LIBRARY ■ OF THE University of California. OIKT OF^ Class 7^l*t^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/comparisonofapolOOhaggrich A COMPARISON APOLLONIUS RHODIUS WITH HOMER IN PREPOSITIONAL USAGE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY ARTHUR SEWALL HAGGETT, SOMETIME UNIVERSITY SCHOIiAK AND FELLOW. BALTIMORE: JOHN MURPHY COMPANY; X902. CONTENTS PAGK. Introduction 7 Tables 11 &yri 16 &ir6 16 €ls 18 iK 21 iv 25 irp6 27 *><> PREFACE. Diiriug my graduate work courses were pursued under Profes- sors Gildersleeve, Warren and Bloomfield, to each of whom I wish to express my profound gratitude for their kindness, helpfulness and inspiration. The manuscript of this dissertation, though complete in its main features and its inferences, was at first submitted in provisional form. Subsequently a period of study at the University of Berlin permitted the gathering of further material hitherto inaccessible, as well as the verification of all the statistics. A. S. Haggett. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. A COMPARISON OF APOLLONIUS RHODIUS WITH HOMER IN PREPOSITIONAL USAGE. Introduction. Apollonius Rhodius was ODe of the most important of the Alexandrian poets/ He lived in an age that was critical and imitative rather than inventive or original, an age that produced laboriously learned and polite literature. Great attention was devoted to minuteness and elaboration of form at the expense of the contents. Art for art's sake was the aim of literary effort. Such rigid and narrow standards were adhered to that the works of the Alexandrian poets too often seem strained and artificial. Yet they are the achievements of a period of literary development not unworthy of careful study, and though they suffer from com- parison with the great works of the classical masters, many of them are poetry of genuine merit.^ Apollonius possessed a greater genius than most of his con- temporaries, and a more truly artistic instinct. Hence he saw the lack of reality in such poetry, and resolved to return to the epic simplicity and straightforwardness. He had a genuine admiration for Homer, and became a Homeric scholar and critic of no mean worth.^ In spite of the fact that the possibility of composing a successful epic in imitation of the Homeric style ^ Cf. Christ, Oriech. Liter aturgeseh. in Miiller's Handbuch, Vol. vii, p. 456 ; also Couat, Poesie Alexandrine, Paris, 1882, p. 293, who fully discusses Apollonius' art and work. 'See Couat's elaborate work Poesie Alexandrine cited above, p. 513 ff. for a good characterization of Alexandrianism ; also Gercke's AlexandHnische SludieUj Rheinisches Mus. 42 (1887), p. 262 ff., 590 ff., and especially 44 (1889) p. 127 ff., 240 ff. for Apollonius. 'Cf. Bergk, Oriech, Literaturgesch. Vol. i, p. 895. 7 8 A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer, had been denied and even ridiculed by some of the most eminent poets of his day/ he set to work to write such an epic. By the very nature, therefore, of his undertaking he challenges comparison with Homer. He is a deliberate and conscious imitator of him, and it is in large measure as such that he attracts the attention of modern scholars. Several attempts, more or less detailed, at comparison of the Argouautica of ApoUonius with the Homeric popms have already been made. The vocabulary has been discussed to some extent by Haacke in his C'ommentationes de elocutione Apollonii Rhodii, Halle, 1842; by Merkel in the prolegomena to his (Teubner) edition of 1852; by Schmidt in his dissertation De Apollonii Rhodii elocutione, Miinster, 1853 ; and by Mr. Seaton in the Journal of Philology, Yo\, xrx (1890), p. 1 ff. Besides, Buttmann in his LexiloguSy oder Beitrage zur griechischen Worterklarung, hauptsachlich fiir Homer uud Hesiod, 4th ed., Berlin, 1865, refers repeatedly to what seems to him faulty or ignorant imitation of Homer by ApoUonius (see to the contrary, Mr. Seaton's article just mentioned). Rzach in his Grammatische Studien zu Apollonius Rhodium, Wien, 1878, has made a comparison between Apollonius and Homer on the formal side. Further, the syntax of the cases has been treated by Linsenbarth, De Apollonii Rhodii casuum syntaxi comparato usu Homerico, Leipzig, 1887. Finally, Mr. Goodwin has discussed Apollonius' figures, syntax of the moods and tenses, and vocabulary in his dissertation entitled Apollonius Rhodius, His Figures, Syntax, and Vocabulary, Baltimore, 1891. It is the purpose of the present dissertation to take a further step in this comparison between Apollonius and Homer. Preposi- tions have been chosen as the basis of comparison, first, because prepositions are an important element in style and have received a fresh importance since the exhaustive studies of Tycho Mommsen, culminating in his Beitrage zu der Lehre von den Griechischen Prdpositionen, Berlin, 1895, in which he has shown — incidental to the study of fierd and a-vv — the frequency of prepositions as a whole (gesammtfrequenz) and the numerical relation of the ^ See Gercke, Kheiuisches Mus., Vol. 44, p. 127 ff. E. g. Theocritus 16, 20, says ris Se K(v 6,\\ov aKovaai ; &\i5 vduretrffiv "O/xTjpos. A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 9 cases with which they are used, in nearly all extant Greek literature, and also the variations of these phenomena according to sphere, department, and author; secondly, because it is desir- able to see if a poet who follows Homer so closely in the great skeleton parts of style, viz., vocabulary and the syntax of the moods and tenses, as has been shown,^ also follows him with similar closeness in the less fundamental points of syntax like prepositional usages, where following in detail is perhaps not so easy and hence more significant. For Apollonius, MerkeFs text has been used for the citations. The statistics for Homer have been made from Gehring's Index HomericuSj Leipzig, 1891. Ebeling's Lexicon Homericum, Leipzig, 1885, has been used for the classification of the prepositions in Homer and for most of the examples quoted from him. The method of comparison has been as follows. The uses of the individual prepositions in Apollonius have been classified and the various categories compared with those of Homer and illustrated by examples, and, when deviations occur, they have been noted. The comparison has been made not only in case usages, but also in the frequency of the prepositions in the two poets and the numerical relation of the cases with which they are used to one another. Further, postposition, tmesis,^ and the adverbial uses have been noted and presented, along with the uses with the cases, in the form of tables, in order that the ^ Cf. Goodwin's dissertation cited above, p. vi of the introduction. * The term tmesis is used here merely for convenience. Properly there is no such thing; it is a misnomer used by the grammarians who regarded the inde- pendent place of the prepositions in Homer as deviations from the later established usage, and so a ' severance' from the compound verb. (Cf. Monro, Hom. Gram., p. 164.) Scholars are now agreed that prepositions were originally local adverbs and as such distinct from the verb, till they finally coalesced with it forming a verbal compound. Obviously, then, the distinction between tmesis and the adverbial use of prepositions cannot always be rigidly drawn. Often it is hard to tell to which a given use is to be assigned. The principle has been followed, in making the statistics here presented, of assigning a use to tmesis when the preposition and the verb are such as appear in composition, unless the meaning obviously demands that the preposition be taken as a pure adverb. If any uses have been classified under the one head that belong under the other, it makes no diflference as far as the comparison is concerned so long as the same principle of classification has been followed in both poets. 