University of California College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley, California SEASONAL LABOR NEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA CROPS " 'ORANGE COUNTY Progress Report No. 30 by R. L. Adams June, 1936 LP- BRA »F THE COLLEGE AjiilCULTURf; 1. (Farm Labor Survey -- January- June , 1936) Progress Report #30 June, 1936 Seasonal Labor Needs for California Crops Orange County Scope of Presentation. -- The following consideration s govern the presenta- tion of this progress report: 1. The data are confined to the area indicated above. 2. The data are confined solely tc crops, livestock needs being ignored. 3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements as distinquished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed on a year-round or regular basis of employment. 4. Attention is concentrated upon workers required for hand tasks — plant- ing, thinning, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting -- without including teamsters, tractor drivers, irrigators, hay balers, threshermen, and shed packers of vegetables or fruits. 5. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection with certain tasks and at "peak" times which seasonally arise in connection with many field, truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in California. 6. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise in connection there- with. A later study is planned which will deal with other kinds of labor involved in the production of California's many crops. Brief Description of the Area .-- Orange County is one of the southern coast counties of California, its northern boundary being about twenty miles southeast of the city of Los Angeles. It is bounded on the southeast by San Diego County, on the east by Riverside County, and for a short distance by San Bernardino County, on the northwest by Los Angeles County and on the southwest by the shore of the Pacific Ocean for some 40 miles. The most important agricultural area is in the northwest portion of the county, roughly about 20 miles square, and contiguous to the cities of Santa Ana, Anaheim, Tustin, Garden Grove, Fullerton, and others. This is a part of the Coastal Plain, and lies mostly under 200 feet in elevation, sloping gradually southwestward to the ocean. The soils are mostly of the lighter textures — sandy loam, and fine sandy loam., with smaller areas of sandi clay loam> and clay. Several different series are represented. Practically all of the soils are six feet or more in depth. Crops, Acreage, and Production .-- The basis used in calculating occasional or seasonal need for labor in addition to that furnished by farm operators and regularly employed workers appears as table 1. TABLE 1 Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements — Orange County 1 — 1 Crop r\ \j I t, a. . C Production Field crops: Beans : Standard limas 27,796 29 , Olo , ypc pounds Baby limas* 95 no n i (\ ty , / 1U pounds Blackeyes 8,637 5,872,648 pounds Others* 375 IOC LA A 185 , 500 pounds Beets, Sugar, 6,780 CO /•flT 58 , 627 tons Grain: Barley 8,528 acres 7,473 tons; Oats 116 acres 110 tons; 9,588 1 , y iv tons Wheat 944 acres 387 tons; Corn, field 121 81 tons Corn, pop 177 ty tons Hay : / 1 1 -IITC \ 11,0 10 -f. Alfalfa 4,344 tons dry 1 V OH t / 3 IC loijo green Barley and oat 17,054 cU , COU tons Onions 106 1 , Cut) tons Fotatoes, Irish 236 64 , 985 lugs Potatoes, sweet 240 ov t o<:4 lugs Seed : Tomato 330 *Z C AAA 00 , U00 pounds Pepper 57 0 , 004 pounds Straw, grain and bean n i a A O tons Vegetable crops: Asparagus 192 19 , 594 crates Beans, green 1,248 crate s Berries : Straw 567 crates Cabbage 474 O C OCQ 0 5 , V ? 0 crates Cauliflower and broccoli 55 17 , 313 crates Celery 220 74, 450 crates Corn, sweet 1,185 i in con i39 , 582 lugs Cucumbers 186 ^ , ecu lUgS 01 t-u / V pounds ( 230 tons Lettuce 217 30, 435 crates Melons : Cantaloupes* 65 3, y60 crates Watermelons* 50 cUi. tons Peas 741 (1,262,689 pounds ( 21,044 crates of ( 60 pounds Peppers : Bell 29 121 tons Chili 2,585 (1,850 tons dry T ( 51 tons green Gem 80 (34 tons dry (36 tons green Table 1 continued on nex+ rage. >!tU01 Table 1 continued. Z. Crop 1 Acreage Production Vegetable crops (cont'd.) Peppers ( cont ' d . ) Paprika 23 22 tons Pimiento 163 455 tons Rhubarb * 20 517,070 pounds Spinach (canning) 539 1,699 tons Squash 272 (23,845 lugs ( 25 tens Tomatoes 5,883 (1,118,431 lugs j 9,093 tons Orchard crops (bearing acreage) Apples * 26 1,150 boxes Apricots * 35 (2,900 lugs ( 2£ tons Avocados 1,047 3,270,785 pounds Citrus : Grapefruit 412 81,800 packed boxes (under 5 years) 329 — Lemons 6 , 431 896,515 packed boxes 1 Ml J. , uio c* n v cr At V> v — products -° (undpr 5 vprtr 1 653 — Oranges, Navels 1,065 289,805 packed boxes » (under 5 years) 100 -- Oranges, Valencias 52,823 10,200,136 packsd boxes n (under 5 years) 8,997 — Figs * 8 8,900 pounds Grapes * 68 166,500 pounds Loquats * 14 6,693 lugs Olives * 120 26 , 950 pounds Peaches * 34 4,235 lugs Pears * 45 758 lugs Persimmons 407 1,733,500 pounds V/alnuts 6,794 7,775 j tons If Acreage and production figures are taken from Agricultural Crop Report, Orange County, 1935, by D. W. Tubbs, Agricultural Commissioner, unless noted. * Use of seasonal labor inconsequential and hence ignored, t Alfalfa cured as hay estimated to be the product of about 1,900 acres. f The drying ratio on Chili peppers is about 6 to 1. •0*Data on lemons used for by-products are from California Fruit Growers Exchange. Figures on a basis of 348 packed boxes of 76 pounds net per car, th total production of all lemons would amount to 1,898,540 field boxes of 50 pounds . 1 The California - Arizona Orange Grapefruit Agency estimates the 1934-35 production of oranges including culls in Orange County at 24,201,61 standard cars. Figured on a basis of 462 packed boxes of 72 pounds net per ear, this would amount to 14,636,764 field boxes of 55 pounds net. • fcS 3 s ,' 1 v'fis X j(V » s ;? iftit * 0 * I I » Operations Requiring the Use of Seasonal Labor and Times of Need .-- Farm operations requiring the use of seasonal or occasional labor for the various crops raised in Orange County are indicated in table 2. This tabulation does not include the employing of shed workers needed to wash, pack, and prepare various commodities for shipping and marketing. TABLE 2 Operations Requiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Times of Needs by Crops -- Orange County Crop Operation Time of Need Field crops: Beans, lima Hoeing (twice) June 15-30 Inali oi acreage; July 1-31 (all acreage) Aug. 1-15 (half of acreage) Piling Sept. 1-30 (all) Threshing Sept. (50 per cent of crop) Oct. (50 per cent of croc) Beans, blackeye Hoeing (twice) June (all acreage) July (all acreage) Piling August Threshing Sept. 1-30 (all) Sugar beets Thinning Feb. (15 per cent of acreage) Mar. (50 per cent of acreage) April (35 per cent of agreage) Hoeing, first second Apr. (50 per cent of acreage) May (50 per cent of acreage) May (50 per cent of acreage) June (50 per cent of acreage) Topping and loading Aug. (one-third of crop) Sept. (one-third of crop) Oct. lone-third of crop) Grain (mostly barley) Harvesting by combine (60 per cent by seasonal workers) June (50 per cent of acreage) July (50 per cent of acreage) Field corn Suckering (50 per cent by seasonal workers) July Husking Sept. 1-30 (50 per cent of crop ) Oct. 1-31 (50 per cent of crop) L____— —————— Table 2 continued on next page. 5. Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Field crops (cont'd.) Popcorn Hay, alfalfa Grain hay Potatoes, Irish Potatoes, sweet Seed: Tomato Suckering (50 per cent by seasonal workers) Husking Mowing, raking, shock- ing (50 per cent by seasonal workers) Baling (80 per cent by seasonal workers) Baling (80 per cent by seasonal workers) Cutting seed (10 sacks per acre) (33 per cent by seasonal workers) Hoeing (once) Picking up Ficking up and boxing (75 per cent by seasonal workers) Washing out seed (other operations same as for canning tomatoes, and included with them) Time of need Bean (included in other bean acreage) Straw (mostly bean straw) Baling (80 per cent by seasonal workers) May 24-31 (20 per cent of acreage) June 1-3C (80 per cent of acreage ) Sept. 15-30 (30 per cent of crop) Oct. 1-31 (60 per cent of crop) Nov. 1- 7 (10 per cent of crop) May to October May (one«-sixth of tonnage) June (one-sixth of tonnage) July (one -sixth of tonnage) Aug. (one -sixth of tonnage) Sept . (one-sixth of tonnage) Oct. (one -sixth of tonnage) June (£5 per cent of crop) July (50 per cent of crop) Aug. V25 per cent of crop) Jan. 15-30 (3T| per cent) Feb. 1-30 (37£ per cent) Mar. 1-31 (25 per cent) March May (one-third of crop) June (one -third of crop) July (one-third of crop) Sept. 20-30 (10 per cent of crop) Oct. 1-31 (60 per cent of crop) Nov. 1-30 (30 per cent of crop) Sept. (37^ per cent of crop) Oct. (37,'- per cent of crop) Nov. (25 per cent of crop) Sept. (one-half) Oct. (one-half) Table 2 continued on next page, 6. Table 2 continued Crop Operation Time of need Vegetable crops: AsDarasus Cutting and packing (90 per cent by seasonal workers) Mar. (,10 per cent of crop) Apr. (30 per cent of crop) May (35 per cent of crop) June (22 per cent of crop) July 1-15 (3 per cent of crop) Berries : 5!t rowhprr t p Sett ins out new Dlants (about 275 acres annu- ally) (40 per cent by seasonal workers) Dec. ( 5 per cent of new acreage] Jan. (50 per cent of new acreage ] Feb. (25 per cent of new acreage] Mar. (15 per cent of new acreage ] Apr. ( 5 per cent of new acreage] Picking (66 per cent by seasonal workers) Mar. 15-31 (10 per cent of crop) Apr. 1-30 (35 per cent of crop) May 1-31 (30 per cent of crop) June 