F 548 ■R5 UC-NRLF B ^ SIS sa? rt HSI^B^SI ISSBU R ^^^^^^H 1^ 9 B Rnfl ^<» •%, fg^vTi .%^ Mrs. Charles Howe, president, 288 Michigan avenue. Io8 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO for self-supporting girls, and those endeavoring to become such. The association maintains a boarding home and an employment bureau at 288 Michigan boulevard, and a West Side Branch at 57 S. Centre avenue. The membership consists of 231 honorary life members, 240 active, and 648 associate members.^ The home on Michigan avenue is not only a place for material comfort, kindly sympathy, and friendly aid, but also a place of reUgious work and of social intercourse and amusement. The religious work at this home is fostered through daily family prayer, weekly meetings of "The Inner Circle," two Bible classes, and occasional service on Sunday and at special seasons. FilUng positions is a small part of the work of the employment bureau; friendly counsel and advice, words of sympathy, small loans, car-fare, are often of great value. During the year ending November i, 1903, 800 applications were received from employees and 451 from employers, while 400 places were filled. The members of the home give several musical and literary entertain- ments during the year. The annual reception and Christmas festival are other social features. The most successful work of the educational department was done in the gymnasium, for which 260 young women were enrolled. There was also a class in elocution, one in music, two in French, one in Spanish, two in hterature, and two in domestic science. Social evenings and team contests add to the interest and benefits of the study classes. The Hbrary showed a total circulation of 7,684 books, while the writing- and reading- rooms were in almost constant use. The hbrary department presented to the settlements of the city 1,500 papers and magazines, and a few books. During the year, 3,382 young women were admitted to the home, 2,658 of whom stayed only for short periods, 57 were ministered to in special need, while 667 remained long enough to be called permanent members of the home. The West Side Branch reported a registration of 345, while all the lines of activities were correspondingly smaller than those of the larger home, owing to lack of room. The association supports three women in the several railroad depots in the city, who assist girls and women who are traveling and may be in need of assistance. These three traveler's aids gave help in 2,098 special cases, giving protection, advice, and information, securing reduced or free trans- portation, serving lunches, or securing positions. ' Twenty-seventh Annual Report for the year ending November, igo3. THE RELIGIOUS INTERESTS 109 Such, in brief, is the work of the Young Woman's Christian Association in Chicago, but its complete value can never be known. It is stored in thankful, happy hearts, better and purer women, Christian character and service, and better homes and community. The association finds its ener- gies consumed in its own chosen field, leaving it at present unable to enlist in the large community interests so frequently pointed out above. 4. The Young Men's Christian Association^ — The large and increasing numbers of young men who come to a large city, so noticeable in the last two decades, have created a great need for the rehgious and social work of the Young Men's Christian Association. The same forces that have created so many other agencies supplementary to the pubUc schools have created the educational work of the association. The activities of the association are further determined by the ideal of the society, which may be described as complete manhood, which is impossible without a healthy, trained body, an instructed, cultured mind, a wholesome, recreative social life, and an active, saving allegiance to Christ. The Young Men's Christian Association is organized through a board of trustees having control of all the property of the association, a board of managers having general control of the affairs of the association, and com- mittees of management having general charge of the several branch asso- ciations or departments. The boards of trustees and managers constitute the general city organization, and are intrusted with the problems of property and plans for the entire field. Their work finds expression in the plans and progress of the several associations. These latter comprise five rail- road departments, five city departments, and sixteen student departments. We shall speak briefly of the first and second groups, more extensively of the last group, and then present a general view of the work of the association throughout the city. In a work performed in the spirit of that of this association, and dealing with such kinds of values, statistics are inadequate to express the results. At best they can only give a glimpse of the value of the work and indicate the character and scope of the Young Men's Christian Association as a factor in the higher Ufe of the city. There are in Chicago five railroad departments in connection with the following: the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, land and building owned by the association; Dearborn Station, land and building leased by the association; Pennsylvania lines, land and building owned; Grand Trunk Railway, land leased, building owned; and the Chicago & Eastern IlHnois Railway, land and building leased. These departments are designed for the employees of the several raihoad companies, their activities and furnish- ' L. Wilbur Messer, general secretary, 153 LaSalle street. no THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO ings being determined by the needs of these men. In connection with these departments there are maintained 9 parlors, 5 assembly-rooms seating about 500 persons, 5 writing-rooms, 3 libraries containing about 1,200 volumes and 140 periodicals, 5 restaurants, 4 dormitories containing 160 beds, 19 baths, and 5 game rooms. At two of these centers monthly receptions or entertainments, lectures, and practical talks, are given. General religious meetings and Bible classes are held weekly at all the centers. Classes and educational clubs are regular features of some of them. There are sixteen departments in connection with as many different schools and universities in the city.