m \ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/certainmiscellanOObrowrich CERTAIN MISCELLANY TRACTS. ri-i Written by THOMAS BROWUiK} and DoQour of Phyfick,- hx&oi N.P1R.WICW jHu LONDON, Printed for Charles Mearne, and are to be fold by Henry Bonwkk^ at the Red Lyon, in St.?auh Church-Yard, MDCLXXXIV. Jtmmmmmmimmmim^immmimtmm \y •|m-bVi1iii .1 'iWih.li. !?■ -m- W . ■btfii iTm*gririn iv-m m 't ■«- i tlatii /^^/fe .\Kij:. .-TV'.:X1. THE PUBLISHER ' » •* i •' •O.I > ■• «» o" •T.O The Reader, THE Papers from which thefe TraUs were printed, were, a while fince, delivery to me by, thofe worthy perfons, the Lady and Son of the excellent Authour. He himfelf gave no charge concerning his ManufcriptSj either for the fuppr effing or the publiljiing of them. Yet, feeing he had procured Tranfcripts of them, and had kept thofe Copies by him, it feemeth pro- bable that He defigned them for publick ufe. Thus much of his Intention being pre- fumed, and many who had tailed of the fruits of his former ftudies being covetous of more of the like kind ; Alfo thefe Trdis having been perufed and much approv'd of by fome Judicious and Learned men ; I A ^ was 871 RO^ The Pi/blifoer to the Reader. was not unwilling to be inftrumental in fitting them for the Prefs. To this end, I feledled them out of ma- ny difordred Papers, and difpos'd them in- to fuch a method as They feem'd capable of; beginning firft vi'itlji Plants, going on to Ammds^ pi'oceedihg farther to things relatin^j'to jl/if?^; ^nd conclliding with mat- ters oizydrioHS^ndtuye:'' Concerning the Plants^ I did, on pur- '^oit, forbear to mnge them (as fome ^d- vifed) according to their Tribes and Fami- lies ; becaufe, by fo doing, I fhouldhave reprefepted that as a ftudied and formal work, which is but a Colledion diocca^o- palEJfaies, And, indeed, both this Tra^, and thofe which follow, were rather the diverftons than the Lahou/s ofhis Pen : and, becaufe He did, as it were, drop down his Thoughts of a fudden, in thofe little fpaces of vacancy which he fnatch'd from thofe very many occafions which gave him hourly interruption ; If there appears, here and there, any uncorrednefs in the ftyle, •a fmall degree of Caqdour fufficeth to ex- «:ufe it. If there be any fuch errours In the words, Fm fure the Prefs has not made them fewer ; but I do not hold my ielf obligd to anfwer for That which I could not perfeftly go- ye^, Howevej, the matter is iiot of any great The Publijher to the Reader. great moment : fuch errours will not mif- kad a Learned Reader; and He who is not fuch in fome competent degree, is not a fit Perufer of thefe LETTERS. Such thefe Trails are ; but, for the Perfons to whom they were written, I cannot well learn their Names from thofe few obfcure marks which the Authour has fet at the beginning ot them. And thefe Eflaies be- ing Letters, as many as take offence at fome few familiar things which the Au- thour hath mixed with them, find fault with decence. Men are not wont to fet down Oracles in every line they write to their Acquaintance. There, ft ill, remain other brief Difcour- ks written by this moft Learned and inge- nious Authour. Thofe, alfo, may come forth, when fome of his Friends lliall have fyfficient leifure ; and at fuch due diftance from thefe Trails, that They may follow rather than ftifle them. Amongft thefe Manufcripts there is one which gives a brief Account of all the Mo^ ftuments of the Cathedral of Norwich. It was written merely for private ufe : and the Relations of the Authour exped fuch Juftice from thofe into whofe hands fome imperfeft Copies of it are fallen ; thaf, without their Confent firft obtain'd, they fQ^bear the publiihing of It. The The Publijher to the Reader. The truth is, matter equal to the skill of the Antiquary was not, there, aflbrded : had a fit Subjeft of that nature offer'd it feif. He would fcarce have been guilty of an overfight like to that oiAufonius, who, in the defcription of his native City of Burdeaux^ omitted the two famous Anti- quities of it, Palais de Tutete, and, Palais de Galien* Concerning the Aut hour himfelf, I chufe to be filent, though I have had the happi- ncfs to have been, for fome years, known to him. There is on foot a defign of wri- ting his Life: and there are, already, fome Memorials coUeded by one of his ancient Friends. Till that work be perfeded, the Reader may content himfelf with thefe prefent Trails ; all which commending themfelves by their Learntjig^ Curiofity and Brevity^ if He be not pleafed with them, he feemeth to me to be diftemper'd with fuch a nicenefs of Imagination as no wife man is concern'd to humour. Tho. Tenifon. mm The The Contents of theft Trads. T R A C T I. OBfervations upon fever al Plants mention^ in Scripture, Page I , &c. T R A C T n. of Garlands^ and Coronarj or Garland-plant 5,Z^^&c, T R A C T ffl. of the Fifhes eaten by our Saviour with his Difciples after the RefurreBion from the dead, ^7. TRACT IV. An Anfwer to certain Queries relating to Tiflies, Birds, InfsEls. ' lo^,&c. T R A C T V. Of Hawks and Valconry , ancient and modern^ llIj&C. TRACT VI. of Qmbals, &C. i z i p &c. T R A C T Vn. of Rt^alic or Gradual Ferfes, &C. 1 2 5-, ^r„ TRACT Vin. of Languages^ and particularly/ of the Saxon-Tongue, 1 2^, &c. TRACT The Contents of thefe Trads. T R A C T IX. of Artificial Hills^ Mounts or Boroughs in many ^^rf J- of England: Tvhat they are^ and to icrhat end raifed^ and by tvhat Nations. 151, c^r. TRACT X. t^/Troas, rphat ^lace is meant hy that Name, Alfo of the fituations of Sodom, Gomoitah, Zebo- ■ im, in the Bead Sea, 15-7, &c. TRACT XI. Of the Anffvers of the Oracle 0/ ApoUo at DclphoS to Croefus King of Lydia. 1 67, &c. TRACT Xn. A Prophecy concerning the future fidte of fever at Nations ^ in a Letter written upon occafwn of an eld Prophecy fent to the Authour from a Friend^ with a requefi that he would conjider it. 181 ,C^r, T R ACT XIIL Mufeum Claufum, or, Bibliodieca Abfcondita : containing fome remarkable Books , Antiquities^ Pic^ tures and Rarities of fever al kinds, fcarce or ne- ver feen by any man. now living, 1^3, ^r. ERRATA. p Age 13. 1,20, 21. ^oxCarobke and Ctfrrfcto/e, rradc, Carohitx^ *■ Carobala. p. 17. \. 18, 21. blot out the marks of the Parenthe(1s. p. ^6.1.5. fr>r P'-frj', r. It Vrairie. p. 40.!.$. for CenttJJlmjt^ r. Ceru tejimal. p. 6z. I. 4,5. for Chefue verde^ r. Ckefnevtrt, p. 77. blot out M. in the Margin, p. 99. 1. <,. f >r 10} Fiflies, r. 155. p. 121,!. ?, blot out riot, p. 160. the Greek of HuroJot. (hould have been fct on the Margh). p. 170. 1. 4. for httu a, r. had, TRACT I. (O TRACT I. OBSERVATIONS Upon feveral PLANTS Menfion'd in Scripture. Sir, Houeh many ordinary Heads run ^7;? intrd- I fmootbly over the Scripture, yet "*- I mull acknowledge, it is one of the hardeft Books I have met with : and therefore well defervech thole numerous Comments, Expofitions and Annotations B which 2 Obferv. Upon feveral Plants Tradl I. which make up a good part of our Libra- ries. However fo affefted I. am therewith, that I wifti there had been more of it : and a larger Volume of that Divine Piece which leaveth fuch welcome impre/Iions, and fomewhat more, in the Readers, than the words and fenfe after it. At leaft, who would not be glad that many things bare- ly hinted were at large delivered in it ? The particulars of the Difpute between the Doftours.and our Saviour could not but be welcome to them, who have every word in honour which proceeded from his mouth, or was otherwife delivered by him : and fo would be glad to be aflured, what he wrote with his Finger on the ground : But efpecially to have a particu- lar of that inftrufting Narration or Dif- courfe which he made unto the Difciples twke 24 27. after his refur'reftion, where 'tis faid : A^tJ leginning at Mofes, and ali the Prophets^ he expounded unto them in all the Scriptures the things concerning himfelf. But to omit Theological obfcurities, you muft needs obferve that'moft Scien- ces do feem to have fomething more near- ly to confider in the expreffions of the Scripture. Aftronomers find therein the Names but of few Stars, fcarce fo many as in Achilles his V radt L mention d in Scripture. 3 his Buckler in Homer, and almoft the very fame. But in fome paflages of the Old Teftament they think they difcover the Zodiacal courfe of the Sun : and they, al- fo, conceive an Aftronomical fenfe in that elegant expreflion of S. James concerning the father of lights, with whom there is no Jam. 1. 11* ' variahlenefs, neither fhadow of turning : and therein an allowable allufion unto the tropical converfion of the Sun, whereby enfueth a variation of heat, light, and al- fo of fliadows from it. But whether the Stellce erraticce , or wandring Stars in S. Jude, may be referr'd to the celeftial Planets, or fome metereological wandring Stars, Ignes fatui, Stellce cadentes & er- raticce^ or had any allufion unto the Im- f odour Barchocheias, or StellceFilim, who afterward appeared, and wandred about , in the time of Adrianus, they leave unto conjefture. Chirurgions may find their whole Art in that one pafiage, concerning the Rib which God took out of Adam , that is their hctt^jiinc, in opening the Flefli , e^a/- fsoi^ in taking out the Rib, and avu)^ r^fji- in clofing and healing the part a- gain. Rhetoricians and Oratours take fingu- lar notice of very many excellent paflages, ftately metaphors, noble tropes and ele-* B % gant 4 Obferv.upon fever al Plants Trad I. gant expreffions, not to be found or paral- krd in any other Authour. Mineralifts look earneflly into the twenty eighth of Joi, take fpecial notice of the early artifice in Brafs and Iron un- der Tuhal'Cain : And find alfo mention of » Vephxit Gold, Silver, Brafs, Tin, Lead, Iron ; be- 9cuiosflibio, fide Refining, Sodering, Drofs, Nitre, Salt- ?^!m^*!o pits, and in fome manner alio of * Anti- Ezek. 23.40. mony. Gemmarie Naturalifts reade diligently the pretious Stones in the holy City of the Apocalypje: examine the Breaft-plate of ^- aron, and various Gemms upon it, and think .the fecond Row the nobler of the four ; they wonder to find the Art of In- gravery fo ancient upon pretious Stones and Signets; together with the ancient ufe of Ear-rings and Bracelets. And are pleafed to find Pearl, Coral, Amber and Cryftal in thofe facred Leaves, according to our Tranflation. And when they ot- ten meet with Flints and Marbles, cannot but take notice that there is no mention of the Magnet or Loadflone, which in fo many fimilitudes, comparifons, andallufi- ons, could hardly have been omitted in the Works of Solomon ; if it were true that he knew either the attraftive or diredive power thereof, as fome have believed. Navi- Tra6t L mention d in Scripture. Navigatours confider the Ark, which was pitched without and within, and could endure the Ocean without Mail or Sails: They take fpecial notice of the twenty feventh of Ezekkl-, the mighty Traffick and great Navigation of Tjre, with particular mention of their Sails, their Mafts of Cedar, Oars of Oak, their skilfull Pilots, Mariners and Calkers ; as alfo of the long Voyages of the Fleets of Solomon ; of Jehofaphafs Ships broken at Ezion-Geher ; of the notable Voyage and Shipwreck of S. Faul, fo accurately deli- vered in the Atls, Oneirocritical Diviners apprehend fome . hints of their knowledge, even from Divine Dreams,- while they take notice of the Dreams oijofeph, Pharaoh ^ Nehuchadnez' zar, and the Angels on Jacob's Ladder; and find, in Artemidorus and Achmetes, that Ladders fignifie Travels, and the Scales thereof Preferment; and that Oxen Lean and Fat naturally denote Scarcity or Plenty, and the fuccelles of Agricul* ture. Phyfiognomifts will largely put in from very many paflages of Scripture. And when they find in Ariftotle, quthus frons quadrangula, commenfurata, fortes y referun- tur ad leones, cannot but take fpecial no- tice of that expreflion concerning the Ga- B 3 dites; Obferv, upon [ever al Plants Tradi: I. dites; mighty men of war, fit for battel, whofe faces were as the faces of lyons. Geometrical and Architeftonical Artifls look narrowly upon the defcription of the Ark, the fabrick of the Temple, and the holy City in the Apocalypfe. But the Botanical Artift meets every where with Vegetables, and from the Figg Leaf in Genefts to the Star Wormwood in the Apocalypfe, are varioufly interfper- fed expre/Tions from Plants, elegantly ad- vantaging the fignificancy of the Text : Whereot many being delivered in a Lan^ guage proper unto Judcea and neighbour Countries are imperfedtly apprehended by the common Reader, and now doubt- fully made out, even by the Jewifh Ex- pofitour. And even in thofe which are confeiled- ly known, the elegancy, is often loft in the apprehenfion of the Reader, unac- quainted with fuch Vegetables, or but nakedly knowing theirnatures : whereof holding a pertinent apprehenfion, you cannot pafs over fuch expreffions without fome doubt or want of fatisfaftion in your judgment. Hereof we fliall onely hint or difcourfe fome few which I could not but take notice of in the reading of holy Scrip- f:ure, ^lany Tradt I. mention d in Scripture. 7 Many Plants are mention d in Scripture which are not diftinftly known in our Countries, or under fuch Names in the Original, as they are fain to be rendred by analogy, or by the name of Vegetables of good affinity unto them, and (b main- tain the textual fenfe, though in fome va* riation from identity. 1. That Plant which afforded a fliade^^.^^^y- unto * Jonah, mention d by the name of ^^(lio/l. Kikaion, and ftill retained at lead margi-*Jona4.tf. rially in fome Tranflations, to avoid ob- ^ ^^"'^^' fcurity Jerome rendred Hedera or Ivy ; which notwithftanding (except in its fcan- dent nature) agreed not fully with the o- ther, that is, to grovo up in a nighty or be confumed with a Worm ; Ivy being of no fwift growth, little fubjedt unto Worms, and a fcarce Plant about Bahylon. 2. That Hyflbpe is taken for that Plant ^#/** which cleanfed the Leper, being a well fcented, and very abfterfive Simple, may well be admitted ; fo we be not too con- fident, that it is ftriftly the fame with our common Hyflbpe : The Hyflbpe of thofe parts differing from that of ours ; as BeU lonius hath obferved in the Hyflbpe which grows in Judaa, and the Hyflbpe of the Wall mentioned in the Works oi Solomon^ no kind of our Hyflbpe ; and may tole- B 4 rably S Obferv.upon fever al Vlants Tra6t I. rably be taken for fome kind of minor Gapillary, which bell makes out the An- tithefis with the Cedar. Nor when we meet with Lihanotu, is it to be conceived our common Rofemary, which is rather the firft kind thereof among feveral others, ufed by the Ancients. jiemhck. 3. That it muft be taken for Hemlock, AmQ5'a°2!*' ^vhich is twice fo rendred in our Tranfla- tion, will hardly be made out, other wife than in the intended fenfe, and implying fome Plant, wherein bitternefs or a poi- fonous quality is confiderable. Paliurus. , ^. Wh^tTremelim rtV)Artt\\ Sf^ina, and the Vulgar Tranflation Paliurus , and o- thers make fome kind oiRhamnus, is allow- able in the fenfe ; and we contend not a- bout the fpecies, fince they are known Thorns in thofe Countries , and in our Fields or Gardens arnong us : and fo com- mon in Judi^a, that men conclude the ithorny Crown of our Saviour was made cither of Faliurm or Rhamnus, B^ubus. 5". Whether the Bufli which burnt and confumed not, were properly a Ruhus or Bramble, was fomewhat doubtful! from the Original and fome Tranflations , had not the Evangelift, and S. Paul exprefs'd thefameby the Greek word BxTo^, which from the defcription of Diofcorides, Her- Iparifts accept for fiuhs; although the Tra6t I. mention d in Scripture. p fame word Bxto; exprefleth not onely the Ruius or kinds of Bramble, but other Thorn-bufnes, and the Hipp-briar is alfo named Kwoa^^Tv;, or the Dog-briar or Bramble. 6. That Myrka is rendred , Heath , Myrica* founds inftrudHvely enough to our ears, ^*"^ '* '^ who behold that Plant fo common in bar- ren Plains among us : But you cannot but take notice that Erica, or our Heath is not the fame Plant with Myrka or Tam- marice , defcribed by Theophraflus and Dkfcorides, and which Bellonius declareth to grow fo plentifully in the Defarts of Jud^a and Arabia, 7. That the /SoTfj; tti; Kvit^h, hotrus Cyprefs. Cjpri, or Clufters ot Cyprefs, Ihould have ^^^^* "• *4» any reference to the Cyprefs Tree, accor- • ding to the original Copher, or Clufters of the noble Vine oi Cyprus y which might be planted into Jud£a, may feem to others allowable in fome latitude. But there feeming fome noble. Odour to be implied in this place, you may probably conceive that the expreflion drives at the Kvir^z^ of DiofcorideSy fome oriental kind of i/g«- jhum or Alcharma, which Diofccr ides and Tliny mention under the name of Kw^o^ and Cyprus, and to grow about ^gypt and Afcalon, producing a fweet and odo- rate buih of Flowers, and out of which was lo Obferv. upon feveral Plants Tradll. was made the famous Oleum Cyprinum, But why it lliould be rendred Camr phyre your judgment cannot but doubt, who know that our Camphyre was un- known unto the Ancients, and no ingre- dient into any compofition of great z\nti- quity : that learned men long conceived it a bituminous and folTile Body, and our lateft experience difcovereth it to be the refinous fubftance of a Tree, in Borneo and China; and that the Camphyre that we ufe is a neat preparation of the fame. Shittah 8. When 'tis faid in Ifaiah ^i. I wiU fr^df '^'k /^^^^ ^^ ^^^ wildernefs the Cedar, the Shit- tah Tree, and the Myrtle and the OilTree, I wiflfet in the Defart, the Firre Tree, and the Pine, and the Box Tree : Though fome doubt may be made of the Shittah Tree, yet all thefe Trees here mentioned being fuch as are ever green, you will more emphatically apprehend the merci- fuU meaning of God in this mention of no fading, but always verdant Trees in dry and defart places. Grapes t>j 9. And they cut down a Branch with one £^^°^'. . clufier of Grapes, and they bare it between Num. 13.23. -^ J J Z 11-^7 1 -n two upon a Staff, and they brought Fome- granates and Figgs, This clufter of Grapes brought upon a Staff by the Spies, was an ^oLn^f^df incredible fight, in '^Philo Jud(^us, feem'd Phiio. Rotable in the eyes qf the Ifraelites, but more Tradl I. mention d in Scripture. 1 1 more wonderfull in our own, who look oneiy upon Northern Vines. But herein you are like to confider, that the Clufter was thus carefully carried to reprefent it entire, without bruifing or breaking ; that this was not one Bunch but an extraordi- nary Clufter, made up of many depen- ding upon one grofs ftalk. And however, might be paralleled with the Eaftern Clu- fters of Margiana and Caramania^ if we allow but half the exprefTions of Tliny and Straloy whereof one would lade a Curry or fmall Cart ; and may be made out by the clufters of the Grapes of Rhodes pre- fented unto Duke "^ Radzivily each con- '*- Radzivii taining three parts of an Ell in compafs/j^^^** '^^^' and the Grapes as big as Prunes. lo. Some things may be doubted iningred.of the fpecies of the holy Ointment and Per- ^yp^' fume. With Amber, Musk and Civet we S^V, &c. meet not in the Scripture, nor any Odours ^^^- 5^* from Animals ; except we take the Ony- ^^' '^' cha of that Perfume for the Covercle of a Shell-filh called Vnguis OJoratus, or Blatta Byzantinay which Diofcorides a/Brmeth to be taken from a Shell-fifli of the Indian Lakes, which feeding upon the Aromati- cal Plants is gathered when the Lakes are drie. But whether that which we now call Blatta Byzantina, or Vnguis Odoratus, be the fame with th^t odorate one of An- tiquity, 1 2 Obferv. upon fever a I Plants Trad: I. tiquity, great doubt may be made ; fince Diojcorides faith it fmelled like Cajloreum^ and that which we now have is of an un- grateful! odour. No little doubt may be alfo made of Galbanumprefcribed in the fame Pertum'e, if we take it for Galbanum which is of common ufe among us, approaching the evil fcent ot Jjfa FiettJa ; and not rather for Galbanum of good odour, as the ad- joining words declare , and the original Chelhena will bear ; which implies a tat or refmous fubftance, that which is common- ly known among us being properly a gum- mous body and diflbluble alfo in Water. The holy Ointment of Stafte or pure Myrrh, diftilling from the Plant without expreflion or firing, of Cinnamon, Caffia and Calamus, containeth left queftionable fpecies, if the Cinnamon of the Ancients were the fame with ours, or managed af- ter the fame manner. For thereof Diofco- rides made his noble Unguent. And Cin- namon was fo highly valued by Princes, that Cleopatra carried it unto her Sepulchre with her Jewels ; which was alfo kept in wooden Boxes among the rarities of Kings : and was of fuch a lading nature, that at his compofing of Treacle tor the Emperour SeveruSy Galen made, ufe of fome which had been laid up by Adrtanm. II. That Tradt L mention d in Scripture. 1 3 II, That the Prodigal Son defired toHui\seatem eat of Husks given unto Swine, will hard- ^J. ^^f ^^^ ly pafs in your apprehenfion for the Huskis ukc 15.15. of Peafe, Beans, ox fuch edulious Pulfes ; as well underdanding that the textual word Ki^jhnov or Ceration^ properly in- tendeth the Fruit of the Sili^ua Tree fo common in Syria, and fed upon by Men and Beads ; called alfo by fome the Fruit of the Locuft Tree, and Panis Santli Jo- hannis, as conceiving it to have been part of the Diet of the Bapt/fiinthQ Defart. The Tree and Fruit is not onely common in Syria and the Eaftern parts, but alfo well known in Apuglia, and the Kingdom of Maples, growing along the Fia Appia, from Fundi unto Mola-, the hard Cods or Husks making a rattling noife in windy weather, by beating againfl: one another : called by the Italians Carohhe or Carohhole , and by the French Carouses, With the fweet Pulp hereof fome conceive that the Indians preferve Ginger, Mirabo- lans and Nutmegs. Of the iame (as Pli- ny delivers) the Ancients made one kind of Wine, ftrongly expreifTing the Juice thereof; aod fo they might after give the exprefled and lefs ufefull part ofthe Cods, and remaining Pulp unto their Swine: which being no guftlefsor unfatisfying Of- fal, might be well defired by the Prodigal in his hunger. 12. No 14 Ohferv.iifon fever al Plants Trad:.! Cucum- 12. No marvel it is that the Ifraelites ^•i&gm* ^^^^"§ ^^^^^ '^"S ^" ^ ^^^' watred Coun- try, and been acquainted with the noble Water of Ni/^, Ihould complain for Wa- ter in the dry and barren Wildernefs. More remarkable it feems that they fliould extoU and linger after the Cucumbers and Leeks, Onions and Garlick in ^gypt : wherein notwithftanding lies a pertinent expreffion of the Diet of that Country in ancient times, even as high as the building of the Pyramids, when Herodotus delive- reth, that fo many Talents were fpent in Onions and Garlick, for the Food of La- bourers and Artificers ; and is alfo anfwe- rable unto their prefent plentifull Diet in Cucumbers, and the great varieties there- of, as teftified by Profper Alpinus, who fpent many years in ^gypt. Forbidden 1 3 . What Fruit that was which our firfl Qtn'2 Parents tafted in Paradife, from the dif- ^en.2.17, p^^^^ of learned men feems yet indetermi- nable. More clear it is that they cover 'd their nakednefs or fecret parts with Figg Leaves ; which when I reade, I cannot but call to mind the feveral confiderations which Antiquity had of the Figg Tree, in reference unto thofe parts, particularly how Figg Leaves by fundry Authours are defcribed to have fome refemblance unto the Genitals, and fo were aptly formed for Tradt I. mention d in Scripture. 1 5 for fuch conteftion of thofe parts ; how alfo in that famous Statua of Praxiteles, concerning Alexander and Bitcephalus, the Secret Parts are veifd with Figg Leaves ; how this Tree was facred unto Priapus^ and how the Difeafes of the Secret Parts have derived their Name from Figgs. 14. That the good Samaritan coming BrfZ/im. from Jericho ufed any of the Judean Bal-?'t-.^ ,, r 1 I 1 n-1 11 Luke la 54, lam upon the wounded Traveller, is not to be made out, and we are unwilling to difparage his charitable Surgery in pou- ring Oil into a green Wound ; and there- fore when 'tis faid he ufed Oil and Wine, may rather conceive that he made an Oi- nel(tum or medicine of Oil and Wine bea- ten up and mixed together, which was no improper Medicine , and is an Art now lately ftudied by fome fo to incorporate Wine and Oil. that they may laftingly hold together , which fome pretend to have, and call it Oleum Samaritamm, or Samaritans Oil. 1 5". When Daniel would not pollute ^uife of himfelf with the Diet of the Babylonians, ^^JJJ^I'j^^ he probably declined Pagan commenfati- on, or to eat of Meats torbidden to the Jews, though common at their Tables, or fo much as to tafte of their Gentile Immo- ktions, and Sacrifices abominable unto his Palate. But 1 6 Obferv. upon feveral Plants Tfacftl. But when 'tis fa id that he made choice of the Diet of Pulfe and Water, M'hether he {trid:ly confined unto a leguminous Food, according to the Vulgar Tranflati- on, fome doubt may be railed, Irom the original word Zeragnm, which fignifies Seminalia, and is fo fet down in the Mar- gin of Arias Mont anus \ and the Greek woxdi SpermatUy generally expreffing Seeds^ may fignifie any edulious or cerealious Grains befides tasr^ix or leguminous Seeds. Yet if he ftriftly made choice of a legu- minous Food, and Water inftead of his por- tion from the King's Table, he handfomely declined the Diet which might have been put upon him, and particularly that which was called thtPotihaJisoitht King, which zsJthenaus informeth implied the Bread of the King, made of Barky, and Wheat, and the Wine of Cyprus, which he drank in an oval Cup. And therefore diftincStly from that he chofe plain Fare of Water, and the grofs Diet of Pulfe, and that per- haps not made into Bread, but parched, and tempered with Water. Now that herein (befide the fpecial be- nediftion of God) he made choice of no improper Diet to keep himfelf fair and plump and fo to excufe the Eunuch his keeper, Phyficians will not deny, who acknow* Tradl I. mention d in Scripture. 