^.1 
 
 '^ X. 
 
 
 m. 
 
 
 
 
 ''***" 
 
 f 
 
 > 
 
 •^^^ 

 
 V 
 
 •^ V
 
 / .^, 
 
 /\ /
 
 v^
 
 ^ 
 
 ^.j 
 
 L
 
 ^ 
 
 /^ 
 
 /v 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 ■ yp 
 
 r
 
 K^^islatedoiit of Italian n^ ■ ^'** 
 
 ^^^^ ^/zW 7iec^sarj^ to &t^ ^' 
 
 
 Tfl 
 
 mm 
 
 i'ii|il!!iH!!l
 
 THE 
 
 FIRST B Q O K 
 
 Tirchitecture : 
 
 J^DREA FALLADIO, 
 
 Tranflated out of J^ALIAN^ 
 With an A P PEN DIX touching 
 
 DOORS and WINDOWS, 
 
 By P^- Le MU E ST*, Archited tq the French King. 
 Tranflated into EngliJJj, by GoDfRiy Richards, 
 
 '^he Whole illufirated with above Se'venty Copper Cuts. 
 
 ALSO 
 
 Kules and Demonjlratms, with (ieveral Defigns, for the Framing 
 of any manner of Roofs , either Above Pitchy or Under Pitch 
 whether Square or Be'vel ^ never before Publi/hed : By that 
 Ingenious Archited:, Mr. William Pope of Lojidon, 
 
 WITH 
 
 Defigns of Floes of Variety of Small Pieces of Wood Inlaid^ 
 lately made in the Palace of S^jtuerfet-Houfe ; a Curiofity never 
 pradifed before in Ertgland. 
 
 The SItuf If?l) Ctsittcn, CorreSfed and Enlarged : With a Ne-jj 
 
 ]\/;odel ■( the Cathedral oi Sc Pr.ul, London, ^s\t is now Rcbuilr, 
 
 L N D O Ny 
 
 Printed for A. Bettefivorth and C. Hitch^ and , y. shorn in- 
 Prrferfnofier-Kciv ; S. Birt in A^ve-Mary-Lnne,^ and J. Hodges- 
 on London- Bridge. Isl pcc 'nxxiir* ^
 
 The FREFACE to the READER. 
 
 THE Siihje^ of this Tranjlation being Akchitocture, doth PSe(^ 
 in the Opinion of Sir Henry Wotton, need no Commaidn- ,| ^ 
 tion, where there are nohle Men or noble Minds : 'There- ''"^ ^' 
 fore JjJjall only gi've you an Account of the Authors^, and my cwH ' - ^ 
 Concernments herem : He was Andrea Palladio, a Famous Arcbit^^i 
 of I taly J where taking notice of the Irregularities and Deformities ip \ t» ^v c 
 in Buildings introduced by Jnvafions of the Goths, and other Bar- . ^ a 
 
 barians j to prevent tbofe Inconveniencies for the future^ he thought H^-^ 
 
 fit to inftniSl the IVcrldinthe Rules and Prafiices cf the Learned 
 Antients, having Opportunity to obferve the Footffeps of their La- 
 bours^ even at Komt it felf^ where being the great efi Concou^fe of 
 nohle Men and noble Minds, they fpared neither Care nrr Cofi in 
 Building : And in imitation of them, our Author is exa^l in hisDi^ 
 regions touching every Material, as in the Choice of Stone, Timber 
 Metals, Sand, Lime, Brick, ^c. what good, and what net, how to 
 he prepared and put in ufe. 'Tis obfcr-ved, hcwJ careful they were in 
 making their Brick ajid Lime, not forbearing the hardeji Stone : 
 for, as Sir Hen. Wotton ohferveth, that the Italians to this Day 
 and much more the Antients, did burn the firmejl Stone, and even 
 Marble itfelf, where it was plentiful, which in time became A^arble 
 again, or at leaji of indiffoluble Durity, as appear eth in thejianding 
 Theatres. And other LearjiedMen have required that all the Timber 
 be cut out of the fame Foreji, all the Stone out of the fame Quarry 
 and the Wmebe made out of the fameStone of which theBuildingis 
 intended, imagining that they will fympathize and joy n better, by a 
 kind of original Kmdred. But injfead of this turicfity, we too often 
 make Lime without any great choice, and ofrefu/e Stuff j which is 
 an Englifh Error of no f nail moment in our Buildings. After thefe 
 V articular s, our Author proceeds to treat of the Five Orders 0/ Co- 
 lumns, whofe Members and Proportions, as he hath laid them down 
 are, by the Judicious, ejleemed the mofl excellent in their kmd j 
 andforfome of their Terms, which I have changed,it was m^ with- 
 out the Advice of skilful Art if s, thereby to conform to thofe Terms 
 moft familiar to our IVorkmen. 
 
 To thefe are added Defigns of Doors and Windows,/-'^ Pr.LeMuet 
 ArchiteCi to the YrenchKiug.^ which I thought good to prefent (Pal- 
 ladio only d'fccrirfmg of them) they being well approved by allArtiJis, 
 
 A 2 • •- jpQth
 
 The PREFACE. 
 
 both for the Manner and Proportions, c-nd the fame which are at the 
 Louvre ^f Paris j and out of him^ I han)e given the Proportion of 
 Halls ^;;<i Chambers//^ a little differingfrom PaWad'io^becaufe mofi 
 agreeing to the prefent Pra^ice both in England and France. And 
 for thfame reafon J do^ injlead of Monf Muets Defgns of Frames 
 e/Houfcs, put in fuch as are iis'd in England, by the dire^ion of 
 fome of our ahlejl Architeds j which (J hope) will he grateful.^ and 
 'very ufeful^ not only to our Artijls^ but Gentlemen and others which 
 may have cccafion to build ; gi'^^ng an account cf all. the Names prO' 
 per to each Member and Principal of the Houfe i and alfoJJjew the 
 Manner of Framings with their fenjeral Scantlings and Eiitments. 
 
 Altbo we want not fuch ingenious Artifts, wbcfe Names defcrvs 
 to be celebrated for many fianding Examples of their Skilly which do 
 letter deferve Defcription, tboin many publijloed with much Pomp^ 
 beyond the Seas jyet we ha<ve but few Bocks which we can recommend 
 to yoM^ bcfides the Excellent Difccurfes of Sir H. Wotton, and John 
 Evelin, Efqi the former on the Elements of y^rchiteSiure ; and the 
 latter^ in bis Account of-Arcbite5Iure and Archite^s^ added to his 
 elegant T'ranflation of the Parallel) where they have com pri fed fully 
 and clearly the mofi weighty Obferuations of the Art in general : The 
 Studious will need only to fer-ve himfelf of the particular Parts 
 thereof, according to his own Occafions. 
 
 And fuch Pieces as are here prefejtted, the Reader cannot think 
 7infeafonable., being againfttheKebuilding of fo great a City <?jLondon, 
 wherein theKing havmgfhewn his particularCare &f keeping theTrade 
 in its former Channel, by fixing the ExchangejCuftom-Houfe,^^^. on 
 their Old Foundations ; and their Laws having provided for fuch a 
 Way of Building as may joy n together (what our Author requires to 
 le obferved by every Undertaker) Accommodation, Handlomnefs^ 
 and Laftingnels, and prevent that Deformity and Danger which we 
 have formerly been liable to, by Irregular and Slight Buildings, Nar- 
 row Streets, Intolerable Encroachments, Jetting IVmdows, and what 
 not, that might make it Combuftible. I hope both Old and Toung clo 
 rejoyce at the Kehuilding of London, a Second happy ReJIoration^ 
 siferior only to that of his Majejiys Perfon and Government, 
 
 Godfrey Richards. 
 THE
 
 The Firft Book of 
 
 ARCHITECTURE: 
 
 By ANDREA PALL AD lO. 
 
 CHAP. L 
 
 What ought to heConfidered and Pre-- 
 pared J hefore you hegin to Build, 
 
 E F O R E you begin to Build, you ought careful- 
 ly toconfider every Part of the Foundation and 
 Ground-work of the Building which h to be 
 Raifed. Three Things in a Building (as faith Vt- 
 tmvius) ought to be confider'd, without which 
 it will not deferve Commendation : Thofe are, 
 Ulefulnefs or Accommodation, Laftingnefs and Handfbmnefs : 
 For that Work cannot he accounted Perfect, which isUleful but 
 only for a fhort time, or not Convenient for a longer j or ha- 
 ving thefe two, hath not alfo Decency : It will be Commodious, 
 when every Part hath its due Place, and fit Situation, not below 
 its Dignity, nor above what its Ufe requires j and they will 
 be fitly dilpofed, when the Galleries, Halls, Chambers, Cellars, 
 Granaries are in their proper Places. As for the Laftingnefs, you 
 regard that, when all the Walls are right by the Line, thicker 
 below than above, and have good and Jfufficient Foundations : 
 
 B And
 
 Of ArchiteEiure' 
 
 And befides, the Pillars above muft be diredly over the Pillars^ 
 below 3 and all the Apertures (as Doors and Windows) muft 
 be one above the other, fo that the Solid be upon the Solid, 
 and the Vacant upon the Vacant. The Handfbmnefs will arife 
 from the fair Form and Correfpondence between the Whole 
 and its Parts, of the Parts among themfelves, and of them to 
 the Whole ; becaufe that a Building ought to appear an entire 
 and perfect Body, wherein each Member agrees with the others, 
 and all the Members be necefTary to what you defign. 
 
 Theie Things confider'd in the Defign and Model, you ought 
 then diligently to calculate all the Charge that may arife, and 
 make timely Provifion of Money, and prepare v/hat Materials 
 fhall feem requifite ; fo that in Building, nothing may be defi* 
 cient, or hinderthe Compleating of the W^ork : It being no little 
 Praife to the Builder, nor fmall Advantage to the Work, that it 
 be finiihed with due Expedition, and that all the Walls be at 
 once laid out, and equally difpatched ; from whence there will 
 be none of thole Clefts which ufually are {een in Fabricks finifh'd 
 upequally, and at divers times. 
 
 And therefore having chofen the moft skilful Artifls that you . 
 can get, that fb the Work may be the better carried on by their 
 Advice, you are to provide Timber, Stone, Sand, Lime, and 
 Metal, concerning which Provifion, you fhall have fome Adver- 
 tilements -, as, to frame the Joifts of the Hall and Chambers, 
 provide your felf with fo many Joifts, as, whenframedgthere may 
 remain between them the Space of a Joift and half. 
 
 In like manner concerning Stone, you are to take notice, that 
 to make the Jaums of Doors and Windows, you are not to have 
 Stone bigger than a Fifth, or lefs than a Sixth part of the Light j 
 and if you intend to adorn the Buildings with Pillars or Pilafters, 
 make the Bales, Capitols, and Architraves of Stone, and the 
 other Parts of Brick. 
 
 Befides, as for the Walls, you are to confider, that they ought 
 tO! diminifli according as they rile j which Icfh^uction will ftate 
 the Account right, and lelTen great part of the Charge : And be- 
 caufe all thefe Parts may be difcourled of in their particular 
 Places, it Ihall fuffice to have here given this general Advice, 
 wliich is a rough Draught of the whole Building. 
 
 But
 
 O/ Arch'tteBttre, 
 
 ? 
 
 ^utbefides the Quantity, you are alfb to confider the Quality 
 and Goodnefs of the Materials, to chuie the bed : Expericfice 
 gained from the Buildings of others, will be a great Help, be- 
 caufe thereby we may eafily know how to determine what is fie 
 and expedient to our own Purpofe. And although Vitnivtusy 
 Leon Battijla, Alberti^ and other excellent Writers, have taught 
 what is requifite in the Choice of Materials j yet that nothing 
 may be wanting in thefe Books of mine, I fhall fpeak of fome, 
 confining my {e.\{ to the moft neceflary. 
 
 CHAP, IL 
 
 Of Timher. 
 
 Timber (Vitruvius hath it, Bookll. ch^p.g) ought to be 
 Fell'd in Autumn, and through all the IVmter, becaufe then 
 the Trees recover from the Root that Strength and Soundnefs 
 which in the Spring and Summer was difperied into Leaves and 
 Fruit i and you are to cut them in the Wain of the Moon, be- 
 caufe the Moifture which is moft apt to rot Wood, is then con- 
 fumed ; from whence there will not come the Worm to hurt it. 
 It fhould be cut but to the middle of the Pith, and fo left until 
 it be dry -, becaufe by Drops, there will pafs away that Moifture 
 which would caufe Putrefaction : Being cut, let it be laid in a 
 Place free from the Extremity of the Sun, Wind, and Rain j and 
 thofe ought chiefly to be kept dry which are of fpontateous 
 growth j and to the end that they may not cleave, but dry equal- 
 ly, you are to daub them over with Cow-dung : It fhould not be 
 drawn through the Dew,but in the Afternoon ; nor to be wrought 
 being very wet, or too dry ; becaufe the one makes it apt to rot, 
 ^he other hard to work ; nor will it in lefs than Three Years 
 by dry enough to ufe in Planks, Doors, and Windows. It is 
 ^convenient for thofe who are about to Build, to inform them- 
 ielv£s from Men skilful in the Nature of Timber, whac Wood 
 
 B 2. is
 
 of ArcWiteBiire. 
 
 is fit for fuch Ufe, and what not. Vitruvius, in the Ch^ipter - 
 above mention'd, gives good Inftrudions ; and fo other Learned 
 Men, who have written thereof at large. 
 
 ; G H A p. IIL 
 
 Of Stone. 
 
 SOme are Natural, fon^e Artificial : The Natural are hewn ^ 
 out of the Qtiarry, and are either to make Lime, or to build 
 Walls : Of thofe which are ufed for Lime, fliail be i'poken here- 
 after. Thole ofwhich Walls are built, are either Marble and hard 
 Stone, or elfe loft and pliant. Marble and hard Stone is to be 
 wrought as foon as digg'd ; for it will be at that time more eafy to 
 work, than when it hath remain'd a while in the Air; feeing the 
 longer they are out of the Quarry, they become the harder, and 
 mull fuddenly be put in hand. But the fofter the Stone, (efpe- 
 cially where its Nature and Sufficiency is not well underftood, as 
 when 'tis digg'd in a Place from whence formerly none has been 
 taken) it ought to be digged in Summer^ and expofed to the Air, 
 and not to be ufed within two Years : It muftbe digg'd in Sum- 
 mer^ to the end that not being ufed to Wind, Rain, and Frcft, 
 it may by degrees grow hard, and enabled to refift thofe Injuries 
 of the Weather ; and it fhould be left lb long, that thofe which 
 have been prejudiced may be put in Foundations j and the others 
 not fpoiled (upon trial) are to be ufed above Ground in Build- 
 ings, becaule they endure longeft. 
 
 Artificial Stones, are, from their- Form, commonly call'd 
 ^adrels •:, thele are made of Chalky, Whitilh, and Pliable 
 liarth : You muft by all means avoid thatrwhich is Gravelly and 
 Sandy ; the Earth muft be digg'd in Autumn^ and te r.per'd in 
 V^mter^ and fo they may be well made in th« Spring : But if 
 Neceffity forces you to make them in the IVinter^ or Summer^ 
 cover them in iVmtermih dry Sand, and in Summer with Straw : 
 
 When
 
 Of jdrchiteBure. 
 
 When made, they require a longer Time to dry ; and 'tis beft' 
 that they dry in the Shade, i'o that not only the Outfide, but ' 
 the Middle, and all Parts may be equally hardened ; which can-; 
 not be done in lels than two Years. They are made bigger, or 
 lefs, according to the Quality of the Building, and the Ule to 
 which they are intended ^ therefore the Antients made their- 
 Bricks for Publick and great Buildings larger than for fmall and 
 Private : The Bigger fort ought to be hollowed in many Places, 
 that fo they may dry and bake the better. 
 
 CHAR rv. 
 
 Of C^atid. 
 
 Tflere are three forts of Sand, that is to fay, Pit-Sa«d, 
 River-Sand, and Sea-Sand. Pit-Sand is, of all, the beft, 
 and is Black, White, Red, or Cindry, which is a fort of Earth 
 birnt by Fire, incloied in the Mountains, and digged up in I'uf- 
 cany. There is alfo digged in Terra di Lavoro, in the Territories 
 oi Bf^in and Cuma^A Sand call', d (hy Vitni-viusJ Pozzoldna, which- 
 fuddeniy knits together in Water, and makes Buildings very 
 ftrong : It hath been found, by long Experience, that of ail Pit- 
 Sand, the White is the worfe ; and of River-Sand, that from 
 the Strearii which is found in the Falls of Water, ij the beft, be- 
 caufe it is more purged. The Sea-Sand is worftofall, and black- 
 ens and fhines like Ghfs 9 but that better which is neareft the 
 Shore, and bigger. The Fit- Sand, becaufe 'tis fat and tough, 
 (but apt to cleave) is therefore us'diit' Walls and long Vaults. 
 The River-Sand is very good for the Covering or Rough-cafting 
 of Walls. Sea-Sand, becaule 'ds foon wet and loon dry, and 
 moulders away by reafon of the Salt, therefore is unfit to bear 
 Weight. All Sand is beft in its Kind, if being Iqueezed and 
 handled, it crackles, and if being put upon a White Cloth, it nei- 
 ther ftains, nor leaves it foul: That is badjwhich is mingled with 
 
 Water
 
 ,^ Of ArdjiteBure. 
 
 Water, makes it dirty and muddy, and which has for a long 
 time been in the Air, Sun, Moon, and Froft i becauie it will re- 
 .taia much Earth and rotten Humour, apt to bring forth Shrubs 
 and wild Fig-trees, which are generally hurtful to -Buildings. 
 
 C H A P. V. 
 
 Of Limey and how to work it. 
 
 S Tones whereof Lime is made, are either digg'd out of the 
 Hills, or taken out of the Rivers : All Stones of the Hills are 
 prood which are dry, without any Moifture, and brittle, having 
 no Material in it, v/hich when it pafleth the Fire,fhall leave the 
 Stone lefs j therefore that Lime will be beft, which is made of 
 the hardeft, found, and v;hite Stone, and being burnt, remains a 
 third part lighter than its Stone. There are alfo certain forts of 
 Stone^ the Lime whereof is very good for the fetting of Walls. 
 In the Hills ofP^^fw^they dig a rugged Stone, whofe Lime is 
 very good in Works which lie open, and in the Water i becaule 
 it prefcntly hardens, and endures very long. All digged Stones 
 are better to make Lime than the gathered ; and from a fhady 
 and moift Pit, rather that a dry : The White is better to work 
 than the Brown. Stones which are gather'd in Rivers and 
 Brooks, that is to fay. Pebbles, make excellent Lime, and 
 very white and neat work, therefore *tis generally ufed for 
 Finifning of Walls. All Stones, as well of the Hills as Rivers, 
 are fooner or later burnt, according to the Fire which is given 
 them; but ordinarily they are burnt in Sixty Hours ; Being 
 burnt, wet them ; but don't pour on the Water all at once, but at 
 divers times, and frequently, (that they may not burn) 'till they 
 be v;ell Tempered : Afterwards put them in a moift and (hady 
 Place without any Mixture, only cover them lightly with Sand ; 
 .^nd by how much the more thoroughly they arefteeped, fo much 
 ;the more rough and better they will be ; except thofe which 
 
 are
 
 Of jirchtteElttre. 7 
 
 are made of rough Stones, as the Paduaft ; becaufe they, as Iboii 
 as they are wet, muft be wrought, otherwife they wafte and burn 
 away i whence they will not hold, but become ufelefs. For to 
 make the Morter, you mull fo mix the Srnd, that taking of Pit- 
 Sand, you muft put three parts thereof with one of Lime j if 
 River or Sea-Sand, two parts thereof with one of Lime. 
 
 CHAP. VI 
 
 Of Metals. 
 
 THE Metals ufed in Buildings, are Iron, Lead and Copper: 
 ironfervesto make Nails, Hinges,and Chains to faften the 
 Boors, to make Doors them le Ives, Grates, and the like Works. 
 It is no where found and digged pure j but when digged, is 
 purged by the Fire, to the end it may be fb melted, that it ma\' 
 run, and that before it be cool the Foulnels may betaken away's 
 but after it is purg'd and cool'd it heats well, and becomes fofr, 
 and eafv' to be wrought and beat out with a Hammer. But it 
 will not eafiiy melt, if it be not again put into a Furnace made 
 for that purpofe : If being red-hor, it do not work nor yield to 
 the Hammer, it waftes and is i'poiled. "Tis a fign of the Good'° 
 nefs of Iron, if in the Mafs you iee the Veins continu'd ftreight, 
 without Interruption, and if the Ends of the Piece be cleani,. and 
 without SoU i becaule the faid Veins (hew if the Iron be without 
 Knots and Pufft , and you may underftand the Middle by the 
 Ends. Being wrote into Plates iquare, or any other figure, if the 
 Sides be even,, you may conclude 'tis all alike good, haring-e« 
 qually endur'dthe H'ammer. 
 
