now, it is not likely even that change would have happened. The same may be observed of those words which are differently pronounced by differ- ent speakers : il the analogies of the Language had been better understood, it is scarcely conceivable that so many words in polite usage would have a diversity of Principles, No. 88, 545. f Principles. No. 178. t The old and new AT0;V with all the various dialects, must hare occasioned infinite irrregularity in the pronunciation of the Greek tongue ; and if we may juclj:e of the Latin pronunciation by the ancient inscriptions, it was little less various and irregular than the Greek. Aulus Gellius tells us, that Nigidius, a grammarian who lived a little more than a century before him, aculed the first syllable of Valeri ; but, says he, " si quis nunc Valerium appellans, in casu vocandi, secundum id pio-ceptum Nigidii acueric prima'm, non alerit quin rideatur." Whoever now should place the accent on the first syllable of Valerius, when a vocative case, according to the precept of Nigidius, would set every body a laughing. Even that highly polished language the French, if we may believe a writer in the En< yclop&lie, is little less irregular in this respect than our own. " II est arriveY' says he, * par les alterations qui se succexient rapidement dans la maniere de prononcer, et les corrections qui s'inlroduisent lentement dans la maniere d'eVrire, que la prononciation et i'e'jriture ne marchent point ensemble, et que quoiqu'il y ait chez les peuples les plus polices da I'Europe, des socie'te's d'hommes de lettres charges de les mode>er, de Jes accorder, et de les rapprocher de la meme ligne, elles se trouvent enfin & une distance inconcevable ; en sorte que de deux choses, dont Tune n'a e*t^ imaginee dans son origine que pour re"presenter fidellement 1'autre, relle-cine differe guere moins de celle-la, que le portrait de 1* meme personne peinte dans deux ages Ires eloignes. Enfin 1'inconve'nicnt s'est accru a un tel exces qu'cn n'ose plus y remettier. On prononce une langue, on ecrit une autre : et Ton s*accoutume tenement pendant le reste de la vie a cette bisarrerie qui a fait versci noltrott plus la langue parlee sous cetle nouvelle combinaison de caracteres. S'il y en a qui ne pourroient se succeYier sans vine grande fatisrue pour 1'organe, ou ils ne se recontrent point, ou Us ne durent pas. Us son t e'd-.appe's de la langue par 1'euphonie, cette lui pnissame, qui agit continnellement et universellement, sans e"gard pour i'e'tymologie et ses deTenseurs, et qui tend sans interrrission jt amener des etres qui ont les mernes organes, le merne idi6me, les memes nrjuvemens presents, k-peu-pre-s a la meme prononciation. I.es causes dont 1'action n'est point interrompue, devieiment toujours les plus fortes avtc les terns, quelque foibles qu'elles soient en elles -rjemes, et iln'y a presque pas une seule voyelle, une seule diphlhotigue, une seule consonne, dont la valeur soil lellement con siante que 1'euphonie n'en puisse disposer, soit en alterant le son, soit en le supprimant." I shall not decide u|H>n the justness of these complaints, but must observe, that a worse picture could scarcely be drawn of the Enshsh, or the most barbarous language of Europe. Indeed a degree ot versatility set ms invt iv.d in the very nature of lr.nguafrt , ! ><1 it nniMif those enlslefi by Providence for man to correct : a love of order, and the utility of regularity, ill aiwajs incline him to r .inline this ntlMlUlJ within si narrow bouniU as possible. PREFACE. vii pronunciation, which is at once so ridiculous and embarrassing ; nay, perhaps it may be with confidence asserted, that if the analogies of the Language were sufficiently known, and so near at hand as to be applicable, on inspection, to every word, that not only many words which are wavering between contrary usages would be settled in their true sound, but that many words which are fixed by custom to an improper pronun- ciation, would by degrees grow regular and analogical ; and those which are so already would be secured in their purity by a knowledge of their regularity and analogy. But the utility of a work of this kind is not confined to those parts of language where the impropriety is gross and palpable : besides such imperfections in pronun- ciation as disgust every ear not accustomed to them, there are a thousand insensible deviations, in the more minute parts of language, as the unaccented syllable may be called, which do not strike the ear so forcibly as to mark any direct impropriety in particular words, but occasion only such a general imperfection as gives a bad impres- sion upon the whole. Speakers, with these imperfections, pass very well in common conversation ; but when they are required to pronounce with emphasis, and for that purpose to be more distinct and definite in their utterance, here their ear fails them : they have been accustomed only to loose cursory speaking, and, for want of firmness of pronunciation, are like those painters who draw the muscular exertions of the human body without any knowledge of anatomy. This is one reason, perhaps, why we find the elocution of so few people agreeable when they read or speak to an assembly, while so few offend us by their utterance in common conversation. A thousand faults lie concealed in a miniature, which a microscope brings to view ; and it is only by pronouncing on a larger scale, as public speaking may be called, that we prove the propriety of our elocution. As, therefore, there are certain deviations from analogy which are not at any rate tolerable, there are others which only, as it were, tarnish the pronunciation, and make it less brilliant and agreeable. There are few who have turned their thoughts on this subject, without observing that they some- times pronounce the same word or syllable in a different manner ; and as neither of these manners offend the ear, they are at a loss to which they shall give the prefer- ence : but as one must necessarily be more agreeable to the analogy of the language than the other, a display of these analogies, in a Dictionary of this kind, will immedi- ately remove this uncertainty : and in this view of the variety we shall discover a fitness in one mode of speaking, which will give a firmness and security to our pronunciation, from a confidence that it is founded on reason, and the general tendency of the language. See Principles, No. 530, 547, 551, &c. But, alas ! reasoning on language, however well founded, may be all overturned by a single quotation from Horace : " usus, Quern penes arbitrium est, et jus et norana loquendi." This, it must be owned, is a succinct way of ending the controversy ; and, by virtue of this argument, we may become critics in language, without the trouble of studying it : not that I would be thought, in the most distant manner, to deny that custom is the sovereign arbiter of language j far from it. I acknowledge its authority, and know there is no appeal from it. I wish only to dispute where this arbiter has not decided ; for, if once custom speak out, however absurdly, I sincerely acquiesce in its sentence. But what is this custom to which we must so implicitly submit ? Is it the usage of the multitude of speakers, whether good or bad? This has never been asserted by the most sanguine abettors of its authority. Is it the usage of the studious in viii PREFACE. schools and colleges, with those of the learned professions, or that of those who, from their elevated birth or station, give laws to the refinements and elegancies of a court ? To confine propriety to the latter, which is too often the case, seems an injury to the former ; who, from their very profession, appear to have a natural right to a share, at least, in the legislation of language, if not to an absolute sovereignty. The polished attendants on a throne are as apt to depart from simplicity in language as in dress and manners ; and novelty, instead of custom, is too often the jus ct norma loquendi of a court. Perhaps an attentive observation will lead us to conclude, that the usage which ought to direct us is neither of these we have been enumerating, taken singly, but a sort of compound ratio of all three. Neither a finical pronunciation of the court, nor a pedantic Graecism of the schools, will be denominated respectable usage, till a certain number of the general mass of speakers have acknowledged them ; nor will a multitude of common speakers authorise any pronunciation which is reprobated by the learned and polite. As those sounds, therefore, which are the most generally received among the learned and polite, as well as the bulk of speakers, are the most legitimate, we may conclude that a majority of two of these states ought always to concur, in order to constitute what is called good usage. But though custom, when general, is commonly well understood, there are several states and degrees of it which are exceedingly obscure and equivocal ; and the only method of knowing the extent of custom in these cases seems to be an inspection of those Dictionaries which professedly treat of pronunciation. We have now so many works of this kind, that the general current of custom, with respect to the sound of words, may be collected from them with almost as much certainty as the general sense of words from Johnson. An exhibition of the opinions of orthoepists about the sound of words always appeared to me a very rational method of determining what is called custom. This method I have adopted in the following work ; and if I have some- times dissented from the majority, it has been either from a persuasion of being better informed of what was the actual custom of speaking, or from a partiality to the evident analogies of the language. And here I must entreat the candid reader to make every reasonable allowance for the freedom with which I have criticised other writers on this subject, and particularly Mr Sheridan. As a man, a gentleman, and a scholar, I knew Mr Sheridan, and re- spected him ; and think every lover of elocution owes him a tribute of thanks for his unwearied addresses to the public, to rouse them to the study of the delivery of their native tongue. But this tribute, however just, does not exempt him from examination. His credit with the world necessarily subjects him to animadversion, because the errors of such a writer are dangerous in proportion to his reputation : this has made me zealous to remark his inaccuracies, but not without giving my reasons ; nor have I ever taken advantage of such faults as may be called inadvertencies.* On the same principles I have ventured to criticise Dr Johnson,f whose friendship and advice I was honoured with, whose memory 1 love, and whose intellectual powers impress me with something like religious veneration and awe. I do not pretend to be exempt from faults myself; in a work like the present, it would be a miracle to escape them; nor have The inspector will he pleased to take notice, hat mj observations on Mr Sherfdan s Dictionary relate to the first edition, pub- lished in his Jite-Ume. and the second; sometime after his death' whatever alterations may have been made bj his subsequent editors, I am totally unacquainted with. } See SCKFTIC, ^ciuxilvs, Com.B, FURTIISR, &c. PREFACE. ix I the least idea of deciding as judge, in a case of so much delicacy and importance as the pronunciation of a whole people ; I have only assumed the part of an advocate, to plead the cause of consistency and analogy, and, where custom is either silent or dubious, to tempt the lovers of their language to incline to the side of propriety : so that my design is principally to give a kind of history of pronunciation, and a register of its present state ; and where the authorities of Dictionaries or Speakers are found to differ, to give such a display of the analogies of the language as may enable every inspector to decide for himself. With respect to the explanation of words, except in very few instances, I have scru- pulously followed Dr Johnson. His Dictionary has been deemed lawful plunder by every subsequent lexicographer ; and so servilely has it been copied, that such words as he must have omitted merely by mistake, as Predilection, Respectable, Descriptive, Sulky, Inimical, Interference, and many others, are neither in Mr Sheridan's, Dr Kenrick's, nor several other Dictionaries. ADVERTISEMENT TO THE FOURTH EDITION. THE rapid sale of the Third Edition of tins Dictionary called upon me for a Fourth, at a time of life, and in a state of health, little compatible with the drudgery and attention ne- cessary for the execution of it ; but as I expected such a call, I was not unmindful of what- ever might tend to render it still more worthy of the acceptance of the Public, and therefore collected many words, which, though not found in Dictionaries, were constantly to be met with in polite and literary conversation. In the midst of the impression of the present work, I met with Mason's Supplement to Johnson, and found several words worthy of insertion ; and I take this opportunity of thanking that gentleman for the benefit I have derived from his Supplement, which I think, if continued, admirably calculated for the improvement and stability of the language. But as the great object of the present Dictionary was pronunciation, I was very solicitous to be as accurate as possible on this point, and therefore neglected no opportunity of in- forming myself where I was in the least doubtful, and of correcting myself where there was the least shadow of an error. These occasions, however, were not very numerous. To a man born, as I was, within a few miles of the Capital, living in the Capital almost my whole life, and exercising myself there in public speaking for many years ; to such a person, if to any one, the true pronunciation of the language must be very familiar : and to this familiar- ity I am indebted for the security I have felt in deciding upon the sounds of several sylla- bles, which nothing but an infantine pronunciation could determine. If I may borrow an allusion from music, I might observe, that there is a certain tune in every language to which the ear of a native is set, and which often decides on the preferable pronunciation, though entirely ignorant of the reasons for it. But this vernacular instinct, as it maybe called, has been seconded by a careful investiga- tion of the analogies of the language. Accent and Quantity, the great efficients of pronun- ciation, are seldom mistaken by people of education in the Capital ; but the great bulk of the nation, and those who form the most important part in it, are without these advantages, and therefore want such a guide to direct them as is here offered. Even polite and literary people, who speak only from the ear, will find that this organ will, in a thousand instances, prove but a very uncertain guide, without a knowledge of those principles by which the ear itself is insensibly directed, and which, having their origin in the nature of language, operate with steadiness and regularity in the midst of the ficklest affectation and caprice. It can scarcely be supposed that the most experienced speaker has heard every word in the Ian- x ADVERTISEMENT. guage, and the whole circle of sciences, pronounced exactly as it ought to be ; and if this be the case, he must sometimes have recourse to the principles of pronunciation, when his ear is either uninformed or unfaithful. These principles are those general laws of articulation which determine the character, and fix the boundaries of every language; as in every system of speaking, however irregular, the organs must necessarily fall into some common mode of enunciation, or the purpose of Providence in the gift of speech would be absolutely de- feated. These laws, like every other object of philosophical inquiry, are only to be traced by an attentive observation and enumeration of particulars ; and when these particulars are sufficiently numerous to form a general rule, an axiom in pronunciation is acquired. By an accumulation of these axioms, and an analogical comparison of them with each other, we discover the deviations of language where custom has varied, and the only clew to guide us where custom is either indeterminate or obscure. Thus, by a view of the words ending in ity or ety, I find the accent invariably placed on the preceding syllable, as diversity, congru'ity, &c. On a closer inspection, I find every vowel in this antepenultimate syllable, when no consonant intervenes, pronounced long, as deity, pi'ety, &c. A nearer observation shows me, that if a consonant intervene, every vowel in this syllable but u contracts itself, and is pronounced short, as sever'ity, curiosity, impu- nity, &c. ; and therefore that chastity and obscenity ought to be pronounced with the penul- timate vowel short, and not as in chaste and obscene, as we frequently hear them. I find ioo, that even u contracts itself before two consonants, as cur'vity, tacitur'nity, &c. ; and that scarcity and rarity (for whose irregularity good reasons may be given) are the only exceptions to this rule throughout the language. And thus we have a series of near seven hundred words, the accentuation of which, as well as the quantity of the accented vowel, is reduced to two or three simple rules. The same uniformity of accentuation and quantity may be observed in the first syllable of those words which have the accent on the third, as dem-on-stra'tion, dim-i-nu'tion, lu-cu- bra'tion,* &c. where we evidently perceive a stress on the first syllable shortening every vowel but u, and this in every word throughout the language, except where two consonants follow the u, as in cur-vi-lin'e-ar , or where two vowels follow the consonant that succeeds any other vowel in the first syllable, as de-vi-a'tion ; or, lastly, where the word is evidently of our own composition, as re-con-vey 1 : but as u in the first syllable of a word, having the accent on the third, has the same tendency to length and openness as was observable when it preceded the termination ity, I find it necessary to separate it from the consonant in bu- ty-ra'ceous, which I have never heard pronounced, as well as in lu-cu-bra'tion, which I have ; and this from no pretended agreement with the quantity of the Latin words these are de- rived from ; for, in the former word, the u is doubtful : but, from the general system of quantity I see adopted in English pronunciation: this only will direct an English ear with certainty ; for, though" we may sometimes place the accent on words we borrow from the Greek or Latin on the same syllable as in those languages, as acumen, elegi'ac, &c. nay, though we sometimes adopt the accent of the original with every word of the same termina- tion we derive from it, as assiduity, vi-du'ity, &c. yet the quantity of the accented vowel is so often contrary to that of the Latin and Greek, that not a shadow of a rule can be drawn, in this point, from those languages to ours, f Thus, in the letter in question, in the Latin accumulo, dubius, tumor, &c. the first u is every-where short; but in the English words ac- cumulate, dubious, tumour, everywhere long. Nuptialis, murmur, turbulentus, &c., where the in the first syllable in Latin is long, we as constantly pronounce it short in nujitial, mur- mur, turbulent, &c. Nor indeed can we wonder that a different economy of quantity, is observable in the ancient and modern languages, as, in the former, two consonants almost always lengthen the preceding vowel, and in the latter as constantly shorten it. Thus, without arguing in a vicious circle, we find, that as a division of the generality of words, as they are actually pronounced, gives us the general laws of syllabication, so these laws, once understood, direct us in the division of such words as we have never heard actually pronounced, and consequently to the true pronunciation of them. For these operations, like cause and effect, reflect mutually a light on each other, and prove that by nicely ob- serving the path which custom in language has once taken, we can more than guess at the line she must keep in a similar case, where her footsteps are not quite so discernible. So true is the observation of Scaliger : Ita omnibus in rebus certissima ratione sibi ipsa respondet natura. De Causis Ling. Lat. * See Fiinciples, No. i!i I, 5^7, 530. f See Principles, No. 544, 5-15. RULES to Ie observed by the NATIVES of IRELAND in order to obtain a just Pronunciation of English. As Mr Sheridan was a native of Ireland, and had the best opportunities of understanding those peculiarities of pronunciation which ob- tain there, I shall extract his observations on that subject as the best general direction, and add a few of my own, by way of supplement, which 1 hope will render this article of instruc- tion still more complete. The reader will be pleased to take notice, that as I have made a different arrangement of the vowels, and adopted a notation different from that of Mr Sheridan, I am obliged to make use of different figures to mark the vow- els, but still such as perfectly correspond to his. " The chief mistakes made by the Irish in pronouncing English, lie for the most part in the sounds of the two first vowels, a and e : the former being generally sounded 3. by the Irish, as in the word bar, in most words where it is pronounced a, as in day, by the English. Thus, the Irish say, patron, matron, the vowel a having the same sound as in the word father; while the English pronounce them as if written paytrun, maylron. The following rule strictly attended to, will rectify this mistake through the whole language. " When the vowel a finishes a syllable, and has the accent on it, it is invariably pronounced a, as in day, by the English. To this rule there are but three exceptions in the whole language, to be found in the words father, papa, mamma. The Irish may think also the word rather an exception, as well as father : and so it would appear to be in their manner of pronouncing it, ra-ther, la\ing the accent on the vowel a; but in the English pronunciation the conso- nant tk is taken into the first syllable, as rath'- er, which makes the difference. '" Whenever a consonant follows the vowel a in the same syllable, and the accent is on the consonant, the vowel a has always its fourth sound, as hat, man ; as also the same sound lengthened when it precedes the letter r, as far, bar, though the accent be on the vowel ; as likewise when it precedes Im, as balm, psaim. The Irish, ignorant of this latter exception, pronounce all words of that structure, as if they were written bawm, psawm, quawm, cawm, &c. In the third sound of a, marked by dif- ferent combinations of vowels or consonants, such as an, in Paul ; aw, in law ; all, in call ; aid, in bald ; a/A-, in talk, c., the Irish make no mistake, except in that of Im, as before mentioned. " The second vowel, e, is for the most part sounded ee by the English, w hen the accent is upon it ; whilst the Irish in most words give it the sound of slender a, as in hate. This sound of e [ec] * s marked by different combinations of vowels, such as ea, ei, e final mute, ee, and ie. In the two last combinations of ee and ie, the Irish never mistake ; such as in meet, seem, field, believe, &c. ; but in all the others, they almost universally change the sound of into a. Thus, in the combination ea, they pronounce the words tea, sea, please, as if they were spelt tat/, say, plays ; instead of tee, see, pleese. The English constantly give this sound to ea when- ever the accent is on the vowel e, except in the following words : great, a pear, a bear, to bear, to forbear, to swear, to tear, to wear. In all which the e has the sound of a in hate. For want of knowing these exceptions, the gentle- men of Ireland, after some time of residence in London, are apt to fall into the general rule, and pronounce these words as if spelt greet, beer, sweer, &c. " Ei is also sounded ee by the English, and as a by the Irish ; thus, the words deceit, re- ceive, are pronounced by them as if written de- sate, resave. Ei is always sounded ee, except when a g follows it, as in the words reign,feign, deign, &c. as also in the words rein, (of a bridle,) rem-deer, vein, drein, veil, heir, which are pro nounced like rain, vain, drain, vail, air. " The final mute e makes the preceding e in the same syllable, when accented, have the sound of ce, as in the words supreme, sincere, repldte. This rule is almost universally broken through by the Irish, who pronounce all such words as if written suprame, sinsare, replate, &c. There are but two exceptions to this rule in the English pronunciation, which are the words there, where. "In the way of marking this sound, by a double e, as thus, \ee\ as the Irish never make any mistakes, the best method for all who want to acquire the right pronunciation of these several combinations is, to suppose that ea, ei, and e, attended by a final mute e, are all spelt with a double e. " Ey is always sounded like a by the Eng- lish, when the accent is upon it ; as in the words prey, con vey, pronounced pray, convoy. To this there are but two exceptions, in the words key and ley, sounded kce, lee. The Irish, in attempting to pronounce like the English, often give the same sound to ey, as usually be- longs to ei ; thus, for prey, convey, they say, prce, convee. " A strict observation of these few rules, with a due attention to the very few exceptions enumerated above, will enable the well-edu- cated natives of Ireland to pronounce their words exactly in the same way as the more polished part of the inhabitants of England do, so far as the vowels are concerned. The diphthongs they commit no fault in, except in the sound of i, which has been already taken notice of in the Grammar:* where, likewise, the only difference in pronouncing any of the consonants has been pointed out ; which is, the thickening the sound of d and /, in certain situations ; and an easy method proposed of correcting this hubit. jj- *"Vide page 11, where the true manner of pronouncing th< diphthong i i> pointed cut ; the Irish pronouncing itmuchin the same manner as the Frem-h." t " The letter d has always the same sound by those who pro- nounce English well ; but the provincials, particularly ihe Irish, Scotch, and Welsh, in many words thicken the sound by a mix- ture of breath. Thus, though they s. und the d right in ihe po-i. live loud and broad, in the comparative degree they thicken it by an aspiration, and sound it as if it were writlen lovdher, broadher. This vicious pronunciation is produced bv pushing Ihe tonguefor- ward so as to touch (he teeth in forming that sound: and the rift rly in the word loud, let them rest a little upon thai syllable, keeping the tongue in the position of forming d, and then let them separate it from the upper gum without pushing it forward, and the sound tier will be produced of course: for Ihe organ being left in Ihe position of sounding d at the end of the syllable land, is necessarily in 11. c position of forming the same d in uttering the last syllable. 12 RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY NATIVES OF IRELAND. " In order to complete the whole, 1 shall now give a list of such detached words as do not come under any of the above rules, and are pronounced differently in Ireland from what they are in England : Irish Pronunciation. English Pronunciation. che'arful, cher'ful. fe'arful, fer'ful. door, dire, floor, flire. gape, gape, geth'er, (gather,) gath'er. beard, berd. bull, bull, bush, bash, push, push. pull, pull, pul'pit, pul'pit. calf, cilf. ketch, (catch) cltch. corse, (coarse) cAaise. corse, (course) coarse. court, cAurt. male'cious, malish'us. padding, pudding. quash, (quash) quoth. lezh'ur, (leisure,) le'zhnre. cla'mour, clam'mur. Me'kil, (ifichael) Mi'kel. droth, (drought) drout. sarch, ( K .rch) serch. source, (source) sirce. cushion, cushion. strenth, (strength) strengkth. lenth, (length) llngkth. struv, (strove) strive. druv, (drove) drive. tln'ure, te'nure. ten'able, te'nable. wrath, wrath. wrath, (aroth) wroth. fi'rewell, faVwell. rod, ride. stride, str3d. chine, shon. shisiu, (ichim) s!zm. unless it makes a new movement, as in thecaseofprotrudingitsc o uch the teeth. This letter is sometimes, though not often, quiescent, as in the words handkerchief, handsome, handlll. ' In pronouncing the letter t, the Irish and other provincial! thicken the sound, as was before mentioned with regard to the d for better, they say betther; for utter, utther; and so on in all rause that was mentioned as affecting the sound of d ; I mean the protruding of the tongue so as to touch the tetUi, and is curable only in the same way.' English Proti wher fon the r' fore brldth. cild. bold. coffer. endev'ur fut. wli^'refore, therefore, breth, (breadth) cowld, (cold) bowld, (bold) cA'-fer, endi'vour, fut, (foot) mische'evous, in'ion, (onion) pat, put. retsh, (reach) reach. squa'dron, squod'run. zA'lous, z?l'lus. zA'lot, zel'lut. " These, after the closest attention, are all the words, not included in the rules before laid down, that I have been able to collect, in which the well-educated natives of Ireland differ from those of England." I shall make no observations on the accu- racy of this list, but desire my reader to observe, that the strongest characteristics of the pro- nunciation of Ireland is the rough jarring pro- nunciation of the letter jR, and the aspiration or rough breathing before all the accented vowels. (For the true sound of R, see that letter in the Principles, No. 419). And for the rough breathing or aspiration of the vowels, the pupil should be told not to bring the voice suddenly from the breast, but to speak, as it were, from the mouth only. It may be observed too, that the natives of Ireland pronounce rm at the end of a word so distinctly as to form two separate syllables. Thus storm and farm seem sounded by them as if written staii'-rum, fa-rum; while the English sound the r so soft and so close to the m, that it seems pronounced nearly as if writ- ten stawm,faam. Nearly the same observations are applicable to Im. W hen these letters end a word, they are, in Ireland, pronounced at such a distance, that helm and realm sound as if written hel-wn and rel-um ; but in England the / and m are pronounced as close as possible, and so as to form but one syllable. To remedy this, it will be necessary for the pupil to make a collection of words terminating with these consonants, and to practise them over till a true pronun- ciation is acquired. RULES to be observed by the NATIVES of SCOTLAND for attaining a just Pronunciation of English. THAT pronunciation which distinguishes the inhabitants of Scotland is of a very different kind i'rom that of Ireland, and may be divided into the quantity, quality, and accentuation of the vowels. With respect to quantity, it may be observed, that the Scotch pronounce almost all their accented vowels long. Thus, if I mistake not, they would pronounce habit, hay -bit ; tejtid, tee-pid ; sinner, see-ner ; con- scious, cone-s/ius ; and subject, soob-ject ;* it is not pretended, however, that every accented vowel is so pronounced, but that such a pro- nunciation is very general, and particularly of the i. This vowel is short in English pronun- ciation, where the other vowels are long ; thus evasion, adhesion, emotion, confusion, have the a, e, o, and u, long ; and in these instances the Scotch would pronounce them like the Eng- lish : but in vision, decision, &c. where the English pronounce the i short, the Scotch lengthen this letter by pronouncing it like ee, as it' the words were" written vee-sian, decee- sion, &c. ; and this peculiarity is universal. The best way, therefore, to correct this, will be to make a collection of the most usual words which have the vowel short, and to pronounce them daily till a habit is formed. See Prin- ciples, No. 507. With respect to the quality of the vowels, it may be observed, that the inhabitants of Scot- land are apt to pronounce the a like air, where the English give it the slender sound : thus Satan is pronounced Sawtan, and. fatal, faii'ta/. It may be remarked too, that the Scotch give this sound to the a preceded by w, according to the general rule, without attending to the exceptions, Principles, No. 88 ; and thus, in- stead of making wax, waft, and twang; rhyme with tax, shaft, and hang, they pronounce them so as to rhyme with box, soft, and song. The short e in bed, fed, red, &c. borders too much upon the English sound of a in bad, lad, mad, 6;c. ; and the short i in bid, lid, rid, too much on the English sound of e in bed, led, red. To correct this error, it would be useful to collect the long and short sounds of these vowels, and to pronounce the long ones first, and to shorten them by degrees till they are perfectly short ; at the same time preserving the radical sound of the vowel in both. Thus the correspondent long sounds to the e in bed, fed, red, are bade, fade, rude ; and that of the short i in bid, lid, * That this is the general mode of pronouncing these words in Scotland, is indisputable : and it is hiahly probable that the Scotch have preserved the old English pronunciation, from which the English themselves have inensibl> departed. Dr Hicks uustrvea long ago, that the Scots SuxoniseJ ill their language mucn more than the English; and it i scarcel to be doubted that a situation nearer to the Continent, and a greater commercial intercourse with other nations, made the EnglLia admit of numberless changes which never extended to Scotland. ADout tne reign or Queeu Elizabeth, when the Greek and Larir languages were cultivated, and the pedantry of showing an acquaintance with them became of many words took place ; for as in Latin almost every vowel be- to prevent the preceding vowel from lengthening. But when once this affectation of I.atinity was adopted, it is no wonder it should extend beyond its principles, and shorten several vowels in English, because they were short in the original Latin ; and in this manner, perhaps, might the diversity between the quan- tity of the English and the Scotch pronunciation arise. 542, 543. See Drama. rid, and bead, lead, reed; and the former of these classes will naturally lead the ear to the true sound of the latter, the only difference ly- ing in the quantity. The short o in not, lodge, got, &c. is apt to slide into the short u, as if the words were written nut, ludge, gut, &c. To rectify this, it should be remembered, that this o is the short sound of aw, and ought to have the radical sound of the deep a in ball. Thus the radical sound corresponding to the o in not, cot, sot, is found in naught, caught, sought, &c. and these long sounds, like the former, should be abbreviated into the short ones. But what will tenu greatly to clear the difficulty will be, to remember that only those words which are collected in the Principles, No. 165, have the o sounded like short u when the accent is upon it : and with respect to M in bull, full, pull, &c. it may be observed, that the pronun- ciation peculiar to the English is only found in the words enumerated, Principles, No. 174. In addition to what has been said, it rray be observed, that oo in food, mood, soon, &c. which ought always to have a long sound, is generally shortened in Scotland to that middle sound of the u in bull : and it must be remem- bered, that wool, wood, good, hood, stood, foot, are the only words where this sound of oo ought to take place. The accentuation, both in Scotland and Ire- land, (if by accentuation we mean the stress, and not the kind of stress) is so much the same as that of England, that I cannot recollect many words in which they differ. Indeed, if it were not so, the versification of each coun- try would be different ; for as English verse is formed by accent or stress, if this accent or stress were upon different syllables in different countries, what is verse in England would not be verse in Scotland or Ireland ; and this suffi- ciently shows how very indefinitely the word accent is generally used. Mr Elphinston, who must be allowed to be a competent judge in this case, tells us, that in Scotland they pronounce silence, bids, canvas, sentence, triumph, comf6rt, solace, construe, res- cue, respite, govern, harass, ransack, cancel, with the accent on the last syllable instead of the first. To this list may be added the word me- nace, which they pronounce as if written me- ndss ,- and though they place the accent on the last syllable of canal, like the English, they broaden the a in the last syllable, as if the word were spelt canawl. It maybe farther observed, that they place an accent on the comparative aavero as, iu the phrases as much, as little, as many, as great, &e. while the English, except in some very particular emphatical cases, lay no stress on this word, but pronounce these phrases like words of two or three syllables without any accent on the first. But besides the mispronunciation of single words, there is a tone of voice with which these words are accompanied, that distinguishes a native of Ireland or Scotland as much as an improper sound of the letters. This is vulgarly, and, if it does not mean stress only, but the kind of stress, I think, not improperly, called 14 RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY NATIVES OF SCOTLAND, &c, the accent. * For though there is an asperity in the Irish dialect, and a drawl in the Scotch, independent of the slides or inflections they make use of, yet it may with confidence be affirmed, that much of the peculiarity which distinguishes these dialects may be reduced to a predominant use of one of these slides. Let any one who has sufficiently studied the speak- ing voice to distinguish the slides, observe the pronunciation of an Irishman and a Scotch- man, who have much of the dialect of their country, and he will find that the former abounds with the falling, and the latter with the rising inflection ;-f- and if this be the case, a teacher, it' he understands these slides, ought to direct his instruction so as to remedy the imperfection. But as avoiding the wrong, and seizing the right at the same instant, is perhaps too great a task for human powers, 1 would ad- vise a native of Ireland, who has much of the accent, to pronounce almost all his words, and end all his sentences with the rising slide ; and a Scotchman, in the same manner, to use the falling inflection : this will, in some measure, counteract the natural propensity, and bids fairer for bringing the pupil to that nearly equal mixture of both slides which distinguishes the English speaker, than endeavouring at first to catch the agreeable variety. For this pur- pose the teacher ought to pronounce all the single words in the lesson with the falling in- flection to a Scotchman, and with the rising to an Irishman ; and should frequently give the pauses in a sentence the same inflections to each of these pupils, where he would vary them to a native of England. But while the human voice remains unstudied, there is little expec- tation that this distinction of the slides should be applied to these useful purposes. Besides a peculiarity of inflection, which 1 take to be a falling circumflex, directly oppo- site to that of the Scotch, the Welsh pronounce the sharp consonants and aspirations instead of the flat. (See Principles, No. 29, 41.) Thus for big they say pick ; for blood, ploot ; and for good, coot. Instead of virtue and vice, they say Jirtue and fice ; instead of zeal and praise, they say seal and prace ; instead of these and those, they say thece and thoce ; and instead of azure and osier, they say aysher and osher : and for jail, chnil. Thus there are nine distinct consonant sounds which, to the Welsh, are en- tirely useless. To speak with propriety, there- fore, the Welsh ought for sometime to pronounce the flat consonants and aspirations only ; that is, they ought not only to pronounce them where the letters require the flat sound, but even where they require the sharp sound ; this will be the best way to acquire a habit ; and when this is once done, a distinction will be easily made, and a just pronunciation more readily acquired. There is scarcely any part of England, re- mote from the capital, where a different system of pronunciation does not prevail. As in Wales they pronounce the sharp consonants for the flat, so in Somersetshire they pronounce many of the flat instead of the sharp*: thus for Somersetshire, they say Zomerxetzhire ; for *See this more fully exemplified in Elements of Elocution, rol. ii. page 13. t Or rather the rising clrrumflei. For an explanation of this Inflection see Rhetorical Urammar, third edition, page 78. father, vather ; for //(ink, Tiiink ; and for sure, zhure. * There are dialects peculiar to Cornwall, Lan- cashire, Yorkshire, and every distant county in England ; but as a consideration of these would lead to a detail too minute for the present occa- sion, 1 shall conclude these remarks with a few observations on the peculiarities of my country- men, the Cockneys ; who, as they are the mo- dels of pronunciation to the distant provinces, ought to be the more scrupulously correct. FIRST FAULT OF THE LONDONERS. Pro- nouncing s indistinctly after st. The letter s after st, from the very difficulty of its pronunciation, is often sounded inarti- culately. The inhabitants of London, of the lower order, cut the knot, and pronounce it in a distinct syllable, as if e were before it; but this is to be avoided as the greatest blemish in speaking : the three last letters in posts, fists, mists, &c. must all be distinctly heard in one syllable, and without permitting the letters to coalesce. For the acquiring of this sound, it will be proper to select nouns that end in st, or ste ; to form them into plurals, and pro- nounce them forcibly and distinctly every day. The same may be observed of the third person of verbs ending in sts or stes, as persists, wastes, hastes, &c. SECOND FAULT. Pronouncing w fur v, and inversely* The pronunciation of v for w, and more fre- quently of w for v, among the inhabitants of London, and those not always of the lower or- der, is a blemish of the first magnitude. The difficulty of remedying this defect is the greater, as the cure of one of these mistakes has a ten- dency to promote the other. Thus, if you be very careful to make a pupil pronounce veal and vinegar, not as if written weal and winegar, you will find him very apt to pronounce wine and wind, as if written vine and vind. The only method of rectifying this habit seems to be this : Let the pupil select from a Dictionary, not only all the words that begin with v, but as many as he can of those that have this letter in any other part. Let him be told to bite his under lip while he is sounding the v in those words, and to practise this every day till he pronounce the v properly at first sight : then, and not till then, let him pursue the same method with the wj which he must be directed to pronounce by a pouting out of the lips without suffering them to touch the teeth. Thus by giving all the attention to only one of these letters at a time, and fixing by habit the true sound of that, we shall at last find both of them reduced to their proper pro- nunciation, in a shorter time than by endeav- ouring to rectify them both at once. THIRD FAULT. Not sounding h after w. The aspirate h is often sunk, particularly in the capital, where we do not find the least dis- tinction of sound between while and wile, wfiet, and wet, where, and u Accent on dissyllables, 491 Dissyllable nouns and verbs differently accented, ii>> Accent on trisyllables, 501 Partial dependence of the English accent on that of the Greek and Latin, .... 503 Accent on polysyllables, 504 Enclitical accent exemplified in the termination logy, graptiy, Ike 513,513 The tendency of compounds to contract the sound of the simple, 515 Secondary accent, 5-J2 The shortening power of this accent, . . . 525 ON QUANTITY. The shortening power of the secondary accent exemplified in the uncertainty and inconsis- tency of Mr Sheridan and Dr Kenriok in their d.vision of words into syllables, . . . 520 ON SYLLABICATION. Syllabication different according to the different ends to be attained by it, . . . 533 Syllabication exhibiting the sound of a word, de- pending, in some measure, on the nature of the letters prior to actual pronunciation, . 342 The almost total independence of the English quantity on that of the Greek and Latin, exemplified by an enumeration of most of the dissyllables in our language derived from the Latin and Greek, ... 544 The only possible case in which we can argue from the Latin quantity to the English, . if>. Dissyllables from the Saxon and French lan- guages enumerated f'4. Causes of the prevalence of shortening the first syllable of dissyllables from these languages, t'J. Of the quantity of unaccented syllables ending with a vowel, 517 Uncertainty and inconsistency of Dr Kenrick in his notation of the quantity of these vowels, ib. Uncertainty and inconsistency of Mr Sheridan and Dr Kenrick in marking the quantity of these vowels, 651 Exception to the general rule of pronouncing these syllables when e is followed by r, 55) ncertainty of our best orthoepists, in their syl- labication of such words, exemplified by alist from Sheridan, Kenrick, Scott, and Perry, 551 Peculiar delicacy of the sound of these syllables, 555 Tendency of before r to go into the same ob- alterations of sound, 479 Mr Sheridan's error in this point detected . 480 fcrred to as a key to the figures over DIP letters in the Dictionary, . . PRINCIPLES ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION. 1. THE First Principles or Elements of Pro- nunciation are Letters : The Letters of Ike English Language are, Roman Italic Name A a A a a B b B b bee C c C c see D d D d dee E e E e e F f F f e / G g e jee H h H %, ailch I i I i i, or eye J J K k J J K k j consonant, or jay kay L 1 L I el M m ' Af m em N n N n en O o o P p P p pee Q q 9 cue R r R r ar S s S i ess T t T t tee U u U u u, or you V v \ V c v consonant, or ree W w Ww double u X x Xx ek.i I I Yy Z x vy zed or izzard. 418. 2. To these may be added certain combina- tions of letters sometimes used in printing ; as, ff, fi, fl, ffi, ffl, and &, or and per se and, or rather et per se and ; ff,.fi,fl,ffi,Jfl, and Sf. 3. Our letters, says Dr Johnson, are com- monly reckoned twenty-four, because anciently i and j, as well as u and v, were expressed by the same character ; but as these letters, which had always different powers, have now differ- ent forms, our alphabet may be properly said to consist of twenty-six letters. 4. In considering the sounds of these first principles of language, we find that some are so simple and unmixed, that there is nothing required but the opening of the mouth to make them understood, and to form different sounds ; whence they have the names of vowels, or voices, or vocal sounds. On the contrary, we find that there are others, whose pronunciation depends on the particular application and use of every part of the mouth, as the teeth, the lips, the tongue, the palate, &c. which yet cannot make any one perfect sound but by their union with those vocal sounds ; and these are called consonants, or letters sounding with .other letters. Definition (f Vowels and Consonants. 5. Vowels are generally reckoned to be five in number; namely, a, e, i, o, u; y and w are called vowels when they end a syllable or word, and consonants when they begin one. 6. The definition of a vowel, as little liable to exception as any, seems to be the following: A vowel is a simple sound, formed by a con- tinued effusion of the breath, and a certain conformation of the mouth, without any alter- ation in the position, or any motion of the organs of speech, from the moment the vocal sound commences till it ends. 7. A consonant may be defined to be, an in- terruption of the effusion of vocal sound, aris- ing from the application of the organs of speech to each other. 8. Agreeably to this definition, vowels may be divided into two kinds, the simple and compound. The simple, a, e, o, are those which are formed by one conformation of the organs only ; that is, the organs remain ex- actly in the same position at the end as at the beginning of the letter : whereas, in the com- pound vowels, i and u, the organs alter their position before the letter is completely sound- ed ; nay, these letters, when commencing a syllable, do not only require a different posi- tion of the organs in order to form them per- fectly, but demand such an application of the tongue to the roof of the mouth as is incon- sistent with the nature of a pure vowel ; for the first of these letters, i, when sounded alone, or ending a syllable with the accent upon it, is a real diphthong, composed of the sounds of a in fa-ther, and of e in the, exactly corre- spondent to the sound of the noun eye ; and when this letter commences a syllable, as in min -ion, pin-ion, &c. the sound of e with which it terminates, is squeezed into a consonant sound, like the double e heard in queen, dif- ferent from the simple sound of that letter in quean ; and this squeezed sound in the com- mencing i makes it exactly similar to y in the same situation, which, by all grammarians, is acknowledged to be a consonant. * The latter of these compound vowels, u, when initial, and vowel, can only be accounted for by considering the small atten. tion which is generally paid to this part of grammar. H is words " The same sound which we express by the initial y, our Saxon ancestors in many instances expressed by the vowel e; as, eorfer, your ; and by the vowel i ; as, itv, yew ; iong, young. In the word yfit't the initial t/ has precisely the' same sound with iin the words rieti; lieu, adieu; the i is acknowledged to be a vowel in these lat- ter ; how then can the y, which has the very same sound, possibly Introduction to English Grammar, page 3. Thus far the learned bishop, who has too fixed a fame to suffer any diminution by a mistake in so trifling a part of literature 33 this. 1 but it may be asked, if y has every property of a vowel, and not one of a consonant, why', when it begin* a word, does It not admit the euphonic article an before It ? b2 An Analogical Table of the Vowels. a pa-per, -v i ..ti-tle, -) a wa-ter, f y cy-der, / *^ e me-tre, f vow'-ls 5 u lu-cid C r 1IU P ur ^ o no-ble, \ wpow-er) J TOWfl oo . .coo, J Diphthongs and Triphthongs enumerated. 17. Two vowels forming but one syllable are generally called a diphthong, and three a triphthong : these are the following ae Caesar, ew... ...jewel, oy IM.V. at aim, ... .. they, when ending a syllable. 14. The consonants are, b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, I, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z ; and y and w, when beginning a syllable. 15. The vowels may be subdivided into such as are simple and pure, and into such as are compound and impure. The simple or pure vowels are such as require only one conforma- tion of the organs to form them, and no mo- tion in the organs while forming. 16. The compound or impure vowels are such as require more than one conformation of the organs to form them, and a motion in the organs while forming. These observations premised, we may call the following scheme * An ignorance of the real composition of H, and a want of knowing that it partook of the nature of a consonant, has occa- sioned a great diversity and uncertainty in prefixing the indefinite name, never suspected that it was not a pure vowel, and constantly prefixed the article an before nouns beginning with this letter; as, an union, an uieful book. They were confirmed in this opinion by finding the an always adapted to the short u, as, an umpire, an umhrtlla, without ever dreaming that the short u is a pure vowel, and essentially different from the long one. But the modem;, not resting in the name of a letter, and consulting their ears ra- ther than their eyes, have frequently placed the a instead of an before the long u; and we have seen a union, a univerrity, a use- flil book, from some of the most respectable pens of the present age. Nor can we doubt a moment of the propriety of this ortho- graphy, when we reflect that these words actually begin to the ear with u, and might be spelled j/ouiuon, gmmiccrtity, f t s sh th k ch chair, b v d z z/i dli g j jail. 42. Holder, who wrote the most elaborately and philosophically upon this subject, tells us, in his Elements of Speech, that when we only whisper we cannot distinguish the first rank of these letters from the second. It is certain the difference between them is very nice ; the upper letters seeming to have only a smarter,, brisker appulse of the organs than the lower; 2.2 OF THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF THE VOWELS. which may not improperly be distinguished by sharp and flat. The most marking distinction between them will be found to be a sort of guttural murmur, which precedes the latter letters when we wish to pronounce them for- cibly, but not the former. Thus, if we close the lips, and put the finger on them to keep them shut, and strive to pronounce the p, no sound at all will be heard ; but in striving to pronounce the b we shall find a murmuring sound from the throat, which seems the com- mencement of the letter ; and if we do but stop the breath by the appulse of the organs, in order to pronounce with greater force, the same may be observed of the rest of the letters. 43. This difference in the formation of these consonants may be more distinctly perceived in the s and z than in any other of the letters ; the former is sounded by the simple issue of the breath between the teeth, without any vi- bration of it in the throat, and may be called a hissing sound; while the latter cannot be formed without generating a sound in the throat, which may be called a vocal sound. The upper rank of letters, therefore, may be called breathing consonants; and the lower, vocal ones. 44. These observations premised, we may proceed to describe the organic formation of each letter. 45. P and B are formed by closing the lips till the breath is collected, and then letting it issue by forming the vowel e. 46. F and V are formed by pressing the upper teeth upon the under lip, and sounding the vowel e before the former and after the latter of these letters. 47. T and D are formed by pressing the tip of the tongue to the gums of the upper teeth, and then separating them, by pronouncing the vowel e. 48. S and Z are formed by placing the tongue in the same position as in T and D, but not so close to the gums as to stop the breath : a space is left between the tongue and the palate for the breath to issue, which forms the hissing and buzzing sound of these letters. 49. SH heard in mission, and zh in evasion, are formed in the same seat of sound as s and z ; but in the former, the tongue is drawn a little inwards, and at a somewhat greater dis- tance from the palate, which occasions a fuller effusion of breath from the hollow of the mouth, than in the latter, which are formed nearer the teeth. 50. TH in think, and the same letters in that, are formed by protruding the tongue be- tween the fore teeth, pressing it against the upper teeth, and at the same time endeavour- ing to sound the s or z ; the former letter to sound th in think, and the latter to sound t/i in that. 51. K and G hard are formed by pressing the middle of the tongue to the roof of the mouth, near the throat, and separating them a little smartly to form the first, and more gently to form the last of these letters. 52. C H in chair, and Jin jail, are formed by pressing t to sh, and d to zli. 53. M is formed by closing the lips, as in P and B, and letting the voice issue by the nose. 54. JVis formed by resting the tongue in the same position as in Tor D, and breathing through the nose, with the mouth open. 55. L is formed by nearly the same position of the organs as t and d, but more with the tip of the tongue, which is brought a little for- warder to the teeth, while the breath issues from the mouth. 50. R is formed by placing the tongue nearly in the position of t, but at such a distance from the palate as suffers it to jar against it, when the breath is propelled from the throat to the mouth. 57. WG in ring, sing, &c. is formed in the same seat of sound as g hard ; but while the middle of the tongue presses the roof of the mouth, as in G, the voice passes principally through the nose, as in 2V. 58. Y consonant is formed by placing the organs in the position of e, and squeezing the tongue against the roof of the mouth, which produces ee, which is equivalent to initial ;/. (36) 69. W consonant is formed by placing the organs in the position of oo, described under u, and closing the lips a little more, in order to propel the breath upon the succeeding vowel which it articulates. 60. In this sketch of the formation and dis- tribution of the consonants, it is curious to ob- serve on how few radical principles the almost infinite variety of combination in language de- pends. It is with some degree of wonder we perceive that the slightest aspiration, the almost insensible inflection of nearly similar sounds, often generate the most different and opposite meanings. In this view of nature, as in every other, we find uniformity and variety very conspicuous. The single Jiaf, at first impress- ed on the chaos, seems to operate on lan- guages ; which, from the simplicity and pau- city of their principles, and the extent and power of their combinations, prove the good- ness, wisdom, and omnipotence of their origin. 61. This analogical association of sounds is not only curious, but useful : it gives us a com- prehensive view of the powers of the letters ; and, from the small number that are radically different, enables us to see the rules on which their varieties depend : it discovers to us the genius and propensities of several languages and dialects, and, when authority is silent, enables us to decide agreeably to analogy. 62. The vowels, 'diphthongs, and consonants thus enumerated and defined, before we pro- ceed to ascertain their different powers, as they are differently associated with each other, it may be necessary to give some account of those distinctions of sound in the same vowels which express their quantity as long or short, or their quality as open or close, or slender and broad. This will appear the more necessary, as these distinctions so frequently occur in describing the sounds of the vowels, and as they are not unfrequently used with too little precision by most writers on the subject. Of the Quantity and Quality of Vowel's. 63. The first distinction of sound that seems to obtrude itself upon us when we utter the vowels, is a long and a short sound according to the greater or less duration of time taken up in pronouncing them. This distinction is so obvious as to have been adopted in all Ian. INFLUENCE OF ACCENT ON THE SOUNDS OF VOWELS. 23 guages, and is that to which we annex clearer ideas than to any other ; and though the short sounds of some vowels have not in our lan- guage been classed, with sufficient accuracy, with their parent long ones, yet this has bred but little confusion, as vowels long and short are always sufficiently distinguishable; and the nice appropriation of short sounds to their spe- cific long ones is not necessary to our convey- ing what sound we mean, when the letter to which we apply these sounds is known, and its power agreed upon. 64. The next distinction of vowels into their specific sounds, which seems to be the most generally adopted, is that which arises from the different apertures of the mouth in forming them. It is certainly very natural, when we have so many more simple sounds than we have characters by which to express them, to distin- guish them by that which seems their organic definition ; and we accordingly find vowels de- nominated by the French, ouvert and fern i& ; by the Italians, aperto and chiuso ; and by the English, open and shut. 65. But whatever propriety there may be in the use of these terms in other languages, it is certain they must be used with caution in Eng- lish, for fear of confounding them with long and short. Dr Johnson and other gramma- rians call the a in father the open a ; which may, indeeJ, distinguish it from the slender a in paper ; but not from the broad a in water, which is still more open. Each of these letters has a short sound, which may be called a shut sound; but the long sound cannot be so pro- perly denominated open, as more or less broad ; that is, the c in paper, the slender sound ; the a in father, the broadish or middle sound ; and the a in water, the broad sound. The same may be observed of the o. This letter has three long sounds, heard in mote, note, nor ; which graduate from slender to broad- ish, and broad, like the a. The t also in mine, may be called the broad i, and that in machine, the slender i ; though each of them is equally long ; and though these vowels that are long may be said to be more or less op. u n, according to the different apertures of the mouth in forming them, yet the short vowels cannot be said to be more or less shut: for as short always implies shut, (except in verse) though long does not always imply open, we must be careful not to confound long and open, and close and shut, when we speak of the quantity and quality of the vowels. The truth of it is, all vowels either terminate a syllable, or are united with a consonant. In the first case, if the accent be on the syllable, the vowel is long, though it may not be open : in the second case, where a syllable is termi- nated by a consonant, except that consonant be ;-, whether the accent be on the syllable or not, the vowel has its short sound, which, compared with its long one, may be called shut : but as no vowel can be said to be shut that is not joined to a consonant, all vowels that end syllables may be said to be open, whether the accent be on them or not (5.30) (551). 6ti. But though the terms long and short, as applied to vowels, are pretty generally un- derstood, an accurate car will easily perceive tVit these terms do not always mean the long u-.d short sounds of the respective vowels to which they are applied ; for if we choose to be directed by the ear, in denominating vowels long or short, we must certainly give these appellations to those sounds only which have exactly the same radical tone, and differ crily in the long or short emission of that tone. Thus measuring the sounds of the vowels by this scale, we shall find that the long t and y have properly no short sounds but such as seem essentially distinct from their long ones ; and that the short sound of these vowels is no other than the short sound of e, which is the latter letter in the composition of the diph- thongs (37). l>7. The same want of correspondence in classing the long and short vowels we find in ft, e, o, and u , for as the e in theme does not find its short sound in the same letter in them, but in the i in him; so the e in them must de- scend a step lower into the province of a for its long sound in tame. The a in carry is not the short sound of the a in care, but of that in car, father, &c. as the short broad sound of the a in want, is the true abbreviation of that in wall. The sound of o in dun, gone, &c. is exactly correspondent to the a in sivan, and finds its long sound in the a in wall, or the diphthong aw in dawn, lawn, &c. ; while the short sound of the o in tone, is nearly that of the same letter in ton, (a weight) and cor- responding with what is generally called the short sound of u in tun, gun, &c. as the long sound of u in pule, must find its short sound in the u in pull, bull, &c. ; for this vowel, like the z andy, being a diphthong, its short sound is formed from the latter part of the letter equivalent to double o ; as the word pule, if spelled according to the sound, might be writ- ten peoole. C8. Another observation preparatory to a consideration of the various sounds of the vowels and consonants seems to be the influ- ence of the accent ; as the accent or stress which is laid upon certain syllables has so ob- vious an effect upon the sounds of the letters, that unless we take accent into the account, it will be impossible to reason rightly upon the proper pronunciation of the Elements of Speech. Of the Influence of Accent on the Sounds of the Letters. 69. It may be first observed, that the exer- tion of the organs of speech necessary to pro- duce the accent or stress, has an obvious ten- dency to preserve the letters in their pure and uniform sound, while the relaxation or feeble- ness which succeeds the accent, as naturally suffers the letters to slide into a somewhat dif- ferent sound a little easier to the organs of pronunciation. Thus, the first a in cabbage is pronounced distinctly with the true sound of that letter, while the second a goes into an obscure sound bordering on the t short, the slenderest of all sounds ; so that cabbage and village have the a in the last syllable scarcely distinguishable from the e and i in the last syllables of college and vestige. 70. In the same manner the a, e, i, o, and y coming before r, in a final unaccented syl- DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER A. lable, go into an ob?cure sound so nearly ap- proaching to the short w, that if the accent were carefully kept upon the first syllables of liar, Her, elixir, mayor, martyr, &c. these words, without any perceptible change in the sound of their last syllables, might all be written and pronounced lieur, lieur, elixur, mai/ur, martur, &c. 71. The consonants also are no less altered in their sound by the position of the accent than the vowels. The k and s in the compo- sition of a", when the accent is on them, in exercise, execute, &c. preserve their strong pure sound ; but when the accent is on the second syllable, in exact, exonerate, &c. these letters slide into the duller and weaker sounds of g and 2, which are easier to the organs of pronunciation. Hence not only the soft c and the s go into sh, but even the /, before a diph- thong, slides into the same letters when the stress is on the preceding syllable. Thus, in society and satiety the c and t preserve their pure sound, because the syllables ci and ti have the accent on them ; but in social and satiate these syllables come after the stress, and from the feebleness of their situation na- turally fall into the shorter and easier sound, as 1f written sashial and sashiate. See the word SATIETY. A. 72. A has three long sounds and two short ones. 73. Thf first sound of the first letter in our alphabet is that which among the English is its name. ( See the letter A at the beginning of the Dictionary.) This is what is called, by most grammarians, its slender sound, (35) (65) ; we find it in the words lade, spade, trade, &c. In the diphthong ai we have exactly the same sound of this letter, as in pain, gain, slain, &c. and sometimes in the diphthong ea, as bear, swear, pear, &c. ; nay, twice we find it, contrary to every rule of pronunciation, in the words where and there, and once in the anomalous diphthong ao in gaol. It exactly corresponds to the sound of the French e in the beginning of the words etre and tele, 74. The long slender a is generally produced by a silent e at the end of a syllable ; which e not only keeps one single intervening conso- nant from shortening the preceding vowel, but sometimes two : thus we find the mute e makes of rag, rage, and very improperly keeps the a open even in range, change, &c. ; (see CHANGE) hat, with the mute e, becomes hate, and the a continues open, and perhaps some- what longer in haste, waste, paste, &c. though it must be confessed this seems the privilege only of a; for the other vowels contract be- fore the consonants ng in revenge, cringe, plunge ; and the sle in our language is pre- ceded by 110 other vowel but this. Every consonant but n shortens every vowel but er, when soft g and e silent succeed; as, bilge, badge, hinge, spunge, &c. 75. Hence we may establish this general rule : A has the long, open, slender sound, when followed by a single consonant, and e mute, as lade, made, fade, &c. The only ex- ceptions seem to be, 'have, ore, gape, and bade, the past time of to bid. 76. A has the same sound when ending an accented syllable, as, pa-per, ta-per, spec-ta- tor. The only exceptions are,fa-ther, ma-ster, wa-ter. 77. As the short sound of the long slender a is not found under the same character, but in the short e (as may be perceived by com- paring mate and met,) (67) we proceed to do- lineate the second sound of this vowel, which is that heard in father, and is called by some the open sound ; (34) but this can never distin- guish it from the deeper sound of the a in all, ball, &c. which is still more open : by some it is styled the middle sound of a, as between the a in pale, and that in wall : it answers nearly to the Italian a in Toscano, Romano, &c. or to the final a in the naturalized Greek words, papa and mamma ; and in baa ; the word adopted in almost all languages to express the cry of sheep. We seldom find the long sound of this letter in our language, except in mo- nosyllables ending with r, as Jar, lar, -mar, &c." and in the word father. There are certain words from the Latin, Italian, and Spanish languages, such as lumbago, bravado, tornado, camixado, farrago, &c. which are sometimes heard with this sound of a ; but except in bravo, heard chiefly at the theatres, the English sound of a is preferable in all these words. 78. The long sound of the middle or Italian a is always found before r in monosyllables, as car, far, mar, &c. ; before the liquids Im ; whether the latter only be pronounced, as in psalm, or both, as in psalmist : sometimes before If, and Ive, as caff, lialf, calve, lialrc, salve, &c. ; and, lastly, before the sharp as- pirated dental th in bath, path, lath, &c. and in the word father : this sound of the a was formerly more than at present found before the nasal liquid n, especially when succeeded by c, t, or d, as dance, glance, lance, France, chance, prance, grant, plant, sfant, slander, &c. 79. The hissing consonant s was likewise a sign of this sound of the a, whether doubled, "as in glass, grass, lass, &c. or accompanied by t, as in last, fast, vast, &c. ; but this pro- nunciation of a seems to have been for some years advancing to the short sound of this let- ter, as heard in hand, land, grand, &c. and pronouncing the a in after, ansiver, basket, plant, mast, &c. as long as in half, calf, &c. borders very closely on vulgarity : it must be observed, however, that the a before n in mo- nosyllables, and at the end of words, was an- ciently written with u after it, and so probably pronounced as broad as the German a ; for Dr Johnson observes, " Many words pronounced with a broad were anciently written with an, as sault, mault ; and we still write fault, vault. This was probably the Saxon sound, for it is yet retained in the northern dialects, and in the rustic pronunciation, as maun for man, hattnd for hand." But since the u has vanished, the a has been gradually pronounced slenderer and shorter, till now almost every vestige of the ancient orthography seems lost ; though the termination mand in command, demand, &c. formerly written commaund, demaund, still retains the long sound inviolably.* * Since the first publication of this Dictionary the public have DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER A. 25 80. As the mute I in calm, psalm, calf, half, &c. seems to lengthen the sound of this letter, so the abbreviation of some words by apostrophe seems to have the same effect. Thus when, by impatience, that grand cor- rupter of manners as well as language, the no is cut out of the word cannot, and the two syllables reduced to one, we find the a length- ened to the Italian or middle a, as, cannot, can't; have not, han't; shall not, shan't, &c. This is no more than what the Latin language is subject to; it being a known rule in that tongue, that when, by composition or other- wise, two short syllables become one, that syllable is almost always long, as alius has the penultimate long because it comes from aliius, and the two short vowels in coago be- come one long vowel in cogo, &c. 81. The short sound of the middle or Italian a, which is generally confounded with the short sound of the slender a, is the sound of this vowel in man, pan, tan, mat, hat, &c. We generally find this sound before any two successive consonants (those excepted in the foregoing remarks), and even when it comes before an r, if a vowel follow, or the r be doubled ; for if this consonant be doubled, in order to produce another syllable, the long sound becomes short, as mar, marry; car, cam/, &c. where we find the monosyllable has the long, and the dissyllable the short sound ; but if a come before r, followed by another consonant, it has its long sound, as in part, partial, &c. 82. The only exception to this rule is in ad- jectives derived from substantives ending in r ; for in this case the a continues long, as in the primitive. Thus the a in starry, or full of stars, is as long as in star ; and the a in the adjective tarry, or besmeared with tar, is as long as in the substantive tar, though short in the word tarry, to stay. 83. The third long sound of a is that which we more immediately derive from our mater- nal language, the Saxon, but which at present we use less than any other : this is the a in fall, ball, pall, (33) : we find a correspondent sound to this a in the diphthongs au and aw, as laud, law, saw, &c. ; though it must here be rioted, that we have improved upon our Ger- man parent, by giving a broader sound to this letter, in these words, than the Germans them- selves would do, were they to pronounce them. 84. The long sound of the deep broad Ger- man a is produced by // after it, as in nil, wall, call ; or, indeed, by one I, and any other consonant, except the mute labials, p, b, f, been favoured with some very elaborate and judicious observations and English Dictionary. In this work he departs frequently from my judgment, and particularly in the pronunciation of the letter last, chance, &c. to w'hich he annexes the long sound of a In father. That this was the sound formerly, is highly probable, from its being still the sound given it by the vulgar, who are generally the these words is now the general pronunciation of the polite and learned world, !,eems to be candidly acknowledged by Mr Smith himself; and as every correct ear would be disgusted at giving the a in these words the full sound of a in father, any middle sound {iiisjht to be discountenanced, as tending to rrmler thepronuncia lion ufa languor ,.|,,rure and indefinite. (163). Ben Jonson, in his Grammar, classes unit, malt, Mm, and calm, as hiving the same sound of a ; and aunt, as having the same deep sound, as audience, u Litter, latv, saw, dratv, &c. and v, as salt, bald, false, falchion, falcon, &c. The exceptions to this rufe are generally words from the Arabic and Latin languages, as Alps, Albion, asphaltic, falcated, salve, calculate, amalgamate, Alcoran, and Alfred, &c. the two last of which may be considered as ancient proper names, which have been frequently la- tinized, and by this means have acquired ? slenderer sound of a. This rule, however, must be understood of such syllables only as have the accent on them : for when al, fol- lowed by a consonant, is in the first syllable of a word, having the accent on the second, it is then pronounced as in the first syllables of al-ley, val-ley, &c. as alternate, balsamic, fal- cade, falcation, &c. Our modern orthogra- phy, which has done its utmost to perplex pro- nunciation, has made it necessary to observe, that every word compounded of a monosylla- ble with If, as albeit, also, almost, downfall, &c. must be pronounced as if the two liquids were still remaining, notwithstanding our word-menders have wisely taken one way, to the destruction both of sound and etymology ; for, as Mr Elphinston shrewdly observes, " Every reader, young and old, must now be so sagacious an analyst as to discern at once not only what are compounds and what are their simples, but that al in composition is equal to all out of it ; or in other words, that it is both what it is, and what it is not." Prin. Eng. Language, vol. I. page 60 See No. 406. 85. The w has a peculiar quality of broad- ening this letter, even when prepositive : this is always the effect, except when the vowel is closed by the sharp or flat guttural k or g, x, ng, nk, or the sharp labial f, as wax, waft, thwack, twang, twank : thus we pronounce the a broad, though short in wad, wan, want, was, ivhat, &c. and though other letters suffer the a to alter its sound before //, when one of these letters goes to the formation of the latter syllable, as tall, tal-low ; hall, hal-low ; call, cul-low, &c. yet we see w preserve the sound of this vowel before a single consonant, as wal-luw, swal-low, &c. 86. The q including the sound of the u<, and being no more than this letter preceded by k, ought, according to analogy, to broaden every a it goes before, like the w ; thus quantity ought to be pronounced as if written kwontity, and quality should rhyme with jollity ; instead of which we frequently hear the w robbed of its rights in its proxy ; and quality so pro- nounced as to rhyme with legality ; while to rhyme quantity, according to this affected mode of pronouncing it, we must coin such words as plantity and consonantily. The a in quaver and equator is an exception to this rule, from the preponderancy of another which requires a, ending a syllable under the accent, to have the slender sound of that letter ; to which rule, father, master, and water, and, perhaps, quadrant, are the only exceptions. 87. The short sound of this'broad a is heard when it is preceded by w, and succeeded by a single consonant in the same syllable, as wal- low, swal-low, &c. or by two consonants in the same syllable, as want, wast, wax/), &c. but when / or is one of the consonants, the becomes long, as walk, swarm, &c. 26 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER E. Irregular and unaccented Sounds. 88. But besides the long and short sounds common to all the vowels, there is a certain transient indistinct pronunciation of some of them, when they are not accented, that can- not be so easily settled : when the accent is not upon it, no vowel is more apt to run into this imperfect sound than the a ; thus, the particle a before participles, in the phrases a-going, (-/-walking, a-shooting, &c. seems, says Dr Lowth, to be the true and genuine preposition OH, a little disguised by familiar use and quick pronunciation : the same indis- tinctness, from rapidity and coincidence of sound, has confounded the pronunciation of this mutilated preposition to the ear, in the different questions, what's o'clock, when we would know the hour, and what's a clock, when we would have the description of that horary machine ; and if the accent be kept strongly on the first syllable of the word to- lerable, as it always ought to be, we find scarcely any distinguishable difference to the ear, if we substitute u or o instead of a in the penultimate syllable. Thus, tolerable, tolera- ble, tolerable, are exactly the same word to the ear, if pronounced without premeditation or transposing the accent, for the real purpose of distinction ; and inwards, outwards, &c. might, with respect to sound, be spelt inwurds, out- wurds, &c. Thus, the word man, when not under the accent, might be written mun in nobleman, husbandman, woman ; and tertian and quartan, tertiun and quartun, &c. The same observation will hold good in almost every final syllable where a is not accented, as medal, died, giant, bias, &c. defiance, tem- perance, &c. ; but when the final syllable ends in age, ate, or ace, the a goes into a somewhat different sound. See (90) and (91). 89. There is a corrupt, but a received pro- nunciation of this letter in the words any, many, Thames, where the a sounds like short e, as if written enny, menny, Terns. Catch, among Londoners, seems to have degenerated into Ketch ; and says, the third person of the verb to say, has, among all ranks of people, and in every part of the united kingdoms, de- generated into sez, rhyming withes. 90. The a goes into a sound approaching the short i, in the numerous termination in age, when the accent is not on it, as cabbage, vil- lage, courage, &c. and are pronounced nearly as if written cabbige, viilige, courige, &c. The exceptions to this rule are chiefly among words of three syllables, with the accent on the first ; these seem to be the following : Adage, pre- sage, scutage, hemorrhage, vassalage, carcilage, guidage, jmcilage, mucilage, cartilage, pupilage, orphanage, vil/anage, ajyanage, concubinage, baronage, patronage, parsonage, jtersonage, equi- page, ossifrage, saxifrage, umjrirage, embassage, liermitage, heritage, parentage, messuage. 91. The a in the numerous termination ate, when the accent is on it, is pronounced some- what differently in different words. If the word be a substantive, or an adjective, the a seems to be shorter than when it is a verb : thus a good ear will discover a difference in the quantity of this letter, in delicate and de- dicate ; in climate, primate, and ultimate; and the verbs to calculate, to regulate, and to speculate, where we find the nouns and ad- jectives have the a considerably shorter than the verbs. Innate, however, preserves the a as long as if the accent were on it : but the unaccented terminations in ace, whether nouns or verbs, have the a so short and obscure as to be nearly similar to the u in us; thus, palace, solace, menace, pinnace, populace, might, with- out any great departure from their common sound, be written pallus, sollus, &c. while fur- nace almost changes the o into i, and niight be written furniss. 92. When the a is preceded by the gutturals, hard g or c, it is, in polite pronunciation, sof- tened by the intervention of a sound like e, so that card, cart, guard, regard, are pronounced like ke-ard, he-art, g/te-ard, re-ghe-ard. When the a is pronounced short, as in the first syllable of candle, gander, &c. the interposition of the e is very perceptible, and indeed unavoidable : for though we can pronounce guard arid cart without interposing the e, it is impossible to pronounce garrison and carriage in the same manner. This sound of the a is taken notice of in Steele's Grammar, page 49. Nay, Ben Jonson remarks the same sound of this letter, which proves that it is not the offspring of the present day, (160) ; and I have the satisfaction to find Mr Smith, a very accurate inquirer into the subject, entirely of my opinion. But the sound of the a, which I have found the most difficult to appreciate, is that where it ends the syllable, either immediately before or after the accent. We cannot give it any of its three open sounds without hurting the ear ; thus, in pronouncing the words abound and diadem, ay-bound, ao-bound, and aiv-bouttd ,- di-ay-dem, di-ah-dem, and di-aw-dem, are all improper ; but giving the a the second, or Italian sound, as all-bound and di-ah-dem , seems the least so. For which reason I have, like Mr Sheridan, adopted the short sound of this letter to mark this unaccented a : but if the unaccented a be final, which is not the case in any word purely English, it then seems to approach still nearer to the Italian a in the last syllable of papa, and to the a in father, as may be heard in the deliberate pronuncia- tion of the words idea, Africa, Delta, &c. (88). See the letter A at the Beginning of the Dic- tionary. E. 93. The first sound of e is that which it has when lengthened by the mute c final, as in glebe, theme, &c. or when it ends a syllable with the accent upon it, as se-cre-tion, ad-lte- sion, &.C. (36). 9i. The exceptions to this rule are, the words where and there, in which the first e is pronounced like a, as if written whnre, thare ; and the auxiliary verb were, where the e has its short sound, as if written werr, rhyming with the last syllable of prc-fer ; and ere (be- fore), which sounds like air. When there is in composition in the word therefore, the e is generally shortened, as in were, but in my opinion improperly. 95. The short sound of e is that heard in bed, fed, red, wed, &c. This sound before r is apt to slide into short u; and we sometimes DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER E. 27 hear mercy sounded as if written murcy : but this, though very near, is not the exact sound. Irregular and unaccented Sounds. 96. The e at the end of the monosyllables be, he, me, we, is pronounced ee, as if written bee, liee, &c. It is silent at the end of words purely English, but is pronounced distinctly at the end of some words from the learned lan- guages, as epitome, simile, catastroplie, apos- trophe, &c. 97. The first e in the poetic contractions, eer and ne'er, is pronounced like o, as if written air and nair. 98. The e in her is pronounced nearly like short u ; and as we hear it in the unaccented terminations of writer, reader, &c. pronounced as if written writur, readur, where we may observe that the r being only a jar, and not a definite and distinct articulation like the other consonants, instead of stopping the vocal efflux of voice, lets it imperfectly pass, and so cor- rupts and alters the true sound of the vowel. The same may be observed of the final e after r in words ending in ere, gre, tre, where the e is sounded as if it were placed before the r, as in lucre, maugre, theatre, &c. pronounced lukur, maugur, theatur, &c. See No. 418. It may be remarked, that though we ought cautiously to avoid pronouncing the e like u when under the accent, it would be nimis Al- lied, and border too much on affectation of ac- curacy, to preserve this sound of e in unac- cented syllables before r ; and though terrible, where e has the accent, should never be pro- nounced as if written turrible, it is impossible, without pedantry, to make any difference in the sound of the last syllable 01 sjilendour and tender, sulphur and suffer, or martyr and garter. But there is a small deviation from rule when this letter begins a word, and is fol- lowed by a double consonant with the accent on the second syllable : in this case we find the vowel lengthen as if the consonant were single. See EFFACE, DESPATCH, EMBALM. 99. This vowel, in a final unaccented sylla- ble, is apt to slide into the short i : thus, faces, ranges, praises, are pronounced as if written faciz, rangiz, praiziz ; poet, covet, linen, duel, &c. as if written poit, covit, linin, duil, &c. Where we may observe, that though the e goes into the short sound of i, it is exactly that sound which corresponds to the long sound of e. See Port Royal Grammaire, Latin, p. 142. 100. There is a remarkable exception to the common sound of this letter in the words clerk, seijeant, and a few others, where we find the e pronounced like the a in dark and margin. But this exception, I imagine, was, till within these few years, the general rule of sounding this letter before r, followed by an- other consonant. See MERCHANT. Thirtyyears ago every one pronounced the first syllable of merchant like the monosyllable march, and as it was anciently written marchant. Service and servant are still heard among the lower order of speakers, as if written sarvice and Mrvant ; and eveYi among the better sort, we sometimes hear the salutation, Sir, your sar- vant ! though this pronunciation of the word singly would be looked upon as a mark of the lowest vulgarity. The proper names, Derby, and Berkeley, still retain the old sound, as if written Darby and Barkeley ; but even these, in polite usage, are getting into the common sound, nearly as if written Durby and Burke- ley. As this modern pronunciation of the e has a tendency to simplify the language by lessening the number of exceptions, it ought certainly to be indulged. 101. This letter falls into an irregular sound, but still a sound which is its nearest relation, in the words, England, yes, and pretty, where the e is heard like short f. Vulgar speakers are guilty of the same irregularity in engine, as if written ingine ; but this cannot be too carefully avoided. 102. The vowel e before / and n in the final unaccented syllable, by its being sometimes suppressed and sometimes not, forms one of the most puzzling difficulties in pronunciation. When any of the liquids precede these letters, the e is heard distinctly, as woollen, Jiannel, wo- men, syren ; but when any of the other conso- nants come before these letters, the e is some- times heard, as in novel, sudden ; and some- times not, as in swivel, raven, &c. As no other rule can be given for this variety of pro- nunciation, perhaps the best way will be to draw the line between those words where e is pronounced, and those where it is not; and this, by the help of the Rhyming Dictionary, I am luckily enabled to do. In the first place, then, it may be observed, the e before /, in a final unaccented syllable, must always be pronounced distinctly, except in the following words: shekel, weasel, ousel, nouscl (better written nuzzle}, navel, ravel, snivel, rivel, drivel, shrivel, shovel, grovel, hazel, drazel, nozel. The words are pronounced as if the e were omitted by an apostrophe, as shek'l, weas'l, ous'l, &c. or rather as if written sheckle, weasle, ousle, &c. ; but as these are the only words of this termination that are so pronounced, great care must be taken that we do not pronounce travel, gravel, rebel (the substantive), parcel, chapel, and vesstl, in the same manner; a fault to which many are very prone. 103. E before n in a final unaccented syl- lable, and not preceded by a liquid, must always be suppressed in the verbal termina- tions in en, as to loosen, to hearken, and in other words, except the following : sudden, mynclien, kitchen, hyphen, chicken, ticken, (better written ticking), jerken, aspen, platen, paten, marten, latten, patten, leaven or leven, sloven, mittens. In these words the e is heard distinctly, contrary to the general rule which suppresses the e in these syllables, when pre- ceded by a mute, as harden, heathen, heaven, as if written hard'n, heath'n, heav'n, &c. ; nay, even when preceded by a liquid, in the words fallen and stolen, where the e is suppressed, as if they were written fall'n and stol'n : gar- den and burden, therefore, are ve'y analogi- cally pronounced gard'n and burd'n ; and this pronunciation ought the rather to be indulged, as we always hear the e suppressed in gardener and burdensome, as if written gard'ner and burd'nsome. See No. 472. 104. This diversity in the pronunciation of these terminations ought the more carefully to be attended to, as nothing is so vulgar and 28 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER childish as to hear swivel and heaven pro- nounced with the e distinctly, or novel and chicken with the e suppressed. But the most general suppression of this letter is in the pre- terits of verbs, and in participles ending in ed : here, when the e is not preceded by d or t, the e is almost universally sunk (862), and the two final consonants are pronounced in one syllable : thus, loved, lived, barred, marred, are pronounced as if written lovd, Hud, bard, mard. The same may be observed of this letter when silent in the singulars of nouns or the first per- sons of verbs, as theme, make, &c. which form themes in the plural, and makes in the third person, &c. where the last e is silent, and the words are pronounced in one syllable. When the noun or first person of the verb ends in y, with the accent on it, the e is likewise sup- pressed, as a reply, two replies, he replies, &c. When words of this form have the accent on the preceding syllables, the e is suppressed, and the y pronounced like short i, as cherries, mar- ries, carries, &c. pronounced cherriz, marriz, carriz, &c. In the same manner, carried, mar- ried, embodied, &c. are pronounced as if written carrid, marrid, embodid, &c. (282). But it must be carefully noted, that there is a remarkable exception to many of these contractions when we are pronouncing the language of scripture : here every participial ed ought to make a dis- tinct syllable, where it is not preceded by a vowel : thus, " VV ho hath believed our report, and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed?" Here the participles are both pronounced in three syllables ; but in the following passage, " Whom he did predestinate, them he also called ; and whom he called, them he also justified ; and whom he justified, them he also glorified." Called preserves the e, and is pro- nounced in two syllables ; and justified and glorified suppress the e, and are pronounced in three. /. 105. This letter is a perfect diphthong, composed of the sounds of a in father, and e in he, pronounced as closely together as possi- ble, (37). When these sounds are openly pro- nounced, they produce the familiar assent aye, which, by the old English dramatic writers, was often expressed by i ; hence we may ob- serve, that unless our ancestors pronounced the vowel i like the o in oil, the present pro- nunciation of the word ay in the House of Commons, in the phrase, the Ayes have it, is contrary to ancient as well as to present usage ; such a pronunciation of this word is now coarse and rustic. The sound of this letter is heard when it is lengthened by final e, as lime, thine, or ending a syllable with the ac- cent upon it, as ti-tlc, di-al ; in monosyllables ending with nd, as bind, Jind, mind, &c. ; in three words ending with Id, as child, mild, wild; and in one very irregularly ending with tit, as pint (37). IOC. There is one instance where this letter, though succeeded by final e, does not go into the broad English sound like the noun eye, Imt into the slender foreign sound like e. This is, in the word shire, pronounced as if written sheer, both when single, as a knight of the shire; or in composition, as in Nulting- hnmshire, Leicestershire, &c. This is the sound Dr Lowth gives it in his Grammar, page 4. and it is highly probable that the simple shire acquired this slender sound from its tendency to become slender in the compounds, where it is at a distance from the accent, and where all the vowels have a natural tendency to become short and obscure. See SHIRE. 107. The short sound of this letter is heard in him, thin, &c. and when ending an unac- cented syllable, as, van-i-ty, qual-i-ty, &c. where, though it cannot be properly said to be short, as it is not closed by a consonant, yet it has but half its diphthongal sound. This sound is the sound of e, the last letter ot the diphthong that forms the long i ; and it is not a little surprising that Dr Johnson should say that the short i was a sound wholly differ- ent from the long one (551.) 108. When this letter is succeeded by r, and another consonant not in a final syllable, it has exactly the sound of e in vermin, venial, &c. as virtue, rirgin, &c. which approaches to the sound of short u -, but when it comes be- fore r, followed by another consonant in a final syllable, it acquires the sound of u exactly, as bird, dirt, shirt, squirt, &c. Mirth, birth, gird, girt, skirt, girl, whirl, and firm, are the only ex- ceptions to this rule, where i is pronounced like e, and as if the words were written merth, berth, and/erm. 109. The letter r, in this case, seems to have the same influence on this vowel, as it evidently has on a and o. When these vowels come before double r, or single r, followed by a vowel, as in arable, carry, marry, orator, horrid, forage, &c. they are considerably short- er than when the r is the final letter of the word, or when it is succeeded by another con- sonant, as in arbour, car, mar, or, nor, for. In the same manner, the i, coming before either double r, or single r, followed by a vowel, preserves its pure short sound, as in irritate, spirit, conspiracy, &c. ; but when r is followed by another consonant, or is the final letter of a word with the accent upon it, the t goes into a deeper and broader sound, equivalent to a short e, as heard in virgin, virtue, &c. So fir, a tree, is perfectly similar to the first syllable of ferment, though often corruptly pronounced like fur, a skin. Sir, and stir, are exactly pronounced as if written sur and stur. It seems, says Mr Nares, that our ancestors distinguished these sounds more correctly. Bishop Gardiner, in his first letter to Cheke, mentions a witticism of Nicholas Rowley, a fellow Cantab with him, to this effect : Let handsome girls be called virgins : plain ones, vurgins. ' Si pukhra est, virgo, i turpis, vurgo vocetu Which, says Mr Elphinston, may be mo- dernized by the aid of a far more celcbratc'd line : " Sweet rirgin can alone the fair express, " .Fine by ttcgrta, and litautifullti lets: " But let the hoyden, homely, rongh-hewn rurgiii, " Engross the homage of a t'tujar Shergtm.' 110. The sound of;', in this situation, ought :o be the more carefully attended to, as letting t fall into the sound of u, where it should have the sound of e, has a grossness in it ap- DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER /. 29 preaching to vulgarity. Perhaps the only ex- ception to this rule is, when the succeeding vowel is u ; for this letter being a semi-conso- nant, has some influence on the preceding i, though not so much as a perfect consonant would have. This makes Mr Sheridan's pro- nunciation of the i in virulent, and its com- pounds, like that in virgin, less exceptionable than I at first thought it ; but since we can- not give a semi-sound of short i to correspond to the semi-consonant sound of u, I have pre- ferred the pure sound, which 1 think the most agreeable to polite usage. See Mr Garrick's Epigram upon the sound of this letter, under tiie word VIRTUE. Irregular and unaccented Sounds. 111. There is an irregular pronunciation of this letter, which has greatly multiplied within these few years, and that is, the slender sound heard in ee. This sound is chiefly found in words derived from the French and Italian languages ; and we think we show our breeding by a knowledge of those tongues, and an igno- rance of our own. " Report of fashions in proud Italy, " Whose manners still our tarfly apish nation " Limps after, in base awkward imitation." Shakapcare, Richard 17. When Lord Chesterfield wrote his letters to his son, the word oblige was, by many polite speakers, pronounced as if written obleege, to give a hint of their knowledge of the French language ; nay, Pope has rhymed it to this sound: " Dreading ev'n fools, by flatterers herieg'd, " And so obliging, that he ne'er oifig'd." But it was so far from having generally ob- tained, that Lord Chesterfield strictly enjoins his son to avoid this pronunciation as affected. In a few years, however, it became so general, that none but the lowest vulgar ever pronounced it in the English manner ; but upon the pub- lication of this nobleman's letters, which was about twenty years after he wrote them, his authority has had so much influence with the polite world, as to bid fair for restoring the i, in this word, to its original rights ; and we not unfrequently hear it now pronounced with the broad English i, in those circles, where, a few years ago, it would have been an infalli- ble mark of vulgarity. Mr Sheridan, W. Johnston, and Mi* Barclay, give both sounds, but place the sound of oblige first. Mr Scott gives both, but places obleege first. Dr Kenrick and Buchanan give only oblige ; and Mr El- phinston, Mr Perry, and Fenning, give only obleege ; but though this sound has lost ground so much, yet Mr Nares, who wrote about eighteen years ago, says, " Oblige still, I think, retains the sound of long e, notwithstanding the proscription of that pronunciation by the late Lord Chesterfield." 1J2. The words that have preserved the fo- reign sound of t Jjke ee, are the following : ambergris, verdegris, antique, becafico, bom- basin, brasil, cnpivi, capuchin, colbertine, chiop- pine, or chopin, caprice, chagrin, chevaux-de- frise, critique (for criticism,) festucine, frize, gabardine, haberdine, sordine, rugine, trephine, quarantine, routine, fascine, fatigue, intrigue, glacis, invalid, machine, magazine, marine, palanquin, pique, police, profile, recitative, man- darine, tabourine, tambourine, tontine, trans- marine, ultramarine. In all these words, if for the last i we substitute ee, we shall have the true pronunciation. In signior the first i is thus pronounced. Mr Sheridan pronounces vertigo and serj)igo with the accent on the se- cond syllable, and the i long, as in lie and jrie. Dr Kenrick gives these words the same accent, but sounds the i as e in tea and pea. The lat- ter is, in my opinion, the general pronuncia- tion; though Mr Sheridan's is supported by a very general rule, which is, that all words adopted whole from the Latin preserve the Latin accent (503, b). But if the English ear were unbiassed by the long i in Latin, which fixes the accent on the second syllable, and could free itself from the slavish imitation of the French and Italians, there is little doubt that these words would have the accent on the first syllable, and that the i would be pro- nounced regularly like the short e, as in indigo and portico. See VERTIGO. , 1 13. There is a remarkable alteration in the sound of this rowel, in certain situations, where it changes to a* sound equivalent to initial y. The situation that occasions this change is, when the i precedes another vowel in an unaccented syllable, and is not preceded by any of the dentals : thus we hear iary in mil-iary, bil-iary, &c. pronounced as if written mS-yary, bil-yary, &c. Min-ion, pin-ion, &c. as if written min-yon and pin-yon. In these words the i is so totally altered to y, that pro- nouncing the ia and io in separate syllables, would be an error the most palpable ; but where the other liquids or mutes precede the i in this situation, the coalition is not so ne- cessary: for though the two latter syllables of convivial, participial, &c. are extremely prone to unite into one, they msry, however, be separated, provided the separation be not too distant. The same observations hold good of e, as malleable, pronounced mal-ya-ble. , 114. But the sound of the z, the most diffi- cult to reduce to rule, is where it ends a syl- lable immediately before the accent. When either the primary or secondary accent is on this letter, it is invariably pronounced either as the long i in title, the short i in tittle, or the French i in magazine ; and when it ends a syllable after the accent, it is always sounded like e, as sen-si-ble, ra-ti-fy, &c. But when it ends a syllable, immediately before the accent, it is sometimes pronounced long, as in vi-ta- li-ty, where the first syllable is exactly like the first of vi-al; and sometimes short, as in di- gest, where the i is pronounced as if the word were written de-gest. The sound of the i, in this situalion, is so little reducible to rule, that none of our writers on the subject have at- tempted it ; and the only method to give some idea of it, seems to be the very laborious one of classing such words together as have the i pronounced in the same manner, and observ- ing the different combinations of other letters that may possibly be the cause of the differen. sounds of this. 115. In the first place, where the i is the only It tier in the first syllable, and the accent is on the second, beginning with a consonant, 30 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER /. the vowel has its long diphthongal sound, as in idea, identity, vlulalry, idoneous, irascible, ironical, isosceles, itinerant, itinerary. Ima- ginary and its compounds seem the only ex- ceptions. But to give the inspector some idea of general usage, 1 have subjoined examples of these words HS they stand in our different pronouncing Dictionaries : Uea, Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan, W '. Johnston. Kenrick. Idea, Perry. identity, Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan, W.Johnston, Kenrick. Identity, Perry. Uolutiy, Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan. W. Johnston, Kenrick. idolatry, Perry. Idoneota, Sheridan, Kenrick. IraKible, Sheridan, Scott, W. Johnston, Kenrick. traKiklt, Perry. uiacelet, Sheridan, Scott, Perry. flinerary, Sheridan, Scott, W. Johnston, Kfiurick. Iliatrary, Perry. itinerant, Sheridan, Scott, W. Johnston, Nares. itinerant, Buchanan, Perry. 116. When t ends the first syllable, and the accent is on the second, commencing with a vowel, it generally preserves its long open diph- thongal sound. Thus in di-ameter, di-urnal, &c. the first syllable is equivalent to the verb to die. A corrupt, foreign manner of pro- nouncing these words may sometimes mince the i into e, as if the words were written de- ametur, de-urnal, &c. but this is disgusting to every just English ear, and contrary to the whole current of analogy. Besides, the vowel that ends and the vowel that begins a syllable are, by pronouncing the i long, kept more dis- tinct, and not suffered to coalesce, as they are apt to do if t has its slender sound. This proneness of the e, which is exactly the slender sound of t, to coalesce with the succeeding vowel, has produced such monsters in pronun- ciation as joggraphy and jommetry for geogra- phy and geometry, and jorgics for georgics. The latter of these words is fixed in this ab- surd pronunciation without remedy ; but the two former seem recovering their right to four syllables; though Mr Sheridan has endeavoured to deprive them of it, by spelling them with three. Hence we may observe, that those who wish to pronounce correctly, and accord- ing to analogy, ought to pronounce the first syllable of biography, as the verb to buy, and not as if written beograpliy. 117. When i ends an initial syllable without the accent, and the succeeding syllable begins with a consonant, the i is generally slender, as if written e. But the exceptions to this rule are so numerous, that nothing but a catalogue will give a tolerable idea of the state of pro- nunciation in this point. 1 18. When the prepositive bi, derived from bis (twice), ends a syllable immediately before the accent, the i is long and broad, in order to corrvey more precisely the specific meaning of the syllable. Thus, bi-capsular, bi-cipital, bi-cipilous, bi-cornous, bi-corporal, bi-dental, bi-farious, bi-furcated, bi-lingous, bi-nocular, bi-pennated, bi-petaloiis, bi-quadrate, have the t long. But the first syllable of the words bi- tumen, and bituminous, having no such signi- fication, ought to be pronounced with the i short. This is the sound Buchanan has given it ; but Sheridan, Kenrick, and W. Johnston, make the i long, as in bible. 119. The same may be observed of words beginning with tri } having the accent on the second syllable. Thus, tri-bunal, trl-corporctl. tri-chotomy, Iri-gintals, have the i ending the first syllable long, as in tri-al. To this class ought to be added, di-pelalons and di-lemnut, though the i in the first syllable of the last word is pronounced like e, and as if written de-lemma, by Mr Scott and Mr Perry, but long by Mr Sheridan, Dr Kenrick, and Bu- chanan ; and both ways by W. Johnston, but placing the short first. And hence we may conclude, that the verb to bi-sect, and the noun bi-section ought to have the i at the end of the first syllable pronounced Jike buy, as Mr Scott and Dr Kenrick have marked it, though other- wise marked by Mr Sheridan, Mr Perry, and Buchanan. 120. When the first syllable is chi, with the accent on the second, the i is generally long, as, chi~ragrical, chi-rurgic, chi-rurgenn, chi- rographist, chi-rogr cipher, chi-rograpJnt. Chi- mera and chi-merical have the i most frequent- ly short, as pronounced by Buchanan and Perry ; though otherwise marked by Sheridan, Scott, W. Johnston, and Kenrick; and, in- deed, the short sound seems now established. Chicane and chicanery, from the French, have the i always short, or more properly slender. 121. Ci before the accent has the {generally short, as, ci-vilian, ci-vility, and, I think, ci- licious andci-nerulenl, though otherwise marked by Mr Sheridan. Ci-barious and ci-tation have the i long. 122. Cli before the accent has the i long, as cli-macter ; but when the accent is on the third syllable, as in climacteric, the i is shortened by the secondary accent. See 530. 123. Cri before the accent has the i generally long, as, cri-nigeroits, cri-terion ; though we sometimes hear the latter as if written creterion, but I think improperly. 124. Di before the accented syllable, begin- ning with a consonant, has the i almost always short ; as, digest, digestion, digress, digression, dilute, dilution, diluvian, dimension, dirnensiae, dimidiation, diminish, diminutive, diploma, di- rect, direction, diversify, diversification, diversion, diversity, divert, divertisement, divertive, divest, divesture, divide, dividable, dividant, divine, di- vinity, divisible, divisibility, divorce, divulge. To these, 1 think, may be added, didacity, didactic, dilacerate, dilaceralion, dilaniate, dilapidation, di- late, dilatable, dilatability, dilection, dilucid, dilu- cidate, dilucidation, dinetical, dinumeration, di- verge, divergent, divan ; though Mr Sheridan marked the first i in all these words long, some of them may undoubtedly be pronounced either way ; but why he should make the i in diploma long, and W. Johnston should give it both ways, is unaccountable; as Mr Scott, Buchanan, Dr Kenrick, Mr Perry, and the general usage is against them. Diaeresis and dioptrics have the i long, according to the general rule (116), though the last is absurdly made short by Dr Kenrick, and the diphthong is made long in the first by Mr Sheridan, contrary to one of the most prevailing idioms in pronunciation ; which is, the shortening power of the antepen- ultimate accent (503). Let it not be said that the diphthong must be always long, since Casarea and Daedalus have the CE always short. 125. The long i, in words of this form, seems confined to the following : digladiation, dyu- DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER 7. 31 dication, dinumeration, divaricate, direplion, diruption. Both Johnson and Sheridan, in my opinion, place the accent of the word dUlascalic improperly upon the second sylla- ble : it should seem more agreeable to analogy to class it with the numerous terminations in ic, and place the accent on the penultimate syllable, (509) ; and, in this case, the i in the first will be shortened by the secondary accent, and the syllable pronounced like did (527). The first i in dimissory, marked long by Mr Sheridan, and with the accent on the second syllable, contrary to Dr Johnson, is equally erroneous. The accent ought to be on the first syllable, and the i short, as on the adjec- tive dim. See POSSESSORY. 126. Fi, before the accent, ought always to be short: this is the sound we generally give to the i in the first syllable of fi-delity ; and why we should give the long sound to the i in fiducial undfiduciary, as marked by Mr She- ridan, I know not: he is certainly erroneous in marking the first t in frigidity long, and equally so in placing the accent upon the last syllable of finite. Finance has the i short uni- versally. 127. Gigantic has the i in the first syllable always long. 128. Li has the i generally long, asli-bation, li-brarian, li-bration, li-centious, li-pothymy, li-quescent, li-thography, li-thotomy. Litigious has the t in the first syllable always short. The same may be observed of libidinous, though otherwise marked by Mr Sheridan. 1 29. Mi has the i generally short, as in mi- nority, militia, mimographer, minacious, mi- nacity, miraculous; though the four last are marked with the long i by Mr Sheridan : and what is still more strange, he marks the i, which has the accent on it, long in minatory ; though the same word, in the compound coin- minatory, where the i is always short, might have shown him his error. The word mimetic, which, though in very good use, and neither in Johnson nor Sheridan, ought to be pronounced with the first i short, as if written mim-et-ic. The i is generally long in micrometer, micro- graphy, and migration. 130. JVi has the i long in nigrescent. The first i in nitrification, though marked long by Mr Sheridan, is shortened by the secondary accent (527), and ought to be pronounced as if divided into nig-ri-fi-cation. 131. Phi has the i generally short, as in phi- lanthropy, philippic, philosopher, philosophy, philosophize ; to which we may certainly add, philologer, philologist, philology, philological, not- withstanding Mr Sheridan has marked the i in these last words long. 132. Pi and pli have the i generally short, as pilaster, piiuitous, pilosity, plication. Pias- ter and piazza, being Italian words, have the i short before the vowel, contrary to the ana- logy of words of this form (116), where the i is long, as in pi-acnlar, pri-ority, &c. Pira- tical has the i marked long by Mr Sheridan, and short by Dr Kenrick. The former is, in my opinion, more agreeable both to custom and analogy, as the scund of the i before the accent is often determined by the sound of that letter in the primitive word. 133. Pri has the i generally long, as in pri- meval, primevons, primitial, primero, primor- dial, privado, privation, privative, but always short in primitive and primer. 134. Ri has the i short, as in ridiculous. Rigidity is marked with the f long by Mr She- ridan, and short by Dr Kenrick : the latter is undoubtedly right. Rivality has the i long in the first syllable, in compliment to rival, as piratical has the i long, because derived from pirate. Rhinoceros has the i long in Sheridan, Scott, Kenrick, \V. Johnston, and Buchanan ; and short in Perry. 135. Si has the i generally short, as simili- tude, siriasis, and ought certainly to be short in silicious (better written ciUcious), though marked long by Mr Sheridan. Simultaneous having the secondary accent on the first syl- lable, does not come under this head, but re- tains the i long, notwithstanding the shorten- ing power of the accent it is under (527). 136. Ti has the i short, as in timidity. 137. Tri has the i long, for the same reason as hi, which see (118) (119). 138. Vi has the i so unsettled as to puzzle the correctest speakers. The i is generally long in vicarious, notwithstanding the short i in vicar. It is long in vibration, from its re- lation to vibrate. Vitality has the i long, like vital. In vivifick, vivificale, and viviparous, the first i is long, to avoid too great a same- ness with the second. Vivacious and vivacity have the i almost as often long as short ; Mr Sheridan, Mr Scott, and Dr Kenrick, make the t in vivacious long, and Mr Perry and Bu- chanan, short ; Mr Sheridan, Mr Scott, and W. Johnston, make the i in the first of vi- vacity long, and Perry and Buchanan, short : but the short sound seems less formal, and most agreeable to polite usage. Vicinity, vi- cinal, vicissitude, vituperate, vimineous, and virago, seem to prefer the short i, though Mr Sheridan has marked the three last words with the first vowel long. But the diversity will be best seen by giving the authorities for all these words : vicinity, Dr Kenrick. vicinity, Mr Sheridan, Mr Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston, and Perry. vicinal, Mr Sheridan, vicissitude. Mr Sheridan, Dr Kenrick, W. Johnston, Buchanan, and Perry. vituperate, Mr Sheridan, Dr Kenrick, W. Johnston. vituperate, Mr Perry. vlmineom, Mr Sheridan. virago, Mr Sheridan, and VV. Johnston. virago, Dr Kenrick, Mr Scott, Buchanan, and Perry I have classed vicinal here as a word with the accent on the second syllable, as it stands in Sheridan's Dictionary, but think it ought to have the accent on the first. See MEDICI- NAL. 139. The same diversity and uncertainty in the sound of this letter, seem to reign in those final unaccented syllables which are terminated with the mute e. Perhaps the best way to give some tolerable idea of the analogy of the language in this point, will be, to show the general rule, and mark the exceptions ; though these are sometimes so numerous as to make us doubt of the rule itself; therefore the best way will be to give a catalogue of both. 140. There is one rule of very great extent, in words of this termination, which have the accent on the penultimate syllable, and that 32 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER I. is, that the i in the final syllable of these words is short : thus, servile, hostile, respite, deposile, adamantine, amethystine, &c. are pronounced as if written servU, hoslil, respit, deposit, &c. The only exceptions in this numerous class of words seem to be the following : exile, senile, edile, empire, umpire, rampire, finite, feline, ferine, archives ; and the substantives, con- fine, and supine : while the adjectives saline and contrite have sometimes the accent on the first, and sometimes on the last syllable ; but in either case the i is long. Quagmire and pismire have the t long also ; tikeivise has the t long, but otherwise has it more frequently, though very improperly, short. Myrrhine, vulpine, and genli/e, though marked with the t long by Mr Sheridan, ought, in my opinion, to conform to the general rule, and be pro- nounced with the t short. Vulpine, with the i long, is adopted by Mr Scott; and W. John- ston, Mr Scott, and Buchanan, agree with Mr Sheridan in the last syllable of gentile ; and this seems agreeable to general usage, though not to analogy. See the word. That the reader may have a distinct view of the subject, I have been at the pains of collect- ing all our dissyllables of this termination, with the Latin words from which they are de- rived, by which we may see the correspondence between the English and Latin quantity in these words : fl aKiU-, dcblle, mobile sorblle nubile, ..Hatilit, ...del/ilu, . . mobili. ..torbUii, ...nuiilii, reptile; ... sculptlle,... fertile, futile, utile ....reptila, ..tculpillis, ....ftrtila, ....Mlla, uttlit, facile oclle, '.'.'.'.'. '.' agile ...facUit, ..gracilit, ...docllu, ...aeflii, textile, gentile, iedfle senile talilit, ...genalit, ..." ....Knllil, fragile pensile tortile, ...frwli', . .peitsili*, febrile virile, subtile, .... ....fetrllu, ....airilit, ...tvhlilit, scisslle missile tactile ..Kiuitu, ..miullii, coctile quintile, ... hostile, COCtllit, ..quinMit, hotttlit, fictile, ductile, ...Jkttlit, ..dlKtilU. servile, .... sexOle, '.'.'.'.tutiitt. In this list of Latin adjectives, we find only ten of them with the penultimate t long ; and four of them with the t in the last syllable long, iu the English words gentile, ecdile, se- nile, and virile. It is highly probable that this short /, in the Latin adjectives, was the cause of adopting this i in the English words derived from them ; and this tendency is a sufficient reason for pronouncing the words projectile, tractile, and insectile, with the i short, though we have no classical Latin words to appeal to, from which they are derived. 141. But when the accent is on the last syllable but two, in words of this termination, the length of the vowel is not so easily ascer- tained. M2. Those ending in ice, have the t short, except sacrifice and cockatrice. 143. Those ending in ide have the t long, notwithstanding we sometimes hear suicide absurdly pronounced, as if written suicid. 144. Those ending in ife, have the i long, except housewife, pronounced huzziff', accord- ing to the general rule, notwithstanding the i in wife is always long. Midwife is sometimes shortened in the same manner by the vulgar ; and se'ttniglil for sevennight is gone irrecover- ably into the same analogy; though fortnight for fourteenthnight is more frequently pro- nounced with the i long. 145. Those ending in tie have the i short, except reconcile, cfiamomile, estipile. Juvenile, mercantile, and puerile, have the i long in Sheridan's Dictionary, and short in Kenrick "s. In my opinion, the latter is the much more prevalent and polite pronunciation ; but infan- tile, though pronounceable both ways, seems inclinable to lengthen the i in the last sylla- ble. See JUVENILE. 146. In the termination ime, pantomime has the i long, rhyming with time ; and maritime has the i short, as if written maritim. 147. Words in ine, that have the accent higher than the penultimate, have the quan- tity of i so uncertain, that the only method to give an idea of it will be to exhibit a catalogue of words where it is pronounced differently. 148. But, first, it may not be improper to see the different sounds given to this letter in some of the same words by different or- thoepists : columliiu-, Sheridan, Nares, W. Johnston. colum!,ii,e, Kenrick, Perry. tarctiariiie, Kenrick, Perry. nlxrnlnt, Kenrick/p'erry.' melattne, Sheridan, W. Johnston, P.-rry. cryitaltine, Kenrick. uterine, ' Sheridan! Buchanan, W. Johnston. ulertne, Kenrick, Scott, Perry. 149. In these words I do not hesitate to pronounce, that the general rule inclines evi- dently to the long i, which, in doubtful cases, ought always to be followed ; and for which reason I shall enumerate those words first where I judge the i ought to be pronounced long : cannabine, carabine, columbine, bizan- tine, gelatine, legatine, oxyrrhodine, concubine, muscadine, incarnadine, celandine, almandine, secundine, amygdaline, crystaline, vituline, cala- mine, asinine, saturnine, saccharine, adulterine, viperine, uterine, lamentine, armentine, serpen- tine, turpentine, vespertine, belluine, porcupine, countermine, leonine, sapphirine and metalline. 150. The words of this termination, where the i is short, are the following: jacobine, me- dicine, discipline, masculine, jessamine, femi- nine, heroine, nectarine, libertine, genuine, hyaline, palatine. To these, I think, ought to be added, alkaline, aquiline, coralline, bri- gantine, eglantine : to this pronunciation or the i, the proper names, Valentine and Cou- stantine, seem strongly to incline ; and on the stage Cymbeline has entirely adopted it. Thus, we see how little influence the Latin language has on the quantity of the i, in the final syl- lable of these words. It is a rule in that lan- guage, that adjectives, ending in His or inus, derived from animated beings or proper names, with the exception of very few, have this i pro- nounced long. It were to be wished this dis- tinction could be adopted in English words from the Latin, as in that case we might be able, in time, to regularize this very irregular part of our tongue ; but this alteration would be almost impossible in adjectives ending in ive, as relative, vocative, fugitive, &c. have the i uniformly short in English, and long in the Latin relalivus, vocativu*, fugilivus, &c. DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER /. 33 151. The only word ending in ire, with the accent on the antepenultimate syllable, is acrospire, with the i long, the last syllable sounding like the spire of a church. 152. Words ending in ise have the i short, when the accent is on the last syllable but one, as franchise, except the compounds end- ing in wise, as likewise, lengthwise, &c. as marked by Mr Scott, Mr Perry, and Bucha- nan ; but even among these words we some- times hear otherwise pronounced otheru>iz, as marked by Mr Sheridan and W. Johnston ; but, I think, improperly. 153. When the accent is on the last syllable but two in these words, they are invariably pronounced with the i long, as criticise, equa- lise. 154. In the termination ile, when the ac- cent is on it, the i is always long, as requite. When the accent is on the last syllable but one, it is always short, as respite ( 140), pro- nounced as if written respit, except contrite and crii/ite ; but when the accent is on the last syllable but two, the i is generally long : the exceptions, however, are so many, that a catalogue of both will be the best rule. 155. The i is long in expedite, recondite, in- condite, hermaphrodite, Carmelite, theodolite, cosmopolite, chrysolite, eremite, aconite, mar- garite, marcasite, parasite, appetite, bipartite, tripartite, quadripartite, convertite, anchorite, pitiiite, satellite. As the last word stands in Kenrick's Dictionary, sa-Ml-it, having the i short, and the accent on the second syllable, it is doubly wrong. The z in the last syllable is shortened also by W. Johnston and Perry, but made long, as it ought to be, by Mr She- ridan, Mr Scott, and Mr Nares. See RE- CONDITE. 156. The i is short in cucurbite, ingenite, definite, indefinite, infinite, hypocrite, favour- ite, requisite, ^ire-requisite, perquisite, exqui- site, apposite, and opposite. Heteroclite has the i long in Sheridan, but short in Kenrick. The former is, in my opinion, the best pro- nunciation, (see the word in the Dictionary ;) but ile, in what may be called a gentle ter- mination, has the i always long, as in Hivite, Saninite, cosmopolite, bedlamite, &c. 1 57. The termination ive, when the accent is on it, is always long, as in hive, except in the two verbs, give, live, and their compounds, giving, living, &c. for the adjective live, as a live animal, has the i long, and rhymes with strive; so have the adjective and adverb, lively ar^d livelUy : the noun livelihood follows the same analogy ; but the adjective live-long, as the live-long day, has the i short, as in the verb. When the accent is not on the i in this termination, it is always short, as sportive, plaintive, &c. rhyming with f,ive (150), except the word be a gentile, as in Argive. 158. All the other adjectives and substan- tives of this termination, when the accent is not on it, have the i invariably short, as offen- sive, defensive, &c. The i in salique is short, as if written sallick, but Isfig in oblique, rhym- ing with pike, strike, &c. ; while antique has the i long and slender, and rhymes with speak. Dr Kenrick, Mr Elphinston, Mr Perry, I5u- chanan, and Barclay, have oblcek for oblique. Mr Scott has it both ways, but gives the slender sound first; and Mr Sheridan, Mr Nares, and W. Johnston, obtlke. The latter is, in my opinion, more agreeable to polite usage, but the former more analogical ; for, as it comes from the French oblique, we can- not write it oblike, as Mr Nares wishes, any- more than antique, anlike, for fear of depart- ing too far from the Latin anliquus and obli- quus. Opaque, Mr Nares observes, has be- come opake ; but then it must he remembered, that the Latin is opacus, and not opacuus. 159. All the terminations in ize have the i long, except to endenize ; which, having the accent on the second syllable, follows the ge- neral rule, and has the i short, pronounced as the verb is (14O). To these observations we may add, that though evU and devil suppress the i, as if written ev'l and dev'l, yet that cavil and pencil preserve its sound distinctly; and that Latin ought never to be pronounced as it is generally at schools, as if written Lalt'n. Cousin and cozen, both drop the last vowels, as if spelled cusz'n, and are only dis- tinguishable to the eye. Thus we see how little regularity there is in the sound of this letter, when it is not under the accent, and, when custom will per- mit, how careful we ought to be to preserve the least trace of analogy, that ''confusion may not be worse confounded." The sketch that has been just given may, perhaps, afford something like a clue to direct us in this la- byrinth, and it is hoped it will enable the ju- dicious speaker to pronounce with more cer- tainty and decision. 160. It was remarked under the vowel A, that when a hard g or c preceded that vowel, a sound like e interposed, the better to unite the letters, and soften the sound of the con- sonant. The same may be observed of the letter /. When this vowel is preceded by g hard, or k, which is but another form for hr.rd c, it is pronounced as if an e were inserted be- tween the consonant and the vowel : thus, sky, kind, guide, guise, disguise, catechise, guite, beguile, mankind, are pronounced as if writ- ten ske-y, ke-ind, gue-ise, dis-gtie-ise, cat-e- che-ise, gue-ile, be-gue-ile, man- ke-ind. At first we are surprised that two such different letters as a and i should be affected in the same man- ner by the hard gutturals, g, c, and k ; but when we reflect that i is really composed of and e, (87), our surprise ceases, and we are pleased to find the ear perfectly uniform in its procedure, and entirely unbiassed by the eye. From this view of the analogy we may see how greatly mistaken is a very solid and ingenious writer on this subject, who says, that " ky-ind for kind, is a monster of pronunciation, heard only on our stage." Nares s English Orthoepy, page 28. Dr Beattie, in his Theory of Lan- guage, takes notice of this union of vowel sounds, page 266. See No. 92. It may not, perhaps, seem unworthy of no- tice, that when this letter is unaccented in the numerous terminations ity, Me, &c. it is frequently pronounced like short 7^, as if the words sensible, visible, &c. were written sen- subble, visubble, &c. and charity, clifistity, &c. like charutty, chastutty, &c. ; but it may be observed, that the pure sound of i like e in these words, is as much the mark of an elegant DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER 0. speaker, as that of the u in singular, educate, Sec. See No. 179. 0. 161. Grammarians have generally allowed this letter but three sounds. Mr Sheridan instances them in not, note, prove. For a fourth, I have added the o in love, dove, &c. ; for the fifth, that in or, nor, for ; and a sixth, that in woman, wolf, &c. 162. The first and only peculiar sound of this letter is that by which it is named in the alphabet : it requires the mouth to be formed, in some degree, like the letter, in order to pronounce it. This may be called its long open sound, as the o in prove may be called its long slender suund (65). This sound we find in words ending with silent e, as tone, lone, alone; or when ending a syllable with the accent upon it, as mo-tion, po-tent, &c. likewise in the monosyllables, go, so, no. This sound is found under several combinations of other vowels with this letter, as in moan, groa?i, bow, (to shoot with,) low, (not high,) and be- fore ft in the words host, ghost, post, most, and before ss in gross. 163. The second sound of this letter is called its short sound, and is found in not, got, lot, &c. ; though this, as in the other short vowels, is by no means the short sound of the former long one, but corresponds exactly to that of a, in what, with which the words not, got, lot, are perfectly rhymes. The long sound, to which the o in not and sot are short ones, is found under the diphthong au in naught, and the ou in sought ; corresponding exactly to the a in ha/l, ball, &c. The short sound of this letter, like the short sound of a in father (78) (79), is frequently by inaccurate speakers, and chiefly those among the vulgar, lengthened to a mid- die sound approaching to its long sound, the o in or. This sound is generally heard, as in the case of a, when it is succeeded by two consonants: thus, Mr Smith pronounces broth, froth, and moth, as if written brawl/i, frawlh, and mawth. Of the propriety or impropriety of this, a well-educated ear is the best judge ; but, as was observed under the article A (79), if this be not the sound heard among the best speakers, no middle sound ought to be ad- mitted, as good orators will ever incline to definite and absolute sounds, rather than such as may be called nondescripts in language. J64. The third sound of this letter, as was marked in the first observation, may be called its long slender sound, corresponding to the double o. The words where this sound of o occurs are so few, that it will be easy to give a catalogue of them : prove, move, behove, and their compounds, lose, do, ado, Rome, vollron, ponton, .'ponton, ivho, whom, ii'oinb, tomb. Sponton is not in Johnson ; and this and the two preceding words ought rather to be written with oo in the last syllable. Gold is pronounced like goold in familiar conversa- tion ; but in vers: and solemn language, es- pecially that of the Scripture, ought always to rhyme with old, fold, &c. See ENCORE, GOLD, and \VIND. 165. The fourth sound of this vowel is that which is found in love, dove, &c.; and the long sound which seems the nearest relation to it, is the first sound of o in note, tone, rove, &c. This sound of o is generally heard when it is shortened by the succeeding liquids n, m, r, and the semi-vowels, v, z, tli ; and as Mr Nares has given a catalogue of those words, I shall avail myself of his labour. Above, affront, allonge, among, amongst, attorney, bomb, bom- bard, borage, borough, brother, cochineal, colour, come, comely, comfit, comfort, comjKtny, com- pass, comrade, combat, conduit, coney, conjure, constable, covenant, cover, covert, covet, core;/, cozen, discomfit, done, doth, dost, dove, dozen, dromedary, front, glove, govern, honey, hover, love, Monday, money, mongrel, monk, monkey, month, mother, none, nothing, one, onion, other, oven, plover, pomegranate, pommel, pother, ro- mage, shove, shovel, sloven, smother, somt, Somerset, son, sovereign, sponge, stomach, thor- ough, ton, tongue, word, work, wonder, world, - worry, worse, worship, wort, worth : to which we may add, rhomb, once comfrty, and colan- der. 166. In these words the accent is on the o in every word, except pomegranate : but with very few exceptions, this letter has the same sound in the unaccented terminations, oc, act; od, ol, om, on, op, or, ot, and some ; as, mn;~ mock, cassock, method, carol, kingdom, union, amazon, gallop, tutor, turbot, troublesome, &c. I all which are pronounced as if written mam- ' muck, cassuck, methud, &c. The o in the ad- junct, monger, as cheesemonger, &c. has always this sound. The exceptions to this rule ate technical terms from the Greek or Latin, as achor, a species of the herpes ; and proper names, as Color, a river in Italy, Ib7. The fifth sound of o is the long sound produced by r final, or followed by another consonant, us for, former. This sound is per- fectly equivalent to the diphthong an; and for and former might, on account of sound only, be written four said faurmer. There are many exceptions to this rule, as borne, corps, corse, force, forge, form (a seat), fort, horde, jnrch, ]>ort, sport, &c. which have the first sound of this letter. 168. 0, like A, is lengthened before ;, when terminating a monosyllable, or followed by another consonant ; and, like n too, is shortened by a duplication of the liquid, as we may hear by comparing the conjunction or with the same letters in torrid, Jiorid, &c. ; for though the r is not doubled to the eye in Jiorid, yet, as the accent is ou it, it is as effectually doubled to the ear as if written Jlorrid ; so, iY a consonant of another kind succeed the r in this situation, we find the o as long as in a monosyllable : thus, the o in orchard is as long as in the conjunction or, and that in formal, as in the word for : but in ori/ice and forage, where the r is followed by a vowel, 'the o is as short as if the r were double, and the words written orrif.ce and forrage. See No. 81. 169. There is a sixth sound of o exactly cor- responding to the u in bull,fnll, pull, &c. which, from its exiscing only in the following words, may be called its irregular sound. These words are, woman, bosom, worsted, wolf, and the proper names, Wotsey, Worcester, and Wohxrhamplon. DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER U. Irregular and unaccented Sounds. 1 70. What was observed of the a, when fol- lowed by a liquid and a mute, may be observ- ed of the o with equal justness. This letter, like a, has a tendency to lengthen, when fol- lowed by a liquid and another consonant, or by s, ss, or s and a mute. But this length of o, in this situation, seems every day growing more and more vulgar : and, as it would be gross, to a degree, to sound the a in castle, mask, and plant, like the a in palm, psalm, &c. so it would be equally exceptionable to pronounce the o in ?noss, dross, and frost, as if written mawse, drau'se, and frowst (78) (79). The o in the compounds of solve, as dissolve, absolve, resolve, seem the only words where a somewhat longer sound of the o is agreeable to polite pronunciation : on the contrary, when the o ends a syllable, im- mediately before or after the accent, as in po-lite, im-po-tent, &c. there is an elegance in giving it the open sound nearly as long as in po-lar, and po-tent, &c. See DOMESTIC, COL- LECT, and COMMAND. It may likewise be observed, that the o, like the e (102), is sup- pressed in a final unaccented syllable when preceded by c or k, and followed by ri, as ba- con, beacon, deacon, beckon, reckon, pronounced bak'7i, beak'n, deak'n, beck'n, reck'n ; and when c is preceded by another consonant, as falcon, pronounced fawk'n. The o is likewise mute in the same situation, when preceded by d in pardon, pronounced pard'n, but not in guer- don: it is mute when preceded by p in weapon, capon, &c. pronounced weap'n, cap'n, &c. ; and when preceded by s in reason, season, treason, oraison, benison, denison, unison, foi- sc-n, poison, prison, damson, crimson, advow- son, pronounced reaz'n, treaz'n, &c. and ma- son, bason, garrison, lesson, caprison, compari- son, disinherison, parson, and person, pronounced mas'n, bas'n, &c. Unison, diapason, and car- gason, seem, particularly in solemn speaking, to preserve the sound of o like u, as if written unizun, diapazun, &c. The same letter is suppressed in a final unaccented syllable be- ginning with t, as seton, cotton, button, mutton, glutton, pronounced as if written set'n, cott'n, &c. When x precedes the t, the o is pronoun- ced distinctly, as in sexton. When / is the preceding letter, the o is generally suppressed, as in the proper names, Stilton cheese, IVilton carpels, and Melton Mowbray, &c. Accurate speakers sometimes struggle to preserve it in the name of our great epic poet, Milton; but the former examples sufficiently show the ten- dency of the language ; and this tendency cannot be easily counteracted. This letter is likewise suppressed in the last syllable of bla- zon, pronounced blazn; but is always to be preserved in the same syllable of horizon. This suppression of the o must not be ranked among those careless abbreviations found only among the vulgar, but must be considered as one of those devious tendencies fo brevity, which has worn itself a currency in the language, and has at last become a part of it. To pronounce the o in those cases where it is suppressed, would give a singularity to the eaker border- ing nearly on the pedantic ; and the attention given Ui this singularity by the hearer, would necessarily diminish his attention to the sub- ject, and consequently deprive the speaker of something much more desirable. U. 171. The first sound of u, heard in tube, or ending an accented syllable, as in cu-bic, is a diphthongal sound, as if e were prefixed, and these words were spelt teirbe and keivbic. The letter u is exactly the pronoun you. 172. The second sound of u is the short sound, which tallies exactly with the o in done, son, &c. which every ear perceives might, as well, for the sound's sake, be spelt dun, sun, c. See all the words where the u has this sound, No. 165. 173. The third sound of this letter, and that in which the English more particularly depart from analogy, is the u in bull, full, pull, &c. The first or diphthongal u in tube, seems almost as peculiar to the P^nglish as the long sound of the i in thine, mine, &c. ; but here, as if they chose to imitate the Latin, Italian, and French u, they leave out the e before the u, which is heard in tube, mule, &c. and do not pronounce the latter part of u quite so long as the oo in pool, nor so short as the u in dull, but with a middle sound between both, which is the true short sound of the oo in coo and woo, as may be heard by comparing woo and u'ool ; the latter of which is a perfect rhyme to bull. 174. This middle sound of u, so unlike the general sound of that letter, exists only in the following words: bull, full, pull ; words com- pounded of full, as wonderful, dreadful, &C. bullock, bully, bullet, bulwark, fuller, fulling- mill, pulley, pullet, push, bush, bushel, pulpit, puss, bullion, butcher, cushion, cuckoo, pud- ding, sugar, hussar, huzza, and put, when a verb : but few as they are, except full, which is a very copious termination, they are suf- ficient to puzzle Englishmen who reside at any distance from the capital, and to make the inhabitants of Scotland and Ireland, (who, it is highly probable, received a much more regular pronunciation from our ancestors) not unfrequently the jest of fools. 175. But vague and desultory as this sound of the u may at first seem, on a closer view we find it chiefly confined to words which be- gin with the mute labials, b, p, f, and end with the liquid labial I, or the dentals s, t, and d, as in bull, full, pull, bush, push, pudding, puss, put, &c. Whatever, therefore, was the cause of this whimsical deviation, we see its primitives are confined to a very narrow com- pass ; put has this sound only when it is a verb; for putty, a paste for glass, has the common sound of n, and rhymes exactly with nutty, (having the qualities of a nut) ; so put, the game at cards, and the vulgar appellation of country put, follow the same analogy. All bull's compounds regularly follow their primi- tive ; as, bull-baiting, bull-beggar, bull-dnf;, &c. Hut though//fer, a whitener of cloth, and Fulhani, a proper name, are not com- pounded of full, they are sounded as if they were ; while Putney follows the general ruie, and has its first syllable pronounced like the noun put. Pulpit and pullet comply with the peculiarity, on account of their reserp- c2 36 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER T. blance to pull, though nothing related to it; and butcher and puss adopt this sound of u for no other reason but the nearness of their form to the other words ; and when to these we have added cushion, sugar, cuckoo, hussar, and the interjection huzza, we have every word ia the whole language where theuisthus pronounced. 1 76. Some speakers, indeed, have attempted to give bulk and punish this obtuse sound of it, but luckily have not been followed. The words which have already adopted it are suf- ficiently numerous; and we cannot be too careful to check the growth of so unmeaning an irregularity. When this vowel is preceded by r in the same syllable, it has a sound some- what longer than this middle sound, and exactly as if written oo : thus rue, true, &c. are pronounced nearly as if written roo, troo, &c. (339). 177. It must be remarked, that this sound of M, except in the word fuller, never extends to words from the learned languages ; for, fulminant, fulminaiion, ebullition, repulsion, sepulchre, &c. sound the u as in dull, gull, &c. and the u in pus and pustule is exactly like the same letter in thus. So the pure English words, fulsome, buss, bulge, bustle, bustard, buzzard, preserve the u in its second sound, as MS, hull, and custard. It may like- wise not be unworthy of remark, that the letter u is never subject to the shortening power of either the primary or secondary ac- cent ; but when accented, is always long, un- less shortened by a double consonant. See the words DRAMA and MUCULF.NT, and No. 503, 534. Irregular and unaccented Sounds. 178. But the strangest deviation of this let- ter from its regular sound is in the words busy, business, and bury. We laugh at the Scotch for pronouncing these words, as if written bew- sy, bewsiness, bewry ; but we ought rather to blush for ourselves in departing so wantonly from the general rule as to pronounce them bizzy, bizness, and berry. 179. There is an incorrect pronunciation of this letter when it ends a syllable not under the accent, which prevails not only among the vulgar, but is sometimes found in better com- pany ; and that is, giving the u an obscure sound, which confounds it with vowels of a very different kind : thus we not unfrequently hear singular, regular, and particular, pronounced as if written sing-e-lar, reg-e-lar, and par- tick-e-lar : but nothing tends more to tarnish and vulgarize the pronunciation than this short and obscure sound of the unaccented u. It may, indeed, be observed, that there is scarcely any thing more distinguishes a person of mean and good education than the pronun- ciation of the unaccented vowels (547) 558). When vowels are under the accent, the prince, and the lowest of the people in the metropolis, with very few exceptions, pronounce them in the same manner ; but the unaccented vowels in the mouth of the former have a distinct, open, and specific sound, while the latter often totally sink them, or change them into some other sound. Those, therefore, who wi.sh to pronounce elegantly, must be particularly at- tentive to the unaccented vowels ; as a neat pronunciation of these forms one of the great es< beauties of speaking. YJinal. 180. Y final, either in a word or syllable, is a pure vowel, and has exactly the same sound as i would have in the same situation. For this reason, printers, who have been the gre;it correctors of our orthography, have substituted the i in its stead, on account of the too great frequency of thisletter in the English language. That y final is a vowel, is universally acknow- ledged ; nor need we any other proof of it than its long sound, when followed by e mute, as in thyme, rhyme, &c. or ending a syllable with the accent upon it, as buyins, cyder, &c. ; this may be called its first vowel sound. 181. The second sound of the vowel y is iti short sound, heard in system, synla.t, &c. Irregular and unaccented Sounds. 162. The unaccented sound of this letter at the end of a syllable, like that of i in the same situation, is always like the first sound of e : thus vanity, pleurisy, &c., if sound alone were consulted, might be written vanitee, pleurisee, fee. 183. The exception to this rule is, when / precedes the y in a final syllable, the y is then pronounced as long and open as if the accent were on it : thus justify, qualify, &c. have the last syllable sounded like that in defy. This long sound continues when the y is changed into i, in justifiable, qualijiable, &c. The same may be observed of multiply and multipliable, &c. occupy and occupiable, &c. (512). 184. There is an irregular sound of this letter when the accent is on it, in panegyric, when it is frequently pronounced like the second sound of e ; which would be more correct if its true sound were preserved, and it were to rhyme with pyrrhic ; or as Swift does with satiric : I take it for a panegyric." Thus we see the same irregularity at! ends this letter before double r, or before single r, fol- lowed by a vowel, as we find attends the vowel i in the same situation. So the word syrinx ought to preserve they like i pure, and the word syrlis should sound they y like e short, though the first is often heard improperly like the last. 185. But the most uncertain sound of this letter is, when it ends a syllable immediately preceding the accent. In this case it is sub- ject to the same variety as the letter i in the same situation, and nothing but a catalogue will give us an idea of the analogy of the lan- guage in this point. 186. The y is long in chylaceous, but short- ened by the secondary accent in chytifaclion and chyleifactire (530), though, without the least reason from analogy, Mr Sheridan has marked them both long. 187. Words composed of lii/drn, from the Greek i'Saw, water, have the y before the accent generally long, as hydrography, hydrographer, Jiydrometiy, hiidropic ; all which have the ;/ long in Mr Sheridan but hydrography, which must be a mistake of the press ; and this long sound of y continues in hydrostatic, in spite DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS. 37 'of the shortening power of the secondary ac- cent (530). The same sound of y prevails in hydraulics and hydatides. Hygrometer and ,'iygrome/ry seem to follow the same analogy, as well as hyperbola and hyperbole; which are generally heard with the y long ; though Ken- rick has marked the latter short. Hyposlasis and hypotenuse ought to have the y long like- wise. In hypothesis the y is more frequently short than long ; and in hyjmthetical it is more frequently long than short ; but hypo- crisy has the first y always short. Myrobalan and myropolist may have the y either long or short. Mythology has the first y generally short, and mythological, from the shortening power of the secondary accent (530), almost always. Phytivorouf, pfiytographu, phytology, have the first y always long. In phylactery the first y is generally short, and in physician, always. Pylorus has they long in Mr Sheri- dan, but, I think, improperly. In pyramidal he marks the y long, though, in my opinion, it is generally heard short, as in pyramid. In pyrites, with the accent on the second syllable, he marks the y short, much more correctly than Kenrick, who places the accent on the first syllable, and marks they long. (See the word. ) Synodic, synodical, synonima, a.nd sy- nopsis, have the y always short : synechdoche ought likewise to have the same letter short, as we find it in Perry's and Kenrick's Dic- tionaries ; though in Sheridan's we find it long. Typography and typographer ought to have the first y long, as we find it in Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston, Kenrick, and Perry, though frequently heard short ; and though tyrannical has the y marked short by Mr Perry, it ought rather to have the long sound, as we see it marked by Mr Sheridan, Mr Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston, and Ken- rick. J88. From the view that has been taken of the sound of the i and y immediately before the accent, it may justly be called the most uncertain part of pronunciation. Scarcely any reason can be given why custom prefers one sound to the other in some words ; and why, in others, we may use either one or the other indiscriminately. It is strongly to be presumed that the i and y, in this situation, particularly the last, was generally pronounced long by our ancestors, but that custom has gradually inclined to the shorter sound as more readily pronounced, and as more like the sound of these letters when they end a syl- lable after the accent ; and, perhaps, we should contribute to the regularity of the language, if', when we are in doubt, we should rather in- cline to the short than the long sounds of these letters. W final. 1S9. That w final is a vowel, is not dis- puted (9) ; when it is in this situation, it is equivalent to oo ; as may be perceived in the sound of vow, toiv-el, &c. ; where it forms a real diphthong, composed of the a in wa-ter, and the oo in woo and coo. It is often joined to o at the end of a syllable, without affecting the sound of that vowel ; and in this situation it may be called servile, as in bow, (to shoot with,) crow, law, not high, &c. DIPHTHONGS. 190. A diphthong is a double vowel, or the union or mixture of two vowels pronounred together, so as only to make one syllable ; as the Latin ae or a, oe or a?, the Greek u, the English ai, ait, &c. 191. This is the general definition of a diphthong; but if we examine it closely, we shall find in it a want of precision and accu- racy.* If a diphthong be two vowel sounds I in succession, they must necessarily form two : syllables, and therefore, by its very definition, i cannot be a diphthong ; if it be such a mix- I ture of two vowels as to form but one simple sound, it is very improperly called a diph thong ; nor can any such simple mixture exist. 192. The only way to reconcile this seem- ing contradiction, is to suppose that two vocal sounds in succession were sometimes pro- nounced so closely togtther as to form only the time of one syllable in Greek and Latin verse. Some of these diphthongal syllables we have in our own language, which only pass for monosyllables in poetry; thus, hire (wages), is no more than one syllable in verse, thougli perfectly equivalent to higher (more high), which generally passes for a dissyllable : the same may be observed of dire and dyer, hour and power, &c. This is not uniting two vocal sounds into one simple sound, which is impos- sible, but pronouncing two vocal sounds in succession so rapidly and so closely as to go for only one syllable in poetry. 193. Thus the best definition I have found of a diphthong is that given us by Mr Smith, in his Scheme for a French and English Dic- tionary. "A diphthong (says this gentleman) I would define to be two simple vocal sounds uttered by one and the same emission of breath, and joined in such a manner that each loses a portion of its natural length ; but from the junc- tion produceth a compound sound, equal in the time of pronouncing to either of them taken separately, and so making still but one syllable. 194. " Now if we apply this definition (says 3Ir Smith) to the several combinations that may have deen laid down and denominated diphthongs by former orthoepists, I believe we shall find only a small number of them merit- ing this name." As a proof of the truth of this observation, we find, that most of those vocal assemblages that go under the name of diphthongs, emit but a simple sound, and that not compounded of the two vowels, but one of them only, sounded long: thus pain and pane, pail and pale, hear arid here, are perfectly the same sounds. 195. These observations naturally lead us to a distinction of diphthongs into proper and improper : the proper are ?uch as have two distinct vocal sounds, and the improper such as have1>ut one. 196. The proper diphthongs are, ea ocean, eu feud, io ... oi .. . question, .... voice, oy l>oy, ua .... assaasif, ue iminsuftuili', ui languid, f'a poniard, ie spaniel, oin . 11OW, * We see how many disput of vowels created among prar mistake concerning diphthon tables, and not diphthongs, word. Holder. nmarians, and how it has begot ihe gs : all that are properly so ate syl- as intended to be signified bv tha* 38 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS J, &c. In this assemblage it is impossible not to see a manifest distinction between those which be- gin with e or i, and the rest. In those begin- ning with either of these vowels we find a squeezed sound like the commencing or con- sonant y interpose, as it were, to articulate the latter vowel, and that the words where these diphthongs are found, might, agreeably to the sound, be spelt ostie-yan, f-yude, j-yewel, pon- yard, span-yel, pash-yon, &c. ; and as these diphthongs (which, from their commencing with the sound of y consonant, may not im- properly be called semi-consonant diphthongs] begin in that part of the mouth where s, c soft, and t, are formed, we find that coal- escence ensue which forms the aspirated hiss in the numerous terminations siim, lion, tial, &c. ; and by direct consequence in those end- ing in ure, une, as future, fortune, &c. ; for the letter u, when long, is exactly one of these semi-consonant diphthongs (8) ; and coming immediately after the accent it coalesces with the preceding s, c, or /, and draws it into the aspirated hiss of sh, or tsh (459). Those found in the termination ions may be called semi-consonant diphthongs also, as the o and w have but the sound of one vowel. It may be observed too, in passing, that the reason why in mansuetude the s does not go into s/i, is because when M is followed by another vowel in the same syllable, it drops its conso- nant sound at the beginning, and becomes merely double o. 197. The improper diphthongs are, ae .... .... Caesar, ea .. clean, ie. ....friend, ui.. .. ..... aim, ee.. . . ...... reed 0(1 roat ao.. .. at! .. gaol, . ..taught, ei . . . . eo .. ....ceiling, ....people, oe . oo . . osconomy, moon, aw.... law, ey .. they, me crow. 1 98. The triphthongs having but two sounds are merely ocular, and must therefore be classed with the proper diphthongs : aye . . (for ever,) I eou . .plenteous, I tew view, eau . . . .beauty, [ ieu adieu, | oeu manoeuvre, Of all these combinations of vowels we shall treat in their alphabetical order. AE. 199. Ae or ni/l, said, laid, for payed, saycd, and Inyed. Why these words should be written with i, and thus con- tracted, and played, prayed, and delayed, re- main at large, let our wise correctors of or- thography determine. Stayed also, a parti- cipial adjective, signifying steady, is almost always written staid. 223. When aye comes immediately after the accent in a final syllable, like ai, it drops the former vowel, in the colloquial pronun- ciation of the days of the week. Thus, as we pronounce captain, curtain, &c. as if written captin, curtin, &c. ; so we hear Sunday, Mon- day, &c. as if written Sundy, Mundy, &c. A more distinct pronunciation of day, in these words, is a mark of the northern dialect, (208). 224-. The familiar assent, ay for yes, is a combination of the long Italian a in the last syllable of papa, and the first sound of e. If we give the a the sound of that letter in ball, the word degenerates into a coarse rustic pro- nunciation. Though, in the House of Com- mons, where this word is made a noun, we frequently, but not correctly, hear it so pro- nounced, in the phrase, The ayes have it. AYE. 225. This triphthong is a combination of the slender sound of a, heard in pa-per, and the e in me-tre. The word which it composes, signifying ever, is almost obsolete. EA. 226. The regular sound of this diphthong is that of the first sound of e in here ; but its ir- regular sound of short e is so frequent, as to make a catalogue of both necessary ; especially for those who are unsettled in the pronuncia- tion of the capital, and wish to practise in order to form a habit. 227. The first sound of ea is like open e, and is heard in the following words : afeard, affear, anneal, appeal, appear, appease, aread, arrear, beacon, beadle, beadroll, beads, beads- man, beagle, beak, beaker, beam, bean, beard, bearded, beast, beat, beaten, betwer, beleaguer, beneath, bequeath, bereave, besmear, bespeak, bleach, bleak, blear, bleat, bohea, breach, bream, to breathe, cease, cheap, clieat, clean, cleanly, (adverb), clear, clearance, cleave, cochineal, colleague, conceal, congeal, cream, creak, crease, creature, deacon, deal, dean, deanery, dear, decease, defeasance, defeasible, defeat, demean, demeanor, decrease, dream, drear, dreary, each, eager, eagle, eagre, ear, east, Easter, easy, to eat, eaten, eaves, entreat, endear, escheat, fear, fearful, feasible, feasiblity, feast, feat, feature, \flea, fleam, freak, gear, gleam, glean, to grease, ' grease, greaves, heal, heap, hear, heat, heath, heathen, heave, impeach, increase, inseam, inter- leave, knead, lea, to lead, leaf, league, leak, lean, lease, leash, leasing, least, leave, leaves, mead, meagre, meal, mean, meat, measles, meatlie. neap, near, neat, pea, peace, peak, peal, pease, peat, plea, plead, please, reach, to read/, ream t reap, rear, rearward, reason, recheat, red- streak, release, repeal, repeat, retreat, reveal, screak, scream, seal, sea, seam, seamy, seat; searcloth, season, seat, shear, shears, sheath, sheathe, sheaf, sleazy, sneak, sneaker, sneakup, speak, spear, steal, steam, streak, streamer, streamy, surcease, tea, teach, tead, league- teal, team, tear (substantive), iease, teat, tref 40 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS. EAU, &c. cle, treason, treat, treatise, treatment, treaty, tweag, tweak, tweague, veal, underneath, un- easy, unreave, uprear, weak, weaken, weal, weald, wean, weanling, weariness, wearisome, weary, weasand, weasel, weave, wheat, wheat, wheaten, tvreak, wreath, wreathe, wreathy, yea, year, yeanling; yearling, yearly, zeal. 228. In this catalogue we find beard and bearded sometimes pronounced as if written herd and herded; but this corruption of the diphthong, which Mr Sheridan has adopted, seems confined to the stage. See the word. 229. The preterimperfect tense of eat is sometimes written ate, particularly by Lord Holingbroke, and frequently, and, perhaps, more correctly, pronounced et, especially in Ireland ; but eaten always preserves the ea long. 230. Ea in fearful is long when it signifies timorous, and short when it signifies terrible, as if written_/ej//. See the word. 231. To read, is long in the present tense, and short in the past and participle, which are sometimes written red. 232. Teat, a dug, is marked by Dr Kenrick, Mr Elphinston, and Mr Nares, with short e, like tit ; but more properly by Mr Sheridan, Mr Scott, W. Johnston, Mr Perry, and Mr Smith, with the long e, rhyming with meat. 233. Seat, the preterimperfect tense, and the participle of to beat, is frequently pro- nounced in Ireland like bet (a wager), and if utility were the only object of language, this would certainly be the preferable pronuncia- tion, as nothing tends more to obscurity than words which have no different forms for their present and past times ; but fashion in this, as in many other cases, triumphs over use and propriety ; and bet, for the past time and participle of beat, must be religiously avoided. 234. Ea is pronounced like the short e in the. follow ing words: abreast, ahead, already, bedstead, behead, bespread, bestead, bread, breadth., breakfast, breast, breal/i, cleanse, cleanly (ad- jective), cleanlily, dead, deadly, deaf, deafen, dearth, death, earl, earldom, early, earn, earjiest, earth, earthen, earthly, endeavour, feather, head, heady, health, heard, hearse, heaven, heavy, jeal- ous,impearl,instead,lead(iLmetal'), leaden, leant, (past time and participle of to lean}, learn, learning, leather, leaven, meadow, meant, mea- sure, pearl, peasant, pheasant, pleasant, pleas- antry, pleasure, read (past time and participle ) ; readily, readiness, ready, realm, rehearsal, re- hearse, research, seamstress, scarce, search, spread, stead, steadfast, steady, stealth, stealthy, sweat, sweaty, thread, threaden, threat, threaten, treachery, tread, treadle, treasure, uncleanly, wealth, wealthy, weapon, weather, yearn, zealot, zealous, zealously. 