^ The work in these centers consists chiefly of reUgious meetings, Bible study, lectures, and practical talks. The membership is limited to students and members of the faculty in the respective schools. There are five general departments: Central, West Side, Hyde Park, Ravenswood, and Roseland. At the last two all the work, except the reli- gious meetings and Bible classes, has been temporarily suspended during the canvass for a new building. The work at the West Side and Hyde Park Departments is patterned after that of the Central Department, but is not so varied or extensive. The Central Department is worthy a some- what extended presentation, and will serve as a highly developed representa- tive of the several departments. The work of the Central Department is divided into five sections: the physical, educational, social, rehgious, and employment. The Physical Section aims to secure to each member that "physical condition without which the highest mental and moral efficiency is impossi- ble." It comprises the following features: gymnasium, baths and nata- torium, bicycle storage, handball court, athletic field, and summer camp. This section offers class and individual instruction and general practice, arranged for business men, young men, boys, schoolboys, and working- boys, in which the recreative principle receives large recognition, and the social nature is enhsted by competitive games, and by class clubs for fencing, wrestling, and track and field events. The Educational Section includes the following features: association college, consisting of two parts — the day school for yoimg men, with an enrolment of 272 students,^ and comprising English, commercial, stenographic, technical preparatory, and college preparatory classes, private tutoring, and a summer school for boys; an evening school for employed men, with a total enrolment of 1,208 students pursuing work ' A list of these can be found in the Official Bulletin published quarterly by the Young Men's Chris- tian Association of Chicago. " All the statistics of the Central Department are for the year ending June 30. 1903. TECE RELIGIOUS INTERESTS III in business studies, English, history and civics, mathematics, music, lan- guage, science, drawing, and shop practice; ten educational clubs, with a total membership of 157, combining the social with the educational feature, among which may be mentioned the MandoHn and Guitar Club, the Book- keeping Club, the Camera Club, the Chemistry Club, the German Con- versation Club, the Glee Club, the Literary Club, and the Social Economics Club. There were given nine educational lectures, with an average attend- ance of 82, on sociological, civic, scientific, historical, and hterary subjects; thirty-eight practical talks on life-work, personal life, and current topics, with an average attendance of 58. The Hbrary, study, and reading-rooms, furnished with 1,200 volumes and 182 periodicals, had an estimated average daily attendance of 475. The Social Section includes the following features; twenty entertain- ments, consisting of musicals, lectures, and impersonations; members' meetings, consisting of receptions, banquets, and patriotic celebrations; a bureau of information on points of interest in Chicago, railroad rates and time-tables, boarding- and rooming-house register; a restaurant; and ten social clubs. The Rehgious Work Section maintains the following lines of activities: the rehgious meetings, the most prominent means of enlisting the members in active Christian service, consisting of a Sunday schedule of four meetings, a noon meeting every week day, special campaigns, such as Lenten services, workers' fellowship groups meeting each week, and a boys' meeting every Saturday morning; Bible study, in which 1,045 "^^n were engaged during the last year, consisting of Bible classes and lecture courses, and a normal Sunday-school class; personal Christian effort, cultivating personal spiritual power through friendship, seeking the opportunity to urge men to surrender to the Master, and following up the man professing conversion until he has become firmly established in the religious life; and the support of a foreign missionary. The Employment and Advisory Section received 2,593 appUcations by men and boys, and 2,865 calls from employers, and filled 1,174 positions during the year. The section undertakes to be an index to every form of individual and organized relief in Chicago. The Central Department is discovered to be well calculated to secure that entire development of men in physical, intellectual, and spiritual hfe proposed above as the ideal of the association. A comprehensive view of the work as a whole, through its several departments, may be indicated by abstracts from the supplement to the Official Bulletin issued by the board of managers for the year 1903. The 112 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO 26 departments had a total senior membership of 7,724; 4 departments reported a junior membership of 1,207; 5 departments had 37 men's gymna- sium classes, with an enrolment of 2,098; 4 reported 11 classes for boys, with an enrolment of 875; 4 had 20 track teams, with 137 members; 4 had II clubs for physical work, containing 1,300 members; 2 departments reported 12 baths, with an attendance of 177,230; 2 had natatoria, with an attendance of 97,376; 3 had handball courts, with an attendance of 28,676; 4 had bowling-alleys, with an attendance of 3,941. Eighteen departments reported an average daily attendance of 3,631; 17 departments held 255 receptions, socials, and banquets, at which 12,833 persons were present; 8 reported 52 entertainments, attended by 19,695 people; 8 had 175 beds, with an average daily use of 298; 6 served an average of 885 meals and lunches daily. The day schools of the Central Department gave 48 courses to 271 students; 4 departments offered 58 courses, with an enrolment of 1,142 students; 4 reported 15 educational clubs, with 170 members; 5 provided 269 lectures and practical talks for a total attendance of 7,908; 6 libraries, containing 2,190 volumes, were visited by 161 persons per day; 16 reading- rooms, having on file 416 periodicals, had 1,340 visitors per day. Twenty-one departments held 1,045 religious meetings for men, with a total attendance of 63,218; 3 had 73 meetings for boys, at which 4,340 were present; 16 maintained 49 Bible-study classes, with an enrolment of 869; 2 conducted 19 Bible-study lectures, at which 5,616 persons were present; 3 had 4 mission-study classes, enrolling 50 members and contributing $1,579; 2 had 4 groups of personal workers, with 126 members; 515 men professed conversion, 416 were referred to pastors, and 40 led into church membership. Eleven departmental employment bureaus received 3,153 applications for work, 2,679 calls for men, and filled 1,398 positions; 11 received 313 appUcations for reHef, 283 of whom were assisted; while 1,328 visits to the sick were made; 13 departments registered 672 places for room or board, and directed 2,261 men to them. Such is the general statistical conspectus of the Young Men's Christian Association in Chicago. The advice, encouragement, and salvation brought to men through its work are still immeasured. The educational work of the association is designed especially for students proper who have a general education, and for those who are seek- ing educational help in some present problem or in fitting them for some special service. These latter constitute the great majority of the members of the association classes. The educational work is, therefore, in no way designed to take the place of the free pubUc school, but to supplement it. THE RELIGIOUS INTERESTS II3 The sympathetic and active co-operation with the churches and the organized charity and relief associations indicates a large degree of effective community-consciousness on the part of the association, at least so far as young men are concerned. The board of managers has created a department of Affiliated Move- ments in the hope of securing the co-operation of men's clubs, Bible classes, social settlements, and other work organized for the betterment of young men. Such a department is a recognition of the essential unity of all the agencies in the city that make for the better life of young men. The effec- tiveness of this co-operation is yet to be demonstrated and the evidence of the larger commimity-interest of which the work for young men is one part is not yet very convincing. Division of labor must be the method, but com- munity-perspective must be the view-point. 