 With Lead they cover ftarely Palaces, Churches, Towers^y 
 and other Publick B\iildings, and Gutters and Pipes to convey 
 Watery and therewith they faften the Hinges and Iron-work- in' . 
 the Jaums of Doors and Windows. Tijere are three forts 
 thereof, Whke, Black, and. of a Colour, between bothj,, and 
 
 by
 
 8 Of ArchiteBttre. 
 
 by fome called Afli-colour ; the "'^lack is fo called, not becaufe 
 *tis rcaily Black, but becauie being White, with fome Biacknefs 
 in it ; therefore, in relpedtof the White the Antients, vvithRea- 
 ibnj'gave it that Name. The White is more perfedt and precious 
 than the Black ^ the Afh-colour is between both. Lead is digged 
 either in great Lumps found by themlelves, or in fmall Pieces, 
 which fhine with a certain BlackneiSjOr elfe in very thin Flakes, 
 amongft the Rocks, Marble and Stones. All forts of Lead wUi 
 eafily run, becaufe with the Hea: of the Fire it melts before it is 
 red-hot: But put it into a very ho:. Furnace, it lofeth its Nature 
 and Strength ; for one part is ch.-nged into Litharge, and the 
 other into Drofs. Of thefe forts of Lead, the Black is fbft, and 
 therefore eaHly wrought with the Hammer, and dilates much, 
 and is very heavy. The White is harder and lighter^ the Afh- 
 colour is much Liarder than the White, and of middle Weight 
 between both. 
 
 W^ith Copper fometimes they cover Publick Buildings -, and 
 the Antients made Nails, or Bolts, which fattened in the Stones 
 above and below, kept the Stones from falling out of order, and 
 the Clafps or Hooks placed to hold two Stones together ^ and 
 they ufed thefe Nails and Clafps, becaufe that Buildings, which 
 
 ' can't poflibly be made without many Pieces of Atones, may (by 
 being thus join'd and bound together) as it were become one 
 
 . Stone, and fo more ftrong and durable. They alfo made Nails 
 and Clalps of Iron, but more often of Copper, becaufe they 
 will laft longer, not being fo fubjedt to ruft. Alfo they made 
 Letters for Infcriptions, which they placed on the Borders of 
 Buildings : And we read, -that of this Metal were the Hundred 
 ■famous Gates of Babylon ; and in the Ifles of Cades, the two 
 Pillars o( Hercules J E\ght Foot high. That is efteemed thebeft, 
 which, burnj; and extracted from Mineral by Fire, is Red, incli- 
 ning to Yellow, of a good Cram, and full of Holes j for that is a 
 fign 'tis well purged, and free from Drofs. Copper may be heated 
 life Iron, and made liquid, fb that it may be Caft : But in ex- 
 treme hot Furnaces it will not .endure the Force of the Flame, 
 but totally confume. Altho' k be hard, neverthelefs it fubmits 
 to the Hammer, and dilates it felf into thin Leaves ; it is bed 
 .prefer ved by Tar : And ^tho' it doth not ruft like Iron, 
 
 yet
 
 Of Architecture. 
 
 yet it hath a kind of Ruft, which is called VercUgrcafe^ efpecially 
 if it touch fiiarp and liquid Things ^ of this Metal, mixed with 
 Tin, or Lead, or Latten, (which is alfo Copper) and coloured 
 with Lapis Calaminaris^ is made a Metal commonly call'd 
 Brafs, which often times Architeds do ufe, as in Bafes,' Pillar.s, 
 Capitols, Statues, and fuch like. In Ro7?je are four Columns of 
 Brafs, (as St. Giov^mn Lateranno) of which one only has its 
 Capitol, and were made by Avgujius of Metal which was taken 
 from the Stems of Ships which he took in Egypt from M. Anto- 
 nio : There remains alfo in Koine to this Day four Ancient 
 Gates ', which are thofe of the Rotimda, which formerly was the 
 Pantheon ; that of St. Cofmo and Damiano, which was the Temple 
 of Cajior and Pollux, or rather o£ Romulus and Remus ; and that 
 which is in St. Ag}2es without the Gate Viminalis : But the mofl: 
 beautiful of all thefe, is that of St. Maria Rotunda, wherein thole 
 Antients did endeavour to imitate by Art that kind o^ Corinthian 
 Metal, in which the natural Yellow of Gold prevailed ; For we 
 read, that when Corinth was deftroyed and burnt, (which now 
 is called Corajito) thus they melted and mixed in one Maf» 
 Gold, Silver, and Copper i and Fortune tempered and made 
 the ^lixture of three lorts, which was afterwards called 
 Corinthian ; in one of them the Silver prevails, whence it 
 remained White, and very near it in Luller : In another the 
 Gold prevailed, and remained Yellow and of a Gold Colour; 
 and the third was where all thefe three Metals were of an 
 equal Temperament : And thefe Species have been fince divers 
 ways imitated. 
 
 Hitherto I have difcourfed of thofe Things feeming mofl: 
 neceffary to be Confidered and Prepared before Building : It 
 now remains that fomething be faid of Foujidations ; , the 
 Materials whereof being prepared, the Work may be proceeded 
 on. 
 
 CHAR
 
 Of Architeciure. 
 
 c H A R vir. 
 
 Of the Qualities of Ground wherein 
 Foundations are to he laid. 
 
 f T^HE Bafe of die Building, is that which we call the Founda- 
 i tion, that is to (ay, the part which is under Ground, up- 
 holding the reft of the Build'ng that is above Ground ; therefore, 
 of all the Errors which do happen in Building, thole are the 
 inolT: pernicious which are committed in the Foundation, be- 
 caufe they bring with them the Ruin of the whole Fabrick, nor 
 can without great Difficulty be amended : whence the Archi- 
 tects ought to ufe their utmoft Diligence ^becaulein fome Places 
 they have a Natural Foundation^and in other Places 'tis neceiTary 
 to ufe Art. 
 
 A Natural Foundation,is,when we build on. Stone, a fbft, fandy,. 
 crmouldringStoneorGravel ; for thefe,without digging, or other 
 helps of Art, are ofthemfelves excellent Foundations, and moft 
 fit to uphold the greateft Buildings, both in Land, and in Water. 
 But if Nature affords not a Foundation, it muft be attempted by 
 Art j and then the Place you have to build on is either a folid 
 Earth, or a gravelly, fandy, moify, foftand moorifh Place. If the 
 Earth be faft and firm, you may dig fo far as to a difcreet Archi- 
 ted; may feemrequifite for theQuality oftheBuilding,and Sound- 
 nefs of the Earth j and (when you intend not to make Cellars, or 
 other Under-ground Offices^ your Depth is to be a fixth part of 
 the Height of the Building. To know this Firmnefs, Oblervation 
 from the digging of Wells, Cifterns, and fuch-like, will help ■ 
 well ; and tis alfo known by Herbs growing there, if they 
 ufually fpring up only in firm and faft Grounds ; and befides, 
 'tis a fign of firm Ground, if a great Weight thrown thereon, it 
 neither founds nor fhakes j and from the Report of Drums 
 being fet on the Ground, and lightly touched, it does not re- 
 found again ^ and if Water put into a Veffel, doth not fhake ' 
 'Fhe neighbouring Places will alfo give you to underftand the 
 
 Faftnefi. ,
 
 -0/ ArchiteBure. ii 
 
 Faftnds and Firmnefi of the Earth. But if the Place be Sandy 
 or Gravelly, obferve whether it be on Land, or in Water: For if 
 it be on Land, you muft take notice what hath been before di- 
 reded concerning Faft Ground j and if you build in a River, the 
 Sand and Gravel is altogether ufelefs ; becaufe the Water, with 
 its continual Stream and Flood, often changes its Bed ; therefore 
 dig 'till you come to a Bottom found and firm ; or if that be 
 difficult, dig fomewhat in the Sand and Gravel, and then place 
 Piles, whole Ends may reach to the found and good Earth, and 
 upon thofe you are to Build : But if you are to Build upon a 
 Moffy and Loofe Ground, then you mull dig 'till you find Sound 
 Earth, and therein alfo fo much as the Bignefs of the Walls and 
 the Greatneis of the Building require. 
 
 This Sound Ground (^and fit to uphold Buildings^ is of divers 
 forts J for (as Alherti well faith) Somewhere lo Hard, as 'tis 
 Jcdrc€ to be cut with Iron^ fomewhere very Stiff, fomewhere 
 Blackifh, fomewhere Whitifh fwhich is counted the weakefl,^ 
 fomewhere like Chalk, fomewhere Sandy ; of all thefe, the beft 
 is that v/hich is cut with mofl Labour, and when wet, doth 
 not diffolve into Dirt. 
 
 You fhould not Build upon a Ruin, or Old Foundation, if firft 
 of all you know not its Depth, and whether it befulficient to bear 
 the Building : But if the Earth be Soft, and Sink much, as in 
 Moorifh Grounds, than you mull: place Piles, whofe length mufl 
 bean Eighth part of the height of the Wall, and in thicknels 
 a Twelfth part of their length : The Piles muft be placed as clofe 
 as one can fland by the other, and are to be rammed in with 
 Blows rather quick than heavy, fo that the Earth may the 
 better confolida'te and faften. You mufl place the Piles, not onW 
 under the Out- Walls, upon the Trench or Gutters, but alfo 
 under the Inner- Walls which divide the Buildings : For i^ yoii 
 make the Foundation for the Inner- Walls different from th©fe 
 Without, then laying Beams along one by the other, and 
 others a-thwart them above, often-times it happens that the 
 Inner- Walls fall down ; when thofe Without, being placed on 
 Piles, flir not j whence all Walls come to cleave, the which 
 render the Building ruinous, and is very uncomely to look on j 
 wherefore you mufl: avoid this Danger, making the Piling Work 
 
 C ^2 of
 
 12. of JrclyitcBtire. 
 
 of lefs Charge ; for, according to Proportion of Walls, the Piles 
 inthe Middle may be placed thinner than thofe Without. 
 
 *, *, .-*, ,-*^ .-i^ .*, ,*, ,*, -*, ,•*. ,■&, ■&, *, * *, fi', ,*, <li, *, *, ,■*, .^, ,*, .-^N .-^^ 
 ''■*lj3 t$J 'JSi ulsi «^ wj-.s c^ uJj cio Hh (iSj u!Ej Ota uis ifo li^Si (l$j tfij ouj eSi <^ tEs wi!; w£i t2sJ . 
 
 CHAR VIII- ' 
 0/ Foundattons. 
 
 J'Oundations ought to be twice fo thick as the Walls to be 
 raifed thereon j and therein the Quality of the Earth, and 
 the Greatnefs of the Building, is to be regarded, making them 
 more large in foft and loofer Ground, and where there is a great 
 AJ^^cighc to be fuftained. 'the Plain of the trench muft be Level,fo 
 that the Weight may prels equally j and not inclining to one 
 part more than another, may prevent the cleaving of the Walls. 
 ; ^ ivci-]7qj. this reafon, the Antients ufed to pave the Plain with * tt" 
 Ir « Vt'onc'^^''^^^^^ 5 ^"^ ^^ ^^y P^3"^5 and Beams, and build thereon. 
 hougbt Foundations are made Sloping, that is to fay, to Diminifli as 
 />.?» Tri-they rife; yet fo, that there may be fo much left on one fide 
 ^'°^^* as on the other, fo that the middle of that above may fall per- 
 pendicularly upon the middle of the lower Work ; which muft 
 be alfo obferv'd in the Diminution of Walls above Ground; be- 
 caufe by this means the Building becomes much ftronger, than 
 be making the Diminutions any other Way. 
 
 There aie fometimes made, (efpecially in Moorifh Grounds, 
 where there is need of Piles) to avoid Charge, Foundations dif- 
 continued, but with certain Vaults, upon which they afterwards 
 Build. In great Buildings 'tis very commendable to make Vents 
 through the Body of the Walls, from the Foundation to the 
 Roof, hecaufe they let forth the Wind, (which is very prejudi- 
 cial to Buildings; lelTen the Charge, and areof nofmall Con- 
 venience, if in them you make Winding-Stairs from the Bottom 
 to the Top. 
 
 e H A p»
 
 Tag;n
 
 Of ArchlteBiire. i{ 
 
 C H A P. IX. 
 
 0/ the Fafbion of Walls, 
 
 THE Foundations being laid, it remains thit we treat of 
 tlie Superftrudure. The Antients had Six forts of Walls : 
 one call'd Keticolata, or Net-work ; another of ^adrels^ or 
 Brick; a third of Cement^ which is of rough Stones from the 
 Hills or Rivers ; a fourth of various Stones ; a fifth of fquared 
 Stones i the fixth Kiemfiuta^ which is alfo C2i\\td Coffer-zvcrk. 
 Of the Net-work there is.no ufe at all in thefe Days ; but be- 
 caufe Vitruviiis rwlat^s it was common in his Time, I do iiere 
 put alfo that Defign They made the Coignes and Corners of 
 their Building of ^ndrels^ and every two Foot and half took 
 up three Courfes CI dig/^r^c^rt'/j-, which bound the whole Thicknefs 
 of the Wall. 
 
 A Coignes, or Corners, of ^adrels, 
 
 B Courfes of ^adrels, which bind the whole IVall. 
 
 C ^he Net-work. 
 
 D ^he Courfes of ^adrels through the ^hicknefs of the Wall. 
 
 E ^he Inner part of the Wall made of Cement, 
 
 Walls of Brick, or ^ladrels^ both thofe about Cities, and 
 other grear Edifices, muft be made, that the infide and outfide 
 may be of ^uadrels, and in the middle filled up with Cement, 
 and withBrickjEarth and Stone, ramm'd together^and to every 
 three Foot in Height there muft be threeCourfes of ^iadrels.o£ 
 the biggeft fort, which may take the whole Breadth of the W^alL 
 And the firft Courfe muft be laid with the length inward; that 
 the leffer part of the Brick be expofed ; the iecond the length 
 laid fidewjle j and the third as the firft : Of this fort are the 
 Walls of the Rotunda in Rome, and the Baths of Dicclefan,-&nd 
 all other ancient Buildings which are there. • 
 
 E ne-:
 
 'I # Of ^rchhcclure. 
 
 E The Courfes of ^iddrcls, "johlch hind the lohole IVnll. 
 V I'be niiddie part cf the IVall made cf Cement^ bct-ween cue 
 Coiirfe find the other, and the outward ^uadrels. 
 
 The Walls <ii-Cement muft be made fo, that to every two Foot 
 at leaft there be three Courfes of ^,adrels or Brick, and that 
 the ^ladrels or Brick be prepared according to the manner" 
 aforelaid. Such are the Walls of I'lirin in Piedmont, which are 
 made of River-Pebbles iplit in the middle, which being placed 
 with thefplit fide outwards, make very even and fmooth work. 
 The Walls of the Arena of Verona are likewife of Cement, and 
 there are three Courles of ^adrels to every three Foot : And 
 in like manner are made other ancient Edifices, (as appears in 
 my Book of Antiqtiities^ 
 
 G Cement or Kiver-Pehhles. 
 
 H Courfes of ^adrels which hind the whole Wall 
 
 The WalU of Irregular Stones, were fo called^ becaule they 
 were made of Stones of unequal Sides and Angles j and to make 
 thefe Walls, they iJfed a Plumb-Rule, which applied to the Place 
 where the Stone was to be put, ferved to place them ftraight and 
 even, thereby to try, time after time, if the Stone ftood right 
 in the defigned Place. Of this fort may be feeri Walls at Pre- 
 ■nefie 5 and ancient Streets were paved in this Manner. 
 
 I Irregular Stoms. 
 
 At
 
 Of ArchiteBurc, 1 5* 
 
 At Rome may be Teen Walls of fquared Stones, where was 
 the Piazza and the Temple of Augiifius^ in which they locked 
 in the lelTer Stones with Courfes of greater. 
 
 K Courfes of leffer Stones* 
 L Courjes of bigger Stones.- 
 
 The Manner ofKiempIuta, or Filled Walls, which is alfb called 
 Coffer-work, which the Antients did ufe s taking Planks and 
 placing them edgewife, allowing fo much Space as they would 
 have the Thicknefs of the Wall, filling it with Morter and 
 Stones of all forts mingled together ; . and fo they went on from 
 Courle to Courle. There is feen fuch-like Walls at Sernnrji upon 
 " the Lake de Grjcl". 
 
 M Planks upon Edge'uuife. 
 
 N '3'he Jhuer part of the IVall. 
 
 O ^be Face of the Wall, the Planks taken away. 
 
 Of this kind may be call 'd the ancient Walls of Naples^ 
 which had cwo Walls of Iquared Stones four Foot thick, and 
 fix Foot dirtant the one from the other : Thofe Walls were 
 bound together with other Crofs-Walls i and the C^y^j which 
 were between the Traverie- Walls and the Out- Walls were four 
 Foot fquare, and were fill'd up with Stones and Earth. 
 
 P ^he Outivard Stone-Wall. 
 
 Q_ ^be 7'ra-verfe Walls. 
 
 R Cafes filled ziith Stones ajtd Earth.' 
 
 Thefe were the Forms of which the i\ntients d'd ferve them- 
 ieives ; and the Footfteps thereof are ftill to be i^Qw : whence 
 it may be concluded, that Walls, of what fbrtfbever, ought to 
 have Ibme Tires, or Courfes, which are like Sin-.ws that hold 
 faft all other Parts together, which chiefly may be ir^blerved when 
 Walls are made of Brick: For the Stru(5lure, throur^hAge/alling 
 afurtder in the middle, the Walls m»ay not becrsivje ruinous j as 
 hath happen'd and is feen in many Walls,elpecialiy on that fide 
 which refpe<^ the North, 
 
 C li A P>
 
 1 6 Of ArcljitcBiire. 
 
 c H A p. X. 
 
 of the Method which the Antients did praclife^ m 
 making their Stone Buildings, 
 
 "O Ecanfe it happens that fometimes Buildings are made (the 
 J3 v/hole, or good part) of Marble, or fome other great Stones, 
 1 think it convenient, in this Place, to acquaint you what the 
 Antients did in fuch Cafes : For we may obferve in their Work, 
 t-hat they were fo diligent in joining their Stones together, that 
 in many Places their Connexion can fcarcely be perceived. And 
 befides, the Beauty, Firmnefs, and Duration of the Fabrick is 
 very much to be regarded. 
 
 And, forafmuch as I can underftand, they firft Iquared and 
 wrought the Sides of the Stones which were to be placed one 
 upon the other, leaving the other Sides rough, and foufed them, 
 whereupon the Edges of the Stones were beyond the Square j and 
 might manage them better, and more varioufly attempt to 
 place them right, without danger of breaking, than if they had 
 been fquared on all Sides before : For when the Edges are made 
 fquare, cr lefs than fquare, they are very weak, and fubjed: to 
 Accidents. In this manner they made all Building rough, or,as 
 one may fay, ruftick ^ and that being done, they go on working 
 and polifhing the Face of the Stone which is to be leen. It is true, 
 that the Roles which are between the Modilions, and other luch- 
 like Onaments of the Cornice, could not commodioufly be done 
 when the Stones are fixed; therefore they made them while 
 they were on the Ground. T.his is >vell attefted by many an- 
 cient Buildings, where may be feen many Stones rough and un- 
 polifhed. The Arch by the old Caftle in Verona^ and all other 
 the Arches and Buildings there, were done in the fame manner^ 
 which is eafily made out, by One curious in obferving the Marks 
 of their Tools, that is to fay. the Manner how the Stones were 
 Wrought : The Pillars of Trajan and ^ntonine in Rome were 
 fomade^ nor could they otherwife have fo exactly joined the 
 Stones that might ib clolely meet where they go crols the Heads, 
 and other Farts of the Figures. And the lams may be faid of 
 i\\Q other Arches which are there. And
 
 Of ArchiteBure. t^ 
 
 And if the Works were very grear, as the ylrenn of Verona, the Am- 
 phitheatre of Pola, and the like, to lave Charge and Time, which they 
 would have required, they wrought only the Imports of the Arches, Ca- 
 picols, and the Cornices, and the reil they left Ruflick, having only re- 
 gard to the fair Front of the Buildings. But in the Temples and other 
 Buildings which required Curiofity, they fpared no Pains in the working 
 them, and glazing and fmoothing ev'n the very Fluces of the Columns, 
 and polifliing them diligently. Therefore, in my judgment, you fliould 
 ■not make Walls of Brick in the Ruftick Manner, much lefs Mantles of 
 Chimneys, which require curious Work; forbefides the Unhandibm- 
 nefs, 'twill happen that they will fplit and divide afunder, which natural- 
 ly ought to be entire j but according to the Greatnefs and Quality of fhe 
 Btiilding, you may make them Ruftick or Polite : And in a Work tha: 
 requires altogether Neatnefs, we need not do as the Antients ufed, and 
 that with very good Reafon, being neceffitated by the Greatnefs of 
 their Works. 
 
 C H A P. XL 
 
 Of the Diminution of Wails ^ and of their Parts. 
 
 IT is to be ObfervedjThat by how much Higher the W«Ws are, fo much 
 the Narrower they muft be ; therefore that part which is above Ground 
 is to be one half Thinner than the Foundation, and tht Second Story a 
 'half Brick Thinner than the Firft, and fo continue 'til! you come to the 
 Top of the Building, but with Defcretion, that it be not too Weak. The 
 Middle of the Upper Wall ought to fall diredl to the Middle of the 
 Lower, that fo all the Walls be in a Pyramidal Form. But if you would 
 make a Superficies or Face of a Wall above direcftly over that below, it 
 Tnuft beonthe Innerpart; becaufetheRaftingsof the Floors, the Vaults, 
 and other Supports of the Building may not fuffer the Wall to fall, or 
 give way. The Difcharged part which is on the Outfide muft be (up- 
 plied with a Border or Cornice encompaffing the whole Building, which 
 will be an Ornament and Faftning to the whole Fabrick. 
 