235. I have given the last three words, compounded of zeal, as instances of the short sound of the diphthong, because it is certainly the more usual sound ; but some attempts have lately been made in the House of Com- mons, to pronounce them long, as in the noun. It is a commendable zeal to endeavour to reform the language as well as the consti- tution ; but whether, if these words were altered, it would be a real reformation, may admit of some dispute. See Enditical Ter- mination, No. 515, and the word ZEALOT. 236. Heard, the past time and participle of hear, is sometimes corruptly pronounced with the diphthong long, so as to rhyme with rear'd ; but this is supposing the verb to be regular ; which, from the spelling, is evidently not the case. 237. It is, perhaps, worth observation, that when this diphthong comes before r, it is apt to slide into the short u, which is undoubtedly very near the true sound, but not exactly : thus, pronouncing earl, earth, dearth, as if written url, urtfi, durth, is a slight deviation from the true sound, which- is exactly that of i before r, followed by another consonant, in virtue, virgin; and that is the true sound of short e in vermin, vernal, &c. (108). 258. Leant, the past time and participle of to lean, is grown vulgar : the regular form leaned is preferable. 5239. The past time and participle of the verb to leap, seems to prefer the irregular form ; therefore, though we almost always hear to leap, rhyming with reap, we generally hear leaped written and pronounced leapt, rhyming with wept. 240. Ea is pronounced like long slender a in bare, in the following words : bear, bearer, break, forbear, forswear, great, pear, steak, swear, to tear, wear. 241. The word great is sometimes pro- nounced as if written greet, generally by people of education, and almost universally in Ireland ; but this is contrary to the fixed and settled practice in England. That this is an affected pronunciation, will be perceived in a moment by pronouncing this word in the phrase, Alexander the Great ; for those who pronounce the word greet in other cases, will generally in this rhyme it with fate. It is true the ee is the regular sound of this diphthong ; but this slender sound of e has, in all proba- bility, given way to that of a, as deeper and more expressive of the epithet great. 242. The same observations are applicable to the word break, which is much more ex- pressive of the action when pronounced brake than breek, as it is sometimes affectedly pro- nounced. 243. Ea is pronounced like (he long Italian a in father, in the following words : heart, hearty, hearten, hearth, hearken. 244. Ea, unaccented, has an obscure sound, approaching to short u in vengeance, Serjeant, pageant, and pageantry. EAU. 245. This is a French rather than an Eng- lish triphthong, being found only in words derived from that language. Its sound is that of long open o, as beau, bureau, Jlambcau, portmanteau. In beauty, and its compounds, it has the first sound of u, as if written bewty. EE. 246. This diphthong, in all words except those that end in r, has a squeezed sound of long open e, formed by a closer application of the tongue to the roof of the mouth, than in that vowel singly, which is distinguishable to a nice ear, in the different sounds of the verbs to Jlee and to meet, and the nouns jlea and meat. This has always been my opinion : but, upon consulting some good speakers on DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS El, &c. 41 the occasion, and in particular Mr Garrick, who could find no difference in the sounds of these words, I am less confident in giving it to the public. At any rate the difference is but very trifling, and I shall therefore consider ee as equivalent to the long open e. 24-7. This diphthong is irregular only in the word breeches, pronounced as if written britches. Cheesecake, sometimes pronounced Chizcake, and breech, britch, I look upon as vulgarisms. Beelzebub, indeed, in prose, has generally the short sound of e in bell : and when these two letters form but one syllable, in the poetical contraction of e'er and ne'er, for ever and never, they are pronounced as if written air and nair. EL 248. The genet al sound of this diphthong^ seems to be the same as ey, when under the accent, which is like long slender a ; but the other sounds are so numerous as to require a catalogue of them all. 249. Ei has the sound of long slender a in deign, vein, rein, reign, feign, feint, veil, heinous, heir, heiress, inveigh, weigh, neigh, skein, reins, their, theirs, eight, freight, weight, neighbour, and their compounds. When gh comes after this diphthong, though there is not the least remnant of the Saxon guttural sound, yet it has not exactly the simple vowel sound as when followed by other consonants ; ei, fol- lowed by gh, sounds both vowels like ae ; or if we could interpose the ?/ consonant between the a and t in eight, weight, &c. it might, per- haps, convey the sound better. The difference, however, is so delicate as to render this dis- tinction of no great importance. The same observations are applicable to the words straight, straighten, &c, See the word EIGHT. 250. Ei has the sound of long open c, in In: iv, in the following words and their com- pounds ; to ceil, ceiling, conceit, deceit, receipt, conceive, perceive, deceive, receive, inveigle, seize, seizin, seignior, seigniory, seine, plebeian. Obei- sance ought to be in the preceding class. See the word. 251. Leisure is sometimes pronounced as rhyming with pleasure; but in my opinion, very improperly ; for if it be allowed that cus- tom is equally divided, we ought, in this case, to pronounce the diphthong long, as more ex- pressive of the idea annexed to it (241). 252. Either and neither are so often pro- nounced eye-t/ier and nigh-ther, that it is hard to say to which class they belong. Analogy, however, without hesitation, gives the diph- thong the sound of long open e, rather than that of i, and rhymes them with breather, one who breathes. This is the pronunciation Mr Garrick always gave to these words ; but the true analogical sound of the diphthongs in these words is that of the slender a, as if written ay- ther and nuy-ther. This pronunciation is adopt- ed in Ireland, but is not favoured by one of our orthoepists ; for Mr Sheridan, Mr Scott, Mr Elphinston, Mr Perry, Mr Smith, Steele's Grammar, and Dr Jones, all pronounce these words with the diphthong like long e. W. Johnson alone adopts the sound of long i ex- clusively ; Dr Kenrick gives both ether and llhcr : He prefers the first, but gives neither the sound of long e exclusively. Mr Coote says these words are generally pronounced with the ei like the i in mine. Mr Barclay gives no description of the sound of ei in either, but says neither is sometimes pronounced nither, and by others nether ; and Mr Nares says, " either and neither are spoken by some with the sound of long i. I have heard even that of long a given to them ; but as the regular way is also in use, I think it is preferable. These differences seem to have arisen from ignorance of the regular sound of ei." If by the regular way, and the regular sound of this diphthong, Mr Nares mean the long sound of e, we need only in- spect No. 249 and 250, to see that the sound of a is the more general sound, and therefore ought to be called the regular; but as there are so many instances of words where this diph- ! thong has the long sound of e, and custom is so uniform in these words, there can be no doubt which is the safest to follow. 253. Ei has the sound of long open ?, in height and sleight, rhyming with wh ite and right. Height is, indeed, often heard rhyming with eight and weight, and that among very respect- able speakers ; but custom seems to decide in favour of the other pronunciation, that it may | better tally with the adjective high, of which it ' is tli e abstract. 254-. Ei has the sound of short e, in the two words, heifer and nonpareil, pronounced heffcr nnd nonpareil. 255. This diphthong, when unaccented, like ai (208), drops the former vowel, and is pro- nounced like short i, in foreign, foreigner, for- feit, forfeiture, sovereign, sovereignty, surfeit, counterfeit. EO. 256. This diphthong is pronounced like e long in people, as if written peeple ; and like e short, in leopard and jeopardy, as if written lep- pard, andjeppardy; and in the law terms feoffee, fenffer, undfeoffinent, as if written feffee,feff'er, and feffment. 257. We frequently hear these vowels con- tracted into short o in geography and geometry, as if written joggraphy and jommetry ; but this gross pronunciation seems daily wearing away, and giving place to that which separates the vowels into two distinct syllables, as it is always heard in geographical, geometer, geometrical, and geometrician. Georgic is always heard as if written jorgic, and must be given up as in- corrigible (1 16). 258. Eo is heard like u in feod, feudal, feo- datory, which are sometimes written as they are pronounced, feud, feudal, feudatory. 259. Eo, when unaccented, has the sound of u short in surgeon, sturgeon, dudgeon, gudgeon, bludgeon, curmudgeon, dungeon, luncheon, pun- cheon, truncheon, burgeon, habergeon ; but in scutcheon, escutcheon, jjigeon, and widgeon, the eo sounds like short i. 260. Eo sounds like long o in yeoman and yeomanry; the first syllables of which words rhyme with go, no, so. See the words. 261. Eo in galleon, a Spanish ship, sounds as if written galloon, rhyming with moon. EOU. 262. This assemblage of vowels for they DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS EU,kc. cannot be properly called a triphthong, is often contracted into one syllable in prose, and poets never make it go for two. In cutaneous and vitreous, two syllables are palpable ; but in gorgeous and outrageous, the soft g coalescing with e, seems to drop a syllable, though polite pronunciation will always preserve it. ... 263. This assemblage is never found but in an unaccented syllable, and generally a final one ; and when it is immediately preceded by the dentals d or t, it melts them into the sound of; and tch ; thus, hideous, and piteous are pro- nounced as if written hijeous and jritcheous, The same may be observed of righteous, plen- tt-oiit, bounteous, courteous, beauteous, and du- teous (293) (294). EU. 264. This diphthong is always sounded like long u or ew, and is scarcely ever irregular : thus, feud, deuce, &c. are pronounced as if \\ritteofeivd, dewse, &c. EW. 265. This diphthong is pronounced like long v, and is almost always regular. There is a corrupt pronunciation of it like oo, chiefly in London, where we sometimes hear dew and new pronounced as if written doo and woo ; but when r precedes this diphthong, as in brew, creui, drew, &c. pronouncing it like oo, is scarcely improper. See 176, 339. 266. S/ieiv and strew have almost left this cl;iss, and, by Johnson's recommendation, are become show and slrow, as they are pronounced. The proper name Shrewsbury, however, still re- tains the e, though always pronounced Shrews- bury. Sew, with a needle, always rhymes with wo,- and sewer, signifying a drain, is generally pronounced shore ; but sewer, an officer, rhymes with fewer. See SEWER. 267. w is sometimes pronounced like aw in the verb to chew ; but this is gross and vul- gar. To chew ought always to rhyme with new, view, &c. EWE. 268. This diphthong exists only in the word ewe, a female sheep, which is pronounced ex- actly like yew, a tree, or the pronoun you. There is a vulgar pronunciation of this word, as if written yne, rhyming with doe, which must be carefully avoided. See the word. EY. 269. When the accent is on this diphthong it is always pronounced like ay, or like its kindred diphthong ei, in vein, reign, &c. ; thus bey, dey, grey, prey, they, trey, whey, obey, con- vey, purvey, survey, hey, eyre, and eyry, are al- ways heard as if written "bay, day, &c. Key and ley are the only exceptions, which always rhyme with sea (220). 270. Ey, when unaccented, is pronounced like ee : thus, galley, valley, alley, barley, &c. are pronounced as if written gallee, vallee, &c. The noun survey, therefore, if we place the accent on the first syllable, is anomalous. See the word. EYE. 271. This triphthong is only found in the I word eye, which is always pronounced like the letter 7. IA. 272. This diphthong, in the terminations tan, ial, iard, and iate, forms but one syllable, though the f, in this situation, having the squeezed sound of ee, perfectly similar to ;/, gives the syllable a double sound, very distin- guishable in its nature from a syllable formed without the t .- thus, Christian, filial, poniard, conciliate, sound as if written crist-yah, Jil-yal, pon-yard, concil-yate, and have in the last syllable an evident mixture of the sound of y consonant (114). 273. In diamond, these vowels are properly no diphthong ; and in prose, the word ought to have three distinct syllables ; butwe frequently hear it so pronounced as to drop the a entirely, and as if written dimond. This, however, is a corruption that ought to be avoided. 274. In carriage, marriage, parliament, and miniature, the a is dropped, and the i has its short sound, as it' written carridge, marridge, parliment, and minUure (90). IE. 275. The regular sound of this diphthong is that of ee, as in grieve, thieve, fiend, lief, liege, chief, kerchief, handkerchief, auctionier, grena- dier, &c. as if written greere, theeve, feend, &c. 276. It has the sound of long i, 'in die, hie, lie, pie, lie, vie, as if written dy, hy, &c. 277. The short sound of e is heard in friend, tierce, and the long sound of the same letter in tier, frieze. 278. In variegate, the best pronunciation is to sound both vowels distinctly like e, as if written vary-e-gate. 279. In the numeral terminations in ieth, as twentieth, thirtieth, &c. the vowels ought always to be kept distinct ; the first like open e, as heard in they in twenty, thirty, &c. and the second like short e, heard in breath, death, &c. 280. In fiery too, the vowels are heard dis- tinctly. 281. In orient and spaniel, where these let- ters come after a liquid, they are pronounced distinctly ; and great care should be taken not to let the last word degenerate into tpannel (113). 282. When these letters meet, in conse- quence of forming the plural of nouns, they retain either the long or short sound they had in the singular, without increasing the number of syllables: thus, a fly makes fries, & lie makes lies, company makes companies, and dignity, dignities. The same may be observed of the third person? and participles of verbs, as, Iffy, hejlies, 1 deny, he denies, he denied, I sully, he sullied, &c. which may be pro- nounced as if written denize, denide, sullid, &c. (104). 283. When ie is in a termination without the accent, it is pronounced like e only, in the same situation : thus, brasier, grasper, and Ro- sier, have the last syllable sounded as if written brazhur, grazhur, and glazhur, or rather as braze-yur, graze-yur, &c. (98) (418). IEU. 284. These vowels occur in adieu, lieu, pur-. DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS IEW, 10, &c. 43 iieu, where they have the sound of long u, as if written adeu, leu, purleu. 285. In one word, lieutenant, these letters are pronounced like short e, as if written lev- lenant. See the word. IEW. 286. These letters occur only in the word view, where they sound like ee, rhyming with few, new. 10. 287. When the accent is upon the first of these vowels, they form two distinct syllables, as violent, violet ; the last of which is some- times corruptly pronounced vi-let. 288. In marchioness, the i is entirely sunk, and the unaccented o pronounced, as it usually is in this situation, like short u, as if written marsliuness (352). 289. In cushion, the o is sunk, and the word pronounced cushin. See the word. 290. In the very numerous termination ion, these vowels are pronounced in one syllable like short a ,- but when they are preceded by a liquid, as in mi/lion, minion, clarion, &c. ( 1 13), the two vowels, though they make but one syllable, are heard distinctly : the same may be observed when they are preceded by any of the other consonants, except s and t, ! as champion, scorpion, &c. where the vowels are heard separately : but the terminations tion and sion are pronounced in one syllable, j like the verb shun. 291. The only exception to this rule is, ' when the / is preceded by s : in this case the t goes into tc/i, and the t is in a small degree audible like short e. This may be heard in question, million, digestion, combustion, and, what is an instance of the same kind, in cliris- \ tian, as if written ques-tchun, mix-tchun, &c. j or quest-yun, mixt-yun, &c. (461) (462). 10 U. 292. This triphthong, when preceded by a liquid, or any mute but a dental, is heard dis- tinctly in two syllables, as in bilious, various, glorious, abstemious, ingenious, copious: but when preceded by the dentals t, soft c and s, these vowels coalesce into one syllable, pro- nounced like shus : thus precious, factious, noxious, anxious, are sounded as if written presh-us, fac-shus, nock-shus, ang/c-shus (459). 293. The same tendency of these vowels to coalesce after a dental, and draw it to aspira- tion, makes us hear tedious, odious, and in- sidious, pronounced as if written te-je-us, o-jee-us. and in-sid-je~us ; for as d is but flat t, it is no wonder it should be subject to the same aspiration when the same vowels follow : nay, it may be affirmed, that so agreeable is this sound of the d to the analogy of English pronunciation, that, unless we are upon our guard, the organs naturally slide into it. It is not, however, pretended that this is the po- litest pronunciation ; for the sake of analogy it were to be wished it were : but an ignorance of the real powers of the letters, joined with a laudable desire of keeping as near as pos- sible to the orthography, is apt to prevent the d from going into j, and to make us hear O'de-us, te-de-us, &c. On the other hand, the vulgar, who, in this case, are right by instinct, not only indulge the aspiration of the d, which the language is so prone to, but are apt to unite the succeeding syllables too closely, and to say o-jus and te-jus, instead of o-je-us and te-je-us, or rather ode-yus and tede-yus. 294. If the y be distinctly pronounced, it sufficiently expresses the aspiration of the c, and is, in my opinion, the preferable mode of delineating the sound, as it keeps the two last syllables from uniting too closely. Where analogy, therefore, is so clear, and custom so dubious, we ought not to hesitate a moment at pronouncing odious, tedious, perfidious, fas tidious, insidious, invidious, compendious, me- lodious, commodious, preludious, and studious, as if written o-je-ous, te-je-ous, &c. or rather, ode-yus, tede-yus, &c. ; nor should we forget that Indian comes under the same analogy, and ought, though contrary to respectable usage, to be pronounced as if written Ind-yan, and nearly as In-je-an (376). OA. 295. This diphthong is regularly pronounced as the long open sound of <>, as in boat, coat, oat, coal, loaf, &ic. The only exceptions are, broad, abroad, groat, which sound as if writ- ten brawd, abrawd, grawt. Oatmeal is some- times pronounced ot-meal, but seems to be re- covering the long sound of o, as in oat. OE. 296. Whether it be proper to retain the o in this diphthong, or to banish it from our orthography, as Dr Johnson advises, certain it is, that in words from the learned languages, it is always pronounced like single e, and comes entirely under the same laws as that vowel : thus, when it ends a syllable, with the accent upon it, it is long, as in An-toe-ci, Peri-o6-ci: when under the secondary accent, in oec-umenical, oec-onomics, it is like e short : it is long e infoe-tus, and short e in foei-id and assafoet-ida : in doe, foe, sloe, toe, throe, /we (to dig), and bilboes, it is sounded exactly like long open o ; in canoe and shoe, like oo, as if written canoo and shoo ; and ill the verb does, like short u, as if written duz. OEL 297. There is but one word where this triphthong occurs, and that is in Shakspeare's King Lear, in the word oeiliads (glances), and, in my opinion, it ought to be sounded as if written e-U-yads. OEU. 298. This diphthong is from the French, in the word manoeuvre : a word, within these few years, of very general use in our language. It is not in Johnson, and the oeit is generally pronounced, by those who can pronounce French, in the French manner; but this is such a sound of the u as does not exist in English, and therefore it cannot be described. The nearest sound is oo/ with which, if this word is pronounced by an English speaker, as if written manoovre, it may, except with very nice French ears, escape criticism. DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS 01, &c. 07. 299. The general, and almost universal sound of this diphthong, is that of a in water, and the first e in metre. This double sound is very distinguishable in boil, toil, spoil, joint, point, anoint, &c. which sound ought to be carefully preserved, as there is a very pre- valent practice among the vulgar of dropping the o, and pronouncing these words as if written bile, tile, spile, &c. 800. The only instance which admits of a doubt in the sound of this diphthong, when under the accent, is in the word choir; but this word is now so much more frequently written quire, that uniformity strongly in- clines us to pronounce the oi in choir, like long i, and which, by the common orthography, seems fixed beyond recovery. But it may be observed, that either the spelling or the pro- nunciation of chorister, commonly pronounced qitirisler, ought to be altered. See the words. SOI. When this diphthong is not under the accent, it is variously pronounced. Dr Ken- rick places the accent on the first syllable of turcois, and, for I know not what reason, pronounces it as if written turkiz ; and tur- lais, with the oi broad, as in boys. Mr She- ridan places the accent on the second syllable, and gives the diphthong the French sound, as if the word were written turkaze. In my opin- ion the best orthography is turquoise, and the best pronunciation with the accent on the last syllable, and the oi sounded like long e, as if written turkees ; as we pronounce tortoise, with the accent on the first syllable, and the oi like short i, as if written torliz. 302. In av urdnpoise, the first diphthong is pronounced like short e, as if written averdu- poise. 303. In connoisseur, the same sound of e is substituted, as if written connesseur. 304. In shamois, or chamois, a species of leather, the oi is pronounced like long e, as if written sliammee. 305. Adroit and devoir, two scarcely na- turalized French words, have the oi regular ; though the latter word, in polite pronuncia- tion, retains its French sound, as 'if written dcvwor. 00. 806. The sound of this diphthong is regular, except in a few words : it is pronounced long in moon, soon, fool, rood, food, mood, &c. This is its regular sound. 307. It has a shorter sound corresponding to the u in bull, in the words wool, wood, good, hood, foot, stood, understood, withstood, and these are the only words where this diphthong has this middle sound. 308. It has the sound of short u, in the two words, blood tm&Jlood, rhyming with mud. 309. Soot is vulgarly pronounced so as to ihyme with but, hut, ixc. but ought to have its long, regular sound, rhyming with boot, as we always hear it in the compound sooty. See the word. 310. J)oor and floor are universally pro- nounced by the English as if written dorc and Jiore ; but in Ireland they preserve the regular sound of oo. See the word DOOR. 311. Moor, a black man, is regular in po- lite pronunciation, and like more in vulgar. Moor, a marsh, is sometimes heard rhyming with store ; but more correct speakers pro- nounce it regularly, rhyming with ;>oor. OU. 312. This is the most irregular assemblage of vowels in our language : its most common sound is that heard in bound, found, ground, &c. and this may be called its proper sound ; but its deviations are so many and so various that the best idea of it will be conveyed by giving the simples of all its different sounds. 313. The first or proper sound of this diph- thong is composed of the a in ball, and the oo in woo, or rather the u in bull, and is equivalent to the 010 in down, froim, &c. This sound is heard in abound, about, account, acoustics, aground, aloud, amount, around, arouse, astound, avouch, bough, bounce, bound, bounteous, bounty, bout, carouse, chouse, cloud, dough, clout, cloulerly, compound, couch, couch- ant, crouch, deftour, devour, devout, doubt, doubtful, doughty, douse, drought, encounter, espouse, expound, flout, [flounder, foul, found, foundling, fountain, frousy, glout, gout, (a dis- ease,) ground, grouse, grout,hound, hour, house, impound, loud, lounge, louse, lout, mound, moun- tain, mountebank, mouse, mouth, noun, ounce, our, oust, out, outer, outermost, paramount, plough, pouch, pounce, pound, pout, profound, pronoun, pronounce, propound, proud, rebound, recount, redoubt, redoubted, redound, rencount- er, round, roundelay, rouse, rout, scoundrel, scour, scout, shout, shroud, slouch, fjiouse, spout, sprout, stout, surround, south, l/iou, thousand, touse, trounce, trousers, trout, wound, (did wind,) slough (a miry place,) vouch, vouchsafe, without, scaramouch. 314. The second sound is that of short u in bud, and is heard in the following words and their compounds : Adjourn, journey, journal, bourgeon, country, cousin, couple, accouple, double, trouble, courteous, courtesy, courage, encourage, joust, goumet, housewife, flourish, mounch, nourish, enough, chough, rough, tough, slough (a cast skin), scourge, southerly, south- ern, southernwood, southward, touch, touchy, young, younker, and youngster ; but southern, southerly, and southward, are sometimes pro- nounced regularly like south: this, however, is far from the prevailing pronunciation. This is the sound this diphthong always has when the accent is not on it, unless in very few in- stances, where the compound retains the sound of the simple, as in pronoun ; but in sojourn and sojourner, with the accent on the first syl- lable, and in every unaccented termination in our and ous, this diphthong has exactly the sound of short u : thusfavour, honour, odour, and famous, are pronounced as if written J'ai'ur, lionur, odur, and famus. 315. The third sound given to these vowels is that of oo in coo and woo 39, and is found in the following words : Houge, croup, group, aggroup, amour, paramour, bouse, bousy, boute- ft-'ti, capoucli, cartoiich, gourbe, gout (taste), and ragout, (pronounced goo and ragoo), rendezvous, rouge, soup, sous (pronounced soo,) suriout, through, throughly, toupee or toupet, you, your, youth, tuur, contour, tournay, tournament, pour. DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONG OW. 46 and route (a road), accoutre, billet-doux, agouti, uncouth, wound (a hurt), and routine (a beaten road.) See TOURNEY. 316'. The verb to pour is sometimes pro- nounced to pore, and sometimes to poor : in each case it interferes with a word of a dif- ferent signification, and the best pronunciation, which is that similar to power, is as little liable to that exception, as either of the others. See the word. 317. To wound is sometimes pronounced so as to rhyme with found ; but this is directly contrary to the best usage ; but route (a road, as to take a different route), is often pro- nounced so as to rhyme with doubt, by respect- able speakers. 318. The fourth sound of this diphthong is that of long open o, and is heard in the fol- lowing words: Though, although, coulter, court, accourt, gourd, courtier, course, discourse, source, recourse, resource, bourn, dough, doughy, four, mould, mouldy, moult, mourn, shoulder, smoul- der, soul, poultice, poult, poulterer, poultry, troul, (to roll smoothly, marked by Mr Sheri- dan as rhyming with doll, but more properly by Dr Kenrick with roll) ; and borough, thor- ough, furlough, fourteen, concourse, and inter- course, preserve the diphthong in the sound of long o, though not under the accent. 319. The fifth sound of ou is like the noun awe, and is heard only in ought, bought, brought, sought, besought, Jbught, nought, thought, me- thought, wrought. 320. The sixth sound is that of short oo, or the u in bull, and is heard only in the auxiliary verbs, U'ould, could, should, rhyming with good, hood, stood, &c. 321. The seventh sound is that of short o, and heard only in cough and trough, rhyming with off and scojf; and in lough and shough, pronounced lock and shock. OW. 3i2. The elementary sound of this diph- thong is the same as the first sound of ou, and is heard in how, nou; &c. ; but the sound of long o obtains in so many instances, that it will be necessary to give a catalogue of both. 323. The general sound, as the elementary sound may be called, is heard in now, how, bow (a mark of respect), mow (a heap of barley, &c. ) cow, brow, broivn, browse, plow, von; avow, allow, disallow, endow, down, clown, frown, town, crown, drown, gown, renown, dowager, dowdy, dower, dowre, dowry, dowery, dowlas, drowse, drowsy, Jlower, bower, lower (to look gloomy), power, jiowder, jtrowcss, prow, prowl, voiuel, towel, bowel, rowel, cowl, scowl, crowd, shower, tower, sou> (a swine), soicens, sowl, tliowl, low (to bellow as a cow). This word is gener- ally pronounced as low, not high ; but if cus- tom, in this case, has not absolutely decided, it ought, in my opinion, to have the first sound of this diphthong, rhyming with how, as much more expressive of the noise it signifies ; which, where sounds are the ideas to be expressed, ought to have great weight in pronunciation. (241,251.) See the word. 324. The second sound of this diphthong is heard in blow, slow, crow, flow, glow, bow (to shoot with), low (not high), mow (to cut grass), low, show, sow (to scatter grain), strou; snou; trow, below, bestow, owe, owner, flown, grown, growth, know, known, sown, lower (to bring low), throw, thrown, in all these words the ow sounds like long o in go, no, so, &c. 325. The noun prow, signifying the forepart of a ship, rhymes with go in Mr Sheridan, and with now in Dr Kenrick. The latter is, in my opinion, the preferable sound ; while the verb to prowl (to seek for prey) rhymes with owl, according to Mr Sheridan, and with soul, according to Dr Kenrick : the latter has the old spelling prole to plead, but the former has, in my opinion, both analogy and the best usage on its side. Both these writers unite in giving the first sound of this diphthong to prowess ; which is unquestionably the true pro- nunciation. See To PIIOWL. 326. The proper names How, Hov:el, Hou-- ard, and Poiuel, generally are heard with the first sound of this diphthong, as in how, now, &c. ; but Howes and Stow (the historian) commonly rhyme with knows and know. How- ard, among people of rank, is generally pro- nounced with the second sound, rhyming with froward ; and Grosvenor, as if written Grove- nor. Snowden is frequently pronounced with the first sound of ow ; but the second sound seems prc fcrable ; as it is not improbable that these mountains had their name, like the Alps, from the snow on their tops. 627. When this diphthong is in a final un- accented syllable, it has always the second sound, like long o in borrow, sorrow, fellow, willow, &c. The vulgar shorten this sound, and pronounce the o obscurely, and sometimes as if followed by r, as winder and feller, for window and fellow ; but this is almost too des- picable for notice. Good speakers preserve the diphthong in this situation, and give it the full sound of open o, rhyming with no, so, &c. though it should seem in Ben Jonson's time, the o in this situation was almost suppressed. See his Grammar, page 149. 328. This diphthong in the word knowledge, has of late years undergone a considerable re- volution. Some speakers, who had the regu- larity of their language at heart, were grieved to see the compound depart so far from the sound of the simple, and with heroic fortitude have opposed the multitude by pronouncing the first syllable of this word as it is heard in the verb to know. The pulpit and the bar have for some years given a sanction to this pronunciation ; but the senate and the stage hold out inflexibly against it; and the nation at large seem insensible of the improvement. They still continue to pronounce, as in the old ludicrous rhyme : " Among the mighty men of knon-Myr, That are professors at Greiham College." But if ever this word should have the good fortune to be restored to its rights, it would be but charity to endeavour the restoration of a great number of words in a similar situation, such as breakfast, vineyard, bewilder, meadow, hearken, pleasure, whitsler, shepherd, trindircrd, and a long catalogue of fellow-sufferers. (5 5). But, before we endeavour this restoration, we should consider, that contracting the sound of the simple, when it requires an additional syl- lable, is an idiom of pronunciation to which our 46 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS OF, &c. language is extremely prone ; nor is it certain that crossing this tendency would produce any real advantage; at least, not sufficient to coun- terbalance the diversity of pronunciation which must for a long time prevail, and which must necessarily call off our attention from things to words." See Enclitical Termination, No. 514. OF. 329. This diphthong is but another form foi oi, and is pronounced exactly like it. When alloy is written with this diphthong, it ought never to be pronounced alloy. Custom seems to have appropriated the former word to the noun, and the latter to the verb ; for the sake of consistency, it were to be wished it were al- ways written allay ; but it is not to be expect- ed that poets will give up so good a rhyme to joy, cloy, and destroy. 330. The only word in which this diphthong is not under the accent, is the proper name Savoy ; for savoy, a plant, has the accent on the second syllable ; but the diphthong in both is pronounced in the same manner. UA. 331. When the a in this diphthong is pro- nounced, the u has the power of w, which unites both into one syllable : thus antiquate, antiquary, assuage, persuade, equal, language, &c. ; are pronounced anlikwate, antikwary, asswage, &c. 332. The it in this diphthong is silent, in guard, guardian, guarantee, and piquant ; pro- nounced gard, gardian, garantee, and pickant (W). 333. In Mantua, the town of Italy, both vowels are heard distinctly. The same may be observed of the habit so called: but in mantuamaker, vulgarity has sunk the a, and made it mantumaker. The same vulgarity at first, but now sanctioned by universal custom, has sunk both letters in victuals, and its com- pounds victualling and victualler, pronounced vitlles, vittling, and vitller. See MANTUA. UE. 334. This diphthong, like ua, when it forms only one syllable, and both letters are pro- nounced, has the u sounded like w ; as consue- tude, desuetude, and mansuetude, which are pronounced consuetude, deswetude, and man- swetude. Thus conquest is pronounced, ac- cording to the general rule, as if written con- kuvsi ; but the verb to conquer has unaccount- ably deviated into conker, particularly upon the stage. This error, however, seems not to be so rooted in the general car as to be above correction ; and analogy undoubtedly demands con/ewer. 335. This diphthong, when in a final sylla- ble, sinks the e, as clue, cue, due, blue, glue, hue,Jiue, rue, sue, true, mue, accrue, ensue, en- due, imbue, imbrue, pursue, subdue, perdue, ar- gue, residue, avenue, revenue, continue, retinue, construe, statue, tissue, issue, virtue, value, ague ; in all these words, whether the accent be on the diphthong ue or not, it is pronounced like long open u, except in words Where the comes before u ; in this case it is sounded like oo. When the accent is not on this diph- thong, as in the latter portion of these words from argue, it is apt to be feebly and indis- tinctly pronounced, and therefore care ought to be taken to sound it as if these words were written argew, residew, &c. In Tuesday, tie, the diphthong, is pronounced in the same manner. 836. In some words the u is silent, and the e pronounced short, as in guess, guest, guerdon, where the u acts as a servile to preserve the hard. 337. In some words, both the vowels are sunk, as in antique, oblique, league, feague, league, colleague, plague, vague, intrigue, fa- tigue, harangue, tongue, disembogue, collogue, rogue, prorogue, brogue, fugue ; in all which the ue is silent, and the g pronounced hard. The q in antique and oblique, is pronounced like k, as if the words were written anteek and Mike (158). 338. The terminations in ague, from the Greek, are pronounced in the same manner. Thus pedagogue, demagogue, ptysmagogue, nie- nagogue, emmenagogue, synagogue, mystagogue, decalogue, dialogue, trialogue, catalogue, theo- logue, eclogue, monologue, prologue, and epilogue, are all pronounced as if written pedagog, dema- gog, &c. with the o short. 339. This diphthong, after r, becomes oo; thus true is pronounced troo (176). Ul. 34-0. The u in this diphthong, as in ua and ue, when both vowels are pronounced without forming two syllables, is pronounced like w; thus languid, anguish, languish, extingvitk, dis- tinguish, relinquish, vanquish, linguist, ])enguin, pursuivant, guiacum, are pronounced as if written langwid, anguish, &c. and ciiiss and cuisses, as if written kwiss and kwisses, and cuirass, as if written kunrass. 341. The u is silent, and the i pronounced long, in guide, disguise, guile, and beguile ; but the u is silent and the i short, in guild, build, guilt, guinea, guitar. Guild, in Guildhall, is, by the lower people of London, pronounced so as to rhyme with child ; but this is directly opposite to the best usage, and contrary to its etymology, as it is a compound of guild (a cor- poration, always pronounced like the verb to gild) and hall. Dr Jones, who wrote in Queen Anne's time, tells us that it was then pro- nounced as if written Gildhall. In circuit and biscuit the u is merely servile ; in both the c is hard, and the i short, as if written sin-kit, and bisket. Conduit is pronounced cundit. 34-2. In juice, sluice, suit, and pursuit, the f is silent, and the u has its diphthongal sound, as if preceded by e, and the words were written sleicse, jewse, seii't, purseu-t. 343. When this diphthong is preceded by r, it is pronounced like oo ; thus bruise, cruise, fruit, bruit, recruit, are pronounced as if written broose, croose, broot (339). UO. 344. The u in this diphthong is pronounced like w, in quote, quota, quotation, quotient, quo- tidian, quorum, quondam, sitiquose, quoth, as if written kwote, kivota, kwotation, &c. ("""f/j and coil, commonly pronounced kicoif and' kit- oil, do not come under this class. See the words. PRONUNCIATIONS OF THE CONSONANTS B, C. 47 UY. 345. This diphthong, with the accent on it, sinks the u, and pronounces the y like long i: thus bui/, the only word where uy has the ac- cent, rhymes with fly, dry, &c. When the ac- cent is not on this diphthong it is sounded like long e, as plaguy, roguy, gluy, pronounced pla-gee, ro-gee, (with the g hard, as in get) glu-ee. The same may be observed of obloquy, ambiloquy, paucilnquy, soliloquy, ventriloquy, alloqity, colloquy, pronounced oblo-quee, am- btio-qu.ee, &c. UOY. 346. This diphthong is found only in the word buoy, pronounced as if written bivoy, but too often exactly like boy. But this ought to be avoided by correct speakers. OF THE CONSONANTS. B, 347. When b follows m in the same syllable, it is generally silent, as in lamb, kemb, limb, comb, dumb, &c. except accumb and succumb : it is silent also before t in the same syllable, as in debt, doubt, redoubt, redoubted, and their compounds: it is silent before t, when not in the same syllable, in the word subtle (cunning) often inaccurately used for subtile (fine), where the b is always pronounced. In the mathe- imtical term rhcmb, the b is always heard, and the word pronounced as if written rhumb. Ambs-ace is pronounced Aims-ace. See RHOMB. C. 348. C is always hard like k before a, o, or u ; as card, cord, curd; and soft, like s, before e, i, or y ; as cement, city, cynic. 349. When c ends a word, or syllable, it is always hard, as in music, flaccid, siccily, pronounced musick, flack-sid, sick-sily. See EXAGGERATE. 350. in the word sceptic, where the first c, according to analogy, ought to be pronounced like s, Dr Johnson has not only given his ap- probation to the sound of k, but has, contrary to general practice, spelt the word skeptic. It may be observed, perhaps, in this, as on other occasions, of that truly great man, that he is but seldom wrong ; but when he is so, that he is generally wrong to absurdity. What a monster does this word skeptic appear to an eye the least classical or correct! And if this alteration be right, why should we hesitate to write and pronounce scene, sceptre, and Lace- dcemon, skene, skeplre, and Lakedcetnon, as there is the same reason for k in all? It is not, however, my intention to cross the general current of polite and classical pro- nunciation, which 1 know is that of sounding the c like k ; my objection is only to writing it with the k : and in this I think 1 am sup- ported by the best authorities since the publi- cation of Johnson's Dictionary. 351. C is mute in Czar, Czarina, victuals, indict, arbuscle, corpuscle, and muscle; it sounds like tclt in the Italian words vermicelli and violoncello ; and like z in suffice, sacrifice, sice (the number six at dice,) and discern. 352. This letter, when connected with ft, has two sounds ; the one like tc/i, in child, chair, rich, which, &c. pronounced as if written tchild, tchair, rilch, whitch, &c. the other like sh, after I or n, as in belch, bench, filch, &c. pronounced bels/i, bensh, JUsh, &c. This latter sound is generally given to words from the French, as chaise, chagrin, chamade, cham- pagne, champignon, chandelier, chaperon, char- latan, chevalier, chevron, chicane, capuchin, cartouch, machine, machinist, chancre, mar- chioness. 353. Ch in words from the learned lan- guages, are generally pronounced like k, as chalcography, chalybeate, chameeleon, chamo- mile, chaos, character, chart, chasm, chely, chemist, (if derived from the Arabic, and chi/mist if from the Greek,) chersonese, chimera, chirograph!/, chiromancy, chlorosis, choler, chorus, chord, chorography, chyle, and its compounds ; anchor, anchoret, cachexy, catechism, catechise, catechetical, katechumen, echo, echinus, epoch, epocha, ichor, machina- tion, machinal, mechanic, mechanical, orches- tra, orchestre, technical, anarch, anarchy, conch, cochleary, distich, hemistich, monoslich, eunuch, monarch, monarchical, hierarch, here- siarch, pentateuch, stomach, stomachic, scheme, school, scholar, schesis, maslich, seneschal, and in all words where it is followed by I or r, as chlorosis, Christ, Christian, chronology, chroni- cal, &c. To these may be added the Celtic word loch (a lake). The exceptions are cha- rity, archer, and archery. .354. When arch, signifying chief, begins a word from the Greek language, and is followed by a vowel, it is always pronounced ark, as in archangel, archipelago, architect, archives, archetype, archaism, archiepiscojml, archidia- conal, architrave, archaiology. But when we prefix arch to a word of our own, and this word begins with a consonant, we pronounce it so as to rhyme with march, as archduke, archdeacon, archbishop; and sometimes, when the following word begins with a vowel, if it is a composition of our own, and the word does not come to us compounded from the Greek or Latin, as arch-enemy. 355. The word ache (a pain), pronounced ake, comes from the Greek, and was by Shak- speare extended to two syllables, aches with ch, as in watches ; but this is obsolete. It is now almost universally written ake and akes, except where it is compounded with another word, as head-ach, heart-ach, &c. and by thus absurdly retaining the ch in the compound, we are puzzled how to form the plural, without pronouncing aches in two syllables. 356. In choir and chorister, the ch is almost universally pronounced like qu : (300) in ostrich, like dge, as if spelled oslridge. It is silent in schedule, schism, and t/nchl ; pro- nounced seddule, sizm, and yot. It is sunk in diachm, but heard in drachma; pronounced dram and drachma. 357. When c comes after the accent, either primary or secondary, and is followed by ea, ia, io, or eous, it takes the sound of sh ; thus ocean, social, Phocion, saponaceous, are pro- nounced as if written oshean, soshial, Phoshian, 48 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT D. S(tponasheous,fasciation, negotiation, &c. (196). Financier has the accent after the c, which on that account does not go into sh. D. 358. In order to have a just idea of the alterations of sound this letter undergoes, it will be necessary to consider its near relation to T. (41)- These consonants, like;), and b,f, and v, k, and hard g, and s, and z, are letters of the same organ; they differ by the nicest shades of sound, and are easily convertible into each other ; t, p, f, k, and s, may, for the sake of distinction, be called sharp, and d, b, v, g, and z, may be called flat. For this reason, when a singular ends in a sharp con- sonant, the s, which forms the plural, pre- serves its sharp sound, as in cujfs, packs, lips, hats, deaths ; and when the singular ends with a flat consonant, the plural s has the sound of z, as drubs, bags, beads, lives, &c. are pronounc- ed drabz, bagz, &c. 359. In the same manner, when a verb ends with a sharp consonant, the d, in the termina- tion ed, assumed by the preterit and participle, becomes sharp, and is sounded like t ; thus stuffed, tripped, cracked, passed, vouched, faced (where the e is suppressed, as it always ought to be, except when we are pronouncing the language of Scripture) (104), change the d into t, as if written stuj't, tri/>t, crakl, past, voucht, faste. So when the verb ends in a flat consonant, the d preserves its true flat sound, as drub'jed, pegged, lived, buzzed, where the e is suppressed, and the words pronounced in one syllable, as if written drubb'd, pegg'd, liv'd, buzz'd. It may be observed too, that when the verb ends in a liquid, or a liquid and mute e, the participle d always preserves its pure sound ; as blamed, joined, Jilled, barred, pronounced blam'd,join'd,fiU'd, barred. This contraction of the participial ed, and the verbal en (103), is so fixed an idiom of our pronun- ciation, that to alter it, would be to alter the sound of the whole language. It must, how- ever, be regretted, that it subjects our tongue to some of the most hissing, snapping, clashing, grinding sounds, that ever grated the ears of a Vandal : thus rasped, scratched, wrenched, briilled, fancied, birchen, hardened, strength- ened, quickened, &c. almost frighten us when written as they are actually pronounced, as raspt, scratch!, wrencht, bridl'd, fongl'd, birch'n, slrength'n'd, qttick'n'd, &c. ; they become still more formidable when used con- tractedly in the solemn style, which never ought to be the case ; for here, instead of thou strength'n'st or strength'n'd'st, thou quick'n'st or quickn'n'd'st, we ought to pronounce, thou strength' nest or strength' nedst, thmi quick'nesL or quick' nedst, which are sufficiently harsh of all conscience. (See No. 405). But to com- pensate for these Gothic sounds, which, how- ever, are not without their use, our language is full of the smoothest and most sonorous terminations of the Greeks and Romans. 360. By the foregoing rule of contraction, arising from the very nature of the letters, we see the absurdity ot substituting the / for ed, when the veib ends in a sharp consonant; for. when the pronunciation cannot be mis- taken, it is folly to alter the orthography: thus the Distressed Mother, the title of a tragedy, needs not to be written Distrest Mother, as we generally find it, because, though we write it in the former manner, it must necessarily be pronounced in the latter. 86). By this rule, too, we may see the im- propriety of writing blest for blessed, when a participle. " Blest in thy genius, in thy love too 1 But when the word blessed is an adjective, it ought always to be pronounced, even in the most familiar conversation, in two syllables, as, this is a blessed day, the blessed thistle, &c. 362. This word, with learned, cursed, and winged, are the only participial adjectives which are constantly pronounced in two syl- lables, where the participles are pronounced in one : thus a learned man, a cursed tiling, a winged horse, preserve the ed in a distinct syl- lable ; while the same words, when verbs, as, he learned to write, he cursed lite day, they winged their flight, are heard in one syllable, as if written learnd, curst, and u-iiigd ; the d in cursed changing to t, from its following the sharp consonant s (358). 363. Poetry, however, (which has been one great cause of improper orthography) assumes the privilege of using these words, w hen adjec- tives, either as monosyllables or dissyllables ; but correct prose rigidly exacts the pronun- ciation of ed in these words, when adjectives, as a distinct syllable. The ed in ned and winged, always makes a distinct syllable, asrm aged man ; the winged courser : but when this word is compounded with another, the cd does not form a syllable, as a full-ag'd home, a sheath-wing'dfowl. 364. It is, perhaps, worthy of notice, that when adjectives are changed into adverbs by the addition of the termination ly, we often find the participial termination ed preserved long and distinct, even in those very words where it was contracted when used adjecti vcly : thus though we always hear confess'd,]n-afessd, design'd, &c. we as constantly hear can-fcss- ed-ly, prn-fess-ed-ly, de-sign- ed-ly, &c. The same may be observed of the following list of words, which, by the assistance of the Rhym- ing Dictionary, I am enabled to give, as, per- haps, the only words in the language in which the ed is pronounced as a distinct syllable in the adverb, where it is contracted in the par- ticipial adjective. Forcedly, enforcedly, un- veiledly, deformedly, feignedly, unfeignedly, discernedly, resignedly, refinedly, restrained- ly, concernedly, unconcernedly, discernedly, undiscernedly, preparedly, assuredly, adi-ised- ly, dispenedly, dtfftisedly, confusedly, unper- ceivedly, resolvedly, deservedly, undeservedly, reservedly, unreservedly, avowedly, perplex- edly, Jixedly, amazedly. 365. To this catalogue may be added several abstract substantives formed from participles in ed : which ed makes a distinct syllable in the former, though not in the latter: thus numbedness, blearedness, preparedness, assur- edness, diseasedness, adrisedness, reposedness, composcdness, indisposedness, diffusedness, con- fusedness, distressedness, resou-edness, reserved- ness, perplexedness, fixedness,, amasedness, liav^ ed pronounced distinctly. PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS D & F. 49 366. The adjectives naked, wicked, picked (pointed), hooked, crooked, forked, tusked, tress- ed, and wretched, are not derived from verbs, and are therefore pronounced in two syllables. The same may be observed of scabbed, crabbed, cliubbed, stubbed, shagged, snagged, ragged, scrubbed, dogged, rugged, scragged, haiuked, jagged; to which we may add, the solemn pronunciation of stiff-necked ; and these, when formed into nouns by the addition of ness, pre- serve the ed in a distinct syllable, as wicked- ness, scabbedness, raggedness, &c. 367. Passed, in the sense of beyond, becomes a preposition, and may allowably be written past, as past twelve o'clock; but when an ad- jective, though it is pronounced in one sylla- dle, it ought to be written with two, as passed pleasures are present pain : this I know is con- trary to usage ; but usage is, in this case, con- trary to good sense, and the settled analogy of the language. 368. It needs scarcely be observed, that when the verb ends in d or t, the ed in the past time and participle has the d pronounced with its own sound, and always forms an additional syllable, as landed, mailed, &c. otherwise the final d could riot be pronounced at all. 369. And here, perhaps, it may not be use- less to take notice of the very imperfect and confused idea that is given in Lowth's gram- mar, of what are called contracted verbs, such as snatcht, checkt, snapt, mixt, dwell, and past, for snatched, checked, snapped, mixed, dwelled, and passejl. To these are added, those that end in /, m, and n, or ;;, after a diphthong; which either shorten the diphthong, or change it into a single vowel ; and instead of ed, take t only for the preterit, as dealt, dreamt, meant, felt, slept, crept ; and these are said to be considered not as irregular, but contracted only. Now nothing cau be clearer than that verbs of a very different kind are here huddled together as of the same. Snatched, checked, snapped, missed, and passed, are not irregular at all ; if they are ever written snatcht, checkt, sitapt, mixt, and past, it is from pure ignorance of analogy, and not considering that if they were written with ed, unless we were to pronounce I it as a distinct syllable, contrary to the most ! settled usage of the language, the pronuncia- tion, from the very nature of the letters, must be the same. It is very different with du'elled ; here, as a liquid, and not a sharp mute, ends the verb, d might be pronounced without going into t, just as well as in fell'd, the participle of to fell (to cut down trees). Were then, we find custom has determined an irregularity, which cannot be altered, without violence to the language ; dwell may be truly called an irregular verb, and dwelt the preterit and par- ticiple. 370. The same may be observed of deal, dream, mean, feel, weep, sleep, and creep. It is certain we can pronounce d after the four first of these words, as well as in sealed, screamed, cleaned, and reded; but custom has not only annexed t to the preterit of these verbs, but has changed the long diphthongal sound into a short one ; they are therefore doubly irregu- lar. Weep, sleep, and creep, would not have required t to form their preterits, any more than peeped, and steeped, but custom, which has shortened the diphthong in the former words, very naturally annexed t as the simplest method of conveying the sound. 371. The only two words which occasion some doubt about classing them are, to learn, and to spell. The vulgar (who are no con- temptible guides on this occasion) pronounc'" them in the preterit learnt and spelt; but as and / will readily admit of d after them, Jt seems more correct to favour a tendency to re- gularity both in writing and speaking, which the literary world has given into, by spelling them learned and spelled, and pronouncing them learn" d and spelt d; thus earned, the preterit of to earn, has been recovered from the vulgar earnt, and made a perfect rhyme to discerned. 372. To these observations may be added, that, in such irregular verbs as have the pre- sent, the preterit and participle the same, as cast, cost, cut, &c. ; the second person singular of the preterit of these verbs takes ed before the st, as 1 cast, or did cast ; Thou casledst, or didst cast, &c. ; for if this were not the case, the second person of the preterit might be taken for the second person of the present tense. 373. I have been led insensibly to these ob- servations, by their connection with pronuncia- tion ; and if the reader should think them too remote from the subject, 1 must beg his par- don, and resume my remarks on the sound of the letter d. 374. The vulgar drop this letter in ordinary, and extraordinary, and make them or'nary and nxtr'ornary ; but this is a gross abbrevia- tion ; the best pronunciation is sufficiently short, which is ord'nary and exlrord'nary ,- the first in three, and the last in four syllables; but solemn speaking preserves the ?', and makes the latter word consist of five syllables, as if written extraordinary. 375. Our ancestors, feeling the necessity of showing the quantity of a vowel followed by ge, when it was to be short, inserted d, as wedge, ridge, badge, &c. The same reason in- duced them to write colledge and alledge, with the d ; but modern reformers, to the great in- jury of the language, have expelled the d, and left the vowel to shift for itself; because there is no d in the Latin words from which these are derived. 376. D like t, to which it is so nearly related, when it comes after the accent, either primary or secondary (522), and is followed by the diphthong ie, io, ia, or eou, slides into gzli, or the consonant j ; thus soldier is universally and justly pronounced as if written sol-jer ; gran- deur, gran-jeur; and verdure (where it must be remembered that M is a diphthong), ver-jure; and, for the same reason, education is ele- gantly pronounced ed-jucaiion. But duke and reduce, pronounced juke and rejuce, where the accent is after the d, cannot be too much re- probated. F. 377. F has its pure sound in often, off, &c. but in the preposition of, slides into its near relation v, as if written ov. But when this preposition is in composition at the end of a word, the f becomes pure ; thus, though we d 50 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT G. sound of, singly, ov, we pronounce it as if the fwere double in whereof. 378. There is a strong tendency to change the_/" into v, in some words, which confounds the plural number and the genitive case : thus we often hear of a wive's jointure, a calves head, and houze rent, for wife's jointure, a calf's head, and house rent. G. 379. G, like C, has two sounds, a hard and a soft one : it is hard before a, o, u, I, and r, as game, gone, gull, glory, grandeur. Gaol is the only exception ; now more commonly writ- ten jail (212). 380. G, before e and i, is sometimes hard and sometimes soft : it is generally soft before words of Greek, Latin, or French original, and hard before words from the Saxon. These latter, forming by far the smaller number, may be considered as exceptions. 381. G is hard before e, in gear, geek, geese, geld, gelt, gelding, get, geuigaiv, shagged, snagged, ragged, cragged, scragged, dogged, rugged, dag- ger, swagger, stagger, trigger, dogger, pettifogger, tiger, auger, eager, meager, anger, finger, lin- ger, conger, longer, stronger, younger, longest, strongest, youngest. The last six of these words are generally pronounced in Ireland, so as to let the g remain in its nasal sound, without articulating the succeeding vowel, thus, longer (more long) is so pronounced as to sound ex- actly like the noun a long-er (one who longs or wishes for a thing), the same may be observed of the rest. That the pronunciation of Ireland is analogical, appears from the same pronun- ciation ofg in siring. y, spring-y, full of strings and springs; and wronger and wrongest, for more and most wrong. But though resting the g in the nasal sound, without articulating the succeeding vowel, is absolutely necessary in verbal nouns derived from verbs ending in ing; as singer, bringer, slinger, &c. pronoun- ced sing-er, bring-er, sling-er, &c. and not sing-ger, bring-ger, sling-ger, &c. yet in longer, stronger, and younger; longest, strongest, and youngest, the g ought always to articulate the e : thus, younger ought always to rhyme with the termination monger, which has always the g hard, and articulating the vowel ; and this pronunciation is approved by Mr Nares. For- get, target, and together, fall into this class. See No. 409. 382. G is hard before i, in gibbe, gibcat, gib- ber, gibberish, gibbous, giddy, gift, gig, giggle, giglet (properly gigglet), gild, gill (of a fish), gimlet, gimp, gird, girdle, girl, girth, gizzard, begin, give, forgive, biggin, piggin, noggin ; also derivatives from nouns or verbs ending in hard g, as druggist, waggish, riggish, hoggish, doggish, sluggish, rigging, digging, &c. 383. G before y is generally soft, as in elegy, apology, &c. and almost in all words from the learned languages, but hard in words from the Saxon, which are formed from nouns or verbs ending in g hard, as shaggy, jaggy, knaggy, snaggy, craggy, scraggy, quaggy, swaggy, dreggy, yiggy, twiggy, boggy, foggy, cloggy, buggy, muggy. Gyve, from its Celtic original, ought to have the g hard, but has decidedly adopted the soft g. GA' i/i the same syllable at the beginning of a Word. 384. The g in this situation is always silent, as gnaw, gnash, gnat, gnarl, gnomon, gnomo- nics ; pronounced naw, nash, iuit, narl, nomon, nomonics. G-/V in the same Syllable at the end of a word. 385. No combination of letters has more puzzled the critics than this. Two actresses of distinguished merit, in Portia, in the Merchant of Venice, pronounced (he word impugn dif- ferently, and each found her advocate in the newspapers. One critic affirmed, that Miss Young, by preserving the sound of g, pro- nounced the word properly ; and the other contended, that Mrs Yates was more judicious in leaving it out. The former was charged with harshness; the latter, with mutilating the word, and weakening its sound ; but if analogy may decide, it is clearly in favour of the latter ; for there is no axiom in our pnx nunciation more indisputable than that which makes g silent before n in the same syllable. This is constantly the case in sign, and all its compounds, as resign, design, consign, assign, and in indign, condign, malign, benign; all pronounced as if written sine, rezine, &c. In which words we find the vowel i long and open, to compensate, as it were, for the suppression ofg, as every other word ending in gn, when the accent is on the syllable, has a diphthong pronounced like a long open vowel, as arraign, campaign, feign, reign, deign; and consequent- ly, unless the vowel u can produce some spe- cial privilege which the other vowels have not, we must, it we pronounce according to analo- gy, make the u in this situation long, and sound impugn as if written impune. &K6. The same analogy will oblige us to pronounce impregn, oppugn, expugn, propugn, as if written imprene, oppune, expune, propunc, not only when these verbs are in the infinitive mood, but in the preterits, participles, and verbal nouns formed from them, as impugned, impugning, and impugner, must be pronounced impttned, impuning, and impuncr. The same may be observed of the rest. Perhaps it will gratify a curious observer of pronunciation to see the diversity and uncertainty of our or- thoepists in their notation of the words before us: imfSne, Sheridan, Scott, Naros, Murray. Barclay says the g in this word and its derivatives is mute, but takes no notice of the quantity of the u. tmpSn, Buchanan, Kenrick. Perry. imping, W. Johnston. oppBne. Sheiidan, Scott, Nares, Muny. ofpOn, Kenrick, Perry, Barclay. oppn-ig, W. Johnston. propane, Sheridan, Scott, Perry, Nares. fr^ung, Barclay. imprint, ft ares, Murray. ixprlH, Sheridan, Kenrick, Perry. Barclay says the g is mute, hut says nothing of the quantity of the t expune, Sheridan, Scott, Xares. expun, Perry, Barclay. iirij.iiiwr, Sheridan. imjtuned, Murray. i<:,pfm,.er, Perry, Barclay. oppugner, Sheridan. proplignrr, Sheridan. pr^i'iimr, Scott. prvpunner, Perry. Nothing is clearer than that all these words ought to follow the same fortune, and should PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS, GM, GH, &c. 51 be pronounced alike. How then shall be re- conciled Mr Sheridan's pronouncing impugn, oppugn, erjmgn, and propugn, with the H long, and impregn with the e short ? Kenrk'k, who has not the word jrropugn, is consistent in pronouncing the rest with the vowel short. The same may be observed of Scott, who adopts the long sound, but has not the word impregn. Mr Perry gives the short sound to all but pro- pugn, where he makes the u long, but absurdly makes the verbal noun propunner ; and W. Johnston, who has only impugn and oppugn, pronounces the vowel short, and spells them impung and oppung. Barclay, under the word impung, says the g in this word and its deri- vatives is mute, without noticing the quantity of the vowels, but spells oppugn, oppun ; and of impregn, only says the g is mute ; but writes propugn, propttng, in the manner that W. Johnston does impugn, and oppung ; but Mr Nitres observes, that analogy seems to re- quire a similar pronunciation in all these words, and that the vowel should be long. The same inconsistency is observable in Mr Sheridan's pronunciation of the verbal nouns ; for he expunges the g in impiigner, and writes it tmpuner, but preserves it in oppugner and propuguer, Mr Scott has only the word pro- pugner, which he very properly, as well as consistently, spells propuner. Mr Perry has propunner and impunner, and Barclay impun- ner only. The inconsistency here remarked arises from not attending to the analogy of pronunciation, which requires every verbal noun to be pronounced exactly like the verb, with the mere addition of the termination : thus, singer is only adding er to the verb sing, without suffering the g to articulate the e, as it does in Jtnger and linger, &c. The same may be observed of a signer, one who signs : and as a corroboration of this doctrine, we may take notice that the additional er and est, in the comparatives and superlatives of adjec- tives, make no alteration in the sound of the radical word ; this is obvious in the words be- nigner, benigncst, &c. except younger, longer, and stronger. See No. 38 1 . 387. But in every other compound where these letters occur, the n articulates the latter syllable, and g is heard distinctly in the former, as sig-nify, malig-nity, assig-nalion, &c. Some affected speakers, either ignorant of the rules for pronouncing English, or over- complaisant to the French, pronounce physi- ognomy, cognizance, and recognizance, with- out the g ; but this is a gross violation of the first principles of spelling. The only words to keep these speakers in countenance are, poig- want and cltnmpignon, not long ago imported from France, and pronounced poinant, cham- pinon. The first of these words will probably be hereafter written without the g; while the latter, confined to the kitchen, may be looked upon as technical, and allowed an exclusive privilege. See COGNIZANCE*. 388. Bagnio, seignior, seraglio, intaglio, and oglio, pronounced ban-yo, sacn-yar, seral- yo, intal-yo, and ole-yo, may be considered as foreign coxcombs, and treated with civility, by omitting the^j, while they do not pervert the pronunciation of our native English words. GM in the same Syllable. 389. What has been said of gn is applica- ble to gm. We have but one word in the language where these letters end a word with the accent on it, and that is phlegm ; in this the .; is always rnute, and the e, according to analogy, ought to be pronounced long, as if the word were written Jleme ; but a short pronunciation of the e has generally obtained, and we commonly hear it Jlem ; it is highly probable Pope pronounced it properly, where he says, " Our Critics take a contrary extreme ; They judge with fury, but they write with pUegm." Perhaps it would not be difficult to reduce this word to analogy, as some speakers still pro- nounce the e long : but in the compounds of this word, as in those where gn occur, the vowel is shortened, and the g pronounced, as in phleg-mon, phleg-monous, phleg-matic, and phleg-magogues ; though Mr Sheridan, for no reason I can conceive, sinks the g in the last word. When these letters end a syllable not under the accent, the g- is silent, but the pre- ceding vowel is shortened : thus paradigm, parapegm, diaphragm, apophthegm, are pro- nounced, paradim, parapem, diaphram, apo- them. GH. 390. This combination, at the beginning of a, word, drops the h, as in ghost, ghastly, ghastness, gherkin, pronounced gost, rhyming with most ; gastly, gasttiess, gerk'm : but when these letters come at the end of a word, they form some of the greatest anomalies in our language ; gh, at the end of words, is generally silent, and consequently the preceding vowel or diphthong is long, as high, nigh, thigh, neigh, iveigh, inveigh, engli, (the obsolete way of spelling yew, a tree,) bough, dough, though, although, dough (a cliff), plough, furlougl>, slough (a miry place), through, throughout, thorough, borough, usquebaugh, pugli ! 391. Gh is frequently pronounced likey, as laugh, laughter, cough, chough, dough, (an allowance in weight), slough (the cast skin of a snake or sore), enough, rough, tough, trough. 392. Gh is sometimes changed into ck, as hough, shough, lough, pronounced hock, shock, lock ; sometimes we hear only the g sounded, as in burgh, burgher, and burgership. GHT. 393. Gh, in this termination, is always silent, as Jight, night, bought, fought, &c. The only exception is draught ; which, in poetry, is most frequently rhymed with caught, taught, &c. but, in prose, is so universally pre- nounced as if written draft, that the poetical sound of it grows uncouth, and is becoming obsolete. Draughts, the game, is also pro- nounced drafts. Drought (dryness) is vulgarly pronounced droii'th : it is even written so by Milton ; but in this he is not to be imitated, having mistaken the analogy of this word, as well as that of height, which he spells heighth, and which is frequently so pronounced bv d 2 52 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS. H, J, &c. the vulgar. See the words HEIGHT and DROUGHT. H. 394. This letter is no more than breathing forcibly before the succeeding vowel is pro- nounced. At the beginning of words, it is always sounded, except in heir, heiress, honest, honesty, honour, honourable, herb, herbage, hospital, hostler, hour, humble, humour, hu- morous, humorsome. Ben Johnson leaves out the h in host, and classes it in this respect, with honest. 395. H is always silent after r, as rhetoric, rhapsody, rheum, rheumatism, rhinoceros, rhomb, rhubarb, myrrh, catarrh, and their compounds. 396. H final, preceded by a vowel, is always silent, as ah ! lia ! oh ! joh ! sirrah, halle- lujah, Messiah. 397. This letter is often sunk after >, par- ticularly in the capital, where we do not find the least distinction of sound between while and wile, whet and wet, where and wear. Trifling as this difference may appear at first sight, it tends greatly to weaken and im- poverish the pronunciation, as well as some- times to confound words of a very different meaning. The Saxons, as Dr Lowth observes, placed the h before the w, as hwal ; and this is certainly its true place : for, in the pronun- ciation of all words beginning with wh, we ought to breathe forcibly before we pronounce the ic, as if the words were written hoo-at, hoo-ile, &c. and then we shall avoid that feeble, cockney pronunciation, which is so dis- agreeable to-a correct ear. J. 398. J is pronounced exactly like soft g, and is perfectly uniform in its sound, except in the word hallelujah, where it is pronounced like y. 399. JThas exactly the sound of hard c . it is always silent before n in the same syllable, as knee, kneel, knack, knight, know, knuckle, knab, knag, knap, knare, knave, knit, knock, knot, knoll. 400. It has been a custom within these twenty years to omit the k at the end of words when preceded by c. This has introduced a novelty into the language, which is that of ending a word with an unusual letter, and is not only a blemish in the face of it, but may possibly produce some irregularity in future formatives ; for mi/nicking must be written with the k, though to mimic is without it. If we use colic asa verb, which is not uncommon, we must write colicking and colicked ; and though physicking and physicked are not the most elegant words, they are not quite out of the line of formation. This omission of k is, how- ever, too general to be counteracted, even by the authority of Johnson : but it is to be hoped it will be confined to words from the learned languages: and indeed, as there is not the same vanity of appearing learned in the Saxon, as in the Latin and Greek, there is no great fear that thick and stick will lose their k, though they never had it in the original. L. 401. Ben Jonson says L melleth in the sounding, and is therefore called a liquid. This, however, cannot be the reason that r is called a liquid ; for no two letters can, in this respect, be more opposite. See No. 21. L is mute in almond, calf, half, calve, Iialve, chaldron, falcon, folk, yolk (better written yelk with the / sounded), fusil, halscr, malmsey, salmon, salve, talbot (a species of dog). See SALVE. 402. L is mute also between a and k in the same syllable, as balk, chalk, talk, stalk, walk. 403. L is silent likewise between a and m in the same syllable, as alms, balm, calm, palm, psalm, qualm, shalm ; but when the m is detached from the I by commencing another syllable, the I becomes audible. Thus, though the / is mute in psalm, palm, it is always heard in psalmist, psalmody, and palmistry ; but in balmy and palmy, where the y is an adjective termination of our own, no alteration is made in the sound of the substantive which sinks the / (386). Calmer and calmest ought to have the / mute, as they are only degrees of comparison; and palmer andpalmerworm, (ex- cept in the language of scripture, where the I in palmerworm ought to be heard) are only a sort of verbal nouns, which never alter the sound of the original word, and therefore ought to have the I mute. But though I is some- times mute in the noun salve, and in the verb to salve, it is always heard in salver (a kind of plate). See SALVE. 404. L ought always to be suppressed in the auxiliary verbs would, could, should: it is sometimes suppressed in fault ; but this sup- pression is become vulgar (see the word). In soldier, likewise, the / is sometimes suppressed, and the word pronounced sojer ; but this is far from being the most correct pronunciation : I ought always to be heard in this word, and its compounds soldierly, soldiership, &c. 405. L, preceded by a mute, and followed by e, in a final syllable, has an imperfect sound, which does not do much honour to our language. The /, in this situation, is neither sounded like el nor le, but the e final is suppressed, and the preceding mute articulates the /, without either a preceding or a succeed- ing vowel ; so that this sound may be called a monster in Grammar, a syllable without a vowel ! This will easily be perceived in the words able, table, circle, &c. which are pro- nounced as if written abl, tabl, circl, &c. and in those still more Gothic and uncouth ab- breviated participial terminations, peopled, bridled, saddled, trifles, yaffles, &c. pronounced pee-pl'd, bri-dl\l, sad-di'd, tri-Jlz, gaf-flz, &c. (359) (472). 406. This letter has not only, like/ and s, the privilege of doubling itself at the end of a word, but it has an exclusive privilege of being double where they remain single ; though by what right cannot well be conceived. Thus, according to the general rule, when a verb ends in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, and the accent is on the last syl- lable, the consonant is doubled when a par- ticipial termination is added, as abet, abetting, PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS If & A T . 53 leg, begging, begin, beginning, &c. but when the accent is not on the last syllable of the verb, the consonant remains single, as suffered, suffering, benefiting, &c. but the I is doubled, whether the accent be on the last syllable or not, as duelling, levelling, victualling, tra- velling, traveller, &c. This gross irregularity, however, would not have been taken notice of in this place, if it had not suggested an absurdity in pronunciation, occasioned hy the omission of I. Though the latter / is useless in traveller, victualler, ti.c. it is not so in controller : for as II is a mark of the deep broad sound of a in ball, tall, all, &c. (84) so the same letters are the sign of the long open sound of o in boll (a round stalk of a plant), to joll, noil (the head), knoll (a little hill), poll, dodpoll, roll, scroll, droll, troll, stroll, toll : for which reason, leaving out one / in belhral, catcal, miscal, overfal, foreslal, reinstal, downfal, withal, control, and unrol, as we find them in John- son's Dictionary, is an omission of the utmost importance to the sound of the words ; for as the pronunciation sometimes alters the spell- ing, so the spelling sometimes alters the pro- nunciation.* Accordingly we find some speakers, chiefly the natives of Ireland, in- clined to give the a its middle sound, to words commencing with nl, followed by another con- sonant, because they do not see the II in the all with which these words are compounded : thus we sometimes hear Almighty, albeit, so pronounced as to make their first syllable rhyme with the first of al-leu, val-ley, and extol is pronounced. by the Scotch so as to rhyme with coal ; and with just as much reason as we pronounce control in the same manner. For though compounds may, in some cases, be al- lowed to drop such letters of their simples, as either are not necessary to the sound, as in Christmas ; or might possibly lead to a wrong one, as in Rectmcileable ; (which see) yet where, by omitting a letter, the sound may be altered, the omission is pernicious and absurd (84 ). The same observations might be extended to the numerous termination full, where, in com- pounds, one I is omitted, though nothing can be more certain, than that fid, with a single /, has not the same sound as when this letter is doubled ; for who could suppose, without being used to the absurdity, that fulfil should stand for full fill ; but this abbreviation is too in- vete'rate and extensive to afford any hope, that the great arbiters of orthography, the printers, will ever submit to the additional trouble of putting another I. M. 407. M preserves its sound in every word, except comptroller ; compt and accompt are now universally written as they are pronounced, count and account ; and though m and /> are preserved to the eye in the officer called a comptroller, the word is pronounced exactly like the noun controllei; one who controls. N. 408. .A 7 has two sounds ; the one simple and * 1 his omission of the letter /., I sec, has been rectified in the last <|uaito edition of Johnson's Dictionary : ar.d it would have IJCPII well it' the Editors had acknowledged their obligations and ixttndid their emendations to the woid Codle .and several others. pure, as in man, net, &c. the other compound- ed and mixed, as in hang, thank, &c. The latter sound is heard when it is followed by the sharp or flat guttural mutes, g hard, or k ; or its representatives, c hard, qu, or a 1 ; but it may be observed,- that so prone is our language to the flat mutes, that when n is followed by k, or its representatives, the flat mute g seem interposed between them : thus thank, banquet anxious, are pronounced as if written, not than-k, ban-quet, an-xious, but thangk, bangk- quet, angkshus. But this coalition of the sound of n and g, or hard c, is only when the accent is on them ; for when the g or hard c articu- lates the accented syllable, the n becomes pure ; thus, though congress and congregate, are pronounced as if written cong-gress and cong-gregate, yet the first syllable of congra- tulate and congressive, ought to be pronounced without the ringing sound of n, and exactly like the same syllable in contrary. The same difference may be observed in the words con- course and concur; the first word, which has the accent on the first syllable, is pronounced as if written cong-course ; and the last, which has the accent on the second syllable, with n pure. It must, however, be carefully observed, that the secondary accent has the same power of melting the into the succeeding hard g or c, as the primary (522) : thus congregation and con cremation have the first syllable pro- nounced as if written cong. 40L>. It may, perhaps, be worthy of notice, that when n is followed by k, the k has a finished or complete sound, as in link, think, &c. but when n is followed by hard g, the g has an unfinished or imperfect sound, as in hang, bang, &c. where we may observe the tongue to rest upon the palate in the sound of g ; but when this letter is carried off to arti- culate another syllable, its sound is completed, as in anger and Bangor (the name of a town), where the sound of g may be perceived to be very different from the noun hanger (a sword), and banger (one who beats or bangs). This perfect sound of g is heard in all simples, as anger, angle, finger, linger, conger, anguish, languish, distinguish, extinguish, unguent; but in words derived from verbs or adjectives, end- ing in rig, the g continues imperfect, as it was in them. Thus a singer (one who sings), does not finish the g like finger, but is merely er added to sing ; the same may be observed of sing-ing, bring-ing, and hang-ing. So adjec- tives, formed by the addition of y, have the imperfect sound ofg; as in the original word : thus sjrringy, stringy, dung//, and uingy, are only the sound of e added to spring, siring, dung, and wing ; but the comparative and su- perlative adjectives, longer, stronger, and young- er -, longest, strongest, and youngest, have the g hard and perfectly sounded, as if written long- ger, slrong-ger, young-ger, &c. where the g is hard, as in finger, linger, &c. And it may be looked upon as a general rule, that nouns, ad- jectives, or verbs, do not alter their original sound upon taking an additional syllable. In these three vvords, therefore, the Irish pro- nounce more agreeable to analogy than the English: for, if I mistake not, they do not articulate the g- (381). 410. Hitherto we have considered thcee PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS P, &c. tetters as they arc heard under the accent ; but when they are unaccented in the par- ticipial termination' ing, they are frequently a cause of embarrassment to speakers who desire to pronounce correctly. We are told, even by teachers of English, that ing, in the words singing, bringing, and swinging, must be pro- nounced with the ringing sound, which is heard when the accent is on these letters, in Icing, sing, and wing, and not as if written without the g, as singin, bringin, swingin. No one can be a greater advocate than I am for the strictest adherence to orthography, as long as the public pronunciation pays the least atten- tion to it ; but when I find letters given up by the public, with respect to sound, 1 then con- sider them as ciphers ; and, if my observation do not greatly fail me, 1 can assert, that our best speakers do not invariably pronounce the participial ing, so as to rhyme with sing, king, and ring. Indeed, a very obvious exception seems to offer itseUin those verbs that end in these letters, as a repetition of the ringing sound in successive syllables would produce a tautoplwny (see the word), and have a very bad effect on the ear ; and therefore, instead of singing, bringing, and JHnging, our best speakers are heard to pronounce sing-in, bring- 1,1, andjling-in; and for the very same reason that we exclude the ringing sound in these words, we ought to admit it when the verb ends with in ; for if, instead of sinning, pin- ning, and beginning, we should pronounce siu- nin, pin-nin, and begin-nin, we should fall into the same disgusting repetition as in the former case. The participle ing, therefore, ought always to have its ringing sound, except in those words formed from verbs in this ter- mination; for writing, reading, and speaking, are certainly preferable to wrilin, readin, and spealein, wherever the pronunciation has the least degree of precision or solemnity. 411. JV is mute when it ends a syllable, and is preceded by / or m, as kiln, hymn, limn, solemn, column, autumn, condemn, contemn, In hym-ning, and lim-ning, the it is generally pronounced, and sometimes, in very solemn speaking, in condem-ning and contein-ning ; but, in both cases, contrary to analogy, which forbids any sound in the participle that was not in the verb (381). P. 412. This letter is mute before s and t at the beginning of words, psalm, psalmist, psal- mody, ptalmography, psalter, psaltry ; the pre- fix pseudo, signifying false, as pseudograpliy, pseudology, and the interjection pshaw! To these we may add ptisan, ptyalism, ptysmagogue. It is mute in the middle of words, between m and t, in empty, sempstress, peremptory, sump- tuous, presumptuous, redemption, exemption, and raspberry. In cupboard it coalesces with and falls into its flat sound b, as if written cubboard. It is mute in a final syllable be- tween the same letters, as tempt, attempt, con- tempt, exempt, prompt, accompt. liireceijit it is mute between t and t, arid in the'military corps (a body of troops) both p and s are mute, as custom has acquiesced in the French fironun- ciation of most military terms. PH. 413. PH is generally pronounced likey, as in philosophy, phantom, &c. In nej>heiv and Ste- phen it has the sound of u. In diphthong and triphthong the sound of p only is heard ; and the li is mute likewise in naphtlia, ophthalmick, &c. In apophthegm both letters are dropped. The same may be observed of phthisis, phthisic, phthisical. In sapphire the first /) slides into ph, by an accentual coalitipn of similar letters, very agreeable to analogy. See EXAGGERATE. Q. 414. Q has always the sound of k. It is con stantly followed by u, pronounced like w ; and its general sound is heard in quack, quill, queen, &c. pronounced kwack, kiuilt, kween, &c. That the u subjoined to this letter has really the power of w, may be observed in the gener- ality of words where a succeeds ; for we find the vowel go into the broad sound in quart, quarrel, quantity, &c. as much as in war, war- rant, want, &c. (85). But it must be carefully noted, that this broad sound is only heard un- der the accent; when the a preceded by qu, is not accented, it has the sound of every other accented a in the language (92). Thus the a in quarter, quarrel, quadrant, &c. because it has the accent, is broad ; the same may be ob- served when the accent is secondary only (522) (527), as in quadragesimal, quadrisyllable, &c. but when the accent is on the succeeding syl- lable, as in qua-dratick, qua-drangular, .\c. the a goes into the obscure sound approaching to the Italian a (92). 415. As a great number of words, derived from the French, have these letters in them, according to our usual complaisance for that language, we adopt the French pronunciation : thus in coquet, doquet, etiquette, masquerade, harlequin, oblique, antique, opaque, pique, pi- quant, piquet, burlesque, grotesque, casqiii', mosque, quadrille, quatercousin, the qu is pro- nounced like k. Quoif and quoit ought to be written and pronounced coif, coit. Paquel, laqney, chequer, and risque, have been very properly spelled by Johnson as they are pro- nounced packet, lackey, checker, and risk. Quoi/i ought to be pronounced with the it, as if written kwuth, and therefore is not irregular. Liquor and harlequin always lose the u, and conquer, conquerable, and conqueror, some- times, particularly on the stage. This devia- tion, however, seems not to have gone beyond recovery; and conquest is still regularly pro- nounced congkwest. Quote and quotation are perfectly regular, and ought never to be pro- nounced as some do, cote and a-tation. Cirque, contracted i'rom circus, and cinque, cinqitefoif, cinque-ports, cinque-spotted, are pronounced sirk and sink , and critique, when we mean a criticism, to distinguish it from critick, is pro- nounced criteek, rhyming with speak. See QUOIT and QUOTATION. li. 416. This letter is never silent, but its sound is sometimes transposed. In a final unaccented syllable, terminating with re, the r is pro- nounced after the c, as acre, lucre, saln-i.; PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS. fibre, ochre, eagre, mc.ug.re, sepulchre, theatre, spectre, metre, petre, mitre, nitre, antre, lustre, accoutre, massacre ; to which we may add, Centre and sceptre ; sometimes written center and scepter; but, in my opinion, very impro- perly, as this peculiarity is fixed, and easily un- derstood ; while reducing meagre to meager disturbs the rule, and adds another anomaly to our pronunciation, by making the g hard be- fore e (98). 417. The same transposition of r is always perceived in the pronunciation of apron and iron ; and often in that of citron and saffron, as if written apurn, turn, citurn, sajfurn : nor do I think the two first can be pronounced otherwise without a disagreeable stiffness ; but the two last may preserve the r before the vowel with great propriety. Children and hundred have slid into this analogy, when used colloquially, but preserve the r before the e in solemn speaking. 4-18. As this letter is but a jar of the tongue, sometimes against the roof of the mouth, and sometimes at the orifice of the throat, it is the most imperfect of all the consonants; and, as its formation is so indefinite, no wonder, when it is not under the accent, that the vow- els which precede it, should be so indefinite in their sounds, as we may perceive in the words friar, Her, elixir, nadir, mayor, martyr, which, with respect to sound, may be written friur, liur, elivur, nadur, mayur, martyr (98). ' These inaccuracies in pronunciation,' says an ingenious writer, 'we seem to have derived from our Saxon ancestors. Dr H icks observes in the first chapter of his Saxon Grammar, that " Comparativa apud cos ( Anglo- saxonas) in- differenter exeunt in ar, eer, er, ir, or, ur, yr ; et Superlativa in ast, eest, est, ist, ost, tist, yst ; participia praesentis temporis in and, and, end, i/id, and, und, ynd ; praeteriti vero in ad, ced, id, od, ud, yd ; pro vario scilicet vel aevi vel loci dialecto." Upon various other occasions also they used two or more vowels and diph- thongs indifferently ; and this not always from difference of age or place, because these variations are frequently found in the same page. This will account for the difference be- tween the spelling and pronunciation of such anomalous words as busy and bury, now pro- nounced as if written bisy and bery (the i and e having their common short sound) and for- merly spelt indifferently with e, u, or y.' Essay on llie Harmony of Language. Robson, 1774. 419. There is a distinction in the sound of this letter, scarcely ever noticed by any of our writers on the subject, which is, in my opinion, of no small importance ; and that is, the rough and smooth r. Ben Jonson, in his Grammar, says it is sounded firm in the beginning of words, and more liquid in the middle and ends, as in rarer, riper ; and so in the Latin. The rough 7- is formed by jarring the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth near the fore teeth : the smooth r is a vibration of the lower part of the tongue near the root, against the inward region of the palate, near the en- trance of the throat. This latter r is that which marks the pronunciation of England, and the former that of Ireland. In England, and particularly in London, the r in lard, bard, card, regard, &c. is pronounced so much in the throat as to be little more than the middle or Italian a, lengthened into load, baad, caad, regaad ; while in Ireland the r, in these words, is pronounced with so strong a jar of the tongue against the fore-part of the palate, and accompanied with such an aspiration, or strong breathing, at the beginning of the letter, az to produce that harshness we call the Irish accent. But if this letter is too forcibly pro- nounced in Ireland, it is often too feebly sounded in England, and particularly in Lon- don, where it is sometimes entirely sunk ; and it may, perhaps, be worthy of observation, that, pro\ided we avoid a too forcible pronunciation of the r, when it ends a word, or is followed by a consonant in the same syllable, we may give as much force as we please to this letter, at the beginning of a word, without producing any harshness to the ear : thus Rome, river, rage, may have the r as forcible as in Ireland ; but bar, bard, card, hard, &c. must have it nearly as in London. 420. A s the former letter was a jar, this is a hiss ; but a hiss which forms a much more definite and complete consonant than the other. This consonant, like the other mutes, has a sharp and a flat sound ; the sharp sound is heard in the name of the letter, and in the words same, sin, this ; the flat sound is that of z, heard in is, his, ivas : and these two sounds, accompanied by the aspirate, or h, form all the varieties found under this letter (41). 421. S has always its sharp hissing sound at the beginning of words, as soon, sin, &c. and when it immediately follows any of the sharp mutes,_/| k, p, t, as scoffs, blocks, hips, pits, or when it is added to the mute e after any of the?e letters, as strifes, Jlakes, pipes, mites. 422. iS is sharp and hissing at the end of the monosyllables yes, this, us, thus, gas ; and at the end of words of two or more syllables, if it be preceded by any of the vowels but e, and forms a distinct syllable : thus es in pipes and mites do not form a distinct syllable ; and as they are preceded by a sharp mute, the s is sharp likewise : but in jnices these letters form a syllable, and the s is pronounced like z, ac- cording to the general rule. 423. The only exceptions to this rule are, the words as, whereas, has, his, was; for bias, doivlas, villas, metropolis, basis, chaos, tripos, pus, chorus, Cyprus, &c. have the final s pro- nounced sharp and hissing. 424. Agreeably to this rule, the numerous terminations in ous, s& pious, superfluous, &c. have the 5 sharp, and are pronounced exactly like the pronoun us ; and every double s in the language is pronounced in the same manner, except in the words dissolve, possess, and their compounds ; scissors, hussy, and hussar. 425. S in the inseparable preposition dis, when either the primary or secondary accent is on it (522), is always pronounced sharp and hissing : the word dismal, which seems to be an exception, is not so in reality ; for, in this word dis is not a preposition : thus, dissolute, dissonant, &c. with the primary accent on rfo,- and disability, disagree, &c. with the secondary accent on the same letters, have the s sharp and hissing but when the accent is 011 the 56 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT S. second syllable, the s is either sharp or flat, as 1* is followed either by a vowel, or a sharp or flat consonant : thus, disable, disaster, disease, disinterested, dishonest, disorder, disuse, have all of them the * in dis flat like z, because the accent is not on it, and a vowel begins the next syllable ; but discredit, disfavour, dis- kindness, dispense, distaste, have the s sharp and hissing, because a sharp consonant begins the succeeding accented syllable ; and disband, disdain, disgrace, disjoin, disvalue, have the s flat like z, because they are succeeded' by a flat consonant in the same situation (435). 4-26. S, in the inseparable preposition mis, is alway sharp and hissing, whether the accent be on it or not ; or whether it be followed either by a vowel, or a sharp or flat consonant, as miscreant, misaim, misapply, misorder, mis- use, misbegot, misdeem, misgovern, &c. See the prefix Mis. 427. S, followed by e in the final syllable of adjectives, is always sharp and hissing, as bate, obese, precise, concise, globose, verbose, morbose, pulicose, tenebricose, corticose, ocose, oleose, ru- gose, desidiose, close, siliculose, calculose, tumu- lose, animose, venenose, arenose, siliginose, cri- nose, loose, operoxe, morose, edematose, comatose, acetose, aquosc, siliyuose, actuose, diffuse, prof use, occluse, recluse, abstruse, obtuse, except wise and ot/ienrise, and the pronominal adjectives these and those. 428. S, in the adjective termination sive, is always sharp and hissing, as suasive, persua- sive, assuasive, dissuasive, adhesive, cohesive, decisive, precisive, incisive, derisive, cicatrisive, visive, plausive, abusive, diffusive, infusive, in- clusive, conclusive, exclusive, elusive, delusive, prelusive, allusive, illusive, collusive, amusive, obtrusive, &c. 429. S, in the adjectives ending in sory, is always sharp and hissing, as suasory, persua- sory, decisory, derisory, delusory, &c. 430. The same may be observed of s in the adjectives ending in some, as troublesome, &c. and substantives in osity, generosity, &c. 431. Se, preceded by the liquids /, n, or r, has the s sharp and hissing, as pulse, appulse, dense, tense, intense, sense, verse, adverse, &c. except cleanse. S pronounced like Z. 432. S has always its flat buzzing sound, as it may be called, when it immediately follows any of the flat mutes b, d, g, hard, or v, as ribs, heads, rags, sieves. (24). 433. S is pronounced like z, when it forms an additional syllable with e before it, in the plural of nouns, and the third person singular of verbs ; even though the singulars and first persons end in sharp hissing sounds, as asses, riches, cages, boxes, &c. thus prices and prizes, have both the final s flat, though the preceding mute in the first word is sharp (422). 434. As s is hissing, when preceded by a liquid, and followed by e mute, as tranxe, tense, &c. so when it follows any of the liquids without the e, it is pronounced like z, as morals, means', seems, hers. In the same analogy, when s comes before any of the liquids, it has the sound of z, as cosmetic, dismal, pismire, c/iasm, prism, theism, schism, and all poly- syllables ending in asm, ism, osm, or ysm, as en- thusiasm, Judaism, microcosm, paroxysm, &c. 435. S, in the preposition dis, is either sharp or flat, as it is accented or unaccented, as ex- plained above ; but it ought always to be pro- nounced like z, when it is not under the accent, and is followed by a flat mute, a liquid, or a vowel, as disable, disease, disorder, disuse, disband, disdain, disgrace, disvalue, disjoin, dislike, dislodge, dismay, dismember, dismount, dismiss, disnatured, disrank, disrelish, disrobe (425). Mr Sheridan, and those onhoepists who have copied him, seem to have totally overlooked this tendency in the liquids to con- vert the s to z when this letter ends the first syllable without the accent, and the liquids begin the second syllable with it. 436. S is pronounced like z, in the mono- syllables as, is, his, was, these, those, and in all plurals whose singulars end in a vow el, or a vowel followed by e mute, as commas, operas, shoes, aloes, dues, and consequently when it follows the w or y, in the plurals of nouns, or the third person singular of verbs, as ways, be- trays, news, views, &c. t 437. Some verbs ending in se have the soft z, to distinguish them from nouns or adjectives of the same form. V* togf close to close .to refute .to di/i.a ,.tO UK 438. Sy and &?>/, at the end of words, have the 5 pronounced like z, if it has a vowel before it, with the accent on it, as easy, greasy, queasy, cheesy, daisy, misy, rosy, causey, noisy ,- but if the accent is on the antepenultimate syllable, the s is sharp, as heresy, poesy, &c. if a sharp mute precede, the 5 is sharp, as tricksy, tipsy ; if a liquid precede, and the accent is on the penultimate syllable, the s is flat, as palsy, flimsy, clumsy, pansy, tansy, phrensy, quinsy, 'olsey, whimsey, malmsey, jersey, kersey. Pursy !ias the s sharp and hissing from its relation to purse, and minstrelsey and controversy have the antepenultimate and preantepenultimate ac- cent : thus we see why busy, bousy, lousy, and drowsy, have the s like z, &\\& jealousy, the sharp lissing s. 439. S, in the termination sible, when pre- ceded by a vowel, is pronounced likes, as ;.*/- suasible, risible, visible, divisible, infusible, cmi- clusible; but if a liquid consonant 'precede the s, the s then becomes sharp and hissing, as sensible, responsible, tensible, reversible, &c. 440. S, in the terminations sary and sory, s sharp and hissing, as dispensary, adversary, suasory, persuasory, decisory, 'incisory, d'e- nsory, depulsory, compulsory, incensory, com- tensory, suspensory, sensory, responsory, cur- sory, discursory, lusory, elusory, delusory, il- 'usory, cotlusory. Rosary and miner;/, which iave the s like z, are the only exceptions. 441. S, in the termination ise, is pro- nounced like ~, except in the adjectives before- mentioned, and a few substantives, such as mradise, anise, ris/:, grise, verdigrise, mortise, 'ravise. 442. S, in the termination sal and sel, when PRONUNCIATIONS OF THE CONSONANT S. preceded by a vowel, is pronounced like z, as nasal, ousel, housel, tiousel, reprisal, proposal, refusal, and sharp and hissing when preceded by a consonant, as mensal, universal, &c. 44-3. S, in the termination son, sen, and sin, is pronounced like z, as reason, season, treason, cargason, diapason, orison, benison, venison, lenison,foison, poison, prison, damson, crimson, chosen, resin, rosin, raism, cousin. But the s in mason, bason, garrison, caparison, com- parison, parson, and person, is sharp and hiss- ing (170). 444. S, after the inseparable prepositions pre and pro, is sharp, as in presage, preside, presidial, preseance, presension, prosecute, pro- secution, prosody, prosopopeia, but flat like z in presence, president, presidency, presume, presumptive, presumption, but where the pre is prefixed to a word which is significant when alone, ths s is always sharp, as pre-suppose, pre-surmis'c, &c. 4.45. S, after the inseparable preposition re, is almost always pronounced like z, as resemble, resent, resentment, reserve, reservation, re- servoir, residue, resident, residentiary, reside, resign, resignment, resignation, resilience, resi- liency, resilition, resin, resist, resistance, resolve, resolution, resolute, result, resume, resumption, resurrection. 446. S is sharp after re in resuscitation, re- supination, &c. and when the word added to it is significant by itself, as research, resiege, reseat, resurvey. Thus to resign, with the * like s, signifies to yield up ; but to re-sign, to sign again, has the s sharp, as in sign : so to resound, to reverberate, has the s like s ; but lo re-sound, to sound again, has the s sharp and hissing. 447. Thus we see, after pursuing this letter through all its combinations, how difficult it often is to decide by analogy, when we are to pronounce it sharp and hissing, and when flat like x. In many cases it is of no great import- ance : in others, it is the distinctive mark of a vulgar or a polite pronunciation. Thus design is never heard with the .? like z, but among the lowest order of the people ; and yet there is not the least reason from analogy that we should not pronounce it in this manner, as well as in resign ; the same may be observed of preside, and desist, which have the s sharp and hissing ; and reside and resist, where the same letter is pronounced like 2. It may, however, be remarked, that re has the s like z after it more regularly than any other of the prefixes. 448. It may, perhaps, be worthy of observa- tion, that though s becomes sharp or flat, as it is followed by a sharp or flat consonant, or a liquid, as cosmetic, dismal, disband, disturb, &c. yet if it follows a liquid or a flat consonant, except in the same syllable, it is generally sharp. Thus the s in tubs, suds, &c. is like z ; but in subserve, subside, subsist, it is sharp and hissing : and though it is flat in absolve, it is sharp in absolute and absolution ; but if a sharp consonant precede, the s is always sharp and hissing, as tipsy, tricksy : thus in the pronun- ciation of the word Glasgow, as the s is always sharp and hissing, we find the g invariably slide into its sharp sound Ic ; and this word is always heard as if written Gletfaw, We see, therefore, that a preceding sharp consonant makes the succeeding s sharp, but not in- versely. 449. S is always sharp and hissing when fol- lowed by c, except in the word discern. S aspirated, or sounding like sh or zh. 450. S, like its fellow dental t, becomes as- pirated, and goes either into the sharp sound sh, or the flat sound zh, when the accent is on the preceding vowel, and it is followed by a semi-consonant diphthong, as nauseate, or a diphthongal vowel, as pleasure, pronounced naus/ieate and plez/iur, (195). 451. S, in the termination sion, preceded by a vowel, goes into the flat aspiration zh, as evasion, cohesion, decision, confusion, pro- nounced evazhion, &c. but when it is preceded by a liquid or another s, it has the sharp aspi- ration sh, as expulsion, dimension, reversion, pronounced esqiulshion, &c. 452. The same may be observed of s before M ; when a vowel precedes the s, with the accent on it, the 5 goes into the flat aspiration, as pleasure, measure, treasure, rasure, pro- nounced plezhure, &c. but when preceded by a liquid, or another s, it is sounded sh, as sensual, censure, tonsure, pressure, pronounced sen- shual, censhure, &c. 453. From the clearness of this analogy, we may perceive the impropriety of pronouncing Asia with the sharp aspiration, as if written Ashia ; when, by the foregoing rule, it ought, undoubtedly to be pronounced Azhia, rhyming with Arpasia, euthanasia, &c. with the flat as- piration of z. This is the Scotch pronuncia- tion of this word, and, unquestionably, the true one : but if I mistake not, Persia is pronounced in Scotland with the same aspiration of s, and as if written Pershia ; which is as contrary to analogy as the other is agreeable to it. 454. The tendency of the s to aspiration before a diphthongal sound, has produced several anomalies in the language, which can only be detected by recurring to first principles: for which purpose, it may be necessary to ob- serve, that the accent or stress naturally pre- serves the letters in their true sound ; and as feebleness naturally succeeds force, so the letters immediately after the stress, have a tendency to slide into different sounds, which require less exertion of the organs. Hence the omission of one of the vowels in the pronun- ciation of the last syllable of fountain, mountain, captain, &c. (208) ; hence the short sound of i in respite, sei-vile, &c. ; hence the s pronounced like z in disable, where the accent is on the second syllable ; and like s sharp and hissing in disability, where there is a secondary stress on the first syllable ; and hence the difference between the x in exercise, and that in exert; the former having the accent on it, being pro- nounced clcs, as if the word were written eckser- cise ; and the latter without the accent, pro- nounced gz, as if the word were written egzert. This analogy leads us immediately to discover the irregularity of sure, sugar, and their com- pounds, which are pronounced s/iure and shugar, though the accent is on the first sylla- ble, and ought to preserve the s without aspira- tion ; and a want of attending to this analogy has betrayed Mr Sheridan into a series of mis- 53 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT T. takes in the sound of s in the words suicide, , presume, resume, &c. as if written s/ioo-icide, prc-zhoom, re-zlioom, &c. but if this is the true pronunciation of these words, it may be asked, why is not suit, suitable, pursue, &c. to be pronounced skoot, shoot-able, pur-skoo ; &c. If it be answered, Custom ; I own this decides the question at once. Let us only be assured, that the best speakers pronounce a | like o, and that is the true pronunciation : but ' those who see analogy so openly violated, j ought to be assured of the certainty of the custom before they break through all the laws of language to conform to it. (09) (7i). See SUPEUABLE. 455. We have seen, in a great variety of in- I stances, the versatility of s, how frequently it slides into the sound of z : but my observation greatly fails me if it ever takes the aspiration I unless it immediately follows the accent, ex- \ cept in the words sure, sugar, arid their com- ! pounds; and these irregularities are sufficient, without adding to the numerous catalogue we have already seen under this letter. 456. The analogy we have just been observ- ing, directs us iti the pronunciation of usury, \ usurer, and usurious. The first tVvo have the : accent on the first syllable, which permits the [ s to go into aspiration, as if the words were ' written uzhury and uzhurer : but the accent being on the second u in the last word, the s is prevented from going into aspiration, and is pronounced uzuriolis (479) (480). 457. Though the .is in passion, mission, &c. j belong to separate syllables, as if spelt pas-don, mis-sion, &c. yet the accent presses the, first into the same aspiration as the last, and they are both pronounced with the sharp aspirated hiss, as if they were but one s. See EXAG- I CERATE. 4-58. S is silent in isle, island, aisle, demesne, puisne, viscount, arid at the end of some words ! from the French, as pas, sous, vis-d-tds,- and in corps the two last letters are silent, and the word pronounced core (412). r. 459. Tis the sharp sound of D (41); but though the latter is often changed into the former, the former never goes into the latter. \ The sound to which this letter is extremely ; prone, is that of s. This sound of t has greatly multiplied the hissing in our own language, and has not a little promoted it in most modern j tongues. That p and b, t and d, k and g hard, | s and z, should slide into each other, is not surprising, as they are distinguished only by a nice shade of sound ; but that / should alter j to s, seems a most violent transition, till we consider the organic formation of these letters, and of those vowels which always occasion it. ' If we attend to the formation of t, we shall find that it is a stoppage of the breath by the application of the upper part of the tongue, near the end, to the corresponding part of the palate ; and that if we just detach the tongue from the palate, sufficiently to let the breath pass, a hiss is produced which forms the letter s. Now the vowel that occasions this transition of t to s, is the squeezed sound of e, as heard in y consonant (8) ; which squeezed sound is a species of hiss ; and this hiss, from the ab- ' sence of accent, easily slides into the s, ;itul .< ,-ii easily into s/i : thus mechanically is generated that hissing termination, lion, which forms bit one syllable, as if written shun (195). 460. But it must be carefully remarked, that this hissing sound, contracted by the t before certain diphthongs, is never heard but after the accent : when the accent falls on the vowel immediately after the t, this letter, like s or c in the same situation, preserves its simple sound : thus the c An social, goes into s/i, because the accent is on the preceding vowel ; but it preserves the simple sound of s in society, because the accent is on the succeed- ing vowel. The same analogy is obviuus in satiate and satiety ; and is perfectly agreeable to that difference made by accent in the sound of other letters (71). See SATIETY. 461. As the diphthongs ia, ie, to, or I'M, when coming after the accent, have the power of drawing the t into sh, so the diphthongal vowel u, in the same situation, has a similar power. If we analyse the u, we shall find it commence with the squeezed sound of e, equivalent to the consonant y (39). This letter produces the small hiss before taken notice of (459), and which may be observed in the pronunciation of nature, and borders so closely on natshur, that it is no wonder Mr Sheridan adopted this latter mode of spelling the word to express its sound. The only fault of Mr Sheridan in depicting the sound of this word, seems to be that of making the M short, as in bur, cur, &c. as every correct ear must perceive an elegance in lengthening the sound of tlie, and a vulgarity in shortening it. The true pronunciation seems to lie between both. 462. But Mr Sheridan's greatest fault seems to lie in not attending to the nature and influence of the accent : and because nature, creature, feature, fortune, misfortune, &C. have the t pronounced like ch, or tsh, as if written crea-chure, fea-tshure, &c. he has ex- tended this change of t into tch, or tsh, to the word tune, and its compounds tutor, tutoress, tutorage, tutelage, tutelar, tutelary, &c. tu- mult, tumour, &c. which he spells tsfwun, ishoon-eble, &c. ts/ioo-lur, ts/too-triss, tshoo- lur-idzli, tshoo-tel-idzh, tshoo-tel-er, tshoo-ti/- er-y, &c. tshoo-mult, tslioo-mur, &c. Though it is evident, from the foregoing observations, that as the u is under the accent, the preced- ing t is preserved pure, and that the words ought to be pronounced as if written tewlor, tew maw, &c. and neither tshootur, f.ahoomult, tshoo/nour, as Mr Sheridan writes them, nor tootor, toomult, toomour, as they are often pronounced by vulgar speakers. See SuPEK- ABLE. 463. Here, then, the line is drawn by ana- logy. Whenever t comes before these vowels, and the accent immediately follows it, the t preserves its simple sound, as in Afiltiades, elephantiasis, satiety. &c. but when the accent precedes, the t, it then goes into sh, tc/t, or tsh, as natshure or natchure, na-s/nin, vir-tshue or virlcluie, patient, &c. or nashion, pashent, &c. 464. In similar circumstances, the same may be observed of d, as arduous, hideous, &c. (5293) (-294) (S76) Nor is this tendency of t before long u found only when the accent ira- PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT TH. mediately precedes ; for we hear the same as- piration of this letter in spiritual, spirit units, signature, ligature, forfeiture, as if written spiritshual, spiritshuous, signatshure, ligatshure, forfeitshure, &c. where the accent is two sylla- bles before these letters; and the only termi- nation which seems to refuse this tendency of the t to aspiration, is that in tude, as latitude, longitude, multitude, &c. 4(i4. This pronunciation of t extends to every word where the diphthong or diphthongal sound commences with i or e, except in the terminations of verbs or adjectives, which preserve the simple in the augment, without suffering the t to go into the hissing sound, as / pity, t/tou pitiest, lie pities or pitied : mightier, worthier, twentieth, thirtieth, &c. This is agreeable to the general rule, which forbids the adjectives or verbal terminations to alter the sound of the primitive verb or noun. See No. 381, But in the words bestial, celestial, frontier, admixtion, &c. where the i, x, or ?i precedes the /, this letter is pro- nounced like tch or ts/i, instead of*/* (291), as bes-tcliial, celes-tchial, fron-tcheer, admix- tchion, &c. as also when the t is followed by eou, whatever letter precede, as righteous, piteous, plenteous, &c. pronounced righ-tckeous, pit-clieous, plen-tcheous, &c. The same may be observed of t when succeeded by uou, as unctuous, presumptuous, &c. pronounced ung- tchuous, presump-lchuous, &c. See the words. TH. 465. This lisping sound, as it may be called, is almost peculiar to the English (41) (50) (469). The Greek was certainly not the sound we give it: like its principal letter, it has a sharp and a flat sound ; but these are so little subject to rule, that a catalogue will, perhaps, be the best guide. 466. Tk, at the beginning of words, is sharp, as in thank, think, &c. except in the following words: This, that, than, the, thee, their, them, then, thence, there, these, they, thine, thither, those, thou, though, thus, thy, and their com- pounds. 467. Tli, at the end of words, is sharp, as death, breath, &c. except in beneath, booth, with : and the verbs to wreath, to loath, to un- clothe, to seeth, to smooth, to sooth, to mouth ; all which ought to be written with the e final ; net only to distinguish some of them from the nouns, but to show that th is soft; for though tli, when final, is sometimes pronounced soft, as in to loath, to mouth, &c. yet the at the end of words is never pronounced hard. There is as obvious an analogy for this sound of the th in these verbs, as for the z sound of s in verbs ending in se (437) ; and why we should write jome verbs with e, and others without it, is inconceivable. The best way to show the absurdity of our orthography in this particular, will be to draw out the nouns and verbs as they stand in Johnson's Dictionary. Adjectives and Nouns. Verbs. breath to breathe. wreath, ... to wreath, to inwreathe. loath, .... to loathe. cloth, .... to doathe, to uncloath. lath, to bathe. smooth, ... to smooth. Adjectives and Nouns. Verbs. mouth, .... to mouth, swath, .... to swathe, sheath, . . . $[o sheath. (.to sheathe, sooth, .... to sooth. Surely nothing can be more evident than the analogy of the language in this case. Is it not absurd to hesitate a moment at writing all the verbs with the e final. This is a departure from our great lexicographer, which he him- self would approve, as nothing but inadvt-r- vertency could have led him into this unmean- ing irregularity. It may not be improper to observe here, that those substantives which in the singular end with th sharp, adopt the ifi flat in the plural, as path, paras; bath, bams, &c. Such a propensity, is there to slide into the flat sound of s, that we frequently hear this sound in the genitive case, as Aly wipe's portion, for my it'ife's portion. In the same manner we hear of paying so much for houze rent and taxes, instead of house rent and taxes ; and shopkeepers tell us they have goods of all prizes, instead of all prices. Nay, some go so far as to pronounce the plural of truth, truTHS ; but this must be carefully avoided. 468. Tli is hard in the middle of words, either when it precedes or follows a consonant, as panther, nepenthe, orthodox, orthography, orthoepy, thwart, athwart, ethnic, misanthrope, philanthropy, &c. except brethren, farthing, farther, -northern, worthy, burthen, murther, where the th is flat; but the two last words are better written burden and murder. 4fc'9. Th, between two vowels, is generally soft in words purely English, asfalher, feather, heathen, hither, thither, whit/ter, whether, either, neither, weather, wether, wither, gather, together, pother, mother. 470. Th, between two vowels, particularly in words from the learned languages, is gen- erally hard, as apathy, sympathy, antipathy, Athens, atheist, authentic, author, authority, athirst, cathartic, cathedral, catholic, catheter, ether, ethicks, lethargy, Lethe, leviathan, litharge, lithotomy, mathesis, mathematics, method, pa- thetic, plethora, polymathy, prothonotary, ana- thema, amethyst, theatre, amphitheatre, apothe- cary, apotheosis. 471. Th is sometimes pronounced like sim- ple t, as Thomas, thyme, Thames, asthma, phthisis, phthisic, phthisical, and is silent in twelfUilide, pronounced tweiftide. T silent. 472. T is silent when preceded by s, and followed by the abbreviated terminations en and le, as hasten, chasten, fasten, listen, glisten, christen, moisten, which are pronounced as it' written hace'n, chace'n, &c. in bursten the t is heard : so castle, nestle, trestle, wrestle, thistle, whistle, epistle, bristle, gristle, jostle, apostle, lliroslle, bustle, justle, rustle, are pronounced as if written cassle, nessle, &c. in pestle the / is pronounced ; in often, fasten, and soften, the t is silent, and at the end of several words from the French, as trait, gout (taste), eclat. In the first of these words the t begins to be pro- nounced ; in the last, it has been sometimes heard ; but in the second, never. Toupet is more frequently written toupee, and is there- 60 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS V, W, & c . fore not irregular. In billet-doux the t is silent, as well as in hautboy. The same silence of t may be observed in the English words, Christinas, chestnut, mortgage, hostler, bankrupt- cy, and in the second syllable of mistletoe. In currant and currants the t is always mute. See No. 102, 103, 405. V. 473. V is flat /, and bears the same relation to it as 6 does to />, d to t, hard g to k, and 2 to s (41). It is never irregular; and if ever silent, it is in the word twelvemonth, where both that letter and the e are, in colloquial pronunciation, generally dropped, as if written tweC month. W initial. 474. That w at the beginning of a word is a consonant, has been proved already (9) (59). It is always silent before r, as in wrack, wrangle, wrap, wrath, wreak, wreath, wreck, wren, wrench, wrest, wrestle, wretch, wriggle, wright, wring, wrinkle, wrist, write, writhe, wrong, wrought, wry, awry, bewray ; and be- fore h, and the vowel o, when long, as whole, who, Stc. pronounced hole, hoo, &c. 475. W, before A, is pronounced as if it were after the A, as hoo-y, why, hoo -en, w/ien, &c. but in whole, whoop, &c. the single and double o coalescing with the same sound in w, this last letter is scarcely perceptible. In swoon, how- ever, this letter is always heard; and pro- nouncing it soon, is vulgar. In sword and answer it is always silent. In two it mingles with its kindred sound, and the number two is pronounced like the adverb too. In the pre- positions toward and towards, the w is dropped, as if written toard and toards, rhyming with hoard and hoards ; but in the adjectives and adverbs to ward and towardly, froward andjro- wardly the w is heard distinctly. It is some- times dropped in the last syllable of awkward, as if written awkard; but this pronunciation is vulgar. 476. -X"is a letter composed of those which have been already considered, and therefore will need but little discussion (48) (51). It is flat or sharp like its component letters, and is subject to the same laws. 477. X has a sharp sound like ks, when it ends a syllable with the accent upon it, as ex- ercise, excellence, &c. or when the accent is on the next syllable, if it begin with a consonant, as excuse, expense, &c. (71). 478. X has its flat sound like gz, when the accent is not on it, and the following syllable having the accent begins with a vowel, as exert, example, exist, &c. pronounced egzert, egzample, egzist, &c. The same sound may be observed if A follow, as in exhibit, exhale, &c. pronounced egzhibit, cgzhale; but if the se- condary accent be on the x, in the polysyllable exhibition, exhalation, &c. this letter is then sharp, as in exercise (71); but in compound words, where the primitive ends in x, this let ter retains its primitive sound, as fixation, taxa- tion, vexation, vexatious, relaxation, &c. to which we may add the simples in our language, doxology and proximily ; so that this propensity of .r to become egz, seems confined to the in- separable preposition. 479. -X", like s, is aspirated, or takes the sound of A after it, only when the accent is before it : hence the difference between luxury and luxurious : anxious and anxiety : in the true pronunciation of which words, nothing will direct us but recurring to first principles. It was observed that s is never aspirated, or pronounced like sA, but when the accent is on the preceding syllable (45,0) ; and that when the accent is on the succeeding vowel, though the s is frequently pronounced like z, it is never sounded zli; from which premises we may conclude, that luxury and luxurious ought to be pronounced luckshury and lugzu- riuus, and not hig-sJio-ryus, as Mr Sheridan spells it. The same error runs through his pronunciation of all the compounds, luxuriance, luxuriant, luxuriate, &c. which unquestionably ought to be pronounced lug-zu-ri-ance, lug- zu-ri-ant, lug-zu-ri-aie, &c. in four syllables, and not in three only, as they are divided in his Dictionary. 480. The same principles will lead us to decide in the words anxious and anxiety : as the accent is before the x in the first word, it is naturally divisible into angk-shious, and as naturally pronounced angk-ihus; but as the accent is after the x in the second word, and the hissing sound cannot be aspirated (456), it must necessarily be pronounced angziety. IJut Mr Sheridan, without any regard to the com- ponent letters of these words, or the different position of the accent, has not only spelled them without aspiration, but without letting the s, in the composition of the last word, go into z ; for thus they stand in his Dictionary ; ank-syus, ank-si-e-ty (456). 481. The letter x, at the beginning of words, goes into z, as Xerxes, Xenophon, &c. pro- nounced Zerxes, Zenophon, &c. it is silent at the end of the French billet-doux, and pro- nounced like s in beaux,- often and better written beaus. Y initial. 482. Y, as a consonant, has always the same sound ; and this has been sufficiently described in ascertaining its real character (40) ; when it is a vowel at the end of a word or syllable with the accent upon it, it is sounded exactly like the first sound of i, as cy-de>; ty-rant, re- ply, &c. but at the end of a word or syllable, without the accent, it is pronounced like the first sound of e, liberty, fury, tenderly, &c. Z. 493. Z is the flat s, and bears the same re- lation to it as b does to p, d to /, hard g to X-, and v to /. Its common name is izzttrd, which Dr Johnson explains into s hard ; if, however, this be the meaning, it is a gross misnomer : for the s is not the hard; but the soft s ; * but as it has a less sharp, and therefore not so audible a sound, it is not impossible that it may OF THE NATURE OF ACCENT. 61 mean s surd. Zed, borrowed from the French, is the more fashionable name of this letter ; but, in my opinion, not to be admitted, because the names of the letters ought to have no diversity. 484. Z, like s, goes into aspiration before * diphthong, or a diphthongal vowel after the accent, as is heard in vizier, glazier, grazier, c. pronounced viz/i-i-er, glazh-i-er, grazli-i-er, &c. The same may be observed of azure, ra- zure, &c. 485. Z is silent in the French word rendez- vous ; and is pronounced in the Italian man- ner, as iff were before it, in mezzotinto, as if written melzotinto. Thus have we endeavoured to exhibit a just idea of the principles of pronunciation, both with respect to single letters, and their various combinations into syllables and words. The attentive reader must have observed how much the sounds of the letters vary, as they are dif- ferently associated, and how much the pro- nunciation of these associations depends upon the position of the accent. This is a point of the utmost importance, and a want of attend- ing to it has betrayed several ingenious men into the grossest absurdities. This will more fully appear in the observations on accent, which is the next point to be considered. OF THE NATURE OF ACCENT. 486. The accent of the ancients is the op- probrium of modern criticism. Nothing can show more evidently the fallibility of the human faculties than the total ignorance we are in at present of the nature of the Latin and Greek accent. * This would be still more sur- prising if a phenomenon of a similar kind did not daily present itself to our view. The accent of the English language, which is constantly sounding in our ears, and every moment open to investigation, seems as much a mystery as that accent which is removed almost two thou- sand years from our view. Obscurity, per- plexity, and confusion, run through every treatise on the subject, and nothing could be so hopeless as an attempt to explain it, did not a circumstance present itself, which at once accounts for the confusion, and affords a clew to lead us out of it. 487. Not one writer on accent has given us such a definition of the voice as acquaints us with its essential properties : they speak of high and low, loud and soft, quick and slow ; but they never once mention that striking pro- perty which distinguishes speaking from sing- ing sounds, and which, from its sliding from high to low, and from low to high, may not improperly be called the inflection of the voice. No wonder, when writers left this out of the account, that they should blunder about the nature of accent : it was impossible they should do otherwise ; so partial an idea of the speak- ing voice must necessarily lead them into error. But let us once divide the voice into its rising and falling inflections, the obscurity vanishes, at the end of the Key to the Classical Pn Liin, and Scripture Proper Names. land Quantity, aiion of Greek, and accent becomes as intelligible as any other part of language. 488. Keeping this distinction in view, let us compare the accented syllables with others, and we shall find this general conclusion may be drawn : " The accented syllable is always louder than the rest ; but when it has the rising inflection, it is higher than the preced- ing, and lower than the succeeding syllable: and when it has the falling inflection, it is pro- nounced higher as well as louder than the other syllables, either preceding or succeeding." The only exception to this rule is, " when the accent is on the last syllable of a word which has no emphasis, and which is the concluding word of a discourse." Those who wish to see this clearly demonstrated may consult Ele- ments of Elocution, second edition, page 181. On the present occasion it will be sufficient to observe, that the stress we call accent is as well understood as is necessary for the pronuncia- tion of single words, which is the object of this treatise ; and therefore, considering accent merely as stress, we shall proceed to make some remarks on its proper position in a word, and endeavour to detect some errors in the use and application of it. The different Position's of the English accent. 489. Accent, in its very nature, implies a comparison with other syllables less forcible ; hence we may conclude that monosyllables, properly speaking, have no accent : when they are combined with other monosyllables and form a phrase, the stress which is laid upon one, in preference to others, is called emphasis. As emphasis evidently points out the most significant word in a sentence, so, where other reasons do not forbid, the accent always dwells with greatest force on that part of the word which, from its importance, the hearer has always the greatest occasion to observe; and this is necessarily the root, or body of the word. But as harmony of termination fre- quently attracts the accent from the root to the branches of words, so the first and most natural law of accentuation seems to operate less in fixing the stress than any of the other. Our own Saxon terminations, indeed, with per- fect uniformity, leave the principal part of the word in quiet possession of what seems its law- ful property (501) ; but Latin and Greek ter- minations, of which our language is full, assume a right of preserving their original accent, and subjecting many of the words they bestow upon us, to their own classical laws. 490. Accent, therefore, seems to be re- fulated, in a great measure, by etymology, n words from the Saxon, the accent is gener- ally on the root; in words from the learned languages, it is generally on the termination ; and if to these we add the different accent we lay on some words, to distinguish them from others, we seem to have the three great prin- ciples of accentuation ; namely, the radical, the terminational, and the distinctive. decent on Dissyllables. 491. Every word of two syllables has neces- sarily one of them accented, and but one. It is true, for the sake of emphasis, we sometimes lay an equal stress upon two successive sylla- ACCENT ON DISSYLLABLES. bles, as di-rect, some-times; but when these words are pronounced alone, they have never more than one accent. For want of attending to this distinction, some writers have roundly asserted, that many dissyllables have two ac- cents, such as convoy, concourse, discord, ship- wreck : in which, and similar instances, they confound the distinctness, with which the latter syllables are necessarily pronounced, with ac- centual force; though nothing can be more different. Let us pronounce the last syllable of the noun torment as distincly as we please, it will still be very different with respect to force, from the same syllable in the verb to torment, where the accent is on it ; and if we do but carefully watch our pronunciation, the same difference will appear in every word of two syllables throughout the language. The word Amen is the only word which is pronounced with two consecutive accents when alone. 492. There is a peculiarity of accentuation in certain words of two syllables, which are both nouns and verbs, that is not unworthy of notice ; the nouns having the accent on the first syllable, and the verbs on the last. This seems aii instinctive effort in the language (if the ex- pression will be allowed me) to compensate in some measure for the want of different termi- nations for these different parts of speech. * The words which admit of this diversity of accent are the following : 0'ject, Absent, Sbslract, iccent, Iffi*, issign, augment, bombard, cement, colleague, collect, c6mp-ict, compound, cdmprns, onaet'e, condwt, confine, conflict, contest, contract, convoy, desert, diicount, to eijlef. descant, to absent. fJT"' to abstract. to oerfn<. export, to irfbr. extract, to utffa. exile, to augment. ferment, to bombard, frequent, to colleague. incimxf) to collect. insult, to compact, object, to compound. prrfiiine t to compress. permit, to concert. to concrete. prefix, premise, to conduct. presage, to confine. present, to conflict. produce, to conwrte. project, to cons6rt. orotrst, to contest. 'rebel, to contract. record, to contrast. refuse, to convent. sfibjfct, to converse. Siirvey, to convert. torment, to convict. trdject, to conrtty. transfer, to rfractiss. The noun prophecy, and the verb to projihesy, follow this analogy, only by writing the noun with the c, and the verb with the s, and without any difference of sound, except pronouncing the y in the first like e, and in the last like i long ; where we may still discover a trace of the tendency to the barytone pronunciation in the noun, and the oxytone in the verb (467). See the words. 500. This seems to be the favourite tendency of English verbs ; and where we find it crossed, it is generally in those formed from nouns, rather than the contrary : agreeably to this, 13r Johnson has observed, that though nouns have often the accent on the latter, yet verbs have it seldom on the former syllable ; those nouns which, in the common order of language, must have preceded the verbs, often transmit this accent to the verbs they form, and inversely, thus the noun water must have pre- ceded the verb to u'ater, as the verb to corres- pond must have preceded the noun corres- pondent ; and to pursue must claim priority to pursuit. So that we may conclude, whenever verbs deviate from this rule, it is seldom by chance, and generally in those words only where a superior law of accent takes place. Accent on Trisyllables. 501. As words increase in syllables, the more easely is their accent known. Nouns some- times acquire a syllable by becoming plural ; adjectives increase a syllable by being com- pared ; and verbs by altering their tense, or becoming participles : adjectives become ad- verbs, by adding ly to them ; and prepositions precede nouns or verbs without altering the accent of the word to which they are prefixed : so that when once the accent of dissyllables is known, those polysyllables, whose terminations are perfectly English, have likewise their ac- cent invariably settled. Thus lion becomes lioness, pool, poetess; polite becomes politer , or politely, or even politelier ; mischief, mis- chievous ; happy, happiness ; nay, lioness be- comes lionesses; mischief, mischievousness ; and service, serviceable, serviceableness, ser- viceably, and unserviceable, without disturbing the accent, either on account of the prepositive un, or the subjunctives able, ably, and ableness. 502. Hence we may perceive the glaring absurdity which prevails even in the first circles; that of pronouncing the plural or princess, and even the singular, with the ac- cent on the second syllable, like success and successes : for we might just as well say, duchess, and duchesses, as princess and prin- cesses ; nor would a correct ear be less hurt with the latter than the former. 503. So few verbs of three syllables follow the analogy observable in those of two, that or protracting the accent to the last syllable, that this economy seems peculiar to dissyllables ; many verbs, indeed, of three syllables, are compounded of a preposition of two syllables : and then, according to the primary law of for- mation, and not the secondary of distinction, we may esteem them radical, and not distinc- tive ; such are contradict, intercede, supersede, contraband, circumscribe, superscribe, &c. while the generality of words ending in the verbal terminations ise and ize, retain the accent of the simple, as criticise, tyrannise, modernise, &c. and the whole tribe of trisyllabic verbs in ate, very few excepted, refuse the accent on the last syllable ; but words of three syllables often take their accent from the learned lan- guages from which they are derived ; and this makes it necessary to inquire how far English accent is regulated by that of the Greek and Latin. Of the Influence of the Greek and Latin decent on the Accent of English Poly- syllables. (a) As our language borrows so largely from the learned languages, it is not wonder- ful that its pronunciation should be in some measure influenced by them. The rule for placing the Greek accent was, indeed, essen- tially different from that of the Latin ; but words from the Greek, coming to us through the Latin, are often so much latinized as to lose their original accent, and to fall into that of the Latin ; and it is the Latin accent which we must chiefly regard, as that which influences our own. (6) The first general rule that may be laid down is, that when words come to us whole from the Greek or Latin, the same accent ought to be preserved as in the original : thus horizon, sonorous, decorum, dictator, gladia- tor, mediator, delator, spectator, adulator, &c. preserve the penultimate accent of the origi- nal ; and yet the antepenultimate tendency of our language has placed the accent on the first syllable of orator, senator, auditor, minis- ter, cicatrix, plethora, &c. in opposition to the Latin pronunciation of these words, and would have infallibly done the same by abdomen, bi- tumen, and acumen, if the learned had not stepped in to rescue these classical words from the invasion of the Gothic accent, and to pre- serve the stress inviolably on the second sylla- ble ; nor has even the interposition of two 64, ACCENT ON POLYSYLLABLES. consonants been always able to keep the accent from mounting up to the antepenultimate syllable, as we may see in minister, sinister, character, magistrate, &c. and this may be said to be the favourite accent of our language. See MISCELLANY. (t) But notwithstanding this prevalence of the antepenultimate accent, the general rule still holds good ; and more particularly in words a little removed from common usage, such as terms in the arts and sciences ; these are generally of Greek original ; but coming to us through the Latin, most commonly contract the Latin accent, when adopted into our language. This will appear plainly by the following lists : and first, let us select some where the Greek and Latin accents coincide : plethora, trAr.&ija. metabasi.t, ptTiiSeuuf. emphasis, i/Mpesis, K^ciri^ir.s-i:. anliptosis, invWarj?. anadiplosis, Kva.^i^c>.taans. auxesis, - .v&iris. mathesis, fiMBwis. exegesis, ifoiienelro is either long or short in Latin, and in this case we generally prefer the short sound to the long one. (/;) Words which have fin the penultimate syllable : acclivous, accliints. declivous, decfivus. proclivous, proclivits. litigant, litians. mitigant, mi/igcnis. sibilant, sibi/ans. vigilant, ngiluiis. ACCENT ON POLYSYLLABLES. 65 fulminant, fulrrtinans. discriminate, discrimVno. perspiciencc, persjricfens. c6nscience, consciens. obedience, obedient. pestilence, pestilens. supplicate, supjj/tcans. explicate, abdicate, exjilicans. abdicans. pr6vidence, Festinate, proi/Uens. festino. habitant, habitant. beneficent. beneficus. Accident, accident. Evident, evident. indigent, indigent. diligent, diligent. negligent, negligent. exigence, exigent, intelligence, intelligent. deficience, dificiens. mendicant, mendicant;. resident, resident. diffidence, dijfldens. confidence, confident. investigate, investigo. castigate, castigo. extricate, extrtco. irritate, irnlo. pr6fligate, jrrofiigo. instigate, insltgo. corrugate, petulant, disputant, impudent, speculate, pullulate, p6pulate, subjugate, abducent, relucent, imprudent, adjutant, peculate, indurate, 6bdurate, corrugo. petulant. disputans. impudent. specular. pullulo. populo. subjugo. abducent. relucens. imprudent. adjutant. peculor. induro. obduro. In the foregoing list of words we find a very general coincidence of the English and Latin accent, except in the last eleven words, where we depart from the Latin accent on the pe- nultimate, and place it on our own favourite syllable the antepenultimate. These last words therefore must be ranked as exceptions. (z) Words which have o in the penultimate syllable. interrogate, arrogant, dissonant, redolent, insolent, benevolent, conddlence, indolence, armipotent, omnipotent, innocent, renovate, desolate, decora' e, elaborate, laborant, ignorant, suffocate, interr&go. arrogant. dissonant. redolent. insolent. benevolus. cond6lens. indolent. armipotens. omnipftlens. innocent. reriovo. destilo. decoro. elaboro. laborans. ignorans. svjfuco. In this list the difference of the English and Latin accent is considerable. The last sis words desert the Latin penultimate for the English antepenultimate accent, and condo- lence falls into an accentuation diametrically opposite. (k) Words which have u in the penultimate syllable : Here we find the general rule obtain, with, perhaps, fewer exceptions than in any other class. Adjuvate, peculate, and indurate, are the only absolute deviations ; for obdurate has the accent frequently on the second syllable. See the word. (I) To these lists, perhaps, might be added the English words ending in tion, don, and ity : for though tion and sion are really pronounced in one syllable, they are by almost all our orthoepists generally divided into two ; and consequently nation, pronunciation, occasion, evasion, &c. contain the same number of syl- lables as natio, pronunciatio, occasio, evasio, &c. and have the accent in both English and Latin, on the antepenultimate syllable. The ', same may be observed of words ending in j ity, or iety ; as diversity, variety, &c. from diversitas, varietas, &c. (m) By this selection, (which, though not an exact enumeration of every particular, is yet a sufficient specimen of the correspondence of Latin and English accent) we may perceive that there is a general rule running through both languages, respecting the accent of poly- syllables, which is, that when a single vowel in the penultimate is followed by a single con- sonant, the accent is on the antepenultimate. This is so agreeable to English analogy, that in words derived from the Latin, where the penultimate vowel, followed by a single con- sonant, is long, and consequently has the accent, we almost always neglect this excep- tion, as it may be called, in the Latin lan- guage, and fall into our own general rule of accenting the antepenultimate. Nor is it un- worthy of being remarked, that when we neglect the accent of the original, it is almost always to place it at least a syllable higher ; as adjacent and condolence are the only words in the whole selection, where the accent of the English word is placed lower than in the Latin. (/i) There is, indeed, a remarkable coinci- dence of accent between Latin verbs of three syllables, commencing with a preposition, and the English words of two syllables, derived from them, by dropping a syllable,* as excello, rebS/lo, inguiro, coiiflnn, confulo, consumo, denro, exploro proccdo, proclamo, have the fabulate, maculate, adjuvate, fabvlor. macuJi). adjiivo. * Ben Jonson seems to hare had a faint id (Ipi)cc, where he says, " all veibs coming from the Latin, either of the supine or otherwise, hold the accent as it is found in the tirst person present of those Latin verbs, as rrmfio, animate, cflebro, celebrate: eicept words compounded of fatia, as /./ur- facio, liiiffy and of sfatuo, as coruliluo, conttilutt." English Grammar. Of the extent and justness of these observation^ thi critical reader will be the best judge. 66 TERMINATIOXAL ACCENT. accent in Latin on the second syllable; and the English verbs excel, rebel, require, con- fine, confute, consume, desire, explore, jrro- ceed, jn-oclaim, have the accent on the same syllable. This propensity of following the Latin accent in these words, perhaps, in this, as well as in other cases, formed a general rule, which at last neglected the Latin accent, in words of this kind ; as we find prefer, con- fer, defer, desert, compare, complete, congeal, divide, dispute, prepare, have the accent on the second syllable, though prcefero, defero, confSro, desero, comparo, complSo, congelo, diindo, disputo,' proeparo, have the accent on the first : and this propensity, perhaps, laid the foundation of that distinction of accent which is so remarkable between dissyllable nouns and verbs of the same form (492). (o) But when English polysyllables are derived from the Latin by dropping a syllable, scarcely any analogy is more apparent than the coincidence of the principal accent of the English word, and the secondary accent (522) we give to the Latin word, in the English pro- nunciation of it. Thus parsimony, ceremony, matrimony, melancholy, &c. have the accent on the first syllable, because, in pronouncing the Latin words parsimonia, cceremonia, ma-* trimonia, melanc/iolia, &c. we are permitted, and prone, in our English pronunciation of these words, to place a secondary accent on that syllable. See ACADEMY, IRREPAKABLE, &c. (p) With respect to the quantity of the an- tepenultimate syllable in polysyllables, it may be observed, that regardless of the quantity of the original, we almost, without excep- tion, follow the analogy of our own language. This analogy uniformly shortens the vowel, unless it be u, followed by a single consonant, or any other vowel followed by a single conso- nant, succeeded by a semi -consonant diph- thong : thus the first u in dubious is pro- nounced long, though short in the Latin word diibius : the same may be observed of the e and o in medium and emporium; and the first t in delirium, and the first e in delicate, are pronounced short in English, .according to our own analogy (507), though these letters are long in the Latin delirium and dSlicatus. For the quantity of English dissyllables derived from the Greek and Latin, see SYLLABICA-. TiON, No. 543, 544., &c. Terminalional Accent. 504. We have seen that the Saxon termina- tions, regardless of harmony, always leave the accent where they found it, let the adventi- tious syllables be ever so numerous. The Saxons, attentive chiefly to sense, preserved the same simplicity in the accentuation, as in the composition of their words; and, if sense were the only object of language, it must be confessed, that our ancestors were, in this respect, superior to the Greeks and Romans. What method could so rigidly preserve, and so strongly convey, the sense of words, as that which always left the accent on the root, where the principal meaning of the word un- doubtedly lies ? But the necessities. of human nature require that our thoughts should not only be conveyed with force, but with ease ; to give language its due effect, it must !>a agreeable as well as forceful ; and the car must be addressed while we are informing the mind. Here, then, terminational accent, the music of language, interposes ; corrects the Discordant, and strengthens the feeble sounds ; removes the difficulty of pronunciation which arises from placing the accent on initial syi- lables, and brings the force gently down to the latter part of the word, where a cadence is formed, on the principles of harmony and proportion. 505. To form an idea of the influence of termination upon accent, it will be sufficient to observe, that words which have ei, ia, ie t io, eu, eou, in their termination, always have the accent on the preceding syllable : thus, atheist, alien, regalia, ambrosia, caducens, &c. the numerous terminations in ion, ian, &c. as gradation, jn-omotion, confusion, logician, phy- sician, &c. those in ions, as harmonious, ab- stemious, &c. those in eous, as outrageous, ad- vantageous, &c. These vowels may not im- properly be styled semi-consonant diphthongs (196). 506. The only exceptions to this rule are one word in iac, as elegiac, which has the accent on the i, and the following words in iacal, as prosodiacal, cardiacal, heliacal, gen- ethliacal, maniacal, demoniacal, ammoniacal, theriacal, paradisiacal, aphrodisiacat , and lit/- pochondriacal ; all which have the accent on the antepenultimate i, and that long and open, as in idle, title, &c. 507. Nothing can be more uniform than the position of the accent in words of these terminations ; and, with very few exceptions, the quantity of the [accented vowel is as re- gular as the accent ; for when these termina- tions are preceded by a single consonant, every accented vowel is long, except i; which, in this situation, is as uniformly short : thus i occasion, adhesion, erosion, and confusion, i have the a, e, o, and u, long; while rision and decision have the i short. The same may be observed of probation, concretion, devotion, ' ablution, and exhibition. The exceptions are, impetuous, especial, perpetual, discretion, and \baltalion, which last ought to be spelt with double I, as in the French, from which it is I derived, and then it would follow the general rule. National and rational form two more exceptions ; and these are almost the only irregularities to which these numerous classes of words are subject. 509. Nearly the same uniformity, both of accent and quantity, we find in words ending in ic. The accent immediately precedes this termination, and every vowel under this accent, but u, is short : thus Satanic, pathetic, elliptic, harmonic, &c. have the accent on the penulti- mate, and the vowel short : while tunic, runic, and cubic, have the accented vowel long. 509. The same may be observed of words ending in ical, as fanatical, poetical, leciti- cal, canonical, &c. which have the accent on the antepenultimate syllable, and the vowels ;', i, and o, short, but cubical and musical, with the accent on the same syllable, have the u long. TERMINATIONAL ACCENT. 67 510. The only exceptions to this rule are, arsenic, choleric, ephemeric, turmeric, empiric, rhetoric, bishopric (better written bishoprick, see No. 400), lunatic, arithmetic, splenetic, he- relic, politic, and, perhaps, phlegmatic ; which, though more frequently heard with the accent on the antepenultimate syllable, ought, if possible, to be reduced to regularity. Words ending in scence have uniformly the accent on the penultimate syllable, as quiescence, re- miniscence, \c. concupiscence, which has the accent on the antepenultimate, is the only exception. 511. In the same manner, if we take a view of the words ending in ily, we find the accent invariably placed on the preceding syllable, as in diversity, congruily, &c. On a closer in- spection we find every vowel in this ante- penultimate syllable, when no consonant in- tervenes, pronounced long, as deity, piety, &c. A nearer inspection shows us, that, if a consonant precede this termination, the preceding accented vowel is short, except it be ?/, as severity, curiosity, impunity, &c. we find too, that even u contracts itself before two consonants, as in curvity, taciturnity, &c. and that scarcity and rarity (signifying uncommonness ; for rarity, thinness, has the u short) are the only exceptions to this rule throughout the language. The same observa- tions are applicable to words ending in ify, as justify, clarify, &c. The only words where the antepenultimate accent, in words of this termination, does not shorten the vowel, are glorify and notify. The y in these words is always long, like the first sound of i; and both accent and quantity are the same when these words take the additional syllable able, as justifiable, rarefiable, &c. (183). 512. To these may be added the numerous class of words ending in arous, -erous, and orous, as barbarous, vociferous, and hunior- ous : all which have the accent on the ante- penultimate syllable, except canorous and sonorous ; which some unlucky scholar hap- pening to pronounce with the accent on the penultimate syllable, in order to show their derivation from the Latin adjectives, canonts and sonorus, they stand like strangers amidst a crowd of similar words, and are sure to betray a mere English scholar into a wrong pronunciation. To polysyllables in these terminations might be added those in alive, atory, ctive, &c. Words ending in alive can never have the accent on the penultimate syllable, if there be a higher syllable to place it on, except in the word creatire ; and when this is the case, as it is sel- dom otherwise, the accent seems to rest on the root of the word ; or on that syllable which has the accent on the noun, adjective, or verb, with which the word in alive corresponds: thus copulative, estimative, alternative, &c. follow the verbs to copulate, to estimate, to alter, &c. When derivation does not operate to fix the accent, a double consonant will attract it to the antepenultimate syllable, as appellative ; and two consonants have sometimes this power, in opposition to derivation, as adversative and ar- gumentative, from adverse and argument. In- dicative and interrogative are likewise excep- tions, as they do not follow the verbs to indi- cate and interrogate ; but as they are grammati- cal terms, they seem to have taken their accent from the secondary accent we sometimes give to the Latin words indicativus and inlerroga- tiv6 (see the word ACADEMY). Words ending in ary, ery, or ory, have generally the accent on the root of the word ; which, if it consist of three syllables, must necessarily be accented op the first, as contrary, treachery, factory, &c. if of four or five, the accent is generally on that syllable which has the accent in the related or kindred words; thus expo$tulatory has the accent on the same radical syllables as expostulate : and congratulatory, as congra- tulate : interrogatory and derogatory are excep- tions here, as in the termination alive ; and if pacificatory, sacrificatory,* significatory, vesica- tory, &c. have not the accent on the first syl- lable, it seems to arise from the aversion we seem to have at placing even the secondary accent on the antepenultimate a (which we should be very apt to do if the principal ac- cent were on the first syllable), and the diffi- culty there would be in pronouncing such long words with so many unaccented syllables at the end, if we were to lay the accent on the first. Words ending in ctive have the accent regularly on the penultimate syllable, except adjective, which, like indicative, being a gram- matical word, seems to have taken its accent from the secondary stress of the Latin artjec- tivus (see ACADEMY), and every word ending in live, preceded by a consonant, has the ac- cent on the penultimate syllable likewise, except substantive ; and perhaps, for the reason just given. After all, it must be owned, that words ending in alive and atory are the most irregular and desultory of any in the lan- guage ; as they are generally accented very far from the end, they are the most difficult to pronounce ; and therefore, whenever usage will permit, we should incline the stress as much as possible to the latter syllables : thus refractory ought never to have the accent on the first syllable ; but refectory, with the accent on the first, is a school term, and, like substantive, adjective, indicative, and interrogative, must be left in quiet possession of their Latin secon- dary accent. Endiiical Accent. 513. I have ventured to give the name of enclitical to the accent of certain words, whose terminations are formed of such words as seem to lose their own accent, and throw it back on the last syllable of the word with which they coalesce, such as theology, orthography &c. The readiness with which these words take the antepenultimate accent, the agree- able flow of sound to the ear, and the unity it preserves in the sense, are sufficient proofs ot' the propriety of placing the accent on this syllable, if custom were ambiguous. I do not remember to have heard the accent disputed in any word ending in elogy ; but orthography * These words ought certainly to be accented alike; and ac- cordingly we tind l)r Johnson, Mr Sheridan, Mr Han-lay, and Mr Smith, place the accent on lh.-sc.-ond pliable; I ut though Kenning accent* lignificatory in the same manner, he places the accent on the antepenultimate of ptcifiralory ; and Kenri. k like- wise accents the second syllable of sijiuficafory, but the first of i,,i, ;'/;, ';/ort/ ; tlie other orthoepist.* who have not got these words nae avoided these inconsistencies, e2 68 ENCLITICAL ACCENT. is not unfrequently pronounced with the ac- cent on the first syllable, like orthodoxy. The temptation we are under to discover our knowledge of the component parts of words, is very apt to draw us into this pronunciation; but as those words which are derived from the Greek, and are compounded of xoyoj, have universally given into this enclitical accentua- tion, no good reason appears for preventing a similar pronunciation in those compounded of yjo^aj, as, by placing the accent on the antepenultimate syllable, the word is much more fluent and agreeable to the ear. It is certain, however, that at first sight the most plausible reasoning in the world seems to lie against this accentuation. When we place the accent on the first syllable, say our opponents, we give a kind of subordinate stress to the third syllable graph, by which means the word is divided into its primitive e'ft>f and vt, which signifies to opine, and from which the last syllables of orthodoxy are derived, was never a general subjunctive word like xaj/c? and yja^ai ; and even if it had been so, the assemblage of consonants in the letter x would have prevented the ear from admitting an accent on the syllable immediately preceding, as the x would, by this means, become diffi- cult to pronounce. Placing the accent, there- fore, on the first syllable of orthodoxy, gives the organs an opportunity of laying a secon- dary stress upon the word, which enables them to pronounce the whole with distinct- ness and fluency : thus galaxy and cachexy, having the accent on the first syllable, are very difficult to pronounce ; but this difficulty is removed by placing the accent a syllable higher in the words apoplexy, ataraxy, and anorexy. 518. But the numerous classes of words that so readily adopt this enclitical accent, sufficiently prove it to be agreeable to the genius of our pronunciation. This will more evidently appear by adducing examples. Words in the following terminations have always the accent on that syllable where the two parts unite, that is, on the antepenultimate syllable: in logy, as apology, ambilogy, genealogy, &c. j in graphy, as geography, orthography, historio- graphy, &c. ; in phagus, as sarcophagus, ich- thyophagus, androphagus, &c. ; in loquy, as obloquy, soliloquy, ventriloquy, &c. ; in strophe, as catastrophe, apostrophe, anastrophe, &c. ; in meter, as geometer, barometer, thermometer, &c. ; in gonal, as diagonal, octagonal, poly- gonal, &c. ; in vorous, as carnivorous, grani- roroiis, piscivorous, &c. ; -in ferous, as bacci- \ ferous, cocciferous, somniferous, &c. ; in fluous, \ as superfluous, mellifluous, j'ellifluous, &c. : in fluent, as mellifluent, circumfluent, inter- fluent, &c. ; in vomous, as ignivomous, Jiam- ' mivomous, &c. ; in parous, as viviparous, OM- ' parous, deiparous, &c. ; in cracy, as theo- cracy, aristocracy, democracy, 6cc. ; in goni/, SECONDARY ACCENT. 69 as theogony, cosmogony, hexagony, &c. ; in phony, as symphony, cacophony, colophony, &c. ; in machy, as theomachy, logomachy, schiomachy, &c. ; in nomy, as economy, astronomy, Deu- teronomy, &c. ; in tomy, as anatomy, litho- tomy, arleriotomy, &c. ; in scopy, as metopo- scupy, deuteroscopy, &c. ; in palhy, as apathy, antipathy, uliopalhy, &c. ; in mathy, as opsi- mat/n/, po/ymathy, &c. &c. &c. 519. Some of these Greek compounds seem to refuse the antepenultimate accent, for the same reason as orthodoxy; such as necro- mancy, chiromancy, hydromancy ; and those terminating in arclty, as hierarchy, oligarchy, patriarchy ; all of which have the accent on the first syllable, which gives the organs time to recover their force upon the third, and to pronounce the two consonants with much more ease than if the accent immediately preceded them, but periphrasis and antiphrasis, be- sides their claim to the accent of their ori- ginals, readily admit, of the accent on the second syllable, because the consonants in the two last syllables do not come together, and are therefore easily pronounced after the ac- cent. Words of more than two syllables, ending in ague, as pedagogue, dialogue, &c. have the accent on the antepenultimate. Orthoepy having no consonant in the penul- timate syllable, naturally throws its accent on the preceding. See MONOMACHY. 520. By this view of the enclitical termina- tions, we may easily perceive how readily our language falls into the antepenultimate accent in these compounded polysyllables ; and that those terminations which seem to refuse this ac- cent, do it rather from a regard to etymology than analogy : thus words ending in asis, as periphrasis, apophasis, hypostasis, anliperis- tasis, &.c. have the antepenultimate accent of their originals. The same may be observed of those ending in esis, as hypothesis, antithesis, parenthesis, &c. but exegesis, mathesis, auxe- sis, catachresis, paracentesis, aposiopesis, have the accent on the penultimate syllable, be- cause the vowel in this syllable is long in Greek and Latin. But all words ending in osis have the accent on the penultimate, ex- cept metamorphosis and apotheosis, which de- sert the accent of their Latin originals, while those in ysis are accented regularly on the an- tepenultimate in Greek, Latin, and English, as analysis, paralysis, &c. We may note too. that every s in all these terminations is sharp and hissing. See the words EXOSTOSIS and APOTHEOSIS. 