1 7 acknowledge a very nutritive and impin- guating faculty in Pulfes, in leguminous Food, and in feveral forts of Grains and Corns, is not like to be doubted by fuch ' who confider that this was probably a ' great part of the Food of our Forefathers before the Floud, the Diet alfo of Jacoh.* and that the Romans ( called therefore Pultifagt) fed much on Pulfe for fix hun- dred years ; that they had no Bakers for that time : and their Piftours were fuch as, before the ufe of Mills, beat out and cleanfed their Corn. As alfo that the Ath- letick Diet was of Pulfe, Alphiton, Maza^ Barley and Water ; whereby they were ad- vantaged fometimes to an exquifite flateof health, and fuch as was not without dan* ger. And therefore (though Daniel were no .Eunuch, and of a more fatning and thriving temper, -as fome have phancied, yet) was he by this kind of Diet, fuffici- ently maintained in a fair and carnous ftate of Body, and accordingly his Pifture not improperly drawn, that is, not mea- gre and lean, like Jeremy^, but plump and iair, anfwerable to the moft authentick draught of the Vatican, and the late Ger- man Luther s Bible. The Cynicks in Athenceus make itera- ted Courfes of Lentils, and prefer that Diet before the luxury of Seleucus. The C prefent i8 Obferv. upon feveral Plants TradlL prefentyEgyptians, who are obferved by Alpinus to be the fatteft Nation, and Men to* have Breafts Uke Women, owe much, * as he conceiveth, unto the Water of Nile, and their Diet of Rice, Peafe, Lentils and white Cicers. The Pulfe-eating Cynicks and Stoicks, are all very long livers in La- ertius. And Daniel muft not be accounted of {tw years, who, being carried away Captive in the Reign of Joachim, by King Nebuchadnezzar, lived, by Scripture ac- count, unto the firft year of Cyrus. , Jacobs Roi/. i^. And Jacob took Rods cf green Pop-- en. 30. 31. ^^^^ ^^j of the Hazel and the Chefnut Tree, and pilled white ftreaks in them, and made the white appear which was in the Rods,&cc, Men multiply the Philofopliy of Jacob, who, befide the benedidion of God, and the powerfull effed:s of imagination, .rai- fed in the Goats and Sheep from pilled and j)arty-coloured objed:s, conceive that he chofe out thefe particular Plants above any other, becaufe he underftood they had a particular virtue unto the intended ■ ^ „ effefts, accordins; unto the conception of Froblem,2oo. Georgtus Venetus. Whereto you will hardly aflent, at lead till you be better fatisfied and aflii- red concerning the true fpecies of the Plants intended in the Text, or find a dearer confent and uniformity in the Tranf- Trad:!, mention d i7i Scripture. ip Tranflatioi|j For what we render Poplar, Hazel andthefnut, the Greek tranflateth Vtrgam flyracinam, nucinam^ platanina'm^ which fome alfo render a Pomegranate: and fo obferving this variety of interpre- tations concerning common and known PHhts among us, you may more reafona- bly doubt, with what propriety or affu- rance others lefs known be fometimes ren* dred unto us. , 17. Whether in the Sermon of thQ.L[i^esofiy Mount, the Lilies of the Field did^'j|f*^^ 2». point at the proper Lilies, or whether thofe Flowers grew wild in the placd where our Saviour preached, fome doubt may be made: becaufe K^^lvov the word in that place is accounted ot the fame figni- fication with Aok^iov, and that in Homer is taken for all manner of fpecious Flowers : fo received by Euftachius, Hefychius, and the Scholiaft upon Apoilonius Rhodius, Kcx- f^Ay 7a av^ A&i^ict Mytflzi. And K^ivop •is alfo received in the fame latitude, not -Signifying onely Lilies, but applied unto Daffodils, Hyacinths, If is's, and the Flow- ers of Colocynthis, Under the like latitude of acception, are many exprefTions in the Canticles to be received. And when it is faid he fe-e- 'deth among the Lilies, therein may be al- fo implied other fpecious Flowers, not ex- C % eluding 20 Obferv.uponfeveral Plants Tract I. eluding the proper Lilies. But in that ex- preffion, the Lilies drop forth Myrrhe, nei- ther proper Lilies nor proper Myrrhe can be apprehended, the one not proceeding from the other, but may be received in a Meta- phorical fenfe : and in fome latitude may be alfo made out from the rofcid and^o- ney drops obfervable in the Flowers of Martagon, and inverted flowred Lilies, and, 'tis like, is the (landing fweet Dew on the white eyes of the Crown Imperial, * now common among us. And the proper Lily may be intended in that exprefTion of i A'/f^gs 7. that the brazen Sea was of the thicknefs of a hand breadth, and the brim hke a Lily. For the figure of that Flower being round at the, bottom, and fomewhat repandous, or inverted at the top, doth handfomely il- luftrate the comparifon. Cant 2. But that the Lily of the Valley, men- tiond in the Canticles, I am the Rofe of Sharon, and the Lily of the Valleys, is that Vegetable which palleth under the fame name with us, that is Lilium conva/Iium, or the May Lily, you will more hardly believe, who know with what infatisfac- tion the mofl: learned Botanifts, reduce that Pbnt unto any defcribed by the Ancients ; that Anguillara will have it to be the Oe- nanthe oi Athenam, Cord us the Pothos of Theo- Tracft I. merit ion (I in Scripture. 2 1 Theophrajtus ; and Lohelius that the Greeks had not defcribed it; who find not fi-xLeaves in the Flower agreeably to all Lilies, but onely fix finall divifions in the Flower, who find it alfo to have a fingle, and no bulbous Root, nor Leaves fliooting about the bottom, nor the Stalk round, but an- gular. And that the learned Bauhinus hath not placed it in the Cladis of Lilies, but nervitolious Plants. 1 8. Doth he not caft ahroad the Fitches, Fitches, and fcatter the Cummin Seed, and caft /^i„ifa,28.2<. the principal Wheat , and the appointed Barley, and the Rye in their place : Here- in though the fenfe may hold under the . names a/figned, yet is it not fo eafie to de- termine the particular Seeds and Grains, where the obfcure original caufeth fuch differing Tranflations. For in the Vulgar we meet with Milium and Gith, which our Tranflation declineth; placing Fitches for Gith, and Rye for Milium or Millet, which notwithftanding is retained by the Dutch. That it might be Melanthium, NigeSa, or Gith, may be allowably apprehended, from the frequent ufe of the Seed thereof among the Jews and other Nations, as al- fo from the Tranflation of Tremellius ; and the Original implying a black Seed, which is lefs than Cummin, as, out of C 3 Alen 2 2 Ob few . upon fever al Plants Tradt I. Ahen 'Ezra, Buxtorfim hath expounded it. But whereas Milium or KePi^^o^ of tlie Septuagint is by ours rendred Rye, there is Uttle fimilitude or affinity between thofe Grains ; For Milium is more agreeable un- . to Spelt a or Efpaut, as the Dutch and others fill] render it. That we meet fo often with Cummin Seed in many parts of Scripture in refe- rence unto Judcea , a Seed fo abominable at prefent unto our Palates and Noftrils, will not feem ftrange unto any who con- fider the frequent ufe thereof among the Ancients, not onely in medical but diete- tical ufe and pradlice: For their Diflies were filled therewith, and the noblefl fe- llival preparations in Aficius were not without it : And even in the Tolenta, and* parched Corn, the old Diet of the Romans, (as Tliny recorder h) unto every Meafure they mixed.a fmall proportion of Lin-feed and Cummin^feed. And fo Cummin is juftly fet down a- mong things of vulgar and common ufe, when it is faid in Matthew 23. v. 23. Tou pay Tithe of Mint, Annife and Cummin : but how to make out the tranflation of Annife we are ftill to feek, there being no word in that Text which properly fignifi- eth Annife : the Original being ^km^v^ which the Latins call Anethum , and is properly englifliecj Dill. Th^t Tradl L mention d in Scripture. 23 That among many expreffions, allufions and illuftrations made in Scripture from Corns, there is no mention made of Oats, ' fo ufefuU a Grain among us, will not feem very (Iran ge unto you, tiJl you can clearly difcover that it was a Grain of ordinary life in thofe parts ; who may alfo find that Theophrajlusy who is large about other Grains, delivers very little of it. That Diofcorides is alfo very fliort therein. And Galen delivers that it was of fome ufe in Afia minor, efpecially in Myfiay and that ratlier for Beafts than Men : And Pliny affirmeth that the Pulticula thereof was moft in ufe among the Germans. Yet that the Jews were not without all ufe of this Grain feems confirmable from the Rabbinical account,who reckon fiveGrains liable unto their Offerings, whereof the Cake prefented might be made ; that is. Wheat, Oats, Rye, and two forts of Barley. 19. Why the Difciples being hungry E^no/ corn, pluck'd the Ears of Corn, it feems ftrange '^^"^ "• '• to us, who obferve that men half ftarved betake not themfelves to fuch fuppJy ; except we confider the ancient Diet of Alphtton and Polenta , the Meal of dried and parched (^oxk\, or that which was ^£iimXv(5ic„ or Meal of crude and unparched , Corn, wherewith they being well acquain- C 4 ted. Z^ Obferv. ripon fever a I Plants Tra6l I. ted, might liope forfome fatisfadion from the Corn yet m the Husk ; that is, from • the nourilhing pulp or mealy part with- in it. • Stubble of 20. The inhumane oppreflion of the EkoXs, 7, -Egyptian Task-mafters, who, not con- fee, tent with the common tale of Brick, took a!fo from the Children of Ifrael their al- lowance of Straw , and forced them to gather Stubble where they could find it, will be more nearly apprehended, if we confider how hard it was to acquire any quantity of Stubble in ^gypt, w here the 6ralk ot Corn was fo fliort, that to acquire an ordinary meafure, it required more than ordinary labour; as is difcoverable » Li*. 18. from that account, which * Pliny hath mt> Uift, happily left unto us. In the Corn gather 'd in ^gypt the Straw is never a Cubit long ; becaufe the Seed lieth very fhallow, and harii no other nourilhment than from the Mudd and Slime left by the River ; For under it is nothing but Sand and Gravel So that the exprelTion of Scripture is more Emphatical than is commonly ap- prehended> when 'tis fai3, 7'i^e people were fcattered abroad through all the Land of ^gypt to gather Stubble inflead of Straw, For the Stubble being very fliort, the ac- quift was difficult ; a few Fields afforded it not , and they were fain to wander far Tradll. mention d in Scripture. 25 tar to obtain a fufficient quantity of it. 21. It is faid in the SoMg of Solomon, that Flowers of the Vines with the tender Grape give a good^^^^^*^^'^^^ fmell.. That the Flowers of the Vine fhould be Emphatically noted to give a pleafant fmell, feems hard unto our Northern Noftrils, which difcover not fuch Odours, and fmell them not in full Vineyards; whereas in hot Regions, and more fpread and digefted Flowers, a fweet iavour may be allowed, denotable from feveral hu- mane expreflions, and the pra£l:ice of the Ancients, in putting the dried Flo^wers of the Vine into new Wine to give it a pure and flofculous race or fpirit, which Wine was therefore called Ohivbivovy allowing unto every Cadus two pounds of dried Flowers. And, therefore, the Vine flowering but in the Spring, it cannot but feerii an im- pertinent objection of the Jews, that the Apoftles were fu/l of new Wine at Pente- cofi when it was not to be found. Where- fore we may 'rather conceive that the word '^TMuKAj in that place implied not '^Aftt 1.15. new Wine or Mufi, but fome generous llrong and fweet Wine, wherein more efpecially lay the power of inebriation. But if it be to be taken for fome kind oiMufl, it might be fome kind oVk^yXiV" m^, or long-laftingiWi(/?, which might be had 26 Obferv. upon feveral Plants Tracfll. had at any time of the year, and which, as Pliny deUvereth, they made by hin- dring, and keeping the Muj} trom fermen- tation or working, and fo it kept foft and fweet for no fmall time after. The olive 12. When the Dove, fent out of the Gcf 8.II. A^'^' return'd with a green Olive Leaf, according tothe Original : how the Leaf, after ten Months, and under water, fhould ftill maintain a verdure or greennefs, need not much amufe the Reader, if we confi- der that the Olive Tree is 'A&i^j;?^ov, or continually green ; that the Leaves are of a bitter tafte, and of a faft and lafting fub- ftance. Since we alfo find frelh and green Leaves among the Olives which we re- ceive from remote Countries; and fince the Plants at the bottom of the Sea, and on the fides of Rocks, maintain a deep and frefti verdure. How the Tree fliould ftand fo long in the Deluge under Water, may partly be allowed from the uncertain determination of the Flows and Current's of that time, and the qualification of the faltnefs of the Sea, by the admixture of frelh Water, when the whole watery Element was to- gether. IhJilaHifl. A^^ ^^ "^^y ^^ fignally illuftrated from lib. 4, ' the like examples in * Jheophraftus and twiJjf^ia.^^% in words to this efFeft: Even thQ tap* ultimo^ vCa Tradtl. mention d in Scripture. 27 Sea affbrdeth Shrubs and Trees; In the red Sea whole Woods do Hve, namely of Bays and Olives bearing Fruit. The Soul- diers oi Alexander, who failed into India^ made report, that the Tides were fo high in fome Iflands, that they overflowed, «nd covered the Woods, as high as Plane and Poplar Trees. The lower fort wholly, the greater all but the tops, whereto the Mariners faftned their Veflels at high Wa- ters, and at the root in the Ebb ; That the Leaves of thefe Sea Trees while under water looked green, but taken outpre- fently dried wqth the heat of the Sun. The like is delivered by Theophraflus, that fome Oaks do grow and bear Acrons un- der the Sea. 23. The Kingdom of Hearven is like to a Grain a^ grain of Mujlard-feed, which a Man took f^^^^^^il^^ and f owed in his Field, which indeed is the 13, 31, 32. leaji of all Seeds ; hut when 'tis grown is the great eji among Herhs, and hecometh a Tree, fo that the Birds of the Air come and lodge in the Branches thereof Luke 13. 19. It is like a grain of Mu- flard'feed, which a Man took and cafi it into his Gar den, and it waxed a great Tree, and the Fowls of the Air lodged in the Branches thereof This expre/Tion by a grain of Muftard- feed, vv^ill not feem fo ftrange unto you, v/bp 2 8 Obferv. upon feveral Plants Tradll. who well confider it. That it is fimply the leaft of Seeds, you cannot apprehend, if you have beheld the Seeds of Rapuncu- lu6, Marjorane, Tobacco, and the fmalleft Seed of Lunaria, But you may well under ftand it to be the fmalleft Seed among Herbs which pro- duce f^ big a Plant, or the leaft of her- bal Plants, which arife unto fuch a pro- portion, implied in the expreffion; the fmalleft of Seeds j and become th the great eft of Herbs. And you may alfo grant that it is the fmalleft of Seeds of Plants apt to ^i/^ei- ^Gtv, arbor efcere^ frutkefcere, or to grow unto a ligneous fubftance, and from an herby and oleraceous Vegetable , to be- come a kind of Tree, and to be accoun- ted among the Dendrolachana, or Arboro^ leracea ; as upon ftrong Seed, Culture and good Ground, is obfervable in fome Cab- bages, Mallows, and many more, and therefore exprefled by yvilcti to ^v^^qv^ and yviloLi d<; to Siv^^ov, it becometh a Tree, or arborefcit, as Beza rendreth it. Nor if warily confidered doth the ex- preflion contain fuch difficulty. For the Parable may not ground it felf upon gene^ rals, or imply any or every grain of Mu- ftard, but point at fuch a grain as from its fertile fpirit, and other concurrent ad- vantages, Tradt I. meyitiond in Scripture. 2^ vantages, hath the fuccefs to become ar- boreous, flioot intofuch a magnitude, and acquire the like tallnefs. And unto fuch a Grain the Kingdom of Heaven is like- ned which from fuch flender beginnings ihall find fuch increafe and grandeur. The expreffion alfo that it might grow into fuch dimenfions that Birds might lodge in the Branches thereof, may be li- terally conceived ; if we allovv the luxuri- ancy of Plants in Judaa, above our Nor- thern Regions ; If we accept of but half the Story taken notice of by Tremellilis, from the Jerufalem Talmud, of a Muftard Tree that was to be climbed like a Figg Tree ; and of another, under whofe fhade a Potter daily wrought: and it may fome- what abate our doubts, if we take in the advertifement of ^Herodotus concerning lefler Plants oi Milium and Sefamum in the Babylonian Soil: Milium ac Sefamum in proceritatem inftar arhorum crefcere y etfi mihi compertum, tamen memorare fuperfe- deo, pro he fciens eis qui nunquam Balyloni- am regionem adierunt perquam incredihile vifum iri. We may likewife confider that the word }(cii1ct7)CY\vco(nti doth not neceflarily fignifie making a Nejl, but rather fitting, roofling, covering and refting in the Boughs, according as the fame word is^^p^j^ ufed by the Septuagint in other places "^ aspf. i.i4.'i2, the 30 Ohferv, upon [ever al Plants TradlL the Vulgar rendreth it in this, inhahtant, as our Tranflation, lodgeth, and the Rhe- miili, rejleth in the Blanches. the Rod of 24. And it came to pafs that on the mor- Numb! 17.8. ^^^ Mofes went into the Tabernacle of wit- nefs^ and behold the Rod of Aaron for the Houfe of Levi was budded ^ and brought forth Buds y and bloomed Bloffomes , and yielded Almonds, In the contention of the Tribes and decifion of priority and primogeniture of Aaron, declared by the Rod, which in a night budded, flowred and brought forth Almonds, you cannot but apprehend a propriety in the Miracle from that fpecies of Tree which leadeth in the Vernal germination of the year, •unto all the Clafles of Trees ; and fo ap- prehend how properly in a night and ihort fpace of time the Miracle arofe, and forae- what anfwerable unto its nature the Flow- ers and Fruit appeared in this precocious * Shacher Tree, and whofe original Name ^ implies {'jj^r fcfti- f^^h fpeedy efflorefcence, as in its proper BUS fuit or nature flowering in February , and Ihewing ir.aturuit. j^^ ^XvilX. in March, This confideration of that Tree maketh the expreflion in Jeremy more Emphatical, ler. I. II. when 'tis faid. What feefl thou^ and he faid, A Rod of an Almond Tree. Then faid the Lord unto me, Thou haft well fe en, for I will haflen the Word to perform it, I will Trad: I. vientiond in Scripure. § i I will be quick and forward like the Al- mond Tree, to produce the effefts of my word, and haften to difplay my judgments upon them. And we may hereby more eafily appre- hend the expreiTion in Ecclefeaftes; lVfje»EcckCi2,$: the Almond Tree jhall flourijh. That is when the Head, which is the prime part, and firft Iheweth it felf in the world, ihall grow white, like the Flowers of the Al- mond Tree, whofe Fruit, ^'^Athencem^^- livereth, was firft called Kx^mov, or the Head, from fome refemblance and cove- ring parts of it. How properly the priority was confir- med by a Rod or Stafl^ and why the Rods and Staf?s of the Princes were chofen for this decifion, Philologifts will confider. For thefe were the badges, figns and cog- nifances of their places, and were a kind of Sceptre in their hands, denoting their fu- pereminencies. The Staff of Divinity is ordinarily defcribed in the hands of Gods and Goddefles in old draughts. Trojan and Grecian Princes were not without the like, whereof the Shoulders of Therfites - *fek from the hands of Vlyjfes, Achilles in Homer, as by a defperate Oath, fwears by his wooden Sceptre, which fhould ne- ver bud nor bear Leaves again; which feeming the greateft impoffibility to him, advan- 32 Obferv.upn fever al Plants Tra6l L advanceth the Miracle of Aarons Rod. j And if it could be well made out that Ho- mer had feen the Books of Mofes, in that expreflion oi Achilles, he might allude un- to this Miracle. That power which propofed the expe- riment by Blollbmes in the Rod, added alfo the Fruit of Almonds ; the Text not ftridlly making out the Leaves, and fo omitting the middle germination : the Leaves properly coming after the Flowers, and before the Almonds. And therefore if you have well perufed Medals, you cannot but obferve how in the imprefs of many Shekels, which pafs among us by the name of the Jerujakm Shekels, the Rod oi Aaron is improperly laden with many Leaves, whereas that which is fliewn under the name of the Samaritan Shekel feems mofi: conformable unto the Text, which defcri- beth the Fruit without Leaves. The Vine in xj. Binding his Foal unto the Vine^ and Gen. 49. II. IjI^ Affes Colt unto the choice Vine, That Vines, which are commonly fup- ported, fliould grow fo large and bulky, as to be fit to laden their Juments, and Beads of labour unto them, may feem a hard expreflion unto many : which not- withftanding may eafily be admitted, if we confider the account of Tliny, that in many places out of Italy Vines do grow with- Tradt i. mention i in Scripture. 53 without any flay or fupport : nor will it be otherwife conceived of lufty Vines, if we call to mind how the fame * Authour *PHn.//3.i4. delivereth, that the Statua of Jupiter was made out of a Vine ; and that out of one fingle Cyprian Vine a Scale or Ladder was made that reached unto the Roof of the Temple of Diana at Epbefus, . 26. / was exalted as a Palm Tree in En- ^ofe of Jc- gaM, and as a Rofe Plant in Jericho. ^ccuJs. 24r. That the Rofe of Jericho, or that Plant 14. ' * which pafleth among us under that deno- mination, was fignified in this Text, you are not likd to apprehend with fome, who alfo name it the Rofe of S, Mary, and deliver, that it openeth the Branches, and Flowers upon the Eve of our Saviour s Nativity : But rather conceive it fome pro- per kind of Rofe, which thrived and pro- ipered in Jericho more than in the neigh- bour Countries. For our Rofe of Jericho is a very low and hard Plant, a few in- ches above the ground ; one whereof brought from Judcea I have kept by me many years, nothing refembling a Role Tree, either in Flowers, Branches, Leaves or Gorwth ; and fo,- improper to anAver the Emphatical word of exaltation in the Text : growing not onely about Jericho^ but other parts of Judcea and Arabia, as Eellonim bath obferved : which being ^ D drk 54 Obferv.upon fever al Plants Tradtl. drie and ligneous Plant, is preferved ma- ny years, and though crumpled and furd- led up, yet, if infufed in Water, will fweli and difplay its parts. Turpentine 27. Quaji Terehinthus extendi ramos, cuw. 24^15". ^^'^^ it is (aid in the fame Chapter, as a Turpentine tree have I Jiretched out my Branches : it will not feem ftrange unto fuch as have either feen that Tree, or exa- mined its defcription: For it is a Plant that widely difplayeth its Branches : And though in fome European Countries it be . but of a low and fruticeous growth, yet » Terebin- Pliny '^ obfcrveth that it is great in Syria, cedoi?a^?u. a,nd fo allowably, or at leaft not impro- ticat^in Sy- perly mentioned in the expreflion oi-^Ho- ^%'lLb^i y^^ according to the Vulgar Tranflation. Plin. Super capita montium facrificant, &c. fuh t Hofca. 4, quercUy populo & terehinthoy quoniam bona ^^* efl umhra ejus. And this diflufion and fpreading of its Branches, hath afforded the Proverb of Terebintho fiultior , appli- ^ able unto arrogant or boafting perfons, who fpread and difplay their own afts, as Erafmus hath obferved. Pomegranate a 8. It is faid in our TranHation. Saul ^'^^^^^'^^' tarried in the uppermojl parts of Giheah, under a Pomegranate Tree which is in Mi' gron : and the people which were with him were about fix hundred men. And when it is faid in fome Latin Tranflations, Saul mora- Tra6t I. mention d in Scripture. 35 moralatur fipco tentono fuh Malogranato, you will not be ready to take it in the com- mon literal fenfe, who know that a Pome- granate Tree is but low of growth, and very unfit to pitch a Tent under it ; and ma/ rather apprehend it as the name of a place, or the Rock of Rimmon, or Pome- . granate; fo named from Pomegranates which grew there, and which many think i jy^g^s ^^^ to have been the fame place mentioned in 4<, 47. -" Judges, CL21.13. X9. It is faid in the Book of Wifedom, f^^^^J^'^^' Where water flood before ^ drie land appea- ,j. y, red, and out of the red Sea a way appeared without impediment f and out of the violent fir earns a green Field ; or as the Latin ren- ders it, Campus germinans de profundo : whereby it feems implied that the Ifrae- ^ lites paffed over a green Field at the bot- ^ tom of the Sea : and though moft would have this but a Metaphorical expreflion, yet may it be literally tolerable ,• and fo may be fafely apprehended by thofe that fenfibly know what great number of Ve- getables (as the feveral varieties of ^/g^'s. Sea Lettuce y Phafganium, Conferua, Caulis Marina, Ahies, Erica, Tamarice , divers forts of MufcuSy Fucus, Quercus Marina and Corallins) are found at the bottom of the Sea. Since it is alfo now well known, that the Weftern Ocean, for many degrees-, D 2, is ^6 Obferv. upon fever a I plants Trad: I. is covered with Sargajfo or Lentkula Ma- rina, and found to arife from the bottom of that Sea ; fince, upon the coaft of Tro- 'Vence by the Ifles of Eres, there is a part of the Mediterranean Sea, called la Prery, or the Meadowy Sea, from the bottom thereof fo plentifully covered with Plants : fince vaft heaps of Weeds are found in the Bellies of fome Whales taken in the Nor- thern Ocean, and at a great diftance from the Shore: And fince the providence of Nature hath provided this (helter for mi- nor Fifties ; both for their fpawn, and fafe- ty of their young ones. And this might be more peculiarly allowed to be fpoken of the Red Sea, fince the Hebrews named kSuph, or th^Weedy Sea: and, alfo, fee- ing Theophraflm and Vl'tny, obferving the growth of Vegetables under water, have made their chief illuftrations from thofe in the- Red Sea. m^ite. 30. You will readily difcover how widely they are miftaken, who accept the Sycamore mention'd in feveral parts of Scripture for tlie Sycamore, or Tree of that denomination, with us : which is pro- perly but one kind or difference diAcer, and bears no Fruit with any refemblance unto a Figg. But you will rather, thereby, appre- hend the true and genuine Sycamore, or Sycami' Trail I. mention d in Scripture, 37 Sjcaminus, which is a llranger in our parts. A Tree ( according to the defcription of Theophraflus, Diojcorides and Galen) re- fembUng a Mulberry Tree in the Leaf, but in the Fruit a Figg; which it produceth not in the Twiggs but in the Trunqjcor greater Branches, anfwerable to the Syca- more oi /Egypt, the iiigyptian Figg or Giamez of the Arabians, defcribed by Profper Alp'tms, with a Leaf fomewhat broader than a Mulberry, and in its Fruit like a Figg. Infomuch that fome have fancied it to have had its firft production from a Figg Tree grafted on a Mulber- ry. ft is a Tree common in Judaea, where- of they made frequent ufe in Buildings ^ and fo underftood, it explaineth that ex- prefTion in ^ Ifaiah : Sycamori excifi funt^ ♦ Ifa. 9. 