1-30 (25 per cent of crop) Bushberries Trellising Jan. (33 per cent) Feb. (33 per cent) Mar. ( 33 per cent) Picking May (10 par cent of crop) June (50 per cent of crop) July (30 per cent of crop) Aug. (10 per cent of crop). Cabbage Flanting (80 per cent by seasonal workers Oct. 15-31 (10 per cent of acreage ) Nov. 1-30 (20 per cent of acreage ) Dec. 1-31 (30 per cent of acreage ) Jan. 1-31 (40 per cent of acreage) Hoeing (once) (60 per cent by seasonal workers) Nov. (10 per cent of acreage) Dec. (20 per cent of acreage) Jan, (30 per cent of acreage) Feb. (40 per cent of acreage) Dusting (lk times) ^50 per cent by seasonal workers) January (all) Cutting (carlot ship- menxsy vou per cent by seasonal workers) Jan. ( 9 per cent of shipments) TToK (17 npr part nf i nmpnt <3 J Mar. (15 per cent of shipments) Apr. (45 per cent of shipments) May (14 per cent of shipments) 1 Table 2 continued on next page. 1 ♦ t ■ 7. Tab 1 e 2 continued Crop Vegetable crops (cont'd. ) : Cabbage ( cont 1 d . ) Celery Corn, sweet (based on truck unloads at Los Angeles from local dis- trict) Operation Cucumbers Peas Packing Harvesting Hoeing (50 per cent by seasonal workers) Suckering (50 per cent by seasonal workers) Picking and packing (80 per cent by seasonal workers) Planting and capping (50 per cent by seasonal workers) Removing caps, hoeing, thinning, and replac- ing caps (50 per cent by seasonal workers) Picking (66 per cent by seasonal workers) Picking Time of need Jan. ( 9 per cent of shipments) Feb. (17 per cent of shipments) Mar. (15 p=r cent of shipments) Apr. (45 per cent of shipments) May (14 per cent of shipments) Jar. . Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. ( & per ( 6 per ( 9 per ( 5 per (10 per (11 per (12 per (10 per . ( 5 per ( 6 per ( 8 per (10 per cent of cent of cent of cent of cent of cent of cent of cent of cent of cent of cent of cent of crop ) crop) crop) crop ) crop) crop) crop) crop ) crop ) crop ) crop ) crop) April (40 per cent of acreage) May (30 per cent of acreage) June (30 per cent of acreage) April (10 per cent of acreage) May (30 per cent of acreage) June (30 per cent of acreage) July (30 per cent of acreage) June 10-30 (10 per cent of crop) July 1-31 (29 per cent of crop) Aug. 1-31 (28 per cent of crop) Sept. (22 per cent of crop) Oct. 18 per cent of crop) Jan. (50 per cent of acreage) Feb. (50 per cent of acreage) March May 15-31 (25 per cent of crop) June 1-30 (75 per cent of crop) Nov. (3 per cent of crcp) Dec. 1-31 (20 per cent of crop) Jan. 1-31 (30 per cent of crop) Feb. 1-30 (30 per cent of crop) Mar. 1-31 ( 14 per cent of crop) Apr. (3 per cent of crop) Table 2 continued on next page. 8. Crop Operation Time of need Vegetable crops (cont'd. ) : Peppers (all varieties) Thinning and resetting (75 per cent by sea- sonal workers) . ! 1 | 1 May 15-31 (50 per cent cf acreage) June 1-15 (50 per cent of acreage) 1 Hoeing on 1/2 of acreage (3 times) (75 per cent by sea- sonal workers) J May (50 per cent cf acreage cnceji June (50 per cent cf acreage once) July (50 per cent cf acreage cnce) Picking (green Chili) for canning Sept. 1-30 (60 per cent of crop) Oct. 1-31 (40 per cent of crop) Picking for drying Oct. 1-31 (40 per cent of crop) Nov. 1-30 (40 per cent of crop) Dec. 1-25 (20 per cent of crop) Picking pimientos Sept. 15-30 (25 per cent of crop) Oct. 1-31 (50 per cent of crop) Nov. 1-15 (25 per cent of crop) Spinach (canning) Harvesting (by hand with special fork) Jan. (20 per cent of crop) Feb. (40 per cent of crop) Mar. (40 per cent of crop) Squash Planting by hand and capping (50 per cent of acreage) Jan. (50 per cent) Feb. (50 per cent) Planting (without caps) (on 50 per cent of acreage) Jan. (50 per cent) Feb. (50 per cent) Picking (66 per cent by seasonal workers) May 15-31 (50 per cent of crop) June 1-15 (50 per cent of crcp) String beans Thinning and hoeing (spring crop) (25 per cent by seasonal workers) February (spring acreage; Hoeing (3 times) (25 per cent by seasonal workers) Feb. (once on all acreage) Mar. (twice on all acreage) Picking (spring crop) (2/3 of acreage) Mar. 21-31 (l per cent of crop) Apr. 1-30 (3 per cent of crop) May 1-30 (15 per cent of crop) June (25 per cent of crop) July (20 per cent of crop) Picking (fall crop) (1/3 of acreage) Aug. (10 per cent of crop) (Sept. (10 per cent of crop) 'Oct. (10 per cent of crop) Table 2 continued on next page. s. Table 2 continued . Crop Operation ! Time of need _.. .... — , i i i Vegetable crops (cont'd. ) : String beans (cont'd. ) Tomatoes Orchard crops: Citrus: Lemons Picking (fall crop) (cont'd. ) Planting in field (70 per cent by seasonal workers) Hoeing (50 per cent by seasonal workers) Dusting (twice on 50 per cent of acreage) (60 per cent by sea- sonal workers) Picking for market (85 per cent by sea- sonal workers) Picking for canning Picking* 1 Nov. (4 per cent of