521. Words of three syllables ending in attir, have the accent on the penultimate, as spectator, collator, delator, &c. except orator, senator, legalor, and barrator. But words in this termination, of more than three syllables, though they have generally the accent on the penultimate, are subject to a diversity not easily reduced to the rule : thus navigator, propagator, dedicator, &c. are sometimes pro- nounced with the accent on the first syllable, and sometimes on the third : but as these words may be pronounced with an accent on both these syllables, it is of less consequence on which syllable we place the accent, when we use only one (528). The general rule certainly inclines to the penultimate accent: but as all these words are verbal nouns, and, though generally derived from Latin words of the same terminations, have verbs corres- ponding to them in our own language, it is very natural to preserve the accent of the verb in these words, as it gives an emphasis to the most significant part of them : thus equivoca- tor, jrrevaricator, dedicator, might be regularly formed from the verbs to equivocate, to pre- varicate, and to dedicate ; and, agreeably to analogy, would have been written equivocater, prevaricater, and dedicater, but an affectation of preferring every analogy to our own, has given these words a Latin termination, which answers no purpose but to involve our lan- guage in absurdities ; but the ear, in this case, is not quite so servile as the eye :.and though we are obliged to write these words with or, and not er, we generally hear them pro- nounced as if they were formed from our own verbs, and not from Latin nouns in ator. But when the word has no verb in our own lan- guage to correspond to it, the accent is then placed with great propriety upon the a, as in Latin : thus violator, instigator, navigator, &c. ought to have the accent on the first syllable ; but emendator, gladiator, adulator, &c. on the last but one. SECONDARY ACCENT. 522. Hitherto we have considered that ac- cent only, which necessarily distinguishes one syllable in a word from the rest ; and which, with very little diversity, is adopted by all who speak the English language. 523. The secondary accent is that stress we may occasionally place upon another syllable, besides that which has the principal accent, in order to pronounce every part of the word more distinctly', forcibly, and harmoniously. Thus the accent may be placed on the first syllable of conversation, commendation, &c. 524. There are few authors who have not taken notice of two accents upon some of the longer polysyllables, but none have once hinted that one of these is not essential to the sound of the word : they seem to have supposed both accents equally necessary, and without any other difference than that one was pronounced more forcibly than the other. This mistake arose from a want of studying the speaking voice. A knowledge of this would have told them, that one accent only was essential to every word of more than one syllable, and that the secondary stress might, or might not, be adopted, as distinctness, force, or harmony should require, thus complai- sant, contraband, caravan; and violin, pai- tisan, artisan, courtesan, metaphysic, have frequently an accent on the first, as well as on the third syllable, though a somewhat less forcible one. The same may be observed of rejiarlee, referee, privateer, domineer, &c. but it must still be observed, that though an accent be allowable on the first syllable 01 these words, it is by no means necessary : they may all be pronounced with one accent, and that on the last syllable, without the le;tt>i deviation from propriety. 70 QUANTITY. 525. In order to give some idea of the na- ture of the secondary accent, let us suppose, that, in giving our opinion of an astronomical argu ment, we say, "It is a direct demonstration of the Copernican system." In this sentence, as an accent is necessarily upon the last syllable of direct, we seldom lay a stress on the first syllabic of demonstration, unless we mean to be uncommonly emphati- cal ; but in the following sentence, " It is a demonstration of the Copernican system." Here, as no accented word precedes demon- stration, the voice finds a rest, and the ear a force, in placing an accent on the first, as Well as on the third syllable. 526. But though we may, or may not, use the secondary accent at pleasure, it is by no means a matter of indifference on what syl- lable we place it : this is fixed with as much certainty as the place of the principal accent itself; and a wrong position of one would as much derange the sound of the word, as a wrong position of the other ; and it must be carefully noted, that though we lay no stress upon the syllable which may have the secondary accent, the consonants and vowels have exactly the same sound as if the doubtful syllable (as it may be called) were accented. Thus, though I lay no stress upon the second syllable of negotiation, Denunciation, eccle- siastic, &c. the c and s go into the sound of sh and zh, as if the secondary accent were on the preceding syllable (357) (451) (459). 527. it may be observed, in the first place, that the secondary accent is always two syl- lables, at least, distant from the principal accent : thus in demonstration, lamentation, provocation, &c. the secondary accent is on the first syllable, and the principal on the third; and in arteriotomy, meteorology, and hypo- cliondriacal, the secondary accent is on the first, and the principal on the fourth syllable ; and in the word indivisibility we may place two secondary accents, one upon the first, and the other on the third. 528. In the next place it may be observed, that though the syllable on which the principal accent is placed, is fixed and certain, yet we may, and do frequently make the secondary principal, and the principal secondary : thus caravan, complaisant, violin, repartee, referee, privateer, domineer, courtezan, artizan, char- latan, may all have the greatest stress on the first, and the least on the last syllable, without any violent offence to the ear ; nay, it may be asserted, that the principal accent on the first syllable of these words, and none at all on the last, though certainly improper, has nothing in it grating or discordant ; but placing an ac cent on the second syllable of these words would entirely derange them, and produce an intolerable harshness and dissonance. The same observations may be applied to demon- stration, lamentation, jrrovocation, navigator, propagator, alligator, and every similar word in the language. But, as we have observed, No. 526, the consonants t, d, c, and s, after the secondary accent, are exactly under the same predicament as after the primary; that is, if they are followed by a diphthong or diph thongal vowel, these consonants are pro nounced like s/i, tsh, z/i, or j, as sente/Uiosity, partiality, &c. (526). QUANTITY. 529. In treating this part of pronunciation, it will not be necessary to enter into the nature of that quantity which constitutes poetry ; the quantity here considered- will be that which relates to words taken singly ; and this is no- thing more than the length or shortness of the vowels, either as they stand alone, or as they are differently combined with vowels or consonants (63). 530. Quantity, in this point of view, has already been fully considered under every vowel and diphthong in the language. \Vliat remains to be said on this subject is, the quantity of vowels under the secondary accent. We have seen that vowels, under the principal accent, before the diphthongs ia, ie, cou, ion, are all long except i (507). That all vowels are long before the terminations Uy and ely, as deity, piety, &c. (511) that if one or more consonants precede these terminations, every preceding accented vowel, except the a in scarcity arid rarity, signifying uncommon ness, is short but u : and that the same analogy of quantity is found before the terminations ic and ical, and the numerous enclitical ter- minations we have just been pointing out. Here we find custom conformable to analogy ; and that the rules for the accent and quantity of these words admit of scarcely any excep- tions. In other parts of the language, where custom is more capricious, we can still dis- cover general rules ; and there are but very few words in which the quantity of the vowel under the principal accent is not ascertained. Those who have but a common share of edu- cation, and are conversant with the pronun- ciation of the capital, are seldom at a loss for the quantity of the vowel under that accent which may be called principal ; but the se- condary accent in the longer polysyllables does not seem to decide the quantity of the vowels so invariably. Mr Sheridan divides the words deglutition, depravation, degrada- tion, dereliction, arid democratical, into de-glu- ti-tion, de-pra-va-tion, de-gra-da-liott, de-re lic-tion, and de-mo -crat- i-cal ; while Dr Ken- rick more accurately divides them into deg-ln- li-tion, deji-ra-va-tion, deg-ra-da-tion, anddern- o-crat-i-cal ; but makes not any distinction between the first o in profanation and profane, prodigality and prodigious, prorogation and prorogue, though he distinguishes this letter in the first syllable of progress and that in pro- gression : and though Mr Sheridan divides retrograde into ret-ro-grade, he divides retro- gradation, retrogression, retrospect, retrospec- tion, and retrospective, into re-tro-gra-da-tion, re-tro-gres-sion, re-lro-spect, re-tro-sjtec-tion, and re-tro-spec-tive. At the first sight of these words \ve are tempted to prefer the preposition in a distinct syllable, as supposing that mode to convey more distinctly each part of the word ; but custom at large, the best interpre- ter of nature, soon lets us see that these prepo- QUANTITY. 71 fiitions coalesce with the word they are prefixed to, tor reasons greatly superior to those which present themselves at first (514). If we ob- serve the tendency of pronunciation, with respect to inseparable prepositions, we shall find, that those compound words which we adopt whole from other languages, we consi- der as simples, and pronounce them without any respect to their component parts; but those compounds which we form ourselves, retain the traces of their formation, in the distinction which is observable between the prepositive and radical part of the word : thus retrograde, retrogression, retrospect, and retro- sjieclive, coming compounded to us from the Latin, ought, when the accent is on the pre- position, to shorten the vowel, and unite it to the root, as in rex-ur-rec-tion, rec-ol-lec-tion, jrrep-o-sit-ion, &c. while re-commit, re-convey, &c. being compounds of our own, must pre- serve it separate. 531. From what has been observed, arises this general rule : Where the compound re- tains the primary sense of the simples, and the parts of the word are the same in every respect, both in and out of composition, then the preposition is pronounced in a distinct syllable ; but when the compound departs ever so little from the literal sense, of the simples, the same departure is observable in the pronunciation ; hence the different sylla- bication and pronunciation of re-com-mence and rec-om-mend ; the former signifies a re- petition of a commencement, but the latter does not imply a repetition of a commenda- tion : thus re-pelition would signify to petition again : while rep-etition signifies only an iteration of the same act, be it what it will. The same may be observed of the words re- create and rec-reate, reformation and ref- ormation. 532. That this is perfectly agreeable to the nature of the language, appears from the short pronunciation ot the vowel in the first syl- lable of preface, prelate, prelude, prologue, &c. as if divided into pref-ace, prel-ate, prel- ude, prol-ogue, &c. It is much to be regretted, however, that this short sound of the penul- timate vowel has so much obtained in our language, which abounds too much in these sounds ; nor can etymology be always pleaded for this pronunciation ; for in the foregoing words, the first vowel is long in the Latin prtefalio, prcelatits, prce'udium, though short in prologits : for though in words from the Greek the preposition :r was short, in Latin it was generally long ; and why we should shorten it in jrrogress, project, &c. where it is long in Latin, can only be accounted for by the su- perficial application of a general rule, to the prejudice of the sound of our language (543). 5.'i3. It will be necessary, however, to ob- serve, that in forming a judgment of the propriety of these observations, the nicest care must be taken not to confound those preposi- tions which are under the primary and secon- dary accent, with those which immediately precede the stress ; for preclude, pretend, &c. are under a very different predicament from prologue, preposition, &c. and the very same law that obliges us to pronounce the vowel short in the first syllable of prot-i-dence, in-ov- o-cali'jn, and prof-a-nation, obliges us to pro- nounce the vowel open, and with some degree of length, in pro-vide, pro-voke, and pro-jane, The same may be observed of the e in re-pair, and rep-a-ra-tion, re-ply and re]>-li-cation, re- peat and rep-e-tilion, the accent making the whole difference between the quantity of the vowel in one word and the other. d34. The only exception to the shortening power of the secondary accent, is the same as that which prevents the shortening power of the primary accent (503), namely, die vowel u, as in lucubration, or when any other of the vowels are succeeded by a semi-consonant diphthong (196) : thus mediator and media- torial have the e in the first syllable as long as in mediate ; deviation has the e in the first syllable as long as in deviate, notwithstanding the secondary accent is on it, and which would infallibly have shortened it, if it had not been for the succeeding diphthong ia ; and even this diphthong, in gladiator, has not the power of preserving the first syllable long, though Mr Sheridan, by his marking it, has made it so. 535. From what has been seen of accent and quantity, it is easy to perceive how prone our language is to an antepenultimate accent, and how naturally this accent shortens the vowel it falls upon : nay, so great a propensity have vowels to shrink under this accent, tha't the diphthong itself, in some words, and ana- logy in others, are not sufficient to prevent it, as valiant, retaliate. Thus, by the subjoining only of al to nation, with the a long, it be- comes national, with the a short, though con- trary to its relation with occasion and congre- gation, which do not shorten the a upon being made occasional and congregational; in like manner the acquisition of the same termina- tion to the word nature, makes it nat-u-ral ; but this, it may be presumed, is derived from the Latin naturalis, and not from adding al to the English word, as in the foregoing in- stances : and thus it comes under the shorten- ing power of the antepenultimate accent, notwithstanding the semi-consonant diph- thong u. 536. The same shortening power in the an- tepenultimate accent may be observed in ra- tional and ratiocinate, where the first a in the first word, and the o in the second, are short. The first a in the second word is short also by the power of the secondary accent ; though Mr Sheridan has, in my opinion, very erron- eously divided ratiocination into ra-sho-sy-na- shun; that is, into a syllable less than it ought to have, with the o long instead of short. 537. The accent on the Latine antepenulti- mate seemed to have something of a similar tendency ; for though the great difference in the nature of the Latine and English accem will allow us to argue from one to the othei but in very few circumstances (503), yet we may perceive in that accent, so different from ours in general, a great coincidence in this ! particular ; namely, its tendency to shorten an antepenultimate syllable. Bishop Hare tells us, that " Quae acuuntur in tertia ab extrema, interdum acuta corripiunt, si posi- tione sola longa sunt, ut 6j>lime, sirvitus, per- velim, Pami>/iilus, et pauca alia, quo Crelici SYLLABICATION. mutantur, in Anapaestos. Idem faclum est in neutiqnam, licet incipiat cliphthongo." De Metr. Comic, pag. G2. Those words which have the acute accent on the antepenultimate syllable, have sometimes that syllable short- ened, if it was only long by position, as 6ptime, stn-itus, pervelim, Pamphilus, and a few others, which by this means are changed from Cretic to Anapestic feet ; nay, ntutiquam un- dergoes the same fate, though it begins with a diphthong. SYLLABICATION. 538. Dividing words into syllables is a very different operation, according to the different ends proposed by it. The object of syllabica- tion may be, either to enable children to discover the sound of words they are unac- quainted with, or to show the etymology of a word, or to exhibit the exact pronunciation of it. 589. When a child has made certain advan- ces in reading, but is ignorant of the sound of many of the longer words, it may not be im- proper to lay down the common general rule to him, that a consonant between two vowels must go to the latter : and that two consonants coming together must be divided. Farther than this, it would be absurd to go with a child ; for telling him that compounds must be divided into their simples, and that such consonants as may begin a word may begin a syllable, requires a previous knowledge of words, which children cannot be supposed to have ; and which, if they have, makes the division of words into syllables unnecessary. Children, therefore, may be very usefully taught the general rule above men- tioned, as, in many cases, it will lead them to the exact sound of the word, as in pro-vi-ded : and in others, it will enable them to give a good guess at it, as in de-li-cate ; and this is all that can be expected : for, when we are to form an unknown compound sound, out of several known simple sounds, (which is the case with children, when we wish them to find out the sound of a word by spelling it), this, I say, is the only method that can be taken. 540. But an etymological division of words is a different operation : it is the division of a person acquainted with the whole word, and who wishes to convey, by this division, a know- ledge of its constituent parts, as ortho-graphy, theo-logy, &c. 541. In the same manner, a person, who is pre-acquainted with the whole compound sound of a word, and wants to convey the sound of each part to one unacquainted with it, must divide it into such partial sounds as, when put together again, will exactly form the whole, as or-thog-ra-phy, the-ol-o-gy, &c. This is the method adopted by those who would convey the whole sound, by giving distinctly every part ; and, when this is the object of syllabica- tion, Dr Lowth's rule is certainly to be fol- lowed. " The best and easiest rule," says the learned bishop, " for dividing the syllables in spelling, is, to divide them as they are natur- ally divided in a right pronunciation, without regard to the derivation of words, or the possi- combination of consonants, at the begin - ning of a syllable." Introduction to Eng. Gram, page 7. 542. In this view of syllabication we consider it only as the picture of actual pronunciation ; aut may we not consider it as directed likewise ay some laws of its own ? Laws which arise out of the very nature of enunciation, and the specific qualities of the letters? These laws certainly direct us to separate double conso- nants, and such as are uncombinable from the incoalescence of their sounds : and if such a separation will not paint the true sound of the word, we may be certain that such sound is unnatural, and has arisen from caprice : thus the words chamber, Cambridge, and cambrick, must be divided at the letter m, and as this let- ter, by terminating the syllable according to the settled rules of pronunciation, shortens the vowel the general pronunciation given to these words must be absurd, and contrary to the first principles of the language. Angel," ancient, danger, manger, and ranger, are under the same predicament ; but the paucity of words of this kind, so far from weakening the general rule, strengthen it. See Change. 543. By an induction which demonstrates the shortening power of the antepenultimate accent, has been shown the propriety of uniting the consonant to the vowel in the first syllable of demonstration, lamentation, propagation, &c. and thus deciding upon the quantity of these vowels, which are so uncertain in our best dic- tionaries; and may we not hope, by a similar induction, and with the first principles of lan- guage in view, to decide the true, genuine, and analogical sound of some words of another kind which waver between different pronuncia- tions? The antepenultimate accent has un- questionably a shortening power ; and I have not the smallest doubt that the penultimate accent has a lengthening power: that is, if our own words, and words borrowed from other languages, of two syllables, with but one con- sonant in the middle, had been left to the general ear, the accent on the first syllable would have infallibly lengthened the first vowel. A strong presumption of this arises from our pronunciation of all Latin dissylla- bles in this manner, without any regard to the quantity of the original (see DRAMA), and the ancient practice of doubling the consonant when preceded by a single vowel in the parti- cipial terminations, as to begin, beginning, to regret, regretted : and I believe it may be con- fidently affirmed, that words of two syllables from the Latin, with but one consonant in the middle, would always have had the first vowel long, if a pedantic imitation of Latin quantity had not prevented it (see DRAMA). Let an Englishman, with only an English education, be put to pronounce zephyr, and he will, without hesitation, pronounce the e long, as in zenith : if you tell him the e is pronounced short in the Latin zephyrus, which makes it short in English, and he should happen to ask you the Latin quantity of the first syl- lable of com'ick, mimick, solace, &c. your answer * It is highly probably that, in Ben. Jensen's time.thea in :hh word was pronounced as in nil, since he classes it to show tin short sound of a with art, act, and aj>;-h. Grammar. SYLLABICATION 7 . 73 would be a contradiction to your rule. What * 7, I,,,,, f rifor, crebrous, crSber. irrefragably proves this to be the genuine ana- logy ot English quantity, is the different quan- sipnon, < - T , ' \ siphon. fetus, foetus. edict, ediclum. tity we give a Latin word of two syllables ^ colon. secret, secretus. when in the nominative, and when in an di-mon, damon. Tibre 1 /%ra ' oblique case : thus in the first syllable of sidus halo, halo. \ fibra. and nonien, which ought to be long; and of solo, so/o. fragrant, frdgranx. miser and onus, which ought to be short, we tyro, tiro. cogent, cogent. equally use the common long sound of the solar, Solaris. moment, momentum. vowels : but in the oblique cases, siperis, noinin- lazar, lazarus. ponent, ponens. is, miseri, oneris, &c. we use quite another sober, sobrius. dlgest,sub. dlgestus. sound, and that a short one : and this analogy ( tigris, _ f refluxus, runs through the whole English pronunciation tyger, J tigris. reflux, | refluxus. of the learned languages (533) (635). ether, (ether. _ f trdpAcBum, 544. But the small dependance of the Eng- oker, "x?"' trophy, j trtiphceum. lish quantity on that of the Latin, will be best mimer, mlmus. chely, chele. seen by a selection of words of two syllables, with the accent on the first, and but one con- caper, cdpjmres. viper, ilpera. spiny, sjnna. chary, cdrus. sonant in the middle, and comparing them with the Latin words from which they are pretor, praetor. limous, ll/nosus. query, quaere. glory, gloria. derived. splnoiis, sjnnosus. story, . hlsioria. English dissyllables which have but one con- vinous, vinosus. sonant, in- a mute and a liquid in the middle, and Words in which the same vowel is short in have the first syllable accented, contrasted with both languages : the Latin words from which- theu are derived, magic, magicus. atom, litomus. it* marked mth their respective quantities. tragic, tragicus. sophism, sophisma. Words in which the first vowel in both lan- sabine, fdbini. minum, minus. guages is long : famine, fames. alum, alitmen. logic, logica. ebon, Zbenus. pica, pica. motive, molwuf. colic, colicus. platin, platina. drama, drama. v5tive, votivus. chronic, chronicus. robin, rubicula. j-, f Idbra, vocal, tocalis. lyric, lyricus. cumin, cuminum. (^ lubra. predal, prceda. rabid, rabidus. latin, latinus. hydra, hydra. regal, regalis. acid, acidus. cavin, cavea. era, (Bra. legal, ISgalis. placid, placidus. savin, sabina. strata, strata. flavour, jidvus. rigid, ngidus. rapine, rapina. icon, %ui. feces, fceces. calid, calidus. patine, patina. stipend, stlpendium. manes, manes. valid, valicLus. tribune, tnbunus. notice, notitia. iris, iris. gelid, gelidus. stature, stalura. penal, pcenulis. crisis, I x ?" r ' ! ' V,- , S,- i olid, oiul/is. refuse, refusus. final, jlnalis. (. crisis. solid, solidus. palate, palatum. spinal, splnalis. gratis, gratis. timid, timidus. senate, senatus. trinal, trlnus. egress, egressus. rapid, rapidus. agate, achates. horal, hora. repress f rSgressus, sapid, sapidus. tribute, trUutio. thoral, thora. ' \ rSgressus. vapid, vapidiis. minute, mmutus. floral, floralis. tyrrresS. J i*> r ?*' tepid, tSpidus. statute, statittus. nasal, ndsus. '* ' \ tigris. nltid, nitidus. value, valor. fatal, fdtalis. rebus, rebus. second, secundus. statue, statua. fragrance, frdgro. bolus, bolus, btilus. decade, decas. monarch, ni6narcha. licence, ficentia. precept, prcecejXum. method, methodus. stomach, sf&machus. credence, credentia. plenist, plenus. palace, palatium. epoch, epticha. female, fcemina. papist, papa. amice, amictus. polish, polituf. edile, adilis. climax, climax. chalice, calix. famish, fames. feline, fSlinus. reflex 1" reflexus, malice, mdiitia. perish, perio. rasure, . rd&ura. \ reflems. anise, anisum. parish, parocliia. r-i f Flbra. flbre > {fibra. prefix, prtefixum. phenix, phcenix. image, imago, refuge, refugium. ravish, rapio. corinth, c&rinthus. ( melrum, matrix, matrix. adage, adagium. epick, epicus. mctIS ' \ metrum. varix, vdrvc. aloe, aloe. tonick, tonicus. nature, iidiura. svrin- / syrinx, gracile, grdcilis. conick, cSnicux. placate, placatus. S^ I lll.i, \ ' Z docile, docilis. topick, loj>iciis. primate, prlrnalus. natal, ndlalis. agile, agilis. tropick, tropicus. climate, clima. vital, iltalis. fragile, frdgilis. cynick, cyniciis. librate, llbratus. naval, ndvalis. _ v ( fSbrilis. stStick, slalicus. -, ( vlbro. rival, rlvalis. lebrile, < fg^nig^ critick, cnticus. vibrate, { ^^ oval, ovalis. globule, gfobulus metal, nit-tallum. ^ private, pni-atus. idol, Ifiulum. macule, macula. rebel, rebello. cerate, ceralus. grecism, grcetismus. platane, pldtanus. model, modulus. finite, flniius. pagan, paganus. basil, bdsilicum. camel, cdmelus. levite, levita. omen, omen. cavil, cdvillor. chapel, capella. native, nativus. siren, siren. devil, diabolus. novel, nocelltts. SYLLABICATION. slgil, stgillum. sSturn, sdlurnus. Words in which the same vowel is short in vigil, vigilia. vicar, vlcarius. English, and long in Latin : steril, slSritis. scholar, scholaris. civick, ctvicus. legate, Icgatus. rigour, rigor. slaver, saliva. mlmick, mlmicus. grannie, grdnalus. valour, valor. proper, pr&prius. ethick, r,8tti. granite, grdnalus. colour, color. zephyr, zSphyrus. tabid, tdbidus. spinach, spinachia. tenor, tenor. liquor, liquor. frigid, frtgidus. radish, radix. dolour, dolor. honour, Itfinor. vigour, vigor. placit, ]>lacitum. squalid, squdlidus. acrid, deer. planish, pldnus. vanish, vdnesco. aloes, &loes. tacit, tdcilus. arid, dridus. finish, finio. relict, relictus. prophet, prdpheta. adit, ddilus. vomit, vomo. florid, Jtoridus. rorid, roridus. w . * punish, pumo. flourish, Jlorio. comet, cdmeta. merit, mSritvm. fetid, fcEtidus. nourish, nutria, planet, pldneta. talent, talentum. livid, lividus. comick, comicus. tenet, teneo. patent, sub. pateo. vivid, vividus. coral, corallium. tapet, tapes. modest, modesius. tacund, fdcundus. moral, moralis. habit, habitus. forest, fSrestum. fecund, fcecundus. tramel, trdma. column, ctilumna. rigphew, nejios. prebend, prcebenda. civil, civilis. dragon, draco. sinew, slnuo. solace, solatium. linen, li/ium. canon, cation. cavern, cdverna. money, nioneta. study, studium. preface, prcefatio. pumice, pumex. sSven, septein. florin, fiorentia. tavern, tdberna. pgnance, pcena. rSsin, resina. Words in which the same vowel is long in florence, Jlorentia.. rosin, resina. English, and short in Latin : province, provincia. matin mdtulinus. produce, prodnclio. solemn, soleninis. tumid, lumidus. paper, papyrus. flabile, Jidbilis. felon, felonia. coma, coma. vapour, vapor. debile, debilis. mSlon, nie/o. quota, qu6ta. tripod, trlpus. fever, {j$S"f> \febns. granule, grdnulum. promise, promitlo. lemons, Hmones. echo, echo, ^a. sequence, sequenlia. cadence, cadens. silence, sllentium. fragor, fragor. rigor, rigor. ichor, '/"? ceruse, ct-russa. leper, \'f/ ra > \lejrra. bishop, episcopus* profit, projicio, limit, nmitatio. mSnade, monas. iichor, dchor. primer, pnmitius. spirit, splritus. trochee, trochteus. sapor, sapor. proffer, profero. visit, vlsilo. satire, satyra. tepor, tepor, river, rlvus. pedant, peedaneus. vacate, vdco. favour, favor. sever, sSparo. clement, demons. cavate, cdvo. labour, labor. clamour, clamor. cement, ccementum, dative, ddtivus. odour, "odor. Sthics, tiBixx. present, prcesens. triumph, triumphus. tremour, tremor. crasis, crdsis. protest, protestor. focal, focus. vapour, vapor. process, processus. lily, tlUum. local, K>calis. gregal, gregalis. pedal, p&lalis. petal, petalum. spirit, splritus. traject, trdjectus. filly, fllia. very, verb. chSral, chorus. recent, rticens. project, projectus. city, ciiilas. nival, nlvalis. decent, decens. product, productus. privy, prlvus. label, labellum. regent, rVgens. credit, creditus. libel, libellus. client, cllens. serum, sSrum. silent, sllentium. 545. In this view of the Latin and English forum, forum. lapis, lapis. basis, baits. phasis, arsimonia, acrimonia, &c. as the Latin is never accented higher than the antepenul- timate. But perhaps the English word is adopted whole from the Latin. Here is un- doubtedly a fair pretence for pronouncing it with the Latin accent ; and yet we see how many exceptions there are to this rule. (See No. 503, 6.) Or perhaps the Latin word, though anglicised, retains the same number of syllables. This, indeed, may be said to be a general rule for preserving the Latin ac- cent, but so general as to be neglected in a thousand instances. (See No. 503, f, g, h,i, *.) But if the scholar, as is often the case, huddles quantity and accent together, and infers the English quantity from the La- tin ; the English scholar neds only to refer him to the selections here given (No. 544, 545) to show the inanity of such a plea. Upon the whole, therefore, I flatter myself that men of learning will-be gratified to see the subject in a clearer point of view than any in which it has ever been exhibited ; and the plain Eng- lish scholar will be indebted to me for giving him as clear and distinct an idea of the con- nexion between, the Greek and Latin accent and quantity, and the accent and quantity of his native tongue, as if he had Homer and Horace by heart; and for placing him out of the reach of those pert minor criticks, who are constantly insulting him with their know- ledge of the dead languages. Of the quantity of the Unaccented Vowels not in the same Syllable with Consonants. 647. Accented syllables, as we have before observed (179), are so strongly marked as to be easily comprehended when they are once settled by custom or analogy ; but those imme- diately before or after the accent are in a state of uncertainty, which some of our best judges find themselves unable to remove. Some gram- marians have called all the open vowels before or after the accent short, though the ear so evidently dictates to the contrary in the u in utility, the o in obedience, &c. Some have saved themselves the trouble of farther search by comprehending these vowels under the epi- thet obscure : nay, so unfixed do the sounds of these vowels se'em, that Dr Kenrick, whose Rhetorical Dictionary shows he was possessed of very great philological abilities, seems as much at a loss about them as the meanest gram- marian in the kingdom ; for when he comes to mark the sound of the vowel o in the first syl- lable of a series of words with the accent on the second, he makes the o in pronmlge, propel, and prolix, long, as they ought to be ; and the same letter in proboscis, proceed, and procedure, short. Dominion, doniestick, donation, and do- main, are marked as if pronounced dnm-inion, dom-estic, don-ation, and dom-ain, with the o short ; while the first of docility, potential, and monotony, have the o marked long, as ill donor, potent, and modish ; though it is cer- tain to a demonstration, that the etymology, decent, and letters, being the same, the same sound must be produced, unless where custom has precisely marked a difference ; and that the first syllables of pronmlge, propel, and pro~ lix, and those of proboscis, proceed, and proce- dure, have no such difference, seems too evi- dent to need proof.* 548. 1 know it may be demanded with great plausibility, how do I know that there is not this very inconsistency in custom itself? What right have 1 to suppose that custom is not as vague and capricious in these syllables as in those under the accent ? To which I answer: if custom has determined the sound of these vowels, the dispute is at an end. 1 implicitly acquiesce in the decision ; but if professors of the art disagree in their opinions, it is a shrewd sign that custom is not altogether so clear in its sentence ; and I must insist on recurring to principles till custom has unequivocally de- cided. 549. Every vowel that is neither shortened by the accent, nor succeeded by a double con- sonant, naturally terminates a syllable ; and this terminating vowel, though not so properly long as if the accent were on it, would be very improperly termed short, if by short, as is often the case, be meant shut (65). According to this idea of syllabication, it is presumed that the word opinion would fall into three distinct parts, and every part be terminated by a con- sonant but the first, thus, o-pin-iin. 550. But it may be demanded, what reason is there in the nature of the thing for dividing the word in this manner, rather than into op- in-ion, where a consonant ends every syllable ? In this, as in many other cases of delicacy, we may be allowed to prove what is right, by first proving what is wrong. Every ear would be hurt, if the first syllable of opinion and opulence were pronounced exactly alike, op-in-ion would be as different from o-pin-ion, as opu-lence from op-u-lence, and consequently a different sylla- bication ought to be adopted ; but as opulence is rightly divided into op-u-lence, opinion must be divided into o-pin-ion ; that is, the o must be ne- cessarily separated from the p, as in o-pen ; for, as was before observed, every vowel pronounc- ed alone has its open sound, as nothing but its junction with a consonant can shut it, and con- sequently unaccented vowels not necessarily joined to a consonant are always open : there- fore, without violating the fundamental laws of pronunciation, opinion must necessarily be di- vided into o-pin-ion, and not op-in-ion, and the o pronounced as in the word open, and not as in opulence : which was the thing to be proved. 551. If these reasons be valid with respect to the voxvel in question, they have the same force with respect to every other vowel, not shut by a consonant, throughout the language, That the vowels in this situation are actually open, we may easily perceive by observing that owel, that he preposition pronunciati pare that this ingeni by premising, ter seems to avoid this in- orical Grammar, page 43, irked (he o in words beginning with a ial, and sometimes with the colloquial n the first syllable of . lonuial sound changes the o into u, as if t mmUMM, cummunicale, &c. bul the distin does not touch the point : here there is a cl sound for another, aii'd not anv promiKU short, or open and shut sound of the sain himself, when he marks the a in pro6oi, does not adopt the short u, as he does in ( &c. nor is he aware of the essential difFerc quantity of the vowel, in thedouMe conson and the single one in the uthur. letter. Dr Ke OF THE QUANTITY OF UNACCENTED VOWELS. 77 which, from its diphthongal and semiconsonant sound, is less liable to suffer by obscure pro- nunciation than any other. The letter u, in this situation, always preserves itself full and open, as we may observe in utility, lucubration, &c. The o, the most open of all the simple vowels, has the same tendency in obedience, opaque, position, &c. the e in the first syllable of event, in the second of delegate, the first and third of evangelist, in the second ofgayety, nice- ty, &c. the a in the first of abate, and the second of probable, &c. and the i in nullity. This un- accented letter being no more than e, and this sound, when long, corresponding exactly with its short sound (which is not the case with any of the other vowels, 65, 66) the difference be- tween the long and short, or open and shut sound of this letter, is less perceptible than in any other : yet we may easily perceive that a delicate pronunciation evidently leaves it open when unaccented in indivisibility, as this word would not be justly pronounced if the i in every syllable were closed by a consonant, as if divid- ed into in-div-is-ib-ll-it-y ; the first, third, and fifth syllables would, indeed, be justly pro- nounced according to this division, as these have all accentual force, which shuts this vowel, and joins it to the succeeding consonant ; but in the second, fourth, and sixth syllables, there is no such force, and consequently it must re- main open and unconnected with the conso- nant : though, as was before observed, the long and short sound of this vowel are so near each other, that the difference is less perceived than in the rest. Every ear would be displeased at jch a pronunciation as is indicated by -ut-til- t-y, luc-cub-bralion, op-pin-ion, pos-ition, ev- venl, ev-van-gel-list,ab-bate, prob-bab-ble,&c. but for exactly the same reasons that the vowels out of the stress ought to be kept open in these words, the slender i must be kept open in the same situation in the word in-di-vis-i-bU-i-ty, and every similar word in the language*. 552. From all this it will necessarily follow, that the custom adopted by the ancients and moderns of joining the single consonant to the latter vowel in syllabication, when investigat- ing the unknown sound of a word, has its foun- dation in reason and good sense : that the only reason why vowels are short and shut, is their junction with a consonant; so those that are not joined to consonants, when we are not speaking metrically, cannot be said to be either short or shut : and that as all accented vowels, when final or pronounced alone, have their open sound, so those vowels that are alone, or final in a syllable, must necessarily retain their open sound likewise, as nothing but uniting nstantaneously with the succeeding consonant can shut them : and though nothing but a de- licate ear will direct us to the degree of open- ness with which we must pronounce the first unaccented o in docility, domestick, potential, pro. *It is plain that Mr Sheridan considered the unaccented vowel f, whether ending a syllable, or joined to the succeeding i-onso- nant, as standing for the same sound; for we see him sometimes mating use of one division, and sometimes of another : thus he divides the word di-rer-si-tu with the i terminating the neniilt; mate syllable, an,l,,- n i-r f r-&, v with the same i united to the "on onant. The same variety takes place in the words di-vii-i-bil-i. i and in-di-vu-i-bUit-y, while Dr Kenrick divides all words of Um termination regularly in the former manner. ceed, monastick, monotony, &c. we may be assured that it is exactly under the same pre- dicament, with respect to sound, in all these words : and as they can never be pronounced short and shut, as if written dossility, dommes- tick, &c. without hurting the dullest ear ; so the e in event, evangelist, &c. and the i in the third syllable of utility, and in the second, fourth, and sixth of indivisibility, can never be sounded as if joined to the consonant, without offending every delicate ear, and overturning the first principles of pronunciation. 553. The only considerable exception to this general rule of syllabication, which determines the sound of the unaccented vowels, is when it succeeds the accent, and is followed by r, as in literal, general, misery, &c. which can never be pronounced lit-e-ral, gen-er-al, mis-e-ry, &c. without the appearance of affectation. In this situation we find the r corrupt the sound of the ' e, as it does that of every other vowel when in a final unaccented syllable. For this conso- nant being nothing more than a jar, it un- avoidably mixes with the e in this situation, and reduces it to the obscure sound of short u (418), a sound to which the other unaccented vowels before r have sometimes so evident a tendency. 554". An obscure idea of the principles of syllabication just laid down, and the contra- diction to them perceived in this exception, has made most of our orthoepists extremely waver- ing and uncertain in their division of words into syllables, when the unaccented e has preceded r, where we not only find them differing from each other, but sometimes even from them- selves : Sheridan. Kemick. mix-m-ubl, sur-dzhury, Scott. Perry. nw-c-ra-U, mu-er-a-Ue. ail-e-ry, mit-c-ry. ur-K'-ryt tUTg-t-ry. __ 'or-ce-ry, sor-Cfi-ry. rob-bur-y, rob-ber-y, rob-be-ry. jbre-jer-y, .for-ge-ry, for-ge-ry, Arg-t-ty. tlave-er-y, sla-ve-ry, sla-ve-ry, tla-ve-r^. ni-vur-y, Imx-vt-ry, kna-ve-ry, knau-e-ry. bra-vu-ry t ............... bra-ve-ry t brav-e-ry, cook-er-y, cook-t-ry, cook-e-ry. rook-ur-v t rovk-nr-y, rook-e-ry, rook-e-ry. im-mid*h-ry, im-a-gcr-y, im-a-ter-y, im-a-ge-ry. flum-mur-y, Jlum-mr-y, jlum-mn-ry, flum-mer-y niVT-der-vrt mur-der-er, mur-der-er. mttr-dur-w, mur-dtr-out, mur-der-ou*. fia-w-y, Ji-M-ry, fine-ry. gun-nur-y, gun-ner-y, gun-nl-ry, gun-wry dan-je-rua, dtin-ger-ous, dnn-ger-ous, dang-cr-ous. vo-sij-er-utj vo-cij-e-rott , j , j nv-mer-rttSf nu-me-rout, w.l-mc-roul t nu-me-rous. prot-per-ous, pros-per-out. im-proi-fjr-vs, un-pros-per-ous, vii-pnis-pcr-oiu. ut-lur-itCt, i,t-ta-a-tle, ut-ler-a-tie. un-ul-ler-ebl un-ut-ler-a-ble, un-ul-tcr-a-ble. 555. I have been the more copious in my collection of these varieties, that 1 might not appear to have taken the advantage of any over- sight or mistake of the press : nor is it any wonder when the principles of syllabication so strongly incline us to leave the vowel e, like the other vowels, open before a single conso- nant ; and the ear so decidedly tells us, that this letter is not.always open when preceded by the accent, and followed by r, it is no won- der, I say, that a writer should be perplexed, and that he should sometimes incline to one side, and sometimes to the other, I am conscious 78 OF THE QUANTITY OF UNACCENTED VOWELS. 1 have not always been free from this inconsis- tency myself. The examples therefore which 1 have selected, will, I hope, fully justify me in the syllabication 1 have adopted ; which is, that of sometimes separating the e from the r in this situation, and sometimes not. When solemn and deliberate speaking has seemed to admit of lengthening the e, I have sometimes made it end the syllable ; when this was not the case, I have sometimes joined it to the r . thus, as e in the penultimate syllable of incarcerate, reverberate, &c. seems, in solemn speaking, to admit of a small degree of length and distinct- ness, it ends a syllable ; but as no solemnity of pronunciation seems to admit of the same length and openness of the e in tolerate, delibe- rate, &c. it is united with r, and sounded in the notation by short u. It ought, however, to be carefully observed, that though the e in this si- tuation is sometimes separated from the r, there is no speaking, however deliberate and solemn, that will not admit of uniting it to r, and pro- nouncing it like short u, without offending the nicest and most critical ear. 556. It must also be noted, that this altera- tion of the sound of e before r is only when it follows the accent, either primary or secondary (52-2) (530) : for when it is in the first syllable of a word, though unaccented, it keeps its true sound : thus, though the e is pronounced like u in alter, alteration, &c. yet in perfection, ter- rifick, &c. this letter is as pure as when the ac- cent is on it in perfect, terrible, &c. 557. Something like a corruption of the sound of unaccented e before r we may perceive in the colloquial pronunciation of the vowel o in the same situation ; and accordingly we find our best orthbepists differ in their notation of this letter : thus memory, memorable, immemorable, memorably, memorize, have the o pronounced like short u by Mr Sheridan and Mr Scott ; and memorandum, with the o, as-in open; while Dr Kenrick gives the o in all these words the sound it has in the conjunction or. Mr Sheridan marks the unaccented o in corporctl, corjwra/c, and corporation, like the o in open ; but .Mi Scott pronounces this o in corporal, corporate, add corporation, like short u, and the same let- ter in incorporate and incorporation like Mr Sheridan ; and Dr Kenrick, like the o in the former instances. Mr Sheridan and Mr Scott are uniform in their pronunciation of the same vowel like short u in armour, armorer, armory pillory, suasory, persuasory, allegory, compulsory cursory, and predatory, while Dr Kenrick pro- nounces the o in armour and armory like the o in open, and the same letter in pillory, allegory, and cursory, like the o in or, nor, &c. This diversity, among good judges, can arise from nothing but the same uncertainty of the sound of this lettei that we have just observed of the e ; but if we narrowly watch our pronunciation, we shall find that the unaccented o may be opened and lengthened, in deliberate- speaking, without hurting the ear, which is not always the case with e; and this has induced me generally to separate the o from the succeeding r, when im- mediately following the accent ; though I am sensible that the rapidity of colloquial speaking often reduces it to short u without offend- ing the ear : but when the o is removed more than one syllable from the accent, the most de- liberate speaking generally lets it slide into the other vowel : for which reason I have commonly marked it in this manner. See COMMAND. 558. It may, perhaps, appear to some of my readers, that too much time has been spent up- on these nice distinctions of sound, in which judges themselves are found to disagree ; but when we consider how many syllables in the lan- guage are unaccented, and that these syllables are those in which the peculiar delicacy of the pronunciation of natives consists ; when we re- flect on the necessity of having as distinct and permanent sounds as possible, to which we may refer these fleeting and evanescent ones, we shall not look upon an attempt to arrest and investigate them as a useless part of philology. 559. A TABLE of the SIMPLE and DIPHTHONGAL VOWELS referred to by the Figures over the Letters in this Dictionary. ENGLISH SOUNDS. FRENCH SOUNDS. 1. a. The long slender English a, as in fate, paper, &c. 73 e infee^ epee. 2. A. The long Italian a, as in far, fa -t her, pa-pa, -mam-ma, 77 a in fuble, ruble.. 3. a. The broad German a, as in fall, wall, wa-ter, 83 a in dye, Chalons. 4. a. The short sound of the Italian a, as in fat, mat, mar-ry, 81 a in fat, nuilin. 1. e. The long e, as in me, here, me-tre, medium, 93 i in mitre, epilre. 2. . The short e, as in mlt, let, get, 95 e in metle, nette. 1. i. The long diphthongal i, as in pine, ti-tle, 105 a? in lalque, naif. 2. i. The short simple i, as in pin, tit-tie, 107 i in inne, litre.. 1. 6. The long open o, as in no, note, no-tice, 162 o in globe, lobe. 2. 5. The long close o, as in move, prove, 164 ou in mouvoir, pouvoir. 3. o. The long broad o, as in nor, for, or; like the broad a, 167 o in or, for, encor. 4. 6. The short broad o, as in not, hit, got, 163 o in hotte, colte. 1. u. The long diphthongal u, as in tube, cd-pid, 171 iou in Cioutat, chiourme. 2. u. The short simple u, as in tub, cup, sup, 172 eu in neuf, veuf. 3. u. The middle or obtuse u, as in bull, full, pull, 173 ou in boule, foule, poule. oi. The long broad o, and the short I, as in oil, 299 01 in cydoule, heroiqne. ou. The long broad 6, and the middle obtuse u, as in thou, pound, 313 ...MOU in Aout. Th. The acute or sharp th, as in think, thin, 466. TH. The grave or flat TH, as in rais, THat, 41. 50. 469. 560. When G is printed in the Roman character, it has its hard sound in get, gone, &c. as go, give, geese, &c. when it has its soft sound, it is spelled in the notation by the conso- nant J, as giant, ginger, ji-ant, jin-ger. The same may be observed of e, s. 270. A monastery of religious persons, whether men or women. ABBOT, ab'bftt, s. 166. The chief of a convent of men. To ABBREVIATE, ab-bre'v^-ate, v. a. 505. To shorten, to cut short. ABBREVIATION, iib-br_v-a'shun, s. The act of shortening. ABBREVIATOR, ab-br^-vd-a'tur, s. 521. One who abridges. ABBREVIATURE, ab-br^vd-a-tchure, s. 461. A mark used for shortening. To ABDICATE, ib'cle-kate, v. a. 503. To give up right, to resign. ABDICATION, ab-dd-ka'shun, s. The act of abdicat- ing, resignation. ABDICATIVE, ab'd^-ca-tive, a. 512. That which causes or implies an abdication. J> Dr Johnson places the accent on the first syllable of this word, and Mr Sheridan and Mr Perry on the se- cond. The former is, in my opinion, the most correct. ABDOMEN, ab-dc/m^n, s. 503. 521. A cavity commonly called the lower venter or belly, ABDOMINAL, ab-dom'me-nal, > a. Relating to ABDOMINOUS, ab-d6m'm-n5s, ) the abdomen. ABL ABR nor 167, n&t 163 tfcbe 171, tub 172, bull 173 <5I1 299 pSund 313 thin 466, mis 469. The act of ab- To ABDUCE, ab-duse', V. a. To draw to a differ- ent part, to withdraw one part from another. ABDUCENT, ab-dii'sent, a. Muscles abducent serve to open or pull back divers parts of the body. ABDUCTOR, ab-dflk'tur, s. 166. The muscles which draw back the several members. ABED, a-bd', ad. In bed. ABERRANCE, ab-Or'ranse, 1 ABERRANCY, ab-eYran-se, \ s - A devwtum torn, the right way ; an errour. ABERRANT, ab-eVrlnt, a. Wandering from the right or known way. ABERRATION, ab-6r-ra'shun, s. The act of deviate ing from the common track. ABERRING, ab-eYrjng, part, 410. Going astray. To ABERUNCATE, ab-e-run'kate, v. a. 91. To pull up by the roots. To ABET, a-bfit', v. a. To push forward another, to support him in his designs by connivance, encour- agement, or help. ABETMENT, a-be't'me'nt, s. The act of abetting. ABETTER, or ABETTOR, a-bet'tur, s. 166. 418. He that abets ; the supporter or encourager of another. ABEYANCE, a-ba'anse, s. The right of fee simple fieth in abeyance, when it is all only in the remem- brance, intendment, and consideration of the law. To ABHOR, ab-hor', v. a. 168. To hate with acrimony ; to loathe. ABHORRENCE, ab-bor'r&ise, ABHORRENCY, ab-hdrren horring, detestation. ABHORRENT, ab-hortrgnt, a. 168. Struck with abhorrence , contrary to, foreign, inconsistent with. ABHORRER, ab-horVur, s. 28. A hater, detester. To ABIDE, a- bide 7 , V. n. To dwell in a place, not to remove ; to bear or support the consequences of a thing : it is used with the particle with, before a per- son, and at or in before a place. A EIDER, a-bi'dur, s. 98. The person that abides or dwells in a place. ABIDING, a-bl'dlng, s. 410. Continuance. ABJECT, ab'jekt, a. 4-92. Mean or worthless ; contemptible, or of no value. ABJECT, abjiikt, s. A man without hope. To ABJECT, ab jC'kt'. v. a. 492. To throw away. ABJECTEDNESS, ab-jek'tM-ne'ss, s. The state of an abject. ABJECTION, ab-j^k'shun, s. Meanness of mind ; servility; baseness. ABJECTLY, ab'jekt-1^, ad. 452. In an abject manner, meanly. ASJECTNESS, ab'jekt -n^ss, s. Servility, meanness. ABILITY, a-bll'e-te, s. 482. The power to do any thing ; capacitv, qualification : when it has the plural number, abilities, it frequently signifies the faculties or powers of the mind. To ABJURE, ab-jure 7 , v. a. To swear not to do something ; to retract, or recant a position upon oath. ABJURATION, ab-ju-ra'shun, s. The act of ab- juring ; the oath taken for that end. To ABLACTATE, ab-lak'tate, v. a. 91. To wean from the breast ABLACTATION, ab-lak-ta'shun, s. One of the methods of gratifying. ABLAQUEATION, ab-la-kwe-a'shun, s. 534. The practice of opening the ground about the roots of trees. ABLATION, ab-la'shun, s. The act of takingaway. ABLATIVE, abla-tiv, o. 158. That which takes away ; the sixth case of the Latin nouns. ABLE, afb\, a. 405. Having strong faculties, or great strength or knowledge, riches, or any other power of mind, body, or fortune ; having power sufficient ABLE-BODIED, a-bl-b&d'dld, a. 99. strong of body. To A BLEGATE, able-gate, r. a. To send abroad upon some employment. ABLEGATIONjub-le-ga'shun, s. A sending abroad. o ABLENESS, a'bl-ne'ss, s. Ability of body, vigour, force. ABLEPSY, ablep-s, s. 482. Want of sight ABLUENT, at/lii-ent, a. That which ha* the power of cleansing. ABLUTION, ab-lii'shun, s. The act of cleansing. To ABNEGATE, ab'ne-gate, v. a. 91. To deny. ABNEGATION, ab-ne-ga'shun, s. Denial, renun- ciation. ABOARD, a-bord', ad. 295. In a ship. ABODE, a-bode 7 , s. Habitation, dwelling, place of residence ; stay, continuation in a place. ABODEJIENT, a-b6de / mnt, s. A secret anticipa- tion of something future. To ABOLISH, a-b&llsh, v. a. To annul ; to put an end to ; to destroy. ABOLISHABLE, a-b51'lish-a-bl, a. That which may be abolished. ABOLISHER, a-bS11ish-fir, s. 91. He that abo- lishes. ABOLISHMENT, a-bSllish-rne'nt, s. The act of abolishing. ABOLITION, ab-6-llsb/un, s. 544. The act of abolishing. ABOMINABLE, a-b&m'e-ni-bl, a. Hateful, de- testable. ABOMLNABLENESS, a-bSm'e-na-bl-nss, s. 501. The quality of being abominable ; hatefulness, odious- ness. ABOMINABLY, a-b&m'e-na-ble, ad. Most hate- fully, odiously. To ABOMINATE, a-bom'e-nate, v. a. To abhor, detest, hate utterly. ABOMINATION, a- bfim-e-na'shun, s. Hatred, de- testation. ABORIGINES, ab-6-rldge'd-nez, s. The earliest inhabitants of a country. ABORTION, a-bor'shun, 5. The act of bringing forth untimely ; the produce of an untimely birth. ABORTIVE, a-bor'tlv, S. 157. That w hich is born before the due time. ABORTIVE, a-bor'tlv, a. Brought forth before the due time of birth ; that which brings forth nothing. ABORTIVELY, a-bortiv-le, ad. Born without the due time ; immaturely, untimely. ABORTIVENESS, a-bor'tiv-n^ss, s. The state of abortion. ABORTMENT, a-bort'me'nt, s. The thing brought forth out of time ; an untimely birth. A BOVE, a-buv', prep. 1 65. Higher in place ; higher in rank, power, or excellence ; beyond, more than ; too proud for, too high for. ABOVE, a-buv', ad. Over-head j in the regions of heaven. A BOVE- ALL, a-buv-all'. In the first place ; chiefly. ABOVE-BOARD, a buv'Wrd. In open sight ; with- out artifice or trick. ABOVE-CITED, a-buv'sl-ted. Cited before. ABOVE- GROUND, a-buv'ground. An expression used to signify, that a man is alive ; not in the grave. ABOVE-MENTIONED, a-buv'men-shund. See Above-cited. To ABOUND, a-bound', v. n. 545. To have in great plenty ; to be in great plenty. ABOUT, a-bout', prep. 545. Round, surrounding, encircling ; near to ; concerning, with regard to, re- lating to ; engaged in, employed upon ; appendant to the person, as clothes, &c. relating to the person, as a sen-ant. ABOUT, a-bout', ad. Circularity; in circuit; nearly; the longest way, in opposition to the short straight way ; to bring about, to bring to the point or state de- sired, as he has brought about his purposes : to come about, to come to some certain state or point; to go about a thing, to prepare to do it. ABRACADABRA, ab-nLka-dat/ra, s. A supersti- tious charm against agues. B 2 ABIi ABS ' 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 mi 93, mt 95 pine 105, pin 107 116 162, move 164, To ABRADE, a-brade 7 , v. a. To rub off, to wear away from the other parts; ABRASION, a-bra'zhun, s. The act of rubbing-, a rubbing off. ABREAST, a-brest', ad. 545. Side by side. To ABRIDGE, a-brldje', v. a. To make shorter in words, keeping still the same substance ; to contract, to diminish, to cut short ; to deprive of. ABRIDGED OF, a-bridjd' 6v, 359. Deprived of, debarred from. ABREDGER, a-br!d'jur, s. He that abridges, a shortener : a writer of compendiums or abridgments. ABRIDGMENT, a-bridje'ment, s. The contraction of a larger work into a small compass ; a diminution in general. ABROACH, a-brotsh', ad. 295. In a posture to run out ; in a state of being diffused or propagated. ABROAD, a_bra\vd', ad. 295. Out of the house ; in another country ; without, not within. To ABROGATE, at/r6-gate, v. a. 91. To take away from a law its force ; to repeal ; to annul. ABROGATION, ab-ro-ga'shun, s. The act of ab- rogating ; the repeal of a law. ABRUPT, ab-rapt', a. Broken, craggy ; sudden, without the customary or proper preparatives. ABRUPTION, ab-rip'shfin, s. Violent and sudden separation. ABRUPTLY, ab-ruptle, ad. Hastily, without the due forms of preparation. ABRUPTNESS, ab-rapt'ne'ss, s. An abrupt manner, haste, suddenness. ABSCESS, ab's&s, s. A morbid cavity in the body. To ABSCIND, ab-slnd', v. a. To cut off. ABSCISSION, ab-sizh'&n, s. Tlie act of cutting off, the state of being cut off. ftj- I have differed from Mr Sheridan in marking the ts in this word, and, I think, with the best usage on my side. Though double s is almost always pronounced sharp and hissing, yet when a sharp s precedes, it seems more agreeable to the ear to pronounce the succeeding s flat Thus, though the termination ition is always sharp, yet, because the * in transition is necessarily sharp, the t goes into the flat sound, as if written transizhion, which see. To ABSCOND, ab-skind', v. n. To hide one's self. ABSCONDER, ab-sc&n'dfrr, s. The person that ab- sconds. ABSENCE, ab's^nse, s. The state of being absent, opposed to presence ; inattention, heedlessness, neg- lect of the present object. ABSENT, ab'snt, a. 492. Not present ; absent in mind, inattentive. To ABSENT, ab-sent/, v. a. To withdraw, to for- bear to come into presence. ABSENTEE, ab-S^n-te 7 , s. A word used commonly with regard to Irishmen living out of their country. ABSINTHIATED, ab-sm'/Ae-a-tM, part. Impreg- nated with wormwood. To ABSIST, ab-slst', v. n. To stand off, to leave off. To ABSOLVE, ab-z6lv', v. a. 448. To clear, to acquit of a crime in a judicial sense ; to set free from an engagement or promise ; to pronounce a sin remit- ted, in the ecclesiastical sense, ABSOLUTE, ab'so-lute, a. 448. Complete, applied as well to persons as things ; unconditional, as an ab- solute promise ; not relative, as absolute space ; not limited, as absolute power. See Domestic. ABSOLUTELY, ab'so-lute-le, ad. Completely, without restriction; without condition ; peremptory, "positively. ABSOLUTENESS, ab'-so-lute-nss, s. Complete- ness ; freedom from dependence, or limits ; despotism. ABSOLUTION, ab-so-lu'shan, s. Acquittal; the remission of sins, or of penance. ABSOLUTORY, ub-sol'u-tar-re, a. That which abiolves. JJ^P In the first edition of this Dictionary I followed the accentuation of Johnson and Asli in this word, and placed the stress upon the first syllable, contrary to what I had done some years before in the Rhyming Dictionary, where I had placed the accent on the second, and which was the accentuation adopted by Mr Sheridan. Upon a nearer inspection of the analogies of the language, I find this the preferable mode of marking it, as words in this termination, though very irregular, generally follow the stress of the corresponding noun or verb ; and, conse- quently, this word ought to have the same accent as ab. solve, which is the more immediate relation of the word in question, and not the accent of absolute, which is the most distant, 512. Kenrick, W. Johnston, Entick, and Nares, have not inserted this word ; and Mr. Perry very improperly accents it upon the tliird syllable. ABSONANT, ab'so-nant, 544. ~i ABSONOUS, ab's.i-n&s, } a ' Absurd > con - trary to reason. To ABSORB, ab-sorb', v. a. To swallow up ; to suck up. ABSORBENT, ab-sor'bent, s. A medicine that sucks up humours. ABSORPT, ab-sorpt', part. Swallowed up. ABSORPTION, ab-sorp'shun, s. The act of swal- lowing up. To ABSTAIN, ab-stane 7 , v. n. To forbear, to deny one's self any gratification. ABSTEMIOUS, ab-ste'me-us, a. Temperate, sober, abstinent. ABSTEMIOUSLY, sb-st^'me-frs-le, ad. Temper. ately, soberly, without indulgence. ABSTEMIOUSNESS, ab-sttymiLus-n&s, s. 534. The quality of being abstemious. ABSTENTION, ab-st&i'shun, s. The act of holding off. To ABSTERGE, ab-ste'rje', v. a. To cleanse by wiping. ABSTERGENT, ab-Stel^nt, a. Cleansing; having a cleansing quality. To ABSTERSE, ab-stlrse / , v. a. To cleanse, to purify. ABSTERSION, ab-st^r'shun, s. The act of cleansing. ABSTERSIVE, ab-ster'slv, . 428. That has the quality of absterging or cleansing. ABSTINENCE, ab'st^-nense, s. Forbearance of any thing; fasting or forbearance of necessary food. ABSTINENT, atyste-nent, a. That uses abstinence. To ABSTRACT, ab-strukt', v. a. To take one thiuy from another ; to separate ideas ; to reduce to an epi- tome. ABSTRACT, ab-Strakt', a. Separated from some- thing else : generally used with relation to mental per- ceptions. ABSTRACT, ab'strakt, S. 492. A smaller quantity, containing the virtue or power of a greater; an epi- tome made by taking out the principal parts. ABSTRACTED, ab-strak't^d, p. a. Separated; re- fined, abstruse ; absent of mind. ABSTRACTEDLY, ab-strak'ted-le, ad. \vith ab- straction, simply, separate from all contingent circum- stances. ABSTRACTION, ab-strak'shun, s. The act of ab- stracting ; the state of being abstracted. ABSTRACTIVE, ab-strik'tiv, a. Having the power or quality of abstracting. ABSTRACTLY, ab-straktle, ad. In an abstract manner. ABSTRUSE, ab-struse 7 , a. 427. Hidden; difficult, remote from conception or apprehension. ABSTRUSELY, ab-strusele, ad. Obscurely, not plainly or obviously. ABSTRUSENESS, ab-struse'ness, s. Difficulty, ob- scurity. ABSTRUSITY, ab-stru's-e-te, s. 511 AUruse- ness ; that which rs iitatmse. To ASSUME, ab-sume', v. a. To bring to an end by gradual w.i-t,>. ABSURD, ab-surd', a. Inconsistent; contrary to reason. ABSURDITY, ab-sftr'de-te, .?. 511. The quality of being absurd ; that which is absurd. ABS ACC n3r 167, n5t 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173, oil, 299 pSiind 313 tfun 466, rais 469. ABSURDLY, ab-sird'li*, ad. Improperly; unrea- sonably. ABSURONESS, ab-surd'ne'ss, s. The quality of be- \ ing absiu-d ; injndiciousness, impropriety. ABUNDANCE, a-biin'danse, s. Plenty ; great num- bers ; a great quantity ; exuberance, more than enough. ABUNDANT, a-ban'dant, a. Plentiful ; exuberant; fully stored. ABUNDANTLY, a-bun'dant-le, ad. in plenty; amply, liberally, more than sufficiently. To ABUSE, a-buze', v. a. 437. To make an ill use | of ; to deceive, to impose upon ; to treat with rudeness. | ABUSE, a-buse', s. 437. The ill use of any thing ; ; a corrupt practice, bad custom ; seducement ; unjust ; censure, rude reproach. ABUSER, a-bu'zur, s. He that makes an ill use ; ! he that deceives ; he that reproaches with rudeness. ABUSIVE, a-bu'slV, a. 428. Practising abuse ; con- taining abuse ; deceitful. ABUSIVELY, a-bu'slv-l, ad. Improperly, by a wrong use; reproachfully. To ABUT, a-but', v. n. obsolete. To end at, to border upon ; to meet, or approach to. ABUTMENT, a-but'm6nt, s. That which abuts, or borders upon another. ABYSS, a-biss', s. A depth without bottom ; a great depth, a gulf. ACACIA, S-ka'she-a, S. 505. A drug brought from Egypt- ACADEMIAL, ak-a-de'me-al, a. Relating to an academy. ACADEMIAN, ak-a-de'me-an, s. A scholar of an academy or university. ACADEMICAL, ak- a-dem'me-kal, a. Belonging to an university. ACADEMICK, ak-i-d^mlk, s. 508. A student of an university. ACADEMICK, ak-ka-de'm'ik, a. Relating to an university. ACADEMICIAN, ak-ka-de-inish'an, s. The mem- ber of an academy. ACADEMIST, a-kad'd-mist, or ak'a-dtm-lst, s. The member of an academy. ACADEMY, a-kad'de-me, or ak'a-d^m-e 1 , s. An assembly or society of men, uniting for the promotion of some art ; the place where sciences are taught ; a place of education, in contradistinction to the universi- ties, or public schools. }5" Dr Johnson tells us, that this word was anciently and properly accented on the! first syllable, though now frequently on the second. That it was accented on the first syllable till within these few years, is pretty general- ly remembered ; and if Shakspeare did not, by poetical license, violate the accentuation of his time, it was cer- tainly pronounced so two centuries ago, as appears by Dr Johnson's quotation of liim : " Our court shall be a little ncarfem.v. Still and contemplative iu living arts." Love's Labour's Lost. And in Ben Jonson's New Inn we find the same accen- tuation : " Every house became An academy of honour, and those parts 'We see departed." But the accentuation of this word formerly, on the first syllable, is so generally acknowledged, as not to stand in need of (poetic authority. The question is, whether this accentuation, or that which places the stress on the second syllable, is the more proper ? To wave, therefore, the authority of custom, which precludes all reasoning on language, and reduces the dispute to a mere matter of fact, it may be presumed, that whatever is agreeable to the most general usage of the language in similar words, is the most proper in this ; and if it appears that general usage, in similar words, is in favour of the old pronunci- ation, it must certainly, for that reason, be allowed to be the best. And first it may be observed, that as our lan- guage is almost as averse to the accent on the last sylla- ble as the Latin, it is a general custom with us, when we adopt a word from the Latin, and abridge it of one or two of its syllables, to remove the accent at least a syllable higher than it was in the original language, that the ac- cent, when the word is naturalized, may not rest on the last Thus of Homtfria we make Ho'mer ; of Virgi'liui, Vi'rgil; and of Hora'tius,Ho'race: Hyaci'nthus, altered to Hy'acintfi, removes the accent two syllables .higher ; and ctsremo'nia, become cer'emony, does the same ; and 110 law, that 1 know of, forbids us to accent academia, or if you will AKtt.$r,u.!a., when turned into academy, on the first syllable, as it was constantly accented by onr ances- tors, who, receiving Greek through the medium of Latin, generally pronounced Greek words according to the Latin analogy, and therefore necessarily placed the accent of academia on the third syllable, which, when reduced to academy, required the accent to be removed higher. But how, it will be said, does this account for placing the accent on the first syllable of the English word acade. my, rather than the second ? To this it maybe answered tliat the numberless instances of preference given by'the accent to the first syllable in similar words, such as melancholy, parsimony, dilatory, &c. might be a sufficient authority without any other reason. But, perhaps, it will be pardoned me if I go farther, and hazard a supposition that seems to account for the very common practice of placing the accent of so many of the longer polysyllables from the Latin on the first or second syllable. Though in the Latin there never was more than one accent upon a word, yet, in our pronunciation of Latin, we commonly place an accent on alternate syllables, as in our own words ; and when the Latin word, by being anglicised, becomes shorter, the alternate accent becomes the prin- cipal. Thus, in pronouncing the Latin word academia, the English naturally place an accent on the first and third syllable, as if divided into a'c-a-de'mi-a ; so that when the word becomes anglicised into a'c-a-de-my, the first syllable retains the accent it had when the word was Latin. On the other hand, it may be conjectured with some probability, that a fondness for pronouncing like the French has been the occasion of the alteration. As the English ever suppose the French place the accent on the last syllable, in endeavouring to pronounce this word after their manner, the stress must naturally fall on the second and last syllables, as if divided into e-ca'd-a-mite ; and from an imitation of this, it is probable, the present pronunciation of the word was produced. Thus we hare a very probable reason why so many of onr longer words from the Latin are accented so near the beginning ; as, in this mode of pronouncing them, they seem to retain one of the accents of the original. Hence the long train of words voluntary, comparable, disputable, admirable, &c. have the accent on the first syllable ; because, in prou nouncinj* the words voluntarius, comparabilit, disputabi- lis, admirabilis, &c. we commonly lay a stress upon the first, as well as the third syllable. As to the analogy, as Mr Sheridan pretends, of pronouncing this word with the accent on the second syllable, because words ending in my have the accent on the antepenultimate, nothing can be more ill-founded. True it is, that words of tliis termina- tion never have the accent on the penultimate ; but that, for this reason, they must necessarily have the accent on th e antepenultimate, I cannot well comprehend. If po- lygamy, economy, astronomy, &c. (513) have their accent on the antepenultimate, it arises from the nature of the terminations; which being, as it were, a species, and i applicable to a thousand other words, have, like logy and j graphy, the accent always on the preceding syllable ; which seems best to unite the compound into one word : but academy being a simple, is subject to no such rule, and seems naturally to incline to a different analogy ol pronunciation. Thus Dr Johnson seems to have decided justly in saying the word academy ought to have the ac- cent on the first syllable ; though present usage, it must be confessed, seems to lead to the contrary pronuncia- tion. ACANTHUS, a-k&n'lAus, s. 470. The herb bears- foot. ACATALECTIC, a-kat-a-lek'tlk, S. A verse whic has the complete number of syllables. To ACCEDE, ak-sede', v. ?i. To be added to, to come to. To ACCELERATE, ak-sellur-ate, v. a. To ma*e quick, to hasten, to quicken motion. ACCELERATION, ak-sel-lur-a'sb.un, s. 555. The act of quickening motion ; the state of the body accele- rated. To AcCEND, ak'se'nd, v. a. To kindle, to set on fire. ACKF.NSION, &k-se*n'shun, s. The act of kindling, or the state of being kindled. ACCENT, ak's^nt, s. 486. The manner of speaking or pronouncing; the marks made upon syllables to re- ACC ACC . Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fatSl m^ 93, 'met 95 pine 105, pin 107 n6 iG2, m5ve 164, ACCESSIBLE, ak-ses'se-bl, a. That which may be approached. ACCESSION, ak-S&h'frn, S. Increase by something added ; the act of coming to, or joining ouc'* .-<-lt to, as accession to a confederacy ; the act of arriving at, as, the king's accession to the throne. ACCESSORILY, ak'seS-SO-re-le, ad. In th< mai.ncr of an accessory. ACCESSORY, ak'ses-so-re, a. 557. Joined to an. other thing, so as to increase it j additional ACCIDENCE, ak'se-dense, S. The little book con- taining the first rudiments of grammar, and explaining the properties of the eight parts of speech. ACCIDENT, ak'se-dent, S. The property or quality of any being which may be separated from it, at least in thought ; in grammar, the property of a word ; that which happens unforeseen ; casualty, chance. ACCIDENTAL, ak-se-den'tal, s. A property non- essential ACCIDENTAL, ak-se-den'tal, a. Having the qua- lity of an accident ; non-essential ; casual, fortuitous, happening by chanca. ACCIDENTALLY, ak-se-den'tal-le, ad. Casually, fortuitously. ACCIDENTALNESS, ak-se-d^n'tal-noss, s. The quality of being accidental AcciPIENT, ak-slp'pe-nt, s. A receiver. To ACCITE, ak-slte 7 , V. O. To call ; to summon. ACCLAIM, ak-klame / , S. A shout of praise ; acclama- tion. ACCLAMATION, ak-kla-ma'shun, s. Shout of ap- plause. ACCLIVITY, ak-kliv've-te, s. 511. The steepness or slope of a line inclining to the horizon, reckoui-d upwards ; as, the ascent of a hill is the acclivity, the descent is the declivity. ACCLIVOUS, ak-kli'vus, a. 503 (A). Rising with a slope. To ACCLOY, ak-kloe', v. a. 329. To till up, in an ill sense ; to fill to satiety. To ACCOIL, ak-koil', v. n. 229. To crowd, to keep a coil about, to bustle, to be in a hurry. AcCOLENT, ak'ko-l^nt, S. 544*. A borderer. ACCOMMODABLE, ak-k&m'mo-da-bl, a. That which may be fitted. To ACCOMMODATE, ak-k5m'mo-date, v. a. 91. To supply with conveniencies of any kind. ACCOMMODATE, ak-k6m'm6-date, a. 91. Suit- able, fit. ACCOMMODATELY, ak-kom'm6-date-l, ad. 91. Suitably, fitly. ACCOMMODATION, ak- kom-mo-da'shun, s. Pro- vision of conveuiencies : in the plural, convenience #, things requisite to ease or refreshment ; composition of a difference, reconciliation, adjustment. ACCOMPANABLE, ak-kum'pa_na.bl, a. Sociable. ACCOMPANIER, ak-kam'pa-ne-fir, s. The person that makes part of the company ; companion. ACCOMPANIMENT, ak-ktim'pa-ne-ment, s. The adding of one thing to another by way of ornament ; tlie instrumental that accompanies the vocal part of music. To ACCOMPANY, ak-kam'pa-ne, v. a. 165. To be with another as a companion ; to join with. ACCOMPLICE, ak-kom'plis, s. 142. An associate, a partaker, usually in an ill sense ; a partner, or co- operator. To ACCOMPLISH, ak-kom'plish, v. a. To com plete, to execute fully, as, to accomplish a design ; to fulfil, as a prophecy ; to adorn, or furnish, either mind or body. ACCOMPLISHED, ak-k&m'plish-ed, part. a. Com- plete in some qualification ; elegant, finished in re- spect of embellishments. AcCOMPLISHER, ak-k6m'pllsh-ur, S. The person that accomplishes. ACCOMPLISHMENT, ak-k&m'pllsh-ment, s. Com- pletion, full performance, perfection ; completion, as gulate their pronunciation ; a modification of the voice, expressive of the passions or sentiments. To ACCENT, ak-sent', v. a. 492. To pronounce, to speak words with particular regard to the grammatical marks or rules ; to write or note the accents. ACCENTUAL, ak-sen'tshii-al, a. 463. Relating to accents. ftjp- This word is in no English Dictionary I have met with ; but, conceiving its formation to be perfectly agree- able to the analogy of English adjectives, and finding- it used by several very respectable authors, I have ventured to insert it Mr tester, in his Essay on Accent aud Ouantity, says, " When a high note succeeds a low one, i>r rises above the grave tone of voice, the perception of it is sudden and instantaneous, before the continuance of the note is determined one way or the other for long or short. Tliis I more clearly conceive, than I can per- haps express. I can however engage to make it percep- tible to a common English ear in any Greek word, accord- ing to its present accentual mark." AndDr Galley, in his Dissertation against Greek Accents, makes use of the same word, where he says, " for if IIO2flI means, accord- ing to Mr Foster, that oratorical or common discourse diners from music only in the number of sounds, i. e. that the former has only four or five notes, but that the latter has many more, then the accentual pronunciation of a Greek sentence will not differ from the singing of the same sentence, when set to four or five corresponding notes in music, i. e. it will, in both cases, be a song." To ACCENTUATE, ak-seu'tshfr-ate, v. a. 461. To place the accent properly. ACCENTUATION, ak-sen-tshiua'shun, s. The act of placing the accent in pronunciation or writing. To ACCEPT, ak-s6pt', V. a. To take with pleasure, to receive kindly. ACCEPTABILITY, ak-sep-ta-bllle-te, s. The qua- lity of being acceptable. ACCEPTABLE, ak'sp-ta-bl, a. Grateful, pleasing. J5> Within these twenty years this word has shifted its accent from the second to the first syllable. There are now few polite speakers who do not pronounce it ad. ceptable; and it is much to be regretted that this pronun- ciation is become so general ; for where consonants of so different an organ as p and t are near the end of a word, the word is pronounced with much more difficulty when the accent is removed higher than when it is arrested by these letters ; for, in this case, the force which accom- panies the accent facilitates the organs in their transition from the formation of the one letter to the other. As nature, therefore, directs us to place the accent upon these consonants in all words ending in active, eclh-e, ictire, octire, and vcttve ; actible, ectiole, octible, and uc- tible ; so we ought to listen to the same voice in pro- nouncing acceptable, susceptible, corruptible, with the ac- cent on the second syllable See Commendable. ACCEPTABLENESS, ak'sp_ta-bl-ness, s. The qua- lity of being acceptable. ACCEPTABLY, ak's6p-ta-ble, ad. In an acceptable manner. ACCEPTANCE, ak-sep'tarise, s. Reception with ap- probation. ACCEPTATION, ak-sep-ta'shfin, s. Reception, whe- ther good or bad ; the meaning of a word. ACCEPTER, ak-sep'tur, s. 98. The person that accepts. AcCEPTION, ak-s^p'shun, s. The received sense of a word : the meaning. ACCESS, ak_sess', s. The way by which any thing may be approached ; the means, or liberty, of approach- in^' either to things or men ; increase, enlargement, ad- dition ; the returns or fits of a distemper. 55" This word is sometimes heard with the accent on the first syllable : " Hail, water-gruel, healing power, " Of easy access to the poor." But this pronunciation ought to be avoided, as con- trary to analogy, and the general usage of the language ; a> may be seen in Johnson, under the word. ACCESSARINESS, ak'ses-sa-re-iiess, s. The state of being accessary. ACCESSARY, ak'se's-sa-re, s. He that, not being the chief agent in a crime, contributes to it. ACCESSARY, ak'sCs-Sa-re, a. Joined to, additional, helping forward. 6 ACC ACM n6r 167, n5t 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173611 299 pound 31.3 fh\i\ 4-66, THIS of a prophecy ; embellishment, elegance, ornament of tnind or bdy. AccOMPT, ak-kount', S. 407. An account, a reck- oning. ACCOMPTANT, ak-koun'tant, s. 412. A reckoner, computer. To ACCORD, ak-kord', v. a. To make agree, to adjust one thing to another. To ACCORD, ak-kord', v. n. To agree, to suit one with another. ACCORD, ak-kord', s. A compact, an agreement ; concurrence, union of mind; harmony, symmetry. ACCORDANCE, ak-koVdanse, s. Agreement with a person ; conformity to something. ACCORDANT, ak-kor'dant, a. Willing, in good humour. ACCORDING, ak-kor'ding, p. In a manner suita- ble to, agreeable to ; in proportion ; with regard to. ACCORDINGLY, ak-kor'dlng-te, ad. Agreeably, suitably, conformably. To ACCOST, ak-k5st', v. a. To speak to first, to address, to salute. ACCOSTABLE, ak-kos'ta-bl, a. 405. Easy of ac- cess, familiar. ACCOUNT, ak-kount', s. 407. A computation of debts or expenses ; the state or result of a computa- tion ; value or estimation ; a narrative, relation ; the relation and reasons of a transaction given to a person iu authority. To ACCOUNT, ak-kount', v. a. To esteem, to think, to hold in opinion ; to reckon, to compute ; to give an account, to assign the causes ; to make up the reckoning, to answer for practice ; to hold in esteem. ACCOUNTABLE, ak-koun'ta-bl, a. Of whom an account may be required ; who must answer for. ACCOUNTANT, ak-kofin'tint, a. Accountable to, responsible for. ACCOUNTANT, ak-koun'taiit, y. A computer, a man skilled or employed in accounts. ACCOUNT-BOOK, ak-kount/book, s. A book con- taining accounts. To ACCOUPLE, ak-kup'pl, v. a. 314. To join, to link together. To AccoURT, ak-kort', v. a. 318. To entertain with courtship or courtesy. To ACCOUTRE, ak-koo'tur, v. a. 315. To dress, to equip. ACCOUTREMENT, ak-kou'tfir-meiit, s. Dress, equi- page, trappings, ornaments. ACCREDITED, ak-kredlt-ed, a. Of allowed repu- tation, confidential. ACCRETION, ak-kre'shun, s. The act of growing to another, so as to increase it. ACCRETIVE, ak-kri'tlv, a. 158. Growing, that which by growth is added. To ACCROACH, ak-kr6tsh/, v. a. 295. To draw j to one as with a hook. To ACCRUE, ak-kroo', v. n. 339. To accede to, to be added to ; to be added, as an advantage or im- provement ; in a commercial sense, to be produced, or arise, as profits. ACCUBATION, ak-ku-ba'shun, s. The ancient pos- ture of leaning at meals. To ACCUMB, ak-kumb', v. a. 347. To lie at the table, according to the ancient manner. To ACCUMULATE, ak-ku'mu-late, v. a. 91. To pile up, to heap together. ACCUMULATION, ak-ku-mu-la'shun, s. The act of accumulating ; the state of being accumulated. ACCUMULATIVE, ak-ku'mu-la-tlv, . 157. That which accumulates ; that which is accumulated. ACCUMULATOR, ak-kii'mu-la-tur, s. 521. He that accumulates, a gatherer or heaper together. ACCURACY, ak'ku-ra-se, s. Exactness, nicety. ACCURATE, ak'ku-rate, a. 91. Exact, as opposed to negligent or ignorant ; exact, without iefect or failure*. 7 ACCURATELY, ak'ku-rate-le, ad. Exactly, without errour, nicely. ACCURATENESS, aklcu-rate-nfe, s. Exactness, nicety. To AccURSE, ak-kurse', V. a. To doom to misery. ACCURSED, ak-kur'sed, part. a. 362. That which is cursed or doomed to misery ; execrable, hateful, de- testable. ACCUSABLE, ak-ku'za-bl, a. 405. That whuh may be censured ; blameable ; culpable. ACCUSATION, ak-ku-za'shun, s. The act of ac- cusing; the charge brought against any one. ACCUSATIVE, ak-ku'za-tiv, a. A term of gram- mar, the fourth case of a noun. ACCUSATORY, ak-ku'za-t6-r, a. 512. That which produceth or containeth an accusation. To ACCUSE, ak-kuze / , v. a. To charge with a He that brings a To habituate Done by crime; to blame or censun ACCUSER, ak-ki'zur, s. 98. charge against another. To ACCUSTOM, ak-kus'tum, v. a. to inure. ACCUSTOMABLE, ak-kus'tulH-a-bl, a. long custom or liabir. ACCUSTO.MABLY, ak-kus'tum-a-ble, ad. Accord- ing to custom. ACCUSTOMANCE, ak-kus'tum-inanse, s. Custom, liabit, use. ACCUSTOMARILY, ak-kus't&m-ma-re-le, ad. In a customary manner. ACCUSTOMARY, ak-kus'tum-iria-re, a. 512. Usu al, practised. ACCUSTOMED, ak-kfrs'tum-ed. a. 362. According to custom, frequent, usual. ACE, ase, s. An unit, a single point on cards or dice ; a small quantity. ACERBITY, a-seVb^-te, s. 511. A rough sour taste ; applied to men, sharpness of temper. To AcERVATE, i-seVvate, v. a. 91. To heap up. ACERVATION, as-er_va'sh&n, s. 527. Heaping together. ACESCENT, a-ses'se"nt, a. That which has a ten. dency to sourness or acidity. AcETOSE, as-e-toze 7 , a. 427. That which has in it acids. AcETOSITY, aS-^-t5s'e-te, S. 511. The state ol being acetose. ACETOUS, a-se^us, a. 314. Sour. ACHE, ake, s. 355. A continued pain. To ACHE, ake, v. n. To be in pain. To ACHIEVE, afr-tsheve 7 , v. a. 257. To perform, to finish. ACHIEVER, at-tshe'vur, S. He that performs what he endeavours. ACHIEVEMENT, at-tsheve'ment, s. The perfor. mance of an action ; the escutcheon, or ensigns ar morial. AcHOR, alcor, s. 166. A species of the herpes. AciD, as'sid, a. Sour, sharp. AciDITY, a-sld'de-te, s. 511. Sharpness, sourness AciDNESS, as'sld-ns, s. The quality of being acid AciDUL^E, a-sld'du-le, s. 199. Medicinal springs impregnated with sharp particles. To ACIDULATE, a-sid'du-late, v. a. 91. To ting. with acids in a slight degree. To ACKNOWLEDGE, ak-n611edj, v. a. 328. 1i own the knowledge of, to own any tiling or person ii. a particular character ; to confess, as, a fault; to own, as, a benefit. ACKNOWLEDGING, ak-n611dj-lng, a. Grateful. ACKNOWLEDGMENT, ak-n&l'ledje-ment, s. 22S. See Knowledge. Confession of the truth of any p-> sition ; confession of a fault; confession of a beneii! received. ACME, ak'me, S. The height of any thing-, more especially used to denote the height of a iii.->ieni ; ; ACO ADA 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81 mi 93, mSt 95 pine 105, pin 107 nt, 162, mSve 164, ACT, akt, S. Something done, a deed, an exploit, whether good or ill ; a part of a play, during which the action proceeds without interruption; a decree of par. 1 iament. ACTION, ak'shun, s. 290. The quality or state at acting, opposite to rest ; an act or thing done, a deed ; agency, operation ; the series of events represented in a fable ; gesticulation, the accordance of the motions of the body with the words spoken ; a term in law. ACTIONABLE, ak'shfrn-a-bl, a. 405. That which admits an action in law, punishable. ACTION-TAKING, ak'shtin-taldng, a. Litigious. ACTIVE, ak'tiv, a. 150. Tnat which has the power or quality of acting ; that which acts, opposed to pas- sive ; busy, engaging in action, opposed to idle or sedentary ; nimble, agile, quick ; in grammar, a verb active is that which has both an agent and an object, as, John instructs Joseph. ACTIVELY, ak'tlv-le, ad. Busily, nimbly. AcTIVENESS, ak'tlv-ness, s. Quickness ; nimblenesa. ACTIVITY, ak-tlv'e-t, s. 515. The quality of be- ing active. ACTOR, ak't&r, s. 93. 418. He that acts, or per- forms any thing ; he that personates a character, a stage player. ACTRESS, ak'tr&S, s. She that performs any thing ; a woman that plays on the stage. ACTUAL, ak'tshu-al, a. 40 1. Really in act, not merely potential ; in act, not purely in speculation. ACTUALITY, ak-tshu-al'l-t, s. The state of being actual. ACTUALLY, ak'tshu-al-l, ad. In act, in effect, really. ACTUALNESS, ak'tshi_al-n6SS, s. The quality of being actual. ACTUARY, ik'tshi-a-re, s. The register or officer who compiles the minutes of the proceedings of a court. To ACTUATE, ak'tshu-ate, v. a. To put into ae- tion. AcTUOSE, ak-tfi-ose 7 , a. Having the power of ac- tion. See the Appendix. To AcUATE, ak'u-ate, v. a. 91. To sharpen. ACULEATE, a-ku'le-ate, a. 91. Prickly, terminat- ing in a sharp point. ACUJIEN, a-kii'mdn, s. 503. (ft) A sharp point > figuratively, quickness of intellects. ACUMINATED, a_ku'm_na-tM, part. a. Ending in a point, sharp pointed. ACUTE, a-ktite', a. Sharp, opposed to blunt ; ingeni- ous, opposed to stupid ; acute disease, any disease which is attended with increased velocity of blood, and terminates in a few days ; acute accent, that wliich raises or sharpens the roice. ACUTELY, a-kutele, ad. After an acute manner, sharply. AcuTENESS, a-kftte'nss, s. Sharpness; force of intellects ; violence and speedy crisis of a malady : sharpness of sound. ADACTED, a-dik'ted, part. a. Driven by force. ADAGE, ad'aje, s. 90. A maxim, a proverb. ADAGIO, a-da'je-6, s. A term used by musicians, to mark slow time. ADAMANT, ad'a-mant, s. A stone of impenetrable hardness ; the diamond ; the load-stone. ADAMANTEAN, ad-a-man-te'an, a. Hard as ada- mant. ADAMANTINE, ad-a-mSn'tin, a. Made of ada- mant ; having the qualities of adamant, as, hardness, indissolubility. ftjr- Mr Sheridan, Dr Kenrick, and Mr Perry, uni- formly pronounce the last syllable of this word as it is here marked, and \V. Johnston only so as to rhyme with line, (110.) ADAM'S-APPLE, ad'imz-ap'pl, s. A prominent part of the throat. To ADAPT, a-dapt', v. a. To fit, to suit, to pro- portion. ADAPTATION, ad-ap-ta'shfui, s. 527. The act of ACOLOTHIST, a-k&11o-M5st, ) ACOLYTE, ak'6-lite, 544, 5 s ' One of the lowest order in the Roman church. .\CONITE, ak'ko-nite, s. 155. The herb wolfs- bane. In poetical language, poison in general. AcORN, a'korn, s. The seed or fruit borne by the oak. HCOUSTICKS, a-kou'stiks, s. 313. The doctrine or theory of sounds ; medicines to help the hearing. To ACQUAINT, ak-kwant', v. a. 202. To make familiar with ; to inform. ACQUAINTANCE, ak-kwan'tanse, s. The state of being acquainted with, familiarity, knowledge, familiar knowledge ; a slight or initial knowledge, short of friendship ; the person with whom we are acquainted, without the intimacy of friendship. ACQUAINTED, ak-kwan'td, part. a. Familiar, well- known. AcQUEST.'ak-kwest', s. Acquisition; the thing gained. To ACQUIESCE, ak-kw-ss', v. n. To rest in, or remain satisfied. ACQUIESCENCE, ak-kwe-ss'ense, S. A silent ap- pearance of content ; satisfaction, rest, content ; sub- mission. A.CQUIRABLE, ak-kwi'ra-bl, a. 405. Attainable. To ACQUIRE, ak-kwire', v. a. To gain by one's labour or power. ACQUIRED, ak-kwMd, part. a. 3G2. Gained by one's self. ACQUIRER, ak-kwi'ror, s. 98. The person that acquires ; a gainer. ACQUIREMENT, ak-kwire / mnt, s. That which is acquired, gain, attainment. ACQUISITION, ak-k\v-zlsb/shfrn, s. The act of acquiring ; the thing gained, acquirement. ACQUISITIVE, ak-kwiz'ze-tiv, a. 157. That which is acquired. ACQUIST, ak-kwlst', s. Acquirement, attainment To ACQUIT, ak-kwit', v. a. 415. To set free ; to clear from a charge of guilt, to absolve ; to clear from any obligation, as, the man hath acquitted himself well, he discharged his duty. ACQUITMENT, ak-kwjt'mnt, S. The state of being acquitted, or act of acquitting. ACQUITTAL, ak-kwlt'tal, s. 157. Deliverance from an offence. To ACQUITTANCE, ak-kwlt'tanse, v. a. To pro- cure an acquittance, to acquit. ACQUITTANCE, ak-kvvlt'tanse, s. The act of dis- charging from a debt ; a writing testifying the receipt of a debt. ACRE, a'kfrr, s. 98. 416. A quantity of land, con- taining in length forty perches, and four in breadth, or four thousand eight hundred and forty square yards. ACRID, ak'krld, a. Of a hot biting taste. ACRIMONIOUS, ak-kre-m^ne-us, a. 314. Sharp, corrosive. ACRIMONY, ak'kre.mi-ni*, s. 557. Sharpness, cor- rosiveness; sharpness of temper, severity. See Do. mestic. AcRITUDE, ak'kr^-tide, s. An acrid taste, a biting heat on the palate. ACROAMATICAL, ak'kr6-;Lmat'te-kal, a. 509. Of or pertaining to deep learning. ACROSPIRE, ak'kro-spire, s. 151. A shoot or sprout from the end of seeds. ACROSPIRED, ak'kro-spi-red, part. a. 362. Having sprouts. ACROSS, a-kr5ss', ad. Athwart, laid over something so as to cross it. AcROSTICK, a-kross'tik, s. A poem, in which the first letter of every line being taken, makes up the name of the person or thing on which the poem is written. To ACT, akt, v. n. To be in action, not to rest To ACT, akt, v. a. To perform a borrowed character, as a stage player ; to produce effects in some passive subject. ADA ADJ n5r 167, nftt 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173-611 299 pSund 313-tfan 466, THIS 469. An herb. fitting one thing to another, the fitness of one thing to another. ADAPTION, a-dap'shun, s. The act of fitting. To. ADD, ad, v. a. To, join something to that which was before. To ADDECIMATE, ad-des'se-mate, v. a. 91. To take or ascertain tithes. To ADDEEM, ad-deem', v. a. To esteem; to account ADDER, ad'dur, s. 98. 418. A serpent, a viper, a poisonous reptile. ADDER'S-GRASS, ad'durz-grass, s. A plant ADDER'S-TONGUE, Sd'durz-tung, ADDER' S-WORT, ad'durz-\vurt, ADDIBLE, ad'de-bl, a. 405. Possible to be added. ADDIEILITY, Sd-de-bille-td, s. 511. The possi- bility of being^added. ADDICE, ad'dls, s. 142. A kind of ax, corruptly pronounced adx. To ADDICT, ad-dlkt', V. a. To devote, to dedi- cate : it is commonly taken in a bad sense, as, he addict- ed himself to vice. ADDICTEDNESS, id-dik'ted-ness, s. The state of bsing addicted. ADDICTION, ad-dlk'shun, s. The act of devoting ; the state of being devoted. ADDITAMENT, ad-dit'a-mnt, s. Addition, the thing added. ADDITION, ad-disa'shun, s. 459. The act of adding one thing to another ; the thing added ; in arithmetic, addition is the reduction of two or more numbers of like kind together into one sum or total. ADDITIONAL, ad-dish'shun_al, a. That which is added. ADDITORY, ad'de-ti-re, a. 512. That which has the power of adding. ADDLE, ad'dl, a. 405. Originally applied to eggs, and signifying such as produce nothing, thence trans- ferred to brains that produce nothing. ADDLE-FATED, ad'dl-pa-ted, a. Having barren brains. To ADDRESS, ad-dress', v. a. To prepare one's self to enter upon any action ; to apply to another by words. A.DDRESS, ad-driss', s. Verbal application to any one ; courtship ; manner of addressing another, as, a man of pleasing address ; skill, dexterity ; manner of directing a letter. ADDRESSER, ad-dres'sur, s. 98. The person that addresses. To ADDUCE, ad-duse 7 , v. n. To bring something forward in addition to something already produced. Jf- This word, though constantly arising in conver- sation, has not yet found its way into any of our Dic- tionaries. It is, however, legitimately formed, and has a distinct and specific signification, which distinguishes it from conduce, induce, produce, and reduce, and has there- fore a just title to become a part of the language. The propriety of it is a sufficient authority. ADDUCENT, ad-du'sent, a. A word applied to those muscles that draw together the parts of the body. To ADDULCE, ad-dulse 7 , v. a. To sweeten. ADEMPTION, a-dem'shun, s. 412. Privation. ADENOGRAPHY, ad-de-n6g 7 gra-fe, s. 518. A treatise of the glands. ADEPT, a-dCpt', s. He that is completely skilled in .all the secrets of his art. ADEQUATE, iid'e-kwate, a. 91. Equal to, pro- portionate. ADEQUATELY, ad'e-kwate-le, ad. In an adequate manner ; with exactness of proportion. ADEQUATENESS, ad'e-kwate-ness, s. The state of being adequate, exactness of proportion. To ADHERE, ad-here 7 , v. n. To stick to ; to re- main firmly fixed to a narty, or opinion. ADHERENCE, ad-he'rense, ~t ADHERENCY, ad-he'ren-se, 182. $ The quality of adhering, tenacity ; fixedness of mind, attachment, steadiness. 9 ADHERENT, ad-he'rent, a. sticking t ; united with. ADHERENT, ad-he'rent, s. A follower, a partisan. ADHERER, ad-he'rur, s. 98. He that adheres. ADHESION, ad-h^zhun, s. 451. The actor state of sticking to something. ADHESIVE, ad-he'siv, a. 158. 428. Sticking, te- nacious. To ADHIBIT, ad-hlMnt, v. a. To apply, to make use of. ADHIBITION, ad-he-Msh'sliuii, s. 507. Applica- tion, use. ADJACENCY, ad-ja'se'n-se, s. 182. The state of lying close to another thing. ADJACENT, ad-ja'se'nt, a. Lying close, bordering upon something, ADJACENT, ad-ja'sSnt, s. That which lies next another. ADIAPHOROUS, a-d(*-aPfo-rus, a. Neutral. ADIAPHORY, a-de-affo-re, s. 534. Neutrality, indifference. To ADJECT, ad-j s. I ad-ver-tize'ment, \ Intelligence, information ; notice of any thing published in a paper of intelligence. ItS" As nouns ending in ment always follow the accen. tuatiou of the verbs from which they are formed, we fr. . quently hear advertisement taxed with the grossest irre- gularity for having the accent on a diflerent syllable from advertise. The origin of this irregularity seems to have arisen from a change which has taken place in the pro- nunciation of the verb since the noun has been formed: advertise and chastise were, in Shakspeare's time, both accented on the penultimate, and therefore advertisement and chastisement were formed regularly from them. " Wherein he did the king hii lord advtrtite."Htn. VIII. " My grief cries louder than advertisement." Uuch Ado, Sic. "Oh, then how quickly should this arm of mine, " Now pris'ner to the palsy, chast'at thee.", /HcAarrf 77. "And chmttuemint doth therefore hide its head." Jul. Caaar. But since that time the verbs advertise and cliustise have fallen into an analogy more agreeable to verbs of the same form for the verbs to promise, practise, franchise, mortise, and divertise, are the only words where the ter- mination ise has not the accent either primary or secon- dary ; and if an alteration must be made to reconcile the pronunciation of the simple with that of the compound, we should find it much easier to change advertisement and chastisement into advertisement and chastisdment, than advertise' and chastise/ into adrerttise and chastise; but the irregularity seems too inveterate to admit of any alteration. ADVERTISER, ad-ve'r-ti'zur, s. 98. He that gives intelligence or information; the paper in which ad- vertisements are published. ADVERTISING, ad-ver-ti'zlng, a. Active in giving intelligence, monitory. To ADVESPERATE, ad-v^s'p^-rate, v. n. 91. To draw towards evening. ADVICE, ad-vice 7 , S. 499. Counsel, instruction, notice ; intelligence. ADVICE-BOAT, ad-vice'bote, s. A vessel employed to bring intelligence. ADVISABLE, ad-vi'za-bl, a. 405. Prudent, fit to be advised. ADVISABLENESS, ad-vi'za-bl-ne'ss, s. The quality of being advisable. To ADVISE, ad-vize', v. a. 437. To counsel ; to inform, to make acquainted. To ADVISE, ad-vize', v. n. 499. To consult, as, he advised with his companions ; to consider, to delibe- rate. ADVISED, ad-vi'ze"d, part. a. 362. Acting with deliberation and design; prudent, wise; performed ith deliberation, acted with design. ADVISEDLY, ad-vl'ze'd-le, ad. 364. Deliberately, purposely, by design, prudentjy. ADVISEDNESS, ad-vi'zM-ness, s. 365. Delibera- tion, cool and prudent procedure. ADVISEMENT, id-vize'ment, s. Counsel, informa- tion ; prudence, circumspection. ADVISER, ad-vl'zur, s. 98. The person that advises, a counsellor. ADULATION, ad-ju-la'shun, s. 294. Flattery, high compliment. ADULATOR, M-ju-la'tur, s. 521. A flatterer. ADULATORY, ad'ju-la-tur-re, a. 512. Flattering. Soe Domestic. ADULT, a-dult', a. Grown up, past the age of in- fancy. ADULT, a-dult', S, A person above the age of in fancy, or grown to some degree of strength. ADULTNEBS, a-dalt'ne'ss, s. The state of beiiig adult. To ADULTER, a-dul'tur, v. a. 98. .556. To com- mit adultery with another. ADULTERANT, a-dul'tur-ant, s. The person or thing which adulterates. ADU AFF 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 mi 93, m medicine so called, from its dark colour, made of quick- silver and sulphur ground together in a marble mortar. JBTITES, e-tl'tez, s. Eagle-stone. AFAR, a-far / , ad. At a great distance ; to a great distance. AFEARD, a-frthoepists. Mr Perry, Mr Buchanan, \V Johnston, )r Kenrick, and Mr Elphinstone, join it with the con- onant, and make it short ; but Mr Sheridan separates it rom the /, and makes it long and slender : and though VIr Elphinstone's opinion has great weight with me, yet '. here join with Mr Sheridan against them all ; not only >ecause I judge his pronunciation of this word the most agreeable to the best usage, but because it is agreeable to an evident rule which lengthens every vowel with the accent on it, except i when followed by a single conso nant and a diphthong. See Principles, No. 505. 534. "O I alienate from Heav'n, O sp'rit accurst !" tlilton'i Par. Loil, b. v. 877. ALIENATE, ale'ye'n-ate, a. Withdrawn from, stranger to. . ^ ALIENATION, ale-yn-a'shun, s. The act of trans- ferring property ; the state of being alienated ; change of affection. To ALIGHT, i-lite', v. n. To come down; to fall upon. ALIKE, a-like', ad. With resemblance, in the same manner. ALIMENT, all^-m^llt, S. Nourishment, nutriment, food. ALIMENTAL, al-le-m^n'til, a. That which has the quality of aliment, that which nourishes. ALIMENTARINESS, al-le-mC'ii'ta-r^-nsss, s. The quality of being alimentary. ALIMENTARY, al-le-men'ti-r^, a. Belonging to aliment ; having the power of nourishing. ALIMENTATION, al-le-me'n-ta'shim, s. The qual- ity of nourishing. ALIMONIOUS, al-ld-m6'n-fis. a. Nourishing. ALIMONY, al1e-m&n-n, s. 556. Legal proportion of the husband's estate, which, by the sentence of the ecclesiastical court, is allowed to the wife, upon the account of separation. See Domestic. ALIQUANT, al'le'-kw&nt, a. Parts of a number which will never make up the number exactly ; as, 3 is an" aliquant of 10, thrice 3 being 9, four times 3 making 12. ALIQUOT, all^-qwot, a. Aliquot parts of any num- ber or quantity, such as will exactly measure it without any remainder : as, 3 is an aliquot part of 12. ALISH, alelsh, a. Resembling ale. ALIVE, a-live 7 , a. In the state of life ; not dead ; unextinguished, undestroyed, active ; cheerful, spright- ly : it is used to add emphasis ; as, the best man alive. ALKAHEST, al'ka-h&t, S. 84. An universal dissol- vent, a liquor. ALKALESCENT, al-ka-ls'snt, a. That which has a tendency to the properties of an alkali. ALKALI, al'ka-le, s. 84. Any substance, which, ~ when mingled with acid, produces fermentation. ALKALINE, i\l'ka-lin, a. 150. That which has the qualities of alkali. To ALKALIZATE, al-kulli-zate, v. a. To make alkaline. ALKALIZATE, al-kal1-zate, a. Having the quali- ties of alkali. Al.KALiZATlON, al-ka-l^-za'shan, s. The act of alkalizating. ALKANET, al'ka-nSt, s. The name of a plant ALKEKENGI, al-ke-ken'je, s. The winter cherry, a genus of plants. ALKERMES, al-k^r'm^z, s. A confection whereof the kermes berries are the basis. ALL, all, a. 77. The whole number, every one ; the whole quantity, every part. ALL, all, S. The whole ; every thing. ALL, all, ad. Quite, completely ; altogether, wholly. ALL-BEARING, all-ba'ring, a. Omniparous. ALL-CHEERING, Ill-tshe'ring, a. That which gives gayety to all. ALL-CONQUERING, all-koiig'kur-ing, a. 334. Sub. duing every thing. ALL ALL i5r 167, n&t 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173511, 299 pound 313 tlt'm K>6, THIS 469. ALL-DEVOURING, all-de-vour'ing, a. Eating up every thing. ALL-FOURS, all-forz', s. A low game at cards, play- ed by two. ALL-HAIL, all-hale 7 , s. and int. All < ealth. ALL-HALLOWN, all-hal'luii, s. The time about All-saints day. ALL-HALLOWTIDE, all-hal16-tidf, s. The term near All-saints, or the first of November. ALL-HEAL, all'hele, s. A species of iron- wort. ALL-JUDGING, all-jud'jlng, a. Having the sover- eign right of judgment. ALL- KNOWING, all-nMng, a. Omniscient, all-wiee. ALL-SEEING, all-seeing, a. Beholding every thing. ALL SOULS DAY, all-Solz-d;V, s. The day on I which supplications are made for all souls by the church : of Rome, the second of November ALL-SUFFICIENT, all-suf-f ish'enf, a. Sufficient to any tiling. ALL-WISE, all-wize', a. Possest of infinite wisdom. To Al.LAY, al-la', v. a. To mix one metal with another, to make it fitter for coinage ; to join any thing to another, so as to abate its qualities ; to quiet, to paci- fy, to repress. ALLAY, al-la', s. 329. The metal of a baser kind mixed in coins, to harden tuem, that they may \\ car less; any thing which, being added, abates the predominant qualities of that with which it is mingled. ALLAYER, al-la'ur, s. The person or Ihing which has the power or quality of allaying. ALLAYMENT, al-la'ment, A That which has the power of allaying. ALLEGATION, al-le-ga'shuil, s. Affirmation, declara- tion ; the thing alleged or affirmed ; an excuse, a plea. To ALLEGE, al-ledje 7 , v. a. To affirm, to declare, to maintain ; to plead as an excuse or argument ALLEGE ABLE, al-ldje / a-bl, a. That may be alleged. ALLEGEMENT, al-Mdje'ment, s. The tame with allegation. ALLEGEH, al-ledje'&r, s. He that alleges. ALLEGIANCE, al-ltVjanse, s. The duty of subjects to the government. ALLEGIANT, al-le'jant, a. Loyal, conformable to the duty of allegiance. ALLEGORICK, al-le-gorVik, a. Net real, not literal. ALLEGORICAL, al-le-g&r'rc-kal, a. in the form of an allegory, not literal. ALLEGORICALLY, al-le-gort'e-kal-le', ud. After an allegorical manner. To AI.LF.GORIXE, filTe-gu-rize, v. a. To turn into allegory, to form an allegory. ALLEGORY, al'le-g6r-re, s. 557. A figurative discourse, in which something is intended that is not contained in the words literally taken. ALLEGRO, al-le'gro, s. A word denoting in music a sprightly motion. It originally means gay, as in Milton. ALI.ELUJAH, al-l^-lu'ya, S. A word of spiritual ex- ultation ; Praise God. To ALLEVIATE, al-le've-ate, v. a. 91. To make light, to ease, to soften. ALLEVIATION, al-le-ve-a'snan, s, 'Jhe net nf mak- ing light ; that by which any pain is eased, or fault ex- tenuated. A I. LEY, aL-le, s. 270. A walk in a garden ; a pas- sage in towns, narrower than a street. ALLIANCE, al-H'anse, s. The state of connexion with another by confederacy, a league ; relation by marriaee ; relation by any form of kindred ; the per- sons allied to each other. ALLICIENCY, aLHsh'yen-se, s. 113. The power of attracting. To ALLIGATE, alle-gate, v. a. 91. To tie one thing to another. ALLIGATION, al-le-ga'shtm, s. The act of tying together ; the arithmetical rule that teaches to adjust the price of compounds, formed of several ingredients of litllerent value. 17 ALLIGATOR, al-le-ga'tur, s. 521. The crocodile. This name is chiefly used for the crocodile of America. ALLISION, al-llzh'un, s. The act of striking- one thing against another. used by the best writers. Thebookful blockhead ignorantlv read, With loads of learned lumber in "hU head. "-Pop*. ALLOCATION, al-16-ka'shun, s. The act of put- ting one thing to another ; the admission of an article in reckoning, and addition of it to the account ALLOCUTION, al-lo-ku'i>hcm, s. The act of spik- ing to another. ALLODIAL, al-16'de'al, a. Not feudal, independent. ALLODIUM, al-lo'de-um, s. Possession held in ab- solute independence, without any acknowledgment of a lord paramount. There are no allodial lands in Eng- land. ALLONGE, al-lndje, s. 165. A pass or thrust with a rapier. To ALI.OO, al-loo', v. a. To set on, to incite. ALLOQI Y, AHo-kwe, s. The act of speaking to ano- ther. To Al.LOT, al_l5t', v. a. To distribute by lot ; to grant ; to distribute, to give each his share. ALLOTMENT, al-lot'ment, s. The part, the share. ALLOTTERY, al-l&t'tur-e, . 555. That which is granted to any in a distribution. To ALLOW, Sl-lofi', v. a. To admit ; to grant, to yield; to permit; to give to; to p&yto; to make abate- ment. ALLOWABLE, al-lou'a-bl, a. That which may be admitted without contradiction, lawful, not forbidden. ALLOWABLENESS, al-lou'iLbl-ne'ss, s. Lawfulness, exemption from prohibition. ALLOWANCE, al-lou'alise, S. Sanction, licence ; per- mission ; an appointment for any use, abatement from the strict rigour ; a sum granted weekly, or yearly, as a stipend. ALLOY, al-lce 7 , s. 329. Baser metal mixed in coin. age ; abatement, diminution. TV ALLUDE, al-lude 7 , v. n. To have some refer. ence to a thing, without the direct mention. ALLUMINOR, al_lu'me-nur, s. One who colours or paints upon paper or parchment. To ALLURE, al-lure', v. a. To entice to any thing. ALLUREMENT, al-lure'ment, s. Enticement, temp. tation. ALLURER, al-lu'rur, s. 98. Entieer, inveigler. ALLURINGLY, al-lu'rlng-le, ad. In an alluring man- ner, enticingly. ALLURINGNESS, al-lur'lng-ne's, s. Enticement, temptation by proposing pleasure. ALLUSION, al-lu'zhun, S. A hint, an implication. ALLUSIVE, al-hVsiv, a. 18. 428. Hinting at something. ALLUSIVELY, al_hYslv-le, ad. In an allusive manner. AlJ.USIVENESS, al-lii'siv-nes, .s. The quality of be- ing allusive. ALLUVION, al-lu've'-un, s. The carrying of any thing to something else by thejr.otion of the water; tl.c thing carried by water. To Al.LY, al-h', v. a. To unite l.y kindred, friend- ship, or confederacy ; to make a relation between tv. o things. ALLY, al-li', s. One united to some other by mar- riage, friendship, or confederacy. See Surrey. V3- A few ye.-irs ago there was an affectation of pro- nouncing this word, when a noun, with the accent <;n the first syllable ; and this had an appearance of pre- cision from the general custom of accenting nouns in this manner, when the' same word, as a verb, had the actvr.l nn the last, 4'Ji: but a closer inspection into the analogic., of the language showed this pronounciation to be impro- per, as it. interfered with an universal rule, which was, c ALM ALT ^559. Fate 73, fir 77, fill 83, fat 84, m 93, m& 95 pine 105, pin 107 nA 182, m6ve 164, to pronounce the y like a in a final unaccented syllable. But whatever was the reason of this novelty, it now speiris to have subsided; and this word is generally pro. nounced with the accent on the second syllable, as it is uniformly marked by all the orthoepists in our language. ALMACANTER, al-ma-kan'tfrr, s. A circle drawn parallel to the horizon. ALMACANTER'S STAFF, al-ma-kan'turz-staP, s. An instrument used to take observations of the sun, about the time of its rising and setting. ALMANACK, al'ma-nak, S. 81. A calendar. AI.MANDINE, al'man-dine, s. 149. A ruby, coarser and lighter than the oriental ALMIGHTINESS, al-mi'td-nss, s. Omnipotence, one of the attributes of God. ALMIGHTY, al-ml't, a. 81. 4-06. Of unlimited power, omnipotent. ALMOND, a'mund, s. 401. The nut of the almond tree. ALMOND THEE, a'mund-tree, s. It has leaves and flowers very like those of the peach tree. ALMONDS, a'mundz, s. The two glands of the throat ; the tonsils. ALMONER, al'muri-tr, s. 84. The officer of a prince, employed in the distribution of charity. ALMONRY, al'mfrn-r, s. The place where alms arc distributed. ALMOST, al'm6st, ad. 84'. Nearly, well nigh. ALMS, amz, s. 403. What is given in relief of the poor. Al.MSBASKET, amzljas-klt, s- The basket in which provisions are put to be given away. ALMSDEED, ainz'de^d, s. A charitable gift. ALMSGIVER, amz'giv-ur, s. He that supports others by his charity. A LMSHOUSE, amz'ho&se, S. An hospital for the poor. ALMSMAN, amz'man, s. A man who lives upon alms. ALMUG-TREE, al'mug-tr&, s. A tree mentioned in scripture. ALNAGER, al'na-jar, s. 88. A measurer by the ell ; a sworn officer, whose business formerly was to inspect the assize of woollen cloth. ALNAGE, al'naje, s. 90. Ell measure. ALNIGHT, al'nlte, s. Alnight is a great cake of wax, with the wick in the midst. ALOES, al'oze, s. A precious wood used in the east for perfumes, of which the best sort is of higher price than gold ; a tree which grows in hot countries ; a me- dicinal juice extracted from the common aloes tree. Jj^f This word is divided into three syllables by Mr Sheridan, and but into two by Dr Kenrick, Mr Perry, nounced in three syllables ; yet as we have the singular aloe in two syllables, we ought to form the plural accord- ing to our own analogy, and pronounce it iu t\vo syl- lables likewise. See Antipodes. ALOETICAL, al-6-^t'^-kal, a. Consisting chiefly of aloes. ALOFT, a-loft/, ad. On high, in the air. ALOFT, a-l&ft', prep. Above. ALOGY, al'6-jt*, s. Unreasonableness; absurdity. ALONE, a-lAne', a. 545. Single ; without com- pany, solitary. 4.LONG, a-ling 7 , ad. At length; through any space measured lengthwise ; forward, onward : in company with. Al-OOF, "-156P, ad. At a distance. ALOUD, a-loud', ad. Loudly, with a great noise. A LOW, a-l by Dr Johnson, but undoubtedly ought to have double s as well as ceas- vient, embossment, and embarrassment. To AMATE, a-mate 7 , v. a. To terrify, to strike with horror. A MATEUR, am-a-tare 7 , s. A lover of any particular art or science ; not a professor. $& As this is a French word, it will be expected that every polite speaker should give the last syllable the French sound ; that which I have given, though not the exact pronunciation, approaches nearest to it AMATORIAL, ?.m-a-to're-al, a. Concerning love. AMATORY, am'a-tur-re, a. 512. 555. Relating to love. AMAUROSIS, am-au.ro'sls, s. 520. A dimness of sight, not from any visible defect in the eye, but from some distemperature in the inner parts, occasioning thp representations of flies and dust floating before the oyes. To AMAZE, a-maze 7 , v. a. To confuse with terror; to put into confusion with wonder ; to put into por- plexity. 19 AMAZE, a-maze', s. Astonislunent, confusion, either of fear or wonder. AMAZEDLY, a-ma'zd-l, ad. 364. Confusedly, with amazement. AMAZEUNESS, a-ma'zd-nes, s. 365. The state of being amazed, wonder, confusion. AMAZEMENT, a-maze / mnt, s. Confused appro. hension, extreme fear, horror; extreme dejection height of admiration ; wonder at an unexpected event. AMAZING, a-ma'zlng, part. a. Wonderful, aston. ishing. AMAZINGLY, a-ma'zlng-ld, ad. To a degree that may excite astonishment. AMAZON, am'a-zun, s. 166. The Amazons were a race of women famous for valour ; a virago. j{5" This word has the accent on the first syllable, con- trary to the Latin original, which has it on the second ; while the following word Ambages has the same penulti- mate accent, as in Latin. AMBAGES, am-ba'jz, s. 503. A circuit of words, a multiplicity of words. AMBASSADE, am-bas-sade', s. Embassy. Not in use. AMBASSADOR, am.bas'sa-d&r, s. 418. A person sent in a public manner from one sovereign power to another. See Honour. AMBASSADRESS, am-bas'sa-dr^s, s. The lady of an ambassador ; a woman sent on a message. AMBASSAGE, amTjas-saje, s. 90. An embassy. AMBER, am1)ur, s. 98. A yellow transparent sub- stance of a gummous or bituminous consistence. AMBER, am'bur, a. Consisting of amber. AMBER-DRINK, im'bur-drmk, s. Drink of the colour of amber. AMBERGRIS, am'bur- grdse, s. 112. A fragrant drug that melts almost like wax, used both as a per- fume and a cordial. AMBER-SEED, am'bur-seed, s. Musk-seed; it resembles millet AMBER-TREE, am'bur.tree, s. A shrub whose beauty is in its small evergreen leaves. , AMBIDEXTER, am-b(i-dex'ter, s. A man who has equally the use of both his hands ; a man who is equally ready to act on either side in party disputes. AMBIDEXTERITY, am-be-dex-t^r're-t^, s. The quality of being able equally to use both hands ; double dealing. AMBIDEXTROUS, am-W-dx'trus, a. Having, with equal facility, the use of either hand ; double dealing, practising on both sides. AMBIDEXTROUSNESS. am-b^-dex'trus-nes, s. The quality of being ambidextrous, AMBIENT, ani't)d-6nt, a. Surrounding, encompas- sin fe- AjIBIGtT, am'be-gfij s. An entertainment consisting of a medley of dishes. AMBIGUITY, am-W-gu'e-t^, s. Doubtfulness of meaning ; uncertainty of signification. AMBIGUOUS, am-big'u-us, a. Doubtful, having two meanings ; using doubtful expressions. AMBIGUOUSLY, am-blg'u-us-le, ad. In an am- biguous manner, doubtfully. AMBIGUOUSNESS, am-big'it-iis-nes, s. Umvr tainty of meaning; duplicity of signification. AMEII.OGY, am-bil'lo-je, s. 518. Talk of am- biguous signification. AMEILOQUOUS, am-billo-kwus, a. 518. Using ambiguous expressions. AMBII.OQUY, am-bil'6-kwe, s. 518. Ambiguity of expression. AMBIT, am'blt, S. The compass or circuit of any thing. AMBITION, am-bish'un, s. 507. The desire of preferment or honour ; the desire of any thing great or excellent. AMBITIOUS, am-bisfrus, a. 459. Seized or touch. ed with ambition, desirous of advancement, aspiring. AMBITIOUSLY, am-blsh'frs-l^, ad. With agernew of advancement or preference. C2 AMD AMP gT 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81 m^ 93, m6t 95 pine 105, pin 107 116 162, mive 1GK AMBITIOUSNESS, am-bish'&s-n5s, s. The quality of being ambitious. AMBITUDE, anVW-thde, s. 463. Compass, cir- cuit To AMBLE, am'bl, v. n. 405. To move upou an amble, to pace ; to move easily ; to walk daintily. AMBLE, am'bl, s. 405. An easy pace. AMBLER, am'blur, s. 98. A pacer. AMBLJNGLY, am'bllng-te, ad. with an ambling movement A.MBROSIA, am-bro'zh<*-a, s. 505. The imaginary food of the gods ; the name of a plant JjC^- Mr Sheridan has pronounced this and the follow- ng word a>n-bro-sha and am-6ro-sftat. Dr Kenrick has ivided them into the same number of syllables, but has iveii the* the flat aspiration, like xh. That this is the rue sound, see letter S. No. 453; and that these words ought to be divided into four syllables, see Syllabication, No. 542, 54a AMBROSIAL, am-br AMNIOS, am'ne-6s, 166. \ s ' The innermost membrane with which the foetus in the womb is immediately covered. AMOEBEAN, am-d-be'an, a. Verses alternatively responsible. AMOMUM, a-mcAnum, s. A sort of fruit AMONG, a-mung', > AMONGST, a-mgngsf, \ Mingled with ; conjoined with others, so as to make part of the number. AMORIST, am'6-rlst, s. An inamorato, a gallant AMOROUS, am'6-rus, a. 544. Enamoured ; natu- rally inclined to love, fond ; belonging to love. AMOROUSLY, am'o-r&s-l4, ad. Fondly, lovingly. AMOROUSNESS, am'6-r&s-n&, s. Fondness, lov- ingness. AMORT, a-m3rt', ad. Depressed, spiritless. AMORTIZATION, a-mor-t^-za'shtin, AMORTIZEMENT, a-mortlz-ment, The right or act of transferring lands to mortmain. To AMORTIZE, a-mortlz, v. n. 140. To alien lands or tenements to any corporation. ft^f" I have made the last syllable of this word short, contrary to Mr Sheridan's pronunciation of it, not only because it is so pronounced by Mr Scott and Ur Keurick, but because it is agreeable to the general rule. To AMOVE, a-moove / , v. a. To remove from a post or station ; to remove, to move, to alts-r. To AMOUNT, a-mount', v. n. To ri=e to ir, the accumulative quality. AMOUNT, a-mount', s. The sum total. AMOUR, a-mOor 7 , s. An affair of gallantry, an in- trigue. AMPHIBIOUS, am-fib^-fis, a. That which can live in two elements. AMPHIBIOUSNESS, am-fib'^-fis-nes, s. The qual. ity of being able to live in different elements. AMPHIBOLOGICAL, am-f-b6-lod'je-kal, a. 503. Doubtful, j AMP ANA n.5r 107, not 163 tube 171, t&b 172, bill 173 oil 29!) pound 313 thin 466, Tins 469. AMPHIBOLOGY, am-fe-b61'6-jt}, s. Discourse of uncertain meaning, AMPHIBOLOUS, am-fib'bo-lus, a. Tossed from one to another. AMPHIBRACH, am'fe-brak, AMPHIBRACHYS, am'fe-brak-ez, A foot, consisting of three syllables, having one syl- lable long in the middle, and a short one on each side. AMFHISBJENA, im-fis-b&ni, s. 92. A serpent supposed to have two heads. AMPHITHEATRE, am-fe-f/j^'a-t&r, s. 516. A building in a circular or oval form, having its area encompassed with rows of seats oue above another. AMPLE, am'pl, a. 405. Large, wide, extended, great in bulk ; unlimited, without restriction ; liberal, large, without parsimony ; diffusive, not contracted. AMPLENESS, am'pl-ns, s. Largeness, liberality. To AMPLIATE, am'pld-ate, v. a. To enlarge, to extend. AMPLIATION, am-ple-a'shun, S. Enlargement, exaggeration ; diffuseness. To AMPLIFICATE, am-pHf-kate, v. a. To en- large, to amplify. AMPLIFICATION, am-pl^-fe-ka'shfin, s. Enlarge- ment, extension ; exaggerated representation. AMPLIFIER, am'ple-fi-frr, s. 98. One that exaggerates. To AMPLIFY, ain'ple-fi, v. a. 183. To enlarge; to exaggerate any thing; to improve by new additions. To AMPLIFY, am'ple-fi, j>. n. To lay one's self out in diffusion ; to form pompous representations. AMPLITUDE, am'ple-tude, s. Largeness, great- ness ; copiousness, abundance. AMPLY, ' ain'pl e, ad. Largely, liberally ; copiously. To AMPUTATE, ain'pu-tate, v. a. To cut off a limb. AMPUTATION, am-pu-ta'sh?Ul, S. The operation of cutting off a limb, or other part of the body. AMULET, am'u-let, s. A charm ; a thing hung about the neck, for preventing or curing a disease. To AMUSK, a-nu'ize', V. a. To entertain the mind with harmless trifling' ; to engage the attention ; to deceive by artful management. AMUSEMENT, a-muze'mdnt, s. That which amu- ses, entertainment. AMUSER, a-mu'zur, s. He that amuses. AMUSIVE, a-miYsiv, a. 158. 428, That which hits the power of amusing. AMYGDALATE, a-mlg'di-late, a. r>. ade of alm- onds. AMYGDALIXE, a-mlg'da-Hn, a. 149. Resembling a'innnds. AN, an, art. One, but with less emphasis ; any, or some. ft-^?" Tliis indefinite, and, as it may be called, euphonic article, is said by all our Grammarians to be used before a vowel or h mute ; but no notice is taken of using a instead of it before what is called a vowel, as a useful book, a usual ceremony, a usurer, 8cc. ; nor is any mention made of its constant usage before h when it is not miite, if the accent of the word be on the second syllable, as, an heroic artinn, an historical account, &c. This want of accuracy arises from a want of analyzing the vowels, and not attending sufficiently to the influence of accent on pronunciation. A proper investigation of the power of the vowels would have informed our Grammarians, that the letter u, when long, is not so properly a voivel as a semi-consonant, and perfectly equivalent to commenc- ing y 8 ; and that a feeling of this has insensibly in- fluenced the best speakers to prefix a to it in their con- versation, while a confused idea of the general rule aris- ing from an ignorance of the nature of the letters has ge- nerally induced them to prefix an to it in writing. The same observations are applicable to the h. The ear alone tells us, that before heroic, historical, &c. the an ought invariably to be used , but by not discov-ering that it is Jie absence of accent on the fi that makes an admissible a these word?, we are apt to prefix an to words where the h is sounded, as an hone, an house, &c. and thus set our spoken and written language at variance. This seem ; tetter to account for the want of accuracy in this article 21 than a conjecture I once heard from Dr Johnson, that our ancestors, particularly in the time of the Spectator, where this misapplication of the article frequently oc- curs, did not pronounce the h at the beginning of words so often as we do. However this may be, it seems ne- cessary, to a correctness of language, to make our ortho- graphy and pronunciation as consistent as possible : for which purpose it may not be useless to attend to the fol- lowing general rules. The article A must be used before all words beginning with a consonant, and before the vowel u when long : and the article An must be used before all words beginning with a vowel, except long ; before words beginning with A mute, as an hour, anneir, &c. or before words where the A is not mute, if the accent be on the second syllable, as an heroic action, an historical account, &c. For the few words in our language, where the h is mute, see this letter in the Principles, No. 394: and for a just idea of the letter u, and the reason why it admits of an before it when long, see Principles, No. 8, and the Notes upon it. ALNACAMPTICK, an-a-kam'tlk, a. Reflecting, or reflected. ANACAMPTICKS, an-a_kam'tlks, s. The doctrine of reflected light, or catoptricks. ANACATHARTICK, an-a-ka-tfwr'tlk, s. Any medi- cine that works upwards. ANACHORITE, an-ak'6-rite, s. 155. A monk, who leaves the convent for a more solitary life. ANACHRONISM, an-ak'kro-nlzm, s. Auerrour iu computing time. ANACLATICKS, an-a-klatlks, s. The doctrine of refracted light ; dioptricks. ANADIPLOSIS, an-a-de-plo'sls, s. 520. Redupli- cation ; a figure in rhetorick. ANAGRAM, an'a-gram, s. A conceit arising from the letters of a name transposed so as to form some other word or sentence. ANAGRAMMATISM, an-a-gram'ma-tlzm, s. 434. The art or practice of making anagnans. ANAGRAMMATIST, an-a-gram'ml-tlst, s. A maker of anagrams. To ANAGRAMMATIZE, an-a-gram'ma-tlze, v. n. 159. To make anagrams. ANALEPTICK, an-a-lep'tlk, a. Comforting, corro- borating. ANALOGICAL, an-a-16dje'e-kal, a. Used by way of analogy. ANALOGICALLY, an-a-lodje'e-kal-le, ad. In an analogical manner ; in an analogous manner. ANALOGICALNESS, an-a-lSdje'e-klLnes, s. The quality of being analogical. To ANALOGIZE, a-nal'16-jlze, v. a. To explain by way of analogy. ANALOGOUS, a-nal'16-gns, a. 314. Having an- alogy, having something parallel. ANALOGY, a-nal'16-je, S. 518. Resemblance be- tween things with regard to some circumstances v< effects. ANALYSIS, a-nalle-sls, s. 520. A separation of any compound into its several parts ; a solution of any thing, whether corporal or mental, to its first element*. ANALYTICAL, an-a-lit't-kal, a. That which re- solves any thing Jnto first principles ; that which pro- ceeds by analysis. ANALYTICALLY, an-a-lit'te-kal-le, ad. The man- ner of resolving compounds into the simple constituent or component parts. To ANALYZE, an'i-llze, v. a. To resolve a c.>n-. pound into its first principles. ANALYZER, an'a-li-zur, s. 98. That which ! as the power of analyzing. ANAMORPHOSIS, an-a-m3r-f6'sls, s. Deforma- tion; perspective projection, so that at one point of view it shall appear deformed, in another an exact re- presentation. jj^= I have accented this word on the penultimate, RI Dr Johnson and Mr Sheridan have done ; as it is a tech. meal word, and not naturalised like metamorphosis. Sea Principles, No. 520. ANANAS, a-ni'iias, *. The pine apple. ANAPAEST, an'i-pest, s. A foot consisting of three ANA ANG ^- 55&. Fate 73, fir 77, fall 83, fAt 81 me 93, met 95 -pine 105, pin 107 no 162, move 16V, syllables ; two short and one long ; the reverse of the dactyle. ANAPAESTIC, an-a-pi-s'tlk, a. Belonging to an ana- paest. ANAPHORA, ft-nif&-r&, S. 92. A figure when sev- eral clauses of a sentence are begun with the same word. ANARCH, an'ark, s. 353. Ail author of confusion. ANARCHIAL, a-narlce-al, 1 ANARCHIC, i-nar'kik, } Confused, without rule. ANARCHY, an'ar-ke, s. Want of government, a state without magistracy. ANASARCA, an-a-sar'ka, s. 92. A sort of dropsy, where the whole substance is stufted with pituitous humours. ANASTROPHE, a-nas'tro-fe, s. 518. A figure where- by words, which should have been precedent, are post- poned. ANATHEMA, a-na **> The old age of women. ANIMABLE, an'^-mi-bl, a. 405. That which may be put into life. ANIMADVERSION, an--mad-vr'sh&n, s. Re- proof; severe censure; observation. ANIMADVERSIVE, an-^-mad-ver'siv, a. 428. That has the power of judging. To ANIMADVERT, an-e-mad-vlrt', ;;. n. To con- sider ; to observe ; to pass censures upon. ANIMADVEKTER, an-e-mad-v^r'tcir, s. He that passes censures, or observes upon. ANIMAL, an'(^-mal, s. A living creature, corpo- real : by way of contempt, we say a stupid man is an animal. ANIMAL, an'e_mal, a. That belongs or relates to animals : auimal is used in opposition to spiritual. ANIMALCULE, an-ii-mal'kule, s. A small animal. JtC^" This word is derived from the French, and forms its plural by adding- s; but this plural is sometimes ex- pressed by the Latin word animalcula, which being mis. taken for a singular by those who have but a faint me- mory of their accidence, is sometimes made plural by the change of a into /). Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 m^ 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162. ni,'>ve IGl, ANTECESSOR, an-t^-s^s'sur, s. One who goes be- fore, or leads another. ANTECHAMBER, an't-tsham-b&r, s. The eiiam- oer that leads to the chief apartment. Sec Chamber. To ANTEDATE, an't^-date, v. a. To date earlier than the real time ; to date something before the pro- per time, ANTEDILUVIAN, an_td-d(MiVv-an, a. Existing before the deluge ; relating to things existing before the deluge. ANTELOPE, an't^-lope, s. A goat with curled or wreathed horns. ANTEMERIDIAN, an-t^-m^-rldj'e-'m, a. 294. 376. 507. Being before noon. ANTEMETICK, an-td-mt1k, a. That has the power of preventing or stopping vomiting. ANTEMUNDANE, an-t^-mfrii'dane, a. That which was before the world. ANTEPAST, an'td-paSt, S. A fore-taste. ANTEPENULT, an-t-p-nult', s. The last syllable but two. ANTEPILEPTICK, ant-p-e-l^p / tik, a. A medicine against convulsions. To ANTEPONE, an't-pone, v. a. To prefer one thing to another. ANTEPREDICAMENT, an-t&-pr-dlk'i-ment, s. Something previous to the doctrine of the predicaments. ANTERIORITY, an-t^-r^-Sr^-ti, s. Priority ; the state of being before. ANTERIOUR, an-tt^rd-frr, v. Going before. DC5- Now more commonly and better written Anterior ANTES, an't^z, s. Pillars of large dimensions that support the front of a building. ANTESTOMACH, an't^-st&m'uk, s. 16G. A cavity that leads into the stomach. ANTHELMINTHICK, an-lA&l-mln'lAlk, a. That which kills worms. ANTHEM, aivVAcm, s. A holy song. ANTHOLOGY, an-JASl'6-je, s. 518. A collection of flowers; a collection of devotions; a collection of poems. ANTHONY'S FIRE, an'to-nlz-fire', s. A kind o) erysipelas. ANTHRAX, an'-dz, s. Those people who, living on the other side of the globe, have their feet directly opposite to ours. 5^" We frequently hear disputes whether this word should be pronounced in four syllables, as it is here, with the accent on the second, or in three, as if divided into an-ti-podes, with the accent on the first syllable, and the last rhyming with abodes. To solve the difficulty it must be observed, that the word is pure Latin ; and that when \ve adopt such words into our own language, we seldom alter the accent. If, indeed, the singular of this word were in use like satellite, 155, then we ought to form the plural regularly, and pronounce it in three syl- lables only ; but as it is always used in the plural, and is perfect Latin, we ought to pronounce it in four. " To counterpoise this hero of Itic mode, " Some for renown are singular and odd; " Wliat other men dislike is sure to please, "Of all mankind, these dear anti : -I'drs : " And birlh-dajs are their days c.'f dressing ill. till, of Fame. lie that usurps the A figure in grammar by which one case is put for another. ANTIQUARY, an'te-kwa-re, s. A man studious of antiquity. 25 ANTIPOPE, an'te-pope, s. yiopedom. ANTIPTOSIS, an-tlp-to'sis, ,?. 520. APE 511 299 p5und 313 thin 4-60, ruis 4-69. To ANTIQUATE, an'ttLkwate, v a. To make obsolete. ANTIQUATEDNESS, an'te-kwa-ted-nes, s. The state of being obsolete. ANTIQUE, an-te'ek', a. 112. Ancient, not modern ; of genuine antiquity ; of old fashion. ANTIQUE, an-tlek', s. 112. An antiquty, a remain of ancient times. ANTIQUENESS, an-te'e'k'ne's, s. The quality of being antique. ANTIQUITY, an-tlk'kwe-te, s. Old times; the ancients ; remains of old times ; old age. ANTISCORBUTICAL, in'te-skor-bii'te-kal, a. Good against the scurvy. ANTISPASIS, an-tls'pa-sls, . The revulsion of any humour. ANTISPASMODICK, an'te-spaz-m&d'ik, a. That which has the power of relieving the cramp. ANTISPASTICK, an-td-spas'tlk, a. Medicines which cause a revulsion. .ANTISPLENETICK, an't^-sple'n'd-tlk, a. Effica- cious in diseases of the spleen. ANTISTROPHE, an-t!s'tro-f, s. In an ode sung in parts, the second stanza of every three. ANTISTRUMATICK, an'te-stru-matlk, a. Good against the king's evil. ANTITHESIS, an-tl'/. APOTHEGM, ap'6y/n'*!v-le, ad. in HH be applied. apprehensive manner. A PPLIC \BI.ENESS, ap'pte-ka-bl-nSs, s. Fitness APPHEHENSIVENESS, ftp-pre-hen'slv-nes, s. The to be applied. quality <> f being apprehensive. ployment of any means for a certain end ; intenseness of thought, close study ; attention to some particular affair. APPLICATIVE, ap'ple-ka-tlv, a. 512. Belonging to application. APPI.ICATORY, ap'ple-ki-t&r-e, a. 512. Belonging to the act of applying. To APPLY, a-pli', V. a. To put one thing to another ; to lay medicaments upon a wound ; to make use of as relative or suitable ; to put to a certain use ; to fix the mind upon, to study; to have recourse to, ss a petitioner ; to plj;, to keep at work. To APPOINT, ip_point', v. a. To fix any thing ; to establish any thing by decree ; to furnish in all points, to equip. APPOINTER, ap-poin'tur, s. 98. He that settles or fixes. APPOINTMENT, ap-polnt'm<5nt, s. stipulation ; decree, establishment; direction, order; equipment, furniture; an allowance p:iid to any man. To APPORTION, ap-pure'shan, v. a. To set out in just proportions. APPORTIONMENT, ap-pori/shan-ment', s. A dividing into portions. To APPOSE, ;\p-])6ze / , V. a. To put questions to. APPOSITE, ap'po-zlt, a. 156. Proper, fit, well adapted. APPOSITELY, ap'po-zlt-le, ad. Properly, fitly, suitably. APPOSITENESS, ap'po-zit-nes, s. Fitness, pro- propriety, suitableness. APPOSITION, ap-po-zlsh'fin, s. The addition of new matter ; in grammar, the putting of two nouns in the same case. To APPRAISE, ap-prize 7 , v. a. To set a price upon any thing. APPRAISEMENT, ap-pra/e'me'nt, s. The act of appraising ; a valuation. APPRAISER, ap-pra'zftr, s. 98. A person ap- pointed to set a price upon things to be sold. 1o APPRECIATE, ap-pre'she-ate, v. a. JJ^-'fhis word is not in Johnson ; and I'ailey, who h:n it, seems not to have given its present signification, fur he explains it, " to set a high value or esteem upon any thing;" for my recollection fails me, if it has not been generally used in the sense of the French word it i-omes from, Apprecier, to appraise, to rate, to value, to declare the just price of any thing, as nearly synony- mous to the English word to estimate. APPRECIABLE, ap-pre'she-a-bl, a. ftcj- This word is the genuine offspring of the former ; and if we admit the parent, we cannot refuse the child, especi;dly as the latter seems of more use than the for- mer ; for though we may pretty well supply the place of appreciate by estimate, we have not so good a word as fi/iprcrinbte to express the capability of being estimated. To APPREHEND, ap-pre-hnd', v. a. To lay hold on ; to seize, in order for trial or punishment ; to con- ceive by the mind ; to think on with terror, to fear. APPREHENDER, ap-prd-hen'd&r, s. One who apprehends. APPREHENSIBLE, ap-pre-heWse-H, a. 160. That which may be apprehended or conceived. APPREHENSION, ap-pre-he'n'sh&n, s. The mere contemplation of thing* ; opinion, sentiment, concep- tion ; the faculty by which we conceive new ideas; fear; suspicion of something; seizure. APPREHENSIVE, ap-pre-heu'slv, a, 158. Quick to un i;Thtaiid ; fearful. 28 The years of an apprentice's servitude. APPRENTICESHIP, ap-prcn'tls-shlp, s. The years which, an apprentice is to pass under a master. To APPRIZE, ap-prlze', v. a. To inform. To APPROACH, ap-protsh', v- n. To dra\v near locally ; to draw near, as time; to make a progress towards, mentally. To APPROACH, ap-protsb/, v. a. To bring near to. APPROACH, 5p-protsh', s. The act of drawing near ; access ; means of advancing. APPROACHER, ap-pnVtshur, s. 98. The pei-Min that approaches. APPROACHMENT, ap-pr6tsh'me'nt, s. The act of coming near. APPROBATION, 3p-pr6-ba'shfin, s. The act of approving, or expressing himself pleased; the liking of any thing; attestation, support. APPROOF, ap-pro6P, s. Commendation. Obsolete. To APPROPINQUE, ap-pro-pink', v. n. To draw near to. Not in use. APPROPRIABLE, ap-pro'pre-a-bl, a. That which may be appropriated. To APPROPRIATE, ap-prc/pre-ate, v. a. 9 ! . To consign to some particular use or person ; to claim or exercise an exclusive right, to make peculiar, to annex ; in law, to alienate a benefice. APPROPRIATE, ap-pnVpre-ate, a. 91. Peculiar, consigned to some particular use or person. APPROPRIATION, ap-pro-pre-a'shun, s. The application of something to a particular purpose ; the claim of any thing as peculiar ; the fixing of a par ticular signification to a word ; in law, a severing of a benefice ecclesiastical to the proper and perpetual use of some religious house, or dean and chapter, bishop- rick, or college. APPROPRIATOR, ap-pro-pre-a'tiir, s. 98. He that is possessed of an appropriated benefice. APPROVABLE, ap-prod'va-bl, a. 405. That which merits approbation. APPROVAL, ap-prooVal, s. Approbation. APPROVANCE, &p-proo'vanse, s- Approbation. Not in use. To APPROVE, ap-proov 7 , v. a. To like, to be cased with ; to express liking; to prove, to show ; to experience ; to make worthy of approbation. APPROVEMENT, ap-proov'mtfnt, s. Approbation, liking. APPROVER, ap-proo'v&r, s. 98. He that ap- proves ; ho that makes trial ; in law, one that, con- fessing felony of himself, accu-es another. To APPROXIMATE, ap.prSks'e-mate, v. n. 91. To approach, to draw near to. DCS- This word, as a verb, is not in Johnson ; but its very frequent use among good writers and speakers is a sufficient authority for its insertion here, without the. trouble of searching for a precedent. APPROXIMATE, ap-proks't^-mate, a. Near to. APPROXIMATION, ap-prok-se-ma'shcm, s. Ap- proach to any thing; continual approach nearer still, and nearer to the quantity sought. APPUI.SE, ap'pulse, S. The act of striking against any thing. APPURTENANCE, ap-pur't^-nanse, s. That which belong? to something else, which is considered as the principal. APRICOT, or APRICOCK, a'pre-kfit, s, A idud of wall-fruit. APR ARC nor 167, n5t 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173-511 29f>, pSund 313 thin 4G6,Tnis 4G9. &J- The latter manner of writing this word is grown vulgar. APRIL, a'pril, S. The fourth month in the year, January counted first. APRON, a'purn, s. 417. A cloth hung before, to keep the other dress clean, or for ornament APRON, a'purn, s. 417. A piece of lead which covers the touch-hole of a great gun. APRONED, a'purnd, a. 362. Wearing an apron. APSIS, ap'sls, s. The higer apsis is denominated aphelion, or apogee ; the lower, perihelion, or perigee. APT, apt, a. Fit ; having a tendency to ; inclin- ed to ; ready, quick, as an apt wit , qualified for. To APTATE, ap'tate, v. a. 91. To make fit APTITUDE, ap'td-tude, s. Fitness ; tendency ; disposition. APTLY, apt1, ad. Properly, fitly ; justly, per- tinently ; readily, acutely j as, he learned his business very aptly. APTNESS, apt'n^S, s. Fitness, suitableness ; dis- position to any thing; quickness of apprehension ; tendency. APTOTE, ap'tote, s. A noun which is not declin- ed with cases. AQUA, a'kwa, s. 92. Water. AQUA-FORTIS, ak-kwa-for'tis, s,- A corrosive liquor made by distilling purified nitre with calcined vitriol. AQUA-MARINA, ak-kwa-ma-ri'na, s. The Beryl. AQUA-VIT^aE, ak-k\va-\i't, S. Brandy. AQUATICK, a-k\vat'lk, a. That which inhabits the water ; that which grows in the water. . AQUATILE, ak'kwa-til, a. 145. 503. That which inhabits the water. AQUEDUCT, akltwe-dukt, s. A. conveyance made for carrying water. AQUEOUS, a^vv^-frs, a. 534. Watery. AQUEOUSNESS, iVkwe-us-nes, s. Waterishness. AQUILINE, ak'w-lin, a. 145. Resembling an eagle ; when applied to the nose, hooked. AQHOSE, a-kwose', a. Watery. See Appendix. AQUOSITY, a-k\V&s'd-t, S. 511. Wateriness. ARABIC, ar'a-blk, a. Of Arabia, written in ite language. ABABLE, ar'a-bl, a. 405. Fit for tillage. JtJ- The a in the first syllable of this word has the short sound as much as if the r were double. The same may be observed of every accented o before r, followed by a vowel, 81, 168. ARANEOUS, a-ra'n-us, a. Resembling a cobweb. ARATION, a-ra'shun, s. The act or practice of ploughing. ABATOBY, ar'a-tur-rd, a. 512. That which con- tributes to tillage. ARBALIST, ar'ba-llst, s. 503. A cross-bow. ARBITER, ar'be-tur, s. 98. A judge appointed by the parties, to whose determination they voluntarily submit; a judge. ARBITRABLE, arT)d-tra-bl, a. Arbitrary, depend- ing upon the will. ARBITRAMENT, ar-blt'tra-mnt, s. Will, deter- mination, choice. ARBITRARILY, ar'be-tra-rd-ld, ad. With no other rule than the will ; despotically, absolutely. ARBITRARINESS, ar^-tra-r^-n^s, s. Despotical- .ness. ARBITRARIOUS, ar-be-tra'r-us, a. Arbitrary, de- pending on the will. ARBITRARIOUSLY, ar-b-tra'ri.us-ld, ad. Ac- cording to mere will and pleasure. ARBITRARY, ar'be-tra-re, a. Despotick, absolute ; depending on no rule, capricious. To ARBITRATE, ar'b^-trate, v. a. 91. To decide, to determine ; to judge of. ABBITBATION, ar-be-tra'shiui, s. The determina- 29 tion of a cause by a judge mutually agreed 011 by the parties. ARBITRATOR, ar'bd-tra-tur, s. 521. An extra- ordinary judge between party and party, chosen by their mutual consent, a governor; a president; he that has the power of acting by his own choice ; the determiner. ARBITREMENT, ar-blt'tre-mdnt, S. Decision, de- termination ; compromise. ABBITBESS, ar'be-tress, s. A female arbiter. ABBORARY, ar/bo-ra-r^, a. 512. Of or belonging to a tree. ABBORET, ar y b6-rtk, s. A small tree or shrub. ARBORIST, ar'bo-rlst, S. A naturalist who makes trees his study. ARBOROUS, ar'bo-rus, a. 314. Belonging to trees. ARBOUR, ar'bur, s. 314. A bower. ABBUSCLE, arMs-sl, s. 351.405. Any little shrub. ABBUTE, ar-bute', s. Strawberry tree. ARC, ark, s. A segment ; a part of a circle ; an arch. ABCADE, ar-kade 7 , s. A continued arch. ARCANUM, ar-ka'num, s. 503. (Plural Arcana.) A secret. ARCH, artsh, s. Part of a circle, not more than the half ; a building in form of a segment of a circle, used for bridges ; vault of heaven ; a chief. To ARCH, artsh, v. a. To build arches ; to cover with arches. ARCH, artsh, a. Chief, of the first class ; waggish, mirthful. ARCHANGEL, ark-ane'j^l, s. 354. One of the highest orders of angels. 33- The accent is sometimes on the first syllable,' though not so properly. ARCHANGEL, ark-ane^jel, s. A plant, dead nettle. ABCHANGELICK, ark-an-j11Ik, a. Belonging to archangels. ARCHBEACON, artsh-beTin, s. 170. The chief place of prospect, or of signal. ARCHBISHOP, artsh-blsh'np, s. 354. A bishop of the first class, who superintends the conduct of other bishops his suffragans. ARCHBISHOPRICK, artsh-bish'&p-rlk, s. The state, province, or jurisdiction of an archbishop. ARCHCHANTER, artsh-tshan'tQr, *. The chief chanter. ARCHDEACON, artsh-de'kn, s. 170. One that sup. plies the bishop's place and office. ARCHDEACONRY, artsh-d^kn-rt*, s. The office or jurisdiction of an archdeacon. ARCHDEACONSHIP, artsh-de'kn-ship, s. The of- fice of an archdeacon. ARCHDUKE, artsh-duke', S. A title given to princes of Austria and Tuscany. ARCHDUCHESS, artsh-dutsh'ls, s. The sister or daughter of the archduke of Austria. ARCHPHILOSOPHER, artsh-fe-16s'6-fi\r, s. Chief philosopher. ARCHPRELATE, artsh-pr11ate, s. 91. Chief pre- late. ARCHPRESBYTER, artsh-pr^z'be-t^r, s. Chief presbyter. ARCHAIOLOGY, ar-ka-ol'6-j^, s. 518. A discourse of antiquity. ARCHAIOI.OGICK, ar-ka-d-lod'jlk, a. Relating to a discourse on antiquity. ARCHAISM, ar'ka-lzm, s. 353. An ancient phrase. ARCHED, ar'tsh^d, part. a. Bent in the form of an arch. Jf5 Words of this form are colloquially pronounced in one syllable ; and this syllable is one of the har?hpbt that can be imagined, for it sounds as if written artsht> 359. ARCHER, artsW&r, s. He that shoots with a bow. ARCHERY, artsh'ur-^, s. The use of the bow ; the act of shooting with the bow ; the art of an archer. . ARC ARK 55U Fate 73, fdr 77, fill 83, fit 81, md 93, mt 93 pine 103, pin 107 nA 162, mSve 161, ARGILLOUS, ar-jillos, a. 311. Consisting of clay, clayish. ARGOSY, ar'go-se, s. 503. A large yessel for merchandise, a carrack. To ARGUE, ar'gii, v. n. 355. To reason, to offer reasons ; to persuade by argument ; to dispute. ARGUER, ar'gu-fir, s. 98. A reasoner, a disputer. ARGUMENT, ar'gu-mint, s. A reason alleged for or against any thing ; the subject of any discourse or writing; the contents of any work summed up by way of abstract ; controversy. ARGUMENTAL, ar-gu-men'tal, a. Belonging to arguments. ARGUMENTATION, ar-gu-me'n-ta'shun, s. Rea- soning, the act of reasoning. ARGUMENTATIVE, ar-gu-m^n'ta-tlv, a. 512. Consisting of argument, containing argument ARGUTE, ar-gtite', a. Subtile, witty, sharp, shrill. ARID, art-Id, a. 81. Dry, parched up. See Arable. ARIDITY, a-rld'de-t, S. 511. Dryiiess, siccity; a kind of insensibility in devotion. ARIES, a're-ez, s. The ram j one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, To ARIETATE, a-ri'e-tate, v. n. 91. To butt like a ram. Jf^ I have, in this word, followed Dr Johnson, in placing the accent on the second syllable, and not on the first, according to Mr Sheridan, and Dr Ash ; but I do not very well know for what reason, unless it be that words of this termination derived from the Latin, gene- rally preserve the accent of the original. See Principles, No. 503. ARIETATION, a-ri--ta'shtm, s. The act of butting like a ram ; the act of battering with an engine c;Jled a ram. ARIETTA, a-re-et'ta, s. 534. A short air, song, or tone. ARIGHT, a-rite 7 , ad. 393. Rightly, without crrour; rightly, without crime ; rightly, without failing of the end designed. ARIOLATION, a-re-6-la'shtin, s. 531. Sooth- saying. To ARISE, a-rize 7 , V. n, pret. arose, part, arisen. To mount upward as the sun ; to get up as from sleep, or from rest ; to revive from death ; to cuter upon a new station ; to commence hostility. ARISTOCRACY, ar-is-tok'kra-se, s. That form of government which places the supreme power in the nobles. ARISTOCRATS, ar-ls-to-crat', S. A favourer of aristocracy. 1x3- In the fciry of the French revolution wo took up this word and its opposite Deii>criite; but if we could have waited till they bad been formed by our own ana- logy, they would have been Arittocratut and Dt'tiiucra- titt. ARISTOCRATICAL, ar-ris-to-krat'te-kal, a. 5U. Relating to aristocracy. ARISTOCRATICALNESS, ar-rls-to-krat'te-kal-nes, *. An aristocratical state. ARITHMANCY, a-ii/A'man-se, s. A foretelling of future events by numbers. ARITHMETICAL, ar-i/A-me't'te-kal, a. 527. Ac- cording to the rules or methods of arithmetick. ARITHMETICALLY, ar-M-met'te-kal-le, ad. in an arithmetical manner. ARITHMETICIAN, a-ri/A-me-tish'an, s. A master of the art of numbers. ARITHMETICK, a-rU/i'me-Uk, s. The science of numbers ; the art of computation. 5" There is a small, but a very general deviation from accuracy in pronouncing this word, which lies in giving the first i the sound of short e, as if written arethmelick. As this inaccuracy is but trifling, so it may be rectified without any great singularity. ARK, ark, s. See Art. 77. A vessel to swim upon the water, usually applied to that in which Noah was preserved from the universal deluge ; the repository of the covenant of God with the Jews ARCHES-COURT, artsh'e'z-cort, s. The chief and most ancient consistory that belongs to the archbishop of Canterbury, for the debating of spiritual causes. ARCHETYPE, dr'kcJ-tipe, s. 351. The original of which any resemblance is made. ARCHETYPAL, ar-k-ti'pal, a. Original. ARCHEUS, ar-ke^is, s. 353. A power that pre- sides over the animal economy. ARCHIDIACONAL, ar-ke-di-ak'i-nal, a. Belonging to an archdeacon. ARCHIEPISCOPAL, ar-ke'-e-pls'ko-pal, a. 35k Belonging to an archbishop. ARCHITECT, ar'ke-te'kt, s. 351. A professor of the art of building: a builder: the contriver of any tiling. ARCHITECTIVE, ar-ke'-te'k'tlv, a. That performs the work of architecture. ARCHITECTONICK, ar-k-te'k-t5n'n!k, a. 509. That which has the power or skill of an architect. ARCHITECTURAL, ar-ke-teV-tshh-r&l, a. Be- longing to architecture. ARCHITECTURE, ar'ke-ttlk-tshure, s. 161. The art or science of building ; the effect or performance of the science of building. ARCHITRAVE, ar'ke'-trave, s. That part of a column which lies immediately upon the capital, and is the lowest member of the entablature. ARCHIVES, ar'kivz, s. 351. The places where records or ancient writings are kept ARCHWISE, artsh'wize, a. 351. In the form of an arch. ARCTATION, ark-ta'shun, s. Confinement ARCTICK, ark'tlk, a. Northern. ARCUATE, ar'ku-ate, a. 91. Bent in the form of an arch. ARCUATION, ar.ku-a'shfrn, s. The act of bending any thing, incurvation ; the state of being bent, cur- vity, or crookedness. ARCUBALISTER, ar-ku-bills-tur, s. A cross- bow man. ARDENCY, ar'den-S^, s. Ardour, eagerness. ARDENT, ardent, a. Hot, burning, fiery ; fierce, vehement ; passionate, affectionate. ARDENTLY, ar'd<-le, ad. Eagerly, affectionately. ARDOUR, ar'd&r, s. 311. Heat; heat of affection, as love, desire, courage. ARDUITY, ar-du'e-te, s. Height, difficulty. ARDUOUS, ar'ju-us, a. 293. 376. Lofty, hard to climb , difficult ARDUOUSNESS, ar'ju-us-ne's, s. 293. 376. Height, difficulty. ARE, ar, 75. Thn plural of the present tense of the verb To be. AREA, a're-a, s. 70. 515. 531. The surface con- tained between any lines or boundaries ; any open surface. To AREAD, a-reed', v. a. To advise, to direct Little used. AREFACTION, ar-re-fak'shun, s. The state of growing dry, the act of drying. 7o AREFY, ar're-fi, v. a. To dry. ARENACEOUS, ar-e-na'shus,527. ARKNOSE, ar-e-n6se / , See Appendix. ARENULOUS, a-ren'u-lus, a. Full of small sand, gravelly. AREOPAGITE, a-re-6p'i-jite, s. 156. A judge of the court of Areopagus in Athens. AREOTICK, a-re-&tlk, a. 531. Such medicines as open the pores- ARGENT, arjnt, a. Having the white colour used in the armorial coats of gentlemen, knights, and baronets ; silver, bright like silver. ARGIL, ar'jll, s. Potter's clay. ARGILLACEOUS, ar-jll-hVshus, a. Clayey, con- bUliiijf of argil, or potter's clay. 30 ARM ARS 167, n5t 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173611, 299 p3und 313 thin 466, THis 469. ARM, arm, s. See Art. The limb which reaches from the hand to the shoulder ; the large bough of a tree ; an inlet of water from the sea; power, might, as the secular arm. To ARM, arm, s. See Art. To furnish with armour of defence, or weapons of offence ; to plate with any thing that may add strength ; to furnish, to fit up. To ARM, arm, v. n. See Art. To take arms, to provide against ARMADA, ar-ma'da, An armament for sea. See Lumbago. ARMADILLO, ar_ma-dH16, s. A four-footed ani- mal of Brasil. ARMAMENT, ar'ma-meiit, s. 503. A naval force. ARMATURE, ai^ma-tshure, s. 461. Armour. ARMENTAL, ar-meWta!, ARMENTINE, airmen-tine, 149. Belonging to a drove or herd of Battle. ARMGAUNT, arm'gant, a. 214. Slender as the arm ; or rather, slender with want. ARM-HOLE, arm'hole, s. The cavity under the shoulder. ARMIGEROUS, ar-mld'jur-us, a. Bearing arms. ARMILLARY, ar'mll-la-re, a. Resembling a bracelet. See Maxillary. ARMILLATED, ar'mll-la-ted, a. Wearing brace- lets. ARMINGS, armlngz, s. The same with waist clothes. ARMIPOTENCE, ar-mlp'6-tense, s. 518. Power in war. ARMIPOTENT, ar.mlp'o-tent, a. Mighty in war. ARMISTICE, ar'me-stls, s. 503. 142. A short truce. ARMLET, armlet, S. A little arm ; a piece of ar- mour for the arm ; a bracelet for the arm. ARMONIACK, ar-mo'ne-ak, s. 505. The name of a salt. ARMORER, ar'mur-ur, s. 557. He that makes armour or weapons ; he that dresses another in ar- mour. ARMORIAL, ar-mo're-al, a. Belonging to the arms or escutcheon of a family. ARMORY, ar'mur-e', s. 557. The place in which arms are deposited for use ; armour, arms of defence ; ensigns armorial. ARMOUR, ar'mur, s. 314. Defensive arms. ARMOUR-BEARER, ar'mur-bare'ur, s. He that carries the armour of another. ARMPIT, arm'pit, s. The hollow place under the shoulder. ARMS, armz, s. 77. Weapons of offence, or ar- mour of defence ; a state of hostility ; war in general ; action, the act of taking arms ; the ensigns armorial of a family. ARMY, ar'me 1 , s. 482. A collection of armed men, obliged to obey their generals ; a great number. AROMATICAL, ar-6-mat'e-kal, AROMATICK, ar-6-mat'Ik, 527. Spicy ; fragrant, strong scented. AROMATICKS, ar-6-matlks, s. 527. Spice?. AROMATIZATION, ar-o-mat-e'-za'shtin, s. The act of scenting with spices. To AROMATIZE, iVro-ma-tlze, v. a. To scent with spices ; to impregnate with spices; to scent, to perfume. AROSE, a-roze 7 , 554. The preterite of the verb Arise. AROUND, a-round', ad. In a circle, on every side. AROUND, a-round', prep. 545. About To AROUSE, a-rouze', v. a. To wake from sleep ; to raise up, to excite. A ROW, a-ro 7 , ad. In a row. AROYNT, a-rolnt', ad. Be gone, away. ARQUEBUSE, ar'kwe'-bus, s. A hand gun. 31 ARQUEBUSIER, ar-k\ve ! -bfis-e ; er / , s. 275. A soldier armed with an arquebuse. ARRACK, ar-rak', s. A spirituous liquor. To ARRAIGN, ar-rane 7 , v. a. To set a thing in order, in its place ; a prisoner is said to be arraigned, when he is brought forth to his trial ; to accuse, to charge with faults in general, as in controversy or in satire. ARRAIGNMENT, ar-rane'm^nt, s. The act of ar- raigning, a charge. To ARRANGE, ar-ranje 7 , v. a. To put in the proper order for any purpose. ARRANGEMENT, ar-ranje'ment, s. The act of putting in proper order, the state of being put in order. ARRANT, arrant, a. 81. 82. Bad in a high de- gree. ARRANTLY, ar'rant-le 1 , ad. Corruptly, shamefully ARRAS, ar'ras, s. 81. 82. Tapestry, ARRAUGHT, ar-rawt', part. a. Seized by violence Out of use. ARRAY", ar-ra.', s. Dress : order of battle ; in law, the ranking or setting in order. To ARRAY, ar-ra', v. a. To put in order ; to deck, to dress. ARRAYERS, ar-ra'urs, s. Officers, who anciently had the care of seeing the soldiers duly appointed in their armour. ARREAR, ar-reeV, s. That which remains behind unpaid, though due. ARREARAGE, ar-ree'raje, s. 90. The remainder of an account. ARRENTATION, ar-ren-ta'shun, s. The licensing an owner of lands in the forest to enclose. ARREPTITIOUS, ar-re'p-tish'us, a. Snatched away; crept in privily. ARREST, ar-rest', s. In law, a stop or stay ; au arrest is a restraint of a man's person, any caption. To ARREST, ar-rest', v. a. To seize by a man- date from a court ; to seize any thing by law ; to seize, to lay hands on ; to withhold, to hinder; to stop mo- tion. AllRIERE, ar-reeV, S. The last body of an army. ARRISION, ar-rlzh'un, s. 451. A smiling upon. ARRIVAL, ar-rl'val, S. The act of coming to any place ; the attainment of any purpose. ARRIVANCE, ar-ri'vanse, s. Company coming. To ARRIVE, ar-rive 7 , V. n. To come to any place by water ; to reach any place by travelling , to reach any point ; to gain any thing ; to happen. To ARRODE, ar-rode 7 , v. a. To gnaw or nibble. ARROGANCE, ar'ro-ganse, ARROGANCY, ar'ro-gan-se, The act or quality of taking much upon one's self. ARROGANT, ar'ro-gant, a. 81, 82. Haughty, proud. ARROGANTLY, ai-'ro-gant-le, ad. In an arro- gant manner. ARROGANTNESS, arto-gant-ness, s. Arrogance* To ARROGATE, ar'ro-gate, v. a. 91. To claim vainly; to exhibit unjust claims. ARROGATION, ar-ro-ga'shun, s. A claiming in a proud manner. ARROSION, ar-ro'zhun, s. 451. A gnawing. ARROW, ar'ro, s. 327. The pointed weapon which is shot from a bow. ARROWHEAD, ar'ro-hM, s. A water plant. ARROWY, ar'ro-e 1 , a. Consisting of arrows. ARSE, arse, s. The buttocks. ARSE-FOOT, ars'fut, S. A kind of water-fowl. ARSE.SMART, ars'smart, s. A plant ARSENAL, ar'se-nal, S. A repository of things requisite to war, a magazine. ARSENICAL, ar-se'n'e-kal, a. Containing arson ick. ARSENICK, arse'nlk, s. A mineral substance ; a violent corrosive poison . ART ASH IPT559. Fate 73, fir 77, fill 83, futSl mi 93, me"t 95 pine 105, pin 107 ni 162, move 101, ART, art, s. 77. The power of doing something not taught by nature and instinct ; a science, as the liberal arts ; a trade ; artfulness, skill, dexterity ; cun- ning. 8C5* As a before r, followed by a vowel, has the short or fourth sound, so when it is followed by a consonant it has the long or second sound. See draole, 81. 168. ARTERIAL, ar-te're-al, a. That which relates to the artery, that which is contained in the artery. ARTERIOTOMY, dr-te-re-&t'to-me, s. 518. The operation of letting blood from the artery; the cut- ting of an artery. ARTERY, ar'tur-f*, s. 555. An artery is a coni- cal canal, conveying the blood from the heart to all parts of the body. ARTFUL, art'ful, a. 174. Performed with artj artificial, not natural: cunning, skilful, dexterous. ARTFULLY, art'ful-le, ad. With art, skilfully. ARTFULNESS, art'ful-ne's, *. Skill, cunning. ARTHRITICK, ar-/Mt1k, 509. ARTHRITICAL, ar-<^rlt'e-kal, Gouty, relating to the gout; relating to joints. ARTICHOKE, dr'te-tshoke, s. This plant is very like the thistle, but hath large scaly heads shaped like the cone of the pine-tree. ARTICK, ar'tik, s. properly ARCTIC. Northern, i ARTICLE, arte-kl, s. 405. A part of speech, as | the, an ; a single clause of an account, a particular ' part of any complex thing; term, stipulation; point > of time, exact time. To ARTICLE, ar'te-kl, v. n. 405. To stipulate, j to make terms. ARTICULAR, ar-tlk'ii-lAr, a. Belonging to the j joints. ARTICULATE, ar-tik'u-late, a. 91. Distinct; branched out into articles. To ARTICULATE, ar-tik'u-late, v. a. 91. To form words, to speak as a man ; to draw up in ar- ticles ; to make terms. ARTICULATELY, ar-tlk'u-late-le, ad. In an ar- ticulate voice. ARTICULATENESS, ar-tlk'u-late-nes, s. The quality of being articulate. ARTICULATION, ar-tlk-u-LVshfm, s. The junc- ture, or joint of bones ; the act of forming words ; in botany, the joints in plants. ARTIFICE, Ir'te-fis, s. 142. , or Dead Sea, where anciently stood the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah. ASPHALTUM, as-fal'tum, s. A bituminous stone found near the ancient Babylon. ASPHODEL, as'fo-del, s. Day-lily. AsPICK, as'pik, s. The name of a serpent To ASPIRATE, as'p-rate, v. a. 91. To pronounce with full breath, as hope, not ope. ASPIRATE, as'pe-rate, . 91. 394. Pronoum-ud with full breath. D ASP ASS ^559. Fate 7:J, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 m^ 93, ni& 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 1G2, m6ve 164, ASPIRATION, as-p6-ra'sl)&n, S. A breathing after, an ardent wish, the act of aspiring, or desiring some- thing high ; the pronunciation of a vowel with full breath. To ASPIRE, 5s-pire, v. n. To desire with eager- ness, to pant after something higher ; to rise higher. ASPORTATION, as-por-ta'shun, S. A carrying away. ASQUINT, a-sk\vlnt', ad. Obliquely, not in the straight line of vision. Ass, ass, s. An animal of burden; a stupid, heavy, dull fellow, a dolt. To ASSAIL, as-sale', v. a. To attack in a hos- tile manner, to assault, to fall upon ; to attack with argument or censure. ASSAILABLE, as-sali-bl, a. 40.5. That which may be attacked. ASSAILANT, as-sa1Ant, s. He that attacks. ASSAILANT, as-salant, a. Attacking, invading. AsSAII.ER, as-sa'l&r, *. 98. One who attacks another. AsSAPANICK, aS-Sa-pan'nlk, s. The flying squirrel. ASSASSIN, aS-Sas'sln, s. A murderer, one that kills by sudden violence. To ASSASSINATE, as-sas's-nate, v. a. 91. To murder by violence ; to way-lay, to take by treachery. ASSASSINATION, as-sas-seUna'shun, s. The act of assassinating. ASSASSINATOR, as-sas'e-na-tfir, S. Murderer, mankiller. ASSATION, as-sa'sh&n, s. Roasting. ASSAULT, as-salt', s. Storm, opposed to sap or siege ; violence ; invasion, hostility, attack ; in law, a violent kind of injury offered to a man's person. To ASSAULT, as-salt', v. a. To attack, to invade. ASSAULTER, as-salt'ur, s. One who violently assaults another. ASSAY, as-sa', S. Examination; in law, the ex- amination of measures and weights used by the clerk of the market; the first entrance upon any thing; attack, trouble. To ASSAY, as-sa', V. a. To make trial of ; to apply to, as the touchstone in assaying metals ; to try, to endeavour. ASSAYER, as-Sa'ur, s. 98. An officer of the mint for the due trial of silver. ASSECTATION, as-sk-ta'shftn, s. Attendance. ASSECUTION, 3.S-s-kfc'sb.un, S. Acquirement ASSEMBLAGE, as-s^m'bladje, s. 90. A collec- tion ; a number of individuals brought together. To ASSEMBLE, as-s^nVbl, v, a. 405. To bring together into one place. To ASSEMBLE, as-sm'bl, v. n. To meet to- gether. ASSEMBLY, as-s^m'ble, S. A company met to- gether. ASSENT, as-snt', S. The act of agreeing to any thing, consent, agreement. To ASSENT, as-s&it', v. n. To concede, to yield to. ASSENTATION, as-s2n-ta'sh5n, s. Compliance with the opinion of another out of flattery. ASSENTMENT, as-s&it'mdnt, s. Consent To ASSERT, as-srt', v. a. To maintain, to de- fend either by words or actions ; to affirm ; to claim, to vindicate a title to. ASSERTION, as-sr / sh&n, s. The act of asserting. ASSERTIVE, as-s^rtiv, a. 15a Positive, dog- matical. AsSERTOR, as-sr't&r, s. 98. Maintainer, vindi- cator, affirmer. To AsSERVE, aS-Sel'v', v. a. To servo, help, or second. To ASSESS, as-ss', v. a. To charge with any certain sum. AsSKSSION, aS-ssh'un, S. A sitting down one by one. 31 ASSESSMENT, as-ss'ment, s. The sum levied on certain property ; the act of assessing. ASSESSOR, as-S^s'sur, s. 98. The person that sits by the judge; he that sits by another as next in dignity ; he that lays taxes. ASSETS, as'sts, S. Goods sufficient to discharge that burden which is cast upon the executor or heir. To ASSEVER, as-sev'&r, 98. To ASSEVERATE, as-sv'-nLte, 91. 555. To affirm with great solemnity, as upon oath. ASSEVERATION, as-sev-e-ra'shfin, s. affirmation, as upon oath. ASSHEAD, as'hd, S. A blockhead. ASSIDUITY, as-se-dh'^-te, s. Diligence. ASSIDUOUS, as-sld'ju-us, a. 294. 376. Con. stunt in application. ASSIDUOUSLY, as-sld'ju-us-le, ad. Diligently, continually. ASSIENTO, as-s-n'ti, S, A contract or con- vention between the kings of Spain and other powers, for furnishing the Spanish dominions in America with slaves. To ASSIGN, as-sine 7 , v. a. To mark out, to appoint ; to fix with regard to quantity or value ; to give a reason for ; in law, to appoint a deputy, or make over a right to another. ASSIGNABLE, as-sine'a-bl, a. That which may be assigned. ASSIGNATION, as-slg-na'shun, s. An appoint- ment to meet, used generally of love appointments ; a making over a thing to another. ASSIGNEE, as-se-n^, s. He that is appointed or deputed by another to do any art, or perform m\y business, or enjoy any commodity. AsSIGNER, aS-Sl'nur, S. 98. He that assigns. ASSIGNMENT, &s-sine'mnt, s. Appointment <>f one thing with regard to another thing or person ; in law, the deed by which any thing is transferred from one to another. ASSIGNS, aS-Sinz', S. Those persons to whom any trust is assigned. This is a law term, mid always used in the plural ; as, a legacy is left to a person's heirs, administrators, or assigns. ASSIMILABLE, as-sim'e-lu-bl, a. That which may be converted to the same nature with something To ASSIMILATE, as-slm'e-late, v. a. 91. '/ convert to the same nature with another thing ; to bring to a likeness or resemblance. ASSIMILATENESS, as-sim'me-late-nes, s. Like- ness. ASSIMILATION, as-sim-me-la'shan, s. The act of converting any thing to the nature or substance of another; the state of being- assimilated; the act of growing like some other being. To ASSIST, as-Slst', v. a. To help. ASSISTANCE, as-sis'tanse, S. Help, furtherance. ASSISTANT, as-sls'tint, a. Helping, lending aid. ASSISTANT, aS-sls'tant, S. A person engaged in an affair, not as principal, butiis auxiliary or ministerial. ASSIZE, aS-Slze 7 , S. A court of judicature held twice a year in every county, in which causes are tried by a judge and jury; an ordinance or statute to determine the weight of bread. To ASSIZE, as-size', v. a. To fix the rate of any thing. AssiZER, as-sfa&r, s. An officer that has the care of weights and measures. ASSOCIABLE, as-so'she-a-bl, a. 'That which may be joined to another. To ASSOCIATE, as-so'she-ate, v. a. 91. To unite with another as a confederate ; to adopt as a friend upon equal terms ; to accompany. ASSOCIATE, ;\s-s6 / she-ate, a. 91. Confederate. ASSOCIATE, as-so'sh_ate, s. A partner, a coa. federate, a companion. ASSOCIATION, as-so-she-a'sh&n, s. Union, con- junction, society; confederacy; partnership ; couiwr. tion. See Pronunciation. ASS ASY nor 167, nut 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 oil, 299 pound 313 thin 466, mis 469. Reference of on ASSONANCE, as'so-nanse, s. sound to another resembling- it. ASSONANT, as'so-nant, a. Resembling another sound. To ASSORT, as-sort', V. a. To range in classes. To AsSOT, aS-Sot', v. a. To infatuate. To ASSUAGE, as-swaje 7 , v. a. 331. To miti- gate ; to soften ; to appease, to pacify ; to ease. ASSUAGEMENT, as-swaje'inent, s. What miti- gates or softens. ASSUAGER, as-swa'jur, s. 98. One who pacifies or appeases. . | ASSUASIVE, as-swa'slv, a. 158. 