2 10 A Oomparison of ApoUonius Bhodius with Homer, comparison may be as complete as possible. Finally, the corre- spondences in language, so far as prepositional phraseology is concerned, have been collected and presented here. It is hoped that by all these means a better idea may be obtained of the success which ApoUonius attained in his chosen task, so far as the evidence from prepositional usage goes. It was inevitable that the poem of ApoUonius as a work of art should fall far short of the Homeric poems. It was written at a time when the conditions which fostered the growth of the epos and were responsible for its existence had long since passed away, and new conditions had arisen, too cramped and narrow for that free, spontaneous expression which gave to early epic poetry its naturalness and vitality. Any attempt to reproduce the Homeric spirit must necessarily be attended with effort, and consequently with artificiality, for it could not be the free expres- sion of its age. It is not surprising, then, that the Argonautica bears evidences of the labor with which it was brought forth. Yet it is not to be supposed that it has an interest only for the grammarian or philologian. There are passages in it that show genuine poetic power and make it well worth literary study. It is the product of a period of literary development too often neglected in our enthusiasm for the works of the classical masters. A Comparison of ApoUonius Bhodius vnih Homer, 11 Tables Showing the Number of Occurrences op THE Individual Prepositions in APOLLONIUS. Prep. with one case. Prep- No . 3 air6 els e/c eV irp6 crvv irpSicap irporrpS 74 163 161 296 2 64 2 1 inriK imovp6 14 1 Prep, with two cases. Prep- No fs" Sid ace. 28 tot. 63 Kard gen. ace. tot. 23 64 87 fm^p gen. ace. tot. 28 15 43 8t€K. gen. ace. tot. 11 10 21 iraptK gen. ace. tot. 5 6 11 Prep, with three cases. Prep.... No. Prep.... No gen. dat. ace. tot. 11 28 30 69 vapd gen. dat. ace. tot. 4 19 20 43 kvd gen. dat. ace. tot. ... 1 51 52 ^7r( gen. dat. ace. tot. 44 183 75 302 fierd gen. dat. ace. tot. ... 36 46 82 U7r(J gen. dat. ace. tot. 10 81 24 116 Total number of prepositions with cases in ApoUonius 1737. Average frequency, one in 3.36 lines. Total number of occurrences with the gen. 451, per cent. 25.96. " " •' " " " dat. 736, " " 42.37. " « ace. 550, " « 31.66. Tables Showing the Number of Occurrences of the Individual Prepositions in HOMER. Prep, with one case. Prep Iliad Od .. avrl .. 7 .. 3 &7r6 273 99 374 449 4k iv vp6 ffiv 406 989 28 113 284 904 6 75 h.irotrp6 Ziamp6 3 1 11 13 2 Total.... ... 10 372 823 690 1893 34 188 1 3 12 15 12 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer, Prep. with two cases. Prep Sid gen. ace. tot. 76 42 118 21 35 56 Kara gen. ace. lot. 50 333 383 18 253 271 gen. ace. tot. 30 23 53 19 8 27 Trope AC niad gen. ace. tot.^ 1 5 6 Od 1 3 4 Total 97 77 174 68 586 6-%4 49 31 80 2 8 10 Prep, with three ernes. Prep.... Iliad.... Od gen. dat. ace. tot. 1 69 98 158 1 29 37 67 avd gen. dat. ace. tot. ... 6 84 90 ...1 3 59 62 6Vr gen. dat. ace. lot. 60 358 224 642 104 186 189 479 gen. dat. aec. tot. 3 123 107 233 2 92 67 161 Total... 2 88 135 225 ... 9 143 152 164 644 4131121 5 215 164 384 Prep, with three cases (continued). Prep.... niad.... Od irapd gen. dat. ace. tot. 40 134 90 264 27 85 43 155 irepl gen. dat. ace. tot. 51 68 48 157 28 27 24 79 Vp65 gen. dat. ace. tot. 17 7 144 168 10 14 135 159 67r6 gen. ({at. ace. tot. 99 132 35 266 27 55 27 10» Total... 67 219 133 419 79 86 72 236 27 21 279 327 126 187 62 375 O ' Total number of prepositions with eases in Homer 8198. Average frequency, one in 3.40 lines. Total number of occurrences with the gen. 1823, per cent. 22.23. " " " '•' " '' dat. 3449, " »' 42.07. " " ace. 2926, « " 35.70. ' Total number of prepositions with cases in the Iliad 4746. Average frequency, one in 3.31 lines. Total number of occurrences with the gen. 1160, per cent. 24.46. " " " " *' " dat. 1979, '* " 41.70. " " ace. 1607, " " 33.84. Total number of prepositions with cases in the Odyssey 3452. Average frequency, one in 3.51 lines. Total number of occurrences with the gen. 663, per cent. 19.21. " " " " " " dat. 1471', " " 42.68. " " ace. 1319, " " 38.21. * In three places in the Od. avd is followed by the gen. of going on board a ship. These are )8, 416; i, 177; o, 284. They are better regarded as cases of tmesis^ however. A Comparison of Apollonius Bhodius with Homer, 13 Table Showing Each Preposition's Per Cent, op the Whole Number of Prepositions and its Average Frequency Per Lines. Apollonius. Iliad. Odyssey. All Homer. Pbep. No. % Freq. No. % Freq. No. ^ Freq- No. % Freq. hvri... 3 .17 1945 7 .15 2242 3 .08 4036 10 .12 2780.3 hir6.... 74 4.2 78.8 273 5.8 57.5 99 2.8 122.3 372 4.5 74.7 els 163 9.4 35.8 374 7.9 41.9 449 13. 26.9 823 10.03 33.7 4k 161 9.3 38.2 406 8.5 38.6 284 8.2 42.6 690 8.4 40.3 4y 296 17. 19.7 989 20.8 15.8 904 26.2 13.3 1893 23.1 14.7 vp6.... 2 .11 2917.7 28 .59 560 4 6 .17 2018.3 34 .41 817.7 crvv.... 64 3.7 91.1 113 2.4 138.9 75 2.2 161.4 188 2.3 147.8 {miK... 14 .80 416.8 13 .27 1207.1 2 .06 6055 15 .18 1853.5 5t<£ 63 3.6 92.6 118 2.5 132.9 56 1.6 216.2 174 2.1 159.8 Kurd... 87 5.02 67.06 383 8.1 40.9 271 7.8 44.7 654 7.9 42.5 wrep... 43 2.5 135.7 53 1.1 296.1 27 .78 448.5 80 .97 347.5 5i4k ... 21 1.2 277.8 1 .02 15693 11 .31 1100.9 12 .14 2316.9 irapeK.. 11 .63 530.5 6 .12 2615.5 4 .11 3027.5 10 .12 2780.3 afKpi... 69 3.9 84.5 158 3.3 99.3 67 1.9 180.7 225 2.7 123.5 &vd.... 52 2.9 112.2 90 1.9 174.4 62 1.8 195.3 152 L8 182.9 iirl 302 17.3 19.3 642 13.5 24.4 479 13.8 25.3 1121 13.6 24.8 fierd... 82 4.7 71.1 233 4.9 67.3 151 4.3 80.2 384 4.6 72.4 vapd... 43 2.5 135.7 254 5.5 59.4 155 4.4 78.1 419 5.1 66.3 irepi... 57 3.3 102.4 157 3.3 99.9 79 2.3 153.3 236 2.8 117.8 irp6s... 11 .63 530.5 168 3.5 93.4 159 4.6 76.1 327 3.9 85.02 xnr6.... 115 Q.Q 50.7 266 5.6 59 109 3.2 111.1 375 4.5 74.1 14 A Comparison of A'pollonius Rhodius with Homer. Tables Showing the Number of Examples op Post- position OF Each Preposition and the Per Cent. OP ITS Total Number op Occurrences. Pkep. Apollonius. Postp. ^ &pri 14 7 10 66 *1 1 2 12 1 6 1 31 4 ii 18.9 4.3 6.2 22.3 1.5 iVe 2.3 27.9 9.1 8.7 1.9 10.2 6. 4.6 21.1 9.6 &r6 fls ^« ........... iy vp6 ffiy iJire'/c SiairpS U Kard inr4p, vapeK &fMi iiyd ivl fierd irapd ireoi 7 Trpds i^6 Total 181 10.42 Homer. 11. Od. Tot. % 5 5 50. 28 16 44 11.8 20 28 48 5.8 20 18 38 6.5 71 67 138 7.3 4 4 1.2 2 6 8 4.2 1 1 6.6 2 2 66.6 10 5 15 8.6 10 24 34 5.2 6 4 10 12.5 9 7 16 ii 8 6 14 9.2 108 34 142 12.6 11 8 19 4.9 13 8 21 4.9 11 9 20 8.5 2 1 3 .9 45 18 63 16.8 11. 8.13 386 259 645 Od. 7.50 All. 7.85 Table Showing the Number of Instances of Post- position With Each Case and the Per Cent. OF THE Total Number op Instances. gen. dat. ace. Total. CASE. No. % No. ^ No. - % Apol 57 89 54 143 31.5 23.1 20.8 22.2 105 188 105 293 58... 48.7 40.6 45.4 19 109 100 209 10.5 28.2 38.6 32.3 181 11 386 Od 259 All Homer.. 645 A Comparison of Apollonim Rhodiua with Homer, 15 Table Showing the Number of Occurrences of Tmesis AND THE Adverbial Use of each Proposition. Pjrep. avrl dTTcJ els 4k eV irp6 (T^V Sid Kard inrtp OLfXtpi avd 4ni fierd.. .. irapd irepi , irp6s , virS , OLfiflTrepl anoTrp6.. SiawpS... SUk , iirinp6... nap 4k..... irepiirpS . . nrpOTTpS. . , UTre/c inreKirpS.. Total Apollonius. Homer. Tmesis. No. Freq. 197 343.2 1945 194.5 277.9 1167 486.2 530.4 2917.5 729.4 307.1 132.6 1458.7 1945 448.8 5835 1945 5835 Adverbial. No, Freq, 113 486, 833, 530, 364, 1458. 364. 2917, 343. 1458. 2917. 5835 5835 530. 972. 5835 2917. 