crop) Dec. (2 per cent of crop) Jan. (20 per cent of acreage) Feb. (10 per cent of acreage) Mar. (10 per cent of acreage) Apr. (10 per cent of acreage) tta; (30 per cent of acreage) June (15 per cent of acreage) April (30 per cent of acreage) May (30 per cent of acreage) June (30 per cent of acreage) July (15 per cent of acreage) Aug. (5 per cent of acreage) June (25 per cent of acreage) July (25 per cent of acreage) Aug. (25 per cent of acreage) Sept. (25 per cent of acreage) June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. (2 per cent of crop) (22 per cent of crop) (23 per cent of crop) , (21 par cent of crop) (17 per cent of crop) (9 per cent of crop) (5 per cent of crop) Aug. (20 per cent of crop) Sept. (30 per cent of crop) Oct. (30 per cent of crop) Nov. (20 per cent of crop) Nov. (3. Dec. (7. Jan. (13 Feb. (19 Mar. (18 Apr. (12 May (9.9 June (5 July (4 Aug. (2 Sept. (2 Oct. (l 3 per cent of crop) 4 per cent of crop) 5 per cent of crop ) .2 per cent of crop) ,0 ' per cent of crop) 0 per cent of crop) per cent of crop) 2 per cent of crop) G per cent of crop) 7 per cent of crop) .5 per cent of crop) 4 per cent of crop) Table 2 continued on next page. 10. Table 2 continued. Crop Orchard crops ( cent 'd. ) : Citrus (cont'd.) Oranges Operation Time of need Picking (based on 1935 carlot shipments) Grapefruit All varieties Picking Fumigating (on 1/3 of total acreage--or about 20,200 acres) Persimmons Jan* (1.3 per cent of crop) Feb. (0.1 per cent of crcp) War. (0.3 per cent of crop) Apr. (3.3 per cent of crop) May (11.7 per cent cf crcp) June (13.5 per cent of crop) July (19.3 per cent of crcp) Aug. (16.5 per cent of crop) Sept. (13.1 per cent of crop) Oct. (14.6 per cent of crop) Nov. (5.1 per cent of crop) Dec. (0.6 per cent of crop) May (30 per cent of crop) June (30 per cent of crop) July (30 per cent of crop) Aug. (10 per cent of crop) July 15-31 (6 per cent of acreage fumigated) Aug. 1-31 (20 per cent of acreage fumigated) Sept. 1-30 (10 per cent of acreage fumigated) Dec. (12 per cent of acreage fum- igated) Jan. (15 per cent of acreage fumi- gated) Feb. (15 per cant of acreage fum- igated) Mar. (12 per cent of acreage fum- igated) April (10 per cent of acreage fumigated) July 15-31 (5 per cent of acreage Aug. 1-31 (15 per cent of acreage Sept. 1-30 (20 per cant of acreage) Oct. 1-31 (20 per cent of acreage) Nov, 1-15 (6 per cent of acreage) (a small amount of spraying is done in other months, except January and February) Dusting (use of sea- April to October sonal labor for dust- ing is inconsequential) j Ficking (75 per cent byjoct. 1-31 (90 per cent of crop) seasonal workers) iNov. 1-10 (10 per cent of crop) Spraying (on 2/3 of total acreage--or about 40,300 acres} Table 2 continued on next page. 11. Table 2 continued. Crop Operation Time of need Orchard crops (cont'd. ) : Walnuts Harvesting (shaking off, picking up and hulling by hand) Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. 20-30 (10 per cent of crop)j . 1-30 (30 per cent of crop); 1-31 (55 per cent cf crop) . 1-10 (5 per cent of crop) • Fercentage of lemon crop picked each month is based on the average of lemon "picks" of the La Habra Citrus Association and the Orange County Fruit Exchange for the 1934-35 season. Findings of Seasonal Labor Needs .-- Details and summaries of seasonal labor requirements of Orange County agriculture are presented as table 3. Ths "size of task" are figures drawn from table 1 in terms of either acreage, or out- put in tons, crates, boxes, or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output per man-day" is an average figure for the entire acreage or output figured in packed crates, hampers, or boxes (in case of fruits and vegetables). If the work is of a nature that requires a crew, different members of which perform different tasks (such as cutting, trimming, loading, and hauling cauliflower; trimming and crating celery, etc.). then the average shown is per man based on the entire crew. Length of day is 9 hours unless otherwise stated. Wide variations in output occur between farm and farm, field and field, and season and season, because of differences in soil types, climatic conditions, weeds, yields, and other factors influencing the amount cf work that a laborer can perform in a given day. Moreover, the basis of output is a mature, experienced male worker without reference to use of women, children, and more or less inexperienced help that is sometimes used in connection with certain of the tasks requiring use of seasonal workers. The column headed "available days" reflects (a) limitations set from the period within which the work must be performed because of the nature of the task, such as transplanting, thinning, weeding, and cutting, and (b) available days as determined by weather conditions, inclement weather reducing the number of days when a