428. Soften- ing', mitigating'. To AssUBJOGATE, us-sub'ju-gate, v. a. 91. To subject to. ASSUEFACTION, aS-SWC-fak'shul), S. The state of being accustomed. ASSUETUDE, as'swe-tllde, S. 334. Accustom- ance, custom. To ASSUME, as-sume , v. a. 454. To take ; to take upon one's self; to arrogate, to claim or seize unjustly ; to suppose sometliing without proof; to ap- propriate, ftjp" Why Mr Sheridan should pronounce this word and the word consume without the h, and presume and ret'ime, as if written prezhoom and rezlioom, is not easily conceived ; the s ought to be aspirated in all or none. See Principles, 454. 478, 479. AsSUMER, aS-Su'mur, s. 98. An arrogant man. ASSUMING, Js-su'mirig, part. a. Arrog-ant, naughty. ASSUMPSIT, as-sum'sit, S. A voluntary promise made by word, whereby a man taketh upon Win to perform or pay any thing' to another. ASSUMPTION, as-sum'shun, s. The act of taking any thing to one's self; the supposition of any thing Assu: is assumed. ASSURANCE, ash-shu'ranse, S. Certain expec- tation ; secure confidence, trust ; freedom from doubt, certain knowledge ; firmness, undoubting steadiness ; confidence, want of modesty ; ground of confidence, security given; spirit, intrepedity; testimony of cred- it ; conviction ; insurance. To ASSURE, ash-shure', v. a. 175. To give confidence by a firm promise ; to secure another ; to make confident, to exempt from doubt or fear ; to make secure. ASSURED, ash-shu'red, or ash-shiird', part. a. 359. Certain, indubitable ; certain, not doubting ; im- modest, viciously confident. ASSUREDLY, ash-shu'-red-le, ad. 364. Certain- ly, indubitably. ASSUREDNESS, ash-shu'red-nos, s. 365. The state of being assured, certainty. ASSURER, ash-shu'rur, s. He that gives assur- ance ; he that gives security to make good any loss. ASTERISK, as'te-rfsk, s. A mark in printing, as *. ASTERISM, as'te-rizm, s. A constellation. AsTERITES, as-Wr-i'tez, s. A precious stone. A kind of opal sparkling like a star. ASTHMA, ast'ma, s. 471. A frequent, difliculr, and short respiration, joined with a hissing sound and a cough. ASTHMATICAL, ast.mat'e-kal, | ASTHMATICK, ast-matlk, 509. 3 Troubled with an asthma. ASTERN, a-Stern', ad. In the hinder part of the ship, behind the ship. ASTONISHINGNESS, as-ton'nish-lng-iies, s. Qual- ity to excite astonishment^ ASTONISHMENT, as-toi/ish-ment, s. Amaze, ment, confusion of mind. To ASTOUND, as-tound', v. a. To astonish, to confound with fear or wonder. ASTRADDLE, a-strad'dl, ad. 405. With one's legs across any thing. ASTRAGAL, as'tra-gal, s. 503. A little round member, in the form of a ring, at the tops and bot- toms of columns. ASTRAL, as'tral, a. Starry, relating to the stars. ASTRAY, a-stra^, ad. Out of the right way. To AsTRICT, as-trlkt', v. a. To contract by application. ASTRICTION, as-tiik'shun, s. The act or power of contracting the parts of the body. AsTRICTIVE, as-trik'dv, . 158. Styptick, bind- ing. AsTRlCTORY, as-trik'tur-re, a. Astringent ASTRIDE, a-stride', ad. With the legs open. AsTRIFEROUS, as.triFe.rus, a. Bearing, or hav- ing stars. To AsTRINGE, as-trlnje', v. a. To make a con- traction, to make the parts draw together. ASTRINGENCY, aS-trln'jen-se. S. The power of contracting the parts of the body. ASTRINGENT, as-trin'jent, a. Binding, con- tracting. ASTROGRAPHY, as-tr&g'ra-fe, s. 518. The sci- ence of describing the stars. ASTROLABE, as'tro-labe, S. An instrument chiefly used for taking the altitude of the pole, the sun, or stars, at sea. ASTROLOGER, as-trol'6-jur, s. One that, suppos- ing the influence of the stars to have a casual power, professes to foretell or discover events. ASTROLOGIAN, as-tro-lo'j^-an, s. Astrologer. ASTROLOGICAL, as-tr6-16d'je-kal, 509. ASTROLOGICK, as-tro-lod'jlk, Relating to astrology, professing astrology. ASTROLOGICALLY, as-tro-lSd'je-kal-le, ad. In an astrological manner. To ASTROLOGIZE, as-trol'6-jize, v. n. To practise astrology. ASTROLOGY, as-trol'o-je, s. 518. The practice of foretelling things by the knowledge of the stars. ASTRONOMER, as-tr6n'n6-mur, s. He that studies the celestial motions. ASTRONOMICAL, as-tro-nom'e-kal, 509. } ASTRONOMICK, as-tro-nomlk, $ Belonging to astronomy. ASTRONOMICALLY, as-tro-nom'e-kal-le, ad. In an astronor* .^al manner. ASTRONOMY, as-tron'no-me, s. 518. A mixed mathematical science, teaching the knowledge of the celestial bodies, their magnitudes, motions, distances, periods, eclipses, and order. ASTRO-THEOLOGY, as'tr 2 ASY ATT 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81, me 1 93, mSt 95 pine 105, pin 107 nA 162, mSve 164. 111.11, V* 1 AT, it, prep. At, before a place, notes the near- ATROCIOUSNESS, a-tr^sh&s-nds, s. The quality ness of the place ; as, a man is at the house before he of bei enormously criminal, is in it ; At, before a word signifying tune, notes the A TRnrlTV **WUWLfr3 ei i ... ., co-existenc4 of the time with the evTnt; At, before a ATROCITY, a-tr&s'se-te, S. 511. Horrible wicked- superlative adjective implies in the state, as at most, | ness. 4 . , -. in the state of most perfection, &c. At signifies the , ATROPHY, at'tro-ie, s. Want of nourishment, a particular condition of the person, as at peace : sometimes marks employment or attention ; as, h< times seems to signify in the power of, or obedient to ; jfard. as, At your service ; At all, m any manner. ATABAL, at'a-bal, S. A kind of tabour used by the Moors. ATARAXY, at/ta-rak-s, s. 517. Exemption from vexation, tranquillity. ATHANOR, ilU/i'a-nftr, s. 16G A digesting furnace to keep heat for some time. ATHEISM, aVAe-lzm, s. 505. The disbelief of God. ATHEIST, aW/e-lst, S. Due that denies the exist- ence of God. ATHEISTICAL, a-/AA-Is't-kJl, a. Given to atheism, impious. ATHEISTICALLY, a--s would be utterly unnoticed if they fi-ere not distinguished by petty deviations from the rest of the world. 39 AUTHORIZATION, aw-. the inspector does not know what is meant by tiie BAS BAT ^559. Fate 73, fir 77, fall 83, fit 81 mi 93, mt 95 pine 105, pin 107 n A 162, mSve IGi, grave accent, it may be necessary to Inform him, that writers on the Greek accent tell us that every syllable whti h has not the acute accent has the grave ; and as there could be but one syllable acuted in that language, the rest must necessarily be grave. What these accents are has puzzled the learned so much that they seem nei- ther to understand each other nor themselves ; but it were to be wished they had kept this distinction into acute and grave out of our own language, as it is impos- sible to annex any clear ideas to it, except we consider the grave accent merely as the absence of the acute, which reduces it to no accent at alL If we divide the voice into its two leading inflections, the rising and fall- ing, and call the former the acute, and the latter the grave, we can annex distinct ideas to these words : and perhaps it is an ignorance of this distinction of speaking sounds, and confounding them with high and low, or loud and soft, that occasions the confusion we meet with in writers on this subject. See Elements of Elocution, page 60. Also Observations on the Greek and Latin Accent and Quantity, at the end of the Key to the Clas. tical Pronunciation of Greek and Latin Proper Names. BASALTES, ba-sal't^Z, s. A kind of marble, never found in layers, but standing upright. BASE, base, a. Mean, vile, worthless ; disingenuous, illiberal, ungenerous ; of low station, of mean account; base-born, born out of wedlock; applied to metals, without value ; applied to sounds, deep, grave. BASE-BORN, base'born, a. Born out of wedlock. BASE-COURT, base'kort, s. Lower court. BASE-MINDED, base-mind'ed, a. Mean spirited. BASE- VIOL, base-vi'&l, s. 166. An instrument used in concerts for the base sound. BASE, base, S. The bottom of any thing; the pedestal of a statue ; the bottom of a cone ; stockings ; the place from which racers or tilters run ; the string that gives a base sound; an old rustic play. BASELY, base'le, ad. Meanly, dishonourably ; in bastardy, as basely born. BASENESS, base'n&, s. Meanness, vileness ; vile- ness of metal ; bastardy ; deepness of sound. BASHAW, basll-aw', s. Among the Turks, the viceroy of a province. BASHFUL, bash'ful, a. Modest, shamefaced, shy. BASHFULLY, bash'ful-le, ad. Timorously, mo- destly. BASHFULNESS, bash'ful-nes, a. Modesty ; foolish or rustic shame. BASIL, bazll, s. The name of a plant BASILICA, ba-zll'e-ka, s. The middle vein of the arm. BASILICA, ba-zll'e-ka, s. The basilick vein. BASILICK, ba-zillik, a. 49-t. Belonging to the basilica. BASILICK, bazll-lik, s. The basilick vein ; a large halL BASILICON', bl-zH'e-k5n, s. An ointment, called also tetrapharmacon. BASILISK, baz'e-llsk, s. A kind of serpent, a cock- atrice, said to kill by looking. He is called Basilisk, or little king, from a comb or crest on his head ; a species of cannon. BASIN, ba'sn, s. 405. A small vessel to hold water for washing, or other uses ; a small pond ; a part of the sea inclosed in rocks ; any hollow place capacious of liquids; a dock for repairing and building ships; Basins of a Balance, the same with the scales. BASIS, ba'sis, s. The foundation of any thing ; the lowest of the three principal parts of a column ; that on which any thing is raised ; the pedestal ; the groundwork. To BASK, bask, v. a. 79. To warm by laying out in the heat. To BASK, bask, v. n. To lie in a place to receive heat BASKET, bas'klt, s. 99. A vessel made of twigs, rushes, or splinters. BASKET-HILT, basalt-hilt, s. 99. A hilt of a weapon so made as to contain the whole hand. BASKET-WOMAN, bas'kit-wum-un, *. 16G. A woman that plies at market with a basket 44 BASS, base, a. properly BASE. In music, grave, deep. BASS-VIOL, base-vl'M, s. 166. See Base-viol. BASS, bas, S. A mat used in churches. BASS-RELIEF, bas-re-leef 7 , s. Sculpture, the figures of which do not stand out from the ground in their full proportion. BASSET, bas'sit, s. 99. A game at cards. BASSOON, bas-soon', S. A musical instrument of the wind kind, blown with a reed. BASTARD, bas'tard, s. 88. A person born of a woman out of wedlock ; any thing spurious. BASTARD, bas'tard, a. Begotten out of wedlock ; spurious, supposititious, adulterate. To BASTARDIZE, bas'tar-dlze, v. a. To convict of being a bastard ; to beget a bastard. BASTARDLY, bas'tard-le, ad. In the manner of a bastard. BASTARDY, bas'tAr-de, s. An unlawful state of birth, which disables a, child from succeeding to an inheritance. To BASTE, baste, V. a. To beat with a stick ; to drip butter upon meat on the spit ; to sew slightly. BASTINADE, bas-te-nade / , BASTINADO, bas-te-na'do, The act of beating with a cudgel ; a Turkish punish- ment of beating an offender on lus feet. To BASTINADE, bas-te-nade 7 , > To BASTINADO, bas-te-na'do, } v ' "' To beat See Lumbago. BASTION, bas'tshiin, s. 291 . A huge mass of earth, usually faced with sods, standing out from a rampart ; a bulwark. BAT, bat, S. A heavy stick. BAT, bat, s. An animal having the body of a mouse, and the wings of a bird, not with feathers, but with a sort of skin which is extended. It brings forth its young as mice do, and suckles them. BAT-FOWLING, bat'iou-llng, s. Bird-catching in the night-time. EATABLE, ba'ta-bl, a. 405. Disputable. Eatable ground seems to be the ground heretofore in question, whether it belonged to England or Scotland. BATCH, batsh, s. The quantity of bread baked at a time ; any quantity made at once. BATE, bate, S. Strife, contention. To BATE, bate, v. a. To lessen any thing, to re- trench ; to sink the price ; to lessen a demand ; to cut off. BATEFUL, bate'ful, a. Contentious. BATEMENT, bate'ment, s. Diminution. BATH, ba//j, s. 78. A bath is either hot or cold, either of art or nature ; a vessel of hot water, iu which another is placed that requires a softer heat than the naked fire ; a sort of Hebrew measure, con- taining seven gallons and four pints. To BATHE, barae, v. a. 467. To wash in a bath; to supple or softenby the outward application of warm liquors ; to wash with any thing. To BATHE, baTiie, v. n. To be in the water. BATING, ba'tlng, prep. 410. Except. BATLET, batlet, S. A square piece of wood used in beating linen. BATOON, ba-toon', S. A staff or club ; a truncheon or marshal's staff BATTAILOUS, bat'ta-lus, a. Warlike, with mili- tary appearance. BATTALIA, bat-taTe'ya, s. 272. The order of battle. BATTALION, bat-tal'yfin, s. 272. 507. A division of an army, a troop, a body of forces ; an army. To BATTEN, bat'tn, v. a. 103. To fatten, to make fat ; to fertilize. To BATTEN, bat'tn, v. n. 103. To grow fat. To BATTER, bat'tur, v. a. 98. To beat, to beat down ; to wear with beating; to wear out with ser- vice. BAT BEA nor 167, not 163 tube 171, tab 172 bull 173611 299 pound 313 thin 466, rais 469. BATTER, bat'tur, s. A mixture of several in- gredients beaten tog-ether. BATTERER, Mt'tur-rur, s. He that batters. BATTERY, bat'tur-re, s. 555. The act of batter- ing ; the instruments with which a town is battered ; the frame upon which cannons are mounted j in law, a violent striking of any man. BATTLE, bat'tl, s. 405. A fight ; an encounter between opposite armies ; a body of forces ; the main body of an army. To BATTLE, bat'tl, v. n. To contend in fight. BATTLE-ARRAY, bat'tl-ar-ra', S. Array, or order of battle. BATTLE-AX, bat'tl-aks, s. 405. A weapon, a bill. BATTLE-DOOR, bat'tl-d6re, s. An instrument eminence to be fired on the approach of an enemy ; marks erected to direct navigators. BEAD, bede, S. 227. Small globes or balls strung npon a thread, and used by the Roman Catholics to count their prayers ; little balls worn about the neck for ornament ; any globular bodies. BEAD-TREE, bede'tree, s. The nut of this tree is, by religious persons, bored through, and strung as beads, whence it takes its name. BEADLE, be'dl, s. 227. 405. A messenger or servitor, belonging to a court ; a petty officer in par- ishes. BEADROLL, b^de'roll, s. A catalogue of those W!K> are to be mentioned at prayers. BEADSMAN, beedz'man, s. A man employed in praying for another. with a round handle and a flat blade, to strike a ball | BEAGLE, be^gl, S. 227. 405. A small hound with or shuttlecock. BATTLEMENT, bat'tl-m^nt, s. A wall with open places to look through, or to" annoy an enemy. BATTY, bat'te, a. Belonging to a bat. BAVAROY, bav-a-ro^ 7 , s. A kind of cloak. BAUBEE, baw-be'e', S, In Scotland, a halfpenny. BAVIN, bavin, s. A stick like those bound up in fagots. BAWBLE, baw'bl, s. 405. A gewgaw, a trilling piece of finery. BAWBLING, baw'bling, a. 410. Trifling, con- temptible. BAWCOCK, baw'kSk, s. A fine fellow. BAWD, bawd, s. A procurer, or procuress. To BAWD, bawd, v. n. To procure. BAWDILY, baw'diLle, ad. Obscenely. BAWDINESS, baw'de-n^s, s. Obsccneness. BAWDRICK, biw'drlk, s. A belt. BAWDRY, baw'dre, s. A wicked practice of bring- ing whores and rogues together ; obscenity. BAWDY, baw'de, a. Obscene, unchaste. BAWDY-HOUSE, baw'de-house, s. A house where traffick is made. by wickedness and debauchery. To BAWL, ball, V. n. To hoot, to cry out with great vehemence ; to cry as a froward child. To BAWL, ball, v. a. To proclaim as a crier. BAWREL, banVil, s. 99. A kind of hawk. BAWSIN, baw'sin, s. A badger. BAY, ba, a. 220. A colour. BAY, ba, s. An opening in the land. BAY, ba, s. The state of any thing surrounded by enemies. BAY, ba, s. In architecture, a term used to signify the divisions of a barn or other building. Bays are from fourteen to twenty feet long. BAY, ba, s. A tree. BAY, ba, s. An honorary crown or garland. To BAY, ba, v. a. To bark as a dog at a thief ; to shut in. BAY SALT, ba'salt, s. Salt made of sea water, which receives its consistence from the heat of the sun, and is so called from its brown colour. BAY WINDOW, ba'win'do, s. A window jutting outward. See Bow- Window. BAYARD, ba'yard, s. A bay horse. BAYONET, ba'yun-n^t, s. A short sword fixed at the cud of a musket. DO This word is very frequently pronounced lagonet, but chiefly by the vulgar. BDELLIUM, del'yum, S. An aromatick gum brought from the Levant See Pneumatick. To BE, b<^, v. n. To have some certain state, condition, quality, as, the man is wise ; it is the aux. iliary verb by which the verb passive is formed ; to exist, to have existence. BEACH, beotsh, s. 227. The shore, the strand. BEACHED, be^tsh'ed, a. Exposed to the waves. BEACHY, be"etsb/i, a. Having beaches. BEACON, be'kn, s. !70. Something raised on an 45 which hares are hunted. BEAK, bke, S. 227. The bill or horny mouth of a bird ; a piece of brass like a beak, fixed at the head of the ancient galleys ; any thing ending in a point like a beak. BEAKED, be/kM, or bdkt, a. 362. Having a beak. BEAKER, be'kur, s. 98. A cup with a spout in the form of a bird's beak. BEAL, bele, s. 227. A whelk or pimple. BEAM, beme, s. 227. The main piece of timber that supports the lofts of a house ; any large and long piece of timber ; that part of a balance to the ends of which the scales are suspended ; a cylindrical piece of wood belonging to the loom, on which the web is gradually rolled as it is wove ; the ray of light emitted from some luminous body. BEAM-TREE, beme'tree, s. Wildservice. BEAMY, be'mt*, a. Radiant, shining; emitting beams ; having horns or antlers. BEAN, bene, s. 227. The common garden bean, the horse bean. BEAN-CAPER, bene'ka-pur, s. A plant To BEAR, bare, V. a. 240. To carry as a burden; to convey or carry ; to carry as a mark of authority ; to carry as a mark of distinction ; to support, to keep from falling ; to carry in the mind, as love, hate ; to endure, as pain, without sinking ; to suffer, to under- go ; to produce, as fruit ; to bring forth, as a child ; to support any thing good or bad ; to behave ; to imj'el, to urge, to push ; to press ; to bear in hand, to amuse with false pretences, to deceive ; to bear off, to carry away by force ; to beat out, 'to support, to maintain. To BEAR, bare, v. n. 73. To suffer pain ; to be patient ; to be fruitful or prolifick ; to tend, to be di- rected to any point ; to behave ; to be situated with respect to other places ; to bear up, to stand firm without falling ; to bear with, to endure an unpleasing thing. BEAR, bare,, ^3. A rough savage animal; the name of two constellations, called the Greater and Lesser Bear : in the tail of the Lesser Bear is the Pole star. BEAR-BIND, bare'bind, s. A species of bind- weed. BEAR-FLY, bare'fli, s. An insect. BEAR-GARDEN, bare'gar-dn, s. A place in which bears are kept for sport ; any place of tumult or mis- rule. BEAR'S-BREECH, bar/brltsh, s. The name of a plant. BEAR'S-EAR, barz'eer, s. The name of a plant The Auricula. BEAR'S-FOOT, barz'fut, s. A species of hellebore. BEAR'S-WORT, barz'wirt, s. 165. An herb. BEARD, beerd, S. 288. The hair that grows on the lips and chin ; sharp prickles growing upon the tars of corn ; a barb on an arrow. is word, as Dr Kenrick observes, is frequently pronounced so as to rhyme with herd : but I am of his opinion that this pronunciation is improper. Mr Scott and Mr Perry give it both ways. Buchanan sounds it short, like Mr Sheridan. W. Johnston makes it rhyme with taird, a Scotch lord : but Mr Elphinaon, who is the most accurate observer of pronunciation I ever, met with, gives it as I have done. The stage has, in my opin- ion, adopted the short sound of the diphthong WiUtout BEA ^> 550. FAte 73, fir 77, f 'ill 83, fit 81 mi 93, good reason, and in this instance ought not to Ix- fol- lowed; as the long sound is not only more agreeable to analogy, but to general usage. I am glad to find my opinion confirmed by so good a judge as Mr Smith ; and though the poets so often sacrifice pronunciation to rhyme, that their authority, in these cases, is not always decisive, yet, as Shakspeare says on another occasion, " They still may help to thicken other proofs That do demonstrale thinlv." Othello. ' Rail'd at their covenant, and jeer'd Their reverend persons to my bcrai. "Some thin remains of chastity appear 'd Kv'n under Jove, but Jove without a beard." Dryaen. The impropriety of pronouncing this word as it is heard on the stage, will perhaps appear more percepti- ble by carrying this pronunciation into the compounds, as the false sound of great may be detected by the phrase, Alfjcander the Great, all. Old prophecies foreie'l our fill at hand, AVhen btardtd men in floating castles land. And as younp striplings whip the top for sport, On the smooth pavement of an empty couit, The wooden engine flies and whirls about, Admir'd by thousands of the btardleit rout." Dryrfen. To BEARD, beerd, v. a. To take or pluck by the beard ; to oppose to the face. liEARDED, beerd'ed, a. Having a beard ; having sharp prickles, as corn ; barbed or jagged. BEARDLESS, beerdles, a. Without a beard ; youth- ful. BEARER, bare'ur, s. 98. A carrier of any thing ; one employed in carrying burdens ; one who wears any thing ; one who carries the body to the grave ; one who supports the pall at a funeral ; a tree that yields its produce; in architecture, a post or brick wall raised between the ends of a piece of timber. BEARHERD, bare'hurd, s. A man that tends bears. BEARING, bare'lng, s. 410. The site or place of any thing with respect to something else ; gesture, mien, behaviour. BEARWARD, bare'ward, s. A keeper of bears. BE*.ST, West, s. 227. An animal distinguished frum birds, insects, fishes, and man ; an irrational ani- mal, opposed to man ; a brutal savage man. BEASTLINESS, beestle-nes, s. Brutality. BEASTLY, beestle, a. Brutal, contrary to the nature and dignity of man ; having the nature or form of beasts. To BEAT, bete, v. a. 227. 233. To strike, to knock; to punish with stripes ; to mark the time in music; to give repeated blows ; to strike ground ; to rouse game ; to mix things by long and frequent agi- tation ; to batter with engines of war ; to make a path by treading it ; to conquer, to subdue, to vanquish ; to harass, to over-labour ; to depress; to deprive by violence ; to move with fluttering agitation ; to beat down ; to lessen the price demanded ; to beat up ; to attack suddenly ; to beat the hoof, to walk, to go on foot. IO" The past time of this verb is, by the English, uni- formly pronounced like the present Nay, except in solemn language, the present, preterit, and participle are exactly the same ; \yhile the Irish, more agreeably to analogy, as well as utility, pronounce the preterit as the noun bet, a wager ; and this pronunciation, though con- trary to English usage, is quite conformable to that gen- eral tendency observable in the preterits of irregular verbs, which is to shorten the vowel that is long in the present, as eat, ate, (often pronounced et;) hear, heard; deal, dealt; mean, meant; dream, dreamt. To BEAT, bete, v. n. To move in a pulsatory manner ; to dash, as a flood or storm ; to knock at a door ; to throb, to be in agitation ; to fluctuate, to be in motion ; to try in different ways, to search ; to act upon with violence ; to enforce by repetition. BEAT, bete, S. A stroke, or a striking. BEATEN, be'tn, part. 103. From Beat. BEATER, be'tCir, S. 98. An instrument with which any thing is beaten ; a person much given to blows. BEATIFICAL, be-a-tiPe-kal, 7 BRATII IC.K, be-a-tiPlk, 509. } a ' Blissful. It is used only of heavenly fruition after death. 46 BED met 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 1G2, move 16!., BKATIFICALLV, be-a-t]Po-kal_le, ad. In such manner as to complete happiness. | BEATIFICATION, be-at-e-fe-ka'sliim, s. BeatifiVn- tion is an acknowledgment made by the Pope, thr.t the person beatified is in heaven, and therefore may be reverenced as blessed. To BEATIFY, be- it'e-fl, r. a. 183. To bless with the completion of celestial enjoyment BEATING, betelng, S. 410. Correction by blows. BEATITUDE, be-nt'e-tude, s. Blessedness, felicity, happiness ; a declaration of blessedness made by our Saviour to particular virtues. BEAU, bo, s. 24.5. 481. A man of dress. BEAVER, bee'v&r, S. 227. 98. An animal, other- wise named the castor, amphibious and remarkable for his art in building his habitation ; a hat of the beat kind ; the part of a helmet (hat covers the face. BEAVERED, bee'v&rd, a. 362. covered with a beaver. BEAUISH, bd/ish, a. 2-1-5. Befitting- a beau, foppish. BEAUMONUE, bo-molld', S. The fashionable world. BEAUTEOUS, bu'tshe-frs, a. 263. Fair, elegant in form. BEAUTEOUSLY,bii'tshe-us-le, ad. In a beauteous manner. BEAUTEOUSNESS, bu'tshe-us-nes, s. The state of being beauteous. BEAUTIFUL, bu'te-ful, a. Fair. BEAUTIFULLY, bu'te.ful-le, ud. In a beautiful manner. BEAUTIFULNESS, bu'te-ful-nes, s. The quality of being beautiful. To BEAUTIFY, bu'te-fi, v. a. 183. To adorn, to embellish. BEAUTY, bu'te, S. That assemblage of graces which pleases the eye ; a particular grace ; a beautiful person. BEAUTY-SPOT, bu'te-sput, s. A spot placed to heighten some beauty. BECAFICO, bek-a-fe'ko, s. 112. A bird like n nightingale, a fig pecker. To BECALM, be-kam', v. a. 403. To still the ele- ments ; to keep a ship from motion ; to quiet the mind. BECAME, be-kame'. The preterit of Become. BECAUSE, be-kawz', conj. For this reason ; for ; on this account To BECHANCE, be-tshanse', v. n. 352. To be- fali, to happen to. To BECK, bek, v, n. To make a sign with the head. BECK, bek, *. A sign with the head, a nod; a nod of command. To BECKON, beVkn, v. n. 170. To make a sij-n. To BECLIP, be-klip', v. a. To embrace. To BECOME, be-kCim', v. n. To enter into some state or condition ; to become of, to be the fate of, to be the end of. To BECOME, be-kum', v. a. To appear in a man- ner suitable to something ; to be suitable to the per- son ; to bent. BECOMING, be-kum'mlng, part. a. 410. That pleases by an elegant propriety, graceful. BECOMINGLY, be-kum'ming-le, ad. After a be- coming manner. BECOMINGNESS, be-k&m'ming-nes, s. Elegant congruity, propriety. BED, bed, s. Something made to sleep on ; lodging ; marriage ; bank of earth raised in agarden ; the chan- nel of a river, or any hollow; the place where am thing is generated ; a layer, a stratum; To bring to Bed, to deliver of a child ; to make the Bed, to put the bed in order after it has been used. To BED, bed, v. a. To go to bed with ; to place in bed; to be 'made partaker of the bed; to snw or plant in earth ; to lay in a place of rest ; to lay ii: IT. der, in strata. To BED, bed, v. n. To cohabit. To BEDABBLE, be-dabbl, r. . To wet, to be sprinkle. BED BEG nflr 167, not 103 tube 17^ tfo 172, t^i 173_5H 5 299 pound 313 thin 4CG, Tins 469. To BEDAGGLE, be-dag'gl, v. a. To bemire. To BEDASH, be-dash', v. a. To bespatter. To BEDAWB, be-dawb', v. a. To besmear. To BEDAZZLE, be-duz'zl, v. a. To make the sight dim by too much lustre. BEDCHAMBER, bed'tshame-bfir, s. The chamber appropriated to rest. BEDCLOTHES, bed'cloze, s. Coverlets spread over a bed. BEDDINO, bed'dlng, s. 140. Tlic materials of a bed. To BEDECK, be-dek', v. a. To deck, to adorn. To BEDEW, be-du', v. a. To moisten gently, as with the fall of dew. BEDFELLOW, bed'fe'1-lo, s. One that lies in the same bed. To BEDIGHT, be-dite', v. a. To adorn, to dress. To BEDIM, be-dim', v. .a. To obscure, to cloud, to darken. To BEDIZEN, be-dl'zn, v. a. 103. To dress out. A low term. BEDLAM, bedlum, S. 88. A madhouse; a madman. BEDLAMITE, bed'ltim-ite, s. 1 55. A madman. BF.DMAKKR, bM'ma-kur, s. A person in the universities whose office it is to make the beds. BKDMATE, bed'mate, s. A bedfellow. BEDMOULDING, bed'mold-ing, s. A particular moulding. BEDPOST, bM'post, s. The post at the corner of the bed, which supports the canopy. BEDPRESSER, bed'pres-sur, s. A heavy lazy fellow. To BEDRAGGLE, be-dn'g'gl, v. a. 405. To soil the clothes. To BEDRENCH, be-drunsb/, v. a. To drench, to soak. BEDRID, b^d'rld, a. Confined to the bed by age or sickness. BEDRITE, bed'rlte, S. The privilege of the marriage bed. To BEDROP, be-dr5p', v. a. To besprinkle, to mark with drops. BEDSTEAD, bed'sted, S. The frame on which the bed is placed. J?i:nSTRAW, bed'straw, s. The straw laid under a bed to make it soft. BEDSWERVER, bed's\ver-vur, s. One that is false to the bed. BEDTIME, bed'tlme, s. The hour of rest. To BEDUNG, be-dong 7 , v. a. To cover with dung. To BEDUST, be-dust', v. a. To sprinkle with dust. BEDWARD, bed'ward, ad. Toward bed. To BEDWARF, be-dwarP, v. a. To make little, to stunt. BEDWORK, bM'vvurk, s. \Vork performed without toil of the hands. BEE, bee, S. The animal that makes honey; an in- dustrious and careful person. BEE-EATER, bee'e-tur, s. A bird that feeds upon bees. BEE-FLOWER, bee'flou-fir, s. A species of fool- stones. BEE-GARDEN, bee'gar-dn, s. 103. A place to set hives of bees in. BEE-HIVE, bee'hive, S. The case, or box, in which bees are kept. BEE-MASTER, bee'mas-tar, s, Oue that keeps bees. BEECH, beetsh, s. A tree. BEECHEN, be^tshn, a. 103. Consisting of the wood of the beech. BEEF, beef, s. The flesh of black cattle prepared for food ; an ox, bull, or cow. It has the plural beeves. BEF.F-EATER, beePe-tur, s. A yeoman of the Kuard Probably a conniption of the French word 47 Beaiifetier, one who attends at the side-board, which was anciently placed in a Beaufet. BEEN, bin. The part. pret. of To Be. frj?" This word, in the solemn, as well as the familiar style, has shared the fate of most of those words, which, from their nature, are in the most frequent use. It is scarcely ever heard otherwise than as the noun bin, a repository for corn or wine, and must be placed among those deviations which language is always liable to in such words as are auxiliary or subordinate to others ; for, as those parts of bodies which are the most fre- quently handled grow the soonest smooth by constant friction, so such words as are in continual use seem to wear off their articulations, and become more irregular than others. So low as the age of James the First, I have seen this word spelled Byn. BEER, beer, s. Liquor made of malt and hops. BEET, beet, s. The name of a plant. BEETLE, bee/tl, S. 405. An insect distinguished by having hard cases or sheatlis, under which he folds his wings ; a heavy mallet, BEETLEBROWED, beet'tl-broud, a. 362. Having prominent brows. BEETLEHEADED, bee'tl-hed-M, a. Loggerh^aded, having a stupid head. BEETLESTOCK, bee / tl-st6k, s. The handle of a beetle. BEETRAVE, beet'rave, 7 BEET-RADISH, beet'rad-ish, } BEEVES, beevz, s. Black cattle, oxen. To BEFALL, be-fa\vl', v. n. To happen to ; to come to pass. To BEFIT, be-f it', v. a. To suit, to be suitable to. To BEFOOL, be-f661', v. a. To infatuate, to fool. BEFORE, be-fore', prep. Further onward in place ; in the front of, not behind ; in the presence of ; under the cognizance of; preceding in time} in preference to ; prior to ; superior to. BEFORE, be-fore 7 , ad. Sooner than ; earlier in time; in time past; in some time lately past; pre- viously to ; to this time, hitherto : further onward in place. BEFOREHAND, be'-fore'hand, ad. In a state of anticipation or pre-occupation ; previously, by way of preparation ; in a state of accumulation, or so as that more has been received than expended ; at first, be- fore any thing is done. BEFORETIME, be-fore'time, ad. Formerly. To BEFORTUNE, be-for'tsbune, v. n. 461. To betide. To BEFOUL, b^-foul', v. a. To make foul, to soil. To BEFRIEND, be-frend', v. n. To favour ; to be kind to. To BEFRINGE, be'-fnnje / , v. a. To decorate as with fringes. To BEG, beg, %..n. To live upon alms. To BEG, beg, V. a. To ask, to seek by petition , to take any thing for granted. To BEGET, be-get', v. a. To generate, to procreate ; to produce, as effects ; to produce, as accidents. BEGETTEB, be-get'tur, s. 98. He that procreates or begets. BEGGAR, beg'gur, s. 418. One who lives upon alms : a petitioner ; one who assumes what he does not prove. To BEGGAR, beg'gur, v. a. To reduce to beggary, to impoverish ; to deprive ; to exhaust BEGGARLINESS, beg'gur-le-ncs, s. The ttate of being beggarly. BEGGARLY, bting. BEING, Delng, con;. Since. 48 BEL BER n3r 167, nit 163 tube 171, t&b 172, bull 173511 299 pSftnd 313 thin 466, mis 469. BEI.MAN, bell'rnan, s. 88. He whose business It is to proclaim any thing in towns, and to gain attention by ringing his bell. BELMETAL, bell'met-tl, s. 405. The metal of which bells are made. To B BLOCK, be-16k'. v. a. To fasten. To BELONG, be-long', v. . To be the property of; to be the province or business of; to adhere, or he appendant to ; to have relation to ; to be the quality or attribute of. BELOVED, be-l&v'M, a. Dear. ft^r- This word, when an adjective, is usually pronoun- ced in three syllables, as a beloved son, and whei. a parti- ciple in two, as, he was much beloved. See Principles, No. 362. BELOW, be-16', prep. Under in place, not so high ; inferior in dignity ; inferior in excellence ; unworthy of, unbefitting. J$ELO\v, be-16', ad. In the lower place ; on earth, in opposition to heaven ; in hell, in the regions of the dead. To BELOWT, be-lout', v. a. To treat with oppro- brious language. BELSWAGGER, bel-swag'gur, s. A whoremaster. BELT, belt, S. A girdle, a cincture. BELWETHER, bell'w^TH-fir, s. A sheep which leads the flock with a bell on its neck ; hence, To bear the bell. To BEMAD, be-mad', v. a. To make mad. To BEMIRE, be-mire/, v. a. To drag, or encumber in the mire. To BEMOAN, be-mone', v. a. To lament, to be- wail. BEMOANER, be-mo'nur, s. 98. A lamenter. To BEMOIL, be-moil', V. a. To bedraggle, to be- mire. To BEMONSTER, be-m6ns'tur, v. a. To make monstrous. BEMUSED, be-muzd', a. 359. Overcome with musing. BENCH, bensh, s. 352. A seat ; a seat of justice ; the persons fitting' upun a bench. BENCHER, bn'shur, s. 98. The senior members of the society of the inns of court. To BEND, bend, v. a. To make crooked, to crook ; to direct to a certain point ; to incline, to subdue, to make submissive. To BEND, bend, v. n. To be incurvated ; to lean or jut over ; to be submissive, to bow. BEND, bnd, S. Flexure, incurvation ; the crooked timbers which make the ribs or sides of a ship. BENDABLE, ben'di-bl, a. 405. That may be bent. BENDER, ben'dfir, s. 98. The person who bends ; the instrument with which any thing is bent BENDWITH, oend'wM, s. An herb. BENEAPED, be'nept', a. 352. A ship is said to be beneaped, when the water does not flow high enough to bring her off the ground. BENEATH, be-neTHe^prep. Under, lower in place, lower in rank, excellency, or dignity ; unworthy of. BENEATH, be-ncrae 7 , ad. 467. In a lower place, under ; below, as opposed to heaven. BENEDICT, ben'e-dlkt, a. Having mild and salu- brious qualities. BENEDICTION, b^n-ne-dik'sh&n, s. Blessing, a decretory pronunciation of happiness ; the advantage conferred by blessing; acknowledgments for blessings received; the form of instituting an abbot. BENEFACTION, ben.e-fAk'shan, s. The act of con- ferring a benefit ; the benefit conferred. BENEFACTOR, ben-e-fak't5r, s. 166. He that confers a benefit. BENEFACTRESS, ben-e-fak'tres, s. A woman who confers a benefit. BENEFICE, bn'e-fiSj s. 142. Advantage conferred on another. This word is generally used for all eccle- siastical livings. 49 BENEFICED, b<5n'e-flst, a. 352. Possessed of a benefice. BENEFICENCE, b-neT e-seiise, s. Active goodness. BENEFICENT, b^-nei 7 e-snt, a. Kind, doing good. BENEFICIAL, ben-e-flsh'al, a. Advantageous, con- ferring benefits, profitable ; helpful, medicinal. BENEFICIALLY, ben-e-flsh'al-le, ad. Advanta- geously, helpfully. BENEFICIALNESS, ben-e_fish'al-ns, s. Useful ness, profit. BENEFICIARY, b^n-e-fish'ya-r^, a. 113. Holding something in subordination to another. BENEFICIARY, bn-e-fish'ya-re, s. 113. He that is in possession of a benefice. BENEFIT, ben'e-f It, s. A kindness, a favour con- ferred ; advantage, profit, use. $& Benefit of Clergy in law is a privilege formerly allowed, by virtue of which a man convicted of felony or manslaughter was put to read in a Latin book of a Go- thick black character ; and if the Ordinary of Newgate said Legit ut Clericus, i. e. he reads like a clerk, he was only burnt in the hand and set free, otherwise he suffer- ed death for his crime. To BENEFIT, ben'e-f It, v. a. To do good to. To BENEFIT, ben'e-f It, v. n. To gain advantage. To BENET, be-net', v. a. To ensnare. BENEVOLENCE, be-neVvo-ldnse, s. Disposition 10 to do good, kindness; the good done, the charity given, a kind of tax. BENEVOLENT, be-neVvo-le'nt, a. Kind, having good-will. BENEVOLENTNESS, be-neVvo-lent-ne's, s. The same as benevolence. BENGAL, ben-gill', s. A sort of thin slight stuff. BENJAMIN 1 , ben'ja-mln, s. The name of a tree. To BENIGHT, be-nite', v. a. To surprise with the coming on of night ; to involve in darkness, to em. barrass by want of light. BENIGN, be-nine 7 , a. 385. Kind, generous, liberal, wholesome, not malignant. BENIGNITY, be-nlg'ne-te, s. Graciousness, actual kindness ; salubrity, wholesome quality. BENIGNLY, be-nine'le, ad. Favourably, kindly. BENISON, beii'ne-zn, s. 170. 443. Blessing, bene- diction. BENNET, ben'net, s. 99. An herb. BENT, bnt, s. The state of being bent ; degree of flexure ; declivity ; utmost power ; application of the mind ; inclination, disposition towards something ; de- termination, fixed purpose ; turn of the temper or dis- position ; tendency, flexion ; a sort of grass, called the bent-grass. BENT, bent, part, of the verb To Bend. Made crooked ; directed to a certain point ; determined upon. BENTING TiMT^-ben'tlng-time, s. The time when pigeons feed on bents before peas are ripe. To BENUMB, be-ntim', v. a. To make torpid, to stupify. See To Numb. BENZOIN, ben-Zoln', S. A medicinal kind of resin, imported from the East Indies, and vulgarly called Benjamin. To BEPAINT, be-pant', v. a. To cover with paint. To BEPINCH, be-plnsh', v. a. To mark with pinches. To BEQUEATH, be-kwerae', v. a. 467. To leave by will to another. BEQUEST, be-kwest', s. 334. 414. Something left by will. To BERATTLE, be-rut'tl, v. a. To rattle off. BERBERRY, bar'ber-re, s. 555. A berry of a sharp taste, \ised for pickles. To BEREAVE, be-reve 7 , v. a. To strip of, to de- prive of; to take away from. BEREFT, be-reft', part. pass, of Bereave. BERGAMOT, ber'ga-mot, s. A sort of pear, com. monly called Burgamot, and vulgarly called Burga nee. BER BET Igf 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81 me 93, mt 95 pine 105, pin 107 nA 162, mt'n e 16*, H sort of essence or perfume, drawn from a fruit pro- duced by ingrafting a lemon tree on a bergamot pear stock ; a sort of snuff. To BERHYME, be-rime', v. a. To celebrate in rhyme or verses. BERLIN, br-lln', S. A coach of a particular form. BERRY, beVre 1 , s. Any small fruit with many seeds. To BERRY, beVr, v. n. To bear berries. BERTRAM, beVtram, s. 88. Bastard pellitory. BERYL, beVr!l, s. A precious stone. To BESCREEN, be-skreen', v. a. To shelter, to conceal To BESEECH, b-seetsh', v. a. To entreat, to supplicate, to implore ; to beg, to ask. To BESEEM, be-se*im', v. n. To become, to be fit. To BESET, be'-seY, v. a. To besiege, to hem in ; to embarrass, to perplex ; to waylay, to surround ; to fall upon, to harass. To BESHREW, b-shr36', v. a. To wish a curse to ; to happen ill to. BESIDE, be-slde', ) BESIDES, be-sldes', \ prep ' At the side of another, near ; over and above ; not ac- cording to, though not contrary ; out of, in a state of deviation from. BESIDE, be-slde', \ } BESIDES, be-sldes', a Over and above ; not in this number, beyond this class. To BESIEGE, be'-seeje', v. a. To beleaguer, to lay siege to, to beset with armed forces. BESIEGER, bd-seejur, s. 98. One employed in a siege. To BESLUBBER, be-slul/b&r, v. a. To daub, to smear. To BESMEAR, be'-sme'er', v. a. To bedaub ; to soil, to foul. To BESMIRCH, be-smrtsh', v a. To soil, to dis- colour. To BESMOKE, be-smAke 7 , v. a. To foul with smoke ; to harden or dry in smoke. To BESMUT, be-smfrt', v. a. To blacken with smoke or soot BESOM, be'z&m, s. An instrument to sweep with. To BESORT, b^-sort', v. a. To suit, to fit BESORT, b-Sort', s. Company, attendance, train. To BESOT, b-S&t', V. a. To infatuate, to stupify j to make to dote. BESOUGHT, b-si\vt', part. pass, of Beseech j which see. To BESPANGLE, be'-spang'gl, v. a. To adorn with spangles, to besprinkle with something shining. To BESPATTER, be-spat'tur, . a. To spot or sprinkle with dirt or water. To BESPAWL, b-spawl', v. a. To daub with spittle. To BESPEAK, b^-speek', V. a. To order or en- treat any thing beforehand ; to make way by a pre- vious apology ; to forebode j to speak to, to address ; to betoken, to show. BESPEAKER, be-speeTcur, s. He that bespeaks any thing. To BESPECKLE, be-speVkl, v. a. To mark with speckles or spots. To BESPEW, b-spu', V. a. To daub with spew or vomit To BESPICE, be-splce 7 , v. a. To season with spices. To BESPIT, be-splt', v. a. To daub with spittle. To BESPOT, bt*-sp5t', v. a. To mark with spots. To BESPREAD, b^-spre'd', v. a. To spread over. To BESPRINKLE, be-sprlnk'kl, v. a. To sprinkle over. To BESPUTTER, b-spfit'tur, v. a. To sputter over ' something, to daub any thing by sputtering. BEST, best, a. Most good. Bf.ST, bst, ad. In the highest degree of goodness, fittest. 00 To Br.STAIN, be-Stane', v. a. To mark with stains, to spot To BESTEAD, bd-stM', v. a. To profit ; to treat, to accommodate. BESTIAL, beVtsbe-al, a. 464<. Belonging to a beast ; brutal, carnal Jt5" This word is sometimes improperly pronounced with the e long, as if written beattiul, \viicrc;is it comes directly from the French bestial ; and ought to be pro- nounced as if written best-yal, 272. " A hare, who In a civil way. Complied with CVITV thine, like Gay, Was known to all the bettial train That haunt the woods or scour the plain." &;#. BESTIALITY, be's-tshe-al'e-t, s. The quality of beasts. BESTIALLY, bes'tshe-al-le, ad. Brutally. To BESTICK, be-stlk', v. a. To stick over with anything. To BESTIR, be-stur 1 , v. a. 109. To put into vigor- ous action. To BESTOW, be'-Sto', V. a. To give, to confer upon ; to give as charity ; to give in marriage ; to gh e as a present ; to apply j to lay out upon ; to lay up, 1 1 stow, to place. BESTOWER, be-sto'&r, s. 98. Giver, disposer. BESTRAUGHT, be-8triwt / , part. Distracted, mad. To BESTREW, be-Stro', v. a. To sprinkle over. . See Strew. To BESTRIDE, be-stride', t;. a. To stride over any thing; to have any tiling between one's legs ; to stop over. To BESTUD, b^-st&d', v . a. To adorn with studs. BET, bt, s. A wager. To BET, bet, v, a. To wager, to stake at a wager. To BETAKE, bd-take', v. a. To take, to seize ; to have recourse to. To BETHINK, be-/A', '. a. To contract to any one, to affiance ; to nominate to a bishoprick. To BETRUST, be-trust', v. a. To intrust, to put into the power of another. BETTER, b<5t't&r, a. 98. Having good qualities in a greater degree than something else. BETTER, blt'tur, ad. Well in a greater degree. To BETTER, bel't&r, v. a. To improve, to melior- ate ; to surpass, to exceed, to advance. BETTER, bet't&r, s. Superior in goodness. BETTOR, bet'tfir, s. 166. One that lays bets or wagers. BETTY, beVte', S. An instrument to break open doors. BETWEEN, be-tvve^n', prep. In jb.e intermediate space ; from one to another ; belonging to two in BET BIG nSr 107, nfit IG3-- tfclie 171. tb 172, bAll ]73',ll 209-p5find 313 thin Mfi, THIS 469. partnership; bearing relation to two; in separation <>f one from the other. BETWIXT, be_twlkst', prep. Between. In masonry and joinery, a kind of square, one leg of which is frequently crooked. BEVERAGE, bev'iir-idje, s. 90. 555. Drink, li- quor to be drunk. BEVY, beVe', S. A flock of birds $ a company, an assembly. To BEWAIL, be-wale 7 , v. a. To bemoan, to lament To BEWARE, be- ware', r. n. To regard with caution, to be suspicious of danger from. To BEWEEP, be-we^p', v. a. To weep over or upon. 7b BEWET, be-weV, v. a. To wet, to moisten. To BEWILDER, be'-wil'd&r, v- a. 515. To lose in pathless places, to puzzle. To BEWITCH, be-wltsb', v. a. To injure by witch- craft ; to charm, to please. BEWITCHERY, be-wltsh'&r-re, s. 555. Fascina- tion, charm. BEWITCHMENT, be-wltsh'ment, s. Fascination. To BEWRAY, be-ra', v. a. 427. To betray, to discover perfidiously ; to show, to make visible. BEWRAYER, be-ra'&r, S. Betrayer, discoverer. BEY, ba, s. (From the Turkish.) province, a viceroy. A governor of a BEYOND, be-y5nd', prep. Before, at a distance not reached ; on the farther side of; farther onward than ; past, out of the reach of ; above, exceeding to a greater degree than ; above in excellence ; remote from, -not within the sphere of; To go beyond, is to deceive. 8^ There is a pronunciation of tliis word so obviously wrong as scarcely to deserve notice ; and that is sound- ing the o like a, as if the word were \vritten bcyand. Ab- surd and corrupt as this pronunciation is, too many of the people of London, and those not entirely uneducated, are guifty of it BEZOAR, be'zAre, S, A medicinal ston, formerly in high esteem as an antidote, brought from the East Indies. BEZOARDICK, b^z-o-ar'-dlk, a. Compounded with bezoar. BlANGULATED, bl-ang'gu-la-te'd, BIANGULOUS, bl-ang'gii-lus, 116, Having two corners or angles. BIAS, bi'as, s. 88. The weight lodged on one side of a bowl, which turns it from the straight line ; any thing which turns a man to a particular course ; pro- pension, inclination. To BIAS, bi'as, v. a. To incline to some side. BIB, bib, s. A small piece of linen put upon the breasts of children, over their clothes. BIBACIOUS, bi-ba'shus, a. 118. Much addicted to drinking. ftjr- Perhaps the first syllable of this word may be con- lidered as an exception to the general rule, 117. BIBBER, blb/bur, s. 98. A tippler. BlBLE, bi'bl, S. 405. The sacred volume, in which are contained the revelations of God. BIBLIOGRAPHER, bib-le-Sg'gru-fur, s. A tran- scriber. BIBLIOTHECAL, blb-le-6. n. To dwell, to lire, to inhabit; to remain in a place. BIDENTAL, bi-den'tal, a. 118. Having two teeth. BIDING, bi'dlng, s. 410. Residence, habitation. BIENNIAL, bi-en'ne-al, a. 116. Of the con- tinuance of two years. BlER, beer, s. 275, A carriage on which the dead are carried to the grave. BlESTINGS, bees'tlngz, s. 275. The first milk given by a cow after calving. BIFARIOUS, bi-fa're-us, a. Two-fold. BlFEROUS, blf fe-riis, a. 503. Bearing fruit twice a year. fcV We see that the antepenultimate accent on this word, as well as on Bigamy, and some others, has the power of shortening the vowel in the first syllable, 535. BIFID, bi'fid, 118, ) BIFIDATED, blPfe-da-ted, 503. 535. } a ' Opening with a cleft. BlFOLD, bi'fold, a. Two-fold, double. BIFORMED, bi'formd, a. 362. Compounded of two forms. BIFURCATED, bi-fur / ka-td, a. 118. Shooting out into two heads. BIFURCATION, bJ-fur-ka'shun, s. Division into two. BIG, big, a. Great in bulk, large ; teeming, prog. nant ; full of something ; distended, swoln ; great in air and mien, proud ; great in spirit, brave. BIGAMIST, big'ga-mlst, s. One that has committed bigamy. BIGAMY, blg'-ga-me, s. 535. 503. The crime of having two wives at once. BIGBELLIED, blg^bel-Hd, a. 282. Pregnant BIGGIN, blg'gln, s. A child's cap. BlGLY, blgle, ad. Tumidly, haughtily. BlGNESS, blg'n&Lg. Greatness of quantity ; size, whether greater*, smaller. BlGOT, blg'g&t, s. 166. A man devoted to a certain party. BiGOTED, blg'gut-^d, a. Blind! v prepossessed in favour of something. DCS- From what oddity I know not, this word is fre. quently pronounced as if accented on the last syllable but one, and is generally found written as if it ought to be so pronounced, the t being doubled, as is usual when a participle is formed from a verb that has its accent on the last syllable. Dr Johnson, indeed, has very judi- ciouslyset both orthography and pronunciation to rights, and spells the word with one t, though he finds it with two in the quotations he gjives us from Garth and Swift. That the former thought it might be pronounced with the accent on the second syllable, is highly presumable from the use he makes of it, where he says, " Bigottcd to thii Rest, health, : ' idol, i Base, foi nothing but a name." For if we do not !ay the accent on the second syllable here, the verse will be unpardonably rugged. This mi-- take must certainly take its rise from supposing a verb which does not exist, namely, as bigot ; but as this word is derived from a substantive, it ought to have the same accent ; thus, though the words ballot and billet are verbs as well as nouns, yet as they have the accent on the first E2 BIG DIR *gT 559. Fate 73, fir 77, fall 83, fit 81 m^ 93, m5t 95 pine 105, pin 107 nA 162, m5ve 164-, syllable, the participial adjectives derived from them have only one /, and both are pronounced with the ac- cent on the first syllable, as balloted, billeted. Bignted then-fore ought to have but one t, and to preserve the accent on the first syllable. BlGOTRY, blg^ut-tre, S. 555. Blind zeal, pre- judice ; the practice of a bigot BIGSWOLN, blg'swoln, a. Turgid. BlLANDER, birAn-dur, S. 503. A small vessel used for the carriage of goods. BILBERRY, bil'bOr-re, S. Whortleberry. BlI.BO, bll'bo, s. A rapier, a sword. BILBOES, bil'boze, s. 290. A sort of stocks. BlLE, bile, s. A thick, yellow, bitter liquor, sepa- rated in the liver, collected in the gall bladder, and discharged by the common duct. BILE, bile, s. A sore angry swelling. Improperly Boil To BlLGE, bilje, V. n. 7'k To spring a leak. BlLIARY, bil'yi-r, a. 113. Belonging to the bile. BlLINGSGATE, bllllngZ-gate, s. Ribaldry, foul language. BiLiNGUOUS, bi-llng'gwCis, a. 118. Having two tongues. BlLIOUS, bll'y&S, a. 113. Consisting of bile. To BlLK, bilk, v. a. To cheat, to defraud. BILL, bill, s. The beak of a fowl. BlLL, bill, s. A kind of hatchet with a hooked point. BlLL, bill, s. A written paper of any kind ; an account of money ; a law presented to the parliament; a physician's prescription ; an advertisement. To BlLL, bill, v. n. To caress, as doves by joining bills. To BlLL, bill, V. a. To publish by an advertisement. BILLET, bll'llt, s. 99. 472. 481. A small paper, a note ; billet-doux, or a soft billet, a love letter. BILLET, bil'lit, s. 99. A small log of wood for the chimney. BILLIARDS, bil'yurdz, s. 113. A kind of play. \fc Mr Nares has very judiciously corrected a false etymology of Dr Johnson in this word, which might eventually lead to a false pronunciation. Dr Johnson derives it from ball and yard, or stick, to push it with So Spencer " \Vith dice, with cards, with baltlards far unfit, With shu'tle-cocks, unseeniing manly wit." Spencer, says Mr Nares, was probably misled, as well as the Lexicographer, by a false notion of the etymolo- gy. The word, as well as the game, is French, billiard; and made by the addition of a common termination, from bille, the term for the ball used in playing. BlLLOW, bil'16, s. A wave swollen. Blt.LOWY, bll'lo-e, o. Swelling, turgid. BlV, bin, s. A place where bread or wine is reposited. To BlLLET, blllit, v. a. To direct a soldier where he is to lodge ; to quarter soldiers. BINARY, bi'na-re, a. 118. Two, double. To BIND, bind, v. a. To confine with bonds, to enchain ; to gird, to enwrap ; to fasten to any thing ; to fasten together ; to cover a wound with dressings ; to compel, to constrain ; to oblige by stipulation ; to confine, to hinder ; to make costive ; to restrain ; To bind to, to oblige to serve some one ; To bind over, to oblige to make appearance. To BIND, bind, v. n. To contract, to grow stiff; to be obligatory. BINDER, blnd'ur, s. 98. A man whose trade it is to bind books : a man that bfnds sheaves ; a fillet, a shred cut to bind with. BINDING, binding, s. 410. A bandage. BINDWEED, bind'weed, s. A plant. BINNACLE, bln'a-kl, s. 405. A sea term, meaning the compass box. Ij^. This word is not in Johnson ; and Dr Ash and Mr Smith, who have it, pronounce the i in the first syl- lable short. It is probably only a corruption of the word Bittacle. BiNOCLE, bin'n6-kl. s. 405. A telescope fitted so 52 with two tubes, as that a distant object may be seen with both eyes. fj- The same reason appears for pronouncing tlu> in the first syllable of this word short as in Bigamy, .i85. BINOCULAR, bl-n&k'b-l&r, a. 118. 88.' 98. Having two eyes. BIOGRAPHER, bi-og'gra-fur, s. 116. A -writer of lives. BIOGRAPHY, bi-og'gra-fe, 116. 518. An histori- cal account of the lives of particular men. BipAROUS, blp'pa-rtis, a. 503. Bringing forth two at a birth. &yr This word and Bipedal have the t long in Dr Ash and Mr Sheridan ; but Mr Perry makes the i in the first long, and in the last short: analogy, however, semis to decide in favour of the sound I have given it. For though the penultimate accent has a tendency to length- en the vowel when followed by a single consonant, as in biped, tripod, Sfc. the antepenultimate accent has a greater tendency to shorten the vowel it falls upon. See Bigamy and Tripod, 503. BIPARTITE, bip'par-tite, a. 155. Having two correspondent parts. EC/- Every othoepist has the accent on the first sylla- ble of this word but Entick, who places it on the second; but a considerable difference is found in the quantity of the first and last i. Sheridan and Scott have them liotli long. Nares the last long, Perry both short, and Bu- chanan and \V. Johnston as I have marked them. The varieties of quantity on this word are the more surprising, as all these writers that give the sound of the vowels make the first t in tripartite short, and the last long ; and tliis uniformity in the pronunciation of one word ought to have led them to the same pronunciation of the other, so perfectly similar. The shortening power of the antepenultimate accent is evident in both, 503. BlPARTITION, bi-par-tlsh'an, S. The act of divid- ing- into two. BlPED, bi'ped, s. 118. An animal with two foot. BIPEDAL, blp'pe-dal, a. 503. Two feet in length. See Biparous. BlPENNATED, bi-p&l'na-t&l, a. 118. Having two wings. BlPETALOUS, bi-pt'tu-las, a. 118. Consisting of two flower-leaves. BIQUADRATE, bi-qwa'drate, 91. BIQUADRATICK, bi-qwa-dritlk, The fourth power arising from the multiplication of a square by itself. BIRCH, burtsh, s. 108. A tree. BIRCHEN, bur'tshn, a. 103. 405- Made of birch. DO An Englishman may blush at this cluster of con- sonants for a syllable ; and yet this is unquestionably the exact pronunciation of the word; and that our language is full of these syllables without vowels. See Principles, No, 103. 405. ' BIRD, burd, s. 108. A general term for tlie feathered kind, a fowl. To BIRD, bfrrd, v. n. To catch birds. BlRDBOLT, bftrd'bolt, s. A small arrow. BlRDCATCIIER, blirdlcatsh-ur, S. 89. One that makes it his employment to take birds. BIRDER, b&rd'ur, s. 98. A birdcatcher. BIRDINGPIECE, burd'Ing-peese, s. A gun to shoot birds with. BIRDLIME, burd'lime, s. A glutinous substance spread upon twigs, by which the birds that light upon them are entangled. BlRDMAN, burd'man, s. 88. A birdcatcher. BIRDSEYE, burdz'i, ~) s A , BIRDSFOOT, burdz'fut, } BIRDSNEST, b&rdz'ne'st, s. An herb. BlRDSNEST, burdz'nest, S. The place where a bird lays her eggs and hatches her young. BlRDSTONGUE, burdz'tung, s. An herb. [kind. BlRGANDER, b^r'gan-dur, s. A fow 1 of the goose BIRTH, b&rth, s. 108. The act of coming into life ; extraction, lineage ; rank which is inherited by de- scent ; the condition in which any man is born ; thing bora ; the act of bringing forth. _ BIR BLA nflr 167, n5t 163 tube 171, thb 172, b&ll 173il 299 pSund 313 thin 466, mis 469. The day on which any BIRTHDAY, bertA'da, s. one is born. BlRTHDOM, bertA'dum, s. Privilege of birth. BIRTIINIGHT, berth'mte, s. The night on which any one is born. BIRTHPLACE, ber/A'plase, s. Place where any one is born. BIRTHRIGHT, b&rth'rite, S. The rights and privi- leges to which a man is born ; the right of the first born, BIRTHSTRANGLED, bertA'strang-gld, a. 359. Strangled in the birth.. &j- See Birchen. BIKTHWORT, ber^'wurt, s. 166. The name of a plant. BISCUIT, bls'klt, s. 31!. A kind of hard dry bread, made to be carried to sea ; a composition of fine flojir, almonds, and sugar. To BISECT, bi-sekt', v. a, 118. 119. To divide into two parts. BISECTION, bl-sk'shun, s. 118. A geometrical term, signifying the division of any quantity into two equal parts. BlSHOP, blsh'&p, s. 1 66. One of the head order of the clergy. BlSHOP, blsh'up, s. A cant word for a mixture of wine, oranges, and sugar. BlSHOPRICK, bish'up-rik, s. The diocese of a bishop. BISHOPWEED, blsh'ap-weed, s. A plant BfSK, bisk, s. Soup, broth. BlS.MUTH, blz'mulh, S. Marcasite, a hard, white, brittle, mineral substance, of a metalline nature, found at Misnia. BISSEXTILE, bis-seks'til, s. 1 4-0. Leap year. %ff- Mr Scott places the accent on the first syllable of tliis word ; Dr Kenrick on the first and last ; Mr She- ridan, Dr Johnson, W. Johnston, Dr Ash, Buchanan, Perry, Kntick, and Bailey, on the second ; Mr Scott, Dr Kenrick, and W. Johnston, pronounce the last i long, as in tile. But as the accent is on the second syllable by so great a majority, analogy determines the last i to be short BlSSO.V, bis's&n, a. 166. Blind. Obselete. BlSTORT, bls'tort, s. A plant called snake-weed. BISTOURY, bis't&r-e, S. 314. A surgeon's instru- ment used in making incisions, BlT, bit, s. The iron part of the bridle which is put into the horse's mouth. JilT, bit, S. As much meat as is put into the mouth at once ; a small piece of any thing : a Spanish West India silver coin, valued at seven-pence halfpenny. To BIT, bit, v. a. To put the bridle upon a horse. BlTCH, bltsh, s. The female of the dog kind ; a vulgar name of reproach for a woman. To BITE, bite, v. a. To crush or pierce with the teeth ; to give pain by cold ; to hurt or pain with re- proach ; to cut, to wound ; to make the mouth smart with an acrid taste ; to cheat, to trick. BlTE, bite, S. The .seizure of any thing by the teeth ; the act of a fish that takes the bait ; a cheat, a trick ; a sharper. BlTER, bl'tur, s. 98. He that bites ; a fish apt to take the bait ; a tricker, a deceiver. BlTTACLE, bit'ta-kl, s. 405. A frame of timber in the steerage, where the compass is placed. More commonly Binnacle. BlTTER, bit'tur, a. 98. Having a hot, acrid, biting taste, like wormwood ; sharp, cruel, severe; calami- tous, miserable ; reproachful, satirical ; unpleasing or hurtful. BITTERGROUND, bit'tur-ground, $, A plant BITTERLY, blt'tar-le, ad. With a bitter taste ; in a biting manner, sorrowfully, calamitously ; sharply, severely. BITTERN, blt'turn, s. 98. A bird with long legs, which feeds upon fish. BITTERNESS, blt't&r-nes, s. A bitter taste ; malice, grudge, hatred, implacability ; sharpness, se. 53 verity of temper ; satire, piquancy, keenness of re. proac.h ; sorrow, vexation, affliction. BITTERSWEET, blt'tfir-sweet, s. An apple which has a compounded taste. BITUMEN, be-tu'men, s. 118. 503. A fat unc. tuous matter dug out of the earth, or scummed off lakes. DC^ This word, from the propensity of our language to the antepenultimate accent, is often pronounced with the stress on the first syllable, as if written bit'u-men ; and this last mode of sounding the word may be consi- dered as the most common, though not the most learned pronunciation. For Dr Ash is the only orthoepist who places the accent on the first syllable ; but every one who gives the sound of the unaccented vowels, except Buchanan, very improperly makes the i long, as in idle; but if this sound be long, it ought to be slender, as in the second syllable of visible, terrible, &c. 117. 551. BITUMINOUS, be-tu'm^-nus, a. 118. Compounded of bitumen. BIVALVE, bi'valv, a. 118. Having two valves or shutters, used of those fish that have two shells, as oysters. BlVALVULAR, bi-val'vu-lar, a. Having two valves. BrxwoRT, biks'vvfrrt, s. An herb. BIZANTINE, blz'an-tine, s. 149. A piece of gold valued at fifteen pounds, which the king offers upon high festival days. B3- Perry is the only orthoepist who pronounces the last i in this word short : and Dr Johnson remarks, that the first syllable ought to be spelled with y, as the word arises from the custom established among the Emperors of Constantinople, anciently called Byzantium. To BLAB, blab, v. a. To tell what ought to be kept secret To BLAB, blab, v. n. To tell tales. BLAB, blab, s. A tell-tale. BLABBER, blab-bur, s. A tattler. BLACK, blak, a. Of the colour of night ; dark ; cloudy of countenance ; sullen ; horrible, wicked ; dis- mal, mournful. BLACK-BRYONY, blik'bri'S-rie, s. The name of a plant. BLACK- CATTLE, blak'kat'tl, S. Oxen, bulls, and cows. BLACK-GUARD, blag'gard, s. 448. A dirty fellow. A low term. BLACK-LEAD, blak-lM', . A mineral found in the lead mines much used for pencils. BLACK-PUDDING, blak'pud'ding, s. A kind of food made of blood and grain. BLACK-ROD, blak-rod', S. The usher belonging to the order of the garter ; so called from the black rod he carries in his hand. He is usher of the parliament. BLACK, blak, s. A black colour ; mourning ; a blackamoor ; that part of the eye which is black. To BLACK, blak, v. a. To make black, to blacken. BLACKAMOORJlak'a-in6re, s. A negro. BLACKBERRY, blak'ber-re, s. A species of bram- ble ; the fruit of it BLACKBIRD, blak'burd, s. The name of a bird. To BLACKEN, blak'kn, v. a. 103. To make of a black colour ; to darken, to defame. To BLACKEN, blak'kn, v. n. To grow black. BLACKISH, blaklsh, a. Somewhat black. BLACKMOOR, blak'more, s. A negro. BLACKNESS, blak'neS, S. Black colour ; darkness. BLACKSMITH, blik'sml/A, s. A smith that works in iron, so called from being very smutty. BLACKTAIL, blak'tale, s. The ruff or pope. A small fish. BLACKTHORN, blak'/Aorn, s. The sloe. BLADDER, blad'dur, S. 98. That vessel in the body which contains the urine ; a blister, a pu-tule. BLADDER-NUT, blad'dur-nut, s. A plant. BLADDER SENNA, blid'dfir-sen'i, BLADE, blade, s. The spire of grass, the green of corn. BLA BLI 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81, me 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 nA 162, m5vc IGt, BLAZE, blaze, *. A flame, the light of the flame ; publication ; a white mark upon a horse. To BLAZE, blaze, v. n. To flame, to be con- spicuous. To BLAZE, blaze, V. a. To publish, to make known ; to blazon ; to inflame, to fire. BLAZER, bla'ztir, s. 98. One that spreads reports. To BLAZON, bla'zn, v. a. 170. To explain, in proper terms, the figures on ensigns armorial ; t( deck, to embellish; to display, to set to show; to ce- lebrate, to set out ; to blaze about, to make public. BLAZONRY, bla'zn-re, s. The art of blazoning. To BLEACH, bleetsb, v. a. To whiten. BLEAK, bleke, a. Pale ; cold, chill BLEAK, bleke, s. A small river fish, BLEAKNESS, bleke'iies, s. Coldness, dullness. BLEAKY, ble'ke, a. Bleak, cold, dull BLEAR, bleeT, a. Dim with rheum or water ; dim, obscure in general. BLEAREDNESS, blee're'd-nes, s. 365. The state of being dimmed with,rheum. To BLEAT, blete, v. n. To cry as a sheep. BLEAT, blete, S. The cry of a sheep or lamb. BLEB, bleb, s. A blister. To BLEED, bleed, v. n. To lose blood ; to run with blood ; to drop as blood. BLADE, blade, s. The sharp or striking part of a weapon or instrument ; a brisk man, either fierce or i?y- BLADEBONE, bladeTxine, . The scapula, or scapular bone. K^- Probably corrupted from Platebone. Or. a/t* B LADED, bla'ded, a. Having blades or spires. BLAIN, Wane, s. A pustule, a blister. BLAMEABLE, bla'ma-bl, a. 405. Culpable, faulty. BLAMEABLENESS, bla'ma-bl-nes, s. Fault BLAMEABLY, bla'ma-ble, ad. Culpably. To BLAME, blame, v. a. To censure, to charge with a fault. BLAME, blame, s. Imputation of a fault ; crime, hurt. BLAMEFUL, blame'ful, a. Criminal, guilty. BLAMELESS, blime'les, a. Guiltless, innocent. BLAMELESSLY, blame'les-le, ad. innocently. BLAMELESSNESS, blame'les-ne's, s. Innocence. BLAMER, bla'mur, s. 98. A censurer. BLAMEWORTHY, blame'wur-THe, a. Culpable, blameablc. To BLANCH, blAnsb, v. a. To whiten ; to strip or peel such things as have husks ; to obliterate, to pass over. BLANCHER, blan'shur, s. 98. A whitcner. BLAND, blind, a. Soft, mild, gentle. To BLANDISH, blan'dish, v. a. To smooth, to soften. BLANDISHMENT, blan'dlsh-mcnt, s. Act of fond- ness, expression of tenderness by gesture ; soft words, kind speeches ; kind treatment. BLANK, blangk, a. White ; unwritten ; confused ; without rhyme. BLANK, blingk, s. A void space ; a lot by which nothing is gained ; a paper unwritten ; the point to which an arrow or shot is directed. BLANKET, blangk'lt, s. 99. A woollen cover, soft, and loosely woven ; a kind of pear. To BLANKET, blangkat, v. a. To cover with a blanket , to toss in a blanket BLANKLY, blangkle, ad. In a blank manner, with paleness, witli confusion. To BLASPHEME, bias-feme 7 , v. a. To speak in terms of impious irreverence of God ; to speak evil of. ' To BLASPHEME, bias-feme', v. n. To speak blas- phemy. BLASPHEMER, blas-f'e'mfir, s. A wretch that speaks of God in impious and irreverent terms. BLASPHEMOUS, blas'fe-miis, a. Impiously irre- verent with regard to God. y$- We sometimes hear this word pronounced with tin! accent on the second syllable like blaspheme; and as the word b/asphemus in Latin has the second syllable long, and the English word has the same number of syl- lables, it has as good a right to the accent on the second syllable, as Sonorous, Bitumen, Acumen, &c. ; but placing the accent on the first syllable of blasphemous is by much the most polite; as, unfortunately for the other pronunciation, though the learned one, it has been adopted by the vulgar, 503. BLASPHEMOUSLY, blas'fe-m&s-le, ad. Impiously, with wicked irreverence. BLASPHEMY, blas'fe-me, s. Blasphemy is an ottering of some indignity unto God himself. Bl.AST, blast, S. A gust, or puff of wind ; the sound made by any instrument of wind music ; the stroke of a malignant planet To BLAST, blast, V. a. To strike with some sud- den plague ; to make to wither ; to injure, to invali- date ; to confound, to strike with terror. BLASTMENT, blasi/ment, s. Sudden stroke of iu- fectiou. BLATANT, bla'tant, a. Bellowing as a calf. To BLATTER, blat'tur, v. n. To roar. BLAY, bla, s. A small whitish river fish ; a bleak. 51 with blood ; to drop as blood. To BLEED, bleed, v. a. To let blood. 'To BLEMISH, blemish, V. a. To mark with any deformity ; to defame, to tarnish, with rcbpect to re- putation. BLEMISH, blemish, S. A mark of deformity, a scar ; reproach, disgrace. To BLENCH, blensb, v. n. 352. To shrink, to start back. To BLEND, ble'nd, v. a. To mingle together ; to confound; to pollute, to spoil. BLENT, blent. The obsolete part, of Blend. To BLESS, bls, v. a. To make happy, to prosper, to wish happiness to another.; to praise ; to glorify for benefits received. BLESSED, bles'sed, part. a. 361. Happy, eu- joying heavenly felicity. BLESSEDLY, bles'sed-le, ad. Happily. BLESSEDNESS, bles'sed-ns, s. Happiness, felicity, sanctity ; heavenly felicity ; Divine favour. BLESSER, bles'sur, s. 98. He that blesses. BLESSING, bles'slng, s. 410. Benediction ; the means of happiness ; divine favour. BLEST, blest, part. a. 361. Happy. BLEW, blu. The pret of Blow. BLIGHT, blite, S. 393. Mildew, any thing nipping or blasting. To BLIGHT, blite, V. a. To blast, to hinder from fertility. BLIND, blind, . Without sight, dark ; intellectually dark ; unseen, private ; dark, obscure. To BLIND, blind, V. a. To make blind, to darken ; to obscure to the eye ; to obscure to the understanding. BLIND, blind, S. Something to hinder the sight ; something to mislead. To BLINDFOLD, blind'fold, t?. . To hinder from seeing by blinding the eyes. BLINDFOLD, blind'fold, a. Having the eyes covered. BLINDLY, blindle, ad. Without sight ; implicitly, without examination ; without judgment or direction. BLINDMAN'S BUFF, blind-ma nz-baf, s. A play in which some one is to have his eyes covered, and hunt out the rest of the company. BLINDNESS, blind'nes. s. Want of sight; i;.no. ranee, intellectual darkness. BLINDSIDE, blind-side', s. Weakness, f.iiWe. BLINDWORM, bllnd'wunn, s. A small viper, venomous. BLI BLU nor 167, nit 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 oil 299 p6und 313 thin 466, THIS 469. To BLINK, blingk, v. n. To wink ; to see obscurely. BLOODGUILTINESS, blud-gllt'e-nes, . Murder. UCy This word has been used for some years, chiefly in Bl.OOD-HOUND, blud'hound, S. A hound that Parliament, as a verb active ; as when a speaker has follows by the scent omitted to take notice of some material point in ques- -r> ,,,,,., C- KlA,vi 'u ,A r- n tion, he is said to blink the question. It were to be BLOODILY, blud'e.le, ad. Cruelly, wished that every word which finds its way into that .BLOODINESS, blud'e-neS, S. The state of being liouse nad as good a title to remain there as the present ! bloody. word. It combines in its signification an omission and BLOODLESS, blud'les, a. Without blood, dead ; an artful intention to omit ; and as tins cannot be so j . v : thllllf . s | all ,ri, t ., r handsomely or so comprehensively expressed by any -.-, . ,- V isj other word, this word, in this sense, ought to be rcciivid. BLOODSHED, blud'shed, S. The crime of blood, BLINKARD, bllngk'fird, s. 98. One that has bad eyes ; something twinkling. Bl.ISS, blls, S. The highest degree of happiness ; the happiness of blessed souls ; felicity 1:1 general. BLISSFUL] blis'f ill, a. Kappy in the highest degree. BLISSFULLY, blis'ful-le, ad. Happily. BLISSFULNESS, blis'f'&LnSs, s. Happiness. BLISTER, blls'tur, S. 98. A pustule formed by murder ; slaughter. BLOODSHEDDER, blud'shed-dur, s. Murderer. BLOODSHOT, blud'shot, ) , ft o BLOODSHOTTEN, blud'shSt-tn, J a- Filled with blood bursting from its proper vessels. BLOODSUCKER, blud'suk.&r, s. A leech, a fly, any thing that sucks blood ; a murderer. BLOODY, blud'e, a. Stained with blood ; cruel, murderous. rai.-ing the cuticle from the cutis ; any swelling made T1 " u ero "*-, 2 by the separatum of a film or skin from the other parts. ! .BLOOM, bloom, 8. A blossom ; the state of im- To BLISTER, blis'tur, v. n. To rise in blisters. To BLISTER, blls'tur, v. a. To raise blisters by some hurt. BLITHE, bliTHe, a. 467. Gay, airy. BLITHLY, bliTll'li, ad. It a blithe manner. ]fy These compounds of the word blithe ought to be written with the final e, as blithely, blithesome, &c. for as they stand in Johnson, the f might be pronounced short. See introduction to the Rhyming Dictionary, Ortho- graphical Aphorism the 8th. BI.ITHNESS, Mii'ii'iiSs, BLITHSOMENF.SS, bllTH'sum-nes, The quality of being blithe. Bl.ITHSOME, blll'll'sum, a. Gay, cheerful. To BLOAT, blote, v. a. To swell To BLOAT, blote, v. n. To grow turgid. BI.OATEDNESS, blt/ted-nes, s. Turgidness ; swelling. CLOBBER, blol/bur, s. 98. A bubble. BLOBBERLIP, blol/bur-Hp, s. A thick lip. BLOBEERLIPPED, blob'bur-lipt, ? BLOBLIPPED, bl5bllpt, i Having swaBed or thick lips. BLOCK, blok, s. A short heavy piece of timber ; a rough piece of marble ; the wood on which hats are formed ; the wood on which criminals are beheaded ; an obstruction, a stop ; a sea term for a pulley ; a blockhead. To BLOCK, b!5k, v. a. To shut up, to inclose. BLOCK-HOUSE, blok'house, s. A fortress built to ' obstruct or block up a pass. Bl.OCK-TIN, blSk-tln', s. Tin pure or unmixed. BLOCKADE, blok-kade', S. A siege carried on by shutting up the place. To BLOCKADE, bl5k-kade', v. a. To shut up. BLOCKHEAD, blokliM, s. A stupid fellow, a dolt, a man without parts. BLOCKHEADED, blok-hed'ed, } BLOCKISH, blok'Ish, \ a ' Stupid, dull BLOCKISHLY, bl&k1sh-l, ad. In a stupid manner. BLOCKISHNESS, bliklsh-n^s, s. stupidity. Bl.OOD, blud, S. 308. The red liquor that circulates in the bodies of animals ; child ; progeny ; family, kindred; descent, lineage; birth, hiuh extraction; murder, violent death ; temper of mind, state of the passions ; hot spark, man of fire. maturity. To BLOOM, bloom, v. n. To bring or yield blossoms ; to produce, as blossoms ; to be in a state of youth. BLOOiMY, bloom'e, a. Full of blooms, flowery. BLOSSOM, blos'sum, s. 166. The flower that grows on any plant 1o BLOSSOM, blos'sum, v. n. To put forth blossoms. To Bl.OT, bl&t, V. a. To obliterate, to make writing invisible ; to efface, to erase ; to blur ; to disgrace, to disfigure ; to darken. BLOT, bl&t. s. An obliteration of something writ- ten ; a blur ; a spot in reputation. Bl.OTCH, blotsb, s. A spot or pustule upon the skin. To BLOTE, blote, V. a. To smoke, or dry by the smoke. BLOW, bio, s. 324. A stroke ; the fatal stroke j a single action, a sudden event; the act of a fly, by which she lodges eggs in flesh. To BLOW, bio, v. n. To move with a current of air : This word is used sometimes impersonally with It ; to pant, to puff; to breathe hard ; to sound by being blown ; to play musically by wind ; to bloom ; to blossom ; To blow over, to pass away without effect To blow up, to fly into the air by the force of gun- powder. To BLOW, b!6, v. a. To drive by the force of the wind ; to inflame with wind ; to swell, to puff into size ; to sound an instrument^/ wind musick ; to warm with the breath ; to spread by report ; to infect with stale. BLOWZE, blou^ s. 323. A ruddy fat-faced wench ; a female whose hair is in disorder. BLOWZY, biSA'ze, a. Sun-burnt, high-coloured. BLUBBER, blub'bur, s. The part of a whale that contains the oil. To BLUBBER, blub'bur, v. n. To weep iu such a manner as to swell the cheeks. BLUDGEON, blod'jun, s. 259. A short stick, with one end loaded. BLUE, blu, a. 335. One of the seven original colours. BLUEBOTTLE, blu'b5t-tl, s. A flower of the bell shape ; a fly with a large blue belly. To BLOOD, blud, v. a. To stain with blood ; to Bl.UELY, blule, ad. With a blue colour, inure to blood, as a hound ; _tq heat, to exasperate. 33- There is an inconsistency in spelling this and si- Blood milar words with the silent e, and leaving it out in dtily and truly, which shows how much our orthography still BI.OOD-BOLTERED, blud'bol-turd, BLOODSTONE, blud'stAne, s. The bloodstone is tim"r^r^olm^n l ^"^^onirtbM^f^v\\ee green, spotted with a bright blood-red. ; ought to be o ' lnitt ed'm these words ;' for my reasons? I .BLOOD-THIRSTY, biud'oiurs-te, a. Desirous to must refer the inspector to the Introduction to the Khym. shed blood. ing Dictionary, Aphorism the 8th. BLOOD-FLOWER, blud'tlou-fir, s. A plant I BLUENESS, blu'nos, s. The quality of beiwg blua. 55 BLU BOL 1^-559. Fate 73, ftr 77, fall 83, fat 81 rod 93, mgt 95 pine 105, pin 107 nA 162, move 1GK BLUFF, bl&f, a. Big, surly, blustering. BLUISH, blfrlsh, a. Blue in a small degree. To BLUNDER, bl&n'd&r, v. n. 98. To mistake grossly ; to err very widely ; to flounder, to stumble. To BLUNDER, bl&n'd&r, v. a. To mix foolishly, or blindly. BLUNDER, bl&n'd&r, s. A gross or shameful mis- take. BLUNDERBUSS, bl&n'd&r-b&s, 5. A gun that is discharged with many ballets. BLUNDERER, bl&n'dur-&r, s. A blockhead. BLUNDERHEAD, bl&n'd&r-hd, s. A stupid fellow. BLUNT, bl&nt, a. Dull on the edge or. point; not sharp ; dull in understanding, not quick ; rough, not delicate ; abrupt, not elegant To BLUNT, bl&nt, v. a. To dull the edge or point ; to repress or weaken any appetite. BLUNTLY, blunt'te, ad. Without sharpness ; coarsely, plainly. BI.UNTNESS, bl&nt'ne's, s. Want of edge or point, coarseness, roughness of manners. BLUR, bl&r, s. A blot, a stain. To BLUR, bl&r, V. a. To blot, to efface ; to stain. To BLURT, bl&rt, v. a. To let fly without thinking. To BLUSH, bl&sh, v. n. To betray shame or con- fusion, by a red colour on the cheek ; to carry a red colour. BLUSH, blfrsb, s. The colour en the cheeks ; a red or purple colour ; sudden appearance. BLUSHY, bl&sh', a. Having the colour of a blush. To BLUSTER, blus't&r, v. n. To roar, as a storm ; to bully, to puff. BLUSTER, bl&s't&r, s. Roar, noise, tumult ; boast, boisterousness. BLUSTERER, bl&s'tar-ur, s. A swaggerer, a bully. BLUSTROUS, bl&s'tr&s, a. Tumultuous, noisy. Bo, bo, int. A word of terrour. BOAR, bore, S. 295. The male swine. BOARD, bord, s. A piece of wood of more length and breadth than thickness ; a table, at which a coun- cil or court is held ; a court of jurisdiction; the deck or floor of a ship. To BOARD, bord, v. a. To enter a ship by force ; to attack, or make the first attempt ; to lay or pave with boards. To BOARD, bord, r. n. To live in a house where a certain rate isjjaid for eating. BOARD-WAGES, bord-wa'jiz, s. 99. Wages allow- ed to servants to keep themselves in victuals. BOARDER, bor'd&r, s. One who diets with another at a certain rate. BOARISH, borelsh, a. Swinish, brutal, cruel. To BOAST, bost, V. n. To display one's own worth or actions. To BOAST, bost, V. a. To brag of; to magnify, to exalt. BOAST, bost, S. A proud speech, cause of boasting. BOASTER, bost'&r, s. A bragger. BOASTFUL, bost'ful, a. Ostentatious. BoASTINGLY, b6st'lng-l, ad. Ostentatiously. BOAT, bite, s. 295. A vessel to pass the water in. BOATION, bo-a'shun, s. Roar, noise. BOATMAN, bote'man, 1 QQ BOATSMAN, botes'man, $ s ' He that manages a boat BOATSWAIN, bo'sn, s. An officer on board a ship; who has charge of all her rigging, ropes, cables, and anchors. is word is universally pronounced in common conversation as it is here marked; but in reading it would savour somewhat of vulgarity to contract it to a eouud so very unlike the orthography. It would be ad- visable, therefore, in those who are not of the naval pro- fesglon, where it is technical, to pronounce this word, when they read it, distinctly as it is written. 56 To Boa, bSb, 17. a. To beat, to drub ; to cheat, to gain by fraud. To BOB, b5b, v. n. To play backward and forward. BOB, bob, S. Something that hangs so as to play loose ; the words repeated at the end of a stanza ; a blow ; a short wig. BOBBIN, b&t/bin, s. A small pin of wood with a notch. BOBCHERRY, bob'tshr-r, s. A play among chil- dren, in which the cherry is hung so as to bob against the mouth. BOBTAIL, bSb'tale, s. Cut tail. BoBTAILED, bSb'tald, a. 359. Having a tail cut. BOBWIG, bolAvig, s. A short wig. To BODE, bode, v. a. To portend, to be the omen of. BoDEMENT, bode'me'nt, s. Portent, omen. To BODGE, b&dje, v. n. To boggle. BODICE, bod'dls, s. 142. Stays, a waistcoat quilt- ed with whalebone. BODILESS, b&d'de-ls, a. Incorporeal, without a body. BODILY, bod'de-le, a. Corporeal, containing body ; relating to the body, not the mind ; real, actual BODILY, bod'de-le, ad. Corporeally. BODKIN, b&d'kln, s. An instrument with a small blade and sharp point ; an instrument to draw a thread or ribbon through a loop ; an instrument to dress the hair. BODY, bod'de, s. The material substance of an animal ; matter, opposed to spirit ; a person ; a human being ; reality, opposed to representation ; a collective mass ; the main army, the battle ; a corporation ; the outward condition ; the main part ; a pandect, a gene- ral collection ; strength, as wine of a good body. BODY-CLOTHES, bod'd-kloze, s. Cloathing for horses that are dieted. BOG, bog, s. A marsh, a fen, a morass. BOG-TROTTER, b6g'tr6t-t&r, s. One that lives in a boggy country. To BOGGLE, bog'gl, i>, n. 405. To start, to fly back ; to hesitate. BoGGLER, bog'gl&T, s. A doubter, a timorous man, BOGGY, bfig'g^, a. 283. Marshy, swampy. BOGHOUSE, bSglloSse, S. A house $ office. BoHEA, bo-he', s. A species of tea. To BoiL, boil, v. n. 299. To be agitated by heat ; to be hot, to be fervent ; to move like boiling water ; to be in hot liquor. To BoiL, boil, v. a. To seeth ; to heat by putting into boiling water, to dress in boiling water. BOILER, boil'ur, s. The person that boils any thing ; the vessel in which any thing is boiled. BOISTEROUS, b(Jls'te t r-&S, a. Violent, loud, roar- ing, stormy; turbulent, furious ; unwieldy. BOISTEROUSLY, bols'ter-&s-le, ad. Violently, tu- multuously. BOISTEROUSNESS, bois'ter-&s-n&, s. Tumuitu- ousness, turbulence. BoLARY, bo'la.-re, a. Partaking of the nature of bole. BOLD, bold, a. Daring, brave, stout; executed with spirit ; confident, not scrupulous ; impudent, rude ; licentious ; standing out to the view ; To make bold, to take freedoms. To BOLDEN, bold'dn, v. a. 103. To make bold. BOLDFACE, bold'fase, S. Impudence, sauciness. BOLDFACED, bold'faste, a. Impudent. BOLDLY, boldle 1 , ad. In a bold manner. BOLDNESS, bold'ne's, S. Courage, bravery ; ex- emption from caution ; assurance, impudence. BOLE, bole, S. The body or trunk of a tree ; a kind of earth ; a measure of corn containing six bushels. BoLIS, bo'-lis, S. Bolis is a great fiery ball, swift'.y hurried through the air, and generally drawing a tail after it. DOL BOO nor 167, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 611 299 pound 313 thin 466, THIS 469. BOLL, bole, s. 406. A round stalk or stem. BOLSTER, bole'stur, s. Something laid in the bed, to support the head; a pad, orouilt; compress for a wound. To BOLSTER, bole'stur, v. a. To support the head with a bolster ; to afford a bed to ; to hold wounds together with a compress ; to support, to maintain. BOLT, bolt, S. An arrow, a dart ; a thunderbolt ; Bolt upright, that is, upright as an arrow ; the bar of a door ; an iron to fasten the legs ; a spot or stain. To BOLT, bolt, v. a. To shut or fasten with a bolt; to blurt out ; to fetter, to shackle ; to sift, or separate with a sieve ; to examine, to try out ; to purify, or purge. To BOLT, b61t, V. n. To spring out with speed and suddenness. BOLTER, bolt'ur, s. A sieve to separate meal from bran. BoLTHEAD, boltlied, s. A long strait-necked glass vessel, a matrass, or receiver. BOLTING-HOUSE, bolt'lng-house, s. The place where meal is sifted. BOLTSPRIT, or BOWSPRIT, bc/sprit, s. A mast running out at the head of a ship, not standing up- right, but aslope. BOLUS, bolus, s. A medicine made up in to a soft mass larger than pills. BOMB, bum, s. 165. A loud noise ; a hollow iron ball, or shell, filled with gunpowder, and furnished with a vent for a fusee, or wooden tube, filled with combustible matter, to be tin-own out from a mortar. D9- I do not hesitate to follow Dr Kenrick and Mr Nares in this word, and all its compounds, in giving the o its fourth sound, equivalent to the second sound of 'u, though contrary to Mr Sheridan's pronunciation, which makes it rhyme with Tom, from, &c. Dr Johnson's de- rivation of the word to bump, from the same origin as bomb, makes the pronunciation I have given more agreeable to analogy. BOMB-CHEST, bum'tshest, s. A kind of chest filled with bombs, placed under ground to blow up in the air. BOMB-KETCH, bum'ketsh, BOMB-VESSEL, bum'ves-se A kind of ship, strongly built, to bear the shock of a mortar. BOMBARD, bum'bard, s. A great gun ; a barrel of wine. To BOMBARD, bum-bard.', v. a. To attack with bombs. BOMBARDIER, bum-bar-deer', s. 275. The engin- eer whose employment it is to shoot bombs. BOMBARDMENT, bum-bard'ment, s. An attack made by throwing bombs. BoMBASIN, bum-ba-zeen / , s, A slight silken stuff. BOMBAST, bum'bast, S. Fustian, big words. BOMBAST, bum-bust', a. High-sounding. BOMBASTICK, bum-bas'tlk, a. High-sounding, pompous. 8^ Dr Ash is the only lexicographer who lias in- sorted this word ; but I think its general usage entitles it to a place in the language, especially as it has the true adjective termination, and relieves us from the inconve- nience to which our language is so subject, that of hav- ing the substantive and adjective of the same form ; and though, as bombast stands in Dr Johnson, the substan- tive has the accent on the last syllable, and the adjective on the first, contrary, I think, to the analogy of accen- tuation, 494 ; yet this is but a bungling way of supply- ing the want of different words for different parts of speech. See Bowl. BOMBULATION, bum-bu-la'shun, s. Sound, noise. BOXAROBA, bo'tta-rc/ba, s. A whore. BoNASUS, bo-na'sus, S. A kind of buffalo. BONCHRETIEN, bon-kret'tsheen, s. A species of pear. Boxi), bond, s. Cords, or chains, with which any one is bound ; ligament that holds any thing together; union, connexion ; imprisonment, captivity; cement 57 of union, cause of union ; a writing of obligation ; law by which any one is obliged. BONDAGE, bin'dage, s. 90. Captivity, imprison- ment. BONDMAID, bond'made, s. A woman slave. BONDMAN, bSnd'man, *. 88. A man slave. BONDSERVANT, bSnd'ser-vant, s. A Slave. BONDSERVICE, bond'ser-vls, s. Slavery. BONDSLAVE, bond'slave, s. A man in slavery. BONDSMAN, bSndz'man, s. 38. One bound for another. BONDWOMAN, b5nd'vvum-un, s. A woman slave. BONE, bone, s. The solid parts of the body of an animal ; a fragment of meat, a bone with as much flesh as adheres to it ; To make no bones, to make no scru- ple ; dice. To BONE, bone, v. a. To take out the bones from the flesh. BONELACE, bone-lase', s. Flaxen lace. BONELESS, boners, a. Without bones. To BONESET, bone'set, v. n. To restore a bone out of joint, or join a bone broken. BoNESETTER, bone'set-tuT, *. One who makes a practice of setting bones. BONFIRE, bSn'fire, s. A fire made for triumph. BO Mr Sheridan pronounces this word bonffire; Dr Kenrick, Mr Scott, Mr Perry, and W. Johnston, make the first syllable rhyme with don; and though in the first edition of this Dictionary I made it rhyme with tun, I now prefer the sound rhyming with don. BoNGRACE, bun'gras, s. A covering for the fore- head. BONNET, bSn'nlt, s. 99. A hat, a cap. BONNETS, bSn'nlts, s. Small sails set on the courses of the mizzen, mainsail, and foresail. BoxxiLY, bon'n^-le, ad. Gayly, handsomely. BoNNINESS, bSn'ne-nes, s. Gayety, handsomeness. BONNY, bSn'ne, a. Handsome, beautiful ; gay, merry. BONNY-CLABBER, bon-ne-klab'bur, s. Sour buttermilk. BOXUM MAGNUM, bo'num-mag'nurn, s. A great plum. BONY, bo'ne, a. Consisting of bones ; full of bones. BoOBY, boo'b, s. A dull, heavy, stupid fellow. BOOK, book, s. A volume in which we read or write ; a particular part of a work ; the register in which a trader keeps an account ; In books, in kind remembrance ; Without book, by memory. To BOOK, book, v. a. To register in a book. BOOK-KEEPING, book'keep-lng, s. The art of keeping accounts. BOOKBINDER, booklDin-dur, s. A man whose profession it is to W-=i books. BooKFUL, bo6k'ful, a. Crowded with undigested knowledge. BOOKISH, bookish, a. Given to books. BooKiSHNESS, booklsh-nes, s. Overstudiousness. BoOKLEARNED, booklern-ed, o. Versed in books. BOOK-LEARNING, book'lern-ing, s. Skill in literature ; acquaintance with books. BOOKMAN, book'man, s. 88. A man whose pro- fession is the study of books. BOOKMATE, book'mate, s. School- fellow. BOOKSELLER, book'sel-lar, s. A man whose profession it is to sell books. BOOKWORM, book'wurm, s. A mits that eats holes in books ; a student too closely fixed upon books. BOOM, boom, s. In sea language, a pole used to spread out the clue of the studding sail ; a pole with bushes or baskets, set up as a mark to show the sailors how to steer ; a bar laid across a harbour to keep out the enemy. To BOOM, bSom, v. n. To rush with violence. BOON, boon, s. A gift, a grant. TOO EOT ^ 559 Fate. 73, fdr 77, fill 83, fit 81 me 93, mh 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, m5ve 164, BOON, boon, a. Gay, merry. BOOR, boor, s. A lout, a clown. BOORISH, boorish, a. Clownish, rustlck. BOORISHLY, boorfsh-le, ad. After a clownish manner. BoORISHNESS, boorlsh-n^S, S. Coarseness of manners. To BOOT, b35t, v. a. To profit, to advantage ; to enrich, to benefit BOOT, boot, s. Profit, gain, advantage ; To boot, with advantage, over and above; booty, or plunder. BOOT, bo6t, s. A covering for the leg, used by horsemen. BOOT OF A COACH, boot, s. The place under the coach-box. BOOT-HOSE, bSofhoze, s. Stockings to serve for boots. BoOT-TREE, boSt'tree, S. Wood shaped like a leg, to be driven into boots for stretcliing them. BOOT-CATCHER, boot'ketsh-ur, s. The person whose business at an inn is to pull off the boots of passengers. BOOTED, bftot'&I, a. In boots. BOOTH, bo5th, s. A house built of boards or boughs. BOOTLESS, b56t1es, a. Useless, unavailing ; with- out success. . BOOTY, bo^te, s. Plunder, pillage ; things gotten by robbery ; To play booty, to lose by design. BoPEEP, bo-pep', s. To play Bopeep, is to look out, and draw back as if frighted. BoRACHIO, bo-rat'tsho, s. A drunkard. BoRABLE, bo'ri-bl, a. That may be bored. BORAGE, burldje, s. 90. 165. A plant BORAX, bo'riks, s. An artificial salt, prepared from sal ammoniac, nitre, calcined tartar, sea salt, and alum, dissolved in wine. BoitDEL, bSr'del, S. A brothel, a bawdy-house. BoilDE-R, bor'dur, s. 98. The outer part or edge of any thing ; the edge of a country ; the outer part of a garment adorned with needle- work ; a bank raised round a garden, and set with flowers. To BORDER, bor'dur, v. n. To confine upon ; to approach nearly to. To BORDER, bor'dur, v. a. To adorn with a border ; to reach, to touch. BORDERER, bor'dur-iir, s. 555. He that dwells on the borders. To BORE, bore, v. a. To pierce in a hole. To BORE, bore, v. n. To make a hole ; to push forwards to a certain point. BORE, bore, S. The hole made by boring ; the in- strument with which a hole is bored ; the size of any hole. BORE, bore. The pret. of Bear. BOREAL, bo're-al, a. Northern. BoREAS, bc/re-as, S. The north wind. BoREE; bo-rde', S. A step in dancing. BORN, born. Come into life. BORNE, borne. Carried, supported. JK5" Dr Johnson has made no distinction in the spell- ing of the participle of to bear, to firing forth, and of to bear, to support: They undoubtedly both come from the same common stock, hut the necessities of men are na- turally urging them to make distinctions in language, when there is a difference of idea ; and this has produced the universally adopted difference between these two words ; the former rhyming with scorn, and the latter with mourn. The same necessity which urged the ear to the distinction of sound, induced the eye to adopt a dif- ference in the spelling, aud to admit of the final e in the latter participle, and this procedure of custom arose from an instinctive sense of utility : for without this dis- tinction in the spelling, nothing can be more puzzling and disgraceful than the bungling method of distin- guishing the same word by different sounds, according to its different meaning. Therefore, though the final e in borne does not necessarily give the o the first sound of that letter heard in worn, yet there is something aualo- 59 gical in making the e a distinctive mark of that sound : and as such a mark does not in the least endanger ety- mology, but prevents confusion in the pronunciation, it certainly ought to be adopted. To reduce the sound of born, supported, to born, brought forth, would be imprac- ticable and detrimental to precision ; to let these diffe- rent sounds be both signified by the same letters, w ould be to perpetuate perplexity ; no better way, therefore, remains than to spell them differently. See the words Bowl and Form. BOROUGH, burVo, s. A town with a corporation. To BORROW, bSr'ro, v. a. To take something from another upon credit; to ask of another the u-n- of something for a time ; to use as one's own, though not belonging to one. BORROWER, borYo-ur, s. He that borrows ; he that takes what is another's. BOSCAGE, bSs'kaje, S. 90. Wood, or woodlands. BOSKY, bSs'ke, a. Woody. BOSOM, boo'zum, s. The breast, the heart ; the innermost part of an enclosure ; the folds of the dress that cover the breast; the tender affections; inclina- ' tion, desire ; in composition, implies intimacy, con- fidence, fondness, as my bosom friend. 55 Th' s word is pronounced four ways, Bozum, Bttz- xum, and Boozum, the oo like u in bull ; and boozum, as ou in bouse. Sheridan and Scott adopt the third sound ; Perry seems to mark the fourth ; Dr Kenrick has the second and fourth, but seems to prefer the former ; and W. Johnston has the second ; and that is, in my opinion, the most general ; but the stage seems to have adopted the fourth sound, which has given it a currency among polite speakers, and makes it the most fashionable. Mr Elphinston, a nice observer, as well as a deep invt--- tigator, announces the second, but tells us that the third was the original pronunciation. To BOSOM, boo'zum, v. a. To enclose in the bosom ; to conceal in privacy. BOSON, bt/sn, s. 170. 103. Corrupted from Boatswain, which see. Boss, b&S, s. A stud ; the part rising in the midst of any thing; a thick body of any kind. BosSAGE, bSs'saje, s. 90. Any stone that has a projecture. BOSVEL, b5z'vel, S. 448. A species of crowfoot. BOTANICAL, bo-tan'e-kal, 7 BOTANICK, bo-t3n'nlk, \ a ' Relating to herbs, skilled in herbs. BOTANIST, bSt'a-nlst, s. 503, b. 543. One skilled iii plants. BOTANOLOGY, b5t-un-Sl'6-je, S. 518. A discourse upon plants. BOTCH, bStsh, S. 352. A swelling, or eruptive dis- coloration of the skin ; a part in any work ill finished ; an adventitious part clumsily added. To BOTCH, b5tsh, V. a. To mend or patch clothes clumsily ; to put together unsuitably, or unskilfully : to mark with botches. BoTCHY, b&t'tshe, a. Marked with botches. BOTH, bo/A, a 467. The two. BOTH, both, conj. As well. BoTS, bots, s. Small worms in the entrails of horses. BOTTLE, bot'tl, s. 405. A small vessel of glass, or other matter ; a quantity of wine usually put into a bottle, a quart ; a quantity of hay or grass bundled up. To BOTTLE, b5t'tl, v. a. To enclose in bottles. BOTTLEFLOWER, bot'tl-HOll-ur, S. A plant BOTTLESCREW, bit'tl-skl'OO, S. A screw to pull out the cork. BOTTOM, bot'tum, s. 166. The lowest part of any thing; the ground under the water ; the founda- tion, the ground-work ; a dale, a valley ; the deepest part ; bound, limit ; the utmost of any man's capacity ; the last resort : a vessel for navigation ; a chance, or security ; a ball of thread wound up together. To BOTTOM, bot'tum, v. a. To build up, to fix upon as a support ; to wind upon something. To BOTTOM, bot'tum, v. n. To rest upon as it* support BOT BOW nor 1G7, not 163 tube 171, t&b 172, bull 173 oil 299 pound 313 thin 466, THIS 469. BOTTOMED, bot'tumd, a. 359. Having a bottom. 13oTTO.Ul.FSS, bot'tum-les, a. Without a bottom, fathom less. BOTTOMRY, boftom.re, s. The art of burrowing 1 money on a ship's bottom. BOUD, boud, s. An insect which breeds in malt. To BOUGE, boodje, v. n. 315. To swell out. .COUGH, bou, s. 313. An arm or a large shoot of a tree. BOUGHT, bawt, 319. pret. of To Buy. To BOUNCE, bounse, V. n. To fall or fly against any thing with great force ; to make a sudden leap; to boast, to bully. BOUNCE, bounse, s. A strong sudden blow; a sudden crack or noise ; a boast, a threat. BOUNCER, boun'si'ir, s. A boaster, a bully, an empty threatener ; a liar. BOUND, bound, S. 313. A limit, a boundary ; a limit by which any excursion is restrained ; a leap, a . jump, a spring; a rebound. To BOUND, bound, V. a. To limit, to terminate; to restrain, to confine; to make to bound. To BOUND, bound, v. n. To jump, to spring ; to rebound, to fly back. BOUND, bound, part pass, of Bind. BoUNU, bound, a. Destined, intending to come to any place. BOUNDARY, boTm'da-re, s. Limit, bound. BoUNUEN, boua'dcn, part. pass, of Bind. BOUNDING-STONE, boun'ding-stone, BOUND-STONE, bound'stone, A stone to play with. BOUNDLESSNESS, boundles-nes, s. Exemption from limits. BOUNDLESS, boundlos, a. Unlimited, unconfined. BOUNTEOUS, boun'tshe-us, a. 263. Liberal, kind, generous. BOUNTEOUSLY, boun'tshe-us-le, ad. Liberally, generously. BouNTEOUSNESS, boun'tshe-uS-nes, s. Munifi- cence, liberality. BOUNTIFUL, boun'te-ful, a. Liberal, generous, munificent. BOUNTIFULLY, boun'te-ful-le, ad. Liberally. BOUNTIFULNESS, boun'te-f ul-nes, s. The quality of being bountiful, generosity. BOUNTIHEAD, boun'te-h i_33fiii_3jrS- Croodness, virtue. BOUNTYHOOD, boun'tc-hud, } BOUNTY, boun'te, S. Generosity, liberality, mu- nificence. TbBouRGF.ON, bur'jun, v. n. 313, 259. To sprout, to shoot into branches. BOURN, borne, S. A bound, a limit ; a brook, a torrent IX> I have differed from Mr Sheridan and Dr Kenrick in the pronunciation of this word. They make it sound as if written boom ; but if my memory fail me not, it is a rhyme to mourn upon the stage ; and Mr Garrick so pronounced it " That undiscovered countrj, from whose bourne "No Ira veller returns." ' Shaks\,earc's Hamlet. I am fortified in this pronunciation by the suffrages of Mr Elplu'uston, Mr Nares, and Mr Smith. To BOUSE, booze, v. n. To drink lavishly. BouSY, boo'ze, a. Drunken. BOUT, bout, s. A turn, as much of an action as is performed at one time. To Bow, bou, v. a. To bend, or inftVct ; to bend the body in token of respect or submission ; to bend or incline, in condescension ; to depress, to crush. To Bow, bou, v. n. To bend, to suffer flexure ; to make a reverence ; to stoop ; to sink under pressure. Bow, bou, S. An act of reverence or submission. Bow, bo, S. An instrument of war ; a rainbow ; the instrument with which string-instruments are played upou ; the doubling of a string in a slip knot ; 59 Bow of a ship, that part of her which begins at the loof, and ends at the stemmost part of the forecastle. To Bow, bo, v. a. To bend sideways. !X> \yhilesomewordsarenarrowingaiid contracting their original signification, others are dividing- and sub- dividing into a thousand different acceptations. The verb to bow rhyming with cow might originally signify flexure every way, and so serve for that action which made any thing crooked, let its direction be what it would ; but it appears certain, that at present it only means that flexure which is vertical, and which may be called a bowing down, but is by uo means so applicable to that flexure which is sideways or horizontal, and for which, necessity seems insensibly to have brought the verb I have inserted into use. This verb seems accom- panied by the word out as the other is by down, and we may say such a thing bows down, but another thing bowt out, or swells sideways : the first verb is pronounced so as to rhyme with cow, now, c. and the last withg-o, no, Sec. Milton seems to have used the word with tliis sound, where to his Penseroso he says "And lore the high emlxmcd roof, " With antique pillars' massy proof." But as nothing can tend more to the ambiguity of lan- guage than to have words spelled in the same manner sounded differently in order to distinguish their meaning by their pronunciation, I would humbly advise to spell the word bow (to shoot with,) and the verb to bow (to bend sideways,) with the final e; this slight addition will relieve a reader from the embarrassment he is under at first sight, where he is not thoroughly acquainted with the circumstances of a relation, and does not know how to pronounce the word till he has read the context For the propriety of this additional e, see the words Bowl, Borne, and Form. I cannot refrain from quoting Mr Nares on this word, as his opinion has great authority : " A bow for arrows, and to bow, when it signifies merely to bend any tiling, have ow like o long. This distinction I believe to be right, though our great Lexicographer has not noticed it. He gives to bow, in every sense, the regular sound of ow, (that is, rhyming with cow.) But of this instance the first and fourth appear to be erroneous ; the third is doubtful ; and in the second, the word is used to ex- press an inclination of the body, but metaphorically ap- plied to trees. See the four instances from Shakspeare, Dryden, and Locke, under To bow,v. a. No. 1." A want of attending to the different ideas the word bow conveys, as it is differently sounded, has occasioned the inconsistent sea-terms ; the bow of a ship rhyming with cow; and an anchor, called the best bower, rhym- ing- with hour; and bow, in the word bowiprit, rhyming with go, no, &c, BOW-BENT, b(Vbent, a. Crooked. Bow-HA ND, bo'hand, S. The hand that draws the bow. Bow-LEGGED, bolegd, a. 359. Having crooked legs. BOWELS, bou'elz, S. Intestines, the vessels and organs witliin the body ; thejimer parts of any thing ; tenderness, compassion. BOWER, bou'fir, &. 98. An arbour : it seems t -signify, in Spenser, a blow, a stroke. BOWER, bou'Cir, s. An anchor so called. BOWERY, bou'ur-e, a. Full of bowers. BOWL, bole, S. A vessel to hold liquids ; t lie hollow part of any thing ; a basin, a fountain. See the next word. BOWL, bole, s. Round mass rolled along the ground. DC^- Many respectable speakers pronounce this word so as to rhyme with howl, the noise made by a dog. Dr Johnson, Mr Elphinston, and Mr Perry, declare for it ; but Mr Sheridan, Mr Scott, Dr Kenrick, and Mr Smith, pronounce it as the vessel to hold liquor, rhym- ing with hole. I remember haying been corrected" by Mr Garrick for pronouncing it like nowl ; and am upon the whole of opinion, that pronouncing it as I have marked it is the preferable mode, though the least ana- jogical. But as the vessel has indisputably this sound, it is rendering the langua?e still more irregular to give the ball a different one. The inconvenience of this ir- regularity is often perceived in the word bow ; to have the same word signify different things, is the fate of all languages; but pronouncing the same word differently to signify different things, is multiplying difficulties without necessity ; for though it may be alleged, that a different pronunciation of the same word to signify a djf- BOW BRA r 559. Fate 73, fir 77, fall 83, fit 81 m^ 93, mlt 95 pine 105, pin 107 ni 162, move 164, ferent tiling, is in some measure remedying the poverty an. I ambiguity of language, it may be answered, that it is in reality increasing the ambiguity by setting the eye and ear at variance, and obliging the reader to under- stand the context before he can pronounce the word. It may be urged, that the Greek and Latin languages had these ambiguities in words which were only distinguish- able by their quantity or accent. But it is highly pro- bable that the Greek language had a written accent to distinguish such words as were pronounced differently to signify different things, and this is equivalent to a differ- ent spelling ; and though the Latin word lego signified either to read or to send, according to the quantity with which the first syllable was pronounced, it w as certainly an imperfection in that language which ought not to be imitated. Ideas, and combinations of ideas, will always be more numerous than words ; and therefore the same word will often stand for very different ideas : but alter- ing the sound of a word, without altering the spelling, is forming an unwritten language. To BOWL, bole, v. a. To play at bowls ; to throw bowls at any thing. BOWLER, bc/lur, S. He that plays at bowls. BOWLINE, bou'Hn, s. A rope fastened to the middle part of the outside of a sail. BOWLING-GREEN, b 1 have, in the pronunciation of this word, made CO the a long and slender, as in brace, as I find it in Dr Kenrick, W. Johnston, Mr Perry, and Mr Scott ; and not short as in brass, as Mr Sheridan has marked it ; and which, I believe, is the prevailing pronunciation in Ire- land : for though many compounds shorten the vowel iu the simple, as is shown at large in the Principles of Pro. niinciatiiin, 308. 515 ; yet I think such words are excep- tions as are only diminutives, plurals and feminities. See Patroness. BRACER, bra'sur, s. 98. A cincture, a bandage. BRACH, bratsh, s. 252. A bitch hound. BRACHIAL, brak'yal, a. 353. Belonging to the arm. BRACHYGRAPHY, bra-klg'gra-fe, s. 353. The art or practice of writing in a short compass. BRACK, brik, S. A breach. BRACKET, brak'kit, s. 99. A piece of wood fixed for the support of something. BRACKISH, braklsb, a. Salt, something salt. BRACKISHNESS, brak'Isb-ne's, s. Saltness. BRAD, brad, S. A sort of nail to floor rooms with. To BRAG, brag, v. n. To boast, to display osteu. tatiously. BRAG, brag, s. A boast ; a proud expression ; tha thing boasted. BRAGGADOCIO, brag-ga-do'she-6, s. A puffiny, boasting fellow. BRAGGART, brag'gart, a. 88. Boastful, vainly ostentatious. BRAGGART, brag'gart, s. 1 BRAGGER, brag-giir, s. 98. $ A BRAGLESS, brag'les, a. Without a boast BRAGLY, bragle, ad. Finely. To BRAID, brade, v. a. To weave together. BRAID, brade, s. A texture, a knot BRAILS, bralz, S. Small ropes reeved through blocks. BRAIN, brane, S. That collection of vessels and organs in the head.from which sense and motion arise ; the understanding. To BRAIN, brane, V. a. To kill by beating out the brain. BRAINISH, branelsh, a. Hot-headed, furious. BRAINLESS, brane'les, a. Silly. BRAINPAN, brane'pan, s. The skull containing the brains. BRAINSICK, brane'sik, a. Addleheaded, giddy. BRAINSICKLY, brane'sik-1^, ad. Weakly, headily. BRAINSICKNESS, brane'slk-nes, s. Indiscretion, giddiness. BRAKE, brake. The pret. of Break. BRAKE, brake, S. Fern, brambles. BRAKE, brake, S. An instrument for dressing hemp or flax ; the handle of a ship's pump ; a baker's knead ing trough. BRAKY, bra'ke, a. Thorny, prickly, rough. BRAMBLE, brum'bl, S. 405. Blackberry bush, dew. berry bush, raspberry bush ; any rough prickly shrub. BRAMBLING, bram'bling, s. A bird, called also the mountain chaffinch. BRAN, bran, S. The husks of corn ground. BRANCH, bransh, s. 352. 78. The shoot of a tree from one of the main boughs ; any distant article ; any part that shoots out from the rest ; a smaller river running into a larger ; any part of a family descending in a collateral line ; the offspring, the descendant ; tint antlers or shoots of a stag's horn. To BRANCH, bransh, v. n. To spread in brandies ; to spread into separate parts ; to speak diffushely ; to have horns shooting out. To BRANCH, bransh, v. a. To divide as into branches; to adorn with needlework. BRANCHER, brin'sh&r, s. One that shoots out in- to branches ; iu falconry, a young hawk. BRANCHINESS, bran'she'-nes, s. Fulness ol brandies. BRA BRE 167, not 163 tube 171, t&b 172, bull 173611, 299 po&nd 313 thin 466, THIS 469. Appearance like BRANCHLESS, brinshles, a. Without shoots' or boughs ; naked. BRANCHY, bran'she, a. Full of branches, spreading-. BRAND, brand, s. A stick lighted, or fit to be lighted ; a sword ; a thunderbolt ; a mark made by burning- with a hot iron. o BRAND, brand, v. a. To mark with a note of infamy. BKANDGOOSE, brand'goos, s. A kind of wild fowl. To BRANDISH, bran'dish, v. a. To wave or shake; to play with, to flourish. BRANDLING, brand'llng, s. A particular -worm. BRANDY, brill'de, s. A strong liquor distilled from win?. BKANGLE, brang'gl, s. 405. Squabble, wrangle. To BKANGLE, braug'gl, v. n. 405. To wrangle, to squabble. 13 HANK, brangk, s. Buckwheat. BuANNY, br&n'iie, a. Having the appearance of bran. BliASIER, bra'zhur, s. 283. A manufacturer that works in brass ; a pan to hold coals. BRASIL, or BRAZIL, bra-zeel', s. An American wood, commonly supposed to have been thus deno- minated, because first brought from Brasil. BRASS, bras, s. A yellow metal made by mixing copper with lapis calaminaris; impudence. BRASSINESS, bras'se-nes, s. An appearance like brass. BRASSY, bras'se, a. Partaking of brass ; hard as brass ; impudent. BRAT, brat, s. A child, so called in contempt-; the progeny the offspring BRAVADO, bra-va'do, s. A boast, a brag. See Lumbago. BRAVE, brave, a. Courageous, daring, bold ; gal- lant, having a noble mien ; magnificent, grand ; ex- cellent, noble. BRAVE, brave, S. A hector, a man daring beyond prudence or fitness ; a boast, a challenge. To BRAVE, brave, v. a. To defy, to challenge ; to carry a boasting appearance. BRAVELY, bravele, ad. In a brave manner, cour- ageously, gallantly. BRAVERY, bra'vur-re, s. 555. Courage, magnani- mity; splendour, magnificence; show, ostentation; brai'ado, boast. BRAVO, bra'vo, s. Spanish. A man who murders for hire. T(i BRAWL, brawl, V. n. To quarrel noisily and indecently ; to speak loud and indecently; to make a noise. BRAWL, brawl, S. Quarrel, noise, scurrility. BRAWLER, braw'lur, s. A wrangler. BRAWN, brawn, S. The fleshy or musculous part of the body ; the arm, so called from its being- musciilous ; bulk ; muscular strength ; the flesh of a boar ; a boar. BRAWNER, braw'nur, s. A boar killed for the table. BRAWNINESS, braw'ne-nes, s. Strength, hardness. BRAWNY, braw'ne, a. Musculous, fleshy, bulky. To BRAY, bra, v. a. To pound, or grind small. To BRAY, bra, v. n. To make a noise as an ass ; to make an offensive noise. BRAY, bra, s. Noise, sound. BRAYER, bra'ur, s. One that brays like an ass ; with printers, an instrument to temper the ink. To BRAZE, braze, v. a. To solder with brass ; to harden to impudence. BRAZEN, bra'zn, a. 103. Made of brass ; proceed- ing from brass ; impudent. To BRAZEN, bra'zn, v. n. To be impudent, to bully. BRAZENFACE, bra'zn.fase, s. An impudent wretch. BRAZENFACED, bra'zn-faste, a. 359. Impudent, shameless. 61 BRAZENNF.SS, bra'zn-nes, brass ; impudence. BRAZIER, braze'yur, s. 283 See Brarier. BREACH, breetsh, s. The act of breakingany thing ; the state of being broken ; a gap in a fortifica- tion made by a battery ; the violation of a law or con- tract ; difference, quarrel ; infraction, injury. BREAD, bred, s. Food made of ground corn ; food in general ; support of life at large. BREAD-CHIPPER, bred'tsblp-fir, s. A baker's ser- vant. BREAD-CORN, bred'kom, s. Corn of which bread is made. BREADTH, brdd^A, s. The measure of any plain superficies from side to side. To BREAK, brake, v. a. 240. 242. To burst, or open by force ; to divide ; to destroy by violence ; to overcome, to surmount ; to batter, to make breaches or gaps in ; to crush or destroy the strength of tlie body ; to sink or appal the spirit ; to subdue ; to crush, to disable, to incapacitate ; to weaken the mind ; to tame, to train to obedience ; to make bankrupt ; to crack the skin ; to violate a contract or promise ; to infringe a law ; to intercept, to hinder the effect of ; to_interrupt ; to separate company; to dissolve any union ; to open something new ; To break the back, to disable one's fortune ; To break ground, to open trenches ; To break the heart, to destroy with grief ; To break the neck, to lux, or put out the neck joints ; To break off, to put a sudden stop ; To break off; to dissolve ; To break up, to separate or disband ; To break upon the wheel, to punish by stretching a cri- minal upon the wheel, and breaking his bones with bats ; To break wind, to give vent to wind in the body. To BREAK, brake, v. n. To part in two ; to burst by dashing, as waves on a rock ; to open and discharge matter ; to open as the morning ; to burst forth, to exclaim ; to become bankrupt ; to decline in health and strength ; to make way with some kind of suddenness, to come to an explanation ; to fall out, to be friends no longer ; to discard ; to break from, to separate from with some vehemence ; to break in, to to discover itself in sudden effects ; To break out, to have eruptions from the body ; To break out, to be come dissolute ; To break up, to cease, to intermit ; To break up, to dissolve itself ; To break up, to begin holidays ; To break with, to part friendship with any. BREAK, brake, s. State of being broken, opening ; a pause, an interruption; a line drawn, noting that the sense is suspended. BREAKER, bra'kur, s. He that breaks any thing ; a wave broken by rocks or sand banks. To BREAKFAST, brk'fast, v. n. 234. 515. To eat the first meal in the day. BREAKFAST, breVMst, s. 88. The first meal in the day ; the thing eaten at the first meal ; a meal in gen- eral. BREAKNECK, brake'nek, S. A steep place en- dangering the neck. BREAKPROMISE, brake'prom-is, s. One that makes a practice of breaking his promise. BREAM, breme, s. The name of a fish. BREAST, brest, s. The middle part of the human body, between the neck and the belly; the dugs or teats of women which contain the milk ; the part of a beast that is under the neck, between the fore-legs ; the heart ; the conscience ; the passions. To BREAST, brest, v. a. To meet in front. BREASTBONE, brest'bone, s. The bone of the breast, the sternum. BREASTHIGH, brestVi, a. Up to the breast BREASTHOOKS, brest'ho&ks, s. with shipwrights the compassing timbers before, that help to strengthen the stem and all the fo'e part of the ship. BREASTKNOT, brest'n&t, s. A knot or bunch of ribands worn by women on the breast. BREASTPLATE, brest'plate, s, -Armour for the Iraafc BRE . Fate73, far 77, fall 83, fit81 me93, m5t95 pine 105, pin 107 n <\ 162, mSve IGt, , brest'plou, s. A plough used ' BREWING, br561ng, s. 410. Quantity of liquor for paring turf, driven by the breast. brewed. iui IMII IIIL' lull. uiiYfii u me uienou. i i * * ,? . * . i i f BREASTWORK, brgst'w&rk, S. Works throwu up BREWIS, brools, S. A p,ece of bread soaked in a* high as the'breast of the defendants boiling fat pottage, made of salted meat BREATH, brith, S. 437. The air drawn in and BRIBE, bribe, *. A reward given to pervert the ejected out of the body; life; respiration; respite, l>;m?e, relaxation; breeze, moving air; a single act; an instant, To BREATHE, breTHe, v. n. 437. To draw in and throw out the air by the lungs ; to live ; to rest ; to take breath ; to inject by breathing ; to eject by breathing ; to exercise ; to move or actuate by breath ; to utter privately ; to give air or vent to. BREATHER, br^TH&T, *. One that breathes, or lives. BREATHING, braining, s. Aspiration, secret prayer; breathing place, vent BKEATHLESS, breu ^aii'd t Duke, BRIGHT, brite, a. Shining, glittering, full of I light; clear, evident j illustrious, as, a bright reign ; i witty, acute, as, a bright genius. To BRIGHTEN, bri'tn, v. a. 103. To make bright, to make to shine ; to make luminous by light from without; to make gay, or alert; to make illus- trious ; to make acute. To BRIGHTEN, bri'tn, r. n. To grow bright, to clear up. BRIGHTLY, brite^, ad. BRIGHTNESS, brite'nes, s. acuteness. Splendidly, with lustre. Lustre, splendour ; BRILLIANCY, bril'yin-sc*, s. Lustre, splendour. BRILLIANT, bril'yant, a. 113. Shining, sparkling. BRILLIANT, bril'yant, s. A diamond of the finest cut. BRII.I.IANTNESS, brll'yant-n&, s. Splendour, lustre. BRIM, brim, s. The edge of any thing ; the upper edge of any vessel ; the top of any liquor ; the bank of a fountain. To BRIM, brim, r. a. To fill to the top. To BRIM, brim, v. n. To be full to the brim. BRIMFUL, brlm'ful, a. Full to the top. BRIMFULNESS, brlm'ful-nes, s. Fulness to the top. BRIMMER, brlm'mur, s. A bowl full to the top. BRIMSTONE, brim'stone, s. Sulphur. BRIMSTONY, brlm'sto-ne, a. Full of brimstone. BfllNDED, brln'ddd, a. Streaked, tabby. BRINDLE, brln'dl, s. 405. 359. The state of being brinded. BRINDLED, brin'dld, a. 405. Brinded, streaked. BRINE, brine, S. Water impregnated with salt, the sea; tears. BRINEPIT, brine'plt, s. Pit of salt water. To BRING, bring, v. a. 408. 409. To fetch from | BRITTLENF.SS, brlt'tl-r.e's, s. j BRIZE, brize, s. The gadfly. j BROACH, brotsh, s. 295. A spit. To BROACH, brotsh, i;. a. To spit, to pierce at with a spit ; to pierce a vessel in order to draw the li- quor; to open any store; to give out, to utter any thing. BROACHF.R, brotsh'ur, s. A spit ; an opener, or ulterer of any thing. BROAD, brawd, rt. 295. Wide, extended in breadth ; large ; clear, open ; gross, coarse ; obscene, fulsome ; bold, not delicate, not reserved. BROAD CLOTH, brawd'clofA, s. A fine kind of cloth. To BROADEN, braw'dn, v. n. 103. To grow broad. BROADLY, brawd'le, ad. In a broad manner. BROADNESS, brawd'nes, s. Breadth, extent from side to side ; coarseness, fulsomeness. BROADSIDE, brawd'side, s. The side of a ship ; the volley of shot fired at once from the side of a ship. BROADSWORD, brawd'sord, s. A cutting sword, with a broad blade. BROADWISE, brawd'wize, ad. 140. According to the direction of the breadth. BROCADE, bro-kade 7 , S. A silken stuff variegated. BROCADED, bro-ka'ded, a. Brest in brocade ; woven in the manner of brocade. BROCAGE, bro'kldje, s. 90. The gain gotten by promoting bargains ; the hire given for any unlawful office ; the trade of dealing in old things. BROCCOLI, brok'ko-le, s. A species of cabbage. BROCK, brok, s. A badger. BROCKET, brok'klt, s. 99. A red deer, two years old. BROGUE, brog, S. 337. A kind of shoe ; a corrupt dialect. To BROIDER, broe'dur, v. a. To adorn with figures of needle-work. BROIDERY, broe'diir-re, s. 555. flower- work. Embroidery, . another place ; to convey in one's own hand, not to ' BROIL, broil, S. A tumult, a quarrel. send ; to cause to come ; to attract, to draw along ; to ~, T> T i 32, put into any particular state; to conduct ; to induce, , lo VRO1L, broil, V. a. lo dress or cook by lay- to prevail upon ; To bring about, to bring to pass, to mgon the coals. effect; To bring forth, to give birth to, to produce; , To BROIL, broil, ?'. n. To be in the heat. To bring in, to reclaim ; To bring in, to afford gain ; BROKE, broke. Preterimperfect tense of the verb To bring off, to clear, to procure to be acquitted : To ~ , ' , bring on, to engage in action; To bring over, to draw ' J; , M to a new party ; To bring out, to exhibit, to show ; To . To BROKE, broke, v. n. To transact business for bring under, to subdue, to repress ; To bring up, to j others. educate, to instruct; To bring up, to bring into , BROKEN, bro'kn, 103. Part pass, of SreaJt. BROKEN-HEARTED, bro'kn-har'ted, a. Having practice. BHINGER, brlng'ur, s. 409. brings any thing. BRINISH, brl'nlsh, a. Having the taste of brine, salt. BRINISHNF.SS, bri'nlsh-nes, s. Saltness BRINK, brink, s. The edge of any place, aa o a precipice or a river. BRINY, brl'ne, a. Salt. -, - The person that , thegpirit8cru . shed by ?rief or fear. BROKENLY, brt/kn-le, ad. Without any regular series. BROKER, bro'kur, S. A factor, one that does business for another ; one who deals in old household goods ; a pimp, a match-maker. BROKERAGE, bro'kur-idje, s. 90. The pay or reward of a-broker. BRISK, brisk, a. Lively, vivacious, gay ; powerful, BRONCHOCELE, br&n'ko-sele, S. A tumour of spirituous ; vivid, bright. BRISKET, brls'klt, s. 99. The breast of an animal. BltlSKLY, brlsk'l^, ad. Actively, vigorously. BRISKNESS, brisk'nes, S. Liveliness, vigour, quick- ness; gayety. BRISTLE, bris'sl, s. 405. 472. The stiff hair o swine. To BRISTLE, bris'sl, V. a. To erect in bristles. To BRISTLE, bris'sl, v. n. To stand erect as bristles. BRISTLY, brisle, a. Thick set with bristles. BRISTOL STONE, brls'tul-stone, s. A kind of soft diamond found in a rock near the city of Bristol. I! HIT, brlt, s. The name of a fish. UiiiTTLE, brit'tl, . 405. Fragile, apt to break. 63 that part of the aspera arteria, called the Bronchus, See Hydrocele. BRONCHIAL, br&n'ke-al, BRONCHICK, brSn'klk, Belonging to the throat. BRONCHOTOMY, brSn-k6t't6-me, s. 518. The operation which opens the windpipe by incision, to prevent suffocation. BRONZE, bronze, s. Brass ; a medal. BROOCH, brotsh, s. A jewel, an ornament of jewels. To BROOD, brood, v. n. To sit on eggs to hatch them ; to cover chickens under the wing ; to watch, or consider any thing anxiously ; to mature any thing by rare. To BROOD, brood, r. a. To cherish by care, to hatch. BRO BUD ^ 559. Fate73,ftr77,fall83, fat 81 m& 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 nA 162, move 164- BitOOD, brood, S. Offspring, progeny, generation ; a hatch, the number hatched at once ; the act of covering the eggs. BROODY, broo'de, a. In a state of sitting on the eggs. BllOOK, br66k, s. A running water, a rivulet To BROOK, br66k, v . a. To bear, to endure. To BROOK, brook, v. n. To endure, to be content. BROOKLIME, brook'llme, s. A sort of water ; an herb. BROOM, broSm, s. A shrub, a besom so called from the matter of which it is made. BROOMLAND, broomland, s. Land that bears broom. BROOMSTAFF, brSSm'staf, s. The staff to which the broom is bound. BROOMY, broo'me, a. Full of broom. BllOTH, brbth, s. Liquor in which flesh is boiled. BROTHEL, br&TH'el, 1 BROTHEL-HOUSE, brSTH'51-house, } s ' A bawdy-house. BROTHER, bruTH'&r, s. 98. One born of the same father or mother ; any one closely united ; any one resembling another in manner, form, or profes- sion ; Brother is used in theological language, for man in general. BROTHERHOOD, bruTH'ur-h&d, s. The state or quality of being a brother ; an association of men for any purpose, a fraternity ; a class of men of the same kind. BROTHERLY, bruTH'ur-le, a. Natural to brothers, such as becomes or beseems a brother. BROUGHT, briwt, 393. Part. pass, of Bring. BROW, brou, s. The arch of hair over the eye ; forehead ; the general air of the countenance ; the edge of any high place. To BROWBEAT, broM)ete, v. a. To depress with stern looks. BROWBOUND, brou'bound, a. Crowned. BROWSICK, brou'slk, a. Dejected. BROWN, broun, a. The name of a colour. BROWNBILL, broun'bll, S. The ancient weapon of the English foot. BROWNNESS, broun'ri^s, s. A brown colour. BROWNSTUDY, broun-stud'de, s. Gloomy medita- tions. To BROWSE, brouze, v. a. To eat branches or shrubs. To BRUISE, brooze, v. a. 313. To crush or man- gle with a heavy blow. BRUISE, brooze, S. A hurt with something blunt and heavy. BRUISEWORT, brooze-w&rt, s. Comfrey. BRUIT, broot, s. 3i3. Rumour, noise, report. BRUMAL, brdu'mul, a. Belonging to the winter. BaUNETT, broo-nfit', S. A woman with a brown complexion. BRUNT, brunt, S. Shock, violence ; blow, stroke. BRUSH, brush, s. An instrument for rubbing ; a rude assault, a shock. To BRUSH, brush, v. a. To sweep or rub with a brush ; to strike with quickness ; to paint with a brush. To BRUSH, brush, v. n. To move with haste ; to fly over, to skim lightly. BRUSHER, brush'ur, s. He that uses a brush. BRUSHWOOD, brush'wud, s. Rough, shrubby thickets. BRUSHY, brush'd, a. Rough or shaggy, like a brush. To BRUSTLE, brus'sl, v. n. 4*72. To crackle. BRUTAL, br5 'dshJ, ad. In the manner of a brute. BRUTISHNESS, broo'tisb-nes, s. Brutality, savage- ness. BRYONY, bri'6-ne, s. A plant BUB, bub, s. Strong malt liquor. A low word. BUBBLE, buM)l, s. 4-05. A small bladder of wa- ter ; any thing which wants solidity and firmness ; a cheat, a false show ; the person cheated. To BUBBLE, bublal, v. n. To rise in bubbles ; to run with a gentle noise. To BUBBLE, bulVbl, v. a. To cheat BUBBLER, bul/blur, s. 405. A cheat BuBBY, b&b'b^, S. A woman's breast A low word. BuBO, bu'bo, S. The groin from the bending of the thigh to the scrotum : all tumours in that part are called Buboes. BUBONOCELE, bu-bon'6-se'le, s. A rupture, in which some part of the intestines breaks down into the groin. See Hydrocele. BuCANIERS, buk-a-neerz', S. A cant word for the privateers, or pirates, of America. BUCK, bilk, s. The liquor in which clothes nre washed ; the clothes washed in the liquor. BUCK, buk, s. The male of the fallow deer, the male of rabbits and other animals. To BUCK, buk, v. a. To wash clothes. To BUCK, buk, v. n. To copulate as bucks and does. BuCKBASKET, buk'baS-ke't, S. The basket in which clothes are carried to the wash. BuCKBEAN, buk'bene, s. A plant, a sort of trefoil. BUCKET, buk'klt, S. 99. The vessel in which wa- ter is drawn out of a well ; the vessel in which water is carried, particularly to quench a fire. BUCKLE, buk'kl, S. 405. A link of metal, with a a tongue or catch made to fasten one thing to another ; the state of the hair crisped and curled. To BUCKLE, buk'kl, v. a. To fasten with a buc- kle ; to confine. To BUCKLE, buk'kl, v. n. To bend, to bow ; To buckle to, to apply to ; To buckle with, to engage with. BUCKLER, b&klur, s. A shield. BucKMAST, buk'mast, S. The fruit or mast of the beech tree. BuCKRAM, buk'r&m, S. A sort of strong linen cloth, stiffened with gum. BUCKSHORN-PLANTAIN, buksliorn-plun'tln, s. A plant. BUCKTHORN, btuWiorn, s. A tree. BucOLICK, bu-kollk, s. A pastoral. jt^" From the tendency we have to remove the ac- cent to the beginning of such Latin words as we Angli- cize by dropping the last syllable, we sometimes hear this word improperly accented on the first syllable. See Academy. The authorities for the accent on the second syllable are, Mr Sheridan, Dr Johnson, W. Johnston, Mr Perry, Dr Kenrick, Bailey, Dr Ash, and Entick; Buchanan stands alone for the accent on the first BUD, bud, s. The first shoot of a plant, a germ, To BUD, bud, v. n. To put forth young shoots or germs ; to be in the bloom. To BUD, bud, v a. To inoculate. To BUDGE, budje, v. n. To stir. BUDGE, budje, a. Stiff, formal. BuDGER, bud'jfir, ft. One that stirs. BUDGET, bud'je't, s. A bag, such as may be easily carried ; a store, or stock. BUF BUR nor 167, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173611, 299 pound 313 thin 466, TH!S 109. HUFF, buf, s. Leather prepared from the skin of the buft'alo, used for waist belts, pouches, &c. a mili- tary coat, To BUFF, buf, v. a. To strike. A low word. BUFFALO, buf' fa-16, s. A kind of wild bull or cow. BUFFET, buPfit, s. 99. A blow with the fist BUFFET, buf ft, s. A kind of cupboard. To BUFFET, buf fit, v. a. 99. To box, to beat. To BUFFET, buf 'fit, v. . To play a boxing match. BUFFETER, buPflt-tur, s. A boxer. BUFFLE, buf fl, s. 405. The same with Buffalo. BUFFLEHEADED, buPfl-hed-ed, . Dull, stupid. BUFFOON, bul-fodn', s. A man whose profession is to make sport by low jests and antick postures, a jack-pudding ; a man that practises indecent raillery. BUFFOONERY, Buf-foon'ur-re, s. The practice of a buffoon ; low jests, scurrile mirth. BUG, bug;, s. A stinking insect, bred in old house- hold stuff. BUGBEAR, bug'bare, s. A frightful object, a false terrour. BuGGINESS, bug'ge-nls, S. The state of being infected with bugs. BuGGY, bug'ge, a. 283. Abounding with bugs. BUGLE, bu'gl, 405. ) u i / i i, * / f s - -A hunting horn. BuGLEHORN, bu'gl-horrv, 5 BUGLE, bu'gl, S. A shining bead of black glass. BUGLE, bu'gl, s. A plant. BuGLOSS, bu'glos, s. The herb ox-tongue. To BUILD, bild, v. a. 341. To make a fabrick or an edifice, to raise any tiling on a support or foun- dation. To BUILD, blld, v. n. To depend on, to rest on. BUILDER, blld'ur, s. 98. He that builds, an architect. BUILDING, Mldlng, s. 410. A fabrick, an edifice. BuiLT, bllt, S. The form, the structure. BuLB, bulb, S. A round body, or root, BULBACEOUS, bul-ba'shus, a. The same with Bulbous. BULBOUS, buVbus, a. 314. Containing bulbs. To BULGE, bfrlje, v. n. To take in water, to founder ; to jut out. BULK, bulk, s. Magnitude, size, quantity ; the gross, the majority ; main fabrick. BULK, bulk, s. A part of a building jutting out. BULKHEAD, bulk-bed', s. A partition made across a ship with boards. BULKINESS, bul'ke-nes, s. Greatness of stature or size. BULKY, bul-ke, a. Of great size or stature. BULL, bul, s. 173. The male of black cattle ; in the scriptural sense, an enemy powerful and vio- lent ; one of the twelve signs of the zodiack ; a letter published by the Pope ; a blunder. BuLLBAITING, bul'ba-tlng, s. The sport of bait. ing bulls with dogs. BULL-BEGGAR, bul'beg-ur, s. Something terrible to fright children with. BuLL-DOG, bul'dog, s. A dog of a particular form, remarkable for his courage. BULL-HEAD, bul'hed, s. A stupid fellow, the name of a fish. BULL-WEED, bulVeed, s. Knapweed. BULL-WORT, bul'wurt, s. Bishops-weed. BuLLACE, bul'lls, S. 99. A wild sour plum. BuLLET, bul'llt, s. 99. A round ball of metal. BULLION, bul'yiin, s, 113. Gold or silver in the lump unwrought, BULLITION, bul-llsh'an, s. 177. The act or state of boiling. BULLOCK, bullfik, s. 166. A young bull. 65 BuLLY, bulle, S, A noisy, blustering, quarr?l'iug fellow. BULRUSH, bul'rusb, s. A large rush. BULWARK, bul'wurk, s. A fortification, a citadel, security. BUM, bum, s. The part on which we sit ; it is used in composition, for any thing mean or low, as bum. bailiff. BUMBAILIFF, bum-ballf, s. A bailiff of the meanest kind, one that is employed in arrests. BuMBARD, bum'bard, S. See Lombard. BuMBAST, bum-bast', S. A cloth made of patches ; patchwork ; more properly written Bombast, as de- rived by Mr Stevens from Bombycinus, made of silk. BUMP, bump, s. A swelling, a protuberance. To BUMP, bfrmp, V. a. To make a loud noise. . See Bomb. BUMPER, bum'pur, s. 98. A cup filled. K3- There is a plausible derivation of this word from the French Bon Pare, which, say the anti-clerical critics, was the toast which the Monks gave to the Pope in a full glass. The farther a derivation is traced, the better it is liked by the common crowd of critics ; but Mr El- phinston, who saw farther into English and French ety- mology than any author I have met with, contents him- self with deriving this word from the word Bump, which, as a verb, signifies the action of some heavy body that makes a dense noise, and, as a noun, implies the general effect of such an action on the animal frame, which is a protuberance or swelling ; and the swelling out of the liquor when a glass is full, seems the natural offspring of the substantive Bump. Dr Ash, whose etymological knowledge seems very extensive, gives this word the same derivation, but tells us that the word Bumpkin is of uncertain etymology j a little attention, however, would, I think, have led him to the same origin of this word as the former ; for the heavy and protuberant form of the rusticks, to whom this word is generally applied, might very naturally generate the appellation. BUMPKIN, bum'kin, s. An awkward heavy rus- tick. See Bumper. BuMPKlNLY, bum'kln-le, a. Having the manner or appearance of a clown. BuNCH, bunsh, s. 352. A hard lump, a knob ; a cluster,- a number of things tied together; any thing bound into a knot. BuNCHBACKED, bonsh'bakt, a. Having bunches on the back. BUNCHY, bun'she, a. Growing into bunches. BUNDLE, bun'dl, s. 405. A number of things bound together ; any thing rolled up cylindrically. To BUNDLE, bun'dl, v. a. To tie in a bundle. BUNG, bung, s. A stopper for a barrel. To BUNG, bung, v. a. To stop up. BuNGHOLE, bung'hole, .?. The hole at which the barrel is filled. "- To BUNGLE, bung'gl, v. n. 405. To perform clumsily. To BUNGLE, bung'gl, V. a. To botch, to manage clumsily. BUNGLE, bung'gl, s. A botch, an awkwardness BUNGLER, bung'glur, s. A bad workman. BUNGLINGLY, bung'gling-le, ad. Clumsily, awkwardly. BUNN, bun, s. A kind of sweet bread. BUNT, bunt, S. A swelling part; an increasing cavity. BuNTER, bun'tur, s. 98. Any low vulgar woman. BUNTING, bun'ting, S. The name of a bird. BUOY, buoe, S. 346. A piece of cork or wood floating, tied to a weight. To BUOY, buoe, v. a. To keep afloat BUOYANCY, boue'an-se, s. The quality t>f floating. BUOYANT, buoe'ant, a. Which will not sink. BUR, bur, S. A rough head of a plant. BURBOT, bur'but, s. 166. A fish ful! of prickles. F BUR BUT 5.59. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81 mi 93, mSt 95 pine 105, pin 107 116 1G2, m5ve 164, To BURROW, bu^ro, v. n. To mine as conies or rabbits. BURSAR, bur'sfir, s. 88. The treasurer of a college. BuRSE, burse, s. An exchange where merchants meet. To BURST, burst, v n. To break, or fly open ; to fly asunder; to break away, to spring; to come sud- denly ; to bctrin an action violently. To BURST, burst, . a. To break suddenly, to make a quick and violent disruption. BURST, burst, S. A sudden disruption. BURST, burst, BURDELAIS, bur-de-la', s. A sort of grape. BURDEN, burMn, s. 103. A load; something grievous ; a birth ; the verse repeated in a song-. To BURDEN, bur'dn, v. a. To load, to incumber. BuRDENER, bur'dn-ur, s. 98. A loader, an op. pressor. BuRDENOUS, bur'dn-us,a. Grievous, oppressive ; useless. BURDENSOME, bur'dn-sfim, a. Grievous, trouble- some. BURDENSOMENESS, bur'dn-sum-n CACHECTICK, ka-kk'dk, J a ' Having an ill habit of body. CACHEXY, kak'kek-se, s. 517. Such a distemper- ature of the humours as hinders nutrition, and weakens tha vital and animal functions. Dtj Mr Sheridan is the only orthoepist who accents this word on the first syllable as I have done ; and yet every other lexicographer, who has the word, accents Anorexy, Ataxy, and Ataraxy, on the first syllable, ex- cept Mr Sheridan, who accents Anorexy, and Bailey Ataxy, on the penultimate. Whence this variety and inconsistency should arise, it is not easy to determine. Orthodoxy and Apoplexy had sufficiently chalked out the analogy of accentuation in these words. The termina- tions in axy and exy do not form a species of words which. may be called enclitical, like logy and graphy, 517, but seem to be exactly under the predicament of those Latin and Greek words, which, when adopted into Eng- lish by dropping their last syllable, remove the accent at least two syllables higher. See Academy. CACHINNATION, kak-kin_na'shun, s. 353. A loud laughter. CACKEREL, kak'ur-11, s. 555. 99. A fish. To CACKLE, kak'kl, v. n. 405. To make a noise as a goose ; sometimes it is used for the noise of a hen ; to laugh, to gigglo. CACKLE, kaK/kl, S. The voice of a goose or fowl. CACKLER, kakl&r, s. 98. A fowl that cackles ; a tell-tale, a tattler. CACOCHYMICAL, kak-ko-kim'e-kal, CACOCHYMICK, kak-ko-klmlk, 353. 509. Having the humours corrupted. CACOCHYMY, kak'ko-kim-m, s. A depravation of the humours from a sound state. Jf^ Johnson and Bailey accent this word Cacochym'y, Sheridan and Buchanan Cacoch'ymy, and Dr Ash Cac'ochymy ; and this last accentuation I have adopted for reasons given under the word Cachexy, which see. CACOD^EMON, kak-6-de l/ m&n, s. An evil spirit j the Devil. See Principles, No. 502. CACOPHONY, ka-k6fo-n, s. 518. A bad sound of words- To CACUMINATE, ka-ku'me-nate, v. a. To make sharp or pyramidal. CADAVEROUS, ka-dav'e'-rfis, a. Having the appear- ance of a dead carcass. CADDIS, kad'dls, s. A kind of tape or ribbon ; a kind of worm or grub. CADE, kade, a. Tame, soft, as a cade lamb. CADE, kade, s. A barrel. CADENCE, ka'deiise, > CADENCY, ka'd^n-s^, s ' Fall, state of sinking, decline ; the fall of the voice ; the flow of verses, or periods ; the tone or sound. CADENT, ka'dnt, a. Falling down. CADET, ka-dt', s. The younger brother; the young- est brother ; a volunteer in the army, who serves in expectation of a commission. CADGER, k^d'j&r, s. A huckster. ft^ This word is only used by the vulgar in London, whore it is not applied to any particular profession or employment, but nearly in the same sense as Curmud- geon, and is corruptly pronounced as if written Codger CADI, ka'de 1 , s. A magistrate among the Turks. CADILLACK, ki-dillak, s. A sort of pear. CADUCEUS, k5-du'she-5s, s. 505. The rod or waml with which Mercury is depicted. 68 CADUCITY, kd-du's^-te, s. 511. Tendency to fall C^SURA, s-zu'ra, S. 479. 480. A figure in poe- try, by which a short syllable after a complete foot is made long ; a pause in verse. CAFTAN, Kaftan, s. A Persian vest or garment CAG, kag, S. A barrel or wooden vessel, containing four or five gallons. CAGE, kaje, S. An enclosure of twigs or wire, in which birds are kept ; a place for wild beasts , a pri- son fcr petty malefactors. To CAGE, kaje, v. n. To enclose in a cnjre. CAIMAN, ka'man, s. 88. The American name of a crocodile. To CAJOLE, ka-jole 7 , v. a. To flatter, to soothe. CAJOLER, ka-jMur, s, A flatterer, a whcedler. CAJOLERY, ka_j61fir-r^, a. 555. Flattery. CAITIFF, ka'tlf, S. A mean villain, a despicaMu knave. CAKE, kake, S. A kind of delicate bread ; any thing of a form rather flat than high. To CAKE, kake, v. n. To harden as dough in the oven. CALABASH, kal'a-bash, s. A species of a large gourd. CALABASH TREE, kal'a-bush-tree, s. A tree, of which the shells are used by the negroes for cups, us also for instruments of mut-iYk. CALAMANCO, kal-a-mang'ko, s. A kind of wool- len stuff. CALAMINE, kal'a-mine, s. 149. A kind of fos- sile bituminous earth, which, being mixed with cop- per, changes it into brass. CALAMINT, kal'a-mint, s. The name of a plant. CALAMITOUS, ka-lam'e-tus, a. Miserable, involv- ed in distress, unhappy, wretched. CALAMITOUSNESS, ka-lam'e-tfis-ne's, s. Misery, distress. CALAMITY, ka-lam'e-t, s. Misfortune, cause of misery. CALAMUS, kal'a-mus, S. A sort of reed or sweet- scented wood, mentioned in Scripture. CALASH, ka-lash', s. A small carriage of pleasure. CALCARIOUS, kal-ka're'-us, a. Partaking of the nature of calx. CALCEATED, kal'sh-a-ted, a. 450- Shod, fitted with shoes. CALCEDONIUS, kal-se-do'ne-us, s. A kind of pre- cious stone. CALCINATION, kal-se-na'sh&n, s. Such a man- agement of bodies by fire as renders them reducible to powder : chymical pulverization. CALCINATORY, kal-sin'a-tfcr-^, s. A vessel used in calcination. J5 Mr Sheridan accents this word on the first svlla- ble, and Dr Johnson and Mr Perry on the second. I prefer the same accent as on the verb To calcine, 513. To CALCINE, kaLsine', v. a. To burn in the fire to a calx or substance easily reduced to powder ; to burn up. To CALCINE, kal-sine', v. n. To become a calx by heat. To CALCULATE, kaFkh-late, v. a. To compute, to reckon ; to adjust, to project for any certain end. CALCULATION, kal-kh-la'shfin, s. A practice or manner of reckoning, the art of numbering ; the re- sult of arithmetical operation. CALCULATOR, kal'kii-la-t&r, s. 521. A computer. CALCULATORY, kal'kii-la-tur-, a. 512. Belong- ing to calculation. CALCULE, kal'k&le, S. Reckoning, compute. CALCULOSE, ^l-ki'ulise', 1 a . CALCULOUS, kil'ku-lus, 5 CACULUS, kalTiu-lus, s. The stone in the bladder. CALDRON, kawl'dron, s. 166. A pot, a boiler, a kettle. CAL CAM 167, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173-511 299 pound 313 thin 466, Tins 469. C ALE FACTION, kal-e-fak'shun, S. The act of heating any tiling ; the state of being- heated. CALEFACTIVE, kal-e-fak'tfv, a. That which makes any tiling hot, heating 1 . CALEFACTORY, kal-e-fak'tur-d, a. That which heats. To CALEFY, kil'e-fi, v. n. 183. To grow hot, to be Heated. CALENDAR, kaF5n-dur, s. 88. A register of the year, in which the months, and stated times, are marked, as festivals and holydays. To CALENDER, kal'en-dur, v. a. To dress cloth. CALENDER, kal'en-dur, s. 98. A hot press, a press in which clothiers smooth their cloth. CALENDERED, kal'en- dur-ar, s. The person who calenders. CALENDS, kal'^ndz, s. The first day of the month amon? the Romans. CALENTURE, kal'^n-tshure, s. 461. A distemper in hot climates, wherein they imagine the sea to be green fields. CALF, kaf, s. 401. 78. The young of a cow ; the thick, plump, bulbous part of the leg. CALIBER, kal'e-bur, s. The bore, the diameter of the barrel of a gun. B3- Mr Sheridan accents this word on the second syl. lablc, and gives the the sound of douole e like the French ; but Johnson, Kenrick, Ash, Buchanan, Perry, and Kutick, consider the word as perfectly anglicised, and place the accent on the first syllable as I have done. GAUGE, kallls, s. A cup, a chalice. CALICO, kal'e-ko, s. An Indian stuff made of cotton. CALID, kalld, a. Hot, burning. CALIDITY, ka-lid'de-te, s. 511. Heat CALIF, ) , linf CAI IPIL C S ' A t ' tle assumed by tne succes- sors of Mahomet among the Saracens. CALIGATION, kal-le-ga'shun, s. Darkness, cloud- iness. CALIGTNOUS, ka-HdjVe-nus, a. Obscure, dim. CALIGINOUSNESS, ka-lldje'e-nus-ns, s. Dark- ness. CALIVER, kll'e-var, S. A handgun, a harquebuse, an old musquet. To CALK, kavvk, v. a. To stop the leaks of a ship. CALKER, kaw'kur, s. The workman that stops the leaks of a ship. To CALL, kawl, V. a. 77. To name ; to summon or invite ; to convoke ; to summon judicially ; in the theological sense, to inspire with ardours of piety ; to invoke, to appeal to ; to proclaim, to publish ; to make a short visit ; to excite, to put in action, to bring into view ; to stigmatize with some opprobrious denomina- tion; To call back, to revoke; To call in, to resume money at interest ; To call over, to read aloud a list or muster-roll ; To call out, to challenge. CALL, kawl, s. A vocal address; requisition; divine vocation ; summons to true religion ; an im- pulse ; authority, command ; a demand, a claim ; an instrument to call birds ; calling, vocation, employ- ment ; a nomination. CALLAT, 7 , ,,,,. CALLED { kaiaet ' s - A M1 - CALLING, k^l'llng, s. Vocation, profession, ligio ALI.IPERS, kal'l^-purz, s. 98. Compasses with bowed shanks. CALLOSITY, kal-los'se-te, s. A. kind of swelling without pain. CALLOUS, kal'lus, a. Hardened, insensible, CALLOUSNESS, kal'las-ns, s. Induration of the fibres ; insensibility. CALLOW, kal'16, a. Unfledged, naked, wanting feathers. 69 CALLUS, kal'lus, s. An induration of the fibrea ; the hard substance by which broken bones are united. CALM, kam, a. 80. Quiet, serene ; undisturbed, unruffled. See No. 79, in the Note. CALM, kam, s. Serenity, stillness ; quiet, repose. To CALM, kam, v. a. To still, to quiet ; to pacify, to appease. CALMER, kam'ur, s. 403. The person or thing which has the power of giving quiet. CALMLY, kamle, ad. Without storms, or violence without passions, quietly. CALMNESS, kam'nes, s. Tranquillity, serenity ; mildness, freedom from passion. CALOMEL, kal'o-m^l, S. Mercury six times su. blimed. CALORIFICK, kil-6-rif Ik, a. That which has the quality of producing heat. CALOTTE, kal-15t', s. A cap or coif. CALTROPS, kal'trSps, s. An instrument made with four spikes, so that which way soever it falls to the ground, one of them points upright ; a plant mention- ed in Virgil's Georgicks, under the name of Tribulus. To CALVE, kav, v. n. 78. To bring forth a calf, spoken of a cow. To CALUMNIATE, ka-lum'n^-ate, v. a. 91. To slander. CALUMNIATION, ka-lum-n- a/shun, s. A mali- cious and false representation of words or actions. CALUMNIATOR, ka-lum'ne-a_tar, s. 521. A for- ger of accusation, a slanderer. CALUMNIOUS, ki-lum'ne-us, a. Slanderous, falsely reproachful CALUMNY, kal'um-n V. Slander, false charge. CALX, kalks, s. Any thing rendered reducible to powder by burning. CALYCLE, kal'e-kl, s. 405. A small bud of a plant CAMAIEU, ka-ma'y66, s. A stone with various figures and representations of landscapes, formed by nature. CAMBER, kano/bur, S. A piece of timber cut arch, wise. CAMBIST, kanVbist, s. A person who deals in bill* of exchange, or who is skilled in the business of ex- change. CAMBRICK, kame'brik, s. 54-2. A kind of fine linen. See Chamber. CAME, kame. The pret. of To Come. CAMEL, kam'el, s. 99. A beast of burden. CAMELOPARD, ka-m11o-pard, s. An animal taller than an elephant, but not so thick. CAMELOT, " OAAUSLUT, / k * n*. CAMLET, 5 K ' iet > *' A kind of stuff original* ' made by a mixture of silk and camel's hair ; it is IKAV made with wool and bilk. CAMERA OBSCURA, kam'e-ra-6b-sku'ra, s. An optical machine used in a darkened chamber, so that the light coining only through a double convex glass, objects opposite are represented inverted. CAMEHADE. See Comrade. CAMERATED, kam'er-a-td, a. Arched. CAMERATION, kam-r-a'shfin, s. A vaulting- 01 arching. CAMISADO, kam-e-sa'do, s. 77. An attack made in the dark, on which occasion they put their shirts outward. CAMISATED, kam'e-sa-ted, a. Dressed with the shirt outward. CAMLET, kamldt, s. See Camelot. CAMMOCK, kam'muk, s. 166. An herb, petty whin, or restharrow. CAMP, kamp, s. The order of tents pjaced by armies when they keep the field. To CAMP, kamp, v. n. To lodge in tents. CAMPAIGN, kam-pane', s. 385. A large, open, level tract of ground ; the time for which aiiy army keeps the field. CAM CAN ^- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 m4 93, mSt 95 pine 105, pin 107 n6 162, m5ve 164s CAMPANIFORM, kam.pan'ne-f<5rm, a. A term used of flowers which are in the shape of a belL CAMPANUI.ATE, kam.pati'6-late, a. Campaniform. CAMPESTRAL, kam-peVtral, a. Growing- in fields. CAMPHIRE, kam'Fir, s. 140. A kind of resin produced by achymical process from the camphire-tree. CAMPHIRE-TREE, kam'flr-tre^, s. The tree from which camphire is extracted. CAMPHORATE, kam'fi-rate, a. 91. Impregnated with camphire. CAMPION, kam'pe-fm, s. 166 A plant CAN, kan, s, A cup. To CAN, kan, v. n. To be able, to have power ; it expresses the potential mood, as, I can do it CANAILLE, kl-nale', s. The lowest people. CANAKIN, kan'a-kln, s. A can ; a small cup. CANAL, ka-nal', s. A basin of water in a garden ; anjr course of water made by art ; a passage through which any of the juices of the body flow. CANAL-COAL. This word is corrupted into kn'- nil-kSle, s. A fine kind of coaL CANALICULATED, kan-a-llk'ii-la-t3d, a. Made like a pipe or gutter. CANARY, ki-na'r4, s. Wine brought from the Canaries, sack. CANARY-BIRD, ka-na're-bard, s. An excellent singing bird. To CANCEL, kan'sll, v. a. 99. To cross a writing ; to efface, to obliterate in general. CANCELLATED, kan'sel-la-ted, a. Cross-barred. CANCELLATION, kan-sel-la'shun, s. An expung- ing or wiping out of an instrument. CANCER, kan'sfrr, s. 98. A crab-fish ; the sign of the summer solstice ; a virulent swelling or sore. To CANCERATE, kan'sfrr-rate, v. n. 91. To be- come a cancer. CANCERATION, kan-sfrr-ra'shCin, s. A growing cancerous. CANCEROUS, kan'sur-rus, a. Having the virulence of a cancer. CANCEROUSNESS, kan's&r-r&s-ne's, s. The state of being cancerous. CANCRINE, kang'kdn, a. 140. 408. Having the qualities of a crab. CANDENT, kan'de'nt, a. Hot CANDICANT, kan'de-kant, a. Growing white. CANDID, kan'dld, a. White; fair, open, ingenuous. CANDIDATE, kan'de-date, s. A competitor, one that solicits advancement CANDIDLY, kan'dld-le', ad. Fairly, ingenuously. CANDIDNESS, kan'did-ne's, s. Ingenuousness, openness of temper. To CANDIFY, kan'de-fi, v. a. To make white. CANDLE, kan'dl, s. 405. A light made of wax or tallow, surrounding a wick of flax or cotton. CANDLEBERRY-TREE, kan'dl-br-re-tree, s. A species of sweet willow. CANDLEHOLDER, kaii'dl-hold-ur, s. He that holds the candle. CANDLELIGHT, kan'dl-llte, s. The light of a candle. CANDLEMAS, kan'dl-m&s, s. 88. The feast of the purification of the Blessed Virgin, which was for- merly celebrated with many lights in churches. CANDLESTICK,kan'dl-Stlk, s. The instrument that holds candles. CANDLESTUFF, kan'dl-st&f, s. Grease, tallow. CANDLEWASTER, kan'dl-was-t&r, s. A spendthrift. CANDOCK, kan'-d6k, s. A weed that grows in rivers. CANDOUR, kan'dur, s. 314. Sweetness of temper, purity of mind, ingenuousness. To CANDY, kan'de, v. a. To conserve with sugar ; to form into congelations. To CANDY, kan'dl, v. n- To grow congealed. 70 CANE, kane, s. A kind of strong reed ; the plant which yields the sugar ; a lance ; a reed. To CANE, kane, V. a. To beat with a cane or stick. CANICULAR, ka-nlk'h-lar, a. Belonging to tue dog-star. CANINE, ka-nine', a. Having the properties of adog. CANISTER, kan'Is-tar, s. 98. A small basket ; a small vessel in which any thing is laid up. CANKER, kang'k&r, s. 409. A worm that prey* upon, and destroys fruits ; a fly that preys upon fruits ; any thing that corrupts or consumes ; an eating or con- roding- humour; corrosion, virulence; a disease in trees. To CANKER, kangTcfrr, v. n. To grow corrupt. To CANKER, kangTcfrr, v. a. To corrupt, to cor- rode ; to infect, to pollute. CANKERBIT, kangliur-bit, part, ad Bitten with an envenomed tooth. CANNABINE, kan'na-bine, a. 149. Hempen. CANNIBAL, kan'ne-bil, s. A man-eater. CANNIBALISM, kan'ne-bal-lzm, s. The manners of a cannibal. CANNIBALLY, kan'ne-bal-le, ad. In the manner of a cannibal. CANNIPERS, kan'ne'-pfrrz, s. Callipers. CANNON, kan'nun, s. 166. A gun larger than can be managed by the hand. CANNON-BALL, kan-nun.bawl', CANNON-SHOT, kin-nun-sh6t', The balls which are shot from great guns. To CANNONADE, kan-nun-nade', v. a. To play the great guns ; to attack or batter with cannon. CANNONIER, kan-n&n-neer 7 , s. 275. The engineer that manages the cannon. CANNOT, kan'n&t, v. n. of Can and Not. To be unable. p ' > kan-noO 7 , A boat made by cutting the trunk of a tree into a hollow vessel. CANON, kan'un, s. 166. A rule, a law ; law made by ecclesiastical councils ; the books of Holy Scripture, or the great rule ; a dignitary in cathedral churches ; a large sort of printing letter. CANONF.SS, kan'un-n^s, s. In Catholic countries, women living after the example of secular canons. CANONICAL, ka-n&n'e-kal, a. According to the canon ; constituting the canon ; regular, stated, fixed by ecclesiastical laws ; spiritual, ecclesiastical. CANONICALLY, ka-n6n'e-kal-le, ad. In a manner agreeable to the canon. CANONICALNESS, ka-nSn'-kal-nes, s. The quality of being canonical. CANONIST, kan'ntin-nist, s. 166. A professor of the canon law. CANONIZATION, kan-no-ne-za'shan, s. The act of declaring a saint To CANONIZE, kan'ni-nize, v. a. To declare any one a saint CANONRY, kan'un-re, 7 i ' v? f s ' An ectlesiastical CANONSHIP, kan un-ship, J benefice in some cathedral or collegiate church. CANOPIED, kan'6-pid, a. 282. Covered with a canopy. CANOPY, kan'6-pe, s. A covering spread over (he head. To CANOPY,kan'o-pe, v. a. To cover with a canopy. CANOROUS, ka-no'rfis, a. 512. Musical, tuneful. CANT, kant, s. A corrupt dialect used by beggars and vagabonds ; a form of speaking peculiar to some certain class or body of men ; a whining pretension to goodness ; barbarous jargon ; auction. {$- It is scarcely to be credited, that the writer in the Spectator, signed T. should adopt a derivation of this word from one Andrew Cant, a Scotch Presbyterian Mi- nister, when the Latin cantus, so expressive of the sing- CAN CAP 167, nit 163 tibe 171, tfib 172, b&ll 173611 299 po&nd 313 thin 466, THIS 169. esembling tiairs, S. A small raou. Ing, or whining tone of certain preachers is so obvious CAPILLARY, kap'pll-li-r^, a. R an etymology. The cant of particular professions is an small ra inutc. See Papillary. easy derivation from the same origin, as it means the r*T~?, ... ?i i 1 / * set phrases, the routine of professional language, resem- C APILLATIOJs , kap-pll-la'sh bling the chime of a song. Quaint, from which some fication of vessels. derive this word, is a much less probable etymology. To CANT, kant, v. n. To talk in the jargon of par- ticiilar professions ; to speak with a particular tone. To CANT kiirit n a. Tn tiws nr fliiwr awav *T, Kant, v.0. io toss or fling away. CANTATA, kan-ta'ta, s. 77. Italian. A song. CANTATION, kan-ta'shun, s. The act of singing. CANTER, kan'tOr, s. 98. A hypocrite ; a short gallop. CANTHARIDES, kaiWAarti-dez, s. Spanish flies, used to raise blisters. CANTHUS, kilrtftfo, S. The corner of the eye. CAPITAL, kap'e-tal, a. 88. Relating to the head ; criminal in the highest degree ; that which affects life ; chief, principal ; applied to letters, large, such as are written at the beginning or heads of books ; Capital gtock) the ^f > { or fe original 6tock of a tra & ng . company. CAPITAL, kap'-tal, s. The upper part of a pillar ; the chief city of a nation. CAPITALLY, kap'e-tal-te, ad. In a capital manner, so as to affect life, as capitally convicted. CAPITATION, kap-d-ta'shfin, s. Numeration by PAX 1/An'i-l o r\Z A ; , CANTLE, kant Is. 40o. A p.ece with comers CANTLET, kant1&, S. 99. A piece, a fragment. CANTO, kan'to, s. A book or section of a poem. CANTON, kan'tan, s. 166. A small parcel or division of land ; a small community, or clan. To CANTON, kan'tiin, ?;. a. To divide into little parts. , ka-p!tsh'U&r, ,. 88. 463. Tl,, body of the statutes of a chapter ; a member of a chapter. To CAPITUL kJpitsh/Uate, v. n. 91? To draw up any mn ' g . eads Qr art | des . ^ yield QJ ._ der on certain stipulations. CAPITULATION, ka-pitsh-ii-la'shun, s. Stipula- tion, terms, conditions. CAPIVI TREE, ka-pe've-tr^, s. ' A balsam tree. To CANTONIZE, kan'tun-ize, v. a. To parcel out : CAPON, ka'pn, s. 405. 170. A castrated cock. CAPONNIERE, kap-pon-neer', s. A covered lodg- ment, encompassed with a little parapet CAPOT, ka-p6t', s. Is when one party wins all the tricks of cards at the game of Piquet CAPRICE, ka-prese / , or kapr^se, s. Freak, fancy, whim. J5- The first manner of pronouncing this word is the most established ; but the second does not want its pa- trons. Thus Dr Young, in his Love of Fame : into small divisions. CANVASS, kan'vas, s. A kind of cloth woven for several uses ; solicitation upon an election. To CANVASS, kan'vas, v. a. To sift, to examine ; to debate, to controvert To CANVASS, kan'vas, v. n. To solicit. CANY, ka'ne, a. Full of canes, consisting of canes. CANZONET, kan-zo-not', s. A little song. CAP, kap, s. The garment that covers the head ; the ensign of the cardinalate ; the topmost, the high- est; a reverence made by uncovering the head. To CAP, kap, V. a. To cover on the top ; to snatch off the cap ; To cap verses, to name alternately verses beginning with a particular letter. CAP-A-PIE, kap-a-pe 7 , ad. From head to foot CAP-PAPER, kap'pa-ptir, s. A sort of coarse brownish paper. CAPABILITY, ka-pa-bil'e-t, s. Capacity. CAPABLE, ka'pa-bl, a. See Incapable. Endued with powers equal to any particular thing ; intelligent, able to understand ; capacious, able to receive ; suscep- tible ; qualified for ; hollow. CAPABLENESS, ka'pa-bl-nes, s. The quality or state of being capable. CAPACIOUS, ka-pa'shus, a. Wide, large, able to hold much ; extensive, equal to great designs. CAPACIOUSNESS, ka-pa'shus-n&s, s. The power of holding, largeness. " 'Tis true great Fortunes some great men confer, Bui often, ev'n in doing right they err : They give, but think it toil to know to whom." CAPRICIOUS, ka-prlsh'frs, a. Whimsical, fanciful. CAPRICIOUSLY, ka-prish'is-le, ad. Whimsically. CAPRICIOUSNESS, ka-prish'us-ns, s. Humour, whimsicalness. CAPRICORN, kap'pr-korn, s. One of the signs of the zodiack, the winter solstice. CAPRIOLE, kap-re-ole 7 , s. Caprioles are leaps, such as horses make in one and the same place, without ad- vancing forward. CAPSTAN, kap'stAn, s. A cylinder with levers to wind up any great weight. CAPSULAR, kap'shra-lar, 452. CAPSULURY, kap'shu-lar-e, Hollow like a chest CAPSULATE, kap'shu-late, To CAPACITATE, ka-pas'e-tate, v. a. To enable, i CAPSULATED, kap'sh6-la-td to qualify. CAPACITY, ka-pas'e-te, s. 511. containing ; the force or power of the mind ; power, ability ; room, space ; state, condition, character. CAPARISON, ka-par'e-sun, s. 170. 443. A sort . of cover for a horse. To CAPARISON, ka-par^-sull, v. a. To dress in caparisons ; to dress pompously. CAPE, kape, S. Headland, promontory ; the neck- piece of a cloak or coat. CAPER, kap'ur, s. 98. A leap, or jump. CAPER, ka'pur, s. An acid pickle. CAPER-BUSH, ka'p&r-bush, s. This plant grows in the South of France, the buds are pickled for eating. To CAPER, ka-pur, v. n. To dance frolicksomely ; to skip for merriment. CAPERER, ka'pur-rar, s. 555. A dancer. CAPIAS, ka'pe-us, s. 88. A writ of execution. CAPILI.ACEOUS, kap-p'il-la'shus, a. The same with capillary. , kap-pll-lare', s. Syrup of Maidenhair. Inclosed, or in a box. The power of ; CAPTAIN, kap'tln, s./.08. ,-b A chief commander ; the commander of a company in a regiment ; the chief commander of a ship ; Captain General, the general or commander in chief of an army. CAPTAINRY, kap'tin-re, s. The power over a certain district ; the chieftainship. CAPTAINSHIP, kap'tin-ship, s. The rank or post of a captain ; the condition or post of a chief com- mander. CAPTATION, kap-ta'shun, s. The practice of catching favour. CAPTION, kap'sh&n, s. The act of taking any person. CAKTIOUS, kap'shus, a. 314. Given to cavils. eager to object ; insidious, ensnaring. CAPTIOUSLY, kap / shfrs-l, ad. \Vith an inclination to object CAPTIOUSNESS, kap'sh&s-nes, s. Inclination to object ; peevishness. To CAPTIVATE, kap'te-vate, v. a. To take prisoner, to bring into bondage ; to cliarm, to subdue. v^Ai-iLLAiiiii, K.ap-pn-iarc , s. oyrupoi.uai lair. prisoner, to bring into bondage ; to cliarm, to suhdue. CAPILLAMENT, ka-pil'la-mont, s. Small threads CAFFIVATION, kap-te-v;Vshfin, s. The ict of or hairs liich grow up in the middle of a flower. 71 taking one captive. CAP CAR 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81 me 93, m&t 95 pine 105, pin 107 nA 162, move 16*, kar'at, S. A weight of four grains ; a CAPTIVE, kap'tlv, S. 140. One taken in war ; one charmed by beauty. CAPTIVE, kap'tlv, a. Made prisoner in war. CAPTIVITY, kap-tlv'e-te, s. Subjection by the fate of war, bondage ; slavery, servitude. CAPTOR, kap'tfrr, s. 165. He that takes a prisoner, or a prize. CAPTURE, kap'tsbJire, s. 461. The act or prac- tice of taking any thing ; a prize. CAPUCHIN, kap_fusheen', s. 112. A female garment, consisting of a cloak and hood, made in imi- tation of the dress of capuchin monks. CAR, kdr, s. 78. A small carriage of burden ; a chariot of war. CARABINE, or CARBINE, kar-blne 7 , s. A small sort of fire-arms. IXlT- Dr Ash, Bailey, W. Johnston, Entick, and Bu- chanan, accent Carabine on the last syllable, and Dr Johnson and Mr Perry on the first ; while Mr Sheridan, Dr Ash, Buchanan, Dr Johnson, and Bailey, accent Carbine on the first ; but Mr Scott, Entick, Perry, and Kenrick, more properly on the last. The reason is, that if we accent Carbine on the first syllable, the last ought, according to analogy, to have the i short ; but as the i is always long, the accent ought to be on the last syllable, 140. CARBINIER, kar-bsl-ne'e'r', s. A sort of light horseman. CARACKjkar'ak, s. A large ship of burden, galleon. CARAT, CARACK, manner of expressing the fineness of gold. CARAVAN, kar-a-van', s. 524. A troop or body of merchants or pilgrims. CARAVANSARY, kar-a-van'sa-re, s. A house built for the reception of travellers. CARAWAY, kar'i-wa, s. A plant CARBONADO, kar-b6-nad6, s. 92. 77. Meat cut across to be broiled. To CARBONADO, kar-b6-na'd6, v. a. To cut or hack. See Lumbago. CARBUNCLE, k&r'bfrngk-kl, s. 405. A jewel shining in the dark ; red spot or pimple. CARE UNCLED, kdr'bungk-kld, a. 362. Set with carbuncles ; spotted, deformed with pimples. CARBUNCULAR, kar-bang'ku-lor, a. Red like a carbuncle. CARBUNCULATION, kar-bung-kfi-la'shun, s. The blasting of young buds by heat or cold. CARCANET, kar'ka-ne't;, s. A chain or collar of jewels. CARCASS, kar'kas, s. 92. A dead body of an animal ; the decayed parts of any thing ; the main parts, without completion or ornament ; in gunnery ; a kind of bomb. CARCELAGE, kar'se-Edje, s. 90. Prison fees. CARD, kard, s. 92. A paper painted with figures, used in games ; the paper on which the several points of the compass are marked under the mariner's needle ; the instrument with which wool is combed. To CARD, kard, v. a. To comb wool. CARDAMOMOM. This word is commonly pro- nounced kar'da-m&m, s. A medicinal seed. CARDER, kar'dur, s. 98. One that cards wool, one that plays much at cards. CARDIACAL, kar-di'a-kal, CARDIACK, kar'de-ak, Cordial, having the quality of invigorating. CARDINAL, kar'de-nal, a. 88. Principal, chief. CARDINAL, kar'de-nal, s. One of the chief governors of the church. CARDINALATE, kar'de-na-late, CARDINALSHIP, kar'de-nal-shlp, The office and rank of a cardinal. CARDMATCK, kard'matsh, s. A match made by dipping a piece of card in melted sulphur; a party at cards. CARE, kare, S. Solicitude, anxiety, concern ; 72 caution ; regard, charge, heod in order to preserva- tion ; the object of care, or of love. To CARE, kare, v. n. To be anxious or solicitous ; to be inclined, to be disposed ; to be affected with. CARECRAZED, kare'krazd, a. 359. Broken with- care and solicitude. To CAREEN, ka-re'en', v. a. To calk, to stop up leaks. CAREER, ka-re'er', s. The ground on which a race is run ; a course, a race ; full speed, swift motion ; course of action. To CAREER, ka-re'eV, v. n. To run with a swift motion. CAREFUL, kare'ful, a. Anxious, solicitous, full of concern ; provident, diligent, cautious ; watchful. CAREFULLY, kare'ful-le, ad. In a manner that shows care ; heedfully, watchfully. CAREFULNESS, kare / ful-ne's, s. Vigilance, caution. CARELESLY, karele's-le', ad. Negligently, heed- lessly. CARELESNESS, kardes-ne's, s. Heedlesness, in- attention. CARELESS, kare'le's, . without care, without solicitude, unconcerned, negligent, heedless, unmind- ful, cheerful, undisturbed, uumoved by, unconcerned at. To CARESS, ka-reV, V. a. To endear, to fondle. CARESS, ka-reV, & An act of endearment CARET, ka'rct, s. A note which shows where something interlined should be read, as A. CARGO, kar'go, s. The lading of a ship. CARIATIDES, ka-r-at'e'-dez. s. The Cariatides in architecture are an order of pillars resembling women, CARICATURE, kar-!k-a-tsbure / , s. 461. j)3- This word, though riot in Johnson, I hare not scrupled to insert, from its frequent and legitimate usage. Baretti tells us, that the literal sense of this word is certa quantita di munizione che si mettee nett' archibuso o altro, which, in English, signifies the charge of a gun : but its metaphorical signification, and the only one in which the English use it, is, as he tells us, tiichesi anche di ritratto ridicolo in cut scnsi grandemente ac. cresciute i diffetti wKen applied to paintings, chiefly por. i traits, that heightening of some features, and lowering of others, which we call in English overcharging, ana which will make a very ugly picture, not unlike a hand- some person : whence any exaggerated character, which is redundant in some of its parts, and defective in others, is called a Caricature. CARIES, ka're-lz, 99. } CARiosrrY, ki-re-as'i-ti, \ s ' RottcnMSS - CARIOUS, ka're-as, a. 314. Rotten. CARK, kark, s. Care, anxiety. To CARK, kark, v. n. To be careful, to be anxious. CARLE, karl, s. A rude, brutal man, a churl. ', CARLINE THISTLE, kir'Une-Mls'sl, s. A plant CARHNGS, karTlngZ, S. In a ship, timbers lying fore and aft. CARMAN, kar'man, s. 88. A man whose employ- ment it is to drive cars. CARMELITE, kar'nie-Ute, s. 156. A sort of pear ; one of the order of White Friars. CARMINATIVE, kar-mln'a-tiv, s. Carminatives are such tilings as dispel wind and promote insensible perspiration. CARMINATIVE, kar-mln'a-tiv, a. 157. Belonging to carminatives. CARMINE, kar-mlne', s. A powder of a bright red or crimson colour. DO- Dr Johnson, Sheridan, Ash, and Smith, accent this word on the first syllable ; but Mr N'ares, Dr Ken- rick, Mr Scott, Perry, Buchanan," and Entick, more properly on the last : for the reason, see Carbine. CARNAGE, kartildje, s. 90. Slaughter, havock 5 heaps of flesh. CARNAL, kar'nil, a. 8S. Fleshly, not spiritual ; lustful, lecherous. CAR CAS n6r 167, nSt 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173311 299 pound 313 thin 466, THL, 469. CARNALITY, kar-nal'e-te", s. Fleshly lust ; gross- ness of mind. CARNALLY, kar'nal-le, ad. According- to the flesh, not spiritually. CARNALNESS, kar'nal-nes, $. Carnality. CARNATION, kar-na'shun, s. The name of the natural flesh colour. CARNELION, kar-nele / yun, s. 113. A precious stone, more commonly written and pronounced Cor- nelian. CARNEOUS, kar'ne-us, a. Fleshy. To CAKNIFY, kar'ne-fl, v, n. To breed flesh. CARNIVAL, kar'ne-va], s. The feast held in Roman Catholick countries before Lent. CARNIVOROUS, kar-niv'vo-rus, a. 518. Flesh- eating 1 . CARNOSITY, kar-n6s's-t, s. Fleshy excrescence. CARNOUS, kai/nus, a. 314. Fleshy. CAROB, ka'rSb, s. A plant. CAROL, kar'rul, s. 166. A song of joy and exultation ; a song- of devotion. To CAROL, kar'rul, v. n. To sing, to warble. To CAROL, kar'rul, v. a. To praise, to celebrate. CAROTID, ka-rot'id, s. Two arteries which arise out of the ascendinsr trunk of the aorta. CAROUSAL, ka-rou'zal, s. 88. A festival To CAROUSE, ka-rouz', v. n. To drink, to quaff. To CAROUSE, ka-rouz', v. a. To drink. CAROUSER, ka-rou'zur, s. 98. A drinker, a toper. CARP, karp, s. A pond fish. To CAIIP, karp, v. n. To censure, to cavil. CARPENTER, kar'pen-tur, s. 98. An artificer in wood. CARPENTRY, kar'pen-tre 1 , s. The trade of a carpenter. CARPER, kar'pur, s. 98. A caviller. CARPET, kar'plt, s. 99. A covering of various colours ; ground variegated with flowers ; to be on the carpet, is to be the subject of consideration. To CARPET, kar'plt, v. a. To spread with car- pets. CARPING, kar'plng, part, a. 410. Captious, censorious. CARPINGLY, kar'plng-le, ad. Captiously, cen- soriously. CARRIAGE, kar'rldje, s. 90. The act of carrying or transporting ; vehicle; the frame upon which can- non is carried ; behaviour, conduct, management. CARRIER, karVe-ur, s. One who carries some- thing ; one whose trade is to carry goods ; a mes- senger ; a species of pigeons. CARRION, kar/re-un, s. 166. The carcass of something not proper for food ; a name of reproach for a worthless woman ; any flesh so corrupted as not to be fit for food. CARRION, kar?re-un, a. Relating to carcasses. CARROT, kar'rut, s. 1 66. A garden root. CARROTINESS, kar'rut-e-ne's, s. Redness of hair. CARROTY, kal/rut-e, a. Spoken of red hair. To CARRY, kar're, v. a. To convey from a place ; to bear, to have about one ; to convey by force ; to effect any thing ; to behave, to conduct ; to bring for- ward ; to imply, to import; to fetch and bring, as dogs : To carry off, to kill ; To carry on, to promote, to help forward ; To carry through, to support to the last. To CARRY, kar're, v. n. A. horse is said to carry well when his neck is arched, and he holds his head high. CART, kart, S. 92. A wheel-carriage, used com- monly for luggage ; the vehicle in which criminals are carried to execution. To CART, kart, v. a. To expose in a cart. To CART, kart, v. n. To use carts for carriage. CART-HORSE, kart'horse, s. A coarse unwieldy horse. 