 The Angles, becaufe they partake of both Sides, and are to keep them 
 upright and faft together, muft be very ftrong and held with long and 
 hard Stones,as it were with Arms; therefore the Windows and Apertures 
 muft be as far from them as may be ; or at leaft, fo much Space muft he- 
 left between theAperrureand theAngl€,as is the breadth of the Aperture. 
 
 Having fpokenof meerWaHs,*tis convenient to pafs to the Ornaments, 
 the greateft whereof are the Columns, when they areiT-.eetly placed, and 
 have fair Proportion to the whole Fabrick. 
 
 D C H A P;
 
 Of ArclnteBun. 19 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 0/ the Five Orders u[id by the Antients^ 
 
 Five were the Orders among the Antients^ that is toTay, 
 the ^ufcan^ Dorick, lonick^ Cortnthian, and Compo/ita^ which 
 ought to be To difpoled in the Building, that the ftrongeftbe fet 
 loweft J for then 'twill be capable to bear the Weight, and 
 the Building will have a more fure Foundation ; wherefore they 
 always place the Doric k under the lonick, the lonick under the 
 Corinthian^ and the Corinthian under the Compofita : The Tufcan^ 
 as being rude, feldom is ufed above Ground unlels in a Building 
 of one Order only, as in Town-houfes, or in vaft Buildings, as 
 Amphitheatres, and fuch-like, where being many Orders, this, 
 inftead of the Dorick, is placed under the /onick j and if you leave 
 out one of them., and place, for example, the Corinthian imme- 
 diately over the Dorick^ which may be done according to the 
 Rule aforefaid5provided always that the more folid be the loweft, 
 I ftiall fet down particularly the Meafure of each of thefe Orders , 
 notfo much according to the Doftrine ofFitrwvius, as according 
 to my own Obfervations in Ancient Buildings : But firfti will 
 fay thofe Things which belong to all in general. 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 / 
 
 of the dwelling of Columns , and their 
 Diminutions : Of Inter-Golumns 
 and Pilafters* 
 
 Columns of every Order muft be fb formed, that the upper 
 part muft be lelTer than the lower, and the middle fome- 
 what thick : In Diminifhing, it muft be obferved, that by 
 
 D 2 how
 
 20 of ArcFtteSttire. 
 
 how much longer the Columns are, lb much the lefs muft they 
 be diminilhed, in regard that the Height of it felf works the Ef- 
 fed: of Diminiiliing by the Diftance -, therefore if the Column be 
 15 Foot- high, the Diameter of the Column below muft be di- 
 vided into 6 \ Parts, and the Diameter thereof above fhall be 
 ^ 7 of thofe Parrs. Ifironi 15 to 20, the Diameter below muft 
 be divided into feven Parts, and fix ~ muft be the Thicknefs of 
 the upper Part 5 lb likewife thofe which are from 20 to 30, 
 the Diameter below muft be divided into 8 Parts, and 7 muft 
 be the Diameter of the upper Part j and fo the Columns which 
 are higher are to. be diminifhed proportionably by their feveral 
 Parts, (jls Vttruvius Ihews in his Second Chapter of his Third 
 Book.) But now the Swelling is to be made in the Middle, 
 we have no more to Ihew from him than a bare Promife, and 
 therefore many have written varioufly thereof. lam wont to 
 make the Profile of the laid Swelling in this Manner ; I divide 
 the Body of the Column into three equal parts^ and leave the 
 lower third part perpendicular ; at the. end' of which 1 lay a long 
 thin Rule as Jong as the Colutmi, or, a little more, and move that 
 part which reacheth from the third part upwards, and bend it- 'till 
 the end touch at the Point of the Diminution^ at the top of the 
 Column under the CoUarma or AJiragali according to that Bend- 
 ing I proceed, andfo the Column becomes fomewhat IweJied in 
 the middle, and appears very handlbme ; and although I could 
 not have contrived (befides this) a Form either Ihorter, or more 
 expedient, or that might be more acceptable, I am yet more 
 confirmed in this my Opinion ; fince it hath (6 much pleafed 
 Pr. Cattaneo^ that (I having told him of it) he hath put it into 
 one of his Works oi ArchiteSiurey with which he hath not, a little, 
 illuftrated this Profeffion. 
 
 A B ^he third part of the Column, which is perpendicular, 
 B C ^he two thirds dimini/Jjed. 
 
 C, S'he Point of the. Diminution . under the Cojl^rino or 
 Aftragal . 
 
 The;
 
 Tag^ 21
 
 1'^ 
 
 ^Of ArclditeBure. 
 
 The Inter-Columns, that is to lay, the Spaces between "t'hc 
 
 Columns may be made of a Diameter and i of the Column ; and 
 
 the Diameter is to be taken at the lower part of the Column of 
 
 two Diameters of two and ;, of three, and fometimes of more- 
 
 But the Antients were not wont toallow more than threeDiame- 
 
 ters of the Column, except in the lujcan Order, in which the 
 
 Architrave is wont to be of Wood ; they made the Inter-Columns 
 
 very large, not lefs than a Diameter and ; j and this Space they 
 
 allowed fometimes, efpecially when they made the Columns very 
 
 biw : But thofe Inter-Columns were moft preferred that were 
 
 of two Diameters and i of the Column j and they accounted this 
 
 "the moft noble and beautiful Manner of the Inter-Columns. 
 
 And you ought to take notice,that between the Inter-Columrjs 
 and the Columns there ought to be Proportion and Correfpond- 
 ■^x\c& '^ for leaving too much Vacancy between fmall Columns, 
 you will take away great part of their Beauty, becaufe the great 
 quantity of Air that will be between them will very much 
 diminifii their thicknefs j and on the the other hand, leaving too 
 little Space to the great Columns, by the Streightnels and Nar- 
 rownels of the Spaces,they will appear Gouty and very Ungrace- 
 ful : therefore if the Spaces exceed threeDiameters,you muft make 
 the Columns in Thicknefs a feventh part of their Height, (as I 
 lliall obferve hereafter in the Tiifcan Order j) but if the 
 Spaces (hall be ; Diameters, the Length of the Column muft be 
 »7 \ or 8, as in the Dorick Order ; and if 2 4, the Length of the 
 Column muft be 9 Diameters, as in the Jonick 5 if 2, the Length 
 of the Column muft be 9 ^ Diameters, as in the Corinthinn : 
 Laftly, if i j, the Length of the Column muft be lo, as in the 
 Compofita. Concerning thefe Orders, I have taken this Care, 
 that they may be Examples for ail other Inter-Columns, (which 
 Vitru-v'us intimates in the Chapter aforefaid.) 
 
 In the Front of Buildings the Columns ought to be an even 
 number, fo that the middle Inter- Columns rria be made bigger 
 than the reft, that the Doors and Entries may be the better feen, 
 which ufually are placed in the middle. And thus much for 
 Pillar- work only. 
 
 But if Galleries be made v/ith Pilafters, they muft be fodiC- 
 tpofed, that the Pilafters be not lefs than a third of the Vacancy 
 
 between
 
 Of Architecltire. Z] 
 
 between Pilafter and Pilafler ; and thofe at the Corners n-.uft ba 
 two thirds bigger than the other, that fo the Angles of the Fa- 
 brick may be firm and ftrong j and when they are to iupport an 
 extraordinary great Weight, as in very great Buildings, then they 
 muft be the half of the Vacancy, as thole of the '1 heatre of 
 Vicenza^ and the Amphitheatre at Capu.'. : or elfe two thirds, as 
 thofe of the Theatre o( Manellus in Rome , and of the Theatre 
 o£Ogubas^ which now belongs to S\gmor Lcdcnjico de Galrielli 
 a Gentleman of that City, The Antients alfo made them fome- 
 times as large as the whole Vacant, as in the the Theatre of Fere 
 na^ in that part which is not upon the Hill. But in private Buiid- 
 ings they are not to be made lefs than a third of the Vacant, nor 
 larger than two thirds ; and they ought to be Square ^ but to 
 fave Charge and to make Room to walk more freely, they may 
 be made iefs in the Flank than in- the Front. 
 
 And to adorn the Frontifpiece, you may put in the middle of 
 the Front half Columns, or other Pilafters, uhichmay bear u^ 
 . the Cornice which {hall be upon the Arches of the Gallery ^ and 
 they muft be as large as their height (hall require, according to 
 their feveral Orders ^asin the enluing Chapters andDefignsmay 
 appear : For the underftanding whereof, (that I may not repeat 
 the fame thing often) you may obferve, that I, in the dividing 
 and meafuring thefaid Orders, would not take a certain and de- 
 terminate Meafure which is peculiar to any City, as Cubit, Foot, 
 or Span, well knowing that Meafures are as various as the Cities 
 and Countries : But, in Imitation of Vitru'vlu^^ who divides 
 the Dorick Order with a Meafure taken from the Thicknefs of 
 the Column, which is common to all, and by him call'd a M'-dule; ■ 
 I will alfo ferve my felf withfuch a Meaiurein all the Orders, 
 and the Module fhall be the Diameter of the Column, taken at 
 the Bafe, divided into 60 Parts, except in the D^rick^ in which 
 the Module is to be the Half Diameter of the Column, and is di- 
 dided into 30 Parts j for fo it falls more commodious in tire 
 Compartments of the faid Order , Wherefore every one may 
 lerve himfelf fmaking the Module greater or lefs, according to 
 the Quality of the Fabrick) with the Proportions and Profiles 
 defigned, convenient to every Order. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 2i^ Of Archite^hire. 
 
 CHAP. XIV, 
 Of the Tufcan Order. 
 
 THE tufcan Order, according to that which Vitruvius 
 writes of it, and is To indeed, is the moft fimple and intire 
 tof all the Orders, of Architedture ; becauie it retains the moft of 
 Antique way, and wants all thofe Ornaments which render the 
 others fo pleafant and agreeable. 1 his had its Original in 
 1'ufcan^.^ a Place very remarable in Italy, .whence the Name is 
 derived. 
 
 The Column, with its Bafe and Capito% ought to be inX,ength 
 ieven Models, and at the Top are diminifhed a fourth part of 
 <their Diameter. Having occafion of a Row of Columns of this 
 'Order only, you may make the Inter-Columns very large j be- 
 ■caufe the Architraves may be of Wood, and will be very conve- 
 nient for Country U(e, for thePaflage in and out of Carts, and 
 other Country Conveniences ; and befides, the Charge will be 
 lefs : But if you make Gates or Galleries with Arches, you muft 
 oblerve the Meaiures that I have marked in the Defign, in 
 which you may obferve the Stones fo difpofed or joined toge- 
 ther, as when the whole Work is of Stone j the which I have 
 alfb directed in the Defigns of the four Orders. 
 
 And this way of difpofing and faftning the Stones, I have 
 derived from many ancient Arches, as appears in my 
 Books of Arches _ i and herein I have uled great Dili- 
 gence, 
 
 A Arcmrmx oflfoocL 
 
 JB The Ends of the Sumwers which hear up the ProjeSfure of 
 the Cornice. 
 
 The
 
 Of ArchitcEhtre- 
 
 The Pedejials which are made under the Columns of this 
 Order, muft be the height of one Model, and made plain. The 
 height of the Bafe is to be the half Diameter of the Column. 
 This height mufl be divided into two equal parts j one is given 
 to the Orlo or Plinth^ which muft be made round ; the other 
 is divided into four parts : One for the Ltjielld or Ctn^nre^ 
 which may be made a little \ti\^ and is alio called Cimhia ; 
 and in this Order only is part of the Column, the other three- 
 are for the 'Torus. The Proje^ure of this Bale is a fixth part of 
 the Diameter of the Column below. ThisCapiTo/ is the height 
 of half the Diameter of the Column below, and is divided into 
 three equal parts. One is given to the Abacus^ which from 
 its Form is commonly called Dadciy or Dye. The other to the 
 Ovolo or Echinus :. And the third is divided into feven parts , of 
 one is made the Lijhila under the 0-vclo, and the other fix remain 
 to the Collarino or Neck of the Column. The Afir.igal is double 
 the height of the Lifiella under the 0-volo^ and the Centre 
 thereof is made upon the Line, which falls plumb upon the faid 
 Lifiella j and upon the fame Line doth fall the ProjecSture of the 
 Cimbiii, which is as thick as the Liftella. The Proje^ure of 
 the Capitol anfwers to the Body of the Column below ; its Ar- 
 chitrave is made of Wood as high as broad, and the breadth 
 ought not to exceed the Body of the Column at the Top. The 
 Summers which carry on the Ea-ves^ projed:eth a fourth part of 
 the length of the Column. Thefe are the Meafures of the ^///= - 
 ^^w Order, (as Vttruvius teacheth.) 
 
 K Aliens.
 
 I ry Of ArchiteBum 
 
 A Ahachus. 
 
 B Echinus. 
 
 C Hypotrachelimt, or -Prize of the Capital*- 
 
 D AfiragaL 
 
 E Body of the Column ahovf. 
 
 V Body of the Column helow. 
 
 G Annulet Cinlfure^ or LifisUa. 
 
 H ^orus* 
 
 I Orleor Plinth. '^ 
 
 K Tedejial or Stylohatum. 
 
 The Profiles, which are placed by the Plain of the Bafe and 
 Capital, are the Impofts of the Arches. 
 
 Mt
 
 J 4 ^/ ^rchiteElure. 
 
 But if they make the Architraves of Stone^ it muft be ob- 
 lerved, what was ipoken before of the Inter--Colurans , there is 
 lo be feen Ibme ancient Buildings, which may be faid to be built 
 according to this Order, becaufe they retain, in part, the fame 
 Meaiures as in the Arena of Verona, and Threatre of Pola, and 
 many others ; of which I have undertaken the Profiles, not only 
 of the Bale of the Capital of the Architrave of the Fr/zt', and 
 Qf the Corn'ce, put down in the laft Page of this Chapter, but 
 alio thofe of the Impofts of Arches ; and of all thefe Buildins;s 
 1 fliall put the Defigns in my Books of Antiquities, 
 
 A Schim.i Ket^a. 
 
 B Corona. 
 
 C ^be Proje6fure of the Corona and Schima Re^a,, 
 
 P, Cavetto. 
 
 E. Frize. 
 
 V Architra've. 
 
 , G CtJiiatiutn. ^ 
 
 H Abacus > 
 
 I Schima Rei^aj 
 
 K Hypotrachelium, or Frize of -the Capitak 
 
 L Afiragalus. 
 
 M Body of the Column under the Capitak 
 
 N Body of the Column below. 
 
 O Annulet J or Cin^ure. 
 
 V 'Torus, or Schtma Reverfa. 
 Q^ Orl>, or Plinth of the Bafe^ 
 
 Over-againft the Architra^ve marked F, is the Profile or Defign^- 
 Qt an Architrave, very c.urioufly wrought. 
 
 % CHA.H.
 
 3s 
 
 M 
 
 B 
 
 I^ 
 
 -D 
 
 
 <^*r 
 
 
 
 p. a
 
 Qf ArchiteBure. 
 
 : H A R XV. 
 
 ^i .e DoricK Order. 
 
 THE Dorick Order had its Original and Name from the 
 Dorians, a Grecian People which dwelt in y^fm ; the 
 Columns, when made alone without Pilallers, ought to be feven 
 and a half, or eight Diameters long -, the Inter-Columns are 
 little lefs than three Diameters of the Columns. And this 
 Manner of placing Columns, by Vitru-vius is call'd Diafiylos j 
 but if they join to Pilafters, they muft be, together with the 
 Bafe and Capital, feventeen Models and one third in Length ; 
 and you muft obferve, that (as 1 have faid before in the 
 i^th Chapter) the Model in this Order only is the half of 
 the Diameter of the Column, divided into thirty Parts ; and 
 in all the other Orders it is the whole Diameter divided into. 
 fsKty Part?. 
 
 A.mongfc.
 
 Mo^l 
 
 iVlo.5i 
 
 iM;^ M> ^f ^H Js\o til
 
 38 
 
 n^rom- the tniddU of one--, 
 caiiimne mi to the rri Ladle of 
 thatJicr ihr'ii- i/^ 'moJell^ 
 
 f^, 
 * 
 
 
 L 
 
 LZfT
 
 Of ^rchkeSh/re. 
 
 Amongft ancient Buildings we fee no Pedejlals to this Or- 
 der ; yet they are feen amongft the modern : And if you join 
 a Pedejial to them, you muft make the Dado of the Pedejial a 
 perfe<St Square, and from it you muft take the Meafures of its 
 Ornament , therefore it muft be divided into four equal parts, 
 the Bafe with its Zocco or Plinth muft be two of them, and the 
 Cymatitm one, to which muft be joined the Orlo or Plinth of 
 the Bafe of the Column. This kind o^ Pedejhil mdiy alfo be feen 
 in the Corinthian Order, as at r^ro;;^?, in the "Arch which is 
 called De Lioni. I have fet down divers Meafures of Defigns, 
 which may be joined to the Pedejial of this Order, which are 
 all very agreeable, and taken from Antiquity, and are very care- 
 fully mealiired. 
 
 This Order hath no proper Bafes 3 wherefore. in many Buil- 
 dings you may fee Columns without Bale, as in Rome, in the 
 Theatre of Marcellus, in the JTernp^^ De la Pieta near to the 
 faid Theatre, in the Theatre of Videnza\ abd in'divers other 
 Places. But fometimes the Attick Bafi'is joined to them, which 
 adds very much to their Beauty : And here is the Meafure of it j 
 
 The height is the half Diameter of the Column, and is divi- 
 ded into three equal parts ^ one is given to the Zocco or Plinth j 
 the other two are divided into parts ; Of one is made the 
 Torus fuperiour, and the other which remains is divided into 
 two, and one is given to the 1'orus inferiour, and the other to 
 t\\QScociaoT Cauet!c, mth its Annulets. Therefore if you di- 
 vide it into fix parts, of one muft be made the Annulet ahoy e^ 
 and the other that below, and four muft remain to the Scocia. 
 The Proje6lure muft be the fixth part of the Diameter of the 
 Column ; the C'.nifure muft be the half of the upper ^orus ; If 
 it be divided from the Bafe, its Projec^lure muft be the third 
 part of the whole Frojed:ure of the Bafe : But if the Bafe and 
 part of the Column fhall be one Piece, you muft make the 
 CinSiiire fmall, as you may fee in the third Defign of thia 
 Order, where alfo are two Manners of /./7_/)o/? J of Arches, 
 
 ^Bod^-
 
 40 Of ArchiteBure. 
 
 . A Body of the Column. 
 
 'B Annulet^ or CinSiure. 
 
 "C ^he tipper ^orus. 
 
 D Scocia, with its Annulets, 
 
 E The lower Sortis* . 
 
 *T 'Plinth^ or Zocco. 
 
 G Cymatium -^ 
 
 H Dodo^ or Square^ of the Pedejial 
 
 I Bafe ^ 
 
 M. Jrnpojis of Arches^ 
 
 The
 
 ^^. Of ArcloiteBure- ^ 
 
 The Height of the Capital ought to be the half Diameter of^ 
 the Column below, and is divided into three parts ; that above 
 fhall be divided into five parts ; three fliall be for the Abacus^: 
 and the other two. parts for the Cymatinm^ the v/hich muft 
 be fubdivided into three parts ; of one is made the Liftella^ or 
 Annulet^ and of the other two, the Schima Re^a. The fecond 
 part isKtivided into three equal parts ^ one is given to the Anmikt, 
 which are three, and are equal ^ the other two which remain, 
 to the Ovolo or Echinus^ whole Projedure is two thirds of its 
 Height. The third principal part of the faid Capital is for 
 the Hypotrachelium or Frize of the Capital given to the Colh- - 
 rim ; the whole Proje6tnrc is the fifth part of the Diameter 
 of the Column. The AJlragal is as high as all the three AnnU' 
 lets, and is in Projedure equal to the Body of the Column be- 
 low. The Annulet or Cincture is half the Height of the y^Jira- 
 gal ; the Projedture thereof is plumb with the Centre cf the laid 
 AJiragal, 
 
 Upon the Capital is made the Arcljitrav^ which is to be in 
 Height half the Thicknefs of the Column, that is to fay, one 
 Model ; it is divided into feven ; of one is made the ^^enia, 
 whofe Projedture muft be equal to its Height. The v/hole is 
 divided into fix parts, one whereof is given to the Guttce, the 
 which ought to be fix in number, and to the Liftella which is 
 under the Tenia^ which is a third of the faid Ctittce, The reft is - 
 divided into feven parts, from the 57^;//^ downwards, three where- 
 of is given to the firft F^/a ?, and four to the iecond. The Frize 
 is in height a Model and a half ; the breadth of the ^rigUph is 
 one Model, and its Capital is the fixth part of a Model. The 
 ^rigliphis. divided into fix parts, two whereof is given to the ■ 
 two Channels in the middle, and one to the half Channels at 
 the Extremities, and the other thrre make the Spaces that are 
 below the faid Channel. The Metopa, that is to f^y, the Space 
 between two 2rigliphs, ought to be as broad as high. 
 
 The Comr<? ought to be in height one Model and a fixth 
 part, and is divided into five parts and a half ^ two whereof is 
 given to tho. Cavetta and. 0^•c/(5 5 the Cavetto \s lefs than. 
 