10," Cedrosjuhflitiiemus. The Bricks are fallen down, we: voill huild with he wen Stones : The Sycamores are cut down, hut we will change them into Cedars, It is a broad fpreading Tree, not onely fit for Walks, Groves and Shade, but al- fo affording profit. And therefore it is faid that King f David appointed Baalha- 1 1 chron. nan to be over his Olive Trees and Syca- ^'' ^^' mores, which were in great plenty ; and it is accordingly delivered, || that Solomon II « King, lo. made Cedars to he as the Sycamore Trees ^^* D 3 that 38 Ohjerv. upon fever al Plants Tradt 1 that are in the Vale for ahundance. That is, he planted many, though they did not come to perfection in his days. And as it grew plentifully about the plains, fo was the Fruit good for Food ; and, as Bellonius and late accounts de- liver, very refrefhing unto Travellers in thofe hot and drie Countries : whereby ?^mps7.i4. the expreflion of '^ Amos becomes more in- telligible, when he faid he was an Herdf- wan, and , a gatherer of Sycamore Fruit. tPfal.78. And -the expreflion of f David alfo be- ^^' comes more Emphatical; He deftroyed their Fines with Hail, and their Sycamore trees with Frofi. That is, their Sicmoth in the Original, a word in the found not far from the Sycamore. Illuk. 17. <5. Thus when it is faid, |1 If ye had Faith as a grain of Mujlard-feed, ye might fay un- to this Sycamine Tree, Be thou plucked up ly the roots, and he thou placed in the Sea, and it Jhould obey you : it might be more ' fignificantly fpoken of this. Sycamore ; this being defcribed to be Arlor vafla, a large and well rooted Tree, whofe remo- val was more difficult than many others. And fo the inftance in that Text, is very properly made in the Sycamore Tree, one ' of the.largeft and lefs removable Trees a- inong them. A Tree fo lading and well jrooted, that the Sycamore which Zacheus "'^"" ' " ' ^ alcen- Trad: I. mention d in Scripture, 5^ afcended, is ftill ftiewn in Judaa unto Travellers; as alfo the hollow Sycamore . at Maturaea In y€gypt, where the blefled Virgin is faid to have remained : which though it reliflieth of the Legend, yet it plainly declareth what opinion they had of the lafling condition of that Tree, to countenance the Tradition ; for which they might not be without fome experi- ence, fince the learned defcriber of the * Pyramides obferveth, that the old -^gyp-'^ D.Grcavef, tians made Coffins of this Wood, which he found yet frefli and undecayed among di- vers of their Mummies. And thus, alfo, when Zachem climbed up into a Sycamore above any other Tree, this being a large and fair one, it can- not be denied that he made choice of a proper and advantageous Tree to look down upon our Saviour. 31. Whether the expreflion of our Si- increafe of yiour in the Parable of the Sower, and irhe i]^fi^''^;^^^ increafe of the Seed mtd thirty, Jixty and l^, 25. ^ a hundred fold , had any reference unto the ages of Believers, and meafures of their Faith, as Children, Young and Old Per- fons, as to beginners, well advanced and flrongly confirmed Chriftians^ as learned men have hinted; or whether in this pro- grelTional aflent there were any latent Myfteries, as the myftical Interpreters of P 4 Num- 40 Ohferv.uf on [ever al Plants TraAI, Numbers may apprehend, I pretend not to determine. But, how this multiplication may well be conceived, and in what way apprehen- ded, and that this centeffimal increafe is not naturally ftrange, you that are no ft ranger in Agriculture, old and new, are pot like to make great doubt. That every Grain (hould produce an Ear affording an hundred Grains, is not hke to be their conjefture who behold the growth of Corn in our Fields, wherein a common Grain doth produce far lefs in number. For Barley confifting but of two Verfus or Rows, feldom exceedeth twenty Grains, that is, ten upon each 2m;^o^, or Row ; Rye, of a fquare figure, is very fruitfuU at forty : Wheat, befides the Frit and Vruncus, or imperfeft Grains of the fmall Husks at the top and bottom of the Ear, is fruitfuU at ten treble Gluma or Husks in a Row , each containing but three Grains in breadth, if the middle Grain arriveth at all to perfeftion ; and fp maketh up threefcore Grains in both fides. Yet even this centeflimal fruftification may be admitted in fome forts of Cerea- ' IJa, and Grains froni one Ear : if we take in the Tritkum centigrapuniy or fertilijfi- ^m ?//»if, Indian ^heat, and Panktim; which^ Tradt I. mention d in Scripture. 41 which, in every Ear, containeth hundreds of Grains. But this increafe may eafily be concei- ved of Grains in their total multiplication, in good and fertile ground, fince, if every Grain of Wheat produceth but three Ears, the increafe will arife above that number. Nor are we without examples of fome grounds which have produced many more Ears, and above this centeflimal increafe : As Pliny hath left recorded of the Byza- cian Field in Africa, Mifit ex eo loco Pro- curator ex uno quaJraginta minus germina, Mifit & Neroni pariter tercentum quaJra- ginta fiipulosy ex uno grano. Cum centef- fimos quid em Leontini Sicilian campi fundunt^ aliique, & tota Boetica, & imprimis y£- gyptus. And even in our own Country, trom one Grain of Wheat fowed in a Gar- den, I have numbred many more than an hundred. And though many Grains are common- ly loft which come not to fprouting or earing, yet the fame is alfo verified in. meafure ; as that one Buftiel Ihould pro- duce a hundred, as is exemplified by the Corn in Gerar ; "*" Then Ifaac fowed in that * Gcn.25. Land, and received in that year an hundred '*• fold. That is, as the Chaldee explaineth it, a hundred for one, when he meafured it And this Pliny feems to intend, when he jfaitl^ 42 Obferv.uponfeveral Plants Tradtl. faith of the fertile Byzacian Territory be- fore mentioned, Ex uno centeni ^uinqua- ginta modii reddmtur. And may be fa- vourably apprehended of the fertility of fome grounds in Poland; wherein, after the account oiGaguinta, from Rye fowed in Auguft, come thirty or forty Ears, and a Man on Horfeback can fcarce look over it. In the Sabbatical Crop oi Judaea, there muft be admitted a large increafe, and probably not fliort of this centeflimal mul- tiplication : For it fupplied part of the fixth year, the whole feventh, and eighth until} the Harveft of that year. The feven years of plenty in ^gypt muft be of high increafe ; when, by fto- ring up but the fifth part, they fupplied the whole Land, and many of their neigh- » Gen. 41. hours after : for it is faid, * the Famine 5^* was in all the Land about them. And therefore though the caufes of the Dearth in ^gypt be made out from the defed; of the overflow of NHuSy according to the Dream of Pharaoh ; yet was that no caufe of the fcarcity in the Land of Canaan, which may rather be afcribed to the want of the former and latter rains, for fome fucceeding years,- if their Famine held time and duration with that of /^gypt ; fGen. <. ^^ ^^y ^^ probably gather'd from that 9,11/ * cx^tQffionoiJofeph, '\ Come down unto me [into Tradl L mention d in Scripture. a -2 ltnto/^gypt\ and tarry not, and there will J nourijh you : (for yet there are five years of Famine) left thou and thy Houfhold, and aU that thou haft come to poverty. How they preferved their Corn fo long in ^gypt may feem hard unto Northern and moift Climates, except we confider the many ways of prefervation practifed by antiquity, and alfo take in that handfome account of Pliny, What Corn foever is laid up in the Ear, it taketh no harm keep it as long as you will ; although the beft and mod afliired way to keep Corn is in Caves and Vaults under ground, accor- ding to the pra(3:ice of Cappadocta and Thracia. ♦ In ^gypt and Mauritania above all things they look to this, that their Gra- naries ftand on high ground ; and how drie fo ever their Floor be, they lay a courfe of Chaffbetwixt it and the ground. Befides, they put up their Corn in Gra- naries and'Binns together with the Ear. And Varro delivereth that Wheat laid up in that manner will laft fifty years ; Mil- let an hundred ; and Beans fo conferved in a Cave of Amhracia, were known to laft an hundred and twenty years ; that is, from the time of King Pyrrhus, unto the Pyratick War under the conduft of Pom- More 44 Obferv. upon feveral Plants Tradll. More ftrange it may feem how, after feven years, the Grains conferved Ihould be fruitful! for a new produftion. For it is faid that Jofeph delivered Seed unto the Egyptians y tojow their Land for the eighth year : and Corn after feven years is like to afford little or no production, accor- * Theoph. ding to Theophrajius ; * Ad Sementem fe- fJsjt.LS. ^^^ anniculum optimum putatur y hinum deter im & trinum; ultra Jlerile ferme eft, quanquam ad ufum ciharium idoneum. Yet fince, from former exemplificati- ons. Corn may be made to laft fo long, the fruftifying power may well be con- ceived to laft in fome good proportion, according to the region and place of its confervation, as the fame Theophraftus hath obferved, and left a notable example from Cappadocia, where Corn might be kept fixty years, and remain fertile at forty ; according to his expreflion thus tranflated; In Cappadocice loco quodam petra dit}oy tri- ticum ad quadraginta annos foscundum eft, & ad fementem percommodum durare proditum efi, fexagenos aut feptuagenos ad ufum ciha- rium fervari pojfe idoneum. The fituation of that Confervatory, was, as he delivereth, v-ifYiXhv^ivuviiVyivaLV^oVf high^ airy and eX' pofed to fever aV favourable winds. And upon fuch confideration of winds and wti\r tilation, fome conceive the i^gyptian Gra- naries Trad: I. mention d in Scripture. 45 naries were rfiade open, the Country be- ing free from rain. Howfoever it was, that contrivance could not be without fome « ^gyp^ hazard : * for the great Mills and Dews h(^x^»S\iu of that Country might difpofe the Corn f-^2'^^ct unto corruption. phr'aftum. More plainly may they miftake, who from fome analogy of name (as li Pyramid were derived from fltJ^oi', Trkkum,) con- ceive thei^gyptian Pyramids to have been built for Granaries ; or look for any fettled Monuments about the Defarts ereded for that intention; fmce their Store- houfes were made in the great Towns, according to Scripture exprelfion, f He gathered up f Gen. 41. all the Food of [even years, which was in the 4^- Land of/^gypt, and laid up the Food in the Cities : the Food of the Field which was round about every City^ laid he up in the fame, 3 1. For if thou wert cut out of the Olive Olhe Tree in "'Tree, which is wild hy nature , and wert^^^'^^''^^' grafted, contrary to nature, into a good O- live Tree, how much more fhall theje, which he the natural Branches, he grafted into their own Olive Tree ? In which place, how anfwerable to the Doftrine of Huf- bandry this exprefllon of S. Paul is, you will readily apprehend who underftand the rules of infition or grafting, and that way of vegetable propagation; wherein that is contrary to nature, or natural rules which 4^ Ohferv.uponfeveral Plants Trad. I. which Art obferveth : viz. tb make ufe of a Cyons more ignoble than the Stock, or to graft wild upon dom^ftick and good * Dc caufis Plants, according as * theophrafius hath phmt.i.;3.i. anciently obferved, and, making inftance ^* in the Olive, hath left this Dodtrine unto us ; Vrhanum Sylvejlrihus utfatis Oleaflrts infer ere. Namfi e contrario Sy heft rem in Vrhanosfeveris,etfi differentia quadam erit^ t K*^^/^p• tamen f honaefrugts Arhor nunquam profetlo ^»iy ovH. i^«. reddetur : which is alfo agreeable unto our prefent prad:ice, who graft Pears onThorns, and Apples upon Crabb Stocks, not ufing the contrary infition. And when it is faid. How much more {hall thefe, which are the natural Branches^ he grafted into their own natural Olive Tree ? this is alfo agreeable unto the rule of the fame Authour ; ^E^i ^ ^iXrioDV iyjuvl^a^^^y hfxoioev dq liuuoict^ Infitio rrielior eft fimilium in Jimilihus : For the nearer confanguinity there is be- tween the Gyons and the Stock, the rea- dier comprehenfion is made, and the no- bler frudification. According alfo unto II Dc horti- the later caution of Laurenlergius\ ^^Arho- cultura. ^^^ domeflic(e injitioni deftinatce, Jemper anteponendie Sylveftrihus. And though the fuccefs be good, and may fuffice upon Stocks of the fame denomination ; yet, to be grafted upon their own and Mother Stock, is the neareft infition : which way, though Tradt I. mention d in Scripture. 47 though lefs pradifed of old, is now much imbraced, and found a notable way for melioration of the Fruit ,• and much the rather, if the Tree to be grafted on be a good and generous Plant, a good and fair Olive, as the Apoflle feems to imply by a peculiar * word fcarce to be found elfe- '^ Kat?^U- where. • Rom 11.24. It muft be alfo confidered, that the Ok-' after, or wild Olive, by cutting, tranf- planting and the beft managery of Art, can be made but to produce fuch Olives as (Theophraftus {kith) were particularly named Phaulia, that is, but had Olives ; and that it was reckond among Prodi- gies, for the Oleafter to become an Olive Tree. And when infition and grafting, in the Text, is applied unto the Olive Tree, it hath an Emphatical fenfe, very agreeable unto that Tree which is beft propagated this way; not at all by furculation, as Tbeophraftus obferveth, nor well by Seed, as (lath been obferved. Omne femenfimile genus perfidt , prater oleam , Oleaftrum enim generat, hoc eft Jylveftrem oleam, & non oleam veram, " If, therefore, thou Roman and Gen- " tile Branch, which wert cut from the " wild Olive, art now, by the fignal mer- " cy of God, beyond the ordinary and '' com- fj^S Ohferv. upon feveral Plants Tradtl " commonly expefted way, grafted into " the true Olive, the Church of God ; if •* thou, which neither naturally nor by *' humane art canft be made to produce " any good Fruit, and, next to a Miracle, *' to be made a true Olive, art now by '* the benignity of God graftgd into the " proper Olive ^ how much niore fliall the " Jew, and natural Branch, be grafted in- " to its genuine and mother Tree, where- ** in propinquity of nature is like, fo rea- *' dily and profperoufly, to effeft a coali- " tion ? And this more efpecially by the " exprefled way of infition or implantati- " on, the Olive being not fuccefsfully pro- " pagable by Seed, nor at all by furcula- " tion. Trees h are her Houfe, This exprejffion , in our prai. 104. Tranflation, which keeps clofe to the Ori- *^' ginal Chafidah, is fomewhat different from the Greek and Latin Tranflation ; nor a- greeable unto common obfervation, where- by they are known commonly to build upon Chimneys, or the tops of Houfes, and high Buildings , which notv\^ithftanding, the common Tranflation may clearly confift with obfervation , if we confider that this is commonly affirmed of the black Stork, and take notice of the de- fcription of Ornithologus in Aldrovandus, that Tracft I. mention d in Scripture. 4p that fuch Storks are often found in divers parts, and that they do in Arhorihus nidu- lari, prcefertim in ahietihus ; Make their Nefls on Trees, elpecially upon Firre Trees. Nor wholly difagreeing unto the practice of the common white Stork, according unto Varro, nidulantur in agris : and the conceflion of Aldrovandus that fometimes they build on Trees : and the aflertion of "^ Bellonius, that men drefs them Nefts, * Bf or modern Herbalifts, a ftrift divifron of^^^^^^jJJ* Plants, into Arbor, Frutex, Suffrutex & Tree^ in Herba, you cannot but take notice of the ^^°' '* '*' Scriptural divifion at the Creation, into F Tre^ 66 Obferv. upon feveral Plants Trad I. Tree and Heri : and this may feem too narrow to comprehend the Clajffis of Ve- getables ; which , notwithftanding, may be fufficient, and a plain and intelligible divifion thereof. And therefore in this diiBculty concerning the divifion of Plants, the learned Botanift, defalpinus, thus con- cludeth, Clarius agemus Jt altera div'tfione neglellHy duo tan turn Plant arum genera fuh- Jfituamus, Arhorem fcilicet , © Her I am ^ conjungentes cum Arhorilus Frutkes , & cum Her ha Suffrutkes 5 Frutices being the lefler Trees, and Suffrutkes the larger, har- der and more folid Herbs. And tliis divifion into Herb and Tree, may alfo fuffice, if we take in that natu- ral ground of the divifion of perfeft Plants, and fuch as grow from Seeds. For Plants, in their firft production, do fend forth two Leaves adjoining to the Seed; and then afterwards, do either produce two other Leaves, and fo fucceflively before any Stalk; and fuch go under the name of XlocL, Boldvy]^ or Heri ; or elfe, after the firft Leaves fucceeding to the Seed Leaves, they fend forth a Stalk, or rudiment of a Stalk before any other Leaves, and fuch fall under the Claflis of Aiv^^ov, or Tree. So that, in this natural divifion, there are but two grand differences, that is. Tree and HerL The Frutex and Suffrutex have the Tra6t I. mention d in Scripture. 6j the way of produdion from the Seed, and in other refpeds the Suffrutkes, or Cremia, have a middle and participating nature, and referable unto Herbs. 4z. / have feen the ungodly in great The Bay Tree^ power, and flourijhing like a green Bay Tree. '"/* ^^' Both Scripture and humane Writers draw frequent illuftrations from Plants. Scrih- nius Largus illuftrates the old Cymbals from the Cotyledon Falujlris, or Vmheli- CHS Veneris, Who would expeft to find Aaron ^ Mitre in any Plant ? yet Jofephus hath taken fome pains to make out the fame in the feminal knop of HyofcyamuSy or Henbane. The Scripture compares the Figure of Manna unto the Seed of Corian- der. In * Jeremy we find the expreflion, * Jcr. lo. %\ Str eight as a Palm Tree : And here the wicked in their flourifhing (late are like- ned unto a Bay Tree. Which, fufficient-* ly anfwering the fenfe of the Text, we are unwilling to exclude that noble Plant from the honour of having its name in Scripture. Yet we cannot but obferve, that the Septuagint renders it Cedars, and the Vulgar accordingly, Fidi impium fu-, perexaltatum, & elevatum ficut Cedros Li'>' hani', and the Tranflation of Tremelius mentions neither Bay nor Cedar ; Sefe ex* plicantem tanquam Arhor indigena virens ; which feems to have been followed by the F 2 laft 6S Obferv. upon fever al Plants Tradll. laft Low Dutch Tranflation. A private Tranflation renders it like a green Je/f- "f-Am^vionh. growing "*" Laurel. The High Dutch of Luther s Bible, retains the word Laurel ; and fo doth the old Saxon and liland Tranflation ; fo alfo the French, Spaniih ; and Italiarf of Diodati : yet his Notes ac- knowledge that fome think it rather a Cedar, and others any large Tree in a profpering and natural Soil. But however thefe Tranflations differ, the fenfe is allowable and obvious unto ap- prehenfion: when no particular Plant is named, any proper to the fenfe may be fuppofed ; where either Cedar or Laurel is mentioned, if the preceding words [^exalted and elevated^ be u fed, they are more appliable unto the Cedar;, where the word [^flourijhing ] is ufed, it is more agreeable unto the Laurel, which, in its profperity, abounds with pleafant Flowers, whereas thofe of the Cedar are very little, and fcarce perceptible, anfwerable to the Firre, Pine and other coniferous Trees. Jhi Figg 4j. And in the mornings when they were sffiixk. 1 1/^^^^ /rf7/w Bethany y he was hungry ; and i^,&c. feeing a Figg Tree afar off having Leaves, he came, if haply he might fnd any thing thereon ; and when he came to it, he found nothing hut Leaves : for the time of Figgs was not yet. Singular conceptions have pafled Tradl I. 'mention d in Scripture. 69 pafled from learned men to make out this paffige of S. Mark, which ^ S. Matthew fo * Matt, lu plainly delivereth; moft men doubting '^' why our Saviour fliould curfe the Tree for bearing no Fruit, when the time of Fruit was not yet come ; or why it is faid th2it*the time of Figgs was not yet, when, notwithftanding, Figgs might be found at that feafon. •\HeinfiHSy who thinks that Elias muft t "^^"^"* falve the doubt, according to the received '" ^^""""* Reading of the Text, undertaketh to vary the fame, reading 8 ^ \v^ H^^^^ aivMv^ that is, for where he ivas, it was the feafon or time for Figgs. A learned || Interpreter of our own, 11 c>. Ham- without alteration of accents or words, °"°'^^* endeavours to falve all, by another inter- pretation of the fame, QJ ^ k^i^q^; av-^v. For it was not a good or feafonahle year for But, becaufe men part not eafily with old beliefs, or the received conftru(ftion of words, we iliall briefly fet down what may be alledged for it. And, firft, for the better comprehenfi- on of all deduftions hereupon, we may confider the feveral differences and diftinc- tions both of Figg Trees and their Fruits, Suidas upon the word '\(^x^^ makes four divifion^ of Figgs, "OAw'.^^, ^!\>^%y ^vttov F J and 70 Obferv. 7iponfeveral Plants Tradl I. and 'Icr^ci^. But becaufe $kA«| makes no confiderable diflinftion, learned men do chiefly infift upon the three others ; that is, ""OAvv^g, or Grojfus , which are the Buttons, orfmall fortofFiggs, either not ripe, or not ordinarily proceeding to ripe- nefs, but fall away at leafl in the greateft part, and efpecially in fliarp Winters; which are alfo named Sj;;^^^^;, and diftin- guiflied from the Fruit of the wild Figg, or Caprjficus, which is named 'E^ivihq, and never cometh unto ripenefs. iThe fecond is called ^uyuiv^ or Fkus, which common-^ ly proceedeth unto ripenefs in its due fea- fon. A third the ripe Figg dried, which pnaketh the 'la';^^^^, or Carrier. Of Figg Trees there are alfo many divi- fions ; For fome are prodromi, or precoci-? ous, which bear Fruit very early, whether* they bear once, or oftner in the year; fome are proterkce, which are the mofl: early of the precocious Trees, and bear fooneft of any ; fome are leftivie, which bear in the common feafon of the Sum- mer, and fome ferot'tnce which bear very late. Some are hiferous and tr'tferons, which bear twice or thrice in the year, and fome are of the ordinary (landing courfe, whictj jnalie up the expeded feafon of Figgs. Again Tradl L mention d in Scripture. 7 1 Again fome Figg Trees, either in their proper kind, or tertility in fome fingle ones, do bear Fruit or rudiments of Fruit all the year long ; as is annually obferva- ble in fome kind of Figg Trees in hot and proper regions ; and m^y alfo be obferved in fome Figg Trees of more temperate Countries, m years of no great difadvan- tage, wherein, when the Summer-ripe Figg is paft, others begin to appear, and fo, {landing in Buttons all the Winter, do either fall away before the Spring, or elfe proceed to ripenefs. Now, according to thefe diftinftbns, we may meafure the intent of the Text, and endeavour to make out the expreflion. For, confidering the diverfity of thefe Trees, and their feveral frudifications ^ probable or pofTible it is, that fome there- of were implied, and may literally afford a folution. And firft, though it was not the feafon for Figgs, yet fome Fruit might have been expected, even in ordinary bearing Trees. For the Grojft or Buttons appear before the Leaves, efpecially before the Leaves are well grown. Some might have flood du- ring the Winter, and by this time been of fome growth : Though many fall offi yet fome might remain on,^nd proceed to- ward? maturity. And we find that good F 4 Hus- 72 Obferv, upon [ever al Plajtts Tradll. Husbands had an art to make them hold on, as is deUvered by Theophrajliu. The ^vKMv or common Summer Figg was not expedited ; for that is placed by Galen among the Frutius Horarit, or Honei^ which ripen in that part of Summer, cal- led '^He^, and {lands commer^ded by him above other Fruits of that feafon. And of this kind might be the Figgs which were brought unto Cleopatra in a Basket toge- ther with an Afp, according to the time of her death on. the nineteenth of ^^^^y?. And that our Saviour expeftcd not I'uch Figgs, but fome other kind, feems to be . implied in the indefinite expreiTion, if hap- ly he might find any thing thereon ; which in that Country, and the variety of fuch TVees, might not be defpaired of, at this feafon, and very probably hoped for in the firft precocious and early bearing Trees. And that there were precocious and early bearing Trees in Judcea, may be illuftra- ted from fome expreffions in Scripture Jer. 24 2, concerning precocious Figgs ; * Calathus unus hah eh at Ficus honas nimis, ficut jolent ejfe Ficus primi temporis ; One Basket had very good Figgs, even like the Figgs that are firft ripe. And the like might be more efpecially expedted in this place, if this remarkable Tr^ be rightly placed in fome M^pps of Jerufalem ; for it is placed, by Adri' Tradll. vientmid in Scripture. 73 Adrichomius, in or nt2it Bethphage, which , fome conjeflrures will have to be ihtHoufe I ^/ ^-^^» or the neighbour Countries: Forbefides the Cedars, the Syrian LiUes are taken notice of by Writers. That expreffion in the Canticles, * Thou art fair ^ thou art fair, * Cant. 4. i. thou hafl Doves eyes, receives a particular character, if we look not upon our com- mon Pigeons, but the beauteous and fine ey'd Doves of Syria. When the Rump is fo ftriftly taken notice of in the Sacrifice of the Peace Offering , in thefe words, f The whole t Lcvit. %. 