73 CART-LOAD, kart-lode 7 , S. A quantity of any thing piled on a cart ; a quantity sufficient to load a cart. CARTWAY, kart'wa, s. A way through which a carriage may conveniently travel CART-BLANCHE, kart-blansh', s, A blank paper, a paper to be filled up with such conditions as the per- son to whom it is sent hunks proper. CARTEL, kar-tel', . A writing containing stipu- lations. CARTER, kart'ur, s. 98. The man who drives a cart. CARTILAGE, karte-lldge, s. 90. A smooth and solid body, softer than a bone, but harder than a liga- ment. CARTILAGINEOUS, karte-la-jin'yus, 113, 1 CARTILAGINOUS, kar-te-ladje'e-nus, 314, } a ' Consisting of cartilages. CARTOON, kar-toon', s. A painting or drawing upon large paper. CARTOUCH, kar-tootsh', s. A case of wood tlu-ee inches thick at the bottom, holding balls. It is fired. out of a hobit or_small mortar. CARTHAGE, > ", , ,. , ,. nn CARTRIDGE,} kirtndje, s . 90. A case of paper or parchment filled with gunpowder, used for the greater expedition in charging guns. CARTRUT, kart'rut, S. The track made by a cart wheel. CARTULARY, kar'tshu-la-r^, s. 461. A place where papers are kept. CARTWRIGHT, kart'rite, s. A maker of carts. To CARVE, karv, v. a. To cut wood, or stone ; to cut meat at the table ; to engrave ; to choose one's own part. To CARVE, karv, V. n. To exercise the trade of a sculptor ; to perform at table the office of supplying the company. CARVER, kar'vur, s. 98. A sculptor ; he that cuts up the meat at the table ; he that chooses for himself. CARVING, kar'vlng, S. 410. Sculpture; figures carved. CARUNCLE, kar / fingk-kl, s. 405. 81. A small protuberance of flesh. CASCADE, kas'kade, s. A cataract, a water-fall. CASE, kase, s. A covering, a box, a sheatli ; the outer part of a house ; a building unfurnished, CASE-KNIFE, kase'nife, s. A large kitchen knife. CASE-SHOT, kase'shot, S. Bullets enclosed in a case. CASE, kase, S. Condition with regard to outward circumstances ; state of things ; in physick, state of the body ; condition with regard to leanness, or health ; contingence ; questionrlating to particular persons or things ; representatioi|F>f any question or state of tho body, mind, or affairs ; the variation of nouns ; In case, if it should happen. To CASE, kase, V. a. To put in a case or cover ; to cover as a case ; to strip off the covering. To CASEHARDEN, kase'har-dn, v. a. To harden on the outside. CASEMATE, kase'mate, s. A kind of vault or arch of stone work. CASEMENT, kaze'ment, s. A window opening upon hinges. CASEWORM, kase'wurm, s. A grub that makes itself a case. CASH, kash, s. Money, ready money. CASH-KEEPER, kash'keep-ur, s. A man entrusted with the money. CASHEWNUT, ka-shoo'nut, s. A tree. CASHIER, ka-sheer', s. 275. He that has charge of the money. To CASHIER, ka-sheer', v. a. To discard, to dia- raiss from a post. CASK, kask, s. A barrel. CAS CAT ^- 559. Fate 73, fSr 77, fall 83, fit 81 , me 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 n A 1 62, m5ve 1 6 }., CASQUE, kask, S. 415. A helmet, armour for the head. CASKET, kasldt, S. 99. A small box or chest for jewels. To CABS ATE, kas'sate, v. a. 91. To vacate, to invalidate. CASSATION, ka-sa'sh&n, S. A making null or void. CASSAVI, kAs'sa-ve, > i / ji f S. An American plant. CASSADA, kis'sa-da, } CASSIA, kash'she_a, s. A sweet spice mentioned by Moses. CASSIOWARY, kash'she-A-wa-re, s. A large bird of prey. CASSOCK, kas'suk, S. 166. A close garment CASSWEED, kis'we^d, s. Shepherd's pouch. To CAST, kast, v. a. 79. To throw with the hand ; to throw away, as useless or noxious ; to throw dice, or lots ; to throw in wrestling; to tlirow a net or snare ; to drive by violence of weather ; to leave behind in a race ; to shed, to let fall, to moult ; to lay aside, as fit to be worn no longer ; to overweigh, to make to preponderate, to decide by overbalancing ; to compute, to reckon, to calculate ; to contrive, to plan out ; to fix the parts in a play ; to direct the eye ; to form a mould ; to model, to form ; To cast away, to shipwreck ; to waste in profusion ; to ruin ; To cast down, to deject, to depress the mind ; To cast off, to discard, to disburden one's self; to leave behind ; To cast out, to turn out of doors ; to vent, to speak j To cast up, to compute, to calculate ; to vomit. To CAST, kast, v. n. 92. To contrive, to turn the thoughts to ; to admit of a form by casting or melting ; to warp, to grow out of form. CAST, kast, s. Tho act of casting or throwing, a throw ; state of any thing cast or thrown ; a stroke, a touch ; motion of the eye ; the throw of dice ; chance from the cast of dice ; a mould, a form ; a shade, or tendency to any colour ; exterior appearance ; manner, air, mien ; a flight of hawks. CASTANET, kas'tJ-net, s. Small shells of ivory, or hard wood, which dancers rattle in their hands. CASTAWAY, kast'a-wa, s. A person lost, or aban- doned by Providence. CASTELLIN, kas-tel'lln, CASTELLAIN, kas'tel-lane, Constable of a castle. CASTER, kis'tur, s. A thrower, he that casts ; a calculator, a man that calculates fortunes. To CASTIGATE, kas'te-gate, p. a. 91. To chastise, to chasten, to punish. CASTIGATION, kas-te-ga'shun, s. Penance, disci- pline ; punishment, correction ; emendation. CASTIGATORY, kas'te-ga-tur-e, a. 512. Punitive. CASTILE SOAP, kas-teel'sope', s. A kind of soap. CASTING-NET, kas'ting-nt, s. A net u> be thrown into the water by hand to catch fish. CASTLE, kas'sl, s. 472. A house fortified : Castles in the air, projects without reality. CASTLED, kas'sld, a. 405. 472. Furnished with castles. CASTLING, kastllng, s. An abortive. CASTOR, kas'tur, s. 98. A beaver. CASTOREUM, kas-to're-um, s. In pharmacy, a liquid matter inclosed in bags or purses, near the anus of the castor, fal-ely taken for his testicles. CASTRAMETATION, kas-tra-me-ta'shun, s. The art or practice of encamping. To CASTRATE, kas'trate, v. a. To geld ; to take away the obscene parts of a writing. CASTRATION, kas-tra'shun, s. The act of gelding. CASTERIL, ? kls , trll> ,. 99. CASTREL, ^ A mean or degenerate kind of hawk. CASTRENSIAN, kas-treri'she-an, a. Belonging to a camp. CASUAL, kazh'u-al, a. 451. 453. Accidental, arising from chance. 74 CASUALLY, kazh'fual-le, ad. Accidentally, with. out design. CASUALNESS, kazh'i-al-ns, s. Accidentalnesa. CASUALTY, kazh'h-al-te, s. Accident, a thing happening by chance. CASUIST, kazh'b-lst, s. One that studies and settles cases of conscience. CASUISTICAL, kazh-ii-ls'te-kal, a. Relating to cases of conscience. CASUISTRY, kazh'u-Is-tre, s. The science of a cas- uist CAT, kat, S. A domestick animal that catches mice. CAT, kat, *. A sort of ship. CAT-O'-NENE-TAILS, kat-a-nWtalz, s. 88. A whip with nine lashes. CATACHRESIS, kat-a-kre'sis, s. 520. The abuse of a trope, when the words are too far n rested from their native signification ; as a voice beautiful to the ear. CATACHRESTICAL, kat-a-kres'te-kal, n. Forced, far-fatched. CATACLYSM, kat'a-kllzm, s. A deluge, an inun- dation. CATACOMBS, kat'a-komz, s. Subterraneous cavi- ties for the burial of the dead. CATALECTICK, kat-a-lek'tlk, a. In poetry, want- ing a syllable. CATALEPSIS, kat-a-lep'sis, s. A disease wherein the patient is without sense, and remains in the same posture in which the disease seized hiin. CATALOGUE, kat'a-lig, s. 338. An enumeration of particulars, a list. CATAMOUNTAIN, kat-a-moun'tin, S. A fierce ani- mal resembling a cat. CATAPHRACT, kat'i-frakt, S. A horseman in complete armour. CATAPLASM, kat'a-plazm, s. A poultice. CATAPULT, kat'a-pult, s. 489. An engine used anciently to throw stones. CATARACT, kat'a-rukt, S. A fall of water from on high, a cascade. CATARACT, kat'a-rakt, s. An inspissation of the crystalline humours of the eye ; sometimes a pellicle that hinders the sight. CATARRH, ka-tar', s. A defluction of a sharp se- rum from the glands about the head and throat CATARRHAL, ka-tar'ril, ") CATARRHOUS, ka-tarViis, j a ' Relating to the catarrh, proceeding from a catarrh. CATASTROPHE, ka-tas'tro-fe, s. The change or revolution which produces the conclusion or final event of a dramatickpiec*; a final event, generally unhappy. CATCAL, kat'kall, s. 406. A squeaking instrument, used in the playhouse to condemn plays. 55" This word ought undoubtedly to be written with double /. See Principles of Pronunciation, Letter L, and Introduction to Rhyming Dictionary, Orthographi- cal Aphorism xii. To CATCH, katsh, v. a. 89. To lay hold on with the hand ; to stop any thing flying ; to seize any thing by pursuit ; to stop, to intercept falling ; to ensnare, to entangle in a snare ; to receive suddenly ; to fasten suddenly upon, to seize ; to please, to seize the affec- tions, to charm ; to receive any contagion or disease. {t5r> This word is almost universally pronounced in the capital like the noun ketch; hut this deviation from the true sound of a is only tolerable in colloquial prnnuncia. tion, and ought, by correct speakers, to be avoided even in that To CATCH, katsh, v. n. To be contagious, to spread infection. CATCH, katsh, s. Seizure, the act of seizing ; the act of taking quickly; a song sung in succession; watch ; the posture of seizing ; an advantage taken, hold laid on ; the thing caught, profit ; a short interval of action ; a taint, a slight contagion ; any thing that catches, as a hook ; a small swift-sailing ship. CATCHER, katsh'lir, S. He that catches ; that in which any thing is caught. CAT CAV nor 167, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173611 299 pound 313 thin 466, TH!S 469. CATCHFLY, katsb/fll, s. A plant, a species of cam- pion. CATCHPOLL, katsh'pole, S. A Serjeant, a bum- bailiff. CATCHWORD, katsbAvurd, s. corner of the page under the last lin ed at the top of the next page. at the is repeat- CATECHETICAL, kat-e-ket'e-kal, a. Consisting of questions and answers. CATECHETICALLY, kat-e-ke't'e-kiil-e', ad. In the way of questions and answers. To CATECHISE, kat'e-kelze, v. a. 160. To in- struct by asking questions ; to question j to interro- gate, to examine. CATECHISER, kat'e-kel-zur, s. 160. One who atechises. CATECHISM, kat'e-kizm, s. A form of instruction by means of questions and answers concerning religion. CATECHIST, kat'e-klst, s. One whose charge is to question the uninstructed concerning religion. CATECHUMEN, kat-e-k&'me'n, s. 503. One who is yet in the first rudiments of Christianity. CATECHUMENICAL, kat-e-ku-mSn'e-kal, a. 509. Belonging to the catechumens. CATEGORICAL, kat-e'-gor'e-kal, a. Absolute, adequate, positive. CATEGORICALLY, kat-^-gorAi-kal-ej ad. Posi- tively, expressly. CATEGORY, kat'e-g&r-, s. A class, a rank, an order of ideas, predicament CATENARIAN, kat-e-na're-an, a. Relating to a chain. To CATENATE, kat'e-nate, v. a. To chain. CATENATION, kat-e-na'shun, s. Link, regular connexion. To CATER, ka'tur, v. ra. 98. To provide food, to buy in victuals. CATER, ka'tur, s. The four of cards and dice. CATER-COUSIN, ka'tur-kuz-zn, s, A petty favou- rite, one related by blood or mind. CATERER, ka'tur-ur, s. A purveyor. CATERESS, ka't&r-res, s. A woman employed to provide victuals. CATERPILLAR, kat'tur-pil-lur, s. A worm sus- tained by leaves and fruits ; a plant To CATERWAUL, kat't&r-wawl, v. n. To make a noise as cats in rutting time ; to make an offensive or odious noise. GATES, kates, s. Viands, food, dish of meat. CATFISH, kit'f'Ish, s. A sea fish in the West Indies. CATGUT, kat'gut, s. A kind of cord or gut, of which fiddle strings are made ; a kind of canvass for ladies' work. 55 Either I have been misinformed, or fiddle strings arc made in Italy of the guts of goats, and therefore ought properly to be called goatgut. CATHARTICAL, ktUMr'te-kal, CATHARTICK, ka-n to make captious objections. CAV CEL 559. Fate 73, fir 77, fall 83, fat 81 md 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 nA 162, niSve 164, CAUTIOUSNESS, kaw'sh&s-nes, s. Watchfulness, vigilance, circumspection. To CAW, kaw, v. n. To cry as the rook, or crow. CAYMAN, ka'man, s. 98. The American alligator or crocodile. To CEASE, sese, . n. To leave off, to stop, to give over ; to fail, to be extinct ; to be at an eni To CEASE, sese, v. a. To put a stop to. CEASE, sese, S. Extinction, failure. Obsolete. CEASELESS, sese / -ls ) a. Incessant, perpetual, con- tinual. CECITY, seV^-te', s. 503. Blindness, privation gf sight Jf5> I have given the e in the first syllable of this word the short sound, notwithstanding the diphthong in the original ccecihu : being convinced of the shortening power of the antepenultimate accent of these words, 124. 511, and of the pre-antepenultimate accent of Cen- atory and Prefatory. CECUTIENCY, se-kh'she-n-se, s. Cloudiness of sight. CEDAR, se'dur, s. 88. A tree ; the woo;? of the cedar tree. To CEDE, sede, v. a. To yield ; to resign ; to give up to another. CEDRINE, se'drine, a. 140. Of or belonging to the cedar tree. To CEIL, sele, V. a. To cover the inner roof of a building. CEILING, SeTing, s. The inner roof. CELANDINE, sel'an-dlne, s. 149. A plant. CELATURE, sel'a-tshure, s. 461. Th e art of en- graving. To CELEBRATE, sel'le-brate, v. a. 91. To praise, to commend ; to distinguish by solemn rites ; to men- tion in a set or solemn manner. CELEBRATION, sel-e-bra'sh&n, s. Solemn per- formance, solemn remembrance ; praise, renown, me- morial. CELEBRIOUS, se-l^'bre-Qs, a. 505. Famous, renowned. CELEBRIOUSLY, s^-le'bre-iis-le, ad. In a famous manner. CELEBRIOUSNESS, Be-le^re-frs-n^s, s. Renown, fame. CELEBRITY, se-lel/bre-te, s. 511. Celebration, fame. CELERIACK, se-leVe-ak, S. Turnip-rooted celery. CELERITY, se-ler're-te, s. Swiftness, speed, velocity. CELERY, seTeT-re, S. A species of parsley ; cor- ruptly pronounced Salary. CELESTIAL, s^-Ms'tshal, a. 272. Heavenly, re- lating to the superior regions ; heavenly, relating to the blessed state ; heavenly, with respect to excellence. CELESTIAL, se-les'tshal, s. 464. An inhabitant of heaven. CELESTIALLY, se-les'tshal-le, ad. In a heavenly manner. To CELESTIFY, se-leVte-fi, v. a. To give some- thing of a heavenly nature to any thing. CELIACK, se'le-ak, a. Relating to the lower belly. CELIBACY, sel'e-ba-se, ~) CELIBATE, sel'e-bat, 91.1 s - SlD * lellfe - CELL, sell, S. A small cavity or hollow place ; the cave or little habitation of a religious person ; a small and close apartment in a prison ; any small place of residence. CELLAR, seTliir, S. 88. A place under ground, where stores are reposited, or where liquors are kept. CELLARAGE, sellfir-ldge, s. ( 0. The part of the building hich makes the cellars. CELLARIST, sel'lar-ist, s. 555. The butler in a religious house. CELLULAR, sel'lu-lar, a. Consisting of little cells or cavities. CELSITUDE, sel'se-tude, s. Height CAVILLER, kav'vll-ir, s. An unfair adversary', I a captious disputant CAVII.LINGLY, kavll-Ung-le, ad. In a cavilling manner. CAVILLOUS, kavMl-lfrs, a'. Full of objections. CAVITY, kav'e-te, s. 511. Hollowness, hollow. CAUK, kawk, s. A coarse talky spar. CAUL, kawl, s. The net in which women enclose their hair, the hinder part of a ivoman's cap ; any kind j of small net; the integument in which the guts are j enclosed ; a thin membrane enclosing the heads of some j children when born. CAULIFEROUS, kaw-Uffe-r&s, a. A term for such plants as have a true stalk. CAULIFLOWER, kSlle-flou-ur, s. A species of cabbage. CAUSABLE, kaw'za-bl, a. 405. That which may be caused. CAUSAL, kaw'zal, a. Relating to causes. CAUSALITY, kavv-zal'e-te, s. The agency of a cause, the quality of causing. CAUSATION, kaw-za'shfrn, s. The act or power of causing. CAUSATIVE, kaw-za'tlv, a. 157. That expresses a cause or reason. CAUSATOR, kaw-za'tfrr, 521. 98. A causer, an author. CAUSE, kawz, s. That which produces or effects any thing, the efficient ; the reason, motive to any thing; subject of litigation ; party. To CAUSE, kawz, v. a. To effect as an agent. CAUSELESSLY, kawzls-le, ad. Without cause, without reason. CAUSELESS, kawzl^s, a. Original to itself; with- out just ground or motive. CAUSER, kaw'zOr, s. 98. He that causes, the agent by which an effect is produced. CAUSEY, kaw'ze, CAUSEWAY, kawz'wa, A way raised and paved above the rest of the ground. |Cr Dr Johnson tell us, that this word, by a false no- tion of its etymology, has been lately written causeway. It is derived from the French chaussee. In the scripture we find it written causey. " To Scuppim the lot came forth westward by the causey." 1 Chron. xxri. 16. But Milton, Dryden, and Pope, write \tcauaeway; and these authorities seem to have fixed the pronuncia- tion. This word, from its mistaken etymology, may rank with Lantern which see. CAUSTICAL, kaws'te-kal, CAUSTICK, kaws'tik, Belonging to medicaments which, by their violent ac- tivity, and heat, destroy the texture of the part to which they are applied, and burn it into an eschar. CAUSTICK, kaws'tik, s. A caustick or burning application. CAUTEL, kaw'tel, s. Caution, scruple. CAUTELOUS, kaw'te'-lfis, a. Cautious, wary ; wily, cunning. CAUTELOUSLY, kaw'te-l&s-le, ad. Cunningly, slily, cautiously, warily. CAUTERIZATON, kaw-tur-re-za'sh&n, s. The act of burning with hot irons. To CAUTERIZE, kaw't&r-ize, v. a. To burn with the cautery. CAUTERY, kaw'tur-re, s. 555. Cautery is either actual or potential ; the first is burning by a hot iron, and the latter with caustick medicines. CAUTION, kaw'shun, s. Prudence, foresight, wariness; provisionary precept ; warning. To CAUTION, kaw'shun, v. a. To warn, to give notice of a danger. CAUTIONARY, kaw'shun-a-re, a. Given as a pledge, or in security. CAUTIOUS, kaw'shus, a. 202. Wary, watchful. CAUTIOUSLY, kaw'shus-le, ad. In a wary manner. 76 CEM CER 1G7, nSt 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173511 299 pSund 313 thin 466, THIS 469. CEMENT, sem'ment, s. 492. Tlie matter with which txvo bodies are made to cohere ; bond of union in friendship. To CEMENT, se-ment', v. a. Tnjjnif ""mmn of something interposed. To CEMENT, se-me'nt', v. n. To b^me into con- junction, to cohere. CEMENTATION, sdm-en-ta'shun, s. The act of cementing 1 . CEMETERY, sem'me-tr-, s. A place where the dead are reposited. CENATORY, seVna-tur-e, s. 505. 512. Relating to supper. See Cecity. CENOBITICAL, sen-no-bit'e-kal, a. 503. Living in community. CENOTAPH, sen'6-taf, s- A monument for one elsewhere buried. CENSE, sense, s. Publick rates. To CENSE, sense, v. a. To perfume with odours. CENSER, sn'sur, s. 98. The pan in which incense is burned. CENSOR, sdn'-s5r, s. 166. An officer of Rome who had the power of correcting manners; one who is given to censure. CENSORIAN, sSn-st/re-an, a. Relating to the Motor. CENSORIOUS, Sen-so're-us, a. Addicted to censure, severe. CENSORIOUSLY, sen-so're-us-le, ad. In a severe reflecting manner. CENSORIOUSNESS, se'n-st/re-us-ne's, s. Disposi- tion to reproach. CENSORSHIP, seVsor-shlp, s. 166. The office of a censor. CENSURABLE, sen'shu-rtUbl, a. Worthy of cen- sure, culpable. CENSURAELENESS, seVshu-ra-bl-nes, s. Blame- ableness. CENSURE, sen'shure, s. 452. Blame, reprimand, reproach ; judgment, opinion ; judicial sentence ; spi- ritual punishment. To CENSURE, seVshure, v. a. To blame, to brand publickly ; to condemn. CENSURER, se'n'shur-ur, s. He that blames. CENT, sent, s. A hundred, as, five per cent; that is, five in the hundred. CENTAUR, sen'tawr, s. A poetical being, supposed to be compounded of a man and a horse ; the archer in the zodiack. CENTAURY, s6Vta\v-re, s. A plant CENTENARY, sen'te-na-re, s. The number of a hundred. CENTENNIAL, sln-teVne-al, a. Consisting of a hundred years. CENTESIMAL, s^n-tes'-e-mal, a. 88. Hundredth. CENTIFOI.IOUS, sen-te-fiVle-US, a. Having a hun- dred leaves. CENTIPEDE, sen'te-pe'd, s. A poisonous insect, so called from its being supposed to have a hundred feet. BO- Biped and Quadruped acre spelled in Johnson with- out the final e ; while Snliperle, Palmipede, Phunipcdf, Mtt/tipetie, and Centipede, retain it. The orthography in these words is of importance to tlie pronunciation, and therefore, as they are of perfectly similar original, their spelling- and pronunciation ought certainly to be alike. Biped and Quart ruped are the words most in use; and as they have omitted the final e, which there does not seem to be any reason to retain, we may infer that the silent anil insensible operation of custom directs us to do the game by the other words, and to pronounce the last syl- lable of all of them short. See Millepedes. CENTO, Sen'to, s. A composition formed by joining scraps from different authors. CENTRAL, sen'tral, a. 88. Relating to the centre. CENTRE, sen'ttir, s. 416. Tlie middle. To CENTRE, seVtur, v. a. To place on a centre, to fix as on a centre. 77 Placed in the centre. To CENTRE, seVtSr, v. n. To rest on, to repose on ; to be placed iu tlie midst or centre. CENTRICK, sen'trlk, 1 CENTRICAL, sen'trik-al, \ a ' {Xj~ This word, though in constant usage, is not in any of our Dictionaries. It seems to be perfectly equivalent to Centrick ; but custom, in time, generally either finds or makes a different shade of meaning between words where no such difference was perceived at first. CENTRIFUGAL, s&utrifu-gal, a. Having the quality acquired by bodies in motion, of receding from the centre. CENTRIPETAL, sen-trlp/e-tal, a. Having a ten- dency to the centre. GENTRY, seVtre, s. See Sentinel CENTUPLE, seVti-pl, a. 405. A hundred fold. To CENTUPLICATE, sn-tu'ple-kate, v. a. To make a hundred fold. To CENTURIATE, sen-tii're-ate, v. a. To divide into hundreds. CENTURIATOR, se'n-tu-re-a'tur, s. 521. A name given to historians, who distinguish times by cen- turies. CENTURION, se'n-tu're-un, S. A military officer, who commanded a hundred men among the Romans. CENTURY, seVtshu-r, s. 461. A hundred ; usually employed to specify time, as, the second cen- tury. CEPHALALGY, sef'a-lal-je, s. The head-ache. CEPHALICK, se-fal'lik, a. 509. That is medicinal to the head. CERASTES, se-raVtez, s. A serpent having horns CERATE, se'rat, S. 91. A medicine made of wax CERATED, se'ra-te'd, a. Waxed. To CERE, s^re, v. a. To wax. CEREBEL, seY^-bel, s. 503. Part of the brain. . CERECLOTH, sere'clo^A, s. Cloth smeared over with glutinous matter. CEREMENT, sere'me'nt, s. Cloths dipped in melted wax, with which dead bodies were infolded. CEREMONIAL, se'r-e-mc/ne-al, a. Relating to ceremony, or outward rite ; formal, observant of old forms. CEREMONIAL, ser-e-mo'ne'-al, s. Outward form, external rite ; the order for rites and forms in the Ro- man church. CEREMONIALNESS, ser-^-mo'ne-aLnes, s. The quality of being ceremonial. CEREMONIOUS, s^r-e-mc/ne-us, a. Consisting of outward rites ; full of ceremony ; attentive to the out- ward rites of religion ; civil and formal to a fault CEREMONIOUSLY, ser.e-mc/ne-us-ld', ad. In a ceremonious manner, formally. CEREMONIOUSNESS, ser-e-ino'ne-fis-ne's, s Fondness of ceremony. CEREMONY, seVe-mo-ne, s. 489. Outward rite, external form in religion ; forms of civility j outward forms of state. CERTAIN, seYtin, a. 208. Sure, indubitable ; determined ; in an indefinite sense, some, as a certain man told me this ; undoubting, put past doubt CERTAINLY, seYdn-le, ad. Indubitably, without question ; without fail. CERTAINTY, seVtin-te, s. Exemption from doubt ; that which is real and fixed. CERTES, seVtIZ, ad. Certainly, in truth. CERTIFICATE, seY-tlPe-ket, s. 91. A writing made in any court, to give notice to another court of any thing done therein ; any testimony. To CERTIFY, seVt-fi, v. a. To give certain in. formation of; to give certain assurance of. CERTIORARI, se'r-she'-o-ra'ri, s. A writ issuing- out of the Chancery, to call up the records of a cause therein depending. CERTITUDE, seVte-tude, s. Certainty, freedom from doubt. | CERVICAL, soYve-kal, a. Belonging to the ntck. CER CHA 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 me 1 93, rnSt 95 pine 105, pin 107 n6 162, mSve Ifil, CERULEAN, se-rule-an, CERULEOUS, se-ru'le-iis, Blue, sky.coloured. See European. CERULIFICK, S^r-ii-llPlk, a. Having the power to produce a blue colour. CERUMEN, se-ri'me'n, s. The wax of the ear. See Bitumen, CERUSE, se'riise, s. White lead. \%-f I prefer Dr Kenrick's, Mr Perry's, and, as far as I can guess by their accentuation, Dr Ash's and Bailey's pronunciation of this word, who make the first syllable long, to Mr Sh eridan's, Scott's, and En tick's, who make it snort. See Principles, 5'>. CESARIAN, se'-za're'-an, a. The Cesarian section is cutting a child out of the womb. CESS, ss, s. A levy made upon the inhabitants of a place, rated according to their property; an assess- ment ; the act of laying rates. To CESS, se"s, v. a. To lay charge on, to assess. CESSATION, sds-sa'shiin, s. A stop, a rest, a vacation ; a pause of hostility, without peace- CESSAVIT, ses-sa'vit, s. A writ. CESSIBILITY, s&s-sd-bil'e-t^, s. The quality of receding, or giving way- CESSIBLE, ses'se-bl, a. 405. Easy to give way. CESSION, sclsh'sh&n, s. Retreat, the act of giving way ; resignation. CESSIONARY, s&h'shfrn-na-r^, a. Implying a resignation. CESSMENT, seVment, S. An assessment or tax. CESSOR, seVs&r, s. 98. 165. He that ceaseth or neglecteth so long to perform a duty belonging to him, as that he incurreth the danger of law. CESTUS, seVt&S, S. The girdle of Venus. CETACEOUS, se-ta'sh&s, a. 357. Of the whale kind. CHAD, shad, s. A sort of fish. To CHAFE, tsbafe, v. a. To warm with rubbing ; to heat ; to perfume ; to make angry. To CHAFE, tshafe, v. n. To rage, to fret, to fume ; to fret against any thing. CHAFE, tshafe, s. A heat, a rage, a fury. CHAFE WAX, tshafe'waks, s. An officer belong- ing to the lord high chancellor, who fits the wax for the sealing of writs. CHAFER, tshafe'&r, s. 98. An insect ; a sort of j yellow beetle. CHAFF, tshaf, s. The husks of corn that are separated by thrasliing and winnowing ; it is used for any thing worthless. To CHAFFER, tshafffrr. v. n. To haggle, to bargain. CHAFFERER, tshaf fur-rfir, s. A buyer, bargainer. CHAFFINCH, tshaffinsh, s. A bird so called, because it delights in chaff. CHAFFLESS, tshafls, a. Without chaff. CHAFFWEED, tshaPwd, s. Cudweed. CHAFFY, tshafte, a. Like chaff, full of chaff. CHAFINGDISH, tsha'fing-disb, s. A vessel to make any thing hot in ; a portable grate for coals. CHAGRIN, sba-gre^n', s. Ill humour, vexation. To CHAGRIN, sha-green', v. a. To vex, to put out of temper. CHAIN, tshane, s. A series of links fastened one within another ; a bond, a manacle ; a fetter ; a line of links with which land is measured : a series linked together. To CHAIN, tshane, v. a. To fasten or link with a chain; to bring into slavery; to put on a chain; to unite. CHAINPUMP, tshane'pfimp, s. A pump used in large English vessels, which is double, so that one rises as the other falls. CHAINSHOT, tshane'shSt, s. Two bullets or half bullets, fastened together by a chain, which, when they fly open, cut away whatever is before them. CHAINWORK, tshane'wQi'k, s. Work with open spaces. 78 CHAIR, tshare, s. 52. A moveable seat ; a seat of justice, or of authority ; a vehicle borne by men ; a sedan. CHAIRMAN, tshare'man, s. 88. The president of an assembly ; one whose trade it is to carry a chair. CHAISE, shaze, s. A carriage either of pleasure or expedition. KJ- The vulgar, who are unacquainted with the spell- ing of this word, and ignorant of its French derivation, are apt to suppose it a plural, and call a single carriage a shay ; and the polite seem sometimes at a loss, whether they should not consider it as both singular and plural ; but the best usage seems to have determined it to be, in this respect, regular, and to make the plural chaises. CHALCOGRAPHER, kal-kiVgra-fur, s. 353. An engraver in brass. CHALCOGRAPHY, kal-iog'gra-fe, s. Engraving in brass. CHALDRON, A dry English measure of coals, consisting of thirty- six bushels heaped up. The chaldron should weigh two thousand pounds. CHALICE, tshalls, s. 142. A cup, a bowl ; the communion cup, a cup used in acts of worship. CHALICED, tshallist, a. 359. Having a cell or cup. CHALK, tshawk, s. 402. A white fos*il, usually reckoned a stone, but by some ranked among the boles. To CHALK, tshawk, v. a. To rub with chalk ; to manure with chalk; to mark or trace out, as with chalk. CHALK-CUTTER, tshawk'kat-tar, s. A man that digs chalk. CHALKY, tsha\vk / ke ; , a. Consisting of chalk; white with chalk ; impregnated with chalk. To CHALLENGE, tshal'ldnje, v. a. To call another to answer for an offence by combat ; to call to a con- test; to accuse ; in law, to object to the impartiality of any one ; to claim as due ; to call one to the per- formance of conditions. CHALLENGE, tshall^nje, s. A summons to com- bat ; a demand of something as due ; in law, an excep- tion taken either against persons or things. CHALLENGER, tsnal'len-jur, s. One that desires or summons another to combat ; one that claims su- periority ; a claimant, CHALYBEATE, ka-lib'be-e't, a. 91. Impregnated with iron or steeL CHAMADE, sha-made', s. The beat of the drum which declares a surrender. CHAMBER, tshame'bur, s. 542. An apartment in a house, generally used for those appropriated to lodg- ing ; any retired room ; any cavity or holloxv ; a court of justice ; the hollow part of a gun where the charge is lodged ; the cavity where the powder is lodged ui a mine. K5- I have in this word departed from Mr Sheridan and Dr Kenrick, because I think the best usage has en- tirely departed from them. About thirty years ago the first syllable of Chamber was universally pronounced so as to rhyme with Palm, Psalm, &c. but since that time it has been gradually narrowing to the slender sound of a in came, fame, &c. and seems now to be fully estab- lished in this sound. This, however, is to be regretted, as it militates with the laws of syllabication : there are few words in the language which we cannot so divide into parts as to show by this division the quantity of the vowels ; this word forms an exception ; for mb, being uncombinable consonants, we cannot end the first syl- lable with a; and if we join m to it, the a becomes short, and requires another sound. But if two such words as Cam and Bridge could not resist the blind force 01 custom, which has for so many years reduced them to Camebriiige, why should we wonder that Chamber and Cambrick, Tinmouth and Yarmouth, should yield to the same unrelenting tyrant To CHAMBER, tshame'b&r, r. n. To be wanton ; to intrigue ; to reside as in a chamber. CHAMBERER, tshame'bar-frr, s. A man of in-. trigue. CHAMBERFELLOW, tshame'bfir-fc'1-16, s. one that lies in the same chamber. CHA CHA A maid nor 167, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173611 299 pound 313 thin 466, THIS 469. CHAMBERLAIN, tshame'bur-lin, .9. 208. Lord ' CHANGEABLE, tshanje'a-bl, a. Subject to change peat chamberlain of England is the sixth officer of fickle.-inconstant ; possible to be changed ; having the the crown ; lord chamberlain of the household has quality of exhibiting different appearances. CHANGEABLENESS, tshanje'a-bl-nes, s. Sus- ceptibility of change : inconstancy, fickleness. CHANGEABLY, tshanje'a-ble, ad. Inconstantly. CHANGEFUL, tshanje'ful, a. Inconstant, uncertain, mutable. CHANGELING, tshanje'ling, s. A child left or taken in the place of another ; an idiot, a natural, one apt to change. CHANGER, tshanejur, s. One that is employed in changing or discounting money. CHANNEL, tshan'ndl, s. 99. The hollow bed of running waters ; any cavity drawn longwise ; a strait or narrow sea ; a gut or furrow of a pillar. To CHANNEL, tshan'n^l, v. a. To cut any thing in channels. To CHANT, tshant, v. a. To sing ; to celebrate by song, to sing in the cathedral service. To CHANT, tshant, v. n. 78. To sing. CHANT, tshant, .9. 79. Song, melody. CHANTER, tshan'tur, s. A singer, a songster. CHANTICLEER, tshan'te-kleer, s. The cock from his crow. CHANTRESS, tshan-tres, s. A woman singer. ClIANTRY, tshan'tre, s. Chantry is a church en- dowed with revenue for priests, to sing mass for the souls of the donors. CHAOS, ka'os, s. 353. The mass of matter sup- posed to be in confusion before it was divided by the creation into its proper classes and elements ; confu- sion, irregular mixture ; any thing where the parts are undistinguished. CHAOTICK, ka-6t'tik, v. Resembling chaos, con- fused. To ClIAP, tsh6p, v. a. To divide the surface of the around by excessive heat ; to divide the skin of the face or hands by excessive cold. 10- The etymology of this word will not suffer us to write it chop ; and universal usage will not permit us to pronounce it chap : so that it must be classed among those incorrigible words, the pronunciation and ortho- graphy of which must ever be at variance. CHAP, tshfip, s. A cleft, a gaping, a chink. CHAP, tshop, s. The upper or under part of a beast's mouth. CHAPE, tshape, s. The catch of any thing by which it is held in its place. CHAPEL, tshap'll, s. A chapel is either adjoining to a church, as a parcel of the same, or separate, call- ed a chapel of ease. CHAPELESS, tshapele's, a. Without a chape. CHAPELLANY, tshap'pl-len-n, s. A chapellany is founded within some other church. CHAPELRY, tshap'pel-re, s. The jurisdiction or bounds of a chapel. CHAPERON, shap'ur-oon', s. A kind of hood or cap worn by the knights of the garter in the habit of their order. DCS- For the pronunciation of the last syllable see the word Encore. CHAPFAI.N, tsh&p'faln, a. Having the mouth shrunk. See Catcal. CHAPLAIN, tshap'lin, s. 208. He that attends the king, or other great person, to perform divine service. CHAPLAINSHIP, tshap'Hn-ship, s. The office or business of a chaplain ; the possession or revenue of a chapel. CHAPLESS, tshopl^S, a. Without any flesh about the mnuth. CHAPLET, tshaple't, S. A garland or wreath to be worn about the head ; a string of beads used in the Roman church ; in architecture, a little moulding carved into round beads. CHAPMAN, tshap'man, s. 88. A chcapener, on* that offers as a purchaser. CHAPS, tshops, s. The mouth of a beast of prey ; the entrance into a channel. the crown ; lord chamberlain of the household has the oversight of all officers belonging to the king's chambers, except the precinct of the bedchamber ; a servant who has the care of the chambers. CHAMBERLAINSHIP, tshame'bur-lin-shlp, s. Th office of a chamberlain. CHAMBERMAID, tshame'bur-made, whose business is to dress a lady. CIIAMBREL, of a horse, kam'brll, s. The joint or bending of the upper part of the hinder leg. CHAMELEON, ki-me'le-un, s. A kind of lizard, said to live on air. CHAMLET, kam'let, s. See Camelot. CHAMOIS, sha-moe 7 , s. An animal of the goat kind, the skin of which made into leather is called Shammy. CHAMOMILE, kam'6-rnile, s. 353. The name of an odoriferous plant. To CHAMP, tshamp, v. a. To bite with a fre- quent action of the teeth ; to devour. To CHAMP, tshamp, v. n. To perform frequently the action of biting. CHAMPAIGN, sham-pane', s. A kind of wine. CHAMPAIGN, tsham'pane, s. A flat open country. CHAMPIGNON, sham-pin'yun, s. A kind of mushroom. CHAMPION, tsham'pe-un, s. A man who under- takes a cause in single combat ; a hero, a stout warrior. To CHAMPION, tsham'pe-un, v. a. To challenge. CHANCE, tshanse, s. 78. 79. Fortune, the cause of fortuitous events ; the act of fortune ; accident ; casual occurrence, fortuitous event, whether good or bad ; possibility of any occurrence. To CHANCE, tshanse, v. n. To happen, to fall out. CHANCE-MEDLEY, tshanse-med'le, s. In law, the casual slaughter of a man, not altogether without the fault of the slayer. CHANGEABLE, tshan'sa-bl, a. Accidental CHANCEL, tshan's^l, s. The eastern part of the church in which the altar is placed. CHANCELLOR, tshan'sel-lur, s. An officer of the highest power and dignity in the court where he pre- sides. CHANCELLORSHIP, tshan'sel-lur-shlp, s. The office of chancellor. CHANCERY, tshan'sur-e, s. The court of equity and conscience. CHANCRE, sliangk'ur, s. 416. An ulcer usually arising from venereal maladies. CHANCROUS, sbangk'r&s, a. Ulcerous. CHANDELEER, shan-de-leer', s. A branch for candles. CHANDLER, tshandl&r, s. An artisan whose trade is to make candles. To CHANGE, tshanje, v. a. 74. To put one thing in the place of another; to resign any thing for the sake of another ; to discount a larger piece of money into several smaller ; to give and take recipro- cally ; to alter, to mend the disposition or mind. ItF This word, with others of the same form, such as ange, strange, mange, &c. are, in the West of England, pronounced with the short sound of a in ran, man, &c. The same may be observed of the a in the first syllable of angel, ancient, &c. which, in that part of the kingdmn, sounds like the article n,- and tlu's, though disagreeable to a London ear, and contrary to the best usage, which forms the only rule, is more analogical than pronouncing them as if written chainge, strainge, aincieiit, aingel, &c. for we find every other vowel in this situation short, as revenge, hinge, spunge, &c. To CHANGE, tshanje, v. n. To undergo change, to suffer alteration. CHANGE, tshanje, s. An alteration of the state of any thing ; a succession of one thing in the place of another ; the time of the moon in which it begins a new monthly revolution ; novelty ; an alteration of the order in which a set of bells is sounded ; that which makes a variety ; small money. 79 CHA CHA 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81, me* 93, mlt 95 pine 105, pin 107 n6 162, m5ve 161, CHAPT, > ts lj5pt, />arf. pass. Cracked, cleft CHAPTER, tshap'tfrr, s. A division of a book ; an assembly of the clergy of a cathedral ; the place iu which assemblies of the clergy are held. CHAPTREL, tshap'trel, s. The capitals of pillars, or pilasters, which support arches. CHAR, tshar, s. A fish found only in Winander- meer, in Lancashire. To CHAR, tshar, v. a. To burn wood to a black cinder. CHAR, tshare, S. Work done by the day. To CHAR, tshare, v. n. To work at others' houses by the day. " As the maid that milks, And does the meanest chart." Shakif tare. J(5> In Ireland they seem to have retained the genu- ine pronunciation of this, as well as many other old Eng- lish words ; I mean that which is agreeable to the ortho- graphy and rhyming with tar. In English it is gener- ally heard like chair, to sit on, and its compound, char, woman, like chair-woman. Skinner, I know, admits that the word may be derived from the Dutch keeren, to sweep ; and Junius spells the word chare, and tells us the Saxons have the same word spelled cyrre, signifying 1 business or charge, but be its derivation what it will, either the orthography or the pronunciation ought to be altered ; for, as it stands at present, it is a singular and disgraceful anomaly. CHAR-WOMAN, tshare'vvum-Cin, s. A woman hired accidentally for odd work. CHARACTER, kar'ak-t&r, s. 353. A mark, a stamp, a representation ; a letter used in writing or printing; the hand or manner of writing j a represen- tation of any man as to his personal qualities ; an ac- count of any thing as good or bad ; the person with his assemblage of qualities. To CHARACTER, kar'ak-t&r, v. a. To inscribe, to engrave. CHARACTERISTICAL, kar-ak-tej-is't-kal, CHARACTERISTIC^ kar-ak-te-rls'tlk, 509. Constituting or pointing out the true character. CHARACTERISTICALNESS, ka-rak.te'-rls'te'-kal- ne's, s. The quality of being peculiar to a character. CHARACTERISTICK, kar-ak-te'-rls'tik, s. That which constitutes the character. To CHARACTERIZE, kar'ak-te'-rize, v. a. To give a character or an account of the personal qualities of any man ; to engrave or imprint ; to mark with a par- ticular stamp or token. CHARACTERLESS, kar'ak-tur-le's, a. Without a character. CHARACTERY, kar'ak-tur-re, s. Impression, mark. CHARCOAL, tshar'kole, s. Coal made by burning wood. CHARD, tshard, s. Chards of artichokes are the leaves of fair artichoke plants, tied and wrapped up all over but the top, in straw: Chards of beet are plants of white beet transplanted. To CHARGE, tsharje, v. a. To intrust, to com- mission for a certain purpose ; to impute as a debt ; to impute as a crime ; to impose as a task ; to accuse, to censure ; to command ; to fall upon, to attack; to bur- den, to load ; to fill ; to load a gnn. CHARGE, tsharje, s. Care, trust, custody; pre- cept, mandate, command ; commission, trust conferred, office ; accusation, imputation ; the tiling intrusted to care or management; expense, cost ; onset, attack ; the signal to fall upon enemies ; the quantity of pow- der and ball put into a gun ; a preparation, or a sort of ointment, applied to the shoulder-splaits and sprains of horses. CHARGEABLE, tshar'ja-bl, a. 405. Expensive, costly; imputable, as a debt or crime; subject to charge, accusable. CHARGEABLENESS, tshar'ja-bl-nes, s. Expense, cost, costliness. CHARGEABLY, tshar'ja-bl^, ad. Expensively. CHARGER, tshar'jar, s. 98. A large dish; an offi- cer's horse. 80 CHARILY, tsha'r^-1^, ad. Warily, frugally. CHARINESS, tsha'r-nes, s. Caution, nicety. CHARIOT, tshar're-Ot, s. 543. A carriage of plea, sure, or state ; a car iu which men of arms were an- ciently placed. jt5* If this word is over heard as if written Charrot, it is only tolerable in the most familiar pronunciation : the least solemnity, or even precision, must necessarily retain the sound of i, and give it three syllables. CHARIOTEER, tsbar-re-at-teY, s. He that drives the chariot. CHARIOT RACE, tshar'r^-ut-rase, s. A sport where chariots were driven for the prize. CHARITABLE, tshar'e-ta-bl, a. Kind in giving alms; kind in judging of others. CHARITABLY, tshar'e-ta-ble, ad. Kindly, liberally, benevolently. CHARITY, tshar'e'-te', S. 160. Tenderness, kind- ness, love; good will, benevolence; the theological virtue of universal love ; liberality to the poor ; alms, relief given to the poor. To CHARK, tshark, v. a. To burn to a black cinder. CHARLATAN, shar'la-tan, s. 528. A quack, a mountebank. CHARLATANICAL, shar-la-tan'e-kal,a. Quackish, ignorant. CHARLATANRY, sharta-tan-re", n. Wheedling, deceit CHARLES'S-WAIN, tsharlzlz-wane', s. The nor. them constellation called the Bear. CHARLOCK, tsbar'lok, s. A weed growing among the corn with a yellow flower. CHARM, tsharm, s. Words or philtres, imagined to have some occult power ; something of power to gain the affections. To CHARM, tsharm, v. a. To fortify with charm* against evil ; to make powerful by charms ; to subdue by some secret power; to subdue by pleasure. CHARMER, tshar'mur, s. One that has the power of charms, or enchantments ; one that captivates the heart. CHARMING, tsbar'mlng, part. a. Pleasing in the highest degree. CHARMINGLY, tshar'mlng-l, ad. In such a man. ner as to please excedingly. CHARMINGNESS, tshar'mlng-ne's, s. The power of pleasing. CHARNEL, tshar'nel, a. Containing flesh or car- casses. CHARNEL-HOUSE, tshar'nel-house, s. The place where the bones of the dead are reposited. CHART, kart, or tshart, S. A delineation of coasts. tXj- As this word is perfectly anglicised, by cutting off the n in the Latin Charta, and ;;inthe Greek 7j*.~r.; y we ought certainly to naturalize the initial letters by pro- nouncing them as in charter, charity, &c. : but such is our fondness for Latin and Greek originals, that we catch at the shadow of a reason for pronouncing after these lan- guages, though in direct opposition to the laws of our own. Tims we most frequently, if not universally, hear this word pronounced as Cart, a carriage, and perfectly like the French Carte. CHARTER, tshar'tfir, S. A charter is a written evidence ; any writing bestowing privileges or rights ; privilege, immunity, exemption. CHARTER-PARTY, tshartur-par-te, s. A paper relating to a contract, of which each party has a copy. CHARTERED, tshar't&rd, a. 359. Privileged. CHARY, tsha're 1 , a. Careful, cautious. To CHASE, tshase, v. a. To hunt; to pursue an enemy ; to drive. CHASE, tshase, S. Hunting, pursuit of any thing as game ; fitness to be hunted ; pursuit of an enemy ; pursuit of something as desirable ; hunting match ; the game hunted ; open ground stored with such beasts as are hunted; the Chase of a gun, is the whole bore or length of a piece. CHASE-GUN, tshase'g&n, s. Guns in the fore-part of the ship fired upon those that are pursued. CHA CHE nor 167, nit 1G3 tube 171, tab 172, bull 173 oil 299 pound 313 thin 4GG, THW 469. tshek'ur, 0. a. CHASER, tsha's&r, s. Hunter, pursuer, driver. CHASM, kazm, s. 353. A cleft, a gap, an opening ; a place unfilled ; a vacuity. CHASTE, tshastc, a. Pure from all commerce of sexes; pure, uncomipt, no" mixed with barbarous phrases ; without obscenity ; true to the marriage bed. To CHASTEN, tshase'tn, u. a. 405. To correct, to puni-h. O This word is sometimes falsely pronounced with the a short, so as to rhyme with fasten ; but it is exactly under the same predicament as the verb to haste, which, when formed into what is called an inchoative verb, be- comes hasten, and with which chasten is a perfect rhyme. To CHASTISE, tshas-tlze 7 , '. a. To punish, to cor- rect by punishment ; to reduce to order or obedience. CHASTISEMENT, tshas'riz-ment, s. Correction, punishment. See Adrertise. CHASTISER, tshas-ti'zur, s. A punisher, a cor- rector. CHASTITY, tshas't-t, S. 51 1. Purity of the body; freedom from obscenity ; freedom from bad mixture of any kind. 03" I have in tliis word departed from Mr Sheridan, and several other speakers, in the sound of the a in the first syllable, as no analogy can be clearer than that which prevails in words of this termination, where the antepenultimate accent always shortens the vowel Thus, though the a, e, and ;', are long in humane, serene, and divine, they are short in humanity, serenity, and divinity; and unless custom clearly forliids, which I do not believe is the case, chastity ought certainly to have the a as I have marked it GHASTLY, tshastel^, ad. Without incontinence, purely, without contamination. Er5- In these words Dr Johnson has very improperly omitted the silent e ; they ought to be written chastely and chnsteness. See Introduction to Rhyming Diction- ary, Orthographical Aphorism the 8th. CHASTNESS, tshaste'n^s, s. Chastity, purity. To CHAT, tshat, V. n. To prate, to talk idly ; to prattle. CHAT, tshat, S. Idle talk, prate. CHATELLANY, tshat'tl-15n-d, s. The district under the dominion of a castle. CHATTEL, tshat'tl, s. 405. Any moveable posses- sion. To CHATTER, tshat't&r, v. n. To make a noise as a pie or other (inharmonious bird ; to make a noise by collision of the teeth ; to talk idly or carelessly. CHATTER, tshut't&r, s. Noise like that of a pie or monkey ; idle prate. CHATTERER, tshat'tar-r&r, s. An idle talker. CHATTY, tshat'te, a. Liberal of conversation. CHAVKNDER, tshavlrudur, s. The chub, a fish. CHAUMONTEI.LE, sho-mon-tel', s. A sort of pear. To CHAW, tsbaw, v. a. See To Chew. CHAWDRON, tshaw'drftn, s. Entrails. CHEAP, tshepe, . To be had at a low rate ; easy to be had, not respected. To CHEAPEN, tshi'pn, r. a. 103. To attempt to purchase, to bid for any thing ; to lessen value. CHEAPLY, tsh^pe'l^, ad. At a small price, at a low rate. CHEAPNESS, tsb^pe'nes, s. Lownoss of price. To CHEAT, tshte, v. a. To defraud, to impose upon, to trick. CHEAT, tshete, s. A fraud, a trick, an imposture; a person guilty of fraud. CHEATER, tshe'tfir, s. 95. One that practises fraud. To CHECK, tshek, v. a. To repress, to curb ; to reprove, to chide ; to control by a counter reckoning. To CHECK, tshuk, v. n. To stop, to make a stop ; to clash, t> interfere. CHECK, tshek, s. Repressure, stop, rebuff; re- ftraint, curb, government ; reproof, a slight ; in fal- conry, when a nawk forsakes the proper game to fol- low other birds ; the cause of restraint, a stop. 81 T<> CHECKER, To CHEQUER, To variegate of diversify, in the manner of a chess board, with alternate colours. CHECKER-WORK, tshek'frr-w6rk, s. Work varied alternately. CHECKMATE, tshek'mate, s. The movement on the chess-board, that puts an end to the game. CHEEK, tsheek, s. The side of the face below the eye ; a general name among mechanicks for almost all those pieces of their machines that are double. CHEEK-TOOTH, tsheek'to6*A, s. The hinder tooth or tusk. CHEER, tsheer, s. Entertainment, provisions ; in. vitation to gayety ; gayety, jollity ; air of the counte- nance ; temper of mind. To CHEER, tsbeer, v. a. To incite, to encourage, to inspirit ; to comfort, to console, to gladden. To CHEER, tsheer, >. n. To grow gay or gladsome. ClIEERER, tshee'r&r, .9. Gladdener, giver of gayety CHEERFUL, tsheerTul, or tsber'ful, a. Guy full of life, full of mirth ; liaving an appearance of gayety. i)3- This word, like/? shelter, to nurse up. ^ CHERISHER, tsher'rlsh-ur, s. An encourager, a supporter. CHERISHMENT, tsherYlsh-mellt, S. Encourage- ment, support, comfort CHERRY, tsherYe, 7 f~, rr, L?_/ .. ii f -9- A tree and fruit. CHERRY-TREE, tsherre-treu, ^ CHERRY, tshel-Ye, a. Resembling a cherry in colour. ClIERRYBAY, tsherW-ba, S. Laurel. CHERRYCHEEKED, tsherYe-tsheekt, a. Having ruddy cheeks. CHERRYPIT, tsher're-pit, s. A child's play, in which they .throw cherry-stones into a small hoi*. CHERSONESE, ker'so-nes, .9. 353. A pcninsc.lH. CHERUB, tsher'6b, S. A celestial spirit, which, in the hierarchy, is placed next in order to the Scrap) Jin. G CUE CHI 32T559. Fate 73, far 77, fill 83, fat81 me93, mSt95 pine 103, pin 107 nA 1G2, m5ve 164, CHERUBICK, tshi-rh'blk, a. Angeliok, relating to the Cherubim. CHERUBIM, tsheVti-blm, s. The Hebrew plural of Cherub. )C^- Those who understand no language but their own, are ;ipt to commit an unpardonable fault with critics, by taking- this word for a singular, and writing the plural CJierubinu. Others are apt to commit a much greater fault in speaking, which is that of forming an adjective from this word, as if written Cherubimical or C/ient- binical, instead of Cherubick. How hard is the fate of an Englishman, who, to speak and write his own lau- fuage properly, must not only understand French, -:it in, iinil Greek, but Hebrew also .' CHERUBINE, tsheVfr-bin, a. Angelical CHERVIL, tsheVvll, s. An umbelliferous plant To CHERUP, tsh^r'&p, v. n. To chirp, to use a cheerful voice. CHESS, fsb^s, s. A nice and intricate game in imitation of a battle between two armies. CHESS-APPLE, tsheVap-pl, s. Wild service. CHESS-BOARD, tshes'bord, s. The board or table on which the game of chess is played. CHESS-MAN, tsheVman, s. 88. A puppet for chess. CHESSOM, tsheVs&m, s. 166. Mellow earth. CHEST, tshst, s. A box of wood or other materials. CHESTED, tsh&>t'd, a. Having a chest CHESTNUT, tsheVnit, ? CHESTNUT-TREE, tsheyn&t-tre, J s ' A tree ; the fruit of the chesnut-tree ; the name of a brown colour. CHEVALIER, sheV-a-ley, s. 352. A knight. CHEVAUX-DE-FRISE, sheV-6-de-freeze 7 , s. 352. A piece of timber traversed with wooden spikes, point- ed with iron, five or six feet long ; used in defending a passage, a turnpike, or tourniquet CHEVEN, tshev'vn, s. 103. A river fish, the same with chub. CHEVF.RIL, tsheVgr-il, s. A kid, kidleather. CHEVRON, tsheVr&n, s. In heraldry, it represents two rafters of a house as they ought to stand. To grind with the teeth, to masticate ; to meditate, or ruminate in the thoughts; to taste without swallowing. SS- The latter pronunciation is grown vulgar. To CHEW, tshSd, v. n. To champ upon, to ruminate. CHICANE, she-kane', s. 352. The art of protract- ing a contest by artifice ; artifice in general. To CHICANE, she-kane*, v. n. To prolong a con- test by tricks. ClIICANER, she-ka'nfrr, s. A petty sophister, a wrangler. CHICANERY, she'-ka'n&r-e', s. Sophistry, wrangle. CHICK, tshlk, 7 CHICKEN, tshlkln, 104. } *' The young of a bird, particularly of a hen, or small bird ; a word of tenderness ; a term for a young girL CHICKENHEARTED, tshlkln-har-td, a. Cow- ardly, fearful. CHICKENPOX, tsblkln-p&ks, s. A pustulous dis- temper. CHICKLING, tshlkllng, s. A small chicken. , CHICKPEASE, tshlk'peze, s. An herb. CHICKWEED, tshlk'weed, s. A plant To CHIDE, tshide, v. a. To reprove ; to drive away with reproof; to blame, to reproach. To CHIDE, tshide, v. n. To clamour, to scold ; to quarrel with : to make a noise. CHIDER, tshi'd&r, s. 98. A rebuker, a reprover. CHIEF, tsheef, a. Principal, most eminent ; eminent, extraordinary ; capital, of the first order. CHIEF, tsheef, s. 275. A commander, a leader. CHIEFLESS, tsheeFls, a. without a head. 82 CHIEFLY, tsheefte, ad. Principally, eminently, more than common. CHIEFRIE, tsheef rd, s. A small rent paid to the lord paramount CHIEFTAIN, tsheePtln, s. 208. A leader, a com- mander ; the head of a clan. 03- This word ought undoubtedly to follow cip'oin, curtain, villain, &c. in the pronunciation of the last y - lable ; though, from its being less in use, we are not '<> well reconciled to it CHIEVANCE, tshee'vanse, s. Traffick, in which money is extorted, as discount CHILBLAIN, tshlFblane, S. Sores made by frost CHILD, tshild, S. An infant, or very young- person ; one in the line of filiation, opposed to the parent ; :iny thing the product or effect of another ; To be with child, to be pregnant To CHILD, tshild, v. n. To bring children. Little used. CHILDBEARING, tshild'ba-ring, part. s. The act of bearing children. CHILDBED, tshild'bd, s. The state of a woman bringing a child. CHILDBIRTH, Uhlld'b&rfA, s. Travail, labour. CHILDED, tshil'd^d, a. Furnished with a child. Little used. CHILDERMASS.DAY, tshll'deV-mas-da, s. The day of the week, throughout the year, answering- to the day on which the feast of the Holy Innoceuts is solemnized. CHILDHOOD, tshiWhud, s. The state of infants, the time in which we are children ; the time of life between infancy and puberty ; the properties of a child. CHILDISH, tshildlsh, a. Trifling ; only becoming- children ; trivial, puerile. CHILDISHLY, tshildlsh-le, ad. In a childish trifling way. CHILDISHNESS, tshildlsh.ne's, s. Puerility, tri- flingness; harmlessness. CHILDLESS, tshild'les, s. without children. CHILDLIKE, tshild'Hke, a. Becoming or beseem. ing a child. CHILIAEDRON, kil-d-a-e'dr&n, s. 553. A figure of a thousand sides. CO This word ought to have the accented e long- : not on account of the quantity in the Greek word, but be- cause, where no rule forbids, we ought to make vowels accented on the penultimate, long, 542. CHILIFACTORY, kll-e-fak'to-re, CHILIFACTIVE, kil-e-fak'tiv, } a ' Making chyle. See Chylificntory and Cfiylifiictire. CHII.IFICATION, kll-i-ftUka'shfrn, s. The act of making chyle. See Chyltftcation. CHILL, tsbll, a. Cold, that which is cold to the touch ; having the sensation of cold ; depressed, de- jected, discouraged. CHILL, tsbll, S. Chilness, cold. To CHILL, tshll, v. a. To make cold ; to depress, to deject ; to blast with cold. CHILLINESS, tshll'le-nes, s. A sensation of shiver- ing cold. CHILLY, tshllle, a. Somewhat cold. CHILNESS, tshil'ns, s. Coldness, want of warmth. CHIME, tshime, .. The consonaiit or harmonick sound of many correspondent instruments ; the corre- spondence of sound ; the sound of bells struck with hammers ; the correspondence of proportion or rela- tion. To CHIME, tshime, V. n. To sound in harmony ; to correspond in relation or proportion; to agree ; to suit with ; to jingle. To CHIME, tshime, v. a. To make to move, or strike, or sound harmonically ; to strike a bell with a hammer. CHIMERA, ke-me'ra, s. 353. 120. A vain and wild fancy. CHIMERICAL, ke-mr're-kal, a. Imaginary, fantastick. . CHI CHO 1G7, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, b&ll 173511 299 pfl&nd 313 thin 4-66, Tiiis 469. CHIMERICALLY, ke-mer're-kal-e, ad. Vainly, wildly. CHIMNEY, tshim'ne, s. The passage through wliich the smoko ascends from the fire in the house ; the fire-place- CHIMNEY-CORNER, tshim'ne-kor'nur, s. The fireside, the place of idlers. CHIMNEY-PIECE, tshim'ne-peese, s. The orna- mental piece round the fire-place. CHIMNEY-SWEEPER, tshim'ne-swee-pur, s. One whose trade it is to clean foul chimneys of soot. CHIN, tshin, s. The part of the face beneath the under lip. CHINA, tsha'ne, or tshi'na, s. China ware, porcelain, a species of vessels made in China, dimly transparent. CQ" What could induce us to so irregular a pronunci- ation of this word is scarcely to be conceived. One would be apt to suppose that the French first imported this porcelain, and that when we purchased it of them, we called it by their pronunciation of China (Sheen) ; but being unwilling to drop the a, and desirous of pre- serving the French sound of i, we awkwardly transposed these sounds, and turned China into Chainee. This ab- surd pronunciation seems only tolerable when we apply it to the porcelain of China, or the oranges, which are improperly called China oranges ; but even in these cases it seems a pardonable pedantry to reduce the word to its true sound! CHINA-ORANGE, tsha'na-Sr'lnje, s. The sweet orange. CHINA-ROOT, tshi'na-root, s. A medicinal root, brought originally from China- CHINCOUGH, tshm'kof, s. A violent and convulsive cough. CHINE, tshine, S. The part of the back, in wliich the backbone is found ; a piece of tlie back of an animal. To CHINE, tshine, v. a. To cut into chines. CHINK, tshlngk, s. A small aperture longwise. To CHINK, tshlngk, v. a. To shake so as to make a sound. To CHINK, tshlngk, v. n. To sound by striking each other. CHINKY, tshingk'e, a. Full of holes, gaping. CHINTS, tshlnts, s. Cloth of cotton made in India. GHIOPPINE, tshSp-pene', s. 112. A high shoe formerly worn by ladies. To CHIP, tshlp, v. a. To cut into small pieces. CHIP, tshlp, s. A small piece taken off by a cutting instrument, CHIPPING, tshlp'plng, s. A fragment cnt off. CHIRAGRICAL, kl-rag'gre-kal, a. 120. 353. Having the gout in the hand. CHIROGRAPHER, kl-rSg'gra-f ur, s. He that exer- cises writing. CHIROGRAPHIST, kl-rSg'gra-f 1st, s. Chirographer. CHIROGRAPHY, ki-rog'gra-fe, s. 518. The art of writing. CHIROMANCER, klr'6-man-sur, s. One that fore- tells events by inspecting the hand. CHIROMANCY, klrVo-man-se, s. 353. 519. The art of foretelling the events of life, by inspecting the hand. To CHIRP, tsherp, v. n. To make a cheerful noise as birds. CHIRP, tsherp, s. The voice of birds or insects. CHIRPER, tsheVpur, s. 89. One that chirps. CHIRURGEON, kl-r&r'je-fin, s. 353. One that cures ailments, not by internal medicines, but outward ap- plications, now written Surgeon ; a surgeon. CHIRURGERY, ki-rur'je-re, s. The art of curing by external applications, now written Surgery. CHIRURGICAL, ki-rur^je-kSl, " CHIRURGICK, ki-rur'jik, 353. Belonging to surgery. CHISEL, tshlz'zil, s. 102. 99. An instrument with wliich wood or stone is pared away. 83 To CHISEL, tshlz'zll, v. a. 102. TO cut with a chisel. CHIT, tsblt, s. A child, a baby ; the shoot of corn from the end of the grain. To CHIT, tshlt, v. n. To sprout. CHITCHAT, tshlt'tshat, s. Prattle, idle prate. CHITTERLINGS, tshit'tar-lingz, s- 555. The guts of an eatable animal ; the frill at the bosom of a shirt. CuiTTY, tshlt'te, a. Childish; like a baby. CHIVALROUS, tshlv'al-rus, a. Relating to chivalry knightly, warlike. CHIVALRY, tshlv'al-re, s. Knighthood, a military dignity ; the qualifications of a knight, as valour ; the general system of knighthood. CHIVES, tshivz, s. The threads or filaments rising in flowers, with seeds at the end ; a species of small onion. CHLOROSIS, klo-ro'sls, s. 353. Tlie greensick- ness. To CHOAK, tshoke, v. a. See Choke. CHOCOLATE, tshSk'6-late, s. 91. The nut of tho cocoa tree ; the mass made by grinding the kernel of the cocoa-nut, to be dissolved in hot water j the liquor made by a solution of chocolate. CHOCOLATE-HOUSE, tshok'6-late-house, s. A house for drinking chocolate. CHODE, tshode. The old pret from Chide. Obsolete. CHOICE, tsholse, s. The act of choosing, election ; the power of choosing ; care in choosing, curiosity of distinction ; the thing chosen ; the best part of any thing ; several things proposed as objects of election. CHOICE, tsholse, a. Select, of extraordinary value ; chary, frugal, *preful. CHOICELESS, tsnoise'les, a. Without the power of choosing. CHOICELY, tsholse'le', ad. Curiously, with exact choice ; valuably, excellently. CHOICENESS, tshoise'nes, s. Nicety, particular value. CHOIR, kwire, S. 300. 356. An assembly or band of singers ; the singers in divine worship ; the part of the church where the singers are placed. To CHOKE, tshoke, v. a. To suffocate ; to stop up, to block up a passage ; to hinder by obstruction ; to suppress ; to overpower. CHOKE, tshoke, s. The filamentous, or capillary part of an artichoke. CHOKE-PEAR, tshoke'pare, s. A rough, harsh, unpalatable pear; any sarcasm that stops the mouth. CHOKER, tsho'kur, s. One that chokes. CHOKY, tshoTle, a. That which has the power of suffocation. CHOLAGOGUES, kol'a-gogz, s. Medicines having the power of purging bile. CHOLER, kSl'l&r, s. The bile ; the humour sup- posed to produce irascibility ; auger, rage. CHOLERICK, kSFl&r-rlk, a. Abounding with chol- er ; angry, irascible. CHOLERICKNESS, kollfrr-rlk-nes, s. Anger, h-as. ability, peevishness. CHOLICK See CoKck. To CHOOSE, tshoSze, v. a. I chose, I have chosen. To take by way of preference of several things offered ; to select, to pick out of a number ; to elect for eternal happiness ; a term of theologians. 1X3- This word is sometimes improperly written chuse, which is a needless departure from its French etymology in choi.sir, as well as from our own analogy in the pre- terit chose. To CHOOSE, tshooze, v. n. To have the powei of choice. CHOOSER, tshoo'zur, S. He that has the power of choosing, elector. To CHOP, tshop, v. a. To cut with a quick blow ; to devour eagerly ; to mince, to cut into small pieces ; to break into chinks. To CHOP, tshop, v. n. To do any thing with n quick motion ; to light or happen upon iu;y thing. G5? CHO CHU 1^-559. File 73, fir 77, fill 83, fit 81 m^ 93, m& 95 pine 105, pin 107 n6 162, m5ve 164, To CHOP, tshftp, v, a. To purchase, generally by way of truck ; to put one thing in the place of another j to bandy, to altercate. CHOP, tsh&p, s. A piece chopped off ; a small piece of meat ; a crack or cleft. CHOP-HOUSE, tsh&r/hduse, s. A mean house of entertainment JK5- Dr Johnson, in this definition, seems to have rated a chop-house too low, and to have had a Cook's Shop or an Eating House in his mind. Since coffee-houses are become eating-houses and taverns, chop-houses are, per- haps, a little depreciated ; but this was not the case till long after Dr Johnson's Dictionary was published ; and I think they may still, without any impropriety, be call- ed reputable house* of ready entertainment. CHOPIN, tshA-p^n', S. 112. A French liquid measure, containing nearly a pint of Winchester ; a term used in Scotland for a quart of wine measure. CHOPPING, tsh&p'pln, a. An epithet frequently applied to infants, by way of commendation, meaning large, or well grown. CHOPPING-KNIFE, tsh6r/plng_nlfe, s. A knife used in chopping. CHOPPY, tsh6p'p, a. Full of holes or cracks. CHOPS, tsh6ps, s. The mouth of a beast j the mouth of any thing in familiar language. CHORAL, ko'ral, a. 353. Sung by a choir ; sing- ing in a choir. CHORD, kord, s. The string of a musical instru- ment ; a right line, which joins the two ends of any arch of a circle. To CHORD, kord, v. a. 353. To furnish with strings. CHORDEE, kor-d^, S. A contraction of the fraenum. CHORION, ko'rd-Sn, s. The outward membrane that enwraps the foetus. CHORISTER, kvvlr'ris-tur, s. 300. 356. A singer in the cathedrals, a singing boy ; a singer in a concert CHOROGRAPHER, ki-r&g'gra-fur, s. He that describes particular regions or countries. CHOROGRAPHICAL, k&r-ro-griife-k&l, a. De- scriptive of particular regions. CHOROGRAPHICALLY, K&r-r6-graP-kal-l, ad, In a chorographical manner. CHOROGRAPHY, ko-rog'grA-ft, s. The art of desci ibing particular regions. CHORUS, k^rfis, s. 353. A number of singers, a concert ; the persons who are supposed to behold what passes in the acts of the ancient tragedy ; the song be- tween the acts of a tragedy ; verses of a song in which the company join the singer. CHOSE, tsbose. The prcter. tense, from To choose. CHOSEN, tsho'zn, 103. The part pas?." from 1 To choose. CHOUGH, tsbuf, s. 301. A bird which frequents the rocks by the sea. To CHOUSE, tshouse, v. a. To cheat, to trick. CHOUSE, tshdise, S. A bubble, a tool ; a trick, or sham. CHRISM, krlzm, s. 353. Unguent, or unction, To CHRISTEN, kris'sn, v. a. 472. To baptize, to initiate into Christianity by water ; to name, to de- nominate. CHRISTENDOM, krls'sn-dum, s. 405. The col- lective body of Christians. CHRISTENING, kris'sn-lng, s. The ceremony of the first initiation into Christianity. CHRISTIAN, krist'yun, s. 291. A professor of the religion of Christ. CHRISTIAN, krlst'yfin, a. 113. Professing the religion of Christ. CHRISTIAN-NAME, krlst'yfm-name'. s. The name given at the font, distinct from the surname. CHRISTIANISM, krist'yun-izm, s. The Christian religion ; the nations professing Christianity. CHRISTIANITY, krIs-tsh-an'tLt, s. ' The re- ligion of Christians. 84 To CHRISTIANIZE, krist'yun-lze, v. a. To mats Christian. CHRISTIANLY, krist'yun-le, ad. Like a ciu-u. tian. CHBISTMAS, kris'mas, s. 88. 472. The day in which the nativity of our blessed Saviour is celebrated. CHRISTMAS-BOX, kris'mas.boks, s. A box in which little presents are collected at Christmas. The money so collected. CHROMATICK, kro-mat'ik, a. Relating to colour ; relating to a certain species of ancient musick. CHRONICAL kron't^-kal 7 CHRONICK, kr5nlk, } " Relating to time ; a chronical distemper is of long d i. ration. CHRONICLE, kr5n'e-kl, s. 353. 405. A register or account of events in order of time ; a history. To CHRONICLE, kr&n'^-kl, i;. a. 405. To record in chronicle, or history ; to register, to record. CHRONICLER, kr&n'e-klur, s. 98. A writer of chronicles ; an historian. CHRONOGRAM, kron'6-gram, s. An inscription including the date of any action. CHRONOGRAMMATICAL, kr5n-n&-gram-mat'^- kal, a. Belonging to a chronogram. CHRONOGRAMMATIST, krSn-no-gram'ma-tist, s. A writer of chronograms. CHRONOLOGER, kro-nSl'lo-j&r, s. He that studies or explains the science of computing past times. CHRONOLOGICAL, kr6n-n6-16dje / e-kul, . Re- lating to the doctrine of time. CHRONOLOGICALLY, kron-no-lodje'e-kal-le, ad. In a chronological manner, according to the exact series of time. CHRONOLOGIST, kr6-n51'6-jist, s. One that studies or explains time. CHRONOLOGY, kro-n61'6-j, s. The science of computing and adjusting the periods of time. CHRONOMETER, kro-n&m'me-tur, s. An instru- ment for the exact mensuration of time. CHRYSALIS, kris'sa-lis, s. 503. Aurelia, or the first apparent change of the maggot of any species of insects. CHRYSOLITE, kris's6-llte, s. 155. A precious stone of a dusky green, with a cast of yellow. CHOB, tshub, s. A river fish. The cheven. CHUBBED, tshul/bid, v. 99. Big-headed, like a chub. To CHUCK, tshuk, v. n. To make a noise like a hen. To CHUCK, tshuk. V. a. To call as a hen calls her young ; to give a gentle blow under the chin. CHUCK, tshuk, s . The voice of a hen ; a word of endearment CHUCK-FARTHING, tsh&k'far-THing, s. A play, at which the money falls with a chuck into the hole beneath. To CHUCKLE, tshuk'kl, v. n. 405. To laugh vehemently. To CHUCKLE, tshuk'kl, v. a. To call as a hen ; to cocker, to fondle. CHUET, tsh651t, S. 99. Forced meat. Obsolete. CHUFF, tshuf, s. A blunt clown. CHUFFILY, tshuf'fe-le, ad. stomachfully. CHUFFINESS, tsh&Pfe-ns, s. Clownishuess. CHUFFY, tshufte, o. Surly, fat CHUM, tshum, S. A chamber fellow. CHUMP, tshump, s. A thick heavy piece of wood. CHURCH, tshurtsh, s. The collective body of Christians; the body of Christians adhering to one particular form of worship ; the place which Christiana consecrate to the worship of God. To CHURCH, tshurtsh, v. a. To perform with any one the office of returning thanks after any signal deliverance, as childbirth. CHU CIP n5r 167, n&t 163 ttibe 171, t&b 172, bill 173 Sil 299 pSfind 313 Van 466, THIS 469. CHURCH-ALE, tshurtsh-ale', s. A wake or feast, commemoratory of the dedication of the church. CHURCH-ATTIRE, tshurtsh-at-tire', s. The habit in which men officiate at divine service. CHURCHMAN, tshurtsh'man, s. 88. An ecclesi- astic, a clergyman ; an adherent to the Church of Eng- land. CHURCHWARDENS, tshlrtsh-wHr'dnz, s. 103. Officers yearly chosen, to look to the church, church- yard, and such things as belong to both. CHURCH-YARD, tshurtsh'yard, s. The ground adjoining to the church, in which the dead are buried; a cemetery. CHURL, tshurl, s. A rustick, B countryman ; a rude, surly, ill-bred man ; a miser, a niggard. CHURLISH, tshurTish, a. Rude, brutal, harsh ; selfish, avaricious. CHURLISHLY tshurllsh-le, ad. Rudely, brutally. CHURLISHNESS, tshor'lisli-nes, s. Brutality, ruggedness of manner. CHURME, tshfirm, s. A confused sound, a noise. Obsolete. Clf URN, tshurn, s. The vessel in which the butter is, by agitation, coagulated. To CHURN, tshurn, v. a. To agitate or shake any thing by a violent motion ; to make butter by agitat- ing the milk. CHURRWORM, tshuiAvurm, s. An insect that turns about nimbly, called also a fancricket. CHYLACEOUS, kl-la'shus, a. 186. Belonging to chyle. CHYLE, kile, S. 353. The white juice formed in the stomach by digestion of the aliment. CHYLIFACTION, kil-le-fak'shun, s. The act or process of making chyle in the^body. CHYLIFACTIVE, kll-le-fak'tiv, a. Having the power of making chyle. CHYLIFICATION, kll-le-f-ka'shun, s. The act of making chyle. CHYLIFICATORY, kil-e-fe-ka't6-r, a. 512. Mak- ing chyle. ClIYLOUS, kilus, a. 160. Consisting of chyle. CHYMICAL, klm'e-kal, CHYMICK, klm'mlk, Made by chymistry ; relating to chymistry. CHYMICALLY, klm'me-kal-le, ad. In a chymi- cal manner. CHYMIST, kim'mlst, S. A. professor of chymistry. 1X5- Scholars have lately discovered, that all the nations of Europe have, for many centuries past, been erroneous in spelling this word with a y instead of an e ; that is, Chymist instead of Chemist : and if we, crave their reasons, they very gravely tell us, that instead of deriv- ing the word from "/*, juice, or from %ua, %UM, or X.vu, to melt, it is more justly derived from the Arabic kema, black. But Dr Johnson, who very w ell understood every thing that could be urged in favour of the new orthography, has very judiciously contixued the old ; and indeed, till we see better reasons than have yet appear- ed, it seems rather to savour of an affectation of oriental learning than a liberal desire to rectify and improve our language. But let the word originate in the East or West, among the Greeks or Arabians, we certainly re- ceived it from our common Linguaducts, (if the word will be pardoned me) the Latin and French, which still retain either the y, or its substitute i. Besides, the alteration produces a change in the pro- nunciation, which, from its being but slight, is the less likely to be attended to ; and therefore the probability is, that, let us write the word as we will, we shall still continue to pronounce the old way ; for in no English word throughout the language does the e sound like y, or f short, when the accent is on it This improvement, therefore, in our spelling, would, in all probability, add a new irregularity to our pronun- ciation, already encumbered with too many. Warburton, in his edition of Pope's works, seems to have been the first writer of note who adopted this mode of spelling from Boerhaave, and the German critics; and he seems to have been followed by all the inscriptions on the chy- miits' shops in the kingdom. But till the voice of the OK peopVe has more decidedly declared itself, it is certainly the most eligible to follow Dr Johnson and our esta- blished writers in the old orthography. See Mr Nares'8 English Orthoepy, page 285, where the reader will see judiciously exposed the folly of altering settled modes of spelling for the sake of far-fetched and fanciful etymo- logies. CHYMISTRY, k!m'm!s-tre, s. The art or process by which the different substances found in mixt bodies are separated from each other by means of fire. CiBARiOUS, si.ba're-us, a. 121. Relating to food. CICATRICE, or CICATRIX, slk'a-trls, s. 142. The scar remaining after a wound ; a mark, an iiu- pressure. CICATRISANT, slk-a-tri'zant, s. An application that induces a cicatrice. CICATRISIVE, slk-a-tri'slv, a. 158. 428. Having the qualities proper to induce a cicatrice. CICATRIZATION, slk-a-tre-za'sh&n, s. The act of healing the wound ; the state of being healed or skinned over. To CICATRIZE, slk'a-trize, v. a. To apply such medicines to wounds, or ulcers, as skin them. ClCELY, sls1, s. A sort of herb. To CICURATE, slk'u-rate, v, a. 91. 503. To tame, to reclaim from wildness. ClCURATION, Sik-u-ra'shun, s. The act of taming or reclaiming from wildness. ClCUTA, sd-ku'ti, S. 91. A genus of plants ; water-hemlock. ClDER, si'dur, s. The juice of apples expressed and fermented. ClDERIST, si'dur-lst, S. 98. A maker of cider. ClDERKIN, sl'dur-kil), s. The liquor made of the gross matter of apples, after the cider is pressed out. CILIARY, sll'ya-r^, a. 113. Belonging to the eyelids. ClLlClOUS, se-lish'us, a. 314. Made of hair. CIMETER, sim'^-tur, s. 98. A sort of sword, short and recurvated. CINCTURE, singk'tshure, s. 461. Something worn round the body ; an enclosure ; a ring or list at the top or bottom of the shaft of a column. ClNDER, Sin'dur, s. A mass of any thing burnt in the fire, but not reduced to ashes ; a hot coal that has ceased to Same. CINDER-WOMAN, sin'dur-vvum-un, CINDER-WENCH, sin'dur-wnsh, A woman whose trade is to rake in heaps of ashes for cinders. CINERATION, sin-d-ra'shun, s. The reduction of any thing by fire to ashes. CINERITIOUS, sln-e-rish'us, a. Having the form or state of ashes. CINEHULENT, s-nr'u-lent, a. 121. Full of ashes. ClNGLE, slng'gl, S. 405. A girth for a horse. CINNABAR, sln'na-bar, s. 166. Vermilion, a mineral consisting of mercury and sulphur. CINNAMON, sln'na-mun, s. 166. The fragrant bark of a low tree in the island of Ceylon. CINQUE, slngk, s. 415. A five. CINQUE-FOIL, singk'foil, s. A kind of five-leaved clover. CINQUE-PACE, slngk'pase, s. A kind of grave dance. ClNQUE-PORTS, slngk'p&ts, s. Those havens that lie towards France. CINQUE-SPOTTED, slngk'sp&t-td, a. Having five spots. ClON, si'ull, S. 166. A sprout, a shoot from a plant ; the shoot engrafted on a stock CIPHER, Sl'fur, s. 98. An arithmetical character, by which some number is noted, a figure ; an arithme- tical mark, which, standing for nothing itself, increases the value of the other figures ; an iuri-i texture of let- ters ; a character in general ; a secret or occult man- ner of writing, or tlie key to it. CIR . FAte 73, fir 77,fall 83, tit 81 m^ 93, m& 95 ylae 105, pin 107 n6 162, mive 161, To CIPHER, sl'f&r, v. n. To practise arithmetick. To CIPHER, si'fur, v. a. To write in occult char- acters. CIRCLE, sfo'kl, S. 108. 405. A curve line con- tinued till Jt ends where it began, having all parts equally distant from a common centre ; the space in- cluded in a circular line ; a round body, an orb ; com- pass, enclosure ; an assembly surrounding the princi- pal person; a company : any series ending as it begins; an inconclusive form of argument, in which the fore- going proposition is proved by the following, and the following inferred from the foregoing; circumlocution. CIRCLE, S^I^kl, V. a. To move round any tiling ; to enclose, to surround ; to confine, to keep together. To CIRCLE, slr'kl, v. n. To move circularly. CIRCLED, s&'kld, a. 359. Having the form o4 a circle, round. CIRCLET, sdr'kllt, s. A little circle. CIRCLING, striding, part. a. Circular, round. CIRCUIT, sgrtdt, S. 341. 108. The act of moving round any thing ; the space enclosed in a circle ; space, extent, measured by travelling round ; a ring, a dia- dem ; the visitation of the judges for holding assizes. To CIRCUIT, s^rlcit, v. n. To move circularly. CiRCUlTER, srTdt-ter, s. One that travels a circuit CIRCUITION, sr-ku-lsh'un, s. The act of going round any tiling ; compass, maze of argument, com- prehension. CIRCUITOUS, sr-ki'<*-t&s, a. Round about. CIRCULAR, s^r^ku-lur, a. 88. 418. Round, like a circle, circumscribed by a circle ; successive to itself, always returning ; Circular Letter, a letter directed to several persons, who have the same interest in some common affair. CIRCULARITY, s^r-ku-lar^-tt*, s. A circular form. CIRCULARLY, sdr'kii-lur-l^, ad. In form of a cir- cle ; with a circular motion. To CIRCULATE, s^r'kii-late, v. n. To move in a circle. To CIRCULATE, s^rljii-late, v. a. To put about CIRCULATION, sr-kfr-la'shun, s. Motion in a circle ; a series in which the same order is always ob- served, and things always return to the same state ; a reciprocal interchange of meaning. CIRCULATORY, s^r'ku-la-tur-e, a. 512. Belonging to circulation ; circular. CIRCULATORY, s&'kti-la-t&r-^, s. A chymical vessel. CIRCUMAMBIENCY, ser-k&m -am'b-n-s, s. The act of encompassing. CIRCUMAMBIENT, ser-kum-am'bd-lnt, a. Sur rounding, encompassing. To CIRCUMAMBULATE, sSr.kum-am'bii-late, r. n. 91. To walk round about. To CIRCUMCISE, s^r'kum-size, v. a. To cut the prepuce, according to the law given to the Jews. CIRCUMCISION, ser-kum-sizh'dn, s. The rite or act of cutting off the foreskin. To ClRCUMDUCT, sgr-k&m-dukt', V. a. To con- travene ; to nullify. CIRCUMDUCTION, s3r-kum-duk'sh&n, s. Nullifica- tion ; cancellation ; a leading about. CIRCUMFERENCE, sr-k&m'fe-rnse, s. The peri- piiery, the line including and surrounding any thing ; the space enclosed in a circle ; the external part of an orbicular body ; an orb, a circle. CIRCUMFERENTOR, sr-kftm-fe-rn'tur, s. 166. An instrument used in surveying, for measuring angles. CIRCUMFLEX, s^r'kum-fl^ks, s. An accent used to regulate the pronunciation of syllables. IQ All our prosodists tell us, that the Circumflex ac- cent is a composition of the grave anil tlu> acute ; or that it is a r!:i:iing and falling of the voice upon the same syl- lable. If they are desired to exemplify this by actii;-,! pronunciation, we find they cannot do it,' and only pay us with words. This accent, therefore, in the ancient iis well 86 as modern languages, with respect to sound, has no spe- cific utility. The French, who make use of this Circum- flex in writing, appear, in the usual pronunciation of it, to mean nothing more than long quantity. See Bary- tone. If the inspector would wish to see a rational ac- count of this accent, as well as of the grave and acute, let him consult a work lately published by the Author of t liin Dictionary, called A Rhetorical Grammar, the third edition ; or, A Key to the Classical Pronunciation of Greek and Latin Proper Names. ClRCUMFLUENCE, S&'-ktim'flJl-dnse, S. An enclo- sure of waters. CIRCUMFLUENT, sgr-kfcm'fli-gnt, a. Flowing round any thing. CIRCUMFLUOUS, s^r-k&m'fli-fis, a. Environing with waters. CIRCUMFORANEOUS, ss'tin-l, ad. Secretly privately. CLANG, klAng, s. A sharp, shrili noise. CLA CLE t& 559. File 73, far 77, filll 83, fat 81 me 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 ni 162, mftvc )6t, To CLANG, kling, v. n. To clatter, to make a loud shrill noise. CLANGOUR, klang'gur, s. 314. A loud shrill sound. CLANGOUS, klang'gfis, a. Making a clang. CLANK, klangk, s. A loud, shrill, sharp noise. To CLAP, klip, V. a. To strike together with a quick motion ; to put one thing to another suddenly ; : to do any thing with a sudden iiasty motion ; to cele- brate or praise by clapping the hands, to applaud ; to infect with a venereal poison ; To clap up, to complete suddenly. To CLAP, klip, v. n. To move nimbly, with a . noise ; to enter with alacrity and briskness upon any thing ; to strike the hands together in applause. CLAP, klAp, S. A loud noise made by sudden col- lision ; a sudden or unexpected act or motion ; an ex- plosion of thunder ; an act of applause ; a venereal in- fection ; the nether part of the beak of a hawk. CLAPPER, klar/pfrr, s. 98. One who claps with his hands ; the tongue of a bell. To CLAPPERCLAW, klap'pur-klaw, v. a. To tongue-beat, to scold. A low word. CLAKENCEUX, or CLARENCIEUX, klar'e'n-sb.h, s. The second king at arms : so named from the dutchy of Clarence. CLARE-OBSCURE, klare-Sb-skire', s. Light and shade in painting. CLARET, klar'e't, S. A species of French wine. CLARICORD, kl&r'e'-kdrd, s. A musical instru- ment in form of a spinet. CLARIFICATION, klar--fe-ka'shftn, s. The act of making any thing clear from impurities. To CLARIFY, klar^-fl, v. a. 511. To purify or clear ; to brighten, to illuminate. CLARION, klare'yfrn, s. 113. 534. A trumpet CLARITY, klar'e-te, s. 511. Brightness, splendour. CLARY, kla'r^, s. An herb. To CLASH, klash, v. n. To make a noise by mutual i collision ; to act with opposite power, or contrary di- rection ; to contradict, to oppose. To CLASH, klash, v. a. To strike one thing against another. CLASH, klash, s. A noisy collision of two bodies ; opposition ; contradiction. CLASP, klasp, s. A hook to hold any thing close ; an embrace. To CLASP, klasp, v. a. To shut with a clasp ; to catch hold by twining ; to enclose between the hands, to embrace ; to enclose. CLASPER, klas'pur, s. The tendrils or threads of creeping plants. CLASPKNIFE, klisp'nife, s. A knife which folds into the handle. CLASS, klas, s. A rank or order of persons; a number of boys learning the same lesson ; a set of beings or things. To CLASS, klas, v. a. To range according to some stated method of distribution. CLASSICAL, klas'se-kal, ) CLASSICK, klas'sik, a> Relating to antique authors ; of the first order or rank. CLASSICK, klas'sik, s. An author of the first rank. CLASSIFICATION, klas-se-fe-ka'sh&n, s. Ranging into classes. CLASSIS, klas'sls, s. Order, sort, body. To CLATTER, klat'tfir, v. n. To make a noise by knocking two sonorous bodies frequently together ; to utter a noise by being struck together; to talk fcstand idly. To CLATTER, klat'tiV, v. a. To strike any thing so as to mako it sound; to dispute, jar, or clamour. CLATTER, klat'tar, s. A rattling noise made by frequent collision of sonorous bodies ; any tumultuous aud confused n.'i-c. CLAVATED, klav'u-te'd, a. KnoM.od. CLAUDENT, klaw'de'nt, a. shutting, enclosing. 88 To CLAUDICATE, klaw'de-kate, v. n. To halt. CLAUDICATION, klaw-de-ka'shfrn, s. The )r.ibit of halting. CLAVE, klave. The pret. of Cleave- CLAVELLATED, klav'el-la-te'd, a. Made with burnt tartar. A chymical term. CLAVICLE, klav'e-kl, s. 405. The collar-bone. CLAUSE, klawz, S. A sentence, a single part of discourse, a subdivision of a larger sentence ; an arti- cle, or particular stipulation. CLAUSTRAL, klaws'tral, a. Relating to a cloister. CLAUSHRE, klaw'zhure, s. 452. Confinement. CLAW, klaw, s. The foot of a beast or bird armed with sharp nails ; a hand, in- contempt. To CLAW, klaw, v. a. To tear with nails or claws ; to tear or scratch in general ; To claw oft', to scold. CLAWBACK, klaw'bak, s. A flatterer, a wheedler. CLAWED, klawd, a. 359. Furnished or armed with claws. CLAY, kla, S. Unctuous and tenacious earth, To CLAY, kla, v. a. To cover with clay. CLAY-COLD, kla'kold, a. Cold as the unanimated earth. CLAY-PIT, kla'pit, S. A pit where clay is dug. CLAYEY, kla'4 a. Consisting of clay. CLAYMARL, kla'marl, s. A chalky clay. CLEAN, kle'ne, a. 227. Free from dirt or filth ; chaste, innocent, guiltless; elegant, neat, not un- wieldy ; not leprous. CLEAN, klene, ad. Quite, perfectly, fully, com- pletely. To CLEAN, kl^ne, v. a. To free from dirt CLEANLILY, klnle-le, ad. 234. In a cleauly manner. CLEANLINESS, klen'le-nes, s. Freedom from dirt or filth ; neatness of dress, purity. CLEANLY, kldn'le 1 , a. 234. Free from dirtiness, pure in the person ; that makes cleanliness ; pure, im- maculate ; nice, artful. CLEANLY, kleiiel**, ad. 227. Elegantly, neatly. CLEANNESS, kleneWs, S. Neatness, freedom from filth ; easy exactness, justness ; natural, unlaboured correctness j purity, innocence. To CLEANSE, klnz, v. a. 515. To free from filth or dirt ; to purify from guilt ; to free from noxious humours ; to free from leprosy ; to scour. CLEANSER, klen'zur, s. 98. That which has the quality of evacuating foul humours. CLEAR, klere, a. 227. Bright, pellucid, trans- parent; serene; perspicuous, not obscure, not ambi- guous ; indisputable, evident, undeniable ; apparent, manifest, not hid ; unspotted, guiltless, irreproachable ; free from prosecution, or imputed guilt, .guiltless ; free from deductions or encumbrances ; out of debt ; unentaugled ; at a safe distance from danger ; cauorous, sounding distinctly. CLEAR, klere, ad. Clean, quite, completely. To CLEAR, kleTe, v. a. To make bright, to brighten,- to free from obscurity; to purge from the imputation of guilt, to justify ; to cli-anse ; to disr! avtv, to remove any encumbrance ; to free from any tiling offensive ; to clarify, as to clear liquors ; to gain with- out deduction. To CLEAR, klre, v. n. To grow bright, to recover transparency ; to be disengaged from encumbrances or " entanglements. CLEARANCE, kle-ranse, s. A certificate that a ship has been cleared at the custom-house. CLEARER, klore'ur, s. Brightener, purifier, en, lijrhtcner. CLEARLY, klere'le, ad. Brightly, luminously ; plainly, evidently ; with discernment, acutely ; with* out entanglement ; without deduction or cost ; without reserve, without subterfuge. CLEARNESS, klere / ns, s. Transparency, bright- ness ; splendour, lustre ; distinctness, perspicuity. CLE CLO nor 107, n5t 163 tube 171, tub 172, bulU73 ill 299 pSund 313 thin 46G, THIS 469. CLEARSIGHTED, klere-sl'ted, a. Discerning, judicious, To CLEARSTARCH, klere-startsh, v. a. To stiffen with starch. CLEARSTARCHER, klere'startsh'ur, s. One who washes fine linen. To CLEAVE, kleve, v. n. 227. To adhere, to stick, to hold to; to unite aptly, to fit; to unite in concord ; to he concomitant. To CLEAVE, kleve, v. a. To divide with violence, to split ; to divide. To CLEAVE, kleve, v. n. To part asunder ; to suffer divisioa CLEAVER, kle'v&r, S. 98. A butcher's instrument to cut animals into joints. CLEF, klif, s. A mark at the beginning of the lines of a song, which shows the tone or key in which the piece is to begin. CQ- It is the common fault of Professions, liberal as well as mechanical, to vitiate their technical terms. Thus, even without the plea of brevity, clef is changed by musicians into cliff. CLEFT, kleft, part. pass, from Cleave. Divided. CLEFT, kleft, s, A space made by the separation of parts, a crack ; in farriery, clefts are cracks in the heels of a horse. To CLEFTGRAFT, kleft'graft, v. a. To engraft by cleaving the stock of a tree. ClKMKNCY, klem'men-se, s. Mercy, remission of severity. CLEMENT, kle'm'me'nt, a. Mild, gentle, merciful. To CLEPE, klepe, v. a. To call, to name. See Ycleped. Obsolete. CLERGY, kler'jt^ S. The body of men set apart by due ordination for the service of God. CLERGYMAN, kler'je-man, s. 88. A man in holy orders, not a laick. CLERICAL, kleVe-kal, a. Relating to the clergy. CLERK, klark, s. 100. A clergyman ; a scholar, a man of letters ; a man employed under another as a writer ; a petty writer in publick offices ; the layman who reads the responses to the congregation in the church, to direct the rest CLERKSHIP, klark'ship, s. Scholarship ; the office of a clerk of any kind. CLEVER, klev'ur, a. 98. Dextrous, skilful ; just, fit, proper, commodious; well-shaped, handsome. CLEVERLY, klev'ur-le, ad. Dextrously, fitly, handsomely. CLEVERNESS, klev'ar-n^s, s. Dexterity, skill Cl.EW, klu, s. Thread wound upon a button ; a guide, a direction. To CLEW, klu, v. a. To clew the sails, is to raise them in order to be furled. To CLICK, kllk, v. n. To make a sharp, successive noise. CLIENT, kll'ent, s. One who applies to an advocate for counsel and defence ; a dependant. CLIENTED, kli'en-ted, part. a. Supplied with clients. CLIENTELE, kll-en-tele', s. The condition or office of a client. CLIENTSHIP, kll'e'nt-shlp, s. The condition of a client. CLIFF, klif, CLIFT, klift CLIMACTER, kll-mak'tur, s. 122. A certain pro- gression of years, supposed to end in a dangerous time of life. CLIMACTERICK, kHm-ak-ter'rik, 530. ) Q CLIMACTERICAL, klim-ak-ter're-kal, $ Containing a certain number of years, at the end of which some great change is supposed to befal the body. CLIMATE, kll'mate, 91. 7 CLIMATURE, kli'-ma-tshire, 463. $ ' A space upon the surface of the earth, measured from the equator to the polar circles; in each of which 89 A steep rock, a rock. spaces the longest day is half an hour longer than in that nearer the equator. From the polar circles to the poles.climates are measured by the increase of a month; a region or tract of land differing from another by the temperature of the air. CLIMAX, kli'maks, s. Gradation, ascent ; a figure in rhetorick, by which the sentence rises gradually. To CLIMB, klime, v. n. To ascend to any place. To CLIMB, klime, v. a. To ascend. CLIMBER, kli'mur, S. One that mounts or scales any place, a mounter, a riser ; a plant that creeps up- on other supports ; the name of a particular herb. CLIME, klime, s. Climate, region ; tract of earth. To CLINCH, kllnsh, v. a. To hold in hand with the fingers bent ; to contract or double the fingers ; to bend the point of a nail on the other side ; to confirm, to fix ; as, To clinch an argument. CLINCH, kllnsh, s. A pun, an ambiguity. CLINCHER, kllnsh'ur, s. 98. A cramp, a holdfast. To CLING, kling, v. n. To hang upon by twining round ; to dry up, to consume. CLINGY, kling'e, a. Clinging, adhesive. CLINICAL, klin'e-kal, 7 CLINICK, klinlk, J a ' Keeping the bed through sickness. To CLINK, kllngk, v. n. 40o. To utter a small interrupted noise. CLINK, klingk, s. 405. A sharp successive noise. CLINQUANT, klingk'ant, a. Shining, glittering. to confine, to hold. CLIPPER, klip'pur, s. One that debases coin by cutting. CLIPPING, kllp'plng, s. The part cut or clipped off. CLOAK, kloke,s. The outer garment; acoucealment. To CLOAK, kloke, v. a. To cover with a cloak ; to hide, to conceal. CLOAKBA&, kloke'bag, s. A portmanteau, a bag in which clothes are carried. CLOCK, kl&k, s. The instrument which tells the hour ; The clock of a stocking, the flowers or inverted work about the ankle ; a sort of beetle. CLOCKMAKER, klok'ma-kur, s. An artificer whose profession is to make clocks. CLOCKWORK, klok'wurk, s. Movements by weights or springs. CLOD, klod, S. A lump of earth or clay ; a turf, the ground ; any thing vile, base, and earthly ; a dull fellow, a dolt. To CLOD, klod, v. n. To gather into concretions, to coagulate. To CLOD, klod, v. a. To pelt with clods. Cl.ODDY, klod'de, a. Consisting of earth or clods, earthy ; full of clods unbroken. CLODPATE, kl&d'pate, s. A stupid fellow, a dolt, a thickscull. CLODPATED, klod'pa-ted, a. Doltish, thoughtless. CLODPOLL, klod'pole, s. A thickscull, a dolt. CLOFF, kl&f, s. In commerce, an allowance of two pounds in every hundred weight. A bag or ca-e in which goods are carried. See dough,. To CLOG, k!6g, v. a. To load with something that may hinder motion ; to hinder, to obstruct ; to load, to burthen. To CLOG, klog, v. n. To coalesce, to adhere ; to be encumbered or impeded. CLOG, klog, S. Any encumbrance hung to hinder motion ; a binclerance, an obstruction ; a kind of ad. ditional shoe worn by women, to keep them from wet ; a wooden shoe. CLOGGINESS, kl6g'ge-nes, s. The state of being clogged. CLOGGY, klog'ge, a. 283. That which has the power of clogging up. CLO CLO 559. Fate 73, fir 77, fall 83, fit 81 mi 93, m^t 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, move 164. CLOISTER, klols'tur, s. A religious retirement j a peristyle, a piazza. "To CLOISTER, klols'tur, v. a. To shut up in a religious house ; to immure from the world. CLOISTERAL, kl61s'tur-al, a. 88. Solitary, retired. CLOISTERED, klols'turd, part. a. Solitary, inhabit- in^ cloisters ; built with peristyles or piazzas. CLOISTERESS, klois'tres, . A nun. CLOMB, klom. Pret of To Climb. To GLOOM,. kl65m, t>. a. To shut with viscous matter. To CLOSE, kloze, v. a. 4-37. To shut, to lay tog-ether ; to conclude, to finish ; to enclose, to con- fine ; to join, to unite fractures. To CLOSE, kloze, v. n. To coalesce, to join its own parts together ; To close upon, to agree upon ; To close with, or To close in with, to come to an agreement with, to unite with. CLOSE, klose, S. A small field enclosed. CLOSE, kloze, S. The time of shutting up ; a grapple in wrestling ; a pause or cessation ; a conclu- sion or end. CLOSE, klose, a. 437. 499. Shut fast ; without Tent, without inlet ; confined ; compart, concise, brief; immediate, without any intervening distance or space ; joined one to another ; narrow, as, a dose alley ; ad- mitting small distance ; hidden, secret, not revealed ; having the quality of secrecy, trusty ; reserved, cove- tous ; cloudy ; without wandering, attentive ; full to the point, home ; retired, solitary ; secluded from com. municatioii ; dark, cloudy, not clear. CLOSEBODIED, klose-bodld, a. 99. Made to fit the body exactly. CLOSEHANDED, klise-hin'de'd, a. Covetous ; more commonly Closefisted. CLOSELY, klose'le, ad. Without inlet or outlet ; without much space intervening, nearly; secretly, slily ; without deviation. CLOSENESS, kl6se'ns, S. The state of being shut ; narrowness, straitness ; want of air, or ventilation; compactness, solidity ; recluseness, solitude, retire- ment; secrecy, privacy; covetousness, sly avarice; connexion, dependance. CLOSER, klo'zur, s. A finisher, a concluder. CLOSESTOOL, klose / St661, s. A chamber implement CLOSET, kl&zlt, S. 99. A small room of privacy and retirement ; a private repository of curiosities. To CLOSET, klizlt, V. a. To shut up or conceal in a closet; to take into a closet for a secret interview. CLOSURE, klcVzhure, s. 452. The act of shutting up ; that by which any thing is closed or shut; the parts enclosing, enclosure ; conclusion, end. CLOT, klot, s. Concretion, grume. To CLOT, k!6t, v. n. To form clots, to hang together ; to concrete, to coagulate. CLOTH, K.lt>th, S. 467. Any thing woven for dress or covering ; the piece of linen spread upon a table ; the canvass on which pictures are delineated ; in the plural, dress, habit, garment, vesture. Pronounced Cloze. To CLOTHE, kloTHe, t;. a. 467. To invest with garments, to cover with dress ; to adorn with dress ; to furnish or provide with clothes. CLOTHES, kloze, S. Garments, raiment; those coverings of the body that are made of cloth. U^- This word is not in Johnson's vocabulary, though he lias taken notice of it under the word Cloth, and says it is the plural of that word. With great deference to his authority, I think it is rather derived from the verb to clothe, than from the noun cloth, as this word has its regular plural cloths, which plural regularly sounds the th as in this, 469, and not as z, as if written cloze ; which is a corruption that, in my opinion, is not incurable. I see no reason why we may not as easily pronounce the th in this word as in the third person of the verb To clothe. CLOTHIER, klorae'ye'r, s. 113. A maker of cloth. CLOTHING, kloTHelng, s. 110. Dress, vesture, garments. 90 CLOTHSHEARER, kliW/i'sheer-ur, s. One who trims the cloth. CLOTPOLL, klot'pole, S. Tliickskull, blockhead. To CLOTTER, klot'tur, v. n. To concrete, to coagulate. CLOTTY, k!5t'te, a. Full of clots, concreted. CLOUD, kloud, s. The dark collection of vapours in the air ; the veins or stains in stones, or other bodies ; any state of obscurity or darkness. To CLOUD, kloud, v. a. To darken with clouds ; to obscure, to make less evident ; to variegate with dark veins. To CLOUD, kloud, v. n. To grow cloudy. CLOUDBERRY, kloud'ber-re, s. A plant, called also knotberry. CLOUDCAPT, kloud'kapt, a. Topped with clouds. CLOUDCOMPELLING, kloudTcSm-pel-llng, a. 410. An epithet of Jupiter, by whom clouds were supposed to be collected. CLOUDILY, kloud'd-l, ad. With clouds, darkly ; obscurely, not perspicuously. CLOUDINESS, klou'de-lies, S. The state of being covered with clouds, darkness ; want of brightness. CLOUDLESS, kldud'les, a. Clear, unclouded, luminous. CLOUDY, kloud'd, a. Obscured with clouds ; dark, obscure, not intelligible ; gloomy of look, not open, not cheerful ; marked with spots or veins. CLOUGH, klou, s. 313. The cleft of a hill, a cliff. DO Tliis word was formerly used to signify an allow- ance in weight, when it was pronounced as if written Cloff. Good usage, however, has distinguished these different significations by a different spelling ; for though it is highly probable these words have the same root, and that they both signify a chasm, a gap, or some excision, yet to distinguish these different significations by a dif ferent pronunciation only, though a very plausible pre- text for remedying the imperfections of language, is really pregnant with the greatest disadvantages to it- See Boicl. CLOVE, klove. Pret of Cleave. CLOVE, klove, s. A valuable spice brought from Ternate ; the fruit or seed of a very large tree ; some of the parts into which garlick separates. CLOVE-GILLIFLOWER, klive-jirle-flour, s. A flower smelling like cloves. CLOVEN, klo'vn, 103. Part pret from Cleave. CLOVEN-FOOTED, kloVn-fut'M, CLOVEN-HOOFED, kloVn-hooft', Having the foot divided into two parts. CLOVER, klo'vur, S. A species of trefoil ; To live in clover, is to live luxuriou-ly. Cl.OVERED, klo'-vurd, a. 359. Covered with clo- ver. CLOUT, klout, S. A cloth for any mean use ; a patch on a shoe or coat ; anciently the mark of white cloth at which archers shot ; an iron plate to an axle- tree. To CLOUT, kldut, v. a. To patch, to mend coarsely j to cover with a cloth; to join awkwardly together. CLOUTED, klout'te'd, part. a. Congealed, coagu- lated. CLOUTERLY, klou'tur-le, a. Clumsy, awkward. CLOWN, kloun, S. A rustick, a churl ; a coarse, ill- bred man. CLOWNERY, kloun'ur-re, S. Ill breeding, chur- lishness. CLOWNISH, klounlsh, a. Consisting of rusticks or clowns ; uncivil, ill bred ; clumsy, ungainly. CLOWNISHLY, klounlsh-ie, ad. Coarsely, rudely CLOWNISHNESS, klounlsh-ne's, s. Rusticity, coarseness ; incivility, brutality, CLOWN'S-MUSTARD, klounz-mus'turd, s. An herb. To CLOY, klo^, V. a. To satiate, to sate, to sur- feit ; to nail up guns, by striking- a spike into the touch-hole. CLO COB nor 167, nut 163 tube 171, t&b 172, bull 173611 299 pound 313 thin 466, THIS 469. CLOYLESS, kloe'les, a. That which cannot cause satiety. CLOYMENT, kloe'ment, s. Satiety, repletion. CLUB, klub, S. A heavy stick ; the name of one of the suits of cards ; the shot or dividend of a reckon. ing ; an assembly of good fellows; concurrence, con- tribution, joint charge. To CLUB, klub, v. n. To contribute to a common expense,- to join to one effect. To CLUB, klub, v. a. To pay a common reckoning. CLUBHEADED, klul/hM-ed, a. Having a thick head. CLUB-LAW, klublaw, s. The law of arms. CLUBROOM, klub'room, s. The room in which a club or company assembles. To CLUCK, kluk, v. n. To call chickens as a hen. CLUMP, klump, s. A shapeless piece of wood ; a small cluster of trees. Cl.U.MPS, kltimps, s. A numbscull. CLUMSILY, klum'ze-le, ad. Awkwardly. CLUMSINESS, klum'ze-lis, s. Awkwardness, nn- gainliness, want of dexterity. CLUMSY, klum'ze, a. Awkward, heavy, unhandy. CLUNG, kl&ng. The pret. and part of Cling. CLUSTER, klus'tur, s. 98. A bunch, a number of things of the same kind growing or joined together ; a number of animals gathered together ; a body of peo- ple collected. To CLUSTER, klus'tur, v. n. To grow in bunches. To CLUSTER, klus'tur, v. a. To collect any thing into bodies. CLUSTER-GRAPE, klus'tur-grape, s. The small black grape, called the currant. CLUSTERY, klus'tur-re, a. Growing in clusters. To Cl.UTCH, klutsh, v. a. To hold in the hand ; to gripe ; to grasp ; to contract, to double the hand. CLUTCH, klutsh, s. The gripe, grasp, seizure ; the paws, the talons. __ CLUTTER, klut'tar, s. 98. A noise ; a bustle, a hurry. To CLUTTER, klut't&r, v. n. To make a noise or bustle. CLYSTER, klls'tur, S. An injection into the anus. To COACERVATE, ko-a-ser'vate, v. a. 91. 503,6. to heap up toeether. JfJ- Every Dictionary but Entick's has the accent on the penultimate syllable of this word ; and that this is the true accentuation, we may gather from the tendency of the accent to rest on the same syllable as in the Latin word it is derived from, when the same number of sylla- bles are in both ; as in coacerco and coacervate. See Arietate. COACERVATION, ko-as-ser-va'shun, s. The act of heaping. COACH, kotsh, s. A carriage of pleasure or state. To COACH, kotsh, v. a. To carry in a coach. CoACH-BOX, kotsl/bSks, s. The seat on which the driver of the coach sits. COACH-HIRE, kotsh'hire, s. Money paid for the use of a hired coach. COACHMAN, kotsh'man, s. 88. The driver of a coach. To COACT, ko-akt', v. n. To act together in con- cert. CoACTlON, ko-5k'shun, s. Compulsion, force. Co ACTIVE, ko-ak'tiv, a. 157. Having the force of restraining or impelling, compulsory ; acting in con- currence. COADJUMENT, ko-ad'ju-ment, s. Mutual assist- tance. CoADJUTANT, ko-?id'ju-tant, a. Helping, co-oper- ating. COADJUTOR, ko-Sd-jiVtur, s. 166. A feilow helper, an assistant, an associate ; in the canon law, one who is empowered to perform the duties of Bother. 91 COADJUVANCY, ko-ad'ju-vaii-se, s. Help, con. current help. CoADUNITION, ko-ad-u-llish'un, s. The conjunc- tion of different substances into one mass. To CoAGMENT, ko-ag-m^nt', V. a. To congregate. COAGMENTATION, ko-ag-mdn-ta'shun, s. Coa- cervation into one muss, union. COAGULABLE, ko-ag'u-la-bl, a. That which ia capable of concretion. To COAGULATE, ko-ag'a-late, p. a. 91. To force into concretions. To COAGULATE, ko-ag'u-late, v, n. To run into concretions. COAGULATION, k6-ag-&-la'shun, s. Concretion, congelation ; the body formed by coagulation. COAGULATIVE, ko-ag'u-la-tlv, a. That which has the power of causing concretion. COAGULATOR, ko-ag'u-la-tur, s. 521. That which causes coagulation. COAL, kole, s. 295. The common fossil fuel ; the cinder of burnt wood, charcoal. To COAL, kole, v. a. To burn wood to charcoal ; to delineate with a coal. COAL-BLACK, kole'blak, a. Black in the highest degree. COAL-MINE, kole'mine, s. A mine in which coah are dug. COAL-PIT, kole'plt, S. A pit for digging coals. COAL-STONE, kole'stone, s. A sort of canal coaL COAL-WORK, koleVurk, s. A coalery, a place where coals are found. COALERY, kc/leV-e, s. A place where coals are dug. To COALESCE, ko-a-leV, v. n. To unite in mass, es ; to grow together, to join. COALESCENCE, ko-a-les'sense, s. Concretion, union. COALITION, ko-a-llsh'un, S. Union in one mass or body. COALY, k. a. To mix in- to one mass ; to mix, blend. To COMMINGLE, kim-min'gl, v. n. To unite with another thing. CoMMINUIBLE, kftm-mll/u-e-bl, a. Frangible, reducible to powder. To COMMINUTE, kom-me-nutf:', v. a. To grind, to pulverise. COMMINUTION, k&m-me-uii'shun, s. lh act of grinding into small part-, pulverization. COMMISERABLE, kSm-miz'. COMPENDIOUSLY, k6m-pcn'je-5s-le, ad. 29k Shortly, summarily. . COMPENDIOUSNKSS, kom.pen'j^-us-n^, s. 291. Shortness, brevity. H2 COM COM 559. File 73, far 77, lull 83, fat 81 m^ 93, mt 95 pine 105, pin 107 nA 1G2, mflve 1C*,. COMPENDIUM, k5m-pn'j-&m, s. Abridgment, summary, breviate. CoMPENSABLE, kftm-p&l'sa-bl, a. That which may be recompensed. To COMPENSATE, k&m-pn'sate, v. a. 91. To recompense, to counterbalance, to countervail. COMPENSATION, k6m_pn-sa'shun, s. Recom- pense, something equivalent. COMPENSATIVE, k6m-pn'sa-tiv, a. That com- pensates. To COMPENSE, k&m-p^nse', T;. a. To compensate, to counterbalance ; to recompense. COMPETENCE, k6m'p-tnse, ) s COMPETENCY, k5m'pe>t3n-s, Such a quantity of any thing as is sufficient ; a fortune equal to the necessities of life ; the power or capacity of a judge or court COMPETENT, k&m'p-tnt, a. Suitable, fit, ade- quate, proportionate ; without defect or superfluity ; .reasonable, moderate; qualified, fit; consistent with. COMPETENTLY, k&m'p-t5nt-l, ad. Reasonably, moderately ; adequately, properly. CoMPETIBLE, kom-p&t'e-bl, a. Suitable to, con- sistent with. COMPETIBLENESS, k5m-pt'e-bl-ns, S. Suitable- ness, fitness. COMPETITION, k&m-p-tish'iin, S. Rivalry, con- test ; claim of more than one to one thing. COMPETITOR, k6in-pt'^-tur, s. A rival, an oppo- nent COMPILATION, k5m-p-la'sh&n, s. A collection from various authors ; an assemblage, a coacervation. To COMPILE, kSm-pile', v. a. To draw up from various authors ; to write, to compose. COMPILEMENT, k6m-pile'm6nt, s. The act of heaping up. CoMPILEE, k&m-pil&r, s. A collector, one who frames a composition from various authors. COMPLACENCE, k&m-pla'sdnse, > COMPLACENCY, k6m-pla'sn-s4 J Pleasure, satisfaction, gratification; civility, complai- sance. COMPLACENT, k6m-pla'snt, a. Civil, affable, mild. To COMPLAIN, k&m-plane', v. n. To mention with sorrow ; to lament ; to inform against COMPLAINANT, k5m-pla'nant, s. One who urges a snit against another. COMPLAINER, k&m-pla'nfrr, s. One who com- plains, a lamenter. COMPLAINT, kSm-plant', s. Representation of pains or injuries ; the cause or subject of complaint ; a malady, a disease ; remonstrance against. COMPLAISANCE, k6m-pl-zanse / , s. Civility, de- sire of pleasing, act of adulation. COMPLAISANT, kSm-pl-zant/, a. civil, desirous to please. COMPLAISANTLY, k&m-pl-7ant1e, ad. Civilly, with desire to please, ceremoniously. COMPLAISANTNESS, k6m-ple-zant'n5s, s. Civility. To COMPLANATE, k&m-pla'nate, 503. To COMPLANE, kirn-plane 7 , To level, to reduce to a flat surface. COMPLEMENT, k6m'pM-mnt, s. Perfection, ful- ness, completion ; complete set, complete provision, the full quantity. COMPLETE, k&m-pUte / , a. Perfect, full, without any defects ; finished, ended, concluded. See To Col- lect. To COMPLETE, kftm-pleke', v. a. To perfect, to finish. COMPLETELY, kim-plete'le, ad. Fully, perfectly. COMPLETEMENT, kSm-pleteWnt, S. Tke act of completing. COMPLETENESS, k&m-plf one thing in another ; the colour of the external parts of .any body ; the temperature of the body. CoMPLEXIONAL, k&m-plk'shiln..al, a. Depend- I ing on the complexion or temperament of the body. ! COMPLEXIONALLY, kom-plek'shiiii-al-le, ad. By complexion. COMPLEXITY, k&m-pleks'e-t, s. State of being complex. COMPLEXLY, kom'pl6ks-l, ad. In a complex manner, not simply. CoMPLEXNESS, kom'pl^ks.nes, s. The state of being complex. COMPLEXUHE, k&m-plk'shure, s. 452. Tlw inolution of one thing with others. D(> The s in the composition of .v in this word, agree- ably to analogy, goes into the sharp aspiration s/i, as it is preceded by the sharp consonant K : in the same man- ner, as the * in pleasure goes into the flat aspiration sit, as it is preceded by a vowel, 479. COMPLIANCE, kom-pli'ance, *. The act of yield-- ing, accord, submission ; a disposition to yield to others. COMPLIANT, k&m-pli'ant, a. Yielding, bending ; civil, complaisant To COMPLICATE, k&m'pl-cate, v. a. To en. tangle one with another ; to join ; to unite by in- volution of parts ; to form by complication ; to form by the union of several parts into one in- tegral. COMPLICATE, k5m'ple-kate, a. 91. Compounded of a multiplicity of parts. COMPLICATENESS, kSm'pl-kate-nes, s. The state of being complicated, intricacy. COMPLICATION, kam-ple-ka'shfin, s. The act of involving one thing in another ; the integral con- sisting of many things involved. COMPLICE, kSm'pliS, S. One who is united with others in an ill design, a confederate. 03- This word is only in use among the lowest vulgar as a contraction of Accomplice. COMPLIER, k&m-pli'&r, S. A man of an easy temper. COMPLIMENT, kSm'pl-mnt, S. An act or ex- pression of civility, usually understood to mean less than it declares. To COMPLIMENT, k&m'ple-ment, v. a. To sooth with expressions of respect, to flatter. COMPLIMENT AL, kSm-ple-men'tal, u. Expressive of respect or civility. COMPLEMENTALLY, k6m-pl-m<5n'tal-k l , ad. hi the nature of a compliment, civilly. CoMPLIMENTER, kdm'ple-men-tfrr, s. One given to compliments, a flatterer. To COMPLORE, k&m-pl6re', V. n. To make la- mentation together. COMPLOT, kOm'plSt, s. A confederacy in some secret crime, a plot D& I have in this word followed Mr Sheridan's accen- tuation, as more agreeable to analogy than Dr Johnson's, and have differed from both in the noun comport, lor the same reason, 49-2. To COMPLOT, k&m-pl&t', v. a. To form a plot, to conspire. CoMPLOTTER, kfim-plot/tur, s. A conspirator, one joined in a plot. To COMPLY, kSm-pli', v. n. To yield to, to be obsequious to. COMPONENT, kim-po'nent, a. That constitutes a compound body. To COMPORT, k&m-port', v. n. To agree, to suit To COMPORT, kSm-port', v. a. To bear, to endure. COMPORT, k5m'p6rt, S. 492. Behaviour, conduct. COM COM n6r 167, n5t 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173511 299 pound 313 thin 4-66, THIS 469, COMFORTABLE, kom-por'ta-bl, a. Consistent COMPORTANCE, k6m-por / tanse, > COMPORTMENT, k6m-p6rt'mnt, } s ' To COJIPOSE, kom-poze', v. a. To form a mass by joining different things together ; to place any thing in its proper form and method ; to dispose, to put in the proper state ; to put together a discourse or sen. tence; to constitute by being parts of a whole; to calm, to quiet; to adjust the mind to any business ; to adjust, to settle, as to compose a difference ; with printers, to arrange the letters ; in musick, to form a tune from the different musical notes. See To Collect. COMPOSED, k5m-pozd', part. a. Calm, serious, even, sober. COMPOSEDLY, kSm-p6'zd-l, ad. 361. Calmly, seriously. COMPOSEDNESS, kom-po'zed-nes, s. 365. Se- dateness, calmness. COMPOSER, k&m-pc/zur, s. An author, a writer ; he that adapts the musick to words. COMPOSITE, k&m-pozlt, a. 140. The composite order in architecture is the last of the five orders, so iiiimod because its capital is composed out of those of the other orders; it is also called the Roman and Italick order. COMPOSITION, kSm-po-zish'un, s. The act of forming an integral of various dissimilar parts ; the act of Winging simple ideas into complication, opposed to analysis ; a mass formed by mingling different ingre* dients ; the state of being compounded, union, con- junction ; the arrangement of various figures in a pic- ture ; written work ; the act of discharging a debt by paying part; consistency, congruity ; in grammar, the joining words together ; a certain method of demon- stration in matliematicks, which is the reverse of the analytical method, or of resolution. COMPOSITIVE, k5m -poz'e.tly, a. Compounded, or having the power of compounding. COMPOSITOR, kSm-poz'e-tur, s. He that ranges and adjusts the types in printing. COMPOST, k&m'post, s. Manure. COMPOSTURE, k&m-pos'tshure, s. 461. Soil, manure. Not used. COMPOSURE, k6m-p6'zhure, s. 452. The act of composing or inditing ; arrangement, combination, order ; the form arising from the disposition of the va- rious parts ; frame, make ; relative adjustment; com- position, framed discourse ; sedateness, calmness, tran- quillity ; agreement, composition, settlement of differ- ences. COMPOTATION, kom-po-ta'shun, s. The act of drinking together. COMPOTATOR, k6m-p6-ta'tur, 7 COMPOTOR, kSm-po'tur, 5 One that drinks with another. have not found either of these words in any of our Dictionaries, and have ventured to place them here only as conversation words : the former as the more usual, the latter as more correct. They are neater ex. pressions than any in our language, and convey a much less offensive idea than a pot companion, a good fellow, &c. &c. To COMPOUND, kom-pound', v. a. To mingle many ingredients together ; to form one word from one, two, or more words; to adjust a difference, by recession from the rigour of claims ; to discharge a debt, by paying only part. To COMPOUND, kom-pound', v. n. To come to terms of agreement, by abating something ; to oargain in the lump. COMPOUND, kSm'pound, a. 492. Formed out of many ingredients, not single ; composed of two or more words. COMPOUND, kom'pound, s. 492. The mass form- ed by the union of many ingredients. CoMPOUNDABLE, kom-poun'da-bl, . Capable of being compounded. COMPOUNDER, kftm-poun'dur, s. One who en- dr-avours to bring parties to terms of agreement ; a Biuurli'r. one who mixes bodies. 101 To COMPREHEND, kom-pre-h^nd', v. a. To com. prise, to include ; to contain in the mind, to conceive, COMPREHENSIBLE, kom-pr^-hdn's^-bl, a. Intel. ligible, conceivable. COMPREHENSIBLY, kom-pre-hn'se-ble, ad. With great power of signification or understanding. COMPREHENSION, kom-pr^-hen'shun, s. The act or quality of comprising or containing, inclusion ; summary, epitome,compendium; knowledge, capacity, power of the mind to admit ideas. COMPREHENSIVE, k6m-pr-h. CONCEITEDLY, kon-styted-le, ad. Fancifully, 10:2 CONCEITEDNESS, k6n-se'td-nes, s. Pr-lo, fond, ness of himself. CONCEITLESS, kin-Se'te'l^S, a. Stupid, without thought. CONCEIVABLE, k5n-s^va-bl, a. That may be imagined or thought ; that may be understood or bo. lieved. CONCEIVABLENESS, kSn-se'va-bl-ne's, s. The quality of being conceivable. CONCEIVABLY, k&n-se'va-ble 1 , ad. In a conceiva- ble manner. To CONCEIVE, k&n-seve', v. a. To form in the womb ; to form in the mind ; to comprehend, to un- derstand ; to think, to be of opinion. To CONCEIVE, k&n-seve', v. n. To think, to have an idea of; to become pregnant. CONCEIVER, kin-se'v&r, s. One that understands or apprehends. CONCENT, k6n-snt', S. Concert of voices, harmony, consistency. To CONCENTRATE, kSn-sln'trate, c. a 91. To drive into a narrow compass ; to drive towards the centre. CONCENTRATION, kftn-se'n-tra'shun, s. Collection into a narrower space round the centre. To CONCENTRE, k&n-seVtur, v. n. 416. To tend to one common centre. To CONCENTRE, k6n-sen'tur, v. a. To direct or contract towards one centre. CONCENTHICAL, k&n-sdn'tre-kal, CONCENTRICK, kSn-sSn'trik, Having one common centre. CONCEPT ACLE, kfin-s^p'ta-kl, s. 405. That in which any thing is contained, a vessel. CONCEPTIBLE, k5n-sep'te-bl, a. Intelligible, capable to be understood. CONCEPTION, kun-s^p'sh&n, s. The act of con- ceiving, or quickening with pregnancy ; the state of being conceived ; notion, idea ; sentiment, purpose ; apprehension, knowledge ; conceit, sentiment, pointed thought CoNCEPTlOUS, k5n-sp'shus, a. Apt to conceive, pregnant CONCEPTIVE, kon-sep'tiv, a. Capable to conceive. To CONCERN, k5n-seni', v. a. To relate to ; to belong to ; to atfect with some passion ; to interest, l<> engage by interest ; to disturb, to make uneasy. CONCERN, k5n-sern', S. Business, affair ; interest, engagement, importance, moment; passion, affection, regard. CONCERNING, kon-ser'nlng, prep. Relating to, with relation to. CONCERNMENT, koii-s^rn'ment, s. The thing in which we are concerned or interested, business, interest; intercourse, importance; interposition, meddling; passion, emotion of mind. To CONCERT, k5n-srt', v. a. To settle any thing in private, by mutual communication ; to settle, to contrive, to adjust CONCERT, k6n'srt, S. Communication of designs , a symphony, many performers playing the same tune. CONCERT ATION, kon-ser-ta'sh&n, s. Strife, con- tention. CONCERTATIVE, kSn-serta-tiv, a. Contentious. CONCESSION, k6n-ses'shun, s. The act of yielding; a grant, the thing yielded. CONCESSIONARY, "kon-sOs'shun-ar-e, a. Given by indulgence. CONCESSIVE, kSn-seVslv, n. Yielded by way of concession. CONCESSIVELY, kon-s^s'slv-le, ad. r,\- way of concession. CONCH, kollgk, .9. A shell, a sea shell. CONCHOID, kong'koid, s. The name of a curve, the property of which is to approach perpetually near- er to a line, without ever being abie. to touch it. To CONCILIATE, kon-sil'yate, v. a. 91. 1K>. TO gain over, to reconcile. CON CON nor 167, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173611 299 pound 313 /Ain 466 V -mis 469. CONCILIATION, kon-sil-e-a'shun, s. The act of gaining or reconciling. CONCILIATOR, k6n-sil--a'tur, s. One that makes peace between others. CONCILIATORY, k6n-sll'e-a-tur-, a. Relating to reconciliation. See Domestick. r Sheridan places the accent upon the a in this word, but all our other orthoepists place it more pro- perly upon the second syllable, 512. CONCINNITY, kon-sln'n-te, s. Decency, fitness. CONCINNOUS, kSn-sIn'nus, a. Becoming, pleasant. CONCISE, kon-sise', a. Brief, short CONCISELY, k&n-sise'le, ad. Briefly, shortly. CONCISENESS, kon-sise'nes, s. Brevity, shortness. CONCISION, k6n-s!zh'zhun, s. Cutting off, exci- sion. CONCITATION, kon-se-ta'shun, s. The act of stirring up. CON'CLAMATION, k5ng-kla-ma'sh5n, s. 408. An outcry. CONCLAVE, k&ng'klave, s. 408. Private apart- ment ; the room in which the cardinals meet, or the assembly of the cardinals ; a close assembly. See To Collect. To CONCLUDE, kon-klude / , v. a. To collect by ra- tiocination ; to decide, to determine ; to end, to finish. To CONCLUDE, kon-klude / , v. n. To perform the last act of ratiocination, to determine ; to settle opinion ; finally to determine ; to end. CoNCLUDENCY, kon-klu'dthi-se, s. Consequence, regular proof. CONCLUDENT, kuii-klu'dnt, a. Decisive. CONCLUSIBLE, kon-klu'ze-bl, a. 439. Determin- able. CONCLUSION, kSn-klu'zhun, s. Determination, final decision ; collection from propositions premised, consequence ; the close ; the event of experiment ; the end, the upshot CONCLUSIVE, kSn-klu'siv, a. 158. 428. Decisive, giving the last determination ; regularly consequential. CONCLUSIVELY, kon-klu'siv-le, ad. Decisively. COLLUSIVENESS, k&n-klu'slv-nfe, s. Power of determining the opinion. To CONCOAGULATE, k6ng-k6-ag / gu-late, v. a. 408. To congeal one thing with another. CONCOAGULATION, kong-ko-ag-gu-la'shun, s. A coagulation by which different bodies are joined in one mass. To CONCOCT, kon-kokt', v. a. To digest by the stomach ; to purify by heat. CONCOCTION, kSn-k&k'shun, s. Digestion in the stomach, maturation by heat. CoNCOLOUR, k5n-kul16r, a. Of one colour. CONCOMITANCE, kSn-kom'e-tanse, CONCOMITANCY, kfin-k&m'e-tan-se, Subsistence together with another thing. CONCOMITANT, k6n-k&m'e-tant, a. with, concurrent with. CONCOMITANT, kon kom'e-tant, s. person or thin? collaterally connected. - i-k& ' company with others. CONCOMITANTLY, kon- Conjoined Companion, m'e-tant-le, ad. In To CONCOMITATE, k5n-kom'e-tate, v. n. To be connected with any thing. CONCORD, kong'kord, s. 408. Agreement between persons and things, peace, union, harmony, concent of sounds ; principal grammatical relation of one word to another. CONCORDANCE, kon-kor'danse, s. 496. Agree- ment; a book which shows in how many texts of scripture any word occurs. Jj- Johnson, Sheridan, Ash, Scott, Nares, Perry, Bai- ley, Entick, W. Johnston, Buchanan, and Kenrick, all concur in placing the accent on the second syllable of this word in both its senses ; and every plea of distinc- tion is trifling against all these authorities, and the dis- cordance of the accent on the first P> liable. get 1 Bowl, 103 CONCORDANT, kon-kor'dant, a. Agreeable, agreeing. CoNCORDATE, kon-kor'date, S. 91. A compact. a convention. CONCORPORAL, kon-kor'po-ral, a. Of the same body. To CONCORPORATE, kSn-koKpo-rate, v. a. 91. : To unite in one mass or substance. CONCORPORATION, k6n-kor-p6-ra'shun, s. Union in one mass. CONCOURSE, kong'korse, s. 408. The confluence of many persons or things ; the persons assembled ; the point of junction or intersection of two bodies. CONCREMATION, kong-kre-ma'shuii, s. The act of burning together. CONCREMENT, k5ng / kre-mnt, s. 408. The mass formed by concretion. CONCRESCENCE, kSn-krs'snse, s. The act or quality of growing by the union of separate particles. To CONCRETE, k&n-krete 7 , v. n. To coalesce into one mass. To CONCRETE, kSn-krete / , v. a. To form by concretion. CONCRETE, kon-krete', . 408. Formed by con- cretion ; in logick, not abstract, applied to a subject- See Discrete. CONCRETE, kong^rete, s. 408. A mass formed by concretion. CONCRETELY, k6n-krete / ld, ad. In a manner including the subject \\ith the predicate. CONCRETENESS, k6n-krte / n&, S. Coagulation, collection of fluids into a solid mass. CONCRETION, kon-kr^sh&n, s. The act of con- creting, coalition ; the mass formed by a coalition of separate particles. CONCRETIVE, kSn-kre'tlv, a. Coagulatire. CONCRETURE, kon-kre'tshure, s. 461. A mass formed by coagulation. CONCUBINAGE, kSn-ku'b^-naje, s. 81. The act of living with a woman not married. CONCUBINE, k&ng'ku-bine, s. 408. A woman kept in fornication, a whore. 33- Anciently this word signified a woman who was married, but who had no legal claim to any part of the husband's property. To CoNCULCATE, kon-kiil'kate, v. a. To tread or trample under foot CONCULCATION, kSng-kul-ka'sliuri, s. 408. Trampling with the feet. CONCUPISCENCE, kon-kiVpe-scnse, s. 510. ir. regular desire, libidinou-; w i.-h. CONCUPISCENT, kon-ku'pe-s&it, a. Libidinous, lecherous. CONCUPISCENTIAL, kon-ku-pe-sen'sbal, a. Re- lating to concupiscence. CONCUPISCIBLE, kon-ku'p^-se-bl, a. Impressing desire. To CONCUR, kSn-kur', v. n. 408. To meet in one point ; to agree, to join in one action ; to be united with, to be conjoined ; to contribute to one commou event. CONCURRENCE, k&n-kur'r^nse, CONCURRENCY, kon-kur'en-se, Union, association, conjunction ; combination of niaiijr agents or circumstances ; assistance, help ; joint right, common claim. CONCURRENT, k5n-kur'reiit, a. Acting in con- junction, concomitant in agency. CONCURRENT, kSn-kur'rent, s. That which con. curs. CONCUSSION, kSn-k&sb/an, s. The act of shaking, tremefaction. CONCUSSIVE, kSn-kiis'siv, a. Having the power or quality of shaking. To CONDEMN, kon-d^m', v. a. To find guilty, to doom to punishment ; to censure, to blame. CONDEMNABLE, koll-dCm'lUl-bl, a. Blameabic, culpable. CON CON '. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81, m^ 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, mive 161, CONDUCIBLENESS, kon-du's(*-bLn<5s, s. The quality of contributing to any end. CONDUCIVE, kSn-dii'siv. a. That which may con- tribute to any end. CONDUCIVENESS, kSn-du'slv.nSs, S. The quality of conducing. CONDUCT, k&n'd&kt, S. 492. Management, econo- my ; the act of leading troops ; convoy ; a warrant by which a convoy is appointed ; exact behaviour, regular life. To CONDUCT, kin-dukt', v. a. To lead, to direct, to accompany in order to show the way ; to attend in civility ; to manage, as, to conduct an affair ; to head an army. CoNDUCTmous, k5n-duk-tlsh'&s, a. Hired. CONDUCTOR, kSn-d5k't&r, s. 418. A leader, one who shows another the way by accompanying him ; a chief, a general ; a manager, a director ; "an instru- ment to direct the knife in cutting for the stone. CONDUCTRESS, kin-duk'tres, s. A woman that directs. CONDUIT, kun'dlt, s. 165. 341. A canal of pipes for the conveyance of waters ; the pipe or cock at which water is drawn. CONDUPLICATION, k6n-dd-pl-ka'shun, s. A doubling, a duplicate. CONE, kone, S. A solid body, of which the base is a circle, and which ends in a point. To CONFABULATE, kon-fatyii-late, v. n. To talk easily together, to chat. CONFABULATION, k5n-fab-u-la'shun, a. Easy conversation. CONFABULATORY, k&n-fib'ii-la-t&r-e, a. 512. Belonging to talk. See Domestick. CONFARREATION, k&n-far-re'-a'shun, s. The so- lemnization of marriage by eating bread together. To CoNFECT, kon-fekt', v. a. To make up into sweetmeats. CONFECT, k5n'fekt, s. 492. A sweetmeat. CONFECTION, koti-fek'shtm, s. A preparation of fruit with sugar, sweetmeat; a composition, a mixture. CONFECTIONARY, kon-feVshfrn-a-re, s. The place where sweetmeats are made or sold. CONFECTIONER, kfin-feVshun-ftr, s. One whose trade is to make sweetmeats. CONFEDERACY, kSn-fed'er-a-se, s. League, union, engagement. To CONFEDERATE, kin-fed'or-ate, v. a. 91. To join in a league, to unite, to ally. To CONFEDERATE, k&n-fe'd'er-ate, v. n. To league, to unite in a league. CONFEDERATE, kon-fed'er-ate, a. 91. United in a league. CONFEDERATE, k&n-fdd'e'r-ate, s. Cne who en- gages to support another, an ally. CONFEDERATION, kSn-fed-er-a'shun, s. League, alliance. To CONFER, kSn-fer', v. n. To discourse with another upon a stated subject, to conduce to. To CONFER, k6n-feV, v. a. To compare ; to give, to bestow. CONFERENCE, k5n-f^r / ^nse, s. 533. Formal di?. course, oral discussion of any question ; an appointed meeting for discussing some point; comparison. In this last sense little used. CoNFERRER, kon-fer'frr, S. He that confers ; htf that bestows. To CONFESS, k&n-fes', r. a. To acknowledge a crime; to disclose the state of the conscience to the? priest ; to hear the confession of a penitent, as a priest i to own, to avow ; to grant. To CONFESS, k&n-f^s', v. n. To make confession, as, he is gone to the priest to confess. CONFESSEDLY, kfin-fe's'se'd-le 1 , ad. 3G4. Avow- edly, indisputably. CONFESSION, k&n-fe'sh'&n, s. The acknowledg- ment of a crime : the act of disburdening the con. CONDEMNATION, kon-de'm-na'shiin, s. Tlie sen- tence by which any one is doomed to punishment. CONDEMNATORY, k&n-de'm'na-t&r-e', . 512. Passing a sentence of condemnation. See Domestick. CONDEMNER, kSn-de'm'nur, s. 411. A blamer, a censurer. CONDENSABLE, k&n-ddn'sa-bl, a. That is capable of condensation, To CONDENSATE, kSn-deWsate, v. a. 91. To make thicker. To CONDENSATE, k&n-deVsate, v. n. To grow thick. CONDENSATE, k&n-deVsate, a. 91. Made thick, compressed into less space. CONDENSATION, kon-ddn-sa'shun, s. The act of thickening any body ; opposite to rarefaction. To CONDENSE, kin-dense', v. a. To make any body more thick, close, and weighty. To CONDENSE, kfin-de'nse', v. n. To grow close and weighty. CONDENSE, k&n-dinse', a. Thick, dense. CONDENSER, k5n-de"n's&r, s. A vessel, wherein to crowd the air. CONDENSITY, kin-de'n'se'-te 1 , s. The state of being condensed. To CONDESCEND, k5n-d-send', v. n. To depart from the privileges of superiority ; to consent to do more than mere justice can require ; to stoop, to bend, to yield. CONDESCENDENCE, k5n-de-sen'dense, s. Volun- tary submission. CONDESCENDINGLY, kSn-de-se'ndlng-le', ad. By way of voluntary humiliation, by way of kind conces- sion. CONDESCENSION, kSn.de'-sen'shan, s. Voluntary humiliation, descent from superiority See To Collect. CONDESCENSIVE, kSn-de-seVslv, a. Courteous. CONDIGN, kfin-dlne', a. 385. Suitable, deserved, merited. CONDIGNNESS, kSn-dine'ne's, s. Suitableness, agreeableness to deserts. CoNDIGNLY, k&n-dlne'le', ad. Deservedly, accord- ing to merit. CONDIMENT, k5n'de-me ! nt, s. Seasoning, sauce. CONDISCIPLE, kSn-dlS-sl'pl, S. A schoolfellow. To CoNDITE, kim-dite', V. a. To pickle, to pre- serve by salts. CONDITION, k5n-dlsh'&n, s. Quality, that by which any thing is denominated good or bad ; natural quality of the mind, temper, temperament ; state, cir- cumstances ; rank ; stipulation, terms of compact CONDITIONAL, k&n-dlsh'ftn-al, a. By way of stipulation, not absolute. CONDITIONALITY, kSn-dlsh-<*-6-nal'eV-te,s. Limi- tation by certain terms. CONDITIONALLY, kon-dish'&n-al-e, ad. With certain limitations, on particular terms. CONDITIONARY, k?>n-dlsh'un_a-ri*, a. Stipulated. CONDITIONATE, k5n-dish'iin-ate, a. Established on certain terms. CONDITIONED, k&n-dlsh'und, a. Having qualities or properties good or bad. To CONDOLE, k&n-dole', >. n. To lament with those that are in misfortune. To CONDOLE, k5n-dole', v. a. To bewail with another. CONDOLEMENT, k5n-d61e / me'nt, S. Grief, sorrow. CONDOLENCE, kon-dt/l^nse, s. Grief for the sor- rows of another. CoNDOLER, k6n-d Having the form of a cone. i n the f" rs t syllable of this word is pronoun- ced short, though it is long in its primitive cone, if we may be allowea to call cone its primitive, and not the Latin Conns and Greek Kates -, in both which the o is long ; but Coniciu, or Kwizot, whence tlio learned oblige us to derive our Conic, or Conical, have the o as short as in the English words, and serve to corroborate the opin- ion of Bishop Hare with respect to the shortening power of the Latin antepenultimate accent, 537. CoNlCALLY, kon'e-kal-, ad. In form of a cone. CONICALNESS, kon'e-kul-nes, s. The state or quality of being conical. CONICK SECTIONS, k6n1k-sk'shfrnz, CONICKS, k6n!ks, That part of geometry which considers the cone, and the curves arising from its sections. To CoNJECT, k6n-jekt', v. n. To guess, to con- jecture. Not used. CONJECTOR, k&n-jek'tur, s. 166. A guesser, a conjecturer. CONJECTURABLE, k&n-j^k'tshh-ra-bl, a. 461. Possible to be guessed. CONJECTURAL, kon-jek'tshu-ral, a. Depending on conjecture. CONJECTURALITY, kSn-j&t-tsku-ral'c-te, s. That which depends upon guess. CONJECTURALLY, kon.jilk'tshi-ril-e, ad. By guess, by conjecture. CONJECTURE, kSn-jek'tshure, s. 461. Guess, imperfect knowledge. To CONJECTURE, kSn-jek'tsh&re, v. a. To guess, to judge by guess. CONJECTURER, k5n-jek'tshur-ur, s. A guesser. CONIFEROUS, ko-nife-rus, a. Such trees are coniferous as bear a fruit, of a woody substance, and a figure approaching to that of a cone. Of this kind are, fir, pine. To CONJOIN, kSn-joln', v. a. To unite, to con- solidate into one ; to unite in marriage ; to associate, to connect. To CONJOIN, k5n-jo!n', v. n. To league, to unite. CONJOINT, k&n-jolnt', a. United, connected. CONJOINTLY, k6n-joint'le, ad. In union, together. CONJUGAL, k&n'ju-gal, a. Matrimonial, belonging to marriage. CONJUGALLY, kon'jh-gal-e, ad. Matrimonially, connubially. To CONJUGATE, k&n'ji-gate, v. a. 91. To join, to join in marriage, to unite ; to inflect verbs. CONJUGATION, kon-jfi-ga'shfrn, s. The act of uniting or compiling things together ; the form of in- flecting verbs ; union, assemblage. CONJUNCT, kon-jiingkt', a. Conjoined, concurrent, oaited. CONJUNCTION, kon-jtmgk'shun, s. Union.associa- ti'ju, Ic.iyue ; the congress of two planets in the same 107 degree of the zodiack ; one of the parts of speech, whose use is to join words or sentences together CONJUNCTIVE, kSn-j&ngk'tlv, a. Closely united ; in grammar, the mood of a verb. CONJUNCTIVELY, k6n-jfrngk't.lv-l, ad. in nniou. CONJUNCTIVENESS, kon-jungk'tlv-ns, s. The quality of joining or uniting. CONJUNCTLY, k&n-jfrngktl^, ad. Jointly, to- gether. CONJUNCTURE, kon-j&ngk'tshfrre, s. Combina- tion of many circumstances ; occasion, critical time. CONJURATION, kSn-ji-ra'shun, s. The form or act of summoning another in some sacred name ; an incantation, an enchantment ; a plot, a conspiracy. To CONJURE, kon-jire', v. a. To summon in a sacred name ; to conspire. To CONJURE, k&n'jiir, v. n. 495. To practise charms or enchantments. CONJURER, kun'jar-frr, s. 163. An impostor who pretends to secret arts, a cunning man ; a man of shrewd conjecture. CONJUREMENT, kon-jure'm gree des.-rving notice ; importantly. CONSIDERANCE, k6ll-Sld'ur-anSC, S. Considers tion, reflection. CON CON nor 167, n5t 163 tfibe 171, tab 172, bull 173511 299 pound 313 thin 466, THIS 4G9. CONSIDERATE, kin-sld'ar-ate, a. 91. Serious, prudent ; having respect to, regardful : moderate. CONSIDERATELY, kon-sld'ur-ate-le, ad. Calmly, coolly. CONSIDERATENESS, kon-sld'ur-ate-ne's, s. 555. Prudence. CONSIDERATION, kon-sld-ur-a'shfrn, s. The act of considering, regard, notice ; mature thought ; me- ditation ; importance, claim to notice ; equivalent, compensation ; motive of action, influence ; reason, ground of concluding ; in law, Consideration is the material cause of a contract, without which no con- tract bindeth. CONSIDERER, kon-sid'&r-ur, s. 98. A man of reflection. To CONSIGN, kon-sine', v. a. 385. To give to another any thing ; to appropriate ; to make over ; to transfer ; to commit, to intrust. To CONSIGN, k&n-sine / , . w. To yield, to sign, to consent to. Obsolete. CONSIGNATION, k6n-s!g-na'sh&n, s. The act of , consigning. CONSIGNMENT, kon-sine'ment, s. The act of consigning; the writing by which any thing is con- signed. CONSIMILAR, kon-slm'e-lur, a. 88. Having one common resemblance. To CONSIST, kSn-slst', V. n. To continue fixed, ' without dissipation ; to be comprised, to be contained ' in ; to be composed of: to agree. CONSISTENCE, kSn-sts'te'nse, J CONSISTENCY, k6n-sis'tn-se, J s ' State with respect to material existence ; degree of denseness or rarity ; substance, form ; agreement with itself, or with any other thing. CONSISTENT, k5n-sls'tnt, a. Not contradictory, not opposed ; firm, not fluid. CONSISTENTLY, kftn-sis'tnt-l, ad. Without contradiction, agreeably. CONSISTORIAL, kon-sis-to're-al, a. Relating to the ecclesiastical court. CONSISTORY, k&n'sls-tur-e, s. 512. The place of justice in the ecclesiastical court ; the assembly of car- dinals ; any solemn assembly. CoNSOCIATE, kon-sIl'e-t, s. Pos. sibility of being contracted. CONTRACTIBLE, k6n-trak'-t^-bl, a. Capable of contraction. CONTRACTIBLENESS, k5n-trak'tl-lts, s. The quality of suffering contradiction. CONTRACTILE, kSn-trak'tll, a. 145. 140. Hav- ing the power of shortening itself. CONTRACTION, kftn-trak'-shfin, s. The act o/ extracting or shortening ; the act of shrinking or shrivelling ; the state of being contracted, drawn into a narrow compass ; in grammar, the reduction of t\\ o vowels or syllables to one ; abbreviation, as, the writ- ing is full of contractions. CONTRACTOR, k&n-trak'tfrr, s. One of the parties to a contract or bargain. To CONTRADICT, kSn-tra-dlkt', v. a. To oppose verbally, to deny ; to be contrary to. CONTRADICTER, kSn-tra.dlk'tiir, s. One that contradicts, an opposer. CONTRADICTION, k&n-tra-dlk'shun, s. Verbal opposition, controversial assertion; opposition; in- consistency, incongruity; contrariety, in thought or effect. CONTRADICTIOUS, k&n-tra-dlk'shfrs, a. Filled with contradictions, inconsistent ; inclined to contra- dict. CONTRADICTIOCSNESS, kon-tra-dik'shfrs-nes, s. Inconsistency. CONTRADICTORILY, kin-tra-dlk'tur-d-te, ad. Inconsistently with himself; oppositely to other?. CONTRADICTORY, k&n-tra-dlk'tur-, a. Oppo- site to, inconsistent with ; in logick, that which is in the fullest opposition. CONTRADICTORY, k5n-tra-dik'tur-, s. A pro- position which opposes another in all its terms,- in. consistency. CONTRADISTINCTION, kSn-tra-dis-tingk'sh&n, s. 408. Distinction by opposite qualities. To CONTRADISTINGUISH, kin-tra-dls-tlng'- gwish, V. a. To distinguish by opposite qualities. CONTRAFISSURE, k&n-tra-fish'shure, s. 450. 452. A crack of the scull, where the blow was in- flicted, is called fissure ; but in the contrary part, contrafissure. To CONTRAINDICATE, kSn-tra-in'de-kate, v. a. To point out some peculiar symptom contrary to the general tenour of the malady. CONTRAINDICATION, k&n-tra-In-de-ka'sh&n, s. An indication, or symptom, which forbids that to be done which the main scope of a disease points out at first CONTRAMURE, kon-tra-mire', s. An outwall built about the main wall of a city. CONTRANITENCY, k&n-tru-ni'ttTl-Se, S. Re- action, a resistance against pressure. CONTRAPOSITION, kin-tra-po-zlsh'&n, s. A placing over against. CONTRAREGULARITY, kon-tra-rCg-i-lar'e-te, s. Contrary to rule. CoNTRARlANT, k&n-tra're-ant, a. Inconsistent, contradictory. CONTRARIES, kon'tra-riz, s. T9. Things of opposite natures or qualities ; in logick, propositions which destroy each other. CONTRARIETY, k5n-tri-ri'e-t^, s. Repugnance, opposition ; inconsistency, quality or position destruc- tive of its opposite. CoNTRARILY, kSn'tru-re-le. ad. In a manner contrary; different waye, in >pposite directions. Lit- tle used. CON CON nr 167, nit 163 tibe 171, tib 172, bill 173-311 299 pSSnd 313 thin 466, THIS 4G9. J>- This and the following- word are by Dr Johnson accented on the second syllable ; no doubt from the harshness that must necessarily arise from placing the accent on the first, when so many unaccented syllables are to succeed. But if harmony were to take place, we should never suffer the stress on the first syllable of con- trary, from which these words are formed ; but that once admitted, as it invariably is by the best speakers, we should cross the most uniform analogy of our language, if we accented the adverb differently from the substantive and the adjective ; and therefore, however harsh they may sound, these words must necessarily have the accent on the first syllable, See Contrary. CONTRARINESS, k5n'tri-r-n&, s. Contrariety, opposition. CONTRARIOUS, kSn-tra'r-us, a. Opposite, re- pugnant. CONTRARIOUSLY, k5n-tra're-frs-lt*, ad. Oppo- sitely. CONTRARIWISE, kSn'tru-re-wlze, ad. Converse- ly; on the contrary. CONTRARY, k6n'tra-re, a. Opposite, contradic- tory ; inconsistent, disagreeing; adverse, in an oppo- site direction. y& The accent is invariably placed on the first syllable of tliis word by all correct speakers, and as constantly removed to the second by the illiterate and vulgar. When common ears refuse a sound, it is a strong presumption that sound is not agreeable to the general harmony of the language. The learned often vitiate the natural taste for their own language by an affected veneration for others ; while the illiterate, by a kind of vernacular instinct, fall into the most analogical pronunciation, and such as is most suitable to the general turn of the language. An- ciently this word, as appears by the poets, was most com- monly pronounced by the learned, as it is now by the vulgar, with the accent on the second syllable ; but no- thingcan be now more firmly established than the accent on the first syllable, and the other pronunciation must be scrupulously avoided. See Contrarity. CONTRARY, kSn'tra-r, s. A thing of opposite qualities ; a proposition contrary to some other ; in opposition, on the other side ; to a contrary purpose. CONTRAST, k&n'trast, S. Opposition and dissimili- tude of figures, by which one contributes to the visi- bility or effect of another. To CONTRAST, k&n.trast', v. a. To place in op- position ; to show another figure to advantage. CONTRAVALLATION, k&n-trJ-vSl-la'sh&n, s. The fortification thrown, ^p ; to hinder the sallies of the garrison. CONTRAVENE, k5n-tra-vene / , v. a. To oppose, to obstruct, to baffle. CONTRA VENER, kSn-tra-vi^'niir, s. He who op- poses another. CONTRAVENTION, kSn-tra-vih/shtm, s. Oppo- sition. CONTRECTATION, kSn-trek-ta'shun, s. A touch- ing. CONTRIBUTARY, k5n-trlb'u-ta-r, a. Paying tri- bute to the same sovereign. To CONI RIBUTE, kJm-trib'iite, v. a. To give to some common stock. To CONTRIBUTE, k5n-trlb'iite, v. n. To bear a part, to have a share in any act or effect. CONTRIBUTION, kSn-tre-bu'shun, s. The act of promoting some design in conjunction with other per- sons; that which is given by several hands for some common purpose ; that which is paid for the support of an army lying in a country. CONTRIBUTOR, kSn-trll/ii-tiv, a. That has the - power or quality of promoting any purpose in concur- rence with other motives. CONTRIBUTOR, k5n-trib'u-tfir, s. 166. One that bears a part in some common design. CONTRIBUTORY, k6n-tr"ib / u-t&r-^, a. 512. Pro- moting the same end, bringing assistance to some joint design. To CONTRISTATE, k6n-trls'tate, v. a. To sadden, to make sorrowful. Not used. CONTESTATION, kSn-trls-ta'sh&n. s. The act of making sad, the state of being sad. Not used- 113 CONTRITE, k&n'trite, a. 140. Bruised, ranch worn ; worn with sorrow, harassed with the sense of guilt, penitent. ng- This word ought to have the accent on the last syllable, both as it is an adjective, from whicli is formed the abstract substantive contriteness, and as the accent ou the first syllable has a tendency to shorten the i in the last, 140. Accordingly Dr Johnson, Mr Scott, and Bailey, place the accent on the last syllable ; but Mr Sheridan, Mr Nares, Mr Hphinston, Dr Ash, W. Johnston, Perry, Buchanan, and Eutick, place it on the first, with unquestionably the best usage on their side. CONTRITELY, k6n'trlte-l, ad. Penitently. tx^ As the adjective contrite, though contrary to ana- logy, seems to prefer the accent on the first syllable ; contritely and contriteness roust necessarily have the ac- cent on the same syllable. See Contrarily. CONTRITENESS, k&n'trite-n^s, s. Contrition, re- pentance. CONTRITION, kon-trlsh'&n, s. The act of grinding or rubbing to powder ; penitence, sorrow for sin. CONTRIVABLE, k&ri-tri'vA-bl, a. Possible to be planned by the mind. CONTRIVANCE, kSn-trl'vanse, s. The act of contriving ; scheme, plan ; a plot, an artifice. To CONTRIVE, kon-trlve', v. a. To plan out ; to find out means. To CONTRIVE, kSn-trlve', v. n. To form or design, to plan. CONTRIVEMENT, k&n-tiive'm^nt, s. Invention. CONTRIVER, kSn-trl'v&r, s. 98. An inventor. CONTROL, k&n-troll', s. 406. A register, or ac. count kept by another officer, that each may be exa- mined by the other ; check, restraint ; power, autho- rity, superintendence. To "CONTROL, k6n-tr611', v. a. 406. To keep under check by a counter reckoning ; to govern, to restrain ; to confute. CONTROLLABLE, k&n-tr611'a-bl, a. Subject to control, subject to be over-ruled. CONTROLLER, k5n-tr611'&r, s. One that has the power of governing or restraining. CONTROLLERSHIP, kSn-troll'ur-shlp, s. The office of a controller. CONTROLMENT, k5n-trdll'mnt, s. The power or act of superintending or restraining, restraint ; op- position, confutation. CONTROVERSIAL, k&n-trd-v&'shal, a. Relating to disputes, disputatious. CONTROVERSY, k&n'tro-vr-s, s. Dispute, de- bate ; a suit in law ; a quarrel. To CONTROVERT, k&n'tro-vSrt, v. a. To debate, to dispute any thing in writing. CONTROVERTIBLE, k&n-tro-vSrt'e-bl, a. Disput- able. CONTROVERTIST, kSn'tro-V^F-tlst, S. Disputant, chiefly on religious subjects. J5= It is with some surprise I have frequently observed those profound philologists, the Monthly Reviewer?, write this word Controversialist. " He appears to be a sensible, ingenious, and candid Controversialist ; one who writes from a regard to truth, and with the full conviction of his own mind." M. R. November, 1"!U, p. 346. But nothing is more evident than that every, verbal noun ought to be formed from the verb, and con. sequently that to controvert ought to form eontrornrti.it. Dr Johnson has only produced the authority of Tillot- to which I will beg leave to add a much better fr..in 1 It is common for controcertisfs, in son , . the Idler, No. 12. the heat of disputation, to add one position to another till they reach the extremities of knowledge, where truth and falsehood lose their distinction." CONTUMACIOUS, kSn-tu-ma'shus, a. Obstinate, perverse, stubborn. CONTUMACIOUSLY, k6n-tu-ma'shus-le, ad. Ob- stinately, inflexibly, perversely. CONTUMACIOUSNESS, k5n-tii-ma'shus-ns, .-. Obstinacy, perverseness. CONTUMACY, kSn'tu-ma-s, S. Obstinacy, per- verseness ; in law, a wilful contempt and disobedient e to any lawful summons or judicial order. CON CON 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81 m& 93, m6t 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 1G2, mSvc 104, CONTUMELIOUS, kftn-tfi-me / le-&s, a. Reproach- ful, sarcastick ; inclined to utter reproach ; produclive of reproach, shameful. CONTU.MKUOUSLY, kSn-th-nidle-us-le, ad. Re- Acqu-'dnted with, familiar ; having intercourse with any, acquainted ; relating to, concerning-. DQ- There are authorities so considerable for each of these pronunciations as render a decision on that ground somewhat difficult Dr Jcilinson, Dr A h, Dr Keurick, proachfully, contemptuously. Mr Perry, Buchanan, and Bailey, iiace the accent on CONTUMELIOUSNESS, kon-t&-me'le-ClS-n6s, s. the second syllable ; and Mr Nares, Vv. Johnston, and Rudeness, reproach. ' Entick, accent the first Mr Sheridan and Mr Sctt CONTUMELY kin'th-md-le, S. Contemptuousness, place it on both, and consequently leave it undecided. hittomp nf Innffiiai-p renroach ' Analogy seems to demand the stress on the second syl- Ditterness ot languafee^reproa i. , ]Me h uot so mucl) fr()m the relati ,, n tll( , w ,,,, ( To CONTUSE, kon-tuze', v. a. 4.J7. To beat to- bears ' t( f tne v ^ rb to eonce > rtet since , t Inay p()S ,it,i y be de. gether, to bruise ; to bruise the flesh without a breach rived from the noun co > nrerse> 49^, ^ f ronl ,i, e vel y gene. of the continuity. I ral rule of accenting- words of three syllables, that are CONTUSION, koll-ti'zhun, S. The act of beating not simples in our language, on the second syllable whea or bruising the state of being beaten or bruited ; a , two consonants occur in the middle. This rule, how. l.ril ,. I ever, is frequently violated in favour of the antepenult!. CONVALESCENCE, k&n-va-les's&ise, 510. > : mate accent (the favourite accent of onr language) as in ,4 4 iz / 2 f S. I aggran(lize,a'mnesty,cha'ra<:ter,c the heart ; sincerity. CORDIALLY, kor'jd-al-le, ad. Sincerely, heartily, CORE, kore, S. The heart ; the inner part of any COR COR n3r 167, n&t 163 tiibe 171, tub 172, b&ll i73 311 299 pSfind 313 thin 466, THIS 469. thing ; the inner part of a fruit, \yhich contains the keruel ; the matter contained in a bile or sore. CORIACEOUS, k6-re-a'sh(is, a. Consisting of leather ; of a substance resembling leather. CORIANDER., ko-re-an'dur, s. 98. A plant CORINTH, kur'ran, s. A small fruit commonly called currant, which see. CORINTHIAN, ko-riiW/ie-an, a. Is generally reckoned the fourth of the five orders of architecture. CORK, kork, s, A glandiferous tree, in all respects like the ilex, excepting the bark ; the bark of the cork- tree used for stopples ; the stopple of a bottle. To CORK, kork, v. a. To put corks into bottles. CORKING-PIN, korJdng-pin', s. A pin of the largest size. CORKY, koYk, . Consisting of cork. CORMORANT, kor'mo-rant, s. A bird that preys upou fish ; a glutton. CORN, korn, s. The seeds which grow in ears, not in pods; grain unreaped ; grain in the ear, yet un- thrashed; an excrescence ou the foot, hard and painful. To CORN, kom, V. a. To salt, to sprinkle with salt ; to form into small grains. CORN-FIELD, korn'feeld, s. A field where corn is growing. CORN-FLAG, korn'flag, S. A plant : the leaves are like those of the fleur-de-lis. CORN-FLOOR, korn'flore, s. The floor where corn is stored. CORN-FLOWER, korn'flou-&r, s. The blue-bottle. CORN-LAND, korn'land, s. Land appropriated to the production of grain. CORN-MILL, korn'mlll, S, A mill to grind corn into meal. CORN-PIPE, kSrn'plpe, s. A pipe made by slitting the joint of a green stalk of corn. CORNCHANDLER, korn'tsliand-lur, s. One that retails corn. CORNCUTTER, kornTcut-tur, s. A man whose profession it is to extirpate corns from the foot. CORNEL, kor'nel, } CORNELIAN-TREE, kor-n1-an-tree, $ The Cornel-tree beareth the fruit commonly called the Cornelian cherry. CORNEOUS, kor'n^-frs, a. Horny, of a substance resembling horn. CORNER, kor'nur, s. 98. An angle ; a secret or remote place ; the extremities, the utmost limit. CORNER-STONE, kor'n&r-stone, s. The stone that unites the two walls at the corner. CoRNERWISE, koVnur-wize, ad. Diagonally. CORNET, korWt, s. 99. A musical instrument blown with the mouth ; a company or troop of horse, in this sense obsolete ; the officer who bears the stan- dard of a troop ; Cornet of a horse, is the lowest part of his pastern that runs round the coffin. CoRNETCV, kdr'nt-se, s. The post of a cornet in the army. CORNICE, koVnls, s. 142. The highest projection of a wall or column. CORNICLE, kor'nlk-kl, s. 405. A little horn, CoRNIGEROUS, kor-nldje'A-r&S, a. Horned, having horns. CORNUCOPIA, kor-nu-k6'p-e, s. The horn of plenty. To CoRNUTE, kor.nute', V. a. To bestow horns, to cuckold. CoRNUTED. Vor nu'tfid, a. Grafted with horns, cuckolded. CORNUTO, kor-nu'tO, S. Italian. A man horned, a cuckold. CORNY, kor'ne, a. Strong or hard like horn, horny ; producing grain or corn. COROLLARY, k&r'o-lar-d, s. 1 G8. The conclusion ; an inference. K3- l)r Johnson, Mr Sheridan, Dr Ash, W. Jolm- 117 ston, Buchanan, Entick, and Smith, accent this word on the first, and Dr Kenrick, Scott, Perry, and Bailey, on the second syllable. The weight of authority is cer- tainly for the accentuation I have adopted, and analogy seems to confirm this authority. For as the word is de- rived from Coroltarium, with the accent on the antepe- nultimate, our pronunciation of this word generally lays an additional accent on the first syllable, which, wheii the word is shortened by dropping a syllable in Corollary, becomes the principal accent, as in a thousand other in- stances. See Academy. CORONAL, kor'6-nal, s. 168. A crown, a garland. CORONAL, kSr-cVnal, a. Belonging to the top of the head. CORONARY, kor'6-nar-, a. Relating to a crown ; it is applied in anatomy to arteries fancied to encom- pass the heart in the manner of a garland. CORONATION, k&r-o-na'shfrn, s. The act or solemnity of crowning a king ; the pomp or assembly present at a coronation. CORONER, k6r'6-nur, s. An officer whose duty it is to enquire how any violent death was occasioned. CORONET, kor/6-n^t, . S. An inferior crown worn by the nobility. CORPORAL, kdVpo-ral, s. 1 68. The lowest officer of the infantry ; a low sea-officer. CORPORAL, kor'po-ral, a. Relating to the body, belonging to the body ; material, not spiritual CORPORALITY, kor-po-Ial'e-te, s. The quality of being embodied. CORPORALLY, k6Vp6-ral-e. ad. Bodily. CORPORATE, kor'po-rate, a. 91. United in a body or community. CoRPORATIONjkor-po-ra'sh&n, s. A body politick. CORPOREAL, kor-pi'r^-al, a. Having a body, not immaterial. CORPOREITY, kor-po-r^e-t^, S. Materiality, bodi. liness. CORPS, kore, s. Plural korz. A body of forces. B3- Perhaps it is the unpleasing idea this word sug- gests, when pronounced in the English manner, that has fixed it in the French pronunciation. Nothing can be more frightful to an elegant ear, than the sound it has from the mouth of those who are wholly unacquainted with its fashionable and military usage. CORPSE, korps, s. 168. A carcass, a dead body, a corse. CORPULENCE, kor'pu-l&ise, CORPULENCY, kor'pii-len-s^, Bnlkiness of body, fleshiness. CORPULENT, kor'pu-lent, a. Fleshy, bulky. CORPUSCLE, kor'pus-sl, s. 351. 405. A small body, an atom. CORPUSCULAR, kor-p&s'ki-lar, 1 CORPUSCULARIAN, kor-pus-ku-la'i'e-an, ) a ' Relating to bodies, comprising bodies. To CORRADE, k&r-rade', v, a. 168. To hoard, to scrape together. CoRRADIATION, kor-ra-d^-a/shun, s. A conjunc- tion of rays into one point. To CORRECT, k5r-rekt', v. a. To punish, to chastise ; to amend ; to obviate the qualities of one ingredient by another. CORRECT, k5r-rkt/, a. Revised or finished with exactness. CORRECTION, kSr-rek'sh&n, s. Punishment, dig. cipline ; amendment ; that which is substituted in the place of any thing wrong ; reprehension ; abatement of noxious qualities, by the addition of something contrary. CORRECTIONER, kSr-rfk'shfrn-ir, s, A jail-bird, Obsolete. CORRECTIVE, kor-r^k'tlv, a. 157. Having the power to alter or obviate any bad qualities. CORRECTIVE, kSr-rek'tlv, s. That which has the power of altering or obviating any thing amiss ; limita- tion, restriction. CORRECTLY, k&r-rektlo, ad. Accurately, exactly. COR COS 1^559. Fate 73, fir 77, fall &3, fatSl m. Earthen ware. CROCODILE, kr6k'o-dil, s. 145. An amphibious voracious animal, in shape resembling a lizard, anJ found in Egypt and the Indies. DS- Mr Sheridan, Dr Kenrick, Mr Scott, W. Jolm- ston, and Perry, make the i in the last syllable short, as I have done; and Buchanan is the only one who makes it long.' CROCUS, kro'kfiS, S. An early flower. CROFT, kr&ft, S. A little close joining to a house that is used for com or pasture. CROISADE, kroe-sade', s. A holy war. Sec Crusade. CROISES, kroe's^Z, S. Pilgrims who carry a cross ; soldiers who fight against infidels. CRONE, krone, S. An old ewe ; in contempt, an old woman. CRONY, kro'n^, S. An old acquaintance, CROOK, krook, S. Any crooked or bent instrument; a sheep-hook ; any thing bent CRO CRU nor 167, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 oil 299 pound 313 thin 466, THIS 469. To CROOK, krook, v. a. To bend, to turn into a j hook ; to pervert from rectitude. CROOKBACK, krook'bik, s. A man that has gib- ! bous shoulders. CROOKBACKED, krook'bakt, a. 359. Having bent shoulders. CROOKED, krook'd, a. 366. Bent, not straight, curved ; winding-, oblique; perverse, untoward, with- out rectitude of mind. CROOKEDLY, krOok'ed-1^, ad. Not in a straight line ; untowardly, not compliantly. CROOKEDNESS, krook'ed-nes, s. Deviation from straightness, curvity ; deformity of a gibbous body. CROP, krop, s. The craw of a bird. CROPFULL, krop'ful, a. Satiated, with a full belly. CROPSICK, krop'sik, a. Sick with excess and de- bauchery. CHOP, krSp, s. The harvest, the corn gathered off the field ; any thing rut off. To CROP, kr5p, v. a. To cut off the ends of any thing, to mow, to reap ; to cut off the ears. To CROP, krop, v, ru To yield harvest Not used. CROPPER, krop'pur, s. A kind of pigeon with a large crop. CROSIER, kro'zhe-er, s. 451. 453. The pastoral staff of a bishop. CROSLET, krSs'ldt, s. 99. A small cross. CROSS, kros, s. One straight body laid at right angles over another ; the ensign of the Christian re- ligion ; a monument with a cross upon it to excite de- votion, such as were anciently set in market-places ; a line drawn through another ; any thing that thwarts or obstructs, misfortune, hindrance, vexation, oppo- sition, misadventure, trial of patience ; money so call- ed, because marked with a cross. CROSS, kros, a. Transverse, falling athwart some- thing else ; adverse, opposite ; perverse, untractable ; peevish, fretful, ill-humoured ; contrary, contradic- tory ; contrary to wish, unfortunate. CROSS, kros, prep. Athwart, so as to intersect any tiling ; over, from side to side. To CROSS, kros, v. a. To lay one body, or draw one line athwart another ; to sign with the cross ; to mark out, to cancel, as to cross an article ; to pass over ; to thwart, to interpose obstruction ; to counter- act; to contravene, to hinder by authority ; to contra- dict ; to be inconsistent. CROSS-BAR-SHOT, krosljar-shot', s. A round shot ; or great bullet, with a bar of iron put through it. To CROSS-EXAMINE, kros'egz-m1n, v. a. To try the faith of evidence by captious questions of the contrary party. CROSS-STAFF, kros'staf, S. An instrument com- monly called the fore-staff, used by seamen to take the meridian altitude of the sun or stars. CROSSBITE, kr&s'bhe, s. A deception, a chent. To CROSSBITE, kros'bite, v. a. To contravene by deception. CROSS-BOW, kros'bo, s. A missive weapon formed by placing a V>ow athwart a stock. CROSSGRAINED, kr6s-grand', a. 359. Having the fibres transverse or irregular ; perverse, trouble- some, vexatious. CROSSLY, kriWlt*, ad. Athwart, so as to intersect something else ; oppositely, adversely, in opposition to ; unfortunately. CROSSNESS, krds'nSs, s. Transverseness, inter- section ; perverseness, peevishness. CROSSROW, kroS-rcV, S. Alphabet, so named be- cause a cross is placed at the beginning, to show that the end of learning is piety. CROSSWIND, kros'wlnd, s. Wind blowing from the right or left. See Wind. CROSSWAY, kros'wa, s. A small obscure path in- tersecting the chief road. CROSSWORT, kros'wurt, s. 166. A plant CROTCH, krotsh, s. A hook. CROTCHET, krStsh'^t, s. 99. In musick, one of 125 the notes or characters of time, equal to half a minini : a piece of wood fitted into another to support a buikl- ing ; in printing, hooks in which words are included fthus] ; a perverse conceit, an odd fancy. To CROUCH, kroutsh, v. n. 313. To stoop low, to lie close to the ground ; to fawn, to bend servilely. CROUP, kroop, S. 315. The rump of a fowl ; the buttocks of a horse. CROUPADES, kroo-padz', S. Are higher leaps than those of curvets. CROW, kro, s. 324. A large black bird that feeds upon the carcasses of beasts ; a piece of iron used as a lever ; the voice of a cock, or the noise which he makes in his gaiety. CROWFOOT, kro'fut, s. A flower. To CROW, kro, v. n. Pret Crew or Crowed. To make the noise which a cock makes ; to boast, to bul- ly, to vapour. CROWD, kroud, s. 323. A multitude confusedly pressed together ; a promiscuous medley ; the vulgar, the populace, a fiddle. To CROWD, kroud, v. a. To fill with confused multitudes ; to press close together ; to encumber by multitudes; To crowd sail, a sea phrase, to spread wide the sails upon the yards. To CROWD, kroud, v. n. To swarm, to be numer- ous and confused ; to thrust among a multitude. CROWDER, krou'dur, s. A fiddler. CROWKEEPER, kro'k^-pur, s. A scarecrow. CROWN, kroun, s. 324. The ornament of the head which denotes imperial and regal dignity ; a garland ; a reward, honorary distinction ; regal power, royalty ; the top of the head ; the top of any thing, as of a mountain ; part of the hat that covers the head ; a piece of money ; honour, ornament, decoration ; com. pletion, accomplishment. CROWN-IMPERIAL, krounJm-p^r^-al, s. A plant. To CROWN, kroun, v. a. To invest with the crown, or regal ornament ; to cover, as with a crown ; to dignify, to adorn, to make illustrious ; to reward, to recompense ; to complete, to perfect ; to terminate, to finish. CROWNGLASS, kroun'glas, s. The finest sort of window glass. CROWNPOST, kroun'post, s. A post, which, in some buildings, stands upright in the middle, between two principal rafters. CROWNSCAB, kroun'skab, S. A stinking filthy scab round a horse's hoof. CROWNWHEEL, kroun'wh^le, s. The upper wheel of a watch. CROWNWORKS, kroun'wurks, s. In fortification, bulwarks advanced towards the field to gain some hill or rising ground. CROWNET, kroun'^t, S. The same with coronet j chief end, last purpose. CROYLSTONE, kroil'stone, s. Crystallized cauk. CRUCIAL, kro&'sh^-al, a. 357. Transverse, inter- secting one another. To CRUCIATE, kr6o / she-ate, v. a. To torture, to torment, to excruciate. CRUCIBLE, kr66 / se-bl, S. A chy mist's melting-pot made of earth. CRUCIFEROUS, kroo-sif'e-rus, . 518. Bearing- the cross. CRUCIFIER, kr56 / s-fi-ur, s. He that inflicts the punishment of crucifixion. CRUCIFIX, kroo'se-1 Iks, s. A representation in picture or statuary of our Lord's passion. CRUCIFIXION, kroo-se-fik'shun, s. The punish- ment of nailing to a cross. CRUCIFORM, kroc/se-form, a. Having the form of a cross. To CRUCIFY, kroo'sWi, v. a. 183. To put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross set up- right. CRUDE, krood, a. 339. Raw, not subdued by fire ; not changed by any process or preparation ; harsh, un- ripe ; unconnected ; not well digested ; not brought to perfection, immature ; having indigested notions. CRU CUB ^T 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 me 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 ni 162, m5ve IG-l, CRUDELY, kroSdl, ad. Unripely, without due preparation. CRUCENESS, krood'nfe,S. Unripeness, indigestion. CHUDITY, kroo'de-te 1 , s. Indigestion, inconcoc- tion, unripeness, want of maturity. C'RUEL, krooll, a. 339. 99. Pleased with hurt- ing- others, inhuman, hard-hearted, barbarous ; bloody, mischievous, destructive. CllUELLY, kroS'll-lt*, ad- In a cruel manner, in- humanly, barbarously, CRUELNESS, kloMl-neis, S. Inhumanity, cruelty. CRUELTY, kro CRYPTICK, krlp'tlk, J "' H.dden.secret.occ.Ut CRYPTICALLY, krip'teUkal-le, ad. Occultly, - cretly. CRYPTOGRAPHY, krlp-tog'gra-fe, s. 518. The act of writing secret characters; secret characters, ciphers. CRYPTOLOGY, krlp-t&llo-je, s. 518. .Enigmatical language. CRYSTAL, kris'tal, S. Crystals are hard, pellucid, and naturally colourless bodies, of regularly angular figures ; Crystal is also used for a factitious body csist in the glass-houses, called also crystal ilass, wliich is carried to a degree of perfection beyond the common glass ; Crystals, in chymistry, express salts or other matters shot or congealed in manner of crystal. CRYSTAL, kris'tal,. a. Consisting of crystal; bright, clear, transparent ; lucid^ pellucid. . m ua Consisting of crystal ; bright, clear, pellucid, trans- parent. CRYSTALLINE HUMOUR, krls'tal-line, or krls'. tal-Hn u'mfir, s. The second humour of the eye, that lies immediately next to the aqueous, behind the uvea, CRYSTALLIZATION, krls-tal-le-za'shun, s. Con. gelation into crystals. The mass formed by congela- tion or concretion. To CRYSTALLIZE, krls'tal-lize, v. a. To cause to congeal or concrete in crystals. To CRYSTALLIZE, krls'tal-lize, v. n. 159. To coagulate, congeal, concrete, or shoot into crystals. CUB, kub, S. The young of a beast, generally of a bear or fox ; the young of a whale ; in reproach, a boj or girl. To CUB, kub, V. a. To bring forth. Little used. CuBATION, ku-ba'shun, s. The act of lying down. CuBATORY, ku'ba-tur-e, a. 512. Recumbent. CUBATURE, ku'ba-tshure, s. 461. The finding exactly the solid content of any proposed body. CUBE, kube, S. A regular solid body, consisting of six square and equal faces or sides, and the angles all right, and therefore equal. CUBE ROOT, kube'root, 7 CUBICK ROOT, ku'blk-reot, \ s ' The origin of a cubick number, or a number by the multiplication of which into itself, and again into the product, any given number is formed. Thus 2 u the cube root of 8. CUBICAL, ku'b^-kAl, 7 K/^Q CUBICK, kMblk, 5 a ' Having the form or properties of a cube ; it is applied to numbers; the number of four multiplied into itself, produces the square number of sixteen, and that again multiplied by four, produceth the cubick munbor o( sixty-four. CUBICALNESS, kfW-kil-nfis, s. The state . / quality of being cubical CUB CUM n'r 167, n5t 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173311 299 pound 313 (Mn 4-66, THIS 460. Fitted for the CUBICULARY, ku-blkTcu-lar-^, a. posture of lying down. Cuiui-'ORM, ku'be-form, a. Of the shape of a cube. CUBIT, ku'blt, s. A measure in use among the ancients, which was originally the distance from the elbow, bending inwards, to the extremity of the middle finger. CUBITAL, ku'b-tul, a. Containing only the length of a cubit. CUCKOLD, kuk'kuld, s. 166. One that is married to an ndnltress. To CUCKOLD, kuk'kuld, v. a. To rob a man of his wifa's fidelity ; to wrong a husband by unchastity. CuCKOLDLY, kiik'kuld-le, a. Having the qualities of a cuckold, poor, mean. CUCKOLD-MAKER, kuk'kuld-ma/kur, s. One that makes a practise of corrupting wives. CuCKOLDOM, kuk'kul-dum, s. The act of adul- tery ; the state of a cuckold. CuCKOO, kuk'koo, s. 174. A bird which appears in the spring, and is said to suck the eggs of other birds, and lay her own to be hatched in their place, a name of contempt. CUCKOO-BUD, kuk'koo-bud, CUCKOO-FLOWER, kuk'koo-flou-ur, The name of a flower. CUCKOO-SPITTLE, kuk'kod-spit-tl, s. A spumous dew found upon plants, with a little insect in it. CUCULLATE, ku-kul'late, 91. CUCULLATED, ku-kiilla-ted, Hooded, covered, as with a hood or cowl ; having- the resemblance or shape of a hood. CUCUMBER, koulcum-bur, s. 159. The name of a plant, and fruit of that plant. iX^- In some counties of England, especially in the west, this word is pronounced as if written Coocumber : this, though rather nearer to the orthography than Cow. cumber, is yet faulty, in adopting the obtuse u heard in bull, rather than the open u heard in Cucumi*, the Latin word whence Cucumber is derived : though, from the adoption of the 4, I should rather suppose we took it from the French Concombre. But however this may be, it seems too firmly fixed in its sound of Cowcumber to be altered, and must be classed with its irregular fellow esculent Asparagus, which see. CUCURBITACEOUS, ku-kur-be-ta'shus, a. 357. Cucurbitaceous plants are those which resemble a gourd, such as the pompiou and melon. CucuKBlTE, ku'kr-bit, s. 156. A chymical ves- sel, commonly called a Body. CUD, kud, s. That food which is reposited in the first stomach, in order to be chewed again. CUDDEN, kud'dn, ) inq CUDDY, k&d'cte, } s ' A clown, a stupid low dolt. To CUDDLE, kud'dl, v. n. 405. To lie close, to squat. CUDGEL, kud'jll, s. 99. A stick to strike with. To CUDGEL, kud'jil, v. a. To beat with a stick. CUDGEL-PROOF, kud'jil-proof, a. Able to resist a stick. CUDWEED, kud'w^de, s. A plant. CUE, ku, S. The tail or end of any thing ; the last words of a speech in acting, to be answered by an- other ; a hint, an intimation, a short direction ; humour, temper of mind. CUEKPO, kw^r'po, s. To be in cuerpo, is to be without the upper coat CUFF, kuf, s. A blow with the fist, a box, a stroke. To CUFF, kuf, v. n. To fight, to scuffle. To ClJFF, kuf, V. a. To strike with the fist ; to strike with talons. CUFF, kuf, s. Part of the sleeve. CUIRASS, kwe-ras', s. 340. A breastplate. CUIRASSIER, kwe-ras-seer', s. 275. A man of arms, a soldier in armour. CuiSII, k\vls, s. 340. The armour that covers the thighs. 