 ■"* the
 
 Of jitxhkeBure. 45^ 
 
 the OoJC'/f?, as much as is the Lijiella; the other three and half 
 is given to the Corona^ and for the Schima Reverfa, and Schima 
 
 The Ccrona ought to have in Proje6ture fdur-fix parts of the 
 Model ; and on its Plain, which looketh downwards, and pro- 
 jedeth forth, muft have in length fix Guttte, and three in 
 breadth, over the 2r/^//^i'j with their^ Lifts, and over the Me* 
 top.i certain Rofes. 
 
 The Gutta or Bells, anfwer to thofe which are under the 
 Sfenia, which are made in Form like a Bell. 
 
 The Cymatium muft be an eighth part thicker than the Corona^ 
 and is divided into eight parts, two whereof is given to the 
 Orlo or Lijiella^ and fix remain to the Cyniatia^ whofe Prc- 
 jedture is ^Qvtn parts and a half j whereupon the Architravec^ 
 the F/"/^?, and the Cornice fall out to be in height the fourth 
 part of the length of the Column : And thefe are the Meafures 
 of the Cornice, according to fitruvius, from whom I have a 
 little fwerved, altering the Members, and making them a little 
 bigger,. 
 
 A" Scditmt
 
 Of ArchiteBure. 
 
 A 
 
 Schima Ke^a. 
 
 B 
 
 Schima Keverfa. 
 
 C 
 
 Corona. 
 
 D 
 
 Ovolo. 
 
 E 
 
 Cavetto. 
 
 F 
 
 ^he Capitals of the ^rigliph 
 
 H 
 
 ^rigliph. 
 
 I 
 
 ^enta. 
 
 K 
 
 Guttx. 
 
 L 
 
 Trima Fafiia. 
 
 M 
 
 Secunda Fafcia. 
 
 Parts of the Capital. 
 
 N Cymatium. * 
 
 O Abacus. 
 
 P Ovolo, or Echinus. 
 
 Q_ Annulets. 
 
 R Hypotracbelium, crFrizeo . 
 
 S AJlragaL 
 
 T Lijlella, or Cincture. 
 
 G £o^j)' 0/ ?/&^ Column. 
 
 X J'k P/^/w 0/ /^^ Capital, and Model, divided into, thirty 
 
 parts, 
 
 Y ^e Under-part of the Corona. 
 
 H A P.
 
 -^ 
 
 immaiimmaemaamimmm
 
 ^ *.T 
 
 *->)-?> 
 >« 
 
 ^ 
 
 71 ivl F 
 
 Tir 
 
 iAlXlAlX 
 
 % 
 
 z 
 
 T 
 
 m 
 
 pj^j^^ 
 
 T 
 
 ¥ 
 
 H 
 
 's •? 
 
 Z 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ;7 
 
 0-c) ^'t 
 
 8f 
 
 :^>/*
 
 5^^: Of ArctiteBiirei 
 
 e u hv. xvf. 
 
 Of the lonick Order. 
 
 THE lonick Order had its Original in loma, Si Province in 
 y^fia ; and we read, that the Temple of Dlam at Epbefus- 
 was Built of this Order : The Columns, with Capital and Bale, 
 are Nine Models Long ; and by a Model, is underftood the Dia- 
 meter of the Column below. The Architrave, Prize, and Cornice 
 are the fifth Part of the Height of the Column, in the following.. 
 Defign, which is of Columns alone -, the Inter- Columns are of 
 two Diameters and a fourth Part. And this is the faireft and ; 
 moft commodious Manner of Inter-Columns, and by Vitrtivius 
 iscall'd Euftillos. In the other Defign, which is of Arches, the 
 Pilafters are in Breadth a third Part of the Height of the Arch^.. 
 and the Arches are in Height tv/o Squares. 
 
 If
 
 -^t^ 
 
 ^rom the mxddie of cme 
 caiurmve bo the miadle of ike 
 other ther is y 'M^ dells and 
 ^J7 }>arts 
 
 > : • ■'^/''m--i 
 
 -^myX^
 
 Of Jlrcljiteclure. f$ 
 
 Ifyou put a P^dejial to the Column of the Jonick Order, as in 
 the Defign of the Archesy it mull be made as High as half the 
 Breadth of the Light of the Arch, and muft- be divided into 
 fcven Parts and a half ; of two of them fhall be made the Bafe 
 of one ; the Cymatium and a half, which remains, ihall be for- 
 ihG Da do^ or Square of the Pedejial. 
 
 The Bafe of this Order is in Thicknefs half a Model, and is 
 divided into three Parts ; one is for the P-Untb ; its Projedture is 
 the fourth Part of the laid Thicknefs, and confequently the eighth 
 Part of a Model. The other two Parts of- the Bale are divided 
 into leven j of three is made the Upper ^ortii ; the other four 
 are divided again into two Parts, one is given to the Scocia 
 above, and the other to that below, which ought to have more 
 Projedture than the other. 
 
 The y^jiragals ought to have the eighth Part of the Scocia 3 
 the Cin^ure of the Column is the third Part of the ^orus of the 
 Bafe: But if it be fo that you make the Bale join with part of 
 the Column, you mull make the Cin^ tire imaW, (as 1 have alio 
 faid in the Dorick Order ,) the Cin^ure hath in Projejfture half 
 the Projecfture aforelaid. Thele be the M-eafures of the lonick 
 Bale, according^to Vitruvius, 
 
 But becaufe in many Antique Buildings, are leen to this Order" 
 Attick Bales, and to me feems more agreeable upon the Pc- 
 dejialy I have defigned the Attick Bafe with a fmall STorus or 
 Aftragal under the Cin5iure j not omitting therefore to make 
 the Defign thereof as Vitruvius teacheth us. 
 
 The Defigns L are two different Profiles for to make the 
 Impofts of Archesj and of each there are let down theMeafures 
 by Numbers, which Ihew the Part of a Model, as is done in all 
 the other Defigns i thefe Impojis are in Height half as much 
 again as the Thicknels of the Pilafier which fupports the 
 Arch, 
 
 A' Bod^ 
 
 1
 
 5(5 Of ArclnteBttres 
 
 A. Body of the Columiu 
 
 B - S'be ^Jiragaly with the Cin^ure, which are Members of: 
 the Column, 
 
 G V^pY Torus^ 
 
 D 3'he Hollow, called Scocia, ■, 
 
 E ^be Lower i'orus. 
 
 V ^he Plinth fafiend to the Cymatium of the Pedcjial, 
 
 G Cymatium in two 'Forms'\ 
 
 H Dado, or Plain Square ^ofthePedeJlah 
 
 I Bafe in two Forms ^ 
 
 K Orlo, or Plinth, 
 
 L Impojls for the ArcheS' v 
 
 To
 
 ^ 
 
 Jl 
 
 M 
 
 ^j: 
 
 M 
 
 
 Moi.P ^«4- 
 
 K 
 
 ^y^, 
 
 ^k=
 
 Of ArchiteSurd. 6i 
 
 To make the Capital, the Foot of the Column muft be divided 
 into eighteen Parts, and nineteen of fuch Parts is the Breadth 
 and Length of the Abacus, and the haJf is the Height of the l^/)/- 
 tal with the Voluta ; whereupon it becomes to be nine Parts and 
 a half high : One and a half is for the Abacus, with its Cymaii^ 
 urn ; the other eight remains to the Voluta, which is made in this 
 Manner : From the Extremity of the Cymatium within is placed 
 one of the nineteen Parts , and from the Point which is there 
 made is let fall a Line-Plumb, which divides the Vcluta in the 
 middle, and is call'd Catheta ; and where the Point ^d\\s in this 
 Line which feparates the fourPartsand half above, and the three 
 and half below, there is made the Centre of the Eye of the 
 Voluta, whole Diameter is one of the eight Parts , and from tfcs 
 faid Point is drawn a Line which interfects at Right Angie5. 
 The Catheta divides the Voluta into four Parts,- in . the Eye of" 
 which is formed a Square, the bignefs whereof is the half Dia- 
 meter of the faid Eye. The Diagojial Lines being drawn in ir^^ 
 in them are made the Points whereon the fixed- Foot of the Com" 
 pafs is to (land to make the Valuta, and they are (computing the 
 Centre of the Eye) thirteen Centres 3 as to the Order which muft 
 be obferved in them, it appears by the Number placed in the 
 Defign. The AJtragal of the Column is right againft the Eys^f 
 the Voluta ; the Solutes are as thick in the Middle as is the Pro-- 
 je5iure of the Ovolo or Cc/j/w^j-, Which reacheth beyond the 
 Abacus fo much as is the Eye of the roluta i the Hollow of the 
 Voluta is even with the Body of the Column. The AJfragalo^ 
 the Column turns about under the roluta, and is aiv/ays feen, a^ 
 appears in the Platform of the Column j and 'ti^^rratural, that 
 fo flender a thing as is the Vcluta fhauld give way to one io 
 hard as is the AJiragal j and the Voluta is^-always equally diftanc 
 from it. 
 
 They were wont to make in the Angles of Rows of .Columns, 
 or Proches of the '.onick Order, Capitals, which had the Voluta 
 not only in the Front, but alfo in that Parr, that making the C.?- 
 pitalei'i they were wont to do, would be the Flank , whereupon 
 they come ta h'.ve the Front on f.vo- Sides, and ai:^ called ^-Ju" 
 gular Capitals .- And how they made them, 1 {hall demonllrate. 
 in my Book of TeinpUs. 
 
 A Abacus
 
 ^2 Of Archite&ure. 
 
 A Abacus, 
 
 B Hollows of the Voltita. 
 
 C OvolOy cr Echinus. 
 
 D JftYagal under the Echimi 
 
 E CinCfure^ or Amulets 
 
 F Body of the Column. 
 
 G Line calfd Catheta. 
 
 On the Platform of the Capital of the Column the laid Mem-- 
 bers ^re marked with the fame Letters. 
 
 S ^})e Eye of the Voluta in a large Torm, 
 
 Members of the Bafe^ according to Vitruvius. - 
 
 K. B^dy of the Columns. 
 
 L . Cin^ure^ cr Annulet.. 
 
 M ^orus. 
 
 N Scocia prima. . 
 
 O ^ondino, or AJlragaU 
 
 P Scocia fee ujida, 
 
 q^ Orlo, or Plinth. 
 
 B. Proje^ure of the Bafe- 
 
 Tbe
 
 ^^i^2^;^^S^;^2^^^^2E^^^^SS22^^:^^ 
 
 ■'-AM^i^'Wi^ 
 
 ■x>.,o.-,«y>,'^-A-^-'-ap^'^'; 
 
 mMMMMUimMJMliiL^ 
 
 BP«VB»<*mm
 
 V
 
 Of ArchiteBure. 6g 
 
 The Architrave^ Frize, and Cornice, make (as 1 have faid) 
 the fifth Part of the Height of the Column ; and the Whole is 
 divided into twelve Parts, the Architrave four, the Prize three, 
 and the Cornice five: The Architrave is divided into five Parts, 
 of one is made the Cymatium, and the reft are divided into 
 twelve i three are given tothefirft Fafcia3.x\d its Ajtragal^ four 
 to the fecond and its AJiragal^ and five to the third. 
 
 The Cornice is divided into feven Parts 4 j two are given to 
 the Scocia and Ovolo, two to the Modilions, and the \ to the 
 Corona and Schima Ke^a^ and proje<5teth forwards as much as 
 its Thicknefs. 
 
 I have defigned the ^ront, the Flank, and the Platform of 
 the Capital^ the Architrave^ Prize, and Cornice, with their con- 
 venient Sculptures. 
 
 A Schima
 
 70 Of Arch'itc^.ure. 
 
 A Schima Ke6fa. 
 • B Schima Keverfa. 
 
 C Corona. 
 
 D Cymatium of the Modiliom. 
 
 E. Modi lions o 
 
 F Ovolo. 
 
 G . Cavetto. \ 
 
 H iV/zf o 
 
 I Cymatium of the Architrave, 
 
 KLM are the firfi^ fecond^ and third Fafcia, 
 
 Members of the Capital. 
 N Abacus* 
 
 O Hollows of the Voluta, 
 P Ovolo^ or Echinus. 
 Q^ JJiragal of the Column* 
 R Body of the Column* ' 
 
 CHAP
 
 Cf Arclnlcaure. 
 
 CHAP. XVIL 
 
 0/ the Corinthian Order. 
 
 \ T Corinth^ a noble Citv of Peloponnefe, or Mcrea, f rft of 
 j^ all was found the Order whi-.h is call'd Corihihiau, 
 which is more Adorned and Bcaurifitd than any I have yet 
 treated on. 
 
 'I he Columns are like the lomck^ and with the Bafe and 
 Capital joined to them, they are nine Models and a half long. 
 If you make them Fluted, they muft have 24. Plutes or Chan- 
 nels, which muft be made half lb Deep as Broad : The Plains 
 or Spaces between one F4ute and the other muft be a third Part 
 of the Breadth of the faid Flures. The Architrave, Prize, and 
 Cornice are a fifth Part of the Height of the Column ; in the 
 Defign of Columns alone, the Inter-Columns are two Diameters, 
 as is the Portal of St. Maria Rotunda in Rome ; and this Form 
 of Rows of Pillars, is by Vitrwvius call'd Syfiylos. And in 
 that of Arches, the Pilafters are of two Farts of five of the 
 Light of the Arch j and the Light of the Arch is in Height 
 two Squares and a half, the Thicknefs of the firft Arch being 
 comprehended. 
 
 The Fedeji ill under the Cormthian Column muft be in Height 
 a fourth Pare of the Length of the Column j and being divided 
 into eight Parts, one is given to the Cmiatium, two to its B.^fe, 
 and five remains to the Dado or Plane of the Pedejialj the Bafe 
 muft be divided into three Parts, two for the Zocco or Plintby 
 and one to the Cornice. 
 
 The Bafe of the Column is the Attick^ but in this Order it 
 differs from that which is put to the Dcrick Order : In this the 
 Proje^ur'f is the fifth Part of the Diameter of the Column ; 
 whereas in the Dortck it is the fixth Part ; it may alfo vary in 
 fome other Parts, as may be (ten in the Defign, where alio is 
 fet down the hnpojis of the Arches, the which" is in Height one 
 half more than the Thicknels of the Memhetto, that is to fay, 
 the Pilajier which bears up the Arch. 
 
 A Body 
 
 71
 
 ^ 
 
 Mo a 
 
 -Mo^ 3 . MB 1Mb. 2. WBrnm JMo ■ 2 
 
 I.
 
 ^Ir» 
 
 -Front ike ntidcL le of one 
 
 Colutftne to ihe muidU ofthi 
 
 other i^lier i-s 6l7lod.eUs i. 
 
 Ju %
 
 '^ 0/ ArclnteBttre. 
 
 A Body of the Column^ 
 
 B CMure and Afiragals of the Column. * 
 
 C ^he Upper ^crus* 
 
 D Scociay with the Jfiragals. 
 
 E ^he Lower Storus, 
 
 F Orlo^or Plmth of the Bafe, fajlend to the Cymatitm of thff^ 
 PedeJiaL 
 
 G Cimathm T 
 
 H Dado^or Plain t ofthePedefiaL 
 
 1 Gorona of the Bafe- -» 
 
 K. Orlo, or Plinth of the Bafe. 
 
 7he Jmpofls of the Arch is at the Side of the Column. 
 
 The Corinthian Capital ought to be as high as the thicknels of 
 the Column below, and a fixth Pare more, which is allowed to 
 the Abacus ; the reft is divided into three equal Parts, the firft 
 is given to the firft Leaf, the lecond to the fecond ^ and the third 
 is divided again into two, and of that Part next the Abacus is 
 made the Caulicoli, with the Leaves, which feem to fupport them 
 whence they grow -, and therefore the Stalk from whence they 
 grow muft be made thick, and in their Foldings muft diminifh 
 by little and little : The Example hereof is taken from Plant.*? 
 which are bigger at the Root than at the extremity of the 
 Branches. The Bell, which is the Body of the Capital under 
 the Leaves, ought to be, direct to the Bottoms of the Flutes of 
 the Column.. 
 
 To
 
 
 
 >j,-7.u:u^^^ 
 
 UJTVtW 
 
 vti' Viiif Milliw att? 
 
 I 
 
 f^ 
 
 
 ^^^Si:^MZ^^^3^2I3fl2iIIS2ZSS]SS^2^'frZ 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 MO i.P.^4 . 
 
 _^ii.--:.-^r:2^S^'- 4^^^S^:-^>^Nff??^ . 
 
 K
 
 I o Of ArchitcElure' 
 
 To make the Abacus ; that it may have a conv^enient Prcjeofure^ 
 make the Square ABCD, each Side whereof muft be 2^ Model 
 and half; and the Diagonal Lines muft be drawn in it from one 
 Angle to the other ; and where they interfecft each other in the 
 Point E, which is the Middle and Centre of the faid Sqjare, the 
 fixed Foot of the Compafsmuft be placed, and toivafds each An- 
 gle of the Square muft be marked a Model ^ and where the Points 
 FGHI are, the Lines muft be drawn which interiedt at Right 
 Angles with the faid Diagonals^ and that they may touch the 
 fides of the Square in LMNO. Thefe ftiali be the Bounds of 
 the ProjeBure ; and how much the Length is, fo much fhall be 
 the Breadth of the Horns of the Abacus. 
 
 The Curvattire^ or Hollowing of the Abacus, is made by laying 
 along a Thread from one Horn to the other, which is from the 
 Point L to the Point Njthen from the faidPoints draw two Arches 
 of Circles,then fet in one Foot of theCompaffes in the Interfedion 
 at the Point P ; with the other defcribe the Arch, which will 
 make the Hollowing or Curvature of the Ajiragal of the Column, 
 and is fo made, that the Tongues of the Leaves touch it, or rather 
 advance a litcle beyond, and this is their Proje^ure. The Rofe 
 ought to be as largb as the fourth- Part of the Diameter of the 
 Column at the Foot : The Arch trave. Prize, and Cornice, (as I 
 have faid) are to be a fifth-Part of the Height of the Column, 
 and the whole is to be divided into twelve Parts, as in the lonick ; 
 But here is the difference ; in this the Cornice is divided into eight 
 Parts and half ; of one is made the Intabliment, of the other 
 the Dendiculi, of the third the Ovolo, of the fourth and fifth 
 the Modihons, and of the other three and half the Corona and 
 the Scbtma. The Cornice hath as much ProjeSfure as it is high ; 
 the Coffers or Places of the Rofes that go between the Modiltons 
 muft be Square, and the Modtlions as big as half the Plain of the 
 faid Rofes. The Members of this Order have not been marked 
 with Letters, as theforegoing, becaufe by them thefe may ealily 
 be underftood. 
 
 C H A R
 
 ^3 
 
 »f>QffiB>Q«Ma5SCM«SC>5S«i««MMi>ra*ro«>^^ 
 
 'T*"''''^''^?c^W ir/''^^'''^^'''^*^''^"V!j^'M ^^^'^^'■^''^'^^Sv^'^^'s^^ 
 
 MmmMimMkV/MMMMyMJM^yjM^W^'c/ 
 
 ^HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 
 
 n f 
 
 ?.'^y;Avm^'^h.t^';^m'.m'ii^.m7.M-/' 
 
 L 
 
 V"'i II" mm ""' "■I" «' "' ■"" """ ""'I ""■' «nu-mt-w,
 
 Of ArchiteEture^ 
 
 G H A R XVIIL 
 
 Of the Compofita Order. 
 
 THE Compofita Order, which is alfo calTd Roman^ becaufe 
 it was an Invention of the Ancient Rcmans^and is lo call'd, 
 becaufe it partakes of two of the aforefaid Orders ; and the moft 
 Regular and Beautiful, is that which is compounded of the lomck 
 and Corinthian -, it is more flender than the Cormthian ; and may 
 be made like it in all Parts, except in the Capital. 
 
 Thefe Columns ought to be in Length ten Models : In the 
 Defign of Columns alone, the Inter-Columns are one Diameter 
 and a half; and this Manner is call'd by l^itruvius^ Picknojtilos* 
 In thofe of Arches, the Pilafters are half the Light of the Arch, 5 
 and the Arches are in Height under the Vault two Squares and 
 half, that is to fay, two Diameters and half of the Light of the 
 Arch, 
 
 Arid
 
 31/53 . l5E 
 
 Mb. i| 
 
 )Mb . lj^^p>Ib . ixi
 
 90 Of ArchiteBtire. 
 
 And becaufe fas I have faidj this Order ought to be made 
 more neat and llender than the Cori7itbian^ its Pedefial is to be 
 the third Part of the Height of the Column, and is divided into 
 eight Parts and a half j of one Part is made the Cymathm of the 
 5.^;^5 and five and half remains to the Dado or Pljmb, o£ the 
 Vedejial j the Bafe of the Pedeftal is divided into three Parts, 
 two are given to the Zocco or Plinth^ and one to its ^orus with 
 Cymatium* 
 
 ThcBafeof the Column may be made Attick^ as in theG?- 
 rlnthian ; and it may alfo be compounded of xht Attic k^ind 
 the lonick^ as appears in the Defign. The Profile of the Impoft 
 of the Arches is by the fide of the Plain of the Pedefial, and its 
 Height is as much as the Thicknels of the Memhretto. 
 
