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A COMPARISON
APOLLONIUS RHODIUS WITH HOMER
IN
PREPOSITIONAL USAGE
A DISSERTATION
PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES
OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE
DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
BY
ARTHUR SEWALL HAGGETT,
SOMETIME UNIVERSITY SCHOIiAK AND FELLOW.
BALTIMORE:
JOHN MURPHY COMPANY;
X902.
CONTENTS
PAGK.
Introduction 7
Tables 11
&yri 16
&ir6 16
€ls 18
iK 21
iv 25
irp6 27
<r6y 28
vp6irap 29
irpoirpS 29
vircK 30
{moirp6 30
5ta J 30
Kara. 32
inr4p 34
5t€/c 36
TrapfK 36
afjitpi 37
aud 39
6Vr 42
/xerd 48
irapa 50
Trepf 52
np6s 55
V7r6 55
Correspondences in phraseology 59
Summary 67
J !>*><>
PREFACE.
Diiriug my graduate work courses were pursued under Profes-
sors Gildersleeve, Warren and Bloomfield, to each of whom I wish
to express my profound gratitude for their kindness, helpfulness
and inspiration.
The manuscript of this dissertation, though complete in its main
features and its inferences, was at first submitted in provisional
form. Subsequently a period of study at the University of Berlin
permitted the gathering of further material hitherto inaccessible,
as well as the verification of all the statistics.
A. S. Haggett.
University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington.
A COMPARISON OF APOLLONIUS RHODIUS WITH
HOMER IN PREPOSITIONAL USAGE.
Introduction.
Apollonius Rhodius was ODe of the most important of the
Alexandrian poets/ He lived in an age that was critical and
imitative rather than inventive or original, an age that produced
laboriously learned and polite literature. Great attention was
devoted to minuteness and elaboration of form at the expense
of the contents. Art for art's sake was the aim of literary effort.
Such rigid and narrow standards were adhered to that the works
of the Alexandrian poets too often seem strained and artificial.
Yet they are the achievements of a period of literary development
not unworthy of careful study, and though they suffer from com-
parison with the great works of the classical masters, many of
them are poetry of genuine merit.^
Apollonius possessed a greater genius than most of his con-
temporaries, and a more truly artistic instinct. Hence he saw
the lack of reality in such poetry, and resolved to return to the
epic simplicity and straightforwardness. He had a genuine
admiration for Homer, and became a Homeric scholar and critic
of no mean worth.^ In spite of the fact that the possibility of
composing a successful epic in imitation of the Homeric style
^ Cf. Christ, Oriech. Liter aturgeseh. in Miiller's Handbuch, Vol. vii, p. 456 ; also
Couat, Poesie Alexandrine, Paris, 1882, p. 293, who fully discusses Apollonius' art
and work.
'See Couat's elaborate work Poesie Alexandrine cited above, p. 513 ff. for a
good characterization of Alexandrianism ; also Gercke's AlexandHnische SludieUj
Rheinisches Mus. 42 (1887), p. 262 ff., 590 ff., and especially 44 (1889) p. 127 ff.,
240 ff. for Apollonius.
'Cf. Bergk, Oriech, Literaturgesch. Vol. i, p. 895.
7
8 A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer,
had been denied and even ridiculed by some of the most eminent
poets of his day/ he set to work to write such an epic. By the
very nature, therefore, of his undertaking he challenges comparison
with Homer. He is a deliberate and conscious imitator of him,
and it is in large measure as such that he attracts the attention
of modern scholars.
Several attempts, more or less detailed, at comparison of the
Argouautica of ApoUonius with the Homeric popms have already
been made. The vocabulary has been discussed to some extent
by Haacke in his C'ommentationes de elocutione Apollonii Rhodii,
Halle, 1842; by Merkel in the prolegomena to his (Teubner)
edition of 1852; by Schmidt in his dissertation De Apollonii
Rhodii elocutione, Miinster, 1853 ; and by Mr. Seaton in the
Journal of Philology, Yo\, xrx (1890), p. 1 ff. Besides, Buttmann
in his LexiloguSy oder Beitrage zur griechischen Worterklarung,
hauptsachlich fiir Homer uud Hesiod, 4th ed., Berlin, 1865, refers
repeatedly to what seems to him faulty or ignorant imitation of
Homer by ApoUonius (see to the contrary, Mr. Seaton's article
just mentioned). Rzach in his Grammatische Studien zu Apollonius
Rhodium, Wien, 1878, has made a comparison between Apollonius
and Homer on the formal side. Further, the syntax of the cases
has been treated by Linsenbarth, De Apollonii Rhodii casuum
syntaxi comparato usu Homerico, Leipzig, 1887. Finally, Mr.
Goodwin has discussed Apollonius' figures, syntax of the moods
and tenses, and vocabulary in his dissertation entitled Apollonius
Rhodius, His Figures, Syntax, and Vocabulary, Baltimore, 1891.
It is the purpose of the present dissertation to take a further
step in this comparison between Apollonius and Homer. Preposi-
tions have been chosen as the basis of comparison, first, because
prepositions are an important element in style and have received a
fresh importance since the exhaustive studies of Tycho Mommsen,
culminating in his Beitrage zu der Lehre von den Griechischen
Prdpositionen, Berlin, 1895, in which he has shown — incidental
to the study of fierd and a-vv — the frequency of prepositions as
a whole (gesammtfrequenz) and the numerical relation of the
^ See Gercke, Kheiuisches Mus., Vol. 44, p. 127 ff. E. g. Theocritus 16, 20,
says ris Se K(v 6,\\ov aKovaai ; &\i5 vduretrffiv "O/xTjpos.
A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 9
cases with which they are used, in nearly all extant Greek
literature, and also the variations of these phenomena according
to sphere, department, and author; secondly, because it is desir-
able to see if a poet who follows Homer so closely in the great
skeleton parts of style, viz., vocabulary and the syntax of the
moods and tenses, as has been shown,^ also follows him with
similar closeness in the less fundamental points of syntax like
prepositional usages, where following in detail is perhaps not so
easy and hence more significant.
For Apollonius, MerkeFs text has been used for the citations.
The statistics for Homer have been made from Gehring's Index
HomericuSj Leipzig, 1891. Ebeling's Lexicon Homericum, Leipzig,
1885, has been used for the classification of the prepositions in
Homer and for most of the examples quoted from him.
The method of comparison has been as follows. The uses of
the individual prepositions in Apollonius have been classified
and the various categories compared with those of Homer and
illustrated by examples, and, when deviations occur, they have
been noted. The comparison has been made not only in case
usages, but also in the frequency of the prepositions in the two
poets and the numerical relation of the cases with which they
are used to one another. Further, postposition, tmesis,^ and the
adverbial uses have been noted and presented, along with the
uses with the cases, in the form of tables, in order that the
^ Cf. Goodwin's dissertation cited above, p. vi of the introduction.
* The term tmesis is used here merely for convenience. Properly there is no
such thing; it is a misnomer used by the grammarians who regarded the inde-
pendent place of the prepositions in Homer as deviations from the later established
usage, and so a ' severance' from the compound verb. (Cf. Monro, Hom. Gram.,
p. 164.) Scholars are now agreed that prepositions were originally local adverbs
and as such distinct from the verb, till they finally coalesced with it forming
a verbal compound. Obviously, then, the distinction between tmesis and the
adverbial use of prepositions cannot always be rigidly drawn. Often it is hard
to tell to which a given use is to be assigned. The principle has been followed,
in making the statistics here presented, of assigning a use to tmesis when the
preposition and the verb are such as appear in composition, unless the meaning
obviously demands that the preposition be taken as a pure adverb. If any uses
have been classified under the one head that belong under the other, it makes
no diflference as far as the comparison is concerned so long as the same principle
of classification has been followed in both poets.
2
10 A Oomparison of ApoUonius Bhodius with Homer,
comparison may be as complete as possible. Finally, the corre-
spondences in language, so far as prepositional phraseology is
concerned, have been collected and presented here. It is hoped
that by all these means a better idea may be obtained of the
success which ApoUonius attained in his chosen task, so far as
the evidence from prepositional usage goes.
It was inevitable that the poem of ApoUonius as a work of
art should fall far short of the Homeric poems. It was written
at a time when the conditions which fostered the growth of the
epos and were responsible for its existence had long since passed
away, and new conditions had arisen, too cramped and narrow
for that free, spontaneous expression which gave to early epic
poetry its naturalness and vitality. Any attempt to reproduce
the Homeric spirit must necessarily be attended with effort, and
consequently with artificiality, for it could not be the free expres-
sion of its age. It is not surprising, then, that the Argonautica
bears evidences of the labor with which it was brought forth.
Yet it is not to be supposed that it has an interest only for the
grammarian or philologian. There are passages in it that show
genuine poetic power and make it well worth literary study. It
is the product of a period of literary development too often
neglected in our enthusiasm for the works of the classical masters.
A Comparison of ApoUonius Bhodius vnih Homer, 11
Tables Showing the Number of Occurrences op
THE Individual Prepositions in
APOLLONIUS.
Prep.
with one case.
Prep-
No
. 3
air6 els e/c eV irp6 crvv irpSicap irporrpS
74 163 161 296 2 64 2 1
inriK imovp6
14 1
Prep, with two cases.
Prep-
No
fs"
Sid
ace.
28
tot.
63
Kard
gen. ace. tot.
23 64 87
fm^p
gen. ace. tot.
28 15 43
8t€K.
gen. ace. tot.
11 10 21
iraptK
gen. ace. tot.
5 6 11
Prep, with three cases.
Prep....
No.
Prep....
No
gen. dat. ace. tot.
11 28 30 69
vapd
gen. dat. ace. tot.
4 19 20 43
kvd
gen. dat. ace. tot.
... 1 51 52
^7r(
gen. dat. ace. tot.
44 183 75 302
fierd
gen. dat. ace. tot.
... 36 46 82
U7r(J
gen. dat. ace. tot.
10 81 24 116
Total number of prepositions with cases in ApoUonius 1737.
Average frequency, one in 3.36 lines.
Total number of occurrences with the gen. 451, per cent. 25.96.
" " •' " " " dat. 736, " " 42.37.
" « ace. 550, " « 31.66.
Tables Showing the Number of Occurrences of
the Individual Prepositions in
HOMER.
Prep, with one case.
Prep
Iliad
Od
.. avrl
.. 7
.. 3
&7r6
273
99
374
449
4k iv vp6 ffiv
406 989 28 113
284 904 6 75
h.irotrp6
Ziamp6
3
1
11
13
2
Total....
... 10
372
823
690 1893 34 188
1
3
12
15
12
A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer,
Prep.
with two cases.
Prep
Sid
gen. ace. tot.
76 42 118
21 35 56
Kara
gen. ace. lot.
50 333 383
18 253 271
gen. ace. tot.
30 23 53
19 8 27
Trope AC
niad
gen. ace. tot.^
1 5 6
Od
1 3 4
Total
97 77 174
68 586 6-%4
49 31 80
2 8 10
Prep, with three ernes.
Prep....
Iliad....
Od
gen. dat. ace. tot.
1 69 98 158
1 29 37 67
avd
gen. dat. ace. tot.
... 6 84 90
...1 3 59 62
6Vr
gen. dat. ace. lot.
60 358 224 642
104 186 189 479
gen. dat. aec. tot.
3 123 107 233
2 92 67 161
Total...
2 88 135 225
... 9 143 152
164 644 4131121
5 215 164 384
Prep, with three cases (continued).
Prep....
niad....
Od
irapd
gen. dat. ace. tot.
40 134 90 264
27 85 43 155
irepl
gen. dat. ace. tot.
51 68 48 157
28 27 24 79
Vp65
gen. dat. ace. tot.
17 7 144 168
10 14 135 159
67r6
gen. ({at. ace. tot.
99 132 35 266
27 55 27 10»
Total...
67 219 133 419
79 86 72 236
27 21 279 327
126 187 62 375
O
' Total number of prepositions with eases in Homer 8198.
Average frequency, one in 3.40 lines.
Total number of occurrences with the gen. 1823, per cent. 22.23.
" " " '•' " '' dat. 3449, " »' 42.07.
" " ace. 2926, « " 35.70.
' Total number of prepositions with cases in the Iliad 4746.
Average frequency, one in 3.31 lines.
Total number of occurrences with the gen. 1160, per cent. 24.46.
" " " " *' " dat. 1979, '* " 41.70.
" " ace. 1607, " " 33.84.
Total number of prepositions with cases in the Odyssey 3452.
Average frequency, one in 3.51 lines.
Total number of occurrences with the gen. 663, per cent. 19.21.
" " " " " " dat. 1471', " " 42.68.
" " ace. 1319, " " 38.21.
* In three places in the Od. avd is followed by the gen. of going on board a ship.
These are )8, 416; i, 177; o, 284. They are better regarded as cases of tmesis^
however.
A Comparison of Apollonius Bhodius with Homer,
13
Table Showing Each Preposition's Per Cent, op the
Whole Number of Prepositions and its
Average Frequency Per Lines.
Apollonius.
Iliad.
Odyssey.
All Homer.
Pbep.
No.
%
Freq.
No.
%
Freq.
No.
^
Freq-
No.
%
Freq.
hvri...
3
.17
1945
7
.15
2242
3
.08
4036
10
.12
2780.3
hir6....
74
4.2
78.8
273
5.8
57.5
99
2.8
122.3
372
4.5
74.7
els
163
9.4
35.8
374
7.9
41.9
449
13.
26.9
823
10.03
33.7
4k
161
9.3
38.2
406
8.5
38.6
284
8.2
42.6
690
8.4
40.3
4y
296
17.
19.7
989
20.8
15.8
904
26.2
13.3
1893
23.1
14.7
vp6....
2
.11
2917.7
28
.59
560 4
6
.17
2018.3
34
.41
817.7
crvv....
64
3.7
91.1
113
2.4
138.9
75
2.2
161.4
188
2.3
147.8
{miK...
14
.80
416.8
13
.27
1207.1
2
.06
6055
15
.18
1853.5
5t<£
63
3.6
92.6
118
2.5
132.9
56
1.6
216.2
174
2.1
159.8
Kurd...
87
5.02
67.06
383
8.1
40.9
271
7.8
44.7
654
7.9
42.5
wrep...
43
2.5
135.7
53
1.1
296.1
27
.78
448.5
80
.97
347.5
5i4k ...
21
1.2
277.8
1
.02
15693
11
.31
1100.9
12
.14
2316.9
irapeK..
11
.63
530.5
6
.12
2615.5
4
.11
3027.5
10
.12
2780.3
afKpi...
69
3.9
84.5
158
3.3
99.3
67
1.9
180.7
225
2.7
123.5
&vd....
52
2.9
112.2
90
1.9
174.4
62
1.8
195.3
152
L8
182.9
iirl
302
17.3
19.3
642
13.5
24.4
479
13.8
25.3
1121
13.6
24.8
fierd...
82
4.7
71.1
233
4.9
67.3
151
4.3
80.2
384
4.6
72.4
vapd...
43
2.5
135.7
254
5.5
59.4
155
4.4
78.1
419
5.1
66.3
irepi...
57
3.3
102.4
157
3.3
99.9
79
2.3
153.3
236
2.8
117.8
irp6s...
11
.63
530.5
168
3.5
93.4
159
4.6
76.1
327
3.9
85.02
xnr6....
115
Q.Q
50.7
266
5.6
59
109
3.2
111.1
375
4.5
74.1
14 A Comparison of A'pollonius Rhodius with Homer.
Tables Showing the Number of Examples op Post-
position OF Each Preposition and the Per Cent.
OP ITS Total Number op Occurrences.
Pkep.
Apollonius.
Postp.
^
&pri
14
7
10
66
*1
1
2
12
1
6
1
31
4
ii
18.9
4.3
6.2
22.3
1.5
iVe
2.3
27.9
9.1
8.7
1.9
10.2
6.
4.6
21.1
9.6
&r6
fls
^« ...........
iy
vp6
ffiy
iJire'/c
SiairpS
U
Kard
inr4p,
vapeK
&fM<l>i
iiyd
ivl
fierd
irapd
ireoi
7
Trpds
i^6
Total
181
10.42
Homer.
11.
Od.
Tot.
%
5
5
50.
28
16
44
11.8
20
28
48
5.8
20
18
38
6.5
71
67
138
7.3
4
4
1.2
2
6
8
4.2
1
1
6.6
2
2
66.6
10
5
15
8.6
10
24
34
5.2
6
4
10
12.5
9
7
16
ii
8
6
14
9.2
108
34
142
12.6
11
8
19
4.9
13
8
21
4.9
11
9
20
8.5
2
1
3
.9
45
18
63
16.8
11. 8.13
386
259
645
Od. 7.50
All. 7.85
Table Showing the Number of Instances of Post-
position With Each Case and the Per Cent.
OF THE Total Number op Instances.
gen.
dat.
ace.
Total.
CASE.
No.
%
No.
^
No.
- %
Apol
57
89
54
143
31.5
23.1
20.8
22.2
105
188
105
293
58...
48.7
40.6
45.4
19
109
100
209
10.5
28.2
38.6
32.3
181
11
386
Od
259
All Homer..
645
A Comparison of Apollonim Rhodiua with Homer, 15
Table Showing the Number of Occurrences of Tmesis
AND THE Adverbial Use of each Proposition.
Pjrep.
avrl
dTTcJ
els
4k
eV
irp6
(T^V
Sid
Kard
inrtp
OLfXtpi
avd
4ni
fierd.. ..
irapd
irepi ,
irp6s ,
virS ,
OLfiflTrepl
anoTrp6..
SiawpS...
SUk ,
iirinp6...
nap 4k.....
irepiirpS . .
nrpOTTpS. . ,
UTre/c
inreKirpS..
Total
Apollonius.
Homer.
Tmesis.
No. Freq.
197
343.2
1945
194.5
277.9
1167
486.2
530.4
2917.5
729.4
307.1
132.6
1458.7
1945
448.8
5835
1945
5835
Adverbial.
No, Freq,
113
486,
833,
530,
364,
1458.
364.
2917,
343.
1458.
2917.
5835
5835
530.
972.
5835
2917.
51.6
Tmesis.
II. Od. Tot.
74
14
107
72
6
19
10
109
30
35
104
12
21
34
19
49
715
41
12
101
54
2
18
9
101
37
36
103
8
34
34
17
33
1
3
644
115
26
208
126
8
37
19
210
67
71
207
20
55
68
36
82
1
3
1359
Freq.
241.7
1069.3
133.6
220.6
3475.3
751.4
1463.3
132.4
414.9
391.6
134.3
1390.1
605.5
408.8
772.3
339.1
27803
9267.7
II.
Od.
21.9
18.8
20.4
Adverbial.
II. Od. Tot.
27
7
41
1
17
4
11
43
7
7
2
2
16
2
2
189
32
3
23
1
4
2
6
37
5
2
2
6
123
312
Freq.
471.2
2780.3
434.4
13901.5
1323.8
4633.8
1635.4
347.5
2316.9
3089.3
13901.5
13901.5
1544.6
3475.3
18901.5
II. 83.0
O d. 98.4
89.1
16 A Comparison of Apotlonius Rhodius with Homer,
Classification of the Uses of the Prepositions.
avn.
This preposition occurs but 3 times in ApoUonius, signifying
instead of. Homer, too, finds little occasion for its use, having
but 10 examples, 7 in the Iliad, 3 in the Odyssey. There is little
difference in its relative frequency in the two poets. Homer shows
greater freedom of position in that he postpones one half of his
examples of dvTL (all in the Iliad), whereas ApoUonius does not
postpone it at all.
The examples for ApoUonius are:
2, 448 olvtI Be rov Odvarov fioi d^ap 6eo<; iyyvaXi^ai, ; 2, 851
at 3* dvrl .... "IBfjLovo^ .... 'Ar/a/jLyaTopa Kvhaivovatv ; 4, 30
dvT ifjLeOev .... ttXokov etfit XLirovaa.
ano.
ApoUonius uses this preposition 74 times, chiefly in the locative
sense with verbs of motion away from, or of position apart from,
or at a distance from, less often expressing origin or source. He
also uses it in two instances (1, 691 and 2, 454) in a partitive rela-
tion, of the whole from which a part is taken.
He has followed Homer very closely in the use of this prepo-
sition. The latter uses it 372 times, 273 in the Iliad, 99 in the
Odyssey. Its relative frequency in the two poets is nearly the same,
although in the Iliad it is much more frequent, in the Odyssey
much less frequent, than in the Argonautica. ApoUonius postpones
diro much more freely than Homer, as is generally true also of
the other prepositions. It is not used adverbially, but is common
in tmesis in both poets, especially in the latter.
diro may be classified as follows :
I. Of motion away from, either expressed or implied :
1) With names of countries, e. g.,
1, 77 dir Eu^otV KdvOo^ KL€ ; cf. 1, 125; 1, 535; 2, 1143;
3,356; 3,375; 4,1775.
A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer. 17
2) With other nouns, e. g.,
1, 989 air oUfpeo^ ai^avre^ ; cf. 1, 1067; 1, 1107; 1, 1231
1, 1278; 2, 188; 2, 456; 2, 538; 2, 1042; 2, 1216; 2, 1261
3, 48; 3, 439; 3, 534; 3, 587; 3, 760; 3, 1014; 3, 1037; 3
1352; 3,1366; 3,1395; 4,80; 4,104; 4,109; 4,114; 4, 162
4, 724; 4, 752; 4, 768; 4, 885; 4, 901; 4, 926; 4, 1186; 4
1206; 4, 1243; 4, 1303; 4, 1365; 4, 1390; 4, 1629; 4, 1636
4, 1647.