51.6 Tmesis. II. Od. Tot. 74 14 107 72 6 19 10 109 30 35 104 12 21 34 19 49 715 41 12 101 54 2 18 9 101 37 36 103 8 34 34 17 33 1 3 644 115 26 208 126 8 37 19 210 67 71 207 20 55 68 36 82 1 3 1359 Freq. 241.7 1069.3 133.6 220.6 3475.3 751.4 1463.3 132.4 414.9 391.6 134.3 1390.1 605.5 408.8 772.3 339.1 27803 9267.7 II. Od. 21.9 18.8 20.4 Adverbial. II. Od. Tot. 27 7 41 1 17 4 11 43 7 7 2 2 16 2 2 189 32 3 23 1 4 2 6 37 5 2 2 6 123 312 Freq. 471.2 2780.3 434.4 13901.5 1323.8 4633.8 1635.4 347.5 2316.9 3089.3 13901.5 13901.5 1544.6 3475.3 18901.5 II. 83.0 O d. 98.4 89.1 16 A Comparison of Apotlonius Rhodius with Homer, Classification of the Uses of the Prepositions. avn. This preposition occurs but 3 times in ApoUonius, signifying instead of. Homer, too, finds little occasion for its use, having but 10 examples, 7 in the Iliad, 3 in the Odyssey. There is little difference in its relative frequency in the two poets. Homer shows greater freedom of position in that he postpones one half of his examples of dvTL (all in the Iliad), whereas ApoUonius does not postpone it at all. The examples for ApoUonius are: 2, 448 olvtI Be rov Odvarov fioi d^ap 6eo<; iyyvaXi^ai, ; 2, 851 at 3* dvrl .... "IBfjLovo^ .... 'Ar/a/jLyaTopa Kvhaivovatv ; 4, 30 dvT ifjLeOev .... ttXokov etfit XLirovaa. ano. ApoUonius uses this preposition 74 times, chiefly in the locative sense with verbs of motion away from, or of position apart from, or at a distance from, less often expressing origin or source. He also uses it in two instances (1, 691 and 2, 454) in a partitive rela- tion, of the whole from which a part is taken. He has followed Homer very closely in the use of this prepo- sition. The latter uses it 372 times, 273 in the Iliad, 99 in the Odyssey. Its relative frequency in the two poets is nearly the same, although in the Iliad it is much more frequent, in the Odyssey much less frequent, than in the Argonautica. ApoUonius postpones diro much more freely than Homer, as is generally true also of the other prepositions. It is not used adverbially, but is common in tmesis in both poets, especially in the latter. diro may be classified as follows : I. Of motion away from, either expressed or implied : 1) With names of countries, e. g., 1, 77 dir Eu^otV KdvOo^ KL€ ; cf. 1, 125; 1, 535; 2, 1143; 3,356; 3,375; 4,1775. A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer. 17 2) With other nouns, e. g., 1, 989 air oUfpeo^ ai^avre^ ; cf. 1, 1067; 1, 1107; 1, 1231 1, 1278; 2, 188; 2, 456; 2, 538; 2, 1042; 2, 1216; 2, 1261 3, 48; 3, 439; 3, 534; 3, 587; 3, 760; 3, 1014; 3, 1037; 3 1352; 3,1366; 3,1395; 4,80; 4,104; 4,109; 4,114; 4, 162 4, 724; 4, 752; 4, 768; 4, 885; 4, 901; 4, 926; 4, 1186; 4 1206; 4, 1243; 4, 1303; 4, 1365; 4, 1390; 4, 1629; 4, 1636 4, 1647. These categories are common in Homer, e. g., 1) II. H, 492 airo TpotijOev lovra ; Od. /c, 49 p(T€v, etc. Cf. also 1,248; 1,363; 1,577; 1,635; 1,654; 1,708; 1,853; 1,916 1,1007; 1,1010; 1, 1051; 1,1108; 1,1110; 1,1173; 1,1188 1, 1236; 1, 1263; 2, 322; 2, 368; 2, 403; 2, 746; 2, 831 2, 886; 2, 934; 2, 986; 2, 1081 ; 2, 1091; 2, 1167; 2, 1170 2, 1242 ; 3, 41 ; 3, 177 ; 3, 212 ; 3, 419 ; 3, 538 ; 3, 589 ; 3, 738 3, 820; 3, 841; 3, 903; 3, 907; 3, 1147; 3, 1165; 3, 1196 3,1239; 3,1269; 3,1278; 3,1358; 3,1381; 3,1382; 3,1384 3, 1396; 3, 1404; 4, 100; 4, 135; 4, 183; 4, 214; 4, 310 4, 348 ; 4, 385 ; 4, 404 ; 4, 415 ; 4, 440 ; 4, 454 ; 4, 521 ; 4, 597 4, 636; 4, 689; 4, 759; 4, 805; 4, 949; 4, 1002; 4, 1014 4,1041; 4,1077; 4,1313; 4,1333; 4,1566; 4,1577; 4,1599 4, 1742. Examples from Homer are abundant, e. g., II. A, 402 Kokeaaa €? fiaKpov^OXyfiTrov ; Od. k, 158 et? o^ov .... ij/cei^, etc. 2) With verbal nouns of motion, e. g., 1, 336 69 ''E.Wdha voaro^ ; cf. 2, 416; 1, 337 6'9 Al^rao KekevdoL ; 2, 777 €9 KlrjT'nv , , , . ifKoov ; cf. also, 2, 353 ; 2, 692 ; 4, 1508. Homer uses 6^9 with 0S09 in two instances, viz., Od. k, 563 080Z/ .... 6t9 'AiBao Bofiovq ; Od. ;)^, 128 0S09 69 Xavpyv. With other prepositions he has the following : with eVt, Od. 7, 143 voarov .... eV ev/aea i/wra 6aXd(T(T7]s ; cf. II. K, 509-10 ; also Od. e, 237; with a//,, Hym. to Ap. P. 49 KeXevOoi , . . . cifi ireBiov ; with vireip, Od. 8y 172 i/Tret/) aXa vocttov ; with e«, II. I, 622 eic k\i,(TLi]<; vocTTOLO ; cf. Od. a, 327. 3) With verbs implying motion or direction, as 1, 725 €9 rjekiov .... oo-cre ^aXot<; ; 1, 938 €t9 aXa KeKkcfjuivrf ; cf. also 2, 49 ; 2, 684 ; 2, 732 ; 3, 298 ; 3, 503 ; 3, 744 ; 3, 951 ; 20 A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer. 4, 681. Cf. II. X 469 69 irvp erpe-fe ; Od. e, 439 e? ^alav 6pcofjL€voq, etc. 4) With ve7'bs of rest implying a pevious motion : 2, 606 Trirpac 8' eh eva xcapov .... 6ppi^(o6ev ; 4, 336 et? aKTa*; TrXrjOvv XiTrev. Cf. II. O, 332 e? irehiov 'jTpo(^avevTe ; Od. p, 447 G-TTjd^ .... €9 jieo-a-Qv, etc. 5) In 1, 647 aX,Xo^* v7ro'^6ov[oL<; evapiOfjuio^, aXXor €9 avya<; Tjekiov ^(ooicn fier dvSpdacv 'now counted among those beneath the earth, now among living men in the sunlight/ €9 is used where we would expect iv or the simple dative. Motion, however, is implied here, the idea being transferrence to the light of the sun among living men. So Beck ^ translates ' nunc inferis adnumera- retur, nunc ad iubar solis inter viventes versaretur' and similarly Shaw.^ Willmann* has *dass sie anjetzt sich den Schatten vereini- get, jetzt in der Sonne strahlendem Glanz mit den IVI enschen den lebenden.' Ville de Mirmont ^ has * tantdt compter parmi ceux que habitent sous la terre, tant6t parmi les hommes qui vivent k la clart6 du soleil.' II. With persons: 1) Of motion to, e. g., •1, 12 fcro S" 6*9 UeXivv; cf. also 1, 1296; 1, 1330; 2, 277; 2, 467; 2, 777; 3, 1172; 4, 762; 4, 772; 4, 773; 4, 1479. 2) With verb of addressing : 1, 250 dWr} S* €69 €T6p7]v oXo^vpero SaKpv ')(eovaa. These examples are all in the singular except one, 4, 1479. The singular, too, is more common in Homer, though eU with the plural is frequent. The scholia to Homer say €9 = irpo^ when so used with single persons. Kiihner, Gram., 11, § 432, would assign to the prepositional phrase in prose the connotation of * dwelling/ * land ;' cf. Thucyd. 1, 137, 3 iarire^Tret ypdfifjbara €9 ^aaiXea (to the house of the king) ; Isaeus, 7, 14 eXOcbv eh rrjv i/jirjv ixrjrepa to the house of my mother), etc. In Homer, however, and the ^ Edition of 1797, Leipzig. » Edition of 1779, Oxford. ' Die Argonautenzug .... verdeutscht. Koln, 1832. *Apollonios de Rhodes. Les Argonautiques. Traduction franpaise . Bordeaux, 1892. A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer. 21 other epic poets eh is used like tt/jo? with persons. For examples in Homer cf. II. H, 312 eh^Ayafie/jLvova .... ayov ; Od. p^, 202 j3rJTT]P €t9 ' OSucr^a, 6tc. III. Denoting time: 1) A limit of time : 1, 603 €9 evBiov ; 1, 1138 e? alei ; 2, 718 et? aiev. 2) An approximate point of time : 1, 690 i'irep')(oiJL6vov .... et? eVo? ; 1, 1151 €9 ^a> ; cf. 4, 1620 ; 4, 1688; 3, 1389 69 (hpairjv. 3) Opposed to €« in such phrases as 1, 861 eh y/Jiap del ef r;yLtaT09 ; 4, 1772 eh eT09 ef eTeo9. Cf. (1) II. A, 601 69 rjeXiov KarahvvTa ; (2) Od. f, 384 eXevaea-dat rj €9 Oepof; 7) €9 oTTcopijv ; (3) II. H* 86 e/c veorrjTOfi .... €9 yrjpd'i, etc. IV. Of limit or measure : 1) 1, 1193 Toaarj .... /jLrjic6<; re kol €9 7ra;j^09 ^ez^ ISecrOai ; 2, 221 yrjpa<; .... 69 TeXo9 eX/co) ; 2, 314 ')(^pei(t)v ef 6/7/9 t6 /cat €9 t6\o9. 