5. The Volunteers of America have their headquarters for the North West Territory in Chicago. They do both religious and relief work. Christmas dinners and the newsboys and waifs' picnic are among their special charities. There are in Chicago about 200 ofi&cers and workers, four posts, missions, or Sunday schools, and six philanthropic centers. The corps of workers hold gospel services every evening of the week at the missions. The relief departments assist with money and goods poor families and those evicted for non-payment of rent; an employment agency and dispen- sary are maintained free ; summer outings for children and a summer camp for poor mothers from the slums are supported free to the recipients. The Volunteers also furnish a reading-room and assist in the support of cheap homes for working- women and workingmen. They maintain a sewing school for poor mothers during five months of the year. The Volunteers co-operate with all the churches, but are non-sectarian. 6. The medical missions and allied charities consist of the Chicago Branch Sanitarium, the Life Boat Mission, the Life Boat Rest for Girls, the Life Boat Rest Suburban Home, the American Medical Missionary Dis- pensary, the North Side Treatment Rooms, and a Workingmen's Home. These institutions are associated with the Battle Creek Sanitarium, Battle Creek, Mich., and are at their center mission work carried on by the Adventists. The Life Boat Mission and the Life Boat Rest for Girls are first of all missions, while at all the institutions religious services are regularly held. Some charity characterizes the work at each center. The dispensaries and Workingmen's Home are self-supporting, but funds are solicited from the pubUc for the support of the missions. 114 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO 7. The Salvation Army combines charity and relief work with its evangelistic work. It operates in Chicago 12 Enghsh-speaking corps, 6 Swedish corps, 2 Norwegian corps, i German corps, and 3 slum posts. During the year 1903 these workers conducted 4,160 open-air meetings, attended by 200,000 people; also 7,000 meetings in the several halls of the army, which were attended by 500,000 people. No fewer than 1,800 per- sons professed conversion under the instruction of the army. The army also operates in Chicago 6 workingmen's hotels, i working- women's hotel, I home for fallen girls, i maternity hospital (recently opened), I industrial home, i slum nursery, i bureau for tracing missing relatives and friends, 2 training schools, and 5 salvage stores. It has 150 persons engaged in reUef work among the poor of Chicago. The hotels for workingmen and working-women are almost self- supporting, but do a large amount of free work. About 1,000 men and women are cared for each night in these 7 hotels. During the past year i ,000 tons of paper, rags, and waste material were handled in the industrial home by men who were out of employment, but who were thus enabled to earn a living until regular employment could be found. The 5 salvage stores handled more than 1 50,000 articles of clothing and furniture. These articles are all donated by friends, collected by the 5 salvage wagons of the army, and distributed among the poor at a very small cost. It is believed that 80 per cent, of the 65 girls who passed through the rescue home have been restored to lives of virtue. There are maintained on the West Side a home for young men and one for young women, where about 50 students are being trained for active service among the poor in large cities. In addition to this indoor work, the army supplied 20,000 poor people with coal during the winter of 1902-3, and gave about 2,000 Christmas baskets, each con- taining sufficient food for a family of five persons. During the following summer outings were given to more than 2,000 slum mothers and children. The Salvation Army has its work systematized and ministers to its cUentele in a most effective manner, striving to reHeve distress, to help able-bodied persons to help themselves, to discourage pauperism, and to present Christianity to all who will hear. It solicits and receives from the pubUc a large amount of money and provisions, all of which are judiciously used and carefully accounted for. 8. Churches and Sunday schools. — It has been impossible to get ade- quate or accurate statistics concerning the churches of Chicago. There is no central clearing-house for information concerning them. So far as I have been able to learn, no church authority has been able to compile the statistics of church membership except through^ estimates based upon the THE RELIGIOUS INTERESTS "5 number of churches reported in the city directory, and the Sunday-school membership as reported by the Cook County Sunday School Association, using the ratio of church membership to Sunday-school membership given by four denominations that keep the completer statistics. It is not possible to get statistics of property values, except in few cases, of attend- ance by session or by sex, of net increase or decrease in membership, of benevolent collections or other charity. With one or two exceptions, no statistics are obtainable concerning the young people's societies. With no clearing-house for information, and with incomplete statistics kept in non- uniform ways by some and not at all by other denominations, any statistical statement concerning the churches of Chicago must be taken as only an approximation. The following table shows the denominational strength in Chicago in 1902: Church Adventist Baptist Christian Dunkard Congregational Episcopal Evangelistic Association. . . Episcopal Reformed German Evangelical Greek Lutheran Methodist Episcopal Methodist, Free Presbyterian, Cumberland Presbyterian Presbyterian, United Reformed Churches Svi^edish Mission Swedenborgian United Evangelical Union Evangelical Latter Day Saints Miscellaneous Total 641 Number ' Members 6 425^ 74 20,976 19 2,700" I 95' 79 14,625 41 7,8oo» 12 3.650" 7 2,200" 24 10,500" 2 150" 97 38,500=' 138 27,500 9 850" 8 1.425' 51 16,505 7 1.325' 19 2,350" 17 950' 5 450' 6 1. 350' 5 2,250" 2 150" 12 1,650" 157.376 There are also 4 Christian Science, 10 Christian Catholic Church of Zion, 4 Unitarian, 4 UniversaUst, 27 Jewish, and 134 Catholic churches in Chicago. Except for the Catholic churches, which report a Catholic popu- lation of one milhon for the archdiocese of Cliicago,^ there are no collected statistics for these churches available. ' City directory, 1902. » Estimated from the Sunday-school statistics. 