required task can be performed. The "required number of individuals" is given in terms of work- ers as noted above in connection with "output per man-day." It is probable that the estimated number of workers required, as recorded in table 3, will often be too low, for the reason that "peaks" frequently occur, during which an unusually large proportion of the job is done in a very short per- iod. This would naturally require a much greater number of workers than when the work is spread over a longer period, even though the total amount of labor (in man-days) remains the same. TABLE 3 Seasonal Labor Needs — Orange County — by Months and Tasks [ t 1 Ronn i v* c> r{ nv c.ilc.Oi'w j Required number Montn Crop and task Size of task Oi i + ru l + nor mft n — H v mfl y\ _ A o ttc lllCXIi KACX. J o A Q wo of workers* January Potatoes, Irish: Cutting PR ft r«u;+ T i 10 cwt. 29 10 3 (from 15th seed to 30th) Strawberries: Setting out 0.33 acre 165 19 9 new plants 26 Bushberries: Trellising 32 acres 15 man -days per acre 480 19 Cabbage: Planting X «7W CO 0.33 acre 570 19 30 Hoeing ft ^ a t* y»p c« T 0.75 acre 114 19 6 Dusting (all) 7i B fi ac, r*p o. f w w U>W X > O 1 1.5 acres 238 19 13 Cutting carlot ship- 80 crates 75 19 4 ments Packing carlot ship - 7 dftft ^rfttpcj ( j *-* U U i CLl/C D 45 crates 167 19 Q ments Celery: Harvesting J } 7 JU 1.1 cn>co 34 crates 176 19 10 Cucumbers: Planting and 0-25 acre 184 19 10 capping Peas: Picking 6,315 crates 2 crates 3,157 19 167 Spinach: Harvesting for 340 tons 1 ton 340 19 18 canning Squash: Planting and cap- 68 acres 0.5 acre 136 19 8 ping by hand Planting without caps 68 acres 2.0 acres 34 19 2 by hand Tomatoes: Planting in 870 acres * 0.5 acre X , / *±U X V 92 field * Citrus: Lemons: Picking 256,303 field boxes 21 boxes of 50 pounds 12,205 19 643 1 Oranges: Picking 190,278 field boxes 50 boxes of 55 pounds 3,806 19 201 All varieties: Fumi- 3,030 acres 0.75 acre 4,040 19 213 gating Totals 27.656 19 1,456 February Sugar beets: Thinning 1,017 acres 0.5 acre 2,034 24 85 Potatoes, Irish: Cutting 288 cwt. t 10 cwt. 29 24 2 i seed Table 3 continued on next page . i ; : * 4 Table 3 continued. „ Month Crop and task Size of task February (cont'd) March Strawberries: Setting out new plants Bushberries: Trellising Cabbage: Hoeing Cutting carlot ship- ments Packing carlot ship- ments Celery: Harvesting Cucumbers: Planting and capping Peas: Picking Spinach: Harvesting for canning Squash: Planting and cap- ping by hand Planting without caps by hand Tomatoes: Planting in fiel Citrus: Lemons: Picking Oranges: Picking All varieties: Fumi- gating Sugar beets: Thinning Potatoes, Irish: Cutting seed Hoeing Asparagus: Cutting and packing Strawberries: Setting out new plants Picking f 27 acres 32 acres 114 acres 10,829 acres • 13,536 acres 4,467 crates 46 acres f 6,313 crates 680 tons 68 acres 68 acres 435 acres ^ 364,520 field boxes 102,457 field boxes 3,030 acres 3,3S0 acres 192 cwt.t 236 acres 1,764 crates 16 acres ^ 14,610 crates Bushberries: Trellising 32 acres Required | — TZ Available | f ie qui red number Output per i nan- ■day man— us. y a , days of workers* 0-33 acre i fil { 24 1 4 15 man-days per acre tow 24 1 20 0.75 acre 151 24 7 80 crates 136 24 6 45 crates 301 24 13 34 crates 24 6 0.25 acre 184 24 8 2 crates 3,157 24 1 ton 680 24 29 0.5 acre 136 24 6 2.0 acres 34 24 2 0.5 acre 870 24 37 21 boxes of 50 sounds 17,358 24 724 50 boxes of 55 pounds 24 86 0.75 acre A DAD 24 170 7.1 RS"*! 24 i . .is.n 0.5 acre Ox , OOJ 6, 780 24 283 10 cwt. 20 20 1 (for 20 days) 1.25 acre 189 24 8 5 crates 353 24 15 0.33 acre 48 24 4 crates 3,653 1 » 30£ > (from 15th to 31st) 15 man- day 3 pe r acre 480 24 2( ) H Table 3 continued on next page, Table 3 continued 1 t "i Required Available Required number I Month i Crop and task Size of task Output per man- day man-days 1 — days of workers* ! March Cabbage: Cutting carlot 4- 9,907 crates ' 80 crates 124 24 6 (cont'd) shipments Packing carlot ship- 12,384 crates 45 crates 276 24 12 ments Celery: Harvesting 6,700 crates 34 crates 198 24 9 Cucumbers: Removing caps, 93 acres t 0.25 acre 372 24 16 hoeing, thinning, and replacing caps ; i Peas: Picking 2,946 crates 2 crates 1,473 24 62 Spinach: Harvesting for 680 tons 1 ton 680 24 29 canning String beans: Picking 465 crates 2 crates 233 8 29 (from 21st to 31st) Tomatoes: Planting in 435 acres 1 0.5 acre 870 24 37 field Citrus: Lemons: Picking 341,737 field boxes 21 boxes of 50 pounds 16,273 24 678 Oranges: Picking 43,910 field boxes 50 boxes of 55 pounds 879 24 37 All varieties: Fumi- 2,424 acres 0.75 acre 3 } 232 24 135 gating Totals 36.133 24 1,506 April Sugar beets: Thinning 2,373 acres 0.5 acre 4,746 25 190 Hoeing (first) 3,390 acres 1.5 acres 2,260 25 91 Asparagus: Cutting and 5,290 crates t 5 crates 1,058 25 43 packing f Strawberries: Setting out 6 acres 1 0.33 acre 18 