These categories are common in Homer, e. g.,
1) II. H, 492 airo TpotijOev lovra ; Od. /c, 49 <j)epev .... fyair^f;
aire iraTpiho^ ; 2) H. A, 249 airo yXdoara-Tft; .... ^eei/ ; Od. 6,
375 aTTo 'xOovo^ .... aepOel^, etc.
3) With persons, e. g.,
1, 821 av€pxofi6vov<; SpyKcov diro ; cf. 3, 965 ; 4, 983. From
Homer cf. II. A, 556 airo Tpcocov . . . . rjie ; Od. t, 461 airo lo
Trefiire, etc.
4) Of light coming from a place, e. g.,
1, 437 aeXaq .... Xafnrofjbevov Ovecov fco ; 3, 1016 aTTO
^avOoto KapTjara AlcrovLBao arTpdirrev "Epft)9 (metaphorically) ;
also 4, 1144. From Homer cf. II. B, 457 airo 'x^oXkov ....
aiyXr] nTajx^avoaycra ; N, 341 ; S, 214, etc.
5) Of defending :
1, 815 airo fxrjrpo^ Xco^tjv .... djiivvov. Cf, II. N, 440 airo
Xpoo<; rjpK€c oXeOpov ; Od. y3, 59 apr)v airo oXkov dfivvai, etc.
6) Metaphorically :
I. 979 ^dXev S' diro Beifxara Ovfiov which is rather tmesis than
prepositional. Homer does not have the expression dirb Ovfiov
with a verb of motion. He has it with a verb of rest, however.
Cf. below under II.
II. Denoting position away from ^ apart from, e. g.,
1, 60 olo<; diT dXXmv .... dpi(7Trj(ov ; cf. 1, 937 ; 2, 192 ; 8,
907; 3, 912; 4, 1090; 4, 1172; metaphorically 2, 253 Oeol^ diro
OvfjLOv eo-eaOat ; cf. also 2, 865. Cf. II. B, 292 fiivcov dirb ^9
dXoxoco ; II. A, 562 diro OvfjLOv fxaXXov ifiol ecreai.
III. Of extent from a position :
1, 945 rjepidovrai .... diro .... co^kov ; 4, 1400 diro Kparcxi ....
d'XpL'i iir dfcvrja-TLV /c€lt dirvooq. With 1, 945 cf. II. B, 448.
18 A Comparison of A'poUonius Rhodius with Homer,
IV. Of origin or source:
1) Oi descent:
1, 231 a<i) aifjuaTOfs evx^rocovTo cfifievai, ; cf. 2, 359 ; 3, 920.
Cf. Od. K, 350 fyiyvovrai, .... e^ re Kprjvecov airo r dXaetov.
2) Of source:
1, 625 avhriOelaav .... ^lklvov airo ; cf. 1, 766 ; II. A, 676
€p\7)T .... e/1779 airo ')(eLp6^.
V. Partitively, of the whole from which a part is taken :
1, 691 KT€p€(ov airo fiOLpav eXova-av ; 2, 454 (^opeovTe^ €^9 airo
fiotpav iBcoSrj^. Cf. Od. e, 40 Xa^oDV oltto XijlSo^ alaav ; cf. v,
138 and II. X, 327. This construction is frequent in Thucydides,
e. g., 1, 110 oXljoc airo iroXXcov ; 1, 116 Xa^wv e^rjKOvra rau?
airo T&v i^opfiova-cjv, etc. See Kiihner, Gram., ii, § 430, 3, b.
Form. Apollonius prefers the shorter form, the proportion of
€9 to ek being 114 to 52. Homer has about the same proportion
in favor of €9, viz., 584 to 265.
Use. The frequency of this preposition in the Argonautica is
slightly below that of Homer. It is to be observed that it is con-
siderably more frequent in the Odyssey (once in 26.9 lines) than
in the Iliad (once in 41.9 lines). In this respect Apollonius is a
little nearer the Iliad, using it once in 35.8 lines. Postposition
of eh is not very frequent in either poet, the Argonautica having
7 instances (4.3 per cent.), the Homeric poems 48 (5.8 per cent.).
It is not used adverbially, seldom in tmesis (Apollonius 3 times,
or once in 1945 lines. Homer 26, or once in 1069.3 lines).
In the main Apollonius has followed his predecessor closely in
the use of eh. The prevailing one is the locative, expressing
motion to or into a place, less often to or towards a person. It also
denotes time, limit or measure and purpose or end.
The uses of eh may be classified as follows :
I. Of PLACE:
1) With verbs of motion or implying motion :
(a) With names of countries, cities, rivers, e. g.,
A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius vnih Homer. 19
1,416 a76i/?}a .... e9'EX\aSa ; 1,419 i^'OpTvyiTjv .... ko/jlCo-ctci) ;
4, 608 €9 'HptSai/oy irpoKvXivSeTac ; cf. also 1, 623; 1, 904;
2, 639; 2, 893; 2, 1156; 2, 1195; 3, 2 ; 3, 29 ; 3, 61; 3, 89;
3, 339; 3, 601; 3, 992; 3, 1059; 3, 1080; 3, 1113; 3, 1134;
4, 98; 4, 626; 4, 662; 4, 809; 4, 1161; 4, 1327; 4, 1490;
4, 1703. Cf. II. B, 667 e? "PoEov l^ev ; Od. a, 18 veeadat ek
^16dKr)v, etc.
(6) With other nouns, e. g.,
I, 39 6t9 6z/ lovre^ ; 1, 109 e? ofjuXov a>p(T€v, etc. Cf. also
1,248; 1,363; 1,577; 1,635; 1,654; 1,708; 1,853; 1,916
1,1007; 1,1010; 1, 1051; 1,1108; 1,1110; 1,1173; 1,1188
1, 1236; 1, 1263; 2, 322; 2, 368; 2, 403; 2, 746; 2, 831
2, 886; 2, 934; 2, 986; 2, 1081 ; 2, 1091; 2, 1167; 2, 1170
2, 1242 ; 3, 41 ; 3, 177 ; 3, 212 ; 3, 419 ; 3, 538 ; 3, 589 ; 3, 738
3, 820; 3, 841; 3, 903; 3, 907; 3, 1147; 3, 1165; 3, 1196
3,1239; 3,1269; 3,1278; 3,1358; 3,1381; 3,1382; 3,1384
3, 1396; 3, 1404; 4, 100; 4, 135; 4, 183; 4, 214; 4, 310
4, 348 ; 4, 385 ; 4, 404 ; 4, 415 ; 4, 440 ; 4, 454 ; 4, 521 ; 4, 597
4, 636; 4, 689; 4, 759; 4, 805; 4, 949; 4, 1002; 4, 1014
4,1041; 4,1077; 4,1313; 4,1333; 4,1566; 4,1577; 4,1599
4, 1742.
Examples from Homer are abundant, e. g.,
II. A, 402 Kokeaaa €? fiaKpov^OXyfiTrov ; Od. k, 158 et? o^ov ....
ij/cei^, etc.
2) With verbal nouns of motion, e. g.,
1, 336 69 ''E.Wdha voaro^ ; cf. 2, 416; 1, 337 6'9 Al^rao
KekevdoL ; 2, 777 €9 KlrjT'nv , , , . ifKoov ; cf. also, 2, 353 ; 2, 692 ;
4, 1508.
Homer uses 6^9 with 0S09 in two instances, viz., Od. k, 563
080Z/ .... 6t9 'AiBao Bofiovq ; Od. ;)^, 128 0S09 69 Xavpyv. With
other prepositions he has the following : with eVt, Od. 7, 143
voarov .... eV ev/aea i/wra 6aXd(T(T7]s ; cf. II. K, 509-10 ; also Od. e,
237; with a//,, Hym. to Ap. P. 49 KeXevOoi , . . . cifi ireBiov ; with
vireip, Od. 8y 172 i/Tret/) aXa vocttov ; with e«, II. I, 622 eic
k\i,(TLi]<; vocTTOLO ; cf. Od. a, 327.
3) With verbs implying motion or direction, as
1, 725 €9 rjekiov .... oo-cre ^aXot<; ; 1, 938 €t9 aXa KeKkcfjuivrf ;
cf. also 2, 49 ; 2, 684 ; 2, 732 ; 3, 298 ; 3, 503 ; 3, 744 ; 3, 951 ;
20 A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer.
4, 681. Cf. II. X 469 69 irvp erpe-fe ; Od. e, 439 e? ^alav
6pcofjL€voq, etc.
4) With ve7'bs of rest implying a pevious motion :
2, 606 Trirpac 8' eh eva xcapov .... 6ppi^(o6ev ; 4, 336 et? aKTa*;
TrXrjOvv XiTrev. Cf. II. O, 332 e? irehiov 'jTpo(^avevTe ; Od. p,
447 G-TTjd^ .... €9 jieo-a-Qv, etc.
5) In 1, 647 aX,Xo^* v7ro'^6ov[oL<; evapiOfjuio^, aXXor €9 avya<;
Tjekiov ^(ooicn fier dvSpdacv 'now counted among those beneath
the earth, now among living men in the sunlight/ €9 is used where
we would expect iv or the simple dative. Motion, however, is
implied here, the idea being transferrence to the light of the sun
among living men. So Beck ^ translates ' nunc inferis adnumera-
retur, nunc ad iubar solis inter viventes versaretur' and similarly
Shaw.^ Willmann* has *dass sie anjetzt sich den Schatten vereini-
get, jetzt in der Sonne strahlendem Glanz mit den IVI enschen den
lebenden.' Ville de Mirmont ^ has * tantdt compter parmi ceux
que habitent sous la terre, tant6t parmi les hommes qui vivent k
la clart6 du soleil.'
II. With persons:
1) Of motion to, e. g.,
•1, 12 fcro S" 6*9 UeXivv; cf. also 1, 1296; 1, 1330; 2, 277;
2, 467; 2, 777; 3, 1172; 4, 762; 4, 772; 4, 773; 4, 1479.
2) With verb of addressing :
1, 250 dWr} S* €69 €T6p7]v oXo^vpero SaKpv ')(eovaa. These
examples are all in the singular except one, 4, 1479. The
singular, too, is more common in Homer, though eU with the
plural is frequent. The scholia to Homer say €9 = irpo^ when so
used with single persons. Kiihner, Gram., 11, § 432, would assign
to the prepositional phrase in prose the connotation of * dwelling/
* land ;' cf. Thucyd. 1, 137, 3 iarire^Tret ypdfifjbara €9 ^aaiXea (to
the house of the king) ; Isaeus, 7, 14 eXOcbv eh rrjv i/jirjv ixrjrepa
to the house of my mother), etc. In Homer, however, and the
^ Edition of 1797, Leipzig. » Edition of 1779, Oxford.
' Die Argonautenzug .... verdeutscht. Koln, 1832.
*Apollonios de Rhodes. Les Argonautiques. Traduction franpaise .
Bordeaux, 1892.
A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer. 21
other epic poets eh is used like tt/jo? with persons. For examples
in Homer cf. II. H, 312 eh^Ayafie/jLvova .... ayov ; Od. p^, 202
j3rJTT]P €t9 ' OSucr^a, 6tc.
III. Denoting time:
1) A limit of time :
1, 603 €9 evBiov ; 1, 1138 e? alei ; 2, 718 et? aiev.
2) An approximate point of time :
1, 690 i'irep')(oiJL6vov .... et? eVo? ; 1, 1151 €9 ^a> ; cf. 4, 1620 ; 4,
1688; 3, 1389 69 (hpairjv.
3) Opposed to €« in such phrases as
1, 861 eh y/Jiap del ef r;yLtaT09 ; 4, 1772 eh eT09 ef eTeo9. Cf.
(1) II. A, 601 69 rjeXiov KarahvvTa ; (2) Od. f, 384 eXevaea-dat rj
€9 Oepof; 7) €9 oTTcopijv ; (3) II. H* 86 e/c veorrjTOfi .... €9 yrjpd'i, etc.
IV. Of limit or measure :
1) 1, 1193 Toaarj .... /jLrjic6<; re kol €9 7ra;j^09 ^ez^ ISecrOai ; 2,
221 yrjpa<; .... 69 TeXo9 eX/co) ; 2, 314 ')(^pei(t)v ef 6/7/9 t6 /cat €9 t6\o9.
2) With numeral :
2, 976 rerpdSo^ eh eKarbv SevocTo /cev * it would lack but four
of being or reaching 100.' Cf. II. X, 397 69 <T(j)vpov ck irrepvr)^ ;
"^,169 e'9 7roSa9 eK K€<f>aXri^, etc.
y. Of purpose or end, e. g.,
1, 477 eh drrjv Krip olUveu ; cf. also 2, 64 ; 2, 1051 ; 3, 1176 ;
4, 1154 ; 4, 1459 ; 4, 1602. Cf. II. I, 102 elirelv eh dr^aOov ; Od.
/x, 372 et9 oiTr)v KOLjirja-aTe, etc.
Form. Ik is used before a consonant, ef before a vowel. The
proportion of eK to 6'f in ApoUonius is 134 to 57 ; in Homer 622
to 276.
Use. This preposition is slightly more frequent in our poet
(once in 36.2 lines) than in Homer (once in 40.3 lines). It is
more frequent in the Iliad (once in 38.6 lines) than in the
Odyssey (once in 42.6 lines). The Argonautioa is, therefore,
nearer the Iliad in this respect. ApoUonius postpones e/c a little
22 A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer,
oftener than his predecessor (10 examples, or 6.2 per cent, in the
former, 38 examples, or 5.5 per cent, in the latter). Tmesis is
frequent in both poets, but much more so in Homer (once in
194.5 lines in ApoUonius, once in 133.6 in Homer).
The most common use of this preposition is to denote from (out
of), where there was a previous rest in, a place, in distinction from
diro which properly means simply separation or direction away
from. In many cases, however, the two are used with no apparent
difference in signification. From a place may be conceived either
as direction or separation from (aTro), or source out of (e/c). ex
also denotes distinction from, position from whence an action
takes place, maierialj descent or parentage, causCy agency ^ means,
source, time.
The uses of c/c may be classified as follows :
I. Denoting place whence or out of:
1) With verbs of motion or implying motion :
(a) From lands, cities, people, as
1, 69 ef '07ro6i/T09 ^pcrev ; cf. also 1, 207 ; 2, 277 ; 2, 424 ;
2, 611; 2, 995; 2, 1096; 2, 1167; 4, 385. Cf. II. A, 269 eV
HvXov i\6a)v ; Od. k, 40 e'/c Tpoi,r)<; ayerai, etc.
(b) From buildings or parts of buildings, e. g.,
1, 306 SofjLcov ef aypro veeaOai ; cf. also 1, 804; 1, 1212; 2,
468; 2, 816; 3, 249; 3, 285; 3, 442; 3, 671; 4, 708; 4, 743;
4, 876 ; 4, 1119 ; 4, 1220. Cf. II. Z, 377 ^^tj Ik fieydpow ;
Od. f, 74 iic OaXdfioLo (l>6pev, etc.
(c) From parts of the body, e. g.,
1, 743 eK Bi ol (Ofiov .... Ke')(a\a<TTo ; 2, 50 o-TTjdeayv ef atfia
Kehdaaai; cf. also 1, 1313; 2, 207; 2, 666; 3, 289; 3, 1303;
4, 901 ; 4, 1308. Cf. II. T, 221 U aT^Oeo^ eXfj ; Od. e, 316 eV
')(eLp(av 7rpoer)K€, etc.
(d) With other nouns, as
1, 307 iK vrjoLo .... ela-iv ; cf. further 1, 385 ; 1, 553 ; 1, 640
1, 894; 1, 986; 1, 1100; 1, 1104; 1, 1109; 1, 1148; 1, 1160
1, 1281; 1, 1361; 2, 165; 2, 166; 2, 224; 2, 303; 2, 356
2, 390; 2, 402; 2, 431; 2, 826; 2, 827; 2, 914; 2, 1086
2, 1239; 3, 213; 3, 231; 3, 294; 3, 316; 3, 431; 3, 473
A Comparison of Apollonius Bhodiua imth Homer, 23
3, 669; 3, 721; 3, 739; 3, 1035; 3, 1060; 3, 1199; 3, 1236
3, 1266; 3, 1303; 3, 1340; 3, 1347; 3, 1364; 3, 1380; 4, 198
4, 207 ; 4, 628 ; 4, 632 ; 4, 659 ; 4, 673 ; 4, 779 ; 4, 871 ; 4, 885
4, 924; 4, 992; 4, 1054; 4, 1110; 4, 1135; 4, 1267; 4, 1363
4, 1734.
2) Of direction, with verbs of looking :
3, 745 mpaKov eK vr^tov ; cf. A, 568 ; 4, 898. Cf. II. A, 337
ef "18779 KaOopcov ; Od. e, 283 TrfKodev €K XoXv/jlcov opicov cBev, etc.
3) Opposition:
2, 1107 ou Si irrj aarpa .... (fiaiveT IBeaOai e/c v€<j)€(ov ; 4, 1426
€/c Se I'f K6LVQ)v BevSpecov .... i^i(l)av6v ; cf. 1, 801 ; 1, 1115.
Cf. II. A, 62 ifc v6(l)eoi}v dva^aiverai .... acnrip ; II. E, 864, etc.
4) Of implied motion :
2, 700 eK Si vv TrdvTcov .... firjpla .... koIov ' cut the thigh
bones from all and burnt them;' 2, 1171 e/c vqo^ Scokb acfuaiv
elfMara Svvac ^ he took clothing from the ship and gave it to them
to put on;' 3, 616 ef dxecov .... KareXaxfyeev virvo^ 'sleep gives
rest from distresses;' 3, 1212 tj K diovaa K€v6p.o)v ef vTrdroov of
the sound coming from the bottom of the hole; 4, 1149 ecrav e/c
ireSLcov 'came from the plains.' Cf. II. H, 130 evOa 3' eireiT
avTol fjL€V i')((oiie6a SrjLOTtjrof; eK ^eXiayv ' hold back from fighting
(going) out of range ; ' Od. f, 224 e/c irorafiov %/3oa vl^ero ' washed
his body with water brought from the river,' etc,
6) Of extent from a point :
1, 222 d/jL(f)l Se v(OT0i<; KpdaTO^ ef vTrdroio koI av')(ivo<i ....
hoviovro .... edeipac; cf. also 3, 1271; 4, 180; 4, 1346; 4,
1606. Cf. II. n, 640 e/c K€(f)aXrj(; dXvTO SiafJUTrepet; €9 iToSa<; ;
II. X, 397, etc.
6) Of separation or distinction from :
1, 620 o'lt) K e'/c iracricDv .... irepc^eLo-aro ; cf. 1, 1352 ; 2,
1150. Cf. II. A, 96 eV irdyrav Se fidXiara ; Od. S, 723 aXye
eSajKev e/c iraaioiv, etc.
II. Besides the locative relations given above the uses of e/c
may be classified under the following heads :
1) Oi material:
2, 845 e/c kotlvoco (t)dXay^ ; 3, 1324 dpapvlav . . . . ef
dSdfiavTo^, Cf. II. X, 152 ef vSaTo<: Kpva-rdXXa).
24 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer,
2) Of descent or parentage :
1, 901 r^evoLTo 6K fjLa/cdpcov ; cf. 2, 1153; 3, 919; 4, 255.
Cf. II. E, 548 €K Be AioK\rjo<; .... r^evecrOTjv ; Od. v, 192 rew
6* ef evx^Tai, etvac dvBpojv, etc.
3) Of a^e/i^-'
1, 1098 6/c 7ap ttJ? dvefjioi re OaXacrcrd re ... . ^(Pcdv ....
Tre-rreipriraL ; cf. further 2, 426 ; 2, 608 ; 2, 798. Cf. II. B, 33
icffTJirrai eK Ato? ; Od. rj, 70 T6TLfi7)Tai re /cat ecmv €k re (plXcov
iraiBwv eic r avrov ^AX/clvooco, etc.
4) Of means :
1, 520 e/c 8' dve/jLOco evBcoi iKXv^ovTO Ttvaa(T0/jL€V7j<; d\o<; aKpac,
of. also 2, 1248; 3, 345; 4, 215. Cf. II. A, 308 aKiBvarac ef
dvifjbOio .... tG)?79.
5) Of cause :
4, 613 ovpavov .... Xlttwv eK irarpo^ ivL7r7J<;. Cf. Od. 7, 135
oItov eireo-TTov /jLrjvco^ i^ 6\orj<i ; II. I, 566, etc.
6) Of source :
1, 283 erjv en Xotirov eiXBcop €k creOev ; 1, 1071 eK ALb<; yfiap
iTrriXvOev; cf. also 2, 196; 2, 527; 2, 931; 2, 1079; 2, 1122;
3, 182; 3, 498; 3, 627; 3, 677; 3, 903; 3, 1027; 3, 1301;
4, 167; 4, 446; 4, 607; 4, 674; 4, 1082; 4, 1446; 4, 1762.
Cf. II. A, 63 ovap eK Ato? eo-nv ; Od. r, 93 ef ("//.eO e/cXue?, etc.
7) According to (secundum) :
3, 1006 Tj yap eoiKa^ Ik fjbop^rjf; dyavfjo-cv e7r7]Tei7)(T0 KeKaadat
* surely (to judge) from thy form thou shouldst excel.' — The Paris
(Didot) edition^ renders this 'profecto enim videris secundum
formam moUi lenitate ornata esse.' So also Beck. No exact
parallel to this appears in Homer. Giseke, Die allmahliche Ent-
stehung der Gesange des Ilias aus Unterschieden im Gebrauch
der Prapositionen, 1853, p. 54, quotes this passage in Apollonius
in connection with II. K, 68 irarpoOev eK yever]<; ovofid^wv dvBpa
€Ka(TTov which Monro, Hom. Gram., § 223, renders * calling them
by their father's name according to family.'