3 Catholic Directory, 1903. ii6 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO Based on the school census of 1902 of 2,144,000, there is one church to every 2,600 inhabitants. The Sunday-school statistics for Chicago are much more complete than those of the churches. The following table, compiled from the report of the Cook County Sunday School Association, is based on reports for the year 1902 and shows the chief statistical facts concerning the Sunday schools within the city. Denomination m 8 ss J3 Bja CO Sg OH 11 2; 104 2,333 24 367 90 2,079 47 91 13 228 24 696 80 1,46s 33 132 154 3,846 89 2,404 23 622 21 410 8 IS7 4 97 4 34 9 71 72 1,239 799 16,271 ►5^ a fl rt & 1 it U KQ 662 330 63 6s S88 248 32 8 191 274 1,420 i,S32 589 708 122 33 112 20 12 20 277 318 4,017 3.607 Baptist Christian Congregational Episcopal _. Evangelical Association Evangelical Synod of North America Lutheran Lutheran Parochial Methodist Presbyterian Swedish Mission Reformed Reformed Episcopal United Evangelical New Jerusalem Seventh Day Adventists Unclassified Total 20 219 3,679 20,178 666 1,650 7,765 16,042 8,970 35.583 22,821 6,2 59 4,086 i,4S4 1,041 223 523 11,571 162,730 14,609 2,486 14,421 496 1,454 6,169 12,422 6,892 25,514 15.341 5.103 3,SS8 1,087 669 185 374 8,691 119,471 483 127 371 II 31 314 552 333 927 660 14 73 46 503 4,453 $2,529.24 648.21 1,889.49 265.75 492 . 47 2,525.12 263.50 S.075-59 6,864.00 386.60 1,538.59 596.41 104.00 1,699.34 $24,878.31 This table shows that there is one Sunday school to every 785 persons under twenty-one years of age,^ and one school to every 2,683 persons. One out of every 3.8 persons who are less than twenty-one years of age is a Sunday-school scholar, and one out of every 13 of the total population. One out of 11.8 persons is a member of a Sunday school — one out of every 1 1.3 if the members of the Cradle Roll and Home Departments are included. There is one Sunday-school teacher to every ten pupils enrolled. It may be that a layman should not attempt to discuss the problems of the churches. I shall not attempt, therefore, to do more than suggest some things as they have appeared in this study. Within the city of Chicago, and among the denominations whose work I have had best opportunity to study, there have been different experiences as to the gain in membership. There is evident, however, a serious concern over this interest of the church. Whatever complete statistics might show, were they kept and brought together, it is very plain that the manifold activities of the churches, Sunday schools, and missions cannot be reported ' School census of 1902 reports 627,262 persons under twenty-one years of age. THE RELIGIOUS INTERESTS II 7 in the simpler statistics of the earlier church history. It may be that the "spiritual condition" of the churches is not told by reciting the number of "conversions " or the number of "baptisms." It is quite probable that the spiritual fruit of the classes and clubs, of the reading-rooms and savings banks, of the gymnasium and employment bureau, cannot be measured by the religious standard of a century ago. A brief review of the social conditions in a great city will serve to set forth the difficulty and the importance of the church work. The very presence of great numbers, their belonging to many races and religions, the increased coming of large numbers from the rural districts, the increasing homelessness and childlessness of the people, the namelessness and imper- sonality of city Hfe, the constant moving about from one neighborhood to another, the closely drawn lines between class and class, the nervous tension of the population and the abundance of other attractions — all these make the problem a difficult one. The importance of the questions involved in these conditions, together with the increasingly large role played by the great cities in the life of the nation and its civilization, indicates how vital is the correct solution. The reHgious frontiers of the nation are no longer the sparsely settled country districts, but the densely populated urban com- munities. These conditions, supplemented by the demands of a practical age that religion must demonstrate its practicabiUty, have contributed to the develop- ment of institutional church work. The recognition of the close dependence of the spiritual upon the physical welfare has Ukewise been a factor in the inauguration of the day nursery, the kindergarten, classes in domestic science and civics, clubs and reading-rooms, penny savings banks, employ- ment bureaus, gymnasiums and cadet drills, free dispensaries and bureaus of justice, in connection with some of the churches in the crowded or factory districts. It would be very interesting to know whether reUgious instruction is carried on in the home as much as formerly. We have seen that the work of teaching in school subjects is being more and more given over to the nurs- ery, kindergarten, and public school. We have likewise been impressed with the changing character of the home under changed industrial conditions, and it may be a pertinent question to ask what effect these changed home conditions, on the one hand, are having on the religious instruction of chil- dren, and what effect the new church activities, on the other hand, are having. It is well known that the imcertainty concerning religious teachings on the part of parents causes a hesitancy in the religious instruction of their chil- dren. There seems to be some evidence of a similar change to that in the Il8 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO educational field, in the Cradle Rolls and the Home Departments of the Sunday schools, by means of which the church goes into the home to reach those who are too young to go to the places of meeting and those who are detained at home by age or other hindrances. There are many auxihary church societies, and their work is invalu- able. All of these are ^denominational in their origin and largely in their support. With few exceptions, however, they minister to persons irrespective of rehgious behef or church affliation. These societies take the form of missionary and aid societies, leagues, and councils. The first- named aid needy churches and Sunday schools. The aid societies provide relief for individual famihes, support special church enterprises, and con- tribute to the various charities of the city. The leagues and councils do a large amount of personal service, contribute to the work of settlements and kindred lines of work, and assist in the city charities. Besides these auxiliary societies, many denominations have a ministerial union which usually meets weekly for purposes of counsel. Denominational lines have kept the church Ufe of the city as a whole from the organization of any central representative body of counsel or bureau of information. It may be that such a central council is impossible under present religious conditions, but it is not quite clear that the bureau of information is not feasible and greatly to be desired. True to her traditions of conservatism, the church is not abreast of the centralizing, co-operating spirit of the age. Union of churches is not being argued for, but a