9. Rump, it fhall he taken off hard hy the Back-hone, it becomes the more confide- rable in reference to this Country, where Sheep had fo large Tails ; which, accor- ding to \\AriJiotle, were a Cubit broad 5 ll Ariftor. and fo they are ftill, as Be/Ionius hath de- ^^^j'^"'"'^^- livered. When 'tis faid in theCanticles, f T'/^y + Cant,4. 2. Teeth are as a Flock of Sheep, which go up from the wafhing, whereof every one heareth Twins, and there is not one barren among them ; it may feem hard unto us of thefe parts to find whole Flocks bearing Twins, and not one barren among them; yet may this be better conceived in the fertile Flocks of thofe Countries, where Sheep have fo often two, fometimes three, and fometimes four, and which is fo frequent- ly ob- So Ob few. upon fever al Plants Tradt L j ly obferved by Writers of the neighbour I Country of ^gyft. And this fecundity, i and iruitiulneft of their Flocks, is anfwe- 1 rable unto the expreffion of the Pfalmift, \ * Pfal. 144. '*' That our Sheep may hring forth thoufands ^5' and ten thoufands in our Streets, And hereby, befides what was fpent at their Tables, a good fupply was made for the great confumption of Sheep in their feve- ral kinds of Sacrifices; and of fo ma- ny thoufand Male unblemilhed yearUng Lambs, which were required at their Pafleovers. Nor need we wonder to find fo frequent mention both of Garden and Field Plants ; fince Syria was notable of old for this cu* riofity and variety, according to Fliny, Sy- ria hortis operojijfima ; and fince Bellonius hath fo lately obferved of Jerufalem, that its hilly parts did fo abound with Plants, that they might be compared unto Mount Ida in Crete or Candia; which is the moft noted place for noble Simples yet known. Trees and 46. Though fo many Plants have their Herbs mt exprcfs Namcs in Scripture, yet others nam'd in are implied m lome Texts which are not Scripture, explicitly mention'cj. In the Feaft of Tabernacles or Booths, the Law was this, ♦ Lc?it. 23. * Thou jh alt take unto thee Boughs of good- ^®' ly Trees ^ Branches of the Palm, and the Boughs Tra6l I. mention d in Scripture. 8 1 Boughs of thick Trees, and Willows of the Brook. Now though the Text defcendeth not unto particulars of the goodly Trees^ and thick Trees ; yet Maimonides will tell u^ that for a goodly Tree they made ufe of the Citron Tree, which is fair and goodly to the eye, and well profpering in that Coun- try: And that for the thick Trees they ufed the Myrtle, which was no rare or in^ frequent Plant among them. And though it groweth but low in our Gardens, was not a little Tree in thofe parts ; in which Plant alfo the Leaves grew thick, and al*- mod covered the Stalk. And Curtius '^ Symphorianus in his defcription of the * Curtiui Exotick Myrtle, makes it. Folio denfijfimo^'^ ^"^^^^^^ fenis in ordinern verfibus. The Pafchal Lamb was to be eaten with bitternefs or bitter Herbs, not particularly fet down iit Scripture : but the Jewifli Writers declare, that they made ufe of Succory, and wild Lettuce, which Herbs while fome con-^ ceive they could not get down, as being very bitter, rough and prickly, they may confider that the time of the Pafiedver was in the Spring, when thefe Herbs are young and tender, and confequently lefs unplea- fant: befides, according to the Jewifli cu- ftom, thefe Herbs were dipped in theC^^- rofeth or Sawce made of Raifins ftamped with Vinegar, and were alfo eaten with G Bread I 82 Obferv. upon fever al Plants TradlL Bread ; and they had four Cups of Wine allowed unto them ; and it was fufficient to take but a pittance of Herbs, or the quantity of an Olive. Reeds in 47. Though the famous paper Reed of scrtpture. Mgjft , be onely particularly named in ' Scripture ; yet when Reeds are fo often mention d, without fpecial name or dl- ftinftion, we may conceive their differen- ces may be comprehended, and that they were not all of one kind, or that the com- mon Reed was onely implied. For men- »Ezck4o.$. tion is made in * Ezekieloi a meafuring Reed of fix Culits : we find that they fmote our Saviour on the Head with a f 5. Matc.27. t Reed, and put a Sponge with Vinegar on ^^'^ ' 2L Reed, which was long enough to reach to his mouth, while he was upon the Croft; And with fuch differences of Reeds, f^al- latory, Sagittary, Scriptory^ and others, they might be furniflied in Judcea: For II Iofh.15.17. we find in the portion of |1 Ephraim, Vallis armdtneti ; and fo fet down in the Mapps oiAdricomius, and in our Tranflation the KivtxKana, ov^rooko'i Canes. And Bel- lontus tells us that the River Jordan affbr- deth plenty and variety of Reeds; out of fome whereof the Arabs make Darts, and light Lances, and out of others. Ar- rows; and withall that there plentifully groweth the fine Calamus ^ arundo Scrips toria. TradlL mention di7i Scripture. 8^ toria, or writing Reed, which they gather with the greateft care, as being of Angu- lar ufe and commodity at home and a- broad ; a hard Reed about the compafs of a Goofe or Swans Quill, whereof I have it^n fome polifhed and cut with a Webb ; which is in common ufe for writing throughout the Turkifli Dominions, they ufing not the Quills of Birds. And whereas the fame Authour with other defcribers of thefe parts afErmeth, that the River Jordan, not far from Jeri- CO, is but fuch a Stream as a youth may throw* a Stone over it, or about eight fa- thoms broad, it doth not diminiih the ac- count and folemnity of the miraculous pajflage of the Ifraelites under Jofhua ; For it muft be confidered, that they pailed it in the time of Harveft, when the River was high, and the Grounds about it under Water, according to that pertinent paren- thefis. As the Feet of the Priejis, which carried the Ark, were dipped in the brim of the Water, (for * Jordan overfloweth all * Joili. 3. 1$. its Banks at the time of Harveft.) In this confideration it was well joined with the sreat River Euphrates, in that expreflion m f Ecclefiafticus, God maketh the under* tEcclu5.34* (ianding to abound like Euphrates^ and as ^^* Jordan in the time of Harveft. G % Tht 84 Obferv. upon [ever al Plants TradlL Ziziania, in 48. The Kingdom of Heaven is likened ^' ^^^^'J^' unto a man which fowed good Seed in his ' Field y hut while men jlept , his Enemy came and fowed Tares (or, as the Greek, Zizania) among the Wheat, Now, how to render Zizania, and to what fpecies of Plants to confine it, there is no flender doubt ; for the word is not mention d in other paifts of Scripture, nor in any ancient Greek Writer : it is not to be found in Ariflotle, Theophrajlus , or Diofcorides. Some Greek and Latin Fa- thers have made ufe of the fame, as alfo Suidas and Vhavorinm ; but probably they have all derived it from this Text. And therefore this obfcurity might ca- fily occafion fuch variety in Trandations and Expofitions. For fome retain the word Zizania, as the Vulgar, that of Be- za, o': Junius, and alfo the Italian and Spa- nifh. The Low Dutch renders it Oncruidt, the German Oncraut, or Herha Mala, the French I'uroye or Lolium, and the Englifli Tares. Befides, this being conceived to be a Syriack word, it may flill add unto the uncertainty of the fenfe. For though this Gofpel were firft written in Flebrew, or Syriack, yet it is not unqueftionable whe- ther the true Original be any where ex- ' tant : And that Syriack Gopy which we now Tradt I. mention d in Scripture. 85 now have, is conceived to be of far later iimtthinS. Matthew. Expofitours and Annotatours are alfo various. Hugo Grotiiis hath parted the word Zizania without a Note. DioJati^ retaining tlie word Zizania^ conceives that it was fome peculiar Herb growing among the Corn of thofe Countries, and not known in our Fields. But Emanuel de Sa interprets it, Plantas femhi noxias, andfo accordingly fome others. Buxtorfius^ in his Rabbinical Lexicon^ gives divers interpretations, fometimes for degenerated Corn, fometimes for the black Seeds in Wheat, but withall concludes, an hcec fit eadem 'vox aut fpecies, cum Ziza^ nia apud Evangeliftam, quarant alii. But Lexicons and Dic3:ionaries by Zizania do almoft generally underftand Lolium, which . we call Darnel, *nd commonly confine the fignification to that Plant : Notwithftan- ding, fmce Lolium had a known and recei- ved Name in Greek, fome may be apt to doubt, why, if that Plant were particu- larly intended, the proper Greek word was not ufed in the Text. For ^ Theophraflus * «fca>«5$. named Lolium Al^, and hath often men- J^°j^/^j{|' tioned that Plant; and in one place faith /. s." that Corn doth fometimes Lolie/cere or degenerate into Darnel. Diofcorides, who travelled over Judcea, gives it the fame G 3 name. 8(^ Obferv.uponjeveral Plants Tract! name, which is alfo to be found in Gale», /^tius^iwd/^gifieta; and P//;y' hath fome- times latinized that word into ^r a, Befides, Lolium or Darnel ihews it felf in the Winter, growing up with the Wheat ; and Theophrajlus oblerved that it was no Vernal Plant, but came up in the Winter ; which will not well anfwer the expreflion of the Text, And when the Blade came up^ and brought forth Fruit, or gave evidence > of its Fruit, the Zizania appeared. And if the Husbandry of the Ancients were agreeable unto ours, they would not have been fo earned to weed away the Darnel ; for our Husbandmen do not commonly weed it in the Field, but feparate the Seeds after Thrafliing. And therefore Galen de- livereth, that in an unfeafonable year, and great fcarcity of Corn, when they neglec- ted to feparate the Darnel, the Bread pro- ved generally unwholfome, and had evil effefts on the Head. Our old and later Tranflation render Zizamay Tares, which name our Englilh Botanifts give unto Aracus, Cracca, Vicia fylveftrtSy calling them Tares, and ftran- gling Tares. And our Husbandmen by Tares underftand fome forts of wild Fit- ches, which grow amongft Corn, and clafp upon it, according to the Latin Ety- mology, VtQia a Vmtendo. Now in this uncer- Trad:!, vientiond in Scripture. 87 uncertainty of the Original, Tares as well as fome others, may make out the fenfe, and be alfo more agreeable unto the cir- !cumftances of the Parable. For they come up and appear what they are, when the Blade of the Corn is come up, and alfo tiiQ Stalk and Fruit difcoverable. They havelikewife little fpreading Roots, which may intangle or rob the good Roots, and they have alfo tendrils and clafpers, which Jay hold of what grows near them, and fo can hardly be weeded without endange- ring the neighbour Corn. However, if by Zizania we underfland Herhasfegeti noxias, owitiafegetum, as fome Expofitours have done, and take the word in a more general fenfe, comprehen- ding feveral Weeds and Vegetables offen- five unto Corn, according as the Greek word in the plural Number may imply, and as the learned '^ Laurenlergius hath*DeHorti .exprefled, Runcare quod apud nofiratesWe-^^^^^^^* den dicitury Zizanias inuttles efi evellere. If, I fay, it be thus taken, we fliall not need to be definitive, or confine unto one j)articular Plant, from a word which may comprehend divers: And this may alfo prove a fafer fenfe, in fuch obfcurity of «:he Original. And therefore fince in this Parable the fower of tlie Zizania is the Devil, and the G 4 Ziza- 88 Obferv.uponfeveral Plants Tradtl Zizania wicked perfons ; if any from this larger acception , will take in Thiftles, Darnel, Cockle, wild ftrangling Fitches, Bindweed, Trihulus , Reftharrow and o- ther Fitia Segetum ; he may, both from the natural and fymbolical qualities of thofe Vegetables, have plenty of matter to iJlu- , ftrate the variety of his mifchiefs, and of the wicked of this world. CQc\le, in ^p. When 'tis faid in Job, Let thijlles ]Qb 31,40. ^^^^^ ^^ -^j^^^j of Wheat, and Cockle in- Jlead of Barley, the words are intelligible, " the fenfe allowable and fignificant to this purpofe : but whether the word Cockle doth ftriclly conform unto the Original, fome doubt may be made from the diffe- rent Tranflations of it ; For the Vulgar tenders it Spina, Tremelius Fitia Frugum, and the Geneva Turoye or Darnel. Befides, whether Cockle were common in the an- jcient Agriculture of thofe parts, or what word they ufed for it, is of great uncer- tainty. Tor the Elder Botanical Writers have made no mention thereof, and the Moderns have given it the Name of Tfei^ domelanthium, Nigellaftrum^ Lychnoeides Segetum, names not known unto Antiqui- ty : And therefore our Tranflation hath warily fet down [noifme Weeds'] in thii iVlargin, TRACT TRACT II. O F GARLANDS, AND Coronary or Garland-plants, Sir, TH E ufe of flo wry Crowns and Gar- lands is of no flender Antiquity, and higher than I conceive you apprehend it. For, befides the old Greeks and Romans, the ^Egyptians made ufe hereof; who, befide the bravery of their Garlands, had little Birds upon them to peck their Heads and Brows, and fo to keep them fleeping at their Feftival com- potations. This pradice alfo extended as far ^s India : for at the Feaft with the In- dian po Of Garlands^ and TracfllL dian King, it is peculiarly obferved by Thtloflratus that their cuftom was to wear Garlands, and come crowned with them unto their Feaft. The Crowns and Garlands of the Anci- ents were either Geftatory, fuch as they wore about their Heads or Necks ; Porta- tory, fuch as they carried at folemn Fefli- vals; Penfile or Sufpenfory, fuch as tfaey hanged about the Pofts of their Houfes in honour of their Gods, as of Jupiter Thy- raeus or Ltmenem ; or elfe they were De- pofitory, fuch as they laid upon the Graves and Monuments of the dead. And thefe were made up after all ways x)f Art, Com- paftile, Sutile, Pleftile ; for which Work -tJtiere were g-e^aroTrAoi^oi, or expert Perfons • to contrive them after the bell grace and property. Though we yield not unto them in the beauty of £owTy Garlands, yet fome of thofe of Antiquity were larger than any we lately meet with : for we find in Athe- Ticeus that a Myrtle Crown of one and twenty foot in compafs wa^sfolemnly car- ried about at the HeUoti^n leaft in Co- rinth^ together with the Bones of Eu- ^ -. And Garlands werefurely of frequent * ^Pp^'l^' wfe among them ; for we reside in * Galen Zm, that when Hippocrates cured the great Plague Tradt II. Coronary or Garland-plants, p i Plague of Athens by Fires kindled in and about the City ; the fuel thereof confifted much of their Garlands. And they muft needs be very frequent and of common ufe, the ends thereof being many. For they were convivial, feftival, facrificial, nuptial, honorary, funebrial. We who propofe unto our felves the pleafure of two Senfes, and onely fingle out fuch as are of Beauty and good Odour, cannot flridtly confine our felves unto imitation of them. For, in their convivial Garlands, they had refped: unto Plants preventing drun- kennefs, or difcuffing the exhalations from Wine; wherein, befide Rofes, taking in -Ivy, Vervain, Melilote, &c. they made ufe of divers of fmall Beauty or good O^- dour. The folemn feftival Garlands were made properly unto their Gods, and ac- cordingly contrived from Plants facred iinto fuch Deities; and their lacrificial ones were feledled under fuch confidera- tions. Their honorary Crowns trium- phal, ovary, civical, obfidional, had little of Flowers in them : and their funebri- al Garlands had little of beauty in them befide Rofes, while they made them of Myrtle, Rofemary, Apium, ^c, under fymbolical intimations : but our jflorid and purely ornamental Garlands, delight- ful! ^ p2 Of Garlands, and Tradlll. full unto fight and fmell, nor framed ac- cording to myftical and fymbolical confi- derations, are of more free eledion, and fo may be made to excell thofe of the An- cients ; we having China, India, and a new world to fupply us, befide the great diftindtion of Flowers unknown unto An- tiquity, and the varieties thereof arifing from Art and Nature. But, befide Vernal, i5,ftival arid Autum- nal made of Flowers, the Ancients had al- fo Hyemal Garlands ; contenting them- felves at firft with fuch as were made of Horn died into feveral Colours, and Iha- ped into the Figures of Flowers, and alfo of ^s Cor onar turn or Clincquant or Brafs thinly wrought out into Leaves common- ly known among us. But the curiofity of fome Emperours for fuch intents had Rofes brought {tom/^gypt untill they had found the art to produce late Rofes in Rome, and to make them grow in the Winter, as is delivered in that handfome Epigramme of Martial, At tu Romance jujfus jam cedere Brumce Mitte tuas mejfes, Accipe, Nik, Rofas. Some American Nations, who do much excell in Garlands, content not themfelves onely with Flowers , but make elegant Crowns Tra6l II. Coronary or Garland-plants. ^3 Crowns of Feathers, whereof they have fome of greater radiancy and luftre than their Flowers : and fince there is an Art to fet into (hapes, and curioufly to work in choiceft Feathers, there could nothing anfwer the Crowns made of the choiceft Feathers of fome Tomineios and Sun Birds. The Catalogue of Coronary Plants is not large in Theophrajlus, Pliny ^ Pollux, or AtherKBus : but we may find a good enlargement in the accounts of Modern Botanifts; and additions may ftill be made by fuccelTive acquifts of fair and fpecious Plants, not yet tranflated from foreign Re- gions or little known unto our Gardens ; he that would be complete may take no- tice of thefe following, Flos TigriJis, Flos Lyncis, Pinea tndica Recchi, Talama Ouiedi, Herla ParaJiJea. Voluhilis Mexkanus, . Nardffiis Indicus Serpentarius. Helkhryfum Mexkanum, Xkama, Aquilegia novae H'lfpan'm Cacoxochitli Rec" cbi, Arijlochaea Mexkana. Camaratinga Jive Caragunta quart a Pifonis. Mara* 4 5^4 Of Gar lands J and Trad II Maracttia Granadilla, Camlay five Myrtus Americana. Flos Aurkulos Flor de la Or eta. Flor'tpendio novae Hifpanice. Rofa Indica, *Z.tlium Indicum. Fula Magori Garcia, Champe Garcia Champacca Bontii. Daullontas frutex odoratus feu Chamoeme* lum arhorefcens BontiL Beidelfar Alptni, Samhuc, Amherboi Turcarttm, Nuphar ^gyptium, Ltlionarcijfus Indicus. Bamma JEgyptiacum, Hiucca Canadenfis horti Farnefianu Buptbalmum novce Hifpanm Alepocapath, Valeriana feu Chryfanthemum Americanum Acocotlis. Flos Corvinus Coronarius Americanus. Capolin Cerafus dulcis Indicus Florihus ra^ cemofis, Afphodelus Americanus, Syringa Lutea Americana* Bulhus unifolius, Moly latifolium Flore luteo. Conyza Americana purpurea. ^ Salvia Cretica pomifera Bellonik Laufus Serrata Odor a. Ornithogalus fromontorii Bonce Spei. FritaU Tra6t IL Coronary or Garlaiid-^lants. p 5 Fritallaria crajfa SoldankaPromontorii Bq-^ nee Spei, ^&igi/lum Solomonis Indkum. TuUpa Fromontorii Bonae SpeL Iris Vvaria, Nopolxoch fedum elegans noviZ Hifpania^. More might be added unto this Lift ; and I have onely taken the pains to give you a fliort Specimen of thofe many more which you may find in refpeftive Authours, and which time and future induftry may make no great ftrangers in England, The Inhabitants of l^ova Hifpania, and a great part of Amerka, Mahometans, Indians, Chinefes, are eminent promoters of thefe coronary and fpecious Plants : and the an- nual Tribute of the King of Bifnaguer in Indiuy arifing out of Odours and Flowers, amounts unto many thoufands of Crowns. Thus, in brief, of this matter. I am,&'c. TRACT. {91) TRACT III. O F T H E FISHES Eaten by OUR SAVIOUR WITH HIS DISCIPLES After His Refurredion from the Dead Sir, I Have thought, a little, upon the Qjie- ftion propofed by you \y\z.What kind of Fifhes thofe were of which our Savi- our ate with his Difciples after his ^ Refur- * s, Joh. ai. region f\ and I return you fuch an Anfwer, 9»*^' "' "^' H ^s. pB OftheFiJheseatenbyChrifirr^iam. as, in fo fliort a time for ftudy, and in the midft of my occafions, occurs to me. The Books of Scripture (as alfo thofe which are Apocryphal) are often, filent^ or very fparing, m the particular Names of Fi(hes ; or in fefting them down in fuch- manner as to leave the kinds of them with- out all ^oubt and reafon for farther inqui- ^ Xf. FoiF» when it declareth what Fillies ./ w^re allowed the Ifraelites for their Food, " . they are onely fet down in general which have Finns and Scales ; whereas, in the account of Quadrufeds and Birds, there is particular mention madeof divers of them. In the Book of Hohit that Fifli which he took out of the River is onely named a great Fifli, and fo there remains much un- certainty to determine the Species thereof And even the Fifli which fwallowed Jonah, and is called a great Fijh, and commonly thought to be a great Whale, is not recei- ved without all doubt ; while fome lear- ned men conceive it to have been none of our Whales, but a large kind of Lamia. And, in this narration of S. John, the Fiflies are onely exprefled by their Bignefs and Number, not their Names, and there- fo're it may feem undeterminable what they were : notwithftanding, thefe Fiflies being taken in the great Lake or Sea of Tiberias y fomething may be probably Ha- ted Tt2i£tlll. after hh RefurreSiion. ^p ted therein^ For fiilce Beffonius, that di- ligent and learned Traveller, informeth ^ lis, thattheFiftiesofthisLakewereTrouts, Pikes, Chevins and Tenches; it may well be conceived that either all or fome there- of are to be underftood in this Scripture. And thefe kind of Fifties become large aiid of great growth, anfwerable unto the ex- preflion of Scripture, One hundrei^am three great Fifhes ; that is, large in their own kinds, and the largeft kinds in this Lake and frelli Water, wherein no great varie- ty, and of the larger fort of Fifties, could be expefted. For the River Jordan, run- ning through this Lake, falls into the Lake oUAfphaltus, and hath no mouth into the Sea, which might admit of great Fifties or greater variety to come up into it. And out of the mouth of fome of thefe forementioned Fifties might the Tribute money be taken, when our Saviour, at Ca- pernaum, feated upon the fame Lake, faid unto Peter, Go thou td the Sea, and cafi an Hook, and take up the Fijh thatfirji co^ meth; and when thou hajl opened hzs mouth thou /halt find apiece of mimey ; that take and give them for thee and me. And this makes void that comnion con- tcit and tradition of tlie Fifti called Faher- marinus, by fome, a Peter or Penny FiJh ; which having two remarkable round fpots H % upod loo OftheFiJhes eaten by ChriJiTr2i6klll, upon either fide, thefe are conceived to be the marks of S. Peter's Fingers or figna- tures of the Money : for though it hath thefe marks, yet is there no probability that fuch a kind of Fifti was to be found in the Lake of TtheriaSy Gemferah or Ga- Uleey which is but fixtcen miles long and fij^ broad, and hath no communication with the Sea; for this is a mere Fifti of the Sea and fait Water, and (though we meet with fome thereof on our Coafl) is not to be found in many Seas./ Thus having returned no improbable Anfwer unto your Queft ion,. I_fliall crave leave to ask another of your jfelf concer- ^DeBeHo ji^ng that Fifti mention'd by "^ /r<7C(?/>iMf, m,^i!' J which brought the famous King TheoJo- rkk to his ^rjdf: his wOrds are to this rf- fecft : " The manner of his Death was this, " iSymmacl^us^ni his Son-in-law ^(?^V/?/(^, . *; juft men and gr^at relievf^rs of the poor, - ** Senatours and Gonfuls,' had many ene- "mies, by whofe falfe accufations The^^ " Jorkk being, perfwaded that they plot- '* ted againfl: him, put them to death and " confiicat^d?