* iK used of the agent or author of an action with passive and intransitive verbs
instead of vtrS is common in Herodotus, also often in tragedy, seldom in Attic
prose. Cf. Kiihner, Gram., 11, § 430.
' Hesiodi et aliorum carmina, ed. F. S. Lehrs, 1862. The Argonautica with
Latin translation is included in this collection.
A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 25
III. Of time :
1) 2, 911 ; 4, 431 ef o{, ; 3, 302 ix B^ rod; 4, 620 eV rSdev,
All these expressions are frequent in Homer, e. g., II. A, 6 ;
@, 295 ; Od. /3, 27, etc.
2) Particular pomts of time :
1 , 498 v€iKeo<^ ef oXoolo hieKpidev ' after the quarrel ; ' cf.
further 1, 861 ; 1, 1073 ; 2, 432; 4, 704; 4, 1772. Cf. II. N,
493 jxrfka irLOfjuev €K ^OTavr}^, fctc.
3 S / 3
sv, eviy 6 IV.
FoKM. The forms iv and ivt, occur equally often in Apollo-
nius, the ratio of iv to ivL and elv being 160 : 160 : 8. Homer has
iv 1433 times, ivl 604, elv 36, etVt 5.
Use. €v is considerably less frequent in the Argonautica (once
in 19.7 lines) than in Homer (once in 14.7 lines; Iliad once in
15.8 lines, Od. once in 13.3 lines). Postposition is frequent in
both poets, but much more so in Apollonius (6Q instances or 22.3
per cent. ; Homer 138 or 7.3 per cent.). The adverbial use of ev
occurs with little difference in frequency in the two poets. In the
matter of tmesis, however, our poet falls considerably below his
predecessor (once in 277.9 lines in the former, once in 220.6
in the latter).
€v is found in few other uses than the strictly locative one
which properly belongs to it. The classification is as follows :
I. Of place :
1) Of rest in a place :
(a) With names of countries, cities, rivers, islands, etc. :
1, 45 ^vXaKTj €vt Sypov eXecTTTO ; 2, 522 Iv Be Keo) Kare-
vdaaaro; cf. 1, 81; 1, 83; 1, 94; 1, 536; 1, 537; {, 1305;
3, 57; 3, 549; 3, 858; 3, 976; 3, 1177; 4, 425; 4, 434; 4,
1396; 4, 1483; 4, 1687. Cf. II. T, 244 Kdrexev . . . . ala ev
AaKeSaifiovi ; Od. 0, 461 ewz/ iv iraTpLBi yalr), etc.
(6) With buildings or parts of buildings, e. g.,
1, 148 B6/jLoi,<: €vi .... TCKev ; cf. further 1, 225; 1, 810;
1, 818; 1, 909; 1, 960; 1, 1174; 2, 304; 2, 381; 2, 437;
3
26 A Comparison of ApoUonius JRhodius with Homer.
2, 459; 2, 778; 2, 1022; 2, 1023; 2, 1164; 3, 215; 3, 228
3, 251 ; 3, 278 ; 3, 305 ; 3, 585 ; 3, 648 ; 3, 656 ; 3, 798 ; 3, 838
3, 1116; 3, 1127; 4, 8; 4, 471; 4, 1022; 4, 1083, 4, 1159
4, 1160; 4, 1722. Cf. II. T, 233 ^eLviaaev .... olko) iv vf^e-
T€p(p ; Od. 77, 12 Tpe(f>e . . . . iv /jueydpoLaiv ; etc.
(c) Among several people :
1, 342 rifievov iv iMecraotaL ; cf. further 1, 464 ; 1, 819 ; 1, 1213 ;
1, 1338; 2, 10; 2, 238; 2, 309; 2, 748; 2, 881; 2, 1281; 3,
23; 3,443; 3,667; 3,812; 4, 1191; 4, 1276.
Cf. II. H, 45 ez/t Tpcoeaa dyopevcov, etc.
(c?) With other nouns, as
1, 16 eVt TTovTcp .... v6<TTov oXeaar) ; cf. further 1, 121 ; 1,
126; 1, 128; 1, 160; 1, 200; 1, 215 ;'l, 254; 1, 264; 1, 375
1,441; 1,460; 1,467; 1,478; 1,499; 1,529; 1,561; 1,622
1,638; 1,656; 1,673; 1,728; 1,746; 1,770; 1,788; 1,814
1, 831; 1,872; 1, 965; 1, 1006; 1, 1034; 1, 1090; 1, 1111
1,1113; 1,1211; 1,1234; 1,1323; 2,26; 2,36; 2,44; 2,123
2, 131 ; 2, 132 ; 2, 151 ; 2, 233 ; 2, 278 ; 2, 281 ; 2, 306 ; 2, 318
2, 332 ; 2, 334 ; 2, 334 ; 2, 387 ; 2, 399 ; 2, 478 ; 2, 525 ; 2, 597
2, 668 ; 2, 712 ; 2, 820 ; 2, 843 ; 2, 872 ; 2, 910 ; 2, 927 ; 2, 939
2, 956; 2, 972; 2, 1006; 2, 1018; 2, 1021 ; 2, 1024; 2, 1028
2, 1057; 2, 1102; 2,1129; 2,1193; 2,1213; 2,1235; 2, 1238
3, 42 ; 3, 49 ; 3, 63 ; 3, 93 ; 3, 114 ; 3, 134 ; 3, 140 ; 3, 168 ; 3
170; 3, 204; 3, 309; 3, 343; 3, 397; 3, 525; 3, 551; 3, 605
3, 635 ; 3, 644 ; 3, 671 ; 3, 700 ; 3, 728 ; 3, 743 ; 3, 757 ; 3, 759
3, 801 ; 3, 835 ; 3, 851 ; 3, 855 ; 3, 857 ; 3, 939 ; 3, 944 ; 3, 968
3,976; 3,980; 3,1030; 3,1031; 3,1105; 3,1114; 3,1160; 3
1163; 3,1206; 3,1263; 3,1293; 3,1298; 4,13; 4,23; 4,88
4,159; 4,186; 4,202; 4,214; 4,219; 4,222; 4,232; 4,267
4, 280 ; 4, 287 ; 4, 316 ; 4, 331 ; 4, 452 ; 4, 480 ; 4, 487 ; 4, 518
4, 544 ; 4, 562 ; 4, 588 ; 4, 627 ; 4, 689 ; 4, 694 ; 4, 696 ; 4, 782
4, 790 ; 4, 794 ; 4, 810 ; 4, 853 ; 4, 882 ; 4, 888 ; 4, 904 ; 4, 916
4, 970; 4, 981 ; 4, 986; 4, 1045; 4, 1053; 4, 1059; 4, 1069; 4
1089; 4, 1091 ; 4, 1093; 4, 1123; 4, 1129; 4, 1133; 4, 1137
4, 1142 ; 4, 1145 ; 4, 1153 ; 4, 1175 ; 4, 1283 ; 4, 1394 ; 4, 1498
4,1548; 4,1617; 4,1635; 4,1671; 4, 1680; 4,1705; 4,1713
4, 1717 ; 4, 1721 ; 4, 1726 ; 4, 1732.
A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius ivith Homer. 27
2) With verbs of motion implying subsequent rest :
1, 606 eireaov S* ivl KVfjLaa-vv ; J, 757; iv irXTjfjLvyo-c . . . .
TTtTTTci/ ; cf. also 1, 1027 ; 1, 1056 ; 1, 1246 ; 1, 1248 ; 2, 107 ; 2,
256; 2, 371; 2, 962; 2, 1014; 3, 1307; 3, 1312; 4, 332; 4,
388 ; 4, 769 ; 4, 930 ; 4, 1109 ; 4, 1290. Cf. II. A, 522 iv KovCrjcrt,
KaTTTreaev ; Od. z/, 71 iv vrjl .... KaredevTo, etc.
II. Of state or condition :
2, 66 hrjo-avref; iv aXar) ; 2, 214 avdirTOfMai, iv KafiaTOLaLV ; cf.
also 2, 646 ; 2, 1132 ; 3, 476 ; 4, 1735. Cf. II. T, 20 /xa%6Vao-(9ai iv
alvy BrjioTrJTi, ; Od. r, 360 KaKOTrjrc jSpOTol Karayrjpda-KOva-iv, etc.
III. Of time:
1, 1080 ivl vvKTi, cf. 3, 798 ; 3, 862 ; 4, 60 ; 3, 327 ivl T^fiari ;
cf. 4, 236; 4, 1477; 4, 1500; 4, 217 ivl firivi ; 4, 244 rjoZ hi.
Cf. II. S, 251 eV vvKTL ; Od. /.t, 76 out' eV Oepei ovt iv oTrcoprj, etc.
IV. Of instrument or means:
2, 643 vixereprj apery evL Odpao^ aef ft). Cf. II. E, 386 Brjaav ....
ivl BecTfjuS, cf. Od. (9, 336.
V. 4, 998 fjiiWov Be ffoy €vi dcoprj^eo-Qai is not easy to classify.
It may perhaps be rendered ' they were to arm themselves (and
take their stand) in battle.' The Didot edition renders it * erant
tamen ad proelium se armaturi.' So also Beck. Willmann has
^ doch soUten sie noch zu dem Kampfe sich waffnen ; ' Ville de
Mimont ' ils devaient bient6t s'armer pour la guerre.'
7tp6.
Trpo occurs twice in ApoUonius, in the simple locative sense, viz.
1, 781 Trpo 7r6\r)o<; dva crrl^ov Tjtev ; 2, 811 irpo aareo^.
Homer, too, uses it sparingly, but nearly four times as often as
the former. There are 7 instances of irpo used adverbially in our
poet, none of tmesis. Homer has it 10 times adverbially, 8 in
tmesis. It is rarely postponed (4 times in Homer, none in
ApoUonius).
Besides the locative use Homer has it in a transferred sense
equivalent to virep, e. g. II. 0, 57 fidxea-Oat .... irpo re iraihayv
28 A Compat^on of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer.
teal TTpo yvvaiKojv, cf. II. H, 734 ; also in a temporal sense, cf. II.
A, 50 and K, 224 ; Od. e, 469 j f, 36 ; o, 524 ; p, 476.
avv, ^vv.
FoRAf. ovv is the form generally used by Apollonius, there
being only two examples of ^vv. Homer has the latter form only
9 times out of 225 occurrences.
Use. This preposition is considerably more frequent in Apol-
lonius (once in 91.1 lines) than in his predecessor (once in 147.8
lines). In point of frequency the Argonautica is nearer the Iliad
(once in 138.9 lines) than the Odyssey (once in 161.4 lines), though
not very near either. Postposition is rare in both poets (once in
Apollonius, 8 times in Homer). The adverbial use is common in
the Argonautica, but is not found at all in the Homeric poems.
Tmesis, on the other hand, is markedly less frequent in the former
(once in 1167 lines against once in 751.4 lines).
(Tvv is almost the exclusive preposition in Apollonius to denote
accompaniment, being used 64 times, afia being found but 10 times
of pure accompaniment and imerd not at all. The genitive with
/jLerd is avoided altogether. In this our poet is true to the Homeric
usage which shows but 5 instances of this construction. Apollonius
resembles the Odyssey in that the personal use of crvv predominates,
the Iliad in that the plural predominates. The turn of phraseology
also corresponds more to that of the Iliad, e. g. Apollonius has
no example of ai/v vrjl, vrjva-iy vijea-cn ; on the other hand aifv
T€u%6crfc, (TVV evrecTL are frequent as in the Iliad. Cf. Mommsen,
Beitrage (cited above, p. 8), p. 51.
The uses of crvv may be classified as follows :
I. Denoting pure accompaniment :
1, 70 dpi(TTrje<TaL crvv dvBpdaiv 6(\)pa veotTo ; cf further 1, 131
1,263; 1,557; 1,754; 1,756; 1,869; 1,888; 1,992; 2, 122
2, 305; 2, 458; 2, 466; 2, 563; 2, 705; 2, 815; 2, 1166; 3
240 ; 3, 450 ; 3, 703 ; 3, 839 ; 3, 869 ; 3, 1000 ; 3, 1164 ; 3, 1238
4, 22 ; 4, 72 ; 4, 734 ; 4, 793 ; 4, 861 ; 4, 1019 ; 4, 1039 ; 4, 1105
4, 1117 ; 4, 1152. Cf. II. A, 227 Uvai crhv dpitrnfieacnv ; Od. 0,
518 ffrjfievac .... aifv .... MeveXdtp, etc.
A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer. 29
II. Accompaniment with more accessory notion of aid :
1, 111 avv Si ot"Ap709 rev^ev, cf. 2, 1191 ; 3, 539 crvv Baifjiovt
irecprfdeirjv ; 4, 822 a Kev rpeyfraco Kaa-cyvrirrja-c avv a\Xai<;. Cf.
II. r, 439 \vLK7]a€v (Tvv 'AOrjvrj ; Od. v, 391 fiaxoi/JLrjv crvv croL
III. Denoting; withy together' with, in addition to :
1, 512 (l)6p/jLcyya avv a^^poa-lr) (T')(e6ev avSfj ; 2, 828 (tvv oarem
has €fcep(T6v ; cf. also 1,617; 1, 1200 ; 2, 1069 ; 2, 1120 ; 3, 689 ;
4, 1096 ; 4, 1228. Cf Od. v, US'OSva-a-rja decpav avrS crvv
T€ Xivcp fcal pr)yety etc.
IV. Jy^noimg with, having :
1, 241 (TVV revxeaiv ai(T<T0VTas ; cf. further 1, 1059; 1, 1207;
3, 126; 3, 176; 3, 499; 3, 862; 3, 899; 3, 1197; 3, 1278; 3,
1287; 4, 1122; 4, 1533; 4, 1589. Cf II. B, 787 ayy6\o<; ^XOe
.... (TVV dyyeXlrj ; Od. (a, 193 (Tvv fjueydXy dperfj i/crijcToa
aKoiTtv, etc.
V. Denoting with, o£ means or instrument:
2, 1224 avv evrecrc ireLprjOrjvat. Cf. II. E, 220 (tvv €VT€(ri
ireiprjdrjvac ; II. N, 719 (tvv evrecn .... fjuapvavTO, etc.
VI. In 4, 1005 (TVV AlrJTao KeKevd(p we have a usage which,
as Momrnsen (Beitrage, p. 188) observes, sounds unhomeric. This
peculiar expression seems to mean *at the coming or arrival of
Aeetes.' The Paris edition renders it ' Aeete persequente ; ' Beck
* Aeete adveniente;^ Willmann ^ bei des Koniges spaterer Ankunft.'
Cf. Ville de Mimont's note. Herwerden, Mnemosyne 11 (1883),
p. 120, conjectures K€\6V(Tfi^ comparing the formula (tvv rat v6ijb(p
and such expressions in which crvv may serve as an equivalent of Kara.
TtpoTtap.
This preposition occurs twice in ApoUonius, viz. : 1, 454 ttoXcov
irpoirap alyiaXoco ; 4, 1286 BoXi,')(^ov irpoirap alyiaXoto. Homer
does not use it.
TtpoTtpo.
There is but one instance of this, viz. : 3, 453 irpoirpo K ap
6<l>0aXfjua)v. It occurs twice adverbially, viz.: 3, 1012; 4, 1233.
30 A Compaiison of Apolloniu8 Rhodius with Homer.
Homer has no example. He has airoirpo once with a case (II. H,
334) and twice adverbially (II. H, 669 and 679) ; liairpo three
times with a case (II. A, 138 ; E, 281 ; H, 494) and 18 times
adverbially ; irepiirpo twice adverbially.
vnex.
This preposition occurs 14 times, or over 4 times as often as in
Homer. It is not found adverbially in either poet, but there are
three cases of tmesis in the Odyssey. There is no instance of
postposition in Apollonius, only one in Homer (II. X, 146).
Our poet uses vireK only in the simple local sense, except 3, 608 ;
his predecessor has it also in a transferred sense. The examples
in Apollonius are 1, 596 vireK iroTafiolo ; 1, 745 vTreK fjua^olo ;
1, 913 ; 1, 1166 ; 1, 1204 ; 2, 670 ; 3, 575 ; 3, 608 ; 3, 1182 ; 3,
1318; 4, 931; 4, 949; 4, 1222; 4, 1657. Cf. II. A, 465 i\Ke
S' VTT^K ^eXecov ; Od. jjl, 107 pva'airo a vireK Ka/cov, etc.
imonpo,
Apollonius has one example of this preposition, viz. : 4, 178
')(d(bv aiev viroirpo ttoBcov afiapva-aeTo. It is not found in Homer.
This preposition is very much more frequent in Apollonius
(once in 92.6 lines) than in Homer (once in 159.8). The ratio of
the cases is about the same in the two poets (Ap. 1.25 : 1, Hom.
1.26 : 1). It is to be observed that while the gen. is more com-
mon than the ace. in the Iliad (1.81 : 1), the proportion is almost
reversed for the Odyssey (1 : 1.66). In case relation, then, the
Argonautica is to be compared with the Iliad rather than the
Odyssey. Postposition of Bed is not very common in either poet
(once in Apollonius, 15 times in Homer). It is not used as an
adverb at all. There are about three times as many instances of
tmesis in Apollonius according to his bulk as in Homer.
The prevailing use of Bid in the Argonautica, both with the
gen. and the ace, is the locative one, denoting space through
A Comparison of Apollonius JRhodius with Homer. 31
which motion takes place, in which there seems to be no apparent
difference in meaning between the two cases ; whereas in prose the
locative use of hid is confined to the gen. (cf. Monro § 215). A
noteworthy coincidence with Homeric usage is the absence of the
gen. with 3ta to denote instrument, which is a post-Homeric con-
struction (cf. Kiihner II, § 434).
hid WITH THE GEN.
I. Of motion through or over space :
I. 237 'laav fiera vrja Bo" dareof; ; 2, 779 Sl 'A<rt8o9 rjireLpoio
7r€fo9 6/37/ ; cf. further 1, 377 ; 1, 789 ; 1, 1137 ; 2, 187 ; 2, 329 ;
2, 565; 2, 686; 2, 935; 2, 1036; 3, 211 ; 3, 275; 3, 792; 3,
871; 3,884; 3, 1312; 3, 1378; 4,632; 4,847; 4, 913; 4, 966;
4, 1458; 4, 1472; 4, 1543; 4, 1567; 4, 1662. Cf. II. A, 495
^rj 8e Sict 'irpofid')((ov ; Od. ac, 118 reO^j^e ^or^v hia darTeofiy etc,
II. Of implied motion :
1, 777 KvaveoLO hlr)epof; o/jL/jbara OiXyet, ; 3, 761 oBvvr) (r/jLv^ova-a
Bed xpoo^ ; cf. also 3, 141 ; 3, 1357 ; 4, 872 ; 4, 1169. Cf. II. T,
263 Bid ^Kaccav .... e%oz/ .... tTTTrov?, etc.
III. Of position throughout or over :
4, 199 at fiev Bid vr)o<; .... irriBolaiv ipeaaere ; 4, 1285 Bi
rjipo^ dcTTpa <f>aeivov, Cf. II. N, 519 Bl Mfiov .... €7^09 eV^ei/, etc.
Sid with the acc.
I. Of motion through or over :
I, 2 Bid irerpag .... ijXaa-av 'Apyco ; cf. further 1, 922 ; 2,
414; 2, 422; 3, 709; 3, 1052; 4, 290; 4, 272; 4, 306; 4, 374;
4, 644 ; 4, 647 ; 4, 784 ; 4, 1000 ; 4, 1763. Cf. II. ^, 846 Trirerai
Bid /3o{)9 ; Od. f, 50 07] 8' levai Bid B(op.a6\ etc.
II. Of TIME:
1, 518 Bid Kvi(j)a^; cf. 1, 651 ; 1, 1255; 2, 156; 2, 729; 2,
1287; 3, 1361; 4, 70; 4, 1069; 2, 42 Bid vvura ; cf. 4, 868.
The phrase Bid vvKra is common in Homer, cf. II. B, 57 ; K, 41 ;
32 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer,
n, 363 ; Od. L, 404 ; o, 8, etc. It is found chiefly in the Odyssey
and books 10 and 24 of the Iliad (cf. Monro § 215). Cf. also II.
B, 40 hia Kparepa^ vafiiva<; * lasting through hard fights ' cited
by Monro.
III. Causal denoting ' owing to '
1, 423 a7)v Sea ixtjtlv ; cf. 2, 76. Cf. II. A, 72 fjv Bta fiavroavvrjv ;
Od. 6, 520 vLKTjaaL .... hia .... ^AO'^vrjv, etc.
xard.
Kara is considerably less frequent in Apollonius (once in 67.06
lines) than in Homer (once in 42.5 lines). In both poets the ace.
greatly predominates, but much more so in Homer (8.6 times the
gen.) especially in the Odyssey (14.05 times the gen.). There are
only two instances of postposition in Apollonius against 34 in his
predecessor. Kara is not used as an adverb in either poet. Tmesis
is much less frequent in the Argonautica (once in 530.4 lines) than
in the Homeric poems (once in 132.4 lines).
xard WITH the gen.
The two most common uses of Kara with the gen. are to denote
motion down from, and motion down on. It also in a few cases
denotes position down in, beneath, a use which is seldom found
(cf. Kiihner II, § 433 II).