com- munity-perspective of the rehgious interests. Division of labor seems necessary, but the most comprehensive outlook is greatly desired in the interest of inteUigent planning, sympathetic appreciation, and harmonious action. It is almost impossible to know what philanthropic work the churches do outside of their regular benevolent collections. In the charity records' of the city we find many cases of rehef or co-operation with the charitable societies accredited to the churches. It is probably a characteristic of church charity that its alms should not be seen of man. It is also regarded consistent with this spirit that the church should give without waiting for a careful investigation of the worthiness of the applicant. It is claimed, and often truly, that the church knows the need of those to whom it would minister; for they are usually of its own parish. It is claimed that the harm of giving to the unworthy may not be greater than the good done to the giver. That it is more blesesd to give than to receive should not, however, be interpreted to encourage indiscriminate giving; else this beautiful truth ' See p. 79, footnote. THE RELIGIOUS INTERESTS IIQ become a vulgarism. There is in truth, and should be in practice, no con- flict between the genuine scientific charity and genuine church charity. There is seeming conflict when the intellect is emphasized at the expense of the emotions in the former, and the emotions are emphasized at the expense of the intellect in the latter. Fulness of expression of the whole self in the largest situation the person can take into account would furnish an equally good guide to both the workers. CHAPTER XII. GENERAL SUMMARY AND SOME SUGGESTIONS ON SOCIAL THEORY. Such is the higher life of Chicago : the educational interests represented by the public schools and their supplementary agencies, the special and professional schools and colleges, and the university; the social and moral interests embodied in civic clubs, women's clubs, social settlements, trade unions, and charities; the aesthetic interests expressed in art and music; the religious interests working through the Christian associations, Sunday schools, churches, and auxiliary societies. In the study of these, certain facts and tendencies have been pointed out. The existence and importance of voluntary associations; the increased differentiation of public-school children ; the large number of kindergartens and day nurseries; the increased use of the public-school buildings for evening classes and lectures; the tendency toward manual, commercial, and domestic training; the effort to bring the home and the school nearer together by a changed curriculum and the organization of parents' clubs, are among the more prominent in connection with the educational interests. The demands of a practical spirit, and of changed industrial conditions upon the school, the home, the settlements, and the church, have been shown in the several sections. The work of the women's clubs was found to be that of the mother writ large, and the natural result of taking industries and teaching out of the home. Voluntary private initiative and prepara- tion for public support and control have been seen in many cases. The large role of reUgious, race, and national feeUng in charity work, the prob- lem of the foreigner with special reference to the social settlements and the night schools, have been commented upon. The degree of community- consciousness and the examples of co-operation have been spoken of. The inadequacy of the several groups of agencies has been intimated. A lack of equipment for school children who are other-than-normal, defec- tive, or dependent; the crowds who clamored for admission to the vacation schools; the waiting lists for the industrial classes; the small number of night schools; the reduced appropriation for support of schools and hbraries; the need of a larger number of medical charities and homes for the aged; the dupUcation of efforts to secure a central bureau of information for the charities; inadequate co-operation among the several agencies having a given interest; a lack of intelHgent grasp, S3anpathetic appreciation, and SUGGESTIONS ON SOCIAL THEORY 121 t harmonious action on the part of all the community agencies and forces — these indicate the greatest needs for a better realization of the city's higher hfe. It is believed that such an inventory of the agencies that make for the educational, social, moral, aesthetic, and religious betterment of Chicago gives occasion for encouragement, and it is hoped that this conspectus may be of some service in realizing the better city. Certain questions have from time to time been raised in this study that belong to a study in general social theory. The essential unity of all the community interests has often been declared. The relation of the individual to his group and of voluntary to municipal effort has been brought up. It has been pointed out that different moral standards prevail. These and kindred topics call for a little further discussion. For purposes of the study of the higher life, the health and wealth interests were assumed as given, and the educational, social, moral, aesthetic, and reUgious interests were studied. For purposes of general social theory, we desire to include the former also. As there is a unity between the physical and spiritual life of the individual, so there is a unity between the material and spiritual Hfe of society. There are, however, two ways of conceiving this unity. In the case of the individual, some regard the physi- cal and the spiritual, or the body and the mind, as given separate, and the individual is regarded as the bringing together of the two ; the individual is a unity made by combining disparate elements. So, too, some conceive the conscious life of the individual as made up by combining the intellect, the emotions, and the will; conceive it as a product of disparate things. The individual is, however, a unit which we resolve into the physical and the spiritual. The unity is the existental reality, and the parts are abstrac- tions for purposes of observation and description. The so-called tripartite — or even the bipartite — division of the conscious Hfe into inteUect, emotions, and wiU has too often been regarded as a conscious Hfe made up by combin- ing the intellect, emotions, and will; whereas these three are divisions made on reflection. The real consciousness is a unity which on reflection may be divided into intellect, emotions, and will, but which is not obtained by uniting intellect, emotions, and will; not that consciousness is a union of the three, but that it is a unity which may be resolved into the three. In the case of society, the unity of the individual and his group, or of the interests of society, is not a unity made by combining the individual and the group as given and separate, nor the balancing of the material and spiritual interests to get a harmonious whole. The essential unity in society is not a result of bringing disparate things together; it is a given unity which 122 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO on observation