2) With numeral : 2, 976 rerpdSo^ eh eKarbv SevocTo /cev * it would lack but four of being or reaching 100.' Cf. II. X, 397 69 aXri^, etc. y. Of purpose or end, e. g., 1, 477 eh drrjv Krip olUveu ; cf. also 2, 64 ; 2, 1051 ; 3, 1176 ; 4, 1154 ; 4, 1459 ; 4, 1602. Cf. II. I, 102 elirelv eh dr^aOov ; Od. /x, 372 et9 oiTr)v KOLjirja-aTe, etc. Form. Ik is used before a consonant, ef before a vowel. The proportion of eK to 6'f in ApoUonius is 134 to 57 ; in Homer 622 to 276. Use. This preposition is slightly more frequent in our poet (once in 36.2 lines) than in Homer (once in 40.3 lines). It is more frequent in the Iliad (once in 38.6 lines) than in the Odyssey (once in 42.6 lines). The Argonautioa is, therefore, nearer the Iliad in this respect. ApoUonius postpones e/c a little 22 A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer, oftener than his predecessor (10 examples, or 6.2 per cent, in the former, 38 examples, or 5.5 per cent, in the latter). Tmesis is frequent in both poets, but much more so in Homer (once in 194.5 lines in ApoUonius, once in 133.6 in Homer). The most common use of this preposition is to denote from (out of), where there was a previous rest in, a place, in distinction from diro which properly means simply separation or direction away from. In many cases, however, the two are used with no apparent difference in signification. From a place may be conceived either as direction or separation from (aTro), or source out of (e/c). ex also denotes distinction from, position from whence an action takes place, maierialj descent or parentage, causCy agency ^ means, source, time. The uses of c/c may be classified as follows : I. Denoting place whence or out of: 1) With verbs of motion or implying motion : (a) From lands, cities, people, as 1, 69 ef '07ro6i/T09 ^pcrev ; cf. also 1, 207 ; 2, 277 ; 2, 424 ; 2, 611; 2, 995; 2, 1096; 2, 1167; 4, 385. Cf. II. A, 269 eV HvXov i\6a)v ; Od. k, 40 e'/c Tpoi,r)<; ayerai, etc. (b) From buildings or parts of buildings, e. g., 1, 306 SofjLcov ef aypro veeaOai ; cf. also 1, 804; 1, 1212; 2, 468; 2, 816; 3, 249; 3, 285; 3, 442; 3, 671; 4, 708; 4, 743; 4, 876 ; 4, 1119 ; 4, 1220. Cf. II. Z, 377 ^^tj Ik fieydpow ; Od. f, 74 iic OaXdfioLo (l>6pev, etc. (c) From parts of the body, e. g., 1, 743 eK Bi ol (Ofiov .... Ke')(a\ae . . . . iv /jueydpoLaiv ; etc. (c) Among several people : 1, 342 rifievov iv iMecraotaL ; cf. further 1, 464 ; 1, 819 ; 1, 1213 ; 1, 1338; 2, 10; 2, 238; 2, 309; 2, 748; 2, 881; 2, 1281; 3, 23; 3,443; 3,667; 3,812; 4, 1191; 4, 1276. Cf. II. H, 45 ez/t Tpcoeaa dyopevcov, etc. (c?) With other nouns, as 1, 16 eVt TTovTcp .... v60aXfjua)v. It occurs twice adverbially, viz.: 3, 1012; 4, 1233. 30 A Compaiison of Apolloniu8 Rhodius with Homer. Homer has no example. He has airoirpo once with a case (II. H, 334) and twice adverbially (II. H, 669 and 679) ; liairpo three times with a case (II. A, 138 ; E, 281 ; H, 494) and 18 times adverbially ; irepiirpo twice adverbially. vnex. This preposition occurs 14 times, or over 4 times as often as in Homer. It is not found adverbially in either poet, but there are three cases of tmesis in the Odyssey. There is no instance of postposition in Apollonius, only one in Homer (II. X, 146). Our poet uses vireK only in the simple local sense, except 3, 608 ; his predecessor has it also in a transferred sense. The examples in Apollonius are 1, 596 vireK iroTafiolo ; 1, 745 vTreK fjua^olo ; 1, 913 ; 1, 1166 ; 1, 1204 ; 2, 670 ; 3, 575 ; 3, 608 ; 3, 1182 ; 3, 1318; 4, 931; 4, 949; 4, 1222; 4, 1657. Cf. II. A, 465 i\Ke S' VTT^K ^eXecov ; Od. jjl, 107 pva'airo a vireK Ka/cov, etc. imonpo, Apollonius has one example of this preposition, viz. : 4, 178 ')(d(bv aiev viroirpo ttoBcov afiapva-aeTo. It is not found in Homer. This preposition is very much more frequent in Apollonius (once in 92.6 lines) than in Homer (once in 159.8). The ratio of the cases is about the same in the two poets (Ap. 1.25 : 1, Hom. 1.26 : 1). It is to be observed that while the gen. is more com- mon than the ace. in the Iliad (1.81 : 1), the proportion is almost reversed for the Odyssey (1 : 1.66). In case relation, then, the Argonautica is to be compared with the Iliad rather than the Odyssey. Postposition of Bed is not very common in either poet (once in Apollonius, 15 times in Homer). It is not used as an adverb at all. There are about three times as many instances of tmesis in Apollonius according to his bulk as in Homer. The prevailing use of Bid in the Argonautica, both with the gen. and the ace, is the locative one, denoting space through A Comparison of Apollonius JRhodius with Homer. 31 which motion takes place, in which there seems to be no apparent difference in meaning between the two cases ; whereas in prose the locative use of hid is confined to the gen. (cf. Monro § 215). A noteworthy coincidence with Homeric usage is the absence of the gen. with 3ta to denote instrument, which is a post-Homeric con- struction (cf. Kiihner II, § 434). hid WITH THE GEN. I. Of motion through or over space : I. 237 'laav fiera vrja Bo" dareof; ; 2, 779 Sl 'Aaeivov, Cf. II. N, 519 Bl Mfiov .... €7^09 eV^ei/, etc. Sid with the acc. I. Of motion through or over : I, 2 Bid irerpag .... ijXaa-av 'Apyco ; cf. further 1, 922 ; 2, 414; 2, 422; 3, 709; 3, 1052; 4, 290; 4, 272; 4, 306; 4, 374; 4, 644 ; 4, 647 ; 4, 784 ; 4, 1000 ; 4, 1763. Cf. II. ^, 846 Trirerai Bid /3o{)9 ; Od. f, 50 07] 8' levai Bid B(op.a6\ etc. II. Of TIME: 1, 518 Bid Kvi(j)a^; cf. 1, 651 ; 1, 1255; 2, 156; 2, 729; 2, 1287; 3, 1361; 4, 70; 4, 1069; 2, 42 Bid vvura ; cf. 4, 868. The phrase Bid vvKra is common in Homer, cf. II. B, 57 ; K, 41 ; 32 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer, n, 363 ; Od. L, 404 ; o, 8, etc. It is found chiefly in the Odyssey and books 10 and 24 of the Iliad (cf. Monro § 215). Cf. also II. B, 40 hia Kparepa^ vafiiva<; * lasting through hard fights ' cited by Monro. III. Causal denoting ' owing to ' 1, 423 a7)v Sea ixtjtlv ; cf. 2, 76. Cf. II. A, 72 fjv Bta fiavroavvrjv ; Od. 6, 520 vLKTjaaL .... hia .... ^AO'^vrjv, etc. xard. Kara is considerably less frequent in Apollonius (once in 67.06 lines) than in Homer (once in 42.5 lines). In both poets the ace. greatly predominates, but much more so in Homer (8.6 times the gen.) especially in the Odyssey (14.05 times the gen.). There are only two instances of postposition in Apollonius against 34 in his predecessor. Kara is not used as an adverb in either poet. Tmesis is much less frequent in the Argonautica (once in 530.4 lines) than in the Homeric poems (once in 132.4 lines). xard WITH the gen. The two most common uses of Kara with the gen. are to denote motion down from, and motion down on. It also in a few cases denotes position down in, beneath, a use which is seldom found (cf. Kiihner II, § 433 II). I. Of motion : 1) down from : 1, 565 icah S* avTov Xiva ')(€vav ; 1, 1261 Kara KpoTd(^(ov .... tS/oft)? KriKiev, cf. also 2, 286 ; 2, 429; 3, 70; 3, 1264; 4, 34; 4, 444; 4, 510; 4, 638; 4, 911 ; 4, 1594; 4, 1600; 4, 1704. Cf. II, P, 438 Kara ^€dp(ov ')(^afjLdBt<; pie ; Od. tt, 190 kclB Be irapeiSiV BaKpvoVy etc. 2) down on : 3, 1021 Kar ovheo<; 6p,p,ar epeiBov, cf. also 4, 158 ; 4, 654 ; 4, 1523. Cf. II. r, 217 Kar^ x(9oi/o9 Sfifiara Tr^Jf a? ; H. ^, 172 eOrjKe Kar o')(6'r)^ .... e7;^09, etc. A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 33 3) Towai'd a point, of landing with a ship : 4, 315 yy^ov vrjaroLO Kar aKpoTaTTj^ iveovro * they landed high up toward the extreme end of the island/ Beck ^ altius ad summam insulam tendebant procul ; ^ Willmann ^ hoch nun steuerte die Schar an dem ausersten Ende des Eilands fern.' Ville de Mimont ' vers la partie sup6rieure de Pile.' Sophocles El. 1433 has ^are Kar avTiBvpayv. II. Of position down in, beneath : 1, 155 vepOe Kara ')(6ovo<^ avyd^eadac ; 4, 1326 Kara vrj8voepouaay cf. 4, 1352; 4, 1371. This use is not found in Homer, seldom elsewhere (Kiihner II, § 433, I, c). Enr. Heracl. 