 The
 
 SJ 
 
 ■i^Mtr«n>f>a 
 
 i:t% 
 
 JH ' JUUUUU ' JUUUi 
 
 r 
 
 '^^^IMS^^^^^S^^^^^W 
 
 'M^ 
 
 Wyy.ffl.-^r^^.^Av.vy^^.iy.->ii-/ 
 
 ^^f^^n^. 
 
 K^^g 
 
 ■/[.vP. *4( 
 
 *^»-l 
 «»-l 
 

 
 94 Of •Arclntecfure. 
 
 The Capital of the Compofita Order hath the fame Meafures 
 as the Corinthian j but it differs from it in the Voluta^Ovolo^Fufa- 
 rolo or Fufe^ which are Members attributed to the Imick ; and 
 the way of making it is thus : From the Abacus downwards 
 the Capital is divided into three Parts, as in the Corinthian : 
 The firft is given to the firft Leaves, the fecond to the fecond, 
 and the third to the Valuta, which is made in the fame Manner, 
 and with the fame Points with the which the lonick is faid to 
 be made, and takes up fo much of the Ahacusy that it feems to 
 grow out of the Onjolo near the Flowers which are put in the 
 middle of the Curvatures of the faid Abacus,jindi\s as Thick in 
 the Front as the Breadth of the Horns thereof, and a little more : 
 The Ovolo is as big as three Parts of five of the Abacus, and its 
 lower Part begins right againft the lower Part of the Eye of the 
 Voluta : It hath in Proje6fure i Parts of its Height, and is with 
 its Proje^ure perpendicular to the Hollow oiitit Abacus, ox a 
 little more. 
 
 The Fufe is a third Part of the Height of the Ovolo^ and hath 
 in Proje^ure fomething more than the half of its Thicknefs, 
 and turns about the Capital under the Voluta, and is alwaj^s 
 feen. The Gardctten or Moulding, which goes under the Fufe, 
 and makes the Orlo of the Bell of the Capital, is the half of the 
 Fuje : The Body of the Bell anfwers dired with the Bottom of 
 the Flutes of the Column -, of this fort I have feen one at Kome^ 
 from which I have drawn the faid Meafures, becaufe it appeared 
 to me very beautiful, and well order'd. 
 
 There are Capitals made aOier another Manner, which may be 
 calfd Compofita, of which fhall be difcourfed, and the Figures 
 thereof fhall be put in my Books of Antiquities. 
 
 The Architra've, Frize, and Cornice are the fifth Part of the 
 Height of the Column ; and their Compartiments may be well 
 known by that which hath been faid before in the other Orders, 
 ajid by the Numbers placed in the Defign. 
 
 C H A P.
 
 
 SSE3ZSSSnS3ESSZ3S!2I5SSI3CSZSZ]EZS3ES!S 
 
 
 l^.i i,''^-'«'AJi^A l AKj- ' J - i ' ^i'; ' . ' N j j - ■ j'U ' i ' ■ ' ' I ' A»- ' A F ^.M. i r t 'rm 
 
 ■L-. '-.-V.V.'J.'A'y^. k',UA',.J.'t;A..V.JTAWa... X•A>^>'.^ ■k 
 
 K 
 
 \"^r"'"" 
 
 V.^Kl^.^XtV.^.^J^^^.^-^^^'..^ 
 
 r 
 
 
 imr^^\y^'i/m.mmJA'JA'9fj* ^^^j^^i\siMJAvi! ::r^ 
 
 O
 
 Of Architeclure. 
 
 CHAP. XIX. 
 
 Of Pedeftah. 
 
 Hitherto I have difcourfed (what tome feemed convenient j 
 of Walls, and their Ornaments, and in particular touching 
 the Pedefials^ which may be applied to every Order ; But 
 becaufe it appears that the Ancients had not a regard to make 
 the Pedejlal bigger for the one Order than for the other, although 
 this Part much adds to the Beauty and Ornament, when it is 
 made with Dilcretion and Proportion to the other Parts ^ to 
 the end that the Archited:s may take notice, and ferve them- 
 lelves, upon Cccafion, and know that they made them ibmetimes 
 Square, that is to fay, as long as broad, as, in the Arch Dl Lioni 
 at Verona ; and thefe I have affigned to the Dorick Order, becauie 
 it requires Solidity ; fometimes they are made taking the Mca- 
 furefrom the Light of the Arch, as in theArchof2l///jat San^a 
 Maria Nova in Rome, and in that of I'rajan on the Gate of 
 Ancona^ where the Pedefial is half the Height of the Light of the 
 Arch, and of that kind of Pedejlal 1 have put to the lonick 
 Order , and fometimes they took the Meafure from the Height 
 of the Column, as is feen at Sufa^ a City fituate at the Foot of 
 the Mountain which divides Italy from France^'m the xlrch made 
 to the Yionout o^ Augtift us Ccefjir^ and in the Arch of P(?/^,aCity 
 o? Dalmatian 2ind\ni\\G Amphitheatre of Rome, in the lonick 
 and Corinthian Order j in which Building the Pedefial is the 
 fourth Part of th€ Height of the Column, as I have made in 
 the Corinthian Order. In Verona, in the Arch Di Cajlel Veccbio 
 which is very beautiful, the Pedejlal is a third of the Heicrht of 
 the Column, as I have put in the Compofita Order ; and thefe 
 are the handfomeft Forms of Pedejlals, and have the bed Propor- 
 tion with their other Parts. And when Vitriivius, diicourfing of 
 Theatres, makes mention of the Poggioyyou may know that the 
 
 Poggio
 
 102 Of Archite^itre> 
 
 Poggio is the fame with the Pedejiat^ which is the third of the 
 Length of the Column, put for Ornament of the Scene j but of 
 Pedejlah, which exceed a third of the Column, fuch are fcGn 
 at Rome in the Arch of Conflantinc^ where the Pedejials are two 
 Parts and a half of the Height of the Column ; and almoft in all 
 the ancient Pedejials the Bafes are obferv'd to have been made 
 twice as big as the Cymatium, (as is {^&n in my Book of 
 Arches.) 
 
 G H A R XX. 
 
 Of Errors. 
 
 HAvitig let down the Ornaments of the Architedure, that 
 is to fay, the five Orders, and fhewn how they are 
 made, and laid down the Profiles of each of their Parts, which 
 I found that the Antients did obferve j it feems to me not unfit 
 here to acquaint the Reader of many Abufes, which being 
 brought in by the Barbarous, are yet ohlerved ^ to the end that 
 that the Studious in this Art may avoid them in their own 
 Works, and underftand them in others. 
 
 I fay then, that Architecture (as other Arts are) being an 
 Imitatrix of Nature,accounts nothing Tolerable, which is eflran- 
 ged and differs from that which is Natural : Wherefore we fee 
 that thofe Ancient Architedls who built with Timber, when 
 they began to build with Ston? , diied:ed that the Columns 
 might be lefs at the Top than at the Foot ; taking Example from 
 Trees, which are lefs at the Top than in the Trunk, and near 
 the Root. Likewife, becaufe it is very convenient that thofe 
 Things upon which any great Weight is put, fhould be prefTed, 
 under the Column they put a Baje., which vith their ^orus and 
 Scocia feem by the Burthen over them to befwelled ; fo alfo 
 
 in.
 
 Of ArchiteBitre. 1 o j 
 
 in the Cornices they bring in the ^rigliphs^ Modilicns^ and the 
 Dentils^ which fhould reprefent the Heads of the Joifts, which 
 in the Ceiling are placed to bear up the Roof! The fame may 
 be obferved in all other Parts, if you are Curious : And being fo, 
 you cannot but blame that Form of Building which deviates from 
 that which Nature inftrudeth, and from that Simplicity which 
 is directed in Things by her produced, framing (as it were^ ano- 
 ther Nature, and departs from the true, good, and handfome 
 Manner of Buildings j for which rcafon you ought not (inftead of 
 Columns oxPilajiers^ which are to bear up fome great Weight) ta 
 place Cartouches^ which are certain Scroles, which to the Intelli- 
 gent feem Deformed, and to the Ignorant, rather Confufion than 
 Pleafure ; nor do they produce other EfFe6ls than encreafe the 
 Charge of the Builders. Likewife you muft not make any of 
 thofe Cartouches come out of the Cornice ; for it is requifite that 
 all the Parts of the Cornice be made to fome End, and to make 
 appear what it would be if the Work were framed of Timber. 
 And befides, being it is convenient that, to uphold a great Weight, 
 fomething folid and fit to fupport that Weight be requiVed, 
 <jueftionleis thofe CartoncJ:^s are altogether fuperfluous, becaufe 
 it is impofHble that any Timber whatever could really perform 
 what theie. feem ; for feigning it felf to be loft and gentle, 
 I know not by what Rule they put them under any thing 
 heavy and hard. But that which (in my Opinion^ imports 
 much, is the Abufe in making Frontifpieces of Doors, Win- 
 dows, and Galleries divided in the Middle, becaufe they were 
 made to defend the Inhabitants from Rain ; I know nothing 
 more contrary to Natural Reafon, than to divide and open 
 that Part which the Antients, inftrudted by Neceffity it felf, 
 did make Whole, and raifed in the middle, to Ihew that it 
 ought to ferve to defend the Inhabitants of the Houfe, and 
 thofe that enter therein, from Rain, Snow, and Hail. A.nd al- 
 though Variety and Novelty ihould pleafe ail, yet we are not to 
 go againfl the Precepts of Art, and that which Reafon demon- 
 ftrates ; whence we iee, that although the Antients did vary, yet 
 they never departed from the general and neceflfary Rules of Art," 
 (as may be feen in my Book of Antiquities.') AJfoconcerningthe 
 
 Proje6turc
 
 104 Of j^rchiteBtire. 
 
 Projedure of the Cornice 2ind other Ornaments, 'tis no fmalt 
 Abule, in making them come too forward , becaufe when they 
 exceed that which according to Reafon is fit for the m, eipecially 
 if they be in a clofe Place, they feem narrow and uncomely, and 
 put Fear in thole which ftand underneath, threatning always to 
 Fall i you ought as much to avoid making the Cornice dlfpropov 
 tionable to the Column; putting great Cornices upon little Co- 
 lumns, or upon little Columns great Cornices, who doubts but 
 that fuch a Building will leem very ill-favour'd ? Befides, to 
 make the Columns feem to be of feveral Parts, making Rings 
 and Wreathings about them, as it were to hold them together, 
 ou'^ht as much as may be to be avoided ; becaufe how much the 
 more intire and ftrong the Columns appear, fo much the more 
 they perform the Defign for which they are placed, which is co 
 render the Work above fecure and firm. Many other-like A- 
 bufes might be reckoned up, as of fome Members which in the 
 Cornices are made difproportionableto the other ; which by what 
 I have fhewn before, and by that which is now faid, may be eafi- 
 ly known. It remains now, to come to the difpofing of the Par- 
 ticular and Principal Parts of the Building. 
 
 C H A P. XXI^ 
 
 0/ Galleries, Entries, Halls, Anti- 
 Chambers and Chambers, and of 
 their Proportions. 
 
 GAllerieSjfor the mofl part, are wont to be made on the 
 Wings and Sides, or on the Fv:ont ; they ferve for many 
 Accommodations,as Walking,Eating, and other Divertifements, 
 and they are made bigger or leiter, according to the Greatnefs 
 and Conveniency of the Building ; but ordinarily they ought 
 
 not.
 
 Of Architecture. 
 
 105' 
 
 not to have lefs than 16, 18, and 20 Foot in Breadth, and in 
 great Buildings unto 24 j _ and their Length at five times their 
 Breadth, fix, leven, or eight at mofl. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Let A A reprefent a Gallery^ the Breadth whereof is A B ; you 
 muft give it in Length five times its Breadth unto the Number 
 marked 5, or fix times unto the Number 6, or feven times unto 
 the Number 7, or laftiy, eight times unto the Number 8, which 
 is the greateft Length allowed to Galleries. 
 
 
 2, 
 
 4^ S 
 
 7 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 / > 
 
 And befides, every Houfe well compofed, ought to have in 
 the middle and chiefeft Part fome Place to the which all the 
 other Part of the Houfe may relate and appertain j which Place- 
 vulgarly is call'd Entry J Lobby ^ or Pajfage^ if it be below ; and 
 the H;///,if it be above, and is in the Houfe as a Common Place, 
 for it ferves to entertain thofe who attend the Mailer's going 
 forth, to I'llute him, and negotiate with him ; and fuch Places 
 are the firft Part of the Houfe that prefent themfelves to thofe 
 that would enter therein. The Halls lerve for Feafts, Nup- 
 tials, and Banquets, to a6t Comedies, and to take other fuch- 
 like Pleafures and Enjoyments ; therefore it is that thefe Places 
 ought to be greater than other, and of a capacious Form, to the 
 End,that many Perfons may commodioufly be there entertained 
 and behold what is done. 
 
 Of the Proportion which the Halls ought to have. 
 
 As for my part, I have not been accuftomed to allow to the 
 Length oi Halls lefs than twice their Breadth, or twice and ? or \ 
 
 P . Parr
 
 fo6' Of ArchiteBure. 
 
 Part of the Breadth at moft. And to great Buildings you may- 
 allow the Length to be three times the Breadth, whereupon 
 they will be lb much the more Beautiful and Convenient. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Let A A prefent a Hall^ the Breadth whereof is A D, having. 
 24 Foot i within the Work you may allow the Length twice the 
 Breadth unto the Number marked 2 -, to wit 48 Foot in Length 
 for 24 Foot in Breadth, or twice the Breadth, and i more unto 
 the Number marked 2 i, to wit, 54 Foot long for 24 Foot broad, 
 or twice the Breadth, and i more unto the Number marked 2 .'5 
 to wit 5^6 Foot long for 24 Foot broad ; or laftly, to great Build- 
 ings the Hall m^y have in Length three times the Breadth unto 
 the Number marked 3, to wit, 72 Foot loong for 24 F.oot broad*. 
 
 The Anti'Chamhers and Chamhers ought to be {o divided 
 that they fall on each Side of the Entry, and of the Hall ; 
 and you muft take heed that thofe on the Right Hand may an- 
 fwer and be equal to thofe on the Left,to the end that the Build- 
 ing may be on one Side as on the other, and the Walls bear 
 equally the Burden of the Roof. 
 
 Of the Proportion of Anti-Chambers, 
 
 A well proportion'd Anti-Chamher ought to have in Length 
 the Diagonal-'LinG of the Square of the Breadth, or the Breadth 
 and 4 at moll. 
 
 Example
 
 Of ArchtteBure. 
 
 Example of the firjl Bignefs of Anti-Cbamhers, 
 
 107 
 
 Let ABCD be a Square, whereof each Side is 24 Foot ; 
 and the Diagon^l-lAnQ thereof being drawn AC, the fame Length 
 that the Diagonal is of, you muft give to thefaid Anti-Chamber 
 from A unto E, and from D unto E, in this manner. 
 
 B 1?; 
 
 ii"— fi-f ■ I III - -**. 
 
 The Attti'Chamhtr will have 34 Foot in Length to 24 Foot 
 in Breadth. 
 
 P s 
 
 Exmph
 
 ia8 
 
 Of ArchiteBure. 
 
 •Example of the Second Eigne [s of Anti-Chamlevs. 
 
 Let ABCD be a Square, of which each Side is 24 Foot, as 
 before, and to the faid ABCD the half their Length, to wit, 
 12 Foot from B to F, and from Cto G, you fhall make the; 
 Antt'ChamheYS 26 Foot in Length to 24 Foot in Breadth. 
 
 A ?2 , 72 S 72. \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 o(S 
 
 l> 
 
 v_ 
 
 n 
 
 Of the Proportion of Ch anthers. 
 
 As foF the Chambers^ you may make therefore five Sorts and 
 Proportions ; for they are either Square, or they may be iii- 
 Length their Breadth, with an eighth Part, a feventh, a fixth^ 
 or a fifth Part above their Breadth. 
 
 Exampie
 
 Of ArclJttecliire. 
 
 Example of the Firji Bignefs of Chambers. 
 
 Let ABCD be a perfed: Square, of which the four Sides 
 and the four Angles may be equal, this Ihall be the Bignefs of. 
 the Chamber. 
 
 log 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 J) 
 
 c 
 
 Example of the Second. 
 
 ep- 
 
 Let A B C D be a Square, whereof each Side is 24 Foot , 
 you may divide one of the faid Sides into eight equal Parts, 
 whereof each maybe three Foot , add one of the faid Parts to 
 the Side A B, and continue it to E, and as much to the Side 
 DC continue to F, and you will make the Chamber 2*] Voot 
 
 Long, to the 24 Foot Broad, 
 
 Examph-
 
 110 Of ArchiteEture. 
 
 Example of the ^bird. 
 
 Let ABCD be a Squdre, as before, of 24 Foot to each 
 Side ; divide the Side of A B into feven equal Parts ; add to it 
 one, continuing the fame to E, and the Side D C unto F, the 
 faid Cbamher will have 27 Foot 5 Inches and t Fart in Length, 
 to 24. Foot in Breadth. 
 
 Exafnple of the Fourtb. 
 
 Let ABCD, as before, be Square, having on each Side 24 
 Foot: Divide one of the Sides, as A B, into fix equal Parts ; add 
 thereunto one of the faid Parts, drawing the faid Side unto E, 
 and DC unto F, you will make the Cbamher 28 Foot Long, to 
 24 Foot Broad. 
 
 :e X 
 
 '•111 
 
 1 2 S^SC 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 C P 
 
 Exmph
 
 Of Architethtre. \\\ 
 
 Example of the Ftftb and laji Bignefs of Chambers. 
 
 Let the Figure ABCD be as before, each Side thereof to be 
 24 Foot : Divide one of the Sides into five equal Parts i add 
 one of the faid Parts, drawing the Side A B unto E, and DC 
 unto F, you will make the Chamber 24 Foot 9 Inches, and 7 7 
 in Length, to 24 Foot in Breadth. 
 
 B :& 
 
 CHAP.
 
 f 12 0/ j^rchitedure. 
 
 C H A P. XXIL 
 
 O/Floors and Super fides ; ofDepgrt^ 
 meats, Planchers^^^i^iFlat Ceilings. 
 
 AFter having feen the Forms of Galleries, Halls, Anti-Cham- 
 bers, and Chambers ; it is needful to Difcourfe oi Floors 
 or Superficies, of Departments, Planchers, and Flat Ceilings. 
 Floors or Superficies may be of Square Tiles, or hard Stone, 
 . or of Marble, or fmall Squares of Carpenters Work, and may 
 
 be made of divers Sorts, and divers Colours, accordins: to the 
 variety of the Materials, which render them very agreeable 
 to the Eye : In Lodging Chambers they are feldom made of 
 Marble, or other hard Stone, becaufe in the Winter they will 
 be too cold j but in Galleries, or other Publick Places, they 
 will agree very well. 
 
 ^his foH of Floors of fmall Squares of Carpenters Work may- 
 be feen at Somerfet-Houfe j which, being a Novelty in Eng- 
 land, / thought good to prefent the Defign thereof, although not in 
 -my Author. 
 
 You
 
 Of ArchiteBtire. 115 
 
 You muft take heed that the Hall, A^tti-Chambcrs, and Cham- 
 hers which are of the fame Story, may have all the Floors or 
 Pavements equal, in fuch manner that the Threfiiolds may not 
 be higher than the reft. 
 
 The I'lanchers are alio made divers ways ^ for fome there 
 are that take pleafiire to make them very handfbme, of well - 
 wrought Joifts ; where you may take notice, that the Joifts muft 
 be diftant the one from the other the Thicknefs of a Joift and 
 half, and fo the Ceiling will be very handfome : And there will 
 be fo much Wall between the Ends of the Joifts, as will be fuffi- 
 cient to bear up the Walls about it; whereas if they ftand wider 
 one from the other, it will be very ill-favour'd j and if clofer, 
 'twill be as a dividing of the upper Wall from the lower ; and 
 if the Joifts rot, or beconfumed by Fire, the Wall, of neceffity, 
 muft be ruin'd. 
 
 Others will have Compartments of Plaifter, or Wood, enrich- 
 ing them with Pi<5tures, and guilded Work, and Beautify them 
 according to their various Humo urs; wherefore in this there cari 
 be given no certain or determinate Rules. 
 
 9^^^l^i^\^^ii-:^iS,<^<^i^^i^^'Jii^^^iS'^^<l^ii^li^ 
 
 CHAP. XXIIF- 
 
 Of the Height ^/ Halls, Anti-Cham- 
 bers, and Chambers. 
 
 HAlls, Anti-Chambers J and Chambers are made either Arched, 
 or Flat : If you make them Flat, divide the Breadth into 
 three Parts, and two of thofe Parts ft.all be the Height of the 
 Story, from the Floor to the Joift. 
 
 Q 2 Exavjple
 
 11(5 
 
 Of ArchiteBure. 
 
 Example of the Firfi H?#? 0/ Halls, Anti-Chambers, 
 and Chambers, 
 
 Let the Figure M reprefent the Chamber^ whofe Height you 
 would find, which fuppofe to have in Breadth 24 Foot within 
 the Work, which (hall be divided upon the Line A B into three 
 equal Parts, with Points, where is marked the Numbers 1,2, ;, 
 each Part being 8 Foot ; two of each Parts fhall be the Height 
 of the Chamber^ to wit, 16 Foot from the Floor to the Joift. 
 
 f 
 
 >M«*nMMnBI«M«««HS«|PRBI^ff>*(. 
 
 K 
 
 a { 2 ? 
 