may be resolved into the individual and the group. The individual and the group are not given and then combined to give the social unity, but a social unity is given vs^hich for piurposes of description is resolved into the individual and the group. The individual is an abstraction from the unity which in reaUty includes him and the rest of the group. Certain social philosophers have regarded society as made up of so many discrete individuals. Mr. Spencer seems to have had this conception. He likened society to a pile of cannon balls whose shape and properties are determined by the shape and properties of the balls. The balls were given separately and then brought together to form the pile. So the individuals were conceived as given and then brought together to form society. Such a conception rests on the unreal assumption of such an abstracted individual. Mr. Spencer's social problems became problems of how to adjust the indi- vidual to the several forms of society, became the question of the interference of the state with the rights of the individual. If Mr. Spencer had conceived of the essential unity of society which falls apart into individuals and the group, e. g., the state, only on reflection, his problems would not have been those of suppressing either the individual or the state, but would have been questions of the fullest expression of both. On the other hand, Mr. Gumplowicz makes the group as set over against the individual the great factor. He conceives the group as given and the individual as derived. His problem, therefore, became one of adjustment of the individual to the group. Questions of value for both him and Mr. Spencer became comparative questions — balances between the individual and the group. The unity they saw in society was a unity derived from the bringing together of the individual and the group. They mistook thought-abstractions for given elements, and could not solve the puzzle of putting them together so they would stay put. The individual and the rest-of-the-group are aUke abstraction, and the problem of bringing them together is self-made. They exist only together. Instead of questions of balance, of infringement, or of suppression, there are presented questions of fulness of growth and expression. The problem of whether the interests of the individual and society are one belongs to a falsely conceived unity, for in reality they do not exist apart. Such we beUeve to be the unity that underUes the health, wealth, social, moral, aesthetic, and reUgious interests of any community. Such a classifi- cation is a thought-product and has value. But too often conceptual discreteness has been substituted for existental unity. A methodological device has been mistaken for the reahty; the means has been substituted for the end. No attempt at putting together these several interests in any SUGGESTIONS ON SOCIAL THEORY 1 23 ratio of combination is likely to give a permanent solution. Their unity is not the result of thinking, but is the reaUty that the community lives. Questions of value are not how to combine them, but how to allow them all their fullest expression. In the light of this discussion, the question of individual or voluntary society initiative and public control becomes easy to answer. They are not two entirely different things. The individual or the voluntary society is a part of the unity of the community. Their work represents one stage in making habitual those variations that arise with changing conditions. The voluntary support of kindergartens until they are taken into the pubUc schools is not to be conceived as the work of the individual as set over against the work of society. The kindergarten movement is society react- ing to new conditions, is a variation that must be taken account of; and the individuals who take the first interest in the movement are no less a part of society than those who, taking no part in the kindergartens, may be direct- ing the state care of the defectives or the municipal lodging of homeless men. It is no less and no more praiseworthy to do the one than the other; the failure is in not doing, or not doing well. The receiver of charity misjudges the one who gives; the labor union and the church cannot agree ; scientific and church charity have different stand- ards. The plane on which these can agree is not that of a constructed unity through a process of suppression and balancing, but that of a given existental unity. From this plane, fulness of expression of all the commun- ity-interest will give the socialized act. Not that conflict will not arise, but a failure to know its meaning and to resolve it correctly causes the term "unsocial" or "immoral" to attach to the variations or conflicts which are the conditions of progress. When all the interests of the community are considered certain proposi- tions present themselves. There is nothing fixed. All is change. Life is always active. The health, wealth, social, moral, aesthetic, and religious interests are products of an analysis of the social process rather than given separate interests to be synthesized into the social process. Society is unitary rather than unified. There seems no warrant for positing any fixed goal. Reahty is ceaseless activity. It is a non sequitur to set up a fixed goal. Questions of value are not degrees of approach to some concep- tual static ideal, but must have their worth determined by the part they play as the life goes on. The questions that are worth while are not those of the comparative value of any two terms in the health, wealth, sociability, knowl- edge, beauty, and rightness series, but how to make each and all of these interests contribute to furthering the Ufe-process. Problems of society are not to be stated in or solved by equations, but by progressions. PART IV APPENDIX NAifE OF Club / 1 1 rua Circle' / llrui Woman's Club / rchc Club / rlinKton Heights' Woman's Club .llan Ceramic Club alternate Club Johemian Woman's Club 'atholic Woman's League rharity Alliance r 'hicago Assoc, of Collegiate Alumnx ^ Chicago Common's Woman's Club ■ 'hicago Culture Club' , ^^hicago Kindergarten Club Chicago Press League^ 'hicago South Side Club 1 ;;hicago Woman's Aid ' I^hicago Woman's Club-> ■ Jhicago Political Equality League Council of Jewish Women' , "urrent Topic Club (Blue Island) '• Douglas Park Woman's Club. £lm Street Woman's Club 1 Englcwood Woman's Club i Every Wednesday Club ' Federation Forum of Illinois > Eortniglitly Club , Fortnighlly of Englewood. 1 U'ricndlv .\id Society ) 'froster Clul) iP'riday Ckib | Gad's Hill Center Woman's Club i (larlield Park Woman's Club \ Home Culture Club ' Hull House Woman's Club* i Ida 15. Wells Woman's Club (Col.) ' Illinois Congress of Mothers' | Irving Park Woman's Club : Kirkland Association' I Klio Association'" ' Lake View Woman's CJlub" ' League of Religious Fellowslup ( Ijlll,. \^nnf rhUA T „.,^„<. I n 1) j= 3 O o C a ■3 < u X X X X X X X c CI o ^ ca •a s .— u F ?" o ;j ■B K o J2 B 3 'S. h-1 W « K .w TABLE I. WOMEN'S CLUBS IN CHICAGO. Name or Cttni Presidk NT- 1 Members Finance Departments s 1 i I i 1 3 1 si ll a s. 1? 