I. Of motion :
1) down from :
1, 565 icah S* avTov Xiva ')(€vav ; 1, 1261 Kara KpoTd(^(ov ....
tS/oft)? KriKiev, cf. also 2, 286 ; 2, 429; 3, 70; 3, 1264; 4, 34; 4,
444; 4, 510; 4, 638; 4, 911 ; 4, 1594; 4, 1600; 4, 1704. Cf.
II, P, 438 Kara ^€<l>dp(ov ')(^afjLdBt<; pie ; Od. tt, 190 kclB Be irapeiSiV
BaKpvoVy etc.
2) down on :
3, 1021 Kar ovheo<; 6p,p,ar epeiBov, cf. also 4, 158 ; 4, 654 ; 4,
1523. Cf. II. r, 217 Kar^ x(9oi/o9 Sfifiara Tr^Jf a? ; H. ^, 172
eOrjKe Kar o')(6'r)^ .... e7;^09, etc.
A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 33
3) Towai'd a point, of landing with a ship :
4, 315 yy^ov vrjaroLO Kar aKpoTaTTj^ iveovro * they landed high up
toward the extreme end of the island/ Beck ^ altius ad summam
insulam tendebant procul ; ^ Willmann ^ hoch nun steuerte die
Schar an dem ausersten Ende des Eilands fern.' Ville de Mimont
' vers la partie sup6rieure de Pile.' Sophocles El. 1433 has ^are
Kar avTiBvpayv.
II. Of position down in, beneath :
1, 155 vepOe Kara ')(6ovo<^ avyd^eadac ; 4, 1326 Kara vrj8vo<i ....
(f>epouaay cf. 4, 1352; 4, 1371. This use is not found in Homer,
seldom elsewhere (Kiihner II, § 433, I, c). Enr. Heracl. 1003
has aei Keia-OfiaL Kara ydovo*^ ; Hipp. 836 to Kara ydf; Kve<f>a<;.
Xatd WITH THE ACC.
I. Of motion :
1) beneath:
4, 964 Kara ^evOo^ .... hvvov. Cf. II. Z, 136 hvaeO* aXo^; Kara
KVfJLa, etc.
2) through J over :
1, 2 TiovTOLO Kara (TTOjxa fcal Stct Trerpa? .... rfKacrav 'ApycOy
cf. 4,n000. It is not easy to distinguish Kara from 8id here.
The Paris edition renders *in ostium et per rupes,' but 4, 1000
* per ostium et per rupes ; ' so Beck ; Willmann * durch des Pontos
Entmiindungen zwischen den dunkeln Felsen.' Cf. Od. tj, 40
Kara darv Sod a^ea^ ; 1, 371 (TKaTrrov .... icar evpc; ; Cf.
further 1, 372 ; 1, 575 ; 2, 824 ; 2, 1037 ; 3, 113 ; 3, 411 ; 3, 534 ;
3, 809; 3, 873; 3, 1237; 3, 1241 ; 3, 1335; 4, 363; 4, 1319.
Cf. II. A, 276 ip')(OfjLevov Kard irovrov ; Od. a, 1 Kara darv
Trr(o')(eve(TK, etc.
3) over or through without motion expressed :
I, 247 ft)9 4>daav .... Kara tttoXlv ; cf. also 1, 621 ; 3, 1053;
3, 1217 ; 3, 1332 ; 3, 1353 ; 4, 968. Cf. II. B, 803 iroXkol .... kut
a(TTV .... eiTLKOvpoiy Od. Ly 120 KaO' v\7)v dXyea 7rda')(^ov<Tiv, etc.
II. Of place :
1, 299 Kara Ovfibv dvid^ovaa ; 2, 111 ovra .... Kara Xairdprjv ;
cf. also 1, 429; 1, 974; 1, 1253; 2, 499; 2, 773; 2, 994; 3,
4
34 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer.
168; 3,176; 3, 324; 3,639; 3, 684; 3, 753; 3, 777; 3,926;
4, 145; 4, 414; 4, 473; 4, 1066; 4, 1216; 4, 1645; 4, 1769.
Cf. U. A, 716 YivKov Kara \aov ayecpev ; Od. B, 46 irekev ....
Ba)/jLa KdO\ etc.
III. Of fitness, * accor-dlng to ' .•
1, 8 irerjv Kara pd^iv ; 1, 333 Kara Koa-fiov ; cf. further 1, 382 ;
1,660; 1,839; 1, 1210; 2, 756; 2, 1162; 3, 189; 3, 552; 3,
1040 ; 4, 360 ; 4, 530 ; 4, 887. Cf. II. A, 286 Kara fiolpav ; Od.
7, 138 Kara koct/jlov, etc.
IV. DlSTRIBUTIVELY :
1 , 358 ireiraXa^Oe Kara K\'r)lBa^ iper/jud ; 2, 999 KeKpifikvav
Kara (jyvXa. Cf. II. B, 362 Kara (jyvXa ; B, 366 Kara a(f)ea^, etc.
i;7t8p, VTtELp.
Form. The form vTreip is found in but four instances in Apol-
lonius in the phrase virelp oka (1, 236 ; 1, 918 ; 3, 1071 ; 4, 299).
Homer has vireCp only 5 times.
Use. Apollonius uses this preposition over twice as frequently
as his predecessor. The gen, preponderates over the ace. in nearly
the same degree in both poets (Argonautica 1.9, Homeric poems 1.6).
In the Odyssey especially is the preponderance of the gen. notice-
able (2.3 times the ace), virip is postponed even more times than
in all Homer (Ap. 12, Hom. 10). It is not found as a pure adverb
in either poet. Apollonius has two examples of tmesis. Homer none.
vTrep has as its proper meaning over^ hence it is used both of
position and of motion over anything, and metaphorically over as
a protection, and so in defense of in behalf of
VTtep WITH THE GEN.
I. Of place :
1) Of position over, above, beyond :
1, 776 So/jicov VTrep ' avTeWovra ; 1, 940 KeivTai K vwep i/Saro? ;
cf. also 2, 95; 2,103; 2,108; 2,171; 2,362; 2,398; 2,580; 2,
A Comparison of Apollonius Mhodius with Homer. 35
1087; 4, 139; 4, 1269; 4, 1348; 4, 1576; 4, 1624. Cf. II. B,
20 (TTTJ 8' dp virep Ke(\>aXri^ ; Od. 6, 68, etc.
2) Of motion over^ above, across :
1, 1084 virep .... Kaprjaro^ .... ttcotclt a\KVOVi<; ; 2, 271
virep irovTOLo 4>epovTO ; cf. also 2, 585 ; 3, 1112 ; 3, 1362 ; 4, 1424 ;
4, 1691. Cf. II. O, 382 i/?/o? virep roi'^ayv Karaff'^aerai ; Od. p,
575 Toz/ K virep ovEov ffdvra, etc.
II. In behalf of, for the sake of:
2, 636 er)? '»/^^%^? aXiycDv virep ; 4, 380 ari;!/ ou . . . . heivtov
vTrep .... orXrja-co ; 4, 406 97pa (j>epoL6v vwep (Tea. Cf. II. A, 444
eKaTOfM/Sfjv pe^au virep Aavacov, etc.
III. ^6ow^, concerningj with verbs of learning, asking, etc.,
like 'TrepL :
4, 531 7r€va6/jL€UO<i .... ttJctS' virep avTrj<; vavriXlrjf; ; 4, 1175
€^€picov Kovpr)(; VTrep. Cf. II. Z, 524 o^' i;7re/o creOev al(T')(€ olkovw
TTpo^ Tpcocov. virep aeOeu here, however, is regarded by some as
equivalent to tua causa, so Dindorf in Steph. Thesaurus. This
construction did not become frequent till the time o£^the orators
(cf. Kiihner II, § 435, I, 2, e).
IV. In prayer like Trpo? with the gen. :
3, 701 \ia-ao/jb virep fiaKapiov, Cf, II. O, 660 \icrare&' virep
TOKceop ; Od. o, 261 Xl(T(to/jl virep Ovecov koX haifjbovo^, etc.
l)7tep WITH THE ACC.
I. Of PLACE:
1) Denoting motion over beyond :
1, 236 vTrelp aXa vavriXkeaeai ; cf. 1, 918; 4, 299; 1, 568
virep SoXtxw ^^ov ctKprjv ; cf. further 3, 198; 3, 219; 3, 1071 ;
3, 1191 ; 4, 1692. Cf. II. E, 16 virep &fiov ijXve^ clkcok^ ;
Od. V, 63 virep ovBov e^ijcrero, etc.
2) Of position :
1, 599 Kklrea TiaXXrjvaia .... virep dfcprjv ; 2, 378 vaierdovai
.... virep dicprjv ; 4, 307 virep av'^eva yairj<;. Homer uses the
gen. in such cases.
VNivr-
36 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer.
II. Beyond, contrary to :
1, 1030 virep fiopov, cf. 4, 20; 4, 1252 virep .... alaav.
These expressions are found in Homer, cf. II. V, 59 ; Z, 487 ;
n, 780; P, 321; T, 30 and 336; ^, 517; Od. a, 34 and 35;
€, 436.
Apollonius difiFers markedly from Homer in the frequency of
this preposition, using it 21 times (11 with gen. 10 with ace.),
whereas the latter has it only 12 times, all in the Odyssey with
one exception (II. O, 124) and wholly with the gen. Apollonius
uses it once adverbially, Homer not at all.
hlEX WITH THE GEN.
1, 1157 Stef aXo9; cf. 1, 1328; 2, 351 ; 2, 806; 2, 644 Stef
"Kihao ^epedpcov ; cf. further 2, 746 ; 2, 752 ; 3^158 ; 3, 887 ; 3,
915; 4, 161. Cf. II. O, 124 BtU irpodvpov ; Od. k, 388 hieK
fieydpoLO, etc.
hex WITH THE ACC.
1, 1014 a^ef aXo? o%a, cf. 4, 457 ; 4, 657 ; 2, 560 BieK ireTpa^,
of. 2, 618; 4, 304; 4, 858; 4, 961 ; 2, 622 hieK TriXayo^; ; 3, 73
hieK TrpoaXe^ .... vhwp.
napex,
Apollonius uses this preposition, too, much oftener than his
predecessor (11 times to his 10). In Homer the accusative greatly
preponderates over the gen. (gen. 2, ace. 8), whereas in the Argo-
nautica the gen. almost equals the ace. (gen. 5, ace. 6). Apollonius
postpones jrapeK once, Homer not at all. The former has 6 exam-
ples of the adverbial use, the latter 8 (chiefly in the Odyssey).
napex with the gen.
1, 1315 irapeK /jueyaXoLo Ato9, cf. also 2, 344; 2, 975; 3, 742;
4, 550. Cf. II. K, 349 irape^ ohov ; Od. 6, 116 irapeK \i/iiivo<;y etc.
A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer, 37
napex
WITH THE ACC.
1, 130 TrapeK voov, cf. 1, 323 ; 4, 102 ; 2, 341 Trape^ l^xh OecT^aTa ;
cf. further 2, 1012 ; 2, 1115. Cf. 11. K, 391 irapeK voov ; Od. fi,
276 7ra/9ef r^z/ vrjo-ov, etc.
This preposition is much more frequent in ApoUonius (one in
84.5 lines) than in Homer (one in 123.5 lines). The Argonautica
is to be compared with the Iliad (99.3) rather than the Odyssey
(180.7). Noteworthy is the overdoing of the gen. (11 examples
to Homer 2). The gen. with dfKpi is rare in classic Greek outside
Pindar.^ d/^c^t is postponed slightly more often in the Argonautica
(6 times or 8.7 per cent.) than in the Homeric poems (16 times or
7.1 per cent.). It is used as an adverb much oftener in the former
(once in 364.7 lines) than in the latter (once in 434.4 lines). On
the other hand tmesis is less common in the former (once in 729.4
lines) than in the latter (once in 414.9 lines).
d[l^i WITH THE GEN.
I. Denoting about, for , for the sake of:
1, 120 tt}? S' aiJU(^l Svrjv ifMoyrjo-e ^apelav ; 1, 1150 hair dfjL^l
Oea^ Oeaav; cf. also 1, 1214; 1, 1343; 2, 89; 2, 637; 2, 971;
3, 1100; 4,491; 4, 1469.
The two examples in Homer are II. H, 825 fjudxecrdov irlhaKo^
dfjLc^^ 0X^7779 ; Od, 6, 267 deiSeiv d^cf) "Kpeo^ (j)L\6Tr)T0<;.
II. In entreaty like tt^o? ;
2, 216 ^oi^ov T dfji(j>l Kol avTTj^ €LV6K€v"}ipr)<; \LcraofiaL. This
is the only example in ApoUonius. Homer furnishes no parallel.
Suchier* cites Eur. Suppl. 280 oXKTtdat, d/jnl>l tckvcov /jl UeTav,
^ Pindar has 6 ex. with the gen., 38 with the dat., 16 with the ace.
* Animadversiones de dicendi genere, quo Ap. Rh. poeta in Argonauticis usus
est, 1862, p. 18.
38 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer,
d/Z^t WITH THE DAT.
I. Of place:
1) Of definite local relation :
I. 221 a^^l he vcoTotf; .... hoveovro .... eOeipai ; 1, 721 a/x^*
<oiioL(TL 6ed<; TpcTcovlBo^ epyov ; cf. also 1, 1033 ; 1, 1142 ; 1, 1306 ;
1, 1327; 2, 680; 2, 703; 2, 733; 3, 137; 3, 1281; 3, 1385;
4, 136; 4,957; 4, 1061.
This category is common in Homer, e. g. II. T, 328 afi<t>' Mfiocaiv
iBvcreTO ; Od. tt, 174 drjK afjL(f)l crrrjOeaai, etc.
2) Of less definite local relation :
1,618 eppatcrav aKOira<; ol/jl^^ evvrj ; 2, 838 afjb(j)l Se Krjheir) veKVoq
fievov ; 4, 731 oaa r a/xcf)! 6ool<; i/juoyrjaav aeOXoi'^. Cf. II. F, 362
ap,(i>l 8' ap avTw {(f>aXa)) .... hiarpv^ev eKireae %6ipo9 ; Od.
^, 434 a/jL(l>l TTvpl a-TYjaat rpiiroha. This use is common in
Pindar, cf. I, 1, 50; N, 8, 42; P, 5, 119, etc.
II. Of cause, ahoui^foryfor the sake of:
1, 747 dficf)! Be ^ovalv .... fiapvavro ; 3, 318 vTroBBeiaaf; d/jL(f>l
<Tr6\(p ; cf. also 3, 459 ; 4, 575 ; 4, 1029. Cf. II. F, 70 dfjL<j>'
^lEXivrj Kol KTYjiiaai irdaL iJbd')(€cr6aL ; Od. S, 153 ifjuoyrjo-ev dfi<f)
ifJLOL, etc.
III. Ahovi.y concerning y with verbs of learning, saying, etc. :
3, 678 eBdrjf; .... ivLTrrjv d/jL<f>L r ifiol koX iraKTiv ; 4, 356 riva
TrjvBe (TVvapTvvaade /jLevoivrjv d[jb<f> i/jboi ; 4, 1331 dfKJn Be voarro
OVTL .... VOeW <f>dTLV,
This use of dp.(f)i in Homer is confined mostly to the Odyssey,
as is the case with irepl with the gen. with such verbs (cf. below
p. 53) Ebeling cites 10 examples, only 3 of which are in the Iliad.
Cf. II. n, 647 dfjL^l <^6v(p .... /Mep/jLrjpL^cov ; Od. B, 151 d/i^^
^OBva-rjt /jLv6e6/jbr}v, etc.
IV. In the following examples dfi(f>l is used in various relations
rather adverbially than as a preposition ;
2, 96 S' dfjb<ji oBvvTj yvij^ rjpoTrev * he fell on his knees in pain '
(i. e. with pain all over him), cf. II. E, 68 yvv^ B' epiir olfi(o^a<; in
which ol/uLco^a<; expresses an idea similar to d/jucj) oBvvrj ; 3, 117 a/^</)*
A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius mth Homer. 39
da-rpafydXoccn .... eyjrcocovTo ^ they were playing with dice ' (the
prep, is locative, * they were enjoying themselves around the dice ')»
Homer II. *^, 88 has the same prepositional phrase d/jLcf) dcrrpayd-
Xotcrt with ')(pk(o66L^. The verb iylnw/jbac occurs again in ApoUo-
nius, viz. 1, 458 Trapd Bacrl /cal OLVca repirvS)^ e^^ioayvrai, followed
by a locative prepositional phrase rather than an instrumental dative.
In 3, 623 dfjL(jn jSoeaa-tv .... deOXevovo-a and 4, 364-5 d/jL(j)L re
jSovcrlv dfK^i re ^7]^evke(jGLv dvairXricreLa'^ ueOXov^ we have a note-
worthy use of dfjL4>L with a verb or expression of contending. It
is difficult to translate the preposition otherwise than as equivalent
to Latin cum. So Beck translates 4, 364-5, * cum tauris et cum
gigantibus perficeres certamina.' Strictly, however, dficj)!, is not
equivalent to cum. Here again it is locative and rather adver-
bial than prepositional. And so Will maun translates * bei den
Stieren und bei den Erdegeborenen die Kampfarbeiten voUendet.*
d^^L WITH THE ACC.
I. Of place :
I . 427 d/jL(f>l fieroaira TrXrj^ev ; 1, 843 dfi(f)l he rovye uerjvcBe'; ...»
€lXi(T(TovTo ; of. also 1, 813; 1, 883; 1, 1178; 1, 11«4; 1, 1248;
2, 376 ; 2, 452 ; 2, 516 ; 2, 767 ; 2, 850 ; 3, 121 ; 3, 461 ; 3, 633 ;
3, 761 ; 3, 881 ; 3, 1215 ; 4, 44 ; 4, 535 ; 4, 550 ; 4, 1277 ; 4, 1347 ;
4, 1452; 4, 1609. Cf. II. A, 409 a/^<^' SXa eXaat ; Od. e, 63
a7r€0<i d/jb(f)l irei^vKei, etc.
II. Causal, /or, in quest of:
4, 51-2 dXcofjievTj dfjL(j>i re v€Kpov<;, dfi<^i re hvcriraXeaf; pi^a<i
X^ovo^. ijuerd is usually used in this sense, cf. below, p. 50.
III. O^time:
3, 424 dfi(\)l iroXvv .... xpoi^ov. Homer furnishes no example.
This use is found mostly in poetry, especially Pindar (Kiihner II,
§ 437), cf. O, 2, 52 rbv oXov dpbcjn 'x^povov, etc.
ava.
Form. ApoUonius uses the form dvd everywhere, except 11
instances of a/x (before labials) and one of dv. Homer has dvd
171 times, a> 13, dv 41.
40 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer,
Use. In the excessive use oi avd by Apollonius (once in 112.2
lines) in comparison with Homer (once in 182.9 lines) we have
another instance of overdoing for the sake of poetic effect, avd is
usually followed only by the accusative case, but in epic and lyric
poetry and the lyric parts of tragedy it is found sometimes with
the dative (Kiihner II, § 433, 1). The gen. occurs only in Homer
in three passages in the Odyssey exclusively of going on board ship,
viz. y5, 416 ; L, 177 ; o, 284 (cf Kriiger 68, 20, 1 ; Monro § 209.) ^
The dative also is rare in Homer, there being only 9 examples
(II. 6; Od. 3) and always with the meaning up on an elevation.
Apollonius postpones dvd but once (1, 308), Homer 14 times.
Tmesis is more frequent in the former (once in 307.1 lines) than
in the latter (once in 391.6 lines), dvd is used twice as an adverb
in Homer (II. S, 562 ; Od. «, 343), not at all in the Argonautica.
avd WITH THE DAT.
2, 701 dvd ScTrXoa /iirjpLa ^cofio) fcalov. This, however, is rather
a case of tmesis. The examples in Homer are II. A 15 and 374
dvd (TKi^TTTpa) ; ©, 441 d/x ^(OjjLolav ; H, 352 dvd Tapjdpo) uKpa,
cf. O, 152 ; 2, 177 dvd crKoXoTreaai ; Od. \, 128 dvd .... «//,«,
cf. -^y 275 ; o), 8 dvd r dWrjXrjcnv. Cf. also Pindar P. 1,6; O,
1, 42 ; Aesch. Suppl. 350 ; Eur. Iph, Aul. 754 ; 1058 ; El. 466.
avd WITH THE ACC.
I. Of motion through a place, less often through or among a
number of persons : ^
^ These however are rather instances of tmesis. Cf. Od. o, 210 and Ameis-
Hentze's note. Hermann, Opusc. V, p. 38 makes the following distinction
between ava and iiri. in this use : sed vero etiam sic fieri potest, ut quis ex altiore
navi in minorem discendens eV avrris fiaiveiv dicatur. Sed avh vtjhs $aiu€ip dicitur,
qui ex loco depressiore in navem adscendit, ut deinde in ea consistat. Giseke
(referred to above p. 24) compares the opposite firj 8e kut 'Okifiiroio Kapiivwvy
II. A, 44.
• Bury, The Isthmian Odes of Pindar^ 1892, Appendix p. 178 attempts to make
a distinction — founded on Hermann Opusc, V, p. 41 — between aud and Kard
denoting motion through or in space. He formulates his distinction as follows :
*' aud with the ace. expresses motion through or in space ; and implies method, or
A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer. 41
I. 308 elatv .... ArjXov av yyadirjv ; 1, 310 ava 7rXr)6vv
STjfiov Kiev ; cf. also 1, 812; 1, 1292; 2, 590; 3, 166; 3, 685;
3, 748; 3,823; 4, 1110; 4, 1172; 4, 1177; 4, 1279; 4, 1440.