127 Kr I have followed Dr Johnson's spelling in this word, though I think it not so correct as cui.ise, the ori- ginal French, and which he has himself followed in his Edition of Shakspeare, and his notes upon the word in the first part of Henry the Fourth. But whatever may be the spelling, the pronunciation is certainly that which I have given. CULDEES, kul-deze 7 , S. Monks in Scotland. CULINARY, ku'le-nar-, a. 512. Relating to the kitchen. To CULL, kul, v. a. To select from others. CULLER, kullur, A. 98. One who picks or chooses. CULLION, kul'yun, s. 113. A scoundrel, a mean wretch. Cui.LIONLY, k&l'yun-M, a. Having the qualities of a cullion, mean, base. CULLY, kulle, s. A man deceived or imposed upon. To CULLY, kulle, v. a. To befool, to cheat, to impose upon. CULMIFEROUS, kul-mlffe-rus, a. 51& Culmi- ferous plants are such as have a smooth jointed stalk, and their seeds are contained in chaffy husks. To CULMINATE, kul'me-nate, v. n. To be vertical, to be in the meridian. CULMINATION, kul-me-na'shun, s. The transit of a planet through the meridian. CULPABILITY, kul-pa-bll'e-te, s. Blameableneus. CULPABLE, kul'pa-bl, a. 405. Criminal, blame, able, blameworthy. CULPABLENESS, kul'pa-bl-IleS, S. Blame, guilt. CULPABLY, kul'pa-bl^, ad. Blameably, criminally. CULPRIT, kul'prit, 8- A man arraigned before his Judge. CuLTER, kul't&r, s. The iron of the plough per- pendicular to the share. See Coulter. To CULTIVATE, kul'te-vate, v. a. To forward or improve the product of the earth by manual in- dustry ; to improve, to meliorate. CULTIVATION, kul-te-va'shun, s. The art or Eraclice of improving soils, and forwarding or me- orating vegetables ; improvement in general, melio- ration. CULTIVATOR, kul'te-va-t&r, s. 521. One who improves, promotes, or meliorates. CULTURE, kal'tshure, s. 461. The act of culti- vation ; art of improvement and melioration. To CULTURE, kul'tshure, v. a. To cultivate, to till. Not used. CULVER, kuj'vfir, S. 98. A pigeon. Old word. CULVERIN, kul've-rln, s. A species of ordnance. CULVERKEY, kul'veF-k^, s. A species of flower. To CUMBER, k&m'b&r, v. a. 98. To embarrass, to entangle, to obstruct, to crowd or load with some- thing useless ; to involve in difficulties and dangers, to distress ; to busy, to distract with multiplicity of cares ; to be troublesome in any place. CUMBER, kum'bur, s. Vexation, embarrassment Not used. CUMBERSOME, k&m'bur-sum, a. Troublesome, vexatious ; burthensome, embarrassing, unwieldy, unmanageable. CUMBERSOMELY, kum'bur-sum-le, ad. In a troublesome manner. CuMBERSOMF.NESS, kum'bur-sum-nes,. s. En- cumbrance, hindrance, obstruction. CuMBRANCE, kum'branse, s. Burthen, hin- drance, impediment. CUMBROUS, kum'brus, a. Troublesome, vexatious, disturbing; oppressive, burthensome; jumbled, ob- structing each other. CUMFREY, kum'fre, S. A medicinal plant Sec Comfrey. CUMIN, kiim'mln, s. A plant. It5= This word, before Dr Johnson's Dictionary alter- ed it, was, I believe, universally spelled with double m. Our ancestors were homebred enough to think, that if i we received a word from the I,atin, and conformed to I the quantity of that language, it was necessary to Bhow CUM CUIt faT 559. Fate 73, far 77, fill 83, fit 81, m 93, m5t 95 pine 105, pin 107 nA 102, m5ve 164, CURB-STONE, kurb'stone, s. A thick kind of stone that conformity by a specific orthography of our own. Thus, the first u in Cuminum being short, they doubled the in to indicate that shortness ; as the analogy of our language would infallibly pronounce the u long, if the consonant were single in the same manner as in Cubic, Cupid, &c. See Drama. To CUMULATE, ku'mu-late, V. a. To heap to- gether. CUMULATION, ku-mu-la'sh&n, s. The act of heaping together. CUMULATIVE, ku'mil-la-tlv, a. Consisting of di- verse matter put together. CUNCTATION, kungk-ta'shun, s. Delay, procras- tination, dilatoriness. CuNCTATOR, kungk-ta't&r, S. One given to de- lay, a lingerer. CUNEAL, ku'ne-al, a. Relating to a wedge, hav- ng the form of a wedge. CuNEATED, ku'ne-a-ted, a. Made in form of a wedge. CUNEIFORM, ku-ne'e-form, a. Having the form of a wedge. GUNNER, kun'nur, s. A kind of fish less than an oyster, that sticks close to the rocks. CUNNING, kun'ning, a. 4-10. Skilful, knowing, learned ; performed with skill, artful ; artfully deceit- ful, trickish, subtle, crafty. CUNNING, kun'ning, s. Artifice, deceit, sliness, sleight, fraudulent dexterity ; art, skill, knowledge. CUNNINGLY, kun'ning-le\ ad. Artfully, slily, craftily. CUNNING-MAN, kun-ning-man', s. A man who pretends to tell fortunes, or teach how to recover stolen goods. CUNNINGNESS, k&n'nlng-iiis, s. Deceitfulness, sliness. CUP, kup, s. A small vessel to drink out of ; the liquor contained in the cup, the draught ; social enter- tainment, merry bout ; any thing 1 hollow like a cup, as the husk of an acorn j Cup and Can, familiar com. panions. 'Jo Cup, k&p, v. a. To supply with cups, obso- lete; to draw blood bv applying cupping glasses. CUPBEARER, kup'ba-rar, s. An ofricer of the king's household ; an attendant to give wine at a feast CUPBOARD, ktWburd, s. 412. A case with shelves, in which victuals or earthen ware is placed. CUPIDITY, ku-pid'e-t, s. 511. Concupiscence, unlawful longing. CUPOLA, ku'p6-la, s. 92. A dome, the hemisphe- rical summit of a building. CUPPER, kup'pfrr, s. One who applies cupping glasses, a scarifier. CUPPING-GLASS, k&p'plng-glas, s. A glass used by scarifiers to draw out the blood by rarefying the air. CUPREOUS, ku'pre-us, a. Coppery, consisting of copper. CUR, kur, s. A worthless degenerate dog ; a term of reproach for a man. CURABLE, ku'ra-bl, a. 405. That admits of a remedy. CURABLENESS, ku'ra-bl-ne's, s. Possibility to be healed. CURACY, ku'ra-se, 1 CtiRATESiiiP, ku'rate-ship, $ s ' Employment of a curate ; employment which a hired clergyman holds under the beneficiary. CURATE, ku'rate, s. 91. A clergyman hired to perform the duties of another ; a parish priest CURATIVE, kii'ra-tiv, a. 157. Relating to the cure of diseases, not preservative. CURATOR, ku-ra'tur, . 521. One that has the care and superintendence of any thing. CURB, kurb, S. A curb is an iron chain, made fast to the upper part of the branches of the bridle, running over the beard of the horse ; restraint, inhibition, op- position, 128 placed at the edge of a stone pavement. To CURB, kurb, V. a. To guide a horse with a curb ; to restrain, to inhibit, to check. CURD, kurd, s. The coagulation of milk. To CURD, kurd, V. a. To turn to ctirda, to cau-e to coagulate. To CURDLE, kur'dl, v. n. 405. To coagulate, to concrete. To CURDLE, kur'dl, v. a. To cause to coagulate. CuRDY, kurMe, a. Coagulated, concreted, full of curds, curdled. CURE, kure, s. Remedy, restorative ; act of heal- ing; the benefic* or employment of a curate or clergy man. To CURE, kure, V. a. To heal, to restore tohealth, to remedy, to prepare in any manner, so as to be pre- served from corruption. CURELESS, kiire'le's, a. Without cure, without remedy. CUREH, ku'rur, S. 98. A healer, a physician. CURFEW, kftr'fu, s. An evening peal, by which the Conqueror willed, that every man should rake up hij fire, and put out his light ; a cover for a fire, a tire- plate. CuRIALITY, ku-re-al'e-te, s. The privileges or retinue of i\ court CURIOSITY, ku-re-&s'e-t, S. Inquisitivness, in. clination to inquiry; nicety, delicacy; accuracy, ex- actness ; an act of curiosity, nice experiment, an ob- ject of curiosity, rarity. CURIOUS, ku're-us, a. 314. Inquisitive, desirous of information ; attentive to, diligent about ; accurate, careful not to mistake ; difficult to please, solicitous of perfection ; exact, nice, subtile.; elegant, neat, labour, ed, finished. CURIOUSLY, kll're-us-le, ad. Inquisitively, atten- tively, studiously ; elegantly, neatly ; artfully, exactly. CURL, kurl, s. A ringlet of hair ; undulation, wave, sinuosity, flexure. To CURL, kurl, v. a. To turn the hair in ringlot? ; to writhe, to twist ; to dress with curls ; to raise in waves, undulations, or sinuosities. To CURL, kurl, v. n. To shrink into ringlets ; to rise in undulation ; to twist itself. CURLEW, kurlu, S. A kind of waterfowl ; a bird larger than a partridge, with longer legs. CURMUDGEON, kur-mud'jun, s. 259. An avari- cious churlish fellow, a miser, a niggard, a griper. CURMUDGEONLY, kur-mud'jun-le, a. 259. Ava- ricious, covetous, churlish, niggardly. CURRANT, kur'ran, s. The tree ; a small dried grape, properly written Corinth, from the place it came from. CURRENCY, k&r're'n-sd, s. Circulation, power of passing from hand to hand ; general reception ; fluen- cy, readiness of utterance ; continuance, constant flow ; general esteem, the rate at which any thing is vulgarly valued ; the papers stamped in the English colonies by authority, and passing for money. CURRENT, kur're'nt, a. Circulatory, passing from hand to hand ; generally received, uncontradicted, au- thoritative ; common, general ; popular, such as is es- tablished by vulgar estimation ; fashionable, popular ; passable, such as may be allowed or admitted; what is now passing, as the current year. CURRENT, kfrr/re'nt, s. A running stream ; cur- rents are certain progressive motions of the water of the sea in several places. CURRENTLY, kurtSnt-l^, ad. In a constant mo. tion ; without opposition ; popularly, fashionably, gen- erally ; without ceasing. CURRENTNESS, k&r're'nt-ne's, s. Circulatioi ; general reception ; easiness of pronunciation. CURRICLE, kur're-kl, s. 405. An open two- wheeled chaise, made to be drawn by two horses abreast CURRIER, knr'r^-ur, s. One who dresses and pares leather for those who make shoes, or other thingi CUR CUT nor 167, n6t 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173-611 299 pound 313 thin 466, THis 469. CURRISH, kur'rlsh, a. Having the qualities of a degenerate dog, brutal, sour, quarrelsome. To CuRRY, kur're, v. a. To dress leather, to beat, to drub ; to rub a horse with a scratching instru- ment, so as to smooth his coat ; To curry favour, to become a favourite by petty officiousness, slight kind- ness, or flattery. CURRYCOMB, kur're-kome, S. An iron instru- ment used for currying horses. To CURSE, kurse, v. a. To wish evil to, to ex- ecrate, to devote ; to afflict, to torment. To CURSE, kurse, v. n. To imprecate. CURSE, kurse, s. Malediction, wish of evil to another ; affliction, torment, vexation. CURSED, kur'sed, part. a. 362. Under a curse, hateful, detestable ; unholy, unsanctified ; vexatious, troublesome. CURSEDLY, kur'sSd-le, ad. 364. Miserably, shamefully. CURSEDNESS, kur'sed-nes, s. The state of being under a curse. CuRSHIP, kur'ship, s. Dogship, meanness. CuRSITOR, kur'se-tur, s. An officer or clerk belonging to the Chancery, that makes out original writs. CuRSORARY, kur'so-ra-re, a. Cursory, hasty, careless. CURSORILY, kur'so-re-le, ad. Hastily, without care. CURSORINESS, kur'so-re-ne's, s. Slight attention. CURSORY, kur'so-re, a. Hasty, quick, inattentive, careless. CURST, kurst, a. Forward, peevish, malignant, malicious, snarling. CuRSTNESS, ktLTSt'neS, S. Peevishness, froward- ness, malignity. CURT, kurt, a. Short. To CURTAIL, kur-tale 7 , v. a. To cut off, to cut short, to shorten. JKJ- This word is said to be derived from the obligation peasants were under, in the feudal times, of cutting off the tails of their dogs ; as only gentlemen were allowed to have dogs with their tails on. This Dr Johnson has shown to be a vulgar error ; the word being formerly written Curtal, from the Latin curto. CURTAIN, kur'tln, s. 208. A cloth contracted or expanded at pleasure ; To draw the curtain, to close so as to shut out the light, to open it so as to discern the objects; in fortification, that part of the waller rampart that lies between two bastions. CURTAIN-LECTURE, kur't'in-lek'tshure, s. A re- proof given by a wife to her husband in bed. To CURTAIN, kur'tln, v. a. To enclose with curtains. CURTATE DISTANCE, kurtate-dis'tanse, s. in astronomy, the distance of a planet's place from the sun, reduced to the ecliptic. CuRTATION, kur-ta'shAn, s. The interval between a planet's distance from the sun and the curtate dis- tance. CURTSY, kurt's, s. See Courtesy. CURVATED, kur'va-ted, a. Bent CURVATION, kur.va/shfcn, s. The act of bending or crooking. CURVATURE, kur'va-tshure, s. 461. Crookedness, inflexion, manner of bending. CURVE, kurv, a. Crooked, bent, inflected. CURVE, kurv, s. Any thing bent, a flexure or crookedness. To CURVE, kurv, v. a. To bend, to crook, to inflect. To CURVET, kur-vet', v. n. To leap, to bound ; to frisk, to be licentious. CURVET, kur-vet', S. A leap, a bound, a frolick, a prank. CURVILINEAR, kur-ve-lln'yar, a. Consisting of a crooked line ; composed of crooked lines. CtTKVITY, kur've-te, S. Crookedness. 129 CuRULE, ku'rule, a. The epithet given to the chair in which the chief Roman magistrates were car. ried. CUSHION, kushln, or kush'un, s. 289. A pillow for the seat, a soft pad placed upon a chair. ft^f* I have given this word two sounds ; not that I think they are equally in use. I am convinced the first is the more general, but because the other is but a tri- fling departure from it, and does not contradict the uni- versal rule of pronouncing words of this termination. CUSHIONED, kush'Ind, a. 359. Seated on a cushion. CUSP, kusp, s. A term used to express the points or horns of the moon, or other luminary. CUSPATED, kus'pa-ted, 1 CUSPIDATED, kus'pe-da-ted, } " Ending in a point, having the leaves of a flower ending in a point. CUSTARD, kis'turd, s. 88. A kind of sweetmeat made by boiling eggs with milk and sugar. CUSTODY, kus'to-de 1 , S. Imprisonment, restraint of liberty ; care, preservation, security. CUSTOM, kus'tum, s. 166. Habit) habitual prac- tice; fashion, common way of acting; established manner ; practice of buying of certain persons ; ap- plication from buyers, as this trader has good custom ; in law, a law, or right, not written, which, being esta- blished by long use, and the consent of ancestors, has been, and is, daily practised ; tribute, tax paid for goods imported or exported. CUSTOM-HOUSE, kus'tfim-house, s. The house where the taxes upon goods imported or exported are collected. CUSTOMABLE, kus'tum-a-bl, a. Common, habitual, frequent. CuSTOMABLENESS, kus'tum-a-bl-tles, s. Fre- quency, habit ; conformity to custom. CuSTOMABLY, kus'tum-a-bl, ad. According to custom. CUSTOMARILY, kus'tum-ar.e-le, ad. Habitually, commonly. CuSTOMARINESS, kus'tuin-ar-e-nes, S. Fre- quency. CUSTOMARY, kus'tum-ar-, a. Conformable to established custom, according to prescription ; habi- tual ; usual, wonted. CUSTOMED, kus'tumd, a. 359. Usual, common. CUSTOMER, kus'tfim-ur, S. One who frequents any place of sale for the sake of purchasing. CuSTREL, kus'trel, s. A buckler-bearer ; a vessel for holding wine. To CUT, kut, pret. CUT, part. pass. Cut. To penetrate with an edged instrument ; to hew ; to carve, to make by sculpture ; to form any thing by cutting ; to pierce with any uneasy sensation ; to divide packs of cards ; to intersect, to cross, as one line cuts an- other : To cut down, to fell, to hew down, to excel, to overpower ; To cut off, to separate from the other parts, to destroy, to extirpate, to put to death untimely; to rescind, to intercept, to hinder from union, to put an end to, to take away, to withhold, to preclude, to interrupt, to silence, to apostrophise, to abbreviate; To cut out, to shape, to form ; to scheme, to contrive ; to adapt, to debar ; to excel, to outdo ; To cut short, to hinder from proceeding by sudden interruption, to abridge, as the soldiers were cut short of their pay ; To cut up, to divide an animal into convenient pieces, to eradicate. To CUT, kut, v. n. To make its way by dividing obstructions ; to perform the operation of cutting for the stone. CUT, kut, part. a. Prepared for use. CUT, kit, S. The action of a sharp or edged iustru. ment ; the impression or separation of continuity made by an edge ; a wound made by cutting ; a channel mada by art ; a part cut off from the rest ; a small particle, ? shred ; a lot cut off a stick ; a near passage, by which some angle is cut off; a picture cut or carved upon a stinnp of wood or copper, and impressed from it ; t!ie act or practice of dividing a pack of cards : fashion, form, shape, manner of cutting into shape ; a fool or cully ; Cut and long tail, men of all kinds. K CUT DAG 559. Fate 73, fir 77, fill 83, fat 81 mi 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 116 1G2, mSve 164, CUTANEOUS, kfi-ta'ne-fis, a. Relating to the skin. CUTICLE, kii'te-kl, S. 405. The first and outermost covering of the body, commonly called the scarf-skin ; thin skin formed on the surface of any liquor. CUTICULAR, kil-tlk'b-l&r, a. Belonging to the skin. CUTLASS, k&t1;\s, s. A broad cutting sword. CUTLER, k&tl&r, S. 98. One who makes or sells CUTPURSE, k&t'p&rse, S. One who steals by the method of cutting purses ; a thief, a robber. CUTTER, k&t't&r, s. 98. An agent or instrument that cuts any thing ; a nimble boat that cuts the water; the teeth that cut the meat; an officer in the exchequer that provides wood for the tallies, and cuts the sum paid upon them. CUT-THROAT, k&t' This adjective is frequently used very absurdly, I (and not always by the lowest of the people) when it is ! applied to a house of entertainment that charges an ex- ; orhitant price ; such a house is not uncommonly, though ; very improperly, called a Cut-throat-house. This sense, I see, has been adopted by Entick ; though it ought not to have a place in any Dictionary. CUTTING, k&t'tlng, s. A piece cut off ; a chop. CUTTLE, k&t'tl, S. 405. A fish, which, when he is pursued by a fish of prey, throws out a black liquor. CUTTLE, k&t'tl, S. A foul-mouthed fellow. CYCLE, sl'kl, S. 405. A circle ; a round of time, a space in which the same revolution begins again, a periodical space of time; a method, or account of a method, continued till the same course begins again ; imaginary orbs, a circle in the heavens. CYCLOID, si'clold, s. A geometrical curve. g^- Sheridan and Buchanan pronounce the y in this word short ; and Ash, Kenriek, and W. Johnston, long. CYCLOID AL, se-klold'al, a. 180. Relating to a cycloid. CYCLOPAEDIA, sl-kl6-pe'de-a, s. A circle of knowledge, a course of the sciences. DCf- I have in this word differed from Mr Sheridan and Dr Johnson, by placing the accent on the antepenulti- mate syllable instead of the penultimate. I know that Greek xvords of this termination have 'the accent on the penultimate syllable ; but the antepenultimate accentua- ti-iii is more agreeable to the genius of our tongue, and seems to have prevailed. For though Dr Johnson has given this word the penultimate accent, he has placed the accent on the antepenultimate syllable of Ambrosia, Euthanasia, and Hydrophobia, though these have all the accent on thf^-iennltimate in the Greek. It is true the i in the last syllable but one of Cyclopaedia is u diphthong in the original ; and this will induce those who are fond of showing their Greek learning, to lay the accent on the penultimate, as its opposition to general usage will be an additional reason with them for preferring it. The pronunciation I have adopted I see is supported by Dr Kenriek, Eiitick, Scott, Perry, and Buchanan, which abundantly shows the general current of custom. To these observations may be added, that if the f be accented, it must necessarily have the long open sound, as in Elegiac, and not the sound of e, as Mr Sheridan has marked it CYGNET, slg'net, s. A young swan. CYLINDER, sllln-d&r, s. A body having two flat surfaces and one circular. CYLINDRICAL, se-lln'dre-kal, CYI.INDRICK, se-lln'drik, Partaking of the nature of a cylinder, having the form of a cylinder. CYMAR, se-mar / , S. 180. A slight covering, a scarf. CYMBAL, Slm'bil, S. A musical instrument CYNANTHROPY, se-nan' DAFFODILLY, daf-fo-dilld, C s. DAFFODOWNDILLY, diff'6-doun-dll'le, ) This plant hath a lily-flower, consisting of one leaf, which is bell-shaped. To DAIT, daft, v, a. To toss aside, to throw away slightly. Obsolete. DAG, dag, s. A dagger ; a hand-gun, a pistoL DAGGER, dag'ar, s. 98. 381. A short sword, a poniard ; a blunt blade of iron with a basket hilt, used for defence; the obelisk as [t]. DAGGERSDRAWING, dag'drz-d rawing, s. The act of drawing daggers, approach to open violence To DAGGLE, dag'gl, v. a. 405. To dip liegligently in mire or water. To DAGGLE, dag'gl, v. n. To be in the mire. DAG DAR nor 167, n6t 163 thbe 171, t&b 172, bull 173 oil 299 p5und 313 thin 466, ims, 463. DAGGLETAIL, dag'gl-tale, a. Beraired, bespattered. DAILY, da'le, a. Happening every day, quotidian. DAILY, da'lt^, ad. Every day, very often. DAINTILY, dane'te-l, ad. Elegantly, delicately, deliriously, pleasantly. To DAMNIFY, dam'ne-fi, v. a. To endamage, to injure ; to hurt, to impair. DAMNINGNESS, dam'nlng-nes, s. Tendency to procure damnation. DAMP, damp, a. Moist, inclining to wet ; dejected, sunk, depressed. cate, nice, squeamish ; scrupulous ; elegant ; nice. DAINTY, dane'te, S. Something nice or delicate, a delicacy ; a word of fondness formerly in use. DAIRY, da're, s. The place where milk is manufac- tured. DAIRYMAID, da'r-made, s. The woman servant whose business is to manage the milk. DAISY, da'z, s. 438. A spring flower. DALE, dale, s. A vale, a valley. DALLIANCE, dal'le-anse, s. Interchange ol caresses, acts of fondness; conjugal conversation, delay, procrastination. DALLIER, dal'le-ur, S. A trifler, a foudler. To DALLY, dalle, v. n. To trifle, to play the fool; to exchange caresses, to fondle ; to sport, to play, to frolick ; to delay. DAM, dam, s. The mother. DAM, dam, s. A mole or bank to confine water. To DAM, dam, v. a. To confine, to shut up water by moles or dams. DAMAGE, damldje, s. 90. Mischief, detriment; loss ; the value of mischief done ; reparation of dam- age, retribution j in law, any hurt or hindrance that a man taketh in his estate. pression of spi; To DAMP, damp, v. a. To wet, to moisten ; to depress, to deject, to chill, to weaken, to abandon. . DAMPISHNESS, damplsll-nes, s. Tendency to wet- ness, moisture. DAMPNESS, damp'nes, s. Moisture. DAMPY, damp'e, a. Dejected, gloomy, sorrowful. DAMSEL, dam'zel, 102. A young gentlewoman; an attendant of the better rank ; a wench, a country lass. DAMSON, dam'zn, s. 170. A small black plum. I DAN, dan, s. The old term of honour for men. | To DANCE, danse, v. n. 78, 79. To move in mea- To DANCE ATTENDANCE, danse, v. a. To wait with suppleness and obsequiousness. To DANCE, danse, v. a. To make to dance, to put into a lively motion. DANCE, danse, s. 78, 79. A motion of one or many in concert. DANCER, dan'sur, s. One that practises the art of dancing. DANCINGMASTER, dan'slng-mas-tfir, s. One who teaches the art of dancing. To DAMAGE, dam'midje, v. a. 90. To mischief, DANCINGSCHOOL, dan'slng-skool, s. The school to injure, to impair. To DAMAGE, dam'idje, v. n. To take damage. DAMAGEABLE, damldje-a-bl, a. Suceptible ol hurt, as damageable goods ; mischievous, pernicious. DAMASCENE, dam'zn, s. 170. A small black plum, a darriMm. DAMASK, dam'usk, s. 88. Linen or silk woven in a manner invented at Damascus, by which part rises above the rest in flowers. To DAMASK, dam'usk, v. a. 88. To form flowers upon stufis ; to variegate, to diversify. DAMASK-ROSE, dam'usk-roze, s. A red rose. DAME, dame, S. A lady, the title of honour where the art of dandn.e is taught. DANDELION, dan-de-li'un, s. The name of a plant, so called from its likeness to the tootli of a lion. To DANDLE, dan'dl, v. a. 405. To shake a child on the knee ; to fondle, to treat like a child. DANDLER, dandlfir, s. He that dandles or fondles children. DANDRUFF, dan'druf, s. Scurf in the head. DANEWORT, dane'wurt, s. A species of elder, call. ed also dwarf-elder, or wall-wort DANGER, dane'j&r, s. 98. Risk, hazard, peril. To DANGER, dane'jur, v. a. To put in hazard, to endanger. Not in use. formerly given to women ; mistress of a low family ; ! DANGERLESS, dane' jur-lds, a. Without hazard, women in general. without risk. DAMES-VIOLET, damz-vi'o-let, s. Queen's gilly. ' flower. To DAMN, dam, v. a. 411. To doom to eternal torments in a future state ; to procure or cause to be eternally condemned ; to condemn ; to hoot or hiss any publick performance, to explode. DAMNABLE, dam'na-bl, a. Deserving damnation. DAMNABLY, dam'na-ble, ad. Iu such a manner as to incur eternal punishment. DAMNATION, dam-na'shun, s. Exclusion from DANGEROUS, dane'jur-fis, a. 543. Hazardous, perilous. DANGEROUSLY, dane'jur-us-le, ad. Hazardously, perilously, with danger. DANGEROUSNESS, dane'jur-us-ne's, s. Danger, hazard, peril. To DANGLE, dan'gl, . n. 405. To hang loose and quivering ; to hang npon any one, to be an hum- ble follower. DANGLER, dang'glur, s. A man that har.gG about divine mercy, condemnation to eternal punishment DAMNATORY, dam'na-tur-e, a. 512. Containing DANK, dangk, a. 408. Damp, moist. a sentence of condemnation . DANKISH, dai.gklsh, . Somewhat damp. DAMNED, dammd, or dam'ned, part. a. Hateful, DAPPER, dap'pur, . 98. Little and active, lively without bulk. DAPPERLING, dap'pur-llng, s. A dwarf. DAPPLE, dap'pl, a. 405. Marked with various colours, variegated. To DAPPLE, dap'pl, v. a. To streak, to vary. DAR, dar, 78. ~) DART, dart \ s ' m Sever "- To DARE, dare, v. n. Pret. I dunts part. I km* dared. To have courage for any purpose, to be adven- turous. J5f If I am not mistaken, there is a prevailing pro- nunciation of this word in Ireland, \\ hich makes it a perfect rhyme to far, 'jar, &c. That tliis is contrary to K 2 detestable. f^f This word, in familiar language, is scarcely ever used as an adjective, and pronounced in one syllabk'. but by the lowest vulgar and profane ; in serious speaking it ought always, like cursed, to be pronounced in two, 362. Thus in Shakspeare Who doals, yet doubts suspects, yet strongly loves." There is a very singular usage of this word, as a verb or participle, when it signifies the condemnation of a play ; but this application of it, though authorised by the politest speakers, lias an unhallowed harshness in it to pious ears, and an affectation of force to judicious ones. It is, at least, the figure called Catacliresis. DAMNIFICK, dam-nlFik, a. Procuring loss, mis- cliievous. 131 DEC DEC ^f 559. Fate 73, far 77,fall 83, ftt 81 mi 93, mt 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, m5ve 10*, DECAY, di-ka', s. Decline from tlie state of per. faction ; declension from prosperity ; consumption. DECAYEB, di-ka'&r, s. 98. That which causes decay. DECEASE, d^-S^se 7 , s. 227. Death, departure from life. To DECEASE, dd-sdse', v. n. To die, to depart from life. DECEIT, d^-S&e 7 , S. 250. Fraud, a cheat, a fal- lacy ; stratagem, artifice. DECEITFUL, di-sdte'ful, a. Fraudulent, full of deceit DECEITFULLY, d-ste'ful-ld, ad. Fraudulently. DECEITFULNESS, d-ste'ful-ns, s. Tendency to deceive. DECEIVABLE, d-se / vJ-bl, a. Subject to fraud, exposed to imposture. DECEIVABLENESS, d^-s^v^-bl-nfe, s. Liableness to be deceived. To DECEIVE, dt*-sve / , v. a. 250. To bring into errour; to delude by stratagem. DECEIVER, d^-S^var, s. One that leads another into errour. DECEMBER, d-s3m'b&r, s. 98. The last month of the year. DECEMPEDAL, d-sm'p-dal, a. Having ten feet in length. DECEMVTRATE, d-sm / v-rate, s. 91. The dig- nity and office of the tn governors of Rome, DECEMVIRI, dd-S^m'vd-ri, s. Ten supreme ma- gistrates of ancient Rome, chosen to make laws and govern for a certain time. This word is anglicised in- to Decemvirs, the plural of Decemvir. DECENCY, de's^n-S^, s. Propriety of form, be- coming ceremony ; suitableness of character, pro- priety ; modesty. DECENNIAL, d-sn'n-al, a. 113. What contin- ues for the space of ten years. DECENT, d^s^nt, a. Becoming, fit, suitable DECENTLY, d^snt-l, ad. In a proper manner, with suitable behaviour. DECEPTiBrLiTY, dd-s^p-td-bll'^-te, s. Liableness to be deceived- DECEPTIBLE, d^-s^p't^-bl, a. 4-05. Liable to be deceived. DECEPTION, d-sp'sh5n, s. The act or means of deceiving, cheat, fraud ; the state of being deceived. DECEPTIOUS, dd-slp'sh&s, a. 314. Deceitful. DECEPTIVE, d-sgrytiv, a . 157. Having the power of deceiving. DECEPTORY, d&'^p-tur-e 1 , a. Containing means of deceit. See Receptory. DECERPT, deUsfpt', a. Diminished, taken off. DECERPTIBLE, dd-s^rp'td-bl, a. That may be taken off. DECERPTION, d-sgrp'sh&n, s. The act of lessen- ing, or taking off. DECESSION, d-ssb/&n, s. A departure. To DECHARM, d^-tsharm', v. a. To counteract a charm, to disenchant To DECIDE, d-side', v. a. To fix the event of, to determine ; to determine a question or dispute. DECIDENCE, dgs'-dgnse, s. 503. The quality of being shed, or of falling off; the act of falling away. DECIDER, d-si'dur, S . 98. One who determines causes ; one who determines quarrels. DECIDUOUS, d^-sld'u-us, or de-sld'jfi-us, a. 293. Falling, not perennial. DECIMAL, des^-mil, a. Numbered by ten. To DECIMATE, ds'-mate, v. a. 91. To tithe, to tike the tenth ; to punish every tenth soldier by lot DECIMATION, dSs-sd-ma'shfin, s. A tithing, a selection of every tenth ; a selection by lot of every r onth soldier for punishment. * 'j DECIPHER, dd-sl'f&r, v. a. To explain that 134 which is written in ciphers ; to mark down in charac- ters ; to stamp, to mark ; to unfold, to unravel. DECIPHERER, d-si / fur-&r, s. One who explains writings in cipher. DECISION, de-sizh'&n, S. Determination of a dif. ference ; determination of an event DECISIVE, dd-si'slv, a. 158. 428. Having the power of determining any difference ; having the power of settling any event. DECISIVELY, d-si'slv-l, ad. In a conclusive manner. DECISIVENESS, d-si'slv-ns, s. The power of terminating any difference, or settling an event- DECISORY, de-si's6-r, a. 429. 557. Able to determine or decide. To DECK, dk, v. a. To overspread ; to dress ; to adorn. DECK, dk, s. The floor of a ship ; pack of cards piled regularly on each other. DECKER, d^k'k&r, s. A dresser. To DECLAIM, dd-klame 7 , v. n. To harangue, to speak set orations. DECLAIMER, de-kla'm&r, s. One who makes speeches with intent to move the passions. DECLAMATION, dk-la-ma'shun, s. 530. A dis- course addressed to the passions, an harangue. DECLAMATOR, dk-la-ma't&r, s. 521. A de- claimer, an orator. DECLAMATORY, dd-klam'ma-tfir-e, a. 512. Re- lating to the practice of declaiming ; appealing to the passions. DECLARABLE, dd-kla'ra-bl, a. Capable of proof. DECLARATION, dek-kla-ra'sh&n, s. 530. A pro- clamation or affirmation, publication ; an explanation of something doubtful ; in law, declaration is tiie showing forth of an action personalin any suit, though it is used sometimes for real actions. DECLARATIVE, d^-klar'a-tlv, a. 159. Making declaration, explanatory ; making proclamation. DECLARATORS Y, dd-klar'a-tftr-d-ld, ad. In the form of a declaration, not in a decretory form. DECLARATORY, de-klar'a-tur-d, a. 512. Affir- mative, expressive. To DECLARE, d^-klare', v. a. To make known, to tell evidently and openly ; to publish, to proclaim ; to show in open view. To DECLARE, d^-klare', r. n. To make a de- claration. DECLAREMENT, de-klare'ra^nt, s. Discovery, declaration, testimony. DECLARER, de-kla'rur, s. 98. One that makes any thing known. DECLENSION, de-klen'shfin, s. Tendency from a greater to a less degree of excellence ; declination^ descent ; inflexion, manner of changing nouns. DECLINABLE, d-kH'na-bl, a. 405. Having variety of terminations. DECLINATION, dk-kle-na'sh&n, s. Descent, change from a better to a worse state, decay ; the act of bending down ; variation from rectitude, oblique motion, obliquity ; variation from a fixed point ; in navigation, the variation of the needle from the true meridian of any place to the East or West ; in astro- nomy, the declination of a star, we call its shortest distance from the equator. DECLINATOR, dk-l-na'tc:r, 521. DECLINATORY, d-kJIn'a-tur-, An instrument in dialling. See Inclinatory. To DECLINE, d-kline / , v. n. To lean downwards; to deviate, to run into obliquities; to shun, to red: c, to avoid any thing ; to be impaired, to decay. To DECLINE, d^-kline', V. a. To bend downward", to bring down ; to shun, to refuse, to be cautious of; to modify a word by various terminations. DECLINE, de-kllne', s. The state of tendency to the worse, diminution, decay. DECLIVITY, di-kll\ I/ e-ti, S. 51!. Inclir:atir-ri or obliquity reckoned downwards, gradual de-i-ci.t. DEC DED nor 1G7, nit 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 oil 299 pound 313 thin 466, THIS 169. 503. Gradually de- DECLIVOUS, de-kll'viis, a. scending, not precipitous. To DECOCT, de-kokt', v. a. To prepare by boil- ing for any use, to digest in hot water ; to digest by the heat of the stomach ; to boil up to a consistence. DECOCTIBLE, de-kuk'te-bl, a. That which may be boiled, or prepared by boiling. DECOCTION, de-kok'shun, s. The act of boiling any thing ; a preparation made by boiling in water. DECOCTURE, de-k&k'tshure, s. 461. A substance drawn by decoction. DECOLLATION, de-k51-la'shun, s. The act of beheading. To DECOMPOSE, de-k&m-poze', v. a. (Decom- poser, Fr.) To dissolve or resolve a mixed body. ftj- I his word is neither in Johnson's Dictionary, nor any other I have seen, but is of so frequent use as to de- serve a place in all. To Decompound is frequently used in this sense, but improperly ; for that word signifies to mix compounded things together, while to Decompose means to unmix or analyze things. DECOMPOSITE, de-kom-p&z'It, a. lot. Com- pounded a second time. DECOMPOSITION, de-k&m-po-zlsb'un, s. The act of compounding things already compounded. To DECOMPOUND, de-k&m-pound', v. a. To compose of things already compounded. DECOMPOUND, de-k5m-pouiid', a. Composed of things or words already compounded. To DECORATE, dck/k,'>-rate, v. a. 91. To adorn, to embellish, to beautify. DECORATION, dek-k 3 The last stage of decay, "the last effects of old age. DECREPITUDE, de-krp'e-tude, DECRESCENT, de-kres'sent, a. Growing less. DECRETAL, (te-kre'tal, a. Appertaining to a de- cree, containing a decree. DECRETAL, de-kr^tal, or dek're-tal, s. A book of decrees or edicts; the collection of the Pope's de- crees. g^ All our lexicographers, except Dr Johnson, place the accent on the second syllable of this word ; and this accentuation, it must be confessed, is agreeable to the best usage. But Dr Johnson's accentuation on the first syllable is unquestionably the most agreeable to English analogy ; first, because it is a trisyllable and a simple, 503 ; next, because it is derived from the latter Latin Decretalis ; which, in our pronunciation of it, has an accent on the first and third syllable ; and therefore, when adopted into our language, by dropping the last i syllable, takes the accent on the first. see Academy. '\ hat this is the general analogy of accenting words from the Latin which drop the last syllable, is evident from tUe words Decrement, Increment, Interval, &c. DECRETIST, dd-kre'tlst, s. One that studies the decretals. DECRETORY, dek'kre-tur-, a. 557. 512. Judicial, definitive. DECRIAL, de-kri'al, s. Clamorous i-ensure, hasty or noisy condemnation. To DECRY, de-kri', v. a. To censure, to blame clamorously, to clamour against. to a character. nvrrruncwv D3- An uneducated English speaker is very apt to pro- I Vr UJ , ,.' , nouiicethis word with the accent on the first syllable, i The act of lying down, thep<.sture of lying down. according to the analogy of his own language; but a j JDECUMBITURE, de-kum'be-tshure, s. 463. The learned ear would be as much shocked at such adepar- time at which a man takes to his bed in a disease, ture from classical propriety, as in the words xonorinu DECUPLE, dek'il-pl, a. 405. Tenfold. ana. canorous, 512. When once the mere English scholar T -, , , , i , i is set right in this word, he will be sure to pronounce L>ECURION, de-ku're-flli, s. A commander Derfecorou.i with the accent on the penultimate likewise ; and when he is told that this is wrong, because that syl- lable in the Latin word is short, he will not fail to pro- nounce Indecorous with the antepenultimate accent; but what will be. his surprise, when he is informed that this too is wrong, because the penultimate syllable in Latin is long. See Indecorous. To DECORTICATE, de-k^r'te-kate, v. a. To divest of the bark or husk. DECORTICATION, de-kor-te-ka'shun, s. The act of stripping the bark or husk. over ten. DECURSION, de-kur'shtm, s. The act of running down. DECURTATTON, d^k-kur-ta'shun, s. 530. The act of cutting short. To DECUSSATE, de-kus'sate, v. a. To intersect at acute angles. DECUSSATION, d^k-kus-sa'shun, s. 530. The act of crossing, slate of being crossed at unequal angles. To DEDECORATE, de-dek'ko-rate, v. a. To dis- grace, to bring a reproach upon. DECORUM, de-kt/r&m, s. Decency, behaviour ' DEDEcoRATiON, d^-d^k-ko-ra'sbun, s. The net contrary to licentiousness, seemlinebS. To DECOY, de-koe', v. a. 329. To lure into a cage, to entrap. DECOY, de-kou', s. Allurement to mischief. DKCOYDUCK, de-koeMuk, s. A duck that lures others. To DECREASE, de-krse / , v. n. 227. To grow less, to be diminished. To DECREASE, d4-krese', v. a. To make less, to diminish. DECREASE, de-krese', s. The state of growing less, decay; the wane of the moon. To DECREE, de-kree', v- n. To make an edict, to appoint by edict. Ti> DECREE, de-kree', v. a. To doom, or assign by a decree. DECREE, de-kr'ee, s. An edict, a law ; an established rule ; a determination of a suit. DECREMENT, dek'kre-ment, s. 503. Decrease, the state of growing less, the quantity lost by de- creasing, DECREPIT, de-krp1t, a. Wasted or worn out 5* h TK' word is frequently mispronounced, as if duced, consequential proposition. tovit decrepit. DiOjfCiBLE, de du'se-bl, a. Collectible by 135 of disgracing. DEDECOROUS, de-dek'ko-rus, . Disgraceful, re- proachful. See iJecorous. DEDENTITION, ded-en-tlsh'im, s. 530. Loss or shedding of the teeth. To DEDICATE, dM'-kate, v. a. To devote h. some divine power ; to appropriate solemnly to any person or purpose ; to inscribe to a patron. DEDICATE, ded'e-kate, a. Consecrate, devoted, dedicated. DEDICATION, dM-e-ka'-shun, s. The act of d.-- dicating to any being or purpose, consecration ; an i.;i. dress to a patron. DEDICATOR, ddd'e-ki-tur, s. 521. One who iu. scribes hi,s work to a patron. DEDICATORY, ded'e ka-tur-d, a. 503. ComprUiug a dedication. See Domestic. DEDITION, d-dlsli'un, *. The act of yielding up any thing. To DEDUCE, de-duse 7 , v a. To draw in a regular connected series ; to form a regular chain of conse- quential propositions ; to lay down in regular order. DEDUCEMENT, de-duse'ment, s. The thing de- duced, consequential proposition. , DEC DEC i. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81 me" 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 n6 162, m6ve I to, which is written in ciphers ; to mark down in charac- ters ; to stamp, to mark ; to unfold, to unravel. DECIPHERER, de*-sl'f reckoned downwards, gradual de^oiit. DECAY, d<*-ka', s. Decline from the state of per. fection ; declension from prosperity ; consumption. DECAYEE, dtUta'ftr, S. 98. That which causes decay. DECEASE, d-se'se / , s. 227. Death, departure from life. To DECEASE, dd-sese 7 , v. n. To die, to depart from life. DECEIT, d-se'te', s. 250. Fraud, a cheat, a fal- lacy ; stratagem, artifice. DECEITFUL, de'-se' te'ful, a. Fraudulent, full ' of deceit DECEITFULLY, de'-ste'ful-l, ad. Fraudulently. DECEITFULNESS, de'-se'te'ful-ne's, s. Tendency to deceive. DECEIVABLE, de'-se'vi-bl, a. Subject to fraud, exposed to imposture. DECEIVABLENESS, de'-se v va-bl-ne ! s, s. Liableness to be deceived. To DECEIVE, de'-seve', v. a. 250. To bring into errour ; to delude bv stratagem. DECEIVER, di-seVar, S. One that leads another into errour. DECEMBER, d&-se ! m'b&r, s. 98. The last month of the year. DECF.MPEDAL, de'-se'm'pe'-dal, a. Having ten feet in length. DECEMVTRATE, de-se'm've'-rate, s. 91. The dig- nity and office of the ten governors of Rome. DECEMVIRI, de'-se'm've'-rl, s. Ten supreme ma- gistrates of ancient Rome, chosen to make laws and govern for a crtaiu time. This word is anglicised in- to Decemvirs, the plural of Decemvir. DECENCY, d^'s5n-s^, s. Propriety of form, be- coming ceremony; suitableness of character, pro- priety ; modesty. DECENNIAL, de-se'n'ne'-al, a. 113. What contin- ues for the space of ten years. DECENT, de^s^nt, a. Becoming, fit, suitable DECENTLY, de v se'nt-l& 1 ad. In a proper manner, with suitable behaviour. DECEPTIBILITY, de'-sep-te'-bll'e'-te', s. Liableness to be deceived- DECEPTIBLE, de'-se'p'te'-bl, a. 405. Liable to be deceived. DECEPTION, de'-se'p'shin, s. The act or means of deceiving, cheat, fraud ; the state of being deceived. DECEPTIOUS, de-s^p'sh&s, a. 314. Deceitful. DECEPTIVE, de'-se'p'tiv, a. 157. Having the power of deceiving. DECEPTORY, deV6p-t&r-, a. Containing means of deceit See Receptory. DECERPT, d^-sfpt', a. Diminished, taken off. DECERPTIBLE, de'-sgrp'te-bl, u. That may be taken off. DECERPTION, d^-sgrp'shfin, s. The act of lessen- ing, or taking off. DECESSION, d^-S^sh'in, s. A departure. To DECHARM, de'-tsharm', v. a. To counteract a charm, to disenchant To DECIDE, de-side 7 , v. a. To fix the event of, to determine ; to determine a question or dispute. DECIDENCE, deVe-dgnse, s. 503. The quality of being shed, or of falling off; the act of falling away. DECIDER, de-si'dur, s. 98. One who determines causes ; one who determines quarrels. DECIDUOUS, de-sld'u-fis, or de-sld'ji-us, n. 293. Falling, not perennial. DECIMAL, deV^-mal, a. Numbered by ten. To DECIMATE, deV^-mate, v. a. 91. To tithe, to tike the tenth ; to punish every tenth soldier by lot JJECIMATION, de's-se-ma'shfm, s. A tithing, a selection of every tenth ; a selection by lot of every ^;>nth soldier for punishment. * All our lexicographers, except Dr Johnson, place the accent on the second syllable of this word ; and this accentuation, it must be confessed, is agreeable to the best usage. But Dr Johnson's accentuation on the first syllable is unquestionably the most agreeable to English analogy ; first, because it is a trisyllable and a simple. 503 ; next, because it is derived from the latter Latin JJecretalis ; which, in our pronunciation of it, has an accent on the first and third syllable ; and therefore, when adopted into our language, by dropping the last syllable, takes the accent on the first. i>ee Academy. 'i hat this is the general analogy of accenting \vords from the Latin which drop the last syllable, is evident from the words Decrement, Increment, Interval, &c. DECRETIST, dd-kre'tlst, s. One that studies the decretals. DECRETORY, dek'kre-t5r-^, a. 557.512. Judicial, definitive. DECRIAL, de-kri'al, s. Clamorous censure, hasty or noisy condemnation. To DECRY, de-krl', v. a. To censure, to blame i clamorously, to clamour against DECUMBENCE, de-kurr/bense, \ | DECUMBENCY, de-kum'ben-se, 5 *' The act of lying down, the posture of lying down. . DECUMBITCRE, de-kum'be-tshure, s. 463. Tlie i time at which a man takes to his bed in a disease. ! DECUPLE, dek'u-pl, a. 405. Tenfold. DECURION, de-ku're-ftn, s. A commander over ten. DECURSION, de-kur'sMn, S. The act of running down, DECURTATION, dek-kur-eta'shun, s. 530. The act of cutting short. To DECUSSATE, de-kus'sate, v. a. To intersect at acute angles. DECUSSATION, dek-kus-sa'shun, s. 530. The act of crossing, state of being crossed at unequal angles. To DEDECORATE, de-dek'ko-rate, r. a. To dis- grace, to bring a reproach upon. DEUECORATION, de-dek-ko-ra'shfin, s. The ct of disgracing. DEDECOROUS, de-dek'ko-ras, . Disgraceful, re- proachful. See iJecorous. DEDENTITTON, ded-en-tish'un, s. 530. Loss or shedding of the teeth. To DEDICATE, ded'e-kate, v. a. To devote h> some divine power; to appropriate solemnly to any person or purpose ; to inscribe to a patron. DEDICATE, ded'e-kate, a. Consecrate, devoted, dedicated. DEDICATION, ded-e-ka'-shun, s. The act of de- dicating to any being or purpose, consecration; an i.fl. <'re.~a to a patron. DEDICATOR, ded'e-ka-tfrr, s. 521. One who in. scribes his work to a patron. DEDICATORY, ded'e-ka-tur-, a. 503. Comprising a dedication. See Dfimestic. DEDITION, de-dlsl/Oll, s. The act of yielding up any thing. To DEDUCE, de-duse', v a. To draw in a regular connected series ; to form a regular chain of cuiise- quential propositions ; to lay down iti regular order. DEDUCEMENT, de-duse'ment, s. The tin!;- de- duced, consequential proposition. DLUUCIBLE, de du'se-bl, a. CollcctiMe by reason. DED ^559. File 73, far 77, fill 83, fat81-me93, met95-plne 105, pin 107 n6 162, mSvel64., DEDUCIVE, de-dfi'slv, a. deduction. To DEDUCT, de-d&kt', V. a. To subtract, to take D^UCTION, d^-d&k'sh&n, s. Consequential col- lection, consequence ; that which is deducted. DEDUCTIVE, de-d&k'tiv, a. Deducible. DEDUCTIVELY, dd-d&k'tlv-le, ad. Consequentially, by regular deduction. DEED, dedd, S. Action, whether good or bad ; ex- ploit ; power of action ; written evidence of any legal act ; fact, reality. DEEDLESS, deedle's, a. Unactive. To DEEM, dem, v.n. part. Dempt, or Deemed. To judge, to conclude upon consideration. DEEM, deem, s. Judgment, opinion. Obsolete. DEEP, dddp, a. Measured from the surface down- gr.ive, solemn ; dark coloured ; having a great degree of stillness or gloom ; bass, grave in sound. DEEP, deep, s. The sea, the main ; the most. solemn or still part. To DEEPEN, dee'pn, v. a. 359. To make deep, to sink far below the surface ; to darken, to cloud, to make dark ; to make sad or gloomy. DEEPMOUTHED, de^p'mouTHd, a. Having a hoarse and loud voice. DEEPMITSING, deep'mu'zing, a. Contemplative, lost in thought. DEEPLY, de^ple 1 , ad. To a great depth, far below the surface ; with great study or sagacity ; sorrow- fully, solemnly ; with a tendency to darkness of col- our ; in a high degree. DEEPNESS, de^p'ne's, s. Entrance far below the surface, profundity ; depth. DEER, deer, s. That class of animals \vhich is hunt- ed for venison. To DEFACE, de-fase / , v. a. To destroy, to rase, to disfigure. DEFACEMENT, de-fase'mnt, s. Violation, injury ; erasement. DEFACER, de-fa'sur, S. 28. Destroyer, abolisher, violator. DEFAILANCE, de-falanse, s. Failure. To DEFALCATE, de-fal'kate, v. a. To cut off, to lop, to take away part DC^" The a in this word does not go into the broad German a in fall, not only because the consonant that follows the I is carried off to the succeeding syllable, but necause the word is derived from the Latin : and it must oe carefully observed, that words from the learned lan- guages preserve the a before I, and another consonant in the short middle sound of that vowel ; in the same man- ner as u in fulminate preserves the short sound of that letter, and is not pronounced like the same vowel in full. at 177. DEFALCATION, deT-fal-ka'sh&n, s. 530. Diminu- tion. DEFAMATORY, de-fam'ma-tur_e, a. Calumnious, unjustly censorious, libellous. To DEFAME, de-fame 7 , v. a. To censure falsely in publick, to dishonour by reports. D EFAMER, de-fa'mur, s. One that injures the re- putation of another. To DEFATIGATE, de-fat'e-gate, v. a. To weary. DEFATIGATION, de-flt-e-ga'shun, s. Weariness. DEFAULT, de-fawlt', s. Omission of that which we ought to do, neglect; crime, failure, fault; defect, want ; in law, non-appearance in court at a day as- signed. See Fault. DEFAULTER, de-fawlt'ur, s. One who is deficient in duty ; a peculator. DEFEASANCE, de-fe'zanse, s. The act of annull- ing or abrogating any contract ; the writing in which a defeasance is contained. DEFEASIBLE, de-fe'ze-bl, a. 405. That which may be annulled. 136 DEFEAT, dS-fete', A The overthrow of an army ; act of destruction, deprivation. To DEFEAT, de-fete', v. a. To overthrow ; to frustrate. DEFEATURE, da-fe'tshiire, s. 461. Change of feature, alteration of countenance. Not in use. To DEFECATE, def'f^-kate, v. a. 503. To purge, to cleanse ; to purify from any extraneous or noxious mixture. DEFECATE, deffe-kate, a. Purged from lees or foulness. DEFECATION, def-fe-ka'shun, s. Purification. DEFECT, d^-fekt', s. Want, absence of something necessary ; failing ; a fault, a blemish. DEFECTIBILITY, de-fek-te-bll'e-te, s. The state of failing, imperfection. DEFECTIBLE, d-fek'te-bl,a. Imperfect, deficient DEFECTION, d-fek'shun, s. A falling away, apostacy ; an abandoning of a king or state ; revolt DEFECTIVE, de-fek'tiv, a. 157. Full of defects, imperfect, not sufficient ; faulty, blamable. DEFECTIVENESS, de-fek'tlv-nes, s. Want, faulti- ness. DEFENCE, d-fnse', S. Guard, protection ; vindi- cation, justification, apology ; prohibition ; resistance ; in law, the defendant's reply after declaration pro- duced ; in fortification, the part, that flanks another work. DEFENCELESS, de-fense1s, a. Naked, unarmed, unguarded ; impotent. To DEFEND, de-fend', ;. a. To stand in defence of, to protect ; to vindicate, to uphold, to fortify ; to prohibit ; to maintain a place, or cause. DEPENDABLE, de-fen'da-bl, a. That may be de- fended. DEFENDANT, de-f^n'dant. a. Defensive, fit for defence. DEFENDANT, de-fen'dunt, s. He that defends against assailants ; in law, the person accused or sued. DEFENDER, de^-fe'n'dtir. s. 98. One that defends, a champion ; an asserter, a vindicator ; in law, an ad- vocate. DEFENSATIVE, de-feVsa-tiv, s. Guard, defence ; in surgery, a bandage, plaster, or the like. DEFENSIBLE, dd-fen'sa-bl, a. That may be de- fended; justifiable, capable of vindication. DEFENSIVE, de-fen'siv, a. 428. That serves to defend, proper for defence ; in a state or posture of defence. DEFENSIVE, de-f en'slv, s. 158. Safeguard; state of defence. DEFENSIVELY, de-fen'slv-le, ad. In a defensive manner. To DEFER, deafer 7 , v. n. To put off, to delay to act.; to pay deference or regard to another's opinion. To DEFER, de-fe, v. a. To withhold, to delay ; to refer to, to leave to another's judgment DEFERENCE, defeV-e^nse, s. 503. Regard, respect; complaisance, condescension, submission. DEFIANCE, de-fi'anse, S. A challenge, an invita- tion to fight ; a challenge, to make any impeachment good ; expression of abhorrence or contempt DEFICIENCE, de-f ish'dnse. DEFICIENCY, de'-fish'en-s Defect, failing, imperfection ; want, something less than is necessary. DEFICIENT, de-f Ish'Cnt, a. Failing, wanting, de- fective. DEFTER, de-fl'ur, s. A challenger, a contemner. To DEFILE, de-file', v. a. To make foul or im- pure ; to pollute ; to corrupt chastity, to violate ; to taint, to vitiate. To DEFILE, d-file', v. n. To go off, file by fi!e. DEFILE, d^-f He', S. A narrow passage. B5" Some military coxcombs have endeavoured to in, troduce the French pronunciation of this word De'fite, as if written T)fff-fe-lay ; others have endeavoured to bring it nearer to our own analogy, by pronouncing it DEF DEI nor 167, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 oil 299 pound 313 thin 466, TH!S 469. hi three syllables, as if written Deff'fe-fe. I am sorry to i DEFORMEDNESS, de-for'med-nes, s. Ugliness, find Mr Sheridan has adopted this pronunciation: he is r)p. FnRMITV He. fnr'mp tA T7o-linp followed only by Bailey and Ash ; the first of whom has J , ITY > de-tor me-te, S. Ugliness, it both ways, and the last gives it only as an uncom- favouredness; irregularity. mon pronunciation. Dr Johnson and the rest are deci- dedly for the general pronunciation, which is the same as the verb to defile : and if this were urged as a reason to alter the pronunciation of the substantive, it may be answered that the remedy would be worse than the dis- ease. See Bowl. DEFORSOR, de-for'sur, s. 166. One that over- comes and casts out by force. A law term. To DEFRAUD, de-frawd', v. a. To rob or deprive by a wile or trick. DEFRAUDER, de-fraw'dtir, s. A deceiver. To these observations it may be added, that if we pro- To DEFRAY, de-fra', v. a. To bear the charges of. nounce this word exactly like the French, because it is DEFRAYER, de-fri'ur. s. 98. One that discharges a military term, we ought to pronounce a File of mus- ^ ' queteers, a Feel of musqueteers. ! T j i c ' / i * DEFILEMEMT, de-file'ment, s. The state of being DEFRAYMENT, de-fra'ment, s. The payment of defiled, pollution, corruption. DEFILER, de-fi'lur, s. 98. One that defiles, a cor- rupter. DEFINABLE, de-f 'ine'a-bl, a. Capable of definition ; that may be ascertained. To DEFINE, de-fine', v. a. To give the definition, to explain a thing by its qualities ; to circumscribe, to mark the limit. To DEFINE, de-fine', v. n. To determine, to decide. DEFINER, de-fVnCir, s. One that describes a thing by its qualities. DEFINITE, def'e-mt, a. 503. 154. Certain, limit- ed ; exact, precise. DEFINITE, defe-nlt, s. 156. Thing explained or defined. DEFINITELY, def e-nit-le, ad. Precisely, in a de- finite manner. DEFINITENESS, defe-nlt-nes, s. Certainty, limit- edness. DEFINITION, def-e-nish'un, s. A short description of any thing by its properties ; in logick, the explica- tion of the essence of a thing by its kind and difference. DEGENERATE de-ien'er-ate a. DEFINITIVE, de-fin'e-tlV, a. Determinate, positive, ancestors ; unworthy, base. expenses. DEFT, deft, a. Neat, proper, dexterous. Obsolete. DEFTLY, deTt'le, ad. Neatly, dexterously ; in a skilful manner. Obsolete. DEFUNCT, de-fungkt', a. Dead, deceased. DEFUNCT, de-fungkt', S. One that is deceased, a dead man or woman. DEFUNCTION, de-fungk'shun, s. 408. Death, To DEFY, de-fi', v. a. To call to combat, to challenge ; to treat with contempt, to slight. DEFY, de-f l', s. A challenge, an invitation to fight. Not in use. DEFYER, de-fl'ur, s. A challenger, one that in- vites to fight. DEGENERACY, de-jen'eT-a-se", s. A departing from the virtue of our ancestors ; a forsaking of that which is good ; meanness. To DEGENERATE, de-jen'er-ate, v. n. 91. To fall from the virtue of our ancestors ; to fall from a more noble to a base state ; to fall from its kind, to grow wild or base. Unlike his express. DEFINITIVELY, de-fin'e-tiv-le, ad. Positively, de- cisiveh*, expressly. DEFINITIVENESS, de-fin'e-tlv-nes, s. Decisive- ness. DEFLAGRABILITY, def-fla-gra-bll'e-te, s. Com- bustibility. DEFLAGRABLE, de-fla'gra-bl, a. Having the quality of wasting away wholly in fire. DEFLAGRATION, def-rla-gra'shun, s. Setting fire to several things in their preparation. To DEFLECT, de-flekt', v. n. To turn aside, to de- viate from a true course. DEFLECTION, de-flek'shun, s. Deviation, the act of turning aside ; a turning aside, or out nf the way. DEFI.EXURE, d dlf, s. A mine, a quarry ; earthen ware, counterfeit china ware. To DELIBERATE, de-lib'eV-ate, r. n. 91. To think in order to choice, to hesitate. DELIBERATE, de-lib'er-ate, a. 91. circumspect, wary ; slow. DELIBERATELY, de-llb'-e'r-ate-le', ad. circum- spectly, advisedly. DELIBERATENESS, de-lWer-ate-n^s, s. Circum- "spection, wariness. DELIBERATION, de-llb-e'r-a'sh&n, s. The act of deliberating, thought in order to choice. DELIBERATIVE, de-lib'e'r-a-tiv, a. Pertaining to deliberation, apt to consider. DELIBERATIVE, de-lil/lr-J-tiv, s. The discourse in which a question is deliberated. DELICACY, del'e-ka-s^, s. Daintiness, niceness in eating ; any thing- highly pleasing to the senses ; softness ; nicety ; politeness ; indulgence ; tenderness, scrupulousness ; weakness of constiuition. DELICATE, dei'e-kate, a. 91. 503. Fine, con- sisting of small parts ; pleasing to the eye ; nice, plea- sing to the taste ; dainty, choice, select , gentle of manners ; soft, effeminate ; pure, clear. DELICATELY, del'e-kate-le, ad. Beautifully ; finely ; daintily ; choicely ; politely ; effeminately. DELJCATENESS, del'e-kate-nes, s. The state of being delicate. DELICATES, del'e-kats, s. Niceties, rarities. DELICIOUS, de-llsh'as, a. 507. Sweet, delicate, that affords delight. DELICIOUSLY, de-llsl/frs-le', ad. Sweetly, pleas- antly, delightfully. DELICIOUSNESS, d4-lish'us-ncs, s. Delight, pleasure, joy. OBLIGATION, d^l-l^-ga'shfin, s. A binding up. DELIGHT, de'-lite', s. 393. Joy, pleasure, satisfac- tion; that which gives delight To DELIGHT, dtUite', v. a. To please, to content, to satisfy. To DELIGHT, d^-lite', v. n. To have delight or pleasiire in. DELIGHTFUL, de-lite'fiil, a. Pleasant, charming. DELIGHTFULLY, de-lite'ful-le, ad. Pleasantly, charmingly, with delight. DELIGHTFULNESS, de-lite'ful-ne's, s. Pleasant- ness, satisfaction. DELIGHTSOME, de'-lite'sum, a. Pleasant, delight- ful DELIGHTSOMELY, de'-lite's&m-le 1 , ad. Pleasantly, in a delightful manner. DELIGHTSOMENESS, de-llte'suin-nes, s. Pleasant- ness, dolightfulness. To DELINEATE, dWm'e-ate, v. a. To draw the first draught of a thing ; to design ; to paint in colours; | to represent a true likeness ; to describe. | DELINEATION, de-lin-e-A'shun, a -. The first draught of a thing. DELINQUENCY, de-llng'k\ven-se, s. A fault.failure in duty. DELINQUENT, de-Hng'kwent, s. An offender. To DELIQUATE, deTli-k .vate, v. n. 503. To melt, to be dissolved. DELIQUATION, del-le-k\va'shan, A mt-iting, a dissolving. DELIQUIUM, dellk'kwe'-um, s. A distillation by the force of fire. DELIRIOUS, de-lVe-fts, a. 507. Light-he; led, raving, doating. DELIRIUM, dc-Hi-'o-um, s. Alienation of mind, dot:: -. j To DELIVER, de-llv'&r, v. a. To give, to yield ; DEL DEM n5r 167, nfit 163 tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173-611 299 p5und 313 thin 466, mis 469. to cast away ; to surrender, to put into one's hands ; to save, to rescue ; to relate, to utter ; to disburden a woman of a child ; to deliver over, to put into another's hand<-, to give from hand to^hand ; To deliver up, to surrender, to give np. DELIVERANCE, de-Hv'ur-anse, s. The act of de- livering a thing to another ; the act of freeing from captivity or any oppression, rescue ; the act of speak- ing, utterance ; the act of bringing children. DELIVERER, de-llv'ur-ur, s. A saver, a rescuer, a preserver ; a relater, one that communicates some- thing. DELIVERY, de-llv'fir-e, s. The act of delivering, or giving; release, rescue, saving ; a surrender, giving up ; utterance, pronunciation ; child-birth. DELL, del, s. A pit, a valley. DELPH, delf, s. A fine sort of earthen ware. DELUDABLE, de-lu'da-bl, a. 405. Liable to be deceived. To DELUDE, de-lude 7 , v. a. To I.cguile, to cheat, to deceive. DELUDER, de-lu'dur, s. A l.eguiler, a deceiver, an impostor. To DELVE, delv, v. a. To dig, to open the ground with a spade ; to fiitliom, to sift. DELVE, delv, s. A ditch, a pitfal, a den. DELVEH, del'vur, s. 98. A digger. DELUGE, delluje, S. A general inundation ; an overflowing of the natural bounds of a river ; any sud- den nnd resistless calamity. To DELUGE, del'luje, v. a. To drown, to lay totally under water ; to overwhelm. DELUSION, de-lu'zhun, s. A cheat, guile ; a fa'se representation, ilhuion, errour. DELUSIVE, de-lu'siv, 158. 428. DELUSORY, de_lu'sur-e, 557. 429. Apt to deceive. DEMAGOGUE, dem'a-g5g, s. 338. A ringleader of the rabble. DEMAIN, DEMESNE, That land which a man holds originally of himself. It is sometimes used also for a distinction between those lands that the lord of the manor has in his own hands, or in the hands of his lessee, and such other lands ap- pertaining to the said manor as belong to free or copy- holders. DEMAND, de-mand', S. 79. A claim, a challeng- ing ; a question, an interrogation ; a calling for a thing in order to purchase it ; in law, the asking of what is due. To DEMAND, de-mand 7 , v. a. To claim, to ask for with authority. DEMANDABLE, de-man'da-bl, a. That may be demanded, asked, for. DEMANDANT, de-man'dant, s. He who is actor or plaintiff in a real action. DEMANDER, de-mdn'dur, s. One that requires a thing with authority ; one that asks for a thing in order to purchase it. DEMEAN, de-mene', s. A mien, presence, carriage. Obsolete. To DEMEAN, de-mene 7 , v. a. To behave, to carry one's self ; to lessen, to debase. DEMEANOUR, de-m^'nur, s. 314. Carriage, be- haviour. DEMEANS, 1 de-menz', s. pi. An estate in lands, DEMESNES, } DEMERIT, de-m^rlt, s. The opposite to merit, ill-deserving. DEMESNE, de-mene', s. See Demain. DEMI, dCm'e, inseparable part. Half, as demi- god, that is, half human, and half divine. DEMI-CANNON, dem'e-kan'nun, s. A great gun. DEMI-CULVERIN, d^m'e-kul'ver-in, s. A small cannon. DEMI-DEVIL, dem'e-dv'vl. s. 405. Half a devil. 139 Partaking of Divine A light lance, a DEMI-GOD, deWe-gSd, s. nature, half a god. DEMI-LANCE, dem'e-lanse, s. spear. DEMI-MAN, dlm'e-man, s. Half a man. DEM-WOLF, dem'e-wulf', s. Half a wolf. DEMISE, de-raize 7 , s. Death, decease. To DEMISE, de-mize / , v. a. To grant at one's death, to bequeath. DEMISSION, de-mlsh'un, s. Degradation, diininu. tion of dignity. To DEMIT, d-mlt', v. a. To depress. DEMOCRACY, de-mSk / kra-s, s. One of the three 'onus of government, that in which the sovereign power is lodged in the body of the people. DEMOCRATS, de'm'6-crat, S. A new-coined word from democracy ; a friend to popular governnu- nL tfj- See Aristocrats. DEMOCRATICAL, dem-6-krat'e-kal, a. 530. Per- taining to a popular government, popular. To DEMOLISH, de-mSl'Ush, v. a. To throw down buildings, to raze, to destroy. DEMOLISHER, de-miMTish-ur, s. One that throws down buildings ; a destroyer. DEMOLITION, din-6-Hsh'un, s. 530. The act of overthrowing buildings ; destruction. DEMON, de / m6n, s. A spirit, generally an evil spirit. DEMONIACAL, d^m-6-ni'a-kal, > DEMO.VIACK, de-mo'ne-ak, j 5C6. Be- longing to the Devil; devilish; influenced by the devil. DEMONIACK, de-mo'ne-ak, s. 505. One pos- sessed by the devil. DEMONIAN, de-mc/ne-an, a. Devilish. DEMONOLOGY, dm-6-nSl'6-j, s. 530. Dis- course of the nature of devils. DEMONSTRABLE, d^-mon'stra-bl, a. That may be proved beyond doubt or contradiction. DEMONSTRABLY, de-m6n'stra-ble, ad. In such a manner as admits of certaifc proof. To DEMONSTRATE, de-m&n'strate, v. a. 91. To prove with the highest degree of certainty. DEMONSTRATION, de'tn-mSn-stra'shun, s. 530. The highest degree of deducible or argumental evi- dence ; indubitable evidence of the senses or reason. DEMONSTRATIVE, de-mfoi'stra-tiv, a. Having the power of demonstration, invincibly conclusive . having the power of expressing clearly. DEMONSTRATIVELY, de-m6n'stra-tlv-le, ad. With evidence not to be opposed or doubted ; clearly, plainly, with certain knowledge. DEMONSTRATOR, de^m-mSn-stra'tur, s. One that proves, one that teaches. D3- The accent on the penultimate syllable of this word seems appropriated to one whose office it is to de- monstrate or exhibit any part of plrilosophy : when it merely means one who demonstrates any thing in ge- neral, the accent is on the same syllable as the verb, 521. DEMONSTRATORY, d-vin6n'stra-tur-e, a. 512. Having the tendency to demonstrate. DEMULCENT, de-mul'sent, a. Softening, molli- fying, assuasive. To DEMUR, di-mur 7 , v. n. To delay a process iu law by doubts and objections ; to doubt, to have scru- ples. To DEMUR, de-mur 7 , . a. To doubt of. DEMUR, de-mfir 7 , s. Doubt, hesitation. j DEMURE, de-mure 7 , a. Sober, decent ; grave, I affectedly modest i DEMURELY, de-mure 7 ^, ad. wit . affected 1 modesty, solemnly. DEMURENESS, d-mire / ne ! s, s. Modesty, sober- ness, gravity of aspect ; affected modesty. DEMURRER, de-mur / ur, s. 98. A kind of pause upon a point of difficulty in an action. DEMY, de-mi', s. A half fellow of Jla^'.a'.rn College, Oxford. DEM DEP 3.59. Fate 73, fir 77, fall 83, fitSI, md 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 ni 162, move 1(H, DEMY, de-mi', a. A kind of paper. DEN, dn, s. A cavern or hollow running horizon- tally ; the cave of a wild beast ; Denjnay signify either a valley, or a woody place. DENAY, de-na', s. Denial, refusal. Obsolete. DENDROLOGY, den-drollo-je, s. 518. The na- tural history of trees. DENIABLE, de'-nl'a-bl, a. That may be denied. DENIAL, de-nl'al, s. Negation, refusal. DENIER, de'-nl'ur, s. 98. A contradictor, an op- ponent; one that does not own or acknowledge; a refuser, one that refuses. DENIER, de-n^re 7 , *. A small denomination of French money. To DENIGRATE, ddn'e-grate, or de-ni'grate, v. a. To blacken. DS- All our lexicographers, except Dr Johnson, accent this word on the second syllable. Placing the accent on the first, is undoubtedly conformable to a very prevail- ing analogy of our language, 503. But all words derived from Latin words, retaining the same number of sylla- bles, seem to retain the accent of their original, 503, e. Thus to Denigrate has the accent on t, because that let- ter is long, and has the accent in Denigro ; and to Emi- grate has the accent on the first syllable, because in Emi. gro the same letter is short, and the accent is on the an- tepenultimate. See Arietate and Coacervate. In a former edition of this Dictionary, I followed the general voice of all our orthoepists, except Dr Johnson, without recollecting that the in the Latin denigro might be pronounced either long or short ; and that when this is the case, we generally adopt the short sound in words derived from that language ; and as this short sound is more agreeable to the analogy of our own language, Dr Johnson's accentuation seems to be the preferable, 503. 545. DENIGRATION, den-e-gra'shfrn, s. A blackening, or making black. DENIZATION, den-e-za'sh&n, s. The act of en- franchising. DENIZEN, ? ., ,. C 103. > DENISON, 5 d } 170. J s- A freeman, one enfranchised. To DENOMINATE, de-n&m'e-nate, v. a. To name, to give a name to. DENOMINATION, de-nom-e-na'shun, s. A name given to a thing. DENOMINATIVE, de-nom'e-na-tlv, a. That gives a name ; that obtains a distinct appellation. DENOMINATOR, de-nSm'e-na-tur, s. 520. The giver of a name. DENOTATION, den.6-ta'sh&n, s. The act of de- noting. To DENOTE, de-note/, v. a. To mark, to be a sign of, to betoken. To DENOUNCE, de-nounse / , v. a. To threaten by proclamation. DENOUNCEMENT, de-no&nse'ment, s. The act of proclaiming any menace. DENOUNCER, de-lloun / sur, s. One that declares some menace. DENSE, dense, a. Close, compact, approaching to solidity. DENSITY, den'se-te, s. Closeness, compactness. DENTAL, den'tal, a. Belonging or relating to the teeth; in grammar, such letters as are pronounced principallyly the agency of the teeth. DKNTELU, den-tel'le, s. Modillons. A kind of brackets. 1 HNTICULATION, den-t!k-fr-la'shun, s. The state of being set with small teeth. DENTICULATED, den-tik'ii-la-ted, a. Set with small teeth. DENTIFRICE, den'te-frls, s. 142. A powder made to scour the teeth. DENTIST, den'tist, s. A surgeon who confines his practice to the teeth. DENTITION, den-tish'an, s. The act of breeding Ui ieath ; the time at which children's teeth are brei 1 10 To DENUDATE, de-nu'date, v. a. To divert, to strip. See To Denigrate. DENUDATION, den-nu-da'sh&n, s. 527. The act of stripping. To DENUDE, de-n^de 7 , v. a. To strip, to make naked. DENUNCIATION, de-nfrn-she-a'shun, s. The act of denouncing-, a publick menace. DENUNCIATOE, de-n&n-she-a'tur, s. He that proclaims any threat; he that lays an information against another. To DENY, de-ni', v. a. To contradict an accusa- tion ; to refuse, not to grant ; to disown ; to renounce, to disregard. To DEOBSTRUCT, de-6b-strukt', v. a. To clear from impediments. DEOBSTRUENT, de-ol/stru-ent, s. A medicine that has the power to resolve viscidities. DEODAND, de'6-dand, s. A thing given or for- feited to God for pacifying his wrath, in case of any misfortune, by which any Christian comes to a violent end, without the fault of any reasonable creature. To DEOPPILATE, de-or/pe-late, v. a. To deob- struct, to clear a passage. DEOPPILATION, de^op-pe-la'sh&n, s. The act of clearing obstruction. DEOPPILATIVE, de-op'pe-la-tlv, a. Deobstruent. DEOSCULATION, de-os-ku-la'shun, s. The act of kissing. To DEPAINT, d^-pant', v. a. To picture, to de- scribe by colours ; to describe. To DEPART, d^-part', v. n. To go away from a place ; to desist from a practice ; to be lost ; to desert, to apostatize ; to desist from a resolution or opinion ; to die, to decease, to leave the world. To DEPART, de'-part', v. a. To quit, to leave, to retire from. To DEPART, de-part', v. a. To divide, to separate. DEPART, de-part', S, The act of going away ; death ; with chymists, an operation so named, because the particles of silver are departed or divided from gold. DEPARTER, de-par'tiir, s. One that refines metals by separation. DEPARTMENT, de-part'ment, s. Separate allot- ment, business assigned to a particular person. DEPARTURE, de-par'tshure, s. 461. A going away ; death, decease ; a forsaking, an abandoning. DEPASCENT, de-pas'sent, a. Feeding greedily. To DEPASTURE, de-pis'tshhre, v. a. To eat up, to consume by feeding upon it. To DEPAUPERATE, de-pa\v'per-ate, v. a. To make poor. DEPECTIBLE, de-pek'te-bl, a. Tough, clammy. To DEPEND, de-pnd', ;. n. To hang- from ; to be in a state of servitude or expectation ; to be in sus- pense ; to depend upon, to rely on, to trust to ; to be in a state of dependance ; to rest upon any thing as its cause. DEPENDANCE, d^-pen'danse, 7 DEPENDANCY, de-pen'dan-se, ) The state of hanging down from a supporter ; some- thing- hanging upon another ; concatenation, con- nexion, relation of one thing to another; state of being at the disposal of another ; the things or persons of which any man has the dominion ; reliance, trust, confidence. DEPENDANT, de-pen'dant, a. in the power of another. DEPENDANT, de-pen'dant, *. One who lives in subjection ; or at the discretion of another. DEPENDENCE, de-pen'dense, 7 DEPENDENCY, de-pen'den-se, > A thing or person at the disposal or discretion of an- other ; state of bein? subordinate, or subject ; that which is not principal, that which is subordinate ; concatenation, connexion; relation of anything to another; trust, reliance, confidence. DEP DEP or 1G7, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173311 299 pound 313 thin 466, mis 469. The place DEPENDENT, de-per/dent, a. Hanging down. DEPENDENT, de-pen'dent, s. One subordinate. DEFENDER, de-pen'dur, s. 98. A dependant, one that reposes on the kindness of another. DEPERDITION, dep-er-disb/un, s. 527. Loss, de- struction. DEPHLEGMATION, def-fleg-ma'shun, s. 530. An operation which takes away from the phlegm any spirituous fluid by repeated distillation. To DEPHLEGM, de-flem', 389. 1 Q] To DEPHLEGMATE, de-fleg'mate, } v " a> yi> To clear from phlegm, or aqueous insipid matter. DEPHLEGMEDNESS, de-flem'ed-nes, s. The quality of being freed from phlegm. To DEPICT, de-pikt', v. a. To paint, to portray ; to describe to the mind. DEPICTURE, de-pik'tshure, v. a. To represent, in painting. DEPILATORY, de-piHa-tur-e, s. An application used to take away hair. DEPILOUS, de-pi'lus, a. Without hair. DEPLANTATION, dep'lan-ta/shun, s. The act of taking plants up from the bed. DEPOSITORY, de-poz'e-tur-e, s. 512. where any thing is lodged. DEPRAVATION, dep-ra- va'shun, s. 530. The act of making any thing bad ; degeneracy, depravity. To DEPRAVE, de-prave', v. a. To violate, to corrupt. DEPRAVEDNESS, d^-pravd'nes, s. Corruption, taint, vitiated state. DEPRAVEMENT, de-prave'ment, s. A vitiated state. DEPRAVER, de-pra'vur, s. A oorrupter. DEPRAVITY, de-prav'e-te, s. 511. Corruption. To DEPRECATE, dep'pre-kate, v. a. 91. To im- plore mercy of; to beg off; to pray deliverance from. DEPRECATION, dep-pre-ka'shun, s. Prayer against evil. DEPRECATIVE, dep'pre-ka-tiv, 1 ,-, 9 DEPRECATORY, dep'pr<3-ka-tur-, } ' That serves to deprecate. To DEPRECIATE, de-pre'she-ate, v. a. 91. To bring a thing down to a lower price ; to undervalue. To DEPREDATE, dep'pre-date, v. a. 91. To rob, to pillage ; to spoil, to devour. MBUUg |Fltttlfca UU IHMII LUC UKU. TV -l*"--5 " ~,~~.. DEPLETION, de-ple'shun, s. The act of emptying. ! DEPREDATION, dep-pre-da'shun, s. calamitous, despicable. DEPLORABLENESS, de-plo'ra-bl-nes, s. The state of being deplorable. DEPLORABLY, de-plo'ra-ble, ad. Lamentably, mis- erably. DEFLORATE, de-plo'rate, a. 91. Lamentable, hopeless. See To Denigrate. DEFLORATION, de-plo-ra'shun, s. 530. The act of deploring. To DEPLORE, de-plore', v. a. To lament, to be- wail, to bemoan. DEPLORER, de-plo'rur, s. A lamenter, a mourner. DEPLUMATION, dep-lu-ma'shun, s. 527. Pluck- ing off the feathers ; in surgery, a swelling of the eye- lids, accompanied with the fall of the hairs- To DEPLUME, de-plume', v. a. To strip off its feathers. To DEPONE, de-pone', v. a. To lay down as a pledge or security ; to risk upon the success of an ad- venture. DEPONENT, de-po'nent, s. 503. One that deposes his testimony in a court of justice ; in grammar, such verbs as have no active voice are called deponents. To DEPOPULATE, de-pop'u-late, v. a. To unpeo- ple, to lay waste. DEPOPULATION, de-pSp-u-la'shun, s. The act of unpeopling, havock, waste. DEPOPULATOR, de-pop'u-la-t&r, s. 521. A dis- peopler, a destroyer of mankind. To DEPORT, de-port', v. a. To carry, to demean. DEPORT, de-port', s. Demeanour, behaviour. DEPORTATION, dep-or-ta'shun, s. Transportation, exile into a remote part of the dominion j exile in general. DEPORTMENT, de-port'ment, s. 512. Conduct, management, demeanour, behaviour. To DEPOSE, d-p6ze / , V. a. To lay down ; to de- grade from a throne ; to take away, to divest ; to give testimony, to attest. To DEPOSE, de-poze', v. n. To bear witness. DEPOSITARY, de-pSz'e-ta.r-e, s. 512. One with whom any thing is lodged in trust. To DEPOSITE, de-pozlt, v. a. To lay up, to lodge in any place ; to lay up as a pledge or security ; to lay aside. DEPOSITE, de-pSzlt, S. 154. Any thing commit- ted to the trust and care of another ; a pledge, a pawn, the state of a thing pawned or pledged. DEPOSITION, dep-po-zlsh'un, s. The act of giving publick testimony ; the act of degrading a prince from sovereignty. A robbing, A robber, DEPREDATOR, dep'pre-da-tur, s. 521 a devourer. To DEPREHEND, dep-pre-hend', v. a. To catch one, to take unawares ; to discover, to find out a thing. Little used. DEPREHENSIBLE, dep-pre-hen'se-bl, a. That may be caught ; that may be understood. DEPREHENSIBLENESS, d^p-pre-hen'se-bl-nes, s. Capableness of being caught ; intelligibleness. DEPREHENSION, dep-pre-hn/shun, s. A catch- ing or taking unawares ; a discovery. To DEPRESS, de-pres', v. a. To press or thrust down ; to let fall, to let down ; to humble, to deject, to sink. DEPRESSION, d-presh'un, s. The act of pressing down ; the sinking or falling in of a surface ; the act of humbling, abasement. DEPRESSOR, de-pres'sur, s. 1 66. He that keeps or presses down. DEPRIVATION, dep-pre-va'shun, s. 530. The act of depriving or taking away from ; in law, is when a clergyman, as a bishop, parson, vicar, or prebend, U deposed from his preferment To DEPRIVE, deprive', v. a. To bereave one of a thing ; to put out of an office. DEPTH, depth, s. Deepness, the measure of any thing from the surface downwards ; deep place, not a shoal ; the abyss, a gulf of infinite profundity ; the middle or height of a season ; abstruseness, obscurity. To DEPTHEN, Aep'thn, v. a. 103. To deepen. DEPULSION, de-pul'shun, s. 177. A beating or thrusting away. DEPULSORY, de-pul'sur-e, a. 440. Putting or driving away. To DEPURATE, dep'u-rate, v. a. 91. To purify, to cleanse. DEPURATE, de'p'u-rate, a. 505. Cleansed, freed from dregs ; pure, not contaminated. DEPURATION, dep-u-ra'shun, s. The act of sepa, rating the pure from the impure part of any thing. To DEPURE, de-pure', v. a. To free from impu- rities ; to purge. DEPUTATION, dep-u-ta'shun, s. The act of de puting, or sending with a special commission ; vice- gerency. To DEPUTE, de-pute', v. a. To send with a spe- cial commission, to empower one to transact instead of another. DEPUTY, dep'u-te, s. A lieutenant, a viceroy ; any one that transacts business for another. JJ^=- This word is frequently mispronounced even by good speakers. There is 3 proneness in the p to slida DEQ DES f^ 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 me 93, m& 95 pine 105, pin 107 n6 162, m6ve into its nearest relation 6, which makes us often hear this word as if written debbuty. To DEQUANTITATE, d-k\v6n'te-tate, v. a. To diminish the quantity of. To DERACINATE, d-ras'sd-nate, v. a. To pluck or tear up by the roots. To prove, to justify. To DERANGE, de-ranje 7 , ;. a. To disorder, to disarrange. DFRAY, d-ra', s. Tumult, disorder, noise. DERELICT, deVe'-likt, S. Any thing which is relin- quished by the owner. DERELICTION, de'r-e-llk'sh&n, s. An utter for- saking or leaving. To DERIDE, de'-ride', v. a. To laugh at, to mock, to turn to ridicule. DERIDER, dd-ii'dfrr, s. 98. A mocker, a scoffer. DERISION, d-rlzh'6ri, s. The act of deriding or laughing at ; contempt, scorn, a laughing stock. DERISIVE, de'-ri'slv, a. 428. Mocking, scoffing. DERISORY, d^-ri'sftr-e, a. 429. 512. Mocking, ridiculing. DERIVABLE, de-ri'va-bl, a. Atta^able by right of descent or derivation. DERIVATION, de'r-e'-va'sh&n, s. 530. The tracing of a word from its original ; the tracing of any thing from its source ; in medicine, the drawing of a humour from one part of the body to another DERIVATIVE, d-rlv'a-tlv, a. Derived or taken from another. DERIVATIVE, di-rlv'a-tlv, s. 157. The thing or word derived or taken from another. DERIVATIVELY, d-rlv'a-tlv-l, ad. In a deriva- tive manner. To DERIVE, de-iive', v. a. To turn the course of any thing ; to deduce from its original ; to communi- cate to another, as from the origin and source; in grammar, to trace a word from its origin. To DERIVE, de-rive 7 , v. n. To come from, to owe its origin to : to descend from. DERIVER, de-rive'&r, s. One that draws or fetches from the original. DERNIER, dern-yare', a. Last To DEROGATE, deVo-gate, v. a. To lesson the worth of any person or thing, to disparage. To DEROGATE, deVo-gate, v. n. To retract DEROGATE, der'o-gate, a. 91. Lessened in value. DEROGATION, dr-A-ga'sh&n, s. 530. A dispa- raging, lessening or taking away the worth of any per- son or thing. DEROGATIVE, de-rSg'a-tiv, a. Derogating, les- sening the value. DEROGATORILY, de-rftg'a-tur-d-l^, ad. In a de- tracting manner. DEROGATORINESS, de-rog'a-t&r-d-ne's, s. The act of derogating. DEROGATORY, di-rSg'a-t&r-e, a. 512. That les- sens the value of. DERVIS, deVvls, s. A Turkish priest. DESCANT, dds'kant, s. 492. A song or tune ; a discourse, a disputation, a disquisition branched out into several divisions or heads. To DESCANT, des-kant', r. n. To harangue, to discourse at large. To DESCEND, de-send', v. n. To come from a higher place to a lower ; to come down ; to come sud- denly, to fall upon as an enemy ; to make an invasion ; to proceed from an original ; to fall in order of inhe- ritance to a successor ; to extend a discourse from a general to particular considerations. To DESCEND, de-send', v. a. To walk downward ! upon any place. DESCENDANT, de-sen'daiit, s. The jffrpring of an ancestor. DESCENDENT, du-sfr/dont, s. Falling, sinking, ( coming down ; proceeding from another as an original or ancestor. DESCENDIBLE, di-sSn'dd-bl, a. Such as may be descended ; transmissible by inheritance. DESCENSION, de-sn'shun, s. The act of falling or sinking, descent ; a declension, a degradation. DESCENT, dd-slnt', s. The act of passing from a higher place ; progress downwards ; invasion, hostile entrance into a kingdom ; transmission of any thing by succession and inheritance ; flie state of proceeding from an original or progenitor ; birth, extraction, pro- cess of lineage, offspring, inheritors ; a single step in the scale of genealogy j a rank in the scale or order of being. To DESCRIBE, de'-skribe', v. a. To mark out any thing by the mention of its properties ; to delineate, to mark out, as a torch waved about the head describes a circle ; to distribute into proper heads or divisions ; to define in a lax manner. . DESCRIBER, d^-skri'b&r, s. He that describes. DESCHIER, de-skri'&r, s. 98. 'A discoverer, a detecter. DESCRIPTION, de-skrlp'shun, S. The act of de- scribing or marking out any person or thing by percep- tible properties ; the sentence or passage in winch any thing is described ; a lax definition ; the qualities ex- pressed in a description. DESCRIPTIVE, di-skrip'tlv, a. 157. Describing. To DESCRY, de-skri', v. a. To spy out, to ex- amine at a distance ; to discover, to perceive by the eye, to see any thing distant or absent. DESCRY, dd-skri', s. Discovery, thing discovered. Not in use. To DESECRATE, d&'se-krate, v. a. To divert from the purpose to which any tiling is consecrated. DESECRATION, de's-se-kra'sh&n, s. The abolition of consecration. DESERT, dez'eVt, s. Wilderness, waste country, uninhabited place. DESERT, dez%t, a. Wide, waste, solitary. To DESERT, de-ze'rt', v. a. To forsake ; to fall away from, to quit meanly or treacherously ; to leave, to abandon; to quit the army, or regiment, in which one is enlisted. DESERT, de-ze'rt', s. Qualities or conduct con- sidered with respect to rewards or punishments, degree of merit or demerit; excellence, right to reward, virtue. DESERTER, d-zeVt&r, s. 98. He that has forsaken his cause or his post ; he that leaves the army in which he is enlisted ; tie that forsakes another. DESERTION, de-zr'shfrn, s. The act of forsaking or abandoning a cause or post DESERTLESS, d-zrt'le's, a. Without merit To DESERVE, de-zrv', r. a. To be worthy of either good or ill ; to be worthy of reward. DESERVEDLY, d^-zeYvM-le, ad. 364. Worthily, according to desert. DESERVER, de-zeVv&r, s. 98. A man who merits rewards. DESICCANTS, d-s!k'kants, s. Applications that dry up the flow of sores, driers. To "DESICCATE, di-slk'kate, v. a. 503 To dry up. DESICCATION, d^s-lk-ka'sMn, s. The act of making dry. DESICCATIVE, dd-slkTia-tlv, a. That which hcs the power of drying. To DESIDERATE, d&-s!d%-ate, v. a. To want, to miss. Not in use. DESIDERATUM, de'-sld-e-ra'tfim, s. Some desira- ble thing which is wanted. K?- This Latin word is now so much in use as to require a place in an English Dictionary ; and it were to be wished it were so far anglicised as to form its plural by*, and not preserve its Latin plural Desiderata, as we al- most always hear it DESIDIOSE, de-s!d-je-6se', a. 37(3. id!e, Ui7y, heavy. See A]ij:entlijc. DES DES nor 167, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 oil 299 pound 313 thin 466, -mis 169. To DESIGN, de-sine', v. a. 447. To purpose ; to form or order with a particular purpose ; to devote in- tentionally ; to plan, to project ; to mark out. 9Q- I have differed from Mr Sheridan, by preserving the .v, in this word and its compounds, pure. I am sup- ported in this by Dr Keuriek, Mr Scott, and Mr Perry, and have always looked upon To Dezign as vulgar. See Principles, 417. DESIGN, de-sine', s. An intention, a purpose ; a scheme, a plan of action ; a scheme formed to the de- triment of another ; the idea which an artist endea- vours to execute or express. DESIGNABLE, de-sine'a-bl, a. Distinguishable, capable to be particularly marked out DESIGNATION, des-slg-na'shun, s. The act of pointing or marking out; appointment, directions; import, intention. To DESIGNATE, deslg-nate, v. a. 503. To point out or mark by some particular token. DESIGNEDLY, de-si'ned-M, ad. 364. Purposely, intentionally. DESIGNER, de-si'nur, s. 98. A plotter, a con- triver ; one that forms the idea of any thing in paint- ing or sculpture. DESIGNING, de-si'nlng, part. a. Insidious, treacherous, deceitful DESIGNLESS, de-sine'ls, a. Unknowing, inad- vertent DESIGNLESSLY, de-sineles-te, ad. Without in- tention, iguorantly, inadvertently. DESIGNAIENT, de-sine'ment, s. A plot, a malici- ous intention ; the idea, or sketch of a work. DESIRABLE, de-zi'ra-bl, a. Pleasing, delightful ; that is to be wished with earnestness. DESIRE, de-zire', S. Wish, eagerness to obtain or enjoy. To DESIRE, de-zlre', v. a. To wish, to long for ; to express wishes, to long ; to ask, to entreat. DESIRER, de-zi'rur, s. 98. One that is eager after any thing. DESIROUS, d^-zl'rus, a. 314. Full of desire, eager, longing after. DESIROUSNESS, de-zl'rus-nes, s. Fulness of desire. DESIROUSLY, de-zl'rus-le, ad. Eagerly, with desire. To DESIST, d^-slst', v. n. 417. To cease from any thing, to stop. 3Q-I have preserved the * pure in this word, contrary to Mr Sheridan, who spells it dexist. Dr Kenrick and Mr Perry are of my opinion, and I cannot see any reason, either from custom or analogy, to alter it, 447. DESISTANCE, d^-sls'tanse, s. The act of desist- ing, cessation. DESISTIVE, de-sis'tlv, a. 157. Ending, conclud- ing'. DESK, desk, s. An inclining table for the use of writers or readers. DESOLATE, des's6-late, a. 91. Without in- habitants, uninhabited ; deprived of inhabitants, laid waste ; solitary, without society. To DESOLATE, des'so-late, v. a. To deprive of inhabitants. DESOLATELY, des's6-late-le, ad. In a desolate manner. DESOLATION, des-so-la'shfrn, s. Destruction of inhabitants ; gloominess, melancholy; a place wasted and forsaken. DESPAIR, de-spare', S. Hopelessness.despondence ; that which causes despair, that of which there is no hope ; in theology, loss of confidence in the mercy of God. To DESPAIR, de,spare', v. n. To be without hope, to despond. DKSPAIRER, de-spare'&r, s. One without hope. DESPAIRINGLY, de-spa'ring-le, ad. In a manner hetoiiening hopelessness. To DESPATCH, de-spatsh', v. a. To send away hastily ; to send out of the world, to put to death ; to 143 perform a business quickly ; to conclude an affair with another. j)C^- There is a general rule in pronunciation, viz. when a vowel ends a syllable immediately before the accent, that vowel has a tendency to lengthen, and is often, par- ticularly in solemn speaking, pronounced as open as if the accent were on it. Sjee To Collect, 544. This general tendency inclines us to divide words iu such a manner as to make the vowel end the unaccented syllable : and if the two succeeding consonants are combinable, to carry them both to that syllable which has the accent. When the e is thus left to finish the syllable before the accent in de-spair, de-spatch, &c. it inclines to its open slender sound, which, being rapidly pronounced, falls into the short ', which is exactly its short sound, 105. 107 : for when the e is short by being closed with a consonant, like other vowels, it goes into a different sound from the long one, 514. Thus the word despatch, till Dr Johnson corrected it, was always written with an i ; and now it is corrected, we do not find the least difference in the pronunciation. DESPATCH, de-spatsh', s. Hasty execution ; ex- press, hasty messenger or message. DESPATCHFUL, de-spatsh'ful, a. Bent on haste. DESPERATE, dtVpe-rate, a. 94. Without hope ; without care of safety, rash ; irretrievable ; mad, hot- brained, furious. DESPERATELY, des'pe-rate-le, ad. Furiously, madly ; in a great degree : this sense is ludicrous. DESPERATENESS, des'p-rate-nes, s. Madness, fury, precipitance. DESPERATION, des-pe-ra'shfrn, s. Hopelessness, despair. DESPICABLE, des'p^-ka-bl, a. Contemptible, mean, worthless. DESPICABLENESS, des'pe-ka-bl-neX s. Meanness, vileness. DESPICABLY, des'pe-ka-ble, ad. Meanly, sordidly. DESPISABLE, dtLspl'za-bl, a. Contemptible, re. garded with contempt. To DESPISE, dd-spize', v. a. To scorn, to contemn. DESPISER, de-spi'zur, s. Contemner, scorner. DESPITE, de-spite 7 , s. Malice, anger, defiance ; act of malice. DESPITEFUL, de-spite / fal, a. Malicious, full of spleen. DESPITEFULLY, de-spite'ful-l^, ad. Maliciously, malignantly. DESPITEFULNESS, d^-spiteTul-nes, s. Malice, hate, malignity. To DESPOIL, de-spoil', v. a. To rob, to deprive. DESPOLIATION, des-po-le-a'shun, s. 530. The act of despoiling or stripping. To DESPOND, d-sp6nd', v. n. To despair, to lose hope ; in theology, to lose hope of the Divine mercy. DESPONDENCY, d^-spSn'de'n-s^, s. Despair, hopelessness. DESPONDENT, de-sp5n'dent, a. Despairing, hope- less. To DESPONSATE, de-spSn'sate, v. a. To betroth, to affiance. DESPONSATION, des-p5n-sa'sh&n, s. 530. The betrothing persons to each other. DESPOT, des'pot, s. An absolute prince. DESPOTICAL, de-sp5t'e-kal, DESPOTICK, de-spotlk, Absolute in power, unlimited in authority. DESPOTICALNESS, de-sp&t'e-kal-ries.s. Absolute authority. DESPOTISM, des'po-tlzm, s. Absolute power. DESSERT, dez-zert', S. The last course of an en- tertainment To DESTINATE, dos'te-nate, v. a. To design for any particular end. DESTINATION, des-te-na'shfin, s. The purpose for which any thing is appointed. To DESTINE, deVon, v. a. 140. To dum, to appoint unalterably to any state ; to appoint ti> any DES DEV . late 73, far 77, fall 83, fit <*1 m- The reason that this word is pronounced in three syllables, and Dirutole in four, is, that the latter is per. feet Greek <*-a'shun, s. 125. The act of numbering out singly. DIOCESAN, dl-6s'e-san, s. 1 16. A bishop as he stands related to his own clergy or flock. DlOCESS, di'6-ss, S- The circuit of every bishop's jurisdiction. DIOPTRICAL, di-Sp'tre-kal, 1 Q DIOPTRICK, di-ftp'trik, 116. \ Affording a medium for the sight, assisting the sight in the view of distant objects. DIOPTRICKS, di-&p'triks, s. 509. A part of opticks, treating of the different refractions of light DlORTKROSIS, di-or- 162, m6ve!64, DISCERNING, diz-zeVning, part. a. Judicious, knowing. DISCERNINGLY, diz-zeVning-le, ad. Judiciously, rationally, acutely. DISCERNMENT, diz-zeVn'ment, s. Judgment, power of distinguishing. To DlSCERP, dls-serp', v. a. To tear in pieces. DlSCERPTIBLE, diS-seip'te-bl, a. Frangible, separable. DlSCERPTIBILITY, dls-Seqj-te-bll'e-te, S. Liable- ness to be destroyed by disunion of parts. DISCERPTION, dis-serp'shfin, s. The act of pull- ing to pieces. To DISCHARGE, dis-tsharje', v. a. To disburden ; to disembark ; to give vent to any thing, to let fly ; to let off a gun ; to clear a debt by payment ; to set free from obligation ; to absolve ; to perform, to execute ; to put away, to obliterate ; to divest of any office or employment ; to dismiss, to release. To DISCHARGE, dis-tsharje', v. n. To dismiss itself, to break up. DISCHARGE, dis-tsharje 7 , s. Vent, explosion, emission ; matter vented ; dismission from an office ; release from an obligation or penalty ; performance, execution ; an acquittance from a debt DISCHARGER, dis-tshar'jfrr, s. He that discharges in any manner ; he that fires a gun. DlSCINCT, dls-sinkt', a. Uugirded, loosely dressed. To DlSCIND, dis-sind', v. a. To divide, to cut in pieces. DlSCIPLE, dis-si'p], s. 405. A scholar. DlSCIPLESHIP, dis-si'pl-shlp, s. The state or func- tion of a disciple. DISCIPLINABLE, dis'se-plln-a-bl, a. Capable of instruction. DISCIPLINABLENESS, dis'se-plin-a-bl-nes, s. Capacity of instruction. To DISARRANGE, dis-ar-ranje', v. a. To put o of order ; to derange. To DISARRAY, dis-ar-ra', v. a. To undress an one. DISARRAY, dls-ar-ra', . Disorder, confusion ; u dress. DISASTER, dlz.as'tfir, . 454. The blast or strok of an unfavourable olanet ; misfortune, grief, misha misery. To DISASTER, dlz-as't&r, v. a. To blast by t unfavourable star ; to afflict, to mischief. DISASTROUS, diz-as'tris, a. Unlucky, unhapp calamitous ; gloomy, threatening misfortune. DISASTROUSLY, diz-as'tr&s-le, ad. In a disma manner. DlSASTROUSNESS, dlz-as'tr&S-n^S, s. Unlueki ness, unfortunateness. To DISA VOUCH, dls-a-vS&tsh', v. a. To retrac profession ; to disown. To DISAVOW, dis-a-vS4', v. a. To disown, deny knowledge of. DISAVOWAL, dis-a-vou'al, 7 DISAVOWMENT, dis-a-vofi'ment, J S ' DemaL To DISAUTHORISE, dls-awMo-rlze, v. a. 454 To deprive of credit or authority. To DISBAND, diz-band', 0. a. 435. To dismis from military service. To DISBAND, diz-band', v. n. To retire from military service ; to separate. To DISBARK, diz-bark', v. a. To land fron a ship. DISBELIEF, d!s-be-leeP, s. 425. Refusal of credit denial of belief To DISBELIEVE, dis-be-leeX v . a. Not to credit not to hold true. DISBELIEVER, dis-be-le'vtir, s. belief. To DISBENCH, diz-bench', v. a. One who refuse To drive from To DISBRANCH, diz-bransh', v. a. To separate to break off. To DISBUD, diz-bud', v. a. To take away the sprigs newly put forth. To DISBURDEN, diz-b&r'dn, v. a. To unload, to disencumber; to throw off a burden, To DISBURDEN, diz-b&r'dn, v. n. To ease the mind. To DISBURSE, diz-b&rse', v. a. To spend or lay out money. DISBURSEMENT, diz-b-lrs'mSnt, s. A disbursing or laying out DlSBURSER, dlz-b&r's&r, s. One that disburses. DISCALCEATED, dis-kal'she-a-ted, a. 357. Strip. ped of shoes. DISCALCEATION, dis-kal-she-a'sh&n, s 357. The act of pulling off the shoes. To DISCANDY, dis-kan'de, v. n. To dissolve, to melt To DISCARD, dis-kard', v. a. To throw out of the hand such cards as are useless ; to discharge or p;ect from service or employment DISCARNATE, dis-kar'nate, a. 91. Stripped of flesh. To DlSCASE, rils-kase', v. a. To strip, to undress. Jo DISCERN, dlz-zern', v. a. 351. To descry, to see ; to judge, to have knowledge of; to distinguish; to make the difference between. To DISCERN, diz-zern', v. n. To make distinction. DlSCERNER, dlz-zer'n&r, s. 93. Discoverer, he tnushi 08 68 ' ' Ud * ?e ' " e that has the Power of distin- DISCEKNIBLE, dIz-z3riiA-bl, a. Discoverable perceptive, distinguishable, apparent DI8CEHWIM.BHES8, diz-zM.e.bl-nes, s. Visi- bleness. IDiscKiiMni.Y, diz-zer'ne-bl^ ad. Perceptibly, apparently, 1.50 DISCIPLINARIAN, dis-se-plin-a're-an, a. Pertain- ing to discipline. DISCIPLINARIAN, dls-s-plin-a'r-an, s. One who rules or teaches with great strictness ; a follower of the Presbyterian sect, so called from their clamour about discipline. DISCIPLINARY, dis'se-plin-a-re, a. 512. Pertain- ing to discipline. DISCIPLINE, dis'se-plln, s. 150. Education, in- struction ; rule of government, order ; military regu- lation, a state of subjection ; chastisement, correction. To DISCIPLINE, dis'se-plin, p. a. To educate, to instruct ; to keep in order ; to correct, to chastise ; to reform. To DISCLAIM, dis-klame', v. a. To disown, to deny any knowledge of. DISCLAIMER, dis-kla'mur, s. 98. One that dis- claims, disowns, or renounces. To DISCLOSE, dis-kloze 7 , V. a. To uncover, to produce from a hidden state to open view ; to open ; to reveal, to tell. DlSCLOSER, dis-klo'z&r, s. One that reveals or discovers. DISCLOSURE, dls-kWzhfire, s. 452. Discovery, production into view ; act of revealing any secret. DISCOLORATION, dis-kol-o-ra'shfrn, s. The act of changing the colour ; the act of staining ; change of colour, stain, die. To DISCOLOUR, dis-kull&r, v. a. To change from the natural hue, to stain. To DISCOMFIT, dis-kam'fit, v. a. To defeat, to vanquish. DISCOMFIT, dis-kfimTlt, s. Defeat, overthrow. DISCOMFITURE, dis-kiim'Fit-yure, s. Defeat, rout, overthrow, DISCOMFORT, dis-kum'fart, s. 166. Uneasiness, melancholy, gloom. To DISCOMFORT, dis-k&m'f&rt, v. a. To grievo, to sadden, to deject. DISCOMFORTAULI;, (Hs-kcun'f ar-tu-bl, a. One D1S DIS nSr 167, nit 163 tfcbe 171, t&b 172, bill 173611 299 p6&nd 313 thin 466, THis 469. that is melancholy and refuses comfort ; that causes sadness. To DISCOMMEND, dis-kSm-mend', v. a. To blame, to censure. DISCOMMENDABLE, dls-k6m'mn-da-bl, a. Blame- able, censurable. See Commendable. DISCOMMENDABLENESS, dls-kSm'm3n-da-bl-ns, s. Blameableness, liableness to censure. DISCOMMENDATION, dls-k5m-mn-da'sh&n, s. Blame, censure. DISCOMMENDER, dls-kSm-mcln'dftr, s. One that discommends. To DISCOMMODE, dls-k5m-mode / , v. a. To put to inconvenience, to molest. DISCOMMODIOUS, dis-kom-mo'de-tis, or dls-k6m- mo'je-US, a. Inconvenient, troublesome. See Commodious. DISCOMMODITY, dIs-kSm-m6d'-te, s. Inconve- nience, disadvantage, hurt. To DISCOMPOSE, dis-k5m-p6ze / , v. a. To disor- der, to unsettle ; to ruffle ; to disturb the temper ; to offend ; to displace. DISCOMPOSURE, dls-kom-po'zhire, s. Disorder, perturbation. To DISCONCERT, dls-kon-srt', v. a. To unsettle the mind, to discompose. DISCONFORMITY, dis-koii-for'me-te, s. Want of agreement. DISCONGRUITY, dls-k5n-gru'e-te, s. Disagree- ment, inconsistency. DISCONSOLATE, dis-kSn'so-late, a. 91. Without comfort, hopeless, sorrowful. DISCONSOLATELY, dis-k&n'sA-laJ:e-l, ad. In a disconsolate manner, comfortlessly. DlSCONSOLATENESS, dis-kon'so-late-nes, s. The state of being disconsolate. DISCONTENT, dis-kon-tent/, s. Want of content, uneasiness at the present state. DISCONTENT, dls-kon-trit', a. Uneasy at the pre- sent state, dissatisfied. To DISCONTENT, dls-k6n-tnt', v. a. To dissa- tisfy, to make uneasy. DISCONTENTED, dis-k5n-tn'td, part. a. Un- easy, dissatisfied. DlSCONTENTEDNESS, dls-k&n-tn'ted-nes, S. Un- easiness, dissatisfaction. DISCONTENTMENT, dls-k5n-tent'mnt, s. The state of discontent. DISCONTINUANCE, dis-k6n-tln'u-anse, s. Want of cohesion of parts ; a breaking oil'; cessation, inter- mission. DISCONTINUATION, dls-kSn-tln-u-a'sh&n, s. Dis- ruption of continuity, separation. To DISCONTINUE, dls-k5n-t!n'b, ?;. n. To lose the cohesion of parts ; to lose an established or pre- scriptive custom. To DISCONTINUE, dls-k&n-tln'ii, v. a. To leave off, to cease any practice or habit. DISCONTINUITY, dis-k6n-te-nh'-t, s. Disunity of parts, want of cohesion. DlSCONVENIENCE, dlS-k5n-v'ne-nse, n. Incon- gruity, disagreement DlSCORD, flis'kord, S. 492. Disagreement, oppo- sition, mutual animosity ; difference, or contrariety of qualities ; in musick, sounds not of themselves pleas- ing, but necessary to be mixed with others. To DISCORD, dis-kord', v. n. 492. To disagree, not to suit with. DISCORDANCE, dls-kor'danse, 1 DISCORDANCY, dis-kor'dan-si*, } Disagreement, opposition, inconsistency. DISCORDANT, dls-kor'dant, a. Inconsistent, at variance with itself; opposite, contrarious. DISCORDANTLY, dis-kor'daiit-le, ad. Inconsistent- ly, in disagreement with itself; i.i disagreement with uuuttur. J51 To DISCOVER, dis-kfiv'&r, v. a. To disclose, to bring to light ; to make known ; to find out, to espy. DISCOVERABLE, dls-k&v'fir-a-bl, a. That may be found out ; apparent, exposed to view. DISCOVERER, dls-kuv'ur-ur, s. One that finds any thing not known before j a scout, one who is put to descry the enemy. DISCOVERY, dls-ktiv'fir-e, s. 555. The act of find- ing any thing hidden ; the act of revealing or disclosing any secret. DISCOUNT, discount, S. 313. 492. The sum re- funded in a bargain. To DISCOUNT, dls-kount', v. a. To count back, to pay back again. To DISCOUNTENANCE, d!s-k5un't-nanse, v. . To discourage by cold treatment ; to abash ; to put to shame. DISCOUNTENANCE, dls-koun'te-nanse, s. Cold treatment, unfriendly regard. DISCOUNTENANCER, dis-koun't-nan-sfrr, s. 98. One that discourages by cold treatment. To DISCOURAGE, dis.kfrr'idje, v. a. 314. To depress, to deprive of confidence ; to deter, to fright from any attempt. DISCOURAGER, dis-kfir'ridje-&r, s. One that im- presses diffidence and terror. DISCOURAGEMENT, dls-kur'ridje-mnt, s. 90. The act of deterring, or depressing hope ; the cause of depression, or fear. DISCOURSE, dis-korse', s. 318. The act of the understanding, by which it passes from premises to consequences; conversation, mutual intercourse of language, talk ; treatise, a dissertation either written or uttered. To DISCOURSE, dls-korse', . n. To converse, to talk, to relate ; to treat upon in a solemn or set man- ner ; to reason, to pass from premises to consequences. DISCOURSER, dls-kor'sfir, s. A speaker, an haranguer ; a writer on any subject DlSCOURSIVE, dls-kor'siv, a. Passing by inter- mediate steps from premises to consequences ; con- taining dialogue, interlocutory. DISCOURTEOUS, dls-k&r'tshfrs, a. Uncivil, un- complaisant. DISCOURTEOUSLY, dis-k&rtshus-l^, ad. Uncivilly, rudely. DISCOURTESY, dls-k&rte-St*, s. Incivility, rude- ness. DlSCOUS, dls'k&S, a. Broad, flat, wide. DISCREDIT, dis-krMIt, S. Ignominy, reproach, disgrace ; want of trust To DISCREDIT, dis-krddlt, v. a. To deprive of credibility ; to disgrace, to shame. DISCREET, dls-kr^et', a. Prudent, cautious, sober ; modest, not forward. DISCREETLY, dls-krel>PS3 ; want of beauty. To DISFAVOUR, dis-fa'var, v. a. To discounte- nance, to withhold or withdraw kindness. DISFIGURATION, dis-fig-fi-ra'shan, s. The act of disfiguring ; the state of being disfigured ; deformity. To DISFIGURE, dis-flg'fire, v. a. To change any tiling to a worse form, to deform, to mangle. DISFIGUREMENT, dis-fig'ure-ment, s Deface- ment of beautv, change of a better form to a worse. : DISFOREST, dls-tor're.st, ^. a. To reduce land from i the privileges of a forest to the state of common land. To DISFRANCHISE, dls-fran'tshiz, i>. a. 152. To deprive of privileges or immunities. DISFRANCHISEMENT, dls-fran'tslik-mc-nt, s. The act of depriving of privileges. \ To DISFURNISH, dis-fur'nlsh, r. a. To unfur- i nish, to strip. ! To DISGARNISH, dlz-garVisb, v. a. 425. To i strip of ornament ; to take guns from ;i fortress. To DISGLORIFY, dlz-glcVre-fi, r. a. To deprive of glory, to treat with indignity. : To DISGORGE, dlz-gorje', v. a. To discharge by i the mouth - ; to pour out with violence. ! DISGRACE, diz-grase', s. 425. shame, ignominy, i dishonour ; state of dishonour ; state of being out of i favour D1S DIS 167, nfit 163 tfcbe 171, t&b 172, bull 173611 299 poind 313 thin 466, This 469. To DISGRACE, diz-grase 7 , v. a. To bring a re- proach upon, to dishonour ; to put out of favour. DISGRACEFUL, dlz-grase'ful, a. Shameful, igno- minious. DISGRACEFULLY, diz-grase / ful-, ad. In dis- grace, with indignity, ignominiously. DlSGRACEFULNESS, dlZ-grase'ful-n^S, S. Igno- miny. DISGRACER, diz-gra'sur, s. 98. One that exposes to shame. DlSGRACIOUS, dlz-gra'shfrs, a. Unkind, un- favourable. To DISGUISE, dlzg-yise', r. a. 92. 160. To con- ceal by an unusual dress ; to hide by a counterfeit ap- pearance ; to disfigure, to change the form ; to deform by liquor. DISGUISE, dlsg-yize', S. 160. A dress contrived to conceal the person that wears it ; a counterfeit show. DISGUISEMENT, dizg-yize'ment, s. Dress of concealment. DlSGUTSER, dlzg-yi'zur, s. 160. One that puts on a disguise j one that conceals another by a disguise, one tliat disfigures. DlSGUST, dlz-g&st', s. 435. Aversion of the palate from any tiling; ill-humour, malevolence, offence conceived. To DlSGUST, dlz-g&St', v, a. To raise aversion in the stomach, to distaste ; to strike with dislike, to of- fend ; to produce aversion. DISGUSTFUL, diz-gust'ful, a. Nauseous. DlSH, dlsb, S. A broad wide vessel, in which solid food is served up at the table ; a deep hollow vessel for liquid food ; the meat served in a dish, any particular kind of food. To DlSH, dish, v. a. To serve in a dish. DlSH-CLOUT, dlshldout, s. The cloth with which the maids rub their dishes. DISH-WASHER, dish'w&sh-ur, s. The name of a bird. DlSHABILLE, dls-a-bll', s. Undress, loose dress. To DISH ABIT, dis-Mblt, v. a. To throw out of place. To DISHEARTEN, dls-har'tn, v. a, 130. To dis- courage, to deject, to terrify. DISHERISON, dis.h^r'e-zn, s. 170. The act of debarring from inheritance. To DISHERIT, dls-h^r'lt, v. a. To cut off from hereditary succession. To DISHEVEL, dlsh-shSv'vel, v. a. To spread the hair disorderly. DISHONEST, dlz-Snlst, a. 99. Void of probity, void of faith ; disgraceful, ignominious. DISHONESTLY, diz-5n/lst-l, ad. without faith, without probity ; unchastely. DISHONESTY, dlz-6n'nis-t, s. Want of probity, faithlessness ; unchastity. DISHONOUR, dlz-&n'niir, s. Reproach, disgrace, ignominy ; reproach uttered, censure. To DISHONOUR, dlz-5n'nur, v. a. To disgrace, to bring shame upon, to blast with infamy ; to violate chastity ; to treat with indignity. DISHONOURABLE, dlz-6n'nfrr-a-bl, a. Shameful, reproachful, ignominious. DISHONOURER, diz-5n'nar-ur, s. One that treats another with indignity ; a violator of chastity. To DISHORN, dis-horn', v. a. To strip of horns, DlSHUMOUR, dls-u'mur, S. Peevislmess, ill humour. DISIMPROVEMENT, dis-lm-proov'rn^nt, s. Reduc- tion of a better to a worse state. To DisiNCARCfcRATE, dls-in-kaf'se-rate, v. a. To set at liberty. DISINCLINATION, dls-ln-kle-na'shiin, s. Want of affection, slight dislike. To DISINCLINE, dls-ln-kllne', v. a. To product diflike to, to make disaffected, to alienate atiivtion from. 153 DlSINGENUITY, dls-ln-je-nu'e-te, S. Meanntsu of artifice, unfairness. DISINGENUOUS, dls-ln-jen'u-us, a. Unfair, mean, ly artful, illiberal. DISINGENUOUSLY, dls-ln-jen'ii-us-le, ad. la a disingenuous manner. DISINGENUOUSNESS, dis-ln-j^n'ii-fis-nes, s. Mean subtilty, low craft. DISINHERISON, dis-ln-her'e-zn, s. The act of cutting off from any hereditary succession; the state of being cut off from any hereditary right. To DISINHERIT, dls-ln-herlt, v. a. To cut oil from an hereditary right To DISINTER, dis-ln-teV, v. a. To unbury, to take out of the grave. DISINTERESSED, dlz-ln'tr-es-sed, a. Without regard to private advantage, impartial. Not used. DISINTERESSMENT, diz-in'ter-es-ment, s. Disre- gard to private advantage, disinterest, disinterested- ness. Not used. DISINTEREST, d!z4n'te>-&t, s. What is contrary to one's wish or prosperity ; indifference to profit. DISINTERESTED, diz-ln'ter-s-ted, a. Superior to regard of private advantage, not influenced by pri- vate profit ; without any concern in an affair. DISINTERESTEDLY, dlz-in'ter-es-ted-le, ad. In a disinterested manner. DISINTERESTEDNESS, dlz-in'ter-es-ted-ns, s. Contempt of private interest. To DlSlNTRlCATE, dlz-In'tre-kate, v. a. To dis- entangle. To DlSINVITE, dis-ln-vite', V. a. To retract an invitation. To DISJOIN, diz-joln', v. a. To separate, to part from each other, to sunder. To DISJOINT, dlz-joint', v. a. To put out of joint ; to break at junctures, to separate at the part where there is a cement ; to carve a fowl ; to make incohe- rent. To DISJOINT, dlz-j3int', v. n. To fall in pieces ; to separate. DISJUNCT, dlz-jungkt', a. 408. Disjointed, sepa- rate. DISJUNCTION, dlZ-jungk'shun, s. Disunion, se- paration, parting. DISJUNCTIVE, diz-jfingk'tiv, a. Im-apnble of union ; that marks separation or opposition. DISJUNCTIVELY, dlz-jungk'tiv-le, ad. Distinctly, separately. DlSK, disk. s. The face of the sun or plane, as it appears to the eye ; a broad piece of iron thrown in the ancient sports, a quoit DISKINDNESS, disk-yind'nes. s. 160. Want of kindness, want of affection ; ill- turn, inj ury. DlSLIKE, dlz-like', s. 435. Disinclination, absence of affection, disejust, disagreement. To DlSLIKE, dlz-like', v. o. To disapprove, to re- gard without affection. DlSLIKEFUL, dlz-like'ful, a. Disaffected, malign. To DlSLIKEN, diz-li'kn, v. a. To make unlike. DlSLIKENESS, dlZ-like'n^S, S. Dissimilitude, un- likeness. DlSLIKER, dlz-li'kur, s. A disapprover, one that is not pleased. To DlSLIMB, diz-!Im', n. a. To tear limb from limb. To DlSLIMN, dlZ-Hm', v. a. 435. To unpaint Not used. To DISLOCATE, dislo-kate, v. a. To put out of the proper place ; to put out of joint. DISLOCATION, dis.lo-ka'shun, s. The act of shifting the places of things ; the state of being- dis. placed; a joint put out. To DISLODGE, diZ-lSdje', v. a. To remove from a place; to remove from an habitation; to drive an enemy from a ; tation ; to re ovo an army to othwr quarters. DIS ^- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fill 83, fat 81 m^ 93, To DISLODGE, dlz-lodje 7 , v. n. To go away to another place. DISLOYAL, diz-lWal, a. 435. Not true to alle- giance ; faithless ; not true to tlie marriage bed ; false m love, not constant DISLOYALLY, dlz-lWal-le, ad. Not faithfully, iisobediently. DISLOYALTY, diz-lWal-te, s. Want of fidelity to the sovereign ; want of fidelity in love. DISMAL, dlz'mal, a. 425. Sorrowful, uncomfort- able, unhappy. DISMALLY, dlz'mal-le, ad. Horribly, sorrowfully. DlSMALNESS, dlz'ma)-ne!s, s. Horror, sorrow. To DISMANTLE, dlz-man'tl, v. a. To throw off a dress, to strip ; to loose ; to strip a town of its out- works ; to break down any thing external. To DiSMASK, dlz-mask', v. a. To divest of a mask. To DISMAY, dlz-ma', v. a. 425. To terrify, to discourage, to affright. DISMAY, dlz-ma', s. 435. Fall of courage, terror felt, desertion of mind. DISMAYEDNESS, diz-ma'3d-ns, s. Dejection of courage, dispiritedness. To DISMEMBER, dlz-mem'bSr, v. a. To divide member from member, to cut in pieces. To DISMISS, dlz-mls', v. a. 425. To send away j to discard. DISMISSION, dlz-mlsh'&n, S. Act of sending away ; deprivation, obligation to leave any post or place. To DlSMORTGAGE, dli-mor'gaje, v. a. To re- deem from mortgage. To DISMOUNT, dlz-m8unt', v. a. To throw any orie from on horseback ; to throw a cannon from its carriage. To DISMOUNT, dlz-mSunt', v. n. To alight from a horse ; to descend from an elevation. To DENATURALIZE, dlz-natsh'u-ra-llze, v. a. To alienate, to make alien. DISNATURED, dlz-na'tshurd, a. 435. Unnatural, wanting natural tenderness. DISOBEDIENCE, dls-6-be'dd-^nse, s. Violation of lawful commands or prohibition, breach of duty due to superiors ; incompliance. See Obedience. DISOBEDIENT, dls-A-be'de-^nt, a. Not observant of lawful authority. To DISOBEY, dls-O-ba', v. a. To break commands or transgress prohibitions. DISOBLIGATION, dls-6b-le-ga'shun, s. Offence, cause of disgust. To DISOBLIGE, $5fct5$&, I v. a. 111. ' ( dis-o-bleeje', } To offend, disgust, to give offence to. DISOBLIGING, dls-6-bll'jlng, part. a. 111. Dis- gusting, unpleasing, offensive. DISOBLIGINGLY, dls-d-btt'jing-l(*, ad. in a dis- gusting or offensive manner, without attention to please. DISOBLIGINGNESS, dls-o-bli'jlng.ne's, s. offen- siveness, readiness to disgust DlSORBED, dlz-6rbd', a. 359. Thrown out of the proper orbit. DISORDER, dlz-Sr'dur, s. Irregularity, confusion ; tumult, disturbance ; neglect of rule ; sickness, dis- temper ; discomposure of mind. To DISORDER, dlz-or'dur. v. a. To throw into confusion, to disturb, to ruffle ; to make sick. DISORDERED, dlz-6r / durd, a. 359. Irregular, vicious, loose, diseased. DISORDERLY, diz-or'dur-le:, a. Confused, irre- gular, tumultuous ; contrary to law, vicious. DISORDERLY, dlz-or'd&r-le, ad. Irregularly, confusedly ; without law, inordinately. UISORDINATE, dlz-or'di.nate, a. 91. Not living by the rules of virtue. DlSORDINATEI.Y, diz-Sr^-nate-le, ad. Inor- dinately, viciously 154 DIS melt 95 pine 105, pin 107 nA 162, m6ve 164, To DISOWN, dlz-one 7 , v. a. To deny, to renounce. To DISPARAGE, dls-parVldje, v. a. 90. To match unequally, to injure by union with something inferior in excellence ; to injure by comparison with something of less value. DISPARAGEMENT, dis-par'idje-ment, s. Injuriotu union or comparison with something of inferior excel- lence. DISPARAGER, dls-par / ridje-&r, s. One that dis- graces. DISPARITY, dls-par^-t^, S. 511. Inequality, dif- ference in degree, either of rank or excellence ; dissi- militude, unhkeness. To DiSPARK, dk-park', v. a. To throw open a park ; to set at large without enclosure. To DlSPART, dis-part', V. a. To divide into two, to separate, to break. DlSPASSION, dis-pash'&n, s. Freedom from mental perturbation. DISPASSIONATE, dls-pash'frn-ate, a. 91. Cool, calm, temperate. To DlSPEL, dls-pl', v. a. To drive by scattering, to dissipate. DISPENSARY, dis-pen'sa-r, s. The place where medicines are dispensed. DISPENSATION, d]s-pn-sa'shfrn, s. Distribution, the act of dealing out any thing ; the dealing of God with his creatures, method of Providence ; an exemp- tion from some law. DlSPENSATOR, dis-pn-sa'tur, s. One employed in dealing out any thing ; a distributer. DISPENSATORY, dis-pn'sa-tfrr-, s. 512. A book in which the composition of medicines is described and directed, a pharmacopoeia. To DISPENSE, dls-pe'nse', v. a. To deal out, to distribute ; To dispense with, to excuse, to grant dis- pensation for. DISPENSE, dls-p^nse 7 , S. Dispensation, exemption. DISPENSER, dls-p&l's&r, S. 98. One that dis- penses, a distributer. To DISPEOPLE, dis-p^pl, v. a. To depopulate, to empty of people. DlSPEOPLER, dls-p&'pl-fir, s. A depopulator. To DlSPERGE, dls-p^rdje', v. a. To sprinkle. To DISPERSE, dis-prse', v. a. To scatter, to drive to different parts ; to dissipate. DlSPERSEDLY, diS-pgr'sM-le, ad. 364. In a dis- persed manner. DlSPERSEDNESS, dls-pr'sd-ns, S. Thinness, scatteredness. DlSPERSER, dls-per'sur, S. 98. A scatterer, a spreader. DISPERSION, dls-p^l/shun, s. The act of scatter- ing or spreading ; the state of beinir scattered. To DISPIRIT, dls-plr'lt, v. a. 109. To discourage, to depress, to damp ; to exhaust the spirits. DISPIRITEDNESS, dls-pMt-ted-n^s, s. Want of vigour. To DISPLACE, dls-plase 7 , v. a. To put out of place ; to put out of any state, condition, or dignity ; to disorder. DlSPLACENCY, dis-pli'se'n-se, s. Incivility, dis- obligation ; any thing unpleasing. To DlSPLANT, dls-plant', . a. To remove a plant ; to drive a people from the place in which they nave fixed. DlSPLANTATION, diS-plan-ta'shfrn,s. The removal of a plant ; the ejection of a people. To DISPLAY, dls-pla', ;. a. To spread wide ; to ' exhibit to the sight or mind ; to set out ostentatiously to view. DISPLAY, dls-pla', S. An exhibition of any thing to view. DlspLEASANT,dis-plez'ant,a. Unpleasing.offensivp. To DISPLEASE, dls-pMze', v. a. To offend, to make angry ; to disgust, to raise aversion. DlSPl.EASlNGNF.SS, dis-ple'zlng-ns, s. Offensive- ness, quality of offending. DIS DIS nor 167, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173611 299 pound 313 thin 466, xnis 469 DISPLEASURE, dis-plezh'ure, s. Uueasiness, pain received ; oftence, pain given ; anger, indignation ; state of disgrace. I'o DISPLEASURE, dls-plezh'ure, v. a. To dis- ' please, not to gain favour. To DlSPLODE, dis-plode 7 , v. a. To disperse with a loud noise, to vent with violence. DlSPLOSIOX, dls-plo'zhun, s. The act of displod- ing, a sudden burst with noise. DlSPORT, dls-port', s. Play, sport, pastime. To DISPORT, dls-port', v. a. To divert To DISPORT, dis-p6rt', v. n. To play, to toy, to wanton. DISPOSAL, dis-po'zal, s. The act of disposing or regulating any thing, regulation, distribution j the power of distribution, the right of bestowing. To DISPOSE, dls-poze', v. a. To give, to place, to bestow ; to adapt, to form for any purpose ; to frame the mind ; to regulate, to adjust; To dispose of, to apply to any purpose, to transfer to any person, to give away, to sell ; to place in any condition. DISPOSE, dis-poze', s. Power, management, dis- posal ; cast of mind, inclination. DISPOSER, dlS-piVz&r, s. 98. Distributer, giver, bestower ; governor, regulator. DISPOSITION, dis-po-zish'un, s. Order, method, distribution ; natural fitness, quality ; tendency to any act or state ; temper of mind ; affection of kindness or ill-will ; predominant inclination. DISPOSITIVE, dls-poz'e-tlv, a. That implies disposal of any property. DISPOSITIVELY, dis-poz'e-tlv-le, ad. Distri. butively. To DISPOSSESS, dls-poz-zes', v. a. To put out of possession, to deprive, to disseize- . DlSPOSURE, dls-po'zhure, s- Disposal, govern- ment, management ; state, posture. DISPRAISE, dls-praze', s. Blame, censure. To DISPRAISE, dis-praze', ?;. a. To blame, to censure. DlSPRAISER, dls-pra'zur, s. 98. A eensurer. DlSPRAISIBLE, dis-pra'ze-bl, a. Unworthy of com- mendation. DlSPRAlSlNGLY, dls-pra'zlng-l^, ad. With blame. To DlSPREAD, dls-spred', v. a. To spread different ways. DISPROOF, dis-pr3oP, S. Confutation, conviction of error, or falsehood. DISPROPORTION, dis-pro-por'shun, s. Unsuita- bleness in quantity of one thing to another ; want of symmetry. To DISPROPORTION, dis-pro-por'shun, v. a. To mismatch, to join things unsuitably. DISPROPORTIONABLE, dis-pro-por'shun-a-bl, a. Unsuitable in quantity. DISPROPORTIONABLENESS, dis-pn;-p6r / shun-a- bl-nes, S. Unsuitableness to something else. DISPROPORTIONABLY, dls-pro-piVshun-a-ble, ad. Unsuitably, not symmetrically. DISPROPORTIONAL, dls-pro-por'shun-al, a. Dis- proportionable, not symmetrical. DISPROPORTION ALLY, dls-pro-por'shun-al-le, ad. Unsuitably with respect to quantity or value. DISPROPORTIONATE, dis-pro-por'shun-ate, a. 91. Unsymmetrical, unsuitable to something else. DISPROPORTIONATELY, dis-pr6-p6r'shun-ate-le, ad. Unsuitably, unsymmetrically. DISPROPORTIONATENESS, dis-pro.por'shun-ate- nes, S. Unsnitableness in bulk or value. To DISPROVE, dis-proove 7 , v. a. To confute an assertion, to convict of error or falsehood. DlSPROVER, dls-pr66v'vur, S. 98. One that con- futes. DlSPUNISHABLE, dis-puivlsh-a-bl, a. Without penal restraint. DISPUTABLE, dis'pu-ta-bl, or dis-pu'ta-bl, a. 15,3 Liable to contest, controvertible ; lawful to be con. tested. DO Dr Johnson, Dr Ash, Dr Kenrick, W. Johnston, Mr Smith, Perry, and Bailey, are for the second pro. nunciation of this word ; and Mr Sheridan, Mr Nares, Buchanan, and Entick, for the first : and this, notwith- standing the majority of suffrages against it, is, in my opinion, decidedly most agreeable to the best usage. It were undoubtedly to be wished that words of this form preserved the accent of the verb to which they corre- spond ; but this correspondence we find entirely set aside in lamentable, comparable, admirable, and many others \vith which Disputable must certainly class. Mr Scott gives both modes of accenting this word ; but by his placing the word with the accent on the first syllable first, we may presume he prefers this pronunciation. See Indisputable. DISPUTANT, dls'pu-tant, s, 503. Controverts st, an arguer, a reasoner. DISPUTANT, dls'pu-tant, S. Disputing, engaged in controversy. DISPUTATION, dls-pu-ta'shun, a. The skill of con- troversy, argumentation ; controversy, argumental contest. DISPUTATIOUS, dls-pu-ta'shus, a. Inclined to dis- pute, cavilling. DlSPUTATIVE, dls-pu'ta-tlv, a. 512. Disposed to debate. To DISPUTE, dis-pute', v. n. To contend by argu- ment, to debate, to controvert. To DISPUTE, dls-pute 7 , v. a. To contend for ; to oppose, to question ; to discuss. DISPUTE, dis-pute 7 , S. Contest, controversy. DlSPUTELESS, dls-puteles, a. Undisputed, uncon- trovertible. DlSPUTER, dls-pu'tur, S. A controvertist, one given to argument DISQUALIFICATION, dIs-kwol-4-fe-ka'shun, s. That which disqualifies. To DISQUALIFY, dls-kwol'e-fl, v. a. To make unfit, to disable by some natural or legal impediment ; to deprive of a right or claim by some positive restric- tion. DISQUIET, dls-kwi'et, S. Uneasiness, restlessness, vexation, anxiety. To DISQUIET, dis-kwi'et, v. a. To disturb, to make uneasy, to vex, to fret. DlSQUIETER, dls-kwl'et-ur, s. A disturber, a ha- rasser. DlSQUlETLY, dls-kvvi'et-le, ad. Without rest, an- xiously. DlSQUIETNESS, dls-kwi'et-nes, s. Uneasiness, restlessness, anxiety. DISQUIETUDE, dls-kwi'e-tude, s. Uneasiness, an- xiety- DISQUISITION, dis-kwe-zlsh'un, s. Examination, disputative inquiry. DISREGARD, dls-r^-gard', s. Slight notice, neglect. To DISREGARD, dls-r^-gard r , r. a. To slight, to contemn. DlSREGARDFUL, dls-re-gard'ful, a. Negligent, contemptuous. DlSREGARDFULLY, dls-re-gard'ful-le, ad. Con- temptuously. DISRELISH, d1z-r11sh. s. 435. Bad taste, nauseous- ness ; dislike, squeamishness. To DISRELISH, dlz-rerlsb, v. a. To infect with an unpleasant taste ; to want a taste of. DISREPUTATION, dis-rp-u-ta'shun, s. Disgrace, dishonour. DISREPUTE, dls-re'-pute', S. Ill character, dishon- our, want of reputation. DISRESPECT, dis-r^-spekt', s. Incivility, want of reverence, rudeness.^ DISRESPECTFUL, dis-re-spekt'ful, a. irreverent, uncivil. DISRESPECTFULLY, nis-re-spekt'ful-le, ad. Irre- verently. DIS @> 559. FAte 73, fti-77,fall83, at 81 mi 93, mfit 95 pine 105, pin 107 nA 162, m5ve 164, To DISROBE, dlz-robe', v. a. 435. To undress, to 35. The act of DISRUPTION, diz-r&p'sh&n, s-" breaking asunder, breach, rent DISSATISFACTION, dls-sat-ls-fak'sb&n, s. The state of being dissatisfied, aiscontent. t , DISSATISFACTORINESS, dls-sit-Is-fak tur-e-iics, i. Inability to give content. DISSATISFACTORY, dls-sat-ls-fak't&r-e, a. 557. Unable to give content To DISSATISFY, dls-satls-fi, v. a. To discontent, to displease. To DISSECT, dis-sekt', v. a. 424. To cut in pieces ; to divide and examine minutely. DISSECTION, dis-sek'sh&n, s. The act of sepa- rating the parts of animal bodies, anatomy. DISSEISIN, dis-se'zin, S. An unlawful dispossessing a man of his land. To DISSEIZE, dis-seze', v. a. To dispossess, to di-prive. DlSSEIZOR, dls.Se'zor, S. 166. He that dispossess- es another. To DISSEMBLE, dls-sem'bl, v. a. To hide under false appearance, to pretend that not to be which really is ; to pretend that to be which is not. To DISSEMBLE, dis-sem'bl, v. n. To play the hypocrite. DISSEMBLER, dls-s&n'bl&r, s. A hypocrite, a man who conceals his true disposition. DISSEMBLINGLY, dls-sem'bUng-le, ad. With dissimulation, hypocritically. To DISSEMINATE, dls-sem'e-nate, v. a. To scatter as seed, to spread every way. DISSEMINATION, dls-s^m-4-na'shun, s. The act of scattering like seed. DISSEMINATOR dls-sem'e-na-tur, s. 521. H that scatters, a spreader. DISSENSION, dls-sen'sh&ll, s. Disagreement, strife, contention, breach of union. DlSSENSIOUS, dls-sen'sh&S, a. Disposed to discord contentious. To DISSENT, dls-snt', v. n. To disagree in opinion ; to differ, to be of a contrary nature. DlSSENT, dis-s^nt', s. Disagreement; difference oi opinion, declaration of difference of opinion. DISSENTANEOUS, dls-sen-ta'ne-&s, . Disagree able, inconsistent, contrary. DlSSF.NTER, dls-sen'tur, s. 98. One that disagrees or declares his disagreement from an opinion ; om who, for whatever reason, refuses the communion o the English church. DISSENTIENT, dls-sen'sbent, a. Declaring dissent DISSERTATION, dls-ser-ta'shun, s. A discourse. Tu DISSERVE, dis-serv', v. a. 424. To do injury tc, to harm. DISSERVICE, dls-seVvIs, s. Injury, mischief. DlSSERVlCEABLE, dls-SerVlS-a-bl, a. Injurious mischievous. DISSERVICEABLF.NESS, dis-serMs-a-bl-nes, Injury, harm, hurt. To DisSETTLE, dis-set'tl, v. a. 405. To unsettle To DISSEVER, dls-siViir, v. a. To cut in tw to break, to divide, to disunite. DlSSIDENCE, dis'se-delise, s Discord, disagree ment. DISSII.IF.NCE, dis-sll'yense, s. 113. The act starting asunder. DlSSILIENT, dis-sll'yellt, o. Starting asund bursting in two. DlSSILITION, dls-Sll-lsh'fm, S. The act of bursthi in two. of starting different ways ; the opposite t Coalition. DISSIMILAR, dis-slm'e-lar, a. 88. Unlike, hete geneous. DISSIMILARITY, dis-slm-e-lav'e-te, s. Unlikenc dissimilitude. 156 Unlike. Thu act DISSIMILITUDE, dls-sim-mll'e-tude, s. ness, want of resemblance. )1SSIMULATION, dls-SlIIl-ll-la'shini, S. of dissembling, hypocrisy. )ISSIPABLE, dis'se-pl-bl, a. Easily scattered. "o DISSIPATE, dis'se-pate, v. a. 91. To scatter every where, to disperse ; to scatter the attention ; to spend a fortune. )lSSIPATION, dls-S^-pa'shfin, s. The act of dis- persion ; the state of being dispersed ; scattered atten. tion. fo DISSOCIATE, dls-si'she-ite, v. a. To separate, to disunite, to part. )lSSOLVABLE, dlz-Z&l'va-bl, a. Capable of dis- solution. )lSSOLUBLK, dis'so-lu-bl, a. Capable of separa- tion of one part from another. ag- The accent is invariably placed on the first syllable f this word, as it comes from the Latin ditfohM/it, vhich seems to confirm the observations on the word /n- omparable. Dissolvable is a compound of our o\yn, and lierefore retains the accent of the verb from which it is ormed, 501. See Academy, Disputable, &i\& Resoluble. DISSOLUBILITY, dls-s61-lu-bll'e-te, S. Liable- ness to suffer a disunion of parts. To DISSOLVE, d1z-z61v', v. a. 424. To dissolve the form of any thing by disuniting the parts; to loose, to break the ties of any thing ; to break up NBemMlM ; to break an enchantment; to be relaxed by pleasure. To DISSOLVE, dlz-z61v', v. n. To be melted ; to fall to nothing ; to melt away in pleasure. DISSOLVENT, diz-Z&l'vent, a. Having the power of dissolving or melting. DISSOLVENT, diz-zol'vt-nt, S. The power of dis- uniting the parts of any thing. DlSSOLVER, dlZ-Zol'vtir, S. That which has the power of dissolving. DlSSOLVIBLE, diZ-Z&l've-bi, a. Liable to perish by dissolution. J>> If this word and its etymon must be written Dii. mbJe and Solvible, and not Dissolvable and Sol ruble, because Solto and its compounds in Latin are of the third notwithstanding he writes DissoMhle here with an i. yet in his explanation of the etymology of Iniiitxolvtible, tells us it is formed from in, and Dissolvable with an e J71, t&b 172, bill 173 511 299 pifind 313 tKu 4-66, THis 469. To DlSTAIN, dls-tane', v. a. To stain ; to tinge ; to blot, to sully with infamy. DISTANCE, dis'tanse, s. Distance is space con. sidered between any two beings ; remoteness in place ; the space kept between two antagonists in fencing ; a space marked on the course where horses run ; spare of time ; remoteness in time ; respect, distant behaviour, retraction of kindness, reserve. To DISTANCE, dis'tanse, v. a. To place remotely, to throw off from the view ; to leave behind at a race the length of a distance. DISTANT, dis'tant, a. Remote in place ; remote in time either past or future ; reserved ; not obvious. DISTASTE, dis-taste 7 , s. Disgust, dislike; alienation of affection. To DISTASTE, dis-taste', v. a. To fill the mouth with nauseousness ; to dislike, to loathe ; to offend, to disgust DISTASTEFUL, dis-taste'ful, a. Nauseous to the palate, disgusting, offensive, unpleasing. DISTEMPER, dis-tem'pur, s. A disease, a malady ; bad constitution of mind, depravity of inclination ; uneasiness. To DISTEMPER, dls-tom'p&r, v. a. To disease, to disorder ; to disturb ; to destroy temper or modera- tion. DISTEMPER ATE, dls-t^m'pfrr-ate, a. 91.. Im- moderate. DISTEMPERATURE, dis-tem'p&r-a-tshure, s. In- temperateness, excess of heat or cold, perturbation of the mind. To DISTEND, dls-te'nd', v. a. To stretch out in breadth. DlSTENT, dis-tent', S. The space through which any thing is spread. DlSTENTION, dls-ten'shun, s. The act of stretch- ng in breadth; breadth; space occupied. DISTICH, dls'tik, s. 353. A couplet, a couple of lines. To DlSTIL, dls-tll', v . n. To drop, to fall by drops ; to flow gently and silently ; to use a still. To DlSTIL, dls-tll', v. a. To let fall in drops ; to draw by distillation. DISTILLATION, dls-til-la'shun, s. The act of dropping, or falling in drops ; the act of pouring out in drops ; that which falls in drops ; the act of distilling by tire; the substance drawn by the still. DISTILLATORY, dls-tllla-tur-e, a. 512. Belong- ing to distillation. DISTILLER, d!s-tlll&r, s. One who practises the trade of distilling ; one who makes pernicious inflam- matory spirits. DlSTILMENT, dls-tll'mnt, S. That which is drawn by distillation. DISTINCT, dls-tingkt', a. 408. Different ; apart ; clear, unconfused ; marked out, specified. DISTINCTION, dis-tingk'sb&n, s. Note of dif- ference ; honourable note of superiority ; that by which one differs from another ; division into different parts ; notation of difference between things seemingly the same. DISTINCTIVE, dls-tlngk'tiv, a. That makes distinc- tion or difference ; having the power to distinguish. DISTINCTIVELY, dls-tingk'tlv-ld, ad. In right order, not confusedly. DISTINCTLY, dls-dngktle, ad. Not confusedly ; plainly, clearly. DISTINCTNESS, dis-tingkt'nes, s. Nice observa- tion of the difference between things ; such separation of things as makes them easy to be observed. To DISTINGUISH, dis-tlng'gwish, v. a. 340. To note the diversity of things ; to separate from others by some mark of honour ; to divide by proper notes of diversity ; to know one from another by any mark ; to discern critically, to judge ; to constitute difference ; to specificate ; to make known or eminent To DISTINGUISH, dis-tlng'gwish, v. n. To make distinction, to find or show the difference. DISTINGUISHABLE, dls-tlng'gwish-a-bl, a. Capa- 157 ble of being distinguished ; worthy of note, worthy of regard. DISTINGUISHED, dls-ting'-gwlsht, part. a. 359. Eminent, extraordinary. DISTINGUISHER, dls-tlng'gwish-tir, s. A judi. cious observer, one that accurately discerns one thing from another ; he that separates one thing from an- other by proper marks of diversity. DISTINGUISHINGLY, dls-tlng'gwish-ing-le, ad. With distinction. DISTINGUISHMENT, dls-ting'gwish-ment, s. Dis. tinction, observation of difference. To DISTORT, dls-tort', v. a. To writhe, to twist, to deform by irregular motions ; to put out of the true direction or posture ; to wrest from the true meaning. DISTORTION, dls-tor'sh&n, S. Irregular motion, by which the face is writhed, or the parts disordered. To DISTRACT, dis-trakt', v. a. Part. pass. Dis. tracted, anciently Distraught. To pull different ways at once ; to separate, to divide ; to perplex ; to make mad. DISTRACTEDLY, dls-trak'ted-le, ad. Madly, fran- tickly. DlSTRACTEDNESS, dlS-tTak't^d-neS, S. The state of being distracted, madness. DISTRACTION, dls-trak'shun, s. Confusion, state in which the attention is called different ways ; pertur- bation of mind ; frantickness, loss of the wits ; tumult, difference of sentiments. To DISTRAIN, dis-trane 7 , v. a. To seize. To DISTRAIN, dls-trane 7 , v. n. To make seizure. DISTRAINEE, dis-tra'n&r, s. 98. He that seizes. DISTRAINT, dls-trant', s. Seizure. DISTRAUGHT, dis-trawt', part. a. Distracted. Little used. DISTRESS, dis-tris', S. The act of making a legal seizure; a compulsion, by which a man is assured to appear in court or to pay a debt ; the thing seized by law ; calamity, misery, misfortune. To DISTRESS, dls-tres', v. a. To prosecute by law to a seizure ; to harass, to make miserable. DISTRESSFUL, dis-tr&'ful, a. Full of trouble, full of misery. To DISTRIBUTE. dls-trlVute, v. a. To divide amongst more than two, to deal out. DISTRIBUTION, dis-tre-bu'shun, s. The act of distributing or dealing out to others ; act of giving in charity. DISTRIBUTIVE, dls-trlb'fi-tlv, a. Assigning to others their proper nortions. DlSTRIBUTIVELY, dlS-trlb'i-tlv-le, ad. By distri- bution ; singly, particularly. DISTRICT, dis'trlkt, s. The circuit within which a man may be compelled to appearance ; circuit of autho- rity, province ; region, country, territory. To DISTRUST, dlS-trust', . a. To regard with diffidence, not to trust. DISTRUST, dis-trfrst', s. Loss of credit, loss of confidence, suspicion. DISTRUSTFUL, dis-tr&st'ful, a. Apt to distrust, suspicious ; diffident of himself, timorous. DISTRUSTFULLY, dis-tr&st'ful-le, ad. In a distrust- ful manner. DISTRUSTFUI.NESS, dls-trust'ful-ns, s. The state of being distrustful, want of confidence. DlSTRUSTI.ESS, dlS-tr&Stl^S, a. Void of distrust. To DISTURB, dls-t&rb / , V. a. To perplex, to dis- quiet ; to put into irregular motions ; to interrupt, to hinder. DISTURBANCE, dls-tar'banse, s. Interruption of tranquillity ; confusion, disorder, tumult DISTURBER, dis-tur'bur, s. A violator of peace, he that causes tumults ; he that causes perturbation of mind. To DiSTURN, dls-t&rn', v. a. To turn off. Not used. DEVALUATION, diz-val-u-a'sh&n, s. Disgrace, diminution of reputation DIS DIV 359. Fate 73, far 77, fill 83, fit 81, mi 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, mSve 164, To DlSVALUE, dlz-val'u, v. a. To undervalue. DISUNION, dls-ti'ne-&n, s. Separation, disjunction; breach of concord. DOSome curious inspector may, perhaps, wonder why I have given disunion, disuse, &c. the pure * and not the z, since I have laid it down as a general rule under the prepositive particle Dii, that the * immediately before the accent, when a vowel begins the next syllable, is always flat ; but it must be remembered, that long u in these words is not a pure vowel, 8 : not that I think the 2, in this case, would be palpably wrong ; for, though long u may be called a semi-consonant, it is sufficiently vocal to make the tor z sound, in these words, perfectly indifferent. See Dii. To DISUNITE, dis-h-nlte 7 , v. a. To separate, to divide ; to part friends. To DISUNITE, dis-h-nite 7 , v. n. To fall asunder, to become separate. DISUNITY, dls-6'ne-te, *. A state of actual separation. DlSUSAGE, dls-u'zaje, s. 90. The gradual cessa- tion of use or custom. DISUSE, dls-use 7 , s. 437. Cessation of use, want of practice ; cessation of custom. To DISUSE, dls-fize 7 , . a. To cease to make use ff ; to disaccustom. To DlSVOUCH, dlz-voutsh', v. a. To destroy the credit of, to contradict. DlTCH, dltsh, s. A trench cut in the ground usually between fields ; any long narrow receptacle of water ; the moat with which a town is surrounded. To DlTCH, dltsh, v. a. To make a ditch. DITCHER, dltsh'&r, s. One who digs ditches. DITHYRAMBICK, Altk-e-r&m'blk, s. A. song in honour of Bacchus ; any poem written with wilduess. DITTANY, dlt'ta-ne, s. An herb. DlTTIED, dlftld, a. 282. Sung, adapted tomusick. DlTTY, dlt'te 1 , *. A poem to be sung, a song. DlVAN, de-van', s. 124. Thecouneil of the Oriental Princes ; any council assembled. To DIVARICATE, di-var'e-kate, v. n. 125. To be parted into two. DIVARICATION, di-var-^-ka'shun, s. Partition into two ; division of opinions. To DIVE, dive, v. n. To sink voluntarily under water ; to go deep into any question, or science. DlVER, dl'v&r, s. One that sinks voluntarily under water ; one that goes under water to search for any thing; he that enters deep into knowledge or study. To DIVERGE, de-verje', v. n. 124. To tend various ways from one point DIVERGENT, de-ver'jent, a. 124. Tending to various parts from one point. DlVERS, di'verz, a. Several, sundry, more than one. DIVERSE, di'verse, a. Different from another ; different from itself, multiform ; in different directions. DIVERSIFICATION, de-ver-se-fe-ka'sh&n, s. The act of changing forms or qualities; variation, varie- gation ; variety of fonns, multiformity ; change, alter, ation. To DIVERSIFY, de-veVse-fl, r. a. To make dif- ferent from another, to distinguish ; to make different from itself, to variegate. DIVERSION, de-veVsh&n, s. 124. The act of turning any thing off from its course; the cause by which any thing is turned from its proper course or tendency ; sport, something that unbends the mind ; in war, the act or purpose of drawing the enemy off from some design, by threatening or attacking- a dis- tant part. DIVERSITY, de-ver'se-te, s. Difference, dissimili- tude, variety. DlVERSLY, dl'vers-le, ad. In different ways, variously. To DIVERT, de-vert', v. a. 124. To turn off from any direction or course ; to draw forces to a different part ; to withdraw the mind ; to please ; to exhilarate. DIVKRTF.R, de-vertiir, s. Any thing that diverts or alleviates. 158 To DIVEKTISE, de-vei/llz, v. n. To sport, to amuse, to divert. 55" Dr Johnson seems to have accented this word ou the last syllable, in compliance with the verb uiirfrtite, which is exactly of the same form, and therefore he thought ought to be accented in the same manner. But by making divertise conform in accentuation to ad- vertise, we make the general rule stoop to the exception, rather than the exception to the general rule. ><*r iu all verbs of three or more syllables, where the termina- tion ise is only the verbal formation, and does not belong to the root, we never find the accent on it ; as criticise, exercise, epitomise, &c. See Advertisement. DIVERTISEMENT, de-ver'tlz-ment, s. Diversion, delight DlVERTlVE, de-ver'tlv, a. Recreative, amusive. To DIVEST, de-rest', v. a. 124. To strip, to make naked. DIVESTURE, de-ves'tshiire, s. The act of putting off: DlVIDABLE, de-vi'da' -bl, a. That may be separated. DlVIDANT, de-vl'dint, a. Different, separate. Not used. To DIVIDE, de-vide 7 , v. a. 124. To part ->ne whole into different pieces ; to separate ; to disunite by discord ; to deal out, to give in shares. To DIVIDE, de-vide 7 , v. n. To part, to sunder, to break friendship. DIVIDEND, dlv'e-dend, s. A share, the part al- lotted in division ; dividend is the number given to be parted or divided. DIVIDER, de-vi'dur, S. 98. That which parts any thing into pieces ; a distributer, he who deals out to each his share; a disuuiter ; a particular kind of com- passes. DIVIDUAL, de-vid'u-al, or de-vld'ju-al, a. 293. 376. Divided, shared or participated in common with others. DIVINATION, dlv-e-na'shun, s. 530. Prediction or foretelling of future things. DlVINE, de-vine 7 , a. 124. Partaking of the nature of God ; proceeding from God, not natural, not human; excellent in a supreme degree ; presageful. DlVINE, d<*-vine', S. A minister of the gospel, a priest, a clergyman ; a man skilled in divinity, a theo- logian. To DlVINE, de-vine', V. a. To foretell, to fore- know. To DIVINE, de-vine', v, n. To utter prognostica- tion ; to feel presages ; to conjecture, to guess. DIVINELY, de-vine 7 !!*, ad. By the agency or in- fluence of God ; excellently, in the supreme degree ; iu a manner noting a deity. DlVINENESS, de-rine'nes, s. Divinity, participa- tion of the Divine nature ; excellence in the supreme degree. DIVINER, de-vi'n&r, s. 98. One that professes divination, or the art of revealing occult things by su- pernatural means ; conjecturer, guesser. DIVINERESS, de-vlne'res, s. A prophetess. DIVINITY, de-vin'e-te, S. 511. Participation of the nature and excellence of God, deity, godhead ; the Deity, the Supreme Being ; celestial being; the science of divine tilings, theology. DIVISIBLE, de-vlz'-e-6l, a. 124. Capable of being divided into parts, separable. DIVISIBILITY, de-viz-e-bll'e-te, s. The quality of admitting division. DIVISIBLENESS, de-vlz'e-bl-nes, s. Divisibility. DIVISION, de-vizh'&n, S. The act of dividing any thing into parts ; the state of being divided ; that by which any thing is kept apart, partition; the part which is separated from the rest by dividing ; disunion, difference ; parts into which a discourse is distributed ; space between the notes of musick, just time ; in arith- metick, the separation or parting of any number or quantity given, into any parts assigned. DIVISOR, de-vi'z&r, s. 166. The number given, by which the dividend is divided. DIVORCE, de-vorse', s. 124. The legal separation DIV DOG nor 167, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173311 299 pound 313 's2. DOLPHIN, d&l'fln, s. A fish. DOLT, dolt, s. A heavy stupid fellow. DOLTISH, doltish, a. stupid, blockish. DOMAIN, dA-mane', s. Dominion, empire ; pos- session, estate. DOME, dome, s. A building, a house, a fabrick ; an hemispherical arch, a cupola. JC5" There is a strong propensity, particularly in the people of London, to pronounce this word so as to rhyme with rwim ; but this is contrary to all our Dic- tionaries, which give the sound of the vowels, and ought not to be suffered to add to the already too numerous exceptions to the general sound of o. DOMESTICAL, di-meVte-kal, DOMESTICK, do-mes'tlk, Belonging to the house, not relating to things pnhlick ; private, not open ; inhabiting the house ; not wild ; not foreign, intestine. DCS- Dr Johnson observes, that of English, as of all living tongues, there is a double pronunciation, one cur- sory and colloquial, the other regular and solemn. He gives no instances of this double" pronunciation ; and it 160 is at first a little difficult to conceive what are the words in which this observation is verified. Solemn speaking seems to have no effect upon the accented vowels , for, let us pronounce them as rapidly or as solemnly as we will, we certainly do not make any change in the quan. tity or quality of them. The only part of the language in which Dr Johnson's observation seems true, is somo of the vowels when unaccented ; and of these the o seems to undergo the greatest change in consequence of solem- nity or rapidity. Thus the o in obey is, in solemn speak- ing, pronounced as long and full as in the first syllable of open ; but in rapid and cursory speaking, as short as the o in oven. This latter sound, however, must not be giv- en as a model ; for, let the pronunciation be ever so rapid and familiar, there is a certain elegance in giving the o, in this situation, its full, open sound, approaching to that which it has when under the accent; and though nothing but a delicacy of ear will direct us to the degree of openness with which we must pronounce the unac- cented o in Domestick, Docility, Potential, Proceed, Mo. nastick, Monotony, &c. we may be assured that these vowels are exactly under the same predicament; and can never be pronounced short and shut, as if written Dommestick, Dossility, Pottential, &c, without hurting 1 the ears of every good speaker, and overturning the first principles of pronunciation, 547, 548. The same observations seem to hold good of the unac- cented o in every word ending in ory ; as iransitnrii, dilatory, &c. The o in rapid speaking certainly goes iii- to short u, as if written transitury, dilatury, &c. but in solemn pronunciation approaches' to the accented open sound of o in glory, story, &c. but as the o in these ter- minations never admits of being pronounced quite so open as when ending a syllable before the accent, I have, like Mr Sheridan, given "it the colloquial sound of short u, 512, 557. See Command. To DOMESTICATE, do-meVte-kite, v. a. To make domestick, to withdraw from the publick. DOMICILIARY, dSm-e-sil'ya-re, a. 1 13. Intruding into private houses under pretence of searching for enemies or contraband goods. DOMINANT, dom'e-nant, a. Predominant, pre- siding, ascendant. To DOMINATE, dom'e-nate, v. a. To predominate, to prevail over the rest DOMINATION, d&m-e-na'shun, s. Power, domin- ion ; tyranny, insolent authority ; one highlv exalted in power, used of angelick beings. DoMINATOR, d&m'e-na-t&r, S. 521. The presiding power. To DOMINEER, dom-e-neeV, v. n. To rule with insolence, to act without control DOMINICAL, do-mln'e-kal, a. That which notes the Lord's day, or Sunday. DOMINION, do-ulln'yun, s. 1 13. Sovereign autho- rity ; right of possession or use, without being ac- countable ; territory ; region, district ; predominance, ascendant ; an order of angels. Dox, don, s. The Spanish title for a gentleman. To DON, don, v. a. To put on. Little used. DoNARY, dt/na-re, S. A thing riven to sacred uses. DONATION, do-na'shun, s. The act of giving any thing ; the grant by which any tiling is given. DONATIVE, d&n'a-tlv, s. 503. A gift, a iarscs, a present ; in law, a benefice merely given and collat- ed by the patron to a man, without institution or in- duction. }>> I have differed from Mr Sheridan, Mr Scott, AV. Johnston, and Entirk, in the quantity of the vowel in the first syllable of this word, nut only as I think it con- trary to the best usage, but as it is at variance with the analogy of words in this termination. Let not the long quantity of the Latin o in Donatio be pleaded against me ; for (waving the utter uncertainty of arguing fn-m the Latin quantity to ours, 545.), this" would prove that the a and e in the first syllable of Sanative and J.enitire ought to be long likewise. Dr Kenrick, Dr Ash, and Mr Perry, are on my side. DONE, dun, Part pass, of thp verb Do. DONE, dun, interj. The word by which a wager is concluded ; when a wager is offered, he that accepts says it is Done. DON DOV T, not 163 tube 171, tab 112, bull 173 oil 299 pound 313 thin 466, mis 4G9. DONOR, do'ncV, s. A giver, a bestower. DOODLE, doo'dl, s. 405. A trifler, an idler. A low word. To DOOM, d56m, v. a. To condemn to any punishment, to sentence; to command judicially or authoritatively ; to destine, to command by uncon- trollable authority. DOOM, doom, s. Judicial sentence, judgment; condemnation ; determination declared ; the state to which one is destined ; ruin, destruction. DOOMSDAY, doSmz'da, s. The day of final and universal judgment ; the last, the great day ; the day of sentence or condemnation. DOOMSDAY-BOOK, doomz'da-book, s. A book made by order of William the Conqueror, in which the estates of the kingdom were registered. DOOR, dore, s. 310. The gate of a house, that which opens to yield entrance ; entrance, portal ; pas- sagt 1 , avenue, means of approach : Out of doors, no more to be found, fairly sent away : At the door of any one, imputable, chargeable upon him ; Next door to, approaching to, near to. DO- Ben Jonson, in his Grammar, lias a quotation from Gower, where this word is spelled Dore as it is pro- nounced at this day, and this was probably the old pro- nunciation. " There is no fire, there is no spark, There is no Dore, which may chark." Comer, lib. 4. DOORCASE, dore'kase, S. The frame in which the door is enclosed. DOORKEEPER, dore-kep'ur, s. Porter, one that keeps the entrance of a house. DoQUET, doklt, S. 99. 415. A paper containing a warrant. DoRICK, dov'Ik, a. Relating to the Dorick architecture ; a species of architecture invented by the Dorians, the inhabitants of Doria, a province or dis- trict in ancient Greece. DORMANT, dormant, a. Sleeping ; in a sleeping posture ; concealed, not divulged. DORMITORY, dor-'me-tur-e, s. 557. A place to sleep in, a room with many beds ; a burial-place. DORMOUSE, doVmouse, S. A small animal which passes a large part of the winter in sleep. DORN, dorn, s. The name of a fish. DORR, dor, s. A kind of flying insect, the hedge- chafer. DoRSEL, doVsil, > DOUSER, dor'sfir/ ) A pannier, a basket or bag, one of which hangs on either side of a beast of burden. DORSIFEROUS, ddr-sif'fe-rus, DORSIPAROUS, dor-sip'pa-rus, Having- the property of bearing or bringing forth on the back ; used of plants that have the seeds on the back of their leaves, as fern. DoSE, dose, S. So much of any medicine as is taken at one time ; as much of any thing as falls to a man's lot ; the utmost quantity of strong liquor that a man can swallow. To DOSE, dose, v a. To proportion a medicine properly to the patient or disease. DOSSIL, dis'sll, s. A pledget, a nodule or lump of lint DOST, dust. The second person of Do. DOT, d6t, S. A small point or spot made to mark any place in a writing. To DOT, dot, V. a. To make dots or spots. DOTAGE, do'tadje, s. 90. Loss of understanding, imbecility of mind ; excessive fondness. DoTAL, do'tal, a. 88. Relating to the portion of a wuman, constituting her portion. DOTARD, do'tard, s. 88. A man whose age has impaired his intellects. To DOTE, dote, V. n. To have the intellect im- paired by age or passion ; to be in lovt- to extremity ; to dnte upon, to regard with excessive fondness. DoTER, dc/tur, ,. 98. One whose understanding 161 518. is impaired by years, a dotard; a man fondly, weakly and excessivly in love. DoTH, dhth. The third person of Do. DOTINGLY, do'tlng-le, ad. Fondly. DoTTARD, dot'tard, s. 88. A tree kept low by cutting. DOTTEREL, dot'tur-il, s. 99. The name of a bird. DOUBLE, dub'bl, a. 314. 405. Two of a sort, one corresponding to the other ; twice as much, con. taining the same quantity repeated ; two-fold, of two kinds, two in number ; having twice the effector in- fluence ; deceitful, acting two parts. See Codle. DOUBLE-PLEA, dab'bl-ple', s. That in which the defendant alleges for himself two several matters, whereof either is sufficient to effect his desire in de- barring the plantiff. DOUBLE-BITING, dub-bl-bl'tlng, a. Biting or cutting on either side. DOUBLE-BUTTONED, dub-bl-but'tnd, a. 170. 359. Having two rows of buttons. DOUBLE-DEALER, dfib-bl-de / lur, s. A deceitful, subtle, insidious fellow, one who says one thing and thinks another. DOUBLE-DEALING, dub-bl-deTing, s. Artifice, dissimulation, low or wicked cunning. To DOUBLE-DIE, dub-bl-dl', v. n. To die twice over. DOUBLE-HEADED, dub-bl-hed'e'd, a. Having the flowers growing one to another. To DOUBLE-LOCK, dub-bl-lSk', v. a. To shoot the lock twice. DOUBLE-MINDED, dub-bl-mind'cd, a. Deceitful, insidious. DOUBLE-TONGUED, dub-bl-t5ngd', a. 359. De- ceitful, giving contrary accounts of the same thing. To DOUBLE, dub'bl, v. a. To enlarge any quantity by addition of the spme quantity ; to contain twice the quantity ; to add one to another in the same order or parallel ; to fold ; to pass round a headland. To DOUBLE, dub'bl, v. n. To increase to twice the quantity ; to enlarge the stake to twice the sum in play ; to wind in running. DOUBLE, dub'bl, S. Twice the quantity or number; strong beer of twice the common strength; a trick, a shift, an artifice. DoUBLENESS, dub'bl-n^S, s. The state of being - double. DoUBT.ER, dub'bl-ur, S. He that doubles any thing. DOUBLET, dub'bl-e't, s. 99. The inner garment of a man, the waistcoat ; two, a pair. DOUBLON, dub-bl-66n', s. French. A Spanish coin.cnntaining the value i,f two pistoles. See Encore. DOUBLY, d&blal-e, ad. In twice the quantity, t" twice the degree. To DOUBT, dout, v. a. 313. To question, to be in uncertainty ; to fear ; to suspect ; to hesitate. To DoUBT, dout, v. n. To hold questionable, to think uncertain ; to fear, to suspec*, to distrust DoUBT, dout, S. Uncertainty of mind, suspense ; question, point unsettled ; ecruple, perplexity; sus- picion, apprehension of ill ; difficulty objected. DOUBTER, dou'tur, s. 98. One who entertains scruples. DOUBTFUL, dout'ful, a. Dubious ; ambiguous; questionable, uncertain ; nut secure, not confident. DOUBTFULLY, doilt'ful-e, ad. Dubiously, irre- solutely; ambiguously, with uncertainty of meaning. DOUBTFULNESS, ddut'ful-nes, s. Dubiousness, ambiguity. DoUBTINGLY, doutlng-le, ad. In a doubting manner, dubiously. DOUBTLESS, dout/los, a. Without fear, without apprehension of danger. DOUBTLESS, dout'ltis, ad. Without doubt, un- questionably. DOVE, duv, s. 165. A wild pigeon; a pigeon. M DOV DRA 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, ftt 81 mi 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 nA 162, move 164-. DOVECOT, duv'kot, s. A small building in which pigeons are bred and kept. DOVEHOUSE, duv'house, s. A house for pigeons. DOVETAIL, d&v'tale, s. A form of joining two bodies together, where that which is inserted has the form of a wedge revsrsed. DOUGH, d6, s. 318. The paste of bread or pies yet unbaked. DOUGHTY, dS&'t, a. 313. Brave, illustrious, eminent Now used only ironically. DOUGHY, dM, O. Unsound, soft, unhardened. To DOUSE, dSuse, t?. a. 313. To put over head suddenly in the water. To DOUSE, douse, v. n. To fall suddenly into the water. DOWAGER, dofi'a-jur, s. 223. A widow with a jointiu-e; the title given to adies who survive their husbands. DOWDY, dou'de, s. 223. An awkward, ill-dressed, ' inelegant woman. DOWER, dSu'ur, 223. > DOWERY, dSu'uT-e, 5 That which the wife bringeth to her husband in mar. riage ; that which the widow possesses ; the gifts of a husband for a wife ; endowment, gift DOWERED, dou'urd, a. 359. Portioned, supplied with a portion. DoWERLESS, ddu'iir-Ms, O. Without a fortune. DOWLAS, dou'laS, S. 223. A coarse kind of linen. DOWN, doun, S. 223. Soft feathers ; any thing that soothes or mollifies ; soft wool, or tender hair ; the soft fibres of plants which wing the seeds. DOWN, doun, s. A large open plain or valley. DOWN, doun, prep. Along a descent, from a higher place to a lower ; towards the mouth of a river. DOWN, doun, ad. On the ground, from a higher to a lower situation ; tending towards the ground ; out of sight, below the horizon ; to a total subjection ; into disgrace, into declining reputation ; Up and down, here and there. DOWN, doun, inteij. An exhortation to destruction or demolition. DOWNCAST, doun'kast, a. Bent down, directed to the ground. DOWNFAL, doun'fall, s. 406. Ruin, fall from state; a body of things falling ; destruction of fabricks. DOWNFALLEN, douii'faln, part. a. Ruined, fallen. DOWNHILL, doun'hil, s. Declivity, descent See Dunghill. DoWNLOOKED, dounlookt, a. Having a dejected countenance, fallen, melancholy. DOWNLYING, doun-ll'ing, a. About to be in travail of childbirth. DOWNRIGHT, d6un-rite / , ad. Straight or right down ; in plain terms ; completely, without btopping short. DOWNRIGHT, doun'rite, a. Plain, open, undis- guised; directly tending to the point ; unceremonious, honestly surly ; plain, without palliation. DoWNSITTING, doun-Sit'ting, s. Rest, repose. DOWNWARD, doun'vvurd, 88. ), ' ac DOWNWARDS, doun'wurdz, Towards the centre ; from a higher situation to a low- er ; in a course of successive or lineal descent DOWNWARD, doun'wurd, a. Moving on a de- clivity ; declivous, bending ; depressed, dejected. DOWNY, dou'ne, a. Covered with down or nap, made of down or soft feathers ; soft, tender, soothing-. DOWRE, dour, 223. 1 DOWRY, dou're, *' A portion given with a wife ; a reward paid for a wife. DOXOLOGY, dok-s61'6-je:, s 518. A form of giving glory to God. DOXY, di)k'sRA UGH, draf, S. 331. Refuse, swill. DRAUGHT, draft, S. 215. 393. The act of drink- ing ; a quantity of liquor drank at once; the act of drawing or pulling carriages; the quality of being drawn ; delineation, sketch ; a picture drawn ; the act of sweeping with a net ; the quantity of fishes taken by once drawing the net ; forces drawn off from the main army, a detachment; a sink, drain; the depth which a vessel draws, or sinks into the water; a bill drawn for the payment of money. DRAUGHTHOUSE, draft/house, s. A house in which filth is deposited. To DRAW, draw, v. a. pret. DREW, part. pass. DRAWN. To pull along, to pull forcibly; to drag; to suck ; to attract ; to inhale ; to take from a cask; to pull a sword from the sheath ; to let out any liquid; to take bread out of the oven ; to unclose or slide back curtains : to close or spread curtains ; to extract ; to 163 irotract, to lengthen ; to represent by picture ; to ombowel ; to draw in, to contract, to pull back, to in- veigle, to entice ; to draw off, to extract by distillation, to withdraw, to abstract ; to draw on, to occasion ; to invite, to cause by degrees ; to draw over ; to persuade to revolt ; to draw out, to protract, to lengthen, to pump out by insinuation, to call to action, to detach for service, to range in battle, to draw up, to form in order of battle, to form in writing. To DRAW, draw, v. n. To perform the office of a beast of draught ; to act as a weight ; to contract, to shrink ; to advance, to move ; to unsheath a weapon ; to practise the art of delineation ; to take a card out of the pack, to take a lot ; to make a sore run by attrac- tion ; to draw off, to retire, to retreat ; to draw on, to advance, to approach. DRAWBACK, draw'bak, s. Money given back for ready payment. DRAWBRIDGE, draw'brldje, s. A bridge made to be lifted up, to liinder or admit communication at pleasure. DRAWER, draw'ur, s. One employed in procuring water from the well ; one whose business is to draw liquors from the cask; that which has the power of at- traction. DRAWER, draw'ur, s. A box in a ease, out of which it is drawn at pleasure ; in the plural, part of a man's dress worn under the breeches. DRAWING, drawing, s. Delineation, representa- tion. DRAWING-ROOM, drawing-room, s. The room in which company assemble at court ; the company as- sembled there. DRAWN, drawn, part, from Draw. Equal, where each party takes his own stake ; with a sword un- sheathed ; open, put aside or unclosed ; eviscerated ; induced as from some motive. DRAWWELL, draw'wel, S. A deep well, a well out of which water is drawn by along cord. See Dung- Mil. To DllAWL, drawl, V. n. To utter any thing in a slow way. DRAY, dra, 1 DRAYCART, dra'kart, > The car on which beer is carried. DRAYHORSE, dra'horse, s. A horse which draws a dray. DRAYMAN, dra'man, s. 88. One that attends a dray. DRAVCEL, draz'zl, s. 102. 405. A low, mean, worthless wretch. Not used. DREAD, drd, s. 234. Fear, terror ; awe ; the per- son or thing feared. DREAD, dred, a. Terrible, frightful ; awful, vene- rable in the highest degree. To DREAD, drd, v. a. To fear in an excessive degree. To DREAD, dred, v. n. To be in fear. DREADER, dr^d'i'ir, s. 98. One that lives in fear. DREADFUL, dr^d'ful, Terrible, frightful. DREADFULNESS, dred''ful-nos, s. Terribleness, frightfulness. DREADFULLY, dr5d'iul-, ad. Terribly, frightfully. DREADI.ESSNESS, dredles-nes, s. Fearlessness, intrepidity. DREADLESS, drM'ies, Fearless, unaft'nghted, intrepid. DREAM, dreme, S. 227. A phantasm of sleep, the thoughts of a sleeping man ; an idle fancy. To DREAM, dreme, v. n. To have the represen- tation of something in sleep ; to think, to imagine ; to think idly ; to be sluggish ; to idle. To DREAM, dreme, V. a. To see in a dream. DREAMER, dl'e'mur, S- 98. One who has dreams ; an idle fanciful man ; a mope, a nvan lost in wild ima- gination ; a sluggard, an idler. M2 DRE DRO ^559. Fate 73, far 77, full 83, fit 81 me 93, m&95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, move 104, DREAMLESS, dr^me'lfe, a. Without dreams. DUEAR, drere, a. 227. Mournful, dismal. DREARY, dre're, a. Sorrowful, distressful j gloomy, dismal, horrid. _ DREDGE, drdje, s. A kind of net To DREDGE, dredje, v. a. To gather with a dredge, t DREDGER, dre'd'jfir, s. One who fishes with a dredge. DREGGINESS, dreg'ge-nfe, s. Fulness of dregs or lees, feculence. DREGGISH, dre'g'glsh, a. Foul with lees, feculent DREGGY, dreg'gt*, . 382. Containing dregs, consisting of dregs, feculent. DREGS, dregz, s. The sediment of liquors, the Iocs, the grounds ; any thing by which purity is cor- rupted ; dross, sweepings, refuse. To DREIN, drane, v. a. 249. To empty ; better written Drain. To DRENCH, drensb, v. a. To soak, to steep ; to saturate with drink or moisture; to physick by violence. DRENCH, drensb, S. A draught, swill ; physick for a brute ; physick that must be given by violence. DRENCHER, drensli'ur, s. One that dips or teeps any thing ; one that gives physick by force. To DRESS, dres, v. a. 'To clothe ; to adorn, to embellish ; to cover a wound with medicaments ; to curry, to rub ; to prepare for any purpose ; to trim, to fit any thing for ready use ; to prepare victuals for the table. DRESS, drs, s. Clothes, garments ; the skill of ad- justing dress. .DRESSER, dreVsfir, s. One employed in putting on the clothes of another ; one employed in regulating or adjusting any thing; the bench in a kitchen on which meat is drest DRESSING, dreVslng, S. The application made to a sore. DRESSING-ROOM, dreVsIng-roSm, s. The room in which clothes are put on. DRESSY, dres'se, a. Showy in dress. DREST, Arst,part. from Dress, properly Dressed. DO- This is one of those words which, for the sake of rhyming to the eye, as it may be called, poets have con- tracted into an irregular form ; but how unnecessarily may be seen. Principles, No. 360. To DRIB, drib, v. a. To crop, to cut off. A cant word. To DRIBBLE, drib!)!, v. n . 405. To fall in drops ; to fall weakly and slowly ; to slaver as a child or idiot To DRIBBLE, drWbl, v. a. To throw down iu drops. A DRIBLET, drlb^t, s. A small sum, odd money in a sum. See Codle. DRIER, dri'ur, s. That which has the quality of absorbing moisture. DRIFT, drift, S. Force impellent, impulse ; violence, course ; any thing driven at random ; any thing driven or borne along in a body ; a storm, a shower ; a heap or stratum of any matter thrown to- gether by the wind ; tendency, or aim of action ; scope of a discourse. To DRIFT, drift, v. a. To drive, to urge along ; to throw together in heaps. To DRILL, ddl, v. a. To pierce any thing with a drill ; to perforate, to bore, to pierce ; to make a hole ; to delay, to put oft'; to teach recruits their ex- ercise. DRILL, dill, S. An instrument-with which holes are bored ; an ape, a baboon. To DRINK, drink, v. n. Pret. Drank, or Drunk; part. pas?. Drunk, or Drunken. To swallow liquors, to quench thirst ; to be entertained with liquors; to he an habitual drunkard ; To drink to, to salute in drinking. To DRINK, drink, v. a. To swallow, applied to liquids ; to suck up, to absorb. 164 DRINK, drink, s. Liquor to be swallowed, opposed to meat ; liquor of any particular kind. DRINKMONEY, drink'mun-e, s. Money given to buy liquor. DRINKABLE, drlnk'a-bl, a. That may he drunk. DRINKER, drink'ur, s. 98. One that drinks to excess, a drunkard. To DRIP, drip, v. n. To fall in drops ; to have drops falling from it. To DRIP, drip, v. a. To let fall in drops ; to ih |- fat in roasting. DRIP, drip, s. That which falls in drops. DRIPPING, drlplng, s. The fat which housewives gather from roast meat. DRIPPING-PAN, drlpl rig-pan, s. The pan n\ which the fat of roast meat is caught. To DRIVE, drive, v. a. Pret Drove, anciently Drove ; part pass. Driven or Drove. To force along by impetuous pressure ; to expel by fonv from any place ; to force or urge-in any direction ; to guide and regulate a carriage ; to make animals imrrh along under guidance ; to clear any place by forcing away what is in it ; to force, to compel ; to carry on, to drive out, to expel. To DRIVE, drive, V. n. To go as impelled by an external agent; to rush with violence ; to pass in ; carriage ; to tend to, to consider as the scope and ulli. mate design ; to aim, to strike at with fury. To DRIVEL, drlv'vl, v. n. 102. To slaver, to let the spittle fall in drops ; to be weak or foolish, to dote. DRIVEL, drlv'vl, s. Slaver, moisture shed from the mouth ; a fool, an idiot, a driveller. DRIVELLER, drlv'vl-ur, s. A fool, an idiot DRIVEN, drlv'vn, 103. part, of Drive. DRIVER, dri'vur, s. The person or instrument .who gives any motion by violence; one who drives beasts, one who drives a carriage. To DRIZZLE, drlz'zl, v. a. 405. To shed iu small slow drops. To DRIZZLE, drlz'zl, v. n. To fall in short simv drops. DRIZZLY, drlz'zl-e, a. Shedding small rain. DROLL, drole, 406. One whose business is to raise mirth by petty tricks, a jester, a buffoon : a farce, something exhibited to raise mirth. 