18 1 new plants f- Picking 51,135 crates 6 crates 8,523 25 341 $ Cabbage: Cutting carlot 28,570 crates T 80 crates 358 25 15 shipments Packing carlot ship- 35,712 crates 45 crates 794 25 32 ments Celery: Harvesting 3,723 crates 34 crates 110 25 5 Corn, sweet: Hoeing 237 acres t 1 acre 237 25 10 Suckering 60 acres j~ 1 acre 60 25 3 Peas: Picking 632 crates 2 crates 316 25 13 Table 3 continued on next pag e . • 1 It * *# * TaDie o conimuea. — ... ! Required Available Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day man- days days of workers* April String beans: Picking i , J OJQI.CO *J ' — J- CJ. O ^ t ) 465 25 19 \ com a / iUIIlciUUco- ridllUlfig 1.11 field 435 acres ~\~ 1.0 acre 435 25 18 Hoeing 932 acres T 2.0 acres A AA 19 Citrus: Lemons: Picking 227,825 field boxes 21 boxes of 50 pounds 10,849 25 434 Oranges: Picking 483,013 field boxes 50 boxes of 55 pounds 9,660 25 387 All varieties: Fumi- 2,020 acres 0.75 acre 2,694 25 108 gating Totals 43.049 25 1,722 May oUgoT DccXS. flOcing \ill£Jl time ) 1.5 acres 2,260 26 87 noeing \scturiu uiinc/ 3.0 acres 1 ,130 26 44 (from 24th ropcorn. oucisering TP o r» t* o o i lO CLU X CO 1 1.5 acres 12 6 2 to 31st) Alfalfa: Mowing 950 acres * 9 acres 106 26 5 P n Vi v> cr I . 'J. . : -I HQ 950 acres "h 15 acres 64 26 3 950 acres +• 20 acres 48 26 2 Baling 1 •il 7 tonW \s 1 ttl/CO o LrdWDerri c o • r i o ai iik 6 crates 7 , 305 26 281 ijusnuern es » r i citing 6 crates 491 26 19 f" 1 q V\ g rr d * fn + + incr ft r\ "t" UctUUcxgti • OU U t -Lllg LiCLI^lU i. ft Qftfi f*r?itf> c- T (; 1 jOU l/I alt 5 * 80 crates 113 26 5 shipment, s Packing carlot ship- 1 1 0*7.0 /»VQ + C»C! 11 f cOc crates 45 crates 2sn \J\J 26 10 ments ueiery • narvesLing 34 crates 219 26 9 Corn, sweets Hoeing 178 acres t* 1 acre 1 7ft 26 7 oucKering 1/0 cLU I cb | 1 acre 1 7ft 26 7 (from 15th Cucumbers: Picking 11,505 lugs t 30 lugs 384 13 30 to 31st) Peppers (all varieties): 1,079 acres * 2 acres 540 13 42 (from 15th Thinning and resetting 1,079 acres * to 31st) Hoeing 1.5 acres 720 26 28 Table 3 continued on next page. y, Table 3 continued... May (cont'd) June String beans: Picking Tomatoes: Planting in field Hoeing Citrus: Lemons: Picking Oranges: Picking Grapefruit: Picking Totals Beans, Lima: Hoeing Beans, blackeye: Hoeing (first time) Sugar beets: Hoeing (second time) Grain: Harvesting Popcorn: Suckering Alfalfa: Mowing Raking Shocking Baling Grain hay: Baling Potatoes, Irish: Picking up Asparagus: Cutting and packing Strawberries: Picking Bushberries: Picking Celery: Harvesting Corn, sweet: Hoeing Suckering Picking and packing Cucumbers: Picking Size of task 7,949 lugs t 6,975 crates 1,305 acres f 932 acres t 187,956 field boxes 1,712,501 field boxes 40.145 field boxes 13,898 acres 8,637 acres 3,390 acres t 2,877 acres 72 acres t 950 acres ' 950 acres t 950 acres t 1 ,517 tons t 4,056 tons t 21,662 lufs 3,87 9 crates t 36,525 crates 14,718 crates 8,190 crates 178 acres t" 178 acres t* 11,166 lugs t 4- 34.515 lugs — _ p Required j Available i Required number Output per man- day man-days j days of workers* 20 lues 398 1 i 13 31 ^ i r u hi X «J v 1 1 t—/ \J A w to 31st) 4 crates 1,744 26 67 l.o acres 870 26 34 2.0 acres 466 26 18 17 boxes of 50 pounds i i nt; n 11 , UD I CO 426 50 boxes of 55 pounds %A O AH 1,318 An nniinH s 536 26 21 65.234 26 2.509 2.5 acres 5 , 56U OA 214 (from 15th to 30th) 6 acres 1,440 26 Sfi 3.0 acres 1,130 26 4.0 acres 720 26 28 1.5 acres 48 26 2 9 acres 106 26 5 15 acres 64 OA CO 3 20 acres 48 26 2 3 tons oUo 20 3 tons 1,352 26 52 125 lugs 174 26 7 5 crates 776 26 3C 4 crates 9,132 26 352 H 8 crates 1,840 26 71 34 crates 241 26 1C 1 1 acre 178 26 1 1 acre 178 26 1 50 lugs 224 17 u I (from 10th to 30th) 30 lugs 1.151 26 4j Table 3 continued on next page. "1 •*>.••' •' r i Table 3 continued. Month CroD and task June Peppers (all varieties) : (cont'd) Thinning and reset- ting Hoeing Squash: Picking String beans: Picking Tomatoes: Planting in field Hoeing Dusting Picking for market and shipping Citrus: Lemons: Picking Oranges: Picking Grapefruit: Picking Totals July Beans, Lima: Hoeing Beans, blackeye: Hoeing (second time) Gr ai n : Harve s t i ng Field corn: Suckering Alfalfa: Mowing Raking Shocking Baling Grain hay: Baling Potatoes, Irish: Picking up Asparagus: Cutting and packing Bushberries: Picking Celery: Harvesting Required Available Required number Size of task Output per man -day of workers* t 1,079 acres 2 acres - . . 