 And if you would have it Higher, the Breadth muft he 
 divided into feven Parts ; take thereof five, which will give the 
 Height. 
 
 Eaarfjpk
 
 Of ArchiteBure. 
 
 Example of the Second Height, 
 
 117 
 
 Let the Figure N be of the fame Breadth as the foregoing, 
 to wit, 24. Foot within the Work, which Ihall be divided upon 
 the Line A B into feven equal Parts; tike thereof five to make 
 the Height of the Story AC and B D, the faid Height will be 
 1 7 Foot 2 Inches from the Floor unto the Joifts. 
 
 Or divide the faid Height into four Parts, and three of thofe 
 Parts v/iU likewife give a greater Height, 
 
 Exanipk
 
 1 1 8 Of ArchkeElttre. 
 
 Example of the 'J'bird Height^ yet higher. 
 
 Let the Figure O be of the fame Breadrh as the former, to 
 wit,of 24 Foot within the Work, which fhall be divided upon 
 the Line A B iiito four equal Parts, three whereof you mull 
 take for the Height of the Storvj fo it will be of 18 Foot from 
 the Floor to the Joifl. 
 
 CHAP. XXIV, 
 
 Of the Proportion of the Height of 
 Chambers of the Second ^tory. 
 
 THE Height of Cbamhers of the Second Story fliall be a 
 Twelfth Part lels than the Chambers below. 
 
 Example of the Height of the Second Story in the 
 Figure marked M. 
 
 Be it, as it is faid in the Figure marked M, its firft Story 
 1 6 Foot from the Floor to the Joift, divide the faid 16 Foot into 
 
 Twelve
 
 Of ArchiteBiire. no 
 
 Twelve equal Parts ; take Eleven, which will make 14 Foot 
 8 Inches for the Height of the Second Story from the Floor to 
 the Joift. 
 
 Example of the Second Story of the Figure marked N. 
 
 Be it, as it is faid in the Figure marked N, its Firft Story of 
 1 7 Foot 2 Inches High from the Floor to the Joitl, divide the 
 faid 17 Foot 2 Inches into Twelve equal Parts, take thereof j i, 
 which will make 15 Foot 7 Inches for the Height of the Second' 
 Story from the Floor to the Joift. 
 
 Example of the Height of the Second Story of the Figure O. 
 
 Be it, as it is faid in the Figure O, its Firft Story of 1 8 Foot 
 from the Floor to the Joift, divide the faid 18 Foot into T.\elve 
 equal Parts, take thereof 11, which will make 16 Foot and 
 a half for the Height of the Second Story from the Floor to 
 the Joift. 
 
 ■f 
 
 CHAP. XXV. 
 
 Of the Proportion of Halls, Anti- 
 Chambers, and Chambers of the 
 Firft iStory, which are Arched. 
 
 IN great Buildings, xhtHall^ Anti-Cktmbers^and other Rooms 
 of the Firft Story, may be Arched j whereupon they' will be 
 much more handfome, and lefs fubjed to Fire : Their Height is 
 made by dividing the Breadth into fix Parts ^ and thereof take 
 five, which will give the Height that it ought to have from the 
 Floor or Superficies, unto the Bottom of the Key of the Arch. 
 
 Example
 
 Jim-\J 
 
 Of jdrchiteBure. 
 
 JJxawple of the Firjl Height of Halls, Anti-Chambers, and 
 Chambers which are Arched. 
 
 Let the Figure marked A be of 24 Foot in Breadth, more or 
 lefs, and be divided into fix equal Parts 5 take thereof five 
 which will make it 20 Foot high from the Floor unto the bottom 
 of the Key of the Arch. 
 
 4^ 
 Z 
 
 
 7 2.5 ^< S 6 
 
 And if you would have one higher, you muft divide the 
 faid Breadth into eight Parts, and feven thereof fliall be th« 
 Height. 
 
 Biiampk
 
 Of ArchiteBiire. 121 
 
 Example of the Second Height. 
 
 Let the Figure B, having the fame Breadth as the former ^4 
 Foot within the Work, be divided into eight equal Parts, and 
 take thereof feven, which will make 21 Foot for the Hei^^ht 
 from the Floor unto the bottom of the Key of the Arch. ^^ 
 
 7 2 i "^S^JS 
 
 And if you divide tlie fame ^Breadth into Twelve Parts, you 
 mull take thereof Eleven, which will make it higher. 
 
 Example of the ^bird, yet higher. 
 
 Let the Figure C be of 24 Foot broad within the Work, as 
 the former i divide the 24 Foot into Twelve equal Parts, take 
 thereof Eleven, which make 22 Foot in height from the Floor 
 unto the bottom of the Key of the Arch. 
 
 G H A P.
 
 iZ:i Of ArcloiteBure. 
 
 CHAP. XXVf . 
 
 Of the Proportion of the Height of 
 Gharnbers of the Record Story. 
 
 TUECbimbei's o{ the Second Story muft be raifed a fixth 
 Part lefs than the Cbamhers below. 
 
 Example of tbs Height of the Second Story of the 
 Figure marked A. 
 
 Be it, as it is faid in the Figure marked A, its Firfl: Story of 
 20 Foot in Height, from the Floor unto the bottom of the Key 
 of the Arch j divide the faid 20 Foot into fix equal Parts , take 
 thereof five, which will make the Second Story 16 Foot 8; 
 Inches from the Floor to the Johft. 
 
 Example of the Height of the Second Story of tbs 
 Figure marked "Q: 
 
 Beit, as it is faid in the Figure B, its FirftStory of2r Foot 
 in Height from the Floor unto the bottom of the Key of the 
 Arch 5 divide the laid 21 Foot into fix equal Parts 3 take thereof 
 five, which will make the Second Story 1 7 Foot 6 Inches in. 
 Height from the Floor unto the Joift. 
 
 Example, of the Height of the Second Story of the 
 Figure marked C 
 
 Be it, as it is faid in the Figure marked G, its Firfl Story is- 
 of 22 Foot in Height from the Floor unto the bottom of the Key 
 of the Arch j divide the faid 22 Foot into fix equal Parrs ; take 
 thereof five, which will make the Second Story 18 Foot 4. 
 Inches in Height from the Floor unto the bottom of the Key of 
 the Arch... CHAP.
 
 Of ArchitcElure. T2'} 
 
 C HAP. XXVIL 
 
 Of the Proportion of the Third Story. 
 
 IF you would make above the Second Scory an Antique dr 
 Third Story, the Second muft always be divided into twelve 
 equal Parts, nine v/hereof will give the Height of the Third 
 Story from the Floor unto the bottom of the Joift. 
 
 In the Building of C/j'iyw^ffrj, you ought to have regard as well 
 to the Place of the Bed, which is ufually fix or feven Foot 
 ^Square i and thePafTage, as well as to the Situation of the Chim- 
 ney, which for this Confideration ought not to placed juft 
 in the middle, but diftant from it about 2, or 2 Foot and a 
 half, to the end it may make room for the Bed j and by this 
 means the Inequality is little difcerned, if it be not in Buildings 
 the Breadth at leaft of 24 Foot within the Work^ and in thi^ 
 Cafe it may be placed juft in the middle. 
 
 *, *, ,^ .*, •*^ .-*, ,*, •*•, *, _*, *, *_. *, ;*•, *, -^«, _*, *, -jfe-, ,*. *. *, *, *, *-. 
 
 tilfej w J '-Sj ciSi vJb <^:j «&i tiib -jLo ciiJ ciSi 'Ji^j «*sj ciliJ iu> iii cio cSi (JiiL: ciiSs •Ji; tij^; cSs cSj ulij 
 
 C H A P. XXVIII. 
 
 Of the Height of Galleries. 
 
 THE Lower Galleries muft be as high as the the Halls^ J^nt'r- 
 Chawhers^ and CJjarnhcrs of the Firft Story, to the end that 
 ■^one may enter therein on even Ground, which fs to be under- 
 ftood then when the faid hower Galleries have the lame Framing 
 v/ith the faid H^ill, Anti-Chambers, and Chambers, whole 
 Floors ought ordinarily' to be raifed higher than the Ground- 
 work of the Court about two Foot at leaft, or of three or four 
 Foot, and is afcended by Steps, which ought not to have more 
 than fix Inches in Height, nor lefs than four, and in Breadth one 
 Foot, or at the moft 15 or 16 Inches, 
 
 R 2 But
 
 124 Qf jirchtteclttre. 
 
 But if the Galleries be made all open, fo as they enter into it 
 from the Court ; in this cafe you may lay the Floor lower than 
 the neighbouring Rooms, and 'twill fuffice that the laid Floor be 
 one Foot higher than the Ground- work of the Court ^ thus do- 
 ing 'twill appear very graceful ; for by this means they come 
 n-ear to the fair Proportion which they ought to have in their 
 Height from the Floor or Superficies unto the bottom of the Key 
 of the Arch, and their Entrance is by Steps which are between 
 the opening of the Arches. 
 
 CHAP. XXIX. 
 Oj the juft Proportion which the Upper Galleries 
 ought to have. 
 
 ^"|~^HE Upper Galleries are made either Flat or Arched ; if 
 A Flat, they mufV be as high as broad : Galleries which are 
 Arched muft be as high as broad, with a fifth, fourth, or third 
 Part over and above their faid Breadth. 
 
 CHAP. XXX. 
 
 Of the Meafures of Doors and Windows, 
 
 THE certain and determinate Meafures cannot be given of 
 the Height and Breadth of Principal Gates of Buildings : 
 Not of Doorj and U^indows of Chambers-, becaufe, for to make 
 the Principal Cates^ the Architect muft accommodate them to 
 the Greatnefs of the Building, and the Quality of the Mafter, 
 and the Ufe that is to be made of them j neverthelefs, we will 
 not. omit to give the Meafures following. 
 
 CHAP
 
 Of Architect lire. 125 
 
 CHAP. xxxr. 
 
 of the Proportion of Principd Gates, 
 
 PRincipal Gates of Entrance, where Coaches and Waggons 
 ought to pais,, and other luch Neceflaries, muft not have 
 lefs than ieven and a half, eight, or nine Foot, and to great 
 Buildings, unto ten or twelve Foot in Breadth. 
 
 Their Height muft be their Breadth and half at leaft ; and 
 to have it well proporcion'd, you muft give it in Height twice 
 their Breadth. 
 
 /(»\ /m:-\ '»,\ /jfc\ /^\ /»; 
 
 CHAP. XXXIL 
 Of the Proportion of Inner- Doors, 
 
 DOors within the Houfe, in the leaft Building, ought not to 
 have le(s than two Foot and a half in Breadth, and five 
 Foot and a half in Height : Thole from three to four Foot 
 broad muft have in Height twice their Breadth j and to great 
 Buildings you may allow ev*n to five or fix Foot in Breadth, 
 and the Height douWe, and {bmetimes a fifth or fourth Part 
 lefs than their Breadth. 
 
 The Antients were wont to make their Doors narrower above 
 than below, as may be feen in a Church which is at T'tvoli, 
 fas Vitruvius teacheth^ ) and it. ii likely they did fo, to give 
 them more Force. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 iz6 ^0/ JrchtteEhire^ 
 
 c H A p, xxxnr. 
 
 of the Proportion cf \Vindo\vs« 
 
 f I "HE Apertures of IVindo'-jos muft have 4 Foot and half, or 
 
 I 5 Foot, and to great Buildings unto 6. ; between the two 
 
 ^aums their Height muft be at leaftdouble their Breadth ^andto 
 
 ■make them comely and well-proportioned, a fourth Part, a 
 
 -third, or a half Part more than the Breadth : And according 
 
 -to the Bignefs of theie, you may make all the refl in the other 
 
 Rooms of the fame Story ; but thofe of the Second Story ought 
 
 to be lower by one twelfth Part than thofe of the Firft j and if 
 
 you make iVmdows above them, you ought to make them a 
 
 fourth Part lower than thofe in the Second. 
 
 G H A p. XXXIV. 
 Of the Proportion of Soils of Windows. 
 
 THE Soils of Ulndoiji's mufl have 2 Foot 8 Inches, unt<5 
 3 Foot at moft in Height. The ?r^7;yow7j',or Crols-pieces 
 ^o^lVindoijcs^ mud be 4 or 5 Inches Thick ; their Rehoites mufi: 
 be from i Inch and half unto 2 Inches at moft, to the end they 
 may have greater Strength, and that the Frames of Wood 
 which carry the Shutters may have convenient Strength. The 
 Jaums of li'indows muft be much rebated and let in from 
 2 Inches and 7 to 3 Inches at leaft, to the end that the Wooden 
 Frame-3 may be flrong, and join to the Wall j when the Wall is 
 thin, the Shutters of the li'indcws ought to fhut over the 
 Rebates the half, or one third only , alfo it is needful to divide 
 the iaid Shutters, that they may not be a hindrance to the Cham- 
 ber, nor oblcuve the Tight. 
 
 C H A K
 
 Of Arclntcchirc. 127 
 
 CHAP. XXXV, 
 
 Eides to Ic obferved in making Doors 
 and Windows. 
 
 N making iVindoivs, you are to take heed that you do not 
 give them more or Jefs Light than isnecefrary,nor make them 
 wider or narrower than is needful j wherefore you ought to 
 have regard to the Greatnefs of the Places which fhould re- 
 ceive the Light, it being evident that a great Room hath ntcd of 
 more Light, than a little one : So that if the IVindoivs be made 
 lefs than they ought to be, the Place will be obfcure and Dark. 
 And becaufe in Houfes fome Chambers are made larg.e, Tome in- 
 different, fome little, you muft take great Care that all rhe Wiw 
 doinjs may be equal one with the other in their Rank,, and Or- 
 der, fo that thofe on the Pvight Hand may anfwer thofe on the 
 Left, and thofe above may be right over thole below. Like- 
 wife the Doors muft be right over one another, to the end than 
 the Void may be upon the Void, and the Full upon the Full : 
 Moreover, let the Doors be placed in fuch manner, that one 
 may fee from one end of the Houfe to the other, which is very 
 graceful : And befides, 'tis cool in Summer, and hath many 
 other Conveniencies. 
 
 It is very fecure to turn Arches over Doors and JVindowSy 
 which Arches do difcharge and hinder that the Doors and Win- 
 dows be not prefled with too much Weight, which is of greac 
 Importance for the Laftingnefs of Buildings. 
 
 The IVindozvs muft be conveniently diftant from the Corners 
 and Angles of the Buildings becaufe that Part ought not to be 
 open and infeebled, whofe office is to fupportand faftcn all the 
 reft of the Building,. 
 
 € H A F^
 
 iz8 Of ArchiteBure. 
 
 CHAP. XXXVL 
 
 0/ the jud Proffort/oft which the Pilafters <7f Doors aKi/Wia- 
 dews oi^ght to have /« Thicknefs and Proje^ure. 
 
 Plhjlen of Doors and H^indom ought not to be Thicker than the fifth 
 Part of their Aperture, nor lefs than a fixth. 
 The Projeclure oi ViUJlers \n general, is found, by dividing their 
 Thicknefs into fix Parts, and one of thofe Parts muft be the ProJeBme 
 tbey ought to have. 
 It remains, to fee their Ornaments. 
 
 CHAR XXXVII. 
 
 Of the Ornamettts of Doors and Windou'^. 
 
 HOW to adorn the PVindows and Princinil Doors in Buildings, may 
 eafily be known, from that which Vitruvius teacheth in the fixth 
 Chapter of his fourth Book ; adding thereunto all that the Reverend 
 Daniel Barbero hath faid thereon, and Oiewn in Delign, and i»lfo of that 
 which I have faid before of all the Five Orders j therefore leaving 
 that, I fliall only put fome Defigns of the Ornaments of Doorj and IVin- 
 devas oi Chambsrs, fo as they may be made divers Ways ; and I i\u\\ 
 mark particularly every Member which is graceful, and how much 
 ProjeHurt is needful. 
 
 i he Ornaments which are given to Doors and PFindows, are the 
 Architrave, Fri:{e, and Cornice. 
 
 The ArA-Jiitravc turns about the Door, and ought to be as Thick as the 
 Vil/ifter, wiiich(as I have faid) ought not to be lefs than the fixth Part 
 of the Aperrure, nor more than a fifth j and from the Architrave, the 
 Fr:;^ff and Cornice take their Thicknefs, according to the two Inventions 
 vs'hich follow. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Let the Breadth of the Aperture of the Door A A be divided into fix 
 (•qual Parts, one of the thefe Parts (hall be the Architrave B, which 
 winds about the Door, and muft be divided into four Parts ; of three 
 thereof is made the Height of the Friie C, and of five that of the Cor- 
 
 The
 
 Of ArcljiteBiire. I ^ I 
 
 The Meafures of each Member of the Ornaments may be 
 found in this Manner : 
 
 The Architrave B muft be divided into ten Parts, three muft 
 be for the Prima Fafcia G, four for the fecond V, and the three 
 which remain muft be divided into five ; three for the Scb'nna 
 Keverfa P, and the other two for the Orlo or Rcgtda R, whole 
 Projelfure is the fourth Part of its Thicknefs j the Schima Re- 
 vcrfa P hath in Proje^iure its Height, and is marked in this 
 Manner 9 They draw a ftrait Line, which terminates at the end 
 thereof under the Ovolo^ or Regular R, and on the fecond Fafcia 
 V, and is divided in half, fo as each of thefe Halls is the Bale of 
 a Triangle of two equal Sides j and on the Angle oppofed to the 
 Bafemuil be plac'd theFix'dFoot of the Compafsj znd the Curve' 
 Lines muft be drawn, which make the faid Schima Reverfa P. 
 
 The Prize is three Parts of four of the Architrave^divided into 
 four, and is defigned of a portion of a Circle lefs than the SeitJi- 
 Circle, the fwelling whereof comes diredly over the Cyfuatium 
 of the Architrave. 
 
 The five. Parts which are given to the Comcfdiftnbute them- 
 felves in this Manner to its Members, one to the Scocia with 
 its LiJIelhj which is a fifth Fart of the faid Scocia. 
 
 The Scocia hath in Proje^rtire two thirds of its Height ; to 
 defign it, they form a Triangle of two equaF Sides, and to the 
 Angle G they place the Centre, and (6 the Scocia becomes the 
 Bale of the Triangle ^ another of the faid five Parts is for the 
 Ovolo, and hath in Proje^iure the two thirds of its Height, 
 and is defigned making a Triangle of two equal" Sides, and the 
 Centre is made at the Point H ; the other three Parts are di- 
 vided again into feventeen, eight for the Corona with its Lifis, 
 of which that above makes one of the eight Parts j and that 
 which is below, and makes the Hollow of the Corou:?, makes 
 one of the fix Parts of the Ovolo : The other nine are for 
 the Schima Retla, and its Orlo or Regula, which is the third 
 oi i\\Q (2\d Schima. To frame it fo as may be well and grace- 
 ful, they ^draw the Right Line A B, and 'tis divided into two 
 equal Parts : At the Point C one of thole Parts is divided 
 into feven, whereof fix are taken at the Point D ; then 
 they form two Triangles A E C, and C B F, and on the 
 
 S 2 Point*
 
 2 Of ArcljiteEhire. 
 
 points E and F they put the Fix'd Foot of the Compafs, and 
 draw the portions of the Circles A C and C B, which make 
 the faid Scbima. 
 
 The Arcbitranje likewife in the fecond Invention, is divided 
 into four Parts ; of three is made the Height of the Vnze^ of 
 five that of the Cornice ^ then the Architrave is divided into 
 three Parts, two of them are divided again into feven j of 
 which feven, three are the firft Fafcia^ and four for the itcond ; 
 and the third Part of the Architrave is divided again into nine 
 Parts • of two is made the AJirag'4 ; the other feven are divided 
 into five Parts j three are the Scbima Reuer/a, and two the Orlo 
 
 or Regti'a. 
 
 The Height ol the Cornice is divided again into fivePartsand f j 
 one of which is divided again into fix Parts j of five is made 
 the Sch'ma Kcverfa above the Frize^^nd of the fixth the Lijiella , 
 the Scbima Keverfa hath as much Proje^tire as it is High, and the 
 fame alfo hath the Ltjiella -, the fecond Part of the Height of 
 the Cornice is for the O'volo^ which hath in Proje^ttre {- of its 
 Height. The Moulding above the Ovolo is the fixth Part of 
 the Ovolo^ and hath the fame Proje6iure ; the other three Parts 
 of the Height ofthefaid Cornice 3LYe divided into feventeen 
 Parts, eight of which are for the Corona^ "which hath in Pro- 
 je^ure three Parts of four of its Height j the other nine are di- 
 vided into four Parts, three are for the Cymatium^ and one for 
 the Orlo or Ltjiella ; the ^ which remain are divided into five 
 Parts and half; of one is made the Moulding, and of four ^ the 
 Scbima Kever/a above the Corena : The faid Cornice hath as much 
 Projedure as it hath Thicknefs. 
 
 Members
 
 3:34
 
 Of ArchiteShire. i ] s 
 
 Members of the Cornice of the firfl Inventiom 
 
 I Scocia. 
 
 K Ovolo. 
 
 L Corofia. 
 
 N Cymtim* 
 
 O OrlOy orKegula. 
 
 Members of the Architra'ue; 
 
 G Prima Fafcia. 
 
 V Secmda Fafcia. 
 
 P Schima Ke'verfa* 
 
 R Orloy or Kegula. 
 