Cf. II. I, 395 elalv av 'EXXdha ; Od. ^, 474 rjyov dva irpoOvpov
T€ Kol avKrjv, etc. With collective nouns it is confined mostly to
the Iliad (Monro), as dva arparov II. A, 10; dv ofjutXav E, 528,
etc. dva BrjfjLov occurs in Od. ff, 291 ; t, 73 and 273.
II. Of motion along :
1, 527 dva fiiacrrjv arelpav .... rjpfioae, cf. 4, 580 ; 1, 781 dva
ari^ov ijtep, cf. 4, 47 ; cf. also 2, 168 ; 2, 516 ; 2, 825 ; 3, 1283 ;
4, 43 ; 4, 633 ; 4, 974. Cf. II. K, 339 /3^ p dv 6B6v ; E, 87
6vv€ .... aytt TreBlov, etc.
III. Of motion ov^r space :
2, 500 ara .... ryatav .... irveiova-tv, cf. 2, 998 ; 2, 697 dvct
vrjaov ihiveov ; cf. also 2, 810 ; 2, 1086 ; 2, 1091 ; 4, 231 ; 4, 1382 ;
4, 1536. Cf. II. "^, 321 dva hp6fiov ; Od. e, 330 a/x TreXaryo^, etc.
IV. Of motion ^o or w/> to a place much like eVt ;
1, 838 eZyLtt .... dva tttoXlv, cf. 3, 573; 3, 1367 dva X'^^P^
Xa^oov (taking into his hand) ; 4, 115 effrjcrav .... dva ^J^pov,
Cf. Od. %, 77 eXOcofiev B' dva darv 'in urbem/ durius dicta
videntur (Ebeling). This is the only example in Homer.
some definite aim governing the direction of the motion. For example, the
guiding motive might be to reach the farther side of the space indicated, or to
traverse the whole space exhaustively. Kara with the ace. also expresses motion
through or m space; but the motion is not defined as continuous or methodical.
To illustrate, in II. r, 245 the herald ' bent on business ' goes ava darru ; walking
at random in the streets would be Kara Hcrrv. A beggar wandering aimlessly
about town is said irrcox^^eiu Karit, &(Trv, but when he methodically visits every
house he is said irrcox^^eiv auk &(rrv." However the case may be for Homer, I
am unable to persuade myself that ApoUonius felt any such distinction to exist
between the two prepositions. In 1, 812 fi-qrepes hfi irroXUBpov arr]/j.€\4(os a\d\'nvro
there is no * method ' or * definite aim ;' on the other hand in 3, 411 rohs €\da
C^^as (rrv<pe\^v Kara veiov there is * definite aim.' Again in 3, 748 ouSe kwuv
uAo/c^ er' avk irr6\iv we have ava where ApoUonius should have used Kar6. if he
had felt the above distinction. Cf. Giseke (referred to above p. 24) p. 93 who
notes this citing Hermann.
42 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer,
V. Of direction towards :
2, 363 cLfi TriXayo^ reTpafi^evr). Cf. II. T, 212 ava irpoOvpov
T€TpafjLfjLevo^ ^conversus in vestibulum^ (Ebeling) ; ' durch die Thiir
bin gewendet ^ (Ameis-Hentze).
VI. Of motion upon like eVt .•
1, 528 ava aekfiara 0dvTe<;, cf. 4, 885; 3, 44 rja-ro .... avct
Opovov. Cf. II. K, 466 OrjKev ava fivpLKrjv ; Od. y, 492 ava 0*
apfjLara .... ej^aivov, etc.
VII. Witb various verbs implying extent over space :
1, 127 ^6p06TO . . . . a/jb fieya TL(j)o<i ; 1, 1130 ava crTreo? ....
il3\d(TTva-ev ; cf. also 1, 166; 1, 825; 2, 998; 2, 1018; 4, 996 ;
4, 1338 ; 4, 1359 ; 4, 1742. Cf. II. A, 570 a>xOv(ycLv B' dva Bcofia ;
Od. f, 286 dyetpa ')(pr}p,aT dv KlyvirTiov^ dvBpa<;.
em.
This preposition is considerably more frequent in Apollonius
(one in 19.3 lines) than in Homer (one in 24.8 lines). The Iliad
and Odyssey have iiri nearly equally often. The dative pre-
ponderates over the other two cases in the Argonautica (gen. : dat. :
ace. : : 1 : 4.16 : 1.7) in a greater degree than in Homer as a whole
(1 : 3.31 : 2.51) but less than in the Iliad (1 : 5.96 : 3.73). In the
Odyssey the dative and accusative are nearly balanced (1 : 1.78 :
1.81). Apollonius postpones eVt less than his predecessor (31
times or 10.2 per cent, to his 142 or 12.6 per cent.). Tmesis is
found about equally often in the two poets (Ap. one in 132.6
lines; Horn, one in 134.3). The adverbial use is not common
(4 examples in the former, 21 in the latter).
The local use of eVt is the most common one with all three
cases, especially with the dative.
ini WITH THE GEN.
I. Of PLACE :
1) with verbs of rest, on or upon :
1, 320 o-TT] .... eVl TrpofioXr/f; ; 2, 203 KaOe^ero .... ovBov
iir avXeioio ; cf. also 2, 406 ; 3, 202 ; 3, 455 ; 4, 1330, and with-
A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 43
out verb expressed 2, 259; 3, 573; 4, 516; 4, 671. Cf. II. H,
157 iir aKpoTarr)^ KOpv<l)rj(; .... "IS??? rj/jL6V0V ; Od. a, 162 Keifiev
eir rjireipov, etc.
2) with other verbs, oi position^ locality upon:
1, 444 daveeiv .... eV ' Acr^So9 •qireipoio ; 1, 658 ayeiv cttI vijo^s ;
cf. also 1,182; 2,211; 2,401; 2,916; 2,1058; 2,1187; 2,1254;
3, 880 ; 3, 930; 4, 954; 4, 1318; 4, 1357. Cf. II. E, 550 iirl
vrf&v .... eTrecrdrjv ; II. H, 356 (j)€vy(o/jL€v 6<i) iTTTrayv, etc.
3) with verbs of motion or implying motion (terminus ad quern) t
1, 29 dKTTJf; .... 67rt .... <7Tt%oftjcrti/ ; 1, 784 eVl ')(dovo^
Sfifiar ipelaa^ ; cf. also 1, 1237 ; 2, 550 ; 2, 631 ; 2, 685 ; 3, 22 ;
3, 199 ; 3, 225 ; 3, 569 ; 3, 683 ; 4, 78 ; 4, 514 ; 4, 578 ; 4, 660 ;
4, 939 ; 4, 1576 ; 4, 1584 ; 4, 1661. Cf. II. T, 293 KareOriKev iirl
')(6ov6f; ; Od. \, 534 iirl vrjof; e^atvev, etc.
II. Of time:
2, 782 67rl TlpioXao KaaL^vrjToto Oavovro^ ^fjuerepov ^vaolaLv
vir^ avBpda-iv .... ddXevoov Titltiv direKaivvro 'irvyixa')(eovTa^
Suchier^ p. 17 cites here Aesch. Agam. 1548 r/? 5* i'mTvfiffio<i
alvo<i iir dvSpl Belw .... irovrjaei ; 3, 918 ovwa) tI? toZo? iirl
TTporepcov yiver dvBpcJv. Cf. II. E, 637 eVl TrpoTepcov dvOpdoirwv ;
B, 797 eV elprjvr}^, etc.
mi WITH THE DAT.
I. Of place :
1) of rest or position on, at^ or near :
1, 36 ryelvaTO .... 6^' ijSacriv ; 1, 219 iir aKpoTdroLaL irohodv
.... <T€Lov 7rT€pvya<; ; cf. also 1, 54 ; 1, 178 ; 1, 297 ; 1, 309
1,329; 1,365; 1,376; 1,435; 1,453; 1,497; 1,537; 1,549
1, 554 ; 1, 566 ; 1, 730 ; 1, 946 ; 1, 1120 ; 1, 1321 ; 2, 5 ; 2, 104
2, 285 ; 2, 357 ; 2, 365 ; 2, 366 ; 2, 481 ; 2, 487 ; 2, 496 ; 2, 505
2, 658 ; 2, 735 ; 2, 972 ; 2, 1103 ; 2, 1148 ; 2, 1273 ; 3, 67 ; 3, 167
3, 218 ; 3, 235 ; 3, 444 ; 3, 679 ; 3, 708 ; 3, 803 ; 3, 875 ; 3, 877
3, 1056 ; 3, 1158 ; 3, 1159 ; 3, 1227 ; 3, 1284 ; 3, 1334 ; 3, 1393
4, 85 ; 4, 172 ; 4, 251 ; 4, 523 ; 4, 605 ; 4, 615 ; 4, 691 ; 4, 717
4, 955; 4, 971; 4, 1158; 4, 1173; 4, 1225; 4, 1272; 4, 1298
1 Cited above p. 37.
44 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer,
4, 1309; 4, 1403; 4, 1503; 4, 1555; 4, 1595; 4,1613; 4,1658.
Cf. II. X, 463 eo-T77 .... eVl reixeo ; Od. .^, 414 eVt i/t/I
KarOea-av, etc.
2) with verbs of motion or implying motion :
1, 260 a'yopevov eirl TrpofjboXrjo-L klovtcov ; 1, 517 eVt re yXco-
<T(Trj(TL %eoz/To; cf. also 1, 1004; 1, 1194; 2, 69; 2, 90; 2, 92
2, 112; 2, 220; 2, 430; 3, 1022; 3, 1033; 3, 1286; 4, 44
4, 124; 4, 187; 4, 493; 4, 902; 4, 938; 4, 952; 4, 1197
4, 1404 ; 4, 1 565 ; 4, 1665. Cf. II. A, 88 iirl x^ovl SepKOfiivoco
Od. t, 150 6K Be KoX avTol ^ijfiev eVt prjyfuvt, etc.
3) in hostile sense, against :
1, 425 TO) S' eVl ^ovcrlv ^(oa-dadijv ; 1, 1025 iirl <r<f)L(Ti x^lpaf;
aeipav ; cf. also 2, 1038 ; 3, 276 ; 3, 284 ; 3, 742 ; 3, 1351 ; 4, 7 ;
4, 448 ; 4, 462 ; 4, 1101 ; 4, 1669. Cf. II. E, 124 iirc Tpcoeaai
jxax^a-Oat ; Od. k, 214 ayp/jirjOrjaav iir avBpd(Tiv, etc.
4) in addition to, besides :
I. 811 Kopai XVP^^ ''"' ^'^f' Trja-iv .... oXoXt^vto ; 1, 1046 iirl
TOLCTCV eXev Opacrvv ^iBvfiovrja; cf. also 3, 125; 3, 178; 4, 447;
4, 1188. Cf. II. I, 639 dWa re ttoXV iirc ttJo-l ; Od. co, 277, etc.
II. Of conditiox, attendant circumstances :
1, 252 ov 8' €TeK€(T(Ta^ eir d<y\atrj ^lotolo ' thou hast not finished
thy life with joy;' 1, 422 Xvaat^i .... eV dTnjfiovL pboipy Trel-
<r fiara ^ ma.y 1 loose my cables with harmless destiny;' 1, 514
*irpovxovTo Kciprjva .... opOota-Lv eir ovaaiv ^ leaned forward their
heads with eager ears;' 1, 652 ireiafiara vrjo^ eXvaav eirl irvoifj
j3op6ao ; cf. 1, 1013; 2, 205 d^Xr^xpo^ 8' ^tt^ KcofiaTi k€kXct
dvavBo<; ' sank down speechless in a languid stupor ; ' 4, 411 %/oeta)
yap deLKeXioLaiv iir €pyoL<; Koi roBe fjur^TLaaa-Oat ' in sorry circum-
stances one must devise a sorry expedient also.' Schol, iirl yap
To'l<; KaKol^ .... KaKCL Bel ^ovXevecrOai ; 4, 711 Kalev ijr evx^^V^^
' accompanied by prayer ; ' 4, 1305 dvrjvva-rw eir deOXw ; 4, 1455
Bc€pol<; iwl %6tX,eo-fci/ elirev. Cf. II. A, 175 Keip^evov iv Tpoir)
dT€X€VT}]T(p iirl epyw ; Od. tt. Ill dvrjvvaro) iirl epyw, etc.
III. Denoting in the power of, dependence upon:
3, 713 al yap 6(f)eXXev e/jL7reBov elvac eir dfjLfii Teov<; vlrja^;
epvcrOac ; 4, 545 KoipaveovTo^ iir 6(f)pv(Ti, 'Nav(Ti66oto.
A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 45
The nearest Homeric approach to this is the expression Oeiav iv
ryovvaa-L Keirac II. P, 514 ; Od. a, 267, etc.
ly. With verb of feeling :
3, 405 ia-OXoU .... stt avhpdcnv ovtl /jueyavpco. Cf. II. B, 270
iir avTM .... yi\a(Tcrav ; Od. c, 414 iirl prjOevTt BtKaia) ....
')(aXe7raivoL ; Od. ;)^, 412 ov')(^ oa-lr) /crafjuevoicnv stt avBpdariv ev')(erd-
aa-Oai. Kriiger § 68, 41, 8 says "seiten findet im rait dem dat.
bei verben der gefiihle und verwandter auserungen."
V. Of time:
1) particular points of time :
1, 934 kirl vvKTi; 2, 453 iir ^fian. Cf. 2, 475; 2, 633;
2, 662 ; 2, 947 ; 4, 977. The temporal use of iiri with the dative
is mostly poetic and in late prose (Kiihn. II, § 438, II, 2). This
use occurs in Homer in the phrase iir ij^iarL (some 7 times), and
once in the phrase iTri vvktl (II. S, 529). Herodotus has iir
rjfieprj eKaa-rr) 2,168 ; 4, 112 ; 5, 53 ; 5, 117 ; iir rjp.eprjv kKaaTrjv
2, 149 (cf Kriiger § 68, 41, 5).
2) of succession, like fierd with the ace.
1, 40 Adpitrav S' iirl toIctl Xlttcov ; cf. further 1, 53; 1, 86;
1, 90; 1, 95; 1, 115; 1, 179; 1, 190; 1, 740; 1, 932; 2, 81;
2, 379; 2, 397; 2, 398; 2, 654; 2, 792; 2, 955; 2, 1017;
2, 1044; 2, 1247; 4, 564; 4, 570; 4, 1274; 4, 1632. Cf. II, 6,
262 rolcTL S' i7r' Atai/re? ; Od. ?;, 120 o^X^'^ ^'^^ ^JX^V 'yvp^^'^^i'*
fjLrjXov 8' iTTi firjXcp, etc.
VI. Causal :
1, 286 oS eVt TToWrjv dy\aL7)v .... e^ov ; cf. also 1, 287;
1, 612; 2,\S60; 3, 28; 3, 143; 3, 643; 3, 692; 3, 1254; 4, 8;
4, 994; 4, 995; 4, 1087 ; 4, 1495. Cf. II. I, 492 iire aoc fidXa
iroWa irdOov ; Od. a, 414, etc.
VII. Of purpose or exd :
4, 1294 oUricTTq) Oavdrw ein * awaiting a pitiable death;' ^ad
tristissimum mortem' (Beck); 4, 1430 fie^^a 'n-dfiirav i<j> vfjueri-
poLcnv oveiap Eevp e/juoXev /ca/judrooaLV 'great aid for our troubles
has come hither ; ' 4, 1547 KeKker ^ ATroWcovc; rpiiroha ixe<yav ....
46 A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer,
haifjLoaLv iyyeveraif; vootw ein fieiXia dkadai * to consecrate Apollo's
mighty tripod to the gods of that land as a propitiation for their
return.' Cf. II. E, 154 vlov S' ov t6K€t dWov iiri KTedrea-ac
XiirecrOaL ; Od. o", 44, ra^ S' iirt hopirco Karde^eda, etc.
VIII. The following examples are not easy to classify :
2, 1285 vyjr66c vrf iKeXeva-ev iir evvairjcriv ipvaaat ^ he com-
manded them to moor the ship in deep water at her anchors/ ' auf
hoch wallendem Wasser das Schiff vor Anker zu legen ' (Will-
mann), * in alto navem iussit ancoris stabiliri ' (Beck), iwl tcov
dyKvp&v eXKvaac Tal<s dyKvpai,<; op/jLLaai (Schol.). Cf. II. 5, 77
vyjn 8' iir evvdcov 6pfi[(raop,€v, also Od. S, 785 ; c, 137 ; 3, 497
iirl Tolaiv icpLero veiov dpoaaai * to plough a field with the bul-
locks ' (i. e. in command of them, with them in subjugation). Cf.
Od. V, 209 09 IX iire ^ovalv ela ; similarly II. Z, 25 7rocfia[v(ov
S' iTT oeaav.
mi WITH THE ACC.
I. Of place:
1) with verbs of motion :
(a) ifcpon, of embarking :
1, 523 ^aivifievai t iire vrja ; cf. 1, 910 ; 2, 933 ; 4, 885 ^alvov
iirl KXrjlhaf;,
Homer uses the gen. with iTri of embarking e. g. II. N, 665 ;
Od. 8, 817; d, 500; X, 534; f, 357; o, 547; r, 238, or iin^aL-
v€iv with the simple gen. cf. II. 0, 512; Od. B, 708; t, 101 ; v,
319. Cf. Ameis-Hentze on Od. a, 211.
(6) to, up to :
1, 832 iirl VTJa kicov ; cf. also 1, 849 ; 1, 872 ; 1, 881 ; 1, 925
1, 1298 ; 2, 295 ; 2, 371 ; 2, 404 ; 2, 677 ; 2, 814 ; 2, 835 ; 3, 36
3, 826; 3, 1165; 3, 1318; 3, 1345; 4, 165; 4, 631; 4, 618
4, 1761 ; 4, 1773. Cf. II. A 440 ^ttI ^toiiov a^wv ; Od. /c, 55, etc.
(c) against:
2, 71 Kvfia .... iirt vrja KopvaaeTai. Cf. II. N, 101, etc.
{d) upon:
2, 975 iTTi yatav irfcri ; cf. also 3, 1373; 4, 1046; 4, 1516;
4, 1534. Cf. II. A, 350; Od. x* % etc.
A Comparison of ApoUonius Bhodius with Homer, 47
(e) over:
1, 424 iirl TTovTOP iXevaofieff ; cf. also 1, 661 ; 3, 743 ; 3, 891 ;
3, 1054 ; 4, 183 ; 4, 1318. Cf. II. I, 360 ; Od. yS, 364, etc.
2) denoting direction:
1, 631 irdirraLVOv iirc irXaTvv ofjufjuaa-c ttovtov ; cf. further 1, 930 ;
2, 347 ; 2, 1269 ; 4, 1621. Cf. II. A, 350 opoayv iir irovrov ;
Od. X, 18, etc.
3) of extent over :
1, 744 TTYj'xyv eiTL a-Kacov ^vvo^V KexaXaa-To ; cf. also 3, 831 ;
4, 1335; 4, 1357. Cf. Od. f, 138 rpeaaav . . , . iir' ^Lova^, etc.
4) as far as, up to:
I. 565 iir TfXaKaTrjv ipvcravT€<; ; cf. also 2, 791 ; 3, 412 ; 3, 1145 ;
4, 947 ; 4, 1316 ; 4, 1401 ; 4, 1609. Cf. II. T, 12 roacrov tl^ t
iirl \ev(T(Tei, etc.
II. Of time :
1) for, during :
1, 615 eirl h^pov, cf. 1, 516 ; 1, 1072 ; 2, 519 ; 3, 949 ; 3, 1048 ;
4, 738 ; 1, 793 iirl xP^^^v, cf. 4, 960 ; 4, 1255 ; 4, 1545; 1, 1359
iirl rvrOov, cf. 4, 1527; 4, 1293 vvkt eiri nraaav ; 4, 1632
iir ji/JLap.
2) up to, till:
1, 605 aev Kal iirc Kve(f3a<^ ovpo<; .... aKparj<^. Cf. 1) II. I,
415 ^TTt h7}p6v ; 2) Od. t), 288 Itt' rjm Kal fiea-ov rj/juap, etc.
III. Of object, purpose :
2, 1129 iTTc %/3eo9 *on business;' cf. Pindar O, I, 71 ; 3, 375
iTTC K(oa^ Mn quest of the fleece; 2, 389 iirc KTepa<;, Cf. Od. 7,
421 iirt l3ovu iTco. With persons this construction is rare and
almost confined to the Iliad (Monro § 199), cf. M, 342.
IV. According to, (secundum) :
4, 678 ra B' iirl <7Tt%a9 r/yayev alcov. Cf. II. B, 687 ov yap
irjv 09 Ti9 acfytv iiri (TTLxa<i vywacTo ' in Reihen, so dass sie Reihen
bildeten' (Ameis-Hentze) ; also t, 602. Cf. Giseke' p. 134 who
quotes ApoUonius 4, 678 in connection with these two examples
from Homer.
^ Referred to above p. 24.
48 A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer,
fierd.
fxeTCL occurs 82 times in the Argonaiitica (36 with the dat., 46
with the ace). There is no example of the genitive, as in epic
poetry ^erd is practically a preposition with two cases (Homer has
but 5 examples of the gen.), avv taking the place of fxerd with the
gen., which is a prose construction. In the Argonautica ^erd is
used slightly more often than in Homer. It is noteworthy that
while the dat., which is in the main a Homeric construction
(Monro § 194), preponderates over the ace. by nearly J, the reverse
is true for ApoUonius and in about the same ratio (dat. : ace. : : 1 :
1.28). Postposition is about equally frequent in the two poets.