540 13 42 (from 1st to 15th) 1,079 acres ^ 2 acres 540 26 21 ^ i rom is t. 7,949 lugs t 20 lugs 398 13 to 15th) 11,625 crates 4 crates 2,907 26 112 653 acres 1.5 acres 436 26 17 f 932 acres 2.0 acres 466 26 18 882 acres I , 10.0 acres 89 26 4 19,013 lugs' 20 packed lugs 951 26 37 98,725 field boxes 15 boxes of 50 pounds 6,582 26 254 l,y/b,yoo iiej.a ooxes 50 boxes of 55 pounds 26 1,520 40,145 field boxes 75 boxes of 40 pounds 535 26 21 77.832 26 2.994 27,796 acres 2.5 acres 11,119 26 428 8,637 acres 15 acres 576 26 23 2,877 acres 4 acres (in 8 hours) 720 26 28 (of 8 hours; t 60 acres 1.5 acres 40 26 2 950 acres » 9 acres 106 26 5 950 acres"*" 15 acres 64 26 3 950 acres' 20 acres 48 26 2 1,517 tonsf 3 tons 506 26 20 8,112 tons*" 3 tons 2, 704 26 104 21,662 lugs 125 lugs 174 26 7 530 crates^ 5 crates 106 13 9 (from 1st to 15th) 8,830 crates 6 crates 1,472 26 57 8,934 crates 34 crates 263 26 11 Table 3 continued on next page . r Table 3 continued. 1 I Required Available ' Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day man-days d^ys of workers* 1 | July Corn, sweet: Suckering .j. 178 acres ' . 32,383 lugs 1 acre 178 26 7 (cont'd) Picking and packing 50 lugs 648 26 25 Peppers (all varieties): 1,079 acres + 3 acres 360 26 14 Hoeing String beans: Picking 9,300 crates 4 crates 2,325 26 90 Tomatoes: Hoeing 456 acres "1" 2.0 acres 233 26 9 Dusting 882 acres + + 209,146 lugs 7.5 acres 118 26 5 Picking for market 20 packed lugs 10,458 26 403 Citrus: Lemons: Picking 93,029 field boxes 15 boxes of 50 pounds 6,202 26 239 Oranges: Picking 2,824,895 field boxes 50 boxes of 55 pounds 56,498 26 2,173 Grapefruit: Picking 40,145 field boxes 75 boxes of 40 pounds 535 26 21 All varieties: Fumi- 1,212 acres 0.75 acre 1,616 13 125 (from 15th gating to 31st) Spraying 2,015 acres 1.1 acres 1,832 13 141 (from 15th to 31st) Totals 98,901 26 4.132 August Eeans, Lima: Hoeing 13,898 acres 2.5 acres 5,560 26 214 Beans, blackeye: Piling 8,637 acres 2 acres 4,319 26 167 Sugar beets: Topping and 19,542 tons 5 tons 3,909 26 151 loading f 950 acres Alfalfa: Mowing 9 acres 106 26 5 Raking 950 acres F 15 acres 64 26 3 Shocking 950 acres t 20 acres 48 26 2 Baling 1,517 tons*- 3 tons 506 26 20 Grain hay: Baling 4,056 tons* 3 tons 1,352 26 52 Bushberries: Picking 2,943 crates 6 crates 491 26 19 Celery: Harvesting 7,445 crates 34 crates 219 26 9 Corn, sweet: Picking and 31,266 lugsf 50 lugs 626 26 25 packi ng String bea-ns: Picking 4,646 crates 4 crates 1,162 26 45 Tomatoes: Hoeing 217 acres » 2.0 acres 109 26 5 Dusting 882 acres t , 218,653 lugs' 5.0 acres 177 26 7 Picking for market 20 packed lugs 10,933 26 421 and shipping i ' .Picking for canning 1,819 tons 2,000 pounds 1,819 26 70 ■ — — - Table 3 continued on next page. <» Table 3 continued. AVJrLl 1 rlbl fi V '-«- X -i. <- ii -J X Required number y» qm^ f q eV Ui Up ClIlLL LO-OA Output per man-day man-days days of workers* August* Ol LI . JjClUvJIlia. i J. V* A-L Ilg, SI 261 field boxes 13 boxes of 50 pounds 3,944 26 152 ^cont a; uranges. riciving C , HI J j UUU 1 1C1U bJ UAC O 55 pounds 48,302 26 1,858 Grapefruit: Picking lo, o4o iiexa ooxes 13 uoxes oi 40 pounds 1 7ft icD 7 All varieties: Fumi- 4,040 acres 0.75 acre 0 , DC- i 208 gating O p I tXj J- I !£, ft DAS flprpq 1.1 acres 5 ,496 26 212 vvdXriU lb> Hal vcfa Li HH, 77ft tnnc! 240 pounds 6,484 9 721 (from 20th to 31st) Tot al 101,191 26 3.807 Rpflna T.t ftia • Pi 1 l np UCQIlb * U-LIilCX. • 1 JLJLlIlg 27 79fi pcreq 2 acres 13,898 26 535 i nre suing 1 AS OQ^l f»w+ IIJ )U"J OWL* 25 cwt. 5 , 804 26 224 Deems , Ul aCJ\c y t: ■ inrcaii- ^ft 7PP r*wt 25 cwt. 2,350 26 91 ing o ugar Dec ls* lopping a.ilQ 1 Q ^ AP + nr. o 5 tons 3 909 26 151 lOcLQlXlg (for 14 f lcill UUI 11. nubMIlf, AO tfinc 3,000 pounds 27 14 2 days) ropcorrit nusKing PI tnn<3 700 pounds 60 13 5 (from 15th 1 to 30th) nil cl j. x cl • mo w J. iig QSO ft^rpc: 9 acres 106 26 5 RrIci nix 950 acres * 15 acres 64 26 3 ^!Vir\^*Vi n cr OIlUUx; X 11 £< 20 acres 48 26 2 cai ± ng 1 SI 7 tnnq' 3 tons 506 26 20 Pa + o+ r\£io c*\i/e» o+ • P i /* V t ?"i cr I U lalUCo , o W C C L - 1 lb ivlll^ 20 lugs 149 8 17 (from 20th nn H VlDXl n C to 30t,h) JIopH ft Amu tn 1* WfL^Vi i n (7 O C C U \ UViliCl f • MdOlli. llg 16 875 nounds 67 pounds 252 26 10 rjnt cppH R + V»£3\I/ 1 KcQ HI* Pet 1 \ Y\ CT O 1/ 1 cLVV y U t; cui / > Da.± J. ilg Q Pfin tnria^" 2 tons 26 177 oe xery • nctrves ti ng o t f crates 34 crates PA CO 5 Corn , sweet. t Picking and 0t3O lUgS 1 50 lugs PA 19 nQf> Vl n 0" (for 4 days' Peppers: Picking green 30 tons 1.5 tons 20 4 5 chili for canning (from 15th Picking pimientos 114 tons 1.5 tons 76 13 6 to 30th) Table 3 continued on next page. to Table 3 continued- Month Crop and task September String beans: Picking (cont'd) Tomatoes: Dusting Picking for market and shipping Picking for canning Picking for seed Citrus: Lemons: Picking Oranges: Picking All varieties: Fumi- gating Spraying Walnuts: Harvesting Totals October Beans, Lima: Threshing Sugar beets: Topping and loading Field corn: Husking Popcorn: Husking Alfalfa: Mowing Raking Shocking Baling Potatoes, sweet: Picking up and boxing Seed (tomato): Washing out seed Straw (bean): Baling Cabbage: Planting Celery: Harvesting Corn, sweet: Picking and packing Size of task 4,646 crates 882 acres +" 199,640 