1 5 I i 1 1 1 I 1 5 1 3 1 1 ■a s 1 1 1 „ 1 1 1 s 1 Si a 3 1 1 3 , i 1 is 1 1 1 1 2 , Mrs. J. B. Sherwood. 530 W. Monroe St '08 ■88 % 'Vs ;87 '78 ;| '87 ;'8s V" ■58 ;o8 4 186 X "», .16s 16s 11 J 18° I'S, Delega Organi 165 - 8 8 $..000 Sio!^ I'll 1.80 j'oo X X X X X X X X X X i i- 1.. !>< I X X X X X X 'm X X X X X X M X X X X Do X M X X X X X X uiic X X X X X X c S His Tra M X x* X X mnc '16 Is "x "x "x X '■'■ :: X x X X ■■ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ■■ :: X X X X X X X X X X X X x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X x X X X X x '■'■ :: "^ X :: x .. X X X '.'■ x '.'. X '.'. X '.'. X .. X X 'i; r-hf^Club rknLTMii Hoghts* Woman's Club Emiiy T. B. Draper, Arlington Heights. Ill ,\'33;^f;j':^j;;::,^'lX'^:::; Miss Marion Talbot, Univeraty of Chicago Mrs. Henry A. Phillips. 844 W. Adams St U.™aDV.\id''. ' .',.'.'.'.'.'. . W, . man's Oub* i'.ltiical Equality League f TeuTsh iVomcn' l/.pit Club (Blue Island) Mre. E.J. Staunsky, 4047 Washington Park PI. . Mr*. Chas. Henrolin. asi Goethe St Mrs. Gertrude Blackwclder, Morgan Park Mrs. Haitie Samuelson, 1672 Fletcher St Mrs. E. F. Rowland, 7001 Stewart Av . 1 \V.-.m.ir/~ Club X Caiherin Goggin Mrs. W.H.Wihnanh, Auditorium Annex Mrs. Bright, 651? Harvard Av Mrs. F. L. Basselt, H2 47th St Miss Anna Muller, 1073S Michigan Av Mrs Ira C. Wood, 527 N. State St Mrs. Uik Martin, 1 iliS S. Winchester Av X , } 'irk Woman's Club Grace C. Meyer. 2 % Park St Mrs. Laura D. Pdham, 532 Tribune BIdg- X Mrs. W. S. Hefferan, '.4^4 Stewart Av Mrs. C. K. ChLipin. , t v N'- 44ih Ct Mrs. K.iw.ird burling, Winm-ik..Tll Miss ILirrictt Snv.i.r, 770 j..L-k_sun Boul Helen C. WH^hl, ;o;„ K.nmore Av , Edgcwater.. Mr^, Henn' M.i^-.x, 1122 Union Av iiiikUnti Association' Klio .Vsajdalion" ■^ Uttic Deaf Child League. Mary Noble Oub X Dorothy I. MiUman, 1105 W. Garfield Boul NLi.T,..i| Twentieth Century Club Idng House Home Association. . 4; Woman's Club May Roberts, fci S. 8ih Av Mrs. NL J. R. Tyler. 008 W. Monroe St Mrs. James L. Clark. 1723 W. 103d St Century Club o( Oak Park.... ,-JHouscWoman'sCiub'i.... Mrs^^HaWielt V^n Der Va^rt,' 1224 wVo?!^ St '. \ X Mrs. La Verne Noyes, 234 Lincoln Park Boul. . . Mrs. Mary Peterson, Lincoln and Peterson Avs. . . Dr. Mary A. Seymour, 793 N. Washtenaw Av. . Mrs. Frank E. Clark, gjo Warren Av Mrs-Chas.H. Belts, 4Q8LelandAv Mrs. Geo. B. Townsend, 360 Latlirup Av,. River Mrs. A. 1). LowclJ.'477J N- ClarkSl.; ^ ¥.. M. Coney, 905 Polk St X RuskmClub Mrs. W. T. Caldwell, 5020 Washington Av ■ f Chicago Settlement Woman's Miss Mary McDowell, 4658 Ashland Av Mrs. C. R. Henderson, 5736 Washington Av i Chicago Seltiement League. . Mrs. Philip D. Armour, 150 Michigan Av Mrs. Wm. F. Grower, 964 Jackson Boul ^uxiliarj' .American Park and '. uiiiu.ii\: Columbian of Northwestern llni- Mrs. Albert R. Martin, 731 N. Hoyne Av Woina,n's Aid and Loan Society of Irving Julia H.Jaffray, 6444 Lexington Av ■ oman's Union of the Society for Ethical ■ Culture" \ ' ' _»_ ' Bureau of iDformation; employment bureau. ' Mutual benefit for newspaper women. • The Chicago Woman's Club has six departments, each self-governing and aim e departments will be represented in some line of work. Jail school; mural decorai s bank; home science exhibit; flower n id Society; aid penny s; I Tuskcgee. » Summer sewing school; Hebrew free school. * Sewing school. * Educated a girl at Tuskegee. •A club (sUlc) that has organiiied twenty parents' clubs raining, playgrounds, lectures, socials, art, etc. « Developed the Occident Club in Weslcm Eleoric Works. " Developed the Noon Day Rest; see same. ; City Homes Association; civil s ; cases each department, or two or isil baby farms; School Children's ; equal suffrage extension; cottage ion with the schools and these develop the ' Sewing school. ' Sewing school. 3 Club chorus. . * A lunch-room and club-rooms for business girls up town. * s Club chorus. ^ Docs a great deal in agitating the question of public health. 8 Cooking classes. Improvcmenl Association; Anti-Cigarelle League; club chorus; school extension; nurses' school; home mission. " School extension; chanties. ' Provided seeds for public-school children at i cent per package, spring 1904. Work is directed toward beautifying the school g » Works for clean streets and alleys, 3 School extension; Bureau of Charities ^" ,iiK Settlement has •I) FOR Community "{ipL ayground. 'Uild. 1 equipment; library postal station. 1] lall park. I'l; pul)lic bath; library -, postal station; better liiiinisl ration. filth; two small parks; {(library station; free dis- n securing small park. Other Activities Posters in 30 factories; noon meetings in 5 tailor shops; second-hand garments sold. Friendly visiting. A church and Sunday school, and a chil- dren's church meet in Common's building. Regular church and Sunday-school ser- vices; settlement and institutional church for negroes. Co-operates with Lincoln St. Institutional Church. Probation officer and visiting nurse re- .side at Hull House. Investigations of health conditions carried on. Free dispensary, with station; garments af changed for work. A model cottage for teaching domestic science. New building being erected. Co-operated with Bureau of Charities in maintaining a public garden; works for improved sanitation, labor laws, and administration. Co-operates with \'isiting Xurse .Associa- tion. lar corner of N. Sedgwick and Oak Sts., is only a real hospitable J^ /HE Settlement has ■ I) FOR Community Other Activities playground. oil IK 1. il equipment; lilirary ])Ostal station. I] lall park. ^'11 1; public liath; li1)rary •-', postal station; belter . Imini.stration. ith; two small parks; library station; free liis- n securing small park. Posters in 30 factories; noon meetings in 5 tailor shops; second-hand garments sold. Friendly visiting. A church and Sunday .school, and a chil- dren's church meet in Common's building. Regular church and Sunday-school ser- vices; settlement and ' institutional church for negroes. Co-operates with Lincoln St. Institutional Church. Probation officer and visiting nur.se re- side at Hull House. Investigations of health conditions carried on. Free dispensary, with .station; garments exchanged for work. .\ model cottage for teaching domestic science. New building being erected. Co-operated with Bureau of Charities in maintaining a public garden; works for improved sanitation, labor laws, and administration. Co-opcrales with \'isiting Xurse Associa- tion. •ar corner of N. Sedgwick and Oak Sts., is only a real hospitable pri TABLE II. SETTLEMENTS. 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K S .''.-a a ■a rt g o D ? — •£ s " =« S c "">«. .2.og .5 d . 6 g O E s2-?t; . jj o ca •5 t^ ja •2 a c; o aa ■i-:^ h a E S al to s-^ 9 > — -a m M O ag^-EO- £ E o 5f r-2-a JiS "5 g gT3 > OSWH I .a ■ti o o o E^ . ho u s s «E-S >.,7i °* «J S 73 °.g-5 o ■■zl C E e > u i3 SP ca c.g -gt^ ^ ax, H V 3 V ^/p.s .^ c O rt 3 5.g^5_o-| n^ y. " §^-gg-i-§Efe':-|^ '-' a c «3 S;H p-i^ =« 3^ " sseIISe^I^s^I Bgo-§SgS^-ii|S °i:'s:;>.~ c3 t> o o !i ".--9 > " e - c o »^-5-r!J2 rt^ CO g o SB 3o Ji" - « S fs-£a.S6| rtco Q^g-u a.g ■g-: « .a s o j3 Si 513 •- to -■c g E?