 S Swelling of the Frize. 
 
 ■ T Fart of the Frize which enters into the WalU 
 
 By the Means of thefe Two, you may know the Members 
 of the fecond Invention. 
 
 Of
 
 I ^ 6 Of ArchiteBure. 
 
 of thefe two other Inventions, the Architrave of the firfV, 
 which is marked F, is likewife divided into four Parts, of three 
 and 4 is made the Height of the Friz,e^ and of five that of the 
 Cornice ; the Architra've is divided into eight Parts, .five. are 
 for the Plain of the Architraije^ and three are for the Cymatiuni, 
 which is divided again into eight Parts, three for the Schiina 
 Keverfa^ three for the Scocia, and two for the Orlo or Kegula : 
 The Height of the Cc/"«/V<? is divided into fix Parts, of two is 
 - made the Scbima Reofa, with its Orlo or Kegula^ and of another 
 •the Schinia Re-verfa ; the faid Scbima Re^a is divided again into 
 nine Parts, of eight thereof are made the Corona and Mould- 
 incr . the Jjira^al, or Rondeau above the Fnsif, is a third of 
 one of the faid fix Parts, and that which remains between the 
 ■Corona and the Afiragal is left for the Scocia. 
 
 In the other Invention, the Architra've marked H is divided 
 into four Parts, and of three and half is made the Height of the 
 iY/x,^, and five the Height of the Corw/V^: 'IX-^q Aychitrave is 
 .divided into eight Parts, five of them are for the Plain of the 
 Architranje^ and three are for the Cymatiuw, which is divided 
 into feven Parts ^ of one is made the Ajiragal^ and the reft are 
 divided into eight Parts ; three of which are for the Scbima Re- 
 werfa, three for the Scocia, and two for the Orlo or Regiila ; 
 -the Height of the Cornice is divided into fix Parts and ;-, of 
 three are made the Scbima Revcrfa, the Dentils and Ovclo ; 
 the Scbiina Reier fa hdiih as much Projc^ure as if is Thick : The 
 Dentils are two of three Parts of their Height, and the O-x'c/o 
 three of four Parts. Of the '- is made the Scbtma Rcvcrfa, be- 
 tween the Scbima Re6la and the Corona ^ and the three other 
 tParts are divided into feventeen ; nine make the Scbima Re^a^ 
 and the Orlo or Regula, and eight the Corona. 
 
 This Cornice hath as much Projeclure as it hath Thicknefs, 
 as all the other aforefaid. 
 
 ^O" Here follow Defigns of Doors and Windows, according to 
 tbe finje Orders of Andrea Palladio, and arej.be fame 'Xpicb 
 are in tbe Louvre /;/ Paris. 'S' 
 
 C H A p.
 
 . Aa

 
 ^ Dairre and rvtndawe axcorditvq tn tht liucan^ Order
 
 ^ Tioarc awi Tvindffwe ax. cor diru^ to ike (3)arick OriUr
 
 JL jboor^e and jrvtnAoivt^ accordina lo ihe^'Pnirk Order
 
 ^t DiTerr arr<m^in^ 60 f-Zie (iTTZ7itJiuiu c'l/rf
 
 f
 
 '-Jne. Ccrinthxatv Cavital
 
 A
 
 Of ArchitcBure. 1 6-^ 
 
 CHAP. XXXVlil 
 
 Of chimneys in Halls, Chambers, 
 Studies, and Wardrobes, and of 
 their Proportions. 
 
 ITAll'Chimneys ought to be vvichin Work fix or {even Foot, 
 ~\ and in great Buildings unto eight, between the two 
 Jaums : And 'twill be convenient to make their Funnels in the 
 Thicknefs of the Wall , if pofiibly it can ; if not, they muft 
 be fet in a Place where they may correfpond to thofe of the 
 C^^w^ffj, the which fpreads it felf but little in the Middle, (as 
 it hath been faidj) and if it be poflible, it muft be fodifpofed,- 
 that the Chimney be feen in the Front by them that (hall enter 
 into the Hall. 
 
 Their Height muft be four Foot and t, to five at moft, from 
 the bottom of the Plate-band to the Mantle-tree ^ they muftpro- 
 je6t two Foot and a half, or three Foot at moft, from the Wall 
 unto the Mantle-tree. The Jaums muft be from eight to twelve 
 Inches in Breadth ; and in great Buildings, ev'n to twenty four, 
 or more, according to that Order of Arcbite^ure with which 
 they are to be adorned. 
 
 C H A P. KKXIX. 
 
 0/ Chamber-Chimneys, and of their 
 Proportions. 
 
 r^Hi^;;;J^r-C/j/;««o'-y muft have in Breadth five and ,, or fix 
 ^i Foot, and in great Buildings unto (even, and muft be placed 
 as I have (aid before, becaufe of the Place for the Bed. Their 
 Height muft be four Foot, or 4 and half from the Man tie- tree or 
 
 Plate-
 
 i66 Of JrchiteBi/re. 
 
 Plate-band, their P)'o;>^«r^ muft be two Foot, or two and an 
 half, from the Back to the Forefides of the Jaums. 
 
 CHAR XL. 
 
 Of the Chimneys in Studies and 
 Wardrobes. 
 
 CHimneys in thefe Rooms muft be four Foot, four and ahalf^ 
 or five Foot at moft in Breadth : Their Height from the 
 Mantie^tree muft be hke to that above of four Foot and a half, 
 and alfo tlieir Projefnire two Foot, or two and a half, from the 
 Back. 
 
 C H A P. XLI. 
 
 ( )/ the Funnels of Chimneys. 
 
 Funnels oi Chimneys muft be carry*d through the Roof, and 
 above the Ridge, three Foot, four,or five Foot at moft, that 
 they may carry the Smoke into the Air. You muft take care 
 that they be made neither too wide nor too narrow j for if 
 they be too wide, the Wind will drive back the Smoke into the 
 Room, and will not permit it freely to afcend and pafs forth -, 
 and in Funnels too narrow, the Smoke not having free paftage, 
 is repulfed, and returns backwards : Therefore 'tis that Cham- 
 her-Cbimneys are not made narrower than ten or eleven Inches, 
 nor broader than fifteen, which is the ordinary Depth of F««- 
 nels of great Kitchin-Chimneys, by reafon of the great Fire 
 th^t is made therein : And for their Breadth, they muft be four 
 or five Foot at moft within the Work, from the Place where 
 the Breaft ends, unto the Top of the Fumel. Now the faid Breaft 
 reacheth from the Mantle-tree unto the Ceiling or Pitch of the 
 Archj always diminifhing within the Work, until you come 
 
 ta.
 
 Of jirchiteBure. j6j 
 
 to the Meafuresof Depth and Breadth before mentioned ; and 
 from thence arifing unto the end of the Fumiel^ it muft be car- 
 ried up as even as you can poflibly j for failing in this, it often 
 happens the Smoke is offenfive. 
 
 CHAP. XLIL 
 
 Tfhat is to he ohferved in making 
 Ghinineys, and the Fafliton which 
 was praUifed among the Antients. 
 
 THE 'Jc.ums and Mantle-trees o^ Chimneys muft be curioufl^ 
 wrought ; for ruftick Work doth not appear well, unlels 
 it be in very great Buildings, for the Reafbns aforefaid. 
 
 The Antients, to heat their Chambers, did ferve them in 
 
 ' this Manner ; They made their Chimneys in the middle with 
 Columns or Corbeaux which bore up the Architrave^ upon 
 v;hich were the Funnels of the Chimneys which convey'd away 
 the Smoke j of which kind, one may be feen at B<^y near the 
 Pi/cine of Nero, and one which is not far from Civita Vecchia ; 
 and when they would net have Chimneys, they made iii the 
 Thicknefs of the Wall Pipes or Funnels, through which afcended 
 the Heat of the Fire which was under the Cha?nber, and was 
 conveyed forth through certain Vents and Conducts which w^ere 
 on the top of Funnels. Much like this the 7r:ntl Gentlemen 
 of Venice, in the Summer, refrefhed their Chamber, at Cojloza,^ 
 their Country-dwelling : For in that Place there are great Moun- 
 tains in which are certain great Caves, which in Times paft 
 were Quarries, which (I fuppofe) Vitnnuus means, in his Second 
 Book, where he treats of Sfoiw. In thele Caves are ingendred 
 extreme cool Winds, which thele Gentlemen caufed to be 
 brought into their Houfes through certain Subterranean Vaults, 
 
 : and by the means of certain Trunks, like to th^fe whereof 
 I have fpoken before, make them run through all the Cha}n- 
 i'^rjjOpeningand Ihutting them at pleafure, to take more or ,
 
 8 Of jirchiteBiire. 
 
 l^fs of Air, according to the Time and Seafon ; and this PJace 
 would be wonderful, were it only for this great Commodity ; 
 neverthelels, that which renders it yet more admirable and 
 worthy to be feen, is, the Vrifon of the IVind^ which is a certain • 
 C'j.ir,]l;er under Ground, mide by the Moil Noble Seignieur 
 TYenti-i and by liim call'd .^g"/^;?, where many of thofe Trunks 
 iind Conducts of Wind are difcharged : And to render it beauti- 
 ful and worthy of this Name he hath g'Ven it, he hath fpared 
 neither Care nor Charge. 
 
 ,?., i, :>, *, ?:, *, >, J/. S, 4:\ *, ,■&, *, ,*,-,■*, *-, ,'^, .*■. .*• .^ .*. .*% ,*> .^V .*. 
 
 t'^ 'L-^ nisi iJh ciiJJ ;-«.0 c^^J ci?; 'X^* 'Xb 'J'Sj vSi t?jJ vis cS> '--ii ci'^ "Xi t». W-f^ t»a «ai tiSi c5Jj uiJ 
 
 C H A P. XLlll. 
 
 Of Suk-CaQ^s^and their divers Man-- 
 ners^ and the Numbers and Great-- 
 nefs of their Steps, 
 
 THere ought to be great Care taken in the well placing the 
 Stair-Cafe i for there is not a little Difficulty to find a 
 Place convenient, fo as the Stairs may be diftributed without 
 Prejudice or Hindrance to the reft of the Building ^ 'tis therefore 
 that ordinarily they are placed in the Corner of the Building, or 
 on the Wings, or in the middle of the Front, which is but felr 
 dom, unlefs it be in great Buildings j becaufe much of the 
 Stone-work will be hindred by reafon of the Stairs being in the 
 middle, unlefs the Houfe be Double. 
 
 There are three Openings neceffary to the leaft Stair-Cafe \ , 
 the firft, is the Door- way that leads to them, which is the better 
 when it is fpacious, and pleafeth me moft, if it be in fuch a 
 Place, where, before one approacheth, one may fee the beft Part 
 of the Houfe : For altho* the Houfe be little, by this means it 
 appearcth much larger ; neverthelefs, it behoves that the faid. 
 Dcor-rway be obvious, and eafy to be found. 
 
 The-
 
 Of ArchiteBure. i §9 
 
 The fccond Opening, is that of the W^/Woxj, which are need- 
 ful to give Light to the &^/>j ; and when there is but one, let 
 it be in the middle as near as you can, to the end that all the 
 Scair-Csfe may be enlightned. 
 
 The third Opening, s the Landing-placp, by which we are to 
 enter into the Roms above, and ought to lead to Places large, 
 fair, and well adorned. 
 
 St'irs will be well made, if they be fpacious, light, and 
 eafy, fo as they may invite People to go up. 
 
 They will be lightfome, when they have a perfe6k Light 
 that difperfeth it felf to all Parts equally. 
 
 They are fpacious when they appear not little, nor narrow, in 
 refped of the bignefs and quality of the Fabrick ; but they muft 
 never be narrower than four Foot, to the end that if two Perfons 
 meet, they may commodiouflypais one by the other ; they may 
 be made of five or fix Foot, or feven and a half, and to great 
 Buildings unto ten or twelve Foot broad to every Flighty and 
 they muft be made-as commodious as.poffibly you can. 
 
 CHAP. XLIV^ 
 
 Of the Height and Breadth ^/ Steps. 
 
 THE Steps ought not to be more than 6 Inches high -, and 
 if they be lower, they muft chiefly be to long and con- 
 tinued Stairs i they will be fo much the eafier, becaufe one 
 •needs not lift the Foot fo high -, but they muft never be lower 
 than four Inches. 
 
 Their Breadth ought not to be lefs than a Foot, nor more than 
 fifteen or fixteen Inches. 
 
 Antients obferved, not to make the Number of Steps even, 
 to the end that beginning to afcend with the Right Foot, they 
 might end with the fame Foot, which they took to be a good 
 Vmen^sind with greater Devotion fb to enter into the Temples. 
 
 Z CHAP.
 
 lyo Of jircFit entire. 
 
 C H A P. XLV. 
 
 Of divers Manners ^/Stairs. 
 
 S2i?/Vj are made Straight, or Winding : The Straight are made 
 fpread abroad into two Branches or Paflages ; or Square, 
 which turns into four Branches or Paflages ; and to make them 
 in this Jaft Manner, all the Space muft be divided intofour Parts, 
 whereof two muft be for the Stairs^ and two for the Vacancy j . 
 by the middle whereof, if it be open the Si^airs receive Light. 
 '1 hey may be made with a Wall within j and then within the two 
 Parts which are taken for the Stairs, the Thicknefs of the Wall 
 ought to be comprehended and inclofed, which makes the Cafe 
 or Neu'el', they may alfo be made without a Wall within. Thefe 
 two forts of Stairs were made by the Invention of Seignor Levis 
 Cortiaro^B. Gentleman of excellent Judgment. 
 
 Winding' Stairs^ fome are made Round, fome Oval, (ome with: 
 ^ Newel in the Middle, and Ibme open 5 ^r\d i^uch IVinding' 
 Stairs are made chiefly where there is little room, becaule 
 they take up lefs room than the Straight- Stairs^ yet not fo eafy 
 to afcend. Thofe which are Open in the Middle are very hand- 
 Ibme, becaufe they may have Light from above -, and thofe who 
 are above, may fee thofe who are coming up, and are feen alfb 
 by them. 
 
 Thofe which have a Neivel in the middle, having but little 
 room, are made in this Manner : You muft divide the Diameter 
 into twelve Parts, ten whereof are for the Stairs^ and the two 
 which remain are for the Newel in the middle ; or divide the 
 faid Diameter into eight Parts, fix whereof are for the Steps^ 
 and two for the A^^wf/j and if there be much room, you muft 
 divide the Dian\eter into three Parts, whereof two are for the 
 Stairs^ and one for the Newel, as in the Defrgn A; or other- 
 wife you may divide the Diameter into ievtn Parts, of which take 
 three for the Newel in the middle, and four for the Stairs. 
 Juft in this Manner is the Stair^Cafe of the Column of Trajan 
 sitKQme'a and if you make Stairs Winding, as in the Defign B, 
 
 they
 
 Of ArchiteBure. 1 7 j 
 
 they will be handfomer and, more agreeable, and longer than if 
 they had been ftraigh'c j but to Stcur-Cafes Open in the Middle, 
 the Diameter muft be divided into four Parts, two whereof 
 muft be for the Middle, and two for the Stairs. 
 
 Befidesthe FaThionof ^if^/>j which are in Pra6tice, there hath 
 been a Windmg-Stai)\ invented by Mark- Anthony B^rbaro^ a 
 Gentleman of l^enice^ of excellent Judgment, who made excel- 
 Jent Experiments in very narrow Places, where there is no 
 Newel in the middle ; and the Stairs in their Turning are much 
 longer, and are divided after the Manner aforeiaid. 
 
 Thofe which are Oval are divided in the fame manner as the 
 Round J they are very handfome and pleafant, becaule all the 
 JVindows and Doors are in the middle and head of the Oval, 
 and are very commodious. I have made one Open in the 
 Middle in the Monafteryof Charity dit Venice^ which hath fuc- 
 ceeded very well. 
 
 There is another very handfome manner of Stairs, which 
 King Francis the Firft caufed to be made in the Caftle of Cba.in- 
 T'ornear Bloyfe, and is in this manner: There are (our Stair- 
 Cafes which have four Entrances, to wit, one Entry to each, 
 and go up the one over the other in fuch manner, that being 
 made in the middle of the Building, the four may ferve for 
 four Apartments, fothat the Inhabitants of one need not go 
 lip and down the Stairs of the other ; and becaufe it is open in 
 the middle, they all fee each other go up and down, without 
 any hindrance the one to the othei*. This Inventitn being new 
 and handfome, I have placed it here, and marked with Letters 
 from the Foot to the Head, to the end every one may fee where 
 €ach Stair begins, and where it ends. 
 
 There were alio the Portico's of Pompey at Koine ^ leading to the 
 Place of the Jews, H'indijig-Stairs of an admirable Form ; for 
 being placed in the Middle, in fuch manner that they could not 
 receive Light but from on high, they were fet upon Columns, to 
 the end that the Light might diftribute it felf to all Parts alike ; 
 according to which Example, Z^r^/w/;?^, an excellent Architect 
 in his Time, made one of them 2Lt Belvedere, ^nd without Steps, 
 having the four Orders of Architedure, Dorick, Jonick, Ccrin- 
 tbian^ and Compofita. To make thele Stair-Cafes, you muft di- 
 vide
 
 172* ^f -^y^chiteBure. 
 
 vide the whole Space into four Parts, two whereof are for the 
 void place in the Mid die, and one on each fide of the Steps and 
 Columns. 
 
 There are many other Fafhions oi Stair-Cinfes in. ancient Edi- 
 ficies, as ^riangulars , and of this fort are thofe of the Cu polo 
 of St. Maria Rotunda, which are open in the middle, end re- 
 ceive Light from above : Thofe alfb which are at SanSio Apojlolo 
 in the fame City, by which we go to Mount Cavello, which are 
 very magnifick, and they are Double. Many Perfons hav€ 
 taken the Model thereof, and carried it to a Temple on the top 
 of the Mountain, (as appears in my Book ofYempIes;') and of 
 this fort is this laft Defign. 
 
 You muft note, that in Stair-Cafes which are fquare or ob- 
 long, when you are conftrained to place Steps in the Angles, in 
 turning you cannot make more than fix in a Semi-circle, which 
 are three in i of a Circle, and is then when the Stair-Cafe 
 Ihall have but fix or feven Foot in Breadth within Work, which 
 Is the leaft that can be made. 
 
 To Stair-Cafes of eight Foot broad, you. muft put eight »Sf^/>i 
 fi:om the Angle, turning to a Semi-circle, which will be Four 
 to 4 of a Circle. 
 
 And to Stair-Cafes from nine to ten Foot broad, you muft 
 piit ten Steps to a Semi-circle. 
 
 If they have eighteen Foot, more orIefs,you may make twelve 
 Steps to a Semi-circle. 
 
 You muft take heed that the Landing-place of the Stairs^. 
 which is the Space between the Wall and the Steps which 
 one afcendeth, and which doth diftribute to the Apartments, be 
 broader a fourth Part at Icaft than the Length of the &id , 
 Steps. 
 
 E^tantp^e
 
 i7s
 
 i,\9
 
 /
 
 ^8S
 
 189 
 
 ROOFS 
 
 RULES 
 
 AND 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 FOR 
 
 Framing all Manner of ROOFS, whether Square 
 or Revel, either Above Pitch, or Under Pitch, 
 according to the beft Manner praftifed in En^- 
 land* 
 
 Alfo to find the Length of the Hips and Sleepers, 
 with the Back or Hip-mou!d ; never yet Pub- 
 liflied by any Architeft, Modem or Antique ; 
 a Gurioiity worth the Regard ev'n of the moft 
 Curious Work-men ; Exaftly demonftrated in 
 tlie following Rules and Defigns, by that In- 
 genious Architefl Mr, William Pope of London^ 
 
 G H A P.
 
 90 Of jlrchkechire. 
 
 G H A p. XLVI- of ROOFS. 
 
 "Aving railed the Walls to their defigned Height, and made- 
 the Vaults, laid the Joifts, brought up the Stairs, and per- 
 formed all thole things ipoken of before; we are now toraifethe 
 Roof, which embracing every part of the Building, and with its- 
 Weight equally prelTing upon the Walls, is as a Band to all the 
 Work ; and befidcs,defends the Inhabitants fromPvain,from Snow^ 
 from the burning Sun,and from the Moifture of the Night; adds 
 no.fmall help to the Building, calling off from the Walls the 
 Rain-water, which altho'for a while feems to do butiittle Hurt,, 
 yet, in procefs of Time, is caufe of much Damage. The firft 
 Men (as^ faith Vitnivius^ built their Houfes with Flat Roofs; but 
 finding that thereby they were not defended from the Weather^, 
 they (conftrained by Neceffity) began to make them Ridg'd, that 
 is to fay) Raifed in the Middle : Thefe Roofs are to be raifed to 
 a higher or lower Pitch, according to the Country in which they 
 are ; wherefore, m Germany^ by reafon of the .great quantity of 
 Snow that falls there,they raiie their Roofs to a very great Pitch,, 
 and cover them with Shingles, which are fmall p'eces of Wood, 
 or of thin Slate or Tiles ; for if they Ih-^uld raiie them other- 
 wife, they would be ruin'd,hy reason of theWeight of the Snow. 
 But we who dwell in a more temperate Counrry, ought to chufe 
 fuch a Pitch which may lecure the Buil irg, and be of a hand- 
 fome Form ; therefore we divide the Breadth of the P^oof into 
 four equal Parts, and take three, wh;ch makes the moft agree- 
 able Pitch for our Country ,and is the Foundation for the Raifing 
 of any manner of Roof, whether Square or Bevel, (as appears in 
 the following Defigns and Defcriptions.J. 
 'Jl'he nimmer of Frcimmg ^. Floor, ivith the Names of each Metnher. 
 