03- When this word is used to signify a farce, it is pro- nounced so as to rhyme with doll, h/l, &e. 406. If this wanted proof, we might quote Swift, who was too scru- pulous to rhyme it with extol, if it had not been so pro- nounced. "Some ns justly fame extols, For lofty lines in Smithfield drolls." This double pronunciation of the same word to signify different things is a gross perversion of language. Either the orthography or the pronunciation ought to fie altered. Droll, when signifying a farce, ought either to be pro- nounced so as to rhyme with hole, or to be written with only one 1. See Eou'l. DROLL, drole, a. Comic, farcical. To DROLL, drole, v. n. To jest, to play the buffoon. DROLLERY, dro'l&r-e, S. Idle jokes ; buffoonery. DROMEDARY, drum'e-da-re, s. 165. A sort of camel. &5I have in the sound of the o in this word followed Mr Nares rather than Mr Sheridan, and I think with the best usage on my side. DllONE, drone, S. The bee which makes :io honey ; a pipe of a bagpipe ; a sluggard, an idler ; the hum, or instrument of humming. To DRONE, drone, v. n. To live idly. DROMSH, uro'rilsh, a. Idle, sluggish. To DROOP, drSSp, V.n. To languish with sorrow; to faint, to grow weak. DROP, drop, s, A globule of moisture, as inin-li liquor as falls at once when there is not a routiiiiuil stream ; diamond hanging in the ear. DROP-SERENE, drop-se-rene'. s. A disease of tlie eye. DRO DUB nor 167, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 oil 299 pound 313 thin 466, THIS 469. Laboriously, To DllOP, drSp, v. a. To pour in drops or single glooules ; to let fall ; to let go, to dismiss from the hand or the possession ; to utter slightly or casually ; to insert indirectly, or by way of digression ; to inter- mit, to cease ; to let go a dependant, or companion ; to suffer to vanish, to come to nothing ; to bedrop, to bespeckle, to variegate. To DROP, drop, v. . To fall in drops or single globules; to let drops fall; 'to fall, to come from a higher place ; to fall spontaneously ; to fall in death, to die suddenly ; to sink into silencA, to vanish, to come to nothing ; to come unexpectedly DROPPING, dr&p'ping, s. That which falls in drops ; that vvliich drops when the continuous stream ceases. DROPLET, dr6p1et, s. A little drop. DROPSTONE, drop'stone, s. Spar formed into the shape of drops. DROPSICAL, drop'se-kiil, ) DROPSIED, drop'sid, 282, ) a ' Diseased witli a dropsy. DROPSY, drSp'se, S. A collection of water in the body. DUOPWORT, drop'wurt, s. A plant. DROSS, dros, S. The recrement or scum of metals ; i DRUDGINGLY, drudjelng-l<*, ad. toilsomely. DRUG, drug, s. An ingredient used in physick, a medicinal simple ; any thing without worth or value, any thing for which no purchaser can be found. To DRUG, drug, v . a. To season with medicinal ingredients ; to tincture with something offensive. DRUGGET, drug'glt, S. 99. A coarse kind of wool- len cloth. DRUGGIST, drug'glst, S. 382. One who sells phy- sical drugs. DRUGSTER, drug'stur, s. One who sells physical simples. This word is only used by the vulgar. DRUID, dru'id, s. A priest and philosopher of the anflent Britons. DRUM, drum, s. An instrument of military musick j the tympanum of the ear. To DRUM, v. n. To beat a drum, to beat a tune on a drum ; to beat with a pulsatory motion. To DRUMBLE, drum'bl, v. n. 405. To drone, to be sluggish. Obsolete. DRUMFISH, drum'fish, s. The name of a fish. DRUMMAJOR, drum-ma'jur, s. The chief drum- mer of a regiment. rust, incrustation upon metal ; refuse, leavings, sweep- ; DfiUMMAKER, drum'ma-kur, s. He who deals lugs, feculence, corruption. DROSSINESS, dr5s'se-nes, s. Foulness, feculence, rust. DROSSY, dros'se, a. Full of dross ; worthless, foul, feculent. DROVE, drove, s. A body or number of cattle ; a number of sheep driven; any collection of animals ; a crowd, a tumult. DROVE, drove. Pret. of Drive. DROVEN, droVn, part. a. from Drive. Not in use. DROVER, dro'vur, s. One that fats oxen for sale, and drives them to market. DROUGHT, drout, S. 313. 393. Dry weather, want of rain ; thirst, want of drink. J5?- This word is often pronounced as if written drouth, but improperly. When these abstracts take g in their composition, and tliis g-is preceded by a vowel, the t does not precede the h, but follows it ; as weigh, weight ; fly, flight ; no, nought. &c. DROUGHTINESS, drou't^-nes, s. The state of want- ing rain. DROUGHTY, drdu'te, a. Wanting rain, sultry ; thirsty, dry with thirst To DROWN, droun, v. a. 323. To suffocate in overwhelm in water ; to overflow, to bury in drums. DRUMMER, drum'mur, s. He whose office is to beat the drum. DRUMSTICK, drum'stlk, s. The stick with which a drum is beaten. DRUNK, drungk, a. Intoxicated with strong- li. quor, inebriated ; drenched or saturated with moisture. DRUNKARD, drungk'urd, s. 88. One given to ex- cessive use of strong liquors. DRUNKEN, drung'kn, a. 103. Intoxicated with liquor, inebriated ; given to habitual ebriety ; satu- rated with moisture ; done in a state of inebriation. DRUNKENLY, drung'kn-le, ad. in a drunken manner. DRUNKENNESS, dr&ng'kn-nes, s. Intoxication with strong liquor ; habitual ebriety ; intoxication or inebriation of any kind, a disorder of the faculties. DRY, dri, a. Arid, not wet, not moist ; without rain ; not succulent, not juicy ; without tears ; thirsty, athirst; jejune, barren, unembellished. To DRY, dri, V. a. To free from moisture ; to ex- hale moisture ; to wipe away moisture ; to scorch with thirst ; to drain, to exhaust. To DRY, dri, v. n. To grow dry, to lose moisture. DRYAD, drl'ad, s. A wood nymph. water ; to overwhelm in water ; to overflow, to bury JJH.IAU, un ;iu, s. A v in an inundation ; to immerge. DRYADS, drl'&ds, S. The English plural of Dryad. To DROWN, droun, v. n. To be suffocated by D RY ADES, dri'i-d^Z, S. The Latin plural of thu same word. To DROWSE, drouz, v. a. 323. To make heavy ! DRYER, dri'ur, S. 98. That which has the quality :*.!_ ~i . .... with sleep. To DROWSE, drouz, n. n. To slumber, to grow heavy with sleep ; to look heavy, not cheerful. DROWSILY, drou'ze-le, ad. Sleepily, heavily ; slug- gishly, slothfully. DROWSINESS, drdu'ze-nes, s. Sleepiness, heavi- ness with sleep. DROWSIHEAD, drou'ze-lied, S. Sleepiness, inclina- tion to sleep. DROWSY, drou'ze, a. Sleepy, heavy with sleep, lethargick ; lulling, causing sleep; stupid, dull. To DRUB, drub, v. a. To thresh, to beat, to bang. DRUB, drub, s. A thump, a blow. To DRUDGE, drudje, v. n. To labour in mean offices, to toil without honour or dignity. DRUDGE, drudje, S. One employed in mean labour. DRUDGER, drudje'ur, s. A mean labourer ; the box out of which flour is thrown on roast meat. DRUDGERY, drudje'ur-e, s. Mean labour, ignoble toil. DRUDGING.BOX, drudjelng-boks, s. The box out of which flour is sprinkled upon roast meat, 165 of absorbing moisture. DRYEYED, dri'ide,, a. without tears, without weeping. DRYLY, dri'le, ad. Without moisture ; coldly, without affection; jejunely, barrenly. DRYXESS, dri'nes, s. Want of moisture, want of succulence ; want of embellishment, want of pathos, want of sensibility in devotion. DRYNURSE, dri'nurse, s. A woman who brings up and feeds a child without the breast ; one who t;ikt-s care of another. To DRYNURSE, dri'nurse, v. a. To feed without the breast. DRYSHOD, dri'shod, a. Without wet feet, without treading above the shoes in the water. DUAL, du'5.1, a. Expressing the number two. To DUB, dfib, v. a. To make a man a knight ; t > confer any kind of dignity. DUB, dub, S. A blow, a knock. Not in use. DUBIOUS, du'be-us, a. 512. Doubtful, m>t settled in an opinion ; uiuvrtain, that of whirh tlin truth is not fullv known ; not plain, not i Ic.i; . DUB DUN 359. Fate 73, fir 77, fall 83, fat 81 me* 93, mSt 93 pine 105, pin 107 nA 162, ra6ve 164, DUBIOUSLY, dMW-fis-le, ad. Uncertainly, with- out any determination. DUBIOUSNESS, du'W-us-ne's, S. Uncertainty, doubtfulness. DUBITABLE, duTW-ta-bl, a. Doubtful, uncertain. DUBITATION, du-be-ta'sh&n, s. The act of doubt- ing-, doubt. DUCAL, diAll, a. Pertaining to a duke. DUCAT, d&klt, S. 90. A coin struck by dukes ; in silver valued at about four shillings and sixpence, in gold about nine shillings and sixpence. DUCK, duk, s. The water fowl, both wild and tame ; a word of endearment, or fondness ; a declina- tion of the head ; a stone thrown obliquely on the water. To DUCK, duk, v. n. To dive under water as a duck ; to drop down the head, as a duck ; to bow low, to cringe. To DUCK, duk, v. a. To put under water. DuCKER, d&k'ur, s. 98. A diver, a cringer. DUCKING-STOOL, d&k'klng-stool, s. A chair in which scolds are tied, and put under water. DUCK-LEGGED, duk'le'gd, a. 339. shorMegged. DUCKLING, duk'llng, s. A young duck. DuCKMEAT, duk'mete, s. A common plant grow, ing in standing waters. DUCKS-FOOT, d&ks'fut, S. Black snake-root, or May-apple. DUCKWEED, duk'wede, s. Duckmeat. DUCT, dukt, s. Guidance, direction ; a passage through which any thing is conducted. DUCTILE, duk'tll, a. 140. Flexible, pliable ; easy to be drawn out into length ; tractable, obsequious, complying. DuCTILENESS, duk'til-neS, S. Flexibility, ductility, D UCTILITY, duk-til'e-te, s. Quality of suffering extension, flexibility ; obsequiousness, compliance. DUDGEON, dud'jun, s. 259. A small dagger ; malice, sullenness, ill-will. DUE, du, a. Owed, that one has a right to demand ; proper, fit, appropriate ; exact, without deviation. DUE, du, ad. Exactly, directly, duly. DUE, du, si^That which belongs to one, that which may be justly claimed ; right, just title ; whatever cus- tom or law requires to be done ; custom, tribute. DUEL, dull, S. 99. A combat between two, a single fight To DUEL, dull, v. n. To fight a single combat. DUELLER, dull-fir, S. 99. A single combatant. DUELLING, dull-Ing, s. 410. The act of fighting a duel. DUELLIST, dull-list, S. A single combatant ; one who professes to live by rules of honour. DuELLO, du-l16, s. The duel, the rule of duelling. DUENNA, du-eVna, s. An old woman kept to guard a younger. DUG, dug, S. A pap, a nipple, a teat. DUG, dug. Pret. and part. pass, of Dig. DuKE, duke, *. 376. One of the highest order of nobility in England. JC5=- There is a slight deviation often heard in the pro- iiuncvation of this word, as if written Dook ; but this borders on vulgarity ; the true sound of the u must be carefully preserved," as if written Deirfc. There is another impropriety in pronouncing this word, as if written Jonk ; this is not so vulgar as the former, and arises from an ignorance of the influence of accent. See Principles, Na.488 DUKEDOM, dukeMum, s. The possession of a rtnke ; the title or quality of duke. DULBRAINED, dtil'brand, a. Stupid, doltish, foolish. DULCET, dul'set, a. 99. Sweet to t'.;p t;ibte, luscious ; Mveet to the oar, harmonious. DUI.CIFICATION, di'il-sc-te-ka'shun, s. The act nf 166 sweetening, the act of freeing from acidity, saltncss, or acrimony. To DULCIFY, dul's^-fi, v. a. 183. To sw.eten, to set free from acidity. DULCIMER, dul'se-mur, S. 98. A musical instru- ment played by striking the brass wire with little sticks. To DULCORATE, dul'ko-rat*, v. a. 91. To sweet- en, to make less acrimonious*. DULCORATION, dul-ko-ra'shun, s. The act > 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81 md 93, mlt 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, m<5ve 164 EAGER, ^g&r, 227. Struck with desire, ardently wishing- ; hot of disposition, vehement, ardent j quick, busy ; sharp, SHUT, acrid. EAGEKLV, ^g&r-U, ad- Ardently, hotly ; keenly, sharply. EAGERNESS, ^gur-n^S, S. Ardour of inclination ; impetuosity, vehemence, violence. EAGLE, 4'gl, *. 227. 405. A bird of prey, said to be extremely sharp-sighted ; the standard ot the an- cient Romans. EAGLE-EYED, d'gl-lde, a. 282. Sharp-sighted as an eagle. EAGLESTONE, ^gl-stone, . A stone said to be found at the entrance of the holes in which the eagles make their nests. EAGLET, ^glet, s. A young eagle. EAR, er, s. 227. The whole organ of audition or hearing; that part of the ear that stands prominent; power of judging of harmony ; the spike of corn, that part which contains the seeds ; To fall together by the ears, to fight, to scuffle ; To set by the ears, to make strife, to make to quarrel. EARLESS, e^rl^s, a. Without any ears. EAR-RING, e^r'rlng, s. Jewels set in a ring, and worn at the ears. EAR-SHOT, ^er'shSt, s. Reach of the ear. EARWAX, ^lAviks, S. The cerumen, or exudation which smears the inside of the ear. EARWIG, eir'wig, S. A sheath-winged insect j a whisperer. EARWITNESS, de'r-wlt'nfe, s. One who attests, or can attest any thing as heard by himself. To EAR, eth-, v. a. 24-6. To plow, to till. To EAR, t*er, V. n. To shoot into ears. EARED, eerd, a. 359. Having ears or organs of hearing ; having ears, or ripe corn. EARL, erl, s. 234. 237. A title of nobility, anciently the highest of this nation, now the third. EARL-MARSHAL, &i-m&r / sb21, s. He that has the chief care of military solemnities. EARLDOM, rl'dum, s. 166. The seigniory of an earL EARLINESS, M.&-V&8, s. Quickness of any action with respect to something else. EARLY, rl, a. 234. Soon with respect to some- thing el.-e. EARLY, Srl^, ad. Soon, betimes. To EARN, Srn, v. a. 234. 371. To gain as the re- ward or wages of labour ; to gain, to obtain. EARNEST, ^i/nest, a. 234. Ardent in anv affection, warm, zealous ; intent, fixed, eager. EARNEST, r f nst, s. Seriousness, a serious event, not a. jest'; the money which is given in token that a bargain is ratified. EARNESTLY, fr'n&t-li, ad. Warmly, affection- ately, zealously, importunately ; eagerly, desirously. EARNESTNESS, eVnest-ns, s. Eagerness, warmth, vehemence ; solicitude. EARTH, trth, s. 234. 237. The element distinct from air, fire, or water ; the terraqueous globe, the world, (XS- This word is liable to a coarse, vulgar pronuncia- tion, as if written Vrtk i there is, indeed, but a delicate difference between this and the true sound, but quite sufficient to distinguish a common from a polite speaker. To EARTH, fath. v. a. To hide in earth ; to cover with earth. To EARTH, &rtk, V. n. To retire under ground. EARTHBOARD, rt/<'bord, s. The board of the plough that shakes off the earth. EARTHBORN, {rt&'bdrn, a. Born of the earth ; meanly born. EARTHBOUND, irtA / b3ftnd, a. Fastened by the pressure of the earth. EARTHEN, h j thn, a. 103. Made of earth, made of rlay. EAKTHFI.AX, er/A'flaks, s. A kind of fii-rous fu^ii. 168 EARTHINESS, rY/'e-neS, s. The quality of con- taining earth ; grossness. EARTHLING, fattl'llng, S. An inhabitant of the earth, a poor frail creature. EARTHLY, &Tth'l&, a. Not heavenly, vile, 1110:111, sordid, belonging only to our present state, not tpiri- tual. EARTHNUT, er/A'nut, s. A pignut, a root in shape and size like a nut EARTHQUAKE, ^rtAltwake, s. Tremor or mn- vulsion of the earth. EARTIISHAKING, ertA'shMdng, a. Having power to shake the earth, or to raise earthquakes. EARTHWORM, ertA'vvfinn, s. A worm bred under ground ; a mean sordid wretch. EARTHY, r s. EBONY, eb'6-ne, j A hard, heavy, black, valuable wood. EBRIF.TY, 5-brl'e-te, s. Drunkenness, intoxication by strong liquor;. EBRIOSITY, c-br^-iWe-tc, s. Habitual arunkcn. ness. EBU EFF nor 167, n6t 163 tube 171, tub 172, bill 173 oil 299 pound 313 thin 466, mis 169. EBULLITION, eb-ul-lisb/iin, a. 177. The act of boiling up with heat ; any intestine motion ; efferves- cence. ECCENTRICAL, ek-sen/tre-kal, ECCENTRICK, ek-sen'trlk, Deviating from the centre ; irregular, anomalous. ECCENTRICITY, ek-s^n-trls'e-te, s. Deviation from a centre ; excursion from the proper orb. ECCHYMOSIS, ek-ke-mo'sis, s. 520. Livid spots or blotches in the skin. ECCLESIASTICAL, ek-kle-zhe-as'te-kal, ECCLESIASTICK, ek-kle-zhe-as'tik, Relating to the church, not civil. ECCLESIASTICK, e'k-kle-zhe-as'tik, s. A person dedicated to the ministries of religion. OCJ- I have given these words the fl;tt s aspirated, as I am convinced it is quite agreeable to the analogy of pro- nunciation ; for the third syllable coming after the se- condary accent, is exactly under the same predicament as the penultimate syllable in Ambrosial, Ephesian, Geo. dcesian, &c. See Principles, No. 451. ECHINUS, e-ki'n&s, s. 503. A hedgehog ; a shell fish set with prickles ; with botanists, the prickly head of any plant ; in architecture, a member or ornament t, iking its name from the roughness of the carving. ECHO, k ; k6, s. The return or repercussion of any sound ; the sound returned. To ECHO, ek'ko, 17. n. To resound, to give the repercussion of a voice; to be sounded back. To ECHO, ek'ko, v. a. To send back a voice. ECLAIRCISSEMENT, ek-klare'stz-ineiit, s. Ex- planation, the act of clearing up an affair. (X%- This word, though long in use, is not yet natura- zeo. Every syllable but the last may be perfectly pro- munced by an Englishman who does hot speak French ; . tut this syllable having a nasal vowel, not followed by lard c or g (see Encore), is an insuperable difficulty : the earest sound to it would perhaps be to make it rhyme vith long and strong. But a speaker would, perhaps, risk less by pronouncing it like an English word at once, than to imitate the French sound awkwardly. ECLAT, e-klavv', s. 472. French. Splendour, show, lustre. ECLECTIC K, ek-ldk'tlk, a. Selecting, choosing at will. ECLIPSE, e-kllps', S. An obscuration of the lumin- aries of heaven ; darkness, obscuration, To ECLIPSE, e-kl!ps', v. a. To darken a luminary ; to extinguish ; to cloud ; to obscure ; to disgrace. ECLIPTIC, e-klip'tik, s. A great circle of the sphere. ECLOGUE, ek16g, s. 338. A pastoral poem. ECONOMY, e-kon'o-me, s. 296. 5 1 8. The manage- ment of a family ; frugality, discretion of expense ; disposition of things, regulation ; the disposition or arrangement of any work.. ECONOMICK, ek-ko-n&in'lk, 530. ECONOMICAL, ek_k6-n6m'e-kal, Pertaining to the regulation of a household ; frugal. ECSTASY, eks'ta-se, s. Any passion by which the thoughts are absorbed, and in which the mind is for a time lost ; excessive joy, rapture ; enthusiasm, exces- sive elevation of the mind ; madness, distraction. EcSTASIED, eks'ta-Sld, a. 282. Ravished, en- raptured. ECSTATICAL, eks-tat'e-kal, ECSTATICK, eks-tatlk, 509, Ravished, raptured, elevated to ecstasy ; in the highest degree of joy. EDACIOUS, e-da'shus, a. Eating, voracious, rave- nous, greedy. EDACITY, e-das'e-te, S. Voraciousness, revenous- ness. EDDER, &l'dftr, s. 98. Such fencewood as is commonly put upon t'ne top of fences. EDDY, (Jd'ai, S. The water that, by some reper- 169 .1 cussion, or opposite wind, runs contrary to the main stream ; whirlpool, circular motion. EDEMATOSE, e-dem-a-tose', a. Full ot humours. See Appendix. EDEMATOUS, e-dem'a-tus, a. Full of humours. EDENTATED, e-den'ta-ted, a. Deprived of teeth. EDGE, dje, s. The thin or cutting part of a blade ; a narrow part rising 1 from a broader ; keenness, acri- mony; To set the teeth on edge, to cause a ting-ling pain in the teeth. To EDGE, dje, v. a. To sharpen, to enable to cut, to furnish with an edge ; to border with any thing, to fringe ; to exasperate, to imbitter. To EDGE, dje, v. n. To move against any power. EDGED, edjd, or ed'jed, part. a. 359. Sharp, not blunt. EDGING, e'd'jing, S. What is added to any thing by way of ornament ; a narrow lace. EoGELESS, e'dje'les, a. Blunt, obtuse, unable to cut EDGETOOL, edje'tool', s. A tool made sharp to cut. EDGEWISE, dje'vvize, ad. With the edge put into any particular direction. EDIBLE, ed'e-bl, a. 503. Fit to be eaten. EDICT, e'dlkt, s. A proclamation of command or prohibition. DO" Good speaHfers seem divided about the quantity ot the vowel in the first syllable of this word. Kenrick, Perry, and Buchanan, make it short ; and Sheridan, Nares, Entick, Ash, Scott, and W. Johnston, long. This majority has induced me to make it long likewise, and not any length of the same letter in the Latin edictum ; for though the Latin accent is frequently a rule for the placing of ours, the quantity of Latin has almost as little to do with our quantity as it has with that of the Chinese or Hebrew. See Introduction to Rhyming Dictionary, page xix. EDIFICATION, d-e-fe-ka'shun, s. The act of building up man in the faith, improvement in holiae. ; improvement, instruction. EDIFICE, ed'e-fis, S. 14-2. A fabrick, a building. EDIFIER, ed'e-fi-ur, s. One that improves or iu. structs another. To EDIFY, ed'o-fi, v. a. To build ; to instruct, to improve ; to teach, to persuade. EDILE, ^dile, s. 140. The title of a magistrate in old Rome. EDITION, ^-dlsh'un, S. Publication of any thing, particularly of a book ; republication, with revisal. EDITOR, M'e-t&r, s. 166. Publisher, he that re- vises or prepares any work for publication. To EDUCATE, ed'ju-kate, v. a. 91. To breed, to bring up. 1X3- This pronunciation may seem odd to those who are not acquainted with the nature of the letters ; but it is not only the most polite, but, in reality, the most agree- able to rule. See Principles^No. 294. 376. EDUCATION, d-ju-ka'sbun, s. Formation of man- ners in youth. To EDUCE, e-dii?e', v. a. To bring out, to extrart. EDUCTION, e-duk'shun, s. The act of bringing anything into view. To EDULCORATE,e-diil'k6-rate,V. a. To sweeten. EDULCORATION, e-dul-ko-ra'shan, s. The act of sweetening. To EEK, eek, v. a. To make bigger by the addition of another piece ; to supply any deficiency. See Eke. EEL, <^el, s. A serpentine slimy fish, that lurks in mud. E'EN, Wn, ad. Contracted from Even. EFF ABLE, ffa-bl, a. 405. Expressive, utteraMo. To EFFACE, e'f-fase', v. a. To destroy any form painted or carved ; to blot out ; to destroy, to wear away. KS- The strong tendency of the vowel to open, when it terminates a syllable, immediately before the accent, makes us frequently hear the eio these words, when th* accent is on the second syllable, pronounced as open as if there were but one/ The same may be observed ( the o in occasion, offence, nffitiitl, c. This is certainly EFF EIG 559. Fate 73, far 77, tall 83, fat 81 m^ 93, mt 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, m6ve 161, a deviation from rule ; but it is so general, and so agree- able to the ear, as to be a distinguishing ark of elegant pronunciation. EFFECT, 3f-fkt/, S. 98. That which is produced by an operating cause ; consequence, event ; reality, not mere appearance ; in the plural, goods, moveables. To EFFECT, Of-fekt', V. a. To bring to pass, to attempt with success, to achieve; to produce as a cause. EFFECTIBLE, ef-fk't-bl, a. Performable, practi- cable. EFFECTIVE, f-fk'tlv, a. Having the power to produce effects ; operative, active ; efficient EFFECTIVELY, f-fk'tiv-l, ad. Powerfully, with real operation. EFFECTLESS, ef-fektl&3, a. Without effect, im- potent, useless. EFFECTOR, f-fek't&r, s. 166. He that produces any effect. EFFECTUAL, gf-fek'tshu-al, a. 463. Productive of effects, powerful to a degree, adequate to the occa- pion, efficacious. E FFECTUALLY, f-fk'tshu-al-l, ad. In a manner productive of the consequence intended, efficaciously. To EFFECTUATE, If-fgk'tshfc&te, v. a. To bring to pass, to fulfil. EFFEMINACY, ef-fSm'e-na-s^, *. Admission of tlie qualities of a woman, softness, unmanly delicacy ; lasciviousness, loose pleasure. EFFEMINATE, f-fm'-nate, a. 91. Having the qualities of a woman, womanish, voluptuous, tender. To EFFEMINATE, ^f-fSm'^-nate, v. a. 91. 98. To make womanish, to emasculate, to unman. To EFFEMINATE, f-fm'-nate, v. n. To soften, to melt into weakness. EFFEMINATION, ef-fm- na'shun, s. The state of one grown womanish, the state of one emasculated or unmanned. To EFFERVESCE, f-fr-vs', v. n. To generate heat by intestine motion. EFFERVESCENCE, f-fr-vs'snse, s. 510. The act of growing hot, production of heat by intestine motion. EFFICACIOUS, f-fe-ka'sh&s, a. Productive of effects, powerful to produce the consequence intended. EFFICACIOUSLY, ^f-fe-ka'shis-le, ad. Effectually. EFFICACY, Pfi-ka-sd, s. Production of the con- sequence intended. EFFICIENCE, f-flsh'ynse, ) EFFICIENCY, f-fish'yn-se, } s ' The act of producing effects, agency. EFFICIENT, f.fish'y3nt, s. The cause which makes effects ; he that makes, the effector. EFFICIENT, f-fish'ynt, a. 113. Causing effects. EFFIGIES, f-fld'jes, > EFFIGY, Pfe-j, 5 s - Resemblance, image in painting or sculpture. EFFLORESCENCE, f-fl6-rs'snse, EFFLORESCENCY, ef-flo-r&'sen Production of floxvers ; excrescences in the form of flowers ; in ph >>ick, the breaking out uf some humours in the skin. EFFLORESCENT, ef-flo-ers'sent, a. Shooting out in form of flowers. EFFLUENCE, Pflu-e:nse, s. That which issues from some other principle. EFFLUVIA, -fld'vd-a, The plural of EFFLUVIUM, t'f-fli've-&m, s. Those small particles which are continually flying off from bodies. EFFLUX, efflaks, s. 492. The act of flowing out ; -ion ; that which flows from something else : ema- nation. T< : EFFLUX, cf-flfiks/ v. n. 98. To run out EFFLUXION, c-f-Mk'shtm, s. The act of flowing out ; that which flows out, effluvium, emanation. EFFORT, Cf'ftrt, s. Struggle, laborious endeavour 170 98. EFFOSSION, f-f5sh'un, s. The act of digging up from the ground. EFFRONTERY, ef-frun'ter-e, s. Impudence, shame. lessness. EFFULGENCE, f-f61'jnse, s. 98. 177 Lustre, brightness, splendour. EFFULGENT, ef-ful'jnt, , a. Shining, bright, luminous. EFFUMABILITY, ^f-fu-ma-bil'^-te 1 , s. The quality of flying away in fumes. To EFFUSE, If-fuze 7 , ?;. a. 437. To pour out, to spill. EFFUSION, ^f-fu'zhfrn, S. 98. The act of pouring out j waste, the act of spilling or shedding ; the thing poured out EFFUSIVE, f-fu's!v, a. 499. 428. Pouring out, dispersing-. EFT, ft, s. A newt, an evet EFTSOONS, eft-s66nz', ad. Soon afterwards. To EGEST, -jest', v. a. To throw out food at the natural vents. EGESTION, -jes'tshun, s. 4G4. The act of throw- ing out the digested fooi EGG, g, S. That which is laid by feathered animals, from which their young is produced ; the spawn or sperm of creatures ; any thing fashioned in the shape of an egg. To EGG, g, V. a. To incite, to instigate. EGLANTINE, ^Ian-tin, s. 150. A species of rose ; sweetbriar. EGOTISM, e'go-tizm, s. Too frequent mention of a man's self. 5J5- Contrary to my own judgment I have made the e in the first syllable of this word long, because I see it is / uniformly so marked by all the Dictionaries I have seen : but I am much mistaken if analogy does not in time re- / cover her rights, and shorten this vowel by joining it to the g, as if written eg-o-tism ; not because this vowel is short in the Latin ego, (for the English quantity has very little to do with the Latin,) but because the word may be looked upon as a simple in our language, and the accent / is on the antepenultimate syllable. Mr Elphinston, * whose opinion m this point is of the greatest weight, makes the first vowel short. See Principles, No. 511. 530. 536. EGOTIST, ^/go-tlst, s. One that is always talking of himself. To EGOTIZE, e'go-tlze, v. n. To talk much of one's self. EGREGIOUS, -gre'je-fis, a. Eminent, remarkable, extraordinary ; eminently badj remarkably vicious. EGREGIOUSLY, e-gre'je-fis-l^, ad. Eminently, shamefully. EGRESS, e'grs, S. The act of going out of any place, departure. EGRESSION, ^-grsL'fin, s. The act of going out EGRET, d'grtk, s. A fowl of the heron kind. EGRIOT, ^gr^-ftt, s. A species of cherry. To EJACULATE, ^-jak'6-late, v. a. To throw, to shoot out. EJACULATION, d-jak-i-la'shin, s. \ short prayer darted out occasionally ; the act of darting or throwing out EJACULATORY, e-jak'u-la-tur-^, a. Suddenly- darted out, sudden, hasty. To EJECT, e-jokt', v. a. To throw out, to cat forth, to void ; to throw out or expel from an office or possession. EJECTION, ^-jek'shun, s. The act of casting out, expulsion. EJECTMENT, e-jckt/ment, s. A legal writ by which any inhabitant of a house, or tenant of an estate, is commanded to depart. ElGHT, ayt, a. Twice four. A word of number. tt5- The genuine sound of the diphthong in this word and its compounds does not seem to be that of the first j sound of a, which Mr Sheridan has given it under the second sound of e, but a combination of the first sound j of a and e pronounced as closely together as possible. EIG ELE nor 167, not 163 tube 171, t&b 172, bull 173 oil 299 p6&nd 313 thin 466, xnis 4-69. Rut as this distinction is very delicate, and may not be more easily apprehended than that between meat and meet, 246, I have given the diphthong the same sound as Mr Sheridan has done. EIGHTH, aytth, a. Next in order to the seventh. Jt5~ This word, as it is written, by no means conveys the sound annexed to it in speaking : for the abstract termination th being a perfect li-p, is quite distinct from the final t of eight, and can never coalesce with it with- out depriving the word of one of its letters. The only sound conveyed by the letters of this word, as now spelt, is as if written ayth: and if we would spell this sound as we pronounce it, and as the analogy of formation cer- tainly requires, we must necessarily write it eightth. This would have an unusual appearance to the eye ; and this would be a sufficient reason with the multitude for opposing it; but men of sense ought to consider, that the credit of the language is concerned in rectifying this radical fault in its orthography. EIGHTEEN', ay'teen, a. Twice nine. EIGHTEENTH, ay'teen^, a. The next in order to the seventeenth. EIGHTFOLD, ayt'fold, a. Ei*ht times the number or quantity. EIGHTHLY, aytt/i'le, ad. In the eighth place. EIGHTIETH, ay'te-eM, a. The next in order to the seventy-ninth, eighth tenth. ElGHTSCORE, ayt'skore, a. Eigbt limes twenty. EIGHTY, ay'te, a. Eight times ten. ElSEL, e'sil, s. Vinegar, verjuice. EITHER, e'TH&r, pron. distrib. Whichsoever of the two, whether one or the other ; each, both. ElTHER, e'THur, con/. 252. A distributive con- junction, answered by Or: either the one or the other. EjULATION, ed-jil-la'sh&n, s. Outcry, lamentation, moan, wailing. EKE, eke, ad. Also, likewise, besides. To EKE, eke, v. a. To increase , to supply, to fill up deficiencies ; to protract, to lengthen ; to -spin out by useles additions. To ELABORATE, e-lab'o-rate, v. a. To produce with labour; to heighten and improve by successive operations. ELABORATE, e-lab'o-rate, a. 91. Finished with great diligence. ELABORATELY, eJab / 6--rate-le, ad. Laboriously, diligently, witli great study. ELABORATION, e-lab-o-ra'shun, s. Improvement by successive operations. To ELANCE, e-lanse', v a. To throw out, to dart. To ELAPSE, e-lapse', r. n. To pass away, to glide away. ELASTICAL, e-lAs'te-kal, ELASTICK, e-lis'tlk, Having the power of returning to the form from which it is distorted, springy. ELASTICITY, e-las-tls'e-te, s. Force in bodies, by which they endeavour to restore themselves. ELATE, e-late', a. Flushed with success, lofty, haughty. To ELATE, e-late', v. a. To puff up with pros- perity ; to exalt, to heighten. El.ATIOX, e-la'shun, s. Haughtiness proceeding from success. Er.BOW, el'bo, S. 327. The next joint or curvature of the arm below the shoulder ; any flexure or angle, ELBOWCHAIR, el-bo-tshare', s. A chair with arms. ELBOWROOM, el'bo-room, s. Room to stretch out the elbows,' freedom from confinement To ELBOW, el'bo, v. a. To push with the elbow ; to push, to drive to a distance. To ELBOW, el'bo, v. n. To jut out in angles. El.D, eld, s. Old age, decrepitude; old people, persons worn out with years. El.DER, el'dur, a. 98. Surpassing another in years. El.DERS, el'-dfirz, s. Persons whose age gives them reverence ; ancestors ; those who are older than others ; among the Jews, rulers of the people ; in the New Testament, ecclesiasticks ; among Presbyterian*, laymen introduced into the kirk polity. ELDER, el'dur, s. 98. The name of a tree. ELDERLY, el'd&r-le, a. No longer young. ELDERSHIP, el'dur-shlp, s. Seniority, primogeni- ture ELDEST, el'dest, a. Oldest ; that has the right of primogeniture ; that has lived most years. ELECAMPANE, &-e-kam-pane / , *. A plant, named also starwort. To ELECT, e-lekt', v. a. To choose for any office or use ; in theology, to select as an object of eternal mercy. ELECT, e-lekt', a. Chosen, taken by preference from among others ; chosen to an office, not yet in pos- session; chosen as an object of eternal mercy. ELECTARY, e-lek'ta-re, s. A form of medicine made of conserves and powders, of the consistence of honey. DS" This is an alteration of the word Electuary, which has taken place within these few years ; and, it must be owned, is an alteration for the better : for as there is no u in the Latin Etectarium, there can be no reason for in- serting it in our English word, which is derived from it. ELECTION, e-lek'shun, s. The act of choosing one or more from a greater number; the power of choice ; voluntary preference ; the determination of God, by which any were selected for eternal life ; the ceremony of a publick choice. ELECTIONEERING, e-lek-shun-eer'ing, s. Con- cern in parliamentary elections. ELECTIVE, e-lek'tlv, a. Exerting the power of choice. ELECTIVELY, e-lek'tlv-le, ad. By choice, with preference of one to another. ELECTOR, e-lek't&r, s. 98. He that has a vote iii the choice of any officer ; a prince who has a voice in the choice of the German emperor. ELECTORAL, eUlek'to-ral, . Having the dignity of an elector. ELECTORATE, e-lek'to-rate, s. 91. The territory of an elector. ELECTHE, e-lek'tur, s. C8. 416. Amber; a mixed metal. ELECTRICAL, e-lek'tre-kal, > ELECTRICK, e-lek'trlk, } Attractive without magnetism ; produced by an elec- trick body. ELECTRICITY, e-lek-tris'e-te, s. A property in bodies, whereby, when rubbed, they draw substances, and emit fire. ELECTROMETER, e-lek-trSm'e-ter, s. 518. An instrument to measure the power of attraction. ELECTUARY, e-lek'tshfi-ar-e, s. See Electary. ELEEMOSYNARY, el-e-m&z'-e-nar-e, a. Living upon alms, depending upon charity ; given in charity. ELEGANCE, el'e-ganse, ELEGANCY, el'e-gan-'se, Beauty without grandeur. ELEGANT, el'e-gant, a. Pleasing with minuter beauties ; nice, not coarse, not gross. ELEGANTLY, el'e-gant-le, ad. In such a manner as to please without elevation. ELEGIACK, el-e-ji'ak, a. Used in elegies ; mourn- ful, sorrowful. DO- Our own analogy would lead us to place the accent upon the second syllable of this word ; but its derivation from the Latin etegiacxs, and the Greek i>.iy<.axo(, (in both which the antepenultimate is long,) obliges us, under pain of appearing grossly illiterate, to plai-e the accent on the same letter. But it may be observed, that we have scarcely an instance in the whole language of adopting a Latin or Greek word, and curtailing it of a syllable, without removing the accent higher on the English word. See Academy. ELEGIST, el'e-jist, S. A writer of elegies. ELEGY, el'e-j^, S. A mournful song ; a funeral eong; a short poem, with points or turns. ELEMENT, el'e-ment. s. The first or constituent ELE EMA ^ 559. Fate 73, far77,fall83, fat 81 mi 93, m& 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, move 164-, any language ; the lowest or first rudiments of litera- ture or science. ELEMENTAL, e'1-e-me'n'tal, a. Produced by some of the four elements ; arising from first principles. ELEMENTARITY, e'L^-men-tar'e-te, s. Simplicity of nature, absence of composition. ELEMENTARY, e'l-e-m^n'tar-e, a. Uncompounded, having only one principle. ELEPHANT, l'e-fant, S. The largest of all quadru- peds. ELEPHANTINE, e'l-e-fan'tln, a. 140. Pertaining to the elephant To ELEVATE, l'e"-vate, v. a. 91. To raise up aloft; to exalt, to dignify; to raise the mind with great conceptions. ELEVATE, el'e'-vate, part. a. 91. Exalted, raised aloft. ELEVATION, el-e'-va'shiin, s. The act of raising aloft ; exaltation, dignity ; exaltation of the mind by noble conceptions ; the height of any heavenly body with respect to the horizon. ELEVATOR, el'e-va-t&r, s. 521. 166. A raiser or lifter up. ELEVEN, e-lv'vn, a. 103. Ten and one. ELEVENTH, S-leVvnfA, a. The next in order to the tenth. ELF, lf, S. Plural, Elves. A wandering spirit, supposed to be seen in wild places ; a deviL ELFLOCK, elflik, s. Knots of hair twisted by elves. To ELICIT, e-Hs'slt, V. a. To strike out, to fetch out by labour. ELICIT, e-lls'slt, a. Brought into action. ELICITATION, e-lls-s-ta'shim, s. A deducing the power of the will into act. To ELIDE, 4-llde', V. a. To break in pieces. ELIGIBILITY, e'l-e-je-bil'e-te, s. Worthiness to be chosen. ELIGIBLE, l'e-j-bl, a. 405. Fit to be chosen, preferable. ELIGIBLENESS, <51'e-je-bl-ns, s. Worthiness to be chosen, preferableness. ELIMINATION, d-llm-^-na'shfin, s. The act of ban- ishing, rejection. ELISION, e-lizh'&n, S. The act of cutting off; di- vision, separation of parts. ELIXATION, l-lk-sa'shun, s. 533. 530. The act of boiling. ELIXIR, -llk'sur, S. 418. A medicine made by strong infusion, where the ingredients are almost dis- solved in the menstruum ; the liquor with which chy- mists transmute metals ; the extract or quintessence of any thing ; any cordial. tt3- There is a corrupt pronunciation of this word, oven among the upper ranks of people, which changes the in tlie second syllable into e, as if written Elexir. The i is never pronounced in this manner when the ac- cent is on it, except when followed by r and another consonant, 108. ELK, lk, s. The elk is a large and stately animal of the stag kind. ELL, 1, s. A measure containing a yard and a quarter. ELLIPSIS, el-lip'sis, S. A figure of rhetorick by which something is left out : in geometry, an oval figure generated from the section of a cone. See Ef- face. ELLIPTICAL, gl-llp'te-kal, ELLIPTICK, dl-llp'rik, Having the form of an ellipsis. El.M, elm, s. The name of a tree. ELOCUTION', el-6-ku'sliQll, S. The power of fluent speech ; eloquence, flow of language ; the power of expression or diction. DCS- This word originally, both among (he Greeks and 172 Romans, signified the choice and order of words ; an>l Dryden and other moderns have used it in the saim- sense ; it is now scarcely ever used but to signify pronun- ciation. The French seem to have been the fir.--t u !n> used it in this sense : Addison has followed them ; and as it is perfectly agreeable to the Latin original and lo- quor, and serves to distinguish oratorical pronunciation from pronunciation in general, the alteration is not with- out its use. ELOGY, 61'6-j. S. 503. Praise, panegyric. To ELONGATE, e-long'gate, v. a. To lengthen, to draw out. To ELONGATE, e-long'gate, v. n. To go off to a distance from any thing. ELONGATION, dl-6ng-ga'shun, s. 530. 533. Tin- act of stretching or lengthening itself; the stat< of being stretched ; distance ; space at which one thing is distant from another ; departure, removal. To ELOPE, -16pe', . a. To run away, to break- loose, to escape. ELOPEMENT, e'-lope'mdnt, s. Departure fro.n just restraint ELOPS, e'lfips, s. A fish, reckoned by Milton among the serpents. ELOQUENCE, el'6-kwdnse, S. The power of -peak- ing' with fluency and elegance; elegant language ut- tered with fluency. ELOQUENT, dl'6-kwdnt, a. Having the power of oratory. ELSE, else, pron. Other, one besides. ELSE, dlse, ad. Otherwise; besides, except ELSEWHERE, dlse'whare, ad. 397. In any oth.-r place ; in other places, in some other place. To ELUCIDATE, e-lu'se-date, v. a. To explain, to clear. ELUCIDATION, e-lii-s^-da'sh&n, s Explanation, exposition. ELUCIDATOR, d-lfr's^-da-tar, s. 521. Explainer, expositor, commentator. To ELUDE, e-lude', v. a. To escape by stratagem, to avoid by artifice. ELUDIBLE, ^-lu'de-bl, a. Possible to be elu KM!. ELVES, dlvz, s. The plural of Elf. ELVELOCK, elv'lok, s. Knots in the hair. ELVISH, cl'vlsh, a. Relating to elves, or wandering spirits. ELUMBATED, e'-lum'ba-ted, a. Weakened i:i the loins. ELUSION, d-lu'zhun, S. An escape from inquiry o;- examination, an artifice. ELUSIVE, e-lh'slv, 158. 423. Practising clus'on, using arts to escape. ELUSORY, . a. 512. To waste, to deprive of flesh. To EMACIATE, e-ma'she-ate, t;. n. To lose fiVbh, to pine. EMACIATION, e-ma-she-a'sh&n, s. The act < making lean ; the state of one grown lean. EMACULATION, d-muk-ii-la'sh&ii, s. The act of freeing any thing from spots or foulness. EMANANT, Sm'a-n'nt, a. Issuing from somet rn i- else. To EMANATE, em'i-nate, v. n. 91. To issue in- flow from something else. EMANATION, cin-ma-na'shun, s. 530. The act of issuing or proceeding from any other subst UKV ; that which issues from another substance. EMA EME " nor 167, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 oil 299 pound 313 thin 466, Tins 469. Issuing from EMANATIVE, e'm'an.a-tlv, a. 91. another. To EMANCIPATE, e-man'se-pate, v. a. To set free from servitude. EMANCIPATION, e-man-se-pa'shun, s. The act of setting free, deliverance from slavery. To EMARGINATE, e'-mar'je-nate, v. a. To take away the margin or edge of any thing. To EMASCULATE, e-mas'ku-late, v. a. To cas- trate, to deprive of virility ; to effeminate ; to vitiate by unmanly softness. EMASCULATION, e-mas-ku-la'shun, s. Castration; effeminacy, womanish qualities. To EMBALE, m-bale', v . a. To make up into a bundle ; to bind up, to enclose. To EMBALM, em-bam', v. a. 403. To impregnate a body with aromaticks^ that it may resist putrefac- tion. QCj- The affinity between the long e and the short f, when immediately followed by the accent, has been ob- served under the word Despatch. But this affinity is no where more remarkable than in those words where the e is followed by m or n. This has induced Mr Sheridan to -T-, - , /_.,*_* spell embrace, endow, &c. imbrace, indow, &c. and this EMBOSSMENT, em-bSs'ment, S. Any thing stand. spelling may, perhaps, sufficiently convey the cursory ing out from the rest, jut, eminence ; relief, rising or colloquial pronunciation ; but my observation greatly work. fails me if correct publick speaking does not preserve the To EMBOTTLE, em-bottl, V, a. To include To EMBLAZON, e'm-bla'zn, v. a. To adorn with figures of heraldry ; to deck in glaring colours. EMBLEM, em'blem, s. Inlay, enamel; an occult representation, an allusive picture- To EMBLEM, em/Mem, v. a. To represent in an occult or allusive manner. EMBLEMATICAL, m-ble-mat'e-kal, 509. ) EMBLEMATICK, em-ble-matlk, J a ' Comprising an emblem, allusive, occultly representa- tive ; dealing in emblems, using emblems. EMBLEMATICALLY, em-ble-mat'e-kal-e, ad. In the manner of emblems, allusively. EMBLEMATIST, em-blem'a-tlst, s. Writer or in- ventor of emblems. EMBOLISM, e'm'bo-lizm, S. Intercalation, inser- tion of days or years to produce regularity and equation of time ; the time inserted, intercalatory time. EMBOLUS, em'bo-lus, s. Any thing inserted and acting in another, as the sucker in a pump. To EMBOSS, em-bos', v. a. To form with protu- berances ; to engrave with relief, or rising work ; to enclose, to include, to cover. e in its true sound, when followed by m or n. The dif- ference is delicate, but, in my opinion, real. EMBALMER, e'm-bam'eT. s. 409. One that practises the art of embalming and preserving dead bodies. To EMBAR, em-bar', v. a. To shut, to enclose; to stop, to hinder by prohibition, to block up. EMBARKATION, em-bar-ka'shfin, s. The act of putting on shipboard ; the act of going on shipboard. EMBARGO, e'm.bar'go, s. 98. A prohibition to pass, a stop put to trade. To P^MBARK, m-bark', v. a. To put on ship- board ; to engage another in any affair. To EMBARK, em-bark', v. n. To go on shipboard; to engage in any affair. To EMBARRASS, em-bar/rus, v. a. To perplex, to distress, to entangle. EMBARRASSMENT, em-bar'ras-ment, s. Per- plexity, entanglement. To EMBASE, em-base', v. a. To vitiate ; to de- grade, to vilify. EMBASEMENT, e'm-base'mcnt, s. Depravation. EMBASSADOR, em-bas'sa-d&r, s. 98. One sent on a publick message. EMBASSADRESS, em-bas'sa-drus, s. sent on a publick message. EMBASSAGE, em'ba?-saje, 90. ) EMBASSY, em'bas-se, } A publick message; any solemn message. To EMBATTLE, em-bat'tl, v. a. 405. in order or array of battle. To EMBAY, em-ba', v. a, 98. To bathe, to wet, to wash ; to enclose in a bay, to land-lock. To EMBELLISH, em-beFlIsh, v. a. To adorn, to beautify. EMBELLISHMENT, em-bel'Hsh-ment, s. ment, adventitious beauty, decoration. EMBERS, InVburz, S. Without a singular. Hot cinders, ashes not yet extinguished. bottles, to bottle. To EMBOWEL, m-bou'el, v. a. To deprive of the entrails. To EMBRACE, em-brase 7 , v. a. To hold fondly in the arms, to squeeze in kindness ; to seize ardently or eagerly, to lay hold on, to welcome ; to comprehend, to take in, to encircle ; to comprise, to enclose, to con- tain. To EMBRACE, em-brase', v. n. To join in an cm. brace. EMBRACE, em-brase', s. Clasp, fond pressure in the arms, hug. EMBRACEMENT, em-brase'ment, s. Clasp in the arms, hug, embrace; state of being contained, enclo- sure; conjugal endearment. EMBRACER, m-bra'sur, s. The person embracing EMBRASURE, em-bra'zhure, s. An aperture in the wall, battlement. To EMBROCATE, ^nVbro-h ate, v. a. 91. To rub any part diseased with medicinal liquors. EMBROCATION, m-bro-ka'shun, s. The net of rubbing any part diseased with medicinal liquors ; the lotion with which any diseased part is washed. To EMRROIDER, m-br6e'diir, v. a. To border with ornaments, to decorate with figured works. EMBROIDERER, e'm-broe'dfrr-ur, s.' One that adorns clothes with needle- work. EMBROIDERY, em-broe'dfir-e, s. Figures raised upon a ground, variegated needle-work, variegation, diversity of colours. To EMBROIL, em-broil', v. a. To disturb, to con- fuse, to distract To EMBROTHEL, em-broTH'el, v. a. To enclose in a brothel. EMBRYO, ^m'bre-o, Orna- | EMBRYON, em'bre-on, The offspring yet unfinished in the womb ; the state of any thing yet not fit for production, yet unfinished. EMENDABLE, e-men'da-bl, a. Capable of emenda- A woman To range , EMBER-WEEK, em'b&r-week, s- A week in which ! tion, corrigible. an ember-day falls. The ember-days at (he four sea- i EMENDATION, em-en-da'shuil, s. 630. Coirec- sons are the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday, after ti on> alteration of any thing from worse to better ; an the first Sunday in Lent, the feast of Pentecost, Sep. alteration made in the text by verbal critii-iam. tember fourteenth, December thirteenth. EMEND ATOR, em-en-da'tSr, S. 521. A corrector, To EMBEZZLE, cm-bez'zl, v. a. 405. To appro- ' an improv er. priate by breach of trust ; to waste, to swallow up in EMERALD, m'e-rald, S. A green precious stone. E^EZZLEMENT, to-M^-mfat, * The act | T ^^*& ' ; uS %l of appropriating to himself that which is received in ; SSfjSStal or obscurity. trust for another ; appropriation. VvrnrrKC'v f- mer'ieri To EMBLAZE, em-blaze', v. a. To adorn with ' EMERGENCE, 6-mu jen glittering embellishments; to blazon, to paint with ensigns armorial 173 'ieriSP ) jense, / _ EMERGENCY, d-mer'jen-se, \ ; The act of rising out of any fluid by which it i ro- EME EMP '559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fatSl m EMINENCY, eWe-n&i-s^, \ s ' Loftiness, height; summit, highest part; exaltation, conspicuousness, reputation, celebrity ; supreme de- gree ; notice, distinction ; a title given to cardinals. EMINENT, m'e-nnt, a. High, lofty ; dignified, exalted ; conspicuous, remarkable. EMINENTLY, dm'e-nnt;-l, ad. Conspicuously, in a manner that attracts observation ; in a high de- gree. EMISSARY, m!s-sar-r, s. One sent out on private messages; a spy, a secret agent; one that emits or sends out. EMISSION, e-mish'&n, s. The act of sending out, vent To EMIT, e^mlt', v. a. To send forth ; to let fly, to dart ; to issue out juridically. EMMENAGOGUE, m-men'a-g&g, s. A medicine to promote circulation in females. EMMET, Sm'mit, s. 99. An ant, a pismire. To EMMEW, dm-mft', v. a. To mew or coop up. EMOLLIENT, e-m&l'ynt, a. 113. Softening, suppling. EMOLLIENTS, e-m&l'ynts, s. Such things as sheathe and soften the asperities of the humours, and relax and supple the solids. EMOLLITION, em-mSl-lisli'&n, s. The act of softening. EMOLUMENT, e-mSr'ii-m^nt, s. Profit, advantage. EMOTION, -m6'$hfin, s. Disturbance of mind, vehemence of passion. To EMPALE, ^in-pale', v. a. To fence with a pale ; to fortify ; to enclose, to shut in ; to put to death by spitting on a stake fixed upright EMPANNEL, m-pan'nel, s. The writing or en- tering the names of a jury into a schedule by the she- riff', which he has summoned to appear. To EMPANNEL, m-pan'ndl, v. a. To summon to serve on a jury. To EMPASSION, 5m-pash'6n, v. a. To move with passion, to affect strongly. To EMPEOPLE, ^m-p^pl, v. a. To form into a people or community. EMPERESS, m'pr-3s, s. A woman invested with ^imperial power ; the queen of an emperor. EMPEROR, cm'pgr-ur, s. 166. A monarch of title and dignity superior to a king. EMPERY, Im'pgr-e, s. 503. Empire, sovereign command. A word out of use 17-t EMPHASIS, m'fa-s!s, s. A remarkable stress laid upon a word or sentence. EMPHATICAL, m-fat/Ik-al. EMPHATICK, em-fatlk, Forcible, strong, striking. EMPHATICALLY, e'm-fat'e-kal-e, ad. strongly, forcibly, in a striking manner. To EMPIERCE, m-prse', v. a. 250. To pier/e into, to enter into by violent appulse. See Pierce. EMPIRE, e'm'pire, S. 140. Imperial power, su- preme dominion ; the region over which dominion is extended ; command over any thing. 1X5- I have differed from Mr Sheridan and Buchanan in the pronunciation of the last syllable of this word, as I think the long sound of f is more agreeable to the ear, as well as to the best usage, though I confess not so ana- logical as the short f. Dr Kenrick, Scott, W. Johnston, and Perry, pronounce the t long as I have done. Sea Umpire. EMPIRICK, im'pe'-rlk, or ^m.plrlk, s. A trier or experimenter, such persons as venture upon obser- vation only ; a quack. Johnson tells us, the first accentuation is adopted by Dryden, and the last by Milton; and this he prefers. There is indeed a strong analogy for the lat, as the word ends in iclc, 509 ; but this analogy is some- times violated in favour of the substantives, as in Luna- tick, Heretick, &c. and that this is the case in the word in question, may be gathered from the majority of votes in its favour ; for though Dr Johnson, Mr Sheridan, Mr Nares, and W. Johnston, are for the latter ; Dr Ken- rick, Dr Ash, Mr Scott, Mr Perry, Buchanan, Entick, Bailey, and Barclay, are for the former. This word classes too with those that almost always adopt the ante- penultimate accent, 503 ; but the adjective has more pro- perly the accent, on the second syllable. EMPIRICAL, m-plr / e-kal, EMPIRICK, em-pMk, Versed in experiments, practised only by rote. EMPIRICALLY, . To labour to a certain purpose. To ENDEAVOUR, en-dcv'ur, v. a. To attempt, to try. ENDEAVOURER, e'n-deVur-iir, s. One who labours to a certain end. ENDECAGON, en-dek'a-gon, s. A plain figure of eleven sides and angles. ENDEMIAL, Sii-d^me-al, ) ENDEMICAL, n-dm'e-kal, C s. ENDEMICK, en-d^m'Ik, ) Peculiar to a country, used of any disease that affects several people together in the same country, proceed- ing from some cause peculiar to the country where it reigns. To EXDENIZE, dn-deWiz, V. a. 159. To make free, to enfranchise. To ENDENIZF.N, en-den'-zn, r. a. 103. 2.34. To naturalize. To ENDICT, 7 - ,,., To ENDITE! } cn - dlte ' v ' a ' To charge any man by a written accusation before a court of justice, as he was endicted for felony ; to draw up, to compose ; to dictate. Ctj- liefore Johnson published his Dictionary, these words were universally spelt indirt and indite. Th~.it great reformer of our language seems to have considered," that as the Latin indicere came to us through the French e- H l > -,we ought to adopt the French rather than tlv.; Lathi END ENG nor 167, nit 163 tibe 171, tab 172, bull 173 oil 299 pound 313 'thin 466, THIS 469. preposition, especially as we have conformed to the French in tne sound of the latter part of this word. But notwithstanding his authority, to indict, signifjing to charge, stands its ground, and to indite is used only when we mean to draw up or compose ; in this sense, pejhaps, it may not be improper to spell it entitle, as it may serve to distinguish it from the other word, so different in sig- nification. ENDICTMENT, ? * ,1. , -, . ENDITEMENT, \ en-dite'ment, ,. A bill or declaration made in form of law, for the be- nefit of the commonwealth. ENDIVE, en'dlv, s. An herb, succory. ENDLESS, end'les, a. Without end, without con- clusion or termination; infinite in duration, perpe- tual ; incessant, continual. ENDLESSLY, end'Ms-le, ad. Incessantly, per- petually; without termination of length. ENDLESSNESS, end'les-nes, s. Perpetuity, endless duration ; the quality of being round without an end. ENDLONG, end'long, ad. In a straight line. ENDMOST, end'most, a. Remotest, furthest, at the further end. To ENDORSE, en-dorse 7 , v. a. To register on the back of a writing, to superscribe ; to cover on the back. ENDORSEMENT, en-dorse'ment, s. Superscrip- tion, writing on the back ; ratification. To ENDOW, en-dou', v. a. 313. To enrich with a portion ; to supply with any external goods ; to enrich with any excellence. ENDOWMENT, en-doiVment, s. Wealth bestowed to any person or tv-e ; the bestowing or assuring a dower, the setting forth or severing a sufficient por- tion for perpetual maintenance ; giiU of nature. To ENDUE, en-du', v. a. To supply with mental excellencies. ENDURANCE, en-du'rilnse, s. Continuance, last- ingness. To ENDURE, en-dire 7 , v. a. To bear, to undergo, to sustain, to support. To ENDURE, en-dure', v. n. To last, to remain, to continue ; to brook, to bear. ENDURER, en-du'rfir, s. 98. One that can bear or endure, sustainer, sufferer ; container, laster. ENDWISE, end'wize, ad. Erectly, on end. ENEMY, eVl'e-me, S. A publick foe; a private op- ponent, an antagonist ; one that dislikes ; in theology, the fiend, the devil. ENERGETICK, en-er-jetlk:, a. 530. Forcible, active, vigorous, efficacious. To ENERGIZE, en'er-jize, v. n. To act with energy. ENERGY, en'er-je, s. 503. Power; force, vigour, efficacy ; faculty, operation. To ENERVATE, e-ner'vate, v. a. 91. To weaken, to deprive of force. ENERVATION, en-eV.va/shun, s. 530. The act of weakening ; the state of being weakened, effeminacy. To ENERVE, d-nrv', V. a. To weaken, to break the force of, to crush. To ENFEEBLE, en-fe'bl, v. a. 405. To weaken, to enervate. To ENFEOFF, en-feef', v, a. 256. To invest with any dignities or possessions. A law term. ENFEOFFMENT, en-feef'ment, s. The act of en- feoffing ; the instrument or deed by which one is in- vested with possessions. To ENFETTER, en-fet/tur, v. a. To bind in fetters, to enchain. ENFILADE, en-fe-lade', s. A strait passage. To ENFORCE, endorse', v. a. To strengthen, to invigorate ; to put in act by violence ; to urge with energy ; to compel, to constrain. ENFORCEDLY, en-for'sM-le, ad. 364. By vio- lence, not voluntarily, not spontaneously. ENFORCEMENT, en-f6rse'mnt, s. An act of violence, compulsion, force offered ; sanction, that which gives force to a law ; pressing exigence, 177 ENFORCER, In-for'sfir, s. 98. Compeller, one who effects by violence. To ENFRANCHISE, en.fran'tsniz, v. a. 159. To admit to the privileges of a freeman ; to set free from slavery ; to free or release from custody ; to de- nizen. ENFRANCHISEMENT, en-fran'tsblz-m&it, s. In- vestiture of the privileges of a denizen j release from prison, or from slavery. ENFROZEN, en-frc/zn, part. 103. Congealed with cold. To ENGAGE, ^n-gaje 7 , r. a. To impawn ; to stake ; to enlist, to bring into a party ; to embark in an affair, to enter in an undertaking ; to unite, to attack ; to in- duce, to win by pleasing means, to gain ; to bind by any appointment or contract ; to seize by the atten- tion ; to employ, to hold in business j to encounter, to fight To ENGAGE, en-gaje', v. n. To conflict, to fight, to embark in any business, to enlist in any party. ENGAGEMENT, en-gaje / mnt, s. The act of engaging, impawning, or making liable to debt ; obli- gation by contract ; adherence to a party or cause, par- tiality ; employment of the attention ; fight, conflict, battle ; obligation, motive. To ENGAOL, n-jale / , v. a. To imprison, to confine. To ENGARRISON, en-gar're-sn, v. a. 170. To pro- tect by a garrison. To ENGENDER, e'n-jen'dur, v. a. To beget between different sexes ; to produce, to form ; to ex- cite, to cause, to produce ; to bring forth To ENGENDER, en-jen'diir, v. n. 98. To be caused, to be produced. ENGINE, n'jln, S. 140. Any mechanical complication, in which various movements and parts concur to one effect ; a military machine ; an instru- ment to throw water upon burning houses ; any means used to bring to pass ; an agent for another. DCy Pronouncing this word as if written iiigine, though very common, is very improper, and savours strongly of vulgarity. ENGINEER, eii-je-iieer', s. One who manages engines, one who directs the artillery of an army. ENGINERY, n'jln-r, s. The act of managing artillery ; engines of war, artillery. To ENGIRD, en-gerd', v. a. 382. To encircle, to surround. ENGLE, eng'gl, s. 405. A gull, a put, a bubble. ENGLISH, ing'gllsh, a. 101. Belonging to England. To ENGLUT, en-glut', v. a. To swallow up ; to glut, to pamper. To ENGORGE, en-gorje', v. a. To swallow, to de- vour, to gorge. To ENGORGE, e'n-gorje', r. n. To devour, to feed with eagerness and voracity. To ENGRAIN, en-grane', v. a. To die deep, to die in grain. To ENGR APPLE, en-grap'pl, v. n. 405. To close with, to contend with, to hold on each other. To ENGRASP, en-grasp', v. a. To seize, to hold fast in the hand. To ENGRAVE, en-grave', v. a. Pret Sngraoti. Part. pass. Engraved or Engraven. To picture by incisions in any matter ; to mark wood or stone ; to impress deeply, to imprint ; to bury, to inter. ENGRAVER, en-gra'vfrr, s. A cutter in stone or other matter. To ENGROSS, en-grose', v. a. 162. To thicken, to make thick ; to increase in bulk ; to fatten, to plump up ; to seize in the gross ; to purchase the whole of any commodity for the sake of selling it at a high price ; to copy in a large hand. See Gross. ENGROSSER, en-gros'sur, s. 98. He that pur- chases large quantities of any commodity in order to sell it at a high price. ENGROSSMENT, en-gros'ment, s. Appropriation of things in the gross, exorbitant acquisition. To ENGUARD, en-gard', v. a. 92. 332. To pro- tect, to defend. N ENH ENS ^- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fill 83, fat 81, me 93, mt 95 pine 105, pin 107 n6 162, m6ve 164, To ENHANCE, In-banse 7 , v. a. 79. To raise, to advance in price ; to raise in esteem ; to aggravate. ENHANCEMENT, In-hanse'mlnt, s. Augmentation of value ; aggravation of ill. ENIGMA, 4-nIg'ma, s. 92. A riddle, an obscure question. ENIGMATICAL, In-lg-mat'l-kal, a. 530. Obscure, ambiguously or darkly expressed. ENIGMATICALLY, ln-5g-mat'e-kal-l, ad. in a sense different from that which the words in their fa- miliar acceptation imply. ENIGMATIST, e'-nig'ma-tist, s. One who deals in obscure and ambiguous matters. ' To ENJOIN, In-joln', v. a. 299. To direct, to , order, to prescribe. ENJOINER, In-join'ur, s. One who gives injunc- tions. ENJOINMENT, In-joln'mlnt, s. Direction, com. mand. To ENJOY, In -joe 7 , v. a. 329. To feel or perceive with pleasure ; to obtain possession or fruition of ; to please, to gladden. To ENJOY, In-joe 7 , v. n. To live in happiness. ENJOYER, In-joe'ur, s. 98. One that has fruition. ENJOYMENT, In-jol'mlnt, s. Happiness, fruition. To ENKINDLE, In-kin'dl, v. a. 405. To set on fire, to inflame ; to rouse passion : to incite to any act or hope. To ENLARGE, In-larje, V. a. To make greater in quantity or appearance ; to dilate, to expand ; to am- plify, to release from confinement 5 to diffuse in elo- quence. To ENLARGE, In-lai^e 7 , v, n. To expatiate, to speak in many words. ENLARGEMENT, In-large'mlnr, s. Increase, aug- mentation, farther extension ; release from confine- ment or servitude ; magnifying representation ; ex- patiating speech, copious discourse. ENLARGER, In-liyjiir, s. 98. Amplifier. To ENLIGHT, In-lite 7 , v. a. To illuminate, to supply with light To ENLIGHTEN, In-li'tn, v. a. 103. To illumi- nate, to supply with light ; to instruct, to furnish with increase of knowledge ; to supply with sight. ENLIGHTENER, ln-li'tn-&r, s. One that gives light ; instructor. To ENLINK, In-llnk', v. a. To chain to, to bind. . To ENLIST, In-llst, V. a. To enter into military service. l^f- This word is not in Johnson's Vocabulary, but he has used it to explain the word to list ; Ash has the word to inlist, which, as the word is derived from the French liste, a catalogue, is not so properly compounded as with the inseparable preposition en. To ENLIVEN, In-li'vn, v. a. 103. To make quick, to make alive, to animate ; to make vigorous or ac- tive ; to make sprightly ; to make gay. ENLIVENER, ln-ll'vn-&r, s. That which animates, that which invigorates. To ENLUMINE, In-lu'mln, v. a. 140. To illu- mine, to illuminate. To ENMARBLE, In-mar 7 !)!, v. a. 405. To turn to marble. To ENMESH, In-mlsh', v. a. To net, to entangle. ENMITY, In'ml-tl, s. Unfriendly disposition, malevolence, aversion j state of opposition : malice, mischievous attempts. To ENNOBLE, In-nol)!, r. a. 405. To raise from commonalty to nobility ; to dignify. to aggrandize ; to elevate ; to make famous or illustrious. ENNOBLEMENT, In-no'bl-mlnt, s. The act of raising to the rank of nobility ; exaltation, elevation, dignity. ENOCATION, In-o-da'shun, s. 530. The act of untying a knot ; solution of a difficulty. ENORMITY, e-n<5r / ml-te, s. Deviation from rule ; deviation from right ; atrocious crime ; flagitious vil- lany. 178 ENORMOUS, e-nor'mus, a. 314. Irregular, out ol rule ; wicked beyond the common measure ; exceed- ing in bulk the common measure. ENORMOUSLY, e-nor'mus-le, ad. Beyond mea- sure. ExORMOUSNESS, d-nor'muS-nls, S. Immeasura- ble wickedness. ENOUGH, 1-nuP, a. 314. 391. Being in a sum. cient measure, such as may satisfy. ENOUGH, e~nfrP, s. Something sufficient in sreat. ness or excellence. ENOUGH, 1-nuP, ad. In a sufficient degree, in a degree that gives satisfaction ; an exclamation noting fulness or satiety. ENOW, e-nou', a. 322. The plural of Enough. A sufficient number. DC?- This word is growing obsolete, but is not quite so much out of date as the word Mo, signifying a greater number. We still hear some speakers talk of having ink enough and pens enow ; but the greater part seem now to use enough both for quantity and number; as more has been so used for some centuries. To ENRAGE, In-raje 7 , v. a. To irritate, to pro- voke, to make furious. To ENRANGE, In-ranje', v. a. To place regularly, to put into order. To ENRANK, In-rangk', v. a. To place in orderly ranks. To ENRAPT, In -rapt', V. a. To throw into an ecstasy, to transport into enthusiasm. To ENRAPTURE, In-rap'tshure, v. a. To tran- sport with pleasure. To ENRAVISH, In-ravlsh, r. a. To throw into ecstasy. ENRAVISHMENT, en-raVlsh-ment, s. Ecstasy of delight To ENRICH, In-ritsh', v. a. To make wealthy, to make opulent ; to fertilize, to make fruitful ; to store, to supply with augmentation of any thing desirable. ENRICHMENT, en-rltsh'mlnt, s. Augmentation of wealth : improvement by addition. To ENRIUGE, In-rldje', v. a. To form with longi- tudinal protuberances or ridges. To ENRING, In-ring', i;. a. To bind round, or encircle. To ENRIPEN, In-ri'pn, v. a. 103. To ripen, to mature. To ENROBE, In-r6be', v. a. To dress, to clothe. To ENROL, In-role', v. a. 406. To insert in a roll or register ; to record ; to involve, to inwrap. ENROLLER, eil-rol'lur, s. He that enrols, he that registers. ENROLMENT, In-r61'mlnt, s. Register; writing in which. any thing is recorded. > To ENROOT, In-root', v. a. 306. To fix by the root. To ENROUND, In-round', v. a. 312. To environ, to surround, to enclose. ENS, enz, s. Any being or existence. To ENSANGUINE, In-sang'gwln, v. a. 340. To smear with gore, to suffuse with blood. To ENSCHEDULE, In-sld'ule, v. a. To insert in a schedule or writing. See Schedule. To ENSCONCE, In-sk&nse', v. a. To cover as with a fort To EN SEAM, In-slme 7 , v. a. 227. To sew up, to enclose by a seam. To ENSEAR, In-sere 7 , v. a. 227. To cauterize, to stanch or stop with fire. To ENSHIELD, en-shield, v. a. 275. To cover. To ENSHRINE, In-shrine 7 , t;. a. To enclose in a chest or cabinet; to preserve as a thing sacred. ENSIFORM, In'se-form, a. Having the s)> ape of a sword. ENSIGN, In'sine, S. 385. The flag or standard of a regiment ; badge, or mark of distinction ; the officer of foot who carries the flag. ENS ENT nor 167, n&t 163 tfibe 171, t&b 172, bull 173 oil 299 pound 313 thin 466, THIS 469. jg- I have given the last syllable of this word the long *onnd, as I ain convinced it is the most correct, though I am of opinion that, in the military profession, it U oftener pronounced short, as if written ensin. Some rea- sons from analogy might be produced in favour of this latter pronunciation, 144 ; but they do not seem sufficient to outweigh the more general usage which declares for the former. ENSIGNBEARER, Sn'sine-ba-rfir, s. He that carries the flag. ENSIGNCY, en'sin-s, s. The office of an ensign. DCr I have not met with this word in any of our Dic- tionaries, but, from its very frequent use in the polite world, am persuaded it deserves a place there, and par- ticularly in a Pronouncing Dictionary ; as it must be re- marked, that though the second syllable of ensign is ge- nerally and more correctly pronounced with the i long, the same letter in the same syllable of ensigncy is always short. To ENSLAVE, 3n -slave 7 , v. a. To reduce to servitude, to deprive of liberty ; to make over to an- other as his slave. ENSLAVEMENT, n-slave / mnt, s. The state of servitude, slavery. ENSLAVER, en-sla'vfir, s. He that reduces others to a state of servitude. To ENSNARE. See Insnare. To ENSUE, n-su', v. a. To follow, to pursue. To ENSUE, n-sb', V. n. To follow as a conse- quence to premises ; to succeed in a train of events, or course of time. ENSURANCE, en-shu'ranse, s. Exemption from hazard, obtained by the payment of a certain sum ; the sum paid for security. ENSURANCER, ^n-shu'ran-sfrr, s. He who un- dertakes to exempt from hazard. To ENSURE, ii-shbre', v. a. To ascertain, to make certain, to secure ; to exempt any thing from hazard by paying a certain sum, on condition of being reimbursed for miscarriage. t(3- As this word and its compounds come from the word sure, they all retain the aspirated pronunciation of the * in that word, 454 ; and it is not a little surprising that Mr Sheridan has omitted to mark it. ENSURER, e'n-shu'rfir, s. One who makes con- tracts of ensurance. ENTABLATURE, en-tabla-tshure, ENTABLEMENT, n-ta / bl-mnt, In architecture, the architrave, frieze, and cornice of a pillar. ENTAIL, en-tale', s. 202. The estate entailed or settled, with regard to the rule of its descent ; the rule of descent settled for any estate. To ENTAIL, n-tale', v. a. To settle the descent of any estate so that it cannot be, by any subsequent possessor, bequeathed at pleasure. To ENTAME, Sn-time, v. a. To tame, to sub- jugate. To ENTANGLE, en-ting'gl, v. a. 405. To en- wrap or ensnare with something not easily extricable ; to twist or confuse ; to iiivoive in difficulties, to per- plex. ENTANGLEMENT, Sn-tang-'gl-ment, s. Intricacy, rerplexity, puzzle. ENTANGLER, Sn-tang'glur, s. One that entangles. To ENTER, e'n'te'r, v. a. 98. To go or come into any place ; to initiate in a business, method, or society ; to set down in a writing. To ENTER, n'tr, r. n. To come in, to go in ; to penetrate mentally, to make intellectual entrance ; to engage in; to be initiated in. ENTERING, en'te'r-Ing', s. Entrance, passage into a place. , To ENTERLACE, Sn-ter-lase', v. a. To intermix. ENTEROCELE, en-t^r'o-s&e,, s. A tumour formed by the prolapsion of the intestines into the scrotum. See Hydrocele. ENTEROLOGY, n-te-r61'o-je, s. The anatomical account of the bowels and internal parts. ENTERPRISE, n'tr-prize, s. An undertaking of hazard, an arduous attempt. 179 To ENTERPRISE, eVter-prize, v. a. To under, take, to attempt, to essay. ENTERPRISER, en'ter-pri-zur, s. A roan of en- terprise, one who undertakes great things. To ENTERTAIN, n-tr-tane / , v. a. To converse with, to talk with ; to treat at the table ; to receive hospitably ; to keep in one's service ; to reserve in the mind ; to please, to amuse, to divert ; to admit with satisfaction. ENTERTAINER, e"n-te>-ta'nur, s. He that keeps others in his service ; he that treats others at his table; he that pleases, diverts, or amuses. ENTERTAINMENT, en-ter-tane / ment, s. Conver- sation ; treatment at the table ; hospitable reception ; payment of soldiers or servants ; amusement, diver- sion ; dramatick performance, the lower comedy. ENTERTISSUED, n-tr-t!sh'ude, a. Interwoven or intermixed with various colours or substances. To ENTHRONE, en-fAror.2 7 , v. a. To place on a regal seat ; to invest with sovereign authority. ENTHUSIASM, eiwAu'zh^-azm, s. A vain belief of private revelation, a vain confidence of divine fa- vour ; heat of imagination ; elevation of fancy, exalta- tion of ideas. J5" For the pronunciation of the third syllable of th?s and the three following words, see Ecclesiaslick, and Principles, No. 451. ENTHUSIAST, e'n-^u'zhe-ast, s. One who vainly imagines a private revelation, one who has a vain con. fidence of his intercourse with God ; one of a hot ima- gination ; one of elevated far.cy, or exalted ideas. ENTHUSIASTICAL, en-fAii-zhe-as'te-kal, " EXTHUSIASTICK, iWAu-zhe-as'dk, Persuaded of some communication with the Deity; vehemently hot in any cause ; elevated in fancy ; ex- alted in ideas. ENTHYMEME, e'n'/Ae-meme, s. An argument con- sisting only of an antecedent and consequential propo- sition. To ENTICE, e'n-tise 7 , v. a. To allure, to attract, to draw by blandishment or hopes. ENTICEMENT, n-tise / mnt, s. The act or prac- tice of alluring to ill ; the means by which one is allur- ed to ill ; allurement. ENTICER, n-ti'sur, s. 98. One that allures to ill. ENTICINGLY, In-ti'sing-le, ad. Charmingly, in a winning manner. ENTIERTY, en-tire'te, s. Completeness. D3- This word, though very expressive, is ill formed ; as it is apt to induce us to pronounce the last e in a dis- tinct syllable, as in sobriety, variety, &c, but as this word is a formation of our own, we must be careful to pro- nounce it in three syllables. ENTIRE, ^n-tire 7 , a. Whole, undivided ; unbroken, complete in its parts ; full, complete ; in full strength ENTIRELY, n-tire / le, ad. In the whole, without division ; completely, fully. ENTIRENESS, en-tire / n&, s. Completeness, fulness. To ENTITLE, n-ti'tl, v. a. 405. To grace or dig- nify with a title or honourable appellation ; to super scribe or prefix as a title ; to give a claim to any thing ; to grant any thing as claimed by a title. ENTITY, fin'te-te, s. Something which really is, a real being ; a particular species of being. To ENTOIL, n-toll', v. a. To ensnare, to entan- tie, to bring into toils or nets. To ~ ENTOMB, n-t66m', v. a. To put into a tomb. ENTRAILS, in'trils, s. 208. The intestines, the bowels, the guts ; the internal parts ; recesses, caverns. ENTRANCE, n-transe', S. The power of entering into a place ; the act of entering ; the passage by which a place is entered, avenue ; initiation, com- mencement ; the act of taking possession of an office r dignity ; the beginning of any thing. To ENTRANCE, n-transe', v. a. 91. To put In- to a trance, to withdraw the soul wholly to other ro- gions ; to put into ecstasy. N 2 ENT EPT ^f 659. Fate 73, fir 77, fill 83, fit 81 m^ 93, mh 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, mSve 164-, To ENTRAP, n-trap', v. a. To ensnare, to catch in a trap; to involve unexpectedly in difficulties; to take advantage of. To ENTREAT, ^n-treUe/, v. a. 227. To petition, to solicit, to importune: to prevail upon by solicita- tion ; to treat or use well or ill. To ENTREAT, n-trete', v. n. To offer a treaty or compact ; to treat, to discourse ; to make a petition. ENTREATANCE, ^n-trdt'anse, s. Petition, solicita- tion. ENTREATY, 5n-tri'ti, s. Petition, prayer, solici- tation. ENTRY, n'trd, s. The passage by which any one enters a house ; the act of entrance, ingress ; the act of taking possession of any estate ; the act of register- ing or setting down in writing; the act of entering publickly into any city. To ENUBILATE, i-nh'be-late, v. a. To clear from clouds. To ENUCLEATE, d-iia'kld-ate, v. a. To solve, to clear. To ENVELOP, fin-vfl'fip, V. a. To inwrap, to cover ; to hide, to surround ; to line, to cover on the inside. "ENVELOPE, Sn-vd-lipe', S. A wrapper, an out- ward case. Jf^-This word, signifying the outward case of a letter, Is always pronounced in the French manner by those who can pronounce French, and by those who cannot, tlie initial e is changed into an o. Sometimes a mere Englishman attempts to give the nasal vowel the French sound, and exposes himself to laughter by pronouncing g after it, as if written ongvelope. This is as ridiculous to a polite ear as if he pronounced it, as it ought to be pronounced, like the verb to envelop. To ENVENOM, n-vn'tun, v. a. 166. To poison, to make odious ; to enrage. ENVIABLE, n'vd-a-bl, a. 405. Deserving envy. ENVIER, n/v-frr, s. 98. One that envies another, a maligner. ENVIOUS, n'vd-&S, a. 311. Infected with envy. ENVIOUSLY, n'vd-&S-le, ad. With envy, with malignity, with ill-will. To ENVIRON, Sn-vl'r&n, v. a. 166. To surround ; to envelop ; to besiege, to hem in ; to enclose, to invest. ENVIRONS, 5n-vt*-r6nz', or en-vi'ruris, s. 166. The neighbourhood or neighbouring places round about the country. KF- This word is in general fcse, and ought to be pro- nounced like the English verb to environ: but the vanity of appearing polite keeps it still in the French pronun- ciation ; and as the nasal vowels in tlie first and last syl- lable are not followed by hard c org-, it is impossible for a mere Englishman to pronounce it fashionably See En core. To ENUMERATE, -1 te, v. a. To reckon up singly, to count over distinctly. ENUMERATION. -n{um-ra'sh5n, s. The act of numbering or counting over. To ENUNCIATE, ^-n&n'sh^-ate, v. a. To declare, to proclaim. ENUNCIATION, -n&n-sbe-a'shun, s. Declaration, publick attestation ; intelligence, information. ENUNCIATIVE, 4-nfrn'sh-a-tiv, a. Declarative, expressive. ENUNCIATIVELY, -n&n'sh(i-a-tlv-l, ad. De- clarativel y. See Pronunciation. ENVOY, n'vSe, s. A publick minister sent from one power to another ; a publick messenger, in dignity below an ambassador ; a messenger. To ENVY, n'v, v. a. To hate another for excel- lence or success ; to grieve at any qualities of excel- lence in another ; to grudge. See Appendix. 1X3- The ancient pronunciation of this word was with the accent on the last syllable, and the y sounded as in eiie, as the Scotch pronounce it at this day. To ENVY, gn'vet, v. n. To feel envy, to feel pain at the sight of excellence or felicity. FNVY, foVA, s. 182. Pain felt and malignity CT>nceived at the sight of excellence or happiness rivalry, competition j malice. 180 To ENWHEEL, en-whe^l', v. a. To encompass, to encircle. To ENWOMB, In-woom', v. a. To make pregnant ; to bury, to hide. EPACT, d'pikt, S. A number whereby we note the excess of the common solar year above the lunar, and thereby may find out the age of the moon every year. EPAULET, p'a.W-let, S. A military shoulder-orna- ment. EPAULMENT, e-pawl'm^nt, s. in fortification, a sidework mode either of earth thrown up, of bags of earth, gabions, or of fascines and earth. EPENTHESIS, -p&n'the-sls, s. 503. c. The ad- dition of a vowel or consonant in the middle of a word. EPHEMERA, -fm'e-ra, s. 92. A fever that terminates in one day ; an insect that lives only one day. DCS- I was much surprised when I found Mr Sheridan had given the long open sound of e to the second syllable of Ephemera, Ephenieris, &c. If it was in compliment to the Greek eta, the same reason should have induced him to give the sound of long e to the first syllable of Hemistich, Demagogue, and Rhf.tonck. EPHEMERAL, d-fm'eUral, 88. 1 EPHEMERICK, d-f^m'e-rik, 510. Diurnal, beginning and vnding in a day. EPHEMERIS, d-f3m'e-ris, s. A journal, an account of daily transactions ; an account of the daily motions and situations of the planets. EPHEMERIST, d-fm'e-rlst, s. One who consults the planets, one who studies astrology. EPHOD, fif 6d, or e'fod, s. An ornament worn by the Hebrew priests. Cd" Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston, Nares, and Ash, adopt the first ; Entick and Kenrick the last, nhich, in my opinion, is the best. EPIC, Sp'lk, a. Comprising narrations, not acted, not rehearsed. It is usually supposed to be heroick. EPICEDIUM, p-e-se'de-fim, s. An elegy, a tioum upon a funeral. EPICURE, p'd-kure, S. A man given wholly to luxury. EPICUREAN, ^p-d-kfi-re'an, s. One who holds the principles of Epicurus. See European. EPICUREAN, ^p-d-ku-r^an, a. Luxurious, con- tributing to luxury. EPICURISM, 6p'd-kh-rizm, s. Luxury, sensual enjoyment, gross pleasure. EPICURISM, p'd-ku-rizm, s. The principles of Epicurus. 83- Mr Mason tells us that this word should have the accent on the third syllable. For my own part, I think that accentuation of the word as faulty as the explana- tion. It seems to me that Epicureanism is an attach- ment to the doctrines of Epicurus ; and that Epicurism is formed from the word Epicure, which signifies a sen- sualist, and particulary in eating, or rather delicncy in eating. A lady once told Mr Hume, that she had heard he was a great Epicure ; No, Madam, said he, I am only a glutton. EPICYCLE, <5p'e-sl-kl, s. 405. A little circle whose centre is in the circumference of a greater, or a small orb dependant on a greater, as the moon on the earth. EPICYCLOID, p-d-si'kloid, s. A curve generated by the revolution of the periphery of a circle along the convex or concave part of another circle. EPIDEMICAL, p-d-dm'e-kal, EPIDEMICK, ep-e-dm'Ik, 509. _ That falls nt once upon great 'numbers of people, as a plague ; generally prevailing, affecting great num- bers; general, universal. EPIDERMIS, ^p-d-der'nils, S. The scarf-skin of a man's body. EPIGRAM, ep'd-gram, s. A short poem terminating in a point. EPIGRAMMATIC AL, p-d-gram-mat'e-ka). EPIGRAMMATICK, Op-eUgram-mat'ik, 509. Dealing in epigrams, writing epigrams ; suitable to epigrams, belonging to epigrams. EPI EQU n8r 167, n&t 163 t&be 171, t&b 172, bill 173611 299 piftnd 313 thin 466, rais 4G9. EPIGRAMMATIST, dp-e-grarn'ma-tlst, s. One who writes or deals in epigrams. EPILEPSY, p'-lep-se, s. A convulsive motion of the whole body, or some of its parts, with a loss of sense. EPILEPTICK, p-e-lep't!k, a. 509. Convulsed. EPILOGUE, ep'e-lSg, s. 338. The poem or speech at the end of a play. EPINICION, ep-e-nIsh'-Sn, s. A song for victory; a festival to commemorate a victory (from the Greek If I, upon, and tlzy, a victory). EPIPHANY, e-pif ? fa-ne, s. A church festival, celebrated on the twelfth day after Christmas, in com- memoration of our Saviour's being manifested to the world, by the appearance of a miraculous blazing star. EPIPHONJEMA, ep-e-f'6-ne'ma, s. 92. An excla- mation, a conclusive sentence not closely connected with the words foregoing. EPIPHORA, e-pif f6-ra, s. 92. An inflammation of any part. EpIPHYSIS, -plf'e-SlS, s, 520. Accretion, the parts added by accretion. EPISCOPACY, e-pls'ko-pa-se, S. The government of bishops, established by the apostles. EPISCOPAL, e-pis'ko-pal, a. Belonging to a bishop; vested in a bishop. EPISCOPATE, e-pis'ko-pate, s. 91. A bishoprick. EPISODE, ep'-e-sode, s. An incidental narrative, or digression in a poem, separable from the main subject. EPISODICAL, ep-e-sod'e-kal, 1 EPISODICK, ep-e-sodlk, 509, J a ' Contained in an episode. EPISPASTICK, dp-e-spas'tik, a. Drawing, blister- ing. EPISTLE, e-pis'sl, s. 472. A letter. See Apostle. EPISTOLARY, e-pis'to-lar-, a. Relating to letters, suitable to letters ; transacted by letters. EPISTLER, e-plslur, s. 98. A scribbler of letters. EPITAPH, ep'e-taf, S. An inscription upon a tomb- stone. EPITHALAMIUM, ep-e'/M-la'me-tim, s. A nuptial song upon marriage. EPITHEM, ep'e-//tem, s. A liquid medicament externally applied. EPITHET, ep'e-^Aet, S. An adjective denoting any quality good or bad. EPITOME, e-plt/6-me, s. Abridgment, abbreviature. To EPITOMISE, e-plt'o-mize, v. a. To abstract, to contract into a narrow space; to diminish, to curtail. EPITOMISER, ^-pit'6-mi-zur, ~) EPITOMIST, e-plt'6-mist, ) s ' An abridger, an abstracter. EPOCH, ep'ik, or e'p5k, 1 -,. EPOCHA, p'6-ka, The time at which a new computation is begun, from which dates are numbered. $5= As the last of these words is Latin, from the Greek "X'}, the Latin accent and quantity on the antepenul- timate syllable is preserved by polite speakers ; and the first being anglicised, and containing only two syllables, falls into the quantity of the original. Sheridan, Bu- chanan, Nares, and A,-h, make the first syllable of epoch short ; but Perry and Kenrick, ia my opinion, make it more properly long. EPODE, ep'ode, or e'pode, s. The stanza after the strophe and antistrophe. 03- Sheridan, Eutick, Scott, Perry, W. Johnston, Nares, and Ash, make the first e short ; but Kennck makes it long, as, in my opinion, it ought to be, 545. EPOPEE, p-6-pe', s. An epic or heroick poem. EPULATION, p-ii-la'shun, .9. A feast. EpULOTICK, p-u-lot'ik, S.' A cicatrizing medica- ment. EQUABILITY, e-kwa-bil'e-te, s. Equality to itself, evenness, uniformity. EQUABLE, ^kwa-bl, a. 405. Equal to itself, even, uniform. 181 EQUABLY, 'kwa-bl, ad. Uniformly, evenly, equally to itself. EQUAL, e'kwal, a. 36. 88. Like another in bulk, or any quality that admits comparison ; adequate Ui any purpose ; even, uniform ; in just proportion ; im- partial, neutral ; indifferent ; equitable ; advantageous alike to both parties ; upon the same terms. EQUAL, ^kwal, S. One not inferior or super or to another; one of the same age. To EQUAL, e'kwal, V. a. To make one thing or person equal to another ; to rise to the same state with another person ; to recompense fully. To EQUALISE, e'kwal-ize, v. a. To make even ; to be equal to. EQUALITY, e-kwal'e-te, s. 86. Likeness with regard to any quantities compared ; the same degree of dignity ; evenness, uniformity, equability. EQUALLY, e'kwal-le, ad. In the same degree with another; evenly, equably, uniformly ; impartially. EQUANGULAR, d-kwarigpgii-lir, a. Consisting of equal angles. EQUANIMITY, d-kwa-nlm'^-te, s. Evenness of mind, neither elated nor depressed. EQUANLMOUS, e-kwan'e-mfrs, a. Even, not dejected. EQUATION, -kwa'sh&n, s. The investigation of a mean proportion collected from the extremities of excess and defect ; in algebra, an expression of the same quantity in two dissimilar terms, but of equal value ; in astronomy, the difference between the time marked by the sun's apparent motion, and that mea- sured by its motion. EQUATOR, e-kwa't&r, s. 166. A great circle, whose poles are the poles of the world. It divides the globe into two equal parts, the northern and southern hemispheres. EQUATORIAL, d-kwa-to're-al, a. Pertaining to the equator. EQUESTRIAN, e-kvvls'tr^-an, a. Appearing on horseback ; skilled in horsemanship ; belonging to the second rank in Rome. E QUERY, e-kwer'e, s. Master of the horse. EQUICRURAL, e-kw^-kroo'ral, a. Having the legs of an equal length. EQUIDISTANT, e-k\ve-d]s'tant, a. At the same distance. EQUIDISTANTLY, d-kwe-dls'tant-le, ad. At the same distance. t t EQUIFORMITY, -k\ve-for'me-te, s. Uniform EQUILATERAL, -kwd-lat'r-al, a. Having all sides equal. To EQUILIBRATE, e-kvv^-li'brate, v. a. To bal- ance equally. EQUILIBRATION, e-kwe-li-bra'shtm, s. Equipoise. EQUILIBRIUM, e-kw-lib'r-iim, s. Equipoise, equality of weight ; equality of evidence, motives or EQUINE'CESSARY, <*-kw-nes'ss-sar-e, a. Need. ful in the same degree. EQUINOCTIAL, The act of growing red, redness. ERUBESCENT, dr-ri-b&'s&it, a. Reddish, some- what red. To EBUCT, e-rukt/, v. a. To belch, to break wind from the stomach. ERUCTATION, -ruk-ta'shiin, s. The act of belch- ing ; belch, the matter vented. ERUDITE, r-u-dite', a. Learned. ERUDITION, r-u-dish'un, s. Learning, knowledge. ERUGINOUS, -ru'je-nus, a. Partaking of the na- ture of copper. ERUPTION, -rup'shun, s. The act of breaking or bursting forth ; burst, emission ; sudden excursion of a hostile kind; efflorescence, pustules. ERUPTIVE, e-rup'tiv, a. Bursting forth. ERYSIPELAS, r--s!p'e-las, $. An eruption- of a hot acrid humour. ESCALADE, ^s-ka-lade', s. The act of scaling the walls. EsCALOP, sk&l'lup, s. A shell fish, whose shell is indented. To ESCAPE, -skape', v. a. To fly, to avoid; to pass unobserved. To ESCAPE, e-skape', v. n. To fly, to get out of danger. ESCAPE, e-skape 7 , s. Flight, the act of getting out of danger ; in law, violent or privy evasion out of law- ful restraint ; oversight, mistake. ESCHALOT, shal-lSt', s. A plant. ESCHAR, ^s'kar, 353. A hard crust or scar made by hot applications. ESCHAROTICK, gs-ktWSt/ik, a. Caustick; having the power to sear or burn the flesh. ESCHEAT, s-tshte', s. Any lands, or other pro- fits, that fall to a lord within his manor by forfeiture, or the death of his tenant, dying without heir general or especial. 2Q- This, and the three following words not being de- rived from the learned languages, nave the ch pronounc- ed in the English manner. To ESCHEAT, fe-tshete 7 , v. a. To fall to the lord of the manor by forfeiture. ESCHEATOR, &-tshe / tur, S. 166. An officer that observes the escheats of the king in the country where- of lie is escheator. To ESCHEW, &-tsboo' 7 v. a. To fly, to avoid, to shun. word, from its being almost antiquated, has escaped the criticism of all our orthoppists, except Mr Elphinston, who contends that it ought to be pronounc- ed as if written eskew. " No wonder eskew (he says) often falsely articulated, because falsely exhibited eschew, was ocularly traced from the old tcheoir (afterwards echoir}, to devolve or escheat, rather than from esgui. ver, to parry, avoid, or eskew, by those to whom the body of the child and the soul of the parent were equally un- known." The etymological abilities of this gentleman in the French and English languages are unquestionable; but the pronunciation of this word seems fixed to its or- thography ; and beyond the reach of etymology to alter. Words, like land, have a limitation to their rights. When an orthography and pronunciation have obtained for a long time, though by a false title, it is perhaps bet- ter to leave them in quiet possession, than to disturb the language by an ancient, though perhaps better claim. ESCORT, s'kort, s. 492. Convoy, guard from place to place. JO ESCORT, s-kort', r. a. To convoy, to guard from place to place. ESCRITOIR, es-kru-tore 7 , s. A box with all the implements necessary for writing. EscUAGE, es'ku-aje, s. 90. A kind of knight's ser rice. 183 ESCULENT, ^ku-lent, s. Something fit for food. ESCUTCHEON, fe-kfttshln, s. 259. The shield of the family, the picture of the ensigns armorial. ESPALIER, es-pal'y^r, s. 113. Trees planted and cut so as to join, ESPECIAL, -Spgsh'al, a. Principal, chief. ESPECIALLY, d-spsh'al-, ad. Principally, chiefly. ESPEHANCE, gs-pd-ranse', s. French. Hope. ESPIAL, d-spi'al, s. A spy, a scout ESPIONAGE. 83- A perfect French word, signifying the practice ot py. This word has been of late much introduced into re was never ut this word, . political publications, when, perhaps, there less use for it That our language is withou , is a compliment to our government; but if we must have an useless word, let it be one in our own analogy, and call it espiery. ESPLANADE, gs-pla-nade 7 , s. The empty space be- tween the glacis of a citadel and the first houses of the town. ESPOUSALS, d-spou'zils, s. (Without a singular). The act of contracting or affiancing a man and woman to each other. ESPOUSAL, -spou'zal, a. Used in the act of espousing or betrothing. To ESPOUSE, d-spooze', v. a. To contract or betroth to another, to marry ; to wed ; to maintain, to defend. To ESPY, -Spi', v. a. To see a thing at a distance; to discover a thing intended to be hid ; to see unex- pectedly ; to discover as a spy. ESQUIRE, d-skwire 7 , s. The armour-bearer or attendant on a knight ; a title of dignity, and next in degree below a knight To ESSAY, fis-sa/, v. a. To attempt, to try, to endeavour ; to make experiments of ; to try the value and purity of metals. ESSAY, s'sa, s. 492. Attempt, endeavour; a loose performance ; an irregular indigested piece ; an easy, free kind of composition ; a trial, an experiment ESSAYIST, Ss-salst, s. One who makes essays. ESSENCE, ^s's^nse, S. Existence, the quality of being ; constituent substance ; the cause of exist- ence ; the very nature of any being ; in medicine, the chief properties or virtues of any simple, or compo- sition, collected into a narrow compass ; perfume, odour, scent To ESSENCE, s's3nse, v. a. To perfume, to scent ESSENTIAL, es-sn'shal, a. Necessary to the con- stitution or existence of any thing ; important in the highest degree, principal ; pure, highly reclined, sub- tilely elaborated. 03- What has been observed of the word efface is ap- plicable to this word : tne same reason- have induced me to differ from Mr Sheridan in the division of efpecinf, espousal, establish, &c. as I have no doubt, in words of this form, where the two first consonants are combinable, that they both go to the second syllable, and leave the vowel in the first long and open. ESSENTIAL, fe-sen'shSl, s. Existence ; first or constituent principles ; the chief point. ESSENTIALLY, ^s-sen'sbal-le, ad. By the con- stitution of nature. EssoiNE, s-s<5In/, s. Allegcment of an excuse for him that is summoned, or sought for, to appear ; ex- cuse, exemption. To ESTABLISH, 4-staMish, v. a. To settle firmly, to fix unalterably; to found, to build firmly, to fix iinmoveably ; to make settlement of any mher itance. ESTABLISHMENT, d-stab / lish-mnt, s. Settle- ment, fixed state ; settled regulation, form, mode! ; allowance, ilicome, salary. ESTATE, e-State', s. The general interest, the publick ; condition of life ; fortune, possession in land. 1 To ESTEEM, -stem', t;. a. To set a value, EST EVA '559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 m<*93, me't95 pine 105, pin 107 n6 162, mSve 161, whether high or low, upon any thing ; to prize, to rate high ; to hold in opinion, to think, to imagine. ESTEEM, e'-Stde'm', s. High value, reverential re- gard. ESTEEMER, e'-st^m'&r, s. One that highly values, one that sets a high rate upon any thing. ESTIMABLE, eVte-ma-bl, a. 4-05. Valuable, worth a large price ; worthy of esteem, worthy of ho- nour- ESTIMABI.ENESS, s't-m-bl-ns, S, The quality of deserving regard. To ESTIMATE, eVt-mate, v. a. To rate, to ad- just the value of; to judge of any thing by its propor- tion to something else ; to calculate, to compute. ESTIMATE, s't-mate, S. 91. Computation, cal- culation ; value ; valuation, assignment of proportion- ed value; opinion, judgment; esteem, regard, nonour. ESTIMATION, s-te-ma'sh5n, s. The act of ad- justing proportioned value ; calculation, computation; opinion, judgment ; esteem, regard, honour. ESTIMATIVE, s't^-ma.-tlv, a. 512. Having the power of comparing and adjusting the preference. ESTIMATOR, s'te-ma-tur, s. 521. A setter of rotes. EsTIVAL, eVte-val, a. 88. Pertaining to the sum- mer; continuing for the summer. To ESTRANGE, e'-stranje', r. a. To keep at a distance, to withdraw; to alienate from affection. ESTRANGEMENT, ^-stranje'm&it, s. Alienation, distance, removal. ESTRAPADE, e's-tra-pade', s. The defence of a horse that will not obey, but rises before, and yerks furiously with his hind legs. ESTREPEMENT. e-Strr/mnt, S. Spoil made by the tenant for term of life upon any lands or wood?. ESTRICH, s'tl'itsh, S. The largest of birds; pro- perly Ostrich. ESTUARY, s'tsh{i-a-r, s. 461. An arm of the sea, the mouth of a lake or river in which the tide ebbs and flows. To ESTUATE, eVtshu-ate, v. a. 91. To swell and fall reciprocally, to boil. ESTUATION, e's-tshu-a'sh&n, s. The state of boil- ing, reciprocation of rise and fall. ESURIENT, -zu'r^-6nt, a. 479. Hungry, vora- cious. ESURINE, zh'u-rine, a. 479. Corroding, eating. ETC. t-st'd-ra, &C. A contraction of the Latin words, Et cetera, which signifies And so of the rest. To ETCH, tsh, v. a. A way used in making of prints, by drawing with a proper needle upon a cop- per plate. ETCHING, Wishing, s. An impression of a copper- plate, cited from Harris by Johnson, under the word Etch. ETERNAL, e'-teYna), a. Without beginning or end ; unchangeable. ETERNAL, -teVnul, s. One of the appellations of the Godhead. ETERNALIST, ^-ter'nal-list, s. One that holds the past existence of the world infinite. "1 o ETERNALIZE, -teVnal-lize, v. a. To make eternal. ETERNALLY, d-t^r'nal-ld, ad. Without beginning or end; unchangeably, invariably. ETERNE, e-trn', a. Eternal, perpetual. ETERNITY, -ter / ne-te, s. Duration without be- einning or end; duration without end. To ETERNIZE, e-teVnlze, v. a. To make endless, to perpetuate ; to make for ever famous, to immorta- lize. ETHER, &thr, s. An element more fine and sub- tile than air, air refined or stililimod ; the matter of the highest regions above ; a chymical preparation. ETHEREAL, - evidence. EUCRASY, yu'kra.se, s. A n ,-P.MP. wii.. ! EVIDENCE, An agreeable, well-pro- portioned mixture, whereby a body is in health. EVE, eve, 1 EVEN, 'vn, ) s ' The close of the day ; the vigil or fast to be observed before a holiday. EVEN, e'vn, a. 103. Level, not rugged ; uniform, smooth ; equal on both sides ; without any thing owed ; calm, pot subject to elevation or depression ; capable to be divided into equal parts. To EVEN, e'vn, v. a. To make even ; to make out of debt ; to make leveL EVEN, ^vn, ad. A word of strong assertions, verily ; supposing that ; notwithstanding. EVENHANDED, e'vn-han'ded, a. Impartial, equitable. EVENING, eAm-lng, s. The close of the day, the beginning of the night. EVENLY, eVn-le, ad. Equally, uniformly ; smooth- ly; impartially, \vithoutfavourorenmity. EVENNESS, e'vn-ns, s. State of being even ; uni- formity, regularity ; equality of surface, levelness ; freedom from inclination to either side; calmness, freedom from perturbation. EVENTIDE, e'vn-tide, s. The time of evening. EVENT, e-ve'nt', S. An incident, any thing that happens ; the consequence of an action. To EVENTERATE, c-ven'te-rate, v. a. To rip up, to open the belly. EVENTFUL, e-v^nt'ful, a. Full of incidents. To EvENTlI.ATE, e-ven'te-late, v. a. To winnow, to sift out ; to examine, to discuss. EVENTUAL, e^-veVtshu-al, a. Happening in con- sequence of any thing, consequential. EVENTUALLY, e-ven'tshu-al-le, ad. In the event, in the last result. EVER, eVur, ad. 98. At any time ; at all times ; for ever ; a word of enforcement, As soon as ever he had done it ; it is often contracted into E'er. EvF.RBUBBLING, eV-ur-bub / bl!ng, a. Boiling up with perpetual murmurs. EVERBURNING, ev-ur-bfrr'nlng^. Unextinguished. EvERDURING, ev-ur-du'rlng, a. Eternal, enduring without end. EVERGREEN, ev'ur-greeii, a. Verdant throughout the year. EVERGREEN, eVfir-green, s. A plant that retains its verdure through all the seasons. EVERHONOURED, ev-ur-Sn'nurd, a. Always held in honour. EVERLASTING, Sv-ur-las'ting, a. Lasting or en- during without end, perpetual, immortal. EVERLASTING, ev-ur-las'ting, s. Eternity. EVERLASTINGLY, eV-ur-lis'tIng-l, ad. Eternally, without end. EvERLASTINGNESS, eV-ftr-las'tlng-Iie's, S. Eter- nity, perpetuity. EVERLIVING, ev-ur-llvlng, a. Living without end. EVERMORE, ^v-ur-more', ad. Always, eternally. 185 The state of being evident, clearness ; testimony, proof ; witness, one that gives evidence. To EVIDENCE, eV^-de'nse, v. a. To prove, to make discovery of. EVIDENT, eV^-de'nt, a. Plain, apparent, notorious. EVIDENTLY, eVe-dlnt-le, ad. Apparently, cer- tainly. EVIL, e'vl, a. 159. Having bad qualities of any kind ; wicked, corrupt ; miserable ; mischievous, de- structive. EVIL, eM, s. Wickedness, a crime ; injury, mis- chief, malignity, corruption ; misfortune, calamity ; malady, disease. EVIL, eAd, ad. Not well in whatever respect ; in- juriously, not kindly. EviLAFFECTED, e-vl-af-fek'ted, a. Not kind, not disposed to kindness. EVILDOER, e-vl-do'ur, s. Malefactor. E VILFAVOURED, 4-vl-fa'vfird, a. Ill-countenanced. EviLFAVOUREDNESS, e-vl-fa'vurd-nes, s. De- formity. EviLMlNDED, e-vl-mind'ed, a. Malicious, mis. chievous. EviLNESS, ^vl-nis, S. Contrariety to goodness, badness of whatever kind. EviLSPEAKING, C-vLspeldllg, S. Defamation, calumny. EVILWISHING, -vl- wishing, a. Wishing evil to, having no good will. EVILWORKER, e-vl-wurk'ur, s. One who does ill. To EVINCE, ^-vinse 7 , v. a. To prove, to show. EVINCIBLE, e-vln'se-bl, a. Capable of proof, de- monstrable. EVINCIBLY, e'-vin'se-ble, ad. In such a manner as to force conviction. To EVISCERATE, e-vis's^-rate, v. a. To embowel, to deprive of the en'rails. EviTABLE, eVe-ta-bl, a. 405. Avoidable, that may be escaped or shunned. To EviTATE, eVe-tate, v. a. To avoid, to shun. EVITATION, eV-e-ta'shun, s, 530. The act of avoiding. EULOGIUM, vu-lo'ie-um. 7 ',;,,. i J ' J- s. Praise, encomium. EULOGY, yu'lo-je, } EuNUCH, yu'nuk, s. One that is castrated. EVOCATION, ev-o-ka'shun, s. The act of calling out. EVOLATION, ev-6-la'shun, s. 530. The act of flying away. To EvoLVE, e-volv', v. a. To unfold, to dis- entangle. To EVOLVE, e-volv', v. n. To open itself, to dis- close itself. EVOLUTION, eV-6-lu'shun, s. 530. The act of unrolling or unfolding ; the series of things unrolled or unfolded ; in tacticks, the motion made by a body of men in changing their posture, or form of dra%ving up. EVOMITION, eA'-o-mish'un, s, 530. The act of vomiting out. EUP EXA 359. Fate 73, fir 77, tall 83, fit 81 md 93, mSt 95 pine 105, pin 107 nd> 162, mfive 164, EUPEPSY, yu'p6p-s, s. easy digi tion. EUPEPTIC, yii-p^r/tlk, a. A good concoction, an Easy of digestion. EUPHONICAL, yb-f&n'd-kil, a. Sounding agreea- bly. EUPHONY, yMo-n, S. An agreeable sound, the contrary to harshress. EUPHORBIUM, yu-fortx^-fim, s. A plant, a gum. EUPHRASY, yii'fri-se, S. 92. The herb Eyebright EURIPUS, y6-rl'p&S, S. (From Euripui Euloicus, that ebbs and flows seven times in a day). Perpetual fluctuation. EuROCLYDON, yu-r&kl^-d&n, S. A wind v.-hich blows between East and North, very dangerous in the Mediterranean. EUROPEAN, yfa-ro-p^an, a. Belonging to Europe. K5- This word, according to the analogy of our own e, ought certainly to have the accent on the se- cond syllable ; and this is the pronunciation which un- lettered speakers constantly adopt; but the learned, ashamed of the analogies of their own tongue, always place the accent on the third syllable, because Europ&ui has the penultimate long, and is therefore accented in Latin. Epicurean has the accent on the same syllable by the same rule ; while Herculean and Cerulean submit to English analogy, and have the accent on the second syllable, because their penultimate in Latin is short. EuRUS, yti'ris, s. The east wind. EuRYTHAlY, yti'rlth-m } s. Harmony, regular and symmetrical measure. EUTHANASIA, yu- EXISTENCY, eg-zls'tn-se, ) * State of being, actual possession of being 1 . EXISTENT, eg-zis'tent, a. In being, in possession of being. EXISTIMATION, eg-zls-t^-ma'shun, s. Opinion, esteem. EXIT, eks'it, S. The term set in the margin of plays to mark the time at which the player goes cfi ; departure, act of quitting the theatre of ufe. EXITIAL, Igz-lsh'yal, 113. > EXITIOUS, Igz-ish'yfis, $ " Destructive, fatal, mortal. EXODUS, ^ks'6-dus, 1 EXODY, eks'6-de, 5 Sf Departure, journey from a place ; the second book of Moses is so called, because it describes the journey of the Israelites from Egypt. EXOLETE, eks'6-l^te, a. Obsolete, out of use. To EXOLVE, gz-Slv', v. a. To loose, unbind ; to free from a debt EXOMPHALOS, gz-&n)'fa-los, s. A navel rupture. To EXONERATE, gz-6n'er-ate, v. a. To unload, to disburden. EXONERATION, gz-Sn-er-a'shun, s. The act of disburdening. EXOPTABLE, egZ-Sp'ta-bl, a. Desirable, to be sought with eagerress or desire. EXORABLE, ks'6-ra-bl, a. 405. To be moved by entreaty. EXORBITANCE, ^gz-or'be-t&nse, EXORBITANCY, gz-6r'be-tan-s4 Enormity, gross deviation from rule or right; extra- vagant demand ; boundless depravity. EXORBITANT, egz-or'bo-tant, a. Enormous, be- yond due proportion, excessive. To EXORCISE, eks'&r-size, v. a. To adjure by some holy name ; to drive away by certain forms or adjuration ; to purify from the influence of malignant spirits. ExORCISER, oks'Sr-si-zfir, s. One who practises to drive away evil spirits. EXORCISM, eks'or-slzm, s. The form of adjura- tion, or religious ceremony by which evil and malig- nant spirits are driven away. EXORCIST, ks'or-sist, S. One who by adjurations, prayers, or religious acts, drives away malignant spirits. EXORDIUM, ^gz-or'de-um, s. A formal preface, the proemial part of a composition. EXORNATION, (?ks-6r-na'shfin, s. Ornament, coration, embellishment. EXO EXP 559. Fate 73, fir 77,fall 83, ftt 81 m^ 93, m3t95 pine 105, pin 107 n6 1G2, m5\e 16-1, ExOSSATED, ^gz-is'si-t^d, a. Deprived of bones. EXOSSEOUS, e^gz-ish'she-fis. a. Wanting bones, boneless. EXOSTOSIS, Sks-fis-to'sls, s. 20. Any protuber- aiire of a bone that is not natural. $5- I have in the accentuation of this word differed from Dr Johnson, Mr Sheridan, and Dr Ash, and have adhered to a Medical Dictionary, which places the ac- cent regularly on the penultimate. ExoTERICK, e'ks-O-te'r'ik, a. Belonging to the lectures of Aristotle on rhetorick, and the more super- ficial parts of learning, which any one had liberty to hear ; as opposed to the more serious parts of doctrine and instructions, to which none but his friends were admitted. fixOTICK, e'gZ-itlk, a. Foreign, not produced in our own country. To EXPAND, ek-spand', v. a. To spread, to lay open as a net or sheet ; todilate.to spread out every way. EXPANSE, e'k-spanse', s. A body widely extended without inequalities. EXPANSIBILITY, e'k-span-se-bil'^-t^, s. Capacity of extension, possibility to be expanded. EXPANSIBLE, e'k-span'se'-bl, a. Capable to be ex- tended. EXPANSION, ks-pan'sh&n, s. The state of being expanded into a wider surface ; the act of spreading out ; extent ; pure space. EXPANSIVE, eks-pan'slv, a. 428. Having the power to spread into a wider surface. To EXPATIATE, e'k-spa'she'-ate, v. n. 542. To range at large ; to enlarge upon in language. To EXPECT, e'k-spe'kt', v. a. To have a previous apprehension of either good or evil ; to wait for, to attend the coming. EXPECTABLE, e'k-spe'k'ta-bl, o. To be expected. EXPECTANCE, k-spek'tanse, EXPECTANCY, k-spk'tan-sl, The act or state of expecting j something expected ; hope. EXPECTANT, 3k-spk'tant, a. Waiting in expec- tation. EXPECTANT, k-spek'tant, s. One who waits in expectation of any thing. EXPECTATION, &-spek-ta'sh&n, s. The act of expecting ; the state of expecting either with hope or fear ; prospect of any thing good to come ; a state in which something excellent is expected from us. EXPECTER, k-speVtur, s. One who has hopes of something ; one who waits for another. To EXPECTORATE, ks-pk't6-rate, v. a. To eject from the breast EXPECTORATION, ^ks-p^k-to-ra'shun, s. The act of discharging from the breast ; the discharge which is made by coughin?. EXPECTORATIVE, fiks-plk'to-ra-tlv, a. 512. Hav- ing the quality of promoting expectoration. EXPEDIENCE, e r ks-pe'de : -ense, 1 o^g EXPEDIENCY, ks-pe'd-e'n-se\ } s ' Fitness, propriety, suitableness to an end ; expedition, adventuce, haste, despatch. EXPEDIENT, e'ks-p^'de-e'nt, or x-p&j&-ent, a. 293. Proper, fit, convenient, suitable ; quick, expedi- tious. EXPEDIENT, e'ks-pe'd-e r nt, s. That which helps forward, as means to an end ; a shift, means to an end contrived in an exigence. EXPEDIENTLY, e'ks-pe'de-Snt-le, ad. Fitly, suit- - ably, conveniently ; hastily, quickly. To EXPEDITE, ks'p-dite, p. ft. To facilitate, to free from impediment ; to hasten, to quicken ; to despatch, to issue from a publick office. EXPEDITE, e'ks'pe-dlte, a. Quick, hasty, soon per- formed ; easy, disencumbered, clear; nimble, active, agile ; light armed. EXPEDITELY, ks'p-dlte-le, ad. With quickness, readiness, haste. EXPEDITION, ks-pe-dish'tm, s. Haste, speed, activity; a march or voyage with martial intentions. 190 EXPEDITIOUS, e ! ks-pe'-dlsh'us, a. Speedy, quick, swift. To EXPEL, ks-pF, v. a. To drive out, to foroe away ; to banish, to drive from the place of residence. ExPELLER, ks-pFlfrr, S. One that expels Dr drives away. To EXPEND, e'ks-pe'nd', v. a. To lay out, to spend. EXPENSE, e'ks-pe'nse', s. Cost, charges, money ex pended. ExPENSEFUL, e'ks-pense'ful, a. Cosily, charge- able. EXPENSELESS, e'ks-p&ise'les, a. Without cost. EXPENSIVE, eks-peVsIv, a. 428. Given to ex- pense, extravagant, luxurious ; costly, requiring ex- pense. EXPENSIVELY, e'ks-peVsiv-lc-, ad. with great expense. EXPENSIVENESS, eks-pdn'slv-nes, s. Addition to expense, extravagance ; costliness. EXPERIENCE, eks-peW-e'nse, S. Practice, fre- quent trial ; knowledge gained by trial and practice. To EXPERIENCE, ks-pe're-6nse, v. a. To try, to practise ; to know by practice. EXPERIENCED, e'ks-per^-e'nst, part. a. Made skilful by experience ; wise by long practice. EXPERIENCES,, ^ks-pe're-^n-s&r, s. One who makes trial ; a praetiser of experiments. EXPERIMENT, eks-peVe-ment, s. Trial of any thing, something done in order to discover an uncer- tain or unknown effect EXPERIMENTAL, eks-pei-e-meVtal, a. Pertain- ing to experiment ; built upon experiment ; known by experiment or trial. EXPERIMENTALLY, eks-peW-men'tal-e, ad. By experience, by trial. EXPERIMENTER, eks-pey^-me'n-tur, s. One who makes experiments. EXPERT, eks-p^rt', a. Skilful ; ready, dexterous. EXPERTLY, e'ks-pe'rt/le', ad. in a skilful ready manner. ExPERTNESS, e'ks-peTt'ne's, S. Skill, readiness. ExPIABLE, ks'pe-a-bl, a. 405. Capable to be expiated. To EXPIATE, eks'pe-Ate, v. a. 90. To annul the guilt of a crime by subsequent acts of piety, to atone for ; to avert the threats of prodigies. EXPIATION, eks-p^-a'shun, s. The act of ex- piating or atoning for any crime ; the means by \\liirh we atone for crimes, atonement j practices by which ominous prodigies were averted. EXPIATORY, ks'pe-a-tiir-, a. 512. Having the power of expiation. For the o, see Domestic*: EXPILATION, eks-p^-la'sh&n, s. Robbery. EXPIRATION, e'ks-pd-ra'shfrn, s. The act of respiration \vh : ch thrusts the air out of tlie lungs ; the last emission of breath, death ; evaporation, act of fuming out ; vapour, matter expired ; the conclusion of any limited time. To EXPIRE, e'k-spire', V. a. To breathe out ; to exhale, to send out in exhalations. To EXPIRE, ^k-splre 7 , v. n. To die, to breathe the last ; to conclude, to come to an end. To EXPLAIN, e'ks-plane', v. a. To expound, to illustrate, to clear. EXPLAINABLE, ks-plane'a-bl, Capable of being explained. EXPLAINER, feks-plane'ur, s. Expositor, interpret- er, commentator. EXPLANATION, ^ks-pla-na'shun, s. The act of explaining or interpreting ; the sense given by an ex- plainer or interpreter. EXPLANATORY, ^ks-plan/A-tur-e, a. Containing explanations. For the o see Domeslick, and Princi- ples, No. 557. EXPLETIVE, cks'ple-tiv, s. 157. Something used only to take up room. EXP EXS n5r 167, nSt 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 311 299 pound 313 thin 466, THIS 169. EXPLICABLE, eks'ple-ka-bl, a. Explainable, possible to be explained. To EXPLICATE, eks'ple-kate, v. a. To unfold, to expand ; to explain, to clear. EXPLICATION, eks-ple-ka'sh&n, s. The act of opening, unfolding 1 , or expanding; the act of explain- ing, interpretation, explanation ; the sense given by an explainer. EXPLICATIVE, eks'ple-ka-tlv, a. Having a tendency to explain. D5- I have differed from Mr Sheridan in the accentu- ation of this word. He has placed the accent on the se- cond syllable, with the authority of every Dictionary, and of every good speaker, against him. In the first edi. tion of this Dictionary, when I supposed Mr Sheridan's accentuation of this word agreeable to analosry, I did not recollect the verb to explicate, whence it is di-rivcd, and \yhieh, in ray opinion, ought to determine its accentua- tion. See Principles, No. 512. Dr Johnson, Mr Scott, Mr Perry, Dr Kenrick, Dr Ash, Entick, and Barclay, place the accent on the first syllable, as I have done. EXPLICATOR, eks'ple-ka-tur, S. Expounder, in- terpreter, explainer. EXPLICIT, eks-plislt, a. Unfolded, plain, clear, not merely by inference. EXPLICITLY, eks-plislt-le, ad. Plainly, directly, not merely by inference. To EXPLODE, ^ks-plode 7 , V. a. To drive out dis- gracefully with some noise of contempt ; to drive out with noise and violence. EXPLODER, dks-pl force away. EXPULSION, eks-pul'shun, s. The act of expell- ing or driving out ; the state of being driven out EXPULSIVE, ks-piiFslv, a. 158. 428. Having the power of expulsion. EXPUNCTION, eks-pungk'shun, s. Absolution. To EXPUNGE, ks-p&nje / , v. a. To blot out, to rub out ; to efface, to annihilate. EXPURGATION, ks-pur-ga'shun, s. The act of purging or cleansing , purification from bad mixture, as of error or falsehood. EXPURGATORY, ks-piir / ga-tar-, a. Employed in purging a\vay what is noxious. EXQUISITE, gks'kwe-zlt, a. Excellent, consum- mate, complete. EXQUISITELY, ksTiwe-zIt-le, ad. Perfectly, completely. EXQUISITENESS, eks^We-Zlt-IleS, s. Nicety, irfection. A copy, writing copied EXSCRIFP, ek'skript, s. from another. ExsiCCANT, ^k-Sik'kant, . Drying-, having the power to dry up. To EXSICCATE, k-sik'kate, v. a. To dry. Sec Exiccate. EXSICCATION, ek-slk-ka'shun, s. The act of drying. ExsiCCATIVE, ek-slk'ka-tlV, a. Having the power of drying. ExSPUITION, ek-Spu-lsb'Cm, s. A discharge by spitting. EXSUCTION, k-suk'shun, s. The act of sucking out. EXS 1^" 559. File 73, fir 77, fall 83, fit 81, me* 93, mk 95 pine 105, pin 107 ni 162, mo\ e 1 . 4, EXSUDATION, k-S&-da'sh&n, s. A sweating, an extillation. ExSUFFLATION, k-S&f-fla'shun, S. A blast working underneath. To EXSUFFOI.ATE, 3k-s&Pf6-late, v. a. To whimper, to buzz in the ear. To EXSUSCITATE, k-sus's^-tate, v. a. To rouse up, to stir up. ExTANCY, elk'stan-s, S. Parts rising up above the rest. EXTANT, k'stant, a. Standing out to view, standing above the rest ; now in being. EXTATICAL, k-stat/e-kal, > _ at i*^r-\ enn f a ' Rapturous. EXTATICK, dk-statlk, 509. \ ExTEMPORAL, ks-t3m'p6-ral, a. Uttered with- out premeditation, quick, rea4ly, sudden- EXTEMPORALLY, ks-tem'po-ral-, ad. Quick, without premeditation. EXTEMPORANEOUS, ks-tm-p6-ra'n-&s, a. Without premeditation, sudden. EXTEMPORARY, eks-tm'p6-rar-, a. uttered or performed without premeditation, sudden, quick. EXTEMPORE, ks-tm'po-r, ad. Without pre- meditation, suddenly; readily. . EXTEMPORIXESS, eks-t6m'p6-r-ns, s. The faculty of speaking or acting without premeditation. To EXTEMPORIZE, ks-tm'p6-rize, v. n. To speak extempore, or without premeditation. To EXTEND, ks-trid', v. a. To stretch out ; to spread abroad ; to enlarge ; to increase in force or du- ration ; to impart, to communicate ; to seize by a course of law. EXTENDER, ^ks-t^n'd&r, s. 98. The person or instrument by which any thing is extended. EXTENDIBLE, ks-tu'd-Dl, a. Capable of extension. EXTENDLESSNESS, ks-t3nd1s-n&, s. Unlimited extension. EXTENSIBILITY, ks-t EXTRAVAGANCY, ks-trav'a-gan-se, $ s ' Excursion or sally beyond prescribed limits ; irregula- rity, wildness ; waste, vain and superfluous expense. EXTRAVAGANT, eks-trav'u-gant, a. Wandering out of his bounds ; roving beyond just limits or pre- scribed methods ; irregular, wild ; wasteful, prodigal, vainly expensive. EXTRAVAGANTLY, iks-trav'a-gant-le, ad. In an extravagant manner, wildly; expensively.luxuriously, wastefully. EXTRAVAGANTNESS, &ks-triv'a-gant-nls, s. Excess, excursion beyond limits. To EXTRAVAGATE, ks-trav'i-gate, v. n. To wander out of limits. EXTRAVASATED, eks-trav'vi-sa-td, a. Forced out of the proper containing vessels. EXTRAVASATION, ks-tra-va-sa'shun, s. The act of forcing, or state of being forced out of the proper containing vessels. EXTRAVENATE, eks-trav'e-nate, a. Let out of the veins. EXTRAVERSION, eks-tra-vr / shun, s. The act of throwing out. ExTRAUGHT, ks-trawt', part. Extracted. EXTREME, ks-trme', a. Greatest, of the highest degree ; utmost ; last, that beyond which there is nothing ; pressing to the utmost degree. EXTREME, ks-treme', s. Utmost point, highest degree of any thing ; points at the greatest distance from each other, extremity. EXTREMELY, eks-tr^mele, ad. In the utmost degree ; very much, greatly. EXTREMITY, ks-trm'e-te, s. The utmost point, the highest degree ; the points in the utmost degree of opposition ; remotest parts, parts at the greatest dis- tance ; the utmost violence, rigour, or distress. To EXTRICATE, ks'tre-kate, v. a. To dis- embarrass, to set free any one in a state of perplexity. EXTRICATION, dks-tre-ka'shun, s. The act of disentangling. EXTRINSICAL, ks-trln's-kal, a. External, out- ward ; not intrinsick. .EXTRINSICALLY, ks-trln's-kal-e, ad. From without- ExTRINSICK, eks-trln'slk, a. Outward, external. To ExTRUCT, ek-str&kt', V. a. To build, to raise, to form into a structure. ExTRUCTOR, ek-struk'tur, s. A builder, a fabri- cator. To EXTRUDE, eks-troode', v. a. To thrust off. EXTRUSION, ^ks-troo'zliun, s. The act of thrust- ing or driving out. ExTUBERANCE, eks-tu'be-ranse, S. Knobs, or parts protuberant. EXUBERANCE, egz-uTje-ranse, s. Overgrowth, superfluous abundance, luxuriance. 193 EXUBERANT, gz-Mb-rant, a. 479. Overabun- dant, superfluously plenteous j abounding in the ut- most degree. EXUBERANTLY, gz-u'br r ant-l, ad. Abundant- ly; to a superfluous degree. To EXUBERATE, gz-u'b-rate, v. n. To abound in the highest degree. EXUCCOUS, ^k-suk^Lus, a. Without juice, dry. QQ- This word and the three following, with exupera- ble, exuperance, zndexuscitate, by servilely following an erroneous Latin orthography, are liable to an improper pronunciation. See Exiccate. EXUDATION, ^k-su-da'shun, s. The act of emitting in sweat ; the matter issuing out by sweat from any body. To EXUDATE, gk-su'date, 7 To EXUDE, Sk-sMe', \ v ' * To sweat out, to issue by sweat EXULCERATE, gz-ul'stLrate, v. a. To make sore with an ulcer ; to corrode, to enrage. EXULCERATION, ks-ul-s-ra'shun, s. The begin; ning erosion, which forms an ulcer ; exacerbation, cor- rosion. EXULCERATORY, ggz-ul'se-ra-t&i-e, a. 512. Having a tendency to cause ulcers. To EXULT, gz-ult', v. n. To rejoice above measure, to triumph. EXULTANCE, IgZ-M'tanse, s. Transport, joy, triumph. EXULTATION, ks-fcl-ta'shun, s. Joy, triumph, rapturous delight. To EXUNDATE, gZ-&n'date, V. n. To overflow. EXUNDATION, Sks-in-da'shun, s. Overflow, abundance. EXUPERABLE, k-su'pr-a-bl, a. Conquerable, superable, vincible. EXUPERANCE, k-su'p-ranse, S. Over-balance, greater proportion. EXUBERANT, k-su'p-rant, a. Over-balancing, having greater proportion. To EXUSCITATE, k-sfis's-tate, v. a. To stir up, to rouse. EXUSTION, gz-us'tshfrn, s. The act of burninj up, consumption by fire. EXUVLS:, gz.{i've-, s. Cast skin, cast shells, whatever is used by animals. EYAS, 1'as, s. A young hawk just taken from the nest. EYASMUSKET, i'as-mus-ket, S. A young unfledged male musket hawk ; a raw young fellow. EYE, l,s. 8. (The obsolete pi uralEyne; now Eyes.) The organ of vision ; aspect, regard ; notice, attention, observation ; sight, view ; any thing formed like an eye ; any small perforation ; a small catch into which a hook goes ; bud of a plant ; a small shade of colour. To EYE, 1, V. a. To watch, to keep in view. To EYE, i, v. n. To appear, to show, to bear an appearance. EYEBALL, i'bawl, s. The apple of the eye. EYEBRIGHT, i'brite, s. An herb. EYEBROW, i'brou, s. The hairy arch over the eye. EYEDROP, 1'drSp, s. A tear. EYEGLANCE, i'glanse, s. Quick notice of the eye. EYEGLASS, i'glas, s. Spectacles, glass to assist the sight. EYELESS, lies, a. Without eyes, sightless, de- prived of sight. EYELET, lilt, S. 'A hole through which light may enter ; any small perforation. EYELID, I'lld, s. The membrane that shuts over the eye. EYESERVANT, i'sr-vant, s. A sen-ant that works only while watched. EYESERVICE, i's^r-vis, S. Service performed only under inspection. EYESHOT, i'shot, s. Sight, glance, view. o EYE FAD EYESIGHT, 1'slte, s. sight of the eye. EYESORE, i'sore, s. Something offensive to the sight. EYESPOTTED, I'sp&t-M, a. Marked with spots like eyes. EYESTRING, i'strlng, s. The string of the eye. EYETOOTH, I'toolh, s. The tooth on the upper jaw next on each side to the grinders, the fang. EYEWINK, i'wlngk, s. A wink, as a hint or token. EYEWITNESS, i'wit-n^s, s. An ocular evidence, one who gives testimony of facts seen with his own eyes. EYRE, are, s. 269. The court of justices itinerants. EYRY, a're, s, 269. The place where birds of prey build their nests and hatch. '. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fatSl me 93, m^t95 pine 105, pin 107 no, 162, move!64, parties are present ; without the interposition of other bodies. To FACE, fase, v. n. To carry a false appearance ; to turn the face, to come in front To FACE, fase, v. a. To meet in front, to oppose. with confidence ; to oppose with impudence ; to stand opposite to ; to cover with .an additional superficies. FACELESS, fase'les, a. Without a face. FACEPAINTER, fase'pane-tur, s. A drawer of portraits. FACEPAINTING, fase'pane-tlng, s. The art of drawing portraits. FACETIOUS, fa-se'shus, a. 292. Gay, cheerful, lively. FACETIOUSLY, fa-se'shus-lt*, ad. Gayly, cheer- fully. FACETIOUSNESS, fa-se'shus-nes, s. Cheerful wit, mirth. FACILE, fas'sil, a. 140. Easy, performable with little labour ; pliant, flexible, easily persuaded. To FACILITATE, fa-sil'e-tate, v. a. To maka easy, to free from difficulty. FACILITY, fa-Sil'e-te, s. Easiness to be performed, freedom from difficulty ; readiness in performing ; dex- terity ; vicious ductility, easiness to be persuaded ; easiness of access, affability. FACINERIOUS, fas-e-ne're-us, a. Wicked. FACING, fa'slng, s. An ornamental covering. FACINOROUS, fa-sln'o-rfis, a. Wicked, atrocious, detestably bad. See Sottorout. FACINOROUSNESS, fa-sln'6-rus-nes, s. Wicked- ness in a high degree. FACT, fakt, s. A thing done ; reality, not supposi- tion ; action, deed. FACTION, fik'shun, s. A party in a state ; tumult-, discord, dissension. FACTIONARY, fak'shun-ar-e, s. A party man. FACTIOUS, fak'shus, a. 292. Given to faction, loud and violent in a party. FACTIOUSLY, fak'shus-le, ad. In a manner crim- inally dissentious. FACTIOUSNESS, fak'shus-nes, s. Inclination to publick dissension. FACTITIOUS, fak-tlsh'us, a. Made by art, in op- position to what is made by nature. FACTOR, fak'tur, s. 166. An agent for another, a substitute. FACTORY, fak'tur-e, s. 557. A house or district inhabited by traders in a distant country ; the traders embodied in one place. FACTOTUM, fak-to'tum, s. A servant employed alike in all kinds of business. FACTURE, fak'tshure, s. 463. The act or manner of making any thing. FACULTY, fak'ul-t, s. The power of doing any thing, ability ; powers of the mind, imagination, rea- son, memory ; a knack, dexterity ; power, authority ; privilege, right to do any thing ; faculty, in a univer- sity, denotes the masters and professors of the several sciences. FACUND, fak'und, a. 544. Eloquent. S& Dr Johnson has placed the accent on the last syl- lable both of this word and Jocund ; in which he is con- sistent, but contrary both to custom and to English ana- logy. Mr Sheridan places the accent on the first syllable of Jocund, and on the last of this word. The reasons are the same for accenting both ; they both come from the Latin facundus and jocundut ; and there is scarcely a more invariable rule in our language than that of remov- ing the accent higher when we adopt a word from the Latin, and abridge it of its latter syllables. See Academy. To FADDLE, t'ad'dl, v. n. 405. To trifle, to toy, to play . To FADE, fade, v. n. 75. To tend from greater to less vigour; to tend from a brighter to a weaker co. lour ; to wither as a vegetable ; to die away gradually ; to be naturally not durable, to be transient To FADE, fade, v. a. To wear away ; to reduce to languor. FABACEOUS, fa-ba'she-us, a. 357. Having the nature of a bean. FABLE, fa'bl, S. 405. A feigned story intended to enforce some moral precept ; a fiction in general ; the series or contexture of events which constitute a poem; a lie. To FABLE, fa'bl, v. n. To feign, to write not truth but fiction ; to tell falsehoods. To FABLE, fa'bl, v. a. To feign, to tell a falsity. FABLED, f'a'bld, a. 359. Celebrated in fables. FABLER, fa'bl-ur, s. A dealer in fiction. To FABRICATE, fab're-kate, v. a. To build, to construct ; to forge, to devise falsely. FABRICATION, fab-re-ka'shun, s. The act of build- ing. FA BRICK, fab'rlk, or fa'brlk, s. A building, an edifice ; any system or compages of matter. BJJ- The in this word seems floating between long and short quantity, as it was in the Latin F'abrica. I have, like Mr Sheridan, made it short; for though La- tin words of two syllables, when adopted into English, always have the accent on the first, and the vowel gene- rally long, as basis, focus, quota, &c. ; yet when words of three syllables in Latin, with but one consonant in the middle, are anglicised by reducing them to two sylla- bles ; as the penultimate in such Latin words is gener. ally short, and the accent of consequence antepenulti- mate, so the first vowel in the English word is generally short, from the shortening power of the antepenultimate accent in our pronunciation of the Latin word from which it is derived. Thus the Latin Mimicus, reduced to the English Mimic, has the first vowel short, though long in Latin, because we make it short in our pronunciation of Latin : the same may be observed of the words florid, ririd, and livid, from the Latin floridiis, rividus, and lii-idux. Thus, though Fabrica might have the first vowel long in Latin, yet as we always pronounce it short in the English pronunciation of thaUanguage, so, when it is reduced to the English Fabric, it seems agreeable to this usage to make the first syllable short Authority seems likewise to favour this pronunciation ; for Mr Sheridan, Mr Elphinston, Mr Nares, Mr Scott, Mr Perry, and, as far as we can judge by the position of the accent, Bailey, are for the a short ; and Buchanan, W. Johnston, and, if we can guess by accent, Dr Ash and_Entick, for the lung . See Principles, No. 544 To FABRICK, fab'rlk, r. a. To build, to form, to construct FABULIST, fab'u-list, s. A writer of fables. FABULOSITY, fab-fi-16s'e-te, s. Lyingness, ful. ness of stories. FABULOUS, fab'u-lus, a. Feigned, full of fables. FABULOUSLY, fab'ii-l&s.le, ad. In fiction. FACE, fase, s. The visage ; the countenance ; the surface of any thing the front or forepart of any thing ; state of affairs ; appearance ; confidence, bold- Bess j distortion of Die face ; Face to Face, when both 19 1 FAD FAL nor 167, n5t 163 tube 171, tab 172, bull 173 311 299 pofind 313 thin 466, THIS 469. To FADGE, fadje, v. . To suit ; to fit ; to agree, not to quarrel ; to succeed, to hit. FAECES, fa'sez, s. 88. Excrements, lees, sediments and settling?. To FAG, fag, v. a. To grow weary, to faint with u-eariness. FAGEND, fag-end', s. The end of a web of cloth ; the refuse or meaner part of any thing. FAGOT, fag^t, s. 88. 166. A bundle of sticks bound together for the fire ; a soldier numbered in the ^ muster roll, but not really existing. To FAGOT, fag'ut, v. a. To tie up, to bundle. To FAIL, fale, V. n. 202. To be deficient, to cease from former plenty, to fall short ; to be extinct, to cease to be produced ; to perish, to be lost ; to decay ; to decline, to languish ; to miss, not to produce its effect ; to miss, not to succeed in a design ; to be defi- cient in duty. To FAIL, fale, V. a. To desert, not to continue to assist or supply ; not to assist, to neglect ; to omit, not to perform ; to be wanting to. Miscarriage ; omission ; deficience, FAIL, fale, s. want. FAILING, filing, s. Deficiency, imperfection, lapse. FAILURE, fale'y are, s. 113. Deficience, cessation ; omission, non-performance, slip; a lapse, a slight fault. FAIN, fine, a. 202. Glad, merry, cheerful ; fond ; forced, obliged, compelled. FAIN, fane, ad. Gladly, very desirously. To FAINT, fant, v. n. 202. To lose the animal functions, to sink motionless ; to grow feeble ; to sink into dejection. To FAINT, fant, V. a. To deject, to depress, to enfeeble. FAINT, fant, a. Languid ; not bright ; not loud ; feeble of body ; cowardly ; depressed ; not vigorous, not active. FAINTHEARTED, fant-hart'ed, a. Cowardly, timorous. FAINTHEARTEDLY, fant-bart'ed-le, ad. Timor- ously. FAINTHEARTEDNESS, fant-hart'ed-nes, s. Cow- ardice, timorousness. FAINTING, fantlng, s. Deliquium, temporary loss of animal motion. FAINTISHNESS, fant1sh-ns, s. Weakness in a slight degree ; incipient debility. FAINTLING, fantling, a. Timorous, feeble-minded. FAINTLY, fant'le, ad. Feebly, languidly ; timorously, with dejection, without spirit FAINTNESS, fant'llfe, s. Languor, feebleness, want of strength ; inactivity, want of vigour, timo- rousness, dejection. FAINTY, fant'e, a. Weak, feeble, languid. ff^f- This word is much in use in the West of England, and is merely provincial. ' FAIR, fare, a. 202. Beautiful, handsome ; not black, not brown, white in the complexion ; clear, not cloudy, not foul, not tempestuous ; favourable, pros- Eerous; likely to succeed; equal, just; not effected y any insidious or unlawful methods ; not practising any fraudulent or insidious arts ; open, direct ; gentle, not compulsory ; mild, not severe ; equitable, not in- j urious. FAIR, fare, ad. Gently, decently ; civilly ; suc- cessfully ; on good terms. FAIR, fare, s. A beauty, elliptically a fair woman ; honesty, just dealing. FAIR, fare, s. An annual or stated meeting of buyers and sellers. FAIRING, fare'lng, .9. A present given at a fair. FAIRLY, farele, ad. Eeautifully ; commodiously, conveniently; honestly, justly ; ingenuously, plainly, openly ; candidly, without sinistrous interpretations ; without blots ; completely, without any deficiency. FAIRNESS, fare'nes, s. Beauty, elegance of form ; honesty, candour, ingenuity. 195 FAIRSPOKEN, fare'spo-kn, a. 103. Civil in lan. guage and address. FAIRY, fa'r, s. A kind of fabled being supposed to appear in a diminutive human form; an elf, a fay; enchantress. FAIRY, fa're, a. Given by fairies ; belonging to faries. FAIRYSTONE, fa're-stone, s. A stone found in gravel pits. FAITH, fa^, s. Belief of the revealed truths of re. ligion s the system of revealed truths held by the Christ tian Church; trust in God; tenet held; trust in the honesty or veracity of another ; fidelity, unshaken ad- herence ; honour; social confidence ; sincerity ; hones- ty, veracity ; promise given. FAITHBREACH, fa/A1>rtsh, s. Breach of fidelity, perfidy. FAITHFUL, fa,, > int. farwel, or far-wel', } The parting compliment, adieu ; it is sometimes used only as an expression of separation without kindness. gCJ- To all these different pronunciations is this word subject. The accentuation, either on the first or last syllable, depends much on the rhythm of the sentence. See Commodore and Commonwealth.. When it is used as a substantive, without an adjective before it, the accent is generally on the first syllable ; as, *' See how the morning opes her golden gates, And takes herfa'rm-cll of the glorious sun." Shak. Or, if the adjective follow the substantive, as, " If chance the radiant sun with fa'rewfll sweet Extend his ev'ning beam, the fic-lds revive. The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds Attest their joy, that hill and valley ring." Hilton. But if the adjective precede the substantive, the accent is generally placed on the last syllable ; as, " Treading the path to nobler ends, A ]ongfrervt'll to love I gave." Waller. " As in this grove I took my last/aren'e'U. Dryden. Or when it is governed by a verb, as, " I bade him fareice'l/," or, " I bade/areweV/ to him." When it is used as an adjective, the accent is always on the first syllabic ; as, " A farewell Sermon." But when it is used as an interjection, (for with great deference to Dr Johnson I cannot think it an adverb) the accent is either on the first or se< ond syllable, as the rhythm of pronunciation seems to require. 197 T-, .FAREWELL, ' " Satfa'rmcll, king; sith thus thou wilt appear, Freedom lives hence, and banishment is here." Shale. eTll; be still possest blessing still and blest." Pope. With respect to the pronunciation of a in the first syl. lable of this word, Mr Sheridan .says, that in England the first syllable is pronounced like -far, and in Ireland tike fare. But if this be really the case, the two nations seem to have changed dialects ; for nothing can be more evident to the most superficial observer, than the ten- dency in Ireland to pronounce the a like that in far, and in England like that in fare. Not that I think the pro- nunciation of the first syllable of farewell, like far, either vicious or vulgar : I am convinced many good speakers so pronounce it; but the other pronunciation I think more analogical, as well as more general ; Dr Kenrick and Mr Scott pronounce it with the second sound of a, and W. Johnston and Mr Perry with the first. FAREWELL, fare-wel', s. Leave, act of departure. FARINACEOUS, far-e-na'shus, a. Mealy, tasting like meal FARM, farm, s. Ground let to a tenant ; the state of lands let out to the culture of tenants. To FARM, farm, v. a. To let out to tenants at t. certain rent; to take at a certain rate; to cultivate land. FARMER, far'mur, s. One who cultivates hired ground ; one who cultivates ground. FARMOST, far'most, a. Most distant. FARNESS, far'nes, s. Distance, remoteness. FARRAGINOUS, far-radje'e-nus, a. Formed of different materials. FARRAGO, far-ra'g6, s. 77. A mass formed COM. fusedly of several ingredients, a medley. FARRIER, farVe-ur, v. A sheer of horses ; one who professes the medicine of horses. FARROW, far'ro, s. 327. A little pig. To FARROW, far'ro, v. a. To bring pigs. FART, fart, s. Wind from behind. To FART, fart, v. a. To break wind behind. FARTHER, far'THer, ad. At a greater distance, to a greater distance, more remotely. See Further. FARTHER, far'THer, a. 98. More remote, longer, tending to greater distance. FARTHERANCE, far'THer-anse, s. Encouragement, proportion. FARTHERMORE, far'THer-more', ad. Besides, over and above, likewise. To FARTHER, far'THer, v. a. To promote, to facilitate, to advance. FARTHEST, far'THest, ad. At the greatest dis- tance ; to the greatest distance. FARTHEST, far'THest, a. Most distant, remotest. FARTHING, far'TIilng, s. The fourth of a penny ; copper money. FARTHINGALE, far'THlng-gal, s. A hoop, used u spread the petticoat. FARTHINGSWORTH, far'raingz. \vurth, s. As much as is sold for a farthing. FASCES', fas'sez, s. Rods anciently carried before the consuls. FASCIA, fash'e-a, s. 92. A fillet, a bandage. FASCIATED, fash'e-a-ted, a. Bound with fillets. FASCIATIOX, fash-e-a'shun, s. 356. Bandage. To FASCINATE, fas'se-nate, v. a. To bewitch, to enchant, to influence in some wicked and secret manner. FASCINATION, fas-se-na'shun, s. The power or act of bewitching, enchantment FASCINE, fas-sene', s. 112. A fagot. FASCINOUS, fas's^-nus, a. Caused or acting by witchcraft. FASHION, fash'un, s. Form, make, state of any thing with reg-ard to appearance ; the make or cut of clothes ; manner, sort, way ; custom operating upon dress, or any domestick ornaments ; custom, general practice ; manner imitated from another, way esta- blished by precedent ; general approbation, mode; rank, condition above the vulgar. FAS 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 me 93, To F^ASHION, fash'im, ;. a. To form, to mould, to figure ; to fit, to adapt, to accommodate ; to cast , into external appearance ; to make according to the rule prescribed by custom. FASHIONABLE, fash'un-a-bl, a. Approved by custom, established by custom, made according to the mode ; observant of mode ; having rank above the vul- gar, and below nobility. FASHIONABLENESS, fash'un-a-bl-ne's, s. Modish elegance. FASHIONABLY, fash'un-a-ble 1 , ad. In a manner conformable to custom, with modish elegance. FASHIONIST, fash'nn-lst, s. A follower of the mode, a coxcomb. To FAST, fast, v. n. 79. To abstain from food ; to mortify the body by religious abstinence. FAST, fast, S. Abstinence from food ; religious mortification by abstinence. FAST, fast, a. Firm, immoveable ; firm in adher- ence ; speedy, quick, swift ; fast and loose, uncertain, variable, inconstant. FAST, f&st, ad. Firmly, immoveably ; closely, near- ; ly ; swiftly, nimbly ; frequently. To FASTEN, fas'sn, v. a. 405. To make fast, to j make firm ; to hold together, to cement, to link ; to j affix, to conjoin, To FASTEN, fas'sn, v. n. 472. To fix himself. FASTENER, fas'sn-ur, s. One that makes fast or firm. FASTER, fast'ur, S. 98. He who abstains from food. FASTHANDED, fasfhand-^d, a. Avaricious, close- handed, covetous. FASTIDIOSITY, fis-tid--os'd-td, s. Disdainful- ] ness. FASTIDIOUS, fas-tid'e-fis, or fas-tid'j-5s, a. 293, 294. Disdainful, squeamish, delicate to a vice. FASTiDiousLY,fas-tid'd-us-ld, or fas-tid'je-us-le, ad. 293, 294. Disdainfully, squeamishly. FASTING-DAY, fasting-da, s. Day of mortification by abstinence. FASTNESS, fast'ngs, S. Firmness, firm adherence ; strength, security ; a strong place ; a place not easily forced. FASTUOUS, fas'tshu-us, a. 464. Proud, haughty. FAT, fat, a. Full-fed, plump, fleshy ; coarse, gross, dull ; wealthy, rich. FAT, fat, a. The unctuous part of animal flesh, FAT, fat, s. A vessel in which any thing is put to ferment or be- soaked. To FAT, fat, v. a. To make fat, to fatten. To FAT, fat, v. n. To grow fat, to grow full-fleshed. FATAL, fa'tal, a. Deadly, mortal, destructive, caus- ing destruction ; proceeding by destiny, inevitable, necessary ; appointed by destiny. FATALIST, fa'tal-llst, s. One who maintains that all things happen by invincible necessity. FATALITY, fa-tal'e-td, S. Predestination, predeter- mined order or series of tilings and events ; decree of fate ; tendency to danger. FATALLY, fa'tal-ld, ad. Mortally, destructively, even to death; by the decree of fate. FATALNESS, fa'tal-ngs, s. Invincible necessity. FATE, fate, s. Destiny, an eternal series of succes- sive causes ; event predetermined ; death, destruction ; cause of death. FATED, fa'tSd, a. Decreed by fate ; determined in any manner by fate. FATHER, fa'THeV, s. 34. 78. 98. He by whom the son or daughter is begotten ; the first ancestor ; the appellation of an old man ; the title of any man reve- rent ; the ecclesiastical writers of the first centuries ; the title of a popish confessor ; the title of a senator of old Home ; the appellation of the first person of the adorable Trinity, 76. FATHER-IN-LAW, fa'THr-ln-lavv, s. The father of one's husband or wife. 198 FAU mlt 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, mflve 164, To FATHER, fa'THer, v. a. To take as a son or daughter ; to supply with a father ; to adopt a compo- sition ; to ascribe to any one as his offspring or pro- duction. FATHERHOOD, fa'THe'r-hud, s. The character of a father. FATHERLESS, fa'THr-le ! s,- a. Without a father. FATHERLINESS, fa'THe'r-l-ne's, s.. The tenderness of a father. FATHERLY, fa'THe'r.le, a. Paternal, like a father. FATHERLY, fa'THer-le', ad. In the manner of a father. FATHOM, faTH'um, s. 166. A measure of length containing six feet ; reach, penetration, depth of con- trivance. To FATHOM, faTH'um, v. a. To encompass with the arms ; to sound, to try with respect to the depth ; to penetrate into, to find the bottom ; as, I cannot fathom his design. FATHOMLESS, faTH'um-les, a. That of which no bottom can be found ; that of which the circumference cannot be embraced. FATIDICAL, fa-tid'e-kal, a. Prophetick, having the power to foretell FATIFEROUS, fa-tiffe-rus, a. Deadly, mortal. FATIGABLE, fat'e-ga-bl, a. Easily wearied. To FATIGATE, fat'e-gate, v. a. 91. To weary, to fatigue. FATIGUE, fa-teeg', s. 337. Weariness, lassitude ; the cause of weariness, labour, toil. To FATIGUE, fa-teeg', v. a. 112. To tire, to weary. FATKIDNEYED, fafkid-nid, a. 283. Fat. FATLING, fat'llng, s. A young animal fed fat for the slaughter. FATNER, fat'tn-fir, s. More properly Fattener. That which gives fatness. J> It is not a little surprising that Dr Johnson should let the vulgar spelling of this word have a place in his vocabulary. Partner and Vintner have no e between the t and n, because we have no verb to parten or to vinten, but fattener, from the word to fatten, as necessarily re- quires the e as hearkener, w/tiiener, listener, &c. The same may be observed of the word softner, which see. FATNESS, fat'nes, s. The quality of being fat, plump ; fat, grease ; unctuous or greasy matter ; fer- tility ; that which causes fertility. To FATTEN, fat'tn, v. a. 405. To feed up, to make fleshy ; to make fruitful ; to feed grossly, to in- crease. To FATTEN, fat'tn, v. n. To grow fat, to be . pampered. FATUOUS, fatsh'u-us, a. 461. stupid, foolish, feeble of mind ; impotent, without force. FATUITY, fa-tu'e-te 1 , s. Foolishness, weakness of mind. CCJ- For the second syllable of this word, see Futurity. FATWITTED, fit'\vlt-ed, a. Heavy, dull FATTY, fat'td, a. Unctuous, oleaginous, greasy. FAUCET, f aw'set, a. A pipe inserted into a vessel to give vent to the liquor, and stopped up by a peg or spigot FAUCHION, fal'shun, s. A crooked sword. FAVILLOUS, fa-villus, a. Consisting of ashes. FAULCON, fawltn, s. See Falcon. FAULT, fait, S. 404. Offence, slight crime, some, what liable to censure; defect, want; puzzle, diffi- culty. K3r Dr Johnson tells us, that the I in this word is sometimes sounded and .sometimes mute, and that in conversation it is generally suppressed. To this Dr Ken- rick adds, that it is needlessly suppressed. None of our lexicographers have marked this letter mr te but Mr She- ridan. Mr Nares says, the word is^pronounced both ways, and leaves it undetermined ; but Mr Elphinston decides positively against retaining the /even in writing : his reasons are, that as the French have left out the I in their antiquated faults, we ought to leave it out of our English word, wnich was derived from their ancient one. FAU TEA n3r 167, not 163 tube 171, t&b 172, bull 173 6il 299 p6und 313 thin 466, Tais 469. This reasoning, however, I think is not conclusive. . If after deriving words from their living languages, and using them for centuries, we were to alter them as their present language happens to alter, our own language would have no stability. The truth is, the French lan- guage is much more altered within the last two centuries than the English, and is greatly enfeebled by dropping its consonants. Its nasal vowels too have added to its weakness, by rendering both vowels and consonants less distinct. The / in question has nothing harsh or uncom- mon in its sound, and, if it were mute, would desert its relation to the Latin falsitas, and form a disgraceful ex- ception; and if poets have sometimes dismissed it to rhyme the word with thought, sought, &c. they have as readily admitted it to rhyme with mult, salt, and assault. " Which of our thrum-capp'd ancestors found fault, For want of sugar-tongs, or spoons for salt >" FAULTFINDER, f alt'find-ur, s. A censurer. FAULTILY, falt'te-le, ad. Not rightly, improperly. FAULTINESS, fal'te-ns, s. Badness, vieiousness ; delinquency. FAULTLESS, falt'les, a. Without fault, perfect, FAULTY, fal'te, a. Guilty of a fault, blameable, erroneous, defective. FAUN, fawn, s. A kind of rural deity. To FAVOUR, fa'vur, v. a. To support, to regard with kindness; to assist with advantages or conve- nicncies ; to resemble in feature ; to conduce to, to contribute. FAVOUR, fa'vur, s. 314. Countenance, kindness ; support, defence ; kindness granted ; lenity, mitigation of punishment ; leave, good will, pardon ; object of favour, person or thing favoured ; something given by a lady to be worn ; any thing worn openly as a token ; feature, countenance. FAVOURABLE, fa'vfir-a-bl, a. Kind, propitious, affectionate ; palliative, tender, averse from censure ; conducive to, contributing to ; accommodate, conve- nien beautiful, well-favoured. FAVOURABLENESS, fa / viir-a-bl-ns, s. Kindness, nlty. FAVOURABLY, fa'vur-a-ble, ad. Kindly, with favour. FAVOURED, fa'v&rd, part. a. Regarded with kindness ; featured, witli well or ill. FAVOUREDLY, fa'vurd-le, ad. With well or ill, in a fair or foul way. FAVOURER, fa'vur-ur, S. One who favours ; one who regards with kindness or tenderness. FAVOURITE, fa'vur-lt, s. 156. A person or thing beloved, one regarded with favour ; one chosen as a companion by his superior. FAVOUKLESS, fa/vfir-le's, a. Unfavoured, not re- garded with kindness ; unfavouring, unpropitious. FAUTOK, faw'tor, s. 166. Favourer, countenancer. FAUTRESS, faw'tres, s. A woman that favours or shows countenance. FAWN, fawn, s. A young deer. To FAWN, fawn, v. n. To bring forth a young deer; to court by frisking before one, as a dog ; to court ser- ' vilely. FAWNER, faw'nur, s. One that fawns, one that pays servile courtship. FAWNINGLY, faw'nIng-14, ad. in a cringing servile way. FAY, fa, s. A fairy, an elf ; faith. To FEAGUE, felg, v. a. 337. To whip, to chastise. FKALTY, fcVal-te, s. Duty due to a superior lord. 03- Dr Kenrick, Mr Sheridan, Mr Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston, and, if we may judge by the position of the accent, Entick, make only two syllables of this word ; Mr Perry, Mr Nares, and, by the position of the accent, Dr Ash, three. I do not hesitate a moment to pronounce the last division the best ; not only as it is immediately derived from a French word of three syllables, feaulte, but as this is generally its quantity in Milton and Sliak- speare. " I am in pailiament pledge for his truth, " And lasting Jcalty to thr new-made king." Shak. 199 " Let l " As pledges of my j'ealty and i " Man disobeying, " Disloyal, breaks his/earty, and sin " Against the high supremacy of he " Each bird and beast behold " After their kinds; 1 bring them to receive " From thee their names; and pay lt\eefrally " With low subjection." Ibid. " Whether his first design be to withdraw " Our/rofty to God, or to disturb " Conjugal lore." lUd. In' these quotations from Johnson we see the first only makes fealty two syllables ; and even here it may be presumed there is a poetical license exactly like that which Young uses in the word realty. " Why really sixty -five is somewh:it old." FEAR, fere, s. 227. Dread, horrour, apprehension of danger ; awe, dejection of mind ; anxiety, solici- tude ; that which causes fear ; something hung up to scare deer. To FEAR, fere, V. a. To dread, to consider with apprehensions of terrour ; to fright, to terrify, to make afraid. To FEAR, fere, . w. To live in horrour, to be afraid , to be anxious. FEARFUL, fere'ful, or feVful, a. 230. Timorous, afraid : awful ; terrible, dreadful. See Fierce. FEARFULLY, fere'ful-le, or fer'ful-le, ad. Ti- morously, in fear ; terribly, dreadfully. FEA.RFULNESS, fere'ful-ne's, or fer'ful-ne's, s. Timorousness, habitual timidity ; state of being afraid, awe, dread. FEARLESSLY, fe're / les-l-ru$n-ns, a. Partaking of the particles and qualities of iron. FERRULE, fer'rll, s. An iron ring put round any thing to keep it from cracking. To Jf ERRY, feyri, v. a. To carry over in a boat FERRY, fiVr**, s. A vessel of carriage ; the passage over which the ferryboat passes. FERRYMAN, fer / re-man, s. 88. One who keeps a ferry, one who for hire transports goods and passen- gers. FERTILE, feVtll, a. 140. Fruitful, abundant. FEEBLENESS, fer'tll-nes, S. Fruitfulness, fecun- dity. FERTILITY, fer-til'e-te^ S. Abundance, fruitfulness. To FERTILIZE, fer'tll-lize, v. a. To make fruit- ful, to make plenteous, to make productive. FERTILY, feVtil-e 1 , ad. Properly Fertilely. Fruit- fully, plenteously. FERVENCY, feVven-se, s. Heat of mind, ardour ; flume of devotion ; zeal. FERVENT, fer'verit, a. Hot, boiling ; hot. in tem- per, vehement ; ardent in piety, warm in real. FERVENTLY, fer'vdnt-l, ad. Eagerly, vehement- ly ; with pious ardour. FERVID, feVvid, a. Hot, burning, boiling ; vehe- ment, eager, zealous. FERVIDITY, fer-vld'e-te, s. Heat, zeal, ardour. FERVIDNESS, fel-'vld-nes, s. Ardour of mind, zeal. FERULA, fei'a-lS, S. An instrument with which young scholars are beaten on the hand. FEE FIE ^T 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81 me 93, mSt95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, mdvelG-1. FERVOUR, ferVur, s. 314. Heat, warmth ; heat of mind, zeal. FESCENNINK, fcVse'n-nlne, a. Belonging to a kind of wanton obscure poetry sung by the ancient Romans at weddings. FESCUE, feVkii, s. A small wire by which those who teach to read pohit out the letters. FESTAL, feVtal, a. Belonging to a feast ; festive, joyous. To FESTER, feVtur, v. n. To rankle, to corrupt, to grow virulent FESTINATE, feVt^-nate, a. Hasty, hurried. FESTINATELY, feVt^-nate-le, ad. Hastily, speed- ily. FESTINATION, fe's-te-na'sh&n, s. Haste, hurry. FESTIVAL, feVte-val, a. Pertaining to feasts, joyous. FESTIVAL, feVtd-val, s. Time offcast, anniversary dayof civil or religious joy. FESTIVE, fes'tiv, a. 140. Joyous, gay. FESTIVITY, fes-tVe-le", s. Festival, time of re- joicing; gayety.joyfulness. FESTOON, fes-toon', s. In architecture, an orna- ment of carved work in the form of a wreath or gar- land of flowers, or leaves twisted together. FESTUCINE, fes'tu-sln, a. 140. straw colour. FESTUCOUS, fds-tu'kus, a. Made of straw. To FETCH, fetsh, V. a. To go and bring ; to strike at a distance ; to produce by some kind of force ; to reach, to arrive at ; to obtain as its price. To FETCH, fe'tsb, v. n. To move with a quick re- turn. FETCH, f&sh, S. A stratagem by which any thing is indirectly performed, a trick, an artifice. FETCHER, fetsh'ur, s. One that fetches. FETID, ie'tld, a. 296. Stinking, rancid. See Fetus. FETIDNESS, fetld-nds, s. The quality of stinking. FETLOCK, fetl6k, s. A tuft of hair that grows behind the pastern joint FETTER, fet't&r, s. It is commonly used in the plural, Fetters. Chains for the feet To FETTER, fet'tur, v. a. To bind, to enchain, to shackle, to tie. To FETTLE, feVtl, V. n. 405. To do trifling busi- ness. FETUS, fe't&s, s. 296. 489. Any animal in em- bryo, any thing yet in the womb. K3r Whence can arise the different quantity of the ein Fetus and Fetid? Till a better reason appear, let us sup- pose the following : Fetus, except the diphthong, retains s Latin form, and therefore is naturally pronounced with its first syllable long. Fetid is anglicised ; and as most of these anglicised words of two syllables are de- rived from Latin words of three, where the first, be it short or loner, is in our English-Latin pronounced short, the same syllable in the English words is generally short likewise. This has established something like a rule ; and this rule has shortened the first syllable of Fetid, though long in the Latin Fatidus. See Drama. FEUD, fade, s. 264. Quarrel, contention. FEUDAL, fu'dal, a. Pertaining to fees or tenures by ^ivluch lands are held of a superior lord. FEUDAL, fil'dal, s. A dependance, something held by tenure. , FEUDATORY, fu'da-tur-4 s. One who holds not in chief, but by some conditional tenure. For the o see Domestick. FEVER, f^vur, s. A disease in which the body is violently heated, and the pulse quickened, or in which heat and cold prevail by turns. It is somutimes con- tmual, sometimes intermittent FEVERET, fe-viir-et', s. A slight fever, febricula. FEVERFE w, fe'vur-fu, s. An herb. FEVERISH, ft'vftr-lsh, a. Troubled with a fever ; tending to a fever ; uncertain, inconstant, now hot, now cold ; hot, burning. 202 FEVERISHNESS, fe'vur-ish-ne's, s. order of the feverish kind. A slight dis- FEVEROUS, feVur-us, a. Troubled with a fever or ague ; having the nature of a fever ; having a tendency to produce fevers. FEVERY, feVur-e, a. Diseased with a fever. FEW, fu, a. Not many, not a great number. FEWEL, full, s. 99. Combustible matter, as fire. wood, coal. FEWNESS, fu'ne's, s. Smallness of number. FIB, fib, s. A lie, a falsehood. To FIB, fib, v. n. To lie, to tell lies. FIBBER, f ib'bur, s. A teller of fibs. FIBRE, fi'bur, s. 416. A small thread or string. FlBRIL, fKbrll, S. A small fibre or string. FlBROUS, fi'brus, a. 314. Composed of fibres or stamina. FlBULA, f Ib'u-la, s. The outer and lesser bone of the leg, much smaller than the tibia. FlCKLE, f ik1d, a. 405. Changeable, inconstant, unsteady ; not fixed, subject to vicissitude. FICKLENESS, flk'kl-nes, s. Inconstancy, un- certainty, unsteadiness. FlCKLY, fikld-le, ad. Without certainty or stability. FICTILE, flk'tll, a. 140. Manufactured by the potter. FICTION, f Ik'shun, s. The act of feigning or inventing; the thing feigned or invented ; a falsehood, a lie. FlCTTOUS, f Ik'shiiS, a. 292. Fictitious, imaginary. FICTITIOUS, flk-tlsh'fis, a. Counterfeit, not genuine ; feigned ; not real, not true. FICTITIOUSLY, flk-tlsh'us-le, ad. Falsely, coun- terfeitly. FlDDLE, f Id'dl, S. A stringed instrument of music!;, a violin. To FIDDLE, f Id'dl, v. n. 405. To play upon the fiddle ; to trifle, to shift the hands often, and do nothing. FlDDLEFADDLE, f id'dl-fad'dl, s. Trifles. A cant word. FlDDLER, fld'dl-ur, S. A musician, one that plays upon the fiddle. FIDDLESTICK, f id'dl-Stlk, S. The bow and hair which a fiddler draws over the strings of a fiddle. FlDDLESTRING, f Id'dl-strlng, S. The string of a fiddle. FIDELITY, fe-del'e-te, s. 126. Honesty, faitliful adherence. To FIDGE, fldje, } To FIDGET, fldglt, 99. J v " "' To move nimbly and irregularly. A cant word. FIDUCIAL, fe-du'shal, a. 126. 357. Confident, undoubting. 'or the impropriety of pronouncing the second syll f this and the two following ivordi, as if written joo, as Mr Sheridan has marked them, see Principles No. 376 and 472. FIDUCIARY, fe-du'she-a-re, s. One who holds any thing in trust j one who depends on faith without works. FIDUCIARY, fe-du'she-a-re, a. Confident, steady, undoubting. FlEF, feef, s. A fee, a manor, a possession held by some tenure of a superior. FlELD, feeld, S. 275. Ground not inhabited, not built on; cultivated tract of ground ; the open coun- try, opposed to quarters ; the ground of battle ; the ground occupied by any army ; a wide expanse ; space, compass, exti nt; in heraldry, the surface of a shield. FlELDED, feel'ded, a. Being in a field of battle. FIELD-BASIL, feeld-bazll, s. A plant FlKLDJiED, fueld'bed, s. A bed contrived to 1> set up easily in the field. FIELDFARE, fel'fire, s. 515. A bird. FIE FIL nor 167, n5t 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 oil 299 pound 313 thin 466, THIS 469. Commander FIELDMARSHAL, feeld-mar'shal, s. of an army in the field. FIELDMOUSE, feeld'mouse, s. A mouse that burrows in hanks. FlELDOFFICER, feeld-5f fe-sur, s. An officer whose command in the field extends to a whole regi- ment, ss the colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and major. FiELDPlECE, feeld'peese, s. Small cannon used in battles, but not in sieges. FlEND, feirid, s. 275. An enemy, the great enemy of mankind, Satan ; any infernal being. FIERCE, feerse, or ferse, a. Savage, ravenous ; vehement ; outrageous ; angry, furious ; strong, for- cible. Iy" The first mode of pronouncing this word is the most general ; the second is heard chiefly on the stage. Actors, who have such continual occasion to express the passions, feel a propriety in giving a short vowel sound to a word denoting a rapid and violent emotion ; and therefore, though this pronunciation may be said to be grammatically improper, it is philosophically right See C/ieerful. FIERCELY, feerse'li*, or fersele, ad. Violently, furiously. FIERCENESS, feerse'ne's or ferse'ne's, s. Ferocity, savageness ; violence, outrageous passion. FIERIFACIAS, fi-e-re-fa'shus, s. 88. In law, a judicial writ from him that has recovered in an action of debt or damages, to the sheriff, to command him to levy the debt, or the damages. FiERlNESS, fi'er-e-nes, s. Hot qualities, heat, acrimony ; heat of temper, intellectual ardour. FlERY, fi' in a sense not literal. FlGWORT, fig'wurt, S, A plant FILACEOUS, fe-la'shus, a. 357. Consisting of threads. FlLACER, fil'a-sur, s. 98. An officer in the Com- mon Pleas, so called because he files those writs where- on he makes process. FILAMENT, ill'a-m<, s. A slender thread, a body slender and long like a thread. FILBERT, flUjurt, s. 98. A fine hazel nut with a thin shell. To FILCH, filsli, v. n. To' steal, to pilfer. FlLCHER, filsb/ur, s. 98. A thief, a petty robber. FlLE, file, S. A thread ; a line on which papers are strung ; a catalogue, roll ; a line of soldiers ranged one behind another; an instrument to smooth metals. FlLECUTTER. file / kut-ur, s. A maker of files. . To FlLE, file, v. a. To string upon a thread or wire ; to cut with a file ; to foul, to sully, to pollute. To FlLE, file, v. n. To march in file, not abreast, but one behind another. FlLEMOT, fU'e-mot, S. A brown, or yellow-brown colour. FlLER, f ilur, s. 98. One who files, one who uses the file in cutting metals. FILIAL, fil'yal, a. 113. Pertaining to a son, befitting a son; bearing the character or relation of a son.' FILIATION, f11--a'shun, s. The relation of a son to a father, correlative to paternity. FILINGS, fi'lingz, s. Fragments rubbed off by the file. To FiLL, fll, V. a. To store till no more can be admitted ; to pour liquor into a vessel till it reaches the top ; to satisfy, to content ; to glut, to surfeit ; to fill out, to pour out liquor for drink, to extend by something contained ; to fill up, to make full, to sup- ply, to occupy by bulk. To FILL, fil, t;. n. To give to drink ; to grow full; to glut, to satiate. FiLL, fll, s. As much as may produce complete satisfaction; the place between the shafts of a carriage. FILLER, fil'lur, S. Any thing that fills up room without use ; one whose employment is to fill vessels of carriage. FlLLET, filllt, S. 99. A band tied round the head or other part ; the fleshy part of the thigh, applied commonly to veal ; meat rolled together, and tied round ; in architecture, a little member which appears in the ornaments and mouldings, and is otherwise called listel. To FlLLET, fil'llt, V. a. To bind with a bandage or fillet ; to adorn with an astragal. To FlLLIP, fil'llp, v. a. To strike with the nail of the finger^by a sudden spriug. FlLLIP, fil'llp, S. A jerk of the finger let go from the thumb. FIL FIR 1^-559. Fate 73, ftr 77, fall 83, fit 81, m93,m& 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, move 164^ FlLLY, fllle 1 , s. A young marc ; opposed to a colt or young 1 horse. FlLM, film, S. A pellicle or thin skin. To FILM, film, v. a. To cover with a pellicle or thin skin. FILMY, fil'me 1 , a. Composed of thin membranes or pellicles. To FILTER, fil't&r, v. a. To clear by drawing off liquor by depending threads ; to strain, to percolate. FILTER, fil'tur, s. A twist of thread, of which one end is dipped in the liquor to be cleared, and the other hangs below the bottom of the vessel, so that the li- quor drips from it ; a strainer. FlLTH, filth, S. Dirt, nastiness ; corruption, pol- lution. FILTHILY, fikA'e-l, ad. Nastily, foully, grossly. FiLTHlNESS, fiUA'c-neX s. Nastiness, foulness, dirtiness ; corruption, pollution. FlLTHY, fUth'e, a. Nasty, foul, dirty ; gross, pol- luted. To FILTRATE, fil'trate, v. a. 91. To strain, to percolate. FILTRATION, fil-tra'shun, s. A method by which liquors are procured fine and clear. FIMBRIATED, fim'bre-a-te'd, a. Fringed, edged round, jagged. FIN, fin, s. The wing of a fish. FlN-FOOTED, fin'fut-dd, a. Having feet with mem- branes between the toes. FINABLE, fi'na-bl, a. 405. That admits a fine. FlNAL, fi'nal, a. 88. Ultimate, last ; conclusive ; mortal ; respecting the end or motive. FINALLY, fi'nal-e, ad. Ultimately, in conclusion, completely, without recovery. FINANCE, fe-nanse', s. Revenue, income, profit FINANCIAL, fe'-nan'sbal, a. Relative to finance. FINANCIER, fin-nan-eer', s. 357. One who col- lects or farms the publirk revenue. FlNARY, fi'na-re, S. The second forge at the iron mills. FlNCH, flnsh, s. A small bird ; of which we have three kinds, the goldfinch, the chaffinch, and bulfinch. To FIND, find, v. a. To obtain by searching or seeking ; to obtain something lost ; to meet with, to fall upon ; to know by experience ; to discover by study ; to discover what is hidden ; to hit on by chance, to perceive by accident ; to detect, to deprehend, to catch ; to determine by judicial verdict ; to supply, to furnish, as he finds me in money ; in law, to approve, as to find a bill ; to find himself, to fare with regard to ease or pain ; to find out, to unriddle, to solve ; to discover something hidden, to obtain the knowledge of; to invent. FINDER, f ind'ur, s. One that meets or falls upon any thing; one that picks upon any thing lost FiNDFAULT, find'falt, s. A censurer, a caviller. FINE, fine, a. Refined, pure, free from dross ; subtle, thin, as the fine spirits evaporate ; refined ; keen, smoothly sharp ; clear, pellucid, as the wine is fine ; nice, delicate ; artful, dexterous ; elegant, with elevation ; beautiful, with dignity ; accomplished, ele- gant of manners ; showy, splendid. FlNE, fine, s. A mulct, a pecuniary punishment ; penalty ; forfeit, money paid for any exemption or li- herty ; the end, conclusion. To FlNE, fine, v. a. To refine, to purify ; to make transparent ; to punish with pecuniary penalty. To FINE, fine, v. n. To pay a fine. To FINEDRAW, fine'draw, v. a. To sew up a rent with so much nicety that it is not perceived. FINEDRAWER, fine'dri\v-&r, s. One whose busi- ness is to sew up rents. T'lNEFINGERED, filie'fing-gurd, a. Nice, artful, exquisite. FINELY, finele, ad. Beautifully, elegantly ; keen- ly, sharply ; in small parts ; wretchedly [ironically.] FINENESS, fbie'nes, s. Elegance, delicacy ; show, 204 splendour ; artfulness, ingenuity ; purity, freedom from dross or base mixtures. FINERY, fi'nur-e, s. 557. Show, splendour of appearance. FINESSE, fe-neV, S. 126. ArtiSoe, stratagem. FiNER, fi'nur, s. 98. One 'who purifies metals. FINE-SPOKEN, fine'spo-kn, a. Affectedly polite. " Dear Madam, be sure he's ajine-spokrn man." Sn-ift. FlNGER, f'ing'gur, s. 381. The flexible member of the hand by which men catch and hold ; a small measure of extension ; the hand, the instrument of work. To FINGER, fing'gur, v. a. To touch lightly, to toy with ; to touch unseasonably or thievishly ; to touch an instrument of musick ; to perform any work exquisitely with the fingers. FlNGLEFANGLE, fing'gl-fang'gl, S. A trifle. FINICAL, fln'e-kal, a. Nice, foppish. FlNICALLY, fln'e-kal-e, ad'. Foppishly. FiNlCALNESS, f In'e-kal-nes, s. Superfluous nicety. To FINISH, finish, v. a. To bring to the end proposed, to perfect, to polish to the excellency in. tended. FINISHER, finlsh-ur, s. One that finishes. FINITE, fi'nlte, a. 126. Limited, bounded. FlNITELESS, fl'nlte-leS, a. Without bounds, un- limited. FINITELY, fi'nite-le, ad. With certain limits, to a certain degree. FINITENESS, fi'nite-nes, FINITUDE, fin'e-tMe, Limitation, confinement within certain boundaries. FlNLESS, fin'les, a. Without fins. FlNLIKE, fin'llke, a. Formed in imitation of fins. FlNNED, find, a. 362. Having broad edges spread out on either side. FINNY, fin'ne, a. Furnished with fins, formed for the element of water. FlNTOED, fin'tode, a. Having a membrane be- tween the toes. FlNOCHIO, ft-no'she-d, S. Fennel. FlR, fe>, s. 109. The'tree of which deal-boards ate made. FlRE, fire, s. The element that burns ; an>4pwhg burning ; a conflagration of towns or countries ; the punishment of the damned ; any thing that inflames the passions ; ardour of temper ; liveliness of imagina- tion, vigour of fancy, spirit of sentiment ; the passion of love ; eruptions or impostliumatious, as St Antho- ny's fire. FIREARMS, fire'armz, S. Arms which owe their efficacy to fire, guns. FIREBALL, fire/ball, s. Grenado, ball filled with combustibles, and bursting where it is thrown. FlREBRUSH, fireT)r&sh, s. The brush which hangs by the fireside to sweep the hearth. FIREDRAKE, fire'drake, s. A fiery serpent. FlRENEW, fire-nh', a. New from the forge, new from the melting-house. FiRER, fire'ur. s. 98. An incendiary. FIRESIDE, fire-side', S. The hearth, the chimney. FlRESTICK, fire'stlk, s. A lighted stick or brand. FIREWORKS, flre'wurks, s. Preparations of gun. powder to be exhibited for show or publick rejoicing. To FlRE, fire, v. a. To set on fire, to kindle ; to inflame the passions, to animate. To FlRE, fire, v. n. To take fire, to be kindled ; to be influenced with passion ; to discharge any fire-arms. FIREBRAND, fire'brand, s. A piece of wood kindled ; an incendiary, one who inflames factions. FlRECROSS, fire'kros, s. A token in Scotland for the nation to take arms. FlRELOCK, firelok, s. A soldier's gun, a gun discharged by striking steel with a flint FIREMAN, fire'man, s. 88. One who is employed to extinguish burning houses. FIR FLA n3r 167, n&t 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 oil 299 pSund 313 thin 466, Tiiis 469. The hand clenched with the fingers FlREPAN, fire'pSn, s. A pan for holding or carry- ing fire ; in a gun, the receptacle for the priming pow- der. FlRESHIP, fire'shlp, s. A ship filled with combus- tible matter to fire the vessels of the enemy. FlRESHOVEL, fire'shuv-vl, s. The instrument with which the hot coals are thrown up. FIRESTONE, fire'stone, s. A hearth-stone, stone that will bear the fire, the pyrites. FIREWOOD, fire'wud, s. Wood to bum, fuel. FIRING, fi'ring, s. Fuel To FIRK, frk, v. a. To whip, to beat FlRKIN, fer'kin, s. A vessel containing- nine gal- lons 5 a small vessel. FIRM, Krm, a. 108. Strong, not easily pierced or shaken ; hard, opposed to soft ; constant, steady, reso- lute, fixed, unshaken ; the name or names under which any house of trade is established ; a commercial word. To FIRM, f erm, v. a. To settle, to confirm, to es- tablish ; to fix ; to fix without wandering. FIRMAMENT, fer'mi-ment, s. The sky, the hea- vens. FiRMAMENTAL, fer-ma-men'tal, a. Celestial, of the upper regions. FIRMLY, ferml^, ad. Strongly, impenetrably ; im- moveably ; steadily, constantly. FIRMNESS, ferm'nes, s. Stability, compactness ; steadiness, constancy, resolution. FlRST, furst, a. 108. The ordinal of one ; earliest in time ; highest in dignity ; great, excellent. FlRST, furst, ad. Before any thing else ; earliest ; before any other consideration ; at the beginning, at first. FIRST-GOT, f urst'gSt, FIRST-BEGOTTEN, furst'be-gSt'tn, The eldest of children. FIRST-FRUITS, furst'froots, s. What the season first produces or matures of any kind ; the first profits of any thing ; the earliest effects of any thing. FIRSTLING, furst'ling, s. The first produce or off- spring ; the thing first thought or done. FlSC, fisk, s. Public treasury. FISCAL, fis'kal, s. 88. Exchequer, revenue. FlSH, fish, s. An animal that inhabits the water. To FlSH, fish, v. n. To be employed in catching fish ; to endeavour at any thing by artifice. To FlSH, fish, v. a. To search water in quest of fish. FlSH-HOOK, fish'hook, s. A hook for catching fish. FISHPOND, fish'pond, s. A small pool for fish. FISHER, flsh'&r, s. 98. One who is employed in catching fish. FISHERBOAT, fish'&r-bote, s. A boat employed in catching fish. FISHERMAN, fJsh'ur-man, s. 88. One whose em- ployment and livelihood is to catch fish. FISHERY, fish'ur-e, S. The business of catching fish. FlSHFUL, flsh'ful, a. Abounding with fish. To FiSHiFY, fish'-fl, v. a. To turn to fish. FlSHING, fislrlng, s. Commodity of taking fish. FlSHKETTLE, fish'ket-tl, S. 405. A cauldron made long for the fish to be boiled without bending. FiSHMEAL, fish'mele, s. Diet of fish. FISHMONGER, fish'mung-gur, s. A dealer in fish. FlSHY, fish't*, a. Consisting of fish ; having the qualities of fish. FlSSILE, fls'sil, a. 140. Having the grain in a cer- tain direction, so as to be cleft. FlSSILlTY, fis-Sll'^-te, s. The quality of admitting to be cloven. FISSURE, fish'shure, s. 452. A cleft, a narrow chasm, where a breach lias been made. 205 FIST, fest, s. doubled down. FISTICUFFS, fis'te-kfifs, s. Battle with the fist FISTULA, fis'tshu-la, s. 461. A sinuous ulcer callous within. FlSTULAR, fis'tshu Jar, s. 88. Hollow like a pipe. FlSTULOUS, fis'tshu-lus, a. Having the nature of a fistula. FIT, fit, S. A paroxysm of any intermittent dis- temper ; any short return after intermission ; disorder, distemperature ; the hysterical disorders of women, and the convulsions of children. FIT, fit, a. Qualified, proper; convenient, meet, right. To FIT, fit, V. a. To suit one thing to another; to accommodate a person with any thing ; to be adapt- ed to, to suit any thing ; to fit out, to furnish, to equip; to fit up, to furnish, to make proper for use. To FIT, fit, v. 71. To be proper, to be fit FlTCH, fitsh, s. A small kind of wild pea. FITCHAT, fitshlt, ) FITCHEW, fit'tshM, } *' A Btmking httle bcast ' that robs the henroost and warren. FlTFUL, fit'ful, a. Varied by paroxysms. FITLY, fltle, ad. Properly, justly, reasonably; commodiously, meetly. FlTNESS, fit'nes, s. Propriety, meetness, justness, reasonableness ; convenience, commodity, the state of being fit FITMENT, fit'me'nt, s. Something adapted to a particularpurpose. FITTER, fit'tur, s. The person or thing that con- fers fitness for any thing. FIVE, five, a. Four and one, half of ten. FIVELEAVED Grass, five'leevd, s. Cinquefoil, a species of clover. FIVES, fivz, s. A kind of play with a ball ; a dis- ease of horses. To Fix, fiks, v. a. To make fast ; to settle ; to direct without variation ; to deprive of volatility ; to transfix ; to withhold from motion. To FlX, fiks, V. n. To determine the resolution ; to rest, to cease to wander ; to lose volatility, so as to be malleable. FIXATION, fik-sa'shun, s. Stability, firmness; confinement, want of volatility ; reduction from flui- dity to firmness. FIXEDLY, fik'sed-le, ad. 364. Certainly, firmly. FIXEDNESS, fik'sed-nes, s. 365. stability; wan* or loss of volatility; steadiness, settled opinion or re. solution. FIXIDITY, fik-sid'e-te, 7 _ , , T" rzi / i ^ i f s " Coherence of parts. FIXITY, nk'se-te, } FIXTURE, fiks'tshure, s. 463. Firmness, stable state ; a piece of furniture fixed to a house. FlXURE, fik'shure, s. 479. Firmness, stable state. FlZGIG, fiz'gig, S. A kind of dart or harpoon, with which seamen strike fish. FLABBY, flab'be, a. Soft, not firm. FLABILE, flab^l, a. 140. Subject to be blown, airy. FLACCID, flak'sid, a. Weak, limber, not stiff; lax, not tense. See Exaggerate. FLACCIDITY, flak-Sld'e-te, S. Laxity, limberness, want of tension. To FLAG, flag, V. n. To hang loose without stiff- ness or tension ; to grow spiritless or dejecttd ; to grow feeble, to lose vigour. To FLAG, flag, v. a. To let fall, to suffer to drop ; to lay with broad stones. FLAG, flag, s. A water-plant with a broad-bladcd leaf and yellow flower; the colours or ensign of a ship or land forces ; a species of stone used for'smootli pavement. FLAG-BROOM, flag'broom. s. A broom for sweep- ing flags or pavements. FLA FLA . Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 me 93, m?t 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, m5ve 164, To Fr.AP, flap, v. a. To beat with a flap, as flies are beaten ; to move with a flap or noise. To FLAP, flip, V. n. To ply the wings with noise ; to fall with flaps or broad parts depending. FLAPDRAGON, flap / drag-6n, s. A play in which they catch raisins out of burning brandy ; the thine; eaten at flapdragon. FLAPEARED, flap'eerd, a. 362. Having loose and broad ears. To FLARE, flare, V. n. To flutter with a splendid show ; to glitter with transient lustre ; to glitter offen- sively; to be in too much light. FLASH, flash, s. A sudden, quick, transitory blaze i sudden burst of wit or merriment ; a short transient state ; a body of water driven by violence. To FLASH, flash, V. n. To glitter with a quick and transient flame ; to burst out into any kind of vio- lence ; to break out into wit, merriment, or bright thought. To FLASH, flash, v. a. To strike up large bodies of water. FLASHER, flash'ur, s. A man of more appearance of wit than reality. FLASHILY, flash'e-le, ad. With empty show. FLASHY, flash'e, a. Empty, not solid ; showy, without substance ; insipid, without force or spirit. FLASK, flask, s. A bottle, a vessel; a powdcr-hon:. FLASKET, flasMt, s. A vessel in which viands arc served. FLAT, flat, a. Horizontally level ; smooth, without protuberances ; without elevation ; level with the ground; lying horizontally prostrate, lying along; in painting, without relief, without prominence ol the figures ; tasteless, insipid ; dull, unanimated , spirit- less, dejected ; peremptory, absolute, downright ; not sharp in sound. FLAT, flat, S. A level, an extended plane ; even ground, not mountainous ; a smooth low ground ex- posed to inundations ; shallow, strand, place in the sea where the water is not deep ; the broad side of a blade ; depression of thought or language ; a mark or character in musick. To FLAT, flAt, v. a. To level, to depress, to make broad and smooth ; to make vapid. To FLAT, flAt, r. n. To grow flat, opposed to swell ; to become unanimated or vapid. FLATLONG, flat'lSng, ad. With the flat down- wards, not edgewise. FLATLY, flat'le, ad. Horizontally, without inclina- tion ; without prominence or elevation ; without spirit, dully, frigidly ; peremptorily, downright. FLATNESS, Mine's, S. Evenness, level exten? ion ; want of relief or prominence ; deadness, insipidity, vapidness ; dejection of state ; dejection of mind, want of life ; dulness, insipidity, frigidity ; the contrary to shrillness or acuteness of sound. To FLATTEN, flat'tn, v. a. 405. To make even or level, without prominence or elevation ; to beat down to the ground; to make vapid ; to deject, to de- press, to dispirit To FLATTEN, flat'tn, v. n. To grow even or level; to grow dull and insipid. FLATTER, flat'tur, s. 98. The workman or instru- ment by which bodies are flattened. To FLATTER, flat'tftr, v. a. To sooth with praises, to please with blandishments ; to praise false- ly ; to raise false hopes. FLATTERER, flat'tnr-rfir, s. One who flatters, a fawner, a w heedler. FLATTERY, flAt'tur-e, s. 557. False praise, artful obsequiousness. FLATTISH, flat'tlsh, a. Somewhat flat, approaching to flatness. FLATULENCY, fiAtsh'u-le'n-sc>, s. 461. Windiness, turgidness ; emptiness ; vanity. FLATULENT, flAtsh'u-lent, n. Turgid with air, windy ; empty, vain, big without substance or reality. putfy. FLAG-OFFICER, flAg'&f-fe-Sur, S. A commander of a squadron. FLAG-SHIP, flAg'slllp, s. The ship in which the commander of a fleet is. FLAG-WORM, flAgVurm, s. A grub bred in watery places among flags or sedge. FLAGELET, flidje'e-let, s. A small flute. FLAGELLATION, fladje-el-la'shun, s. The use of the scourge. FLAGGINESS, flag'ge-nes, S. Laxity, limberness. FLAGGY, flag'ge, a. 383. Weak, lax, limber ; insipid. FLAGITIOUS, fla-jish'us, a. Wicked villanous, atrocious. FLAGITIOUSNESS, fla-jish'iis-ne's, s. Wickedness, villany. FLAGON, flag'&n, s. 1 66. A vessel of drink with a narrow mouth. FLAGRANCY, fla'gran-se, s. Burning heat, fire. FLAGRANT, fla'grant, a. Ardent, burning, eager ; glowing ; red ; notorious, flaming. FLAGRATION, flA-gra'shun, s. Burning. FLAGSTAFF, flAg'staf, s. The staff on which the flag is fixed. FLAIL, fiale, s. 202. The instrument with which grain is beaten out of the ear. FLAKE, flake, s. Any tiling that appears loosely held together ; a stratum, layer, a lock of wool drawn out. FLAKY, fla'ke 1 , a. Loosely hanging together ; lying in layers or strata, broken into lamina. FLAM, flAm, s. A falsehood, a lie, an illusory pretext. To FLAM, flAm, v. a. To deceive with a lie. FLAMBEAU, flAm'bo, s. 245. A lighted torch. Plural Flambeaux. FLAME, flame, s. Light emitted from fire ; a stream of fire; ardour of temper or imagination, brightness of fancy ; ardour of inclination ; passion of love. To FLAME, flame, v. n. To shine as fire, to burn with emission of light ; to blaze ; to break out in vio- lence of passion. FLAME-COLOURED, flame'kul-lurd, a. 362. Of a bright yellow colour. Fl.AMEN, fla'mn, s. 503. A priest in ancient times, one that officiated in solemn offices. B3^ If there be any case in which we are to take our English quantity from the Latin, it is in words of two syllables which retain their Latin form, and have the vowel in the first syllable long. See Drama. FLAMMATION, flAm-ma'shun, s. The act of setting on flame. FLAMMABILITY, flam-ma-bll'e-t, s. The quality of admitting to be set on fire. FLAMMEOUS, flAm'me-fis, a. Consisting of flames. FLAMMIFEROUS, flam-mlf'fe-rus, a. 51 & Bring- ing flame. FLAMMIVOMOUS, flam-mlv'6-mus, a. 528. Vo- miting out flame. FLAMY, fla'me, a. Inflamed, burning ; having the nature of flame. FLANK, flangk, s. The part of the side of a quadruped near the hinder thigh ; in men, the latter part of the lower belly ; the side of any army or fleet ; in fortification, that part of the bastion which reaches from the curtain to the face. To FLANK, flangk, v. a. To attack the side of a battalion or fleet ; to be posted so as to overlook or command any pass on the side, to be on the side. FLANKER, flangk'Qr, S. A fortification jutting out so as to command the side of a body marching to the assault. FLANNEL, flAn'nel, s. 99. A soft nappy stuff of wool. FLAP, flap, s. Any thing that hangs broad and loose ; the motion of any thing' broad and loose ; the noise made by that motion ; a disease in horses. 206 FLA FLI nor 167, not 163 tube 171, t&b 172, bill 173611 299 p5&nd 313 thin 466, -mis 469. FLATUOSITY, flatsh-ft-Ss'e-te^ *. Windiness, ful- ness of air. FLATUOUS, flatsh'ii-&s, a. Windy, full of wind. FLATUS, fla'tus, s. Wind gathered in any cavities of the body. FLATWISE, flit/wize, ad. With the flat downwards, not the edge. To FLAUNT, flint, V. n. 214. To make a flutter- ing show in apparel ; to be hung with something loose and flying. FLAUNT, tiallt, s. Any thing loose and airy. FLAVOUR, fla'vur, s. 314. Power of pleasing the taste ; sweetness to the smell, odour, fragrance. FLAVOUROUS, fla'vur-us, a. 557. Delightful to the palate ; fragrant, odorous. FLAW, flaw, S. A crack or breach in any thing ; a fault, a defect ; a sudden gust ; a violent blast ; a tu- mult, a tempestuous uproar ; a sudden commotion of mind. To FLAW, flaw, V. a. To break, to crack, to damage with fissure. FLAWLESS, flawles, a. Without cracks, without defects. FLAWY, flav/A, . Full of flaws. FLAX, tiaks, s. The fibrous plant of which the finest thread is made ; the fibres of flax cleansed and combed for the spinner. FLAXCOMB, flaks'kom, s. The instrument with which the fibres of flax are cleansed from the brittle parts. FLAXDRESSER, flaks'dres-sar, s. He that pre- pares flax for the spinner. FLAXEN, flak'sn, a. 103. Made of flax ; fair, 'long and flowing. FLAXWEED, flaWweed, s. A plant To FLAY, fla, v. a. 221. To strip off the skin j to take off the skin or surface of any thing. QJ- There is a common pronunciation of this word as if spelled flea, rhyming with sea, which is every day growing more vulgar. FLAYER, fla'ur, s. He that strips the skin off any thing. FLEA, fl, s. A small insect remarkable for its agility in leaping. To FLEA, fle, v. a. To clean from fleas. FLEABANE, Henbane, s. A plant. FLEABITE, fle'bite, FLEABITING, flelai-tlng, Red marks caused by fleas ; a small hurt or pain like that caused by the sting of a flea. FLEABITTEN, fle'blt-tn, . 103. stung by fleas ; mean, worthless. FLEAK, fleke, s. A small lock, thread, or twist To FLEAK, fleke, v. a. To spot, to streak, to stripe, to dapple. FLEAM, fleme, s. An instrument used to bleed cattle. FLEAWORT, fleAv&rt, s. A plant. To FLECKER, flek'ur, v. a. To spot, to mark with strokes or touches. Fl.ED, fled. The pret. and part, of Flee. FLEDGE, flC'dje, a. Full feathered, able to fly. To FLEDGE, fledje, v. a. To furnish with wings, to supply with feathers. To FLEE, fle, v. n. Pret. Fled. To run from danger, to have recourse to shelter. FLEECE, fleese, S. As much wool as is shorn from one sheep. To FLEECE, fleese, v. a. To clip the fleece of a sheep ; to strio, to plunder, as a sheep is robbed of its wool. FLEECED, fleest, a. 359. Having fleeces of wool. FLEECY, flense 1 , ad. Woolly, covered with wool. To FLEER, fWer, v. n. To mock, to gibe, to jest with insolence and contempt ; to leer, to grin with an air of civility. 207 FLEER, fleer, s. Mockery expressed either in words or looks ; a deceitful grin of civility. FLEERER, fleer'frr, s. 98. A mocker, a fawner. FLEET, fl^et, S. A company of ships, a navy. FLEET, fleet, s. A creek, an inlet of water. FLEET, fleet, a. Swift of pace, quick, nimble, ac- tive ; skimming the surface. To FLEET, fleet, v. n. To fly swiftly, to vanish ; to be in a transient state. To FLEET, fleet, v. a. To skim the water ; to live merrily, or pass time away lightly. FLEETLY, ficelle, ad. Swiftly, nimbly, with swift pace. FLEETNESS, fleet'ne's, s. Swiftness of course, nim- bleness, celerity. FLESH, flesh, s. The body distinguished from the soul ; the muscles distinguished from the skin, bones, tendons ; animal food distinguished from vegetable ; the body of beasts or birds used in food, distinct fron~< fishes ; animal nature ; carnality, corporal appetites ; near relation ; the outward or literal sense. The Ori- entals termed the immediate or literal signification of any .precept or type The Flesh, and the re'.note or ty . pica! meaning Tne Spirit This is frequent in St Paul. To FLESH, flesh, v. a. To imitate ; to harden, to establish in any practice ; to glut, to satiate. FLESHCOLOUR, fl^sh'kcd-fir, s. The colour of flesh. FLESHFLY, fle'sh'tii, S. A fly that feeds upon flesh, and deposits her eggs in it FLESHHOOK, fldsh'hook, s. A hook to draw flesh from the caldron. FLESHLESS, fleshes, a. without flesh. FLESHLINESS, fle'sh'le-ne's, s. Carnal passions or appetites. FLESHLY, fishl, a. Corporeal ; carnal ; animal, not vegetable. FLESHMEAT, fle'sh'mete, s. Animal food, the flesh of animals prepared for food. FLESHMENT, fle'sh'ment, s. Eagerness gained by a successful initiation. FLESHMONGER, flesh'mSng-gur, s. One who deals in flesh, a pimp. FLESHPOT, flesh'pot, s. A vessel in which flesh is cooked, thence plenty of flesh. FLESHQUAKE, flesh'kvvake, s. A tremor of the body. FLESHY, flesh'e, a. Plump, full of flesh ; pulpous. FLEW, fli, 265. The pret of To Fly. FLEW, fill, S. The large chaps of a deep-mouthed hound. FLEWED, flflde, a. 362. Chapped, mouthed. FLEXANIMOUS, fie'ks-an'e-m&s, a. Having power to change the disposition of the mind. FLEXIBILITY, fleks-e-bil'e-te, s. The quality of admitting to be bent, pliancy ; easiness to be persuad- ed, compliance. FLEXIBLE, fleks'e-bl, a. 405. Possible to be bent, pliant, complying, obsequious; ductile, man- ageable ; that may be accommodated to various forms and purposes. FLEXIBLENESS, flks'e-bl-ne's, s. Possibility to be bent, easiness to be bent ; obsequiousness, compli- ance ; ductility, manageableness. FLEXILE, fleksll, a. 140. Pliant, easily bent, ob- sequious to any power or impulse. FLEXION, flek'shfrn, s. The act of bending ; a double, a bending ; a turn towards any part or quarter. FLEXOR, fleks'or, S. 1 66. The general name of the muscles which act in contracting the joints. FLEXUOUS, flek'shu-fis, a. 452. Winding, tor- tuous ; variable, not steady. FLEXURE, fleVshure, s. The form or direction in which any thing is bent ; the act of bending ; the part bent, the joint ; obsequious or servile cringe. To FLICKER, fllk'tr, V. a. To flutter, to play the wings. FLI FLO Fleeting, swift ; wild, full of @- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fail 83, fat 81 me 93, me^t 95 pine 105, pin 107 116 162, mSve 16i, FLIER, fll'ur, s. 98. A fugitive, a runaway ; that part of a machine which, by being put into a more rapid motion than the other parts, equalizes and regu- lates the motion of the rest FLIGHT, flite, s. 393. The act of flying or running from danger ; the act of using wings ; removal from place to place by means of wings ; a flock of birds fly- ing together, the birds produced in the same season, as the harvest flight of pigeons ; a volley, a shower ; the space passed by flying: heat of imagination, sally of the soul FLIGHTY, fll't, a. imagination. FLIMSY, flim'ze, a. Weak, feeble ; mean, spirit- less, without force. To FLINCH, fllnsh, v. n. To shrink from any suffering or undertaking. FLINCHER, flinsh'ur, s. He who shrinks or fails in any matter. To FLING, fling, v. a. Pret. Flung. Part. Flung or Flong. To cast from the hand, to throw ; to dart, to cast with violence ; to scatter ; to drive by violence j to cast reproach ; to fling down, to demolish, to ruin ; to fling off, to baffle in the chase. To FLING, fling, v. n. To flounce, to wince, to fly into violent motions j to fling out, to grow unruly or outrageous. FLING, fling, s. A throw, a cast j a gibe, a sneer, a contemptuous remark. FLINGER, fllng'ur, s. 407. He who throws. FLINT, flint, a. A kind of stone used in firelocks ; any thing eminently or proverbially hard. FLINTY, flint'e, a. Made of flint, strong ; hard of heart, inexorable. FLIP, flip, s. A liquor much used in ships, made by mixing beer with spirits and sugar. A cant word. FLIPPANCY, ffip'pan-se', s. Talkativeness.loquacity. FLIPPANT, flip'pant, a. Nimble, moveable : it is used only of the act of speech ; pert, talkative. FLIPPANTLY, flip'pant-le", ad. In a flowing, prating way. To FLIRT, flurt, v. a. 108. To throw any thing with a quick elastick motion ; to move with quickness. To FLIRT, flirt, v. n. To jeer, to gibe one, to run about perpetually, to be unsteady and fluttering ; to coquet with men. FLIRT, Hurt, s. A quick elastick motion ; a sudden trick ; a pert hussey, a coquette. FLIRTATION, flur-ta'shun, s. A quick sprightly motion ; coquetry. To FLIT, flit, v. n. To fly away ; to remove, to flutter ; to be flux or unstable. FLITCH, flitsh, s. The side of a hog salted and cured. FLITTERMOUSE, flit'tur-mouse, s. The bat. FLITTING, flit'ting, s. An offence, a fault j a flying away. FLIX, fliks, s. Down, fur, soft hair. To FLOAT, flote, v. n. 295. To swim on the surface of the water ; to pass with a light irregular course. To FLOAT, flote, v. a. To cover with water. FLOAT, flote, S. The act of flowing ; any body so contrived or formed as to swim on the water ; the cork or quill by which the angler discovers the bite. FLOATY, fWte, a. Buoyant and swimming a-top. FLOCK, flok, s. A company of birds or beasts ; a company of sheep, distinguished from herds, which are of oxen ; a body of men ; a lock of wool. To FLOCK, flSk, v. n. To gather in crowds or large numbers. To FLOG, flog, v. a. To lash, to whip. FLOOD, flud, S, 308. A body of water ; a deluge, an inundation ; flow, flux, not ebb ; eatamenia. To FLOOD, flud, v. a. To deluge, to cover with water*. FLOODGATE, flud'gate, s. Gate or shutter by which the watercourse is closed or opened at pleasure. 208 FLOOR, Hook, s. 306. The broad part of the anchor which takes hold of the ground. FLOOR, flore, s. 310. The pavement ; the part of a room on which we tread ; a story, a flight of rooms. To FLOOR, flore, v. a. 'To cover the bottom with a floor. FLOORING, rWring, s. Bottom, floor. To FLOP, flop, v. a. To clap the wings with noise. FLORAL, flo'ral, a. Relating to Flora, or to flowers. FLORENCE, flor'e'nse, S. A kind of cloth ; a kind of wine. FLORET, flo'ret, s. A small imperfect flower. FLORID, flSr'Id, a. 544. Productive of flowers, covered with flowers j bright in colour, flushed with red ; embellished, splendid. FLORIDITY, flo-rid'e-te", s. Freshness of colour. FLORIDNESS, fl6r / id-ns, s. Freshness of colour ; embellishment, ambitious elegance. FLORLFEROUS, flo-riffe-rus, a. 518. Productive of flowers. FLORIN, flor'in, s. A coin first made by the Florentines. That of Germany is four shillings and sixpence, that of Spain four shillings and fpur-penct! halfpenny, that of Palermo and Sicily two shillings and sixpence, that of Holland two shillings. FLORIST, flo'rist, S. A cultivator of flowers. tKJ- Why we should pronounce florist and floret with the long o, and florid and florin with the short sound of that letter, cannot easily be guessed. They are all from the same original, are all anglicised, and consist but of two syllables ; and the only thing that can be gathered from them is, the uncertainty of arguing from the Latin quantity to ours. See Drama, and Principles, No. 514. FLORULENT, flSr'u-le'nt, a. Flowery, blossoming. FLOSCULOUS, flos'ku-lus, a. Composed of flower.-. To FLOTE, flote, v. a. To skim. To FLOUNCE, flounse, v. n. 312. To move with violence in the water or mire ; to move with weight and tumult ; to move with passionate agitation. To FLOUNCE, flounse, v. a. To deck with flounce*. FLOUNCE, flounse, S. Any thing sewed to the garment, and hanging loose, so as to swell and shake ; a furbelow. FLOUNDER, floun'dur, s. 312. The name of a small flat fish. To FLOUNDER, flSun'dfir, v. n. To struggle with violent and irregular motions. FLOUR, flour, S. The edible part of the corn, or any grain reducible to powder. fcjF- This word, spelled in this manner, is not in John- son, though nothing seems better settled by custom than this distinction in the spelling between this word and the flower of a plant That words written alike ought not to be sounded differently in order to signify different things, has been proved, it is presumed, under the word Bow : but that words signifying different things, though sounded alike, ought to be written differently, seems evi- dent from the necessity there is of making words which are the signs of ideas as different as the ideas themselves. In the former case we do not know how to pronounce the word bow, till we have its meaning fixed by what fol- lows ; in the latter, though the ear is not sure of the idea till it has heard the context, the eye in reading is at no loss for the meaning of the word, nor are the organs in suspense how to pronounce it. The want of a different sound to express a different idea, is an imperfection of the language in both cases ; but the want of a different mark to express difference of idea to the eye, would be a double imperfection. To FLOURISH, flurYish, v. n. 314. To be in vigour ; not to fade ; to be in a prosperous state ; to use florid language ; to describe various figures by in- tersecting lines ; to boast, to brag ; in inusick, to play some prelude. To FLOURISH, fluVrish, v. a. To adorn with vegetable beauty ; to adorn with figures of needlework; to move anything in quick circles or vibrations ; to adorn with embellishments of language. FLO FOC nor 167, not 163tube 171, tub 172, bull 173-611 299 p6und 313 thin 466, ruis 469. FLOURISH, flurYIsh, s. Bravery, beauty ; an ostentatious embellishment, ambitious copiousness ; figures formed by lines curioudy or wantonly drawn. FLOURISHER, fl&r'rlsh-ur, s. One that is in prime or in prosperity. To FLOUT, flout, v. a. 312. To mock, to insult, to treat with mockery and contempt. To FLOUT, flout, v. n. To practise mockery, to behave with contempt. FLOUT, flout, s. A mock, an insult. FLOUTER, flou'tur, s. One who jeers. To FLOW, flo, v. n. 324. To run or spread as water ; to run, opposed to standing waters ; to rise, not to ebb ; to melt ; to proceed, to issue ; to glide smoothly, as a flowing period ; to write smoothly, to speak volubly; to be copious, to be full ; to hang loose and waving. To FLOW, flo, v. a. To overflow, to deluge. FLOW, flo, s. The rise of water, not the ebb ; a sudden plenty or abundance ; a stream of diction. FLOWER, flou'ur, s. 98. 323. The part o.f -a Slant which contains the seeds ; an ornament, an em. ellUhment; the prime, the flourishing part; the edible part of corn, the meal ; the most excellent or valuable part of any thing. FLOWER-DE-LUCE, flou'ur-de-luse', s. A bulbous iris. To FLOWER, flou'ur, v. n. To be in flower, to be in blossom ; to be in the prime, to flourish ; to froth, to ferment, to mantle; to come as cream from the surface. To FLOWER, flou'ur, v. a. To adorn with fictitious or imitated flowers. FLOWERET, flou'ur-e: t, s. A flower, a small flower. FLOWER-GARDEN, flou'ur-gar-dn, s. A garden in which flowers are principally cultivated. FLOWERINESS, flou'ur-e-nes, s. The state of abounding in flowers ; floridness of speech. FLOWERING-BUSH, flou'tr-ing-bush, s. A plant FLOWERY, flou'ur-e, a. Full of flowers, adorned with flowers real or fictitious. FLOWIXGLY, flolng-le, ad. With volubility, with abundance. FLOWK, fluke, S. A flounder. FLOWN, flone. Part, of Fly, or Flew. Gone away, escaped, puffed, elate. FLUCTUANT, fluk'tshu-int, a. 461. Wavering, uncertain. To FLUCTUATE, fluk'tshu-ate, v. n. To roll to and again as water in agitation, to float back ward and forward ; to move with uncertain and hasty motion ; to be in an uncertain state, to be irresolute. FLUCTUATION, fluk-tshu-a'shun, s. The alternate motion of the water, uncertainty, inde termination. FLUE, flu, s. 335. A small pipe or chimney to convey air ; soft down or fur. FLUENCY, flu'en-se, s. The quality of flowing, smoothness, readiness, copiousness, volubility. FLUENT, flu'fint, a. Liquid, flowing, in motion, in flux ; ready, copious, voluble. FLUENT, flu'ent, s. Stream, running water. FLUID, fluid, a. Having parts easily separable, not solid. FLUID, fluid, s. In physick, an animal juice ; any thing that flows. FLUIDITY, flu-id'e-te, s. The quality in bodies opposite to solidity. FLUIDNESS, fluld-nes, s. That quality in bodies opposite to stability. FLUMMERY, flum'ur-^, s. A kind of food made by coagulation of wheat-flour or oatmeal. FLUNG, flung. Part, and pret. of Fling. FLUOR, flu'Sr, s. 166. A fluid state ; catamenia. FLURRY, flar're, s. A gust or storm of wind, a hasty blast ; hurry. To FLUSH, flush, V. n. To flow with violence ; to come in haste ; to glow in the skin. 201) To FLUSH, flush, v. a. To colour, to redden ; to elate, to elevate. FLUSH, flush, a. Fresh, full of vigour ; affluent, abounding. FLUSH, flush, s. Afflux, sudden impulse, violent flow ; cards all of a sort. To FLUSTER, flus'tur, v. a. To make hot and rosy with drinking. FLUTE, flute, s. A musical pipe, a pipe with stops for the fingers ; a channel or furrow in a pillar. To FLUTE, flute, v. a. To cut columns into hol- lows. To FLUTTER, flut'tur, v. n. 98. To take short flights with great agitation of the wings ; to move with great show and bustle ; to be moved with quick vibra- tions or undulations ; to move irregularly. To FLUTTER, flut'tur, v. a. To drive in disorder, like a flock of birds suddenly roused ; to hurry the mind ; to disorder the position of any thing. FLUTTER, flut'tur, s. Hurry, tumult, disorder of mind, confusion, irregularity. FLUVIATICK, flu-ve-atlk, a. Belonging to rivers. FLUX, flfiks, s. The act of flowing ; any flow or issue of matter ; dysentery, disease in which the bowels are excoriated and bleed, bloody flux ; concourse, in. fluence ; the state of being melted ; that which mingled with a body makes it melt. FLUX, fluks, a. Unconstant, not durable, maintain- ed by a constant succession of parts. To FLUX, fluks, v. a. To melt, to salivate, to evacuate by spitting. FLUXILITY, fluks-il'e-te, S. Easiness of separation of parts. FLUXION, fluk'shun, s. The act of flowing ; the matter that flows ; in mathematicks, the arithmetick or analysis of infinitely small variable quantities. To FLY, fli, v. n. Pret. Flew or Fled. Part. Fled or Flown. To move through the air with wings ; to pass through the air ; to pass away ; to pass swiftly ; to fly at, to spring with violence, to fall on suddenly ; to move with rapidity; to burst asunder with a sudden explo- sion ; to breakj to shiver ; to run away, to attempt to escape : to fly in the face, to insult, to act in defiance ; to fly off, to revolt ; to fly out, to burst into passion ; to break out into license, to start violently from any direction ; to let fly, to discharge. To FLY, fli, v. a. To shun, to avoid, to decline ; to refuse association with ; to quit by flight ; to attack by a bird of prey. FLY, fli, s. A small winged insect ; that part of a machine which, being put into a quick motion, regu- lates the rest ; Fly in a compass, that which points how the wind blows. To FLYBLOW, fli'blo, v. a. To taint with flies, to fill with maggots. FLYBOAT, fli-bote, s. A kind of vessel nimble and light for sailing. FLYCATCHER, fli / katsh-&r, s. One that hunts flies. FLYER, fli'ur, S. 98. One that flies or runs away ; one that uses wings ; the fly of a jack. To FLYFISH, fli'fish, v. n. To angle with a hook baited with a fly. FOAL, fole, S. 295. The offspring of a maro, or other beast of burden. To FOAL, fole., v. a. To bring forth a foal. FOAI.BIT, fole'blt, s. A plant FOAM, fome, S. 295. The white substance which agitation or fermentation gathers on the top of liquors, froth, spume. To FOAM, fome, v. n. To froth, to gather foam ; to be in rage, to be violently agitated. FOAMY, fo'mt*, a. Covered with foam, frothy. FOB, fob, s. A small pocket To FOB, fob, v. a. To cheat, to trick, to defraud ; to fob off, to shift off, to put aside with an artifice. FOCAL, fg'g&-n&S, s. The state of being dark or misty, cloudiness, mistiness. FOGGY, fAg'ge', a. 383. Misty, cloudy, dark ; cloudy in understanding, dull. FoH, fob. ! inter}. An interjection of abhorrence. FOIBLE, fo^bl, s. 299. 405. A weak side, a blind side. To FOIL, foil, r. a. To put to the worst, to defeat FOIL, fSil, s. 299. A defeat, ft miscarriage} leaf gilding ; something of another colour near which jewels are set to raise their lustre ; a blunt sword used in fencing. FoiLER, foll'ur, s. One who has gained advan- tage over another. To FoiN, foln, V. n. 299. To push in fencing. FoiSON, foe'zn, s. 170. Plenty, abundance. To FoiST, foist, v. a. 299. To insert by forgery. FOLD, f61d, s. The ground in which sheep are con- fined ; the place where sheep are housed ; the flock of sheep ; a limit, a boundary ; a double, a complication, one part added to another : from the foregoing signifi- cation is derived the use of Fold in composition. Fold signifies the same quantity added, as twenty fold, twenty times repeated. To FOLD, fold, v. a. To shut sheep in the fold ; to double, to complicate ; to enclose, to include, to shut. To FOLD, fold, v. n. To close over another of the same kind. FoLIACEOUS, fo-l-a'shus, a. Consisting of lamina or leaves. FOLIAGE, f 8tiffly , pr ^ dsely . in open appearance ; essentially, characteristically. FORMATION, for-ma'shun, s. The act of forming or generating ; the manner in which a thing is formed. FORMATIVE, for'ma-tiv, a. 157. Having the power of giving form, plastic k. FORMER, form'ur, s. 166. He that forms, ny thing. ord is sometimes, but without the least foundation in analogy, written forgerer. If it should be urged that the word comes from the French verb forger, and therefore like fruiterer fromfruiier, we add an er to make it a verbal noun ; it may be ans wered.that we have the word to forge in the same sense as the French, but n-e have no verb tofruit,and therefore there is an excuse for adding er in the last word which has no place in the former. FORGERY, fore'jur-e, s. The crime of falsification; smith's work, the act of the forge. To FORGET, for-gdt/, V. a. Pret Forgot. Part. Forgotten or Forgot. To lose memory of, to let go from the reniembraneej not to attend, to neglect J5?- The o in this and similar words is like that in For. I/ear, which see. FORGETFUL, for-gdt'ful, a. Kot retaining the memory of; oblivious, inattentive, negligent. FORGETFULNESS, fdr-geVful-nes, S. Oblivion, loss of memory ; negligence, inattention, FORGETTER, for-get'tur, s One that forgets ; a careless person. To FORGIVE, for-glv', r. a. 157. Pret Forgave. Part. pass. Forgiven. To pardon ; to remit, not to exact debt or penalty. FORGIVENESS, for-glv'ns, s. The act of forgiving, pardon ; tenderness, willingness to pardon ; remission of a fine or penalty. FORGIVER, for-glv'ur, s. One who pardons. FORGOT, for-e&t', ) c' f* IJ.IL -i no f Part- P a ss. of roRGOTTEN, lor-got'tn, 10.5. 3 Forget. Not remembered. FORK, fork, s. An instrument divided at the ends into two or more points or prongs ; a point To FORK, fork, v. n. To shoot into blades, as corn does out of the ground. FORKED, forced, a. 366. Opening into two or more parts- FoRKEDLY, for'kSd-li*, ad. In a forked form. FoRKEDNESS, for'kdd-ne's, s. The quality of opening into two parts. FORKHEAD, fork'he'd, S. Point of an arrow. FoRKY, for^, a. Forked, opening into two parts. FORLORN, for-lorn', a. Deserted,destitute,forsaken, wretched, helpless ; lost, desperate, small, despicable. g5= This word is sometimes, but improperly, pro- nounced so as to rhyme with mourn. Mr Sheridan, Dr Kenrick, Mr Scott, Mr Perry, and W. Johnston, make it rhyme with corn. FoiU.ORN'NESS, for-loni'iies, s. Misery, solitude. FORM, form, or form, .9. The external appearance maker, contriver, planner. FORMER, for'mur, a. 98. Before another i time ; mentioned before another ; pa- 1. FORMERLY, for / mur-l<*, ad, in times past. FORMIDABLE, for'me-da-bl, c. 405. Terrible,' dreadful, tremendous. FORMIDABLENESS, for'me'-da-bl-nes, s. Tho quality of exciting terrour or dread ; the thing causing dread. FORMIDABLY, foVme-da-ble 1 , ad. In a terrible manner. FORMLESS, forml^S, a. Shapeless, without regularity of form. FORMULA, for'mu-la, s. 91. A prescribed form. FORMULARY, foVmu-lir-d, s. A book containing stated and prescribed models. FoRMULE, for'mule, S. A set or prescribed model. To FORNICATE, for'ne-kate, v. n. To commit lewdness. FORNICATION, for-nd-ka'sh&n, s. Concubinago or commerce with an unmarried woman ; in Scripture, sometimes idolatry. FORNICATOR, fdr'n^-ka-tur, s. 166. 521. One that has commerce with unmarried women. P"ORNICATRESS, for'ne-ka-treX s. A woman \vho, without marriage, cohabits with a man. To FORSAKE, fdr-sake', v. a. Pret Forsook. Part. pass. Forsook or Forsaken. To leave in resent- ment or dislike ; to leave, to go away from ; to desert, to fail. FoRSAKER, for-sa/kur, s. 98. Deserter, ona that forsakes. FORSOOTH, for-SoofA', ad. In truth, certain! 5-, very well ; an old word of honour in address to tvonu-u. To FORSWEAR, for-sware', v. a. Pret Forswore. Part. Forsworn. To renounce upon oath, to deny upon oath ; with the reciprocal pronoun, as to forswear him- self, to be perjured, to swear falsely. To FORSWEAR, for-sware', v. n. To swoar falsely, to commit perjury. FORSWEARER, for-swar'ur, s. One who H perjured. FORT, fort, S. A fortified house, a castle. of any thing, shape; particular model or modification; I FoRTED, fort'ed, a. Furnished or guarded by forts. students ; the seat or bed of a hare. ng- When this word signifies a long seat, or a class of students, it is universally pronounced with the o, as in four, moi-e, &c. It is not a little surprising that none of our Dictionaries, except Mr Smith's and Mr N'ares*, take any notice of this distinction in the sound of the o, when the word signifies a seat or class. It were to be wished, indeed, that we had fewer of these ambiguously sounding words, which.while they distinguish to the ear, confuse and puzzle the eye. Sec Bowl. To FORM, form, v . a. To make ; to model, to scheme, to plan : to arrange, to adjust ; to contrive, to join ; to model by education. KOK.MA!., f&'niJl, a. 80. Ceremonious, solemn, i>:r, i-,- iv appear, not absconding. FORTHISSUING, fol'/A-lsh'sllU-ing, a. Coming out, coming forward from a covert. FORTHRIGHT, for the MUM of those letters in the same word when single. The same uiiiy tie observed of the/in whertof, 377. FORTIETH, u>r'te-&A, a. 279. The fourth tenth. TOR FOU ' 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 me 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, move, 161. FORTIFIABLE, forte-fi-a-bl, a. That may be fortified. FORTIFICATION, fdr-te-fe-ka'shun, s. The science of military architecture ; a place built for strength. FORTIFIER, for'te-fl-frr, S. One who erects works for defence ; one who supports or secures. To FORTIFY, foYte-fl, v. a. To strengthen against attacks by walls or works ; to confirm, to encourage ; to fix, to establish in resolution. FORTIN, f6rt1n, s. A little fort. FORTITUDE, f6Vte-tude, S. Courage, bravery, magnanimity ; strength, force. FORTNIGHT, fort'mte, s. 144. The space of two weeks. FORTRESS, forties, S. A strong hold, a fortified place. FORTUITOUS, for-tu'd-tus, a. 463. Accidental, casual. 55" The reason that the t in this word and its com- pounds does not take the hissing sound, as it does in for- tune, is, because the accent is after it, 463. FORTUITOUSLY, t'6r-tu'e-tus-le, ad. Accidentally, casually. FORTUITOUSNESS, for-tu'e-tus-ns, s. Accident, chance. FORTUNATE, fSr'tshu-nate, a. Lucky, happy, successful. FORTUNATELY, f6Vtsb.u-nate-l, ad. Happily, successfully. FoRTUNATENESS, fortshu-iiate-nes, s. Happi- ness, good luck, success. FORTUNE, foVtshune, s. 461. The power supposed to distribute the lots of life according to her own hu- mour ; the good or ill that befalls man ; the chance of life, means of living ; event, success good or bad ; es- tate, possessions ; the portion of a man or woman. To FORTUNE, for'tsb.une, v. n. To befall, to happen, to come casually to pass. FORTUNED, fortshund, a. 3-39. Supplied l.y fortune. FORTUNEBOOK, foYtshim-book, s. A book con- sulted to know fortune. FORTUNEHUNTER, f6Vtshun-hun-t5r, s. A man cheats common people by pretending to the knowledge of futurity. FORTY, for't^, a. 1 82. Four times ten. FORUM, fo'rfrm, s. 541. Latin. A court of justice; a market; any publick place. FORWAR, forward, ad. 88. Towards, onward, progressively. FORWARD, fdiAvard, a. Warm, earnest ; ardent, eager ; confident, presumptuous ; premature, earlv ripe ; quirk, ready, hasty. To FORWARD, forward, v. a. To hasten, to quicken ; to patronise, to advance. FORWARDER, foiAvar-dCir, s. He who promotes any thing. FoRWARDLY, foVwlrd-le, ad. Eagerly, hastily. FORWARDNESS, foiAvard-nes, s. Readiness to act ; quickness, earliness, early ripeness ; confidence, assurance. FORWARDS, foVwardz, ad. Straight before, pro- gressively. FOSSE, fos, .9. A ditch, a moat, FOSSEWAY, fis'wa, s. One of the great Roman roads through England, so called from tlie ditches on each side. FOSSIL, fos'sll, a. Dug out of the earlh. FOSSIL, fos'sll, s. That which is dug out of the bo we Is of the earth. To FOSTER, fos'tur, v. a. 98. To nurse, to feed, to support ; to pamper, to encourage, to cherish, to forward. FOSTERAGE, fis't&r-idje, s. 90. The charge of nursing. 211 FOSTERBROTHER, fas'tur-brilTH-ur, S. One bred at the same pap. FOSTERCHILD, fos'tur-tshlld, S. A child nursed by a woman not the mother, or bred by a man not the father. FOSTERDAM, fos'tur-dam , s. A nurse, one that performs the office of a mother. FOSTEREARTH, fos'tur-er FOUNTAIN, foun'tln, 208. } s ' A well, a spring; a small basin of spr'nsii:g water : a jet, a spout of water ; the head or spring of a river; original, first principle, first cause. FOUNTAIN-LESS, foun'tln-les, a. without a foun. tain. FOUNTFUL, fount'f&l, 0. Full of springs. FOUR, fore, a. 318. Twice two. FOURBE, f66rb, s. 315. French. A cheat, a tricking fellow. FOURFOLD, fore'fold, a. Four times told. FOU FRE nor 1G7, not 163 tube 171, tab 172, bull 173611 299 pound .313 thin 466, THis 469. FoURFOOTED, fore'fut-ed, a. Quadruped. FOURSCORE, fore'skore, a. Four times twenty, eighty ; it is used elliptically for fourscore years. FOURSQUARE, fore'skware, a. Quadrangular. FOURTEEN, fore'teen, a. Four and ten. FOURTEENTH, fore'teen^, a. The ordinal of fourteen, the fourth after the tenth. FOURTH, for/A, a. The ordinal of four, the first after the third. FOURTHLY, forfMe, ad. In the fourth place. FOURWHEEI.ED, fore'wheeld, a. Running upon twice two wheels. FOWL, foul, s. 223. A winged animal, a bird. To FOWL, foul, V. n. To kill hirds for food or game. FOWLER, foul'ur, s. 98. A sportsman who pursues birds. FOWLINGPIECE, foullng-peese, s. A gun for birds. Fox, foks, s. A wild animal of the dog kind, remarkable for his cunning ; a knave or cunning fellow. FOXCASE, fiks'kase, s. A fox's skin. FoxCHASE, foks'tshase, S. The pursuit of the fox with hounds. FOXGLOVES, fi&ks'gluvz, s. A plant FoXHUNTER, foks'hunt-ur, s. A man whose chief ambition is to show his bravery in hunting foxes. FOXSHIP, foks'ship, s. The character or qualities of a fox, cunning. FoXTRAP, f6ks'trap, s. A gin or snare to catch foxes. To FRACT, frikt, o. a. To break, to violate, to infringe. FRACTION, frak'shun, s. The act of breaking, the state of being broken ; a broken part of an integral. FRACTIONAL, frak'shun-al, a. 88. Belonging to a broken number. FRACTURE, frak'tshure, s. 461. Breach, separa- tion of continuous parts ; the breaking of a bone. To FRACTURE, frak'tshure, v. a. To break a bone. FRAGILE, fradj'll, a. 140. Brittle, easily snapped or broken ; weak, uncertain, frail. 3C> All our orthoepists are uniform in the pronuncia- tion of this word with the a short. FRAGILITY, fra-jU'e-te, s. Brittleness, weakness; f ailty, liableness to fault. FRAGMENT, frag'm^nt, s. A part broken from the whole, an imperftct piece. FRAGMENTARY, frag'men-tar-e, a. Composed of fragments. FRAGOR, fra'gor, s. 166. 544. A noise, a crack, a crash. See Drama. FRAGRANCE, fra'granse, 1 FRAGRANCY, fra'gran-se, \ s ' Sweetness of smell, pleasing scent. FRAGRANT, fra'grant, a. 514. Odorous, sweet of smell. ljC> This word is sometimes, but improperly, heard won the a in the first syllable pronounced short. See Drama. FRAGRANTLY, fra'grant-1^, ad. With sweet scent FRAIL, frale, S. 202. A basket made of rushes ; a rush for weaving baskets. FRAIL, frale, a. Weak, easily destroyed ; weak of resolution, liable to error or seduction. FRAILNESS, frale'nes, S. Weakness, instability. FRAILTY, frale'te, S. Weakness of resolution, instability of mind ; fault proceeding from weakness, sins of infirmity. FRAISE. fraze, s. 102. A pancake with bacon in it. To FRAME, frame, v. a. To form ; to fit one thing to another ; to make, to compose ; to regulate, to adjust ; to plan ; to invent FftAME, frame, S. Any thing made so as to enclose or admit something pise ; order, regularity; scheme, 215 contrivance ; mechanical construction ; shape, form, proportion. FRAMES., frame'ur, s. 98. Maker, former, con- triver, schemer. FRANCHISE, fran'tshlz, s. 140. Exemption from any onerous duty ; privilege, immunity, right granted ; district, extent of jurisdiction. To FRANCHISE, fran'tshlz, v. a. To enfranchise, to make free. FRANGIBLE, fran'je-bl, a. 405. Fragile, brittle, easily broken. FRANK, frangk, a. 408. Liberal, generous ; open, ingenuous, sincere, not reserved ; without condition, without payment; not restrained. FRANK, frangk, s. A place to feed hogs in, a sty ; a letter which pays no postage ; a French coin. To FRANK, frangk, v. a. To shut up in a frank or sty ; to feed high, to fat, to cram ; to exempt letters from postage. FRANKINCENSE, frangk'in-se'nse, s. An odori- ferous kind of resin. FRANKLIN, frangklin, s. A steward ; a bailiff of land. FRANKLY, frangkle, ad. Liberally, freely, kindly, readily. FRANKNESS, frangk'nis, s. Plainness of speech, openness, ingenuousness ; liberality, bounteousnesg. FRANTICK, frall'tlk, a. Mad, deprived of under- standing by violent madness, outrageously and turbu- lently mad ; transported by violence of passion. FRANTICKLY, fraii'llk-le, ad. Madly, outrageously. FRANTICKNESS, fran'tlk-nfe, s. Madness, fury of passion. FRATERNAL, fra-ter'nal, a. 88. Brotherly, per- taining to brothers, becominz brothers. FRATERNALLY, fra-tdr'nal-e, ad. In a brotherly FRATERNITY, fra-leVn^-t^, s. The sta e or quality of a brother ; body of men united, corpora- tion, society ; men of the same class or character. FRATRICIDE, frat'-re-side, s. 143. The murder of a brother. FRAUD, frawd, s. 213. Deceit, cheat, trick, artifice. FRAUDFUL, fravvd'ful, a. Treacherous, artful, trickish. FRAUDFULLY, fravvd'ful-14, ad. Deceitfully, art- fully. FRAUDULENCE, fraw'du-lensc, FRAUDULENCY", fraw'du-le'n-se, Deceitfulness, trickishness, proneness to a 1 tifice. 1X3- For the propriety of pronouncing the d in these words like/, see Principles, No. 293. 376. FRAUDULENT, fraw'du-lent, a. Full of artifice, trickish, deceitful. FRAUDULENTLY, fraw'du-ldnt-le, ad. By fraud, by artifice, deceitfully. FRAUGHT, frawt, part. pass. 393. Laden, charg- ed ; filled, stored, thronged. FRAY, fra, s. 220. A broil, a battle, a combat To FRAY, fra, v. a. To rub, to wear away by rubbing ; to fright. FREAK, freke, s. 227. A sudden fancy, a whim, a capricious prank. To FREAK, freke, v. a. To variegate. FREAKISH, freke'lsh, a. Capricious, humoursome. FREAKISHLY, freke'ish-li, ad. Capriciously, hu- moursomely. FREAKISHNESS, fr^kelsh-n^s, s. Capridonsneae, whim>icalness. FRECKLE, frek'kl, s. 405. A spot raised in tha skill by the sun -, any ?mall spot or di:-cnloration FRECKLED, frek'kld, a. 359. Spotted, maculated. FRECKLY, freklde, a. Full of freckles. FREE, fre, a. 246. At liberty ; uncompelled, un- restrained ; permitted; conversing without reserve; liberal ; frank ; guiltless ; exempt ; invested with frau- FRE FRI 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 me 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, move 164, chisef, possessing any thing without vassalage ; with. out expense. To FREE, free, v. a. To set at liberty } to rid from, to clear from any thing ill ; to exempt. FREEBOOTER, free-boo'tur, s. A robber, a plunderer. FHEEBOOTING, fre^-botVtlng, s. Robbery, plunder. FREEBORN, freedom, a. Inheriting liberty. FREECHAPEL, fre-tshap'el, s. A chapel of the king's foundation. FREECOST, free'kost, s. Without expense. FREEDMAN, frd'man, s. A. slave manumitted. FREEDOM, free'dum, s. 166. Liberty, indepen- dence ; privilege, franchises, immunities ; unrestraint ; ease or facility in doing or showing any thing. FREEFOOTED, free-fut'^d, a. Not restrained Jn the march. FREEHEARTED, fre-har / td, a. Liberal, un- restrained. FREEHOLD, fre^e'hold, s. That land or tenement wliich a man holdeth in fee, fee-tail, or for term of life. FREEHOLDER, free'hAl-dur, s. One who has a freehold. FREELY, freeze, ad. At liberty ; without re- straint; without reserve; without impediment; frankly, liberally ; spontaneously, of its own accord. FREEMAN, freeman, s. 88. One not a slave, not a vassal ; one partaking of rights, privileges, or im- munities. FREEMASON, free-ma'sn, s, 170. One of a numerous society who professes having a secret to keep. FREEMINDED, free-mind'ed, a. Unconstrained, without load of care. FREENESS, free'n&, s. The state or quality of being free ; openness, unreservedness, liberality. FREESCHOOL, free'skool, s. A school in which learning is given without pay. FREESPOKEN, free-spo'kn, a. 103. Accustomed to speak without reserve. FREESTONE, freestone, s. stone commonly used in building. FREETHINKER, free-^lngk'&r, s. A libertine, a contemner of religion. FREEWILL, fre^-wUl', s. The power of directing our own actions without restraint by necessity or fate ; voluntariness. FREEWOMAN, free'wfcm-un, s. A woman not enslaved. To FREEZE, freeze, . n. 216. To be congealed with cold ; to be of that degree of cold by which water is congealed. To FREEZE, freeze, v. a. Fret. Froze. Part. Frozen or Froze. To congeal with cold ; to kill by cold ; to chill by the loss of power or motion. To FREIGHT, frate, v. a. 249. 393. Pret, Freighted. Tail. Fraught, Freighted. To load a ship or vessel of carriage with goods for transportation ; to load with a burden. FREIGHT, frate, s. 249. Any thing with which a ship is loaded ; the money due for transportation of goods. See Eight. FREIGHTER, frate'&r, s. He who freights a vessel. FRENCH CHALK, frgnsh'tshawk', s. An indurated clay. To FRENCHIFY, frensh'e-fi, v. a. To infect with the manner of France, to make a coxcomb. FRENETICK, fre-net'ik, or fnn'-tlk, a. Mad, distracted. See Pkrenetick. FRENZY, fren'ze, s. Madness, distraction of mind. FREQUENCE, fre / k\vnse, s. 544. Crowd, con- course, assembly. JC5" Some speakers, and those not vulgar ones, pro- iijunce the e in the first syllable of this and the following vvordc, when the accent is cm it, short; as if written 216 frek-wense, frek-rrentty, &c. They have undoubtedly the short e in the Latin frequent to plead ; and though Latin quantity is sometimes found to operate in anglicised words of two syllables, with the accent on the first : yet usage, in these words, seems decidedly against this pro- nunciation. Mr Sheridan, Dr Kenrick, Mr Elphinston, Mr Scott, Mr Perry, Mr Smith, W. Johnston, and, if we may judge from the position of the accent, Dr Ash and Entick, are for the e long in the first syllable, and only Buchanan marks it with the short e. The verb to /- quent having the accent on the second syllable, is under a different predicament. See Drama. FREQUENCY, fre / kwe'n-s4, s. Common occurrence, the condition of being often seen, often occurring ; used often to practise any thing ; -concourse, full assembly. FREQUENT, fre'kwent, a. 492. Often done, often seen, often occurring; used often to practise any thing ; full of concourse. To FREQUENT, fre-kw^nt', v. a. 492. To visit often, to be much in any place. FREQUENTABLE, fre-kvvent'a-bl, a. Conversable, accessible. FREQUENTATION, fre-kwen-ta'shun, s. Habit of frequenting. FREQUENTATIVE, fre'-kwen'ta-tlv, a. A gram, matical term applied to verbs signifying the frequent repetition of an action. FREQUENTER, fre-kw&it'iir, s. One who often resorts to any place. FREQUENTLY, fre'kwe'nt-le, ad. Often, commonly, not rarely. FRESCO, fres'ko, S. Coolness, shade, duskiness ; a picture not drawn in glaring light, but in dusk. FRESH, fresh, a. Cool ; not salt ; new, not im- paired by time ; recent, newly come ; repaired front any loss or diminution ; florid, vigorous ; healthy in countenance ; ruddy ; free from saltness ; sweet, op- posed to stale or stinking. To FRESHEN, fr^sh'snn, v. a. 103. To make fresh. To FRESHEN, fresh'shn, v. n. To grow fresh. FRESHET, fresh/it, s. 99. A pool of fresh water. FRESHLY, freshle, ad. Coolly ; newly, in the for- mer state renewed ; with a healthy look, ruddily. FRESHNESS, fresh'nes, s. The state of being fresh. FRET, fret, S. A frith or strait of the sea, any agitation of liquors by fermentation or other cause ; that stop of the musical instrument which causes or regulates the vibrations of the string ; work rising iu protuberance ; agitation of mind, commotion of the temper, passion. To FRET, frit, r. a. To wear away by rubbing ; to form into raised work; to variegate, to diversify ; to make angry, to vex. To FRET, fret, v. n. To be in commotion, to be agitated ; to be worn away; to be angry, to be peevish. FRETFUL, fret'ful, a. Angry, peevish. FRETFULLY, fret'ful-e, ad. Peevishly. FRETFULNESS, fret/ful-nes, s. Peevishness. FRETTY, freVte, a. Adorned with raised work. FRIABILITY, fri-a-bil'e-te, s. Capacity of being reduced to powder. FRIABLE, fri'a-bl, a. 405. Easily crumbled, easily reduced to powder. FRIAR, fri'ur, S. 88. 418. A religious, a brother of some regular order. FRIARLIKE, fri'ur-like, a. Monastic*, unskilled in the world. FRIARLY, fli'ur-le, ad. Like a friar, or man un- taught in life. FRIARY, fri'flr-^, S. A monastery or convent of friars. To FRIBBLE, frib'bl, v. n. 405. To trifle. FRIBBLER, frib'bl-fer, s. A triiu-r. FRICASSEE, frlk-a-see', s. A dish made by cutting chickens or other small things in pieces, and dressing them with strong sauce. FRICATION, frl-ka/shfin, s. The act of ruW'ing one thing against another. Fill FRO n5r 167, n&t 163 tribe 171, t&b 172, bfill 173 611299 pound 313 thin 466, ?ms 4G9. FBICTION, frlk'shun, s. The act? of rubbing two bodies together ; the resistance in machines caused by the motion of one body upon another ; medical nibbing with the flesh brush or cloths. FRIDAY, fri'de, s. 223. The sixth day of the week, so named of Freya a Saxon deity. FiUEN'D, trend, s. 278. One joined to another in mutual benevolence and intimacy, opposed to foe or enemy; one reconciled to another ; a companion; fa- vourer ; one propitious ; a familiar compilation. FRIENDLESS, frendles, a. Wanting friends, want- ing support. FRIENDLINESS, frendl^-nSs, s. A disposition to friendship ; exertion of benevolence. FRIENDLY, frendle, a. Having the temper and disposition of a friend, kind, favourable ; disposed to union ; salutary. FRIENDSHIP, fr^nd'shlp, s. The state of minds ufrited by mutual benevolence ; highest degree of in- timacy ; favour, personal kindness ; assistance, help. FRIEZE, freeze, s. 278. A coarse warm cloth. FRIEZE, freeze, FRIZE, freeze, 112. In architecture, a large flat member which separates the architrave from the cornice. FRIGATE, fright, s. 91. 344. A small ship; a ship of war ; any vessel on the water. FRIGEFACTION, frld-je-ftk'shin, s. 530. The act of making cold. To FRIGHT, frite, v. a. 393. To terrify, to dis- turb with fear. FRIGHT, frlte, s. A sudden terror. To FRIGHTEN, frl'tn, v. a. 103. To terrify, to shock with dread. FRIGHTFUL, frite'ful, a. Terrible, dreadful, full of terror. FRIGHTFULLY, frite'ful-le, ad. Dreadfully, hor- ribly. FRIGHTFUI.NESS, frite'ful-nes, s. The power of impressing terror. FRIGID, frld'jid, a. 544. Cold ; without warmth of affection ; impotent, without warmth of body ; dull, without fire of fancy. FRIGIDITY, fre-jid'e-te, s. Coldness, want of warmth ; dulness, want of intellectual fire ; want of corporeal warmth ; coldness of affection. FRIGIDLY, frid'jid-le, ad. Coldly, dully, without affection. FRIGIDNESS, frld'jld-nes, s. Coldness, dulness, want of affection. FRIGORIFICK, fri-go-rifik, a. Causing cold. To FRILL, f'ril, v. n. To quake or shiver with cold. Used of a hawk, as the hawk Frills. FRINGE, frinje, s. Ornamental appendages added to dress or furniture. To FRINGE, frinje, ;. a. To adorn with fringes, to decorate with ornamental appendages. FRIPPERY, frlp'er-e, s. The place where old clothes are sold ; old clothes, cast dresses, tattered rags. FRISEUR, fre-zure', s. A hair dresser. To FRISK, frisk, v. n. To leap, to skip ; to dance in frolick or gayety. FRISK, frisk, s. Frolick, a fit of wanton gayety. FRISKER, frisk'ur, s. A wanton, one not constant or settled. FRISKINESS, fdsk'e-nes, s. Gayety, liveliness. FRISKY, fnsk'e, a. Gay, airy. FRIT, frit, s. Among chymists, ashes or salt. FRITH, frith, S. A strait of the sea ; a kind of net FRITTER, f'rit'tur, s. A small piece cut to be fried ; a fragment ; a cheesecake. To FRITTER, frit'tfrr, v. a. To cut meat into small pieces to be fried; to break into small particles or fragments. FRIVOLITY, fre-vol'e-te, s. Insignificancy. FRIVOLOUS, frlv'6-lc'ts, a. Slight, trifling, of no moment. 217 FRIVOLOUSNESS, frVo-luS-n^S, s. Want of im- portance, triflingness. FRIVOLOUSLY, fr!v'6-lfis-l, ad. Tr.flingly, with- out weight To FRIZLE, friz'zl, v. a. To curl in short curls, like nap of frieze. See Codle. FRIZLER, friz'zl-ur, s. One that makes short curls, properly Frizzier. FRO, fro, ad. Backward, regressively ; to and fro, backward and forward. FROCK, fr5k, s. A dress, a coat for children ; a kind of close coat for men. FROG, frSg, s. A small amimal with four feet, of the amphibious kind ; the hollow part of the horse's hoof. FROGBIT, fr6g / blt, s. An herb. FROGFISH, frog'fish, s. A kind of fish. FROGGRASS, frog'gras, s. A kind of herb. FROGLETTUCE, frSglet-tls, s. A plant FROLICK, frollk, a. Gay, full of levity. FROLICK, frSllk, s. A wild prank, a flight of whim. To FROLICK, fr6Mk, v. n. To play wild pranks. FROLICKLY, frSMk-le, ad. Gayly, wildly. FROLICKSOME, fr611k-sum, a. Full of wild gayety. FROLICKSOMENESS, frollk-sum-nes, s. wildncss of gayety, pranks. FROLICKSOMELY, frorlk-sum-l, ad. with wild ^gayety. FROM, from, prep. Away, noting privation ; noting reception ; noting procession ; descent or birth ; out of ; noting progress from premises to inferences ; noting the place or person from whom a message is brought; because of; not near to ; noting separation ; noting exemption or deliverance ; at a distance ; con- trary to ; noting removal ; From is very frequently joined by an ellipsis with adverbs, as, from above, from the parts above ; from afar ; from behind ; from high. FRONDITEROUS, frSn-dif'fe-rus, a. Bearing leaves. FRONT, fr&nt, or front, s. 1 65. The face ; the face as opposed to an enemy ; the part or place opposed to the face ; the van of an army ; the forepart of any thing, as of a building; the most conspicuous part; boldness, impudence. r Sheridan marks this word in the second man- ner only ; but I am much mistaken if custom does not almost universally adopt the first If the second is ever used, it seems to be in poetry, arid that of the most so- lemn kind. Dr Kenrick, W. Johnston, and Mr Perry, pronounce it in the first manner ; and Mr Sheridan and Mr Smith in the last Mr Scott gives it both ways, but seems to prefer the last ; Mr Nares gives it in the first manner, but says it is sometimes pronounced regularly. To FRONT, frunt, V. a. To oppose directly, or face to face, to stand opposed or over against any place or thing. To FRONT, frfint, V. n. To stand foremost FRONTAL, fr&nt'al, s. 88. Any external form of medicine to be applied to the forehead. FHONTATED, fron'ta-ted, a. The frontated leaf of a flower grows broader and broader, and at last per- haps terminates in a right line ; used in opposition to cuspated. FRONTBOX.frunt'boks, s. The box in the playhouse from which there is a direct view to the stage. FRONTED, frunt'ed, a. Formed with a front FRONTIER, frSn'tshedr, or fr&nt'yeer, s. 113. The marches, the limit, the utmost verge of any ter- ritory. FRONTIER, fron'tsheer,or front'yeer, a. 159.461. Bordering. FRONTISPIECE, frSn'tls-peese, s. That part of any building or other body that directly meets the eye. FRONTLESS,' f r&ntle's, a. Without blushes, without shame. FRONTLET, frSnt/let, s. A bandage worn upon the forehead. FKONTROOM, frunt'room, s. An apartircnt in the forepart of the house. FRO ^' 559. Fate 73, far 77, fill 83, fat 81 md 93, FRORE, frore, a. Frozen. FROST, fr5st, S. The last effect of cold, the power or act of congelation, FROSTBITTEN, frSst'blt-tn, a. 103. Nipped or withered by the frost FROSTED, fros'tdd, a. Laid on in inequalities like those of the hoar frost upon plants. FROSTILY, fros'td-ld, aa. with frost, with excessive cold. FROSTINESS, frSs'td-ne's, s. Cold, freezing cold. ! FROSTNAIL, frfist'nale, s. A nail with a prominent head driven into the horse's shoes, that it may pierce the ice. FROSTWORK, frfist'wurk, s. Work in which the substance is laid on with inequalities, like the dew congealed upon shrubs. FROSTY, fros'td, a. Having the power of congela- tion, excessive cold ; chill in affection ; hoary, gray- ' haired, resembling frost. FfiOTH, frbth, S. 163. Spume, foam, the bubbles ! caused in liquors by agitation ; any empty or senseless ' show of wit or eloquence ; any thing not hard, solid, I or substantial. To FROTH, frbth, v. n. To foam, to throw out spume. FROTHILY, fr5^'e-ld, ad. With foam, with spume ; in an empty trifling manner. FROTHY, frof/l'd, a. Full of froth or spume ; soft, not solid, wasting ; vain, empty, trifling. FROUNCE, frounse, s. 313. A distemper in which Rpittlc gathers about the hawk's bill. To FROUNCE, frounse, v. a. To frizle or curl the hair. FROUZY, frou'zd, a. 313. Dim, cloudy ; fetid, musty. A cant word. FROWARD, fnVward, a. 88. Peevish, ungovernable, perverse. FROWARDLY, frc/ward-ld, aa. Peevishly, per- versely. FROWARDNESS, fnVward-ne's, s. Peevishness, perverseness. To FROWN, fr6un, v. a. 323. To express dis- > pleasure by contracting the face to wrinkles. FROWN, frSun, S. A wicked look, a look of dis- pleasure. FROZEN, frc/zn, 103. Part pass, of Freeze. FRUCTIFEROUS, fruk-tit'fe'r-fis, a. Bearing fruit. To FRUCTIFY, fruk'te-fi, ;. a. 183. To make j fruitful, to fertilize. To FRUCTIFY, fruk'te-fi, v . n. To bear fruit FRUCTIFICATION, fruk-te-fd-ka'shun, s. The act of causing or of bearing fruit, fertility. FRUCTUOUS, frfik'tshu-us. a. 463. Fruitful, | fertile, impregnating with fertility. FRUGAL, fru'gal, a. 88. Thrifty, sparing, parsimonious. FRUGALITY, fru-gal'd-td, s. Thrift, parsimony, good husbandry. FRUGALLY, fru'gal- d,ffrf. Parsimoniously.sparingry. FRUGIFEROUS, fru-jlffe'r-us, a. Bearing fruit FRUIT, froot, S. 343. The product of a tree or plant in which the seeds are contained ; that part of a plant which is taken for food ; production ; the rff- spring of the womb ; advantage gained by any enter- prise or conduct ; the effect or consequence of any action. FRUITAGE, frootldje, s. 90. Fruit collectively, various fruits. FRUITBEARER, froSfbar-fir, s. That which pro- duces fruit. FRUITBEARING, froot'bar-Ing, a. Having the quality of producing fruit. FRUITERER, froore'r-ur, s. One who trades in fruit. See Forger. FRUITERY, fro6t' s. Producing fumes. FUMY, fu'me, } FUN, fun, s. Sport, high merriment tQ- With great deference to Dr Johnson, I think Fun ought rather to be styled low merriment. FUNCTION, fungk'shun, s. Discharge, performance; employment, office ; single act of any office ; trade, occupation ; office of any particular part of the body ; power, faculty. FUND, fund, s. Stock, capital, that by which any expense is supported ; stock or bank of money. FUNDAMENT, fcm'da-me'nt, s. The back part of the body ; the aperture from which the excrements are ejected. FUNDAMENTAL, fun-da-mSn'tal, a. Serving for the foundation, essential, not merely accidental. FUNDAMENTAL, f&n-da-m^n'tal, s. Leading pro- position ; that part on which the rest is built FUNDAMENTALLY, ffin-da-mdn'tal-, ad. Essen- tially, originally. FUNERAL, fu'ner-al, S. 88. The solemnization of a burial, the payment of the last honours to the dead, obsequies ; the pomp or procession with which the dead are carried ; burial, interment. FUNERAL, fiYnlr-al, a. Used at the ceremony of interring the dead. FUNEREAL, fu-ne're-al, a. Suiting a funeral, dark, dismal. FUNGOSITY, fung-gos'c-t^, S. Unsolid excrescence. FUNGOUS, fung'gus, a. 314. Excrescent, spongy. FUNGUS, ffmg'gus, S. Strictly a mushroom ; a word used to express such excrescences of flesh la grow out upon the lips of wounds, or any other ex- crescence from trees or plants not naturally b<*longi:ig to them. FUN ^> 559. Fate 73, fir 77, fall 83, fit 81 me 93, FUNICLE, fu'ne-kl, s. 405. 534 A small cord. FUNICULAR, fu-nlk'u-lar, a. 88. Consisting of a small cord or fibre. FUNK, f&ngk, s. A stink FUNNEL, f&n'nll, s. 99. An inverted hollow cone with a pipe descending from it, through which liquors are poured into vessels ; a pipe or passage of commu- nication. FUR, f&r, s. Skin with soft hair, with which gar- ments are lined for warmth ; soft hair of beasts found in cold countries, hair in general ; any moisture ex- haled to such a degree as that the remainder sticks in the part. To FUR, f&r, v. a. To line or cover with skins that have soft hair ; to cover with soft matter. FUR-WROUGHT, fur'rawt, a. Made of fur. FURACIOUS, fu-ra'sh&s, a. Thievish. FuRACITY, fu-ras'4-te, s. Disposition to theft FURBELOW, f&r'be-lo, s. Fur or fringe sewed on the lower part of the garment ; an ornament of dress. To FURBELOW, f&r'be-lo, v. a. To adorn with ornamental appendages. To FURBISH, f&r'blsh, r. a. To burnish, to polish, to rub up. FURBISHER, fur'blsb-ur, s. One who polishes any thing. FURCATION, f&r-ka'sh&n, s. Forkiness, the state of shooting two ways like the blades of a fork. FURFUR, f&r'fur, s. Husk or chaff, scurf or dan- driff. FURFURACEOUS, f&r-fu-ra'sh&S, a. 357. Husky, branny, scaly. FURIOUS, fu're-&S, a. Mad, phrenetick ; raging, transported by passion beyond reason. FURIOUSLY, fu'r-&s-le, ad. Madly, violently, vehemently. FuRIOUSNESS, fu/re-&s-ns, s. Phrensy, madness, transport of passion. To FURL, ffirl, v. a. To draw up, to contract FURLONG, f&rlSng, s. A measure of length, the eighth part of a mile. FURLOUGH, f&r'lo, s. 318. 390. A temporary dismission from a military service ; leave of absence to a soldier for a limited time. FURMENTY, f&r'me'n-te', S. Food made by boiiing wheat in milk. See Fi-wnenty. FURNACE, f&r'nls, s. 91. An enclosed fireplace. To FURNISH, far'nlsb, v. a. To supply with what is necessary ; to fit up ; to equip j to decorate, to adorn. FURNISHER, firtilsh-ur, s. One who supplies or fits out. FURNITURE, f&rW-tshure, s. 463. Movcables, goods put in a house for use or ornament ; appenda- ges ; equipage, embellishments, decorations. FURRIER, far^-ir, s. A dealer in furs. FURROW, fur'ro, s. 324. 357. A small trench made by the plough for the reception of seed; any long trench or hollow. FURROW-WEED, f&r'ro-weed, s. A weed that grows in furrowed land. To FURROW, fur'ro, v. a. To cut in furrows ; to divide into long hollows ; to make by cutting. FURRY, fur're, a. Covered with fur, dressed in fur j consisting of fur. FURTHER, f&r'iH&r, a. 98. Forth, further, Furthest. At a great distance ; beyond this. D3- Dr Johnson has proved beyond dispute that far- ther and farthest are not the comparative and superlative of far, but corruptions of the comparative and superla- tive of forth. However true this discovery may bp, it does not seem a sufficient reason for altering the beaten path which custom had formed in the usage of farther and farthest. It is probable, indeed, that far. fore, and forth, arise from the same original root : extending beyond tome other object seems to be the leading idea in all.' Far svcmj to intimate ex tension beyond an indefinite object ; f"i'f, imly such extension as gives priority to the ex- FUS mSt95 pine 105, pin 107 n& 162, move 164, tended object ; and forth, from its form, seems to relate to the abstract of such priority of extension, or the very act of extending or issuing out. If, therefore, forth and far have different ideas annexed to them, the same com- parative and superlative cannot possibly suit with both ; and as almost immemorial usage has borrowed the com- parative and superlative of forth to form the comparative and superlative of far, their sense is now fixed to the latter adverb ; toad forth, inasmuch as it differs from far, seems entirely to have lost its comparison. Notwith- standing, therefore, that farther and farthest are very irregular branches of far, they 'are grafted on it by use, and cannot be altered without diverting the plain ten. dency of the language. Such, however, has been the force of Dr Johnson's criticism, that, since his time, every writer and printer, unless by mistake, has used further and furthest for farther and farthest ; by which means we have revived the comparative and superlative of an adverb which had lost its comparison, and have lost the comparative and superlative of an adverb, which has been compared for these two hundred years. But though further passes very well for farther, when far is out of sight, we feel the utmost repugnance at saying, " Thua far shalt thou go, and no further." " Some dream that they can silence when thej will The storm of passion, and say, Peace, be still, But 'Thus far and no farther,' when addiess'd To the wild wave, or wilder human breaa, That never ought to be the lot of man." Coniper's Progress of Errour. FURTHER, f&r'TH&r, ad. To a greater distance. To FURTHER, f&r'TH&r, v. a. To put onward, to forward, to promote, to assist FuRTHERER, f&r'TH&r-ur, s. Promoter, advancer. FURTHERMORE, fur'THur-more, ad. Moreover, besides. FURTIVE, f&r'tlv, a. Stolen, gotten by theft. FURUNCLE, fu'r&ngk-kl, s. 405. 534. A bile, an angry pustule. FURY, fu're, s. Madness ; rage, passion of anger ; enthusiasm, exaltation of fancy ; a turbulent, raging woman ; one of the infernal deities, supposed to be employed in tormenting wicked spirits in the other world. FURZE, furz, s. Gorse, goss. FuRZY, fur'ze, a. Overgrown with furze, full of gorse. FUSCATION, fus'ka-sh&n, S. The act of darkening. To FUSE, fuze, v. a. To melt, to put into fusion. To FUSE, fuze, V. n. To be melted. FuSEE, f u-zee', S. The cone, round which is wound the cord or chain of a clock or watch ; a firelock, a small neat musquet ; Fusee of a bomb or granado shell, is that which makes the whole powder or composition in the shell take fire, to do the designed execution. FUSIBLE, fu'se-bl, a. 405. Capable of being melted. FUSIBILITY, fu-se-bil'e-t^, s. Capacity of being melted, quality of growing liquid by heat. FUSIL, fu'zil, a. Capable of being melted, liquifiable by heat ; running by the force of heat. DCr As this word is derived from the French fusile and the Latin fusilis, it ought certainly to be written wilh the final e, fusile. FUSIL, fu-ze'e', S. A firelock, a small neat musqnot ; in heraldry, something like a spindle. FUSILIER, ffr-zIl-leerY s. 275. A soldier armed with a fusil. FUSION, fu'zhun, S. 451. The act of melting ; the state of being melted. FUSS, f&S, s. A tumult, a bustle. A low cant word. FUST, fust, S. The trunk or body of a column ; a strong smell, as that of a muuhly barrel. FUSTIAN, fus'tsban, s. 291. A kind of cloth made of linen and cotton ; a high swelling Kind of writing made np of heterogeneous part?, bombast FUSTIAN, fuS'tsllan, a. Made of fustian ; swelling-, unnaturally pompous, ridiculously tumid. FuSTICK, ffis'tik, S. A sort of wood broi'ght frcm the Wcs-t ludif ;. FUS GAL nor 167, n&t 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 311 299 pSfind 313 thin 466, THIS, 469 To FUSTIGATE, fus't-gate, v. a. To beat with a stick. FCSTILARIAN, f us-te-la're-an, s. A low fellow, a stinkard. FuSTINESS, fus'te-nes, S. Mouldiness, stink. FUSTY, fus'te, a. Smelling mouldy. FUTILE, fu'tll, a. 140. Talkative, loquacious : trifling, worthless. FUTILITY, fu-til'e-te, s. Talkativeness ; loquacity ; triflingness, want of weight, want of solidity. FUTTOCKS, fut'tuks, s. The lower timbers that hold the ship together. FUTURE, fu'tshure, a. 461. That will be here- after, to come. FUTURE, fu'tshure, S. Time to come. FuTURELY, fu'tshure-le, ad. In time to come. FuTURITION, fu-tshu-rlsh'un, s. The state of being to be. FUTURITY, fu-tu're-t^, s. Time to come ; events to come ; the state of being to be, futurition. See Fortuitous. acS- The reason that future has the t aspirated, and^u- twrity preserves that letter pure, is, that the accent is before the t in the former word, and after it in the lat- ter, 463. To Fuzz, fuz, v- n. To fly out in small particles. FuzZBALL, fuzljall, s. A kind of fungus, which, when pressed, bursts and scatters dust in the eyes. FY, fi, intetj. Implying blame or disapprobation. G GABARDINE, gab-ar-deen', s. A coarse frock. . To GABBLE, gal/bl, v. n. 405. To make an in- articulate noise ; to prate loudly without meaning. GABBLE, gaM)!, s. Inarticulate noise like that of brute animals ; loud talk without meaning. GABBLER, gabljl-ur, s. A prater, a chattering fellow. GABEL, ga'bel, s. An excise, a tax. GABION, ga^e-fin, *. 507. A wicker basket which is filled with earth to make a fortification or in- trenchment. GABLE, ga'bl, s. 405. The sloping roof of a building. GAD, gad, s. A wedge or ingot of steel ; a style or graver. To GAD, gad, r. n. To ramble about without any settled purpose. GADDER, gad'dur, s. A rambler, one that runs much abroad without business. GADDINGLY, gad'ding-1^, ad. In a rambling manner. GADFLY, gad'fli, S. A fly that, when be stings the cattle, makes them gad or run madly about. GAFF, gaf, s. A harpoon, or large hook. GAFFER, gaffur, S. 98. A word of respect, now obsolete. GAFFLES, gaf'flz, s. 405. Artificial spurs upon cocks ; a steel contrivance to bend cross bows. To GAG, gag, v. n. To stop the mouth. GAG, gag, s. Something put into the month, to hinder speech or eating. GAGE, gadje, s. A pledge, a pawn, a caution. To GAGE, gadje, v. a. To depone as a wager, to impawn ; to measure, to take the contents of any ves. el of liquids. GAGGLE, gag'gl, v. n. 405. To make a noise like a goose. GAIETY, ga'e-te, s See Gayety, 221 GAILY, gale, ad. Airily, cheerfully ; splendidly, pompously. -See Gayfy. GAIN, gane, s. 73. 202. Profit,advantage; interest, lucrative views ; overplus in a comparative computa- tion. To GAIN, gane, v. a. To obtain as profit or ad. vantage ; to have the overplus in comparative compu- tation ; to obtain, to procure ; to win ; to draw iuto any interest or party ; to reach, to attain ; to gain over, to draw to another party or interest To GAIN,gane, v. n. To encroach, to come forward by degrees ; to get round, to prevail against ; to obtain influence with. GAINER, gane'&r ^ One who receives profit or advantage. GAINFUL, gane'ful, a. Advantageous, profitable ; lucrative, productive of money. GAINFULLY, gane'ful-t*, ad. Profitably, advan- tageously. GAINFULNESS, gane'ful-ne's, s. Lucrativeness. GAINGIVING, gane'giv-lng, s. The same as mis- giving, a giving against GAINLESS, ganeles, a. Unprofitable. GAINLESSNESS, ganele's-nls, s. Unprofitableness. GAINLY, ganele, ad. Handily, readily. To GAINSAY, gane-sa', ;. a. To contradict, to oppose, to controvert with. GAINSAYER, gane-sa'ur, s. Opponent, adversary. 'GAINST, ge'nst, prep. 206.. Poetically for against. GAIRISH, ga'rlsh, a. 202. Gaudy, showy ; ex- travagantly gay, flighty. GAIRISHNESS, ga'rlsh-nes, S. Finery, flaunting gaudiness; flighty or extravagant joy. GAIT, gate, S. March, walk ; the manner and air of walking. GALA, gal 5, S. A grand entertainment ; splendid amusement. BO I have given this Italian word a place in this Dic- tionary, as I think it has been sufficiently received to make part of the language. It is a good sounding word j and as we have not an equivalent for it, we ought to give it the same welcome we do to a rich foreigner who comes to settle among us. GALAXY, gallak-se, s. 517. The milky way. GALBANUM, gaFba-num, s. 503. A kind of gum. GALE, gale, .9. A wind not tempestuous, yet stronger than a breeze. GALEAS, gal'yas, s. A heavy low-built vessel, with both sails and oars. GALEATED, gale-a-ted, a. 507. Covered as with a helmet ; in botany, such plants as bear a flower re- sembling a helmet, as the monkshood. GALIOT, gal'yut, S. A little galley or sort ol brigantine, built very slight, and fit for chase. GALL, gawl,S. The bile, an animal juice remarkable for its supposed bitterness ; the part which contains the bile ; any thing extremely bitter ; rancour, malig- nity ; a slight hurt by fretting off the skin j anger, bitterness of mind. To GALL, gawl, V. a. To hurt by fretting the skin ; to impair, to wear away ; to tease, to fret, to vex ; to harass, to mischief. To GALL, gawl, v. n. To fret GALLANT, gallant, a. Gay, well-dressed ; brave, high spirited ; fine, noble, specious. GALLANT, gal-lant', a. Inclined to courtship. GALLANT, gal-lant', S. A gay, sprightly, splendid man ; one who caresses women to debauch them j a wooer, one who courts a woman for marriage. man, and un homme gallant, a galla'nt man. GALLANTLY, gal'lant-le, ad. Gayly, splendidly ; ely, nobly, generously. LANTI.Y, gal-lantle, ad. Lik :e a wooer, or GALLANTLY, gi one who makes love. GALLANTRY, gal'llhi-tr^, s. Splendour of appear- GAL GAR @- 559. FAte 73 : fAr 77, fill 83, fit 81, me 93, mSt 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, move 161 ance, show ; bravery, generosity ; courtship, refined address to women ; vicious love, lewdness. GALLERY, gallur-e 1 , s. 557. A kind of walk along the floor of a house, into which the doors of the apartments open ; the upper seats in a church ; the seats in a playhouse above the pit, in which the meaner people sit. GALLEY, galle 1 , S. A vessel driven with oars. GALLEY-SLAVE, gal'le'-slave, s. A man condemned for some crime to row in the galleys. GALLIAUD, gal'yard, s. A gay, brisk, lively man ; a fine fellow, an active, nimble, sprightly dance. GALLIARDISE, gal'yar-dise, S. Merriment, exu- berant gayety. GALLICISM, galle-slzm, s. A mode of speech peculiar to the French language. GALLIGASKINS, gal-le-gis'kms, s. Large open hose. GALLIMATIA, gal-le'-ma'sha, s. Nonsense, talk without meaning. GALLIMAUFRY, gal-le'-maw'fre, s. A hotch-potch, or hash of several sorts of broken meat, a medley ; an inconsistent or ridiculous medley. GALLIPOT, gille-pot, s. A pot painted and glazed. GALLON, gallun, s. A liquid measure of four quarts. GALLOON, gal-loon', s. A kind of close lace, made of gold or silver, or of silk alone. To GALLOP, gallup, v. n. To move forward by leaps, so that all the feet are oft' the ground at once ; to ride at the pace which ie performed by leaps ; to move very fast. GALLOP, gallup, s. The motion of a horse when he runs at full speed. GALLOPER, gallup-ur, s. A horse that gallops ; a man that rides fast. GALLOWAY, gallo-wa, s. A horse not more than fourteen hands high, much used in the north. To CALLOW, gal'16, r. a. To terrify, to fright. GALLOWS, gal'lus, s. Beam laid over two posts, on which malefactors are hanged. GALOCHE, ga-loshe', PL GALOCHES, ga-lo'shlz, t. A kind of wooden shoe, worn by the common peo- ple in France. Jf^ I have found this word in no Dictionary in our language but Ash's ; who quotes Chaucer for it, and marks it as obsolete. But however obsolete this word may be as signifying a wooden shoe, it is certainly in use, as it signifies a larger shoe, worn over a common one to prevent damp or dirt in walking. This shoe was most probably of leather in England, since we find in Edward the Fourth's time, the King in Parliament enacted, " That no Cordwainer or Cobler within the citty of Lon- don, or within three miles of any part of the said citty, &c. do upon any Sunday in the yeere or on the feasts of the Ascension or Nativity of our Lord, or on the feast of Corpus Christi, sell or command to be sold any shooes, huseans, (i. e. bootes,) or Galoches ; or upon Sunday or any other of the said feasts, shall set or put upon the feet or leggs of any person, anyWiooe*, hnst-ans, or Galoches, upon pain of forfeiture or loss of 20 shillings, as often as any person shall do contrary to this ordinance." Heylin's Hist, of the Subb;. a. To cut deep, so as to make a gaping wound. GASH, gash, s. A deep and wide wound ; the mark of a wound. GASKINS, gas'klnz, s. Wide hose, wide breeches. To GASP, g&sp, v. n. To open the mouth wide to catch breath ; to emit, breath by opening the mouth convulsively ; to long for. DJJ. The a in this word has sometimes, and not impro- perly, the same sound as in gape, and for the same rea- ?on. See Gape. GASP, gasp, S. The act of opening the mouth to catch breath ; the short catch of the breath in the last agonies. To GAST, gast, v. a. To make aghast, to fright, to shock. GASTRICK, gas'trlk, a. Belonging to the belly. GASTRILOQUIST, gas-trll'6-kwlst, s. One who speaks from the belly. GASTBILOQUY, gas-tril'6-kvve, s. Speaking from the belly. GASTROTOMY, gas-tr6t'&-m, s. 518. The act of cutting open the belly. GAT, gat, The pret of Get. Obsolete. GATE, gate, S. The door of a city, castle, palace, or large building ; a frame of timber upon hinges to give a passage into enclosed grounds. GATEVEIN, gate'vane, s. The Vena Portse ; the great vein which conveys the blood to the liver. GATEWAY, gate'wa, s A way through gates of enclosed grounds. To GATHER, gara'ur, v . a. To collect, to bring into one place ; to pick up, to glean ; to pluck, to crop; to assemble; to heap up, to accumulate; to collect charitable contributions ; to bring into one body or in- terest ; to pucker needlework. To GATHER, gaTH'ur, v. n. To be condensed ; to grow larger by the accretion of similar matter ; to assemble ; to generate pus or matter. GATHER, gara'ur, s. 98. Pucker, cloth drawn together in wrinkles. GATHERER, gaTH'ur-ur, s. One th.n gathers, a collector ; one that gets in a crop of any kind. GATHERING, gaTH'ur-lng, s. Collection of charit- able contributions. GAUDE, gawd, s. An ornament, a fine thing. To GAUDE, gawd, V. n. To exult, to rejoice at any thing. GAUDERY, gaw'dr-e, S. Finery, ostentatious luxury of dress. GAUDILY, gaw'de-le, ad. Showily. GAUDINESS, gaw'de-n^s, s. Showiness, tinsel ap pearance. GAUDY, gaw'd, a. 213. Showy, splendid, osten- tatiously fine. GAUDY, gaw'de, s. A feast, a festival. GAVE, gave. The pret. of Give. GAVEL, gavll, s. 177. A provincial word for ground. GAVELKIND, gavll-kind, s. in law, a custom whereby the lands of the father are t qually divided at his death among all his sons. To GAUGE, gadje, v. a. 217. To measure with respect to the contents of a vessel ; to measure with regard to any proportion. GAUGE, gad]C, s. A measure, a standard. GAUGER, ga'jur, s.- One whose business is to mea- sure vessels or quantities. GAUNT, gant, a. 214. Thin, slender, lean, meagre. GAUNTLY, gant'le, ad. Leanly, slenderly, meagerly GAU GEN 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 me 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, move, 164.. GAUNTLET, gantlet, S. An iron glove used for defence, and thrown down in challenges. GAUZE, gawz, s. A kind of thin transparent silk. GAUNTREE, gan'tre^, s. 214. A wooden frame on which beer casks are set upon when tunned. GAWK, gawk, s. 219. A cuckow, a foolish fellow. GAY, ga, a. 220. Airy, cheerful, merry, frolick- some ; fine, showy. GAYETY, ga'e-te, s. Cheerfulness, airiness, merri- ment; acts of juvenile pleasure ; finery, show. GAYLY, ga'le, ad. Merrily, cheerfully, showily. GAYNESS, gh'n&S, S. Gayety, finery. To GAZE, gaze, v. n. To look intently and earnestly, to look with eagerness. CO Ben Jonson says in his Grammar, thai in the end of " many English words (where the letter z is ouly pro- perly used) it seems to sound as j, as in maze, gaze ; as on the contrary, words writ with s sound like z, as muse, hose, nose, &c, :" By which we may obsecve the differ- ence of pronunciation in two centuries, and that the al- teration has been in favour of analogy. GAZE, gaze, s. Intent regard, look of eagerness or wonder, fixed look ; the object gazed on. GAZER, ga'zur, s. He that gazes, one that looks intently with eagerness or admiration. GAZEFUL, gaze'ful, a- Looking intently. GAZEHOUND, gaze'hound, s. A hound that pur- sues not by the scent, but by the eye. GAZET, ga-zeV, s, A sma'l Venetian coin, the price of a newspaper, whence probably arose the name of Gazette. GAZETTE, ga-zeV, s. A paper of news, a paper of public intelligence. GAZETTEER, gaz-^t-teer', s. A writer of news. GAZINGSTOCK, ga'zlng-st&k, s. A person gazed at with scorn or abhorrence. GAZON, gaz-6on', s. In fortification, pieces of fresh earth covered with grass, cut in form of a wedge. See Encore. GEAR, g^r, S. 560. Furniture, accoutrements, dress, habit, ornaments ; the traces by which horses or oxen draw ; stuff. GECK, ge'k, s. 381. One easily imposed upon ; a bubble. 9Cj- This word, like several other old English words, is preserved among the lower order of people, in Ireland, and pronounced gag, though totally obsolete in England. GEESE, geese, s. 560. The plural of Goose. GELABLE, jl'a-bl, a. That may be congealed. 8S- I have differed from Mr Sheridan in the quantity of the first syllable of this word, not so much from the short e in the Latin gelabilis, whence it is derived, as from the analogy of English pronunciation. The ante- penultimate accent generally shortens every vowel but , unless formed by a diphthong. See Principles, No. 503, 535, 536. GELATINE, jel'a-tine, 149. GELATINOUS, j-jat1n-&s, Formed into a jelly. To GELD, geld, v. a. 560. Fret Gelded or Gelt. Part. pass. Gelded or Gelt. To castrate, to deprive of the power of generation ; to deprive of any essential part- GELDER, geld'Or, s. One that performs the act of castration. GELDER-ROSE, geTd&r-roze, s. A plant. GELDING, gel'dlng, s. 560. Any animal castrated, particularly a horse. GELtD, jeTid, a. Extremely cold. GELIDITY, je-Hd'e-t^, 1 GELIDNESS, jeTid-nes, } ' Extremc col(L GELLY, jelld, S. Any viscous body, viscidity, glue, gluey substance. GELT, gelt. Part. pass, of Geld. GEM, jm, S. A jewel, a precious stono of whatever kind ; the first bud. To GEM, jm, v. a. To adorn as with jewels or buds. 224 To GEM, je'm, v. n. To put forth the first buds. GEMELLIPAROUS, je'm-mel-Pip / pa-rus, a. 518. Bearing twins. To GEMINATE, je'm'me-nate, v. a. 91. To double. GEMINATION, jem-me-na'shun, s. Repetition, reduplication. GEMINI, je'm'e'-ni; S. The twins, the third sign in the Zodiack. GEMINY, jm'm-nd, s. Twins, a pair, a brace. GEMINOUS, jm'me-nus, a. Double. GEJIMAR, j^m'mar, a. Pertaining to gems or jewels. GEMMEOUS, jem'me'-us, a. Tending to gems ; resembling gems. GENDER, jeVdur, s. A kind, a sort, a sex ; a dis- tinction of nouns in grammar. To GENDER, jen'dar, v. a. To beget ; to produce, to cause. To GENDER, jeVdur, v. n. To copulate, to breed. GENEALOGICAL, je'-ne'-a-lodje'e-kil, a. Per- taining to descents or families. GENEALOGIST, je'-ne'-al'o-jlst, s. He who tnuvs descents. GENEALOGY, j-n-al'6-jd, s 518. History of the succession of families. IXJ- Common speakers, and those not of the lower order, are apt to pronounce this word as if written Genealogy ; but those who are ever so little attentive to propriety, preserve the a in its fourth sound. GENERABLE, jeWer-a-bl, a. That may be pro- duced or begotten. GENERAL, je'n'e'r-al, a. 88. Comprehending many species or individuals, not special ; lax in signification, not restrained to any special or particular import ; ni.t restrained by narrow or distinctive limitations ; relat- ing to a whole class or body of men ; publick, com pil- ing the whole ; extensive, though not universal ; com. mon, usual. GENERAL, jeVeV-al, s. The whole, the totality ; the publick, the interest of the whole ; the vulgar ; one that has the command over an army. GENERALISSIMO, je'n-e'r-al-ls'se-mo, s. The su- preme commander. GENERALITY, je'n-e'r-al'e^te, s. The state of being general ; the main body, the bulk. To GENERALIZE, jeVeV-al-ize, v. n. To arrange particulars under general heads. GENERALLY, jeVer-al-e 1 , ad. In general, without specification or exception ; extensively, though not universally ; commonly, frequently, in the main, without minute detail. GENERALNESS, jeVer-al-nes, s. Wide extent, though short of universality ; frequency, commonness. GENERALTY, je'n'e'r-al-te^ s. The whole, the greater part. GENERANT, jeVdr-ant, S. The begetting or pro- ductive power. To GENERATE, je'n'e'r-ate, r. a. To beget, to propagate ; to cause, to produce. GENERATION, jn-er-a'shun, s. The act of beget- ting or producing ; a family, a race ; a progeny, off- spring ; a single succession, an age. GENERATIVE, j&i'dr-a-tiv, a. 512. Having the power of propagation, prolifick ; having the power of production, fruitful. GENERATOR, jen'er-a-t&r, s. 166. 521. The power which begets, causes, or produces. GENERICAL, je-neVe-kil, \ GENERICK, je-nerMk, 509. } a ' That comprehends the genus, or distinguishes from another genus. GENERICALLY, j^-ner'e-kal-e, ad. With regard to the genus, though not the species. GENEROSITY, je'n-er-os'e-te, s. The quality of being generous, magnanimity, liberality. GENEROUS, jen'&r-us, a. 314. Not of meau birth, of good extraction ; noble of mind, magnani- mous ; open of heart, liberal, munificent ; strong, vigorous. GEN GEO n<5r 167, n&t 163 tube 171, tub 172, bill 173611 299 pound 313 thin 466, THIS 469, GENEROUSLY, jen'dr-us-le, ad, Not meanly with regard to birth ; magnanimously, nobly; liberally, munificently. GENEROUSNESS, jen'er.us-nes, s. The quality of being generous. GENESIS, jen'e- sis, s. Generation, the first book of Moses, which treats of the production of the world. GENET, jdn'nlt, 5. 99. A small well-proportioned Spanish horse. GENETHLIACAL, jen-e^-li'a-kal, a. Pertaining to nativities as calculated by astrologers. !O- For the g, see^Heterogeneoits. GENETHLIACKS, je-ne^A'le-aks, s. The science of calculating nativities, or predicting the future events of life, from the stars predominant at the birth. GENETHLIALOGY, je-nM-le-al'6-jS, s. 518. The art of calculating nativities. GENETHLIATICK, je-n&A-le-atlk, s. He who calculates nativities. GENEVA, je-ne'va, s. A distilled spirituous liquor. GENIAL, jeW-al, a. That contributes to propaga- tion , that gives cheerfulness, or supports life ; na- tural, native. GENIALLY, j^nei-al-le, ad. By genius, naturally; gayly, cheerfully. GENICULATED, je-nik'u-la-tM, a. Knotted, jointed. GENICULATION, je-nlk-u-la'shun, s. Knottiness. A mau of a particular turn of Parts belonging to GENIO, je'ne-o, s. mind. GENITALS, jen'e-talz, s. 88 generation. GENITING, jen'n^-tln, s. An early apple gathered in June. GENITIVE, jen'e-tlv, a. In grammar, the name of a case. GENIUS, je'ne-us, s. The protecting or ruling power of men, places, or things ; a man endowed with superior faculties ; mental power or faculties ; dispo- sition of nature by which any one is qualified for some peculiar employment ; nature, disposition. GENTEEL, jen-teel', a. Polite, elegant in behavi- our, civil ; grateful in mien. GENTEELLY, jdn-teelle, ad. Elegantly, politely ; gracefully, handsomely. GENTEELNESS, jen-teel'nCs, s. Elegance, grace- fulness, politeness ; qualities befitting a man of rank. GENTIAN, jen'shan, S. Felwort or baldmony. GENTIANELLA, jen-shan-el'la, s. A kind of blue colour. GENTILE, jen'tll, or jen'tlle, s. One of an un- covenanted nation, one who knows not the true God. SC3r In the Principles of Pronunciation, No. 140, I thought Mr Sheridan wrong in marking the in this word long, because it is contrary to analogy; but have since had occasion to observe, that this pronunciation is most agreeable to general usage. This word in gram- mar is used to signify people of different countries. A gentile substantive, is a noun which marks a particular country ; as a Venetian, a native of Venice : a gentile Jtdjective is an adjective formed from this substantive ; sis a Venetian domino. ism, paganism. peculiar to a nation ; hereditary, entailed on a family. GENTILITY, jn-tll'e-te, s. Good extraction ; elegance of behaviour, gracefulness of mien ; gentry GENTLE, able ; soothing, pacifick. GENTLEFOLK, jen'tl-foke, s. Persons distinguished by their birth from the vulgar. See Folk. GENTLEMAN, jn'tl-man, s. 88. A man of birth, a man of extraction, though not noble ; a man raised above the vulgar by his character or post ; a term of complaisance ; the servant that waits about the per- son of a man of rank ; it is used of any mau however high. 225 GENTILISM, j^n'tll-lzm, s. Heathen! GENTILITIOUS, jen-tll-lish'us, a. the~class of persons well born ; paganism, heathenism. E, jen'tl, a. 405. Soft, mild, tame, peace- GENTLEMANLIKE, jdn'tl-man-like, ? GENTLEMANLY, jn'tl-man-l, $ a ' Becoming a man of birth. GENTLENESS, jen'tl-n^s, s. Softness of mannert, sweetness of disposition, meekness. GENTLESHIP, jen'tl-shlp, s. Carriage of a gentle. man. GENTLEWOMAN, jen'tl-wum-un, s. A woman of birth above the vulgar, a woman well descended ; a woman who waits about the person of one of high rank ; a word of drill ty or irony. GENTLY, jen'tll, ad. Softly, meekly, tenderly ; softly, without violence. GENTRY, j^n'tr^, s. Class of people above the vulgar; a term of civility, real, or ironical. GENUFLECTION, j-nu-fi<5k'shun, s. The act of bending the knee ; adoration expressed by bending the knee. GENUINE, jen'u-in, a. 150. Not spurious. GENUINELY, j^n'u-ln-le, ad. Without adultera- tion, without foreign admixture, naturally. GENUINENESS, j&i'u-in-nes, s. Freedom from any thing counterfeit, freedom from adulteration. GENUS, j^nus, s. In science, a class of being comprehending under it many species, as Quadruped is a Genus comprehending under it almost all terres- trial beasts. GEOCENTRICK, je-6-sen'trlk, a. Applied to a planet or orb having the earth for its centre, or the same centre with the earth. GEOD^SIA, je-6-d^zhe-a, s. 452. That part of geometry which contains the doctrine or art of mea- suring surfaces, and finding the contents of all plane figures. GEOD^TICAL, je-6-dt'e-kal, a. Relating to the art of measuring^ surfaces. GEOGRAPHER, j^-og'gra-f fir, s. 116. 257. One who describes the earth according to the position of its different parts. GEOGRAPHICAL, je-6-grafe-kal, a. Relating to geography. GEOGRAPHICALLY, je-6-graf e-kal-e, ad. In a geographical manner. GEOGRAPHY, je-6g'gra-fe, s. 116. 257. 518. Knowledge of the earth. GEOLOGY, je-61'6-je, S. The doctrine of the earth. GEOMANCER, je'6-man-sur, s. A fortuneteller, a caster of figures. GEOMANCY, je'o-man-s^, s. 519. The act of foretelling by figures. GEOMANTICK, je-6-man'tik, a. Pertaining to the art of casting figures. GEOMETER, je-Sm'e-tur, s. One skilled In geometry, a geometrician. GEOMETRAL, j-6m'e-tral, Pertaining to geometry. GEOMETRICAL, je-o-mt/tre-kal, > GEOMETRICK, je-6-met/trik, 3 Pertaining to geometry ; prescribed or laid down by geometry ; disposed according to geometry. GEOMETRICALLY, je-6-mdt'tre-kal-^, ad. Accord- to the laws of geometry. GEOMETRICIAN, je-om-e-trlsh/un, s. One skilled in geometry. To GEOMETRIZE, je-&m'e-trize, v. n. To act according to the laws of geometry. GEOMETRY, je-om'me-tre, s. 116. 257. 518. The science of quantity, extension, or magnitude, ab- stractedly considered. GEOPONICAL, je-6-p5n'e-kal, a. Relating to agriculture. GEOPONICKS, je-6-p6u'lks, s. The science of cultivating the ground, the doctrine of agriculture. GEORGE, jorje, S. A figure of St George on horse- back, worn by the knights of the garter ; a brown loaf. GzORGICK, jor'jik, s. 116. Some part of the science of husbandry put into a pleasing dress, and set Q GEO GIL 1^-559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 me 93, m& 95 pine 105, pin 107 n6 162, off with all the beauties and embellishments of poetry. See Construe. GEORGICK, jor'jlk, a. Relating to the doctrine of agriculture. GEOTICK, je-Stlk, a. 509. Belonging to the earth. GERENT, jd're'nt, a. Carrying, bearing. GERMAN, ijeVman, s. 88. A first cousin. GERMAN, jeYman, a. Related. GERMANDER, jr-man'dur, s. A plant. GERSIE, jeVm, s. A sprout or shoot GERMIN, jeVmln, s. A shooting or sprouting seed. To GERMINATE, je^me-nate, v. n. To sprout, to shoot, to bud, to put forth. GERMINATION, jer-me-na'shun, s. Ths act of sprouting or shooting ; growth. GERUND, jeViind, s. In the Latin grammar, a kind of verbal noun, which governs cases like a verb. GEST, jst, S. A deed, an action, an achievement ; show, representation ; the roll or journal of the seve- ral days, and stages prefixed, in the progresses of kings. GESTATION, js-ta'sh&n, s. The act of bearing the young in the womb. To GESTICULATE, js-tik'ii-late, v. n. To play antick tricks, to show postures. GESTICULATION, jcs-tlk-u-la'slifin, s. Antick tricks, various postures. GESTURE, jeVtshure, s. 461. Action or posture expressive of sentiment ; movement of the body. To GET, gt, v. a. 381. Pret, / Got, anciently, Gat. Part pass. Got or Gotten. To procure, to ob- tain ; to beget upon a female ; to gain a profit ; to earn, to gain by labour ; to receive as a price or reward j to procure to be ; to prevail on, to induce ; to get oft, to sell or dispose of by some expedient. To GET, gt, V. n. 560. To arrive at any state or posture by degrees with some kind of labour, effort, or difficulty ; to find the way to ; to move ; to remove to; to have recourse to ; to go, to repair to ; to be a gainer; to receive advantage by ; to get oft", to escape ; to get over, to pass without being stopped ; to get up, to raise from repose, to rise from a seat ; to get in, to enter. GETTER, geVtur, s. One who procures or obtains ; one who begets on a female. GETTING, getting, s. Act of getting, acquisition ; gain, profit. GEWGAW, gu'gaw, s. 381. A showy trifle, a toy, a bauble. GEWGAW, gu'gaw, a. Splendidly trifling, showy without value. GHASTFUL, gast'ful, a. 390. Dreary, dismal, melancholy, fit for walking spirits. GHASTHNESS, gastle-ne's, s. Horrour of coun- tenance, resemblance of a ghost, paleness. GHASTLY, gastle, a. Like a ghost, having horrour in the countenance ; horrible, shocking, dreadful. GHASTNESS, gast'nes, s. Ghastliness, horrour of look. GHERKIN, ge'r'kin, s. A pickled cucumber. GHOST, gost, S. 390. The soul of a man ; a spirit appearing after death ; To give up the ghost, to die, to yield up the spirit into the hands of God ; the third person in the adorable Trinity, called the Holy Ghost. GnoSTLINESS, gostl^-n^S, s. Spiritual tendency, quality of having reference chiefly to the soul. GHOSTLY, g6st'le, a. Spiritual, relating to the soul, not carnal, not secular : having a character from religion, spiritual. GlANT, ji'ant, s. A man of size above the ordinary rate of men, a man unnaturally large. GIANTESS, ji'an-te's, s. A she giant. GIANTLIKE, ii'aiit-llke. 1 GiANTLY.ji'fnt-W, ^ \ a ' Gigantic*, vast GlANTSHIP, ji'ant-shlp, s. Quality or character o a giant. GlBBE, gib, S. 382. Any old worn out animal. To GlBBEU, gibl/fir, . n. 382. To speak inar- ticulately. 226 GIBBERISH, gH/bfir-lsh, s. 382. Cant, the private language of rogues and gipsies, words without meaning. GlBBET, jliyblt, S. A gallows, the post on which malefactors are hanged or on which their carcasses are exposed ; any tranverse beam. To GIBBET, jib'blt, v. a. To hang or expose on a gibbet, to hang on any thing going transverse. GIBBOSITY, gib-bos'e-te, s. Convexity, pro- minence, protuberance. GlBBOUS, gib'bus, a. 382. Convex, protuberant, swelling into inequalities; crooked-backed. GlBBOUSNESS, gib'bus-ne's, s. Convexity, pro- minence. GlBCAT, gUykat, S. 382. An old worn-out cat. To GlBE, jibe, v. n. To sneer, to join censorious- ness with contempt To GlBE, jibe, V. a. To scoff, to ridicule, to treat with scorn, to sneer, to taunt GlBE, jibe, s. Sneer, hint of contempt by word 01 looks, scoff. GlBER, ji'b&r, s. A sncerer, a scoffer, a taunter. GlBINGLY, jl'blng-le, ad. Scornfully, con- temptuously. GlBLETS, jll/le'ts, s. The parts of a goose which are cut oft' before it is roasted. GlDDILY, gld'd^-le, ad. With the head seeming to turn round ; inconstantly, unsteadily ; carelessly, heedlessly, negligently, GIDDINESS, gld'de-nes, S. The state of being giddy ; inconstancy, unsteadiness ; quick rotation, in- ability to keep its place. GlDDY, gld'de, a. 382. 560. Having in the head a whirl, or sensation of circular motion ; whirling ; in- constant, unsteady, changeful ; heedless, thoughtless, uncautious ; intoxicated. GIDDYBRAINED, gid'de-brand, a. Careless, thoughtless. GIDDYHEADED, gld'de-hed-^d, a. Without steadiness or constancy. GlDDYPACED, gld'de-paste, a. Moving without regularity. GlER-EAGLE, jeVe-gl, s. 405. An eagle of a particular kind. GlFT, gift, S. 382. A thing given or bestowed ; the act of gmng ; offering ; power, faculty. GlFTED, glf'tea, a. Given, bestowed ; endowed with extraordinary powers. GlG, gig, S. 382. Any thing that is whirled round in play. GIGANTICK, jl-gan'tik, a. 217. Suitable to a giant, big, bulky, enormous. To GIGGLE, gig'gl, v. n. 382. To laugh idly, to titter. GlGGLER, glg'gl-ur, S. A laugher, a titterer. GlGLET, gig'gl-it, properly Gigglel, S. A wanton, a lascivious girl. See Codle. GlGOT, jig'ut, S. 166. The hip joint To GILD, gild, v. a. 382. Pret. Gilded or Gilt. To overlay with thin gold ; to adorn with lustre ; ti brighten, to illuminate. See Guilt. GlLDER, gil'dur, s. One who lays gold on the surface of any other body ; a coin, from one shilling and sixpence to two shillings. GlLDING, gll'ding, s. Gold laid on any surface by way of ornament. GlLLS, gllz, S. 382. The aperture at each side of the fish's head ; the flaps that hang below the beak of a fowl ; the flesh under the chin. GlLL, jil, S. A measure of liquids containing the fourth part of a pint ; the appellation of a woman in ludicrous language ; the name of a plant, ground ivy, malt liquor, medicated with ground ivy. IXj" There cannot be a more striking proof of the in. convenience of having words written exactly alike, and pronounced differently according to their different s-igni- tiration, tlia.i the word gill, which, when it means the aperture below the head of a fish, is always pronounced with the g hard, as in guilt ; and when it signifies -a GIL GLA n3r 167, n&t 163 t&be 171, t&b 172, b&ll 173611 299 pSfind 313 thin 466, tms 469. woman or a measure of liquids, is always heard with the r soft, as if written Jill. To those who speak only from band to mouth, as we call it, this jumble of spelling and pronouncing creates no perplexity ; but to foreigner?, aad those Englishmen who regard the perspicuity and consistency of their language, this ambiguity is a real blemish. See Bowl. GlLLHOUSE, jil'house, s. A house where gill is sold. GlLLIFLOWER, J111e_flour, S. Corrupted from Julyflower. GlLT, gilt, s. 382. Golden show, gold laid on the surface of any matter. GlLT, gilt, 560. The part, of Gild, which see. Gl3I, Jim, a. Neat, spruce. An old word. GlMCRACK, jim'krak, s. A slight or trivial me- chani=m. GlMLET, gimlet, s. 382. A borer with a screw at its point. GlMP, gimp, s. 382. A kind of silk twist or lace. GlN, Jin, 5. A trap, a snare ; a pump worked by sails ; the spirit drawn by distillation from juniper berries. GlNGER, jln'jur, s. An Indian plant ; the root of that plant GINGERBREAD, jln'jur-brod, s. A kind of sweet- meat made of dough, and flavoured with ginger. GINGERLY, jirj'jur-le, ad. Cautiously, nicely. GlNGERNESS, jinjfrr-nes, s. Niceness, tenderness. GlNGIVAL, jln'je-val, a. Belonging- to the gums. To GlNGLE, jlng'gl, v. n. 405. To utter a sharp clattering noise ; to make an affected sound in periods or cadence. To GlNGLE, jln'gl, v. a. To shake so that a sharp shrill clattering noise should be made. GlNGLE, jlng'gl, s. A slirill resounding noise ; affectation in the sound of periods. GIXGLYMOID, glng'gle-moid, a. Resembling a ginglyrnus, approaching to a ginglymus. GlNGLYMUS, glng'gle-mus, s. A mutual indenting of two bones into each other's cavity, of which the elbow is an instance. GlNNKT, jln'net, S. A nag, a mule ; a degenerated breed. GINSENG, jin'seng, s. A Chinese root brought lately into Europe ; it is cordial and restorative. GlPSY, jip'se, S. 438. A vagabond who pretends to tell fortunes ; a reproachful name for a dark com. plexion ; a name of slight reproach to a woman. GlRASOLE, jlr'i-soie, s. The herb turnsol ; the To GIRD, gerd, v. a. 382. 560. Fret. Girded or Girt. To bind round ; to invest ; to cover round as with a garment ; to enclose, to encircle. R5" We may observe that the g in this and similar words has the same liquid sound as in those where it is followed by a and j long, and it may be accounted for in the same manner, 1)2. 1GO. The short e, which is the true sound of t in these words, it has been frequently ob- served, is not really the short sound of that letter, but of a slender, 66 ; and as r followed by another consonant has a tendency to lengthen the e as it does the a, 77. 81, we find the same effect produced ; that of interposing the sound of t nearly as if written egg-yura, &c. See Guard. To GIRD, gerd, v. n. To break a scornful jest, to gibe, to sneer. GlRDER, geVd&r, s. In architecture, the largest piece of timber in a floor. GlRDLE, g great majority of suffrages for the accent on the first syllable, which is the more agreeable to the analogy of our own language, are certainly sufficient to keep a plain Englishman in countenance for pronouncing the word in this manner ; but as it is a French word, and a military term, a military man would blush not to pronounce it a fa Francoise ; and notwithstanding the numbers for the other manner, I cannot but think this the more fashion- able. GLAD, glad, a. Cheerful, gay ; pleased, elevated with joy ; pleasing, exhilarating ; expressing gladness. To GLAD, glad, v. a. To make glad, to cheer, to exhilarate. To GLADDEN, glad'dn, v. a. 113. To cheer, to delight, to make glad, to exhilarate. Gl.ADE, glade, s. A lawn or opening into a wood. GLADFULNESS. gld'ful-nes, s. Joy, gladness. GLADIATOR, glad-de-a'tur, s. 534. A sword- player, a prize-fighter. Gl.ADI.Y, glid'le, ad. Joyfully, with merriment. GLADNESS, glad'nes, S. Cheerfulness, joy, exulta- tion. Gt.ADSOME, glad'sftm, a. Pleased, gay, delighted ; causing joy. GLADSOMELY, glid'sum-Ie, ad. With gaytty and delight. GLADSOMENESS, glad'sam-nes, s. Gayety, sliowi- ness, delight. GLAIRE, glare, s. The white of an egg ; a kind of halbert. To GLAIRE, glare, v. a. To smear with tho whifu Q2 GLA GLO ' 559. Fate 73, far 77, fill 83, fat 81 m.* 93, mt 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, move 1G4-, of an egg. This word is still used by the bookbind- ers. GLANCE, glanse, s. 78, 79. A sudden shoot of light or splendour ; a stroke or dart of the beam of sight ; a snatch of sight, a quick view. To GLANCE, glanse, v. n. To shoot a sudden ray of splendour ; to fly off in an oblique direction ; to view with a quick cast of the eye ; to censure by ob- lique hints. To GLANCE, glanse, v. a. To move nimbly, to shoot obliquely. GLANCINGLY, glan'slng-l, ad. In an oblique broken manner, transiently. GLAND, gland, s. A smooth fleshy substance which serves as a kind of strainer to separate some particular fluid from the blood. GLANDERS, glan'durz, s. A disease incident to horses. GLANDIFEROUS, glan-diffe-rus, a. Bearing mast, bearing acorns. GLANDULE, glan'dile, s. A small gland serving to the secretion of humours. GLANDULOSITY, glan-du-lSs'e-te 1 , s. A collection of glands. GLANDULOUS, glan'du-las, a. 294. Pertaining to the glands, subsisting in glands. To GLARE, glare, v. n. To shine so as to dazzle the eyes ; to look with fierce piercing eyes ; to shine ostentatiously. To GLARE, glare, v. a. To shoot such splendour as the eye cannot bear. GLARE, glare, s. Overpowering lustre, splendour, sucli as dazzles the eye ; a fierce piercing look. GLAREOUS, gla'r-us, a. Consisting of viscous transparent matter, like the white of an egg. GLARING, gla'ring, a. Applied to any thing very shocking, as a glaring crime. GLASS, glas, s. 79. An artificial substance made by fusing salts and flint or sand together, with a vehe- ment fire ; a glass vessel of any kind ; a looking-glass, a mirror ; a glass to help the sight ; an hour-glass, a glass used in measuring time by the flux of sand ; a cup of glass used to drink in ; the quantity of wine usually contained in a glass ; a perspective glass. GLASS, glas, a. Vitreous, made of glass. To GLASS, glas, v. a. To case in glass ; to cover with glass, to glaze. GLASSFURNACE, glas'fur-ms, s A furnace in which glass is made by liquefaction. GLASSGAZING, glas'ga-zing, a. Finical, often contemplating himself in a mirror. GLASSGRINDER, glas'grlnd-ur, s. One whose trade is to polish and grind glass. GLASSHOUSE, glas'house, s. A house where glass is manufactured. GLASSMAN, glas'man, s. 88. One who sells glass. GLASSMETAL, glas'me't-tl, s. Glass in fusion. GLASSWORK, glas'wfirk, s. Manufactory of glass. GLASSWORT, glas'wtirt, s. A plant. GLASSY, glas'se, a. Made of glass, vitreous ; resembling glass, as in smoothness, or lustre, or brit- tleness. GLASTONBURY THORN, glas-sn-ber-e- The stone on which edged instruments are sharpened. GR1 GRO nor 167, not 163 tube 171, tub 172, bull 173611 299 pound 313 thin 466, Tuis 409. GRINNER, giin'nar, s. 98. He that grins. GRINNING LY, grin'ning-le, ad. With a grinning laugh. GRIP, grip, S. A small ditch. To GuiPE, gripe, v. a. To hold with the fingers dosed ; to catch eageriy ; to seize ; to close ; to clutch j to pinch, to press, to squeeze. To GRIPE, gi'ipe, v. n. To pinch the body, to give the cholick. GRIPE, gripe, s. Grasp, hold ; squeeze, pressure ; oppression; pinching distress. GRIPES, grips, s. Belly-ache, cholick. GRIPER, gri'pur, s. 98. Oppressor, usurer. GRIPINGLY, grl'piiig-1^, ad. With pain in the guts. GRISAMBER, grls'am-bur, s. Used by Milton for aiubergrise. GIUSKIN, grisldn, s. The vertebrae of a hog broiled. GRISLY, grizle, a. Dreadful, horrible, hideous. GRIST, grist, S. Corn to be ground ; supply, pro- visions. GRISTLE, grls'sl, s. 472. A cartilage. GRISTLY, gris'sle, a. Cartilaginous. GRIT, grit, s. The coarse part of meal ; oats husk- ed, or coarsely ground ; sand, rough hard particles ; a kind of fossil ; a kind of fish. GRITTINESS, grlt't^-nSs, s. Sandiness, the quality of abounding in grit. GRITTY, grit'te, a. Full of hard particles. GRIZLELIN, grlz'zl-lln, a. More properly Gridelin. Having a pale red colour. GRIZZLE, griz'zl, s. 405. A mixture of white and black ; gray. GRIZZLED, griz'zld, a. 359. Interspersed with gray. GRIZZLY, griz'zle, a. Somewhat gray. To GROAN, grone, v. n. 295. To breathe with a mournful noise, as in pain or agony. GROAN, grone, S. Breath expired with noise and difficulty ; any hoarse dead sound. GROANFUL, grone'ful, a. Sad, agonizing. GllOAT, grawt, S. 295. A piece valued at four- pence ; a proverbial name for a small sum ; groats, oats that have the hulls taken off. GROCER, gro'sur, s. 98. A man who buys and sells tea, sugar, plums, and spices. IXj- Mr Nares observes tiiat this word ought to be written Grosser, as originally being one who dealt by the grost or wholesale. There is not, however, he observes, much chance that Grocer will give place to G roster ; especially as they no longer engross merchandise of all kinds, nor insist upon dealing in the gross alone. The other derivation of this word, from grossus, a fig, is not worth notice. GROCERY, gro'sur-, a. Grocers' ware, GROGERUM.) ^ r&m GROG RAM, \ b Stuff woven with a large woof and a rough pile. GROIN, groin, S. The part next the thigh. GROOM, groom, s. A servant that takes care of the stable. GROOVE, groov, S. A deep cavern or hollow ; a channel or hollow'cut with a tool. To GROOVE, groov, v. a. To cut hollow. To GROPE, grope, v. n. To feel where one can- not see. To GllOPE, grope, v, a. To search by feeling in the dark. GROSS, grose, a. 162. Thick, corpulent; shame- ful, unseemly ; intellectually coarse ; inelegant ; thick, not refined ; stupid, dull ; coarse, rough, opposite to delicate. K%- This word is irregular from a vanity of imitating therrench. In Scotland they pronounce this word re- gularly so as to rhyme with moss. Pope also rhymes it wilh this word. 235 This, however, must be looked upon as a poetical license ; for the sound seems now irrevocably fixed as it is marked, rhyming with jocose, verbose, &c. GROSS, grSse, S. The main body, the main force j the bulk, the whole not divided into its several parts ; the chief part, the main mass ; the number of twelve dozen. GROSSLY, gr6se / l, ad. Sulkily, in bulky parts, coarsely ; without subtilty, without art; without deli- cacy. CROSSNESS, gr6se'ns, S. Coarseness, not subtilty, thickness ; inelegant fatness, unwieldy corpulence ; want of refinement ; want of delicacy. GROT, grot, S. A cave, a cavern for coolness and pleasure. GROTESQUE, gro-tesk', a. Distorted in figure, un- natural. GROTTO, grot'to, s. A cavern or cave made for coolness. GROVE, grove, S. A walk covered by trees meeting above. To GROVEL, grov'vl, v. n. 102. To lie prone, to creep low on the ground ; to be mean, to be without dignity. GROUND, ground, s. 313. The earth, considered as solid or as low ; the earth as distinguished from air or water ; land, country ; region, territory ; farm, estate, possession ; the floor or level of a place ; dregs, lees, faeces ; the first stratum of paint upon which the figures are afterwards painted ; the funda- mental substance, that by which the additional or acci- dental parts are supported ; first hint, first traces of an invention; the first principles of knowledge ; the fun- damental cause ; the field or place of action ; the spare occupied by an army as they fight, advance, or retire ; the state in which one is with respect to opponents or competitors ; the foil to set a thing oft To GROUND, ground, v. a. To fix on the ground ; to found as upan cause or principle ; to settle in first principles or rudiments of knowledge. GROUND, ground. The pret. and part. pass, of Grind. GROUND-ASH, ground-ush', s. A sapling of ash taken from the ground. GROUND-BAIT, ground'bate, s. A bait made of barley or malt boiled, thrown into the place where you angle. GROUND-FLOOR, grdund'flore, s. The lower story of a house. GROUND-IVY, ground-l've', s. Alehoof, orturnhoof. GROUND-OAK, ground-oke 7 , s. A sapling oak. GROUND-PINE, ground-pine', s. A plant. GROUND-PLATE, g.-ound'plate, s. in architecture, the outermost pieces of timber lying on or near tliu ground, and framed into one another with mortices and tenons. GROUND-PLOT, ground'plot, s. The ground on which any building is placed ; the ichnography of a building. GROUND-RENT, ground're'nt, s. Rent paid for the privilege of building on another man's gruund. GROUND-ROOM, ground'room, s. A room on a level with the ground. GROUNDEDLY, ground'ed-le, ad. Upon firm principles. GROUNDLESS, ground1<5s, a. Void of reason. GROUNDLESSLY, ground'les-le, ad. Without reason, without cause. GROUNDLESSNESS, groundles-n^s, s. Want of just reason. GROUNDLING, groundling, s. A fish which keeps at the bottom of the water ; one of the vulgar. GROUNDLY, ground'le, ad. Upon principles, solidly. GROUNDSEL, groun'sil, s. A timber next tl/e ground ; a plant GROUNDWORK, grdund'wurk, s. The ground, tlu> GRO GUI ^ 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81, m^ 93, m& 95 pine 105, pin 107 116 162, move 104, first stratum; the first part of an undertaking, the fundamentals ; the first principles, original reason. GROUP, grfiop, s. 315. A crowd, a cluster, a huddle. To GROUP, group, p. a. To put into a crowd, to huddle together. jK^- This word is now more properly written Groupe, like the French word from which it comes to us. GROUSE, grouse, S. 313. A kind of fowl, a heath- cock. GROUT, grout, s. 313. Coarse meal, pollard ; that which purges oft', a kind of wild apple. To GROW, gro, v. n. 32-1. Pret. Grew. Part. pass. Grown. To vegetate, to have vegetable motion ; to be produced by vegetation ; to increase in stature ; to come to manhood from infancy ; to issue, as plants from a soil ; to increase in bulk, to become greater ; to improve, to make progress ; to advance to any state ; to come by degrees ; to be changed from one state to another; to proceed as from a cause; to adhere, to stick together ; to swell, a sea term. GROWER, gro'fir, s. 98. An increaser. To GROWL, groul, v. n. 323. To snarl or murmur like an angry cur, to murmur, to grumble. GROWN, grone. Part. pass, of Grow. Advanced in growth; covered or filled by the growth of any thing; arrived at full growth or stature. GROWTH, gr6tk, s. 324. Vegetation, vegetable life ; product, thing produced ; increase in number, bulk, or frequency; increase of stature, advance to maturity ; improvement, advancement To GRUB, grub, V. a. To dig up, to destroy by digging. GRUB, grub, S. A small worm that eats holes in bodies ; a thick short man, a dwarf. To GRUBBLE, gruMal, . n. 405. To feel in the dark. GRUB-STREET, gr&b'street, s. The name of a street in London, formerly much inhabited by writers of small histories, dictionaries, and temporary poems ; whence any mean production is called Grub-street. To GRUDGE, grudje, v. a. To envy, to see any advantage of another with discontent ; to give or take unwillingly. To GRUDGE, grudje, v. n. To murmur, to repine; to be unwilling, to be reluctant, to be envious. GRUDGE, grudje, s. Old quarrel, inveterate male- volence ; anger, ill-will ; envy, odium, invidious cen- Bure ; some little commotion, or forerunner of a disease. GRUDGINGLY, grud'jlng-le, ad. Unwillingly, malignantly. GRUEL, grill, s. 99. Food made by boiling oat- meal in water. GRUFF, gruf, a. Sour of aspect, harsh of manners. GRUFFLY, gruPle, ad. Harshly, ruggedly. GRUFFNESS, grufnes, s. Ruggedness of mien. GRUM, grum, a. Sour, surly. To GRUMBLE, grum'bl, v. n. 405. To murmur with discontent ; to growl, to snarl ; to make a hoarse rattle. GRUMBLER, grum'bl-ur, s. One that grumbles, a murmurer. GRUMBLING, gr&m'bl-lng, s. A murmuring through discontent GRUME, groom, s. 339. A thick viscid consistence of a fluid. GRUMLY, grumle, ad. Sullenly, morosely. GRUMMEL, grum'mel, s. An herb. GRUMOUS, grSo'm&s, a. 339. Thick, clotted. GRUMOUSNKSS, groo'mus-nes, s. Thickness of a coagulated liquor.^ GRUNSEL, grun'sil, s. 99. The lower part of the building. To GRUNT, grant, 7 To GRUNTLE, grunt'tl, 405. 5 To murmur like a hog. GUUNT, grunt, s. The noise of a hog. 236 GRUNTF.R, grun'tur, s. 98. He that grunts ; a kind of fish. GRUNTLING, gruntTing, s. A young hog. To GRUTCH, grutsh, v. n. To envy, to repine. GRUTCH, grutsh, s. Malice, ill-will. GUAIACUM, gwa'ya-kum, s. 340. A physica. wood, Lignum vitce. GUARANTEE, gar-ran-te', s. 332. A power who undertakes to see stipulations performed. To GUARANTY, gar'ran-te,- v. a. 92. To under. take to secure the performance of a treaty or stipula- tion between contending parties. To GUARD, gyard, v. a. 92. 160. To watch b> way of defence and security ; to protect, to defend ; to preserve by caution ; to provide against objections ; to adorn with lists, laces, or ornamental borders. To GUARD, gyard, v. n. 332. To be in a state of caution or defence. GUARD, gyard, s. 92. A man, or body of men, whose business is to watch ; a state of caution, a state of vigilance; limitation, anticipation of objection; an ornamental hem, lace, or border ; part of the hilt of a sword. JX5- This word is pronounced exactly like the noun yard, preceded by hard g, nearly as egg-yard. The same sound of y consonant is observable between hard g and a in other words. Nor is this a fanciful peculiarity, but a pronunciation arising from euphony and the analosrv of the language, 1'60. GUARDAGE, gyar'daje, s. 90. State of worship. GuARDER, gyar'dur, s. 98. One who guards. GUARDIAN, gyarW-an, or gyar'je-an, s. 293, 294, 376. One that has the care of an orphan ; one to whom the care and preservation of any thing is com. mitted. GUARDIAN, gyar'de-an, a. 293. 376. Performing the office of a kind protector or superintendant GUARDIANSHIP, gyar'de-an-shlp, s. The office of a guardian. GUARDLESS, gyardles, a. Without defence. GUARDSHIP, gyard'ship, s. Protection ; a king's ship to guard the coast GUBERNATION, gu-ber-na'shiin, s. Government, superintendency. GUDGEON, gud'jun, & 259. A small fish found in brooks and rivers; a person easily imposed on; something to be caught to a man's own disadvantage. GUERDON, ger'dun, s. 166. 560. A reward, a recompense. D&- I have differed from Mr Sheridan in the first syl- lable of this word, which he spells guvr. I have made the u mute, as in guess, not only as agreeable to the in angmsn ; out as tnese letters are not accented in me last word, the analogy is different, and the sound I have given remains still more agreeable to rule. To GUESS, gC'S, v. n. 336. To conjecture, to judge without any certain principles of judgment ; to conjee, ture rightly. To GUESS, ges, v. a. To hit upon by accident. GUESS, gs, S. 560. Conjecture, judgment with- out any positive or certain grounds. GuESSER, ges'sfir, s. Conjecturer, one who judges without certain knowledge. GuESSINGLY, ges'sing-le, ad. Conjecturaliy, un- certainly. entertainment To GUGGLE, g&g'gl, v. a. 405. To sound as water running with intermissions out of a narrow vessel. GuiACUM, g\ve-a1c&m, s. An improper spelling and pronunciation of Gtutiamm, which see. GuiDAGE, gyi'daje, s. 90. The reward given to guide. GUI GUT nor 167, nit 163 tube 171, t&b 172, bull 173611 299 pSfind 313 thin 466, THis 469. GUIDANCE, gyl'dSnse, s. Direction, government. ( GuLLYHOLE, guile-hole, s. The hole where the To GUIDE, gyide, v. a. 160. To direct; to go- j gutters empty^themselves in the subterraneous sewer. vem by counsel, to instruct; to regulate, to superin- I GuLOSITY, gu-lSs'e-t^, S. Greediness, gluttony, tend. voracity. GUIDE, gyide, s. One who directs another in his To GULP, gulp, v. a. To swallow eagerly ; to suck way; one who directs another in his conduct; direc- down without intermission. tor, regulator. GULP, gulp.S. As much as can be swallowed at once, it KofcSjM spe&lhlm^ %gS?SZS% GUM, gun,, s. A vegetable substance, differing from must be considered as double e, and must articulate the succeeding vowel as much as in yield. See Guard. GUIDELESS, gyide'les, a. Without a guide. GuiDER, gyi'dur, s. 98. Director, regulator, guide. GUILD, gild, S. 311. A society, a corporation, fra- ternity. GuiLE, gylle, S. 311. Deceitful cunning, insidious artifice. GUILEFUL, gyile'ful, a. Wily, insidious, mischiev- ously artful ; treacherous, secretly mischievous. GUILEFULLY, gyile'ful-e', ad. Insidiously, treach- erously. GuiLEFULNESS, gyuVful-nes, s. Secret treachery, tricking cunning. GUILELESS, gyile'lfe, a. without deceit, without insidiousness. GuiLER, gyile'ur, s. One that betrays into danger by insidious practices. GuiLT, gilt, s. 341. The state of a man justly charged with a crime ; a crime, an offence. J5= It is observed in Principles, No. 92. that when g comes before short a, the sound of e so necessarily inter- venes that we cannot pronounce these letters without it; but that when the a is long, as in regard, we may pro- nounce these two letters without the intervention of e, but that this pronunciation is not the most elegant. The same may be observed of the g hard, and the long and short i. We may pronounce guide and guile nearly as if written egg-ide, and egg-He, though not so properly as egg-yide, and egg-yile, but gild and guilt must neces- sarily admit of the e sound between hard g and i, or we cannot pronounce them. GUILTILY, gllt'e-le, ad. Without innocence. GUILTINESS, gllt'e-nes, s. The state of being guil- ty, consciousness of crime. GUILTLESS, glltl^s, a. Innocent, free from crime. GUILTLESSLY, gllt'15s-l, ad. Without guilt, in- nocently. GUILTLESSNESS, glltles-nes, s. Innocence, free- dom from crime. GUILTY, gil'te, a. Justly chargeable with a crime, not innocent ; wicked, corrupt. GUINEA, gln'ne, s. 311. A gold coin valued at one and twenty shillings. GUINEADROPPER, gin'iie-drSp'pur, s. One who cheats by dropping guineas. GUINEAHEN, gin'ne-hen, s. A small Indian hen. GUINEAPEPPER, gln'ne-pep'pur, s. A plant. GUINEAPIG, gln'ne-plg, s. A small animal with a pig's snout ; a kind of naval cadet in an East Indiaman. GUISE, gyize, S. 160. 311. Manner, mien, habit ; practice, custom, property ; external appearance, dress. GUITAR, git-tar', s. 341. A stringed instrument of musick. GuLES, gulz, a. Red, a term used in heraldry. Gui.F, gulf, S. A bay, an opening into land ; an abyss, an immeasurable depth ; a whirlpool ; a suck- ing eddy ; any thing insatiable. GuLFY, gul'fe, a. Full of gulfs or whirlpools. To GULL, gill, V. a. To trick, to cheat, to defraud. GULL, gul, s. A sea bird ; a cheat, a fraud, trick ; a stupid animal, one easily cheated. GULLCATCIIER, gul'k;\tsh-ur, s. A chsat. GuLLER, gul'lur, s. 8. A cheat, an impo.-tor. GuLI.ERY, gCil'lur-e, S. Cheat, imposture. GULLET, gCil'lit, s. 99. The throat, the meatpipe. To GULLY, guile, v. n. To run with noise. 237 a resin in being more viscid, and dissolving in aqueous menstruums ; the fleshy covering which contains the teeth. To GUM, gum, v. a. To close with gum. GuMMINESS, gum'mt*-nes, s. The state of being gummy. Gf.M.MOSiTY, gum-m&s'se-te, s. The nature of gum, gumminess. GUMMOUS, gum'mus, a. 311. Of the nature of gum. GuMMY, gum'm, a. Consisting of gum, of the nature of gum ; productive of gum ; overgrown with r, gam ' 2 GUN, gun, s. The general name of fire-arms, the instrument by which shot is discharged by fire. GUNNEL, gun'nil, s. 99. Corrupted from Gunwale. GUNNER, gun'nfir, s. 98. A cannonier, he whose employment is to manage the artillery in a ship. GUNNERY, gun'nur-d, s. The science of artillery. GUNPOWDER, gun'pou-dur, s. The powder put into guns to be tired. GUNSHOT, gun'shfit, s. The reach or range of a gun. GUNSHOT, gun'shSt, a. Made by the shot of a gun. GUNSMITH, gun'sml/A, s. A man whose trade ia to make guns. GuNSTICK, gun'stlk, s. The rammer. GuNSTOCK, gun'stSk, s. The wood to which the barrel of a gun is fixed. GuNSTONE, gun'stone, S. The shot of cannon. GUNWALE, or GUNNEL, gun'nil, s. That piece of timber which reaches on either side of the ship from the half-deck to the forecastle. GuRGE, gurje, s. Whirlpool, gulf. GURGION, gur'jun, .1. 259. The coarser part of meal, sifted from the bran. To GURGLE, g&r'gl, v. n. 105. To fall or gush with noise, as water from a bottle. GURNET**' } & &r/nit ' *' "' A Und f Sea - fish ' To GUSH, gush, v. n. To flow or rush out with violence, not to spring in a small stream, but in a large body ; to emit in a copious effluxion. GUSH, gush, s. An emission of liquor in a large quantity at once. GUSSET, gus'slt, s. 99. Any thing sewed on to cloth, in order to strengthen it GUST, gust, S. Sense of tasting ; height of percep- tion ; love, liking ; turn of fancy, intellectual taste ; a sudden violent blast of wind. GUST ABLE, giis'tu-bl, a. 105. To be tasted ; pleasant to the taste. GUSTATION, gus-ta'shun, s- The act of tasting. GuSTFUL, gust'ful, a. Tasteful, well-tasted. GuSTO, gus'to, s. The relish of any thing, the power by which any thing excites sensations in the pa- late ; intellectual taste, liking. GUSTY, gus'te, a. Stormy, tempestuous. GUT, gut, S. The long pipe reaching with many convolutions from the stomach to the vent ; the sto- mach, the receptacle of food, proverbially ; gluttony, love of gormandizing. To GUT, gut, v. a. To eviscerate, to draw ; to take out the inside ; to plunder of contents. GuTTATED, gut'ta-t^d, a. Besprinkled with drops, bedropped. GUTTER, gut'tur, s. E8. A passage for water. GUT HAI ^ 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 me* 93, m& 95 pine 105, pin 107 no 162, mSve 164-, To GUTTER, g&t'tur, v. a. To cut in small holiows. To GUTTLE, gut'tl, v. n. 405. To feed luxurious- ly? to gormandize. A low word. To GUTTLE, gut'tl, v. a. To swallow. GUTTLER, gut'tl-ur, *. 98. A greedy eater. GUTTULOUS, gut'tshu-l&s, a. 463. In the form of a small drop. GUTTURAL, gfit'tshu-ral, a. 463. Pronounced in the throat, belonging to the throat. GUTTURALNESS, gut'tshu-ral-nes, s. The quality of being guttural. GUTWORT, g&t'wurt, s. An herb. To GUZZLE, guz'zl, . n. 405. To gormandize, to feed immoderately, to swallow any liquor greedily. To GUZZLE, guz'zl, v. a. To swallow with im- moderate gust. GUZZLER, guz'zl-ur, s. 98. A gormandizer. GYBE, jibe, s. A sneer, a taunt, a sarcasm. To GYBE, jibe, v. n. To sneer, to taunt GYMNASTICALLY, jim-nas / t-kal-e', ad. Athleti- cally, fitly for strong exercise. GYMNASTICKjjim-nas'tlk, a. Relating to athletick exercises. 8&- In this word and its relatives we not unfrequently hear the g hard, as in Gimlet, for this learned reason, because they are derived from the Greek. For the very same reason we ought to pronounce the g in Genesis, Geography, Geometry, and a thousand other words, hard, which would essentially alter the sound of our language. Mr Sheridan has very properly given the soft g to these words ; and Mr Nares is of the same opinion with re- spect to the propriety of this pronunciation, but doubts of the usage ; there can be no doubt, however, of the ab- surdity of this usage, and of the necessity of curbing it as much as possible. See Principles, No. 350. GYMNICK, jlm'mk, a. Such as practise the athletick or gymnastick exercises. GYMNOSPERMOUS, jlm.no-sp^r'rn&s, a. Having the seeds naked. GYRATION, ji-ra'shun, S. The act of turning any thing about. GYRE, jire, S. A circle described by any thing going in an orbit. GYVES, jivz, s. Fetters, chains for the legs. 3Cj- Mr Shrridan and Mr Scott make the g in this word hard ; but Mr Klphinston, Dr Kenrick, and Mr Perry, with more propriety, make it soft as I have mark, ed it. Mr Nares makes the sound doubtful ; but this majority of authorities, and agreeableupss to analogy have removed my doubts, and made me alter my former opinion. To GYVE, jive, v. a. To fetter, to shackle. H HA, ha, inter}. An expression of wonder, surprise, sudden question, or sudden exertion ; an expression of laughter, when often repeated. HAAK, hake, s. A fish. HABERDASHER, hab'fir-dash-ur, s. One who sells small wares, a pedlar. HABERDINE, hab-ur-deen', s. Dried salt cod. HABERGEON, hab-beVje-on, s. Armour to cover tlie nock and breast JJT"?- This word is analogically accented on the second Fylliible : but Johnson, in all the editions of his Diction- ary, lias the accent on the first, though his authorities are against him. HABILIMENT, ha-bll'e-me'nt, s. Dress, clothes ; garments. To HABILITATE, ha-bU'e. tate, v. a. To qualify, to entitle. HABJLITATION, ha-bil-e-ta'shun, s. Qualification. 238 HABILITY, ha-bil'e-te, s. Faculty, power. HABIT, hal/it, S. State of any thing, as habit of body ; dress, accoutrement ; habit is a power or ability in man of doing any thing by frequent doing ; custom, inveterate use. To HABIT, habit, v. a. To dress, accoutre. HABITABLE, hab'e-ta-bl, a. Capable of being dwelt in. HABITABLENESS, hab'e.-ta-bl-nes, s. Capacity of being dwelt in. , HABITANCE, hat/e-tanse, s. Dwelling, abode. HABITANT, hal/e-tant, s. Dweller, one that lives in any place. HABITATION, hab-e-ta'shun, s. The act of dwell- ing, the state of a place receiving dwellers ; a place of abode, dwelling. HABITATOR, hal/eUta-tur, s. Dweller, inhabitant HABITUAL, hl-bitsh'u-al, a. 461. Customary, accustomed, inveterate. HABITUALLY, ha-bitsh'u-al-e, ad. Customarily, by habit HABITUDE, ha^e-tude, S. Familiarity, converse, frequent intercourse ; long custom, habit, inveterate use ; the power of doing any thing acquired by fre- quent repetition. HABNAB, hab'nab, ad. At random, at the mercy of chance. To HACK, hak, v. a. To cut into small pieces, to chop ; to spe-fik unreadily, or with hesitation. To HACK, hak, v. n. To turn hackney or pros- titute. HACKLE, hak'kl, s. 405. Raw silk, any filmy substance unspun. To HACKLE, hak'kl, v. a. To dress flax. HACKNEY, hak'ne, > HACK, hak, J * A hired horse ; a hireling, a prostitute ; any thing let out for hire ; a. Much used, common. To HACKNEY, hak'ne, v. a. To practise in one thing, to accustom to the mad. HAD, had. The pret and part. pass, of Have. HADDOCK, had'duk, s. 166. A sea fish of the cod kind. HAFT, haft, S. 78, 79. A handle, that part of an instrument that is taken into the hand. To HAFT, haft, v. a. To set in a haft HAG, hag, s. A fury, a she monster ; a witch, an enchantress ; an old ugly woman. To HAG, hag, v. a. To torment, to harass with terrour. HAGGARD, hag'gard, a. Wild, untamed, irri-- "claimable ; lean ; ugly, rugged, deformed. HAGGARD, hag'gard, S. Any thing wild or irre- claimable ; a species of hawk. HAGGARDLY, bag'gard-le, ad. Defonr.edly, wildly. HAGGISH, hag'gish, . Of the nature of a Imt, deformed, horrid. To HAGGLE, hag'gl, . a. 405. To cut, to chop, to mangle. To HAGGLE, hag'gl, v. n. To be tedious in a bargain, to be long in coming to the price. HAGGLER, hAg'gl-ur, s. 98. One that cui- that is tardy in bargaining. HAH, ha, intcrj. An expression of some sudden effort. HAIL, hale. S. Drops of rain frozen in their falling-. To HAIL, hale, V. n. To pour down hail. HAIL, hale, inter). A term of salutation. To HAIL, hale, v. a. To salute, to call to. HAILSHOT, hale'shot, s. Small shot scattered like hail. HAILSTONE, hale'stone, s. A particle or single ball of hail. HAH.Y, hale, ad. Con^i.-ling- of hail HAI HAM nor 167, nit 163 tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173 oil 299 pound 313 ^Ain 466, THIS 469. Praise ye tlw HATR, hare, s. One of the common teguments of the body ; a single hair ; any thing proverbially small. HAIRBRAINED, hare'brand, . 359. Wild, irre gular. HAIRBELL, hare'biH, s. The name of a flower, the hyacinth. HAIRBREADTH, hare'bred^, s. A very smal. distance. HAIRCLOTH, hare / kl&$, s. Stuff made of hair, very rough and prickly, worn sometimes in mortifica- tion. HAIRLACE, harelase, s. The fillet with which women tie up their hair. HAIRLESS, hare'les, a. Without hair. HAIRINESS, ha're-ns, s. The state of being cover- ed with hair. HAIRY, ha/re, a. Overgrown with hair ; consist- ing of hair. HAKE, hake, HAKOT, hak'ut, 166. HALBERD, hall'burd, s. 98. A battle-axe fixed on a long pole. HALBERDIER, hall-bur-deer / , s. One who is arm- ed with a hr.lberd. HALCYON, hal'she-un, S. 166. A bird that is said to breed in the sea, and that there is always a calm during her incubation. HALCYON, hal'she-un, a. 357. Placid, quiet, still. HALE, hale, a. Healthy, sound, hearty. To HALE, hale, or hawl, v. a. To drag by force to pull violently. 1x5- This word in familiar language, is corrupted be. yond recovery into haul ; but solemn speaking still re- quires the regular sound, rhyming with pale ; the otlu-r sound would, in this case, be gross and vulgar. See To Haul. HALER, halur, or hawl'ur, s. 98. He who pulls and hales. HALF, haf, s. 78. 401. A kind of fish. A moiety, one of two equal parts; it sometimes has a plural signification when a number is divided. HALF, haf, ad. In part, equally. HALF-BLOOD, blPblud, s. One not born of the ! same father and mother. HALLELUJAH, hal-le-lo^ya, s. Lord ! A song of thanksgiving. HALLOO, hal-166', interj. A word of encourage- ment when the dogs are let loose on their game. To HALL > OO,hal-166 / ,i;. n. To cry as after the dogs. To HALLOO, hal-166', v. a. To encourage with shouts ; to chase with shouts ; to call or shout to. To HALLOW, hallo, v. a. To consecrate, to make holy ; to reverence as holy, as, Hallowed be thy name 1X5- In pronouncing the Lord's Prayer, we sometimes hear the participle of this word pronounced like that of the word Hollow. This arises from not attending to the distinction made by syllabication between the single and double I : the double I in the same syllable deepens the a to the broadest sound, as in tall ; but when one of the liquids is carried off to the next syllable, the a has its short and slender sound, as tal-low ; the same may be observed of hall and hallow, &c. See Principles, No. 85. HALLUCINATION, hal-lu-se-iia'shun, s. Errour, blunder, mistake. HALM, hawm, s. straw. ijQ- This is Dr Johnson's pronunciation of this word. HALO, ha'lo, s. A red circle round the sun or mcon. HALSER, haw'sur, s. A r6pe less than a cable. To HALT, halt, v. n. To "imp, to be lame ; to stop in a march ; to hesitate, to stand dubious ; to fail. to falter. HALT, halt. a. Lame, crippled. HALT, halt, s. The act of limping, the manner of limping ; a stop in march. HALTER, hal'tur, s. He who limps. HALTER, hal'tfir, s. A rope to hang malefactors ; a cord, a strong string. To HALTER, hal'tur, v. a. To bind with a cord ; to catch in a noose. To HALVE, hav, v. a. 78. To divide into two parts. HALVES, havz, s. Plural of Half. HALVES, havz, interj. An expression by which any one lays claim to an equal share. HAM, ham, s. The hip, the hinder part of the Srticulation of the thigh ; the thigh of a hog salted. HAMADRYAD, ham'a-dri-ad, s. One of the nymphs who were supposed to reside in woods and H rat L e F ' BL DEDj ^^^^^ " Mean > degen HALF-MOON, haf-m66n', s. The moon in its ap- ' HAMMER, ham'mur, s. 98. The instrument, con- pearance when at half increase or decrease. HALF-PENNY, ha'p^n-ne, s. A copper coin of which two make a penny. iXj- This word is not only deprived of half its sound, but even what is left is grossly corrupted ; sounding the n as in half, is provincial and rustick. HALF-PIKE, haPplke, S. The small pike carried by officers. HALF-SEAS-OVER, haPsez-6'vur, a. A proverbial expression for one far advanced. It is commonly used of one half drunk. HALF-SPHERE, haPsfere, s. Hemisphere. HALF-STRAINED, haPstrand, a. Half-bred, im- perfect. HALF-SWORD, haPsord, s. C'ose fight. HALF,-WAY, haPwa, ad. In the middle. HALF-WIT, haPwit, s. fellow. HALIBUT, holle-but, s. HALIMAS, hol'le-maS. S. The feast of All-souls. HALITCOUS, ha-Htsh'u-u?, a. 4C3. Vaporous, fumous. HALL, hall, s. A court of justice ; a manor-house, so called because in it were held courts for the tenants ; the publick room of a corporation; the first large room at tnc entrance of a house. 239 A blockhead, a foolish A sort of fish. sisting of a long handle and heavy head, with which any thing is forced or driven. HAMMERCLOTH, ham'mur-kl6^, s. The. clotb upon the seat of the coach-box. 1X5- A critick in the Gentleman's Magazine gives the following etymology of this word, which we do not find in any of our dictionaries ; "When coaches and chariots were first introduced, onr frugal ancestors used to load the carriage with provisions for the family when they came to London. 1 he hainpee, covered with a cloth, was a convenient repository, am! ;i seat for the coachman. This was afterwards converti-1 into a box. Hammer.cloth is therefore very probably a corruption of hamper-cloth." If the derivation of this word were worth spending a thought upon, I should think, that as the sent of thi> coachman is not boarded, but slung like a hummock, the word is rather a corruption of hammock-cloth. To HAMMER, ham'mur, v. a. To beat with a hammer ; to forge or form with a hammer ; to work iu the mind, to contrive by intellectual labour. To HAMMER, ham'mur, v. n. To work, to be busy ; to be in agitation. HAMMERER, ham'mur-rur, s. He who works with a hammer. HAMMERIIARD, ham'mur-hard, a. Made hard with much hamn:ering. HAMMOCK, ham'muk, s. 166. A swinging bei. HAM HAR @- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 me 93, met 95 pine 105, pin 107 n6 162, mfive 164, HAMPER, hamp'ur, s. 98. A large basket for carriage. To HAMPER, hamp'ur, v. a. To shackle, to ontangle ; to ensnare ; to perplex, to embarrass ; to put in a hamper. HAMSTRING, ham'strlng, s. The tendon of the ham. To HAMSTRING, ham'strlng, v. a. Prct. and part, pass. Hamstrung. To lame by cutting the tendon of the ham. HANAPER, han'a-p&r, s. 98. A treasury, an ex- chequer. HAND, hand, s. That member of the body which reaches from the wrist to the fingers' end ; measure of four inches ; side, right or left ; part, quarter ; ready payment ; rate, price ; workmanship, power or act of manufacturing or making ; act of receiving any thing ready to one'e hand ; reach, nearness, as, at hand, within reach ; state of being in preparation ; cards held at a game ; that which is used in opposition to another, transmission, conveyance ; possession, power ; pres- sure of the bridle ; method of government, discipline, restraint ; influence, managament ; that which per- forms the office of a hand in pointing ; ageut, person employed ; giver and receiver ; a workman, a sailor ; form or cast of writing ; Hand over head, negligently ; rashly ; Hand to hand, close fight ; Hand in hand, in union, conjointly ; Hand to mouth, as want requires ; To bear in hand, to keep in expectation, to elude ; To be hand and glove, to be intimate and familiar. To HAND, hand, v. a. To give or transmit with the hand ; to guide or lead by the hand ; to seize, to lay hands on ; to transmit in succession, to deliver down from one to another : Hand is much used in com. position for that which is manageable by the hand, as, a hand-saw ; or borne in the hand, as, a hand-barrow. HAND-BASKET, hand'bas-klt, s. A portable basket HAND-BELL, hand'bel, s. A bell rung by the hand. HAND-BREADTH, hand'brgdrt, s. A space equal to the breadth of the hand. HANDED, han'ded, a. With hands joined. HANDER, han'dur, s. Transmitter, conveyer in succession. HANDFAST, hand'fast, s. Hold, custody. HANDFUL, hand'ful, s. As much as the hand can gripe or contain ; a small number or quantity. HAND-GALLOP, hand'gal-lup, s. A slow easy gallop. HANDGUN, hand'gun, s. A gun wielded by the hand. HANDICRAFT, han'de-kraft, s. Manual occupa- tion. HANDICRAFTSMAN, han'de-krafts-man, s. 88. A manufacturer, one employed in manual occupation. HANDILY, han'de-le, ad. With skill, with dexterity. HANDINESS, han'de-nes, s. Readiness, dexterity. HANDIWORK, ban'de-wurk, s. Work of the hand, product of labour, manufacture. HANDKERCHIEF, hang'ker-tshif, s. A piece of silk or linen used to wipe the face, or cover the neck To HANDLE, han'dl, ;. a. 405. To touch, to feel with the hand ; to manage, to wield, to make fa- miliar to the hand by frequent touching ; to treat in discourse ; to deal with, to practise ; to treat well or ill ; to practise upon, to do with. HANDLE, han'dl, s. 405. That part of any thing by which it is held in the hand ; that of which use is made. HANDLESS, handles, a. Without a hand. HANDMAID, hand'made, s. A maid that waits at hand. HANDMILL, hand'mil, s. A mill moved by the hand. HANDS OFF, handz-ofP, interj. A vulgar phrase for Keep off, forbear. HANDSAILS, halld'salz, S. Sails managed by the hand. HANDSAW, hand'suw, s. A saw manageable by the h.md. 240 HANDSEL, han'sCl, s. The first act of using any thing, the first act of any thing, the first act of sale the money taken for the first sale. To HANDSEL, han'sel, v. a. To use or do an; thing the first time. HANDSOME, han'sfrm, a. Beautiful, graceful ; elegant ; ample, liberal, as, a handsome fortune ; ge- nerous, noble, as, a handsome action. HANDSOMELY, han'sum-l, ad. Beautifully, gracefully ; elegantly, neatly ; liberally, generously. HANDSOMENESS, han'sum-nes, s. Beauty, grace, elegance. HANDVICE, hand'vise, s. A vice to hold small work in. HANDWRITING, hand-ri'tlng, s. A cast or form of writing peculiar to each hand. HANDY, han'dl, a. Executed or performed by the hand ; ready, dexterous, skilful, convenient. HANDYDANDY, han'de-dan'de, s. A play in which children change hands and places. To HANG, hang, v. a. 409. Pret. and part pass. Hanged or Hung, anciently Hong. To suspend, to fasten in such a manner as to be sustained, not below, but above ; to place without any solid support ; to choak and kill by suspending by the neck ; to display, to show aloft ; to decline ; to fix in such a manner as in some directions to be moveable ; to furnish with ornaments or draperies fastened to the wall. To HANG, hang, v. n. To be suspended, to be supported above, not below ; to dangle ; to rest upon by embracing; to hover, to impend; to be compact or united ; to adhere ; to be in suspense, to be in a state of uncertainty ; to be delayed, to linger ; to be depen- dent on ; to Be fixed or suspended with attention ; to have a steep declivity ; to be executed by the halter ; to decline, to tend down. HANGER, hang'ur, s. 409. That by which auy thing hangs, as the pothangers. HANGER, hang'ar, s. 98. A short broad sword. HANGER-ON, hang-iir-on', s. A dependant. HANGING, hang'Ing, s. 410. Drapery hung or fastened against the walls of a room. HANGING, hang'Ing, part. a. Foreboding death by the halter ; requiring to be punished by the halter HANGMAN, hang'man, s. 88. The publiok ex- ecutioner. HANK, hangk. s. A skein of thread. To HANKER, hangk'iir, v. n. To long importu- nately. HA'NT, ha'nt, 80. For Has not, or Have not. HAP, hap, S. Chance, fortune ; that which happens by chance or fortune ; accident, casual event, misfor- tune. HAP-HAZARD, hap-haz'urd, s. 88. Chance, ac- cident. To HAP, hap, V. n. To come by accident, to fall out, to happen. HAPLY, hap'le, ad. Perhaps, peradventure, it may be ; bj' chance, by accident HAPLESS, hap'les, a. Unhappy, unfortunate, luck- less. To HAPPEN, hap'pn, v. n. 405. To fall out by chance, to come to pass ; to light on by accident. HAPPILY, hap'pe-le, ad. Fortunately, luckily, successfully ; addressfull y, gracefully, without labour ; in a state of felicity. HAPPINESS, hap'pe-nes, s. Felicity, state in which the desires are satisfied.; good luck, good fortune. HAPPY, hap'pe, a. In a state of felicity ; lucky, successful, fortunate ; addressful, ready. HARANGUE, ha-ring', s. 337. A speech, a popu- lar oration. To HARANGUE, ha-rang', r. n. To make a speech. HARANGUER, ha-rang'ur, S. An orator, a publick speaker. To HARASS, har'as, v. a. To weary, to fatigue HARASS, har'as. .9. Waste, disturbance. HAR HAR nor 167, nit 163 tube 171, tub 172, dull 173611 299 pound 313 thin 466, THIS 469. HARBINGER, har'bln-jur, S. A forerunner, a precur- sor. HARBOUR, harfyur, s. 314. A lodging, a place of entertainment ; a port or haven for shipping ; an asy. lum, a shelter. To HARBOUR, harlsur, v. n. To receive entertain, ment, to sojourn. To HARBOUR, har'bur, v. a. To entertain, to per- mit to reside ; to shelter, to secure. HARBOURAGE, blr'bur-aje, s. 90. Shelter, enter- tainment. HARBOURER, har'bar-ur, s. 98. One that enter- tains another. HARBOURLESS, har'bur-les, a. Without harbour. HARD, hard, a. 78. Firm, resisting penetration or separation ; difficult, not easy to the intellect ; difficult of accomplishment ; painful, distressful, laborious ; cruel, oppressive, rigorous ; sour, rough, severe ; in- sensible, untouched ; unhappy, vexatious ; vehement, keen, severe, as, a hard winter ; unreasonable, unj ust ; forced, not easily granted ; austere ; rough, as liquids; harsh, stiff, constrained; not plentiful, not prosper- ous ; avaricious, faultily sparing. HARD, hard, ad. Close, near, as, hard by ; dili- gently, laboriously, incessantly ; uneasily, vexatious- ly, distressfully ; fast, nimbly ; with difficulty ; tem- pestuously, boisterously. HARDBOUND, hardnbound, a. Costive. To HARDEN, har'dn, v. a. 103. To make hard ; to confirm in effrontery, to make impudent ; to con- firm in wickedness, to make obdurate ; to make insen- sensible, to stupify ; to make firm, to endue with con- stancy. HARDENER, har'dn-ur, s. One that makes any thing hard. HARDFAVOURED, hard'fa-vurd, a. Coarse of fea- ture. HARDHANDED, hard / han-ded, a. Coarse, mechan- ick. HARDHEAD, hardllM, S. Clash of heads ; a hard contest. HARDHEARTED, hard-hart/ed, a. Cruel, inexor- able, merciless, pitiless. HARDHEARTEDNESS, hard-hlrt'3d-nes, s. Cru- elty, want of tenderness. HARDIHEAD, har/de-h^d, 7 HARDIHOOD, har'de-hud, 307. } s- Stoutness, bravery. Obsolete. HARDIMENT, har'de-ment, s. Courage, stoutness, bravery, act of bravery. HARDINESS, har'de-nes, s. Hardship, fatigue ; stoutness, courage, bravery ; effrontery, confidence. HARDLABOURED, hard-la'burd, a. 362. Elabo- rate, studied. HARDLY, hardle, ad. With difficulty, not easily ; scarcely, scant ; grudgingly; severely ; rigorously, op- pressively ; harshly, not tenderly, not delicately. HARDMOUTHED, hard-mouTHd', a. Disobedient to the rein, not sensible of the bit. HARDNESS, hard'n^s, s. Power of resistance in bodies ; difficulty to be understood ; difficulty to be accomplished ; scarcity, penury ; obscurity, profligate- ness ; coarseness, harshness of look ; keenness, vehe- mence of weather or seasons ; cruelty of temper, sav- ageness, harshness ; faulty parsimony, stinginess. HARDOCK, har'dSk, s. I suppose the same with Burdock. HARDS, hardz, s. The refuse or coarser part of flax. HARDSHIP, llird'ship, s. Injury, oppression ; in- convenience, fatigue. HARDWARE, hard'ware, s. Manufactures of metal. HARDWAREMAN, hard'ware-man, s. A maker or seller of metalline manufactures. HARDY, har'de, a. Bold, brave, stout, daring ; strong, hard, firm. HARE, hare, S. A small quadruped, remarkable for timidity, vigilance, and fecundity; a constellation. 241 H AREBELL, b.are'bel, S. A blue flower of ths bell shape. HAIRBRAINED, hare'brand, . Volatile, un- settled, wild. HAREFOOT, hare'fut, s. A bird ; an herb. HARELIP, hare'llp, s. A fissure in the upper lip with want of substance. HARESEAR, harz'eer, s. A plant HARICOT, har'e-ko, s. French. A kind of ragout, generally made of meat steaks and cut roots. HARIER, bar're-ur, s. A dog for hunting hares. DCr Either the spelling or the pronunciation of this word should be altered. The spelling necessarily requires the a long, as in hare ; and the pronunciation demands the r to be doubled. The most rational alteration would be to pronounce it with the a long, and to let the other pronunciation be considered as the language of the stable and the field. See Leash. To HARK, hark, t;. n. To listen. HARK, hark, inter}. List : hear ! listen r HARL, harl, s. The filaments of flax ; any filamen- tous substance. HARLEQUIN, baric-kin, s. 415. A buffoon who plays tricks to divert the populace, a jackpudding. HARLOT, harfut, s. 166. A whore, a strumpet HARLOTRY, hai-lut-re, s. The trade of a harlot, fornication ; a name of contempt for a woman. HARM, harm, s. Injury, crime, wickedness ; mis- chief, detriment, hurt To HARM, harm, v. a. To hurt, to injure. HARMFUL, harm'ful, a. Hurtful, mischievous. HARMFULLY, harm'ful-e, ad. Hurtf ully, noxiously. HARMFULNESS, harm'ful-n^s, s. Hurtfulness, mischievousness. HARMLESS, harming, a. Innocent, innoxious, not hurtful ; unhurt, undamaged. HARMLESSLY, barmles-le, ad. Innocently, without hurt, without crime. HARMLESSNESS, harm'ls-nes, s. Innocence, freedom from injury or hurt HARMONICAL, har-m&n'^-kal, HARMONICK, har-mSnlk, 508. Adapted to each other, musical. HARMONIOUS, har-mc/ne-us, a. Adapted to each other, having the parts proportioned to each other ; musical. HARMONIOUSLY, har-mo'ne-us-le, ad. With j ust adaptation and proportion of parts to each other ; musically, with concord of sounds. HARMONIOUSNESS, har-mo'ne-us-nes, s. Pro. portion, musicalness. To HARMONIZE, har'mo-nize, v. a. To adjust in fit proportions. HARMONY, har'mo-ne, s. The just adaptation of one part to another ; just proportion of sound ; con- cord, correspondent sentiment HARNESS, har'nes, s. Armour, defensive furniture of war ; the traces of draught horses, particularly of carriages of pleasure. To HARNESS, har'n&S, v. a. To dress in armour ; to fix horses in their traces. HARP, harp, s. A lyre, an instrument strung with wire and struck with the finger ; a constellation. To HARP, harp, v. n. To play on the harp ; to touch any passion, to dwell vexatiously on one sub- ject HARPER, har'pur, s. 98. A player on the harp. HARPING-IRON, har'ping-l'urn, s. A bearded dart with a line fastened to the handle, with which whales are struck and caught. HARPOONER, har-poo-n^er 7 , s. He that throws the harpoon. HARPOON, tar-poon', s. A harping iron. HARPSICHORD, harp'se-kord, s. A musical in- strument. R HAR HAU ^ 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fatSl me" 93, mSt 95 pine 105, pin 107 nA 162, m&ve 16*, HARPY, har'pe', s. The harpies were a kind of birds which had the faces of women, and foul long claws, very filthy creatures ; a ravenous wretch. HARQUEBUSS, har'kwe-bus, s. Fr. Arquebuse. A handgun. HARQUEBUSSIER, har-kwe-b&s-seeY, a. 275. One armed with a harquebuss. HARRIDAN, har're-dan, s. A decayed strumpet HARROW, har'ri, S. A frame of timbers crossing each other, and set with teeth. To HARROW, harYo, v. a. To break with the harrow ; to tear up ; to rip up ; to pillage, to strip, to lay waste ; to invade, to harass with incursions ; to disturb, to put into commotion. HARROWER, har'ro-fir, s. He who harrows ; a kind of hawk. To HARRY, Mr're, v. a. To teaze, to ruffle ; in Scotland, it signifies to rob, plunder, or oppress. HARSH, harsh, a. Austere, rough, sour ; rough to the ear ; crabbed, morose ; peevish ; rugged to the touch ; unplea-ing, rigorous. HARSHLY, harsh'le 1 , ad. Sourly, austerely to the palate ; with violence, in opposition to gentleness ; severely, morosely, crabbedly ; ruggedly to the ear. HARSHNESS, harsh'ns, s. Sourness, austere taste; roughness to the ear ; ruggedness to the touch ; crab- bedness, peevishness. HART, hart, s. A he-deer of the large kind ; the male of the roe. HARTSHORN, hartsliorn, s. Spirit drawn from horn. HARTSHORN, harts'hSrn, s. An herb. HARVEST, har've'st, s. The season of reaping and gathering the corn ; the corn ripened, gathered, and inned ; the product of labour. HARVEST-HOME, har've'st-hoffle. The song which the reapers sing at the feast made for having inned the harvest ; the opportunity of gathering treasure. HARVEST-LORD, harvest-lord, s. The head reaper at the harvest. HARVESTER, harVeVt&r, s. One who works at the harvest HARVESTMAN, har've'st-man, s. A labourer in harvest HAS, haz. The third person singular of the verb To have. KV There is some reason in the custom adopted by the profound and ingenious author of the Philosophy of Rhe- torick, where he makes the third person of verbs end in th, when the succeeding word begins with s, to avoid the want of distinction between the final and initial s, and he giveth. several examples of this ; but this is only avoid- ing in one instance wliat cannot be avoided in a thou- sand ; and as the lisping sound is not the most respect- able part of our language, and requires more effort than the simple hiss, it may, except in very solemn language, be very well laid aside. To HASH, hash, v. a. To mince, to chop into small pieces and mingle. HASLET, ha'sle't, 1 HARSLET, har'sle't, } s ' The heart, liver, and lights of a hog, with the wind- pipe and part of the throat to it. HASP, hasp, S. 79. A clasp folded over a staple, and fastened with a padlock. To HASP, hasp, v. n. To shut with a hasp. HASSOCK, has'sfrk, s. 166. A, thick mat on which men kneel at church. HAST, hast. The second person singular of Have. HASTE, haste, s. 74. Hurry, speed, nimbleness, precipitation ; passion, vehemence. To HASTE, haste, 472. } To HASTEN, ha'sn, 405. $ v ' To make haste, to be in a hurry ; to move with swift- ness. To HASTE, haste, ) *r, 9 To HASTEN, ha'sn, \ v ~ J'ii push forward, to urge on, to precipitate. 242 HASTKNER, ha'sn-fir, s. 98. One that hastens or hurries. HASTILY, has'td-ld, ad. In a hurry, speedUy, nimbly, quickly; rashly, precipitately; passionately, with vehemence. HASTINESS, has'te'-ne's, s. Haste, speed, hurry, precipitation ; angry testiness, passionate vehemence. HASTINGS, has'tlngz, s. Pease that come early. HASTY, has'te 1 , a. Quick, speedy'; passionate, ve- hement ; rash, precipitate ; early ripe. HASTY-PUDDING, has'te'-pud'ing, s. A pudding made of milk and flour boiled quick together. HAT, hat, s. 74. A cover for the head. HATBAND, blt'band, s. 88. A string tied round the hat HATCASE, hat/kase, s. A slight box for a hat To HATCH, hatsh, v. a. To produce young from eggs ; to quicken the eggs by incubation ; to form by meditation, to contrive ; to shade by lines in drawing or graving. To HATCH, hatsh, v. n. To be in the state of growing quick ; to be in a state of advance towards effect HATCH, hatsh, s. A brood excluded from the egg ; the act of exclusion from the egg ; the disclosure, dis- covery; the half-door; in the plural, the doors or openings by which tliey descend from one deck or floor of a ship to another ; to be under hatches, to be in a state of of ignominy, poverty, or depression. In this sense, it is generally used in the plural, as, to be under the hatches, to be in distress. To HATCHEL, hak'kl, v. a. To beat flax so us to separate the fibrous from the brittle part HATCHEL, hak'kl, s. The instrument with which flax is beaten. HATCHELLER, hak1d-fir, s. A beater of flax. HATCHET, hatsMt, s. 99. A small axe. HATCHET-FACE, hltshlt-fase, s. An ugly face. HATCHMENT, hatsh'me'nt, s. Armorial escutcheon placed over a door at a funeral. HATCHWAY, hatsh'vva, s. Tho way over or through the hatches. To HATE, hate, V. a. 74. To detest, to abhor, to abominate. HATE, hate, s. Malignity, detestation. HATEFUL, hate'ful, a. That causes abhorrence ; odious, abhorrent, malignant, malevolent HATEFULLY, hate'ffil-e, ad. Odiously, abominably ; malignantly, maliciously. HATEFULNESS, hate'ful-nes, s. Odiousness. HATER, ha't&r, s. 98. One that hates. HATH, ha hawk, S. A bird of prey, used much anciently in sport to catch other birds ; an effort to force phlegm up the throat. To HAWK, hawk, i: n. To fly hawks at fowls ; to fly at, to attack on the wing ; to force up phlegm with a noise ; to sell by proclaiming in the streets. HAWKED, haw'ke'dj a. 366. Formed like a hawk's bill. HAWKER, haw'kur, s. 98. One who sells wares by proclaiming them in the streets. HAWKWEED, hawk'weed, s. A plant. HAWSES, haw'siz, s. 99. Two round holes under a ship's head or beak, through which the cables pass. HAY, ha, s. Grass dried to fodde- ">ttle in winter ; a kind of dance. 243 HAYMAKER, ha'ma-kur, s. One employed in drying grass for hay. HAZARD, haz'urd, s. 88. Chance, accident ; danger, chance of danger ; a game at dice. To HAZARD, haz'urd, v. a. To expose to chance. To HAZARD, haz'urd, v. n. To try the chance to adventure. HAZARDABLE, haz'ur-da-bl, a. Venturesome,' liable to chance. HAZARDER, haz'&r-dur, s. He who hazards. HAZARDRY, haz'ur-dre, s. Temerity, precipitation. HAZARDOUS, haz'ur-dus, a. Dangerous, exposed to chance. HAZARDOUSLY, blz'ur-dus-le, ad. With danger or chance. HAZE, haze, s. Fog, mist HAZEL, ha'zl, s. 102. A nut-tree. HAZEL, ha'zl, a. Light brown, of the colour of hazel. HAZELLY, ha'zl-e, a. Of the colour of hazel, alight brown. HAZY, ha'ze, a. Dark, foggy, misty. HE, hee 1 , pron. Oblique case Him. Plur. They. Oblique case Them. The man that was named before ; the man, the person ; man, or male being ; male, as, a He bear, a He goat. HEAD, he'd, S. 234. The part of the animal that contains the brain or the organ of sensation or thought ; chief, principal person, one to whom the rest are sub- ordinate ; place of honour, the first place ; under- standing, faculties of the mind ; resistance, hostile op- position ; state of a deer's horns, by which his age is known ; the top of any thing bigsjer than the rest ; the forepart of any thing, as of a ship ; that which rises on the top of liquors ; upper part of a bed ; dress of the head ; principal topick of a discourse ; source of a stream ; crisis, pitch ; it is very improperly applied to roots. To HEAD, he'd, v. a. To lead, to influence, to direct, to govern ; to behead, to kill by taking away the head; to fit any thing with a head, or principal part ; to lop trees at the top. HEADACH, hld'ake, s. 355. Pain in the head. HEADBAND, hed'band, s. A fillet for the head, a top. knot ; the band to each end of a book. HEADBOROUGH, h&fbur-ro, s. A constable, a subordinate constable. HEADDRESS, hed'dre's, s. The covering of a woman's head ; any thing resembling a head-dress. HEADER, hed'dur, s. 98. One that heads nails or pins, or the like ; the first brick in the angle. HEADINESS, hid'de-nes, s. Hurry, rashness, stubbornness, precipitation, obstinacy. HEADLAND, h^d'land, s. Promontory, cape ; ground under hedges. HEADLESS, hed'le's, a. Without a head, be- ' headed; without a chief; obstinate, inconsiderate, ignorant HEADLONG, hMlong, a. Rash, thoughtless ; sudden, precipitate. HEADLONG, hed'lfing, ad. with the head fore- most ; rashly, without thought, precipitately ; ha-tily, without delay or respite. HEADPIECE, he'd'peese, s. Armour for the head, helmet ; understanding, force of mind. HEADQUARTERS, hed-kwar'turz, s. The plare .,.f general rendezvous, or lodgment for soldiers, where the commander in chief takes up his quarters. HEADSHIP, hM'shlp, S. Dignity, authority, chief place. HEADSMAN, hedz'mfui, s. 88. Executioner. HEADSTALL, he'd'stall, s. 406. Part of the bridle that covers the head. HEADSTONE, hM'stone, s. The first or capita' stone. HEADSTRONG, hed'strong, Unrestraint". , violent, ungovernable. R 2 HEA HEA '. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81 m^ 93, mit 93 pine 105, pin 107 nd 162, mfive 164, HEART-BURNED, hart/b&rnd, a. Having the heart inflamed. HEART-BURNING, hart'bur-nlng, s. Pain at the stomach, commonly from an acrid humour; discon- tent, secret enmity. HEART-DEAR, hart'd^re, a. Sincerely beloved. HEART-EASE, hart'eze, s. Quiet, tranquillity. HEART-EASING, hart'ez-lng, a. Giving quiet HEART-FELT, hart'felt, a. Felt in the conscience, felt at the heart HEART-PEAS, hart'p^ze, s. A plant HEART-SICK, hart'slk, a. Pained in mind ; mor- tally ill, hurt in the constitution. HEARTS-EASE, harts'&ze, s. A plant. HEART-STRINGS, hlrt'stringz, s. The tendons or nerves supposed to brace and sustain the heart HEART-STRUCK, hart'strfrk, a. Driven to the heart, infixed for ever in the mind ; shocked with fear or dig. may. HEART-SWELLING, hart's\vl-ling, a. Rankling in the mind. HEART-WHOLE, hart-hwole, a. 397. with the affections yet unfixed ; with the vitals yet unimpaired. HEART-WOUNDED, hart'w6on-ded, a. Filled with passion of love or grief. HEARTED, hdrt'^d, a. Only used in composition, as, hard-hearted. To HEARTEN, hart/tn, v. a. 243. To encourage, to animate, to stir up ; to meliorate with manure. HEARTH, harfA, s. 243. The pavement of a room where a fire is made. K3r Till I had inspected the Dictionaries, I could not conceive there were two pronunciations of this word : but now I find that Mr Elphinston, W. Johnston, and Buchanan, sound the diphthong as in earth and dearth ; while Mr Sheridan, Dr Kenrick, Mr Nares, Mr Scott, Mr Perry, and Mr Barclay, give it as I have done. HEARTILY, har / t-l, ad. Sincerely, actively, dili- gently, vigorously; from the heart, fully; eagerly, with desire. HEARTINESS, har / t-ns, s. Sincerity, freedom from hypocrisy ; vigour, diligence, strength. HEARTLESS, nartles, a. Without courage, spiritless. HEARTLESSLY, hart'l^s-le;, ad. without courage, faintly, timidly. HEARTLESSNESS, hart1s-ns, s. Want of cour- age or spirit, dejection of mind. HEARTY, haVte, a. 243. Sincere, ondissembled, warm, zealous ; in full health ; vigorous, strong. HEARTY-HALE, har'te-liale, a. Good for the heart. HEAT, hte, S. 227. The sensation caused by the approach or touch of fire ; the cause of the sensation of burning ; hot weather ; state of any body under the action of fire ; one violent action unintermitted ; the state of being once hot; a course at a race ; pimples in the face, flush; agitation of sudden or violent passion; faction, contest, party rage ; ardour of thought or elo- cution. To HEAT, h&te, V. a. To make hot, to endue with the power of burning ; to cause to ferment ; to make the constitution feverish ; to warm with vehemence of passion or desire ; to agitate the blood and spirits with action. To HEAT, hete, v. n. To grow hot HEATER, he'tur, S. 98. An iron made hot, and put into a box-iron, to smooth and plait linen. HEATH, h&A, S. 227. A plant ; a place over- grown with heath; a place covered with shrubs of whatever kind. HEATH-COCK, h&A'kik, s. A large fowl that fre- quents heaths. HEATH-PEASE, heM'peze, s. A species of bitter vetch. HEATH-ROSe. he