|heir Eftates. Npt long after '' his Waiters fet before him ^Supper; a .,^' great Head of a;Fifh,which feemed to him " to be the Head oVSymmachus lately mur- " thered ; and with his Teeth flicking out, " and fierce glaring eyes to threaten him : " being £( Trad: III. after his Rejurre^ion. loi " being frighted, he grew went to Bed, lamenting what he had done to Symmachus and Boethius ; and foon after died. What Fi(h do you apprehend this to have been ? I would learn of you ; give me your thoughts about it. lam, &c. H 3 TRACT (103) TRACT IV. A N ANSWER To certain QUERIES Relating to Fiflies, Birds, Infeds. I Sir, Return the following Anfwers to your Queries which were thefe. [i. What Fifties are meant by the Names, Halec and Mugtl > X. What is the Bird which you will receive from the Bearer ? and what H 4 Birds I04 Anfipers to Queries TradllV. Birds are meant by the Names Hair cyan, Nyfus, Ciris, Nyiiicorax > 3. What Infeft is meant by the word Cicada f\ Anfwerto The word Hake we are taught to ren-^ ^^7 '• der an Herring, which, being an ancient word, is not ftriftly aj^propriablc unto a Fifli not known or not defcribed by the Ancients; and which the modern Natu- ralifts are fain to name Harengus\ the . word Halecula being applied unto fuch little Fifli out of which they were fain to make Pickle ; and Halec or Alec, taken for the Liquamen or Liquor it felf, accor- ding to that of the Poet, Ego fiecem primus & Alec Primus & inveni piper album And was a conditure and Sawce much af- fefted by Antiquity, as was alfo Muria and Garum. fn common conftru<5tions, Mugil is ren- dred a Mullet, which, notwithftanding, is a different Fifti from the Mugil defcribed byAuthours; wherein, ifwemiftake, we cannot fo clofely apprehend the expreffion oi Juvenal, l—Quof TradtlV. about Fifhes^ &c. 105 — Quofdam ventres & Mugtl'is tntrat. And mifconcelve the Fifli, whereby For- nicatours were fo opprobrioufly and irk- fomely punifhed; for the Mu^tl being fomewhat rough and hard skinned, did more exafperate the gutts of fuch of?en- • ders : whereas the Mullet was a fmooth Fifh, and of too high efteem to be imploy- ed in fuch offices. I cannot but wonder that this Bird you A4wm% fent ihould be a ftranger unto you, and ^^^-^ *• untothofe who had a iight thereof: for, though it be not feen every day, yet we often meet with it in this Country. It is an elegant Bird, which he that once be- holdeth can hardly miftake any other for it. From the |)roper Note it is called an Hoopehird with us ; in Greek Epops, in Latin Vpupa. We are little obliged unto our School inftruftion, wherein we are taught to rende/ Vpupa a Lapwing, which Bird our natural Writers name Vannellus ; for thereby we miftake this remarkable Bird, and apprehend not rightly what is delivered of it. We apprehend not the Hieroglyphical confiderations which the old itgyptians piade of this obfervable Bird ; who confi- dering io6 Anfwers to Queries TradllV. dering therein the orckr and variety of Colours, the twenty fix or twenty eight Feathers in its Creft, his latitancy, and mewing this handfome outfide in the Winter ; they made it an Emblem of the varieties of the World , the fucceffion of Times and Seafons, and fignal mutati- ♦ ons in them. And therefore Orus , the Hieroglyphick of the World, had the Head of an Hoopebird upon the top of his Staff Hereby we may alfo miflake the Du- chiphathy or Bird forbidden for Food in Le- Lcvitai.ip. vitkus ; and, not knowing the Bird, may the lefs apprehend fome reafons of that prohibition ; that is, the magical virtues afcribed unto it by the^Egyptians, and the fuperftitious apprehenfions which that Nation held of it, whilft they precifely numbred the Feathers and Colours there- of, while they placed it on the Heads of their Gods, and near their Mercurial Crof- fes, and fo highly magnified this Bird in their facred Symbols. Again, not knowing or mifl:aking this Bird, we may mifapprehend, or not clofe- ly apprehend , that handfome expreffion of Ovid, when Tereus was turned into an Vp^p^f or Hoopebird. Vetti' Trad IV. about Fifhes, &CC. 107 f^rtitur in volucrem cui funt pro vertice C rift a, frotinm immodicum furgit pro cujpide ro-^ ftrum teamen Epops volucri, fades armata Dide* tur. For, in this military fhape, he is aptly phancied even ftill revengefully to purfue his hated Wife Trogne : in the propriety of his Note crying out, Tou^ pou^ uhi, uli, pr Where are you ? Nor are we fingly deceived in the no- minal tranflation of this Bird : in many other Animals we commit the like miftake. So Gracculus is rendred a Jay, which Bird uotwithftanding muft b^ of a dark colour according to that of Martial, Sed quandam volo notice nigriqrevjfi Formi<;a, picey Gracculo, cicada. * Halcyon is rendred a King-fifher^ a^^SeeVui^. Bird commonly known among us, andf^of*^* ty Zoographers and Naturals the fame is * named Ifpida, a well coloured Bird fre- quenting Streams and Rivers, building in holes of Pits, like fome Martins, about the end of the Spring ; in whofe Nefts we have found little elfe than innumerable finall Fifti Bones, and white round Eggs of a fmooth o8 Anfifers to Queries Tradl IV. a fmooth and polifhed furface, whereas the true Alcyan is a Sea Bird, makes an hand- fome Neft floating upon the Water, and breedeth in the Winter. That Nyfus fliould be rendred either an Hahhy or a Sparrow Hawk, in the Fable of Nyfus and Scylla in Ovid, becaufe we are much to feek in the dillinftion of Hawks according to their old denomina- tions, we Ihall hot much contend, and may allow a favourable latitude therein : but that the Ciris or Bird into which Scyl- la was turned Ihould be tranflated a Lark, it can hardly be made out agreeable unto the defcription of Firgil in his Poem of ' that name, Inde alias volucres mimique infelta ruhenti Crura — But feems more agreeable unto fome kind of Hamantopus or Redlhank ; and fo the Nyfus to have been fome kind of Hawk, which delighteth about the Sea and Ma- rifties, where fuch prey moft aboundeth, which fort of Hawk while Staliger deter- mineth to be a Merlin, the French Tranf- latour warily expoundeth it to be fome kind of Hawk. Nyiticorax we may leave unto the com- mon and verbal tranilation of a Night Ra^ ven. Tra6t IV. about Fifbes, &c. i o^ ^en, but we know no proper kind of Ra- ven unto which to confine the fame, and therefore fome take the Hberty to afcribe it unto fome fort of Owls, and others unto the Bittern ; whic^h Bird in its common Note, which he ufeth out of the time of coupling and upon the Wing, fo well re- fembleth the croaking; of a Raven that I have been deceived by it. While CkaJa is rendred a Grajhopper, Anfmr to we commonly think that which is fo cal-^*'^'^ ^' led among us to be the true Cicada; wherein, as we have elfewhere ^ declared,* v^k- ^rr. there is a great miftake : for we have not ^* ^' ^* ^' the CkaJa'm England, and indeed no pro- per word for that Anknal, which the French nameth Cigale, That which we commonly call a Graihopper, and the French Saulterelle being one kind of Lo- cuft, fo rendred in the Plague of ^gypt, and, in old- Saxon named Gerflhop, I have been the lefs accurate in thefe Anfwers, becaufe the CJueries are not of diificult Refolution, or of great moment : however, I would not wholly negleft them or your fatisfaftion, as being, Sir, Tours y&ic, TRACT 1 (hi) TRACT Y. OF HAW K S AND FALCONRY, Ancient and Modern. Sir, IN vain you expeft much informati- on, gk Re Accipttrariay of Falconry, Hawks or Hawking, from very anci- ent Greek or Latin Authours ; that Art being either unknown or fo little advan- ced among them, that it feems to have proceeded no higher than the daring of Birds : which makes fo little thereof to be found in Anftotle, who onely mentions fome 112 Of Hawks and Falconry^ TradtV. fome rude praftice thereof in Thracta ; as alfo in /^liafty who fpeaks fomething of Hawks and Crows among the Indians ; little or nothing of true Falconry being mention'd before Julius Firmicus, in the days of Conjiantius, Son to Conftantine the. Great. Yet if you confult the accounts of la- ter Antiquity left by Demetrius the Greek, by Symmachus and Theodojius, and by Al- herttds Magnus, about five hundred years ago, you, w^ho have been fo long acquain- ted with this noble Recreation, may bet- ter compare the ancient and modern prac- tice, and rightly obferve how many thingsi in that Art are added, varied, difufed or retained in the pradice of thefe days. In the Diet of Hawks, they allowed of divers Meats which we lliould hardly commend. For befide the Flefli of Beef, they admitted of Goat, Hog, Deer, Wheipj and Bear. And how you will approve the quantity and meafure thereof, I make fome doubt ; while by weight they allowed half a pound of Beef, feven ounces of Swines Flelh, five of Hare, eight ounces of Whelp, as much of Deer, and ten ounces of He- Goats Flelh. In the time of Demetrius they were not] without the praftice of Phlebotomy oe Bieeding,which they ufed in the Thigh arid Poun- TracStV* Ancient and Modern. 113 Pounces ; they plucked away the Feathers on the Thigh, and rubbed the part, but if the Vein appeared not in that part, they opened the Vein of the fore Talon. In the days oiAlhertuSy they made ufe of Cauteries in divers places : to advantage their fight they feared them under the in- ward angle of„ the eye ; above the eye in diftillations and difeafes of the Head ; in upward pains they feared above the Joint of the Wing, and at the bottom of the Foot, againft the Gout ; and the chief time for thefe cauteries they made to be the month o{ March. In great <:oldnefs of Hawks they made ufe of Fomentations, fome of the fteam or vapour of artificial and natural Baths, fome wrapt them up in hot Blankets, giving them Nettle Seeds and Butter. No Clyfters are mention d, nor can they be fo profitably ufed ,• but they made ufe of many purging. Medicines. They pur- ged with Aloe, which, unto larger Hawks, they gave in the bignefs of a Greek Bean; unto lefs, in the quantity of a C/r^r, which notwithftanding I fliould rather give wa- flied, and with a few drops of Oil of Al- monds : for the Guts of flying Fowls ar6 tender and eafily fcratched by it ; and up- on the ufe of Aloe both in Hawks and Cor- morants I have fometimes obferved bloody excretions. I In 114 Of Harpks and Falconry, TradV. In phlegmatick caufes they feldom Qr mitted Stavefaker, but they purged fome- times with a Moufe, and the Food of boi- led Chickens, fometimes with good Oil and Honey. They ufed alfo the Ink of Cuttle Fillies, with Smallage, Betony, Wine and Honey. They made ufe of ftronger Medicines than prefent pradrice doth allow. For they were not afraid to give Coccus Baphkus ; ^ beating up eleven of its Grains unto a Lentor, which they made up into five Pills wrapt up with Honey and Pepper ; and, in fome of their old Medicines, we meet with Scammony and Euphorhium. Whether, in the tender Bowels of Birds, infufions of Rhubarb, Agaric and Mecho- achan be not of fafer ufe, as to take 6f A- gary two Drachms, of Cinnamon half a Drachm, of Liquorifli a Scruple, and, in- fufing them in Wine, to exprefs a part in- to the mouth of the Hawk, may be confi-i dered by prefent praftice. Few Mineral Medicines were of inward ufe among them : yet fometimes we ob- ferve they gave filings of Iron in the ftrait- mX.^ of the Cheft, as alfo Lime in fome ofi their pedoral Medicines. But they commended Unguents ol Quick-filver againft the Scab : and I have; fafely given fix or eight Grains of /Hferc«- riui TradtV. Ancient and Modem. 115 rius Dulcis unto Keftrils and Owk, as alfo crude and current Quick-filver, giving the next day fmall Pellets of Silver or Lead till they came away uncoloured: and this, if any, may probably deftroy that obftinate Difeafe of the Filander or Back-worm. A peculiar remedy they had againft the Confumption of Hawks. For, filling a Chicken with Vinegar, they clofed up the Bill, and hanging it up untill the Flefti grew tender, they fed the Hawk there- with : and to reftore and well Flefh them, they commonly gave them Hogs Flefli, with Oil, Butter and Honey ; and a de- codion of Cumfory to bouze. They difallowed of fait Meats and Fat ; but highly efteemed of Mice in moft in- difpofitions ; and in the falling Sicknefs had great efteem of boiled Batts : and in many Difeafes, of the Flelh of Owls which feed upon thofe Animals. In Epilepfies they alfo gave the Brain of a Kid drawn thorough a gold Ring ; and, in Convulfi- ons, made ufe of a mixture of Musk and Stercus humanum aridum. For the better prefervation of their Health they ftrowed Mint and Sage a- bout them; and for the fpeedier mew<» ing of their Feathers, they gave them the Slough of a Snake, or a Tortoife out of I X the ii6 Of Hawks and Falconry, Trad: V. the Shell, or a green Lizard cut in pieces. If a Hawk were unquiet, they hooded him, and placed him m a Smith's Shop for lome time, where, accuflomed tothe continual noife of hammering, he became more gentle and tradable. They ufed few terms of Art, plainly and intelligibly exprelTing the Parts affec- ted, their Dileafes and Remedies. This heap of artificial terms firft entring with the Frencli Arcifts : who feem to have been the firft and noblefl: Falconers in the We- liern part of Europe; although, in their Language, they have no word which in general expreileth an Hawk. They carried their Hawks in the left hand, and let them flie from the right. Tl;ey nfed a Bell, and took great care that their Jefles ihould not be red, left Eagles ihduld flie at them. Though they ufed Hoods, w^e have no clear defcription of them, and httle account of their Lures. Tine ancient Writers left no account of; the fwiftnefs of Hawks or meafure of their -eiuKu flight: but ^ Hereshachius delivers that William Duke of Cleve had an Hawk which, in one day, made a flight out of IVeftphalia into Trufta. And, upon good account, an Hawk in this Country oi Nor- folk, made a flight at a Woodcock near thirty miles in one hour. How far thej ' , Hawksj Tradl V. Ancient and Modern. H 7 ^ Hawks, Merlins and wild Fowl which come unto us with a North-well: wind in the Autumn, flie in a day, there is no clear account ; but coming over Sea their flight hath been long, or very fpeedy. For I have known them to light fo weary on the coafl:, that many have been taken with Dogs, and fome knocked down with Staves and Stones. Their Perches feem not fo large as ours; for they made them of fuch a bignefs that their Talons might almoft meet : and they chofe to make them of Sallow, Poplar or Lime Tree. They ufed great clamours and hollow^- ing in their flight, which they made by thefe words, ou loi, la, la, la ; and to raife the Fowls, made ufe of the found of a Cymbal. Their recreation feemed more fober and folemn than ours at prefent, fo im- properly attended with Oaths and Impre- cations. For they called on God at their fetting out, according to the account of Demetrius, -zlv &clv imJc^Aiaitvlig, in the firfl place calling upon God. The learned Rigaltius thinketh, that if the Romans had wxU known this airy Chafe, they would have left or lefs regar- ded their Circenfial Recreations. The Greeks underftood Hunting early, but I 3 ' litr!c 1 1 8 Of Hawks and Falconry, Tra6l V. little or nothing of our Falconry. \{A- lexander had known it, we might have found fomething of it and more of Hawks in Arijhtle; who was fo unacquainted with that way, that he thought that Hawks would not feed upon the Heart of Birds. Tiiough he iiath mention'd di^ vers Hawks, yet Julius Scaliger, an ex- pert Falconer, defpaired to reconcile them unto ours. And 'tis well if, among them, you can clearly make out a Lanner, a Sparrow Hawk and a Keftril, but mull: not hope to find your Gier Falcon there, which is the noble Hawk; and I wifli you one no worfe than that of Hettrj King of Navarre ; which, Scaliger faith, lie faw ftrike down a Buzzard, two wild Geefe, diver? Kites, a Crane and a Swan. Nor muft you expe(3: from high Anti* quity the di{tind:ions of Eyefs and Raf mage Hawks, of Sores and Entermewers, of Hawks of the Lure and the Fift ; nor that material diftinftion into fhort and long winged H&wks ; from whence arife fuch differences in their taking down of Stones; in their flight, their flriking down or feizing of their Prey, in the ftrength of their TaJons, either in the Heel and fore- Talon, or the middle and the Heel : nor yet what Eggs produce the different Hawks, or when they lay three Eggs, Tradl V. Ancient and Modem.' Up that the firft produceth a Female and large Hawk, the fecond of a midler fort, and the third a fmaller Bird Tercellene or Taflel of the Mafle Sex; which Hawks being onely obferved abroad by the Ancients, were looked upon as Hawks of different kinds and not of the fame Eyrie or Neft. As for wh^itAriftotle affirmeth that Hawks and Birds of prey drink not; although you know that it will not ftridly hold, yet I kept an Eagle two years, which fed upon Kats, Kittlmgs, Whelps and Ratts, without one drop of Water. If any thing may add unto your know- ledge in this noble Art, you muft pick it out of later Writers than thofe you en- quire of You may perufe the two Books of Falconry writ by that renowned Empe- rour Frederick the Second; as alfo the Works of the noble Duke Belifarius, of Tardiffe, Francherias, of Francifco Sforzi- no of Vkenfa ; and may not a little in- form or recreate your felf with that ele- gant Poem of ■*' Thuanus. I leave you to ^ T>e Re Ac* divert your felf by the perufal of it, ha- ^^^'i''o "f ' vmg, at prefent, no more to lay but that I am, (^c. I 4 TRACT (I2l) TRACT VI. O F Cymbals^ &c. Sir, WITH what difficulty, if not pofli- bility, you may expedt fatisfac- tion concerning the Mufick, or Mufical Inftruments of the Hebrews, you wiJl ea- fily difcover if you confult the attempts of learned men upon that Subjeft : but for Cymbals, of whofe Figure you enquire, you may find fome defcribed in Bayfius, in the Comment of Rhodius upon Scrilo- nius Largus, and others. As for Kujul^olXov dXctXa^ov mentioned by S. ^ Paul, and rendred a Tinckling Cym- * i cor.ij.i. hal, whether the tranflation be not too foft and diminutive fome queftion may be made: 122 Of Cymbals^ &c. Trad: VI. made: for the word aAaAa^oi/ implieth no fmall found, but a ftrained and lofty vociferation, or fome kind of hollowing found, according to the Expofition oi He- Jychius, " KXclXcl^cl% G^L/xj^ottTg ^v n thofe which were pre- fent in Sinaar at the work of Bahel, whe» tber the primitive Language from Noah were Trad VIII. Of Languages, 6cc. 131 were onely preferved in the Family offfe- her, and not alfo in divers others, which might be abfent at the fame, whether all came away and many might not be left behind in their firll Plantations about the foot of the Hills, whereabout the Ark re- fted and Noah became an Husbandman, is not abfurdly doubted. For fo the primitive Tongue might in time branch out into feveral parts of ^«- repe and Afia, and thereby the firft or He- \, brew Tongue which fcems to be ingredi- ent into fo many Languages, might have larger originals and grounds of its com- munication and traduction than from the Family of Abraham, the Country of Ca- naan and words contained in the Bible which come (liort of the full of that Lan- guage. And this would become more probable from the Septuagint or Greek Chronology ftrenuoufly averted by Fof- fius ; for making five hundred years be- tween the Deluge and the days of Peleg, there arifeth a large latitude of multiplica- tion and difperfion of People into feveral parts, before the defcent of that Body which followed Nimrod unto Stnaar from ItheEaft. - They who derive the bulk of European Tongues from the Scythian and the Greek, though they may fpeak probably in many K X points. 132 Of Languages^ &c. Trad VIII. points, yet muft needs allow vaft difle- rence or corruptions from fo few origi- nals, which however might be tolerably made out in the old Saxon, yet hath time much confounded the clearer derivations. And as the knowledge thereof now (lands in reference unto our felves, I find many words totally loft, divers of harfli found difufed or refined in the pronunciation, and many words we have alfo in common ufe not to be found in that Tongue, or ve- nially derivable from any other from whence we have largely borrowed, and yet fo much ftill remaineth with us that it maketh the grofs of our Language. The religious obligation unto the He^ brew Language hath fo notably continued the fame, that it might ftill be underftood by Abraham , whereas by the Mazorztd Points and Chaldee Charafter the old Let- ter ftands fo transformed, that if Mofes wTre alive again, he muft be taught to reade his own Law. The Chinoys, who live at the bounds of the Earth, who have admitted little communication, and fuffered fucceflive in- curfions from one Nation, may poflibly give account of a very ancient Language; but confifting of many Nations and Tongues ; confufion, admixtion and cor- ruption in length of time might probably fo TradlVIII. Of Languages^ 6cq. 135 fo have crept in as without the virtue of a common Charader, and lading Letter of things, they could never probably make out thofe ftrange memorials which they pretend, while they ftill make ufe of the Works of their great Confutius many hun- dred years before Chrift, and in a feries afcend as high as Poncms, who is con- . ceived our Noah, - The prefent Welch, and remnant of the old Britanes, hold fo much of that ancient Language, that they make a Ihift to un- derftand the Poems of Merlin, Enerirt, Telefin, a thoufand years ago, whereas the Herulian Pater Nojler, fet down by Wolf'- gangus LaziuSy is not without much criti- cifm made out, and but in fome words ; and the prefent Parifians can hardly hack out thofe few lines of the League between Charles and Lewis, the Sons of Ludovicus Pius, yet remaining in old French. The Spaniards, in their corruptive tra- ducStion and Romance, have fo happily re- tained the terminations from the Latin, that notwithftanding the Gothick and Moorilh intrufion of words, they are able to make a Difcourfe completely confiding of Grammatical Latin and Spanifli, where- in the Italians and French will be very much to feek. K 3 Th§ 134 Of Languages^ ^Q, TradVHl The learned Cafauhon conceiveth that a Dialogue might be compofed in Saxoa onely of fuch words as are derivable firom the Greek, which furely might be effec- ted, and fo as the learned might not un- eafily find it out. Ferjiegan made- no doubt that he could contrive a Letter which might be underllood by the En- giiih, Dutch and Eaft Friflander, w^hich> a3 the prefent confufion ftandeth, might have proved no very clear Piece, and hardly to be hammered out : yet fo much of the Saxon ftill remaineth in our Englilli, as may admit an orderly difcourfe and feries of good fenfe, fuch as not onely the pre- fent Englifti, but ^Ifric, Bede and Alu- red might underftand after fo many hun- dred years. Nations that live promifcuoufly, undjer the Power and Laws of Gonqueft, do fdy dom efcape the lofs of their Language with their Liberties, wherein the Romans were fo ftrift that the Grecians were fain to conform in their judicial Procefles; which made the Jews loofe more in feven- ty years difperfion in the Provinces of ^<^- l^lon\ than in many hundred in their di- ftinft habitation in ^gypt ; and the En- flifli which dwelt difperfedly to loofe their ^anguage in Ireland, whereas more tole- rable reliques there are thereof in Fingatt, where Trad: VIII. Of Lajiguages, 6cc. 135 where they were clofely and "almoft folely planted; and the Moors which weremoft huddled together and united about Grana- da, have yet left their Arvirage among the Granadian Spaniards. But ihut up in Angles and inacceffible corners, divided by Laws and Manners, tliey often continue long with little miX' ture, which hath afforded that lading life unto the Cantabriau and Britilh Tongue, wherein the Britanes are remarkable, who, having liv^ed tour hundred years together with ttie Romans, retained fo much of the Britifli as it may be efteemed a Language; which either they refolutely maintained in their cohabitation with them in Britane,or retiring after in the time of the Saxons in- to Countries and parts lels civiliz'd and converfant with the Romans, they found the People diftind:, the Language more intire, and fo fell into it again. ^ But furely no Languages have been fo ftraitly lock'd up as not to admit of commixture. Xhe Irifli, although they retain a kind of a Saxon Charafter, yet have admitted many words of Latin and EngliQi. In the Welch are found many words from Latin, fome from Greek and Saxon. In what parity and incommixture the Language of that People flood which were cafually difcovered in the heart of K 4 Spain 9 13^ Of La7iguages,S>cc. TradVlIL Spain, between the Mountains of Cajlile, no longer ago than in the time of Duke r>' Alva, we have not met with a good account any farther than that their words were Bafquifh or Cantabrian : but the pre-, fent Bafquenfa one of the minor Mother Tongues of Europe, is not without com- mixture of Latin and Caftilian, while we meet with Santtfica, tentationeten, Glar'ta, puijfanea, and four more in the Ihort Form of the Lord's Prayer, fet down by Paulus Merula : but although in this brief Form we may find fuch commixture, yet the bulk of their Language feems more di^ Hind:, confiding of words of no affinity unto others, of numerals totally different, of differing Grammatical Rule, as may be obferved in the Dictionary and fhort Baf- quenfa Grammar, compofed by Raphael Nkoleta^ a Prieft of Btlhoa, And if they ufe the auxiliary Verbs of Equin and Tfan, anfwerable unto Hazer and Set, to Have, and Be, in the Spanifli, which Forms came in with the Northern Nations into the Italian,Spanifh and French, and if that Form were ufed by them before, and crept not in from imitation of their neighbours, it may fliew fome ancienter traduction from Northern Nations, or elfe muft feem very ftrange,- fince the Sou- thern Nations had it not of old, and I know Trad VIII. Of Languages, &c. 137 know not whether any fuch mode be found in the Languages of any part oiA- merka. The Romans, who made the great com- mixture and alteration of Languages in the World, effefted the fame, not onely by their proper Language, but thofe alfo of their military Forces, employed in feveral Provinces, as holding a ftandirig Militia in all Countries, and commonly of ftrange Nations; fo while the cohorts and Forces of the Britanes were quartered in ^gypt^ Armenia, Spain, Illyria, &c. the Stabte- fians and Dalmatians here, the Gauls, Spa- niards and Germans in other Countries, and other Nations in theirs, they could not but leave many words behind them, and carry away many with them, which might make that in many words of very diftin(3: Nations fome may ftill remain of very unknown and doubtful! Genea- logy. And if, as the learned Buxhornius con- tendeth, the Scythian Language as the Mother Tongue runs through the Nations oi Europe, and even as far as Perfia, the community in many words between fo many Nations, hath a more reafonable o- riginal traduftion, and were rather deri- vable from the common Tongue diffiifed through them all, than from any particu- lar 138 Of Languages, 6cQ. Trad:VIIL lar Nation, which hath alfo borrowed and holdeth but at fecond hand. The Saxons fettling over all England, . maintained an uniform Language, onely^j diver fified in Diale£t, Idioms, and minor differences, according to their different Nations which came in to the common Conqueft, which may yet be a caufe of the variation in the fpeech and words of fev^eral parts of England, where different Nations moft abode or fettled, and having expelled the * Britanes, their Wars were chiefly among themfelves, with little ac- tion with foreign Nations untill the union of the Heptarchy under Egbert; after which time although the Danes infefted this Land and fcarce left any part free, yet their incurfions made more havock in Buildings, Churches and Cities, than the Language of the Country, becaufe their ^ Language was in effeft the fame, and fuch as whereby they might eafily underftand one another. And if the Normans, which came into Neujlria or Normandy with Rollo the Dane, had preferved their Language in their new acquifts, the fucceeding Conqueft oi Eng- land, by Duke William of his race, had not begot among us fuch notable alterati- ons; but having loft their Language in their abode in Normandy before they ad- ventured Trad VIII. Of Languages, 6cq, 1 3^ ventured upon England, they confounded the Englilh with their French, and made the grand mutation , which was fuccef- fively encreafed by our pofieffions in Nor- mandy, Guien and Aquitain, by our long Wars in France, by frequent refort of the French, who to the number of fome thou- fands came over with /^^^/ Queen to Ed- ward the Second, and the feveral Matches of England with the Daughters of France before and fmce that time. But this commixture, though fuiEcient to confufe, .proved not of ability to