lugs' 2,728 tons 1,687 tons 47,463 field boxes 1,917,416 field boxes 2,020 acres 8,060 acres 2,532 tons Output per man-day 145,095 cwt. 19,542 tons 40 tons 42 tons * 950 acres 950 acres 1 950 acres * 1,517 tons*" 17,786 lugs + 16,875 pounds 9,200 tons 1 " 38 acres 4,467 crates 8,933 lugs t 4 crates 2.0 acres 20 packed lugs 2.000 pounds 2,600 pounds 13 boxes of 50 pounds 50 boxes of 55 pounds 0.75 acre 1.1 acres 240 pounds 25 cwt. 5 tons 3,000 pounds 700 pounds 9 acres 15 acres 20 acres 3 tons 20 lugs 67 pounds 2 tons 0.33 acre 34 crates 50 lugs Required man-days 1,162 441 9,982 2,728 1,300 3,651 38,349 2,694 7,328 19.434 Available days 119,540 5,804 3,909 27 120 106 64 48 506 890 252 4,600 114 132 179 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 25 25 14 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 12 25 25 Required number of workers* 45 17 384 105 50 141 1,475 104 282 748 4.954 233 157 2 (for 14 days) 5 5 3 2 21 36 11 184 10 (from 15th to 31st) 6 8 Table 3 continued on next page . o Table 3 continued. Month October (cont'd) November Required Available Requir ed number Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day man -days days of workers* Peppers: Picking green 20 tons 1.5 tons 14 3 5 (for 3 chili for canning Hfiv; 1 Picking chili for 4,440 tons 1.5 tons 2,960 25 119 drying (green weight) Picking pimientos 228 tons 1.5 tons 152 25 7 String beans: Picking 4,646 crates 161,613 lugs 1 " 4 crates 1,162 25 47 Tomatoes: Picking for mar- 20 packed lugs 8,061 25 244 ket and shipping Picking for canning 2,728 tons 2,000 pounds 2,728 25 110 Picking for seed 1,687 tons 2,600 pounds 1,300 25 52 Citrus: Lemons: Picking 26,580 field boxes 12 boxes of 50 pounds 2,215 25 89 Oranges: Picking 2,136,968 field boxes 50 boxes of 55 pounds 42,740 25 1,710 All varieties: Sray- 8,060 acres 1.1 acres 7,328 25 294 ing Persimmons: Picking 1,170,112 pounds 1 " 1,800 pounds 650 25 26 Walnuts: Harvesting 4,276 tons 240 pounds 35,633 25 1.426 Totals 121.714 25 4.221 Popcorn: Husking 7 tons 700 pounds 20 6 4 (from 1st 8,893 lugs r to 7th) Potatoes, sweet: Picking 20 lugs of 30 pounds 445 24 19 up and boxing Seed (tomato): Washing out 11,250 pounds 67 pounds 168 24 7 seed + Cabbage: Planting 76 acres 0.33 acre 228 24 10 Hoeing 28 acres T 0.75 acre 38 24 2 Celery: Harvesting 5,956 crates 34 crates 176 24 8 Peas: Picking 632 crates 2 crates 316 24 14 Peppers: Picking chili for 4,440 tons 1.5 tons 2,969 24 124 (from 1st to 15th) i xcKxng pj.mienT/OS xx<± ions X . D lulto / o 7 String beans: Picking 1,860 crates 3 crates 620 24 26 Tomatoes: Picking for mar- 85,560 lugst 20 packed lugs 4,278 24 179 ket, and shipping Picking for canning 1,819 tons 2,000 pounds 1,819 24 76 ro Picking for seed 1,125 tons 2,600 pounds 866 24 37 Table 3 continued on next page ♦ 4 ♦ Table 3 continued. 1 i Required Available Required number Month Crop and task Size of task Output per man-day man-days days of workers* November Citrus: Lemons: Picking 62,652 field boxes 13 boxes of 50 pounds 4,820 24 201 (cont'd) Oranges: Picking 746,475 field boxes 50 boxes of 55 pounds 14,930 24 622 (from 1st All varieties: Spray- 2,418 acres 1.1 acres 2,199 12 184 ing to 15th) Persimmons: Picking 130,012 pounds ' 1,800 pounds 73 8 9 (from 1st to 10th) Walnuts: Harvesting 389 tons 240 pounds 3,242 8 406 (from 1st to 10th) Totals 37.274 24 1.553 December Strawberries: Setting 5.5 acres 1 0.33 acre 17 17 1 out new plants Cabbage: Planting 114 acres 1 0.33 acre 342 22 16 Hoeing 57 acres *" 0.75 acre 76 22 4 Celery: Harvesting 7,445 crates 34 crates 219 22 10 Peas: Picking 4,209 crates 2 crates 2,105 22 96 Peppers: Picking chili 2,220 tons 1.5 tons 1,480 22 68 (from 1st for drying to 25th) String beans: Picking 930 crates 2 crates 465 22 22 Tomatoes: Picking for 47,533 lugs'" 20 packed lugs 2,377 22 105 market Citrus: Lemons: Picking 140,492 field boxes 15 boxes of 50 pounds 9,367 22 426 Oranges: Picking 87,820 field boxes 50 boxes of 55 pounds 1,757 22 80 All varieties: Fumi- 2,424 acres 0.75 acre 3,232 22 147 gating Totals 21,437 22 975 * On a monthly basis unless otherwise stated. * Estimated portion of job done by seasonal workers. * Picking of all citrus fruit has been included as done by seasonal workers, although a considerable portion of this work is done by persons who are more or less steadily employed on a daily basis. •f Strawberries often require from 2 to 4 pickers per acre at the peak of the season of whom about one third are regular employees. m v Bushberries often require about 3 pickers per acre at the peak of the season. TABLE 4 Summary of Seasonal Labor Needs by Months Orange County 1935 Mont h Required man-days of ssasonal labor Available work days Required man-months of seasonal labor «j Etnuary P7 ASfi 19 1,456 February 11 Q C *Z Ol , ooo PA 1 ^28 wiarcn OO , 100 PA 1 506 April 43,049 25 T TOO 1, 7<2