1003 has aei Keia-OfiaL Kara ydovo*^ ; Hipp. 836 to Kara ydf; Kvea<;. Xatd WITH THE ACC. I. Of motion : 1) beneath: 4, 964 Kara ^evOo^ .... hvvov. Cf. II. Z, 136 hvaeO* aXo^; Kara KVfJLa, etc. 2) through J over : 1, 2 TiovTOLO Kara (TTOjxa fcal Stct Trerpa? .... rfKacrav 'ApycOy cf. 4,n000. It is not easy to distinguish Kara from 8id here. The Paris edition renders *in ostium et per rupes,' but 4, 1000 * per ostium et per rupes ; ' so Beck ; Willmann * durch des Pontos Entmiindungen zwischen den dunkeln Felsen.' Cf. Od. tj, 40 Kara darv Sod a^ea^ ; 1, 371 (TKaTrrov .... icar evpc; ; Cf. further 1, 372 ; 1, 575 ; 2, 824 ; 2, 1037 ; 3, 113 ; 3, 411 ; 3, 534 ; 3, 809; 3, 873; 3, 1237; 3, 1241 ; 3, 1335; 4, 363; 4, 1319. Cf. II. A, 276 ip')(OfjLevov Kard irovrov ; Od. a, 1 Kara darv Trr(o')(eve(TK, etc. 3) over or through without motion expressed : I, 247 ft)9 4>daav .... Kara tttoXlv ; cf. also 1, 621 ; 3, 1053; 3, 1217 ; 3, 1332 ; 3, 1353 ; 4, 968. Cf. II. B, 803 iroXkol .... kut a(TTV .... eiTLKOvpoiy Od. Ly 120 KaO' v\7)v dXyea 7rda')(^ovaXri^ ; Od. 6, 68, etc. 2) Of motion over^ above, across : 1, 1084 virep .... Kaprjaro^ .... ttcotclt a\KVOVi<; ; 2, 271 virep irovTOLo 4>epovTO ; cf. also 2, 585 ; 3, 1112 ; 3, 1362 ; 4, 1424 ; 4, 1691. Cf. II. O, 382 i/?/o? virep roi'^ayv Karaff'^aerai ; Od. p, 575 Toz/ K virep ovEov ffdvra, etc. II. In behalf of, for the sake of: 2, 636 er)? '»/^^%^? aXiycDv virep ; 4, 380 ari;!/ ou . . . . heivtov vTrep .... orXrja-co ; 4, 406 97pa (j>epoL6v vwep (Tea. Cf. II. A, 444 eKaTOfM/Sfjv pe^au virep Aavacov, etc. III. ^6ow^, concerningj with verbs of learning, asking, etc., like 'TrepL : 4, 531 7r€va6/jL€UOl Kol avTTj^ €LV6K€v"}ipr)<; \LcraofiaL. This is the only example in ApoUonius. Homer furnishes no parallel. Suchier* cites Eur. Suppl. 280 oXKTtdat, d/jnl>l tckvcov /jl UeTav, ^ Pindar has 6 ex. with the gen., 38 with the dat., 16 with the ace. * Animadversiones de dicendi genere, quo Ap. Rh. poeta in Argonauticis usus est, 1862, p. 18. 38 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer, d/Z^t WITH THE DAT. I. Of place: 1) Of definite local relation : I. 221 a^^l he vcoTotf; .... hoveovro .... eOeipai ; 1, 721 a/x^* ' Mfiocaiv iBvcreTO ; Od. tt, 174 drjK afjL(f)l crrrjOeaai, etc. 2) Of less definite local relation : 1,618 eppatcrav aKOira<; ol/jl^^ evvrj ; 2, 838 afjb(j)l Se Krjheir) veKVoq fievov ; 4, 731 oaa r a/xcf)! 6ool<; i/juoyrjaav aeOXoi'^. Cf. II. F, 362 ap,(i>l 8' ap avTw {(f>aXa)) .... hiarpv^ev eKireae %6ipo9 ; Od. ^, 434 a/jL(l>l TTvpl a-TYjaat rpiiroha. This use is common in Pindar, cf. I, 1, 50; N, 8, 42; P, 5, 119, etc. II. Of cause, ahoui^foryfor the sake of: 1, 747 dficf)! Be ^ovalv .... fiapvavro ; 3, 318 vTroBBeiaaf; d/jL(f>l ' ^lEXivrj Kol KTYjiiaai irdaL iJbd')(€cr6aL ; Od. S, 153 ifjuoyrjo-ev dfiL r ifiol koX iraKTiv ; 4, 356 riva TrjvBe (TVvapTvvaade /jLevoivrjv d[jb i/jboi ; 4, 1331 dfKJn Be voarro OVTL .... VOeW dTLV, This use of dp.(f)i in Homer is confined mostly to the Odyssey, as is the case with irepl with the gen. with such verbs (cf. below p. 53) Ebeling cites 10 examples, only 3 of which are in the Iliad. Cf. II. n, 647 dfjL^l <^6v(p .... /Mep/jLrjpL^cov ; Od. B, 151 d/i^^ ^OBva-rjt /jLv6e6/jbr}v, etc. IV. In the following examples dfi(f>l is used in various relations rather adverbially than as a preposition ; 2, 96 S' dfjbL with a verb or expression of contending. It is difficult to translate the preposition otherwise than as equivalent to Latin cum. So Beck translates 4, 364-5, * cum tauris et cum gigantibus perficeres certamina.' Strictly, however, dficj)!, is not equivalent to cum. Here again it is locative and rather adver- bial than prepositional. And so Will maun translates * bei den Stieren und bei den Erdegeborenen die Kampfarbeiten voUendet.* d^^L WITH THE ACC. I. Of place : I . 427 d/jL(f>l fieroaira TrXrj^ev ; 1, 843 dfi(f)l he rovye uerjvcBe'; ...» €lXi(T(TovTo ; of. also 1, 813; 1, 883; 1, 1178; 1, 11«4; 1, 1248; 2, 376 ; 2, 452 ; 2, 516 ; 2, 767 ; 2, 850 ; 3, 121 ; 3, 461 ; 3, 633 ; 3, 761 ; 3, 881 ; 3, 1215 ; 4, 44 ; 4, 535 ; 4, 550 ; 4, 1277 ; 4, 1347 ; 4, 1452; 4, 1609. Cf. II. A, 409 a/^<^' SXa eXaat ; Od. e, 63 a7r€0i re v€Kpov<;, dfi<^i re hvcriraXeaf; pi^a 13, dv 41. 40 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer, Use. In the excessive use oi avd by Apollonius (once in 112.2 lines) in comparison with Homer (once in 182.9 lines) we have another instance of overdoing for the sake of poetic effect, avd is usually followed only by the accusative case, but in epic and lyric poetry and the lyric parts of tragedy it is found sometimes with the dative (Kiihner II, § 433, 1). The gen. occurs only in Homer in three passages in the Odyssey exclusively of going on board ship, viz. y5, 416 ; L, 177 ; o, 284 (cf Kriiger 68, 20, 1 ; Monro § 209.) ^ The dative also is rare in Homer, there being only 9 examples (II. 6; Od. 3) and always with the meaning up on an elevation. Apollonius postpones dvd but once (1, 308), Homer 14 times. Tmesis is more frequent in the former (once in 307.1 lines) than in the latter (once in 391.6 lines), dvd is used twice as an adverb in Homer (II. S, 562 ; Od. «, 343), not at all in the Argonautica. avd WITH THE DAT. 2, 701 dvd ScTrXoa /iirjpLa ^cofio) fcalov. This, however, is rather a case of tmesis. The examples in Homer are II. A 15 and 374 dvd (TKi^TTTpa) ; ©, 441 d/x ^(OjjLolav ; H, 352 dvd Tapjdpo) uKpa, cf. O, 152 ; 2, 177 dvd crKoXoTreaai ; Od. \, 128 dvd .... «//,«, cf. -^y 275 ; o), 8 dvd r dWrjXrjcnv. Cf. also Pindar P. 1,6; O, 1, 42 ; Aesch. Suppl. 350 ; Eur. Iph, Aul. 754 ; 1058 ; El. 466. avd WITH THE ACC. I. Of motion through a place, less often through or among a number of persons : ^ ^ These however are rather instances of tmesis. Cf. Od. o, 210 and Ameis- Hentze's note. Hermann, Opusc. V, p. 38 makes the following distinction between ava and iiri. in this use : sed vero etiam sic fieri potest, ut quis ex altiore navi in minorem discendens eV avrris fiaiveiv dicatur. Sed avh vtjhs $aiu€ip dicitur, qui ex loco depressiore in navem adscendit, ut deinde in ea consistat. Giseke (referred to above p. 24) compares the opposite firj 8e kut 'Okifiiroio Kapiivwvy II. A, 44. • Bury, The Isthmian Odes of Pindar^ 1892, Appendix p. 178 attempts to make a distinction — founded on Hermann Opusc, V, p. 41 — between aud and Kard denoting motion through or in space. He formulates his distinction as follows : *' aud with the ace. expresses motion through or in space ; and implies method, or A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer. 41 I. 308 elatv .... ArjXov av yyadirjv ; 1, 310 ava 7rXr)6vv STjfiov Kiev ; cf. also 1, 812; 1, 1292; 2, 590; 3, 166; 3, 685; 3, 748; 3,823; 4, 1110; 4, 1172; 4, 1177; 4, 1279; 4, 1440. Cf. II. I, 395 elalv av 'EXXdha ; Od. ^, 474 rjyov dva irpoOvpov T€ Kol avKrjv, etc. With collective nouns it is confined mostly to the Iliad (Monro), as dva arparov II. A, 10; dv ofjutXav E, 528, etc. dva BrjfjLov occurs in Od. ff, 291 ; t, 73 and 273. II. Of motion along : 1, 527 dva fiiacrrjv arelpav .... rjpfioae, cf. 4, 580 ; 1, 781 dva ari^ov ijtep, cf. 4, 47 ; cf. also 2, 168 ; 2, 516 ; 2, 825 ; 3, 1283 ; 4, 43 ; 4, 633 ; 4, 974. Cf. II. K, 339 /3^ p dv 6B6v ; E, 87 6vv€ .... aytt TreBlov, etc. III. Of motion ov^r space : 2, 500 ara .... ryatav .... irveiova-tv, cf. 2, 998 ; 2, 697 dvct vrjaov ihiveov ; cf. also 2, 810 ; 2, 1086 ; 2, 1091 ; 4, 231 ; 4, 1382 ; 4, 1536. Cf. II. "^, 321 dva hp6fiov ; Od. e, 330 a/x TreXaryo^, etc. IV. Of motion ^o or w/> to a place much like eVt ; 1, 838 eZyLtt .... dva tttoXlv, cf. 3, 573; 3, 1367 dva X'^^P^ Xa^oov (taking into his hand) ; 4, 115 effrjcrav .... dva ^J^pov, Cf. Od. %, 77 eXOcofiev B' dva darv 'in urbem/ durius dicta videntur (Ebeling). This is the only example in Homer. some definite aim governing the direction of the motion. For example, the guiding motive might be to reach the farther side of the space indicated, or to traverse the whole space exhaustively. Kara with the ace. also expresses motion through or m space; but the motion is not defined as continuous or methodical. To illustrate, in II. r, 245 the herald ' bent on business ' goes ava darru ; walking at random in the streets would be Kara Hcrrv. A beggar wandering aimlessly about town is said irrcox^^eiu Karit, &(Trv, but when he methodically visits every house he is said irrcox^^eiv auk &(rrv." However the case may be for Homer, I am unable to persuade myself that ApoUonius felt any such distinction to exist between the two prepositions. In 1, 812 fi-qrepes hfi irroXUBpov arr]/j.