Tmesis is slightly less, the adverbial use very much more, fre-
quent in ApoUonius.
Worthy of remark among the uses of yitera is that with verbs
of motion like tt^o? or cVt, predominantly with singular nouns,
whereas Homer generally has a plural or a collective noun in such
cases, there being only a few examples of the singular.
Iter a with the dat.
fierd with the dat. is confined chiefly to epic poetry (Kriiger
§ 68, 27). In ApoUonius as in Homer it stands predominantly with
plurals, mostly persons, elirelv and dryopevetv are the two most
common verbs with which it is used (cf. Mommsen, Beitrage^
p. 188).
I. Denoting among several persons :
I, 17 dWohairolcn fjuer avSpdcrc ; cf. further 1, 303; 1, 340;
1, 648 , 1, 679 ; 1, 779 ; 2, 144 ; 2, 636 ; 2, 757 ; 3, 90 ; 3, 341 ;
3, 505 ; 3, 544 ; 3, 889 ; 3, 891 ; 3, 908 ; 3, 1214 ; 4, 6 ; 4, 189 ;
4, 423; 4, 427; 4, 481; 4, 616; 4, 975; 4, 1102; 4, 1209;
4, 1418 ; 4, 1465 ; 4, 1640. Cf. II. E, 86 fierd TpcoeaaLv ; Od. 6,
236 fieO' rjjuv ravT dyopeveLf;, etc.
II. The phrase fiera (j>pea-iv appears 5 times, in which we
ra as in, but in reality the preposition has its original
translate fxerd as in
* Keferred to above p. 8.
A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 49
force of between, the cjypea-l having a dual character (cf. Monro
§ 194). (The 5 examples are 1, 463 ; 2, 952 ; 3, 18 j 3, 629 ; 4, 56.)
Here may be mentioned 1, 223 Boveovro /lera Trvotjja-Lv edecpat,
where fierd has nearly the same force as iv. Cf. II. ^, 367 x^crat,
S' ipp(oovTO fjL€Ta ttvolJ)^ ave/jbOLo ; Od. /S, 1 48 iTrirovro fiera 7rvoirj<i
dvifjioto, which Apollonius imitates, as Mommsen, Beitr.^ p. 188
observes. fMcrd (jipeaiv for h (fypecrlv, with two exceptions (A, 245 ;
I, 434), is found only in the 2nd half of the Iliad (H, 264 ; 2,
419 ; T, 29 ; 213 ; 343 ; T, 310 ; ^, 600 ; 12, 105). Also in the
Odyssey it predominates in the 2nd part (S, 825 ; k, 438 ; X, 428 ;
V, 362; IT, 436; p, 470; o), 357; 435), See Giseke^ p. 108.
Apollonius seems to have used fjuera (j>p6aip up to the 4th bk., then
iv (ppealv {fxerd cjypecrlv once in the 4th bk., viz. 56 ; iv (f>p6(7iv 4
times, viz. 23; 782; 794; 1671).
fiera with the ago.
1. Denoting to, towards like Trpo? .•
1) with persons :
(a) with the singular :
2, 424 fierd B' Alav aXi^ 7ro/jL7rrJ€<; ecrovrai ; cf. 3, 1138.
(6) with the plural :
4, 1499 rd fjbijXa /jberd ar^ia^ .... iK6fit<T<Tav.
2) with things :
(a) with the singular :
1, 237 to-av fjierd vrja ; cf. also 1, 1255 ; 2, 461 ; 2, 762
2, 892 ; 2, 1095 ; 2, 1172 ; 2, 1189 ; 3, 13 ; 3, 25 ; 3, 331 ; 3, 621
3, 914 ; 3, 1187 ; 4, 57 ; 4, 123 ; 4, 289 ; 4, 349 ; 4, 369 ; 4, 630
4, 720; 4,844; 4, 1766.
(6) with the plural, or a collective noun :
2, 1121 jjLer '^cova^ jSdXe vijaov ; cf. 3, 434.
Apollonius diflPers markedly from Homer in this usage. In
the Argonautica the original signification of the preposition seems
to have faded away, hence the singular greatly preponderates.
Most of the examples are with things. In Homer, on the other
hand, most of the examples are with persons, either the plural or
1 Cited above p. 8. ^ cited above p. 24.
50 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer,
a collective noun. The singular is found (some 15 times, all in
the II. but 2) of persons, but not of things. For the singular cf.
II. K, 63 6'eeo fxerh a a^rc^ ; Od. f, 115, etc. Giseke^ p. 110
traces the beginning of this development of the use of fierd with
a singular noun in such examples as II. E, 152 ^i) Se fxera advOov
T€ ®6(ovd T€ ^alvoTTOf; vie ; E, 614 977' .... fxeTa UpLa/juov re Kal
vlaq ; Od. T, 394 ; II. H, 21 ; 11, 536. Then the preposition came
to be used with a single person. The extension of this use to
single things seems to be a development of the later epic poetry.
II. Denoting in queM of, after :
1, 4 /jL€Ta K(aa<; .... rfkaaav ^Apyoo ; cf. also 1, 701 ; 2, 211 ;
2, 873 ; 3, 58 ; 4, 77. Cf. II. N, 247 fiera yap Bopv . . .' . rjetv ;
Od. a, 184, etc.
III. Denoting sequence or succession :
(a) in order of place :
1, 741 fjL6T tx^ta veiaeTo ; cf. also 2, 367 ; 3, 447.
(6) in order of time :
1, 698 fjLera Tr)vye .... dvSipTo ; cf. further 1, 1309 ; 2, 451 ;
2, 881 ; 2, 898 ; 2, 1288 ; 3, 955 ; 4, 1211. Cf. II. K, 516 fiera
TfSeo9 vibv eTrovaav ; Od. o, 147, etc.
IV. Of direction :
3, 951 ov Se TTOT oaae d/jLcf)t7r6\(ov fjueO" ojjliXov e^' drpe/jLa<; with
which cf. Od. fi, 247 crice'^d^evo^ 8' £9 vrja 0or)v dfjua Kal fieO*
eralpov;.
Form. The form irapd is used always by Apollonius except 5
instances of irapaL Homer has 12 instances of irapai.
Use. This preposition falls far below Homer in point of fre-
quency in our poet (Ap. one in 135.7 lines ; Homer one in 66.3).
As regards case relation, it is to be observed that Apollonius uses
the gen. only 4 times and the ace. more than the dat. ; while in
* Cited above p. 24.
2 For an elaborate general treatment of iropo see Rau in Curtius Studien
III, p. 1, ff.
A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer, 51
Homer the gen. is much nearer the other two cases in point of
number and the dat. greatly predominates. The Argonautica has
wapd only twice in postposition (4.6 per cent.), Homer 21 times
(4.9 per cent.). Tmesis and the adverbial use are common in the
Homeric poems but rare in Apollonius (tm. 3, adv. 2).
Ttapa WITH THE GEN.
Apollonius, as Homer, uses irapd with the gen. with impersonal
as well as personal objects, whereas in the post-Homeric language it
is restricted mostly to persons (cf. Kriig. § 68, 34, 1 ; Monro § 192).
The examples are
1, WITH PERSONS:
2, 417 irapd <jko Kal ro Saeirjv ; cf. further 2, 1096 ; 3, 38. Cf.
11 B. 787 ; Od. 7, 347, etc.
II. WITH IMPERSONAL OBJECT :
3, 568 irap^ v7)o^ .... o-reXXeo-^G). Cf. II. A, 190 ; Od.7, 431, etc.^
Ttapa WITH THE DAT.
irapd with the dative, as with the gen., is used both with persons
and things in our poet.
I. With persons :
I, 455 Trapa he a^cat fivpL efceiro ecBara ; cf. also 2, 503 ;
4, 224 ; 4, 1553. Cf. II. A, 405 Trapd Kpoviayvi KaOe^eTo ; Od. 77,
203.
II. With impersonal objects :
1, 319 irapa vrjl fxevovre^ cf. further 1, 458; 1, 530; 1, 694;
1, 855 ; 2, 61 ; 2, 158 ; 2, 309 ; 2, 498 ; 2, 868 ; 3, 1193 ; 4, 132 ;
^Besides the examples in II. A, 190 (n, 473; *, 173) and A, 468 where irapd.
expresses a turn of thought which no other preposition could have, irapa is found
in the Iliad of things only with vriHv and vr}6s (0, 533; M, 114; 225; N, 744;
H, 46 ; O, 69 ; 407 ; 601 ; T, 143 ; 194). The Odyssey says not only irapa vn6s
(7, 431; K, 146; 274; 446; |, 498) but also irap^ podav (x, 197)— cf. Giseke
(cited above p. 24) p. 102.
52 A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer.
4, 849 ; 4, 973; 4, 1122. Cf. II. A, 26 iraph vnvai ; Od. 5, 449
irapa p7)y/juviy etc.
napd WITH THE ACC.
1. Of MOTioif to y beside :
I. 217 dycov .... Trapa poov ^FtpyCvoLo ; cf, also 2, 1003 ; 3, 486 ;
4, 564 ; 4, 825. Cf. II. 0, 220 tei/at Trapa re K\iaia^ Kal vrja<; ;
Od. a, 285, etc.
II. Denoting along by, past :
1, 1279 (j>opeovTO irapal .... aKprjv ; cf. also 2, 621 ; 2, 906 ;
2, 946; 3, 445; 3, 1252; 4, 324; 4, 787; 4, 1777. Cf. II. A,
166 irap^'Wov a-rjfia .... Tra/)' ipcv€ov iaaevovTO ; Od. 7, 172, etc.
III. Denoting place beside, near :
1, 967 eladfievoL Trapa Olva ; cf. also 2, 502 ; 2, 507 ; 3, 1276 ;
4, 1578. Cf. II. B, 522 irap irorafiov .... evaLov ; Od. /^, 32, etc.
IV. Denoting beyond, contrary to :
3, 613 Trap* al(rav.
Of the derivative meaning beyond Homer furnishes only the
two phrases Trap Svvafjbtv II. N, 787 and Trapa piotpav Od. f, 509
(Monro §191, 3).
Ttepi
ApoUonius uses this preposition once in 102.4 lines; Homer
once in 117.8. The Argonautica and the Iliad (once in 99.9)
almost equal each other in point of frequency of TrepL The dative
is the favorite case in both poets, whereas in Attic Greek it is rare.
Postposition, and the adverbial use of Trepu are more common in
our poet, postposition markedly so (Ap. 21.1 per cent. ; Hom. 8.5
per cent.). Tmesis is less common.
nspi WITH THE GEN.
The prevailing signification of Trept with the gen. is cause.
The locative sense is very rare (Kiihn. II, § 437). There are
only two examples in our poet and only two in Homer (in bk. €,
of the Od.).
A Comparison of ApolloniuslBhodius with Homer. 53
1, Op place:
2, 1131 Sovvai oaov 6' eiXv/jua irepX ')(^po6^ ; cf. 2, 1191. The
two examples in Homer are Od. e, 68 reTavvcrTo irepl o-Tretou?
ffKa(\>vpolo r)fjL€p'c<; r/ffcocoa-a ; Od. €, 130 Trepl rpoino^ ^e^amra}
II. Of cause:
1) o^ striving y contending :
2, 141 fidpvavTo .... Trepi yaiijf; ; cf. further 3, 1057 ; 4, 1765 ;
4, 1770. Cf. II. r, 137 ; Od. «, 515. In 4, 1485 o a icov firjXwv
iript .... dX€^6/jb€vo<i KaTe'Tre<f>vev we have a mode of expression
that is frequent in the Iliad cf. M, 142 ; 170 ; 227 ; 243 ; P, 182 ;
5, 173; n, 500. In 4, 549 we have the dative aXe^ofxevov irepl
fiovaCv.
2) of care, anxiety about or for :
3, 60 Totp TjTot, irdvTcov fjL€v .... BelBifiev iKTrdyXco^, irepl B*
AlaovlBao fjbdXta-ra, Cf. also 3, 688 Cf. II. T, 17, Trepe Tpcomv
Kal ^A'x^acwv fjbepfjLTjpiteif;, etc.
3) with verbs of thinking, knomng about :
4, 492 vavTcXlr}^ .... iripc fir)Tidaa-KOv ; cf. further 4, 1068 ;
4, 1355.
The examples of this use in Homer are all in the Odyssey. Cf.
Od. a, 135; rj, 191 ; tt, 234; p, 371. The similar use of dfi4>L
with the dative is likewise peculiar to the Odyssey as Monro
(§ 188) notes. See above p. 38.
4) denoting on account of for, for the sake of:
1, 901 ifxiOev irepL Ovfjuov dpeico lo-xav ; cf. also 1, 1342. Cf.
II. I, 449 TraWaKiSo^ 7r€pi-)(a>araTo. The same compound occurs
in H, 266.
III. Denoting before, beyond, surpassing :
1, 65 Trepl irdvTcov .... iStSa^e OeoirpoTria'; oi(ovMV ; cf. also
1, 830 ; 2, 179 ; 3, 304 ; 3, 585. As Monro (§ 188) observes, this
use is distinctively Homeric (cf. also Krug. 68, 31, 3). For exam-
* This, however, may be regarded as an instance of tmesis : so the Harl. Schol.
yfviK^ avr) rov ir€pifiefiriK6ra rpSviSi ; SO also Ameis-Hentze, comparing II. Z, 21.
See also Giseke (cited above p. 24) p. 122. Kriiger 68, 31, 1 recognizes only Od.
€, 68 as an example of the locative use of vepi with the gen. in Homer. The
only other examples quoted for this usage are Sapph., 1, 10 ; Eur. Tr. 817 (chor.).
6
54 A Comparison of ApoUonius Bhodius with Hcmier.
pies cf. II. A, 297 ; Od. a, 235, etc. Here, however, is to be noted
the prose irepi ttoWov Trotela-Oac, rjyetaOat,, etc., so common in the
orators. See Lutz, Praepositionen bei den attischen E-ednern
(1887) p. 133.
Ttep
t WITH THE DAT.
The locative use is the prevailing one in ApoUonius as in
Homer, though in prose it is uncommon (cf. Kiihn. II, § 439, II),
I. Of place :
I, 389 TTcpC Be a(j)LV aihvr) KrjKue Xtyvvf; ; cf. also 1, 1020 ; 2, 57
2, 128; 2, 160; 2, 162; 2, 323; 2, 833; 2, 1173; 3, 291
3, 867; 3, 1019; 3, 1224; 4, 93; 4, 325; 4, 936; 4, 953
4, 1454. Cf. II. O, 19 irepl ^epo-i he Seafiov IrfKa ; Od. <^, 307, etc.
II. Causal :
1) denoting /or, on aecount of:
3, 865 eareve .... oBvvrj irept 6v/jlov aXvcov ; 4, 440 irepl yap
jMiv avdyKr) .... Bocrav ^eivoio-LV ayeaOai.
The Iliad and Odyssey do not have this use. The Hymn. Cer.
429 has irepl ')(app,aTi ; Pind. P, 5, 58 irepl heipban. Cf. also
Aesch. Pers. 696 irepl rdpffet ; Choeph. 35 irepl <f>6^a). Cf.
Prof. Gildersleeve on Pind. P, 5, 58.
2) denoting about^ concerning:
1, 1340-41 irepl ircoecrt — irepl fcredreacn ; 3, 1155; 3, 1171;
4, 614; 3, 904 6rc<; irepl ^ovalv virecrrr) ', Schol. Karehe^aro iirl
Tot9 ^ovalv dyoyvlaaaOai ' qui de tauris pactus est ^ (Beck). Cf.
II. K, 240 eBeiaev Be irepl MeueXdm ; Od. /9, 245, etc.
nepi WITH THE ACC.
I. Of MOTION around, about :
I, 538 irepl ffcofiov .... pr/o-a-coa-i ; cf. also 1, 1197; 2, 301 ;
3, 633; 4, 436; 4, 932; 4, 1196; 4, 1450; 4, 1664. Cf. Od. o),
19 irepl fcelvop opuiXeov ; II. S, 372, etc.
II. With verbs of rest :
3, 216 irepl rolxov^; .... avexov ; cf. also 4, 321. Cf. II. B,
A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer, 55
767 irepl Hrjveiov .... vaUcrKov ; Od. ly 402 laTa/jLevoc ...»
Trepl cr7reo9, etc.
npog.
Form. Of the 16 examples of this preposition the form ttjoo?
is found 9 times, ttotl 5 times, Trport 2 times. Homer has tt/oo?
240 times, Trort 65, Trporl, 70.
Use. ApoUonius uses ttjoo? very sparingly in comparison with
his predecessor who has it about six times as often.* Of the
former's 1 1 occurrences (with cases) 3 are with the genitive, 8 with
the accusative. The dative does not occur at all. ApoUonius does
not postpone Trpo? at all ; Homer does so only 3 times. Tmesis
and the adverbial use of 7rpo9 are rare in the former, while in the
latter the one is common, the other is not.
npog WITH THE GEN.
The only use of tt/oo? with the gen. in ApoUonius is in suppli-
cation, as e. g. 2, 215 77/909 Z7}v6<;, .... ^oi^ov r dfjL(f)l Kalvavrrji}
€LviKev"llp7)<; Xlaa-Q/jiat ; cf. also 2, 1125 ; 3, 984. Homer fur-
nishes 6 examples, viz. II. A, 339 (twice); 340; T, 188; Od. \„
67 ; V, 324.
npog WITH THE ACC.
I. Of motion to y towards :
1, 774 I3rj 3' i/jL€vao Trporl aarv ; cf. also 2, 8 ; 2, 807 ; 3, 322 ;
3, 1154; 4, 595; 4, 1399. Cf. II. A, 420; Od. o, 454, etc.
IL Of DIRECTION:
4, 311 O-T6LV0V 8' . . . . ajKcova ttotI poov. Cf. II. E, 605 tt/oo?
Tpcoa^ reTpafjLfjLevoc ; Od. yu, 81, etc.
vn6.
Form. The form vtto is always used by ApoUonius except
7 instances of virai. Homer has but four examples of vTraL
^ The numerically low rank of vp6s in ApoUonius may be due in part to the
free use of fitra with the ace. like irpSs with yerbs of motion. See above p. 49.
66 A Comparison of ApoUonius Bhodius with Homer,
Use. vito is far more frequent in our poet (once in 60.7 lines)
than in the Homeric poems (one in 74.1 lines) as a whole, but is
very near to the Iliad (one in 59 lines). Postposition and tmesis
of uTTo are used very sparingly by Apollonius as compared with
his predecessor. The adverbial use does not occur in our poet
and only rarely in Homer.
vno WITH THE GEN.
I. Of place beneath :
1, 10 aXXo fi6v (TreSiXov) i^eadaxrev vir Lkvo<; ; cf. also 2, 106 ;
2, 743. Cf. Homer II. 6, 14 rixo ^dOLCTTov viro x^ovo^ iart ^e-
pedpov ; Od. \, 52, etc.
II. Causal:
1) oi agency :
2, 847 Mova-eayv viro r^rjpva-aadaL ; cf. also 4, 641. Cf. II. A,
242 v<l> '^'EiKTopoq .... 6v7](rKovT€<: ; Od. t, 66, etc.
2) unde7^ the influence of, by the power of:
2, 1232 viral pLirrj'i dvifioio TeiveTo ; cf. 3, 969. Cf. II. O,
171 ; T, 358.
III. Of musical accompaniment :
1, 538 (j^op/jLiyyo^i virai, cf. 4, 1192 ; 4, 1157 '0/3</)^09 vTrac. Of
accompaniment cf. here II. B, 334 ; O, 275 ; X, 492. More closely
to be compared with 1, 538 and 4, 1157 are Hesiod Shield 280
virb (l)op/jLLyya)v, and 280 vir avXov. Cf. also Pindar O, 4, 2 ; 7, 13.
vn6 with the dat.
I. Of place:
1) with verbs of rest, etc.
1, 956 virb Hprjvrj ikiTTovTo ; cf.^further 1, 388 ; 1, 544 ; 1, 967
1, 1262 ; 2, 681 ; 2, 707 ; 2, 732 ; 2, 797 ; 2, 1086 ; 3, 39 ; 3, 119
3, 221 ; 3, 287 ; 3, 296 ; 3, 371 ; 3, 1023 ; 4, 137 ; 4, 313 ; 4, 765
4, 944 ; 4, 982 ; 4, 1107 ; 4, 1528. Cf. II. B, 307 ; Od. 8, 403, etc.
2) with verbs of motion implying subsequent rest :
2, 512 viT avTpoKTLv KOfieearOac ; cf. also 2, 1109; 3, 281 ; 4,
A Compainsmi of ApoUonius Bhodius with Homer. 57
1261; 4, 1522. Cf. II. X, 482 viro Kevdeau 7atV ^/3%eat ; Od.
5, 297, etc.
II. Causal :
1) denoting cause, instrument, or means :
1, 263 o\oc3 vTTo yrjpa ivrvird^ ; cf. further 1,7; 1, 114 ; 1, 272 ;
1,443; 1,815; 1,1303; 1,1308; 2,26; 2,117; 2,139; 2,558;
2, 586 ; 2, 727 ; 2, 1013 ; 2, 1059 ; 2, 1 112 ; 2, 1169 ; 3, 3 ; 3, 321 ;
3, 395; 3, 416 ; 3, 702 ; 3, 971 ; 3, 1186 ; 3, 1226 ; 3, 1329 ; 3,
1374; 4, 53; 4, 193; 4, 269; 4, 567; 4, 676; 4, 922; 4, 1009;
4,1176; 4, 1369; 4, 1733.