abolilh the Saxon words ; for from the French we have borrowed many Subftantives, Adjec- tives and fortie Verbs, but the great Body of Numerals, auxiliary Verbs, Articles, Pronouns , Adverbs , Conjunftions and Prepofitions, which are the diftinguiihing and lading part of a Language, remain with us from the Saxon, which, having fuffered no great alteration for many hun- dred years, may probably ftill remain, though the Eiiglifti fwell with the in- mates of Italian, French and Latin. An Example whereof may be obferv'd in this following, ENGLISH 1 40 Of Languages, &c. Trad VIIL ENGLISH I. The firft and formoft ftep to all good Works is the dread and fear of the Lord of* Heaven and Earth, which thorough the Holy Ghoft enlightneth the blindnefs of our finfuU hearts to ucda the ways of wifedom, and leads our feet into the Land of Bleffing. SAXON I. The erft and fyrmoft ftjEp to eal gode Weorka is the dr^cd and feurt of the Lauord of Heofan and Eorth, while thurh the Heilig Gaft onlihtneth the blindnefle of ure finfull heorte to trasd the waeg of wif- dome, and thone ted ure fet into the Land ofBlefliing. ENGLISH IL For to forget his Law is the Door, the Gate and Key to let in all unrighteoufnefs, making our Eyes, Ears and Mouths to anfwer the luft of Sin, our Brains dull to good Thoughts, our Lips dumb to his Praife, our Ears deaf to his Gofpel, and our Eyes dim to behold his Wonders, which witncfs againft us that we have not Trad VIII. Of Languages^ ^q. 141 not well learned the word of God, that we are the Children of wrath, unworthy of the love and manifold gifts of God, gree- - dily following after the ways of the Devil and witchcraft of the World,doing nothing to free and keep our felves from the bur- ning fire of Hell, till we be buried in Sin and fwallowed in Death, not to arife again in any hope of Chrid's Kingdom, SAXOM II. For to fuorgytan his Laga is the Dure, the Gat and Casg to let in eal unrightwif- nyfle, makend ure Eyge, Eore and Muth to anfware the luft of Sin, ure Brxgan dole to gode Theoht, ure Lippan dumb to his Preys, ure Earen deaf to his Go- fpel, and ure Eyge dim to behealden his Wundra, while ge witnyfle ongen us that wee cef noht wel gelasred the weord of God, that wee are the Cilda of ured,' un- wyrthe of the lufe and miEuigfeald gift of God, grediglice felygend aefter the waegen of the Deoful and wiccraft of the Weorld, doend nothing to fry and casp ure faula from the byrnend fyr of Hell, till we be geburied in Synne and fwolgen in Death not to arife agen in senig hope of Chriftes Kynedome. ENGLISH 1^2 . Of Languages, Sec. Trad VIIL ENGLISH m. Which draw from above the bitter doom of the Almighty of Hunger, Sword, Sick- nefs, and brings more fad plagues than thofe of Hail, Storms, Thunder, Bloud, Frogs, fwarms of Gnats and Grafhoppers, which ate the Corn, Grafs and Leaves of the Trees in ^gypt- SAXON III. While drag from buf the bitter dome of the Almagan of Hunger, Sweorde, Seok- nefle, and bring mere fad plag, thone they of Hagal, Storme, Thunner, Blode, Frog, fwearme of Gnset and Gaerfupper, while eaten the Corn, Gsers and Leaf of the Treowen in ^^gypt. ENGLISH IV. If we reade his Book and holy Writ, thefe among many others, we jfhall find to be the tokens of his hate , which ga- thered together might mind us of his will, and teach U5 when his wrath be- ginneth, which fometimes comes in o- pen ftrength and full fail, oft fteals like a Thief in the night, like Shafts fliot from Trad VIII. Of Languages^ &c. 1 43 from a Bow at midnight, before we think upon them. SAXON IV. Gyf we rosd his Boc and heilig Gewrit, thefe gemong mxnig othern, we fceall findan the tacna of his hatung while gega- therod together miht gemind us of his wil- lan, and teac us whone his ured ongin- neth , while fometima come in open ftrength and fill feyle, oft ftael gelyc a Theot in the niht, gelyc Sceaft fcoten fram a Boge at midneoht, beforan we thinck uppen them. ENGLISH V. And though they were a deal lefs, and rather fliort than beyond our fins, yet do we not a whit withftand or forbear them, we are wedded to, not weary of our mif- deeds, we feldom look upward, and are not afhamed under fin, we cleanfe not our felves from the blacknefs and deep hue of our guilt ; we want tears and forrow, we weep not, fall not, we crave not forgive- nefs from the mildnefs, fweetnefs and goodnefs of God, and with all livelihood and ftedfaftnefs to our uttermoft will hunt after the evil of guile, pride, curling, fwea- ring. 144 Of Languages, dcQ. TradVlIl ring, drunkeanefs, overeating, uncleannefs, all idle luft of the flefli, yes many uncouth and namelefs fins, hid in our inmoft Breaft and Bofomes, which ftand betwixt our forgivenefs, and keep God and Man afun- der. SAXOU V. And theow they waere a dael lefle, and reither fcort thone begond oure finnan, get do we naht a whit withftand and for* beare them, we eare bewudded to, noht werig of ure agen mifdeed, we feldon loc upweard, and ear not offch^cmod under / {inne, we cleans noht ure felvan from the blacnefle and dasp hue of ure guilt; we wan teare and fara, we weope noht, fosil noht, we craf noht foregyfnefle fram the mildnefle, fweetnefie and goodnefle of God, and mit eal lifelyhood and ftedfafl- nefle to ure uttermoft witt hunt refter the ufel of guile, pride, curfung, fwearung, druncennefle, overeat, uncleannefle and eal idle luft of the flsefc, yis maenig un- cuth and nameleas finnan, hid in ure in- maeft Brift and Bofome, while ftand be- twixt ure foregyfnefle, and casp God and Man afynder. ENGLISH Trad: VIII. Of Languages^ ^q. 145 ENGLISH VI. Thus are we far beneath and alfo worfe lan the refl: of God's Works ; for the Sun [iid Moon, the King and Queen of Stars, Snow, Ice, Rain, Froft, Dew, Mill, Wind, fourfooted and creeping things, Fiflies and feathered Birds, and Fowls either of Sea or Land do all hold the Laws of his will. SAXON Y\. Thus eare we far beneoth and ealfo wyrfe thone the reft of Gods Weorka ; for the Siin and Mone, the Cyng and Cqaen of Stearran, Snaw, Ife, Ren, Froft, Deaw, Mifte, Wind, feower fet and cry- pend dinga. Fix yefetherod Brid, and F:e- Jan auther in Sx or Land do eal heold the Lag of his willan. Thus have you feen in few words how near the Saxon and Englifti meet. Now of this account the French will be able to make nothing ; the modern Danes and Germans, though from feveral words they may conjedrure at the mea- ning, yet will they be much to feek in the orderly fenie and continued conftruc- L tion 14^ Of Languages, &c. Tradt VIII. tion thereof, whether the Danes can conr tinue fuch a feries of fenfe out of their pre- fent Language and the old Runick, as to be intelligible unto prefent and ancient tirnes, fome doubt may well be made; and if the prefent French would attempt a Difcourfe in words common unto their prefent Tongue and the old Romam Ru- ftka fpoken in Elder times, or in the old Language of the Francks, which came to be in ufe fome fucceflions after Pharamond, it might prove a Work of fome trouble to efTea. It were not impoffible to make an Ori- ginal reduction of many words of no ge- neral reception in England but of common pfe in Norfolk, or peculiar to the Eaft Angle Countries; as, Bawnd , Bunny, Thurck, Enemmis, Sammodithee, Mawther, Kedge.SeeUy Straft^ Clever, Matchly.Dere, Nicked, Stingy ^Noneare^^Feft, Thepes, Gof- goody Kampy Sihrit, Fangaji, Sap, Cothifh, Thokijh, Bide owe, Paxwax : of thefe and fome others of no eafie originals, when time will permit, the refolution may be attempted ; which to efieft, the Danifh Language new and more ancient may prove of good advantage : which Nation remained here fifty years upon agreement, and have left many Families in it, and th^ Language of thefe parts |iad furely been ■^ -^ ' ' more TracftVIIL Of Languages^ ^q. 147 more commixed and perplex, if the Fleet of Hugo de Bones had not been caft away, wherein threefcore thoufand Souldiers out of Br it any and Flanders were to be waf- ted over, and were by King John^ appoint- ment to have a fettled habitation in the Counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, But befide your laudable endeavours in the Saxon, you are not like to repent you of your ftudies in the other European and Weftern Languages, for therein are delive- red many excellent Hiftorical, Moral and Philofophical Difcourfes, wherein men merely verfed in the learned Languages are often at a lofs : but although you are fo well accompliflied in the French, you will not furely conceive that you are ma- tter of all the Languages in France, for to omit the Briton, Britonant or old Britifli, yet retained in fome part of Britany, I Ihall onely propofe this unto your con- ftruftion. Chavalifco d^ aquejles Boemes chems an freitado lou cap cun taules Jargonades, ero necy chi voluiget bout a fin tens emhe aqueU les, Anin a lous occells, che dizen tat proa ben en ein voz U ome nofap comochodochi yen ay jes de plazer, d' aufir la mitat de paraulles en el mon, L X This • 1 4S Of Lavgriages^ &c. Tradl VIII. This is a part of that Language which Scaliger nameth Idiotifmus TeCloJagicus, or Lanme d' oc, counterdiftinguilhing it unto the Idiotifmus Franckus, or Latrgue d' ouy, not under flood in a petty corner or between a few Mountains, but in parts of early civility, in Languedoc, Provence and Catalonia, which put together will make little lefs than England. Without fome knowledge herein you cannot exaclly underfland the Works of fiahim : by this the French themfelves are fain to make out that preferved relique of old French, containing the League between Charles and Lewis the Sons of Ludovicus Piusi Hereby may tolerably be underflood the feveral Trafts written in the Catalo- nian Tongue; and in this is publiflied the Traft of Falconry written by Theodojim and Symmachus : in this is yet conferved the Poem Vilhuardine concerning the French expedition in the Holy War, and the taking of Confiantinople, among the Works of Marius ALquicola an Italian Po et. You may find, in this Language, a pleafant dialogue of Love : this, about an hundred years ago, was in high efteem, when many Italian Wits flocked into Pro^ vence ; and the famou§ Petrarcha, wrot^ inany of his Poem§ in Fauclufe in that gountry, fof Trad VIII. Of Languages^ &co 1 4p For the word ^DreaJ'} in the Royal Title [^ Dread Sovereign~\ of which you defire to know the meaning, I return an- fwer unto your queflion briefly thus. Mod men do vulgariy uriderftaild this word Dread after the common and En- gliih acception, as implying Fear, Awe or Dread. Others may think to expound it from the French word Droit or Droyt. For^ whereas in elder times, the Trefidents and Supremes of Courts were termed Sove- reigns, men might conceive this a diftinc- tive Title and proper unto the King as e- minently and by right the Sovereign. A third expofition may be made fromi Ibme Saxon Original, particularly frorri Driht, Domine, or Drihten, Dominus^ in the Saxon Language, the word for Dorni* nus throughout the Saxon Pfalms, and u- fed in the exprefiion of the year of our Lord in the Decretal Epiftle of Pope ^g^- tho unto Athelred King of the Mercians, Anno^ 680. Verfiegan would haVe this term Drihten appropriate unto God. Yet, in the Con- ftitutions of * Withred King of Kent, we * v. a find the fame word ufed tor a Lord or ^P„"],ij;"'''' Mafter, Si in vefperh prcecedente folem L 3 Jerum 150 Of Languages^ ^Q. TradVIIL fervus ex mandate Domini aliquod epus fervile egerit^ Dominus (Drihten) 80 y^r lidis luito. However therefore, though Driht, Domine^ rnight be moft eminently applied unto the Lord of Heaven , yet might it be alfo transferred unto Poten- tates and Gods on Earth, unto whom fealty is given or due, according unto the Feudift term Ligem a Ligando unto whom they were bound in fealty. And therefore from Drihty Domine^ Dread Sovereign, may, probably, owe its Original. I have not time to enlarge upon this Subject : 'Pray let this pafs, as it is, for a Letter and not for a Treatife. I am Tours y Sec. TRACT TRACT IX. OF ARTIFICIAL H I L L S5 MOUNTS or BURROWS,^ In many parts of ENGLAND. What they are, to what end raifed, and by what Nations. My honoured Friend Mr. E. D, his ^^e. I N my laft Summer's Journey through *^ I Mar Jhland, Holland 2inA2i^XQZX,^2iXt ^* -*- of the FennSy I obferved divers arti- ficial heaps of Earth of a very large mag- nitude, and I hear of many others which ^' g^e in other parts of thofc Countries, L 4 '' fome u 152 Of the Tumuli of Trad I xll " fome of them are at leaft twenty foot '" in direft height from the level whereori " they ftand. I would gladly know your " opinion of them, and whether you think " not that they were raifed by the Romans " or Saxons to cover the Bones or Allies " of fome eminent perfons ? My A7ifwer. Worthy Sir, Concerning artificial Mounts and Hills, raifed without Fortifications atten- ding them, in moft parts of England, the moft confiderable thereof I conceive to be of two kinds ; that is, either fignal Boun- daries and Land-marks, or elfe fepulchral JMonuments or Hills of Interrment for re* markable and eminent perfons, efpecially fuch as died in the Wars. As for fuch which are fepulchral Monu- ments, upon bare and naked view they are not appropriable unto any of the three Nations of the Romans, Saxons or Danes, who, after the Britaines, have poflefled this Land ; becaufe upon ftrift account, they may be appliable unto them all. For Tra6i: IX. Romans ^ Saxons^ Danes. 155 For that the Romans ufed fuch hilly Se- pultures, befide many other teftimonies, feems confirmable from the praftice of Germankus, who thus interred the unbu- ried Bones of the flain Souldiers of Farus ; and that expreffion of Virgil, of high aa- ' tiquity among the Latins, -facit ingens mcnte fuh alto Regis Dercenni terreno ex agger e Bujlum* That the Saxons made ufe of this way is colleftible from feveral Records , and that pertinent expreffion of "^ Lelafidus,*^^^ Sax ones gens Chrijli ignara , in hortis a- neoi ki- mcenis^ p domi forte cegroti morielantur ; thuri, fin for is & hello occiji, in egejiis per campos terra tumults, quos (Burgos appellabant) Jepultifunt, That the Danes obferved this praftice, their own Antiquities do frequently con- firm, and it flands precifely delivered by Adolphus Cyprius, as the learned f Wormim f worm? os hath obferved. Dani olim in memoriam Re- ^^ ^onyjneM^ Q^ rr ttsDantctu gum \3 Her cum, ex terra coacervata zngen'^ tes moles yMontium inftar eminenteSyerexiffe, credilile omnino ac prolahile efi, atque iU lis in locis ut plurimum, quo ftepe homines commearent, atque iter haherent, ut in vi^ is puhlicis pofteritati memoriam confecra^ rent^ ^ quodammodo immortalitati man- darent. Of the Tumuli of Tra6l darent. And the like Monuments are yet to be obferved in Norway and Denmark in no fmall numbers. So that upon a fingle view and outward obfervation they may be the Monuments of any of thefe three Nations : Although the greateft number, not improbably, of the Saxons; who fought many Battels with the Britaines and Danes, and alfo be- tween their own Nations, and left thfc proper name of Burrows for thefe Hills llill retained in many of them, as the fe- ven Burrows upon Salislury Plain, and in many other parts of England. But of thefe and the like Hills there^ can be no clear and aflured decifion with- out an ocular exploration, and fubterrane- ous enquiry by cutting through one or them either directly or croflwife. For fa with lefler charge difcovery may be made what is under them, and confequently the intention of their ereftion. For if they were raifed for remarkable and eminent Boundaries,* then about theif > bottom will. be found the lading fubflan- ces of burnt Bones of Beafts , of Aflies, Bricks, Lime or Coals. If Urns be found, they might be ereded by the Romans before the term of Urn- burying or cuftom of burning the dead expired : but if raifed by the Romans after lha# Trad IX. Romans^ Saxons^ Vanes. 155 that period ; Infcriptions, Swords, Shields and Arms after the Roman mode, may afford a good diftinftion. But if thefe Hills were made by Saxons or Danes, diftcvery may be made from the fafliion of their Arms, Bones of their Horfes, and other diftinguiftiing fubftan- ces buried with them. And for fuch an attempt there wanteth not encouragement. For a like Mount or Burrow was opened in the days of King Henry the Eighth upon Bar ham Down in' Kent, by the care of Mr. Thomas D^gges and charge of Sir Chrtftopher Hales \ and a large Urn with Aflies was found under it, as is delivered by Thomas Twinus De Rehus Alhionicis, a learned Man of that Country , Sub increithtli Term acervo, ZJrna cinere offium magnorum fragment is plena, cum galeis, clypeis a nets ^ ferrets ruhigine fere confumptis, inufitatce magnitU'^ dims, eruta efl : Jed nulla infer iptio nomen, nullum tefltmonium tempus, aut fortunam exponehant : and not very long ago , as * C ami den delivereth, in one of the Mounts * Cambd. o{ Barklow Hills in EJfex, being levelled ^"'•^ 5 '^* there were found three Troughs, contai- ning broken Bones, conceived to have been of Danes : and in later time we find, that a Burrbw was opened in the Ifle of Man, wherein fourteen Urns were found with burnt 1^6 Of the Tumuli, &c. Trad IX. burnt Bones in ilicm ; and one more neat than the reft, placed in a Bed of fine white Sand, containing nothing but a few brittle Bones, as having pafled the Fire; accor- ding to the particular account thereof in * Pkhlifljed the '*' defcription of the Ifle of Ma», Sure- Dtn^kine. ^y fn^ny noble Bones and Afties have been contented with fuch hilly Tombs; which neither admitting Ornament, Epitaph or Infcription , may , if Earthquakes fpare them, out laft all other Monuments. Su^ fmt Metis metae. Obelisks have their term, and Pyramids will tumble, but thefe mountainous Monuments may ftand, and are like to have the fame period v/ith the Earth. More might be faid, but my bufinefs, of another nature, makes me take off my hand. I am Tours ^ &c* TRACT (157) TRACT X. P F T R O A S, W^hat place is meant by that Name. Alfo, of the fituations of Sodom^ Gomorrba-^ Admah^ Zeboim^ in the dead Sea. Sir, To your Geographical Queries , I anftver as follows, IN fundry paflages of the new Tefta- ment, in the Aiis of the Apojiles, and Epiftles of S. Paul, we meet with the word Troas ; how he went from Troas to Fhilippi in Macedonia, from thence unto Troas 1 5 8 Of Tro2iS 3 ofSodom.is^c. Trad X. Troof again : how he remained feven days in that place ; from thence on foot to Af fos, whither the Difciples had failed from Troasy and there, taking him in, made their Voyage unto Cafarea. Now, whether this Troas be the name of a City or a certain Region feems no groundlefs doubt of yours : for that 'twas fometimes taken in the fignification of fome Country, is acknowledged by Orte- liiUy St£phaniis and Grotius ; and it is plain- ly fet down by Straho, that a Region of Phrygia in Afia minor was fo taken in an- cient times ; and that, at the Trojan War, all the Territory which comprehended the nine Principalities fubjedt unto the King of Ilium, t^om Ag^/B/xiw, was called by the name of Troja. And this might feem fuiEciently to falve the intention of the defcription, when he came or went from Troas, that is, fome part of that Region ; and will otherwife feem ftrange unto ma- ny how he fliould be faid to go or come from that City which all Writers had laid in the Allies about a thoufand years be- fore. All which notwithftanding , fince we reade in the Text a particular abode of fe-' ven days, and fuch particulars as leaving of his Cloak, Books and Parchments at Troas : And that S. Luke feems to have been TradX Of TT02iS'^ of Sodom.iS'c. 159 been taken in to the Travels of S. Paul in this place, where he begins in the Aiis to write in the firft perfon, this may rather feem to have been fome Qty or fpecial Habitation, than any Province or Region without fuch limitation. Now that fuch a City there was, and that of no mean note, is eafily verified from hiftorical obfervation. For though old Ilium was anciently deftroyed^, yet was there another raifed by the relifts of that people, not in the fame place, but about thirty Furlongs weftward, as is to be learned IromStraio. Of this place Alexander in his Expedi- tion again ft Darius took efpecial notice, endowing it with fundry Immunities, with promife of greater matters at his re- turn from Perfia ; inclined hereunto from the honour he bore unto Homer, whofe earneft Reader he .was, and upon whofc Poems, by the help of Anaxarchus and CalliJiheneSy he made fome obfervations. As alfo much moved hereto upon the ac- count of his cognation with the JEacides and Kings of Moloffus, whereof Androma- che the Wife oiHetior was Queen. After the death of Alexander, Lyfimachus fur- rounded it with a Wall, and brought the inhabitants of the neighbour Towns unto it, andfoitborethenameof^/d'x^^Wr/^- which I ^o 6?/Troas 5 o/Sodom, isrc Trad X. which, from Anttgonus, was alfo called Ant'tgcniay according to the infcription of that famous Medal in Gokjius , Colonia Troas Antigonia Alexanclrea, Legio vice^ fima prima. When the Romans firft went into Afia againft Antiochus 'twas but a Kcjt)ijuo7roXi<; and no great City ; but, upon the Peace concluded, the Romans much advanced the fame. Fimhria, the rebellious Roman, fpoiled it in the Mithridatick War, boafting that he had fubdued Troy in eleven days which the Grecians could not take in al- moft as many years. But it was again re- built and countenanced by the Romans, and became a Roman Colony, with great Immunities conferred on it; and accor- dingly it is fo fet down by Ptolomy. For the Romans, dei-iving themfelves from the Trojans, thought no favour too great for it; efpecially Julius Ccefar, who, both in imitation of Alexander, and for his own defcent ixom Julus, ofthepofterity of^- fieasy with much paflion affefted it, and, Sucton. in a difcontented humour, '^ was once in mind to tranflate the Roman wealth un- to it ; fo that it became a very remarkable place, and was, in Strahos time, lAAo^- ^v nQMoDVy one of the noble Cities of Ajfa, And, TradX. 0fTtO2iSidfSodomyis'c, i^i And, if they underftood the predidion of Homer in reference unto the Romans, as fome expound it in Straho, it might much promote their affeftion unto that place ; which being a remarkable pro- phecy, and fcarce to be paralleled in Pagan Itory, made before Rome was builtj and concerning the lading Reign of the pro- geny oiMneas, they could not but take efpecial notice of it. For thus is Neptune made to fpeak, when he iv^tA/^neasitom the fury oi Achilles. Verum agite hunc fuhito prdfeHti a m0rte trahamus Ne Cronides ira flammet fi fort is Achilles Hunc maitet^ fati quern Lex evader e juffit. Ne genus inter eat de latofemine toturn Dardani ah excelfo pra cuntlis prolilus olim, Dileili quos e mortaliftirpe creav^, Nunc etiam friami ft ir pern Saturnius 0dit^ Trojugenum pofthac /Eneas fceptra tenehit* Et nati natorum ^ qui nafcentur ah illis. The Roman favours were alfo continu- ed unto S. Paul\ days ; for ^ Claudius, * SocroS. producing an ancient Letter of the Ro- mans unto King Seleucus concerning the Trojan Privileges, made a Releafe of their Tributes; and Nero elegantly pleaded for ncic/. i|. M their i62 ^/Troas 5 of Sodom,Ji?r. TraiftX. their Immunities, and remitted all Tributes unto them. v fo And, therefore, there being fo remar- kable a City in this Territory; it m^y feem too hard to loofe the fame in the general name of the Country; and fince it was fo eminently favoured by Empert)urs, enjoying fo many Immunities, and full of Roman Privileges, it was probably very * populous, and a fit abode for S. Paul, who being a Roman Citizen, might live more quietly himfelf, and have no fmajl num* ber of faithfuU well-wifliers in it. '-'"Yet muft we not conceive that this was the old Troy, or re-built in the fame place with it : ^for Troas was placed about thirty Furlongs Weft, and upon the Sea fliore $ fo that , to hold a- clearer apprehenfion hereof than is commonly delivered in the Difcourfes of the Ruines of Troy, we may confider one Inland Troy or old Iliurn^ which was built farther within the Land, ^nd fo was removed from the Port where the Grecian Fleet lay in Homer ; and ano- ther Maritime Troy, which was upon the Sea Coaft placed in the Maps of Ptolomy, between Ledum and Sigceum or Port Ja- mzam, Southweft from the old City, which was this of S. Paul, and whereunto are ap- pliable the particular accounts o( Be/HomuSi when, not an hiindred years ago, he de- '-- * fcribed TradX. ^/Troas3 ofSodoniyiyc, 16 j fcribed the Ruines of Troy with their Baths, Aqueduds, Walls and Towers, to be Teen from the Sea as he failed between it and Tenetlos ; ^nd where, upon nearer view, he obferved fome figns and im- preHions of his converfion in the ruines of Churches, Crofles, and Infer iptions upod Stones. Nor was this onely a famous City in the days of S. Pauly but confiderable long af- ter. For, upon the Letter oi A<^nams,^^^^otint.m Herodes Attkus, at a great charge, repai-'^jj^ci!