€\4(os a\d\'nvro there is no * method ' or * definite aim ;' on the other hand in 3, 411 rohs €\da C^^as (rrvxOv(ycLv B' dva Bcofia ; Od. f, 286 dyetpa ')(pr}p,aT dv KlyvirTiov^ dvBpa<;. em. This preposition is considerably more frequent in Apollonius (one in 19.3 lines) than in Homer (one in 24.8 lines). The Iliad and Odyssey have iiri nearly equally often. The dative pre- ponderates over the other two cases in the Argonautica (gen. : dat. : ace. : : 1 : 4.16 : 1.7) in a greater degree than in Homer as a whole (1 : 3.31 : 2.51) but less than in the Iliad (1 : 5.96 : 3.73). In the Odyssey the dative and accusative are nearly balanced (1 : 1.78 : 1.81). Apollonius postpones eVt less than his predecessor (31 times or 10.2 per cent, to his 142 or 12.6 per cent.). Tmesis is found about equally often in the two poets (Ap. one in 132.6 lines; Horn, one in 134.3). The adverbial use is not common (4 examples in the former, 21 in the latter). The local use of eVt is the most common one with all three cases, especially with the dative. ini WITH THE GEN. I. Of PLACE : 1) with verbs of rest, on or upon : 1, 320 o-TT] .... eVl TrpofioXr/f; ; 2, 203 KaOe^ero .... ovBov iir avXeioio ; cf. also 2, 406 ; 3, 202 ; 3, 455 ; 4, 1330, and with- A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 43 out verb expressed 2, 259; 3, 573; 4, 516; 4, 671. Cf. II. H, 157 iir aKpoTarr)^ KOpv vfjueri- poLcnv oveiap Eevp e/juoXev /ca/judrooaLV 'great aid for our troubles has come hither ; ' 4, 1547 KeKker ^ ATroWcovc; rpiiroha ixepea-iv appears 5 times, in which we ra as in, but in reality the preposition has its original translate fxerd as in * Keferred to above p. 8. A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 49 force of between, the cjypea-l having a dual character (cf. Monro § 194). (The 5 examples are 1, 463 ; 2, 952 ; 3, 18 j 3, 629 ; 4, 56.) Here may be mentioned 1, 223 Boveovro /lera Trvotjja-Lv edecpat, where fierd has nearly the same force as iv. Cf. II. ^, 367 x^crat, S' ipp(oovTO fjL€Ta ttvolJ)^ ave/jbOLo ; Od. /S, 1 48 iTrirovro fiera 7rvoirjp6aip up to the 4th bk., then iv (ppealv {fxerd cjypecrlv once in the 4th bk., viz. 56 ; iv (f>p6(7iv 4 times, viz. 23; 782; 794; 1671). fiera with the ago. 1. Denoting to, towards like Trpo? .• 1) with persons : (a) with the singular : 2, 424 fierd B' Alav aXi^ 7ro/jL7rrJ€<; ecrovrai ; cf. 3, 1138. (6) with the plural : 4, 1499 rd fjbijXa /jberd ar^ia^ .... iK6fitopeovTO irapal .... aKprjv ; cf. also 2, 621 ; 2, 906 ; 2, 946; 3, 445; 3, 1252; 4, 324; 4, 787; 4, 1777. Cf. II. A, 166 irap^'Wov a-rjfia .... Tra/)' ipcv€ov iaaevovTO ; Od. 7, 172, etc. III. Denoting place beside, near : 1, 967 eladfievoL Trapa Olva ; cf. also 2, 502 ; 2, 507 ; 3, 1276 ; 4, 1578. Cf. II. B, 522 irap irorafiov .... evaLov ; Od. /^, 32, etc. IV. Denoting beyond, contrary to : 3, 613 Trap* al(rav. Of the derivative meaning beyond Homer furnishes only the two phrases Trap Svvafjbtv II. N, 787 and Trapa piotpav Od. f, 509 (Monro §191, 3). Ttepi ApoUonius uses this preposition once in 102.4 lines; Homer once in 117.8. The Argonautica and the Iliad (once in 99.9) almost equal each other in point of frequency of TrepL The dative is the favorite case in both poets, whereas in Attic Greek it is rare. Postposition, and the adverbial use of Trepu are more common in our poet, postposition markedly so (Ap. 21.1 per cent. ; Hom. 8.5 per cent.). Tmesis is less common. nspi WITH THE GEN. The prevailing signification of Trept with the gen. is cause. The locative sense is very rare (Kiihn. II, § 437). There are only two examples in our poet and only two in Homer (in bk. €, of the Od.). A Comparison of ApolloniuslBhodius with Homer. 53 1, Op place: 2, 1131 Sovvai oaov 6' eiXv/jua irepX ')(^po6^ ; cf. 2, 1191. The two examples in Homer are Od. e, 68 reTavvcrTo irepl o-Tretou? ffKa(\>vpolo r)fjL€p'c<; r/ffcocoa-a ; Od. €, 130 Trepl rpoino^ ^e^amra} II. Of cause: 1) o^ striving y contending : 2, 141 fidpvavTo .... Trepi yaiijf; ; cf. further 3, 1057 ; 4, 1765 ; 4, 1770. Cf. II. r, 137 ; Od. «, 515. In 4, 1485 o a icov firjXwv iript .... dX€^6/jb€vovev we have a mode of expression that is frequent in the Iliad cf. M, 142 ; 170 ; 227 ; 243 ; P, 182 ; 5, 173; n, 500. In 4, 549 we have the dative aXe^ofxevov irepl fiovaCv. 2) of care, anxiety about or for : 3, 60 Totp TjTot, irdvTcov fjL€v .... BelBifiev iKTrdyXco^, irepl B* AlaovlBao fjbdXta-ra, Cf. also 3, 688 Cf. II. T, 17, Trepe Tpcomv Kal ^A'x^acwv fjbepfjLTjpiteif;, etc. 3) with verbs of thinking, knomng about : 4, 492 vavTcXlr}^ .... iripc fir)Tidaa-KOv ; cf. further 4, 1068 ; 4, 1355. The examples of this use in Homer are all in the Odyssey. Cf. Od. a, 135; rj, 191 ; tt, 234; p, 371. The similar use of dfi4>L with the dative is likewise peculiar to the Odyssey as Monro (§ 188) notes. See above p. 38. 4) denoting on account of for, for the sake of: 1, 901 ifxiOev irepL Ovfjuov dpeico lo-xav ; cf. also 1, 1342. Cf. II. I, 449 TraWaKiSo^ 7r€pi-)(a>araTo. The same compound occurs in H, 266. III. Denoting before, beyond, surpassing : 1, 65 Trepl irdvTcov .... iStSa^e OeoirpoTria'; oi(ovMV ; cf. also 1, 830 ; 2, 179 ; 3, 304 ; 3, 585. As Monro (§ 188) observes, this use is distinctively Homeric (cf. also Krug. 68, 31, 3). For exam- * This, however, may be regarded as an instance of tmesis : so the Harl. Schol. yfviK^ avr) rov ir€pifiefiriK6ra rpSviSi ; SO also Ameis-Hentze, comparing II. Z, 21. See also Giseke (cited above p. 24) p. 122. Kriiger 68, 31, 1 recognizes only Od. €, 68 as an example of the locative use of vepi with the gen. in Homer. The only other examples quoted for this usage are Sapph., 1, 10 ; Eur. Tr. 817 (chor.). 6 54 A Comparison of ApoUonius Bhodius with Hcmier. pies cf. II. A, 297 ; Od. a, 235, etc. Here, however, is to be noted the prose irepi ttoWov Trotela-Oac, rjyetaOat,, etc., so common in the orators. See Lutz, Praepositionen bei den attischen E-ednern (1887) p. 133. Ttep t WITH THE DAT. The locative use is the prevailing one in ApoUonius as in Homer, though in prose it is uncommon (cf. Kiihn. II, § 439, II), I. Of place : I, 389 TTcpC Be a(j)LV aihvr) KrjKue Xtyvvf; ; cf. also 1, 1020 ; 2, 57 2, 128; 2, 160; 2, 162; 2, 323; 2, 833; 2, 1173; 3, 291 3, 867; 3, 1019; 3, 1224; 4, 93; 4, 325; 4, 936; 4, 953 4, 1454. Cf. II. O, 19 irepl ^epo-i he Seafiov IrfKa ; Od. <^, 307, etc. II. Causal : 1) denoting /or, on aecount of: 3, 865 eareve .... oBvvrj irept 6v/jlov aXvcov ; 4, 440 irepl yap jMiv avdyKr) .... Bocrav ^eivoio-LV ayeaOai. The Iliad and Odyssey do not have this use. The Hymn. Cer. 429 has irepl ')(app,aTi ; Pind. P, 5, 58 irepl heipban. Cf. also Aesch. Pers. 696 irepl rdpffet ; Choeph. 35 irepl 6^a). Cf. Prof. Gildersleeve on Pind. P, 5, 58. 2) denoting about^ concerning: 1, 1340-41 irepl ircoecrt — irepl fcredreacn ; 3, 1155; 3, 1171; 4, 614; 3, 904 6rc<; irepl ^ovalv virecrrr) ', Schol. Karehe^aro iirl Tot9 ^ovalv dyoyvlaaaOai ' qui de tauris pactus est ^ (Beck). Cf. II. K, 240 eBeiaev Be irepl MeueXdm ; Od. /9, 245, etc. nepi WITH THE ACC. I. Of MOTION around, about : I, 538 irepl ffcofiov .... pr/o-a-coa-i ; cf. also 1, 1197; 2, 301 ; 3, 633; 4, 436; 4, 932; 4, 1196; 4, 1450; 4, 1664. Cf. Od. o), 19 irepl fcelvop opuiXeov ; II. S, 372, etc. II. With verbs of rest : 3, 216 irepl rolxov^; .... avexov ; cf. also 4, 321. Cf. II. B, A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer, 55 767 irepl Hrjveiov .... vaUcrKov ; Od. ly 402 laTa/jLevoc ...» Trepl cr7reo9, etc. npog. Form. Of the 16 examples of this preposition the form ttjoo? is found 9 times, ttotl 5 times, Trport 2 times. Homer has tt/oo? 240 times, Trort 65, Trporl, 70. Use. ApoUonius uses ttjoo? very sparingly in comparison with his predecessor who has it about six times as often.