° & >c/5 2" Id S3 o. OS •S-^ o N O - := ■= ta Z ^ T:^ dTJ to m^- •^Z w'^T35j Q d w . ^W g«i g •« -|-^£ c o.S W 3 cd fl guWH y £; INDEX. ^Esthetic Interests of Chicago, 95-105 (see Table of Contents). Aged, care of the, 84; Appendix, Table III. Apollo Musical Club, 104. Armour Institute of Technology, 43. Art in Chicago, appreciation of, 95, 96. Art Institute, 100-103. Associated Jewish Charities, 82, 83. Benefit features of trade unions, 75, 76. Bill Boards, Committee on, 98, 99. Blind (see Defectives). Boulevards (sec Playgrounds). Bureau of Charities, Chicago, 79-81. Canal, Chicago Drainage, 11. Care of the aged, 84; Appendix, Table III. Care of children, 84; Appendix, Table III. Central Department of the Y. M. C. A., no, in. Charities, 78-87 (see Table of Contents); Appendix, Table III. Charity, trade unions and, 74. Chicago Bureau of Charities, 79-81. Chicago Daily News Free Lecture Course, 28. Chicago Drainage Canal, 11. Chicago Flower Mission, 31. Chicago, growth of, 11, 12. Chicago Historical Society and Library, 42. Chicago Kindergarten Club, 23. Chicago Law Institute and Library, 42. Chicago Orchestra, 104, 105. Chicago Public Library, 37-9. Chicago PubUc School Art Society, 97. Chicago Relief and Aid Society, 81, 82. Chicago Theological Seminary, library of the, 42, 43- Chicago Woman's Club, 30, 55; Appendix, Table I. Children, care of, 84; Appendix, Table III. Child Study, Department of Scientific Pedagogy and, 21, 22. Churches and Sunday schools, 1 14-19; and charity, 118, iig; and trade unions, 76. Citizens' Association of Chicago, 49, 50. City Art Commission, 96. City Club of Chicago, 53, 54. Civic associations, 49-54 (see Table of Contents). Civic Federation of Chicago, 30, 50, 51. Civil Service Reform Association of Chicago, 53. Colleges of the University of Chicago, Junior and Senior, 35. Commercial studies, 31, 32. Community-consciousness, meaning of, 13; among the libraries, 43, 44; by the Chicago Bureau of Charities, 81. Co-operation, among the social settlements, 66, 67; by trade unions, 77; by the Chicago Bureau of Charities, 81; among the charities, 87-89; among the aesthetic interests, 102, 103; by the Y. M. C. A., 113; among the churches, 118. Crerar Library, John, 40, 41. Crippled children (see Defectives). Cultural and Economic Interests, 13. Daily News Free Lecture Course, Chicago, 28. Day nurseries, 23, 24. Deaf (see Defectives). Defectives — blind, deaf, crippled — provision for, by the public schools and voluntary societies, 24. 25, 30, 31; charitable care of, 84, 85. Department of Scientific Pedagogy and Child Study, 21, 22. Drunkenness, and trade unions, 73, 74. Economic and Cultural Interests, 13. Emplovment bureaus, of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society, 82; of the United Hebrew Charities, 83; of the Y. M. C. A., in, 112; Appendix Table III. Evening schools, 27, 28; in social settlements, 61; in Y. M. C. A. departments, 1 10-12. Exhibition Committee of the Municipal Art League, 99, 100. E.xtension Department of the University of Chicago 34- Field Columbian Museum, 32, 33. Flower Mission, Chicago, 31. Growth of Chicago, 11. Hebrew Charities, United, 83. Household arts, in the public schools, 31, 32. Illinois Civil Service Association, 53. Illinois Woman's Christian Temperance Union X07. Improvement clubs, 14. Information, Department of, the Chicago Bureau of Charities, 81; the Chicago Relief and Aid Society, 82. Interests, Economic and Cultural, 13. Jewish Charities, Associated, 82, 83. John Crerar Library, 40, 41. John Worthy School, 25. Juvenile Court, 26, 27. Kindergarten Club, Chicago, 23. Lake Front Improvement, Committee on, 98. Law and Order League, 54. Lectures, in public-school buildings, 28; in social settlements, 60. Legal-aid societies, 85; Appendix, Table III. Legislative Voters' League, 52, 53. Libraries of Chicago, 37-44 (see Table of Con- tents). Library of the Armour Institute of Technology, 43. Library of the Chicago Theological Seminary, 42, 43- Library of the University of Chicago, 35. Library of the Western Theological Seminary, 43. 135 136 THE HIGHER LIFE OF CHICAGO Manual training, household arts, commercial studies, 31, 32. Medical charities, 84; Appendix, Table III. Medical missions and allied charities, 113. Merchants' Club, 28, 29, 53. Morally imperiled and delinquent children, pro- vision for, 25-27. Municipal Art Gallery of Chicago, 100. Municipal Art League of Chicago, 97-9. Municipal Lecture Association, 54. Municipal Voters' League, 51, 52. Museum, Field Columbian, 32, 33; of the Art In- stitute, 99, 100. Musical societies, 103-5. Newberry Library, 41, 42. Night schools, 27, 28. Outings, by the social settlements, 63; by the Chi- cago Bureau of Charities, 80. Papers published in Chicago, 44, 45. Parental School, 25. Parents' clubs, 29. Park Commission, Special, 14. Parks (see Playgrounds). Pensions through the Chicago Bureau of Charities, 80. Permanent Vacation School and Playground Com- mittee of Women's Clubs, 30. Playgrounds, parks, and boulevards, the city's equipment of, 14, 15, 30; in charge of the social f ttlements, 58-60; Appendix, Table II. Press of Chicago, 44, 45. Probation officers, 26, 27. Public Library of Chicago, 37-39. PubUc-school buildings, use of, in evenings and summer, 27-31. Purpose, scope, and method of the book, 12-14. Railroad Departments of the Y. M. C. A., 109, no. Reduction in municipal appropriations, 45. Relief societies, special, 84; Appendix, Table III. Religious Interests of Chicago,!io6-i4 (see Table of Contents). Rescue homes and shelters, 84; Appendix, Table III. Residents in social settlements, 58; Appendix, Table II. Salvation Army, 114. Schools of Chicago, 19-36. School of Education of the University of Chicago, 34> as- Scientific Pedagogy and Child Study, Department of, 21, 22. Settlements (see Social settlements). Shelters and rescue homes, 84; Appendix, Table III. Smoke Prevention, Committee on, 99. Social settlements, 58-68 (see Table of Contents); Appendix, Table II. Special Park Commission, 14. Summer outings (see Outings). Summer School of the University of Chicago, 34. Sunday schools and churches, 114-19. Thrift, encouragement of, 60. Trade unions, 69-77; in politics, 70, 71; discus- sions, 71, 72; attitude toward lawlessness and violence, 72, 73; and drunkenness, 73, 74; and longevity, 74; and charity, 75; benefit features of, 75, 76; and the chiu-ches, 76; co-operation with other agencies, 77. United Hebrew Charities, 83. University of Chicago, 33-36; Summer School, 34; Extension Department, 34; School of Education, 34, 3s; libraries, 35; Junior and Senior Colleges, 35; Press, 35, 36. Vacation School and Playground Committee, 30. Vacation schools, 30. Volunteers of America, 113. Washington School, 29. West End Woman's Club, 29; Appendix, Table I. Western Theological Seminary, Library of the, 43. Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Illinois, 107. Women's clubs, 54-57; Appendix, Table I; activi- ties of, 54-56; significance of, 56, 57. Woodyards of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society, Young Men's Christian Association, 109-14. Young People's Christian Temperance Union, 107. 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