^'° * red their Baths, contrived Aquedufts and noble Water- courfes in it. As is alfo col- leftible from the Medals oUCaracalla, dl SeveruSy and Crzfpina ; with Infcription^,^ Co Ionia Alexandria Troas , bearing pri the Reverfe either an Horfe, a Temple, or a Woman ; denoting their deftruftion by an Horfe, their prayers for the Empe-- Tour's fafety, and, as fome conjediure, the memory of Sibylla, Phrygia or Hellefpon- ilea. Nor wanted this City the favour of Chriftian Princes, but was made a Biihop's See under the Archbifhop oiCyzicum; but • in fucceeding difcords was dellroyed and ruined, and the nobler Stories tranflated to Conftantinople by the Turks to beautifie their Mofquesand other Buildings. M % Corner'^ '1^4 OfTto^i ofSodom,i5rc. Tra^X. Concerning the Dead Sea, accept of thefe few Remarks. IN the Map of the Dead Sea we meet with the Figure ot the Cities which were deftroyed : oi Sodom, Gomorrha, A J- mah and Zeioim; but with no unifor- mity ; men placing them varioufly, and, from the uncertainty of their fituation, taking a fair liberty to (et them where they pleafe. For Admah, !Zehoim and Gomorrha, there is no light from the Text to define their fituation. But, that Sodom could not be far from Segor which was feated under the Mountains near the fide of the Lake, feems inferrible from the fudden ar* | rival of Lot, who, coming from Sodom at day break, attained to Segor at Sun rifing ; and therefore Sodom is to be placed not many miles from it, not in the middle of the Lake, which againft that place is a- bout eighteen miles over, and fo will leave nine miles to be gone in fo fmall a fpace of time. The Valley being large, the Lake now in length about feventy Englifli miles, the River Jordan and divers others running over the Plain, 'tis probable the beft Cities were TradtX. OfTrozs-jOfSodom.iS'c. 1^5 were feated upon thofe Streams : but how the Jordan palled or winded, or where it took in the other Streams, is a point too old for Geography to determine. For, that the River gave the fruitfulnefe unto this Valley by over watring that low Region, feems plain from that expreffion in the * Text, that it was watered, ficut Para" * Cen.if.io, difus & yEgyptus, like Eden and the Plains oi MefopotamiUy where Euphrates yearly overfloweth ; or like ^gypt where Nilus doth the like: and feems probable alfo from the fame courfe of the River not*far above this Valley where the Ifraelites paf- fed Jordan^ where 'tis faid that Jordan overfloweth its Banks in the time of Har^ veft. ^ That it muft have had/ome paflage un- der ground in the compafs of this Valley before the creation of this Lake, feemsiie- ceflary from the great current of Jordan, ^d from the Rivers Amon, Cedron^ Zaeth^ which empty into this Valley ; but where to place that concurrence of Waters or place of its abforbition, thereisnoauthen- tick decifion*^ The probableft place may be fet fome- what Southward, below the Rivers that run into it on the Eaft or Weftern Shore: and fomewhat agreeable unto the account which BrQcardm received from the Sara* M 3 z(:m 1 66 Of T was 5 ofSodom.i^f. Trad X. zens which lived near it, JorcUnem ingre- di Mare Mortuum^ rurjum egredi, fed pofl ^xiguum intervaSum a Terra ahforheri. Straho fpeaks naturally o| this Lake, that it was firft caufed by Earthquakes, by iulphureous and bituminous eruptions, arifing from the Earth. But the Scripture 31 5>P* iiiakes it plain to have been from a mirj^- culous hand, and by a remarkable expreft fion, plutt Domrnus ignem & Su^lphnr a Dd^ miKO. See 2X^0 Deut. 29. in ardore Salis : burning the: Cities and deftroying all things about the Plain, deftroying the ve- getable nature of Plants and all living things, faking and making barren the w^hole Soil, and, by thefe fiery Showers, kindling and fetting loofe the body of the bituminous Mines, which ftiewed their lower Veins before but in fome few Pits^nd openings, fw^llowing up the Foundation of their Cities ; opening the bituminoiis Treafure^ below, and making a fmoak like a Fur-^ . pace able to be difcerned by Abraham at a > . good difliance from it. If this little may give you fatisfadioiij I {hall be glad, as beihg, Sir, Tours, &C, TRACT (1^7) TRACT XL - r r.> li^'t^ OF THE ANSWERS 19 'F THE 4 Omck of A^oUo at Delphos T o Crcejm King of Lydia. ^'^Mong the ? Oracles of ^jfo//o there * see vuig. are none more celebrated than^^'^'^cia* thofe which he delivered unto Crwftus King of f LyJia, who- feems of all t Herod, /.i. Princ6s to have held the greateft depen-4M7,&c. der\ce on them. But mod confiderable are his plain and intelligible replies which he made Unto the fame King,- when h6 M 4 fene 1 62 (9/ Apollo's Anfwers Trad XI. fent his Chains of Captivity unto Pe/phos, after his overthrow by Cyras , with fad expoflulations why he encouraged him unto that fatal War by his Oracle, faying, ^ Herod. * TL^ohiyiiaTJLt K^o/cta), !w (^^-nvrflcti ^^ Croefus, // he Wars againji the Terfians^ JhaS Ji^olve a great Empire. Why, at leaft, he prt vented not that fad infelicity of his devoted and bountifuli Servant, and whether it were fair or honourable for the Gods of Greece to be ingratefuU : which being a plain and open dehvery oliDelphos, and fcarce to be parallel'd in any ancient ftory, it may well dcferve your farther confideration, I. His firft reply was, That Crcefus Suffered not for h/mfelf; but paid the tranf- greflion of his fifth predeceflbur, who kill'd his Matter and ufurpy^lhe dignity unto which he held no title. Now whether Cra^fus fuffered upon this account or not, hereby he plainly betray- ed his infufficiency to proted: him ; and alfo obliquely difcovered he had a know- ledge of h^ misfortune ; for knowing that wicked ad lay yet unpunifhed, he might well divine fome of his fucceflburs might fmart for it ; and alfo underflanding he lyas like to be the laft of that race, he might Trac^lXl to Ct(£{us King of Lydh. i6^ might juftly fear and conclude this infeli- city upon him. Hereby he alfo acknowledged the ine- vitable juftice of God ; that though Re- venge lay dormant, it would not always fleep ; and confequently confefled the juft hand of God puniihing unto the third and fourth generation, nor fuffering fuch ini- quities f o pafs for ever unrevenged. Hereby he flatteringly encouraged him in the opinion of his own merits, and that he onely fuffered for other mens tranfgref- fions: mean while he concealed Crosfus his pride, elation of mind and fecure con- ceit of his own unparallel'd felicity, toge- ther with the vanity, pride and height of luxury of the Lydian Nation, which the Spirit of Delphos knew well to be ripe and •ready for deltruftion. 2. A Second excufe was. That it is not in the power of God to hinder the Decree of Fate, A general evafion for any falfifi^ ed predi<3:ion founded upon the common opinion of Fate, which impioufly fubjec- terh the power of Heaven unto it ; wide- ly difcovering the folly of fuch as repair unto him concerning future events : which, according unto this rule, muft go on as the Fates have ordered, beyond his power to prevent pr theirs to ^void; and confe- quently 1 yo Of Apollo's Anfweri Tradl Xt quently teaching that his Oracles had one- * ly this ufe to render men more miferable by foreknowing their misfortunes ; where- of Crosjus hiitifelf held a fenfible experi- ^ce in that Di^moniacal Dream concer* Milk his eldefl Son, that he fheM he kit^ liifhy a Spear ^ which, after all care and caati6n, he found inevitably to befall him) 3. In his Third Apology he aflured him that he endeavoured to transfer the evil Fate and to pfs'it upon his Children J and did however procraftinate his infeli- city, and deferred, the deftruftion of Sar* dis and his own. Captivity three years lon- ger than was fatally decreed upbh it. Wherein whjle he wipes off the ftain of Ingratitude, he! leaves no fmall doubt whe^ ther, it being out of his powerHto contra-i* dift or transfer the Fates of his Servants, it be not alfo beyond it 'to defef^fueh fig- nal events, and whereorrthe Fates of whole Nations do depbnd.^y^/''''^';V5 A /v\. As alfo, whether h6 intended or endea- voured to bring to pafs what he pretended, fome qucftioii rnight be made. For that he thould attempt br think he could tranf^ late his infelicity upon his Sons, it could riot confift with his judgment, which at- tempts not impoflibles or things beyond his 'power ; rior '^ith' his knowledge of future Trad XL to Cx:c^(\xs King (?/ Lydia. 171 future things, and the Fates of fucceeding Generations : for. he underftood that Mo- narchy was to expire in himfelf,'and could particularly foretell the infelicity of hi^ Sons, and hath alfo made ffennote predic- tions unto others concetriirig the fortunes of many fucceeding defcent^; as appears in thatanfwer xmtjoAttalu^,^ ^vr-^. Vtni Be of good courage, Attalus, thoufhalt reign And thy Sons Sons, hut not their Sons again: As alfo unto Cypfelus King of Corinth, Happy is the Man who at mf Altar flan ds^^ Great Cypfelus iw6t7 Corinth now commands. Happy is he, his Sons fla/h happy he. But for their So^s, unhappy days they II fee. Now, being able to have fo large a pro- fpe This, if he contrived not the time and the means of his recovery, was no ordi- nary divination : yetliow to make out the verity of the ftory fome doubt may yet remain. For though the caufes of deafnefs and dumbnefs were removed , yet fince words are attained by hearing, and mePi fpeak not without inftruftion , how he fhould be able immediately to utter fuch *Hcrod./.i. apt and fignificant words, as '^^AvSr^oein, '5* fjiv\ Til^vi KfOiffcv, Q Man flay not Crcefus, it cannot elcape fome doubt, fmce the Story alfo deUvers, that he was deaf and dumb, that he then firil began to fpeak, and fpake all his hfe after. Now, if Crcefus had confulted ag^in for a clearer expofition of what was doubt- fully delivered, whether the Oracle would have fpake out the fecond time or affor- ded a clearer anlwer, fome quefliori might be made from the examples of his practice upon the like demands. . So when the Spartans had often fougte with ill fticcefe againft the Tegeates, the^ *\%\:iti\v conful- 1 rad XL to Gr oefus King of Lydia. 175 confulted the Oracle what God they fliould appeafe, to become vid:orious on ver them. The anfwer.was, that they jhould remove the Bones (?/Oreftes. Though the words were plain, yet the thing was obfcure, and like finding out the Body of Mofes. And therefore they once more demanded in what place they fliould find the fame ; unto: whom he retujrned this an- fwer, ^1 f-rt ^ ' ^} ?^--r--! - When in the Tegean Plains a place thou find'fl Where hlafls are made by two impetuous Winds, Where that that ft r ikes is ft ruck, blows foW. low blows, * There doth the Earth Oreftes Bones en- clofe. Which obfcure reply the wifeft of Sparta could not make out, and was cafually un- . riddled by one talking with a Smith who had found large Bones of a Man buried about his Houfe; the Oracle importing no more than a Smith's Forge, exprefled by a double Bellows, the Hammer and Anvil therein. Now, why the Oracle fliould place fuch confideration upon the Bones of Oreftes the Son oi Agamemnon f a mad man and a mur- therer. 1 76 Of Apollo s Anfwers Ti^ad: Xt therer, if not to promote the idolatry of the Heathens, and maintain a fuperftitious veneration of things of no aftivity, it may leave no fmall obfcurity. Or why, in a bufinefs fo clear in his knowledge, he fhould afied: fo obfcure ex- preffions it may alfo be wondred ; if it were not to maintain the wary and eva- five method in his anfwers : for, fpeaking obfcurely in things beyond doubt within his knowledge, he might be more tole- rably dark in matters beyond his prefci* ence. Though EI were infcribed over the Gate of Delphos, yet was there no unifor- mity in his deliveries. Sometimes with that obfcurity as argued a fearfull prophe- cy ; fometimes fo plainly as might confirm a fpirit of divinity ; fometimes morally, de- terring from vice and villany ; another time vitioujly, and in the fpirit of bloud and cruelty : obfervably modeft in his civil enigma and periphrafis of that part * Plut. in which old Numa would plainly * name, ^^^' and Medea would not underftand, when he advifed Mgeus not to draw out his foot before, untill he arriv'd upon the Atheni- an ground ; whereas another time he fee- med too literal in that unfeemly epithet tKHcrod. unto Cyanus King of"*" Cyprus y and put a beaftly trouble upon all Ag)pt to find out the Trad XI. toCrccdisKingof Lfdix 177 the Urine of a true Virgin. Sometimes, more beholding unto rriemory than inven- tion, he delighted to expfefs himfelf in the bare Verfes of Homer, But that he principally affeded Poetry, and that the Prieft not onely of always compofed his profal raptures into Verfe, feems plain from his necromantical Prophecies, whilft the dead Head in Phlegon delivers a long Prediftion in Verfe ; and at the raifing of the Ghoft of Commodus unto CaracaSa^ when none of his Anceftours would fpeak, the divining Spirit verfified his infelicities ; correfponding herein to the apprehenfions of elder times, who conceived not onely a Majefty but fomething of Divinity in Poetry, and as in ancient times the old Theologians delivered their inventions. Some critical Readers might exped in his oraculous Poems a more than ordinary ftrain and true fpirit oi Apollo; not con* tented to find that Spirits make Verfes like Men, beating upon the filling Epithet, and taking the licence of dialefts and lower helps, common to humane Poetry; wherein, fmce Scaliger , who hath fpa- red none of the Greeks, hath thought it v^^ifedom to be filent, we Ihall make no excurfion. Others may wonder* how the curiofity of elder times, having this opportunity of N his 1 78 Of Apollo'5 Anfwers Tra6l XL his Anfwers, omitted Natural Queftions; or how the old Magicians difcovered no more Philofophy ; and if they had the af- fiftance of Spirits, could reft content with the bare allertions of things, without the knowledge of their caufes ; whereby they had made their Aits iterable by fober hands, and a ftanding part of Philofophy. Many wife Divines hold a reality in the wonders of the Egyptian Magicians, and that thofe magnalia which they performed before Pharaoh were not mere delufions of Senfe. R ightly to underftand how they made Serpents out of Rods ; Froggs and Bloud of Water, were worth half Fortas Magick. Hermolaus Bar bar us was fcarce in his wits, when, upon conference with a Spi- rit, he would demand no other queftion than the explication diArifiotles Entele- , che'ta. Appion the Grammarian, that would : raife the Ghoft of Homer to decide the Controverfie of his Country, made a fri- volous and pedantick ufe of Necromancy. Thiloftratus did as little, that call'd up the Ghoft of Achilles for a particular of the l^:;.- Story of Troy, Smarter curiofities would have been at the great Elixir, the Flux and Reflux of the Sea, with other noble ob- fcurities in Nature ; but probably all in Vain : in matters cognofcible and framed for TradlXi. toCxo^i\iskingofLydi2L. 17^ for our difquifitioh, our Induftry riiuft be our Oracle, and Reafon our Apollo, Not to know things without the Arch of our intelleftuals, or what Spirits appre- hend, is the imperfeftion of oUr nature not our knowledge, ^nd rather infcience than ignorance in man. Revelation might render a great part of the Creation eafie which now feems beyond the ftretch of humane indagation, arid welcome no doubt from good hands might be a true Alma- gefty and great celeftial conftruftion ; a clear Syfteme of the planetical Bodies of the invifible and feeming ufelefs Stars un- to us, of the many Suns in the eighth Sphefe, what they are, what they con- tain and to what more immediately thofe ftupendious Bodies are ferviceable. But being not hinted in the authentick Reve- lation of God, nor known how far their difcoveries are ftinted ; if they fliould come unto us from the mouth of evil Spirits, the belief thereof might be as unfafe as the enquiry; This is a copious Subjed ; but, having exceeded the bounds of a Letter, I will tioti now> purfue it farther. I am ToUriy&^c. M i . TRACf 080 TRACXiXIL IJMiiiir-' A pRopmc%, Concerning the future ftate of feveral NATIONS, In a Letter written upon occafion ofanoldProjrfiecyfenttotheAuthour^ ^ from a Friend, with a Requeft that ^ i he would confider it. _ ■ \JJ Sir, I Take hopleafure in Prophecies fo hard* ly intelligible, and pointing at future things from a pretended fpirit of Divi-^ nation ; of which (brt this feems to be which came unto your hand, and you were pleafed to fend unto me. And thete- fore, for your ^afier appreheafion, diver-. N 3 tifement 1 82 A Prophecy concerning Trad XIL tifeipent and confideration, I prefent you with a very difierent kind of predidbion : not pofitively or peremptorily telling you what ihall come to pafs ; yet pointing at things not without all reafqn or probabili- ty of their events 5 not built upon fatal decrees, or inevitable defignations, but up- on cpnjeftural foundations, whereby things wilh^d may be prambted, asd fiich as are feared, may more probably be prevented. a THE PaOPHECY. obilno-j WjF/ett New England Jha/I trmlle New Spain. When Jamaica pall he Lady of the Ijles and the Main. When SpSL\nJha//ie in America hid. And Mtyiico Jhali prove a Madrid. When Mahomet's Ships cv the B^AtickfiaS . ride. And Tt^rksjhall lahenr to home Torts on that -S^e. Tradl XIL feveral Nations. j 85 When Africa fhall no more fell out their Blacks To make Slaves and Drudges to the Ameri- can Trails, When Batavia the Oldjhall he contemn d hy the New. When a neiv Drove of Tartars fial/ China fuhdue. When America fhall ceafe to fend out its TreafurCj But employ it at home in American Plea-^ fure. When the new World fhall the old in- vade, Nor count them their Lords hut their fel- lows in Trade. When Men fhall almofl pafs to Venice ly Land, Not in deep Water hut from Sand to Sand. ' When Nova Zembla /hall he no flay Vnto thofe who pafs to or from Cathay. Then think Jirange things are come to light, Whereof but fevQ have had a forefight^ N4 THE 184 A Prophecy coricerning Trad: XII. THE EXPOSITIpN OF THE PROPHECY. ,W Hen New England jhall trouble New Spain. That is. When that thriving Colony, which hath fo much encreafed in our days, and in the fpace of about fifty years, that they can, as they report, raife between twenty and thirty thoufand men upon an exigency, fliall in procefs of tinie be fo advanced, as to be able to fend forth Ships and Fleets, a$ to infeft the American Spa- nifli Ports and Maritime Doniinions by depredations or aflaults; for which at- tempts they are not like to be unprovided, as abounding in the Materials for Shipping, Oak and Firre. And when length of time ihall fo far encreafe that induftrious people, that the neighbouring Country will not contain Tradl XII. fever al Nations. 185 contain them, they will range ftill farther and be able, in time, to fet torth great Ar- mies, feek for new pofleflions, or make confiderable iand conjoined migrations, ac- cording to the cuftom of fwarming Nor- thern Nations; wherein it is not likely that they will move Northward, but to- ward the Southern and richer Countries, which are either in the Dominions or Fron- tiers of the Spaniards: and may not.im^ probably ereft new Dominions in places hot yet thought of, and yet, for fome Cen- turies, beyond their power or Ambition. When Jamaica fhall be Lady of the Ijles and the Main, That is. When that advantageous Ifland fhall be well peopled, it may become fo ftrong and potent as to over-power the neighbouring Ifles, and alfo a part of the main Land, efpecially the Maritime parts. And already iii their infancy they have given teftimony of their power and cou- rage in their bold attempts upon Campeche and Santa Martha ; and in that notable attempt upon Panama on the Weflern fide of America : efpecially confidering this Ifland is fufBciently large to contain a nu- merous people, of a Northern and warlike defcent. 8^ A Trophecy concerning TradlXIL defcent, addifted to martial affairs both by Sea and Land, and advantageoufly fea- red to infeft their neighbours both of the Ifles and the Continent, and like to be a receptacle for Colonies of the fame origi« nals from Barhadoes and the neighbour Ifles. When Spain Jl:>all he in America hid ; And Mexico Jhall prove a Madrid. That is, When Spain, either by unex- pefted difafters, or cpntinned emiflions of people into America, which have already thinned the Country, Ihall be farther ex- hauftcd at home : or when, in procefe of time, their Colonies (hall grow by many acceffions more than their Originals, then Mexico may become a Madrid, and as con- fiderable in people, wealth and fjplendour : wherein that place is already fo well ad- vanced, that accounts fcarce credible are given of it. And it is fo advantageoufly feated, that, by Acapulco and other Ports on the South Sea, they may maintain a communication and commerce with the Indian Ifles and Territories, and with China and Japan, and on this fide, by Por^ ta Belo and others, hold correfpondence with Efii-ope and Africa. When Trad XII. feveral Nations. 1 87 Wken Mahomet'j Ships in the Baltick JhaU ride. Of this we cannot be out of all fear ; for, if the Turk ftiould mafter Poland^ he would be foon at this Sea. And from the odd conftitution of the Polifh Govern- ment, the divifions among themfelves, jealoufies between their Kingdom and Re- publick; vicinity of the Tartars, treache- ry of the Coflacks, and the method of Turkifti Policy, to be at Peace with the Emperour of Germany when he is at War with the Poles, there may be caufe to fear that this may come to pafs. And then he would foon endeavour to have Ports upon that Sea, as not wanting Materials for Shipping. And, having a new acquift of flout and warlike men, may be a terrour unto the confiners on that Sea, and to Na- tions which now conceive themfelves fafe from fuch an Enemy. When Africa JhaU no more fell out their Blacks. 4. That is, When African Countries fliall jfiq longer make it a common Trade to fell ' " ^way 1 8 8: A Prophecy concernbig Tracfl XII. away their people to ferve in the drudge- ry of American Plantations. And that may come to pafs when ever they ihall be well civilized, and acquainted with Arts and Affairs fuificient to employ peo- ple in their Countries : if alfo they Ihould be converted toChriftianity, butefpecial- ly unto Mahometifm ; for then they would never fell thofe of their Religion to be Slaves unto Chriftians. When Batavia the Old fhall he contemtld by the New, When the Plantations of the Hollanders at Batavia in the Eaft Indies^ and other places in the Eafl Indies ^ ihall, by their conquefts and advancements, become fo powerful! in the Indian Territories ; Then their Original Countries and States of Hol- land are like to be contemned by thefn, and obeyed onely as they pleafe. And they feem to be in a way unto it at prefent by their feveral Plantations, new acquifts and enlargements : and they have lately difcovered a part of the Southern Con tit nent, and feveral places which may be ferviceable unto fhem, when ever time Ihall enlarge them unto fuch nec^fljties. And Trad XII feveral Nations. i8^ AfiJ a new Drove of Tartars fhall China fuldue. Whkh is no ftrange thing if we corifult the Hiftories of Chinay and fucceflive In- undations made by Tartarian Nations. For when the Invaders, in proccfs of time, have degenerated into the effeminacy anf foftnefs of the Chinefes, then they them- felves have fuffered a new Tartarian Con- queft and Inundation. And this hath hap- pened from time beyond our Hiftories : for, according to their account, the famous Wall of China , built againft the irruptionsof the Tartars, was begun above a hundred years before the Incarnatiort? , When America fhall ceafi to fen J forth its Treafure, But employ it at home for American flea" fure. That is. When America fliall be better civilized, new policied and divided be* tween great Princes, it may come to pafs that they will no longer fuffer their Trea* fure of Gold and Silver to be fent out to maiotain the Luxury of Europe and other parts : ^o A Prophecy concerning Trad: XII. parts : but rather employ it to their own advantages, in great Exploits and Under- takings, magnificent ^trudures, Wars or Expeditions of their own. When the new World jh all the old invade. That is, When America ftiall be fo well peopled, civilized and divided into King- doms, they are like to have fo little regard of their Originals, as to acknowledge no fubjedion unto them : they may alfo have a diftind commerce between themfelves, or but independently with thofe of Eu^ rope, and may hoftilely and pyraticalJy aflault them, even as the Greek and Ro* man Colonies after a long time dealt with their Original Countries. When Men [hall almofi pafs to Venice hj Landy Not in deep Waters lut from Sand t(f Sand* '" Hiatis, When, in bngprocefeoftime,^ the Silt and Sands fl>all fochoak and fliaf- iow the Sea in and about it. And this hath corifiderably come to pafs withirt thefe fcnirfcore years ; and is like to en- €reaf@* Trad XII. [ever al Nations. lyc creafe from feveral caufes, efpecially by the turning of the River Brenta^ as the learned Cafietii hath declared. When Nova Zembla jhall he no flay Zfnto thofe whv pafs to or from Cathay. That is. When ever that often fought for Northeaft paflage unto China and ja- pan fhall be difcovered ; the hindrance vi^ hereof was imputed to Nova Zemlla ; for this was conceived to be an excurfion of Land fliooting out diredly, and fo far Northward into the Sea that it difcoura- ged from all Navigation about it. And therefore Adventurers tbok in at the Sou- thern part at a ftrait by Waygatz next the Tartarian Shore: and, failing forward they found that Sea frozen and full of Ice, and fo gave over the attempt. Bwt of late years, by the diligent enquiry of fome Mofcovites, a better difcovery is made of thefe parts, and a Map or Chart made of them. Thereby Nova Zemhla is found to be no Illand extending very far Northward; but, winding Eaftward, it joineth to the Tartarian Continent, and fo makes a Peninfula : and the Sea between it which they entred at Waygatz, is found to be but a large Bay, apt to be frozen by reafoa 1^2 A Prophecy, &c TraA XIL reafon of the great River ofOly, and other frefli Waters, entring into it : whereas the main Sea doth not freez upon the North oi Zemila except near unto Shores; fo that if the Mofcovites were skilfull Navi- gatours they might, with lefs dijfBcuI- ties, difcover this paflage unto China: but however the Englifh, Dutch and Danes are now like to attempt it again. But this is Conjecture, and not Prophe- cy: and fo (I know) you will take it. I am. Sir, &c. TRACt (193' TRACT XIII. MVS.EVM CLAVSVM, O R, Bihliothecd Abfcondita k ' Containing Some remarkable Books, Antiqui- ties, Piiflures and Rarities of feveral kinds, fcarce or h^ver feen by any map novv living. Sir, WITH ma[ny thanks I ret^Yn that noble Catalogue of Books, Rari- ties and Singularities of x\rt and Nature, which you were pleafcd to communicate unto me. There are many Cplledions of this kind in Europe. And, befides the prin- ted accounts of tlie Mufaum AldrovanJi, O Caked' ip4 Mufceiim Claufum^ or, Tradt XIII. Calceolarianum, Mofcardt ^ Wormianum; the Cafa Ahhellita at Loretto, and Threafor of S. Dennis, the Repofitory of the Duke of Tujcany, that of the Duke of Saxony, and that noble one of the Emperour at Vienna, and many more are of fingular note. Of what in this kind I have by me I fhall make no repetition, and you having al- ready had a view thereof, I am bold to ll)refent you with the Lift of a CoUedion, whi^ I may juftly fay you have not feen before. The Title is, as above, Mufaeum Claufum, or Bihliotheca Ahfcon- J it a : containing fome remarkable Books, Antiquities, Pictures and Rarities offeve- ral kinds, fcarce or rkver feen hy any man now living. I. Rare and gerierally unknown Books. * Ah^udet I. A Poem of Ovidius Nafo, written in ^ ('^^f l\ the Getick Language, '^ during his Ime lI' ^xiie at Tomos, found wrapt up in Wax beUum. at Saharia, on the Frontiers of Hungary^ where TradtXIII. Bibliotheca Ahfcondita. 