* Of the former's 1 1 occurrences (with cases) 3 are with the genitive, 8 with the accusative. The dative does not occur at all. ApoUonius does not postpone Trpo? at all ; Homer does so only 3 times. Tmesis and the adverbial use of 7rpo9 are rare in the former, while in the latter the one is common, the other is not. npog WITH THE GEN. The only use of tt/oo? with the gen. in ApoUonius is in suppli- cation, as e. g. 2, 215 77/909 Z7}v6<;, .... ^oi^ov r dfjL(f)l Kalvavrrji} €LviKev"llp7)<; Xlaa-Q/jiat ; cf. also 2, 1125 ; 3, 984. Homer fur- nishes 6 examples, viz. II. A, 339 (twice); 340; T, 188; Od. \„ 67 ; V, 324. npog WITH THE ACC. I. Of motion to y towards : 1, 774 I3rj 3' i/jL€vao Trporl aarv ; cf. also 2, 8 ; 2, 807 ; 3, 322 ; 3, 1154; 4, 595; 4, 1399. Cf. II. A, 420; Od. o, 454, etc. IL Of DIRECTION: 4, 311 O-T6LV0V 8' . . . . ajKcova ttotI poov. Cf. II. E, 605 tt/oo? Tpcoa^ reTpafjLfjLevoc ; Od. yu, 81, etc. vn6. Form. The form vtto is always used by ApoUonius except 7 instances of virai. Homer has but four examples of vTraL ^ The numerically low rank of vp6s in ApoUonius may be due in part to the free use of fitra with the ace. like irpSs with yerbs of motion. See above p. 49. 66 A Comparison of ApoUonius Bhodius with Homer, Use. vito is far more frequent in our poet (once in 60.7 lines) than in the Homeric poems (one in 74.1 lines) as a whole, but is very near to the Iliad (one in 59 lines). Postposition and tmesis of uTTo are used very sparingly by Apollonius as compared with his predecessor. The adverbial use does not occur in our poet and only rarely in Homer. vno WITH THE GEN. I. Of place beneath : 1, 10 aXXo fi6v (TreSiXov) i^eadaxrev vir Lkvo<; ; cf. also 2, 106 ; 2, 743. Cf. Homer II. 6, 14 rixo ^dOLCTTov viro x^ovo^ iart ^e- pedpov ; Od. \, 52, etc. II. Causal: 1) oi agency : 2, 847 Mova-eayv viro r^rjpva-aadaL ; cf. also 4, 641. Cf. II. A, 242 v '^'EiKTopoq .... 6v7](rKovT€<: ; Od. t, 66, etc. 2) unde7^ the influence of, by the power of: 2, 1232 viral pLirrj'i dvifioio TeiveTo ; cf. 3, 969. Cf. II. O, 171 ; T, 358. III. Of musical accompaniment : 1, 538 (j^op/jLiyyo^i virai, cf. 4, 1192 ; 4, 1157 '0/3Q!iiQt\x\g under the power of : 2, 788 ifjico VTTO Trarpl Bd/jbaaaev ; cf. also 3, 353 ; with the latter cf. II. Z, 159. — IV. Of musical accompaniment : 1, 540 vir 'O/o^tJo? KiOdpy TriTrXijyov 6p€T/jL0c 362, etc. II. Of subjection, control: 4, 39 elacv .... ')(aXe'Tra<; vtto ')(^elpa^ dvda^; cf. 1, 1186; 2, 1034; 4, 590; 1, 1160 VTTO heieXov ; 2, 1122 vvxO' (firo ; cf. 4, 458. ApoUonius overdoes this usage. In Homer there are only two examples, viz. II. H, 202 irdvff vtto /jltjvlO/jlov ; X, 102 vvx^' vtto TTJvB' oKoriv. Aristophanes is the only classical poet besides Homer who has this use of vtto, viz. in his earliest extant play Ach. 139 and 1076. See Forman (cited below p. 68) Appendix p. 66. A Cmnparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer. 59 Correspondences in Phraseology. The dose proximity of ApoUonius to his predecessor in the uses of the prepositions is emphasized in many cases by a more or less exact reproduction of phraseology. Below are given the most noteworthy correspondences between the language of the Argo- nautica and that of the Homeric poems in prepositional phrase- ology. It is not urged that in all these cases there was conscious imitation on the part of ApoUonius. Some of the expressions here adduced were so necessary a part of the epic stock that they would naturally be used in an expressly imitative poem. In not a few cases, however, it seems evident that there was conscious reproduction of the Homeric language with more or less exactness. Here as elsewhere there are more resemblances to the Iliad than the Odyssey, thougli the Argonautica is more akin in subject to the latter. and. Ap. 1 , 60 ... . 0609 cltt' dXXcov 1 . . . . apia-T7](ov Od. £j 192 . . . . oloi^ aTT aXkcav \ Ap. 1, 535 r^aiT]^ aiTo iraTpiho^. This phrase occurs three times in Homer in the same position in the verse, viz. II. N. 696 ; O, 335 ; Od. /c, 49. Ap. 1, 979 ^aXev 8' airo Sei/uLara Ovfiov \ Od. 6, 149 (TKehacTOv S' airo KySea Ovfiov \ Ap. 1, 1067 airo l3X€^dp(i)v oaa SaKpva ')(evav epa^e \ Od. 8, 114 I BcLKpv 8' diro j3X6(f>dp(ov 'xafidhLf; fidXe . . . ., cf. also f, 129; ^,33. Ap. 2, 253 .... deoLff diro Ov/jlov eaeaOav \ II. A, 562 .... diro Ovfiov \ fiaXkov i/jLol eaeai. Ap. 3, 48 diTo Opovov aypTo, \ cf. 3, 439. The same words occur in II. A, 645; H, 515. 60 A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer, eig. Ap. 4, 415 ... . T€a^ 69 xetpa? iKeaOai \ cf. 4, 1041. II. K, 448 .... 'iKeo ;^etpa9 €9 afjLd<; \ Ap. 1, 385 (TTV€\i^av . . . , ef eSprj^;, II. A, 581 I ef eSewv crrvifieXi^aL. Ap. 1, 1071 .... eV A409 Tj^ap eirrjXvdev " 2, 995 eV Aiodev irvoLoX .... rjXvdov, II. ©, 251 . . . . eV Ai09 ^Xt^^ei/ 0/31/49 | Ap. 1, 1104 I atpvvTo S' ef €^1/7)9 .... Od. e, 2 I c^pvvT dp i^ eivri^ . . . . cf. /3, 2 ; 7, 405 ; h, 307 ; II. X, 190. Ap. 2, 1107 ... . da-Tpa htavyea (Jyaiver Ihea-Qav \ i/c v€ea)v, II. A, 62 .... eV v6(l>ecov ava^aiveraL ovXio^ aarrjp \ irafi^aivoiv, Ap. 2, 1153 I Tcov if aiK^OTepcov el^ev yevo^ ; cf. 3, 919. II. E, 896 I eV r^ap ifiev 761/09 iaal ; cf. 544; H, 113; ^, 167; ^, 347 ; Od. f, 199 ; 0, 267 ; tt, 62 ; (f>, 335 ; o), 269. Ap. 2, 1239 . . . . ef ew^9 avopovaa^ \ cf. 4, 871. II. O, 580 .... if €vvri<^L OopovTa \ Ap. 3, 920 ocoi aWo)!^ I aOavdroav rjpco€<; d(j> aXfiaro^ i^Xda-rrja-av \ II. T, 105 OL 6^ aifjuarof; ef ifiev elcrlv, | cf. T, J 11. Ap. 4, 1110 ... . copra \ ck Xe')(e(ov .... II. A, 1 I 'Ha)9 5' i/c \6;)^6ft)i/ .... (apvvd^ ; cf. Od. €, 1. h, Ap. 1, 478 .... ^edv .... ^^/o I olBdvei ev aTr)dev \ Od. 7, 38 iSpva-ev . . . . | Kcoea-tv iv fiaXaKolaiv .... Ap. 2, 107 . . . . eV KOvirjCTL jSaXev II. 0, 156 iu Kovlrjac ySaXe? Cf. E, 588 also 76. Ap. 2, 872 I yaLTj iv aWoBaTr^ Srjv e/jLfievai Od. (,, 36 I yalrj iv aXXoSaTrrj vaiei Ap. 3, 49 I ela-e r ivl KXo, 104 01/ . . . . i/i^9 iv xepo-r ^dXr)cnv, \ Ap. 3, 228 , , . . ivl fieydpoLO-c .... ifirjcraTO OeaKeXa epya, | " 4, 8 ... . BoXov .... fir)Tcda(TK€v | otcrti/ ii/; fi€ydpoc<;, Od. 7, 213 I ii/ /jLeydpoLf; .... /ca/ca p.Tjxp-vdacrOat, \ cf. tt, 94. Ap. 4, 23 ... . tV (ftpeal Ov/jlo^ | Idvdij. II. 0, 202 .... 6Xo(f>vpeTai iv cjypea-l 9vfi6f;. | Ap. 4, 1089 ... . TTOi/T^ eVt irrjfiaT dvirXTj, Od. a, 4 .... eV irovrw TrdOev aXyea .... -^ Ap. 4, 1109 I ^ S' €7ro9 iv 6v/jL

v\a .... II. B, 362 I Kpcv avBpa^ Kara a\rj^ Cf. 59 ; ^, 68 ; 12, 682 ; Od. B, 803 ; r, 21 ; v, 32 ; yjr, 4. Ap. 4, 1692 .... VTrep fieya Xalrfia 6eoPTa<; \ Od. I, 260 .... aTroTr\a7^^ei'Te9 .... vTrep fjueya XalT/xa daXdaarj^ \ A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Horner^ 63 hiex. Ap. 3, 158 I ^Yf he Bikfc /jueydpoLo .... Od. /c, 388 .... Bt€K /jLeydpoLo ^e^rjK6L \ Cf. p, 61 ; cr, 185 ; r, 47 ; 503 ; v, 144 ; x^ 433. napex. Ap. 2, 94 ... . avTOLo irdpeK yovv yovvo^ dfieifiayv \ II. A, 547 .... yovv ve yala .... Od. X, 586 dfJL^X he iroa-ori \ yala fiekaiva (jydveaKe .... Ap. 2, 96 6 S* dp,(j> ohvvTj yvv^ TjpLwev II. E, 68 yvv^ B' epiTT ot/xcofa?, Ap. 4, 136 dp,(l>l Be iraLalv | . . . . X^^P^^ ^dXov .... Od. p, 38 I dfjL 1345. Od. X, 636 eirl vrja klcov i/ceXevov eTaipov<; \ Cf. /x, 144. Ap. 1, 930 'IBatrjv iirl Be^id yalav e^oz^re?. | Cf. 2, 347 ; 4, 1621. 