 I. ^be ihichiefs of the IVdU^and Lintel or Ifall-plate y and. 
 if it be in timber-work, then a Breffumme.r. 
 
 .2.. Jbe Summer. 
 
 i^. Girders framed into'the 'Siimmen » 
 
 ^.. Spaces between- the Jotjls* 
 , 5. Joifis. 
 
 6. trimmers for the Chimney-way . 
 
 7. trimmers. joY the Stair-Cafeyor IVellrhok for the Stairs* 
 
 C H A- H
 
 192 Of ArchkeBure. 
 
 CHAP, XLVir, 
 
 of the Defgn A, 
 
 f ¥ ^HE Breadth of the HouCe, Cantili'vers, Cornices^ and Eaves 5 
 i. the Length of the Raftings and Furrings, which ought to 
 bci. of the Breadth of the Houfe A A. 
 
 The principal Rafters to be cut with a iir«^^j(as in theDefign) 
 that they may the better fupport themfelves, and the Burthen 
 over them, upon the Upright of the Wall, and alfo fecure that 
 part from the dripping in of the Rain ; which otherwife would 
 happen, if the Rafters were made Strait and Furred; 
 
 The Beam to the Roof, or Girder to the Garret-Floor, ought 
 to Project without the Work as far as the Furring or Shreading,, 
 which is the Proje^ure of the Cornice. 
 
 This Manner of Framing the Roorwill be ufeful 
 from 20 to ;o Foot, or thereabouts. 
 
 1. Grcund'plate. 
 
 2. Girder, or Binding Inter duce, or Breffummer. 
 
 3. Beam to the Koofy or Girder to' the Garret-FlQor» 
 
 4. Principal Poji , and Upright BrichJValk 
 
 5. Braces, 
 
 d. garters* 
 
 7. Interdttces* t 
 
 8. Prick'poji, or l^indow-poft* 
 
 9. Jaums or'Door^pofi. 
 
 JO. King fiece^ or Joggle-piece, . 
 
 II. Strutts. 
 
 iz» Collar-beam^ Sirutt-ham^ U^ind-heam^ or Svp-ham, 
 
 13. Door-hand,. 
 
 14* Principal Rafters* 
 
 15. Furrings, or Shreadings* 
 
 i^» Ejidsofthe Lintels, and Pieces. 
 
 17. Eeddmg^mouldmg of the Cornice over the IVindows^ and 
 Space between. 
 
 18. Kmesofthe Principal Rafters^ which are to be of one Piece, 
 I Q* Pur line Mortices^ . 
 
 C H A P.
 
 IF 
 
 "^3 = 
 
 jllilllllllllllllllll|"llll ' I 
 
 2E 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 IE 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 -5 
 
 5 
 t 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 r: 
 
 u 
 
 "c^- 
 
 3b: 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 t 
 
 is. 
 
 !
 
 94 Of jirchiteBure. 
 
 CHAP. XLVIIL 
 
 Defign of the Gabel-End or Roof B. 
 
 LET the whole Breadth of the Gahle-Etid or Roof A A be 
 20 Foot, divide the fame into four equal Parts, take 
 thereof three for the Length of the Principal Rafter A B, and 
 placing that perpendicular from the Point C to the Point D, 
 begets the Length of the Sleeper A D, which will be 18 Foot. 
 And the Length of the Dormers Principal Rafter from A to E, 
 when laid to its Pitch upon the back of the Principals, will 
 rjeach to "Level-line FB, or top of the Principal Rafter ; and 
 this is a general Rule for all Breadths, 
 
 li Summer or Beam, 
 
 2y K' Jig-piece, Crown-pofl^ or Joggle- piece* 
 
 3. Braces or Strtitts. 
 
 4. Principal Rafters. 
 
 5. ^he Sleeper* 
 
 6. Pur fine of the Dormer* 
 
 7. Principal Rafter of the Dormer^ 
 
 %. Single Rafter of the Dormer, Jlanding on the Sleepef mi 
 
 Purline. 
 g, i oint of the Sleeper. 
 TO, II. ihe Jbicknefs of the Wall and, Lintels, or Wall* 
 
 phiies. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 m
 
 ig6 Of ArchiteBiire. 
 
 C H A p. XLLY. 
 
 of the Italian or Hip- Roof G. 
 
 t. ^ 'TpHE Breadth of the Roof, being, 20 Foot. 
 
 A 3 1. The Length of the Sleepers or Hips^ being 18 Foot,, 
 
 which is proportionable to the Houie. 
 jj jy The Height of the Roof perpendicular. 
 C D '^^^ Length of the Hip, and the Angle which it maketh 
 
 upon the D/^g(?«^/- Line, which is Ihewn by the Prick'd-line G-, 
 
 from F to C, 
 
 T, 2. The Wall and 'Lintels. 
 
 3. Dragon-beam for the Htp to fiand on. 
 
 4. Beam or Summer, zuberein the Dragon-beams are framed^ ^ 
 
 5. King-piece or Crown-poji. 
 
 6. Striitts or Braces from the Crown-pofis to the Hip-rafter. 
 
 7. Hips, as they make the Angle equ.^l to the Breadth of the ■ 
 Hotife, 
 
 8. Hips, as they make the Angle in the Diagonal Lines from 
 Corner to Corner. 
 
 9. ^he Additional Length which the Hips make upon the Diago 
 mkLine^ more than the Breadth of the Houfs* 
 
 € H A P.
 
 ip9
 
 2 GO Of Architeclure. 
 
 G H A p. L. 
 
 0} Flat Robft D. 
 
 Within a Chamher-heani and Rafters joggled in, whole 
 Weight lieth not chiefly in the Middle, and may be 
 i^o made that without hanging upon the Beam, the Principals 
 may dilcharge the Weight ; and how Drips may be made to 
 walk on. 
 
 j[. Chamber-heam. 
 
 2. Principals joggled into the Chamber-leam, 
 
 51 . 'I'be- Place where the Principals are joggled in. 
 
 4. Puncheons or Braces. 
 
 5. Drips to walk on, and may he made with the lefs Current, 
 that the Roof may he made the more Pitch, for the Jirfiigthen- 
 ing thereof: And may he made higher or lower ^ according 
 to the Building, and Difcretion of the Archite^, 
 
 6. Battlements. 
 
 K?' A Draught of a Flat-Roof, with ^ Crows- 
 Pollj or King-Fiece. 
 
 CHAR
 
 X) 
 
 %0-l 
 
 Bd
 
 i
 
 Chap ; .51 . — ^ 
 
 i
 
 
 V 
 
 li
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^"^Op 
 
 Chap ".."» (J 
 
 ^ " 11 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 rToC--"' 
 
 l^^rr:::^ ;A 1 
 
 /r \ 
 
 X 
 
 K ""^ 
 
 V '"■^--. 
 
 ,,,--"' 
 
 S N^ 
 
 s 
 
 A ■-? 
 
 o 
 
 I ^rA 
 
 T 
 
 'it 
 
 o 
 
 / 
 
 L s 
 i\. 
 
 i \ 
 
 x_ \ 
 
 ^. .;^ 
 
 ^^\^ 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 1' / 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^-.. 
 
 /
 
 Of'Jrchh'" 20] 
 
 C H A P. Li; 
 
 Of the H\\y-Koo^ E, 
 
 J'Nftru6tions to tin.l the I.engih :^u3i Back of the Z///), foas it 
 may anvver th'=: Side anci the End of the Perprrd'cular-Jine 
 oixh^^'dbel /;Wjthc iwo Skirts, the Side of the Roof in //:;/.«, 
 or Iving in Ledgment with the Hip and GaM-F.jidy tlie Diagonal 
 and Perpendicular linCvS being laid down proportional to any 
 Bv.^adth or Lengvh, by which the rrioft Ingenious may ferv« 
 hinifelf; and an ordinary Capacity ^already acquainted with 
 the Ufe of the Ruler and Compais; may plainly demonflrate 
 all the Parts of a Roof, whether Square or Bt'vcl^ Ab.ve Pitcb^ 
 or Under Pitchy by Lines of Proportion, (as raay appear in the 
 DeCgn following)' 
 
 . Suppofe tie Koof 20 Foot Brocid, ardl in Length 30, 40,^/ 
 JO Foot^ mere or lefs. 
 
 I* ET ABCD be the Sides and Ends of the faid Roof, one 
 _j End to be Hipt^ the Q.dier a Gd4e'End ^ draw the Lines 
 ABCD the Breadth and Length of that Roof j then draw the 
 Gable-End ABE, whofe Sides or Principal P_afters being i oft! 3 
 Breadth Q^the Houfe j then draw the Perpendicular Line E 1", 
 the Height of the Gable-End^ which Line is of general-Ufe x.y 
 level the Ridge of all Roofs ; and if the other End be ////)/*, as; ::i 
 the Defign DCG, then it ftrves to find the. Length of the Hin 
 and the Back of the llip^ fo that it may anfwer both Sides and 
 Ends, of the Roof, always obferving that the middle of the 
 Breadth of the Houfe is as IH; then draw the Line KLI^I 
 through the Center I, which will make Right Angles to the Line. 
 EFHG both in Bevel and Square Houfes ^ then extend the Line' 
 AB on both Sides to O, being the Length of AE or EB thcLencrth 
 of the Principal Rafters, or .^ of the Breadth of the Houfe j^io 
 will ON and OK make the Length of the Ridge I F, and K D. 
 and C N the two Skirts. 
 
 7o find ths Length of the Hip: 
 
 DRaw the DiagonaKlin^ D 1 and I C, over vhich tlie ILp 
 . is to hang when in its due Place ; then take the Peroendi- 
 . T> d z ' cular .
 
 204 Of jdrcljiteBtire. 
 
 cular-Iine EF, and place it from the Point I to F P perpendi- 
 cular to the Diagonal or Bafe Lines D I and I C at I j io is 
 1 P and IP the Pitch of the Hip equal to the Galel-End E F, 
 and when ereded, will hang perpendicular to the Point I ; 
 then take PD the Hypothenufe of the Triangle DIP, and C P 
 theHypotbenuIe of the Triangle ClP,placing them from Dto G, 
 and C to G, gives the Length of the Hip DGC -, and when laid 
 to their Pttcb^ will all meet perpendicular to the Point I. 
 To find the Back of the Hip, fo that it may anfwer both Sides 
 and Ends of the Krof^ zvbether Square cr Bevel. 
 
 LAY the Ruler from the Point L to the Point H, and from 
 the Point H to M, and mark where it cuts the Diagonal 
 ■Lines D I and IC at Q^Q_ jthen fet one Foot of the CompalTes 
 on the Point Q , and extend the other Foot to the ////) Lines D P 
 and C P at the neareft Diftance, with that mark the Point R 
 upon the fame Diagonal Lines ; then draw the prick'd-Lines 
 LRH and HRM, which make the Back of the Hip for the 
 two Corners of that Roof 
 
 Thjs Rule ferves for all Roofs^ whether Over or Under Pitch. 
 
 C HAP. LII. 
 
 Of the Roof Bevel at oneEnd^ and 
 &quare at the other ; the Gable- 
 End kSqitare, the Eevel-End Hip. 
 
 SUppofe the Breadth of theRoof 20 Foot, the Length more on 
 one Side than on the other, as in the Defign ABCD i then 
 draw the Gable-^.nd AEB, whofe Sides from A to E and from 
 E to B is i- of the Breadth of the Houfe, or is the Length of 
 the Pr'ncip-l Rafters ; then draw the Perpendicular E F, the 
 Height of the Roof from the Floor ; and if Knec'd, then from 
 the top of the Knee, (as in the Defign of a Knee'd Rafter be- 
 foregoing.) 
 
 The Sides of the Roof which make the Ridge GHIK., to be 
 drawn as is defcrib'd in the foregoing Defign. 
 
 Divide
 
 Of Archkeclure, la 5 
 
 Divide the Breadth ofthe Roof into two equal Pc'!rts,as FI.Q, 
 then take the Diftar.ce L N, which is the half Breadth of the 
 Hoiife, and make it parallel to C Q^D, as M L M and L will 
 be the Point whofe Perpendiculars O T will meet the Principal 
 Rafters and blips. 
 
 To find the Length of each Hip difiin5i one from the other . 
 Of the longeji Hips. 
 
 DRaw the Diagonal Line L C, and take the Height of the 
 Gabel-End K F, and place it perpendicular to L C at O, 
 fo have you the Height of the Roof perpendicular from O L 
 equal to E F, the Gdbel-Erd ; and the Line O C will be the 
 Length of the Hip Rafter, which will be equal to C H the Skirt 
 for that Side of the Hip^^nd C P the Side of that Hip End. 
 
 3o find the Back of the longefi Hip C O. 
 
 I AY the Ruler from the Point M to Q , and mark where it 
 _j cuts theDiagonal-line at R, then fet'one Foot ofthe Com- 
 palTes at the Point R,and extend the other Foot tiil it touch the 
 Line C O at the neareft Diftance ; then make it touch the Dia- 
 gonal-line at S i then draw the Lines MSQ. which is the Back 
 oi the Hip J for that Corner of the Roof. 
 
 Sto find the fioorteft Hip. 
 
 DRaw the Diagonal-line of LD, and take EF the Perpen- 
 diclar of the Gable-End (as before,) and place it from 
 L to T perpendicular to LD : Then draw the Line T D, which 
 is the Length of the Hip for that Corner, and is equal to the 
 Skirt D I, and the Side of that Hip D P, which when ereded, 
 will meet with the other Principals perpendicular to the Point L. 
 
 To find the Back of this Hip. 
 
 I AY the Rulerfrom the Point Q^to the Point M, and mark 
 ji where it cuts the Diagonal-line LDatVj eiitend the 
 Compaflcs from the Point V to touch the Line T Datthe near- 
 eft Diftance, and carry that Diftance on the Diagonal-line to' the 
 Point W J then draw the prick'd Lines IVIVVQ^, which will 
 make the Back of that Htp fit for that Bevel Corner. 
 
 j^nd this Rule ferves for all Bevel Koofs, Under or Ov:r Pitch. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 2 o6 Of Architeclure. 
 
 G H A P, LIII. G. 
 
 Oj a Roof Bevel at both Ends, and Broader at 
 one End than the other* 
 
 ABC n ""T^^^ Length and Breadth of the Houfe. 
 
 F FG *- '^^^ Length of the Rafters or Pitch between the widefl 
 
 and narroweft End, about the middle of the Houle, to ftand 
 
 over the the prick'd Line TT, as the Foot F to ftand on the one 
 
 T5 the Foot G to ftand on the other T. 
 HH The Point of the two /i>p-£;;(:?i, when brought to their due 
 
 Place, will be perpendicular to P P^ and will meet the Sides 
 
 ICLM over the Points P P. 
 0000 The Points of the Perpendiculars and Length of the. Hips 
 
 ' from ABCD. 
 OOOO- '^^^^ Backs of the Hips or Hip-Mouid due to each Corner. 
 RRRR The Points to find out Q^, the Points for each Backs. 
 SSSS '^^^ Lines reprefenting half the Breadth of the Houfe parallel 
 
 to each End. 
 rr^y^ Reprefenting the Middle of the Houfe. 
 
 Notwithftanding the Bcvel-Ejtds, you may place your Beams 
 for your Principal Rafters to ftand on a Square, or fo near a 
 Square as may be, or between both, as from the Ends of the 
 prick'd Lines IKLM, bringing the outfide of them ftraight 
 under P ; which will be more handfome for the Houfe in the 
 Infide, altho' it Bevsls Outward. 
 
 F. IN I &.
 
 BOOKS frhtcd for E. Midwinter, at the Three 
 Crowns and Looking-glafs in St, Paulx Church' 
 Tard, 
 
 THE Ltfe and moft furprizing Adventures of KchinffM 
 Crufoe Sf Tork^ Mariner, who lived eight and twenty 
 Years in an uninhabircd Ifland on the Coafts of America^ b''"a 
 near the Mouth of the great River of Orooncque^ having been 
 Caft on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men were Drowned 
 but himfelf 3 as alfo a Relation how he was wonderfully deli- 
 ver'd by Pyrates. The Whole Three Volumes faithfully A- 
 bridged, and Set forth, with Cuts proper to each Subjedt. 
 Price hound J zs. 6 d. 
 
 The Works of iVilUam Siuith^ M. A. In three parts, ly?. 
 The Hiftory of the Life and Death of our BlelTed Saviour 
 Jefus Chrift j with the Lives of the holy Evangelifts and 
 Apoftles. 2.d. The Lives, A(5ts and Martyrdoms of thofe 
 bleffed Chriftians who immediately fucceeded the Apoftles ; as 
 alfo the moft Eminent Fathers of the Primitive Church who 
 profefled, and fuifered for the Chriftian Faith. 2. Pious 
 Breathings, or the Soul's Alcent to the Throne of Grace, con- 
 taining Forms of Devotions both upon Ordinary and Extrordi- 
 nary Occafions ; with a rational Account of all the Feafts and 
 Fafls Obferved in the Church of f;;^/^?/^ Adorned with Forty 
 Curious Cutts. Price hound is. 6d. 
 
 A Family-Book, being the Works of Mv.Rohert Rt'Jfel, in 
 three Parts. Part ifi. Seven Sermons on feveral Texts of 
 Scripture. Part .zd. The Devout Chriftian's Daily Excrcifes 
 in Devotion, containing Prayers for Every Day in the Week, 
 on Several Occafions, for Families and Private Perfons. 
 Part. ; d. a Difcourfe on the holy Sacrament, with Perfwafions 
 and Encouragement thereto, and Dire(5tions how to Receive it 
 Worthily. To which are Added, Prayers before, at, and after 
 Receiving the bleffed Sacrament : Being a help to young Com- 
 municants, very NecefTary for all Families. Price hcund 2 i. 6d. 
 
 The Inftrudtor, or Yxxmg Man's beft Companion, con- 
 taining Spelling, Reading, Writing, and Arithmetick, in an 
 Eafier way then any yet Publilhed i and how to Qualifie any 
 
 Per-
 
 Perfons for bufinefs without the help of a Mafter's Inftruc^lons j 
 ro write Variety of Hands i with Copies both in Profe and 
 yerih i how to write Letters on Bufinels or Friendfhip, Forms 
 of Indentures, Bonds, Bills of Sale, Receipts, Wilis, Leales, 
 Releai'es, Sc. Alio Merchants Accounts, and a (hort and 
 Jiafie Method of Shop and Book-keeping j with a Description 
 of' Ei.ghnd and ^ales. Together with the Carpenter's Plain and 
 Exadt Rule, lliewing how to Meafure Carpenters, Joyners, 
 Sivwers, Bricklayers, Plaifterers^ Plummers, Mafons, Glafiers 
 and Painters Work ; how to undertake Each Work and at 
 what Price : The Rates of Each Comrriodity, and the Common 
 Wages of Journeymen, with Gunters Line and Ccggejhali's^ 
 Delcription of the Sliding- Rule. Likewife tb.e Pradicai Gauger 
 rnadc Eafie, the Art of D) ailing ; with Inftrudtions for Dying 
 and making Colours, and fome Obfervations on Gardening for 
 Every Month in the Year jwith the Family's bell Companion : 
 inftruCtions for marking onLinnen^ how to Pickle and Preferve, 
 to make Divers Sorts of Wines, and many Excellent Plaifters 
 and Medicines i Neceflary in all Families. By George FiJIjer^ 
 Accornptant. Fricebond 2s 6d. 
 
 The New Art of War, Containing the Duties of Officers of 
 Horfe and Foot, the Duties of a Soldier in General, from a Pri- 
 vate Centinel, to a Commander in Chief i the Practices of War 
 by all Great Generals j as, the Order of Marching, Counter- 
 marching,and Encamping^with proper Diftances,as Intervals and 
 Streets for Horfe and Foot, the Plan or Method of Drawing up 
 an Army in Line of Battle,of Attacking and Defending Lines of 
 CirGumvallation, of Pafling Rivers over Bridges of Pontons, and 
 Entrenching an Army on the otherSide; the manner of Befieg- 
 ing and Defending Fortified Places,. the Method of Surprifing 
 Garrifons and Armies, and of Beating up Quarters. To which 
 are added, never Publilhed before, the manner of Drawing up 
 a Regiment and Pofting Officers, with Order to beobferved in 
 Camps and. Garrifons, the Exerci^s oftheFoot,with theNumber 
 of Motions to be performed at each Word of Command,and an 
 Explanation of them j the Method of Forming and Reducing 
 the hollow Squares, the Exercife of the Horfe and Dragoons, as 
 now pra^tifed, the Rules and Orders of his Late Majefty King 
 William when Prince of Orange^ to be obferved by all Guards^ 
 and Garrifons. Laftly, an Abridgment of the Articles of War 
 now in Force, llluftrated with Several Copper Cutt«. Pw# . 
 hour.d 2. s. 6do
 
 i*'
 
 UNWER9I 
 
 «^ 
 
 A) 
 
 I 
 
 #
 
 ,v*r 
 
 .^• 
 
 '^m;4 
 
 
 ill 
 
 
 
 :''^fc^\/