1^5 where there remains a tradition that he died, in his return towards Rome from Tomos, either alter his pardon or the death oi Augujius, 2. Thtl^^tttx oi Quintus Cicero, which he wrote in anfwer to that of his Brother Marcus Tullius, defiring of him an account oi Br it any, w herein are defer ibed the Coun- . try, State and Manners of the Britains of that Age. 3. An Ancient Brftilh Herbal, or de* fcription of divers Plants of this Ifland, ob- fervedby that famous Vhyddz^nScrihonius Largusy when he attended the Emperour Claudius in his Expedition into Britany, 4. An exaft account of the Life and Death oiAvicenna confirming the account of his Death by taking nine Cly Iters toge- ther in a fit of the Colick ; and not as Marim the Italian Poet delivereth, by be- ing broken upon the Wheel ; left with o- thef Pieces by Benjamin Tudelenfis, as he travelled from Saragojfa to Jerufalem, irf the hands of Abraham Jarchi, a famous Rabbi oiLunet near Mont pe Her, and found in a Vault when the Walls of that City^ were demoliftied by Lewis the ThirteedtL o * ^ A 1^6 Mufdcum Claufumy ot, Trad: XIII. 5'. A pundtual relation of Hamilafs tnarch out of Spain into Ita/y, and far more particular than that of Livy, where about he pafled the River Rhodanus or Rhofne ; at what place he crofled the Ifura or L'zfe- re; .when he marched up toward the con* fluence of the Sone and th^ Rhone, or the place where the City Lyons was afterward built ; how wifely he decided the diffe- rence between King Brancus and his Bro- ther, at what place he palled th^Alpes, what Vinegar he ufed, and where he obtai- ned fuch quantity to break and calcine the Rocks made hot with Fire. 6. A learned Comment upon the Terip- lus qH Hanno the Carthaginian, or his Na- vigation upon the Weftern Coall oi Afri- €a^ with the feveral places he landed at^* what Colonies be fettled, what Ships were fcattered from his Fleet near the^tquinoc- tial Line, which were not afterward heard of, and which probably fell into the Trade Winds, and wxre carried over into the Coaft of America, 7. A particular Narration of that fa- mous Expedition of the Englifli into Bar ha" rj in the ninety fourth year of the Hegira, fo fliortly touched by Leo Africanus, whi- ther TradXIII. Bibliotheca Abfcondita. i^j ther called by the Goths they befieged, took and burnt the City di Arzilla pollef- fed by the Mahometans, and lately the feat oiGaylanJ; with many other exploits delivered at large in Arabick, loft in the Ship of Books and Rarities which the King of Spain took from Siddy Hamet King of Fez, whereof a great part were carried in- to the Efcurial, and conceived to be ga- thered out of the relations of Hihnu Na- chu, the beft Hiftoriftn of the African Af- fairs. 8. A Fragment oiPythaasthu ancient Traveller ot Marfeille ; which we fufped; not to be fpuriou^, becaufe, in the defcrip- tion of the Northern Countries, we find . that paflage ofPythieas mentioned by Stra- lo, that all the Air beyond Thule is thick, condenfed and gellied, looking juft like Sea Lungs. 9. A Suh Marine Herbal, defcribing the feveral Vegetables found on the Rocks, Hills, Valleys, Meadows at the bottom of the Sea, with many forts of -^/^^, Fucus^ QuercuSi Polygonum, Gramens and others not yet defcribed. 10. Some Manufcripts and Rarities brought from the Libraries oij^thiopia, O3 by j^S Mufc:e7wi Claufum, or, Trad XIII. by Zaga Zalay and afterward tranfported to Rome, and fcattered by the Souldiers of the Duke diBourhon, when they barbarouf- ly facked that City. ■t IT. Some Pieces of J dim Scaliger, which he complains to have been ftoln from him, fold to the Biiliop o{ Mende m Languedock, and afterward taken away and lold in the Civil Wars under the Duke oi Rohan, • IX. A Comment oPDiofcoriJes upon Hyppocrates, procured from Conftantinople hy AmatusLujitanus, and left in the hands of a Jew of Ragufa, 13. Marcus Tullius Ckero his Geogra- phy ; as alfo a part of that magnified Piece of'his De Repullica, very little anfwering the great expeftation of it, and fliort of Pieces under the fame name hy Bodinus and Tholofanus. 14. King Mithridates his Ofteirocritka. Ariftotle de Precationilus. Democritus de his qua fiunt apud Or^ cum, & Oceani circumnavigation Epicurus de Pietate. A Tragedy of Thyeftes, and another of Medea, writ by Diogenes the Cynick. King Trad XIII. Bibliotheca Abfco7idita. i p^ King Alfred upon Arifiotle de Plant is, Seneca s Epiilles to S. PauL KingSolomon de Vmhris Idee arum, which Chicus Afculanus, in his Comment upon Johannes de Sacrohofco, would make us believe he faw in the Library of the Duke oi Bavaria, 15'. Artemidori Oneirocritici Geogra- phia. Pytkagoras de Mari Ruhro. The Works of Confutius the famous Phiiofopher oi China, tranflated into Spa- nifh. 16. Jofephus in Hebrew, written by himfelf. 17. The ConMnentaries of SySa the Didatour. 18. A Commentary o^ Galen upon the VhgMQdi Athens defcribed by Thucydides. 19. Dm Caefaris Anti-Catones, or the two notable Books writ by Julius Ctefar againHCato ; mentioned by Livj, Salufl'ius and Juvenal ; which the Cardin al of Liege told Ludovicus Fives were in an old Li- brary of that City. O 4 Maz' 200 Muf^eum Claufum, or, TradXlII, Mazhapha Einok, or, the Prophecy of Enoch, which /Egid'tm Lochienfisy a lear- ned Eaftern Traveller, to\A Peirejchius that he had found in an old Library at Alexandria containing eight thoufand Vo^ lumes. 20. A Collecftion of Hebrew Epiftles, which pafled between the two learned Women of our age Maria Molinea of Se- dan , and Maria Schurman of Vtrecht. A wondrous Colleftion of fome Wri- tings of Ludovica Saracenica, Daughter of ThilihertHS Saracenicus a Phyfician of Z^- ons, who at eight years of age had made a good progrefsin the Hebrew, Greek and Latin Tongues. ?. Rarities in Figures. I. A Pifture of the three remarkable ' ±\ Steeples or Towers in Europe built purpofely awry and fo as they feem falling! Torre Pifana at Pifa, Torre Garifenda ill Bononia, atid that other in the City of O- kin, • ' ' • ■ ■ ■ .■ X. A Trad XIIL Bihliotheca Abfcondita. 2 o i 2. A Draught of all forts of Siftrums, Crotaloes , Cymbals , Tympans, ^c. in ufe among the Ancients. 3. Large Sulmarine Pieces^ well deli- neating the bottom of the Mediterrane- an Sea, the Prerie or large Sea-meadow upon the Coaft o{ Provence, the Coral Fi- fliing, the gathering of Sponges, the Moun- tains, Valleys and Defarts, the Subterra-^ neous Vents and Paflages at the bottom of that Sea. Together with a lively Draught of Cola Pefce, or the famous Sicilian Swim^ mer, diving into the Forages and broken Rocks by Chary hJis, to fetch up the gol- den Cup, which Frederick, King ofSk/lj, had purpofely thrown into that Sea. 4. A Moon Piece, deferibing that no- table Battel between Axalla, General of Tamerlane, and Car/iares the Perfian, fought by the light of the Moon. 5-. Another remarkable Fight oflnghm^ ' mi the Florentine with the Turkifh Galleys by Moon-light, who being for three hours grappled with the Bajha Galley, conclu- ded with a fignal Vidory. 6. Ade^ 202 MiifdeumClaufum^ or^ Trad:XIIL 6. A delineation of the great Fair of Almachara in Arabia, which, to avoid the great heat of the Sun, is kept in the Night, and by the light of the Moon. 7. A Snow Piece, of Land and Trees covered with Snow and Ice, and Moun- tains of Ice floating in the Sea, with Bears, Seals, Foxes, and variety of rare Fowls up- on them. 8. An Ice Piece defcribing the notable Battel between the Jaziges and the Ro- mans, fought upon the frozen Danuhius, the Romans fettling one foot upon their Targets to hinder them from flipping, their fighting with the Jaziges when they were fallen, and their advantages therein by their art in volutation and rolling con- tention or wraftling, according to the de- fcription of Dion. 9. Soda, or a Draught of three perfons notably refembling each other. Of King Henry the Fourth of France, and a Miller of Languedock ; of Sforza Duke of Milain and a Souldier ; of Malalefta Duke of Rt- tnini and Marchefinm the Jefter, 10. A Trad XIII. Bibliotheca Ahfcondita. 205 10. A Pifture of the great Fire which happened at Cofjjtantinople in the Reign of Sultan Achmet. The Janizaries in the mean time plundring the befl: Houfes, Nafa Bafa the Vizier riding about with a Cimetre in one hand and a Janizary's Head in the other to deter them; and the Priefts attempting to quench the Fire, by- pieces oi Mahomet's Shirt dipped in holy Water and thrown into it. 1 1. A Night Piece of the difmal Supper and ftrange Entertain of the Senatours by Domit'ian, according to the defcription of Dion. 12. A Veftal Sinner in the Cave with a Table and a Candle. 13. An Elephant dancing upon the Ropes with a Negro Dwarf upon his Baet 14. Another defcribing the mighty Stone falling from the Clouds into ^go^ fpotamos or the Goats River in Gnece^ which Antiquity could believe that Anaxa- goras w^ able to foretell half a year be- tore, 15-. Three 20^ Mufc^um Claiifi/m, OY, Trad XIII. 1 5. Three noble Pieces ; o{ VercingetO" nx the Gaul fubmitting his perfon unto Julius Cafar ; of 7^/granes King of Arme-^ nia hunibly prefenting himfelf unto Pom- pey; and oil amer lane afcending his Horfe from the Neck oiBajazet, 1 6. Draughts of three paflionate Looks ; of Thyeftes when he was told at the Table that he had eaten a piece of his own Son ; of Bajazet when he went into the Iron Cage ; of Oedipiu when he firft came to know that he had killed his Father, and married his own Mother. 17. Of the Gymbrian Mother mPlu" tarch who, after the overthrow by Marius, hanged her felf and her two Children at her feet. 18. Some Pieces delineating fmgular inhumanities in Tortures. The Scaphif^ ntus of the Perfians. The living trunca- tion of the Turks. The hanging Sport at the Feafts of the Thracians. The exadt method of flaying men alive, beginning between the Shoulders, according to the cjefcription of Thomoi Mlnadoi, in his Per- fian War. Together with the ftudied tor- tures of the French Traitours at fappa in Hun-^ Trad XIII Bibliotheca Abfcondita. 205 Hungaria : as alfo the wild and enormous torment invented by Tiberius, defigned according unto the defcription of Suetoni- us. Excogttaverunt inter genera cruciatus, ut largci meri potione per fallaciam aneratos repent e veretris deligatis fidicularum fimul urinceque tormento diflenderet, 1 9 . A Pifture defcribing how Hannihd forced his pafFage over the River Rhofne with his Elephants, Baggage and mixed Army ; with the Army of the Gauls op- pofing him on the contrary Shore, and Hanno parting over with his Horfe much above to fall upon the Rere of the Gauls. io. A neat Piece defcribing the Sack of Fundi by the Fleet and Souldiers oiBarha* roffa the Turkifli Admiral, the confufion of the people and their flying up to the Mountains, and Julia Gonzaga the beauty oiltaly flying away with her Ladies half naked on Horfeback over the Hills. 21. A noble Head oHFrancifcus Gonza- ga, who, being imprifoned for Treafon>, grew grey in one night, with this Infcrip- tion, O no Pi pam longa e(i qu^ facit mafenerrt, ^^' A 2o6 Mufdeum Claufum^ or. Trad: XIIL XX. A large PicSture defcribing the Siege oiViennahj Solyman the Magnificent, and at the fame time the Siege of Florence by the Emperour Charles the Fifth and Pope Clement the Seventh, with this Subfcription, Turn vacui capitis populum Phxaca put ares ? 2"}. An exquifite Piece properly delinea- ting tlie firft courfe of Metellus his Ponti- ficial Supper, according to the defcription oi Macrohius ', together with a Dilh of Tifces FofftleSy garnilhed about with the little Eels taken out of the backs of Cods and Perches ; as alfo with the Shell Fifhes found in Stones about Ancona. 24. A Pifture of the noble Entertain and Feaft of the Duke of Chaufue at the Treaty of ColJen, 1673. ^'h^n in a very large Room, with all the Windows open, and at a very large Table he fate himfelf^ with many great perfons and Ladies ; next about the Table flood a row' of Wai- t2rs, then a row of Muficians, then a row of Musketiers. 25". Miltiades, who overthrew the Per- fians at the Battel of Mar^ttmn and delive- red Gre^i:^, lookingoutof a Priila Grate in Trad XIIL Bibliotheca Ahfcondita. 207 in Athens, wherein he died, with this In- fcription, (quam^ Non hoc terrihiles Cymhri non Britones un- Sauromatave truces aut immanes Agathyrfi, 2(5. A fair Englifti Lady drawn Al Ne- gro, or in the ^Ethiopian hue excelling the original White and Red Beauty, with this Subfcription, Sed qmndam volo notle Nigriorem. 27. Pieces and Draughts mCarkatura, of Princes, Cardinals and famous men ; wherein, among others, the Painter hath fingularly hit the fignatures of a Lion and a Fox in the face of Pope Leo the Tenth. 28. Some Pieces A la ventura, or Rare Chance Pieces, either drawn at random, / and happening to be like fome perfon, or drawn tor fome and happening to be more like another; while the Face, miftaken by the Painter, proves a tolerable Pifture of one he never faw. 29. A Draught of famous Dwarfs with this Infcription, NosfacmusBrutipuerum nos Lagpna vivum. 30. An 2o8 Mufceum Claufum^ &c. Ttadl XIII. 30. An exka and proper delineation of all forts of Dogs upon occafion of the pradice oi Sultan Achmet ; who in a great Plague at Conflantinople tranfported all the Dogs therein unto Vera, and from thence into a little Ifland, where they periflied at laft by Famine : as alfo the manner of the Priefts curing of mad Dogs by burning them in the forehead with Saint Belling Key. 3 1 . A noble Pidkire of thortfmufid King of the Goths as he was killed in his Palace at Tholouze, who being let bloud by a Surgeon, while he was bleeding, a (lander by took the advantage to (lab him. 3 z . A Pifture of rare Fruits with this In- fcription. Credere quae pofis furrepta fororihus Afrzs. .33. An handfome Piece of Deformity exprefled in a notable hard Face, with this . Infcription^ Or a ^Julius in Satyr is qualia Rufus halet. 34- A Trad XIIl Bibliotheca Abfcondita. 20^ 34. A noble Pidrure of the famous Du- el between Paul Mdneffi and Caragufa the Turk in the time of Amur at h the Second ; the Turkifti Army and that ci Scanderieg looking on ; wherein Manefifk^ the Turk, cut off his Head and carried away the Spoils of his Body. 3. Antiquities and Rarities of jeveral forts. I. /'^Ertain ancient Medals with Greek V-^ and Roman Infcriptions , found about Crim Tartary ; conceived to be left in thofe parts by the Souldiers of Mithri^ dates ^ when overcome by F(?w/^y, he mar- ched round about the North of the Euxine to come about into Thracta. 2r. Some ancient Ivory and Copper Crofles found with many others in China ; conceived to have been brought and left there by the Greek Souldiers whoferved under Tamerlane in his Expedition and Conqueft of that Country. P 3. Stones 2IO Muf^um Claufunh or, Tra(5l XIIL 3. Stones of (Irange and illegible In- fcriptions, found about the great ruines which Vincent le Blanc defcribeth about Cephala in Africa , where he opinion d that the Hebrews raifed fome Buldings of old, and that Solomon brought from thereabout a good part of his Gold. 4. Some handfomeEngraveries and Me- dals, of Jujlinus and Jufiinianus^ found in the cuftody of a Bannyan in the remote parts of India, conjeftured to have been left there by the Friers mentioned in Pro- copius, who travelled thofe parts in the Reign of Jujiinianus , and brought back into Europe the difcovery of Silk and Silk Worms. 5. An original Medal of Petrus Areti* fius, who was called Flagellum Principum, wherein he made his own Figure on the Obverfe part with this Infcription, // Divine Aretino. On the Reverfe fitting on a Throne, and at his Feet Ambafladours of Kings and Prin- ces bringing prefents unto him, with this Infcription, tPrincipi trilutati da iPopoli trilutano il Servitor loro^ 6. Mum^ Trad XIII. Bibliotheca Abfcondita. 6. Mummta Tholofana ; or. The com- plete Head and Body of Father Ca-//^/;?, buried long ago in the Vault of the Cor- deliers at Tholoufe, where the Skins of the dead fo drie and parch up without corrup- ting that their perfons may be known very long after, with this Infcription, Ecce iterum Crifpims* 7. A noble Quandros or Stone taken out of a Vulture's Head. 8. A large OJlridges Egg, whereon is neatly and fully wrought that famous Bat- tel of Alcazar, in which three Kings loft their lives. 9. An EtiuJros Alhertt or Stone that is apt to be always moid : ufefuU unto drie tempers, and to be held in the hand in Fevers inftead of Cryftal, Eggs, Limmons^ Cucumbers. 10. A fmall Viol of Water taken out of the Stones therefore called EnhyJri^ which naturally include a little Water in them, in like manner as the JStites or Aegle Stone doth another Stone, P % ii» A 211 j2 1 2 MufcJ^um Claii[unh or, Trad XIIL II. A neat painted and gilded Cup made out of the Confiti d't Tivoli and for- med up with powder'd Egg-lhells ; as Ne- ro is conceived to have made his F//r/;?^ adm'trahilis , Angular againft Fluxes to drink often therein. IX. The Skin of a Snake bred out of the Spinal Marrow of a Man. 13. Vegetable Horns mentioned by Ltnjchoten, which fet in the ground grow up Uke Plants about Go^. 14. An extraft of the Inck of Cuttle Fiflies reviving the old remedy of Hippo^ cratts in Hyfterical Paffions. 1 5. Spirits and Salt of Sargaffo made in the Weftern Ocean covered with that Ve- getable ; excellent againft the Scurvy. 16. An eyxr^di of CachufjJe or Lilera}?s that famous and highly magnified Com- pofition in the Eaft Indies againft Melan- choly. 17. Diarhizpnmirificum; oranunparal- lel'd Compofition of the moft efleftual and wonderful! Roots in Nature, Ik Rad. Trad: XIII. Bihliotheca Abfcondita. 21 3 R Rad. Butuce Cuamenfis, Rad, Monkhe Cuamenfis, Rad, Mongus Bazainenfis, Rad. Cajei Baizanenfis, Rad. Columhi^ Mozamhiguenfis, Gim Sem Sinicce. Fo Lim lac Tigridis difice^ Fofeu Cort, Rad. Soldie. Rad. Ligni Solorani. Rad. Malacenfis madrededios diHce an. §ij. M. fiat fulvis, qui cum gelatin^ Cornu cervi Mofchati Ch'tnenfis jormetur in majfas oviformes. ^ 18. A tranfcendent Perfume made of the richeft Odorates of both the Indies, kept in a Box made of the Muschie Stone of Niarienhurgy with this Infer ipt ion. Deos rogato Totum ut te facianty Fahulk, Najum, 19. KCleffelcea, or Oil Hour-glafs, as the Ancients ufed thofe of Water. 20. A Ring found in a Fiflies Belly ta- ken about Gorro ; conceived to te the fame wherewith the Duke of Venice had wed- ded the Sea. P 3 xr A Mufceum Claufuvi, or, Trad IIL 21. A neat Crucifix made out of the crofs Bone of a Frogs Head. 21. A large Agath containing a various and carelefs Figure, which looked upon by a Cylinder reprefenteth a perfed: Cen- taur. By lome fuch advantages King Pyr- thus might find out Apollo and the nine Mufes in thofe Agaths of his whereof /^/z- tiy maketh mention. 23. Batrachomyomachia, or the Home- rican. Battel between Frogs and Mice, neat- ly defcribed upon the Chizel Bone of a large Pike's Jaw. 24. Tyxis Pandora , or a Box which held the Vnguentum Peftiferum, which by anointing the Garments of feveral perfons begat the great and horrible Plague oi Mi- I an. 25. A Glafs of Spirits made of Ethere- al Salt, Hermetically fealed up, kept con- tinually in Quick' filver; of fo volatile a nature that it will fcarce endure the Light, and therefore onely to be fliown in Win- ter, or by the light of a Carbiuncle, or Bononian Stone. He Tra6t XIIL Bibliotheca Ahfcondita. 2 1 5 He who knows where all this Treafure now is, is a great Apollo, Vm fure I am not He. However, I am. Sir, Tours, &CC, P 4 . AN A N ALPHABETICAL INDEX A Balncky 187: Bzrlmn-Down. One of the r A Gdth, 214. Tumuli oj^ened there, i ^5-. jLlL Alfvtd's Bpifiiesyip9» Barklow-H//// : a Turn, ope- ' Almond-Tree y 31. ned there, i<^s,\^6, America, 189,190. Barchochebas, 3, h'^Wos anfvpers ?o Croefus, Batavia, Old and New, 188. 16%, &c, Balquenfa-7«>;7g//^, 135. to AttaluS and Cypfe- Bay-Tree, 67. lus, 171. iJ^^z/^^^/Pyrrhus, 65-. ^;^i^, -without Mafts, 5'. Blacks, 187. Ar'liiot de Precat. 198. iroom-rape, 59. Artemidorus/ 199. Aft^onomical Hints in the Bible, ' C AvicennaV ^^z?^/?, 1 9 5-, /^ Achunde, 21 2.' V-/ J. Caelar agdnft Cato, B 199, C^^^r^ of Libanus, ^3. BArlej^harvefi In iEgypt, Cephala. Jnfiripions there, 52. 209,210. -^<*^w, . 49. Chlrurgioris Art in the forming fialfam-oU^ 1 5, Eve, 3. China- China, 185?, ^•^North'Eafi faffage to it, 191, Ip2. Q; Cicero'.f Letter , 19s* M. Cicero'/ Geogr. 1 58. Cicada: nvhaty 108. An Alphabetical Index. Democritus, i^. Diarhizon mirificum, 212J 213. Diogenes,CyaThyeftes,d-r. 198. Diofcorides on Hippocrates, 198. Coldy at S. Peter'/ denial: Dread Smjereignr, its figmfica- how, 71. tlon, I45>, ijo. Coc^e. 88. Corrh-BarSj 23. E Confujion of Tongues, 1 30,1 3 1, Confutius'j fVorks, 1 99. Croffes in China. - ^ 209. Croefiis X/»^ 0/ Lydia, how mfwered at Delphos , NEW-England, 1 84. Englijh^ their Expedi- tion into Barbary, 196, FAlconry, ancient and mo- dern^ III, &C. ■ \67^&c, Enodl s Prophefa. — 'Us Sons firfi Speech, Etiudros Alberti, 174- Crucifix, 213. F Cue umbers^ 1 4. Cummin, 22. Cup, a renfarkable one, 211, 212, Cymbals 5 tinkling Cymbal, 121. Cyprefs, 9. Cypfelus, how anfwered by Apollo. 171. CyniS, the Oracle concerning him, 17^3 "^71* ^97' 200, 211. D D Anijh'Tongue, Darnel, 146. 84, S^. its Terms, whence, 1 1 6, Famine in Mgy^t, 42. Fitches, * ^ j , Firr-Tree. 48, Figg-Tree, 68, Fijhes of the Sea 0/ Tiberias, 97, &c. Fifh caltd Faber Marinus, 99-> ICO. Fifh that affrighted JC TlieO- dorick, 190. Flax, ^2. Forbidden Fruit, 1 4. Galen, An Alphabetical Index. Hemlock^y GAlen, 199' Garlicky and Onions ^ 1 4. Garlands and Gariand-PiantSy S9y&c, Chofts confuted on frivolous occafionsy 17^ • Graces of tSA\o\y 10. Granaries^ 43. Grafs '^ the Sheaves of ity 57. TAmaica, Hehrew-Tonguey 131, Hour-glafs with Oily 213. Homer'/ Battel of Froggs^ Hugo de Bones. 147, Husks of the Prodigal, 1 3. Hjmn Turkifhy i zy J Gracculus, what Bird, 107, Gradual Verfes\ 1 2 J, ^r. Green-Fieldy 2)5* H HAnnibal*/ w^rr A into I- taly, 19^- Hanno'/ Periplus, a Comment on ity 196, Halec, TvhatFifhy 104. Halcyon, w/?^^ Bird, 1 07. //^ji?4r ^^^ Hawking, 1 1 l^e^r. ' — "their Diet y 112, —their Phyfakj 1 1 2, 1 1 3, e^^. J lda-yJ/o//»/, its PlantSy 80, 61. 83,15^. Ilex Coccigera, Jnk^of Cuttle-fifhy Jordan, ' Jofephus, Irifh-Tonguey K K Ikaion, Adder Sy their fignification m Dreams^ LanguageSy \^9y&c^ *— their Flight Sy 1 1 6, 1 1 8 . Language of the feoj^le found in Herbal Submariney 1 97, Herbs at bottom ufRedSeay &C. 35^3^. Herbs eaten at the Pajfover, Lilies 81. Herbal Britifh^ ic^j. a certain Place in Spain, by BukedihlVciy 1^6. Languedoc, 147, 148. Loadjtone y not mentioned in Scripture, 4/. Madrid, An Alphabetical Index. M MAdrid, i8(^. Mazorites, 133. Medals y zop, 210. Milium, 22. JHodefl and immodefi forms of fieakingy 17^. Monnts and Hills artificial^ Mithridatis Oneirocrit. 198. Afanufcri^ts from ^dlio- pia, CT-r. 197, 1 p8. Mufea. Mufeum Qaufum, Mugil, rphaty 104. Aiufi-ard'feed, 27. MummiaTholofana,2xo,ni . Myrica, 9.. Mjrtle^ 81. N Norfolk, 0^^ mrds in ufe there y whence y 1^6, Nyfus, what, 108. Nyfticorax, what, 108. O OatSy 23, Olive- Leafy 16, Olive-Tree, in RoiXl. II. 45^. t^r^c/^f/j^PelphoS, \67j&c. • — its anfwer about thcBones e/Oreftes, 175-. — its obfcurityy 175-, 17 5. Oracles y why in Verfe, 1 yy, Oftriches Eggy 211. OvidV Getick^ Poemy 1 5)4, PAlm-TreCy 7%. Paliurus, 8. Perfumey 11,213, Petrarch, 148. Figures, Rarities in Pic- ture y 8cc, 200, &c, to 209. Pomegranate, 34. Plants in holy Scripture 1, to 88. • Scripture difirihution of Plant Sy 6%, Phyjlognomy. Face ^luadran- gulky &C, 5", 6. Pro^hejiey^^ feigned one by the Authop(ry 181^182,183. Its Expofitiony 1 84,e7-r. Prepuces of Frkity ^4. Pyramidfy 45-. Pyth^3(s'j Fra^m, 1^7- Pytha|. de Mari rubrOy i ^^. Pyxi^ Pandora, 214- A ^androsy air. Jieeds R Eeds Rie, An Alphabetical Index. Sea, deady R Sodom, wheriy Spain, 824 Sfaniih-Tonguey 22, ^4, s6. Lud. Saracenica, 1 54, d-^, 18^. 2QO, i?/;7g, o;?^ /(?//«/i j;7 a Fijhy 213. Showre faid to be fent hy Apol- Kods of l2SJ/^. ipp, RopalkiFerfes, JZ'^^&c. Storey '48. iJo/tf/ of iEgypt W Rome, StM/e of Mgf^t, very {hffrty 7?o/^o/ Jericho, 33- Rubus, 8. Rnmi^ of the Sacrificey s Q^/f o/Sargaflb, tetheriaiy 79' 212. 21^. Saxon-Tongue, 134,1 38,^-^. Samaritans Oil, . I^ Seedy Increafe of it. 3^. Shekels of Jerufalem, 32. Shittah'Treey 10. Sheepy havp fruitfully 79, 80. SnakeS'Skiny 212. Sycomorey Scythian-Tongue, 24. 3^. 137- TArtars invading China^ i8p. TinEiurey Scarlety 60, Troas, wherey and vphat its privileges y 1 5 1 , 1 6-^ Trees not exp-efly nam^d ift Scripurey 2>i, Trees nanid by the Elders who accused Sufennah, 6-^, Turpentine Tree, 3^. Stones in PidXOXisBreafi'j^latey "Xwmv^ of Romans y Saxons, 4. Danesy 1^1,1^2,1^3. Stones calldhrmyan. 211. hovp to know the nature Solomon de Umbris, ^r. cfthemy 15-3, 1^4^ 199. Seneca J EfiJ^ks to S^ Paul, U 199. Jo. Scaliger-7 fome peces of TTPupa, lo^; his fldn away, 19%. wl Venice, An Alphabetical Index, V w TTEnice, ipo. \TTEicl^'rongue,i^^,i2^, LV '^—Sea about tt^ -why VV IVinenew.mtatPtQr aj^ttobe choal(dmth Sandsy tecoft, 25-. 1^0, 191. fVheat'Harveft in iCgypt, 5^4* ?^y^ us'd hy Oracles y 1 77, Vine^ 32. Z Ttne-Flowers^ %$. np^Eitibk, ipi. i!l/ Zizania, 8$-. FINIS. ^ !#'