64 A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius with Homer, Od. y, 171 ... . avTTjv iir apiarkp e^^^oz^re?, I Ap. 2, 1269 e')(pv 8* eV apta-repa '^ecpojv \ J^avKaaov Od. 6, 277 TT)v .... eV apca-repa ^€Lpb<; e^ovra, \ Ap. 1, 1140 .... evayiea-CLV €7rt ippeva OrJKe dirtjXaiq \ II. K, 46 *^KTopioif; apa fiaXKov eirl peva Orj'^ Upolatv. | Ap. 2, 365 7ro\eo9 K iirl ireipaatv aljLaXoio \ Od. L, 284 .... vfirj^ eVl Treipaai yai7)<;, \ Ap. 2, 682 .... /cXvfei/ S' eV^ fcv/ubara 'x^iparay, | II. "^j 61 . . . . KVfjbar iir i^l6voy 139; 166; i/r, 164. The prepositional phrase is in the same position in the verse. Ap. 3, 708 .... evr' aWrfKrio-i Oecrav yoov II. E, 384 .... d\ye eir' aWrfKoLo-L TiOevre^;, \ Ap. 3, 1227 .... iirl /cparl Kopvv Oero TeTpa(j)aXr]pov, \ II. E, 743 Kparl 8' eV a/j,(l>i,7ra\ov Kvverfv Oero T6Tpa(f>aX7)pov \ Cf. A, 41. Ap. 4, 493 €7rt Be a-(j>LaLV rjXvde fcovpr} \ Od. Vj 162 iTTL Bi cr(f>L(TLV rfkOe avjSiOTT)^ \ Ap. 4, 678 TO, B^ iirl arl^^^ ijyayev aldov | II. B, 687 09 Tt9 ffc^tv iirl <7Tt^a9 rjyrjaaLTO, \ Ap. 4, 717 €la€V iirl ^ea-rolaiv avaoTTja-ao-a OpovoiaiVy \ Od. TT, 408 .... icadl^ov iirl ^ea-Tolav 6p6voLp€al Orjiea^ | 'AprjT7j<;, II. A, 55 T65 7^/3 eVl 0peo-l' 07jKe Oed, Cf. @, 218 ; Od. \ 146 ; o, 234; 0-, 158; <^, 1. Ap. 4, 1305 .... dv7)vv(TT(p iir^ deBXay. | Od. TT, 111 .... dv7)vv(TT(p iirl epytp. \ II. A, 175 ... . dTe\€VTi]Ta) iirl €py(p. \ A Comparison of ApoUonius Rhodius mth Homer. 65 Ap. 4, 1335 .... erdpov^ iirl fxaKpov avTeiy \ Od. ?", 117 al S' iirl /juaKpov avcrav. Ap. 4, 1503 KeLTo h^ eirl yfra/mddoKTC Od. Vf 284 .... eVl yjrafidOoco-cv eKelfirjv, | Ap. 4, 1773 .... evrf kKvtcl ireipad^ iKava \ vfierepfav Kafidrayv Od. '\jr, 248 ou ^ap TTO) TrdvToav iiri ireipar^ deOXayv \ TjXOofiev, fieta, Ap. 1, 223 .... SoveovTO /jLcra irvocya-tv eOupat, \ II. "^j 367 X'^^'T^^f' ^^ ippdaovTO fi€Ta TTVOifjf; dvifioto. \ Cf. Od. y8, 148, Ap. 1, 679 are TroXXa yu-er' dv0p(t)7roi(TC TreKovrat, \ Od. ^, 160 Ota T6 rrroWd ijuer* dvdpoDTroLcn irekovTaii \ Cf. c, 225, Ap. 1, 741 .... //-er' t^z/^a velaero Trerprj \ Od. /3. 406 ... . /^er' t%z/ta /Satz/e ^eoto. | Cf. 7, 30 ; e, 193 ; 17, 38. Ap. 3, 434 I epx^o vvv [leO^ ofitXov, .... II. H, 21 ... . fjueO^ ojjllKov lot /^avaSiv raxvirmXcov \ Cf. T, 47. Ap. 3, 889 ... . Tola fjL6Ta B/jLCorjaiv eetirev \ Od. pj 493 .... fier' apa B/ico'^a-tv eeiirev, | Ap. 3, 908 I 6(^pa ret fiev Baaofieada /nera Vj II. A, 368 I Kal ra fjuev ev Bdaa-avro fiera J L0/JL€V irpOTt aarv, VTtO. Ap. 2, 682 ^7 B^ VTTO iroaalv \ oeieTO vrjoo^ oXtj, II. N, 18 TpifjL6 S' ovpea /juaKpa Kal vXr) \ iroa-a-lv vir* aOavdroiai, Ilo(7€oBdcovo<; l6vTo<;. | Ap. 2, 1013 ... . reKoavraL vir^ dvSpdffi reicva yvvaLK6<;, \ II. B, 714 ... . Tov vTT^ 'AB/jLr)T(p T€K€ Bla ryvvacKtov | Cf. 728 ; 742 ; 820 ; E, 313 ; H, 469 ; ' H, 492. Ap. 2, 1232 .... VTral pLirrj^ dvejJbOLO | . . . . II. O, 171 ... . viro pLTTTjf; aWprjyeveof; Bopeao, | Ap. 3, 353 TOV'; ooIglv viro OKYjirTpovaL hafxdaaeL | Cf, 395. II. Z, 159 Zev? ydp ol viro otcrjirrpcp iBd/jLa(Taev. \ Ap. 3, 371 I 6K Be ol ofifiaT^ eXafjuyjrev vir^ 6 188 ; Xcfiivcov yatrjf; t' diro 4, 1206 ; after both substantive and adjective hovpareoi^ irvpfyoKnv iv 2, 381 ; vjuueriprj dperfj evL 2, 643 ; eparjevri, vofiat eve 2, 1006 ; et)? sjrvxv^ dXeycov virep 2, 636 ; rvcjiOfjuevr)^ vXijf; virep 4, 139 ; dKrrjf; SprjiKir]^ ZcoPT]^ eiTi 1, 29 ; rrjohe OeoirpOTTLrf^; tVp^oj Trepc 4, 1355 ; ewv firfKayv Trepi 4, 1485. Noteworthy also is 2, 820 ela/nevrj SovaKcoSeof; iv TTora/jLOLo. In Homer rarely do we find the preposition following both adjective and substantive. The examples are II. S, 420 ddavaTcov Be Oecov airo ; S, 509 Tr)V 8* ireprjv iroXiv dfi(j)C ; Od. a, 247 Kpavarjv 'lOaKrjv Kara ; this phrase occurs again in o, 510 ; TT, 124 ; j 346 ; Od. a, 218 KTedreaauv ioU eiri,. There is no example in Homer of the preposition following two substantives connected by a conjunction. Adverbial use of 'prepositions. The free employment by Apollo- nius of the more distinctively poetic features of prepositional usage has already been commented upon. Hence we find in the Argo- nautica many more instances of the original use of prepositions as locative adverbs than in his predecessor. The adverbial usage so far exceeds that of the Homeric poems that it seems an evident desire to give picturesqueness and poetic effect. This exaggera- tion is all the more significant when we consider that in Homer the employment of prepositions independently as adverbs is a free- dom of the epic language, in succeeding poets it becomes more and more a conscious poetic means. On the average Apollonius has nearly twice as many prepositions used adverbially in proportion to his bulk, or more exactly one in 51.6 lines to Homer's one in 89.1 lines. The prepositions most commonly so used are d/x<^t, iv jjuerdy irepL The only prepositions in Homer that at all approxi- mate to the frequency in Apollonius in this respect are iv and irepL Both poets have a special fondness for the adverbial use of these. Tmesis. The ^thos of tmesis may be seen from the fact that it belongs predominantly to the higher spheres of poetry, epic, lyric, and tragic. In epic poetry it is chiefly used plastically to give picturesque effect, in lyric and tragic poetry to give emphasis. Like the adverbial use of prepositions of which it is only a special ^ Cf. here Plato Apol. 19 C. S)V iy^ ovSeu oUre fi^ya ot/re fUKphv iripi iiratu. 74 A Ccymparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer, form, it lays special stress on the meaning of the preposition by giving it an independent position. This stress is sometimes further emphasized by anastrophe (especially in Pindar and Euripides) or by receiving the ictus of the verse.^ The great disparity between Apollonius and Homer in the adverbial use of the prepositions is counterbalanced by the fact that Apollonius has fallen considerably below his predecessor in the frequency of tmesis, having it once in 29.6 lines to his once in 20.4. iiriy e'/c, dvd are the favorite prepositions found in tmesis in the Argonautica ; Kara, e'/c, eTri in the Homeric poems. It should be added here that when tmesis and the adverbial use are taken together Apollonius has about equaled his predecessor in the aggregate use of prepositions independently i. e. without a case (Ap. one in 18 lines, Horn, one in 16). Individual prepositions. Generally Apollonius follows his pre- decessor very closely in his use of the individual prepositions. Allusion has already been made to the general close numerical proximity of the prepositions in the Argonautica to those in the Homeric poems. There is also a close adherence to homeric usage in the various categories, the chief differences between the two poets being in the greater or less prominence given to particular ^ Pierson, Ueber die Tmesis der Prep, von Verben bei den Griech. Dichtern in the Ehein. Mus. XI (1867) pp. 90-128, 260-292, 379-427 has made an exhaustive study of tmesis, especially in Pindar and the tragic poets. According to him the dramatic poets use it more sparingly and more cautiously than the lyric. In tragedy the freedom in its use increases. In comedy it is seldom found and mostly in parody. Pindar has 33 examples, airS, avd, ivl most frequently. He uses it both for emphasis and for poetic effect, for the latter in passages where he is most like epic poetry, viz. in the myths. In him the character of tmesis is more varied than in the dramatists and there is greater freedom both in use and position, as the language of lyric is freer and bolder. Aeschylus has 15 exam- ples, naturally in the lyric parts mostly. He uses it for emphasis and for impos- ing expression. This is in accord with the character of Aeschylus who strove rather for emphatic use of language. Sophocles has 20 examples, iv, e/c, [, This preposition is not only used excessively as compared with Homer, but also the genitive case is greatly overdone (see p. 37). fjLcrd. Apollonius uses fierd with the accusative freely like Trpo? or iirij with persons in the singular. This is a development out of the use of fierd with the plural of persons, with accompanying loss of the original signification of the preposition. This develop- ment had not attained much freedom in the Homeric poems (see p. 49). YC 00201 i^ # *■'