In Homer such phrases as viro %€p<rt, viro Bovpl with such verbs
as hafiTjvaiy Oaveeiv, oXearaat, etc., are especially frequent, as e. g.
II, B, 860 iSd/jurj VTTO ')(ep<Ti, etc.
2) of agency :^
1, 794 vir avSpdat vaUrai darv ; 2, 783 ; 3, 469 ; 3, 1342 ;
4, 1398 ; 4, 1758. Cf. II. E, 646 vir ifiol SuTjehra ; Od. 8, 790.
III. T>Q!iiQt\x\g under the power of :
2, 788 ifjico VTTO Trarpl Bd/jbaaaev ; cf. also 3, 353 ; with the
latter cf. II. Z, 159. —
IV. Of musical accompaniment :
1, 540 vir 'O/o^tJo? KiOdpy TriTrXijyov 6p€T/jL0c<i ttovtov Xd^pov
vBcop.
Homer has no exact parallel. For the dat. of attendant circum-
stance cf. Od. yfr, 255 ; S, 402. Hesiod Shield 282 has irait^ovre^
VTT 6p')(rjdfjLM and 283 j€\6ci)vt€<; vtt av\7)Tr)pL cKtov. This use of
the dat. with viro is found in later Greek e. g. Lucian De Salt. 16
and 17, Dialog. Deor. 2, 2 ; Herodian V, 3, 16 ; 5, 9.
V. Denoting time :
1, 1022 {ttto vvktI; cf. 1, 1038; 3, 323; 3, 1360; 4, 1682.
This use does not appear in Homer. In II. 0, 530 and 2, 277
there is some manuscript authority for vtt rjol and vir Tjoirf but
v7rr)OLot is now read.
^ Note that ApoUonius has the dat. more often than the gen. with inr6 to denote
agency (gen. 2, dat. 6). Cf. Pindar who has 7 datives and 5 genitives.
58 A Compm^ison of ApoUoniubS Rhodius with Homer.
vno WITH THE AGO.
I. Of PLACE:
1) of motion or direction towards, under, beneath :
1, 452 kXLvovto^ vtto ^6(I)ov rjekiOLo ; 2, 113 vtto ^(ov7)v Oope
yakKo^; cf. also 2, 587; 3, 288; 3, 675; 3, 762; 3, 1321; 3,
1403. Cf. II. A, 279 vtto re o-ireo^ ^Xaae fxrj\a ; Od. 146, etc.
2) of position or extension :
I. 50 fjbifjLvev VTTO (TKOTnrjv ; cf. also 1, 102; 1, 509 ; 2, 570; 2,
1236 ; 3, 278 ; 3, 1368 ; 4, 1474. Cf. II. B, 824 evaiov viral
TToBa "18779 ; Od. x> 362, etc.
II. Of subjection, control:
4, 39 elacv .... ')(aXe'Tra<; vtto ')(^elpa^ dvd<T(7r)<;.
Homer furnishes no exact parallel, Thucyd. 1, 110 has AI-yuttto?
VTTO l3a<Ti\ea iyivero ; cf. also 4, 60 ; 6, 86 ; Plato Civ. 348 d, etc.
III. Of time :
1, 587 VTTO Kve(j>a^; cf. 1, 1186; 2, 1034; 4, 590; 1, 1160
VTTO heieXov ; 2, 1122 vvxO' (firo ; cf. 4, 458.
ApoUonius overdoes this usage. In Homer there are only two
examples, viz. II. H, 202 irdvff vtto /jltjvlO/jlov ; X, 102 vvx^' vtto
TTJvB' oKoriv. Aristophanes is the only classical poet besides Homer
who has this use of vtto, viz. in his earliest extant play Ach. 139
and 1076. See Forman (cited below p. 68) Appendix p. 66.
A Cmnparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer. 59
Correspondences in Phraseology.
The dose proximity of ApoUonius to his predecessor in the
uses of the prepositions is emphasized in many cases by a more or
less exact reproduction of phraseology. Below are given the most
noteworthy correspondences between the language of the Argo-
nautica and that of the Homeric poems in prepositional phrase-
ology. It is not urged that in all these cases there was conscious
imitation on the part of ApoUonius. Some of the expressions
here adduced were so necessary a part of the epic stock that they
would naturally be used in an expressly imitative poem. In not
a few cases, however, it seems evident that there was conscious
reproduction of the Homeric language with more or less exactness.
Here as elsewhere there are more resemblances to the Iliad than
the Odyssey, thougli the Argonautica is more akin in subject to the
latter.
and.
Ap. 1 , 60 ... . 0609 cltt' dXXcov 1 . . . . apia-T7](ov
Od. £j 192 . . . . oloi^ aTT aXkcav \
Ap. 1, 535 r^aiT]^ aiTo iraTpiho^. This phrase occurs three times
in Homer in the same position in the verse, viz. II. N. 696 ;
O, 335 ; Od. /c, 49.
Ap. 1, 979 ^aXev 8' airo Sei/uLara Ovfiov \
Od. 6, 149 (TKehacTOv S' airo KySea Ovfiov \
Ap. 1, 1067 airo l3X€^dp(i)v oaa SaKpva ')(evav epa^e \
Od. 8, 114 I BcLKpv 8' diro j3X6(f>dp(ov 'xafidhLf; fidXe . . . ., cf. also
f, 129; ^,33.
Ap. 2, 253 .... deoLff diro Ov/jlov eaeaOav \
II. A, 562 .... diro Ovfiov \ fiaXkov i/jLol eaeai.
Ap. 3, 48 diTo Opovov aypTo, \ cf. 3, 439. The same words occur
in II. A, 645; H, 515.
60 A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer,
eig.
Ap. 4, 415 ... . T€a^ 69 xetpa? iKeaOai \ cf. 4, 1041.
II. K, 448 .... 'iKeo ;^etpa9 €9 afjLd<; \
Ap. 1, 385 (TTV<f>€\i^av . . . , ef eSprj^;,
II. A, 581 I ef eSewv crrvifieXi^aL.
Ap. 1, 1071 .... eV A409 Tj^ap eirrjXvdev
" 2, 995 eV Aiodev irvoLoX .... rjXvdov,
II. ©, 251 . . . . eV Ai09 ^Xt^^ei/ 0/31/49 |
Ap. 1, 1104 I atpvvTo S' ef €^1/7)9 ....
Od. e, 2 I c^pvvT dp i^ eivri^ . . . . cf. /3, 2 ; 7, 405 ; h, 307 ; II.
X, 190.
Ap. 2, 1107 ... . da-Tpa htavyea (Jyaiver Ihea-Qav \ i/c v€<f>ea)v,
II. A, 62 .... eV v6(l>ecov ava^aiveraL ovXio^ aarrjp \ irafi^aivoiv,
Ap. 2, 1153 I Tcov if aiK^OTepcov el^ev yevo^ ; cf. 3, 919.
II. E, 896 I eV r^ap ifiev 761/09 iaal ; cf. 544; H, 113; ^, 167;
^, 347 ; Od. f, 199 ; 0, 267 ; tt, 62 ; (f>, 335 ; o), 269.
Ap. 2, 1239 . . . . ef ew^9 avopovaa^ \ cf. 4, 871.
II. O, 580 .... if €vvri<^L OopovTa \
Ap. 3, 920 ocoi aWo)!^ I aOavdroav rjpco€<; d(j> aXfiaro^ i^Xda-rrja-av \
II. T, 105 OL 6^ aifjuarof; ef ifiev elcrlv, | cf. T, J 11.
Ap. 4, 1110 ... . copra \ ck Xe')(e(ov ....
II. A, 1 I 'Ha)9 5' i/c \6;)^6ft)i/ .... (apvvd^ ; cf. Od. €, 1.
h,
Ap. 1, 478 .... ^edv .... ^^/o I olBdvei ev aTr)de<raVy
II. I, 554 09 (^0X09) . . . . ! olhdv€L iv (TTr}6e(T<TL voov ....
Ap. 1, 1056 . . . . iv Kovir)(TL Kal aiixan irenTrrjcoTa \
II. A, 522 h Kovlya-Lv | Kdirireaev, Cf. M, 23 ; N, 548 ; O, 538 ;
n, 289; 469*; ^, 437; Od. k, 163; <r, 98.
A Comparison of Apollcmius Bhodius vnth Homer, 61
Ap. 1, 1090 .... K€KXifi€Vov fiaXaKoU ivl Kooea-cv ola>v \
Od. 7, 38 iSpva-ev . . . . | Kcoea-tv iv fiaXaKolaiv ....
Ap. 2, 107 . . . . eV KOvirjCTL jSaXev
II. 0, 156 iu Kovlrjac ySaXe? Cf. E, 588 also 76.
Ap. 2, 872 I yaLTj iv aWoBaTr^ Srjv e/jLfievai
Od. (,, 36 I yalrj iv aXXoSaTrrj vaiei
Ap. 3, 49 I ela-e r ivl KXo<r/jLol<riv'
II. I, 200 I el(r€v 8' iv KXta/jLolori, rdTrrja-L re ... .
Ap. 3, 140 ... . ficv iaU ivl X^P^^ ^dXoio, |
II. <l>, 104 01/ . . . . i/i^9 iv xepo-r ^dXr)cnv, \
Ap. 3, 228 , , . . ivl fieydpoLO-c .... ifirjcraTO OeaKeXa epya, |
" 4, 8 ... . BoXov .... fir)Tcda(TK€v | otcrti/ ii/; fi€ydpoc<;,
Od. 7, 213 I ii/ /jLeydpoLf; .... /ca/ca p.Tjxp-vdacrOat, \ cf. tt, 94.
Ap. 4, 23 ... . tV (ftpeal Ov/jlo^ | Idvdij.
II. 0, 202 .... 6Xo(f>vpeTai iv cjypea-l 9vfi6f;. |
Ap. 4, 1089 ... . TTOi/T^ eVt irrjfiaT dvirXTj,
Od. a, 4 .... eV irovrw TrdOev aXyea .... -^
Ap. 4, 1109 I ^ S' €7ro9 iv 6v/jL<p itvklvov ^dXer, Cf. 2, 256.
II. O, 566 1 iv dvfiS B" i^dXovro €7ro9, Cf. S, 50.
Ap. 4, 1735 fiix^V ^^ ot eV (^lXott^tl \
II. X2, 130 . . . . yvvat/CL irep iv (fnXorrjTi | fiiayeaB\ This expres-
sion occurs frequently in Homer.
Ovv.
Ap. 1, 241 .... (Tvv revx^f^^v dio-aovTa^ |
II. I, 80 ... . (TVV revx'^o'i'V ia-a-evovro \
Ap. 3, 1278 .... fuzz Bovpl Kol dairiBi ^alv e? aeOXov, \
II. E, 297 .... diropovcre arvv daTTiBi Bovpt re fjuaKpo), \
vnex,
A p. 4, 1657 .... vTrkfc /SeXicov ipvaavro \vrj' , , , .
II. 2, 232 .... TldTpoKXov vTre/c ^eXicov ipva-avT€<; \ Cf. A, 465.
62 A Comparis(yii of ApoUonius Bhodius with Homer.
Ap. 3, 761 .... oSvvr} (Tfivxovaa Bia ')(^po6<;, ....
II. A, 398 .... oBvvT) Be Bia %/ooo9 ^X^' ....
xard.
Ap. 2, 111 I ovra .... KaTo, XaTrdprjv The same words
occur in II. Z, 64 and S, 447.
Ap. 2, 999 I KeKpLfxevai Kara (f>v\a ....
II. B, 362 I Kpcv avBpa^ Kara <f)vXa,
Ap. 3, 113 ... . OvkvfnroLO Kara invya<;, ....
II. A, 77 ... . Kara irTvya^ OvXyfiiroLO. \
Ap. 3, 1021 .... Kar ovB6o<; ofifiar epecBov \ also
" 3, 22 ... . iir ovBeof; .... 6p.fiaT eTrrj^av, \
11; r, 217 ... . Kara '^dovof; Ofjbfiara Tnj^af;, \
Ap. 4, 473 I alfjua Kar oyTetXrjv v7roia')(eTO'
II. P, 86 eppei S' alp^a Kar ovTa/jbevrfv ayrecXijv, \
Ap. 4, 1623 .... Kar o^OaXficov X^^'^^ a%X.v9. |
II. n, 344 ... . Kara B' 6<^l9aVwi/ Kexvr a;)^\u9. | Cf. T, 321 ;
421 ; Od. X, 88.
vnep.
Ap. 3, 219 ... . vTrep ovBov eircLT^ e^av.
Od. 77, 135 ... . VTrep ovBov e^r/a-eTo .... Cf. v, 63 ; %, 182.
Ap. 3, 701 I \l(T(to/jl virep fx^aKapoav aeo r avTrj<; yBe roKrjwVy
II. O, 660 I \i<T(Te6' virep roKecov .... Cf. X, 338.
Ap. 4, 1252 VTrep Aao«? alaav. This phrase is found in II. P, 321.
Ap. 4, 1348 I earav virep Ke(j)a\7}<; ....
II. B, 20 I o-rrj 8' dp VTrep Ke<l>a\rj^ Cf. 59 ; ^, 68 ; 12, 682 ;
Od. B, 803 ; r, 21 ; v, 32 ; yjr, 4.
Ap. 4, 1692 .... VTrep fieya Xalrfia 6eoPTa<; \
Od. I, 260 .... aTroTr\a7^^ei'Te9 .... vTrep fjueya XalT/xa daXdaarj^ \
A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Horner^ 63
hiex.
Ap. 3, 158 I ^Yf he Bikfc /jueydpoLo ....
Od. /c, 388 .... Bt€K /jLeydpoLo ^e^rjK6L \ Cf. p, 61 ; cr, 185 ; r,
47 ; 503 ; v, 144 ; x^ 433.
napex.
Ap. 2, 94 ... . avTOLo irdpeK yovv yovvo^ dfieifiayv \
II. A, 547 .... yovv <yovpo<; d/jbel^wv. \
Ap. 4, 102 I K&a^ 6X6vT€<; dyoLvro irapeK voov Alr/rao, \
II. K, 391 I iroWfjaiv p! aTrja-L irapeK voov rjyayev"FiKTCop, \
Ap. 1, 1142 dp.<^l Se iroa-a-lv \ avTop^drr) (f>ve yala ....
Od. X, 586 dfJL^X he iroa-ori \ yala fiekaiva (jydveaKe ....
Ap. 2, 96 6 S* dp,(j> ohvvTj yvv^ TjpLwev
II. E, 68 yvv^ B' epiTT ot/xcofa?,
Ap. 4, 136 dp,(l>l Be iraLalv | . . . . X^^P^^ ^dXov ....
Od. p, 38 I dfjL<l)l Be TracBl <^i\(p ^dXe irrjX'^^ • • . • Cf. <^, 223 ; «, 347.
eni.
Ap. 1, 95 I Tol<i S' eVl .... YfK.v9e ....
Od. V, 185 I rolaL B^ ifrl rpiro^ rfxOe ....
Ap. 1, 424 .... iirl itovtov ikevaofieO' evBiooyvie^. \
Od. S, 381 . . . . iirc itovtov iXeucrop^at IxOvoevTa, \ Cf. 390 ;
424; 470; k, 540.
Ap. 1, 435 I Kalov eirl a-xt^jjo'tv'
II. A, 462 1 Kale B' eirl axitv^ Cf. Od. 7, 459.
Ap. 1, 832 .... cttI vrja klwv erdpoLO-iv ivia-ire^ \ p^vBov^ Cf. 3,
826 > 1345.
Od. X, 636 eirl vrja klcov i/ceXevov eTaipov<; \ Cf. /x, 144.
Ap. 1, 930 'IBatrjv iirl Be^id yalav e^oz^re?. | Cf. 2, 347 ; 4, 1621.
64 A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer,
Od. y, 171 ... . avTTjv iir apiarkp e^^^oz^re?, I
Ap. 2, 1269 e')(pv 8* eV apta-repa '^ecpojv \ J^avKaaov
Od. 6, 277 TT)v .... eV apca-repa ^€Lpb<; e^ovra, \
Ap. 1, 1140 .... evayiea-CLV €7rt ippeva OrJKe dirtjXaiq \
II. K, 46 *^KTopioif; apa fiaXKov eirl <f>peva Orj'^ Upolatv. |
Ap. 2, 365 7ro\eo9 K iirl ireipaatv aljLaXoio \
Od. L, 284 .... vfirj^ eVl Treipaai yai7)<;, \
Ap. 2, 682 .... /cXvfei/ S' eV^ fcv/ubara 'x^iparay, |
II. "^j 61 . . . . KVfjbar iir i^l6vo<s KXv^eaKOv. |
Ap. 3, 199 ... . eirl Opcoa-fiov irehioLo. \
II. K, 160 eVl ep(o<Tfi(p TreUoLo \ Cf. A, 56 ; T, 3.
Ap. 3, 455 .... efer' iirl Opovov,
II. 11, 522 e^ev iirl Opovov, cf. A, 536 ; 2, 422 ; Od. €, 195 ;
0-, 157; <j>y 139; 166; i/r, 164. The prepositional phrase is
in the same position in the verse.
Ap. 3, 708 .... evr' aWrfKrio-i Oecrav yoov
II. E, 384 .... d\ye eir' aWrfKoLo-L TiOevre^;, \
Ap. 3, 1227 .... iirl /cparl Kopvv Oero TeTpa(j)aXr]pov, \
II. E, 743 Kparl 8' eV a/j,(l>i,7ra\ov Kvverfv Oero T6Tpa(f>aX7)pov \ Cf.
A, 41.
Ap. 4, 493 €7rt Be a-(j>LaLV rjXvde fcovpr} \
Od. Vj 162 iTTL Bi cr(f>L(TLV rfkOe avjSiOTT)^ \
Ap. 4, 678 TO, B^ iirl arl^^^ ijyayev aldov |
II. B, 687 09 Tt9 ffc^tv iirl <7Tt^a9 rjyrjaaLTO, \
Ap. 4, 717 €la€V iirl ^ea-rolaiv avaoTTja-ao-a OpovoiaiVy \
Od. TT, 408 .... icadl^ov iirl ^ea-Tolav 6p6voL<Tiv, \
Ap. 4, 1197 ... . iirl <f>p€al Orjiea^ | 'AprjT7j<;,
II. A, 55 T65 7^/3 eVl 0peo-l' 07jKe Oed, Cf. @, 218 ; Od. \ 146 ;
o, 234; 0-, 158; <^, 1.
Ap. 4, 1305 .... dv7)vv(TT(p iir^ deBXay. |
Od. TT, 111 .... dv7)vv(TT(p iirl epytp. \
II. A, 175 ... . dTe\€VTi]Ta) iirl €py(p. \
A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius mth Homer. 65
Ap. 4, 1335 .... erdpov^ iirl fxaKpov avTeiy \
Od. ?", 117 al S' iirl /juaKpov avcrav.
Ap. 4, 1503 KeLTo h^ eirl yfra/mddoKTC
Od. Vf 284 .... eVl yjrafidOoco-cv eKelfirjv, |
Ap. 4, 1773 .... evrf kKvtcl ireipad^ iKava \ vfierepfav Kafidrayv
Od. '\jr, 248 ou ^ap TTO) TrdvToav iiri ireipar^ deOXayv \ TjXOofiev,
fieta,
Ap. 1, 223 .... SoveovTO /jLcra irvocya-tv eOupat, \
II. "^j 367 X'^^'T^^f' ^^ ippdaovTO fi€Ta TTVOifjf; dvifioto. \ Cf. Od. y8, 148,
Ap. 1, 679 are TroXXa yu-er' dv0p(t)7roi(TC TreKovrat, \
Od. ^, 160 Ota T6 rrroWd ijuer* dvdpoDTroLcn irekovTaii \ Cf. c, 225,
Ap. 1, 741 .... //-er' t^z/^a velaero Trerprj \
Od. /3. 406 ... . /^er' t%z/ta /Satz/e ^eoto. | Cf. 7, 30 ; e, 193 ; 17, 38.
Ap. 3, 434 I epx^o vvv [leO^ ofitXov, ....
II. H, 21 ... . fjueO^ ojjllKov lot /^avaSiv raxvirmXcov \ Cf. T, 47.
Ap. 3, 889 ... . Tola fjL6Ta B/jLCorjaiv eetirev \
Od. pj 493 .... fier' apa B/ico'^a-tv eeiirev, |
Ap. 3, 908 I 6(^pa ret fiev Baaofieada /nera <r(j)L<rt>Vj
II. A, 368 I Kal ra fjuev ev Bdaa-avro fiera <t<^l<tcv ....
Ttapa.
Ap. 1, 217 I Kai fjbLv dycov .... irapa poov ^EipyuvoiOy \
Od. \, 21 . . . . Trapa poov ^D^fceavolo I yofiev,
Ap. 1, 319 ... . Trapa V7)l fievovTe^;, \
Od. /A, 292 .... Oofi Trapa vrfl /uLevovrer \ Cf. k, 444 ; p, 429.
Ap. 1, 855 o yap wapa vrjl XeXecTTTo \
II. K, 256 TO 8' eov irapk vql XiXenrro, \ Cf. K, 447.
^66 A Comparison of Apollmiius Bhodius with Homer.
nspL
Ap. 3, 1224 .... Trepe fiev arrjOeaoLv eearo \ OcoprjKa
U. r, 332 .... 6(opr]Ka irepl orrjOeaaLV eSvvev \ Cf. A, 19; U,
133; T, 371.
7tp6$.
Ap. 1, 774 I firj 8' tfievai irporl ciarv ....
II. S, 266 I aX>J L0/JL€V irpOTt aarv,
VTtO.
Ap. 2, 682 ^7 B^ VTTO iroaalv \ oeieTO vrjoo^ oXtj,
II. N, 18 TpifjL6 S' ovpea /juaKpa Kal vXr) \ iroa-a-lv vir* aOavdroiai,
Ilo(7€oBdcovo<; l6vTo<;. |
Ap. 2, 1013 ... . reKoavraL vir^ dvSpdffi reicva yvvaLK6<;, \
II. B, 714 ... . Tov vTT^ 'AB/jLr)T(p T€K€ Bla ryvvacKtov | Cf. 728 ;
742 ; 820 ; E, 313 ; H, 469 ; ' H, 492.
Ap. 2, 1232 .... VTral pLirrj^ dvejJbOLO | . . . .
II. O, 171 ... . viro pLTTTjf; aWprjyeveof; Bopeao, |
Ap. 3, 353 TOV'; ooIglv viro OKYjirTpovaL hafxdaaeL | Cf, 395.
II. Z, 159 Zev? ydp ol viro otcrjirrpcp iBd/jLa(Taev. \
Ap. 3, 371 I 6K Be ol ofifiaT^ eXafjuyjrev vir^ 6<l)pvfftv ....
11. O, 608 I Xa/iiTriffOijv ^Xoavp^auv vtt^ o^pvoiv^ ....
A Compa7'ison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer, 67
Summary.
The high degree of success which ApoUonius attained in his
imitation of Homer may be seen anew from the results of this
investigation. One needs only to look at the tables to observe
this. Of the two Homeric poems, he generally approaches more
nearly the usage of the Iliad than that of the Odyssey, notwith-
standing the fact that the Argonautica is akin in subject to the
latter rather than the former. Some of the more important results
may here be gathered up by way of summary.
Overdoing, First of all we cannot fail to observe a striving
after picturesqueness and poetic effect on the part of ApoUonius
that leads him to outdo his predecessor in certain usages. He has
not only used the majority of the prepositions more frequently
than Homer, but he has also taken greater liberty in the licenses
most distinctively poetic, viz. postposition, the adverbial use of
prepositions, an excess of double prepositions and of the poetical
prepositions aficfyL, avd, and avv.
Frequency, Tycho Mommsen (in his Beitrage cited above p. 8)
has shown that there are well marked differences in the aggregate
frequency of prepositions according to period, department, author,
etc. Poetry as we might expect, has fewer prepositions than prose.
Epic and lyric poetry in general excel tragic and comic, though
variations occur both in different poets and in the works of the same
poet. In prose the historians excel the philosophers and orators.
In point of frequency of prepositions as a whole, ApoUonius is
a little ahead of the norm set by his predecessor for epic poetry,
having an average of one preposition in 3.36 lines. Homer has
an average of one in 3.40 lines (Iliad one in 3.30 ; Odyssey
one in 3.50).^
While this close proximity of ApoUonius to Homer is true in
point of frequency of the prepositions in the aggregate, there is
considerable diversity to be seen in the individual prepositions.
The majority are more frequent in ApoUonius ; only seven are less
* Mommsen makes the average for the Iliad 3.14, for the Odyssey 3.95.
68 A Comparison of ApoUonius Bhodius with Hmner,
frequent, viz. diro, eh, eV, irpo, Kara, jrapd, irpofi. Only five have
little numerical difference in the two poets, viz. aTro, et9, ck, iv, /jLerd.
The widest difference is seen in vireK, BteK, irapeKj virepy which
are much more frequent in ApoUonius, and Kara, irapdy irpo^,
which are much less frequent. The favorite preposition in Apol-
lonius is 67rt, ev coming next. The reverse is true for Homer, but
with a more decided preference, eV ranking first, eVt next.
Relation of the Cases. Mommsen's investigations have also
shown that the numerical relation of the cases with which preposi-
tions are used is an important element in style and may serve to
differentiate the different periods and departments of literature*
As stated by him (p. 19 of Beitrage) "the preponderance of the
dative with prepositions belongs to the older and poetic language,
that of the accusative to the younger language and prose, that of
the genitive to the rhetorical and philosophical elements in poetry
and prose.'^ In epic and lyric poetry the dative is the predomi-
nant case. Tragedy shows at first the epic relation (preponder-
ance of the dative), then the dative gives place to the genitive in
Sophocles and the accusative in Euripides, though in certain pieces
the dative still predominates. In comedy the epic relation is
found only in the fragments of middle comedy. In prose the
dative falls into the background.
The marked preference for the dative in epic poetry is seen by
the fact that 42.07 per cent, of the prepositions in Homer are
with this case. We naturally expect this from the great number
of concrete locative situations afforded by the subject-matter of
epic poetry. There is an element of picturesqueness in this phe-
nomenon that gives rise to the poetic preference for the dative.
The dative more strictly defining the locality, or limiting it to a
narrower sphere, gives color and emphasis.^ Hence eVt with the
dative is preferred to eVt with the genitive, viro with the dative to
vTTo with the genitive in locative expressions.
In case relation ApoUonius approximates very closely to Homer.
The preponderance of the dative is almost the same, viz. 42.37 per
cent. The genitive and accusative have nearly the same relation
* See Mr. Forman's dissertation, The Difference Between the Gen. and the Bat.
Used with 4vl to Denote Superposition, Balto. 1894, p. 43.
A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 69
to each other as in Plomer, though the genitive is more frequent
in Apollonius (25.96 per cent, against 22.23 per cent.), the accusa-
tive less frequent (31.66 per cent, against 35.70 per cent.). The
Argonautica is very close, in the matter of case relation, to the
Iliad, in which the ratio of the three cases is : gen. 24.46 per cent.,
dat. 41.70 per cent., ace. 33.84 per cent. In the Odyssey the
accusative has gained on the genitive, being twice as frequent
(gen. 19.21 per cent., ace. 38.21 per cent).
The following differences in case relation may be noted. The
most marked are to be seen in Ste/c, irapeK, Kard, dfi^ij dvd, ttjoo?.
hveK occurs in Homer only with the genitive (mostly in the
Odyssey). Apollonius uses it nearly as often with the accusative
as with the genitive. irapeK in Apollonius is found with the
genitive about as frequently as with the accusative. In Homer
the accusative is generally used (gen. 2, ace. 8). Kara with the geni-
tive in the Homeric poems is very low numerically in comparison
with the accusative, while in the Argonautica the accusative has
greatly diminished (being only about three times as frequent,
whereas in Homer it is nearly nine times as frequent). ayLt<^/ is
used only twice with the genitive in the Homeric poems, while in
the Argonautica this construction is greatly overdone, the genitive
being used 11 times, dvd is found both with the genitive and
dative in Homer (not often however), in Apollonius there is but
one example outside the accusative and that is with the dative.
7rpo9 besides having a remarkably low percentage in the Argonau-
tica in comparison with its percentage in the Homeric poem, is not
used at all with the dative.
Doubling of prepositions. The doubling of prepositions gives a
picturesque fulness to the expression. It makes the preposition
doubly deictic. Apollonius greatly overdoes Homeric usage in
this respect, as is seen by the fact that nearly all the double
prepositions which he has in common with Homer are more fre-
quent, and further he forms prepositional combinations which his
predecessor does not. In 4, 225 he has a triple compound in
tmesis vireKirph he ttovtov erafjuvev. The double prepositions in the
two poets are
70 A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer,
ApoLiiONius. Homer.
^leK 22 d.fi<l)i irepl 4
Siairpo 1 ^ diroirpo 3
iirnrpo 11 hieK 12
irapeK 17 hiairpo 21
irepiTTpo 1 Trapeze 19
irpoirdp 2 Trepiirpo 2
'TTpoTrpo 3 vTreK 18
{jireK 14 Trepi T^ dfjL^l T6 1
viroirpo.,,..., ^/^p.uf^e Infg'Pi'f^v' ^■^'f
irepi re afipi re o
Total : Apolloiiiiis, 75 ; Homer, 80.
Postposition. The normal position of the preposition is im-
mediately before its case. In poetry, however, it is found not
infrequently after the word or words which it governs, i. e., it is
postponed. In Homer, where the transition from local adverbs to
prepositions proper was not yet complete and the position of the
preposition had not yet become rigidly fixed, postposition is to be
regarded as a freedom of the language. In succeeding poets it
became more and more a conscious means of poetic effect. The
^thos of postposition may be seen from the fact that it belongs
predominantly to the higher spheres of poetry, viz., epic, lyric,
and tragic,^ while in prose it is rare and confined mostly to the
earlier period (cf. Kiihner ii, § 452, 2).
That ApoUonius had a special fondness for postposition and
^ Mommsen, Gebrauch von (r{iv und fxerd c. gen. hei Euripides, Berlin, 1877, in a
foot note on p. 20, furnishes the only available statistics to my knowledge on
this subject. He divides the instances of " Umkehr" into three classes, pure
anastrophe, interposition (between substantive and adjective or dependent geni-
tive) with anastrophe, and interposition (between adjective or dependent genitive
and substantive) without anastrophe. As the third class is not properly post-
position I have not taken it into consideration here. The second class I have
included in postposition, though the feeling is somewhat different from that when
the prep, follows the simple substantive or dependent gen., the substantive being
again mentally supplied. I quote Mommsen's figures to show the range and
frequency of postposition. According to him Homer postpones about every 6th
preposition, Hesiod and the other epic poets every 3rd to 4th, the older elegaic
poets every 4th or 5th, the iambographers every 9th, the lyric poets every 3rd
or 4th ; of the tragic poets iEschylus and Euripides are close to Homer, Sophocles
postpones every 8th prep., comedy very few (mostly in parody).
A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius wtH^mS^^P^' 71
used it as a means of poetic effect is seen by the fact that he con-
siderably overdoes Homeric usage in this respect, postponing
10.42 per cent, of the total number of prepositions used by him,
or about one in every 9. Homer postpones 7.85 per cent, of his
(II. 8.13, Od. 7.50), or about one in every 13. (Mommsen — see
the footnote below — makes Homer postpone every 6th prep*
Obviously he includes here instances of interposition without
anastrophe). The overdoing becomes very marked when we con-
sider pure anastrophe alone. Of the 181 examples of postposition
in ApoUonius 129 (71.2 per cent.) are of this character, in other
words about 1/13 of the whole number of prepositions; while in
Homer of the 645 examples only 255 (39.6 per cent.) are instances
of pure anastrophe, or about 1 /32 of the total number of preposi-
tions (II. 145 or 1/33, Od. 110 or 1/31). In this ApoUonius has
gone even beyond tragic usage, which shows an hyperepic tendency
in the exaggeration of this phenomenon, especially the usage of
Euripides ^ who has almost doubled the old epic freedom of anas-
trophe, employing it as an important part of his technique, even
having not a few cases of anastrophic tmesis (cf. below p. 74)»
Of the 181 examples of postposition in ApoUonius mentioned
above, 52 (28.7 per cent.) are cases of interposition ^ l^etween the
substantive and adjective or dependent genitive, or 1/33 of all his
prepositions. Of Homer's 645 examples 390 (60.5 per cent.) are
cases of this kind of interposition, or 1/21 of all his prepositions.
It is thus seen that while interposition is frequent in Homer, it is
used rather sparingly by ApoUonius.
^According to Mommsen Euripides has 1/17 or 1/18 of all his prepositions
cases of anastrophe, Sophocles 1/27, Aeschylus 1/30, Pindar from 1/80 to 1/60,
so that from Pindar on there is in general an increase. Of the other epic poets
Hesiod and the Homeric Hymns are below Homer (1/51 and 1/72) ; the older
elegiac poets are nearer Homer (Tyrtaeus 1/25, Solon 1/36) ; the iambographers
and several of the lyric poets have no example. Of the lyric poets the melic
writers Sappho and Alcaeus have the greatest number (1/35 and 1/18).
^ Here again Mommsen's figures have to be called into service. He finds that
1/20 of all the prepositions in Homer and Pindar are cases of interposition of this
kind, 1/24 in the Homeric Hymns, 1/17 in Hesiod, in most of the elegaic and
lyric poets 1/19 to 1/11 ; in the didactic poets, however, interposition is rare,
e. g. in Empedocles 1/73, Theognis 1/41, Sappho 1/35, Anacreon 1/53; in the
iambographers it is not found ; in tragedy it is sparingly used, e. g. Aeschylus
1/31, Sophocles 1/51, Euripides 1/42.
72 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer.
As might be expected, the great majority of tlie cases of post-
position occur with the dative, which predominates even more
strongly than in the general ratio of the cases given above. The
ratio for postposition ia Apollonius is as follows : gen. 31.5 per
cent., dat. 68 per cent., ace. 10.5 per cent. ; in Homer it is : gen.
22.2 per cent., dat. 45.4 per cent., ace. 32.3 per cent.
A scansion of all the verses in which postposition occurs reveals
the fact that there are preferences for it at particular points in the
verse, viz. in the 1st (Ap. 35, Hom. 191) and 4th (Ap. 75, Horn.
165) foot.
No apparent effort on the part of Apollonius to imitate his pre-
decessor in fondness for postponing particular prepositions more
than others is traceable. The prepositions most frequently post-
poned in the Argonautica are virep, iv, ireply diro ; in the Homeric
poems viro, eiriy virepf diro. The greatest difference between the
two poets is seen in dTro, iv, virep, irepl, which are postponed much
oftener in Apollonius^ and {rvv. Bid, Kara, d.vd, vtto, which are post-
poned much less often.
Certain stereotyped expressions which occur often may be men-
tioned here, e. g. <ya[r)<; diro irarpihof; (1, 535) which is found in
II. N, 696 ; O, 335 ; Od. k, 49 always in the same position in the
verse (the preposition in the 3rd foot) ; Boficav iK (e^) (1, 306 ;
2, 816; 4, 708; Od. o, 19) always in the same position in the
verse (the prep, in the 4th foot) ; S6fioL<; evt (1, 148 ; 225 ; 2, 437 ;
1022; II. E, 198; A, 223; N, 466; O, 95) which too has the
same position in the verse (prep, in the 4th foot). With a rela-
tive pronoun iv is always postponed and generally with a personal
pronoun, e. g. oS iv (2, 910; 939; 3, 42; 671; 4, 1394); fi evi
(2, 1018 ; 1129 ; 3, 801 ; 4, 588) ; oh evt (4, 280) ; r^i evv
(4, 882) ; T65 evi (3, 939) ; r^ . . . . ivl (2, 387). This is not
uncommon in Homer, e. g. « hi (II. S, 220 ; Od. S, 603) ; fj eve
(II. % 210; Od. 0, 385); rS evi (II. H, 350; Od. e, 57 ; ^,46);
T^ . . . . ivl (II. O, 647). iv is very often postponed with names
of countries (e, g. 1, 45 ; 94 ; 770 ; 3, 980 ; 4, 1396 ; 4, 1483). iiri,
as iv, is often postponed with relative and personal pronouns (e. g.
1 , 95 ; 133 ; 287 ; 2, 379 ; 481 ; 654 ; 3, 235 ; 4, 124 ; 187 ; 570).
Occasional rather violent cases of postposition are found in
A Comparison of ApoUcmius JRhodius with Homer, 73
Apollonius/ e. g. after two substantives connected by a conjunction,
iTTO^arof; x^^'P^^ '^' ^'^^ 2> 188 ; Xcfiivcov yatrjf; t' diro 4, 1206 ;
after both substantive and adjective hovpareoi^ irvpfyoKnv iv 2, 381 ;
vjuueriprj dperfj evL 2, 643 ; eparjevri, vofiat eve 2, 1006 ; et)? sjrvxv^
dXeycov virep 2, 636 ; rvcjiOfjuevr)^ vXijf; virep 4, 139 ; dKrrjf; SprjiKir]^
ZcoPT]^ eiTi 1, 29 ; rrjohe OeoirpOTTLrf^; tVp^oj Trepc 4, 1355 ; ewv firfKayv
Trepi 4, 1485. Noteworthy also is 2, 820 ela/nevrj SovaKcoSeof; iv
TTora/jLOLo. In Homer rarely do we find the preposition following
both adjective and substantive. The examples are II. S, 420
ddavaTcov Be Oecov airo ; S, 509 Tr)V 8* ireprjv iroXiv dfi(j)C ; Od. a,
247 Kpavarjv 'lOaKrjv Kara ; this phrase occurs again in o, 510 ;
TT, 124 ; <f>j 346 ; Od. a, 218 KTedreaauv ioU eiri,. There is no
example in Homer of the preposition following two substantives
connected by a conjunction.
Adverbial use of 'prepositions. The free employment by Apollo-
nius of the more distinctively poetic features of prepositional usage
has already been commented upon. Hence we find in the Argo-
nautica many more instances of the original use of prepositions as
locative adverbs than in his predecessor. The adverbial usage so
far exceeds that of the Homeric poems that it seems an evident
desire to give picturesqueness and poetic effect. This exaggera-
tion is all the more significant when we consider that in Homer
the employment of prepositions independently as adverbs is a free-
dom of the epic language, in succeeding poets it becomes more and
more a conscious poetic means. On the average Apollonius has
nearly twice as many prepositions used adverbially in proportion
to his bulk, or more exactly one in 51.6 lines to Homer's one in
89.1 lines. The prepositions most commonly so used are d/x<^t, iv
jjuerdy irepL The only prepositions in Homer that at all approxi-
mate to the frequency in Apollonius in this respect are iv and irepL
Both poets have a special fondness for the adverbial use of these.
Tmesis. The ^thos of tmesis may be seen from the fact that it
belongs predominantly to the higher spheres of poetry, epic, lyric,
and tragic. In epic poetry it is chiefly used plastically to give
picturesque effect, in lyric and tragic poetry to give emphasis.
Like the adverbial use of prepositions of which it is only a special
^ Cf. here Plato Apol. 19 C. S)V iy^ ovSeu oUre fi^ya ot/re fUKphv iripi iiratu.
74 A Ccymparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer,
form, it lays special stress on the meaning of the preposition by
giving it an independent position. This stress is sometimes further
emphasized by anastrophe (especially in Pindar and Euripides) or
by receiving the ictus of the verse.^
The great disparity between Apollonius and Homer in the
adverbial use of the prepositions is counterbalanced by the fact
that Apollonius has fallen considerably below his predecessor in
the frequency of tmesis, having it once in 29.6 lines to his once in
20.4. iiriy e'/c, dvd are the favorite prepositions found in tmesis
in the Argonautica ; Kara, e'/c, eTri in the Homeric poems.
It should be added here that when tmesis and the adverbial use
are taken together Apollonius has about equaled his predecessor in
the aggregate use of prepositions independently i. e. without a case
(Ap. one in 18 lines, Horn, one in 16).
Individual prepositions. Generally Apollonius follows his pre-
decessor very closely in his use of the individual prepositions.
Allusion has already been made to the general close numerical
proximity of the prepositions in the Argonautica to those in the
Homeric poems. There is also a close adherence to homeric usage
in the various categories, the chief differences between the two
poets being in the greater or less prominence given to particular
^ Pierson, Ueber die Tmesis der Prep, von Verben bei den Griech. Dichtern in the
Ehein. Mus. XI (1867) pp. 90-128, 260-292, 379-427 has made an exhaustive
study of tmesis, especially in Pindar and the tragic poets. According to him the
dramatic poets use it more sparingly and more cautiously than the lyric. In
tragedy the freedom in its use increases. In comedy it is seldom found and
mostly in parody. Pindar has 33 examples, airS, avd, ivl most frequently. He
uses it both for emphasis and for poetic effect, for the latter in passages where he
is most like epic poetry, viz. in the myths. In him the character of tmesis is
more varied than in the dramatists and there is greater freedom both in use and
position, as the language of lyric is freer and bolder. Aeschylus has 15 exam-
ples, naturally in the lyric parts mostly. He uses it for emphasis and for impos-
ing expression. This is in accord with the character of Aeschylus who strove
rather for emphatic use of language. Sophocles has 20 examples, iv, e/c, <rvy, av6
most frequently. He uses it predominantly for plastic effect and in this is most
like epic poetry, hence the bulk of his examples are in the dialogue. Euripides
has 82 examples, Kara, avd, air6, ck, iirl most frequently. He shows greatest free-
dom of all the tragic poets. He uses it both for ornamentation and for emphasis
and is most like the lyric poets in this respect, hence the bulk of his examples
are in the choral parts. In accord with his greater freedom in the use of tmesis
he shares with Pindar the almost exclusive use of anastrophic tmesis.
A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 75
categories. Apollonius, however, has not always kept within the
bounds of Homeric poetry. Occasionally we find not only liber-
ties taken with certain uses of limited range in the Homeric poems,
but also uses that do not occur in Homer at all. Some of the most
noteworthy divergences or exaggerations may be recorded here in
summary.
Especially noteworthy is the overdoing of the poetical preposi-
tions d/jL<f)L, dvd and (Tvv,
ek. Apollonius uses much more freely the poetical construction
of 6t9 with a single person than his predecessor, having 11 exam-
ples in all with persons, all but one of which are with the singular
(see p. 20).
vTrep. vTrep with the gen. is used in two instances (4, 531 ;
1175) signifying ' about ^^ ^concerning/ with verbs of learning,
inquiring. Homer furnishes a solitary example in II. Z, 524.
This construction was not developed with any freedom till the
time of the orators (see p. 35).
dfjL<j>[, This preposition is not only used excessively as compared
with Homer, but also the genitive case is greatly overdone (see p. 37).
fjLcrd. Apollonius uses fierd with the accusative freely like Trpo?
or iirij with persons in the singular. This is a development out
of the use of fierd with the plural of persons, with accompanying
loss of the original signification of the preposition. This develop-
ment had not attained much freedom in the Homeric poems
(see p. 49).
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